THE
VOYAGE OF H.M.S. CHALLENGER.
PHYSICS AND CHEMISTRY-VOL. II.
A
REPORT SpcdoL
ON THE
SCIENTIFIC RESULTS
OF THE
VOYAGE OF H.M.S. CHALLENGER
DURING THE YEARS 187376
UNDER THE COMMAND OF
Captain GEORGE S. NARES, R.N., F.R.S.
AND THE LATE
Captain FRANK TOURLE THOMSON, R.N.
PREPARED UNDER THE SUPERINTENDENCE OF
THE LATE
Sir C. WYVILLE THOMSON, Knt., F.R.S., &c.
REGIUS PROFESSOR OF NATURAL HISTORY IN THE UNIVERSITY OF EDINBURGH
DIRECTOR OF THE CIVILIAN SCIENTIFIC STAFF ON BOARD
AND NOW OF
JOHN MURRAY, LL.D., Ph.D., &c,
ONE OF THE NATURALISTS OF THE EXPEDITION
Physics and Chemistry— Vol. II.
PublisbeiJ bp ©roer of $er Jflajestp's (Sobcmmettt
PRINTED FOR HER MAJESTY'S STATIONERY OFFICE
AND SOLD BY
LONDON :— EYRE & SPOTTISWOODE, EAST HARDING STREET, FETTER LANE
EDINBURGH:— ADAM & CHARLES BLACK
DUBLIN :— HODGES, FIGGIS, & CO.
1889
Price Fifty-two Shillings and Sixpence.
PRINTED BY MORRISON AND GIBB, EDINBURGH,
FOR HER MAJESTY'S STATIONERY OFFICE.
KV^
CONTENTS.
I. — Report on some of the Physical Properties of Fresh Water and of Sea
Water.
By Professor P. G. Tait.
(The Manuscript was received ?>lst May 1888.)
II. — Report on Atmospheric Circulation, based on the Observations made
on board H.M.S. Challenger during the years 1873-1876, and other
Meteorological Observations.
By Alexander Buchan, M.A., LL.D.
(The Manuscript was received in Instalments between 2nd March 1888
and 21st October 1889.)
III. — Report on the Magnetical Results obtained by H.M.S. Challenger during
the years 1873-1876.
By Staff-Commander E. W. Creak, R.N., F.R.S.
(Tlie Manuscript was received in Instalments between 5th March
and 6th June 1888.)
IV. — Report on the Rock Specimens collected on Oceanic Islands during the Voyage
of H.M.S. Challenger during the years 1873-1876.
By Professor A. Renard, LL.D., Ph.D., F.G.S., Hon. F.R.S.E., etc., of the
University of Ghent, Belgium.
(TJie Manuscript was received 6th and 14th April 1888.)
EDITORIAL NOTES.
This volume contains Parts IV., V., VI., and VII. of the Physical and
Chemical series of Reports on the Scientific Results of the Expedition.
Part IV. — While conducting the experimental work connected with the
behaviour of the Challenger thermometers under pressure, a Report on which
forms Appendix A to Volume II. of the Narrative of the Cruise, a number of
subsidiary experiments of great interest, more or less connected with Ocean
Physics, were suggested and partly carried out by Professor Tait. These
and cognate matters were more fully investigated subsequently, and formed
the basis of the present Report by Professor Tait "On some of the
Physical Properties of Fresh and Sea Water." This title by no means
indicates the variety of the subjects treated of experimentally and otherwise ;
for instance, the compression of glass, salt solutions, and mercury are
investigated, and a discussion is given of the curious question (raised by
Laplace's researches) of the internal pressure of a liquid mass, and historical
details on these subjects are recorded. An examination of the Report will
show the great amount of experimental and other work that was necessary
for the production of this most valuable paper.
The Report occupies 76 pages of letterpress, illustrated by 2 plates.
Part V. — Previous to the departure of the Challenger Expedition in
1872, discussions of the more fundamental problems of meteorology relative
to the diurnal changes in atmospheric pressure, temperature, humidity,
and wind, were almost exclusively restricted to observations made on
land. It had then, however, become evident that data supplied exclu-
sively by observations on land, which occupies little more than a fourth
part of the earth's surface, were altogether inadequate to a right con-
via THE VOYAGE OF H.M.S. CHALLENGER.
ception and explanation of meteorological phenomena ; and accordingly
when the Challenger Expedition was fitted out, arrangements were made
for taking, during the cruise, hourly or two-hourly observations. These
observations, which are published in extenso in the Narrative of the Cruise,
Vol. II. pp. 305-744, are by far the most complete yet made of the
meteoroloirv of the ocean.
As is well known, elaborate observations were also made on deep-sea
temperatures, which gave results of the first importance in terrestrial
physics, and opened for discussion the broad question of oceanic circulation,
on a sound basis of well-ascertained facts; but a right understanding of
this subject demands, in the first place, a full discussion of atmospheric
phenomena. Now any such discussion requires, for its proper handling,
maps showing for the months of the year the mean pressure, mean
temperature, and prevailing winds of the globe, with extensive tables from
which these data have been obtained. The only works available were
Dove's Isothermals, 1852; Buchan's Isobars and Prevailing Winds, 186V) :
and Coffin's Winds of the Globe, 1875 ;x all of which were based, necessarily
when written, on defective data. This remark applies more particularly
to the vitally important element of the prevailing winds, which were based
on observations in very many cases too short continued to give good
averages.
A re-discussion of all the available information regarding the different
atmospheric phenomena, with special reference to the Challenger obser-
vations, was therefore most desirable ; this work was undertaken in
1882, at my request, by Mr. Alexander Buchan, and since that date,
upwards of seven years, it has occupied most of his time with that of his
assistants. The data thus collected and prepared are given in the nine
Tables of the Appendices to this Report, of which the more important
are the mean diurnal variation of atmospheric pressure at 147 Stations,
the mean monthly and annual pressure of the atmosphere at 1366 Stations,
and a similar table of temperature at 1620 Stations, and the mean monthly
and annual direction of the wind at 746 Stations. These Tables may be
1 Dove, On the Distribution of Temperature over the Globe, 1852, and for N. Hemisphere, 18G4 ;
Buchan, On the Mean Pressure of the Atmosphere and Prevailing Winds over the Globe, Trans. Roy. Soc.
Edin., vol. xxv. p. 575, 1869 ; Coffin and Woeikof, On the Winds of the Globe, Smithsonian Contributions
to Knowledge, 1875.
EDITORIAL NOTES. IX
regarded as including all information at present existing which is necessary
for the discussion of the broad questions raised in this Report.
The Report itself is divided into two parts, the first dealing with
diurnal, and the second with monthly, annual, and recurring phenomena.
The former part is the first attempt yet made to deal with the diurnal
phenomena of meteorology over the ocean, --the pressure, temperature,
humidity, and movements of the atmosphere, together with such phenomena
as squalls, precipitation, thunder-storms and lightning. The results are
equally novel and important, and when combined with analogous results
obtained from land observations, enable us to take an intelligent and com-
prehensive grasp of these phenomena in their relations to the terraqueous
globe taken as one whole. In several cases, notably the diurnal phenomena
of atmospheric pressure, the results of observation will necessitate the revision
of all theories of the diurnal fluctuations of pressure that have assumed a
diurnal change of the temperature of the surface on which the atmosphere
rests as a necessary cause of these fluctuations.
The second part of the Report attempts to give a comparative view of
the climatologies of the globe to a degree of completeness not previously
attempted. No effort has been spared to secure that the three outstanding
elements of climate, pressure, temperature and winds, be represented by
means for the same period of time, viz. the fifteen years ending with 1884.
This end has been virtually secured for nearly all the land surfaces of the
globe inhabited by civilized man, and this more particularly holds good in
extra-tropical regions, where averages for the same period of time become
more indispensable in discussing comparative climatologies.
The Report extends to 342 pages of letterpress, and is illustrated by 2
plates of diagrams and 52 newly constructed maps, showing the monthly and
annual distribution of temperature and pressure of the atmosphere and
winds over the globe. Of these 52 maps, 2G shew the mean monthly
and annual temperature on hypsobathymetric maps, first on Gall's pro-
jection, and second on north circumpolar maps on equal surface projection ;
and 26 shew, for each month and for the year, the mean pressure of the
atmosphere and the winds. The circumpolar maps shew the distribution
of pressure and temperature in a manner more complete than is possible on
Gall's projection, and the data thus presented is in the most serviceable form
(PHYS. CHEM. CHALL. EXP. PART V. 1889.) *
x THE VOYAGE OF H.M.S. CHALLENGER.
for magnetical and other physical inquiries. From the hypsometrical
data tinted on the maps, the influence of height on the distribution of
pressure, temperature, and other meteorological phenomena may be noted,
this influence being more particularly observed in those parts of the world
whence observations from numerous stations are available. The revision
of these isothermal and isobaric lines of the globe form a striking feature
of the Report, and will be welcomed by all meteorologists. Mr. Buchan
is in every way to be congratulated on the completion of this classic work,
which must for many years to come be a standard book of reference.
Part VI. — In volume II. of the Narrative of the Cruise of H.M.S.
Challenger, published in 1882, there is a detailed Statement of all the
Magnetic Observations made in various parts of the world during the
Expedition. These Observations, after having been reduced by the officers
of the ship, were prepared for publication by Staff- Commander Creak,
R.N., F.R.S., of the Hydrographic Department of the Admiralty.
A full discussion of the Challenger Observations, and their bearing on
the existing state of our knowledge of Terrestrial Magnetism, not having
been included in the above-mentioned Report, this Paper has been prepared,
at my request, by Commander Creak.
Commander Creak had ascertained the Magnetic character of the ship
previous to her departure from England in 1872, and since then all the
information which has reached the Admiralty has passed through his hands.
Captain Wharton, R.N., F.R.S., the Hydrographer, having placed the
whole of the data in the Hydrographic Office at his disposal, Commander
Creak has been able to prepare a most valuable Report.
The accompanying Charts may be said to contain in graphic form the
results of all the available existing observations of the three elements of
Terrestrial Magnetism up to the year 1888, local magnetic disturbance in
particular areas on land excluded.
The Report extends to 18 pages of letterpress, with 4 large charts
and 2 plates.
Part VII. — This Report on the Rock Specimens collected in certain
EDITORIAL NOTES. xi
Oceanic and other Islands visited by the Challenger Expedition necessarily
deals, for the most part, with lithological or mineralogical descriptions.
The necessities of the voyage, bad weather, or the difficulties of the
exploration, prevented, in many cases, the Naturalists from passing more than
an hour or two on shore ; they were thus unable to give any detailed account
of stratigraphical relations, and the collections of hand specimens were
sometimes limited to those rocks situated near the coast.
In some cases these collections can give but an imperfect idea of the
lithology of the Island ; still it has been considered desirable to give as full
a description as possible of the specimens from regions but rarely visited, all
the more so as a knowledge of the Petrology of most of these Islands has a
peculiar interest, from their situation in the great ocean basins at considerable
distances from continental land.
On account of the small size of many of the Islands, the author has, by
combining the lithological descriptions with the local details furnished by the
Naturalists, been able to give a sufficiently correct idea of the geological
character of the Island under consideration. A knowledge of the principal
types of rocks at certain points, shows in all probability the nature of the
whole mass, when supported by observations on shore and the generally
received conclusions as to the nature of Oceanic Islands.
In the case of each Island an abstract of the observations of the
Naturalists is given at the head of the descriptions. These have been taken
from the Narrative of the Cruise or from special papers and reports.1
References are also given to other sources of information from the works of
various geologists and travellers.
The Report consists of 180 pages, and is illustrated by 34 woodcuts,
representing facts of micrographic lithology, 7 charts, and several views of
the Islands extracted from the Narrative of the Cruise.
In addition to the lithological descriptions here given, there will be
found a detailed Memoir by the same author on the Lithology of St. Paul's
Rocks, published as Appendix B to Volume II. of the Narrative of the Cruise.
1 Narrative of the Cruise of II.M.S. Challenger, vol. i. ; J. Y. Buchanan, Preliminary Report on
Geological Work done on board H.M.S. Challenger, Proc. Roy. Soc, vol. xxiv. pp. 611-623 ; H. N. Moseley,
Notes by a Naturalist on the Challenger, London, 1879 ; C. Wyville Thomson, The Voyage of the
Challenger, The Atlantic, 2 vols., London, 1877.
xii THE VOYAGE OF H.M.S. CHALLENGER.
The rocks described in this Eeport, it should be stated, do not comprise
all the specimens collected during the Expedition ; all those coming from
well-known Islands which have been previously described, unless they should
have presented special characters, have been omitted.
With the exception of a volume on Deep-Sea Deposits, which will be
issued in March next, and a Summary Volume, which, it is hoped, may
be completed in about a year thereafter, the present volume concludes the
Official Series of Reports on the Scientific Results of the Challenger
Expedition, a complete list of which is herewith appended.
These Reports have been issued at intervals during the last nine years,
whenever ready and without any reference to systematic arrangement,
They are bound up in forty-seven large quarto volumes, containing 27,650
pages of letterpress, 2662 lithographic and chromo -lithographic plates, 413
maps, charts, and diagrams, together with a great many woodcuts.
I desire now to convey my thanks to the numerous contributors to this
great book, as well as to all those who have in any way assisted me in,
thus far, carrying on the work connected with the publication of the
Scientific Results of the Expedition.
John Murray.
Challenger Office, 32 Queen Street,
Edinburgh, \lth November 1889.
EDITORIAL NOTES.
Xlll
I. -LIST OF THE VOLUMES OF THE
Volume I. (1885) contains: —
Narrative of the Cruise of H.M.S. Challenger,
with a general account of the Scientific Results of
the Expedition. By Staff-Commander T. H. Tizard,
R.N. ; Professor H. N. Moseley, F.R.S. ; Mr. J. Y.
Buchanan, M.A. ; and Mr. John Murray, Ph.D.,
Members of the Expedition.
Volume II. (1882) contains: —
Magnetical Results. By Commander Maclear, R.N. ;
Lieutenant Bromley, R.N. ; Staff-Commander Tizard,
R.N.; and Staff -Commander E. W. Creak, R.N.;
NARRATIVE OF THE CRUISE.
with Instructions and Memorandum prepared under
the Superintendence of the Hydrographer of the
Admiralty ; and
Meteorological Observations. By Staff-Commander
Tizard, R.N., assisted by other Officers of the Ex-
pedition.
Appendix A, — Pressure Errors of the Challenger
Thermometers. By Professor P. G. Tait, M.A..
Sec. R.S.E.
Appendix B. — Petrology of St. Paul's Rocks. By
Professor A. Renard, F.G.S.
II.— LIST OF THE VOLUMES OF PHYSICS, CHEMISTRY, PETROLOGY, METEOROLOGY, Etc.
Volume I. (1884) contains : —
Part I. — Composition of Ocean Water. By Professor
U\ Dittmar, F.R.SS. L. & E.
Part II. — Specific Gravity Op.servations. By J. Y.
Buchanan, M.A., F.R.S.E., Chemist and Physicist of
the Expedition.
Part III. — Temperature of Ocean Water. By the
Officers of the Expedition.
Volume II. contains : —
Part IV. — Report on some of the Physical Pro-
perties of Fresh and Sea Water. By Professor
P. G. Tait.
Part V.— Report on Atmospheric Circulation based
on the Observations made on board H.M.S. Challenger,
and other Meteorological Observations. By Alex-
ander Buchan, M.A., LL.D.
Part VI. — Report on the Magnetical Results ob-
tained by H.M.S. Challenger. By Staff-Commander
E. W. Creak, R.N., F.R.S.
Part VII.— Report on the Rock Specimens collected
on Oceanic Islands. By Professor A. Renard,
LL.D., Ph.D.
III.— LIST OF THE ZOOLOGICAL VOLUMES OF THE REPORT, WITH THE CONTENTS OF EACH.
Volume I. (1880) contains: —
Part I. — Brachiopoda. By Thomas Davidson, F.R.S.,
F.L.S., F.G.S., V.P.P.S.
Part II. — Pennatulida. By Professor Albert v.
Kolliker, F.M.R.S., Hon. F.R.S.E.
Part III. — Ostracoda. By G. Stewardson Brady,
M.D., F.R.S., F.L.S.
I 'a it IV. — Cetacea, Bones of. By Professor William
Turner, M.B. (Lond.), F.R.SS. L. & E.
Part V. — Green Turtle, Development of the. By
William Kitchen Parker, F.R.S., F.L.S., F.Z.S.
Part VI. — Shore Fishes. By Albert Giinther, M.A.,
M.D., Ph.D., F.R.S., V.P.Z.S., F.L.S.
Volume II. (1881) contains : —
Part VII. — Corals. By Professor II. N. Moseley,
M.A., F.R.S., F.Z.S., F.L.S.
Part VIII.— Birds. By P. L. Sclater, F.R.S., F.L.S.,
and others.
Volume III. (1881) contains : —
Part IX.— Ecuinoidea. By Alexander Agassiz.
Part X.— Pycnogonida. By P. P. C. Hoek, Assist.
Zool. Lab., Leyden.
Volume IV. (1882) contains : —
Part XI. — Petrels, Anatomy of the. By W.
A.
Forbes, B.A., F.L.S., F.G.S., F.Z.S.
Part XII.— Deep-Sea Medusa. By Professor Ernst
Haeckel, M.D., Ph.D.
Part XIII.— Holothurioidea. First Part.— The Elasi-
poda. By Hjalmar Theel.
Volume V. (1882) contains :—
Part XIV— Ophiuroidea. By Theodore Lyman.
Part XVI.— Marsupialia. By Professor D. J. Cun-
ningham, M.D., F.R.S.E.. F.R.C.S.I.
XIV
THE VOYAGE OF H.M.S. CHALLENGER.
Volume VI. (1882) contains: —
Part XV. — Actiniari a. By Professor Richard Hertwig.
Part XVII.— Tunicata. Part I.— AscidiaB Simplioes.
By Professor W. A. Herdman, D.Sc, F.R.S.E., F.L.S.
Volume VII. (1883) contains:—
Part XVIII. — Spiieniscidj;, Anatomy of the. By
Professor Morrison Watson, M.D., F.R.S.E., F.Z.S.
Part XIX.— Pelagic Hemiptera. By F. Buchanan
White. M.D., FL.S.
Part XX. — Hydroida. First Part. — Plumularida?.
By Professor G. J. Allman, M.D., LL.D., F.R.SS.
L. & E., M.R.I.A., V.P.L.S.
Part XXI. — Orbitolites, specimens of the Genus. By
W. B. Carpenter, C.B., M.D., LL.D., F.R.S., F.G.S.,
V.P.L.S.
Volume VIII. (1883) contains : —
Part XXIII.— Copepoda. By G. Stewardson Brady,
M.D.. F.R.S., &c.
Part XXIV.— Calcarea. By N. Polejaeff, M.A., of
the University of Odessa.
Part XXV. — Cirripedia. — Systematic Part. By
P. P. C. Hoek, Leyden.
Volume IX. (1881) contains: —
Part XXII. — Foramixiieka. By H. B. Brady,
F.R.S., F.L.S., F.G.S. (One vol. test and one vol.
plates.)
Volume X. (1884) contains: —
Part XXVI. — Nudibranchiata. By Dr. Rudolph
Bergh.
Part XXVII. — Myzostomida. By Professor Ludwig
von Graff.
Part XXVIII. — Cirripedia. — Anatomical Part. By
Dr. P. P. C. Hoek.
Part XXIX.— Human Skeletons. First Part. — The
Crania. By Professor William Turner, M.B., F.R.SS.
L. &E.
Part XXX. — Polyzoa. Part I. — Cheilostomata. By
George Busk, F.R.S., V.P.L.S., &c.
Volume XI. (1884) contains: —
Part XXXI.— Keratosa. By N. Polejaeff, M.A.
Part XXXII.— Crinoidea. Part I.— Stalked Crin-
oids. By P. H. Carpenter, M.A., D.Sc.
Part XXXIII.— Isopoda. Part I.— Genus Serolis.
By F. E. Beddard, M.A., F.R.S.E., F.R.M.S., F.Z.S.,
M.B.O.U.
Volume XII. (1885) contains : —
Part XXXIV. — Annelida Polycii.eta.
fessorW. C. M'Intosh, F.R.S.
By Pro-
Volume XIII. (1885) contains: —
Part XXXV. — Lamellibranciiiata.— By Edgar A.
Smith, F.Z.S.
Part XXXVI.— Gephyrea. By Professor Emil
Selenka.
Part XXXVII.— Schizopoda. By Professor G. 0.
Sars.
Volume XIV. (1886) contains: —
Part XXXVIII.— Tunicata. Part II.— Ascidise Com-
positse. By Professor W. A. Herdman.
Part XXXIX. — Holotiiurioidea. — Second Part. By
Dr. Hjalmar Theel.
Volume XV. (188G) contains :—
Part XLI. — Marseniad.e. By Dr. Rudolph Bergh.
Part XLII. — Scaphopoda and Gasteropoda. By
Rev. R. Boog Watson, F.L.S.
Part XLIII. — Polyplacopiiora. By Professor Alfred
C. Haddon, M.A., M.R.I.A.
Volume XVI. (1886) contains:—
Part XLIV.— Cephalopoda. By William Evans
Hoyle, M.A., M.R.C.S., F.R.S.E.
Part XLV.— Stomatopoda. By Professor W. K.
Brooks.
Part XLVI. — Reef Corals. By John J. Quelch,
B.Sc. (Loud.).
Part XLVII.— Human Skeletons. — Second Part.
By Professor Sir William Turner, Knt., LL.D.,
F.R.SS.L. & E.
Volume XVII. (1886) contains : —
Part XL VIII.— Isopoda.— Part II. By F. E. Beddard,
M.A., F.R.S.E., &c.
Part XLIX.— Brachyura. By Edw. J. Miers, F.Z.S.,
F.L.S.
Part L. — Polyzoa. Part II.— Cyclostomata, Ctenos-
tomata, and Pedicellinea. By George Busk, F.R.S.,
V.P.L.S., &c.
Volume XVIII. (1887) contains :—
Part XL.— Radiolaria. By Professor Ernst Haeckel.
(Two vols, text and one vol. plates.)
Volume XIX. (1887) contains:—
Part LIV.— Nemertea. By Dr. A. A. W. Hubrecht,
LL.D., C.M.Z.S.
Part LV.— Cumacea. By Professor G. 0. Sars.
Part LVL— Phyllocarida. By Professor G. 0. Sars.
Part LVIII— Pteropoda. Part I.— Gyrnnosomata.
By Paul Pelseneer, D.Sc.
EDITORIAL NOTES.
xv
Volume XX. (1887) contains: —
Part LIX. — Monaxonida. By Stuart 0. Ridley, M.A.,
F.Z.S., and Arthur Dendy, B.Sc, F.Z.S.
Part LXI. — Mtzostomida (Supplement). By Pro-
fessor L. von Graff.
Part LXII. — Cephalodiscus dodecalophus. By Pro-
fessor William C. M'Intosh, M.D., LL.D., F.R.S.
Volume XXI. (1887) contains: —
Part LIII. — Hexactinellida. By Professor F. E.
Schulze. (One vol. text and one vol. plates.)
Volume XXII. (1887) contains : —
Part LVII. —Deep -Sea Fishes. By Dr. Albert
Giinther, M.A., M.D., Ph.D., F.R.S.
Volume XXIII. (1888) contains :—
Part LXV. — Pteropoda. Part II. — Thecosomata.
By Dr. Paul Pelseneer.
Part LXVI.— Pteropoda. Part III.— Anatomy. By
Dr. Paul Pelseneer.
Part LXX. — Hydroida. — Second Part. By Professor
G. J. Allman.
Part LXXI. — Entozoa. By Dr. 0. v. Linstow.
PartLXXII.— Heteropoda. By Edgar A. Smith, F.Z.S.
Volume XXIV. (1888) contains :—
Part LIT.— Crustacea Macrura. By C. Spence Bate,
F.R.S., F.L.S. (One vol. text and one vol. plates.)
Volume XXV. (1888) contains :—
Part LXIII. — Tetractinellida. By Professor W. J.
Sollas.
Volume XXVI. (1888) contains :—
Part LX. — Crinoidea. Part II. — Comatulse. By Dr.
P. H. Carpenter.
Part LXVIII.— Seals. By Professor Sir William Turner.
Part LXXIII.— Actiniaria (Supplement). By Pro-
fessor Richard Hertwig.
Volume XXVII. (1888) contains :—
Part LXIX.— Anomura. By Professor J. R. Hender-
son.
Part LXXIV. — Anatomy of Deep-Sea Mollusca.
By Dr. Paul Pelseneer.
Part LXXV. — Phoronis buskii. By Professor W. C.
M'Intosh, F.R.S.
Part LXXVI.— Tunicata.— Part III. By Professor
W. A. Herdman, F.L.S.
Volume XXVIII. (1888) contains:—
Part LXXVII. — SirH0N0PH0R>E. By Professor Ernst
Haeckel.
Volume XXIX. (1888) contains :—
Part LXVII.— Ampiiipoda. By Rev. Thomas R. R.
Stebbing, M.A. (Two vols, text and one vol.
plates.)
Volume XXX. (1889) contains:—
Part LI. — Asteroidea. By W. Percy Sladen, Sec.
L.S., F.G.S. (One vol. text and one vol. plates.)
Volume XXXI. (1889) contains :—
Part LXIV. — Alcyonaeia. By Professor E. P.
Wright, M.D., and Professor Th. Studer, M.D.
Part LXXVIII.— Pelagic Fishes. By Dr. A. Giinther.
F.R.S., &c.
Part LXXIX. — Supplementary Report on the
Polyzoa. By A. W. Waters, F.L.S., F.G.S.
Volume XXXII. (1889) contains :—
Part LXXX. — Antipatharia. By George Brook.
F.L.S., F.R S.E.
Part LXXXI. — Supplementary Report on the
Alcyonaria. By Professor Th. Studer.
Part LXXXIL— Deep-Sea Keratosa. By Profess ir
Ernst Haeckel.
IV.— LIST OF THE CHALLENGER ZOOLOGICAL REPORTS ARRANGED IN SYSTEMATIC ORDER.
Yf.rtkbrata : —
Human Skeletons (part xxix. vol. x., and part xlvii.
vol. xvi.).
Seals (part lxviii. vol. xxvi.).
Bones of Cetacea (part iv. vol. i.).
Marsupialia (part xvi. vol. v.).
Birds (part viii. vol. ii.).
Anatomy of Petrels (part xi. vol. iv.).
Anatomy of Spheniscidse (part xviii. vol. vii.).
Development of Green Turtle (part v. vol. i.).
Fishes (part vi. vol. i., part lvii. vol. xxii., and part
Ixxviii. vol. xxxi.).
Tunicata : —
Tunicata (part xvii. vol. vi., part xxxviii. vol. xiv., and
part lxxvi. vol. xxvii.).
Molluscoidea and Mollusca : —
Brachiopoda (part i. vol. i.).
Polyzoa (part xxx. vol. x., part 1. vol. xvii., and part
Ixxix. vol. xxxi.).
Cephalodiscus (part lxii. vol. xx.).
Phoronis (part lxxv. vol. xxvii.).
Cephalopoda (part xliv. vol. xvi.).
Pteropoda (part lviii. vol. xix., part lxv. vol. xxiii., and
part lxvi. vol. xxiii.).
XVI
THE VOYAGE OF H.M.S. CHALLENGER.
MoLLUSCOIDEA AND MoLLUSCA (conti lliicil) ; —
Nudibranehiata (part xxvi. vol. x.).
Marseniadaj (part xli. vol. xv.).
Heteropoda (part lxxii. vol. xxiii.).
Scaphopoda aud Gasteropoda (part xlii. vol. xv.).
Polyplacophora (part xliii. vol. xv.).
Lamellibranehiata (part xxxv. vol. xiii.).
Anatomy of Deep-Sea Mollusca (part lxxiv. vol. xxvii.).
AkTHEOPODA : —
Pelagic Hemiptera (part xix. vol. vii.).
Pycnogonida (part x. vol. iii.).
Brachyura (part xlix. vol. xvii.).
Anomura (part lxix. vol. xxvii.).
Macrura (part lii. vol. xxiv.).
Schizopoda (part xxxvii. vol. xiii.).
Stomatopoda (part xlv. vol. xvi. ).
Cutnacea (part lv. vol. xix.).
Phyllocarida (part lvi. vol. six.).
Isopoda (part xxxiii. vol. xi., and part xlviii. vol. xvii.).
Ainphipoda (part lxvii. vol. xxix. ).
Cirripedia (part xxv. vol. viii., and part xxviii. vol. x.).
Copepoda (part xxiii. vol. viii.).
Ostracoda (part iii. vol. i.).
ECHLNODERMATA :—
Holothurioidea (part xiii. vol. iv.. and part xxxix. vol.
xiv.).
Echinoidea (part ix. vol. iii.).
Ophiuroidea (part xiv. vol. v.).
Asteroidea (part li. vol. xxx.).
Crinoidea (part xxxii. vol. xi., and part lx. vol. xxvi.).
x., and part lxi
Vermes: —
Myzostomida (part xxvii. vol.
vol. xx.).
Annelida (part xxxiv. vol. xu\).
Gephyrea (part xxxvi. vol. xiii.).
Nemertea (part liv. vol. xix.).
Entozoa (part lxxi. vol. xxiii.).
CcELENTEliATA : —
Siphonophorpe (part lxxvii. vol. xxviii.).
Deep-Sea Medusse (part xii. vol. iv.).
Hydroida (part xx. vol. vii., and part Ixx. vol. xxiii.).
Corals (part vii. vol. ii.).
Reef Corals (part xlvi. vol. xvi.).
Actiniaria (part xv. vol. vi., and part lxxiii. vol.
xxvi.).
Antipatharia (part lxxx. vol. xxxii.).
Alcyonaria (part lxiv. vol. xxxi., and part lxxxi. vol.
xxxii. ).
Pennatnlida (part ii. vol. i.).
Calcarea (part xxiv. vol. viii.).
Hexactinellida (part liii. vol. xxi.).
Tetractinellida (part lxiii. vol. xxv.).
Monaxonida (part lix. vol. xx.).
Keratosa (part xxxi. vol. xi.).
Deep-Sea Keratosa (part lxxxii. vol. xxxii.).
Protozoa : —
Radiolaria (part xl. vol. xviii.).
Foraminifera (part xxii. vol. ix.).
Orbitolites (part xxi. vol. vii.).
V— BOTANICAL VOLUMES, WITH THEIR CONTENTS.
Volume I. (1885) contains : —
Present State of Knowledge of various Insular
Floras, being an introduction to the first three parts
of the Botany of the Challenger Expedition. By
W. B. Hemsley, A.L.S.
Part I. — Botany of the Bermudas and various other
Islands of the Atlantic and Southern Oceans. — The
Bermudas. By W. B. Hemsley, A.L.S.
Part II. — Botany of tue Bermudas and various other
Islands of the Atlantic and Southern Oceans. — St.
Paul's Rocks, &c. By W. B. Hemsley, A.L.S.
Part III. — PjOtany of Juan Fernandez, South-eastern
Moluccas, and the Admiralty Islands. By W. B.
Hemsley, A.L.S.
Volume II. (1886) contains: —
Part IV. — Diatomaceje. By Conte Abate Fiancesco
Castracane.
THE
VOYAGE OF H.M.S. CHALLENGER,
REPORT on some of the Physical Properties of Fresh Water and
of Sea- Water, by Professor P. G. Tait.
INTRODUCTION,
As I had taken advantage of the instruments employed for the determination of the
Pressure Errors of the Challenger Thermometers1 to make some other physical
investigations at pressures of several hundred atmospheres, Dr. Murray requested me
to repeat on a larger scale such of these as have a bearing on the objects of the
Challenger's voyage. The results of the inquiry are given in the following paper.
The circumstances of the experiments, whether favourable to accuracy or not, are
detailed with a minuteness sufficient to show to what extent of approximation these
results may be trusted. My object has been rather to attempt to settle large questions
about which there exists great diversity of opinion, based upon irreconcilable experi-
mental results, than to attain a very high degree of accuracy. My apparatus was
thoroughly competent to effect the first, but could not without serious change (such as
greatly to affect its strength) have been made available for the second purpose. The
results of Grassi, Amaury and Descamps, Wertheim, Pagliani and Vincentini, &c, as
to the compressibility of water at low pressures, differ from one another in a most
distracting manner ; and the all but universal opinion at present seems to be that, for
at least five or six hundred atmospheres, there is little or no change in the com-
pressibility, the explicit statement of Perkins notwithstanding. My experiments have
all been made with a view to direct application in problems connected with the
Challenger work, and therefore at pressures of at least 150 atmospheres, so that I
have only incidentally and indirectly attacked the first of these questions ; but I hope
that no doubt can now remain as to the proper answer to the second. The study of
the compressibility of various strong solutions of common salt has, I believe, been
carried out for the first time under high pressures ; and the effect of pressure on the
maximum-density point of water has been approximated to by three different
experimental methods, one of which is direct.
1 Narr. Chall. Exp., vol. ii., App. A., 1882.
(PHYS. CHEM. CHALL. EXP. — PART IV. — 1888.) 1
CONTENTS.
Introduction-,
PAGE
1
Compressibility of Water, Glass, and Mercury —
I. General Account of the Investigation, .....
II. Some former Determinations, ......
III. The Piezometers — Beckoning of Log. Factors — Compressibility of Mercury,
IV. Amagat's Manometre a Pistons Libres, .....
V. Compressibility of Glass, .......
VI. Resume1 of my own Experiments on Compression of Water and of Sea- Water,
VII. Final Kesults and Empirical Formulae for Fresh Water, .
VIII. Seductions, Results, and Formulae for Sea- Water,
IX. Compressibility, Expansibility, &c, of Solutions of Common Salt,
3
7
15
20
23
26
31
39
43
Associated Physical Questions —
X. Theoretical Speculations, ......
XL Equilibrium of a Vertical Column of Water,
XII. Change of Temperature produced by Compression,
XIII. Effect of Pressure on the Maximum-Density Point,
Summary of Results, .......
Appendix A. On an Improved Method of measuring Compressibility,
P>. Relation between True and Average Compressibility, .
C. Calculation of Log. Factors, .....
D. Xote on the Correction for the Compressibility of the Piezometer,
E. On the Relations between Liquid and Vapour, .
F. The Molecular Pressure in a Liquid, ....
G. Equilibrium of a Column of Water, . . . .
47
50
51
55
61
63
65
66
67
68
74
75
COMPRESSIBILITY OF WATER, GLASS, AND MERCURY.
o
I. General Account of the Investigation.
I will first give a general account of the subjects treated, of the mode of conducting
the experiments, and of the difficulties which I have more or less completely overcome
in the course of several years' work. The reader will then be in a position to follow
the full details of each branch of the inquiry.
The experiments were for the most part carried on in the large Fraser gun fully
described and figured in my previous Report. But it was found to be impracticable t
maintain this huge mass of metal at any steady temperature, except that of the air of
the cellar in which it is placed. The great thickness of the College walls, aided by the
comparative mildness of recent winters, thus limited till the beginning of the present
year the available range of temperature for this instrument to that from 3° C. to about
1 2° C. As I did not consider this nearly sufficient, and as comparative experiments at the
higher and lower of these temperatures could only be made at intervals of about six
months, I procured (in May 1887) a much less unwieldy apparatus. It was made entirely
of steel, so as to be of as small mass as possible, with the necessary capacity and
strength : and could at pleasure be used at the temperature of the air, or be wholly
immersed in a large bath of melting ice. As this apparatus was mounted, not in a
cellar, but in a room sixty feet above the ground and facing the south, it enabled me
to obtain a temperature range of 0° C. to 19° C, with which I was obliged to content
myself. A great drawback to the use of this apparatus was found in the smallness of
its capacity. Not only was I limited to the use of two, instead of six or seven,
piezometers at a time ; but the pressure could not be got up so slowly and smoothly as
with the large apparatus, and (what was still worse) it could not be let off so slowly.
In spite of these and other difficulties, to be detailed later, I think it will be found that
the observations made with this apparatus are not markedly inferior in value to those
made with the great gun.
In the piezometers I have adhered to the old and somewhat rude method of
recording by means of indices containing a small piece of steel, and maintained in their
positions (till the mercury reaches them and after it has left them) by means of attached
hairs. These indices are liable to two kinds of deceptive displacement, upwards or
downwards, by the current produced at each stroke of the pump, or by that produced
4 THE VOYAGE OF H.M.S. CHALLENGER.
during the expansion on relief of pressure. The first could almost' always be avoided,
even in the smaller apparatus, provided the pressure was raised with sufficient steadiness,
and the index brought down to the mercury at starting. But the instantaneous
reaction, partly elastic, partly due to cooling, and on rare occasions due to leakage of
the pump or at the plug, after a rash stroke of the pump, sometimes left the index a
little above the mercury just before the next stroke. If another rash stroke followed,
the index might be carried still farther above the point reached by the mercury.
Practically, however, there is little fear of my estimates of compression having been
exaggerated by this process. They are much more likely to have been slightly
diminished by a somewhat sudden fall of pressure which, in sjiite of every care,
occasionally took place at the very commencement of the relief. Once or twice the
experiments were entirely vitiated by this cause ; but, as we had recorded the sudden
outrush before the plug had been removed in order to take out the piezometers, we were
fully warranted in rejecting the readings taken on such an occasion : — and we invariably
did so, whether they agreed with the less suspicious results or not.
Another and very puzzling source of uncertainty in the use of these indices depends
on the fact that the amount of pressure required to move them varies from one part of
the tube to another, sometimes even (from day to day) in the same part of the tube :
— and the index thus records the final position of the top of the mercury column in
different jriases of distortion on different occasions. The effect of this will be to make
all the determinations of compression too small, and it will be more perceptible the
smaller the compression measured. And in sea-water, and still more in strong salt-
solutions, the surface-tension of the mercury changes (a slight deposit of calomel (?)
being produced), while the elasticity of the hairs also is much affected. But, by
multiplying the experiments, it has been found possible to obtain what appears a fairly
trustworthy set of mean values by this process.
I discarded the use of the silvering process, which I had employed in my earlier
experiments,1 partly because I found that the mercury column was liable to break,
especially when sea-water was used, partly from the great labour and loss of time which
the constant resilvering and refilling of the piezometers would have involved. This
process has also the special disadvantage that the substance operated on is not
necessarily the same in successive repetitions of the experiment.
And the electrical process2 which I devised for recording the accomplishment of a
definite amount of compression could not be employed, because it was impossible to
lead insulated wires into either of my compression-chambers. This was much to be
regretted, as I know of no method but this by which we can be absolutely certain of
the temperature at which the operation is conducted.
My next difficulty was in the measurement of pressure. In my former Report I
1 Proc. Roy. Soc. Edin., vol. xii. pp. 223, 224, 1883. 2 Appendix A to this Report.
PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF WATER,, ETC. 5
have pointed out the untrustworthiness of the Bourdon gauges, and the uncertainty of
the unit of my external gauge. This gauge was amply sufficient for all the purposes of
my investigation of the errors of the Challenger thermometers, where the inevitable
error of a deep-sea reading formed, according to the depth, from 5 to 20 per cent, of
the pressure error ; but, besides the uncertainty as to its unit, it was on so small a scale
that an error of 1 per cent, in the reading, mainly due to capillary effects at the
surface of the mercury column, was quite possible when the pressure did not exceed
150 atmospheres. Fortunately I was informed of the great improvement made by
Amagat on the principle of the old Manometre Desgqffes, — an improvement which
has made it an instrument of precision instead of an ingenious scientific toy.
M. Amagat was so kind as to superintend the construction of one of his instruments
for me (it will be a surprise to very many professors of physics in this country to hear
that the whole work was executed in his laboratory), and to graduate it by comparison
with his well-known nitrogen gauge. My measurements of pressure are therefore only
one remove from Amagat's 1000 feet column of mercury.
The change of temperature produced by compression of water is one of the
most formidable difficulties I have encountered. During the compression the
contents of the piezometer, as well as the surrounding water, constantly change in
temperature ; and the amount of change depends not only on the initial temperature of
the water, but also on the rapidity with which the pressure is raised. It was impossible
to ascertain exactly what was the true temperature of the water in the piezometer at the
instant when the pressure was greatest, and a change of even 0°'l C. involves a displace-
ment of the hair index, which is quite easily detected even by comparatively rude
measurement. Any very great nicety of measurement was thus obviously superfluous.
My readings, therefore, were all made directly by applying to the tube of the
piezometer a light but very accurate scale. The zero of this scale was adjusted to the
level of the upper surface of the mercury of each piezometer the instant it was removed
from the water-vessel, in which it was lifted from the pressure-chamber, and the
position of the index was afterwards read at leisure. As the same scale was employed
in the calibration of the piezometer tubes, its unit is, of course, of no consequence.
The expansibility of water at atmospheric pressure is so small, at least up to 8° C, that
no perceptible displacement of the mercury can have been introduced before the zero of
the scale was adjusted to it. The effects of the raising of temperature by heating are
two : a direct increase of the volume (provided the temperature be above the maximum-
density point, and the pressure be kept constant), and a diminution of compressibility
(provided the temperature be under the minimum compressibility point). These
conspire to diminish the amount of compression produced by a given pressure. At
15° C, or so, the first of these is, in the range of my experiments, the more serious of
the two, especially in the case of the solutions of common salt.
G THE VOYAGE OF H.M.S. CHALLENGER.
The water in the compression apparatus, even when the large one was used, slowly
changed in temperature from one group of experiments to the next : — sometimes
perceptibly during the successive stages of one group. The effect of this source of error
was easily eliminated by means of the rough results of a plotting of the uncorrected
experimental data. From this the effect of a small change of temperature on the
compressibility at any assigned temperature was determined with accuracy far more
than sufficient to enable me to calculate the requisite correction. This correction was
therefore applied to all the experimental data of each group, for which the temperature
differed from that at the commencement of the group. The corrected numbers were
employed in the second and more complete graphical calculation. I endeavoured to
raise the pressure in each experiment as nearly as possible by 1, 2, or 3 tons weight per
square inch : — having convinced myself by many trials that this was the most convenient
plan. The cure for any (slight) excess or defect of pressure was at once supplied by the
graphical method employed in the reductions, in which the pressures were laid down as
abscissas, and the corresponding average compressibilities per atmosphere as ordinates.
When this work has been fully carried out, we have still only the apparent com-
pressibility of the water or salt-solution. The correction for the compressibility of
glass, which is by no means a negligible quantity, — being in fact about 5 per cent, of
that of water at 0° C, —involves a more formidable measurement than the other ; but I
think I have executed it, for two different temperatures, within some 2 per cent, or so.
The resulting values of the true compressibility of water may therefore err, on this
account, by O'l per cent. This is considerably less than the probable error of the
determinations of apparent compressibility, so that it is far more than sufficient. With
a view to this part of the work the piezometers, whether for water or for mercury, were
all constructed from narrow and wide tubes of the same glass, obtained from one
melting in Messrs. Ford's Works, Edinburgh ; while solid rods of the same were also
obtained for the application of Buchanan's method.1
My results are not strictly comparable with any that, to my knowledge, have yet
been published, except, of course, those which I gave in 1883 and 1884. The reason
is that the lowest pressure which I applied (about 150 atmospheres, or nearly one ton
weight per square inch) is far greater than the highest employed by other experimenters,
at least for a consecutive series of pressures. I must except, however, the results of
Perkins and some remarkable recent determinations made by Amagat.2 Perkins' results
are entirely valueless as to the actual compressions, because his pressure unit is
obviously very far from correct. They show, however, at one definite temperature, the
rate at which the compressibility diminishes as the pressure is raised. Amagat's
work, on the other hand, though of the highest order, is not yet completed by the
determination of the correction for the compression of the piezometer.
1 Trans. Roy. Soc. Edin., vol. xxix. pp. 589-598, 1880. 2 Complex Rendus, torn, ciii., 1886, and torn, civ , 1887.
PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF WATER, ETC. 7
The extension of my formulae to very low pressures, though it agrees in a remarkable
manner with some of the best of accepted results, such as those of Buchanan and of
Pagliani and Yincentini, is purely conjectural, and may therefore possibly involve error,
but not one of the least consequence to any inquiries connected with the problems
to which the Challenger work was directed.
The piezometers, which had been for three years employed on water and on sea-
water, were, during the end of last summer, refilled with solutions of common salt of
very different strengths, prepared in the laboratory of Dr. Crum Brown. The
determinations of compressibility were made at three temperatures only, those which
could be steadily maintained, viz. 0° C, 10° C, and about 19° C, the two latter being
the temperature of the room, the former obtained by the use of an ice-bath. Here
great rapidity of adjustment of the scale to the mercury was requisite, even in the
experiments made near 0° C, for the salt solutions (especially the nearly saturated one)
show considerable expansibility at that temperature. In these salt solutions, however,
the hair indices behave very irregularly ; so that this part of my work is much inferior
in exactitude to the rest.
Besides the determinations briefly described above, there will be found in this
Report a number of experimental results connected with the effect of pressure on the
temperature of water and on the temperature of the maximum density of water.
Though I afterwards found that the question was not a new one, I was completely
unaware of the fact when some experiments, which I made in 1881 on the heat
developed by compressing water, gave results which seemed to be inexplicable except
on the hypothesis that the maximum-density point is lowered by pressure. Hence
I have added a description of these experiments, since greatly extended by parties of
my students.
And I have appended other and more direct determinations of the change of
the maximum-density point. I also give, after Canton, but with better data than his,
an estimate of the amount by which the depth of the sea is altered by compression.
Also some corresponding inquiries for the more complex conditions introduced by the
consideration of the maximum-density point, &c.
An Appendix contains all the theoretical calculations, the results of which are
made use of in the text ; as well as some speculations, not devoid of interest, which
have arisen in the course of the inquiry.
II. Some former Determinations.
There seems now to be no doubt that Canton (in 1762) was the first to establish
the fact of the compressibility of water. But he did far more ; he measured its apparent
amount at each of three temperatures with remarkable accuracy, and thus discovered
8 THE VOYAGE OF H.M.S. CHALLENGER.
(in 17G4) the curiously important additional fact that it diminishes when the tempera-
ture is raised. As his papers, or at all events the second of them, seem to have fallen
entirely out of notice,1 and as they are exceedingly brief and clear, I think it well to
reproduce some passages textually from the Philosoi^iical Transactions of the dates
given above.
" Having procured a small glass tube of about two feet in length, with a ball at one
end of it of an inch and a quarter in diameter ; I filled the ball and part of the tube
with mercury ; and, keeping it, with a Fahrenheit's thermometer, in wrater which was
frequently stirred, it was brought exactly to the heat of 50 degrees; and the place where
the mercury stood in the tube, which was about 6^ inches above the ball, was carefully
marked. I then raised the mercury, by heat, to the top of the tube, and sealed the
tube hermetically ; and when the mercury was brought to the same degree of heat as
before, it stood in the tube ~ of an inch higher than the mark.
" The same ball, and part of the tube being filled with water exhausted of air, instead
of the mercury, and the place wThere the water stood in the tube when it came to rest
in the heat of 50 degrees, being marked, which was about 6 inches above the ball ; the
water was then raised by heat till it filled the tube ; which being sealed again, and the
water brought to the heat of 50 degrees as before, it stood in the tube ~ of an inch
above the mark.
" Now the weight of the atmosphere (or about 73 pounds avoirdupois) pressing on
the outside of the ball and not on the inside, will squeeze it into less compass.2 And by
this compression of the ball, the mercury and the water will be equally raised in the tube ;
but the water is found, by the experiments above related, to rise ^ of an inch more
than the mercury ; and therefore the water must expand, so much, more than the
mercury, by removing the weight of the atmosphere.
" In order to determine how much water is compressed by this, or a greater weight,
I took a glass ball of about an inch and £ in diameter which w-as joined to a cylindrical
tube of 4 inches and ^ in length, and in diameter about ± of an inch ; and by weighing
the quantity of mercury that exactly filled the ball, and also the quantity that filled
the whole length of the tube; I found that the mercury in ~ of an inch of the tube
was the 100,000 part of that contained in the ball ; and with the edge of a file, I
divided the tube accordingly.
" This being done, I filled the ball and part of the tube with water exhausted of air ;
and left the tube open, that the ball, whether in rarefied or condensed air, might always
be equally pressed within and without, and therefore not altered in its dimensions.
1 Perhaps the reason may be, in part, that by a printer's error the title of Canton's first paper is given (in the
Index to vol. lii. of the Phil. Trans.) as " Experiments to prove that Water is not compressible."
3 " See an account of experiments made with glass balls by Mr. Hooke (afterwards Dr. Hooke) in Dr. Birch's
History of the Royal Society, vol. i. p. 127."
PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OE WATER, ETC. 9
Now by placing this ball and tube under the receiver of an air-pump, I could see the
degree of expansion of the water, answering to any degree of rarefaction of the air ; and
by putting it into a glass receiver of a condensing engine, I could see the degree of
compression of the water, answering to any degree of condensation of the air. But
great care must be taken, in making these experiments, that the heat of the glass ball be
not altered, either by the coming on of moisture, or its going off by evaporation ; which
may easily be prevented by keeping the ball under water, or by using oil only in
working the pump and condenser.
" In this manner I have found by repeated trials, when the heat of the air has
been about 50 degrees, and the mercury at a mean height in the barometer, that the
water will expand and rise in the tube, by removing the weight of the atmosphere,
4 divisions and ~ ; or one part in 21,740 ; and will be as much compressed under the
weight of an additional atmosphere. Therefore the compression of water by twice the
weight of the atmosphere, is one part in 10,870 of its whole bulk.1
" The famous Florentine Experiment, which so many philosophical writers have
mentioned as a proof of the incompressibility of water, will not, when carefully
considered, appear sufficient for that purpose : for in forcing any part of the water
contained in a hollow globe of gold through its pores by pressure, the figure of the gold
must be altered ; and consequently, the internal space containing the water, diminished ;
but it was impossible for the gentlemen of the Academy del Cimento to determine, that
the water which was forced into the pores and through the gold, was exactly equal to
the diminution of the internal space by the pressure."
" By similar experiments made since, it appears that water has the remarkable
property of being more compressible in winter than in summer ; which is contrary to
what I have observed both in spirit of wine and oil of olives : these fluids are (as one
would expect water to be) more compressible when expanded by heat, and less so when
contracted by cold. Water and spirit of wine I have several times examined, both by
the air-pump and condenser, in opposite seasons of the year : and, when Fahrenheit's
thermometer has been at 34 degrees, I have found the water to be compressed by the
mean weight of the atmosphere 49 parts in a million of its whole bulk, and the spirit
of wine 60 parts ; but when the thermometer has been at 64 degrees, the same weight
1 " If the compressibility of the water was owing to any air that it might still be supposed to contain, it is evident
that more air must make it more compressible ; I therefore let into the ball a bubble of air that measured near ^\ of an
inch in diameter, which the water absorbed in about four days ; but I found upon trial that the water was not more
compressed, by twice the weight of the atmosphere, than before."
" The compression of the glass in this experiment, by the equal and contrary forces acting within and without the ball,
is not sensible : for the compression of water in two balls, appears to be exactly the same, when the glass of one is more
than twice the thickness of the glass of the other. And the weight of an atmosphere, which I found would compress
mercury in one of these balls but £ part of a division of the tube, compresses water in the same ball 4 divisions
and A-"
(PHYS. CHEM. CHALL EXP. — PART IV. — 1888.) 2
10 THE VOYAGE OF H.M.S. CHALLENGER.
would compress the water no more than 44 parts in a million, and the spirit of wine no
less than 71 of the same parts. In making these experiments, the glass ball containing
the fluid to be compressed must be kept under water, that the heat of it may not be
altered during the operation.
" The compression by the weight of the atmosphere, and the specific gravity of each
of the following fluids, (which are all I have yet tried,) were found when the barometer
was at 29^ inches, and the thermometer at 50 degrees.
Millionth parts. Specific gravity.
Compression of Spirit of Wine, 66 846
Oil of Olives, 48 918
Rain-Water, 40 1000
Sea-Water, 40 1028
Mercury, 3 13595
These fluids are not only compressible, but also elastic : for if the weight 1 >y which they
are naturally compressed be diminished, they expand ; and if that by which they are
compressed in the condenser be removed, they take up the same room as at first. That
this does not arise from the elasticity of any air the fluids contain, is evident ; because
their expansion, by removing the weight of the atmosphere, is not greater than their
compression by an equal additional weight : whereas air will expand twice as much by
removing half the weight of the atmosphere, as it will be compressed by adding the
whole weight of the atmosphere.
" It may also be worth observing, that the compression of these fluids, by the
same weight are not in the inverse ratio of their densities or specific gravities, as
might be supposed. The compression of spirit of wine, for instance, being compared
with that of rain-water, is greater than in this proportion, and the compression of
sea-water is less."
With the exception of the mistake as to the non-effect of compressibility of glass,
and its consequences (a mistake into which Orsted and many others have fallen long
since Canton's day), the above is almost exact. The argument from the fact that thick
and thin vessels give the same result is unfounded ; but the discovery of the fact itself
shows how accurate the experiments must have been. The formula (A) below (Section
VII), if extended to p = 0, gives for the value of the apparent compressibility of
water at 10° C. (50° F.), which is what Canton really measured, the number
0-0000461,
exactly the same as that given by him 126 years ago !
The next really great step in this inquiry was taken by Perkins in 1826.
He showed beyond the possibility of doubt that in water at 10° C. the compressibility
PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF WATER, ETC. 11
diminishes as the pressuTe is increased, quickly at first, afterwards more and more
slowly.1 This was contested by Orsted, who found no change of compressibility up to
70 atmospheres. Many other apparently authoritative statements have since been
made to the same effect. Unfortunately Perkins' estimates of pressure are very
inaccurate, so that no numerical data of any value can be obtained from his
paper.
Colladon 2 is sometimes referred to as an authority on the compression of liquids.
But, referring to Canton, he states that there is no difference in the compressibility of
water at 0° C. and at 10° C. His words are : " Nous avons trouve' que l'eau a la menie
compressibilite a 0° et a + 10°. Nous avons ddja fait observer les causes d'erreur qui
ont du alterer les resultats des experiences de Canton." There can be no doubt whatever
that there is a difference of 6 per cent. , which is what Canton gives !
In Regnault's experiments3 pressure was applied alternately to the outside and
to the inside of the piezometer, and then simultaneously to both. From the first
Appendix to my Report on the Pressure-Errors, &c, it will be seen that the three
measurements of changed content thus obtained are not independent, the third giving
the algebraic sum of the first two ; so that, unless we had an absolutely incompressible
liquid to deal with, we could not employ them to determine the elastic constants of the
piezometer. For the compression of the liquid contents is added to the quantity
measured, in the second and third of the experiments. Thus Regnault had to fall back
on the measurement of Young's modulus, in order to obtain an additional datum. In
place of this, Jamin afterwards suggested the measurement of the change of external
volume of the piezometer ; and this process was carried out by Amaury and Descamps.
But there are great objections to the employment of external, or internal, pressure
alone in such very delicate inquiries. For, unless the bulbs be truly spherical, or
cylindrical, and the walls of perfectly uniform thickness and of perfectly uniform
material, the theoretical conditions will not be fulfilled : — and the errors may easily be
of the same order as is the quantity to be measured.
Finding that he could not obtain good results with glass vessels, Regnault
employed spherical shells of brass and of copper. With these he obtained, for the
compressibility of water, the value
0-000048 per atm.
for pressures from one to ten atmospheres. The temperature, unfortunately, is not
specially stated.
Grassi,4 working with Regnault's apparatus, made a number of determinations of
compressibility of different liquids, all for small ranges of pressure.
1 The carefully drawn plate which illustrates his paper is one of the very best early examples of the use of the
graphic method. Phil. Trans., vol. cvi. p. 541, 1826.
2 Mem. Inst. Savans hrang., torn. v. p. 296, 1838. 3 Mint. Acad. Sci. Parts, torn. xxi. pp. 1 et seq., 1847.
4 Ann. de Chimie, ser. 3, torn. xxxi. p. 437, 1851.
12 THE VOYAGE OF H.M.S. CHALLENGER.
The following are some of his results for water : —
Temperature. Compressibility per atm.
0"-0 C. 0-0000503
l°-5 515
4°-l 499
10° -8 480
18°-0 462
25°-0 456
34°-5 453
53°-0 441
These numbers cannot be even approximately represented by any simple formula ;
mainly in consequence of the maximum compressibility which, they appear to show, lies
somewhere about 1°"5 C. No other experimenter seems to have found any trace of this
maximum.
Grassi assigns, for sea-water at 17°"5 C, 0'94 of the compressibility of pure water,
and gives
0-00000295
as the compressibility of mercury. He also states that the compressibility of salt solu-
tions increases with rise of temperature. These are not in accordance with my results.
But, as he further states that alcohol, chloroform, and ether increase in compressibility
with rise of pressure (a result soon after shown by Amagat to be completely erroneous),
little confidence can be placed in any of his determinations.
A very complete series of measurements of the compressibility of water (for low
pressures) through the whole range of temperature from 0° C. to 100° C, has been made
by Pagliani and Vincentini.1 Unfortunately, in their experiments, pressure was
applied to the inside only of the piezometer, so that their indicated results have to be
diminished by from 40 to 50 per cent. The effects of heat on the elasticity of glass are,
however, carefully determined, a matter of absolute necessity when so large a range of
temperature is involved. The absolute compressibility of water at 0° C. is assumed from
Grassi. The following are some of their results, showing a much larger temperature
effect than that obtained by Grassi : —
Temperature. Compressibility per atm.
0°-0 C. 0-0000503
2°-4 496
15°-9 450
49°-3 403
61°-0 389
66°-2 389
77° -4 398
99"-2 409
1 Sulla Comjtressibilila del Liquidi, Torino, 1884.
PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF WATER, ETC. 13
Thus water appears to have its minimum compressibility (for low pressures) about
63° C.
My own earlier determinations1 will be given more fully below (Section VI.). I
may here quote one or two, premising that they were given with a caution (not
required, as it happens), that the pressure unit of my external gauge was somewhat
uncertain. They are true, not average, compressibilities. See Appendix B.
At 12°-0 C.
Fresh water 0-00720 (1 - 0-03-ip)
Sea water 0-00666 (1 - 0-034^)
At 15°-5 C.
Fresh water 0-00698 (1 - 0-05^/)
Sea water 0-00645 (1 - 0-05i')
Ratio
1 : 0-925
Ratio
1 : 0-924
In all of these the unit of pressure is one ton-weight per square inch (152'3 atm.). The
diminution of compressibility with increased pressure was evident from the commence-
ment of the investigations. I assumed, throughout, for the compressibility of glass
0-000386 per ton,
which, as will be seen below, is a little too small.
By direct comparison with Amagat's manometer, I have found that the pressure
unit of my external gauge is too small, but only by about 0-5 per cent. This very slight
underestimate of course does not account for the smallness of the pressure term of the
first expression above. As will be seen later, the true cause is probably to be traced to
the smallness of the piezometers which I used in my first investigations, and to the fact
that their stems were cut off " square " and dipped into mercury. Allowing for this, it
will be seen that the above estimates of compressibility agree very fairly, in other
respects, with those which I have since obtained. The sea-water employed in the
comparison with fresh water was collected about a mile and a half off the coast at
Portobello, and was therefore somewhat less dense (and more compressible) than the
average of ocean-water. In my later experiments, to be detailed below, the sea-water
operated on was taken at a point outside the Firth of Forth, considerably beyond the
Isle of May.
As stated in my Beport on the Pressure Errors, &c, the unit of my external
gauge was determined by the help of Amagat's data for the compression of air. As the
piezometer containing the air had to be enclosed in the large gun, the record was
obtained by silvering the interior of the narrow tube into which the air was finally
compressed : — and the heating of the air by compression, as well as the uncertainty of
1 Proc. Roy. Soc. Edin. 1883 and 1884.
14 THE VOYAGE OF H.M.S. CHALLENGER.
the allowance for the curvature of the mercury, alone would easily account for the
underestimate. Besides, it is to be remembered that the reading of the external o™™
for 152 atm. is only about 22 mm. ; so that a slight variation of surface-curvature of
the mercury would of itself explain a considerable part of the half per cent, deficit.
It is, however, a matter of no consequence whatever, as regards the conclusions of that
Eeport.
Buchanan, in the paper already cited, gives for the compressibility of water
at 2°"5 C. the value 0-0000516 ; and at 12°"5 C, 0-0000483. The empirical formula,
which is one of the main results of this Eeport (Section VII. below), extended to
p = Q, gives 0-0000511 and 0D000480 respectively. The agreement is very remarkable.
Amagat's 1 investigations, which were carried out by means of the electric indicator
already alluded to (which informs the experimenter of the instant at which a given
amount of compression is reached), have been extended to pressures of nearly 20 tons
weight on the square inch (3000 atm.). As a preliminary statement he gives the
average apparent compression (per atmosphere) of water at 170,6 C. as follows : —
From 1 to 262 atm., ..... 0-0000429,
„ 262 to 805 „ 0-0000379,
„ 805 to 1334 „ ..... 0-0000332.
And he states that, at 3000 atmospheres, water (at this temperature) has lost about
1/10 of its original bulk. But Amagat has not yet published any determination of the
compressibility of his glass, so that the amount of compression shown by his experi-
ments cannot be compared with the results of this paper. The rate of diminution of
compressibility with increased pressure, however, can be (very roughly) approximated
to ; and Amagat appears to make it somewhat less than I do. He operated on distilled
water, thoroughly deprived of air. My experiments were made on cistern water,
boiled for as short a time as possible. The analogies given in the present paper
appear to show that this difference of substance operated on may perhaps suffice com-
pletely to explain the difference between our results.
I am indebted to a footnote in the recent great work of Mohn2 for a hint which
has led me to one of the most singular calculations as to the compressibility of water
which I have met with. As it is given in a volume3 whose very raison d'etre is
supposed to be the minutest attainable accuracy in physical determinations, I con-
sulted it with eagerness. The reader may imagine the disappointment with which I
found that, as regards compressibility of water, its main feature is the amazing empirical
formula, —
501-53 - 1-58995/1 - 0003141113f2 !
1 Comptes Rendus, torn. ciii. p. 429, 1886, and torn. civ. p. 1159, 1887.
2 Den Norske Nordkavs-Exped., Nordkavets Dybder, &c, Christiania, 1887.
3 Travaux et Memoires du Bureau International des Poids et Me'sures, torn. ii. p. D30, Paris, 1883.
PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF WATER, ETC.
15
This formula represents a parabola which is everywhere convex upwards, and thus
cannot possibly be consistent with the existence of a minimum compressibility.
Instead of representing the results of new experiments, it is based on data extracted
from the old and very dubious results of Grassi (two data being wrongly quoted),
Descamps, and Wertheim, which differ in the wildest way from one another. What
method of calculation has been employed upon this chaotic group we are not told.
The result is a smug little table (D. IX.), in which no single entry can be looked upon
as trustworthy! Plate II. fig. 1, shows some of the materials, as well as the final
extract or quintessence derived from them.
III. The Piezometers — Reckoxixg of Log. Factors— Compressibility of
Mercury.
V
J
The annexed sketch shows the form of piezometer employed. Six of these instru-
ments, three filled with fresh wrater and three with sea-water, were simultaneously
exposed to pressure. The upper end of the bulb at B was drawn out
into a very fine tube, so that the instruments could be opened and refilled
several times without appreciable change of internal volume. They were
contained in a tall copper vessel which was let down into the pressure
cylinder, and which kept them (after removal from it) surrounded by
a large quantity of the press water till they could be taken out and
measured one by one ; each, after measurement, being at once replaced
in the vessel. Large supplies of water were kept in tin vessels close to
the pressure apparatus ; and the temperatures of the contents of all were
observed from time to time with a Kew Standard.
The stems, A C, of the piezometers were usually from 30 to 40 cm.
iu length, and the volumes of the cylindrical bulbs, CB, were each
(roughly) adjusted to the bore of the stem, so that the whole displace-
ment of the indices in the various vessels should lie nearly the same for
the same pressure. At A, on each stem, below the working portion, the
special mark of the instrument was made in dots of black enamel (e.g.
.:, .., ;, &c), so that it could be instantly recognised, and affixed
to the record of the index in the laboratory book. Above this enamel
mark a short millimetre scale was etched on the glass for the purpose of
recording the volume of the water contents at each temperature before
pressure was applied. The factor by which the displacement of the
index has to be multiplied, in order to find the whole compression, varies
(slightly) with the initial bulk of the water-contents. This, in its turn, depends on
the temperature at which the experiment is made. Practically, it was found that no
16
THE VOYAGE OF H.M.S. CHALLENGER.
correction of this kind need be made in experiments on fresh water between 0° and
8° C, but for higher temperatures it rapidly came into play. In the case of the
stronger salt-solutions it was always recpuired.
As an example of the general dimensions of the piezometers, I print here the
details of a rough preliminary measurement of one only ; and employ these merely
to exhibit the nature of the calculation for the compressibility of the contents.
Measurements for (:).
21/12/86. At temperature 3° C. (:) filled with Portobello sea-water gave for
413 of gauge (about 150 atm.) 131-2 of displacement for index.
834 „ „ 300 „ 256
1254 „ „ 450 „ 373-6
Before pressure, mercury 20 mm. from enamel.
This experiment is selected because its data were taken for the approximate lengths
of the columns of mercury used to calibrate the stem of (:).
22/6/87. Length of col. of mercury in stem.
End 18 mm. from enamel 130'S mm.
„ 45
))
130-8 „
„ 72
iy
130-9 „
„ 100
?>
130-9 „
„ 140
?»
131-1 „
Another column of
Hg.
: —
End 18 mm. from enamel
261 mm
„ 36
5)
261-1 „
„ 57
»T
261-1 „
„ 75
»)
261-1 „
„ 94
)J
261-3 „
Again another : —
End 18 mm. from enamel
372-6 mm
„ 43
)
)
372-4 „
Weight, mercury and dish.
12-567 grin.
Dish 9-387 „
Hg. 3-180
15-712 grin.
9-387 „
Hg. 6-325
18-407 grm.
Dish 9-387 „
Hg. 9-020 „
Weight of dish with Hg. filling bulb and stem to 599 mm. from enamel, 517-63 „
Weight of dish, 37-69 „
Hg. in piezometer, less 599 of stem, 479"94 „
Hg. in 599 of stem, 14-56 „
"Whole content to enamel,
„ 20 from enamel,
494-50
494-0
PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF WATER, ETC.
17
The calculations are as follows, — the Gauge log. will be explained in Section IV. :-
the formula is given in Appendix C, and the mantissge only are written : —
log. 494 =
•69373
log. 130-8 =
(Sum)
•11661
•81034
log. 3-18 =
(Difference)
•50243
•69209
Gauge log.
•43856
(Sum)
•13065 =
= log. fact*
•69373
•69373
•41664
•57124
•11037
•26497
•80106
•95521
■69069
•69024
•43856
r 300 atm.
•43856
•12925 fo
•12880
Hence apparent average compressibility of Portobello sea-water per atm. at 3° C.
as given by (:) on 21/12/86 is,
For first ton
•11793 = log. 131-2
■61595 = log. 413
•50198
log. factor -13065
•63263
first two tons
•40824
•92117
•48707
•12925
•61632
first three tons
•57240
•09829
•47411
•12880
•60291
(PHYS. CHEM. CHALL. EXI\ — PART IV. — 18S8.)
Antilos. = -00004292
Ant ilog. =-00004134
Antilog. = -00004008
18
THE VOYAGE OF H.M.S. CHALLENGER.
A few larger instruments were made for very accurate comparisons of fresh water
and sea-water at about 1 ton weight per square inch, and at different temperatures.
The mercury contents of their bulbs, &c, were over 1000 grm. The content of
250 mm. of stem in mercury was about 7 grm. ; and the log. factor, for pressures about
150 atm., nearly = 0 "8.
For the compressibility of mercury, the annexed form of piezometer
was employed, as in this case the recording index could not be put in
contact with the liquid to be compressed. The bulb A and stem to B
contain mercury, and so does the U-tube CD. Between B and C there
is a column of water, whose length is carefully determined. The recording-
index rests on the mercury column at C. Thus, obviously, its displace-
ment is due to
Compression of mercury A B + Compression of water B C - Compression of
vol. of glass vessel from A to C.
The measurements of this apparatus are : —
Mercury Piezometer. 25/7/87.
Hg. and vessel, .....
Vessel, ......
Weight of mercury whose compression is measured,
Hg. and dish, .....
Dish, ......
Weight of mercury in 210 mm. of tuhe 1! C,
Length of water column B C,
1100
grm
37-7
>>
1062-3
))
14-412
))
9-386
)»
5-026
)J
286 mm.
The observations made with this apparatus were as follows, the results calculated
being added, enclosed in square brackets : —
22/6/86. Kew Standard, 12°-75.
24
'6/86.
K. S. 12° -4.
Alteration of Index, 17 mm.
Index, 17
Gauge pressure, . 811
Pressure, 833
[Apparent compressibility, 0-00000102]
[0-00000098]
25/6/86. K. S. 12°-3.
Index, 18-5 26-0
26-0
Pressure, 834 1252
1257
[0-00000109] [102]
[101]
PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF WATER, ETC. 19
K. S. l°-2.
Index,
7 3
17-3
25
Pressure,
436
865
1264
[0-00000074]
[94]
[931
K. S. 16°-5.
Index,
9
16-6
25
Pressure,
459
866
1271
[0-00000093]
[92]
[95]
23/7/87.
25/7/87.
The range of temperature is quite sufficient to allow a change of compressibility
of the water column to be noted ; but the experiments unfortunately do not enable
us to assert anything as to a change in that of mercury ; though, were it not for the
last set of experiments, there would appear to be a decided increase of compressibility
of mercury with rise of temperature. The experiments are only fairly consistent with
one another ; but this was noted at the time as the fault of the index, which, of course,
tells more as the quantity measured is less. It may be as well to show how to
deduce the compressibility of mercury from them at once, assuming the requisite data
for water and for glass from subsequent parts of the Report.
Take, for instance, the first result of 25/6/86. 834 of gauge is about 305 atmospheres. Also shortening
of 286 mm. of water column (in glass) at 12°-3 C hy 305 atm. = 3-7 mm. nearly : — so that the compressed
mercury apparently loses about the content of 14-8 mm. of narrow tube = bulk of 0-354 grin. Hg.
0-354
Apparent compressibility = = 0'00000109
305 x 1062-3
The average of all the normal experiments gives 0 "000001 very nearly.
Add compressibility of glass = 0-0000026
Compressibility of mercury = 0-0000036
It is well to remember that though Grassi, working with Regnault's apparatus,
gave as the compressibility of mercury
0-00000295
which Amaury and Descamps afterwards reduced to
0-00000187,
the master ' himself had previously assigned the value
0-00000352.
Had Grassi's result been correct, I should have got only about half the displacements
observed; had that of Amaury and Descamps been correct, the apparent compres-
sibility would have had the opposite sign to that I obtained, so that the index would
not have been displaced. In such a case the construction of the instrument might
have been much simplified, for the index would have been placed in contact with the
mercury at B, and the bent part of the tube would have been unnecessary.
1 Relation des Experiences, &c, Mem. Acad. Sci. Paris, torn. xxi. p. 461, 1847.
20
THE VOYAGE OF H.M.S. CHALLENGER.
IV. Amagat's Manometre a Pistons libres.
The annexed sketch of the instrument (in which the large divisions shown on the
manometric scale correspond to decimetres), with the section given below, will enable
the reader to understand its size and construction without any detailed description
beyond what is given in the instructions for setting it up. [The window FF, whose
position is nearly immaterial, occupies different positions in the. sketch and in the
section.]
As already stated, the principle on which this instrument works is the same as
that of the Manometre Desgoffes, a sort of inverse of that of the well-known Bramah
Press. In the British instrument pistons of very different sectional area are subjected
PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF WATER, ETC.
21
to the same pressure (that of one mass of liquid), and the total thrust on each is, of
course, proportional to its section. In the French instrument the pistons are subjected
to equal total thrusts, being exposed respectively to fluid pressures which are inversely
proportional to their sections. The British instrument is employed for the purpose of
overcoming great resistances by means of moderate forces ; the French, for that of
measuring great pressures in terms of small and easily measurable pressures.
Amagat's notable improvement consists in dispensing with the membrane, or sheet
of india-rubber, which was one of the main features of the old Desgoffes manometer,
and making his large, as well as his small, piston, fit all but tightly the hollow cylinders
in which they play : — a very thin layer of viscous fluid passing with extreme slowness
between each piston and its cylinder. The adjustment is very prompt, even in winter
when the viscosity of the fluids is greatest : — but it is made almost instantaneous by a
simple but ingenious device, which enables the operator to give the pistons a simul-
taneous motion of rotation. The following directions which accompanied the instrument
will enable the reader fully to understand its construction and use. I have given an
accurate version, not a literal translation, of them : —
"Process of setting up the Apparatus.
i\n
m
n
^
l,T
R»
h
Castor Oil
%
E
c
22 THE VOYAGE OF H.M.S. CHALLENGER.
" 1. Screw in, at E, the manometer tube, and at H the regulating pump.
" 2. Pour in the layer of mercury, and on it that of castor oil. Fill the pump
with glycerine, and insert its piston, taking care to exclude air-bubbles.
" 3. Insert the gun-metal part K. Its bearing (at s) on the rim of the cast-iron
base-piece must not be made with leather, but with a ring of india-rubber, or of very
uniform cardboard. The fixing down of this part, by means of the (six) screws, must
be done with great exactness : — otherwise (thick as it is) it might suffer a very slight
distortion, and the piston PP would not work in it.
" 4. After pouring in, if necessary, some more castor oil, insert very cautiously
the piston PP, carefully wiped, and then anointed with castor oil. To put it in, it is
to be held by means of A, which, for this purpose, is screwed into the middle of it.
During the insertion of the piston the hole b is left open to allow of the escape of air
and (possible) excess of castor oil. Close 6 by means of its screw, the piston being
held at the desired height. Take out A, and screw B into the piston in place of it.
"5. Put on the part MM — after inserting in it the small piston pp, with its
cylinder nn — in such a way that the rod cc may pass between the two studs d on the
piston PP, opposite to the opening FF.
" 6. Pour a little treacle over the small piston at aa ; screw on the piece NN, and
fill it with glycerine ; then adjust to NN the coupling -tube of the compression
apparatus, which should be filled with glycerine or with glycerine and water.
" Observations.
" It is not necessary that the whole space between the mercury and the piston PP
should be filled with castor oil. A layer of glycerine and water may be placed over
the mercury, then a thin layer of the oil. In fact, the regulating pump is full of
glycerine and water.
" The rod cc is placed as shown to give a simultaneous rotation to the two pistons,
so as to overcome stiction.
" It should be moved slowly, and in such a way as to exert no vertical force upon
the piston PP. It ought to be pushed by a vertical straight-edge, moved hori-
zontally. One can judge of the delicacy of the apparatus by the displacement of the
mercury column when the slightest vertical pressure is exerted on the rod.
" I will again call attention to the scrupulous care which must be bestowed on the
pistons and on the cylinders in which they work : — the slightest scratch, due to dust,
would make it necessary to retouch these surfaces ; and after several retouchings they
will become too loose.
" The manometer tube, which is to be cemented into the iron piece which screws
into E, should be chosen of small enough diameter to prevent sensible change of level
PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF WATER, ETC. 23
of the mercury in the reservoir, and yet not so narrow as to prevent free motion of the
mercury.
" Important Remark. — During the successive operations the large piston should
always, by means of the regulating pump, be kept at such a height that the rod cc shall
not come in contact with the wall of the opening FF, and not high enough to make the
wide lower part of the small piston come against the piece M (this, of course, when the
smaller of the two upper pistons is used : — that whose lower part is thickened).
" There are two pistons pp for this manometer. The ratio of the section of the
larger to that of PP is 1/61-838, and the reading per atmosphere is 12-290 mm.
"For the smaller, the ratio of the sections is 1/277 75, and the reading per
atmosphere is 2'736 mm.
" The former serves for the measurement of lower pressures, up to the point at
which the oil passes visibly round the large piston. For higher pressures the latter
must be used.
"'The treacle must be changed from time to time ; first, because, after a while, some
of it passes the small piston ; second, because it gradually dissolves in the glycerine, and
at last becomes hardened round the small piston, so as to make the friction too great.
The small piston and its cylinder should occasionally be cleaned with the greatest
care, and anointed with neats-foot oil."
In all my later experiments I have used exclusively the smaller of the two small
pistons. The scale which I fitted to the manometer tube was a long strip of French
plotting paper. It had shrunk slightly, so that 752'5 divisions corresponded to
750 mm. Neglecting the difference in the values of gravity at Lyons and at Edin-
burgh, the number of scale divisions per atmosphere is 2'73G x 752'5/750 ; and its
logarithm, i.e. the Gauge Log. above spoken of, is '43856.
V. Compressibility of Glass.
Buchanan's process, already referred to, consists simply in measuring the fractional
change of length of a glass rod exposed to hydrostatic pressure, and trebling the linear
compressibility thus determined. The only difficulty it presents is that of directly
measuring the length of the rod while it is under pressure. I employed a couple of
reading microscopes, with screw-travelling adjustment, fixed to the ends of a massive
block of well-seasoned wood. This block was placed over the tube containing the glass
rod, but quite independently,— the two distinct parts of the apparatus being supported
separately on the asphalt floor of a large cellar. No tremors were perceptible except
when carriages passed rapidly along the wooden pavement of the street, and even then
they were not of much consequence.
24 THE VOYAGE OF H.M.S. CHALLENGER.
The ends of the tube containing the rod must, of course, he made of glass, or some
other transparent material. In the first apparatus which I used, tubes of soda-water-
bottle glass were employed, their bore being about 0-2 inch, and the thickness of the
walls about 0 "3 inch. The image of the small enamel bead at the end of the glass rod
was very much distorted when seen through this tube, but the definition was greatly
improved by laying on it a concavo-plane cylindrical lens (which fitted the external
curvature), with a single drop of oil between them. I found, by trial, that, had it been
necessary to correct for the internal curvature also, the employment of winter-green (or
Gaultheria) oil as the compressing liquid would have effected the purpose completely :
— the refractive index being almost exactly the same as that of the green glass.
As the construction and mode of support of this apparatus did not enable us
completely to get rid of air from its interior, there were occasional explosions of a
somewhat violent character when the glass tubes gave way ; and the operators who
were not otherwise protected (as by the microscopes, for instance) were obliged to hold
pieces of thick plate glass before their eyes during the getting up of pressure. The
explosions not only shattered the thick glass tube into small fragments, but smashed
the ends of the experimental glass rod, so that a great deal of time was lost after each.
Only on one occasion did we reach a pressure of 300 atm., and an explosion
occurred before the measurement was accurately made. On these accounts, after four
days experimenting (the first being merely preliminary), we gave up working with this
apparatus : — and the results obtained by means of it cannot be regarded as wholly
satisfactory, though they agreed very well with one another.
As a sudden shock might have injured the Amagat gauge, all the pressures were
measured by the old external gauge, whose unit is now determined with accuracy.
Hence the readings are in tons-weight per square inch (152"3 atm.), which are
below called "tons" as in the vernacular of engineers. Three of us at least were
engaged in each experiment, one to apply and measure the pressure, and one at each
microscope. Pressure, in each group of experiments, was applied and let off six or
seven times in succession, readings of the two microscopes being taken before, during,
and after each application of pressure. To get rid of the possible effects of personal
equation, the observers at the microscopes changed places after each group of
experiments (sometimes after two groups), so that they read alternately displacements
to the right and to the left.
The values of the screw-threads were carefully verified upon one of the subdivisions
of the scale which was employed to measure the length of the experimental rod ; these
subdivisions having been since tested among themselves by means of a small but
very accurate dividing-engine of Bianchi's make.
These experiments were made in July 1887, when the day temperature of the
room was nearly 20° C. In the last two groups the compression tube was surrounded
PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF WATER, ETC.
25
in great part by a jacket containing water and pounded ice. We had no means of
ascertaining the average temperature of the glass rod, but it cannot have been more
than some 5 or 6 degrees above 0° C. This was done merely to ascertain whether glass
becomes less compressible or no as the temperature is lowered, not the amount of
change. The question appears to be answered in the affirmative.
Early in the present year Mr. Buchanan kindly lent me his own apparatus, which
is in three respects superior to mine. (1) A longer glass rod can be operated on.
(2) The air can be entirely got rid of from the interior, so that when the glass tubes
give way there is no explosion. (3) The glass tubes are considerably narrower in bore
(though with equal proportionate thickness), and consequently stronger. I used my
own pump and external gauge, but the necessary coupling pieces were easily procured ;
and the reading-microscopes were fastened to a longer block of seasoned wood than
before. These experiments have been made near one temperature only, but it is about
the middle of the range of temperatures in my experiments on water and sea-water.
It is not necessary' to print the details of the experiments in full. I give below part
of a page of the laboratory book for a single day's work, to show how far the experiments
of one group agree with one another. I purposely choose one in which the glass rod
was somewhat displaced in the apparatus during the course of the measurements : —
23/2/88.
Kew Standard, 9°-l C.
(Length of glass rod, 7575 inches.)
External Gauge
(Lindsay).
Right Microscope
(Nagel).
Left Microscope
(Peddie).
Contraction
and Elongation.
41-5)
63-51
41-5)
22 = 1 ton
in.
0-4570
475
570
in.
0-3377
3
7
00099
0-0099
41-5)
63-5^-
41-5)
22
0-4571
473
572
0-3377
3
6
0-0102
00102
41-5)
63-5^
41-5)
22
0-4572
473
572
0-3376
2
6
00103
0-0103
42 )
64 y
42 )
22
(Peddie. )
0-4566
469
574
(Nagel.)
0-3380
77
73
00100
0-0101
42 )
64 y
42 \
22
0-4575
475
574
0-3373
68
73
0-0105
00104
42 )
64 y
42 )
22
0-4574
475
574
0-3374
70
73
00103
0-0102
Mean,
0-0102
(PHYS. CHEM. CHALL. EXP. — PART IV. 1888).
26 THE VOYAGE OF H.M.S. CHALLENGER.
The mean thus obtained coincided very closely with the mean of all the experiments.
Hence the average linear compressibility per atmosphere for the first ton is, at 9°-l C,
°'0102 „ = 0-000000884
152-3 x 75-75
whence the compressibility of glass is
0-00000265
The two series of experiments agreed fairly with one another, and appeared to
show an increase of compressibility with rise of temperature, and a diminution with
rise of pressure, but these are not made certain. Considerably greater ranges, both of
pressure and of temperature, are necessary to settle such questions.
As I cannot trust to a unit or two in the last place, (i.e. the seventh place of
decimals), my results for the apparent compressibility of water, and as an error of
reading of the external gauge may easily amount to 1 per cent, of the whole ton
applied, I have taken from the above experiments the number 0 "0000026 as expressing
with sufficient accuracy the compressibility of the glass of the piezometers throughout
the range of temperature 0° to 15° C, and of pressure from 150 to 450 atm. This
number is simply to be added to all the values of apparent compressibility. Had I
pushed the pressures farther than 450 atm., this correction would have required
reduction, as shown in Appendix I).
vi. resume* of my own experiments on compression of water
and of Sea-Water.
The following details are, where not otherwise stated, taken from my laboratory
books. I was led to make these experiments by the non-success of an attempt to
determine the exact unit of the external gauge (described in my former Report). Not
being aware of the great discovery of Canton (in fact, having always been accustomed
to speak of the compressibility of water as 1/20,000 per atm.), I imagined that I
could verify my gauge by comparing, on a water piezometer, the effects of a pressure
measured by the gauge with those produced by a measured depth of sea- water, without
any reference to the temperatures at which measurements were made ; provided, of course,
that these were not very different. The result is described in the following extract : ' —
" To test by an independent process the accuracy of the unit of my pressure gauge,
on which the estimated corrections for the Challenger deep-sea thermometers depend, it
was arranged that H.M.S. 'Triton' should visit during the autumn a region in which
soundings of at least a mile and a half could be had. A set of manometers, filled' with
pure water, and recording by the washing away of part of a very thin film of silver,
1 Proc. Roy. Soc. Edin., vol. xii. pp. 45, 46, 1882.
PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF WATER, ETC. 27
were employed. They were all previously tested, up to about 2^ tons weight per
square inch, in my large apparatus. As I was otherwise engaged, Professor Chrystal
and Mr. Murray kindly undertook the deep-sea observations; and I have recently
begun the work of reducing them.
' The first rough reductions seemed to show that my pressure unit must be some-
where about 20 per cent, too small. As this was the all but unanimous verdict of
fifteen separate instruments, the survivors of two dozen sent out, I immediately
repeated the test of my unit by means of Amagat's observed values of the volume of
air at very high pressures. The result was to confirm, within 1 per cent, the accuracy
of the former estimate of the unit of my gauge. I then had the manometers resilvered,
and again tested in the compression apparatus. The results were now only about 5
per cent, different from those obtained in the 'Triton.' There could be no essential
difference between the two sets of home experiments, except that the first set was made
in July, the second in November, — while the temperatures at which the greatest com-
pressions were reached in the ' Triton ' were at least 3° C. lower than those in the latter
set. Hence it seems absolutely certain that water becomes considerably more com-
pressible as its temperature is lowered, at least as far as 3° C. (the ' Triton ' temperature).
This seems to be connected with the lowering by pressure of the maximum density
point of water,1 and I intend to work it out. It is clear that in future trials of such
manometers some liquid less anomalous than water must be employed.
" Another preliminary result, by no means so marked as the above, and possibly to
be explained away, is that by doubling (at any one temperature) a high pressure we
obtain somewhat less than double the compression. This, however, may be due to the
special construction of the manometer, which renders the exact determination of the
fiducial point almost impossible."
In the winter of 1882 and the succeeding spring, I spent a great deal of time in
trying to get definite results from the records of the "Triton" trials, and in making
further experiments on those of the specially prepared piezometers which had not been
broken or left at the bottom of the sea. But this work led to no result on which I
could rely. I then directly attacked the problem of the compressibility of water at
different temperatures and pressures, having once more verified the unit of my pressure
gauge by comparison with Amagat's data for air. Results for one temperature were
published, as below, in the Proc. Roy. Soc. Earn, vol. xii. pp. 223, 224, 1883. [The
mercury content of the bulbs of the new piezometers was about 200 grm., and that of
100 mm. of stem about 2 "6 grm.]
" The apparatus employed was of a very simple character, similar to that which
was used last autumn in the ' Triton.'
1 [The reason for this remark will be seen in the second extract in Section XII. below. 20/0/88.]
28
THE VOYAGE OF H.M.S. CHALLENGER.
" It consisted of a narrow and a wide glass tube, forming as it were the stem and
bulb of a large air-thermometer. The stem was made of the most uniform tube which
could be procured, and was very accurately gauged ; and the weight of the content
of the bulb in mercury was determined. Thus the fraction of the whole content,
corresponding to that of one millimetre of the tube, was found.
" This apparatus had the interior of the narrow tube very carefully silvered ; and
while the whole, filled with the liquid to be examined, was at the temperature of the
water in the compression apparatus, the open end was inserted into a small vessel
containing clean mercury. Four instruments of this kind were used, all made of the
same kind of glass. [They were numbered, as in the headings of the columns below,
1, 2, 3, 4, respectively. 20/6/88.]
" The following are the calculated apparent average changes of volume per ton
weight of pressure per square inch (i.e. about 150 atmospheres) : —
Fresh Water, at 12° C.
ssure
1
2
3
4
Mean.
1
0-00670
*
665
666
0-00667
2
0-00657
*
646
656
0-00653
2-5
0-00651
650
640
648
0-00647
3
0-00641
633
636
636
0-00636
Note. — The first two experiments with No. 2 failed in consequence of a defect in the silvering.
The compressibility of glass was not directly determined. It may be taken as
approximately 0"000386 per ton weight per square inch.
" From these data, which are fairly consistent with one another, we find the
following value of the true compressibility of water per ton, the unit for pressure (p)
being 1 ton-weight per square inch, and the temperature 12° C,
0-0072 (1-0-034^);
showing a steady falling off from Hooke's Law.
Sea- Water, at 12° C.
Pressure
1
2
3
4
Mean.
1
000606
611
615
627
0 00615
2
0-00595
607
598
601
0-00600
2-5
0-00600
600
594
590
0-00594
3
0-00588
593
586
586
0-00588
Note. — The sea-water employed was collected about 1| miles off the coast at Portohello.
These give, with the same correction for glass as before, the expression
0-00666 (1 - 0-034 p).
PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF WATER, ETC. 29
Hence the relative compressibilities of sea and fresh water are about
0-925 ;
while the rate of diminution by increase of pressure is sensibly the same (3^ per cent,
per ton weight per square inch) for both.
" With the same apparatus I examined alcohol, of sp. gr. 0'83 at 20° C.
Alcohol,
at 1
2°C.
Pressure
1
2
3
4
Mean.
1
0-01202
1193
*
*
0-01200
2-5
0-01040
1052
1050
1056 •
0-01049
3
0-01043
1050
1043
1058
0-01048
These experiments were not so satisfactory as those with water. There are peculiar
difficulties with the silver film. I therefore make no definite conclusion till I have an
opportunity of repeating them."
It will be observed that the diminution of compressibility as the pressure is raised
is here brought out unequivocally for all the three liquids examined.
In the course of another year I had managed to obtain similar results for a range
of temperature of about 9° C. They were described in Proc. Roy. Soc. Edin., vol. xii.
pp. 757, 758, 1884, as follows: —
"I had hoped to be able, during the winter, to extend my observations to
temperatures near the freezing point, but the lowest temperature reached by the large
compression apparatus was 6°-3 C. ; while the highest is (at present) about 15° C.
From so small a range nothing can be expected as to the temperature effect on the
compressibility of water, further than an approximation to its values through that
range.
" The following table gives the mean values of the average compression per ton
weight per square inch : —
\
3i 4
660
637
"These are all fairly represented by the expression
0-00743 - 0-000038 t - 0-00015 p,
Pressure in Tons.
1
2
H
3
6°-3 C.
0-00704
692
684
672
7°-6
682
...
670
ir-3
684
670
...
654
13°-1
666
...
648
15° -2
673
654
• • •
633
30 THE VOYAGE OF H.M.S. CHALLENGER.
where t is the temperature centigrade, and p the pressure in tons weight per square
inch. This, of course, cannot be the true formula, but it is sufficient for ordinary
purposes within the limits of temperature and pressure above stated. It represents the
value of
" With a new set of compression apparatus, very much larger and more sensitive
than those employed in the above research, I have just obtained the following mean
values for the single temperature 15°-5 C. : —
Pressure in Tons. 1 1-| 2 3
Fresh water, . . . 0-00678 663 657 638
Sea-water, . . . 0-00627 618 609 593
v — /) / 1 dv \
" These are the values of -j^— , and they give, for the true compressibility (-- ^-j
at any pressure, and temperature, 15° "5 C, the formulae,
Freshwater, ..... 0-00698(1 -0 05 p)
Sea-water, ..... 0-00645(1 - 0-05 .p)
"The ratio is 0"925, i.e. the compressibility of sea- water at the above temperature
is only 92'5 per cent, of that of fresh water."
The new and larger piezometers referred to were made when Mr. Murray requested
me to write this Report. They are those whose form and dimensions have been detailed
in Section III. above. The former piezometers had no capsule containing mercury, but
had the stem simply cut off flat at the end, and when filled with water were merely
dipped in mercury. I had felt that to this was probably due the fact that my experi-
ments gave a value of the compressibility at 0° C. somewhat smaller than that usually
accepted. It will be seen that the very first data given by the new instruments at
once tended to set this matter right. For while the formula representing the results of
the smaller instruments gave the compression of water at 15°"5 C. as 0'00678 for one
ton weight per square inch, that for those of the new instruments gave 0'00698, i.e.
about l/34th more, which is much nearer to the result of my later experiments.
For two winters after this period the apparatus was kept in working- order in the
hope that I might lie enabled to employ temperatures between 6° and 0° C. But a
single day's work at 1°"7 C, and a few days at temperatures between 3° and 5° C. were
all I got. Hence the reason for procuring the smaller compression apparatus, as stated
in Section I. But, as yet, my measurements of pressure were not satisfactory.
In the spring of 1886 I obtained the Amagat gauge, and after a careful compara-
1 [See Appendix B to this Report.]
PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF WATER, ETC. 31
tive trial determined to employ exclusively the lesser of the two small pistons. Some
time was spent upon a comparison of the indications of this instrument with those of
the external gauge, with the result that single indications of the latter could not be
trusted within about 1 per cent., though the mean of a number of observations was
occasionally very close to the truth. I therefore put aside all the compression observa-
tions already made, and commenced afresh with the same piezometers as before, and
with the Amagat gauge exclusively.
In the summer of 1886 I obtained a long series of determinations at about 11°'8 C,
and others at 14°"2 and 15° C. In December of the same year I worked for a long
time between 3° and 3°-5 C. All of these were with the large Fraser gun.
In June 1887, with the new compression apparatus, I secured numerous deter-
minations at 0°"4 C.
In July the piezometers were filled with solutions of salt of various strengths, and
examined at temperatures near 19° C. and 1° C. In November these were again
examined, this time in the large gun at about 9° C. ; and the piezometers were again
rilled, some with fresh water and some with sea-water.
During the winter complete series of observations in the large gun were obtained
at about 7°, 5°, 3°% 2°-3, 1°-1 ; and, finally (on March 16, 1888), at 0°-5 C.
The piezometers were, once more, filled with the salt solutions, as I considered that
I had obtained sufficient data for fresh water and for sea-water; except in the one
important particular of the exact values of the ratio of their compressibilities at one or
two definite temperatures and pressures.
These were finally obtained in May and June 1888, with piezometers considerably
larger and more delicate than the former set.
VII. Final Kesults and Empirical Formulae for Fresh Water.
Although my readings and calculations were throughout carried to four significant
figures, I soon found that (for reasons already sufficiently given in Section I.) only three
of these could be trusted even in the average of a number of successive experiments,
and that the third might occasionally (especially with sea-water) err by an entire unit
or two ; at most | per cent, of the whole quantity measured. Of course, now and then
there occurred results so inconsistent with the rest as to indicate, without any doubt, a
displacement of the index by upward or (more frequently) downward currents.
This was made obvious by comparison of the indications of any one piezometer m
successive experiments at the same temperature and pressure ; but it was even more
easily seen in the relative behaviour of a number of piezometers which were simul-
taneously exposed to exactly the same temperature and pressure several times in
32
THE VOYAGE OF H.M.S. CHALLENGER.
succession. A single
page of my laboratory book, taken at random, sufficiently
illustrates this. To avoid confusion, I give the records of two of the ordinary instru-
ments (with fresh water) alone, leaving out the records of those with sea-water, and I
insert [in brackets] the pressures and the average apparent compressibilities calculated
from the data. The water employed was that of the ordinary supply of Edinburgh,
and was boiled, for a short time only, to expel air : —
II.
jil
IV.
VI.
23/7/86.
E. G.
A. G.
25-0
8
46-4
419
25-0
8
K
. S. (in gun) 1<
25-1
8
47-0
423
25-1
8
K. S. 15°
25-1
8
68-1
841
25-1
8
K. S. 15°
25-2
8
68-4
844
25-2
8
25-2
8
90-0
1261
25-5
8
K. S. 15
25-6
8
90-0
1263
25-5
8
2 c.
28-0
28-0
56-0
560
85-0
85-0
136-2
[Pressure 0-983 tons]
[4333]
137-7
122-5
[0-993]
[4339]
[4342]
269-0
256-6
[1-992]
[4218]
[4214]
269-8
258-1
[2-0]
[4216]
[4224]
393-7
376-9
[2-997]
[4092]
[4116]
394-4
376-9
[3-002]
[4093]
[4110]
The left-hand column gives the readings of the external gauge, the next those of
Amagat's gauge, before, during, and after the application of pressure. The third gives
the pressure as read by one of the internal gauges described in my previous Report.
The fourth column gives the readings of the two piezometers selected ; the fifth the
pressure (in tons) for each experiment, and the compressibility calculated. The latter
numbers are multiplied by 108.
PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF WATER, ETC. 33
Notice that, in the first experiment (. .) failed to give a reading. Also in the
fifth and sixth the indications of the two instruments do not agree very closely. The
character of the results, however, points apparently to an error in gauging one or other
of the instruments. It was the unavoidable occurrence of defects of these kinds that led
me to make so many determinations at each temperature and pressure selected. The
above specimen contains less than 1 per cent, of my results for fresh water, and I
obtained at least as many reduced observations on sea-water.
To obtain an approximate formula for the full reduction of the observations, I first
made a graphic representation, on a large scale, of the results for different pressures
at each of four temperatures, adding the compressibility of glass as given in Section VI.
above. From this I easily found that the average compressibility for 2 tons pressure
(at any one temperature) is somewhat less than half the sum of those for 1 and for
3 tons. Thus the average compressibility through any range of pressure falls off more
and more slowly as that range is greater. And, within the limits of my experiments, I
found that this relation between pressure and average compressibility could be fairly
well represented by a portion of a rectangular hyperbola, with asymptotes coincident
with and perpendicular to the axis of pressure. Hence at any one temperature
(within the range I was enabled to work in), if v0 lie the volume of fresh water at one
atmosphere, v that under an additional pressure p, we have
o0 — v _ A
very nearly, A and I~I being quantities to be found.
I had two special reasons (besides, of course, its adaptability to the plotted curve)
for selecting this form of expression. First, it cannot increase or diminish indefinitely
for increasing positive values of p, and is therefore much to be preferred in a question
of this kind to the common mode of representation by ascending powers of the variable,
such as two or more terms of
B0+BLp + Bsp2+ &c,
or the absolutely indefensible expression, too often seen in inquiries connected with this
and similar questions,
C0 + Cj'" + &c.
Second, it becomes zero when^j is infinite, as it ought certainly to do in this physical
problem. It appeared also to suggest a theoretical interpretation. But I will say no
more about this for the present, as it is simply a matter of speculation. See the latter
part of Section X., below. But there is a grave objection to this form of expression,
in the fact that small percentage changes in the data involve large percentage changes
in A and II, though not in the ratio A/IT. This objection, however, does not apply to
(PHYp. CHBM. CHALL. EXP. — PART IV. — 1888.) 5
34 THE VOYAGE OF H.M.S. CHALLENGER.
the use of it in the calculations preliminary to the full reduction, as in them it is A/TI
only which is required.
Next, on calculating from my data the values of A and II for different temperatures,
I found that, within the recognised limits of errors of the observations, II might be
treated as sensibly constant. Thus I was enabled easily to make graphic representa-
tions of the average compressibility at each pressure, in terms of temperature. Again
I obtained curves which could, for a first trial at least, be treated as small portions of
rectangular hyperbolas, with the axis of temperature as one asymptote. Hence
A— 2-
T + t
where T is a constant ; and B also may for a time be treated as constant.
Thus I arrived at the empirical expression
E
(n+P)(T + t)
whose simplicity is remarkable, and which lends itself very readily to calculation. As
I required it for a temporary purpose only, I found values of the constants by a tentative
process ; which led to the result
0-28
{36+1)) (150 + 0
This gives the average compressibility per atmosphere throughout the range of
additional pressure p, the latter being measured in tons' weight per square inch.
The following brief table shows with what approximation the (unreduced) experi-
mental results (multiplied by 107) are represented by this formula. The nearest
integer is taken in the third place : —
1 ton.
2 tons.
3 tons.
Temp.
Obs.
Calc.
D.
Obs. Calc. D.
Obs. Calc. 1).
0°-4
503
503
0
489 490 -1
477 477 0
3°-2
492
494
_ 2
479 481 -2
466 469 -3
11--8
467
468
-1
454 455 -1
441 444 -3
15°0
459
459
0
448 447 +1
436 435 +1
The agreement is tolerably close, so that the empirical formula may be used, without
any great error, in the hydrostatic equations, so long as the temperatures and pressures
concerned are such as commonly occur in lakes.
But the columns of differences show that the form of the formula is not suitable.
The pressure factor seems appropriate, but it is clear that, at any one pressure, the
curve representing the compression in terms of the temperature has greater curvature
than the formula assigns. Still the formula amply suffices for the reduction of the
ol: ervations of any one group when the pressures or temperatures were not precisely
PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF WATER, ETC. 35
the same in all. It was, however, not much required, for the pressure could be adjusted
with considerable accuracy, and (especially when the large gun was used) the changes
of temperature were very slow.
The next step was to enter, as shown in Plate II. fig. 3, all the results obtained
from the various piezometers at each definite temperature and pressure, with the view
of selecting the most probable value. The amount of discordance was in all cases very
much the same as that shown in the plate for the series of experiments at two tons'
pressure and the one temperature 5° C. It will be observed that the extreme limits of
divergence from the mean are not more than about two units in the third significant
place. For a pressure of one ton this corresponds to about half a millimetre in the
position of the indices, so that after what has been said about their peculiarities of
behaviour it may obviously be treated as unavoidable error. Thus the ordinary
process of taking means is applicable, unless the observations themselves show some
peculiarity which forbids the use of this method.
All the results of observations made up to June 1887 (with the help of the Amagat
gauge) having been treated in this way, the following mean values of apparent average
compressibility (multiplied by 10s) were deduced from them : —
ArrARENT Compressibi:
lity of Cistern
Water, boiled
FOR A SHORT TIME.
Temp. C.
1 ton.
2 tons.
3 tons.
0°-4
4770
4617
4510
3° -2
4670
4527
4402
3°-4
4671
4521
4395
ll°-8
4415
4276
4163
14°-2
4330
4220
4115
14°-4
4344
4217
4105
15°-0
4338
4219
4102
[I think it extremely probable that the small irregularities among the last three
numbers in each pressure column may be due to want of uniformity of temperature
throughout the column of water in the pressure chamber. The day-temperature of
the cellar is, in summer, always a good deal above that at night, so that in the forenoon
(when the experiments were made) the gun and its contents were steadily growing
warmer. Thus the column of water was not at a uniform temperature. The
assumed temperature was the mean of the readings before the vessel containing the
piezometers was inserted, and after it was taken out. While it was in the chamber,
the contents could not be properly stirred except by raising and depressing the vessel
itself.]
The points thus determined were laid down (marked with a *) as in Plate 1.,
and smooth curves were drawn libcrd manu among them. From these curves the
36 THE VOYAGE OF H.M.S. CHALLENGER.
following values were taken at intervals of 5° for the sake of ease of calculation,
260 being added to each for the compressibility of glass : —
0°. 5°. 10°. 15°.
1 ton, 5044 4874 4723 4594
2 tons, 4898 4733 4584 446C
3 tons, 4776 4608 4468 4360
The fact that water has a temperature of minimum compressibility led me to try to
represent these numbers by a separate parabolic formula for each pressure. The
following were easily found : —
504- 3-60* + 0-04/3, \
490 -3-65* + 0-05^ (. . . (A)
478 -3-701, + 0-06^' j
for 1, 2, and 3 tons respectively. [The terms independent of t belong to the formula
520 — \7p+]f. This will be made use of in future sections.] The utmost difference
between the results of these formulae and the numbers from which they were obtained
is less than 1/1 0th per cent. No closer approximation could be desired, much less
expected, especially when we consider the way in which the * points (on which the
whole depends) were themselves obtained. These are represented as follows : —
0°
•4.
3°-2.
ir
•8.
14° -4.
15'
•o.
Obs.
Calc.
Obs. Calc.
( U.S.
Calc.
Obs. Calc.
Obs.
Calc.
503
502-5
493 493
467-5
467-2
460-4 460-5
459-8
459
487-7
488-5
478-7 479
453-6
453-9
447-7 447-8
447-9
446-5
477
476-5
466-2 466-8
442-3
442-7
436-5 4371
436-2
436
In one instance only does the difference reach unit in the third significant place. [It
must be remembered that all these numbers commence with the fifth digit after the
decimal point.]
In spite of some remarks above as to uncertainty about temperature, I am con-
vinced that the mode of experimenting employed is calculated to insure considerably
greater accuracy in the comparison of compressibilities at different temperatures for
any one pressure, than in that of compressibilities for different pressures at any one
temperature. The displacement of the indices by the expanding water is likely to be
more serious the higher the pressure, as the difficulty of effecting the relief quietly is
much greater. Probably all the values for the higher pressures are a little too small
for this reason.
The results given above are represented with a fair degree of accuracy by the
simple formula
0-001863 /._ 3/ t2 \
36 +2> V 400 + 10,0007
which will amply suffice for ordinary purposes. In this form, however, some small
PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF WATER, ETC. 37
but highly expressive and apparently important features of the formulas (A) for the
separate pressures are, of course, lost. The statement above, as to the greater uncer-
tainty of the values the higher the pressure, renders it probable that, in the pressure
factor in this formula, both the constants ought to be somewhat larger. It is clear that
very small changes in the relative values of the compressions for 1, 2, and 3 tons would
make great changes in these constants. In fact, an error of 1 per cent, at 3 tons
involves an error of some twenty per cent., nearly, in each of the constants of the
pressure factor.
Again, this last formula would give, for all pressures, minimum compressibility at
about 37° C. ; while the former three give 45° C. at 1 ton, 36^5 at 2, and 30°"8 at 3
tons : — these minima being 423, 423'4, and 421 respectively.
If we venture to extend the formula? (A) to atmospheric pressure, we are led to
520- 3-55/ + 0-03*2
I have already shown1 that this is in close accordance with Buchanan's results at 2°-5
and 12°-5 C. Buchanan's pressure unit is thoroughly trustworthy; for it was deter-
mined by letting down the piezometer, with a Challenger thermometer attached, to a
measured depth in the ocean. It would thus appear that the extension of my formulae
to low pressures is justified by the result to which it leads.
This formula gives 415 for the minimum compressibility of water at low pressures,
the corresponding temperature being about 60° C. This accords remarkably with the
determination made by Pagliani and Vincentini, who discovered it, and placed it at 63° 0.
On Plate II. I have exhibited graphically a number of known determinations of the
compressibility of water for very low pressures at different temperatures. The line
marked Hypothetical is drawn from the formula above, the authors of the others are
named in the plate. It will be seen at a glance that, if Pagliani and Vincentini had
taken Grassi's value of the compressibility of water at 1°'5 C, instead of that at 0° C,
as their single assumption, their curve would have coincided almost exactly with my
Hypothetical curve !
So far matters seemed to have gone smoothly enough. But when I came to reduce
the observations made since June 1887, I found that they gave a result differing,
slightly indeed but in a consistently characteristic manner, from that already given.
The processes of reduction were carried out precisely as before ; and the points deter-
mined by the second series of observations are inserted in Plate I., marked with a ©.
Curves drawn through them as before are now seen to be parallel to the former curves,
but not coincident with them. And the amount of deviation steadily diminishes from
the lowest to the highest pressure. These curves, of course, are very closely repre-
1 See p. 14, above.
38 THE VOYAGE OF H.M.S. CHALLENGER.
seated by the formulae (A) above, provided the first terms be made 499, 488, 477
respectively, i.e. provided 5, 2, and 1 be subtracted from the numbers for 1,2, and 3
tons respectively. Thus, while the amount of the compressibility is reduced, it is
made to depend on temperature precisely as before, but the way in which it depends on
pressure is altered. The rate of diminution of compressibility with increase of pressure
is now made constant at any one temperature, instead of becoming slowly less as the
pressure is increased. This is incompatible with the results of all of the first series of
experiments. The total amount of the compressibility is likewise diminished, by 1 per
cent, at 1 ton, by 0-4 per cent, at 2 tons, and by 0"2 per cent, at 3 tons.
Small as these differences are, their regularity struck me as very remarkable, and
as pointing definitely to some difference of conditions between the two sets of experi-
ments. Now there were undoubtedly many circumstances in which the series of
experiments differed : —
First. The observers were not the same. All the readings in the first series were
made by myself ; but (in consequence of an accident which prevented me from working
in the cellar) I was unable to take part in the second series, and the readings for it
were all made by Mr. Dickson. Thus there may be a difference, of personal equation,
in the mode of applying the scale to the stem of the piezometer, or in the final .
adjustment of the manometer. Such an explanation is quite in accordance with the
results, as a constant difference of reading would tell most when the whole quantity
measured is least, i.e. at the lowest pressure. But a difference of a full millimetre in
the piezometer readings may be dismissed as extremely improbable.
Second. It is possible that, during the second series of experiments, less care may
have been taken than in the first series to let off the pressure with extreme slowness.
Thus the indices may have been slightly washed down, and the record of compression
rendered too small. Even with the greatest care, this undoubtedly occurred in some,
at least, of the experiments of the first series ; and the screw-tap may have been altered
for the worse during the second series.
Third. It is recorded in the laboratory book that, during the second series of
observations (which were made for the most part in the exceptionally cold weather of
last spring) the oil and treacle in the manometer had become very viscous, so that
it was difficult to make the pistons rotate. As artificial cooling, of the pressure
apparatus alone, was employed in the first series, this objection does not apply to it.
A constant zero error of 4 mm. only in the gauge would fully explain the discrepancy.
And there was another cause which may have tended to produce this result, viz. the
oxidation of the mercury in the manometric column, which had soiled the interior of
the lower part of the tube, and thus made it very difficult to read the zero.
Fourth. The piezometers had been twice refilled, and of course slightly altered in
content, between the two series, and the hair indices had necessarily been changed.
PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF WATER, ETC. 39
The former cause could have produced no measurable effect; but if the indices win
all somewhat stiffer to move in the second series than in the first, the discrepance
might be fully accounted for.
Fifth. Between the two series all the piezometers had, for several months, been
filled with strong salt-solutions. Imperfect washing out of these solutions may have
had the effect of rendering the second series a set of experiments on water very
slightly salt.
Sixth. To make my observations applicable to natural phenomena, I purposely
did not employ distilled water. The ordinary water supply of Edinburgh is of very
fair quality, and I took care that it should not be boiled longer than was absolutely
necessary to prevent air-bubbles from forming in the piezometers. But it comes from
different sources, and is supplied as a mixture containing these in proportions which
vary from time to time. From this cause also the substance operated upon may have
been slightly different in the two series of experiments.
As will be seen in next section, I have obtained direct proof that the first series of
observations is to be preferred to the second, — though I have not been able to ascertain
definitely which of the above causes may have been most efficient in producing the
discrepancy.
It will be observed that this discussion has nothing to do with the important
question, Does the compressibility of water diminish from the very first as the pressure
increases, as was asserted by Perkins ? The first and rudest of my experiments sufficed
to answer this definitely in the affirmative; though the contrary opinion has been
confidently advanced, and is very generally held to this day.
The discussion deals with a much more refined and difficult question, viz. Is the
diminution of average compressibility simply proportional to the pressure for the
first few hundred atmospheres, or does the compressibility fall off more slowly than
that proportion would indicate, as the pressure is raised ?
VIII. Reductions, Results, and Formulae fob Sea-Water.
As already stated, three of the six piezometers employed were filled with fresh
water and three with sea-water, so that simultaneous observations were made on the
two substances. The accordance among the various observations made with sea-water,
at any one temperature and pressure, was not so good as it was with fresh water ;
especially when the smaller compression apparatus was used. There is some curious
action of salt upon the hairs attached to the indices, which has the effect of rendering
them too loose, however stiffly they may originally have fitted the tube. Treating the
observations of the first series exactly as described in the preceding section, I obtained
40 THE VOYAGE OF H.M.S. CHALLENGER.
the points marked # in Flatc I. Drawing smooth curves through these, I obtained
parabolic formulae for the apparent compressibility. These gave the following results
when compared with the data from observation : —
Apparent Compressibility of Sea-Water.
1 ti
hi.
o
tons.
3 tons.
Obs.
Calc.
Obs.
Calc.
Obs. Calc.
0°-4
435
435
420
420
410 410
3°-0
427
427
413
413
4025 403
ir-8
404
404
392
392
383-5 384
14°-2
398
399
389
388
380 380
15°-0
398
397
387
387
378 378
Adding the correction for glass, the formula? became, for 1, 2, and 3 tons
respectively —
462 -3-20t + 0-QU2, \
447-5- 3-05/ + 0 -Oof2, '. . . (B)
437-5 -2-95C + 0-05/2, j
which may be compared with (A) for fresh water ; and which may be approximately
expressed in the form (very nearly correct forp = 2) — ■
0-00179^ / f- ,
38+jA 150 10,000 J
with sufficient accuracy for most purposes of calculation.
Of course it is easy to deduce from formula? (B) the points of minimum compressi-
bility, etc., for different jjressures ; but the data are scarcely accurate enough to warrant
such a proceeding. We may, however, extend the formula? tentatively to the case of
very low pressures, for which we obtain
4Sl-3-4* + 0-03f2.
[The term independent of t in the formulae (B) is of the form
481-21-25^ + 2-2-V-]
The second series of observations gave, when reduced, the points marked i on the
plate. The curves which I have drawn, and which evidently suit them very closely,
are imrallel respectively to the curves drawn through the * points. The interval
between them is throughout about 7 for 1 ton, 4 for 2 tons, and 3 for 3 tons, which
must be subtracted from the first terms of (B) respectively. The corresponding
intervals for the fresh water curves in the two series were 5, 2, 1. The differences of
corresponding intervals between the sets of curves are 2, 2, 2 ; the same for all the
groups of four curves each.
PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF WATER, ETC. 41
This seems to throw light on the question raised in last section, and to show that
the main cause of the discrepancy between the first and second series of observations is
not due to a difference in the substance operated on. The constant difference of the
differences is due to such a cause, being at once traceable to the fact that the sea-water
put into some of the piezometers for the second series of experiments was taken from
the same Winchester quart bottle as was that with which they had been filled two
years before. During these two years the sea-water had probably, by evaporation,
become slightly stronger, and, therefore, less compressible. The change of com-
pressibility is less than 0'5 per cent, of the whole, and is therefore practically (as it is
in the third significant figure) the same for all three pressures. If we now look back to
the suggested explanations in last section, we see that the above remarks entirely
dispose of the fifth and sixth so far as fresh water is concerned, though the sixth, in a
modified form, has to do in part with the discrepancy between the two series of
observations on sea-water.
To decide between the two series I made a new set of observations, employing the
two piezometers of large capacity spoken of at the end of Section III. These are
called ML and M2. On the first day of experimenting Mx held sea-water from a
Winchester quart filled at the same time with the first, but which had remained
unopened. M2 had fresh water. On the second day M2 held sea-water, and Mx fresh
water. The object of this was to discover, if such existed, errors in the calibration of
the piezometers, and then to eliminate them by a process akin to that of weighing with
a false balance.
One of the ordinary piezometers (v), filled with fresh water, was associated with
the others as a check. I quote the results of one experiment only, made on the second
day : —
5/6/88
5 9°-4
422
5
Thus we have the following comparison of estimates of true average compressibility
for the first additional ton : —
Fresh Water. Sea-Water.
( 1st Series 474 434
9°-4j2n,l „ 469 427
(New „ 473 434
A few of the experiments were not thoroughly decisive ; none were in favour of the
second series. This seems (so far as the first ton is concerned) to settle the question in
favour of the first series.
The formulae (A) and (B) may therefore, for 1 ton at least, be regarded as
(PHYS. CHE5I. CHALL EXI>. — rART IV. — 1888.) "
[0997 ton]
Mx 310-9
[4465]
M3 234-7
[4080]
1260
[4463]
42 THE VOYAGE OF H.M.S. CHALLENGER.
approximations to the truth, probably about as close as the apparatus and the method
employed are capable of furnishing.
They show that the ratio of compressibilities of sea-water and fresh water varies
but little from
0-92
throughout a range of temperature from 0° to 15° C.
[The doubts as to the behaviour of the indices, which have been more than once
alluded to above, Lave just led me to make a series of experiments (at one temperature
but at different pressures) by the help of the silvering process. The results with fresh
water were not much more concordant than when the hair-indices were used. When
means were taken, exactly as before, it was found that the results for 1 ton were almost
identical with the former. For 2 tons the average value was usually greater than
before by a unit (and in some cases two units) in the third place. For 3 tons it was
also greater, but now by one or two (and sometimes three) units. Hence it is probable
that the hair-indices do behave as I suspected, but that the effect is small, — not at the
worst (i.e. at the highest pressure) more than about 0-5 per cent, of the mean value
found. With sea water there was a complex reaction, which made it difficult to read
the indications of the silver film. The ratio of the true compressibilities of sea-water
and fresh water was now found to lie about 0'925, the value which I gave from my
earliest experiments. 30/6/88.]
Dr. Gibson has furnished me with the following data regarding specimens of sea-
water taken from two of the Winchester quarts filled off the Isle of May. One of these
had remained unopened ; the other had been often opened, and not closed with special
care. These correspond (at least closely) to the materials used in the first and second
series of experiments respectively : —
Density.
Percentage of CI.
0° C.
6°C.
12° C.
1-8G49
1-027286
1-026745
1-025834
1-9094
1-027911
1-027405
1-026462
Taking the reciprocals in the last three columns, we have
Volume.
0°C.
6°
12°
0-973439
0-973951
0-974816
0-972818
0-973326
0-974220
Expressing these volumes as parabolic functions of the temperature, we find, for the
maximum density points, — 5°7 and — 4°-9 respectively.
PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF WATER, ETC. 43
IX. Compressibility, Expansibility, etc., of Solutions of
Common Salt.
This part of the inquiry was a natural extension of the observations on sea-water,
but it was also in part suggested by the fact that an admixture of salt with water
produces effects very similar to those of pressure. Thus it appeared to me that an
investigation of the compressibility of brines of various strengths might throw some
light on the nature of solution ; and also on the question of the internal pressure
of liquids, which (in some theories of capillary forces) is regarded as a very large
quantity.
The solutions experimented on contained, roughly, 4, 9, 13"4, and 17'6 per cent,
of common salt. The piezometers used for the experiments already described were
filled with these solutions in July 1887; one, for comparison, being left full of
fresh water. I obtained a large number of results at temperatures about 1°, 9°, and
19° C, and at 1, 2, and 3 tons weight per square inch. Unfortunately these were still
more discordant than those made with sea- water ; so much so, in fact, that an error of
1 or occasionally even 2 per cent, was not by any means uncommon. However, by
plotting all the observations exactly as described in the two last sections, I found that
they could be fairly represented by the curves shown in Plate I. In most cases two
at least of the three points for each curve were fairly determinate ; one of these being,
in all cases, within a degree or so of 10° C. For this was obtained by experiments in
the large gun, where the difficulty of relieving the pressure without jerks is much less
than in the smaller apparatus. Of the general accuracy of these curves I have no
doubt. Thus, for instance, it is certain that the compressibility at any one temperature
and pressure diminishes rapidly as the percentage of salt increases. And the rate at
which the compressibility (for any one range of pressure) diminishes as temperature
increases, becomes rapidly less as the solution is stronger. My observations do not
enable me to settle the more delicate question of the variation of the rate at which the
compressibility (at any one temperature) falls off with increase of pressure in the
various solutions. For the limits of error in the various determinations, especially
with the more nearly saturated solutions, are quite sufficient to mask an effect of this
kind unless it were considerable. An attempt, however, will be made in next Section.
There is little to be gained by putting the results of the inquiry in a tabular
form ; for they can be obtained from the plate quite as accurately as is warranted by
the limits of uncertainty of the experiments. See p. 47.
I am indebted to Dr. Gibson for the following determinations, which have a high
44
THE VOYAGE OF H.M.S. CHALLENGER.
value of their own as showing the connection between the strength of a salt-solution
and its expansibility : —
Density.
Percentage of NaCl.
0° C.
6°C.
12° C.
3-8845
1-029664
1-028979
1-027935
8-8078
1-067589
1-066144
1-064485
13-3610
1-101300
1-099341
1 097244
17-6358
1-138467
1-136040
1-133565
From Dr. Gibson's numbers, with the help of a table of reciprocals, we have the
following data as to volume instead of density : —
itage of NaCl.
0°C.
6°.
12°.
3-88
•97119
•97184
•97282
8-81
■93669
■93796
•93942
13-36
•90802
•90963
•91137
17-63
•87837
•88025
•88217
Next, to find the maximum density for each solution, and the corresponding
temperature, we must represent these volumes by parabolic functions of t. Thus the
first three numbers are closely represented by
y = 0-97083 + °'°^11 (9 + 02,
so that the first solution has its maximum density (l-030) at —9° C, and its coefficient
of expansion is
0-0000093 (9 + t).
Such formulae, of course, must be taken for no more than embodiments of the data,
and any application of them considerably beyond the temperature limits 0° — 1 2° C. is
purely hypothetical.
For the second solution —
y = 0-93306 + O"00°0951 (37.2 + tf, ,
so that (under the reservation just made) the maximum density is T0717, at — 37°'2,
and the coefficient of expansion is
0-0000056 (37-2 + 0-
For the third —
y = 0-89884 + 0-0000018 (72 + tf
The maximum density is 1-1125, at —72° C. ; and the expansibility
0-000004 (72 + 0-
PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF WATER, ETC. 45
The numbers for the volume of the fourth solution are so nearly in arithmetical
progression that we can hardly use them to approximate, even roughly, to the position
of the maximum density point, or the corresponding density. The expansibility has
practically (from 0° to 12° C.) the constant value
0-00036.
Thus we have for the various salt solutions : —
rcentage
NaCl.
0
Max. Density
Point.
+ 4°
Max. Density.
1
Density at 0° C.
0-99986
Expansibility.
-0000068(1-0
3-88
-9°
1-030
1-02966
+ 0-000084(l+|)
8-81
-37°
1-0717
1-06759
0-00021 (1+^)
13-36
17-63
-72°
1-1125
1-10130
1-13847
0-00029 (l+L)
\ 72/
0-00036
As a good illustration of the analogy at the beginning of this section, let us deal
for a moment with fresh water at such a pressure that its maximum density point
is — 9° C. , that of the first of the salt solutions. It will be seen later that the requisite
pressure is about 4 tons. At that pressure (A) gives
468 - 3-75t + 0-07;!2.
Hence as the unit of volume at 1 atm. and 4° C. becomes 1 '000136 at 1 atm. and 0° C,
it is reduced at 4 tons and 0° C. to
(1-000136) (l - 609 x7468) = 1 - 0-0284,
so that the density has become
10292.
At the same temperature, and at 1 atm., the density of the salt solution, which has the
same maximum density point, is
1-0297.
If we assume the formulae (A) to be applicable to temperatures so far as 9C below
zero (a somewhat precarious hypothesis, inasmuch as water at 4 tons has its freezing
point about — 4°'5 C), the maximum densities alike of the compressed water and of the
salted water are closely represented by
1-030.
46 THE VOYAGE OF H.M.S. CHALLENGER.
[In obtaining the first of these numbers, I assumed from Despretz that the density
of water at 1 atm. and — 9°C. is 0"9984.] Of course it would be vain to attempt similar
calculations for the stronger solutions, as the indicated maximum density points are so
widely outside the limits of my experiments. But the example just given seems to
show that if fresh water be made, by pressure, to have its maximum density point the
same as that of a common-salt solution under atmospheric pressure, the densities of
the two will be nearly the same at that point, and will remain nearly alike as tempera-
ture changes.
NOTE.
In all that precedes it has been tacitly assumed : —
1. That the pressure is the same outside and inside the piezometer.
2. That the pressure measured by the gauge is that to which the contents of
the piezometer were exposed.
3. That the pressure was uniform throughout the contents.
None of these is strictly true, so that cause must be shown for omitting any
consequent correction.
The third may be dismissed at once, as the height of the piezometer bulb is only
a few inches.
The difference of levels between the upper end of the gauge and the bulbs of the
piezometers, when in the pressure -chamber, was about three feet, so that on this
account the pressure applied was less than that in the gauge by one-tenth of an
atmosphere. But as differences of pressure alone were taken from the gauge, this
'■ause merely shifts (to a small extent) the range through which the compression was
measured. But the rise of mercury in the piezometer stem made a reduction of the
range of pressure as measured, which for 3 tons pressure might amount to about
0'5 atm. The error thus introduced was, at the utmost, of the order 0-l of the com-
pressibility measured. Thus the second cause, also, produces only negligible effects.
I preferred to settle the first question by experiment rather than by calculation,
as the obtaining of the data for calculation would have required cutting up of the
piezometer bulbs. The 0-5 atm. spoken of above represented, in extreme cases, the
excess of external over internal pressure in the piezometers. By direct experiment on
two of the instruments themselves, it was found that their internal volume was
diminished at most 0 '00002 of the whole by 0"6 atm. of external pressure. This would
involve as a correction the adding of O'l per cent, only to the results at 3 tons, so that
it also is well within the limits of error of the measurements above.
ASSOCIATED PHYSICAL QUESTIONS.
X. Theoretical Speculations.
503
490
477
449
438
428
39G
386
378
354
345
338
321
313
306
If instead of the percentage of Nad in the solutions we tabulate the amount of
NaCl to 100 of water, and along with it the compressibility at zero, we have —
s = amount of Average compressibility at 0° C. x 107.
NaCl to 100 of water. For first ton. First 2 tons. First 3 tons.
o-o
40
9-6
15-4
21-4
The relation between these numbers is very fairly represented by the formula —
Average compressibility for first p tons= — —
It is remarkable that if we put t = 0 in the formula of Section VII., we have —
Average compressibility of fresli water for first p + s tons = — —
which presents an exceedingly striking resemblance to that last written.
Though these formulae are only approximate, we may assume the true constants to
be at least nearly the same in both, and make the following statement as a sort of
memoria technica in this subject : —
At 0° C. the average compressibility, for p tons, of a solution of s lbs. of common
salt in 100 lbs. of water, is nearly equal to the average compressibility of fresh water
for the first p + s tons of additional pressure.
The numerical coincidence above is, of course, accidental ; because the formulae
are taken for the special temperature 0° C, and the special unit of pressure 1 ton
weight per square inch.
But a coincidence of a much more striking character, and one which does not depend
upon special choice of units, is suggested by the common form of the expressions
compared.
48 THE VOYAGE OF H.M.S. CHALLENGER.
It appears from the Kinetic Theory of Gases, in which the particles are treated as
hard spheres, whose coefficient of restitution is 1, and which exert no action on one
another except at impact, that the pressure and volume of the group at any one
temperature are connected by a relation approximately of the form
p (v — a) = constant.
The cpiantity a obviously denotes the ultimate volume, i.e. that to which the
group would be reduced if the pressure were infinite.
I have pointed out * that this expression coincides almost exactly with the results
of Amagat's experiments on the compression of hydrogen. The introduction of an
attractive force between the particles, sensible only when they are at a mutual
distance of the order of their diameters, merely alters the constants in this expression.
Let us see what interpretation it will bear if, for a moment, we suppose it roughly to
represent the state of things in water.
The average compressibility of such a group of particles, between the pressures
■m and vs+p, viz.,
where v0 is the volume at m, and v that at m+p, is easily shown to be
Compare this with the empirical expression above for the compressibility of water
say at 0° C. (per ton weight on the square inch) —
152-3 x 0-00186 _ 0-283
36 +p 36 +p
and we see that they agree exactly in form. If, then, the results of the kinetic theory
be even roughly applicable to the case of a liquid, we may look upon the 36 in this
expression as the number of tons weight per square inch by which the internal pressure
of water exceeds the external pressure. And the corresponding empirical expression
for the compressibility of a solution of common salt may be interpreted as showing
that the addition of salt to water increases the internal pressure by an amount simply
proportional to the quantity of salt added.
That liquids have very great internal pressure has been conjectured from the results
of Laplace's and other theories of capillarity, in which the results are derived statically
from the hypothesis of molecular forces exerted intensely between contiguous portions
of the liquid, but insensibly between portions at sensible distances apart. A very
interesting partial verification of this proposition was given by Berthelot2 in 1850. By
1 Trans. Roy. Soc. Edin., vol. xxxiii. p. 90, 1886.] 2 Ann. de Chimie, tom. xxx. p. 232.
PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF WATER, ETC. 49
an ingenious process he subjected water to external tension, and found that it could
support at least fifty atmospheres. The calculation was made on the hypothesis that a
moderate negative pressure increases the volume of water as much as an ecpjal positive
pressure diminishes it.
I was led to the conclusion that the internal pressure of a liquid must be greatly
superior to the external, as a consequence of the remarkable results of Andrews'
experiments on carbonic acid, and of the comments made on them by J. Thomson and
Clerk-Maxwell.1 It was Prof. E. Wiedemann who, while making an abstract of my
paper [Appendix E) for the Beiblatter zu den Ann. d. Physih, first called my attention
to Berthelot's experiment.
In Appendix F a short account of Laplace's calculations is given, and it is shown
that the work required to carry unit volume of water, from the interior to a distance
from the surface greater than the range of molecular forces, is
2 K x 1 cub. inch,
where K is the internal molecular pressure per square inch. The speculation above
would make this work
72 inch-tons.
But, in work units, the heat required to vaporize 1 cub. inch of water at 0°C. is
62-5
606 x 1390 foot pounds, or
1/28
163 inch-tons.
The two quantities' are at least of the same order of magnitude, and it is to be
remembered that what has been taken out in the one case is very small particles of
water; in the other, particles of vapour. This raises another extremely difficult
question, viz., — What fraction of the whole latent heat is required to convert water, in
excessively small drops, into vapour ?
The comparison above, if it be well founded, would seem to show that the utmost
reduction of volume which water at 0° C. can suffer by increase of pressure is 0-283 ; i.e.
that water can be compressed to somewhat less than 3/4ths of its original bulk, but
not further.
Of course the whole of this speculation is of the roughest character, for two reasons.
The Kinetic gas formula has been proved only for cases in which the whole volume of
the particles is small compared with the space they occupy. The compression formula
is only an approximation, and was obtained for the range of pressures from 150 to
450 atmospheres ; while we have extended its application to much higher pressures.
1 Theory of Heat, chap, vi., London, 1871.
(PHYS. CHEM. CHALL. EXP. — PART IV. — 1888.) 7
50 THE VOYAGE OF H.M.S. CHALLENGER.
XL Equilibrium of a Vertical Column of Water.
In Canton's second paper we have the following interesting statement : —
"The weight of 32g feet of sea-water is equal to the mean weight of the atmo-
sphere : and, as far as trial has yet been made, every additional weight equal to that
of the atmosphere, compresses a quantity of sea-water 40 millionth parts ; now if this
constantly holds, the sea, where it is two miles deep, is compressed by its own weight
69 feet 2 inches ; and the water at the bottom is compressed 13 parts in 1000."
Either Canton overestimated the density of sea-water or he underestimated the
amount of an atmosphere, for undoubtedly 33 feet is a much closer approximation to
the column of sea-water which produces 1 atmosphere of pressure. He does not give
his process of calculation, but it was probably something like this : — The pressure
increases uniformly from the top to the bottom (neglecting the small effect due to
change of density produced by compression), and everywhere produces a contraction
proportional to its own value. Hence the whole contraction is equal to that which
would have been produced if the pressure had had, at all depths, its mean value, i.e.
that due to half the whole depth. This process, with Canton's numbers, gives nearly
his numerical results.
If, then, a be the depth, and p0 the original density, gp0cc/2 is the mean pressure.
If e be the compressibility, the whole contraction of a column, originally of length a, is
egptfx2\1. Now, a mile of sea-water gives nearly 160 atmospheres of pressure, so that
the loss of depth of a mile of sea (supposed at 10° C. throughout) is
160 x 0'000045 x 5280/2 = 19 feet, nearly.
For other depths it varies as the square of the depth ; so that for two miles it is 76
feet, and for six miles 684 feet nearly.
This, however, is an overestimate, because we have not taken account of Perkins'
discovery of the diminution of compressibility as the pressure increases. The investiga-
tion for this case is given in Appendix G, where the change of depth is shown to be
/ 2*r *r2 s
Wo«2/2(1-3ff + 25*--)
rs being the pressure at the bottom in tons weight per square inch, and II (by Section
VIII.) being 38 in the same units.
For six miles of sea this is, in feet —
684 (l - A + ^ - &c.) = 620 nearly.
In the Appendix referred to I have given a specimen of the hydrostatic problems
to which this investigation leads. Any assigned temperature distribution, if not
PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF WATER, ETC. 51
essentially unstable, can be approximately treated. But the up- or down-rushes which
result from instability are hopelessly beyond the powers of mathematics.
One remark of a curious character may be added, viz. that in a very tall column
of water (salt or fresh), at the same temperature throughout, the equilibrium might be
rendered unstable in consequence of the heat developed by a sudden large increase of
pressure. For, as will be seen later, the expansibility of water is notably increased by
pressure ; and thus the lower parts of the column will become hotter, and less com-
pressible, than the upper. This effect is not produced in a tall column of air, for the
expansibility is practically unaltered by pressure. And the opposite effect is produced
in bodies like alcohol, &c, where the compressibility steadily increases with rise of
temperature.
XII. Change of Temperature produced by Compression.
The thermal effects of a sudden increase or relaxation of pressure formed an
important element in my examination of the Challenger thermometers, and were
practically the origin of this inquiry ; one of the most unexpected of the results I
obtained being the very considerable compression-change of temperature of the vulcanite
slabs on which the thermometers are mounted. Thomson's formula for this heating
effect, in terms of the pressure applied, and of the specific heat and expansibility of the
body compressed, is given in Appendix C to my former Report. My first direct
experiment on the subject was described as follows : ] —
" When . . . the bulb of one of the thermometers was surrounded by a shell of
lard upwards of half an inch thick, the total effect produced by a pressure of 3j tons
weight was 5° F. ; while for the same pressure, without the lard, the effect was only
l°-8 F. The temperature of the water in the compression apparatus was 43° F., so that
the temperature effect due to the compression of water was less than 0o-2 F."
On May 16 of the same year I read a second note on the subject, from which I
extract the following : 2 —
"I have examined for a number of substances the rise of temperature produced
by a sudden application of great pressure, and the corresponding fall of temperature
when the pressure was very suddenly relaxed. The copper-iron circuit is, however,
too little sensitive for very accurate measurements ; as, from the nature of the
apparatus, the wires must be so thin as to have considerable resistance, and the
thermo-electric power of the combination is not large. ... I content myself, for
the present, with a general statement of the results for cork and for vulcanized india-
rubber, which are apparently typical of two classes of solids quite distinct from one
another in their behaviour.
1 Proc. Roy. Soc. Edin., vol. xi. p. 51, 1881. ■ Proc. Roy. Soc. Edin., vol. xi. pp. 217, 218, 1881.
52 THE VOYAGE OF H.M.S. CHALLENGER.
" In the case of india-rubber the rise of temperature was found to be about 1°"3 F.
for each ton-weight of pressure per srpiare inch ; and the fall in relaxation was almost
exactly the same.
" With cork each additional ton of pressure gave less rise of temperature than the
preceding ton ; and the fall on relaxation of pressure was, for one or two tons, only
about half the rise. For higher pressures its ratio to the rise became greater. Two
tons gave a rise of about 1°'6 F., and a fall of 0°"9 F.
" With the same arrangement, the fall of temperature in water suddenly relieved
from pressure at a temperature of 60° F. was found to be for
One ton-weight per square inch, . . . . . 0°-25 F.
Two „ „ ..... 0°-56 „
Three „ „ ..... 0°-93 „
Four „ „ ..... l°-35 „
" These numbers give the averages of groups of fairly concordant results. I
employed cooling exclusively in these experiments, because one of the valves of my pump
was out of order, and the pressure could not be raised at a uniform rate. The effects
obtained for successive tons of pressure are thus, roughly, 0o,25, 0°-31, 0°"37, and 0°"42 F.
" If these results may be trusted, they probably indicate a lowering of the
maximum-density point of water by pressure." '
In the next extract it will be seen that I deduced from these data a lowering of
the maximum-density point amounting to about 3° C. per ton.
The experiments on water were carried further in the following year by Professors
Marshall and Michie Smith, and Mr. Omond.2 The second of their papers contains the
annexed graphic representation of the results, which is alluded to in the following extract.
1 [See footnote to p. 27.] 2 Proc. Roy. Soc. Eclln., voL xl. pp. G26 and 809, 1882.
PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF WATER, ETC. 53
The final result of these experiments, as assigned by the authors, was a probable
lowering of the maximum-density point of water ' by 5° C. for one ton pressure. To
this paper I added the following note (I.e. p. 813) : —
"If we assume the lowering of the temperature of maximum-density to be
proportional to the pressure, which is the simplest and most natural hypothesis, we
may write
where p is in tons weight per square inch.
" Now Thomson's thermo-dynamic result is of the form
Bt = A(t-t0')Sp.
" This becomes, with our assumption,
8t=A(t-t0+Bp)Sp.
"As the left-hand member is always very small, no sensible error will result from
integrating on the assumption that t is constant on the right (except when the quantity
in brackets is very small, and then the error is of no consequence). Integrating,
therefore, on the approximate hypothesis that A and B may be treated as constants,
we have for the whole change of temperature produced by a finite pressure p —
At = A(t-t0)p + %ABp2.
" I have found that all the four lines in the diagram given [from Messrs. Marshall,
Smith, and Omond, on last page, where y is the heating effect of p tons at tem-
perature t] can be represented, with a fair approach to accuracy, by the formula
y = 0-0095(< - i)p + 0-017p2,
where p has the values 1, 2, 3, 4 respectively. Hence, comparing with the theoretical
formula, we have the values
A = 0-0095, B = 3°-6C.
" B expresses the lowering of the maximum-density point for each ton weight of
pressure per square inch.
" It seems, however, that all the observations give considerably too small a change
of temperature ; for the part due to the first power of the pressure is from 30 to 40 per
cent, less than that assigned by Thomson's formula and his numerical data. One
obvious cause of this is the small quantity of water in the compression apparatus,
compared with the large mass of metal in contact with it. This would tend to
diminish all the results, whether heating or cooling ; and the more so the more
deliberately the experiments were performed. Another cause is the heating (by com-
pression) of the external mercury in the pressure gauge. Thus the pressures are
always overestimated ; the more so the more rapidly the experiments are conducted.
A third cause, which may also have some effect, is the time required by the thermo-
electric junction to assume the exact temperature of the surrounding liquid.
54
THE VOYAGE OF H.M.S. CHALLENGER.
" Be this, however, as it may, the following table shows the nature of the agreement
between the results of my original experiments [ante, p. 52] and the data derived
from the present investigations. The gauge and the compression apparatus were the
same as in my experiments of last year ; the galvanometer, the thermo-electric
junctions, and the observers were all different. The column MSO gives the whole
heating or cooling effect at 150,5 C, calculated for different pressures from the results
of the investigation by Professor Marshall and his coadjutors. The column T contains
the results of my direct experiments at that temperature : —
2) (tons) MSO T Thomson.
1 0-131 C. 0-139 C. 0-177 C.
2 0-294 0-311 0-355
3 0-465 0-516 0-533
4 0-665 0-750 0-711
" It will be noticed that there is, again, a fair agreement ; though the results are, as
a rule, lower than those calculated from Thomson's formula. My own agree most
nearly with Thomson's formula, probably because they were very rapidly conducted.
As they stand, they give about 3° C. for the effect of 1 ton on the maximum-density
point. It is to be observed that if we could get the requisite corrections for conduc-
tion and for compression of mercury, their introduction would increase (as in fact is
necessary) the constant A above, but would have comparatively little effect on the
value of B, which is the quantity really sought."
The experiments on other substances were carried out for me by Messrs. Creelman
and Crocket, from whose important paper 1 I extract the following results, which have
some connection with the subjects of this and of my former Report : —
"Challenger" Vulcanite, at 16° C.
Pressure. Rise per ton. Fall per ton.
Cork, at 15° C.
Pressure.
Rise per ton. '.
Fall per ton,
1
2
3
0°-75
0°-65
0°-59
0°-51
0°-45
0°-42
1
2
3
Glass, at 15° C.
0°-12
0°-13
0°-13
0°-12
0°-14
0°-14
1
2
3
Gutta Percha, at 16'
0--65
0°-60
0°-58
c.
0°-67
0°-64
0°-63
1
2
3
Solid Paraffin, at 14
0°-56
0°-56
0°-54
°c.
0°-57
0°-59
0°-61
1
2
3
Chloroform, at 17°
l°-44
l°-34
1°-31
C.
r-45
r-45
r-47
1
2
3
1
2
3
1
2
3
1
2
3
1
2
3
0°-33
0°-31
0°-28
Indiarubber, at 15'
0°-74
0°-70
0°-70
Beeswax, at 15°
0°-83
0°-79
0°-78
C.
0°-33
0°-33
0°-32
0°-79
0°-79
0°-80
0°-83
0°-86
0°-89
Marine Glue, at 15°-5 C.
0°-91 0°-98
0°-85 0°-90
0°-82 0°-91
Sulphuric Ether, at 21° C,
r-8 i°-9
r-74 r-8
r-7 r-7
1 Proc. Boy. Soc. Edin., vol. xiii. p. 311, 1885.
PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF WATER, ETC. 55
As. was to be expected from the fact that the getting up of pressure requires a
short time, while the relief is practically instantaneous, the heating effect is generally
a little smaller than the cooling effect for the same change of pressure.
These experimenters thus completely confirmed my statements as to the curiously
exceptional behaviour of cork, but they found no other substance, in the long list of
those which they examined, which behaves in a similar manner.
It is to be remarked that as, in all the experiments described or cited in this
section, the temperature-changes were measured by a thermo-electric junction which
was itself exposed to the high pressures employed, there may be error due to the com-
pression of the materials forming the junction. The wires were, for several reasons,
very thin ; so that the error, if any, is not due to changes of temperature in them, but
to (possible) change of relative thermo-electric position, due to pressure. This is a
very insidious source of error, and it is not easy to see how to avoid it.
XIII. Effect of Pressure on the Maximum-Density Point.
Though the lowering of the maximum-density point of water by pressure is an
immediate consequence of Canton's discovery, that the compressibility diminishes as
the temperature is raised, it seems to have been first pointed out, so lately as 1875, by
Puschl.1 I was quite unaware of his work, and of that of Van der Waals,2 when (as
shown in Section XII. above) I was led to the same conclusion by the differences
between theory and experiment, as to the heat
developed by compression of water.
This can very easily be shown as follows.
Let the (vertical) ordinates of the curve ABC
represent the volume of water at 1 atm., the
abscissae the corresponding temperatures, B the
maximum-density point. Let the dotted curve
abc represent the same for a greater pressure,
say two atmospheres. Then, by Canton's result, L?_ . t
the vertical distance between these curves (the
difference between corresponding ordinates) diminishes continuously from A to C ;
so long, .at least, as the temperature at C is under that of minimum compressibility.
Hence the inclination of abc to the axis of temperatures is everywhere greater than
that of the corresponding part of ABC. Thus the minimum, 6, of the dotted
curve (where its tangent is horizontal) must correspond to a point, /3, in the full curve,
where the inclination is negative — i.e. a point at a lower temperature than B.
i Sitzungsb. d. maih.-naturw. CI. d. k. Akad. d. Wiss. Wien, Bd. lxxii. p. 283, 1875.
2 Archives Niierl., torn. xii. p. 457, Haarlem, 1877.
56 THE VOYAGE OF H.M.S. CHALLENGER.
To calculate the amount of this lowering, by the process indicated, we must know
the form of the curve abc. This, in its turn, can be calculated from a knowledge of
the form of ABC, and of the relation between compressibility' and temperature. Both
of the authors named took their data as to the latter matter from the experiments of
Grassi ; and, as was therefore to be expected, gave results wide of the truth. Puschl
calculates a lowering of 1° C. by 87 "6 atm., which is certainly too small; Van der
Waals, 0o,78 C. by 10-5 atm., as certainly much too large.
To obtain a good estimate in this way is by no means easy, for authorities are not
quite agreed as to the form of the curve ABC. If we calculate from the datum
of Despretz, which has been verified by Rossetti,1 namely, —
vol. at 0° C. _ 1 ,nnm afi
vol. at 4° C.
we obtain for the volume of water at 1 atm., in terms of temperature,
l+0-OOOOOS5(<-4)3 (1)
[This refers only to the part A B of the curve, which is what we want. There seems
general agreement that the curve is not symmetrical about the ordinate at B.] Now,
by (A), the factor for reduction of volume by 1 ton of additional pressure is
1- 0-007676 + 0-000055<-0-00000061<2 (2)
The product of these factors, (1) and (2), is a minimum when
0-000017(; - 4) = - 0-000055 + 0-00000122/ ;
or, ^4-^ = 4-3-17.
' lob
Thus, according to these data, the maximum-density point is lowered by 3°-17 C.
per ton of pressure. It will be observed that this is not much less than the result I
calculated from the data of Professor Marshall and his comrades, but it agrees almost
exactly with that which I derived from my own.
The following description of the results of my earlier attempts to solve this question
directly, is taken from the Proc. Boy. Soc. Edin., vol. xii. pp. 226-228, 1883 : —
" I determined to try a direct process analogous to that of Hope, for the purpose
of ascertaining the maximum-density point at different pressures. The experiments
presented great difficulties, because (for Hope's" method) the vessel containing the
water must have a considerable cross section ; and thus I could not use my smaller
compression apparatus, which was constructed expressly to admit of measurements of
temperature by thermo-electric processes. I had therefore to work with the huge Fraser
gun employed for the Challenger work, and to use the protected thermometers (which
are very sluggish) for the measurement of temperatures. It was also necessary to work
1 Pogg. Ann., Erganr.ungsband, v. p. SCO, 1871.
PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF WATER, ETC. ..7
with the gun at the temperature of the air,— it would lie almost impossible to keep it
steadily at a much lower temperature,— so that I had to work in water at about 12° C.
" The process employed was very simple. A tall cylindrical jar full of water had
two Challenger thermometers (stripped of their vulcanite mounting) at the bottom, and
was more than half-filled with fragments of table-ice floating on the water, and confined
by wire-gauze at the top. This was lowered into the water of the gun, and pressure
was applied.
" It is evident that if there were no conduction of heat through the walls of the
cylinder, and if the ice lasted long enough under the steadily maintained pressure, the
thermometers would ultimately show, by their recording minimum indices, the maximum-
density point corresponding to the pressure employed : — always provided that that
temperature is not lower than the melting point of ice at the given pressure.
" Unfortunately, all the more suitable bad conductors of heat are either bodies like
wood (which is crushed out of shape at once under the pressures employed) or like
tallow, &c. (which become notably raised in temperature by compression). I was
therefore obliged to use glass. The experiments were made on successive days, three
each day, with three different cylindrical jars. These had all the same height and the
same internal diameter. The first was of tinned iron ; the second of glass about £ inch
thick ; the third, of glass nearly an inch thick, was procured specially for this work.
" With the external temperature 12°-2 C, the following were the results of 1^ tons
pressure per square inch, continued in each case for 20 minutes (some unmelted ice
remaining on each occasion). The indications are those of two different Challenger ther-
mometers, corrected for index-error by direct comparison with a Kew standard : —
Tin Cylinder.
Thin Glass.
Thick Glass.
4°C.
2°-67
0°-83
4°
2°-61
0°-83
The coincidence of the first numbers with the ordinary maximum-density point of water
is, of course, mere chance. When no pressure was applied, but everything else was the
same, the result was —
Tin. Thin. Thick.
5°-7 C 5° 4°
It is clear that the former set of numbers points to a temperature of maximum density,
somewhere about 0° C, under 1^ tons pressure per square inch. But still the mode of
working is very imperfect.
" I then thought of trying a double cylindrical jar, the thin one above mentioned
being enclosed in a larger one which surrounded it all round, and below, at the distance
of about f inch. Both vessels were filled with water, with broken ice floating on it,
(rHYS. CHEM. CHALL. EXP. rAET IV. — 1888.) 8
58 THE VOYAGE OF H.M.S. CHALLENGER.
and had Challenger thermometers at the bottom. By this arrangement I hoped to get
over the difficulty due to the temperature of the gun, by having the inner vessel
enclosed in water which would be lowered in temperature to about 3° C. by the appli-
cation of pressure. The device proved quite successful. The result of lj tons pressure
per square inch maintained for 20 minutes, some ice being still left in each vessel, was
from a number of closely concordant trials —
Temperature in outer vessel, . . . l0-7 C.
Temperature in inner vessel, . . . 0°-3 C.
The direct pressure correction for the thermometers is only about — 0C-1 C, and has
therefore been neglected.
" The close agreement of this result with that obtained (under similar pressure
conditions) in the thick glass vessel leaves no doubt that the lowering of the
maximum-density point is somewhat under 4° C. for 1^ tons, or 2°"7 C. for 1 ton per
square inch. It is curious how closely this agrees with the result of my indirect
experiments."
Further work of the same kind led me to the conclusion that even the double
vessel had not sufficiently protected the contents from conducted heat, and to state
in my Heat (p. 95, 1884) that "a pressure of 50 atmospheres lowers the maximum-
density point by 1° C."
During the next two years I made several repetitions of these experiments, with
the help of thermometers protected on the Challenger plan, but very much more sensi-
tive. These experiments were not so satisfactory as those just described. The new
thermometers caused a great deal of trouble by the uncertainty of their indications,
which I finally traced to the fact that the paraffin oil which they contained passed, in
small quantities, from one end of the mercury column to the other. I was occupied with
an attempt to obtain more suitable instruments, when the arrival of the Amagat gauge
turned my attention to other matters.
So far as I can judge from the results of the three different methods which I have
employed, the lowering of the maximum-density point of water by 1 ton of pressure is
very nearly, though perhaps a little in excess of, 3° C.
It is peculiarly interesting to find that Amagat, by yet another process, — viz.
finding two temperatures not far apart at which water, at a given pressure, has the
same volume, — has lately obtained a closely coinciding result. He says : " A 200 atm.
(chiffres ronds) le maximum de densite de l'eau a retrograde vers zero et l'a, presque
atteint ; il parait situe entre zero et 0°'5 (un demi-degre)." ' This makes the effect of
1 ton slightly less than 3° C.
As the freezing point is lowered, according to J. Thomson's discovery, by about
1 Comptes Eendus, torn. civ. p. 1160, 1887.
PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF WATER, ETC. 5lJ
1°-13 only per ton of additional pressure, — and has a start of but 4°, — the maximum-
density point will overtake it at about — 2° -4, under a pressure of 2 '14 tons.
The diagram 2 of Plate II. shows the consequences of the pressure-shifting of
the maximum-density point in a very clear manner, — especially in its bearing on the
expansibility of water at any one temperature but at different pressures. The curves
in the diagram are for atmospheric pressure, and for additional pressures of 1, 2 and
3 tons respectively. They are traced roughly by the help of Despretz's tables of
expansibility at atmospheric pressure, and the compression data of the present
Report. The quantity of water taken in each case is that which, at 0° and under
the particular pressure, has unit volume. Thus all the curves pass through the same
point on the axis of volumes. How, in consequence of the gradual lowering of the
maximum-density point, the expansibility at zero, which is negative at atmospheric
pressure, and even at 1 ton of additional pressure, becomes positive and then rapidly
greater as the pressure is raised, is seen at a glance.
I have to state, in conclusion, that my chief coadjutors in the experimental work
have been Mr. H. N. Dickson and my mechanical assistant Mr. T. Lindsa}'. Mr.
Dickson also reduced all the observations, about half of them having been done in
duplicate by myself.
In the compression of glass I had the assistance of Mr. A. Nagel, and occasionally
of Dr. Peddie.
Mr. A. C. Mitchell assisted me in the graphic work, and checked the calculations
in the text.
I have already acknowledged the density determinations and analyses of sea-water
and salt solutions made by Dr. Gibson.
And I have again been greatly indebted to the very skilful glass-working of
Mr. Kemp.
[7/9/88. — The following analysis of the glass of my piezometers is given by Mr.
T. F. Barbour, working in Dr. Crum Brown's Laboratory : —
Si02
=
61-20
PbO
=
20-94
203 + Fe203
=
0-82
CaO
=
2-20
MgO
=
0-2G
K20
=
1-93
X;i20
=
11-72.]
GO THE VOYAGE OF H.M.S. CHALLENGER.
ADDENDUM (8/8/88).
The reader has already seen that I have, more than once in the course of the inquiry, found myself
reproducing the results of others. A few days ago I showed the proof-sheets of this Report to Dr. H. du
Bois, who happened to visit my laboratory, and was informed by him that one of Van der WaaJs' papers
(he did not know which, but thought it was a recent one) contains an elaborate study of the molecular
pressure in fluids. I had been under the impression, strongly forced on me by the reception which my
speculations (Appendix E., below) met with both at home and abroad, that Laplace's views had gone
entirely out of fashion ; — having made, perhaps, their final appearance in Miller's Hydrostatics, where I first
became acquainted with them about 1850. In Van der Waals' memoir " On the Continuity of the Gaseous
and Liquid States," which I have just rapidly perused in a German translation, the author expresses himself
somewhat to the following effect : If I here give values of K for some bodies, I do it not from the
conviction that they are satisfactory, but because I think it important to make a commencement in a
matter where our ignorance is so complete that not even a single opinion, based on probable grounds, has
yet been expressed about it.
Van der Waals gives, as the value of K in water, 10,500 atmospheres; and, in a subsequent paper,
10,700 atm.; while the value given in the text above is about half, viz. 5180 atm. So far as I can see,
he does not state how these values were obtained, though he gives the data and the calculations for other
liquids. It is to be presumed, however, that his result for water was obtained, like those for ether and
alcohol, from Cagniard de la Tour's data as to any two of the critical temperature, volume, and pressure.
Van der Waals forms, by a very ingenious process, a general equation of the isothermals of a fluid, in which
there are but two disposable constants. This is a cubic in r, whose three roots are real and equal at the
critical point. Thus the critical temperature, volume, and pressure can all be expressed in terms of the
two constants, so that one relation exists among them. Two being given, the equation of the isothermals
can be formed, and from it A' can be at once found.
My process, as explained above, was very different. I formed the equation of the isothermal of
water at 0° C. from the empirical formula for the average compressibility under large additional pressures ;
and by comparing this, and the corresponding equation for various salt solutions, with an elementary
formula of the Kinetic theory of gases, I was led to interpret, as the internal pressure, a numerical
quantity which appears in the equations.
I have left the passages, in the text and Appendix alike, which refer to this subject in the form in
which they stood before I became acquainted with Van der Waals' work. I have not sufficiently studied
Ms memoir to be able as yet to form a definite opinion whether the difficulty (connected with the non-
hydrostatic nature of the pressure in surface films) which is raised in Appendix E. can, or cannot, be
satisfactorily met by Van der Waals' methods. Anyhow, the isothermals spoken of in that Appendix are
totally different from those given by Van der Waals' equation, inasmuch as the whole pressure, and not
merely the external pressure, is introduced graphically in my proposed construction.
SUMMARY OF RESULTS.
It is explained in the preceding pages that the pressures employed in the experiments
ranged from 150 to 450 atm., so that results given below for higher or lower pressures
( and enclosed in scpiare brackets] are extrapolated. A similar remark applies to
temperature, the range experimentally treated for water and for sea-water being only
0° to 15° C. Also it has been stated that the recording indices are liable to be washed
down the tube, to a small extent, during the relief of pressure, so that the results given
are probably a little too small.
Compressibility of Mercury, per atmosphere, . . . 0 '0000036
Glass, ..... 0-0000026
Average compressibility of fresh water : —
[At low pressures 520.10-r-355.10-9< + 3.10-9/2]
For 1 ton = 152-3 atm. 504 360 4
2 „ =304-6 „ 490 365 5
3 „ =456-9 „ 478 370 6
The term independent of t (the compressibility at 0° C.) is of the form
10-7 (520- 17yJ+i-2),
where the unit of p is 152'3 atm. (one ton- weight per sq. in.). This must not be
extended in application much beyond p = 3, for there is no warrant, experimental or
other, for the minimum which it would give at p = 8 '5.
The point of minimum compressibility of fresh water is probably about 60° C. at
atmospheric pressure, but is lowered by increase of pressure.
As an approximation through the whole range of the experiments we have the
formula : —
0-00186/ _ 3l_ P \
36+jA 400 + 10,000/;
while the following formula exactly represents the average of all the experimental
results at each temperature and pressure : —
10"7 (520 - 1 lp +2<2) - 10"9 (355 + op) t + 10"9 (3 +p) f.
Average compressibility of sea-water (about 0"92 of that of fresh water) : —
[At low pressures 481. 10-- 340.10-9/1 + 3.1Q-V]
For 1 ton
462
320
4
0
447-5
305
5
3 „
437-5
295
5
62 THE VOYAGE OF H.M.S. CHALLENGER.
Term independent of t :—
10-7 (481-21-25p + 2'25pa)
Approximate formula : —
0-00179 / t t- \
38+^ I 150 + 10,000 )
Minimum compressibility point, probably about 56° C. at atmospheric pressure, is
lowered by increase of pressure.
Average compressibility of solutions of NaCl for the first ]) tons of additional
pressure, at 0° C. : —
0-001SG
36 +2' + *
1
where s of NaCl is dissolved in 100 of water.
Note the remarkable resemblance between this and the formula for the average
compressibility of fresh water at 0° C. and p + s tons of additional pressure.
[Various parts of the investigation seem to favour Laplace's view that there is a
large molecular pressure in liquids. In the text it has been suggested, in accordance
with a formula of the Kinetic Theory of Gases, that in water this may amount to
about 36 tons-weight on the square inch. In a similar way it would appear that the
molecular pressure in salt solutions is greater than that in water by an amount directly
proportional to the quantity of salt added.]
Six miles of sea, at 10° C. throughout, are reduced in depth 620 feet by com-
pression. At 0° C. the amount would be about 663 feet, or a furlong. (This quantity
varies nearly as the square of the depth. ) Hence the pressure at a depth of 6 miles is
nearly 1000 atmospheres.
The maximum-density point of water is lowered about 3° C. by 150 atm. of
additional pressure.
From the heat developed by compression of water I obtained a lowering of 3° C.
per ton-weight per square inch.
From the ratio of the volumes of water (under atmospheric pressure) at 0° C. and
4° C, given by Despretz, combined with my results as to the compressibility, I found
30,17 C: — and by direct experiment (a modified form of that of Hope) 2°-7 C. The
circumstances of this experiment make it certain that the last result is too small.
Thus, at ordinary temperatures, the expansibility of water is increased by the
application of pressure.
In consequence, the heat developed by sudden compression of water at tem-
peratures above 4° C. increases in a higher ratio than the pressure applied ; and water
under 4° C. may be heated by the sudden application of sufficient pressure.
The maximum density coincides with the freezing-point at —2° "4 C, under a
pressure of 2" 14 tons.
APPENDIX A.
ON AN IMPROVED METHOD OF MEASURING COMPRESSIBILITY.
" When the compressibility of a liquid or gas is measured at very high pressures, the
compression vessel has to be enclosed in a strong cylinder of metal, and thus it must be
made, in some way, self-registering. I first used indices, prevented from slipping by
means of hairs. Sir W. Thomson's devices for sounding, at small depths, by the com-
pression of air, in which he used various physical and chemical processes for recording
purposes, led me to devise and employ a thin silver film which was washed off by a
column of mercury. Much of my work connected with the Challenger Thermometers
was done by the help of this process. Till quite recently I was unaware that it had
been devised and employed by Cailletet in 1873, only that his films were of gold.
" But the use of all these methods is very laborious, for the whole apparatus has
to be opened for each individual reading. Hence it struck me that, instead of
measuring the compression produced by a given pressure, we should try to measure the
pressure required to produce a given compression. I saw that this could be at once
effected by the simplest electric methods ; provided that glass, into which a fine
■platinum wire is fused, ivere capable of resisting very high pressures without cracking
or leaking at the junctions. This, on trial, was found to be the case.
" AVe have, therefore, only to fuse a number of platinum wires, at intervals, into
the compression tube, and very carefully calibrate it with a column of mercury which is
brought into contact with each of the wires successively. Then if thin wires, each
resisting say about an ohm, be interposed between the pairs of successive platinum
wires, we have a series whose resistance is diminished by one ohm each time the
mercury, forced in by the pump, comes in contact with another of the wires. Connect
the mercury with one pole of a cell, the highest of the platinum wires with the
other, leading the wires out between two stout leather washers ; interpose a galvano-
meter in the circuit, and the arrangement is complete. The observer himself works
the pump, keeping an eye on the pressure gauge, and on the spot of light reflected by
the mirror of the galvanometer. The moment he sees a change < if deflection he reads
1 Proc. Roy. Soc. Edin., vol. xiii. pp. 2, 3, 1884.
64 THE VOYAGE OF H.M.S. CHALLENGER.
the erauere. It is convenient that the external apparatus should be made to leak
slightly ; for thus a series of measures may be made, in a minute or two, for the
contact with each of the platinum wires. Then we pass to the next in succession."
M. Amagat ' remarks on the use of this method as follows : — " Le liquide du
piezometrc, et le liquide transmettant la pression dans lequel il est plonge (glycerine),
.-M'chauffent considerablement par la pression ; cette circonstance rend les experiences
tres longues : il faut un temps considerable pour dquilibrer la masse qui est peu con-
ductrice ; il faut repeter les lectures jusqu'a ce que l'indication du manometre devienne
constante au moment du contact. Les series faites par pressions decroissantes produisent
le meme effet en sens inverse ; on prend la moyenne des resultats, dont la concordance
montre que l'ensemble de la methode ne laisse reellement presque rien a desirer.
" On voit par la, quelles grossieres erreurs ont pu etre commises avec les autres
artifices employes jusqu'ici pour la mesure des volumes dans des conditions analogues."
It must lie remembered that M. Amagat is speaking of experiments in which
pressures rising to 3000 atmospheres were employed.
1 Comptes Rendus, torn. ciii. p. 431, 188G.
APPENDIX B.
EELATION BETWEEN TRUE AND AVERAGE COMPRESSIBILITY.
The average compressibility per ton for the first p tons of additional pressure is
where v0 is the initial volume, and v is the volume at p additional tons.
The true compressibility at p additional tons is
dv
vdp
Hence, if one of these quantities is given as a function of p, it may be desirable to find
the corresponding expression for the other. The simplest example, that on p. 30,
will suffice to show the principle of the calculation. Let
V-^ = e(l-M; ....(1)
where e is, in general, a much smaller quantity than/! We have
-= 1 - ep + efp\
whence
_^^e(l-2M ...).... (2)
vdp 1 - ep + efp- \ w / -r
where the expansion may be easily carried further if required.
If the terms in the second and higher powers of p are to be neglected, (1) and (2)
as written show at once how to convert from true to average compressibility, or
vice versd.
(PHYS. CHEM. CHALL EXP. — PAKT IV. — 1888.)
APPENDIX C.
CALCULATION OF LOG. FACTORS.
Let AV be the weight of mercury which would take the place of the liquid in
the piezometer, w that of the mercury which fills a length I of the stem. Then a
compression read as x on the stem is
X w
rw
This assumes the stem to be uniform ; in general it must be corrected from the
results of the calibration : — unless, as in the example given on p. 16 of the text, / be
chosen very nearly ecpaal to x, as found by trial for each value of the pressure.
Also if y be the reading of the gauge, and if a on the gauge correspond to an
atmosphere, the pressure is
-i aim.
a
Hence the average apparent compressibility per atmosphere is
x wa
lj Tw-
its logarithm is
log. x - log. y + (log. w - log. W - log. I) + log. a.
The last four terms', of which log. a is the "gauge log.," form the log. factor as
oiven in the text
C3
APPENDIX D.
NOTE ON THE CORRECTION FOR THE COMPRESSIBILITY OF THE
PIEZOMETER.
The usual correction neglects the fact that when the compressibility of the liquid
is different from that of the walls, the liquid under pressure does not occupy the same
part of the vessel as before pressure.
Let V be the volume of the part of the vessel occupied by liquid ; a that of the
tube between the two positions of the index, both measured at 1 atmosphere ; e, e, the
average absolute compressibility of liquid and vessel per ton for the first p additional
tons. Equate to one another the volume of the liquid, and the volume of the part of
the vessel into which it is forced, both at additional pressure p. We have thus —
Y{\-ep) = (Y-a)(\-
-t)+,w
As ^ is usually small, this equation is treated as equivalent to
a
j,Y
i.e., the absolute compressibility of the liquid is equal to its apparent compressibility,
added to the absolute compressibility of the envelop.
One curious consequence of the exact equation is that, if the compressibilities were
both constant, or were known to change in a given ratio by pressure, it would be
possible (theoretically at least) to measure absolute compressibilities by piezometer
experiments alone, without employing a substance whose absolute compressibdity is
determined by an independent process. For the additional term in the exact equation
makes the coefficients of e and e numerically different ; whereas in the approximate
equation they are equal, but with opposite signs, and therefore can give e — e only.
In my experiments described above, a/Y rarely exceeds 0'02, so that this correction
amounts to (0-02 x 26 in 500, or) 5 units in the fourth significant place ; and thus
just escapes having to be taken account of. When 4 places are sought at lower
pressures than 3 tons, or 3 places at pressures of 4 tons and upwards, it must be taken
account of.
APPENDIX E.
ON THE RELATIONS BETWEEN LIQUID AND VAPOUR
In connection with the present research a number of side issues have presented
themselves, some of which come fairly within the scope of the Eeport. I commence by
reprinting two Notes, read on January 19 and February 2, 1885, to the Royal
Society of Edinburgh : ' —
ON THE NECESSITY FOR A CONDENSATION-NUCLEUS.
" The magnificent researches of Andrews on the isothermals of carbonic acid formed,
as it were, a nucleus in a supersaturated solution, round which an immediate crystal-
lization started, and has since been rapidly increasing.
"They gave the clue to the explanation of the paradoxical result of Regnault,that
hydrogen is less compressible and other gases more compressible, under moderate ,
pressure, than Boyle's Law indicates ; and to that of the companion result of Natterer
that, at very high pressures, all gases are less compressible than that law requires.
Thus they furnished the materials for an immense step in connection with the
behaviour of fluids above their critical points.
" But they threw at least an equal amount of light on the liquid-vapour question,
i.e. the behaviour of fluids at temperatures under their critical points. In Andrews'
experiments there was a commencement, and a completion, of liquefaction ; each at a
common definite pressure, but of course at very different volumes, for each particular
temperature.
" In 1871 Professor J. Thomson communicated to the Royal Society a remarkable
paper on the abrupt change from vapour to liquid, or the opposite, indicated by these
experiments. He called special attention to the necessity for a ' start,' as it were, in
order that these changes might be effected. [It is to this point that the present Note is
mainly directed, but I go on with a brief analysis of Thomson's work.] He pointed out
that there were numerous experiments proving that water could be heated, under
certain conditions, far above its boiling point without evaporating ; and that, probably,
1 Proc. Boy. Soc. Edin., vol. xiii. pp. 78 and 91, 1885.
PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF WATER, ETC. 69
steam might be condensed isothermally to supersaturation without condensing. Hence
he was led to suggest an isothermal of continued curvature, instead of the broken line
given by Andrews, as representing the continuous passage of a fluid from the state of
vapour to that of liquid ; the whole mass being supposed to be, at each stage of the
process, in the same molecular state.
" In Clerk-Maxwell's ' Treatise on Heat,' this idea of J. Thomson's was developed, in
connection with a remarkable speculation of "W. Thomson,1 on the pressure of vapour as
depending on the curvature of the liquid surface in contact with it. This completely
accounts for the deposition of vapour when a proper nucleus is present. Maxwell
showed that it could also account for the ' singing ' of a kettle, and for the growth
of the larger drops in a cloud at the expense of the smaller ones.
" The main objection to J. Thomson's suggested isothermal curve of transition is
that, as Maxwell points out, it contains a region in which pressure and volume increase
or diminish simultaneously. This necessarily involves instability, inasmuch as. for
definite values of pressure at constant temperature within a certain range in which
vapour and liquid can be in equilibrium, Thomson's hypothesis leads to three different
values of volume : two of which are stable ; but the intermediate one essentially
unstable. According to Maxwell, the extremities of this triple region correspond to
pressures, at which, regarded from the view of steady increase or diminution of pres-
sures, either the vapour condenses suddenly into liquid, or the liquid suddenly bursts
into vapour.
" If this were the case, no nucleus would be absolutely requisite for the formation
either of liquid from vapour or of vapour from liquid. All that would be required, in
either case, would be the proper increase or diminution of pressure ; — temperature being
kept unaltered. The latent heat of vapour, which we know to become less as the
critical point is gradually arrived at, would thus be given off in the explosive passage
from vapour to liquid. It is difficult to see, on this theory, how it can be explosively
taken in on the sudden passage from liquid to vapour.
" Aitken's experiments tend to show, what J. Thomson only speculatively announced,
that possibly vapour may not be condensed (in the absence of a nucleus), when com-
pressed isothermally, even at ranges far beyond the maximum of pressure indicated in
Thomson's figures. Hence it would appear that the range of instability is much less
than that given by Thomson's figures, and may (perhaps) be looked on as a vanishing
quantity ; the corresponding part of the isothermal being a finite line parallel to the
axis of pressures, corresponding to the sudden absorption or giving out of latent
heat."
1 Proc. Roy Soc. Edin., vol. vii. p. 63, 1870.
70 THE VOYAGE OF H.M.S. CHALLENGER.
ON EVAPORATION AND CONDENSATION.
" While I was communicating my Note on the Necessity for a Condensation Nucleus
at the last meeting of the Society, an idea occurred to me which germinated (on my
way home) to such an extent that I sent it off by letter to Professor J. Thomson that
same night.
" J. Thomson's idea, which I had been discussing, was to preserve, if possible,
physical (as well as geometrical) continuity in the isothermal of the liquid-vapour
state, by keeping the whole mass of fluid in one state throughout. He secured
geometrical, but not physical, continuity. For, as Clerk-Maxwell showed, one part of
his curve makes pressure and volume increase simultaneously, a condition essentially
unstable. The idea which occurred to me was, while preserving geometrical continuity,
to get rid of the region of physical instability, not (as I had suggested in my former
Note) by retaining Thomson's proposed finite maximum and minimum of pressure in
the isothermal, while bringing them infinitely close together so far as volume is con-
cerned, and thus restricting the unstable part of the isothermal to a finite line parallel
to the pressure axis ; but, by making both the maximum and minimum infinite.
Geometrical continuity, of course, exists across an asymptote parallel to the axis of
pressures ; so that, from this point of view, there is nothing to object to. On the
other hand, there is essentially physical discontinuity, in the form of an impassable
barrier between the vaporous and liquid states, so long at least as the substance is
considered as homogeneous throughout.
" It appeared to me that here lies the true solution of the difficulty. As we are
dealing with a fluid mass essentially homogeneous throughout, it is clear that we are
not concerned with cases in which there is a molecular surface-film.
" Suppose, then, a fluid mass, somehow maintained at a constant temperature
(lower than its critical point), and so extensive that its boundaries may be regarded
as everywhere infinitely distant, what will be the form of its isothermal in terms of
pressure and volume ?
" Two prominent experimental facts help us to an answer.
" First. We know that the interior of a mass of liquid mercury can be subjected to
hydrostatic tension of considerable amount without rupture. The isothermal must, in
this case, cross the line of volumes ; and the limit of the tension would, in ordinary
language, be called the cohesion of the liquid. I am not aware that this result has
been obtained with water free from air ; but possibly the experiment has not been
satisfactorily made. The common experiment in which a rough measure is obtained
of the force necessary to tear a glass plate from the surface of water is vitiated by the
instability of the concave molecular film formed.
PHYSICAL PROPERTIES CF WATER, ETC. 71
" Second. Aitken has asserted, as a conclusion from the results of direct experiment,
that even immensely supersaturated aqueous vapour will not condense without the
presence of a nucleus. This may be a solid body of finite size, a drop of water, or
fine dust particles.
" Both of these facts fit perfectly in to the hypothesis, that the isothermal in question
has an asymptote parallel to the axis of pressure ; the vapour requiring (in the absence
of a nucleus) practically infinite pressure to reduce it, without change of state or of
temperature, to a certain finite volume ; while the liquid, also without change of state
or temperature, may by sufficient hydrostatic tension be made to expand almost to
the same limit of volume.
" This limiting volume depends, of course, on the temperature of the isothermal ;
rising with it up to the critical point.
" The physical, not geometrical, discontinuity is of course to be attributed to the
latent heat of vaporisation. The study of the adiabatics, as modified by this hypo-
thesis, gives rise to some curious results.
" It is clear that the experimental realisation of the parts of the here suggested
curve hear to the asymptote, on either side, will be a matter of great difficulty for. any
substance. But valuable information may perhaps be obtained from the indications of
a sensitive thermo-electric junction immersed in mercury at the top of a column which
does not descend in a barometer tube of considerably more than 30 inches long, when
the tube is suddenly placed at a large angle with the vertical ; or from those of a
similar junction immersed in water, when it has a concave surface of great curvature
from which the atmospheric pressure is removed.
" Nothing of what is said above will necessarily apply when we have vapour and
liquid in presence of one another, or when we consider a small portion of either in the
immediate neighbourhood of another body. For then we are dealing with a state of
stress which cannot, like hydrostatic pressure or tension, be characterized (so far as we
know) by a single number. The stress in these molecular films is probably one of
tension in all directions parallel to the film, and of pressure in a direction perpendicular
to it. Thus it is impossible to represent such a state properly on the ordinary indicator
diagram. This question is still further complicated by the possibility that the differ-
ence between the internal pressures, in a liquid and its vapour in thermal equilibrium,
may be a very large quantity."
As soon as I heard of Berthelot's experiment, I had it successfully repeated in
my laboratory; and I considered that it afforded very strong confirmation of the
hypothesis advanced in the last preceding extract.
But since I have been led to believe that there is probably truth in Laplace's
statement as to the very great molecular pressure in liquids, I have still further
modified the speculation. I now propose to take away the new asymptote, and make
72 THE VOYAGE OF H.M.S. CHALLENGER.
the two branches of the isothermal join one another by what is practically a part of
that asymptote : — thus making the liquid and the vaporous stages continuous with
one another by means of a portion very nearly straight and parallel to the pressure
axis. Somewhere on this will be found one of the points of inflection of the isothermal,
the other being at a somewhat smaller volume, and at a pressure which is moderate for
temperatures close to, but under, the " critical point," but commences to increase with
immense rapidity as the temperature of the isothermal is lowered. All the isothermals
will now present the same general features, dependent on the existence of two
asymptotes and two points of inflection, whether they be above or below the critical
point ; but their form will be modified in different senses above and below it. The
portion of the curve which is convex upwards will be nearly horizontal at the critical
point, and will become steeper both above and below it ; but pressure and volume
will nowhere increase together. This suggestion, of course, like that in the second
extract above, is essentially confined to the case of a fluid mass which is supposed to
have no boundaries ; for their introduction at once raises the complex difficulties
connected with the surface-skin. Thus it will be seen that the conviction that water
has large molecular pressure has led me back to what is very nearly the first of the two
hypotheses I proposed.
A practical application of some of the principles just discussed is described in the
following little paper :—
ON AN APPLICATION OF THE ATHOMETER.1
" The Atmometer is merely a hollow ball of unglazed clay, to which a glass tube is
luted. The whole is filled with boiled water, and inverted so that the open end of the
tube stands in a dish of mercury. The water evaporates from the outer surface of the
clay (at a rate depending partly on the temperature, partly on the dryness of the air),
and in consecjuence the mercury rises in the tube. In recent experiments this rise of
mercury ha.s been carried to nearly 25 inches during dry weather. But it can be carried
much farther by artificially drying the air round the bulb. The curvature of the capil-
lary surfaces in the pores of the clay, which supports such a column of mercury, must
be somewhere about 14,000 (the unit being an inch). These surfaces are therefore,
according to the curious result of Sir'W. Thomson (Proc. Eoy. Soc. Edin., p. 63, 1870),
specially fitted to absorb moisture. And I found, by inverting over the bulb of the
instrument a large beaker lined with moist filter-paper, that the arrangement can be
made extremely sensitive. The mercury surface is seen to become flattened the
moment the beaker is applied, and a few minutes suffice to give a large descent, pro-
vided the section of the tube be small, compared with the surface of the ball.
1 Proc. Roy. Soc. Edin., vol. xiii. pp. 116, 117, 1835
PHYSICAL PEOPERTIES OF WATER, ETC. 73
" I propose to employ the instrument in this peculiarly sensitive state for the
purpose of estimating the amount of moisture in the air, when there is considerable
humidity ; but in its old form when the air is very dry. For this purpose the end of
the tube of the atmometer is to be connected, by a flexible tube, with a cylindrical
glass vessel, both containing mercury. When a determination is to be made in moist
air, the cylindrical vessel is to be lowered till the difference of levels of the mercury
amounts to (say) 25 inches, and the diminution of this difference in a definite time is
to be carefully measured, the atmospheric temperature being observed. On the other
hand, if the air be dry, the difference of levels is to be made nil, or even negative, at
starting, in order to promote evaporation. From these data, along with the constant
of the instrument (which must be determined for each clay ball by special experiments),
the amount of vapour in the air is readily calculated. Other modes of observation with
this instrument readily suggest themselves, and trials, such as it is proposed to make
at the Ben Nevis Observatory during summer, can alone decide which should be
preferred."
(PHYS. OHBM. CHALL. EXP. — PART IV. — 1888.) 10
APPENDIX F.
THE MOLECULAR PRESSURE IN A LIQUID.
Laplace's result, so far as concerns the question raised in the text, may be stated
thus. If MM'(r) be the molecular force between masses M, M' of the liquid,
at distance r, the whole attraction on unit mass, at a distance x within the
surface, is
,,00 /.00
X = 2irPf rdr/ 4>(r)8. Similarly in the South Atlantic, lat. 33° S. and
long. 20° W., the mean diurnal fluctuation is 0°"8, or the same as in the North
Atlantic. In the North Pacific, near lat. 37° N. and long. 170° W.5 it is l°-0 ; and in
the South Pacific, near lat. 36° S. and long. 87° W., it is 0°"9. Hence the general
diurnal range of temperature near the centres of these four great oceans, and near the
summer solstice, is a little less than a degree. On the other hand, near the equator
both in the Atlantic and Pacific the diurnal range is only 0o,7, being thus 0°-2 less
than about lat. 36°, a difference probably due to the more clouded skies and less
sunshine of equatorial regions. In February 1874, when the mean position of the
Challenger was nearly lat. 61° S., the difference between the mean coldest and warmest
hour was only 0°'2. The mean daily range deduced from the whole of the observations
made during the three years and a half is 0o>8.
The small daily variation of the temperature of the surface of the sea shown by
the Challenger observations is unquestionably a most important contribution to
physical science, forming in truth one of the prime factors in meteorology, particularly,
as will appear further on, in the discussions relating to atmospheric pressure and winds.
REPORT ON ATMOSPHERIC CIRCULATION. 7
Temperature of the Air over the Open Sea. — Table II., App. pp. 4-6, which has
been constructed similarly to Table I., shows the deviations each two hours from the
mean daily temperature of the air as observed on board the Challenger. The
following figures show the daily march of the temperature of the air over the North
Atlantic on a mean of the same one hundred and twenty-six days for which the
temperature of the sea has been given (Plate I. fig. 2) : —
2 a.m.
4 „
6 „
The ampbtude of the daily fluctuation is thus 3°"2. In the South Atlantic, about lat.
36° S. and long. 36° W., the diurnal range of temperature is 2°'5 ; in the North Pacific,
about lat. 37° N. and long. 168° W., 3°-l ; and in the South Pacific, about lat. 36° S.
and long. 100° W., 4°-0. In the neighbourhood of the equator in the Atlantic, about
long. 18° "W., the daily range is 2°"6, and in the Pacific, about long. 145 E., 2°-l. Hence
while the mean daily range of temperature of the air in the anti-cyclonic regions of the
four great oceans is 3°'2, in the neighbourhood of the equator, where the sky is more
clouded, it is about a degree less. In high latitudes the daily range is much less, as
will appear from the following table : —
ri
10 A.M.
0°-8
6 P.M.
0°7
r-4
Noon
r-4
8 „
-0°-3
r-4
2 P.M.
l°-8
10 „
-0°-8
0°-2
4 „
r-6
Midt.
-l°-0
Number of Days'
Obs.
Lat. S.
Long. E.
Daily Range of
Temp, of Air.
18
62° 40'
85° 26'
0°-8
10
54° 5'
73° 14'
l°-8
10
51° 54'
117° 47'
l°-5
6
47° 16'
56° 23'
l°-9
The general result is that the daily range of the temperature of the air on the open
sea is from three to four times greater than that of the surface temperature of the sea
over which it lies.
Part of this increased daily range of the temperature of the air as compared with
that of the sea was no doubt occasioned by a higher temperature during the day and a
lower during the night on the deck of the Challenger as compared with that of the
free atmosphere over the sea all round. But, after making allowance for this disturbing
influence, it may be assumed that the temperature of the air has a considerably larger
daily range than that of the sea on which it rests. The point is one of no little interest
in atmospheric physics from its important bearings on the relations of the air and
its watery vapour, in its gaseous, liquid, and solid states, and of the particles of dust
everywhere present, to solar and terrestrial radiation.
8
THE VOYAGE OF H.M.S. CHALLENGER.
During the same months, which gave on the mean of one hundred and twenty-six
days a daily range of temperature of 3°*2 over the open sea, the Challenger was
lying near land on seventy-six days. The observations made on these days showed a
greater daily range than out on the open sea. The minimum, — 2°-l, occurred at
4 a.m., and the maximum, 2°-3, at noon, thus giving a daily range of 4°*4. It is
interesting to note the frequency with which the mean daily maximum occurred as
early as noon when the Challenger was in harbour, a result probably due to the
diurnal period of the sea breezes in such situations in tropical and subtropical regions.
Generally speaking, at High Level Stations and in situations within the influence of
well-marked sea breezes, the time of occurrence of the daily maximum temperature
is about two hours earlier than in inland open situations.
Brewster made the remark many years ago, that, as regards land observations, the
mean of any pair of hours of the same name, such as 2 a.m. and 2 p.m., 4 a.m. and 4 p.m.,
etc., does not differ very materially from the mean temperature of the day.
The following are the deviations from the mean temperature of the air of the
separate pairs of hours for the one hundred and twenty-six days of the North Atlantic
given above
2 a.m. and 2 p.m.,
4 4
6 „ „ 6 „
8 ,i ,j 8 „
10 „ „ 10 „
Noon and midnight,
Deviation from
the Mean.
+ 0°-3
+ 0°d
-0°-3
0°'0
0°-0
+ 0°-2
The result for the six hours, 4, 8 A.m. and p.m., noon and midnight, is + 0°-l, and for
the six hours 2, 6, and 10 a.m. and p.m., 0°'0.
In the Isothermal Maps for the globe given in this work, the isothermals for the
North Atlantic have been drawn from the data published in the " International
Meteorological Observations " of the United States. But as the observations are made
as near as possible at the same physical instant, they were first corrected for Diurnal
Range from the results given in this table.
Variation of the Humidity of the Air. — The observations on the humidity of the
atmosphere were made with the ordinary dry and wet bulb thermometers, from which
the absolute and relative humidities have been calculated by Glaisher Tables.
If the aqueous vapour remained permanently and unchanged in the atmosphere,
that is, if it were not liable to be condensed into cloud or rain, the mixture would
become as complete as that of the oxygen and nitrogen of the air. The equilibrium of
the vapour atmosphere, however, is being constantly disturbed by changes of temperature,
by every instance of condensation, and by the unceasing process of evaporation. Since
REPORT ON ATMOSPHERIC CIRCULATION. »
dry air materially obstructs the free diffusion of the aqueous vapour, the law of the
independent pressure of the vapour and the dry air of the atmosphere holds good only
approximately. The aqueous vapour, however, constantly tends to approach this state.
The important conclusion follows, that the hygrometer can never indicate more than
the local humidity of the place where it is observed. While then in certain cases the
amount of vapour indicated by the dry and wet bulb readings is far from the truth, yet
in averages, particularly long averages, a close approximation to the real humidity of
the locality is attained if the hygrometer be at all tolerably well exposed and carefully
manipulated and observed.
Aqueous vapour is being constantly added to the air from water, snow, and other
moist and frozen surfaces. The rate of evaporation is greatest when the air is driest or
freest from vapour, and least when it is nearest the point of saturation. As air expands
under a diminished pressure, its temperature consequently falls, and it continues to
approach nearer the point of saturation, or to become ruoister; and as it contracts
under an increased pressure, its temperature rises, and it recedes from the point of
saturation, or becomes drier. Hence ascending currents of air become moister with every
addition to the ascent, and descending currents drier as they continue to descend.
The pressure exerted by the aqueous vapour in the atmosphere, or, as it is
usually called, the elastic force of vapour, is expressed in decimals of an inch of the
mercurial barometer. It indicates the quantity of aqueous vapour in the air at the
place of observation, and in this light may be viewed as the absolute humidity of the
air as there observed. It cannot, however, be regarded as indicating the pressure due
to the aqueous vapour of the whole atmosphere over the place of observation, since we
are still very ignorant of the distribution of the aqueous vapour with height. Now the
diurnal variation in the elastic force of vapour in the air is seen in its simplest
form over the open sea. Grouping together all the hygrometric observations made
on board the Challenger in the North Atlantic, at a distance from land, from March
to July 1873, eighty-four days in all, there being for that time a mean elastic force
of 0"659 inch, the following is the diurnal variation (Plate I. fig. 3) : —
Inch.
Inch.
Inch.
2 A.M.
-0-015
10 A.M.
+ 0-004
6 P.M.
+ 0-007
4 „
-0-020
Noon
+ 0-017
8 „
+ 0-002
6 „
-0016
2 P.M.
+ 0-020
10 „
-0-005
8 „
-0-007
4 „
+ 0-017
Midt.
-0010
Thus the minimum, —0*020 inch, occurs at the hour when the temperature of the
surface of the sea and air resting over it falls to the daily minimum ; it then rises to
the mean a little after 9 a.m. ; to the daily maximum, +0'020 inch, at 2 p.m., when the
temperature of the sea and air are also near the daily maximum ; and falls to the mean
(PHYS. CHEM. CIIALL. EXP. — PAET V. — 1889.) 2
10 THE VOYAGE OF H.M.S. CHALLENGER.
shortly before 9 p.m. But it is only on the open sea, at a distance from land, where
this typical curve of the diurnal humidity occurs with its sino-le minimum and
maximum. Over land the humidity daily curve shows two well-marked minima and
maxima — the two minima occurring in the early morning and in the afternoon ; and the
more inland the situation and stronger ' the sun, the more strongly marked is the
afternoon minimum. Now the hygrometric observations made near land show a daily
humidity curve intermediate between these two. The observations made near
land in the North Atlantic, during the same months, disclose the following diurnal
variations (Plate I. fig. 4) : —
Inch. Inch. Inch.
2 a.m. -0-003 10 a.m. +0-014 6 p.m. 0-000
4 „ -0-009 Noon +0-010 8 „ -0-004
6 „ -0010 2 p.m. +0-007 10 „ -0-005
8 „ -0-003 4 „ +0-015 Midt. -0-007
The disturbance due to proximity to land in the diurnal distribution of the aqueous
vapour in the lower stratum of the atmosphere is remarkable. The maximum and
minimum no longer follow the corresponding phases of the temperature of the surface
of the sea and the air. The disturbing agents are the land and sea breezes, with the
other atmospheric movements resulting from the unequal heating of land and water.
Under the influence of the land breeze, the time of minimum humidity is delayed till
about 6 a.m. The most remarkable feature of the curve, however, is the occurrence of
a secondary minimum of humidity, for some hours between 10 a.m. and 4 p.m., a feature
altogether absent in the atmosphere over the open sea. It is to be noted that this
mid-day minimum occurs at the hours of the day when, the surface of the land being
most highly heated, the ascending current of heated air rising from it is strongest, and
the resulting breeze from the sea towards the land therefore also strongest. This
diminution in the amount of aqueous vapour, recorded on board the Challenger when
near land, points unmistakably to an intermixture, with the air forming the sea
breeze, of descending thin air filaments or currents to take the place of the masses of
air removed by the currents which ascend from the heated surface of the land ; and
this increased dryness occurs also in the air of the sea breezes as they near the land.
The relative humidity of the air, or, as it is more frequently called, its humidity, is
the degree of its approach to complete saturation. Complete saturation is represented
by 100, and air absolutely free of vapour by 0. The latter, however, never occurs in
the free atmosphere. About the lowest relative humidity, or driest state of the
atmosphere hitherto recorded with the requisite care and accuracy, was 6 per cent, at
the Ben Nevis Observatory at 8 p.m. of March 12, 1886, on which day the mean of the
twenty-four hourly observations was only 15 per cent.
The diurnal variation of the relative humidity, which is quite different from that
REPORT ON ATMOSPHERIC CIRCULATION. 11
of the vapour pressure, is of the simplest description. The following are the deviations
from the mean daily humidity, 80 per cent., over the North Atlantic, from the
observations made on that ocean in 1873 (Plate I. fig. 5) : —
Per cent.
Per cent.
2 A.M.
+ 2
2
P.M
. -3
4 „
+ 2
4
)>
-2
6 „
+ 1
6
»
-1
8 „
0
8
>>
0
10 „
-1
10
»»
+ 1
Noon
_ 2
Midt.
+ 2
Hence the maximum humidity takes place from midnight to 4 A.M., and the minimum
from noon to 4 p.m., in other words, when the temperature of the air is at the daily
minimum and maximum respectively, the curve of humidity being thus simply inverse
to that of the temperature. These are, substantially, the prominent phases of the
curve of humidity for all climates and seasons, subject, however, to a slight increase
in sea-side climates during the hours of the day of the prevalence of the sea breeze.
The significance of this constituent of climate lies in its relations to the
diathermancy of the air, and to the dust particles everywhere present in it, and
consequently to the all-important questions of solar and terrestrial radiation. It is
assumed, with high probability, that perfectly pure and dry air, or air quite free from
aqueous vapour and dust particles, permits rays of heat to pass through it with at
most no more than a very slight increase to its temperature. "We are yet without
exact information as to whether a mixture of the air with aqueous vapour as a pure gas
only, is equally diathermanous with dry air. Whether this be so or not, it may be
regarded as certain that the atmosphere never interposes between the earth and the
sun a purely gaseous aerial screen, but that it everywhere, even when apparently quite
clear, contains minute particles of dust, and water either in the fluid state, or in the
solid state as small spicules of ice.
Next to the winds, the aqueous vapour of the air, in its amount and relation to
solar and terrestrial radiation, and in the different ways in which in different localities
it is partitioned through the hours of the day and months of the year, plays the most
important part in giving to the various regions of the globe their infinitely diversified
climates.
Oscillations of the Barometer. Tables III. and IV., App. pp. 7-48. — The general
character of the diurnal oscillations of atmospheric pressure is shown by figs. 6 and
7 of Plate I. Fig. 6 represents the mean oscillation for Batavia, lat. 6° 11' S.,
long. 106° 50' E., and fig. 7 a strictly ocean oscillation in the Pacific in lat. 1° 10' S.
and long. 150° 46' "W. Both figs, show two maxima about 10 a.m. and 10 p.m., and
two minima about 4 a.m. and 4 p.m. respectively. The two situations are near the
equator, the one on the coast of Java and the other in mid ocean. In the latter the
12 THE VOYAGE OF H.M.S. CHALLENGER.
phenomena are shown in their simplest form, whilst at Batavia the more striking effects
of the influence of land are apparent.
In order to show the constancy, or otherwise, of the times of occurrence of the
maxima and minima, a series of twelve maps of the globe were prepared for the month
of June, showing at all stations from which the required data have been obtained, the
deviations at noon, 2 p.m., 4 p.m., etc., G.M.T., from the daily mean pressure; and
thence four lines were drawn showing the places where, at that hour, the maxima and
minima occurred. For fully 30° north and south of the equator the lines of maxima
and minima ran north and south, but in higher latitudes these lines are changed,
particularly as regards the forenoon maximum and the afternoon minimum. For
example, at 6 p.m. the line indicating the afternoon minimum is for the latitude of
London in long. 16° W. ; in lat. 30° N., it is in long. 35° W., in which meridian it holds
its course southwards as far as lat. 30° S. ; its course thence turns south-westwards to
near the Falkland Islands, long. 60° W. It follows that in June the afternoon minimum
occurs about three hours earlier in the Falkland Islands than in the south-west of Ireland,
thus showing in a striking manner the influence of season on the diurnal phenomena of
pressure. In cases where the lines of maxima and minima cross such regions as southern
and western Europe, whose surface is diversified by large tracts of land and sheets of
water, the deflexions are peculiarly striking and instructive..
In middle and higher latitudes in summer, proximity to the sea, conspicuously so
when the station is situated on the west coasts of continents and islands, delays the
time of occurrence of the morning maximum and the afternoon minimum ; whilst in
continental situations the morning maximum occurs much earlier than in lower latitudes,
and the evening minimum nearly as late as at places near the sea. It appears from
the Challenger observations that these peculiarities of the curves do not occur over the
open sea in the higher latitudes.
The retardation of the time of occurrence of the morning maximum is greatest in
situations which, while strongly insular in character, are at the same time on, or not
far from, an extensive tract of land to eastward or south-eastward. This is well
illustrated by the hourly oscillations of the barometer for the year at Helder, in the
north-west of Holland, and Sitka, in the south-east of Alaska (Table IV., App. pp. 28
and 36). The deviations from the means are given in thousandths of an inch.
It is seen that at Helder, the morning maximum occurs at times varying from nine
to ten o'clock in the beginning of the year, and successively later as the year advances,
till in June it is delayed to 2 p.m., and thereafter it occurs earlier and earlier month by
month till January, when it is at the earliest. The following selected cases of the
hourly deviations of pressure in June illustrate the gradual occurrence earlier of this
phase according as the place becomes less insular as described above, the series closing
with Kew and Culloden, to which are added Katherinenburg and Fort Piae. A selection
of these is plotted on Plate I., figs. 8-15.
REPORT ON ATMOSPHERIC CIRCULATION.
13
TABLE showing the Diurnal Oscillation of the Barometer in June, in Thousandths
of an Inch.
The Heavy Figures show a pressure above, the Italic Figures below, the Means.
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16 THE VOYAGE OF H.M.S. CHALLENGER.
A selection from the hourly barometric oscillations of the Challenger is included
in the table, from which it is seen that on small islands, such as Ascension and
St. Helena, and, during the rainy season, of such localities as Havana, Bombay, Hong
Kong, and Zi-ki-wei, the amounts and times of occurrence of the maxima and minima
closely agree with what were observed on board the Challenger over the open sea in
like latitudes.
The influence of the land, in dry climates, in increasing the amount of the
oscillation is most strikingly shown at Jacobabad, where pressure rises at 9 a.m. to
0-097 inch above the mean, and at 4 p.m. falls to 0'090 inch below it, thus showing
the large range of nearly two-tenths of an inch. At Aden, where the climate is dry
at all seasons, the fall from the morning maximum to the afternoon minimum is
0'084 inch in January, whereas in August it amounts to 0"163 inch, or nearly double
that of January, when the sun occupies a lower place in the sky. On the other hand,
at Bombay, during the dry season in January, the range is 0'119 inch, but during the
wet season in July, though the sun's position is then nearly vertical, the range is only
0'067 inch. The same peculiarity is seen in the corresponding seasons of Havana,
Hong Kong, and Zi-ki-wei. At Dodabetta, 8640 feet high, the relatively lower
morning minimum and retardation of the morning maximum, which characterise the
curves of High Level Stations in the higher latitudes, are well illustrated.
Among the most valuable of the physical results arrived at from the observations
made on board the Challenger — valuable from the important conclusions to which
it leads — is the fact that the diurnal range of the mean surface temperature of the
sea does not anywhere exceed a degree Fahrenheit, whilst the diurnal oscillations of
the barometer occur over the open sea as well as over the land surfaces of the globe.
It follows, therefore, that the atmosphere over the open sea rests on a floor or surface,
subject to a diurnal range of temperature so small as to render the temperature
practically constant both day and night.
This consideration leads at once to the all-important conclusion that the diurnal
oscillations of the barometer are not caused by the heating and cooling of the earth's
surface by solar and terrestrial radiation, and by the effects which follow these diurnal
changes in the temperature of the surface, but that they are primarily caused by the
direct heating by solar radiation and cooling by nocturnal radiation to the cold
regions of space, of the molecules of the air and of its aqueous vapour, these
changes of temperature being instantaneously communicated through the whole mass of
the atmosphere from its lowermost stratum resting on the surface to the extreme limit
of the atmosphere. There are, as has been shown, important modifications, affecting
the amplitude and times of occurrence of the four principal phases of the phenomena,
observed over land surfaces, the temperature of which is superheated during the day
and cooled during the night, as observed in climates widely different as regards the
REPORT ON ATMOSPHERIC CIRCULATION. 17
amount of aqueous vapour present in the atmosphere ; but it is here particularly
insisted on that the barometric oscillations themselves are independent of any changes
of temperature of the floor on which the atmosphere rests. We shall, then, consider
the phenomena chiefly, as the results of observation present them to us, as existing
over the free ocean, and therefore cleared of all complications arising from the diurnal
heating of the surface.
Physicists are divided in opinion as to whether the aqueous vapour of the air,
while in the purely gaseous state, is or is not as diathermanous as is the dry air of the
atmosphere, no decisive experiment having yet been made to prove the relation of
purely gaseous vapour to radiant heat. But it is quite different as regards the water
suspended in the atmosphere in the liquid, and in the solid form in minutely divided
states, and as regards the particles of dust which recent research has shown to be every-
where present in the atmosphere. It is from Mr. John Aitken's ingenious experiments
and researches that an insight may be obtained as to the relations of the dust particles
to the aqueous vapour of the atmosphere.
Mr. Aitken showed, in his paper on Dust, Fogs, and Clouds,1 that a solid nucleus
is necessary for the condensation of water-vapour in the formation of fogs and clouds,
and in subsequent communications to the Eoyal Society of Edinburgh he has shown
that even the purest air that can lie obtained contains an enormous number of fine
dust particles. The purest air examined, which was obtained at Ben Nevis Observatory,
contained 2100 dust particles per cubic inch; in Edinburgh, on a fine clear day, the
number was 738,000 ; whilst in air taken from near the ceiling of a hall about the close
of a meeting, the dust particles to the cubic inch were 57,400.000.
Let us now look at the phenomena of the diurnal oscillation as found in the Pacific
near the equator, and in the midst of the largest water surface of the globe. Plate I.
fig. 7 shows the hourly variations of pressure from observations by the Challenger,
September 1 to 12, 1875, in mean lat. 1° 10' S. and long. 150° 4'W., the mean pressure
for these days having been 29 "928 inches. The most remarkable feature of the curve is
the amplitude of the range from the morning maximum to the afternoon minimum, and
the rapidity of the fall in the four hours from 10 a.m. to 2 p.m., amounting to 0'087
inch. This and the other features of the curve are substantially the same for all
positions on the open sea for at least 12° on each side of the equator. In higher
latitudes, over land, in anticyclonic regions, and in particular geographical situations,
the curves become more or less modified. They all agree in showing the double maxima
and minima, except in a few restricted regions of high latitudes already referred to.
If the temperature of the whole of the earth's atmosphere were raised, atmospheric
pressure would be diminished, inasmuch as the mass of the earth's atmosphere would
thereby be removed to a greater distance from the earth's centre of gravity. But quite
1 Trans. Roy. Soc. Ediv., vol. xxx. pp. 337-368.
(PHTS. CHEJr. CHALL. EXP. — PART V. — 1889.)
18 THE VOYAGE OF H.M.S. CHALLENGER
different results would follow if the temperature of ouly a section of the atmosphere
were suddenly raised, such as the section, resembling the " lith " or division of an orange,
comprised between 150° and 180° west longitude. The immediate effect would be an
increase of barometric pressure from the expansion due to the higher temperature,
and a subsequent effect would be the setting in of an ascending current, more or less
powerful in proportion to the differences between the temperature of the heated section
and that of the air on each side. These are essentially the conditions under which
the morning maximum and the afternoon minimum take place.
The earth makes a complete revolution round its axis in twenty-four hours,
and in the same brief interval the double-crested and double-troughed atmospheric
diurnal tide makes a complete circuit of the globe. The whole of the diurnal
phenomenon of the atmospheric tides is therefore rapidly propagated over the surface
of the earth from east to west, and, as the movement of the surface is necessarily most
rapid in equatorial regions, the amplitude of the oscillations there is greater than in
higher latitudes under similar astronomical, geographical, and atmospherical conditions.
The Morning Minimum. — This depression of the barometric curve occurs from a
little before midnight to near sunrise, or during the time when the effects of nocturnal
radiation in lowering the temperature are the greatest. Pressure falls to the minimum
about four in the morning.
Assuming that aqueous vapour in its purely gaseous state is as diathermanous as
the dry air of the atmosphere, let us consider the part played by the dust particles
suspended in the air. As nocturnal radiation proceeds, the temperature of each dust
particle continues to fall below that of the air immediately surrounding it. From this
state of things two important consequences follow — 1st, the temperature of the whole
atmosphere falls, and 2nd, as soon as the temperature of the dust particle reaches, in its
cooling, the dew point of the air in contact with it, dew begins to be deposited on it,
and the vitally important result follows that a portion of the aqueous vapour of the
atmosphere passes from the gaseous to the liquid state, thus reducing the tension. Hence
the morning minimum is due to a reduction of tension brought about by a compara-
tively sudden lowering of the temperature of the air itself and by a change of a portion
of the aqueous vapour from the gaseous to the liquid state. Since this takes place at a
more rapid rate than is compensated for by aDy mechanical or tidal movement of the
atmosphere from the regions adjoining, owing to the inertia and viscosity of the air,
pressure continues to fall to the morning minimum, which occurs some time before
sunrise, or rather before dawn. It is probable that the commencement of the increase
from the minimum before the air is yet heated by the indirect or direct rays of the
returning sun is due to the setting in of a mechanical or tidal movement of the con-
tiguous air towards this region where the pressure has been lowered. The morning
minimum is thus due, not to any removal of the mass of air overhead, but to a reduc-
REPORT ON ATMOSPHERIC CIRCULATION. 19
tion of the tension by a lowering of the temperature and change of state of a part of the
aqueous vapour.
TJie Morning Maximum. — The diurnal heating of the atmosphere proceeds with
the ascent of the sun. As the water condensed on the surfaces of the dust particles
is evaporated, tension is increased by the simple change from the fluid to the gaseous
state ; and as the dust particles in the sun's rays rise in temperature above that of the
films of air in contact with them, the temperature of the atmosphere is thereby raised,
thus further increasing the tension. Under these conditions the barometer steadily
rises with the increasing tension to the morning maximum. It is to be particularly
noted that this rise of the barometer is not due to any accessions to the mass of air
overhead, but only to increasing temperature and change of part of the watery vapour
from the liquid to the gaseous state. Owing to the rapidity of the heating and increase
of tension of the atmosphere through its whole height by the sun's rays, but more par-
ticularly in the lowermost strata where the dust particles are more numerous and, as the
colours of sunset suggest, grosser than prevail in the upper regions of the atmosphere,
some time must elapse before the greater expansive force thus called into play is able
to counteract the vertical and lateral resistance it meets from the inertia and viscosity
of the air. The only effect of the conversion of latent to sensible heat in these con-
densations, and the converse after sunrise, is but a slight retardation of the phenomena.
The Afternoon Minimum. — When this resistance has been overcome, an ascending
current of the warm air sets in, and pressure gradually falls, as the mass of air
overhead is reduced by the ascending current flowing back as an upper current to
eastward, in other words, over the section of the atmosphere immediately to eastward,
the temperature of which has now fallen considerably lower than that of the region
from which the ascending current rises.
'The Evening Maximum. — When the daily maximum temperature is past and
temperature has begun to fall, the air becomes gradually more condensed in the lower
strata, and, as a consequence, pressure at great heights is lowered, and, be it particularly
noted, lowered most as compared with the pressure at the same height over the region
from which the ascending current is rising. Hence it follows that owing to this relative
difference of pressure, the ascending current, which rises from the longitudes where at the
time the afternoon pressure is at the minimum, flows back to eastward, thus increasing
the pressure over those longitudes where temperature has now greatly fallen. This
atmospheric quasi-tidal movement occasions the evening maximum of pressure, which
occurs from 9 p.m. to midnight, according to latitude and geographical position. As
midnight and the early 'hours of morning advance, these contributions through the
upper currents become less and less, and finally cease altogether, and the effects of the
nocturnal radiation now going forward again introduce the morning minimum, as already
described. Thus the afternoon minimum is occasioned by the removal of part of the
mass of the atmosphere by the ascending current and its connected upper current,
20 THE VOYAGE OF H.M.S. CHALLENGER.
and the evening maximum by accessions to the mass of atmosphere overhead from this
upper current.
The Challenger observations all show that over the ocean, latitude for latitude,
the amplitude of the oscillations is larger in an atmosphere highly charged with aqueous
vapour, and less in a dry atmosphere. Also over the open sea, the morning minimum
is largest in equatorial regions, and it diminishes with latitude ; but its rate of
diminution with latitude through anticyclonic and other regions is generally less and
more uniform than is the case with the afternoon minimum.
From October 12 to 22, 1875, the mean pressure in lat. 35° 1' S. and long.
134° 35' W. was 30-298 inches, and the difference between the mornino- maximum
and the afternoon minimum was only 0-036 inch ; again, from July 12 to 19 in the
same year, in lat. 36° 16' N. and long. 156° 11' W., the mean pressure was 30"328
inches, and the difference between the a.m. maximum and the p.m. minimum was only
0025 inch. Thus in the Pacific about lat. 35°-36° N. and S., with a mean pressure
much greater than near the equator, the oscillation is much less, being in the North
Pacific less than a third of what occurs near the equator. In the same latitudes in
the middle of the South Atlantic the difference was observed to be 0"025 inch, and
in the North Atlantic 0*014 inch. Now these are regions of the four great oceans
which are overspread by permanent anticyclones, and characterised by calms, light
and variable winds, and the central regions of which are as a matter of fact but little
traversed by sailors, as is well shown on Baillie's Meteorological Charts of the Oceans.
These regions are shown on the Isobaric maps, and it will be seen that the surface winds
outflow in every direction from the high pressure areas of the anticyclones. Since,
notwithstanding the outflow of the surface, pressure remains high, it necessarily follows
that the high pressure is kept up by an inflow of upper currents. As the slow descending
air of the centre of the anticyclones connects the inflowing upper currents with the
outflowing winds of the surface, it follows that the air filling the central areas of the
anticyclones is relatively very dry, — every stage of its descent adding to its relative
dryness, — and contains in all probability fewer dust particles than elsewhere. Hence
over anticyclonic areas the atmosphere will be less cooled by nocturnal radiation
and less heated by solar radiation, and the change of the aqueous vapour from the
gaseous to the liquid state and vice versa will be also less than elsewhere. It follows that
the amplitudes of the oscillation will diminish as the ocean becomes more land-locked
with continents, in other words, as the anticyclonic region becomes better defined and
currents of air, which rise from the heated surfaces of the adjoining continents, are
poured down more steadily and copiously by the upper currents of the atmosphere.
Hence of the four oceans, the smallest oscillation, 0"014 inch, is shown in the
anticyclonic region of the North Atlantic, and the largest, 0-036 inch, in that of the
South Pacific.
REPORT ON ATMOSPHERIC CIRCULATION.
21
The geographical distribution of this oscillation is given in the accompanying Fig. 2,
which shows for July its amount by lines of 10, 20, 40, 60, 80, and 100 thousandths of
160 MO 120
80 6 J 40 20 0 20 40 M
DO 120 1*0 16 0 18 0
Fig. 2.— Ohart showing the mean monthly amount of the diurnal oscillation of the barometer over the globe for July.
an inch, or 0-010 inch, 0'020 inch, etc. The abnormally small amount over the centre
of the Atlantic and the Mediterranean begins in March, attains the maximum in June,
and ends in October. It is thus confined to the warmer months of the year, and is not
cumulative, like most other meteorological phenomena, but follows the sun, having its
maximum in June. The smallness of the oscillation over the North Atlantic, which is
probably less than occurs in any other ocean in the same latitude, is to a large extent
caused by the small dip in the diurnal curve of the afternoon minimum, thus indicating
an atmosphere where the heating by the sun is comparatively small. Over the open sea
of the higher latitudes, the afternoon dip, or afternoon minimum, disappears, thus reducing
the barometric curve to one maximum and one minimum during the twenty-four hours.
The much greater amplitude of the oscillations on land, as compared with the open
sea, is entirely due to the heating of the surface of the earth, this higher temperature,
which has its origin in the superheated surface, being in addition to the direct heating
of the air by the heat rays of the sun as they pass through it. Tension is thereby still
further increased, and, consequently, the morning maximum and the afternoon
minimum are both more extreme than over the open sea. The oscillation reaches its
maximum just in those tropical climates where insolation is strongest, and the effect
is doubtless still further heightened by the greater number of dust particles present
in the atmosphere of these climates.
In low latitudes, where the velocity of the surface due to the earth's rotation is
near the maximum, the four phases of the barometric oscillations are most sharply
defined and of greatest amplitude. But in the higher latitudes, where the velocity of
the surface is much reduced, the amount of the oscillation is also small, and the one
phase passes into the other by easy gradations.
It has been shown in the Table, p. 13, that in situations more or less insular
22
THE VOYAGE OF ELKS. CHALLENGES.
situated to westward of a pretty extensive tract of land, the forenoon maximum is
retarded, — in some places as much as seven hours, — and that in all these cases the after-
noon minimum is small and in some instances all but disappears. On the other hand,
at no great distance from the coast, both inland and seaward, the afternoon minimum is
quite distinctly seen, the retardation of the forenoon maximum rapidly gives way, and
the chief phases of the diurnal oscillation occur near the normal times. This disturbance
in the diurnal oscillation can scarcely be said to occur on the east coasts of tracts of land.
This peculiarity of the diurnal barometric tide is due to the circumstance that the
air over the land is earlier and more rapidly heated than the air over the sea to west-
ward of it, and, consequently, the ascending current sets in sooner and stronger over
the land than over the sea, accompanied with the necessary result of the propagation of
a temporary overflow to westward by a sub-upper current from the continental toward
the insular situation. The retardation of the phases of the curve is also seen in lower
latitudes, though less easily detected owing to the larger amounts of the oscillations.
In summer, at Coimbra, pressure falls to the mean of the day shortly after -noon, but
at Lisbon it is an hour and at San Fernando an hour and a half later. At Milan it
occurs about 12.45 p.m., but at Naples it is delayed to about 3 p.m.
The following Table presents another set of diurnal barometric curves totally different
from any yet referred to. It gives in thousandths of an inch, the winter, summer, and
annual means for Gries, Klagenfurt, and Cordova, to which Mexico is added.
GRIES, Lat. 46' 30',
KLAGENFURT, Lat.
CORDOVA, Lat. -31°
MEXICO, Lat. 19* 26',
Long. 11° 20';
46* 37', Long. 14° 18' ;
24', Long. -64° 6';
Long. -99° 0';
Height, 958 Fket.
Height, 1437 Feet.
1460 Feet.
7490 Feet.
Nov.,
Dec,
May,
Nov.,
May,
May,
Nov.,
Nov.,
May,
June,
Year.
Dec,
June,
Year.
June,
Dec,
Year.
Dec,
June,
Year.
Jan.
July.
Jan.
July.
July.
Jan.
Jan.
July.
1 A.M.
-' „
3 „
8
25
18
11
15
14
21
24
26
10
10
10
7
25
18
9
18
13
23
23
25
3
1
2
7
24
17
9
16
13
21
21
23
1
2
3
3
28
16
1 9
18
13
19
21
22
2
0
0
O ,,
6 M
1
34
18
9
22
14
18
24
22
7
7
7
1
40
22
13
25
11
17
30
24
19
18
19
~ ■■
8 ,,
H ,,
10 „
11 ,,
Nuon
6
40
26
13
24
20
18
36
28
32
29
31
14
35
30
16
26
21
20
41
31
47
36
41
19
28
29
14
19
19
23
40
33
56
37
47
19
15
21
12
15
15
25
34
30
49
30
41
15
2
11
4
5
6
14
25
20
30
18
26
0
15
6
6
5
4
4
15
5
1
3
4
1 P.M.
U
35
S3
IS
IS
IG
24
a
H
27
23
S3
3 "
t ;;
25
45
37
u
29
27
41
14
32
51
34
43
&8
54
45
27
36
32
47
40
47
63
5-i
57
26
68
43
25
41
35
4G
56
64
63
58
62
~«
57
40
20
,'J
33
40
61
53
54
54
57
12
47
3G
IS
M
27
3:
60
AS
44
30
43
7
3
6
35
Si
s
-/
IS
GO
55
40
10
9g
24
9
1
14
O
i
14
7
Ti
45
2S
3
~g
2
1(> "
11
4
4
3
5
3
4
i
26
14
16
13
16
9
14
11
7
8 8
10
G
2
21
25
24
10
21
IS
8
12 10
20
13
17
19
28
24
-Midmglit . i
1
23
19
S
16 13
23
22
23
16
21
13
REPORT ON ATMOSPHERIC CIRCULATION. 23
The most noticeable feature of these daily barometric oscillations is their very large
amounts, those at Gries, though in lat. 46° 30' N., being tropical in amount; and the
singular circumstance is that in no season does the morning minimum fall so low as
the daily mean. Gries, Klagenfurt, and Cordova are each situated in a deep valley,
and they present the diurnal barometric curves characteristic of these places (Plate I.
fig. 20). In such situations, during night, the whole surface of the region is cooled
by radiation below the air above it, and the air in immediate contact with the ground
becoming also cooled, a system of descending air-currents sets in over the whole face of
the country bounding the deep valley. The direction and velocity of these descending
currents are modified by the irregularities of the ground, and, like currents of water,
they converge in the bottom of the valleys, which they fill to a considerable height
with the cold air they bring down from the sides of the mountains. This cold and
consequently relatively dense air rises above the barometers which happen to be down
in the valley, with the result that a high mean pressure is maintained during the
night. In summer the pressure at the coldest time of the night is maintained, 0"020
inch, at Klagenfurt, higher than it is in open situations in that country, and double this
amount, or 0"040 inch, at Gries. On the other hand, during the day these deep valleys
become highly heated by the sun, and a strong ascending current is early formed, under
which pressure falls unusually low. Thus, while at Vienna the afternoon minimum
falls 0'026 inch below the daily mean, at Klagenfurt the amount is 0'042 inch, and at
Gries 0-058 inch.
The same feature of the pressure is seen, though in a much less pronounced degree,
in the curves for Mexico, where the daily range is usually large for so elevated a station
and consequent low mean pressure, and where the morning minimum either does not
fall to the mean of the day or but little below it.
On the other hand, at high-level observatories, such as Obirgipfel and Ben Nevis,
which are situated on true peaks, the daily curve of pressure is wholly different
(Plate I. fig. 21). In these situations the curves all show an abnormally large
morning minimum, and, in summer more particularly, an afternoon minimum so small
as all but wholly to disappear.
It follows that the diurnal curves of atmospheric pressure are liable to large modifi-
cations according as the earth's surface, in the more immediate neighbourhood of the
barometer from which the observations are made, presents a level plain, a troughed
hollow between mountains or rising grounds, or an isolated peak.
In high latitudes, in the interior of continents, when there is either constant
sunshine, or sunshine and a strongly pronounced twilight, the morning minimum is
much reduced, and in the height of summer vanishes altogether, being probably the
effect of the short nights, the comparatively slow motion from the earth's rotation, and
the constant heating from the sun's rays, direct or indirect. The summer curve for
24 THE VOYAGE OF H.M.S. CHALLENGER.
Fort Rae, lat. 62° 39' N., long. 115° 44' W., illustrates this peculiarity of the diurnal
pressure (Plate I. fig. 15).
Over the ocean in high latitudes the diurnal curves of pressure show only one
maximum and one minimum, but the times of their occurrence are directly opposite
to those over land.
It is evident that in employing the data of Table IV. in " correcting " for daily
range, with the view of bringing the observations to the true daily mean pressure,
the greatest care is required in selecting stations whose means will give approximately
true " corrections." Indeed, as regards narrow steep valleys, any such attempted
reductions can at best only be regarded as useless.
The daily oscillations of pressure at places given in Table IV. show the same feature
to be apparent even in comparatively shallow valleys bounded by distant rising grounds
with low surface gradients. This consideration must not be lost sight of in any effort
to trace the simple temperature effect on the daily barometric tides. In truth, the
observed temperatures made at the station can be used in such a discussion only when
the observations are made on the open sea, or on what is substantially an open plain at
some distance from the sea. On coasts, in comparatively narrow valleys, but in a less
degree on peaks, the problem becomes very complicated, and in attempting to solve
it the temperature of the region for some distance round the place of observation
must also be taken into account.
Towards the end of Table IV. are given the diurnal ranges for Polar Stations,
including nearly the whole of the International Arctic and Antarctic Stations during
1882 and 1883. An examination of these is sufficient to show that several results must
be accepted with some reserve as a representation of the facts of the diurnal variation of
pressure in these higher latitudes. More might have been made of these observations if
they had been published as made, that is, if, instead of reducing to 32°, by the methods
in common use, the original readings of the barometer and of the attached thermometer
had been printed. Since the daily range in these regions is very small, probably not
exceeding 0-010 inch, and since in every case when the temperature shown by the
attached thermometer differs from that of the barometer taken as a whole, it follows
that for every degree of difference the reduced observations contain an error of about
0-003 inch. Indeed, the hourly pressures at several Arctic Stations, instead of showing
the horary changes of pressure, appear in some cases to indicate in an obscure way the
changes of temperature, artificial or otherwise, of the apartment where the barometer was
hung. In those cases where care has been taken to secure that the monthly means of
the attached thermometers, for the different hours of the day, represent the temperature
of the whole barometer to within a degree, the results show the extension of the oscilla-
tions into Arctic and Antarctic regions. They are probably dependent on the diurnal
changes in the temperature of the air itself, irrespective of those of the earth's surface, and
they may be, in some way, influenced by quasi-tidal movements from lower latitudes.
REPORT ON ATMOSPHERIC CIRCULATION.
25
Variation of the Force of the Wind. — During the cruise of the Challenger,
observations of the force of the wind were made on 1202 days, at least twelve
times daily, 650 of the days being on the open sea, and 552 near land. The observa-
tions were on Beaufort's scale 0-12, being the scale of wind force observed at sea.
The results showing the hourly variations in the force of the wind are given in
the following table, where the observations have been grouped according to the five
oceans in which they were made, viz. : the North Atlantic, the South Atlantic, the
North Pacific, the South Pacific, and the Southern Ocean : —
N. Atlantic.
S. Atlantic.
N. Pacific.
S. Pacific.
SOUTFIERN
OCKAN.
Mean.
Open
Near
Open
Near
Open
Near
Open
Near
Open
Near
Open
Near
No. of Obs. .
Sea.
Land.
Sea.
Land.
Sea.
Land.
Sea.
Land.
Sea.
Land.
Sea.
Land.
192
91
87
75
142
165
156
163
73
58
650
552
2 a.m. . .
2-96
2-27
3-10
2-26
2-59
1-31
2-67
1-34
4-40
2-26
2-98
1-72
4 „ . . .
3-00
2-30
314
2-03
2-34
1-20
2-65
1-39
4-07
2-28
2-90
1-67
6 „ . . .
2-95
2-23
3-05
2-14
2-22
1-14
2-62
1-27
4-04
2-60
2-85
1-66
8 „ . . .
2-9-1
2-23
2-90
212
2-28
1-09
2-71
1-37
3-82
2-93
2-83
1-69
10 „ . . .
3-12
2-55
3-01
2-40
2-21
1-27
2-68
1-76
3-96
3-28
2-87
201
Noon . . .
3-08
2-55
2-97
2-57
2-34
1-65
2-78
2-14
403
3-52
2-92
2-27
2 P.M. . .
3-07
2-82
3-06
2-68
2-37
1-C7
2-59
2-13
4-20
3-57
2-92
2-36
4 „ • • .
2-97
2-74
3-13
2-C1
2-27
1-71
2-58
2-08
4-26
3-49
2-87
2-30
6 „ . . .
2-95
2-48
3-12
2-60
2-28
1-37
2-64
1-69
4-06
3-44
2-87
2-08
8 „ . . .
2-94
2-27
3-21
2-34
2-26
113
2-66
1-35
4-00
2-87
2-85
1-76
10 „ . . .
3-01
217
3-25
2-27
2-39
1-15
2-60
1-37
4-16
2-40
2-92
1-68
Midnight . .
2-96
2-23
3-16
218
2-27
1-32
2-61
1-43
4-16
2-40
2-87
1-75
Means . . .
3-00
2-40
3-09
2-35
2-32
1-33
2-65
1-61
4-10
2-92
2-89
1-91
Means (miles)
18
15
18J
15
15
10
16
11
23
18
17
13
Thus the velocity of the wind is greater over the open sea than on or near land, the
mean difference being from four to five miles per hour. Of the five oceans, the velocity
is greatest over the Southern Ocean, and least over the North Pacific, the difference
being eight miles per hour. In the part of the cruise embracing the Southern Ocean,
the Challenger crossed and re-crossed the " roaring forties," and hence probably the
higher observed velocity of the wind over this ocean.
With respect to the open sea, it is evident from the mean curve for the five
oceans (Plate II. fig. 22) that the diurnal variation is very small, there being
apparently two indistinctly marked maxima about midday and midnight respectively.
But on examining the separate means of each of the five oceans, there appears to be
no uniform agreement observable among their curves, the slight variations being
different in each case. Looking at the curves in connection with the number of
observations from which each has been drawn, it seems probable that the line
representing the true diurnal variation in the velocity of the wind is practically a
uniform straight line, with the single exception of a small rise about midday, not quite
amounting to a mile per hour.
(PHYS. CHEM. CHALL. EXF. — rART V. — 1889.) 4
26 THE VOYAGE OF H.M.S. CHALLENGER.
But as regards the winds recorded by the Challenger when near land, the
velocity at the different hours of the day gives a curve, for the five oceans combined, as
clearly and decidedly marked as the diurnal curve of temperature (Plate II. fig. 23).
The minimum occurs from 2 to 4 a.m., and the maximum from noon to 4 p.m., the
absolute highest being at 2 p.m. The curves for each of the five oceans give one and
the same result, viz., a curve closely accordant with the diurnal curve of temperature.
The differences between the hour of least and that of greatest velocity are, for the
Southern Ocean, 6j miles ; South Pacific, 4i miles ; South Atlantic, 34; miles ; North
Atlantic and North Pacific, 3 miles per hour.
In the case of each ocean, the velocity of the wind over the open sea is
considerably in excess of that near land, and it is noteworthy that in no case does
the maximum velocity near land, attained near noon, reach the velocity over the open
sea. The nearest approach, at any hour of the day, of the maximum velocity near land
to the velocity over the open sea at the same hour is in the North Atlantic, 2*5 ; South
Atlantic, 3-8 ; North and South Pacific, each 4"6 ; Southern Ocean, 5'1 ; and the mean
of all the oceans, 5 "6. The difference is greatest at 4 a.m., when it is about 6 miles
an hour, but diminishes as temperature rises, till at 2 p.m. it is less than 3 miles
an hour.
On land the diurnal variation in the wind's velocity becomes more pronounced.
At Batavia the minimum occurs in all months in the early morning, when the tempera-
ture is lowest, and the maximum from 1 to 3 p.m., the minimum and maximum
velocities being to each other as 1 to 21. At Mauritius the minimum, occurring from
2 to 3 a.m., is nearly 9-7 miles an hour, and the maximum 18*5 miles from 1 to 2 p.m.
At Coimbra the maximum is five times greater than the minimum velocity in summer,
but in winter it is only about a half more. At Valentia, in the south - west
of Ireland, the minimum is 10 miles an hour at 11 p.m., and the maximum 18 miles
at 1 p.m.
From a discussion of a number of places in northern Europe, Hann has shown that
the velocity is doubled from the minimum with a completely clear sky, three-fourths
greater with a sky half-covered, but with a sky wholly covered it is only one-half more.
At the strictly continental situation of Vienna, with a clear sky the velocity is doubled,
with a sky half-covered it is two-thirds greater, but when the sky is quite covered the
variation in the wind's velocity becomes irregular and faintly marked. This last
result, and the fact that the time of maximum velocity is not coincident with that
of the highest air-temperature, but shortly after midday, when insolation is strongest,
and the fact of no variation occurring over the open sea, point to the conclusion that
the diurnal variation is a consequence of the diurnal variations which take place in the
temperature of the earth's surface over which the winds blow.
There is another class of observations which form a valuable contribution to this
REPORT ON ATMOSPHERIC CIRCULATION. 27
question, viz., the observations recently obtained from such high-level observatories as
are situated on true peaks, as Ben Nevis, Santis, Obirgipfel, Sonnblich, etc. In such
situations, the curve of diurnal variation in the wind's velocity is precisely the reverse
of what obtains over what are substantially plains or plateaux. At these high-level
observatories the maximum hourly velocity occurs during the night and the minimum
during the day.
Reference has been made to the high barometer maintained in deep narrow valleys
during the night, as being the result of the cold currents from the adjoining slopes which
the chilling effects of terrestrial radiation set in motion. These masses of cold air,
accumulated in the valleys, give rise to the well-known furious blasts of wind blowing
down the valleys of such mountainous regions as the Alps during clear and comparatively
calm nights. Now since these down-rushing winds must necessarily be fed from higher
levels than those of the mountain itself, it follows that the winds prevailing on the peak
of the mountain are really the winds of a higher level, and blow therefore with the
greater velocity due to that greater height ; and the increased velocity is kept up as
long as the cold currents occasioned by terrestrial radiation continue to be poured
down to the bottom of the valleys. This consideration serves to explain the apparently
anomalous direction of the winds in Greenland, which are in some degree modified by
the downflow from the adjoining high grounds.
On the other hand, during the warmer hours of the day, the barometric pressure of
deep valleys is, as has been shown, abnormally low, owing to the super-heating of these
valleys, as contrasted with the temperature of the surrounding region. This gives rise
to a warm wind blowing up the valleys during the hottest hours of the day, and an
ascending current close to the sides of the mountain up to the very summit. Now
since no inconsiderable portion of this ascending current, whose horizontal velocity is
necessarily much retarded, mingles with the air-current proper to the level of the peak,
it follows that the prevailing wind on the peak must be retarded during the hottest
hours of the day.
The explanation of the variation of the wind's velocity over comparatively flat
surfaces is more difficult. Whatever be the cause or causes, they are intimately, if not
immediately, connected with the temperature of the earth's surface over which the
winds blow. The Challenger observations on the five great oceans prove that, so far
as concerns any direct influence on the air itself, solar and terrestrial radiation exercise
no influence on the diurnal variation in the velocity of the wind, these showing
practically no variation in the velocity. The same observations prove that on nearing
land the velocity of the wind is everywhere reduced, but that the retardation is
greatest during those hours of the day when the temperature is lowest, and least
when the temperature is highest. The time of the day when the wind's velocity is
increased is practically limited to the hours when temperature is above the daily
28 THE VOYAGE OF H.M.S. CHALLENGER.
mean, and the influence of the higher temperature is, in some degree, to counteract
the retardation of the wind's velocity resulting from friction and from the viscosity of
the air encountered near land.
An explanation not unfrequently adduced is that the variation is due to the
ascending currents with their reduced velocities, and the descending currents with their
increased velocities, which set in as the necessary result of the unequal heating of the
surface at different hours of the day. Now if this were so, the increased velocity during
the hottest hours of the day would he closely congruent with the diurnal curve of
atmospheric pressure, commencing with the time when pressure begins to fall from the
morning maximum, in other words, from the time the ascending current sets in, and
would reach the maximum at the hour of the afternoon minimum of pressure, that is,
the time when the ascensional current is strongest. Observation does not bear this out,
since the increase in the diurnal velocity sets in before pressure begins to fall from the
morning maximum ; and the maximum, in the summer months when the whole
phenomena are most pronounced, occurs from two to four hours before the time of the
afternoon minimum of pressure. The time of occurrence of the maximum velocity
is from 1 to 2 p.m., or when the diurnal insolation is strongest. Observations thus
point to the conclusion that, while ascensional and descensional currents play a part in
bringing about the diurnal variation, by far the more important part is due to the
difference between the temperature of the earth's surface and that of the wind blowing
over it at the moment. It is evident that when the surface of the ground is super-
heated, and an ascensional movement of the air has set in from the heated surface, the
retardation of the wind's velocity, resulting from friction and from the viscosity of the
air, is more or less counteracted, and the velocity of the wind is thereby increased. On
the other hand, during the night, when terrestrial radiation is proceeding, the tempera-
ture of the surface rapidly falls, all ascensional movement ceases and gives way to a
descensional movement of the lowermost stratum of the air down the slopes of the
country, with the result that during these hours the retardation of the wind's velocity
from friction is greatest.
Variation in the Amount of Cloud. — The diurnal variation in the amount of
cloud in the sky over the open sea is very small. The following are the means of
277 days' observations on board the Challenger, stated in percentages of sky covered
with clouds : —
2 A.M.,
59
4 „
59
6 „
G2
8 „
62
10 „
58
Noon,
56
2 P.M.,
58
4 „
59
6 „
57
8 „
57
10 „
57
Midnight,
57
REPORT ON ATMOSPHERIC CIRCULATION. 29
Two maxima are here indicated, the one about or shortly after sunrise, and the
other in the early part of the afternoon ; and two minima, the one at noon and the
other from sunset to midnight. But the difference between the daily extremes is only
6 per cent, of the sky. The diurnal variations in the amount of cloud are among the
less satisfactorily observed phenomena of meteorology. From what has been done,
however, a few general deductions may be made. A maximum occurs in the morning
and continues till a little after sunrise, and this maximum is more pronounced over the
open sea than over land. Its appearance may be regarded as due to the general cooling
of the atmosphere through its whole height by terrestrial radiation, and its disappear-
ance by the heating of the air by the returning sun. The first of the two minima
extends from this time to about noon, this relatively greater clearness of sky occurring
thus while temperature is most rapidly increasing and before the ascending current has set
in in any considerable volume. The period of this ascending current, or the time of the
afternoon minimum of atmospheric pressure, marks the afternoon maximum of cloud,
which over the land surfaces of the globe is much larger than the morning maximum,
being thus the reverse of what the Challenger observations disclose.
Of this maximum the cumulus is the characteristic cloud. These are but the
summits of the ascending currents that rise from the heated land, in which the
aqueous vapour is condensed into cloud during the expansion and consequent cooling
that takes place with increase of height. Cumulus clouds cast an instructive light
on the behaviour of the ascending currents rising from the more highly-heated lower-
most strata of the atmosphere, inasmuch as they indicate that the current ascending
from the surface is broken up into subdivisions that are thereafter grouped into
separate well-defined ascending currents, each of which is marked off and topped by the
cumulus cloud. It is highly probable, considering the clearly-defined positions of
these clouds, that the air composing the ascending currents is not only warmer but that
it is also moister than the air in and beneath the clear interspaces ; and, further, it may
be regarded as probable that it is down through these clear interspaces that the
descending air filaments shape their course in their way downwards to take the place
of the air molecules that ascend from the heated surface of the earth.
The secondary minimum of cloud occurs from about sunset onwards during the
time occupied by the evening maximum of atmospheric pressure. The frequent
dissolving and final disappearance of cloud from about sunset onwards as the evening
advances is familiar to all, occurring in those types of weather, principally, when the
evening maximum of pressure for the day is most distinctly marked.
It is to be noted here that in a highly -saturated atmosphere, which is so
characteristic a feature of many tropical cbmates at certain seasons, this time of
the day is remarkable for the amount of cloud ; and it is in those seasons, and during
those hours, that heat-lightning, or lightning without thunder, attains its annual
30
THE VOYAGE OF H.M.S. CHALLENGER.
maximum period, and also its diurnal maximum period, which is from six to eight hours
later than that of thunderstorms.
Variation in the Amount of the Rainfall. — During the cruise every instance
of precipitation, — rain specified as passing showers or continued rain, drizzle,
sleet, or snow, — were recorded in their place of occurrence among the two-hourly
observations. These have been tabulated and summed up, with the following
result : —
Rain.
Over open Sea.
Near Land.
Total
2 A.M.,
130
87
217
4 „
118
90
208
6 „
117
75
192
8 „
115
75
190
10 „
113
82
195
Noon,
110
79
189
2 P.M.
103
75
178
Rain.
Over
open Sea.
Near Land.
Total.
4 P.M,
95
71
166
6 „
101
74
175
8 „
113
82
195
10 „
114
79
193
Midnight,
112
83
195
Total, 1341
952
2293
These figures show (Plate II. fig. 24) that, as regards the occurrence of rain over
the open sea during the day, there is one maximum of 130 instances at 2 A.M., and one
minimum of 95 instances at 4 p.m.; and that, while for the twelve hours ending 8 a.m.
the number of cases was 706, for the twelve hours ending 8 P.M. the number was 635.
Hence the frequency of occurrence of rain over the open sea is simply inversely as the
temperature. Near land the distribution of rain during the twenty-four hours is
different, the results showing two maxima and two minima, the secondary maximum
occurring from 10 a.m. to 2 p.m., the two maximum periods being the times of
maximum and minimum temperature, and the two minima the early morning and early
evening respectively.
Dr. Bergsma has shown, from sixteen years' observation made at Batavia, the
diurnal variation at that place, of which the following are the percentages of the daily
amount which fell every two hours : —
Midnight to 2 A.M..
2 a.m. „ 4 „
4 6
6 » » 8 >,
8 „ „ 10 „
10 ,, ,, noon,
8-7
Noon to 2 p.m.,
9-5
6-4
2 vm 4
. 12-2
61
4 6
* >i ?> u )»
. 13-5
5-2
6 „ „ 8 ,,
. 10-5
5-5
8 „ „ 10 „
7-4
6-3
10 „ „ midnight, .
8-7
It will be observed that this curve is the reverse of the curve for the open sea,
REPORT ON ATMOSPHERIC CIRCULATION.
31
while the curve for the observations made near land partakes of the character of
both curves. Much yet requires to be done in collecting the suitable data of
observation for a proper treatment of the question of the diurnal curves of the rainfall
of different climates. Such data, however, so far as collected, show the general occur-
rence of a maximum from about 11 a.m. to 6 p.m., and this peculiarity of the curve is a
particularly outstanding feature of the curves of continental climates during the summer
months of the year, when thunderstorms have their maximum annual occurrence. A
marked diminution of the rainfall is generally observed from about sunset to midnight,
or during the hours when, in many climates, the amount of cloud falls to the
minimum, and the evening maximum of pressure takes place. The time of the
morning minimum of pressure, from about 2 to 6 a.m., is, curiously, in many places
strongly marked as a maximum, whereas in others it is equally strongly marked as
a minimum, of which the Challenger and Batavia curves may be taken as typical
examples.
Variation of Thunderstorms. — The following table shows the distribution
through the hours of the day of the cases of occurrence during the cruise — (l) of
thunderstorms or thunder with lightning, and (2) of lightning alone : —
Thunde rsto rji a.
o
'A
¥* \»
B 5
o o
>3
2 P.M. to 4 P.M.
4 „ „ 6 „
6 „ „ 8 „
8 „ „ 10 „
10 ,, „ midnight .
Total
T H UNDERSTORMS.
0
li
o o
>3
Open
Sea.
Near
Land.
Total.
Open
Sea.
Near
Land.
Total.
Midnight to 2 a.m.
2 a.m. „ 4 „
4 „ „ 6 „
6 .. i. 8 „
8 „ „ 10 „
10 ,, ,, noon
Noon ,, 2 p.m.
4
7
5
3
1
0
0
2
2
6
2
2
0
1
6
9
5
5
3
0
1
42
36
11
0
0
0
1
2
0
0
1
3
2
1
2
2
3
4
1
2
3
6
2
7
25
46
39
26
ID
45
209
Of the 45 thunderstorms recorded, 26 occurred over the open sea, and 19 near
land. Of those recorded over the open sea 22 occurred during the ten hours from
10 p.m. to 8 A.M., whereas during the other fourteen hours of the day only 4
occurred (Plate II. fig. 25). Hence the important conclusion that over the open sea
thunderstorms are essentially phenomena of the night, and occur chiefly during the
morning minimum of pressure. On the other hand, as regards the thunderstorms
which occurred near land, they are pretty evenly distributed during the twenty-four
hours.
Over land, but especially where the climate is more or less continental in its
character, the distribution of thunderstorms during the day is the reverse of the above.
The following table shows the number of (l) thunderstorms, and (2) lightning only,
32
THE VOYAGE OF H.M.S. CHALLENGER.
recorded at Oxford during twenty-four years, for the seven months from April to
October, of which months August is represented on Plate II. fio-s. 26 and 27 : —
Hour endiDg
a
HU.NDEBSTORMS.
Lightning only.
a,
■4
a
3
'-a
1-5
S3
■5
"S.
CO
o
>
a
6
a
►a
1-3
•3
"E.
6
*5
o
1 A.M. .
1
2
6
3
2
0
0
14
0
o
1
3
4
2
0
12
2 „ . .
2
1
1
1
1
0
7
0
0
0
0
3
2
0
5
3 „ . .
1
2
3
2
1
0
11
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
1
4 „ . .
0
1
4
3
0
1
10
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
5 „ . .
0
3
3
2
2
1
12
(1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
6 „ . .
0
2
3
6
i
3
10
0
0
0
0
0
0
2
2
7 „ . .
1
1
2
2
0
1
0
7
0
0
0
0
0
2
1
3
8 „ . .
0
1
2
3
0
1
0
7
0
2
1
0
0
4
1
8
9 „ . .
0
1
2
4
1
1
0
9
0
0
2
0
0
3
5
10
10 „ . .
0
1
4
2
1
1
0
9
0
0
1
4
1
3
1
10
11 ,', . .
0
2
3
2
1
0
0
8
0
0
0
1
0
1
1
3
ftoon . .
3
7
6
3
4
1
0
24
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
2
1 P.M.
0
5
5
6
8
7
3
34
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
1
1
5
5
1
7
7
1
25
0
0
0
0
2
2
0
4
3 „ . .
2
8
6
7
7
3
0
33
0
0
0
1
2
2
0
5
4 „ . .
2
6
y
7
8
5
2
38
0
0
0
0
2
2
0
4
5 „ . .
3
5
5
7
4
3
0
27
0
0
0
0
2
0
1
3
6 „ . .
1
5
4
7
6
5
0
28
0
0
0
1
3
3
5
12
7 „ . .
2
4
0
C
4
0
17
0
1
0
0
2
3
12
18
8 ,, . .
2
2
0
3
1
0
9
2
2
2
1
5
8
4
24
,2 » • -
3
2
3
4
2
0
15
0
2
2
4
11
6
7
32
10 „ . .
3
1
1
3
3
0
12
0
3
3
11
18
5
4
44
11 „ . .
1
3
1
2
2
1
11
1
3
2
10
15
4
2
37
Midnight
Total . .
2
4
4
2
2
0
15
1
2
4
9
12
4
1
33
23
69
89
77
74
54
13
399
4
17
18
45
82
59
48
273
During the other five months of the year electrical displays are infrequent. As
these figures for Oxford may be accepted as typical of the distribution of thunder-
storms during the day, and the times of the maxima and minima over the land surfaces
of the globe at some distance from the sea-coast, it is evident that the diurnal
maximum occurs in the afternoon, and is substantially coincident with the afternoon
minimum of atmospheric pressure ; whilst on the other hand, the maximum over the
open sea is closely coincident with the morning minimum of pressure. Over the land
the maximum of thunderstorms occurs during the hours of the day when temperature is
highest, but over the open sea during those hours when temperature is lowest. The
great majority of thunderstorms over the land thus occur during the part of the day
when the ascensional movement of the air from the heated surface of the ground takes
place, and they reach the maximum when the temperature and this upward movement
are also at the maximum. It thus appears that ascending currents and their necessary
accompaniment, descending currents in the atmosphere, play an important part in the
history of thunderstorms.
In places where the climate is dry and rainless, like that of Jerusalem in the
REPORT ON ATMOSPHERIC CIRCULATION. 33
summer months, thunder is quite unknown ; and places such as Coimbra and Lisbon,
where the summer rainfall is small and its occurrence rare, thunderstorms become
less frequent, and the hours of their occurrence become later than before and after the
dry season. Further, when during a particular season an anticyclone, with its great
descending current in the centre, remains over a region, as happens in the centre of the
old Continent during winter, thunder is equally unknown.
In this connection much interest is attached to the thunderstorms of Mauritius,
arising from its isolated position in a vast ocean, and its relations to the great move-
ments of the atmosphere in that part of the globe. In this island there are two
maxima in the diurnal curve, the larger of the two occurring from noon to 4 p.m., and
the smaller from 3 to 6 A.M., these being the times of the two barometric minima, or
the times of maximum occurrence from the Challenger observations over the open sea
and inland at Oxford ; and two times of minimum occurrence, from 9 p.m. to 1 a.m.
and from 8 to 10 A.M., these being near the times of the barometric maxima. Another
important fact, as regards the thunderstorms of Mauritius, is, that during twelve years
none were recorded in June and July, one in August, one in September, and three in
October. Observations show that the annual period of thunderstorms is the seven
months from near the end of October to the middle of May, or during the time of the
greatest rainfall, while practically none occur during the other five months. In these
five months rain, however, continues to fall, amounting to an average of about two
inches each month. Thus, during these months, there is in the atmosphere the aqueous
vapour, and these being relatively dry months, there are also the conditions of ascend-
ing currents. There is, however, wanting another element essential to the electrical
manifestations of the thunderstorms during the relatively dry season of Mauritius.
Now during the months when thunderstorms are of no infrequent occurrence, the high
atmospheric pressure of Asia repeatedly advances, as Dr. Meldrum has pointed out,
southward towards Mauritius, so that frequently the belt of variable winds and calms,
between the two trades, stretches in a slanting direction from Madagascar to Ceylon.
While this distribution of pressure occurs with more or less frequency, the conditions of
a descending cold current of large volume are provided, and thunderstorms are fre-
quent ; and it is under analogous conditions afforded by the cyclones and anticyclones
of north-western Europe, that nearly all the winter thunderstorms in the west of
Scotland occur. But from June to September there is an unbroken increase of pressure
from Central Asia southwards to beyond Mauritius, thus placing it within this high
pressure area and in the heart of the south-east trades, and while this continues the
conditions favourable for the development of the thunderstorms are wanting.
It has been shown that over the open sea thunderstorms are essentially nocturnal
phenomena. As regards thunderstorms over the land surfaces of the globe, the
disturbance of atmospheric equilibrium, resulting in ascending and descending currents,
(PHYS. CHEM. CHALL. EXP. FART V. 18S9.) ^
34 THE VOYAGE OF H.M.S. CHALLENGER.
is brought about mainly by the super-heating of the surface and thence of the lowermost
strata of the air. But as regards the open sea, this mode of disturbing the atmospheric
equilibrium cannot take place, inasmuch as the influence of solar radiation is only to
raise the temperature of the surface of the sea not more than a degree. Hence it is
probable that the disturbance of the equilibrium of the atmosphere in the case of
thunderstorms over the open sea, is brought about by the cooling of the higher strata of
the atmosphere by terrestrial radiation.
An inspection of the curves of thunderstorms for Oxford, or of thunder with
lightning, and of lightning without thunder (PI. II. figs. 26 and 27), shows that they
are quite different from each other, — the difference, and it is a vital one, being that
while the curve for thunderstorms is coincident with the afternoon minimum, the curve
for lightning only is coincident with the evening maximum of atmospheric pressure, or
from five to six hours later. Part of this, but no more than an insignificant part, is
due to those instances of heat-lightning which are but the reflection of distant flashes
of lightning, the thunder accompanying which is not heard. By far the majority of the
cases of heat-lightning are not connected with thunder, as is conclusively shown by
the curve for August at Oxford, where the very pronounced maximum occurs during
the two hours from 9 to 11 p.m., long after darkness has set in, and when the curve for
thunderstorms has fallen from the daily maximum to near the minimum. I have
calculated or otherwise collected the averages for the curves of these phenomena for
nearly two hundred places in all climates of the world, and the result is to show that
the two curves are essentially distinct and different from each other, showing conclu-
sively that many electric discharges are not accompanied with thunder.
As explained, the diurnal maximum of heat lightning is coincident with the
evening maximum of atmospheric pressure, that is, during those hours when the upper
strata over the place are having poured over them a warmer and moister stratum of air
which has its origin in the ascending current of the longitudes immediately to west-
ward, where the afternoon minimum of pressure is then taking place. In this con-
nection it is highly significant that while in May the number of cases of lightning
was 17, in August, when the ascending current has much greater relative and
absolute humidity, the number of cases was 82, or about five times greater than in
May.
Over the open sea, the diurnal curve of lightning is closely coincident with the
evening maximum of pressure, the maximum occurring about midnight (see Table,
p. 3 1 ). The relations of the maximum of lightning to thunderstorms over the open sea is
essentially different from what obtains over land. Thus, while over land the maximum
of lightning occurs from five to six hours later than that of thunderstorms, over the
ocean it occurs about four hours earlier. The order of occurrence of these phenomena
in the summer months is this — thunderstorms over land, from 2 to 6 p.m. ; lightning
REPORT ON ATMOSPHERIC CIRCULATION.
35
over land, 8 P.M. to midnight; lightning over the open sea, 8 P.M. to 4 A.M.; and
thunderstorms over the open sea, 10 p.m. to 8 a.m.
The evening maximum atmospheric pressure occurs at the time when the aurora
attains its diurnal maximum. Thirty years' observations at Christiania Observatory
give the number of times the aurora was observed each hour as under : —
7 times.
16
46
105
133
156
529
130
79
Total,
Hour ending 4
P.M.
jj
5
jj
i)
6
M
)>
7
>>
;j
8
)>
»
9
>l
j»
10
))
»
11
)»
M
Midnight
Hour ending
1 A.M.
j>
2 „
jj
3 „
n
4 „
j)
5 ,,
>i
6 „
jj
7 „
5»
8 „
53
times.
42
??
21
j>
10.
j>
11
»
1
»>
0
j>
1
>>
1320 times
Of the 1320 instances recorded, it is seen that 529 occurred in the hour from 9 to
10 p.m., and in the four hours from 7 to 11 p.m. 948 cases were observed, a result
probably dependent in no small degree on the atmospheric conditions resulting in the
evening maximum of pressure, the more abundant ice spicules in the upper regions at
the time serving as a screen for the better presentation of any magneto-electric discharges
that may occur.
Monthly, Annual, and Recurring Phenomena.
Of the annual recurring phenomena of the atmosphere, the distribution of atmo-
spheric pressure, atmospheric temperature, and the prevailing winds of the globe, during
the months of the year have, as the more important, been thoroughly revised for this
article. The data on which the revision is based are given in Tables V. to IX., and
the results are graphically represented on Maps I. to LIL, which show the monthly
isothermals, isobars, and prevailing winds over the globe. These represent the average
temperature, pressure, and direction of wind over the larger portion of the land surfaces
of the globe based on the fifteen years' observations beginning with 1870 and ending
with 1884.
Charts showing by isobaric lines the mean pressure of the atmosphere through
the months of the year, may be considered as furnishing the key to the fundamental
questions of meteorology, since it is only by the information thereby obtained that
questions relating to the prevailing winds, and the varying temperature, cloud, and
rainfall of different regions, can be satisfactorily handled.
36 THE VOYAGE OF H.M.S. CHALLENGER.
Now, in an inquiry into the comparative mean distribution of atmospheric pressure,
it is clear that the first, and indeed, as respects time, the essential requisite, is that the
means be drawn from observations made in the same years. In tropical and most sub-
tropical regions, where the mean pressure differs but little for the same month from year
to year, that the observations be for the same years is not a matter of such paramount
importance ; but elsewhere, owing to the more or less marked instability which prevails
with regard to pressure, it becomes of the utmost importance to obtain the means of
observations for the same years.
Mean Pressure. — The mode in which the observations were discussed was first to
extract, for each country by itself, the mean monthly pressures reduced to 32°, where
these were obtainable, year by year. Since in this way the curve of variation from
month to month was easily kept in mind, many typographical errors, faulty averages
calculated from portions of months only, and other anomalies, were detected, and
these doubtful means were at once inquired into and rectified.
As the work advanced, the mean annual pressure, further reduced to sea level, for
each station for which observations for the whole of the fifteen years were available,
was entered on maps of the countries. The results for every country showed anomalies
and discordances in the barometric means, which called for inquiry with a view to their
rectification approximately.
No inconsiderable number of errors were occasioned by incorrect heights. These
have been rectified by correspondence ; but in cases where no levelbng or trigonometrical
survey has been made, approximate heights have been adopted, deduced from the annual
chart of mean pressure. Some errors were found to be due to the state of the barometer,
or to its verticality. But the larger number of anomalies had their origin in the personal
errors of the observers, arising mainly from the different methods employed in setting
the vernier of their barometers. These may be classed as under : (1) setting the vernier
in the line of that part of the top of the mercury which is in immediate contact with the
glass tube, the instrument being thus read about 0-033 inch too low, more or less,
according to the diameter of the tube ; (2) setting the vernier by bringing it down
till the speck of light on each side is on the point of disappearing, the error in this case
being from 0*008 inch to 0'020 inch too low, according to the breadth of the slit;
(3) setting the vernier so that a clear space is left between it and the tangent to the
mercurial curve, the error in this case being about O'OIO inch too high. The last
method of reading is mostly caused by weak or failing sight, the observer not being
aware that a lens or spectacles is now required, and consequently it does not materially
affect the observations, when two readings are made, as from a Fortin or siphon
barometer. It leads, however, to the above error of about O'OIO inch with Board of
Trade and other barometers, which take no account of the height of the mercury
REPORT ON ATMOSPHERIC CIRCULATION. 37
in the lower limb of the instrument. This inquiry leaves little if any doubt that
these personal errors, in one form or other, are more general than might have been
supposed, and accordingly, particular attention was given, in extracting the monthly
means, to all changes made as regards observers, with a view to ascertain their personal
errors.
There was no real difficulty in ascertaining the errors of particular barometers in
countries where stations are more or less numerous, and the meteorological system
under a competent control, if the ordinary sources of error are kept in view. But
over large portions of South America, Africa, and Oceania another method for the
detection of errors was required. In these regions the barometers have been controlled
by Baillie's Isobars for the ocean, recently published by the Meteorological Council.
In this work the annual chart is the mean of the four months, February, May, August,
and November. The mean pressure at 32° and sea level, for the four months, was
calculated for the stations of these regions, and the result being entered in its place
on the annual chart, the approximate error of the particular place was ascertained.
It may be added that Baillie's Isobars may well serve as a control, seeing they are
exclusively drawn from observations made only with properly compared barometers.
In Table V., the corrections which have been adopted are in every case entered in the
last column, from which, it need scarcely be added, the original uncorrected observations
may, if desired, be found.
In the first place, the figures entered on the maps were restricted to those
stations from which observations for each of the fifteen years were available. It may
be said of no country that the number and distribution of its stations, furnishing
observations for the whole of this period, are sufficient for the purpose on hand.
Hence it was absolutely necessary in an inquiry where the same time must be dealt
with, to cover the ground in a more adequate manner with the means of other stations
at which observations have been made for other periods than the fifteen years, these
means being deduced by applying corrections to the monthly means arrived at by
differentiation with neighbouring stations.
In differentiating, the* work was overtaken generally according to the length
of the times covered by the period of the observations of the stations, the means of
which were in the course of being rectified, beginning with the longest periods and
ending with the shortest. In a good many cases the same period for differentiation
was made to embrace a very wide area. Thus, over considerable portions of France,
Germany, Italy, and North Africa, observations were available only for the seven years
1878 to 1884. The following table was accordingly prepared, showing for forty-three
places the differences in thousandths of an inch of each month's average for these
seven years, compared with the averages of the same months for the fifteen years, which
may serve as an example of the method of differentiating employed : —
38
THE VOYAGE OF H.M.S. CHALLENGER.
TABLE.— Showing, for Forty-three Places in Western and Southern Europe, the
differences between the Monthly Barometric Means of the seven years 1878-84
and the fifteen years 1870-84. The minus sign indicates that the correction to
be applied to the means of 1878-84, to bring them to the means of 1870-84, is
subtractive, and no sign that it is additive.
JY.B. — The differences or corrections are expressed in thousands of an inch.
Jan.
Feb.
March.
April.
May.
June.
July.
Aug.
Sept.
Oct.
Nov.
Dec.
Falmouth, .
-HI
8
-33
60
10
25
20
30
5
-50
-69
-34
Jersey,
-98
-4
-33
56
-1
24
14
16
3
-45
-70
-27
Brighton, .
-97
-4
-31
45
8
24
25
44
7
-38
-51
-15
Flushing, .
-86
-5
-36
55
0
34
25
24
5
-22
-38
-10
Utrecht, .
-60
-14
-32
36
0
30
26
28
2
-24
-40
-8
Cologne, .
-52
-8
-26
40
0
30
18
22
8
0
-50
-16
Gottingen, .
-20
6
-32
38
-10
24
28
22
4
-10
-44
4
Bayreuth, .
-36
-16
-20
40
-4
26
24
30
20
5
-34
4
Munich,
-40
-20
-24
44
-4
20
20
24
24
-6
-64
-20
Carlsruhe, .
-54
— 22
-23
46
o
o
24
16
26
8
-6
-44
-20
Luxemburg,
-52
-32
-30
40
4
20
20
32
8
-20
-56
-24
Paris, .
-72
-16
-24
56
0
24
12
24
20
-24
-60
-28
Ste. Honorine-du-
Fay, . .
-76
-16
-16
48
-4
22
10
20
4
-40
-58
-32
Lyons,
-52
-28
-24
52
-12
12
12
12
20
-18
-70
-38
Montpellier,
-32
-28
-10
62
0
24
16
12
12
-16
-48
-32
Perpignan, .
-48
-32
-26
24
-12
4
8
16
12
-12
-70
-48
St. Martin de
Hinx,
-34
-6
-5
61
4
16
6
22
4
-6
-58
-40
Coimbra, .
-24
-24
-6
34
-12
-4
2
6
-12
-6
-46
-50
Lisbon,
-16
-24
-8
32
-12
-8
4
4
-18
-8
-44
-48
Madrid,
-28
-18
-20
40
-12
8
2
8
-12
-10
-34
-48
San Fernando, .
-16
-24
-12
16
-12
-6
4
6
-12
-10
-32
-38
Gibraltar, .
-14
-28
-6
17
6
5
4
10
0
-13
-36
-38
Alicante, .
-32
-36
-24
40
-12
4
8
10
0
-30
-60
-32
Palma,
-32
-24
-24
36
0
6
8
6
5
-28
-66
-40
Athens,
-12
-20
-20
20
2
8
10
6
12
-8
-48
-14
Malta,
-10
-48
-32
20
-14
-10
4
7
24
-16
-70
-30
Palermo, .
-20
-40
-18
32
-4
8
4
4
24
-18
-76
-38
Naples,
-18
-40
-30
36
-8
10
6
14
26
-12
-56
-28
Rome,
-16
-25
— 22
40
0
13
11
16
26
-10
-56
-26
Lesina,
-28
-50
-36
28
-12
8
0
12
20
-12
-70
-44
Trieste,
-36
-52
-30
32
-10
10
8
6
14
-10
-80
-36
Venice,
-36
-44
-32
28
-20
4
0
6
14
-20
-82
-56
Perugia,
-28
-44
-30
32
-14
4
0
8
20
-16
-64
-40
Modena,
-32
-36
-24
28
-12
10
4
12
20
-6
-66
-40
Milan,
-36
-36
-24
36
-18
10
10
16
20
-4
-64
-44
Mondovi, .
-32
-36
-24
32
-10
12
1G
16
24
-G
-52
-40
Turin,
-36
-41)
-24
36
-12
12
16
20
24
-28
-66
-40
Genoa,
-20
-36
-14
40
-6
12
16
18
24
-12
-70
-40
Geneva,
-44
-26
-24
14
-8
18
8
16
20
-12
-72
-50
Basel,
-48
-28
-28
46
-8
12
8
10
16
-12
-52
-18
Zurich,
-48
-34
-32
36
-10
8
2
12
14
-16
-56
-40
Berat1,
-36
-24
-30
44
-6
14
8
14
20
-8
-56
-28
Leipzig, .
-44
-16
-22
32
-8
24
26
28
6
4
-32
_2
REPORT ON ATMOSPHERIC CIRCULATION. 39
These differences were then entered on small maps of Europe, from which, by the
corrections thus found, the monthly means of the stations were brought to the means
of the fifteen years. In certain districts, where necessary, differences were found for
additional stations to these forty-three. Hence for all stations in the table for which
the period of observation is entered as fifteen years, 1870-84, the means are simply the
arithmetical averages of observations made during that period, or they are the
approximate means for the same years. An examination of the above table, or better
still, of a map on which the figures are entered, will show that the limit of error of any
deduced approximate mean is in each case small.
In the United States, the term of years employed is not the fifteen years ending
with 1884, but the thirteen and one-fourth years extending from October 1871, when the
Signal Service of the War Department took charge of the Meteorological System of the
States, to December 1884. A comparison of the averages of these thirteen and one-fourth
years, with those of the fifteen years for about a dozen stations from which observations
have been obtained for the whole fifteen years, shows that the two sets of averages
closely agree. The isobars are therefore drawn from data virtually synchronous for the
greater portion of the land surfaces of the Northern Hemisphere.
But generally over the Arctic Regions, South America, Africa, and Polynesia no
such full information is available ; the means of the observations actually made are alone
printed, except in such regions as Southern Africa, Australia, and Japan, where the
number and proximity of the stations seemed to warrant differentiation.
Correction for Range. — The means in Table VI. are, in each case, for the hours
specified, no correction being applied here for variation due to diurnal range. But
in preparing the figures for the drawing of the isobars, corrections were applied with
the view of bringing the means for the hours observed to the daily means. In this part
of the work the corrections in each case were taken from the copious Tables III. and IV.
of hourly barometric range given in the Appendix, pp. 7 to 48. Care was taken in
correcting for range to use only data furnished by a station or stations similarly situated
geographically to the station the means of which were to be corrected. Thus Mullagh-
more and Belmullet were corrected from Valentia, Parsonstown from Armagh, Holyhead
from Liverpool, Cambridge from Oxford, Edinburgh from Makerston and Aberdeen,
and other places in a like manner. Here the results of the Challenger observations,
given in Table III, were of great service in correcting the means for small islands and
coast stations over large regions of the globe. It need scarcely be added that the
hourly variations for such stations as Cries and Klagenfurt in Austria, and Cordova
in the Argentine Republic, situated in deep narrow valleys, were in no case employed,
for the reasons already stated. Further, the means at places situated on plateaux more
or less elevated, were not corrected from the hourly variations of such high level
stations as Ben Nevis, Santis, and Hoch Obir, which, being placed on true peaks, have
40 THE VOYAGE OF H.M.S. CHALLENGER.
a totally different diurnal barometric curve from that of a place situated on a plateau,
though its height and geographical position be otherwise similar.
Correction for Height. — Table V. gives the corrections for height which have been
employed in reducing to sea level the barometric means of Table VI. This table is
based on the formula given by Laplace in his Mecanique Celeste, which is published in
Mr. Scott's Instructions in the Use of Meteorological Instruments, p. 80 ; modified by
the results obtained from four years' observations at the Ben Nevis Observatory, 4406
feet high, as determined by levelling, and those at its low level station, near the sea at
Fort William.
The four years' observations ending with 1887, give a decrease of temperature with
height, at the rate of one degree Fahrenheit for every 270 feet of ascent. This rate
has been adopted in arriving at the approximate mean temperature of the intervening
stratum of air between the stations, the barometric means of which are being reduced to
sea level. Since, in this discussion, the monthly means based on series of years' obser-
vation are alone dealt with, these approximate means may be regarded as sufficiently
close to the true means for the purpose on hand. The mean of the intervening stratum
of air being assumed to be the arithmetical mean of the temperature at the station
and that of the sea level to which the reduction is made, the temperature of the
intervening stratum was, in practice, found by adding to the station temperature a
correction, at the rate of one degree Fahrenheit for every 540 feet in height.
The Ben Nevis Observatory and the Fort William stations are perhaps the best pair
of stations yet established from which the requisite data can be obtained in connection
with the inquiry as to the rate of the diminution of pressure with height ; these two
stations affording the conditions of great difference in height, combined with close
proximity, and the positions of the thermometers in situations where the effects of solar
and terrestrial radiation are minimised.
The corrections for height, for the Ben Nevis Observatory, for different sea level
pressures and different air temperatures were empirically calculated from the observa-
tions. In applying the first results thus calculated, it became evident that it would be
necessary to employ only those observations which were made when the wind blew at
lower rates than thirty miles an hour, the reason being that the winds of higher veloci-
ties, as they brush past the buildings of the Observatory, suck the air out from the room
where the barometer is hung, thus lowering the pressure ; and the higher the velocity>
the greater is the effect on the pressure thus produced.
A table of corrections for a height of 4406 feet was prepared in this way for sea
level pressures, varying from 27"500 inches to 30'800 inches, and for air temperatures
varying from 15° to 66°. For these same temperatures and sea level pressures, a
similar table of corrections for Ben Nevis Observatory was constructed from Laplace's
formula.
REPORT ON ATMOSPHERIC CIRCULATION. 41
On comparing this latter table with the empirical one, it was seen that the two
agreed throughout in giving the same differences between two different sea level
pressures at the same air temperatures. But the two tables differed essentially when
compared as to their differences for the same sea level pressures at different air tem-
peratures. At the air temperature of 45° the two tables agreed, at lower temperatures
the corrections from Laplace's formula were too large, and at temperatures higher than
45° too small. It was found that, when the additions to the corrections in the Laplace
table for air temperatures lower than 45° were reduced by one-sixth, and the subtractions
from the corrections as the temperature rose above 45 were also reduced by one-sixth,
the two tables were virtually identical. It may be noted here that the differences
among the corrections for height arising from the varying air temperatures thus deduced
from the Ben Nevis Observations substantially agree with the differences in Hazen's
Table for the reduction of Air Pressure.1
A table was then constructed from Laplace's formula for a sea level pressure of
30'000 inches for latitude 45°, and for air temperatures from —20° to 90°, and for
heights up to 8000 feet. To the figures of this table were applied corrections for the
different air temperatures, in accordance with the results of the Ben Nevis Observations.
The result is given in Table V., which has been used in reducing the barometric means
of Table VI. to sea level. The table is, however, only regarded as a provisional one,
giving tolerably good approximations to the true corrections for height.
But the really serious difficulties encountered in reducing barometric observations
to sea level are presented by the air temperatures, and unless these difficulties are kept
steadily in view, no little confusion will be the result in representing the course of the
isobars. The more serious of these difficulties are experienced in dealing with stations
situated in deep, narrow valleys, and stations on elevated plateaux.
This is well shown by the observations made at Obirgipfel in the Tyrol, which is
a high level station on a peak 6706 feet high, and at Klagenfurt, about 7 miles
distant, in a deep valley adjoining, at a height of 1437 feet, there being thus a
difference of 5269 feet in height between them. Now the differences of temperature
between the monthly means of these two situations for the five years 1880 to 1884 are
these, the figures showing the excess of the temperature of Klagenfurt above that of
Obirgipfel : —
0-7, 5-8, 12-6; 19-4, 22-0, 21-2; 18-5, 176, 1G4; 139, 7-7, 61,
and for the year 13 "4. Now, since the station at Obirgipfel is situated on a true
peak, it follows that the temperature there recorded will closely approximate to the
temperature of the free atmosphere at that height. But at Klagenfurt it is far other-
wise, for being situated in a deep narrow valley, the night and winter temperatures, as
already explained, are greatly too low, and the day and summer temperatures are too
high. The mean winter temperature at Klagenfurt is only 4° '2 lower than that of the
» "Washington, 1882.
(PHYS. CHEM. CHALL. ESP. PART V. 1889.) "
42
THE VOYAGE OF H.M.S. CHALLENGER.
neighbouring station 5269 feet higher, and in January it is only 0°7 lower. Hence, if
in these months the temperature of Klagenfurt be used in calculating the temperature
of the intervening stratum of air from that place to sea level, it would be much too low,
and in all probability the sea level pressure for Klagenfurt would be made nearly 0'030
inch above what it ought to be. But even if it be supposed that the temperature of
the intervening air stratum could be tolerably approximated to, the barometric observa-
tions themselves made in such situations are so strictly local, being largely increased
during the cold hours of the day and seasons of the year and diminished during the warm
times of the day and of the year, that they would only mislead if used in drawing the
isobaric lines of the region where they are situated. Hence in this work the barometric
means of such stations as Gries and Klagenfurt in Austria, and Cordova in the Argentine
Republic, though printed in the table, have not been used in drawing the isobaric lines ;
and all care was accordingly given to keep the maps, from which the isobarics were
drawn, clear of sea level pressures deduced from observations made in such situations.
It is probable that this consideration explains what look like anomalous observations at
a number of places, about the local situation of which there is no information.
Gravity Correction. — The barometric means in Table VI. have not been corrected
for gravity. But as the sea level pressures entered on the maps were reduced to gravity
at lat. 45°, the isobars on the maps are corrected for gravity. The following are the
corrections for gravity at a pressure of 30 "000 inches which have been used : —
Lat.
N. or S.
Cor.
Lat.
N. or S.
Cor.
Lat.
N. or S.
Cor.
Lat,
N. or S.
Cor.
O
inch.
O
inch.
O
inch.
-
inch.
0
-•080
25
-•052
50
+ •014
75
+ •070
1
•080
26
•049
51
•017
76
•071
2
■080
27
•047
52
•019
77
•072
3
■080
28
•045
53
•022
78
•073
4
•079
29
•042
54
•025
79
•074
5
•070
30
0-40
55
■027
80
■075
6
•078
31
•038
56
•036
81
•076
7
•078
32
•035
57
•033
82
•077
8
•077
33
•033
58
•035
83
•078
9
•070
34
•030
59
•038
84
•078
10
•075
35
■027
60
•040
85
•079
11
•074
36
•Q25
61
•042
86
•079
12
•073
37
•022
62
•045
87
•080
18
•072
38
•019
63
•047
88
•080
14
•071
39
•017
64
•049
89
•080
15
■070
40
•014
65
•052
90
•080
16
•068
41
•011
66
•054
17
•0GG
42
•008
67
•056
IS
•065
43
•006
68
•058
19
•063
44
- '003
69
•060
20
•oci
45
•000
70
•061
21
•060
46
+ 003
71
•063
22
■058
47
•006
72
•065
23
•056
48
•008
73
•066
24
•054
49
•011
74
•068
...
REPORT ON ATMOSPHERIC CIRCULATION. 43
Correction for Mean Temperature. — The period selected for the mean temperature
observations is the fifteen years adopted for pressure, beginning with 1870 and ending
with 1884. From the remarkable extension of meteorological observation in recent
years, data of greater fulness and of higher quality are now available for drawing
isothermals over the globe, which therefore represent the geographical distribution of
temperature with a degree of approximation to the truth not previously attainable.
The methods of discussing the observations are, to a large extent, the same as
those detailed and explained in dealing with the observations of atmospheric pressure,
with, however, several important differences.
Since the observations made use of preferentially in this inquiry are the daily
maximum and minimum temperatures, special attention was given in making the
extracts of the monthly means to detect, where possible, any cases that may have
occurred of the minimum thermometer having got out of order, as not unfrequently
happens, and allowed, from inadvertence, to remain out of order for some time. These
errors, together with typographical errors and many of the errors of computation, were
the more readily detected by the practice adopted of extracting the means of the
separate years in succession for each country or region by itself, so that the curve of
monthly variation of each year being easily kept in mind, any deviation from it was
seen with little difficulty.
"When observations are read to the tenth of a degree, the personal errors of
observation may be neglected. But when the readings are only to whole degrees, two
kinds' of errors are certain to occur where provision is not made to secure that each
observer is properly taught. These two sorts of error are, (l) taking the degree which
the mercury or spirit has j ust passed ; or (2) taking the degree immediately above the top
of the mercury or spirit. In the former case, the means deduced from the observations
will be half a degree too low, and, in the latter case, half a degree too high. In many
cases these faulty methods of observing may be detected from the annual means,
corrected for height, entered in maps of the country whose temperature is being
discussed.
By the same method the errors of faulty thermometers may be detected. In all
cases where for this assumed cause the means have been corrected to the extent
of 1° or upwards, the amount of the correction is stated in the last column of the
table under " Corrections applied." In such cases as Portland in Victoria, Australia,
where the published mean temperatures were for many years about 5° too high, but
where the error was rectified some time ago, the correction was applied to the
observation of the years in error, but no note is made of it in the last column of the
table.
Again, in cases where " mean temperatures " alone are published, and no informa-
tion given whence these have been derived, a change of hours sometimes takes place
44 THE VOYAGE OF H.M.S. CHALLENGER.
of which no notification is given, and apparently no allowance is made for the change.
Thus at Hobart Town for some years, the hours of observation appear to have been
9 a.m. and 1 and 5 p.m., and the mean of the observations at these hours was adopted
as the mean temperature, with the result of winters apparently 2° and summers 6°
warmer than before. The figures for Hobart Town in the table have been brought
to mean temperatures by correcting each year's observations by the table of corrections
for hourly range at this place. It may be mentioned that these faulty mean tempera-
tures at Portland and Hobart Town for long thrust the isothermals of this part of the
globe seriously out of their proper positions.
In a large number of instances the monthly means in the table are the means of
particular hours of observation uncorrected in any way, such as 6 A.M., 2 p.m., and
10 p.m. ; 7 a.m., 1 p.m., and 9 p.m.; 4 a.m., 10 a.m., 4 p.m., and 10 p.m. ; 8 a.m. and
8 p.m. ; 9 a.m. and 9 p.m. The means were corrected for daily range where such
corrections were required, and after being corrected for height, the resulting means
were entered in their places on the map.
In correcting for height, the correction adopted is at the rate of 1° Fahr. for
every 270 feet in height above mean sea level ; and this correction has been uniformly
applied to the temperature observations for all seasons and countries. The rate
unquestionably varies with season and climate ; but as regards the manner and degree
of this variation, our information is so scanty, and the worked-out results in many
cases are so doubtful, and sometimes even so inconsistent with each other, that it is
more in accordance with the present state of our knowledge to adopt provisionally a
uniform rate of correction throughout, than a rate varying with season and climate.
Of the causes producing variability in the rate of diminution of temperature with
height, the more prominent are season, hygrometric state of the atmosphere, and
situation. During the transition from winter to summer, when the great annual rise
of temperature is in progress, the rate of diminution of temperature with height is
greatest, for the simple reason that at this season the lower layers of the atmosphere
are more quickly heated by simple proximity to the earth's surface, thus increasing
the difference between the temperatures at low and high levels. On the other hand,
in autumn, when the great annual fall of temperature occurs, the lower strata of the
atmosphere are more cooled by the now rapidly cooling surface of the earth, and
accordingly the difference between the temperatures of the low and high levels is
proportionally lessened.
Observations prove that the more aqueous vapour there is in the atmosphere in
the form of cloud, and to a large degree even in a purely gaseous form, the more is the
earth's surface protected from the effects of solar and terrestrial radiation. It follows
therefore that in rainy climates, and during the rainy season in the tropics, the rate
of diminution of temperature with height is comparatively a stable quantity hour by
REPORT ON ATMOSPHERIC CIRCULATION. 45
hour, day by day, and season by season, at least as compared with what obtains in dry
climates and seasons. In truth, as regards dry climates the diurnal variations in the
fall of temperature with height, particularly in the warm months of the year, are so
varying and uncertain, that it will probably for ever remain a hopeless problem to
reduce a barometric observation made at any particular hour to sea level at places, say
1500 feet in height and upwards, with a tolerable approximation to the truth. The
reason is, that it is not then possible to deduce from the observations made the
approximate mean temperature of the stratum of air between the station and sea level.
In constructing daily weather charts, the difficulty is in some degree met by combining
with the temperature at the time of observation, the temperature at one or two
previous observations. In this work all these difficulties are very greatly reduced,
since what are dealt with are only the mean pressures and temperatures of series of
years. In drawing the isobars and isothermals, greater weight has been given to the
observations made at low than at high stations.
As respects situation, the least variation in the rate of diminution of temperature
with height occurs at places near the sea, and particularly on the windward coasts of
land areas, and the rate varies from the normal on advancing into inland climates. At
high level stations situated on true peaks, the rate closely approximates to the normal ;
but on elevated plateaux the deviation is considerable, and increases with the dryness
of the climate and the intensity of solar and terrestrial radiation.
Now as regards this discussion, observations from such stations as the above may
be considered as affording sea level pressures and temperatures sufficiently close to the
truth as to warrant the using of them as part of the data from which the isobars and
isothermals of the globe may be drawn.
But it is quite otherwise when we come to deal with observations made at stations
situated in deep valleys, such as Gries, Klagenfurt, and Cordova, at which tempera-
ture is abnormally lowered when terrestrial radiation is in excess, and abnormally
raised when solar radiation is strong. For this reason, not only have those stations
been wholly left out in drawing the isobars and isothermals, but also all others known
to be in situations more or less similar. Since information is often not supplied
regarding the physical configuration of the earth's surface where the station is situated,
it was found necessary to resort to an examination of the diurnal range of the
barometer, as shown at the observed hours of the station, in order to arrive at some
knowledge as to whether the station was situated in the open or in a deep valley. In
this way stations were marked as supplying data either altogether unsuitable, or only
partially suitable in this discussion.
It is scarcely necessary to add that observations made at stations in deep valleys,
not only mislead in drawing the isobars and isothermals of a country, but they are
absolutely useless, and even worse, when used as data contributing to the solution of
46 THE VOYAGE OF ELMS. CHALLENGER.
the problem of the rate of diminution of temperature with height. This consideration
has unfortunately been often lost sight of, particularly in framing tables of corrections
for height intended for different climates and seasons.
In differentiating for stations at which observations were not made for the whole
of the fifteen years ending with 1884, in order to bring their means to the means of
these years, the same methods were adopted as those used in preparing the monthly
means of atmospheric pressure. Very special care was taken to differentiate coast
stations only with coast stations, and inland stations with inland stations. Also when,
in differentiating, the observations of only a few years were available, the geographical
distributions of abnormally high or abnormally low monthly temperatures during these
years were carefully noted in their bearings on the monthly means being worked out.
Wind. — The observations of wind are given in Tables VII. and VIII. In all cases
where possible, the mean direction of the wind has been worked out in the form given
in Table VII. CUmatologically, the most satisfactory way of presenting this most
important element of climate is by giving the mean number of days each month which
each wind, N., N.E., E., etc., prevails. If only the mean direction is given, as is done
in Table VIII. , the variability of this important factor of climate from the prevailing
direction is absolutely neglected, and the climatic value of the record seriously
lowered.
In this discussion no account has been taken of the force or velocity of the wind,
such observations being stdl too meagre and too crude for any satisfactory use being
made of them.
It has not been possible, owing to the want of the observations, to give for many
regions the same weight as regards time to the means of the winds, as to the means of
pressure and temperature. This has, however, been done as respects the United States,
the North Atlantic, and a large portion of the Europeo-Asiatic continent, where these
three elements of climate are substantially synchronous, and where, therefore, their
relations can be more closely compared. So far, however, as affects the mean direction
of the wind, it soon appeared in the course of the discussion that a shorter term of years
is required to give a close approximation to the true means, than in the case of the
pressure or the temperature. Hence an attempt has been made, in those regions where
the observations are not obtainable for the whole period of the fifteen years, to collect
the ' averages for as long terms of years as possible. The hours of observation from
which the means have been calculated, when known, are stated ; and where a selection
of hours could be made, those hours were chosen which appear to give the best daily
mean in view of sea and land breezes. Wherever it could be attempted, means deduced
from hourly observations have been given, which alone really inform us as to the mean
daily direction of the wind.
REPORT ON ATMOSPHERIC CIRCULATION. 47
In preparing the tables of pressure, temperature, and wind, the aim has been to
make the selection of stations represent fairly well the more important climatological
features of the region under discussion. There are, however, large regions where the
data are given with a greater fulness than this, such as the British Islands, Denmark,
Holland, Spain, Italy, Cyprus, India, the United States, and the Argentine Eepublic.
This is done for the purpose of showing more in detail, than the charts .can show
from their size, the influence of land and water, mountains and plains, on the
climatic problem. As regards Denmark, the means, particularly of the wind, have
been more fully worked out, owing to the position of this country between the
mountains of Scandinavia and the mountains to the south of it, and the important
resulting consequences of that position on the tracks of the cyclones and anticyclones
of Europe.
Another object aimed at in the fuller discussion given to certain countries, was
a search for guiding information as to the influence of land and water, plain and
mountain on these lines, in order that the most probable course might be assigned to
the isobars and isothermals in those parts of the globe where observations are too few
and far between to serve of themselves for the drawing of these lines.
In drawing the isothermals and isobars and entering the arrows showing the pre-
vailing winds on the maps, much of the information contained in the following works
has been utilised, in addition to what is given in the Tables : —
Contributions to our knowledge of the Meteorology of Cape Horn and the West Coast of South
America, by Richard Straehan. Contributions to our knowledge of the Meteorology of the
Antarctic Regions, by Richard Straehan. Charts of Meteorological Data for Square 3 Lat. 0°
to 10° N., Long. 20° to 30° W. Charts of Meteorological Data for the nine 10° Squares of the
Atlantic which lie between 20° N. and 10° S., and extend from 10° to 40° W. Contributions to
our knowledge of the Meteorology of Japan, by Captain Tizard, H.M.S. Challenger. Contributions
to our knowledge of the Meteorology of the Arctic Regions, by Richard Straehan. Charts of
Meteorological Data for the ocean district adjacent to the Cape of Good Hope. Charts showing
the Mean Barometrical Pressure over the Atlantic, Indian, and Pacific Oceans, by Lieutenant
Baillie, R.N. Published under the authority of the Meteorological Council.
"Weather Charts of the Bay of Bengal and adjacent sea north of the Equator. Weather Charts of
the Arabian Sea and the adjacent portion of the North Indian Ocean. Published by the Meteoro-
logical Department of the Government of India.
Various publications on Ocean Meteorology and on Ocean Routes, issued by the Meteorological
Institutes of Holland, Germany, France, and Norway.
The Winds of the Globe, by Professor Coffin and Dr. Alexander Woeikof. Published by the Smith-
sonian Institution. As regards this large, work, it is only the more important data referring to the
oceans which has been utilised.
And also for the Winds, the Meteorological Charts of the. North Pacific Ocean from the Equator to
Lat. 45° N, and from the American Coast to Long. 180°. By Commodore Wyman, U.S. Navy,
Washington, 1878.
48 THE VOYAGE OF H.M.S. CHALLENGER.
It is right to acknowledge here the invaluable assistance received from the
meteorological writings of Dr. Hann, who holds the first place among meteorologists for
the importance, extent, and trustworthiness of his contributions to the climatologies of
the globe.
In the preparation of the Tables I have been assisted by Mr. H. N. Dickson
and Miss J. H. Buchan of the Scottish Meteorological Society's office. Miss Buchan
has assisted during the whole time of the discussion. She copied out the whole of the
Challenger observations, chronologically arranging them according to subject, and
assisted in working out the hourly and other averages ; she also collected and
computed a large part of the new wind averages given in Table VII., a considerable
proportion of which were laboriously calculated from daily observations, and several even
taken from daily curves of wind direction ; and she aided generally in checking the
correctness of the computed averages. I had the benefit of Mr. Dickson's help during
1887 and 1888. He computed the air temperatures of the North Atlantic from
the Bulletin of International Meteorology ; further assisted in the preparation of
Table V. ; carried out the work of differentiation for the mean temperatures at a
considerable number of places in the Bussian Empire ; charted the greater part of
the temperatures ; and prepared the first draught of the isothermals for large portions
of the globe.
THE TEMPERATURE, PRESSURE, AND PREVAILING WINDS OF THE GLOBE.
These prime elements of climate will, from their intimate relations to each other,
be more satisfactorily dealt with together than separately. It is scarcely possible to
over-estimate the importance of a knowledge of the distribution of atmospheric
pressure, or of the mass of the earth's atmosphere over the globe, in its varying
amounts from month to month. Observations prove conclusively that winds are
simply the movements of the atmosphere that set in from regions where there is a
surplus towards regions where there is a deficiency of air; and the nearer the
observations of pressure and wind approximate to true averages, the closer is the
relation seen to be subsisting between these two distinct phenomena. Again, since
prevailing winds to a large extent determine the temperature and rainfall of the
regions they traverse, isobaric maps may be considered as furnishing the key to the
climatologies of the globe as well as to many of the more important questions of
meteorological inquiry. The distribution of temperature in the atmosphere may be
regarded as the fundamental problem of meteorology, seeing that the varying
pressures, humidities, and winds are either direct or indirect consequences of the
varying distribution of temperature. As regards the distribution of the temperature
over the land surfaces of the globe, the problem was approximately solved by the
REPORT ON ATMOSPHERIC CIRCULATION. 49
publication of Humboldt's isothermal lines. But as regards the ocean, which comprises
three-fourths of the earth's surface, the monthly and annual distribution of temperature
in the atmosphere over it can scarcely be said to have been yet seriously looked at.
In these circumstances, the thanks of the climatologist is specially due to the
Signal Officer of the United States for the monthly averages for the North Atlantic,
which were published for several years in the International Bulletin, and to the
Meteorological Council of London for monthly averages for the Red Sea. The required
data have thus been available in this work for drawing the isothermals for these import-
ant parts of the ocean. A comparison of these means, Table IX., pp. 228-9 and 254-9,
and of the Challenger mean air temperatures, Table I., with the temperatures of the sea
for the same positions and months, shows that it is absolutely necessary, in the advance
of meteorology, that the determination of the monthly temperatures of the air over
the ocean be undertaken and carried out. The differences observed between the
temperature of the surface of the sea and that of the air over it, so far as a comparison
can yet be made in the North Atlantic and Red Sea, point to a much greater prevalence
of ascending and descending movements in the atmosphere than is generally supposed.
As regards the other oceans, the isothermals of the temperature of the atmosphere must
in the meantime continue to be drawn essentially from observations made on the islands
and along the coasts of these oceans.
Some interesting results are arrived at by comparing the temperatures of the
ocean and air observed by the Challenger. The whole of the observations have been
sorted into 174 groups according to geographical position, and the differences entered
on a chart of the route of the expedition. In the Southern Ocean, between latitudes
45° and 60°, the temperature of the sea was lower than that of the air. The mean
difference was 1°"4, due probably to the temperature of the air being higher owing
to the prevailing W.N.W. winds, and that of the sea lower owing to the numerous
icebergs. To south of lat. 60° the sea was about 2° warmer than the air, owing
perhaps to an increased prevalence of southerly, and hence colder winds in these
high latitudes.
The temperature of the sea exceeded that of the air from June 1874 to March
1875, or during that part of the cruise from Sydney to New Zealand, then to the
Fijis and through the East India Islands to Hong Kong, and thence to the Admiralty
Islands. During the whole of this time, except when near the north of Australia, the
sea was much warmer than the air, the excess generally being from 2° to 3 , rising near
Tongatabu to upwards of 4°. In passing the north of Australia in September, in which
season the wind is off the land and the air therefore dry and sunshine strong, the sea
was colder than the air. In the Atlantic, between lat. 20° N. and 20° S., the sea was
everywhere warmer, the mean excess being about a degree ; and in the Pacific, between
lat. 30° N. and 30° S., the sea was also warmer, the excess being a degree and a half.
On the other hand, in the Atlantic from lat. 20° to 40° N., the sea was on the
(rnrs. chem. chaix. esp. — part v. — 1889.) 6 a
50 THE VOYAGE OF H.M.S. CHALLENGER.
mean half a degree colder than the air. Similarly in the Pacific, from lat. 30° to 40° N.,
the temperature of the surface of the sea was half a degree lower than that of the air.
The explanation of these differences is probably to be found in the degree of humidity
of the atmosphere, the direction of the wind, and the degree in which descending
aerial currents mingle with the winds that sweep across the surface of the ocean. It is
evident that a wind, issuing from an anticyclone in which descending currents are strong
and decided, necessarily possesses quite different hygrometric and temperature qualities
from those of a truly horizontal wind which has traversed a large extent of the ocean.
The above remarks refer only to those observations which were made strictly on
the open sea. Near land great differences, either way, were observed, which varied
with season. At Hong Kong, for example, during the latter half of November 1874,
the sea was 3° "7 warmer than the air, the low air temperature being occasioned by the
lower temperature of the land and the northerly winds prevailing there at this season.
On the other hand, at Valparaiso in November and December 1875, the sea was 5°-8
colder than the air, the low sea temperature being probably occasioned by the up-
welling to the surface of the colder water of greater depths by the winds blowing off
the land on this coast, similar to what Dr. Murray has proved by extensive observations
to prevail in the Scottish lochs.1
The distribution of temperature over the globe is shown by Maps I. to XXVL,
representing the months and the year. The region of highest temperature, which
may be taken as comprised between the north and south isothermals of 80°, forms an
irregularly shaped zone, lying in tropical and partly in sub-tropical countries. On each
side of this warm zone temperature diminishes towards the poles, and the lines showing
successively the gradual lowering of the temperature are, roughly speaking, arranged
parallel to the equator, thus showing unmistakeably the predominating influence of
the sun as the source of terrestrial heat. While, however, the decrease of temperature
corresponds in a general way with what may be conveniently termed the solar climate,
there are great deviations brought about by disturbing causes, and among these causes
the unequal distribution of land and water holds a prominent place.
January. — During the time of the year when the sun's heat is least felt, and the
effects of terrestrial radiation attain the maximum, the greatest cold is over the largest
land surfaces which slant most to the sun. Hence the lowest mean temperature that
occurs anywhere or at any season on the globe, — 61°"2, occurs in January at Werko-
jansk, lat. 67° 34' N. and long. 133° 51' E., in north-eastern Siberia, at a height of 460
feet above the sea. In January 1886, temperature fell at this place to — 88°"8, being
absolutely the lowest temperature of the air hitherto observed. The lowest mean
temperature in America is nearly — 40°, and this cold region is situated a little to the
north of the magnetic pole.
1 " On the Effects of Wiuds on the Distribution of Temperature in the Sea- and Freshwater Lochs of the West of
Scotland." Scottish Geographical Magazine, July 1888.
REPORT ON ATMOSPHERIC CIRCULATION. 51
In the northern hemisphere the ocean maintains a higher temperature than the
land in regions open to its influence, as is seen not only in the higher latitudes to
which the isothermals push their way as they cross the Atlantic and Pacific, but in their
irregular courses over and near the Mediterranean, Black, Caspian, and Baltic Seas,
Hudson's Bay, the American Lakes, and all other large- sheets of salt1 and fresh water.
The influence of the ocean and ocean currents in keeping up the temperature during the
winter months is most strikingly seen in the North Atlantic, where the isothermal of 35°
reaches a much higher latitude in mid-winter than anywhere else on the globe. The con-
serving influence of sheets of water on the temperature in all seasons is more strikingly
shown when the isothermals are drawn for single degrees on maps of a larger scale.
In the southern hemisphere the highest isothermals are 90° in Australia and South
Africa, and 85° in South America. It is to be noted that in January, the summer of this
hemisphere, the lowest isothermal is 25° in the Antarctic Ocean to the east of South
Victoria ; whereas in July, the corresponding summer month of the northern hemisphere,
the lowest isothermal is only 35°, or 10° higher than in the Antarctic Ocean. The differ-
ence is due to the icebergs and icefields of Antarctic regions. In Antarctic and sub-
Antarctic regions the change of temperature through the months of the year is com-
paratively small,, the annual range being only about 10°.
In this month the least variation of temperature occurs in the equatorial regions of
the Pacific, and in all seasons the variation there is small.
In January the mean pressure of Central Asia rises to about 30-50 inches, which is
absolutely the highest mean pressure for any month anywhere over the globe. Now,
since the prevailing winds in this anticyclone, which virtually overspreads nearly the
whole of Asia and Europe, flow outwards in all directions, bringing S. and S.W. winds
over Russia and western Siberia, it follows that the temperature of these inland regions
is considerably higher than would otherwise be the case. On the other hand, since the
prevailing winds are N.W., N., and N.E. on the east and south of Asia, the temperature
of these regions is thus abnormally depressed. Indeed, so strong is this influence of
wind direction and ocean combined, that the isothermals run, roughly speaking, north
and south in the west of the Europeo-Asiatic continent, and do not assume an east and
west direction till about 70° or 80° long. E.
Since in Siberia light airs and calms prevail, and the general drift of the atmo-
sphere is north-north-eastwards towards the higher latitudes of the Arctic regions, the
temperature continues rapidly to fall in that direction, with the result that the lowest
mean temperature is not coincident with the centre of greatest pressure to the south
of Lake Baikal, but occurs at Werkojansk, about thirty degrees of latitude to the N.N.E.
The other anticy clonic regions are North America, in the centre of which pressure rises
to 30-20 inches ; two in the Pacific to the west of California and of Chile respectively ;
in the South Atlantic to the west of Cape Colony; and in the Indian Ocean to the west of
52 THE VOYAGE OF H.M.S. CHALLENGER.
Australia. Such regions, and they are well marked, are found in all months and in all
oceans about lat. 30° to 40° N. and S., immediately to the westward of the continental
masses in these latitudes. The only exception to this is in the North Atlantic in January,
and the isobars of this part of the ocean for the months immediately following suggest
that this is a true exception. Lieut. Baillie's Isobaric and Current Charts of the Ocean
show in an instructive manner that the central spaces of these anticyclonic regions are
nearly always avoided by seamen, and therefore practically long known to them. It is
scarcely necessary to add that the prevailing winds blow out of them in all directions ;
and since these winds have the temperature of the upper regions whence they have
come increased only by the increasing pressure to which they are subjected as they
descend, their temperature often differs considerably from that of the surface of the
sea over which they blow.
The lowest isobar, 28"90 inches, is found in the Antarctic regions to the east of
New Victoria. The observations of all the months show that there is a permanently
low pressure over these regions, lower than is to be found anywhere else on the globe.
On all the maps pressure is drawn to the isobar of 29 '30 inches, since observations
appear to warrant this ; but during the summer months of the southern hemisphere
lower isobars have been drawn for the portions of Antarctic regions for which observa-
tions have been furnished by the various expeditions which have been made into these
southern seas.
The most wide-spread low pressure area is in tropical regions, where pressure, except
in the eastern half of the Pacific, falls below 29*85 inches. In this extensive region,
which covers about two-fifths of the whole surface of the globe, there are three areas
where pressure falls still lower. These are the north-west of Australia, Southern
Africa, and South America. A line drawn round the globe along the path of least
pressure of this zone separates the north and south " trades," indicating the belt or still
narrower zone towards which these great aerial currents blow. In the Atlantic and
eastern half of the Pacific, where the barometric gradient is well marked, these winds
are mapped out with equal distinctness ; but in the western part of the Pacific, where
the gradient is low and indistinctly marked, the direction of the prevailing winds is
irregular and obscure, and it is probable that increased observation will the more
strongly illustrate this remark.
It will be observed that the path of least pressure lies north of the equator in the
Atlantic and Pacific Oceans. But in the Indian Ocean it is, at this season, south of it,
lying in a line from Seychelles to the north of Australia. In this restricted region the
winds are especially interesting as illustrating Buys Ballot's Law of the Wind in the
Southern Hemisphere.
The next most important low-pressure system overspreads the northern part of
the Atlantic and regions adjoining, the lowest mean pressure being 29-50 inches from
REPORT ON ATMOSPHERIC CIRCULATION. 53
Iceland to the south of Greenland. It is this region of low pressure which gives to
Western Europe its prevailing south-westerly winds and to North America its north-
westerly winds in winter. By these the temperature of Western Europe is abnormally
raised by its prevailing winds coming from the ocean and from lower latitudes, and the
temperature of North America is abnormally lowered by its prevailing winds coming
from Arctic regions and from land in the season when the effects of terrestrial radiation
are at the maximum. The opposite action of these winds, which are component parts
of the same atmospheric disturbance about Iceland, is shown by the temperature on the
coast of Labrador being only — 13°, whilst in the same latitude, in mid- Atlantic, it is 45°,
or 58° higher. This low-pressure region extends eastwards beyond Nova Zembla, and
from the resulting winds which follow that extension the rigours of the winter climate
of the north of Russia and Siberia as far east at least as Cape Severo are materially
counteracted.
The remaining cyclonic centre is in the North Pacific, the lowest isobar being
29'55 inches south of Alaska. The effects of this low pressure on the prevailing winds,
and through these on the temperature and rainfall of the north-east of Asia and the
north-west of America, is exactly similar to the effects of the low pressure of the
Atlantic on the climates of Europe and the United States.
The influence on the pressure of the Spanish and Italian peninsulas on the one
hand, and on the other the influence of the Mediterranean, Black, and Caspian Seas is
strongly marked ; and equally so do the Arabian Sea, India, and the Bay of Bengal leave
their mark on the isobars and the winds.
February. — The distribution of temperature in this month is similar to that
of January, the chief difference in the northern hemisphere being that in inland
situations the influence of the returning sun begins to be distinctly felt in the higher
temperatures which now prevail ; whereas over the sea and in insular situations,
particularly in the higher latitudes, temperatures are even lower than in January, it
being in this month that the temperature of the sea falls to, or nearly to, the annual
minimum. At Werkojansk the mean temperature has risen from — 61°'2 to — 51c,9 ; and
the greater strength of the sun's rays is also well seen in the altered form and positions
of the isothermals in the continental regions of North America between lat. 20° and 40°.
The great changes in the distribution of pressure in this month are a considerable
diminution over North America south of lat. 50° ; in the western part of the North
Atlantic, and over the whole of that ocean between lat. 40° and 60° ; over Africa, except
the south ; Europe, except north of a line from the south of Scotland eastward to Wiatka
in Russia, and thence northward to the Arctic Ocean ; all Asia, except the islands on its
east coast, and the north-east of the continent. Elsewhere pressure has risen, notably
in the eastern half of the Atlantic, south of lat. 40°, resulting in the formation of an
anticyclonic region, which is further developed in the following months; over
54 THE VOYAGE OF H.M.S. CHALLENGER.
Australia, South Africa, and the greater part of South America. Generally speaking,
pressure has diminished where temperature has begun most markedly to rise, and the air
removed appears to be added to the portions of the atmosphere overspreading the
northern half of North America, Europe, Australia, and the region of the Atlantic
already referred to. None of the changes, however, are so material as to bring about
any serious difference in the prevailing winds as compared with those of January.
March. — In March the lowest isothermal in Asia has now risen to —30°, and in
America to —25°, and over all the more strictly continental regions of the northern
hemisphere the great annual increase of temperature is rapidly proceeding ; but in the
more strictly insular and oceanic climates of the globe the change of temperature from
that of February is comparatively small, as is well shown by the isothermals of the
British Islands, Australia, and New Zealand. The marked increase of temperature on
advancing inland, from both the east and west coasts of the United States, and the
remarkable flexures of the isothermals of Europe and Asia, in the transition from winter
to summer, are very instructive.
The great changes in the distribution of the pressure in this the first of the spring
months, are a large diminution overspreading the whole of Asia and Europe, except the
British Islands, the North Atlantic to the south of lat. 40°, and North America to the
south of lat. 50°. On the other hand, there occurs a very large increase of pressure to
northward of these Atlantic and American latitudes, amounting to upwards of a tenth
and a half in mid- Atlantic between the British Islands and Labrador ; and there is also
an increase, though less decided, over nearly the whole of the southern hemisphere, the
exception being the South Atlantic, lying between the increasing pressures of Africa and
America, which show rather a slight diniinution.
In this month the extra-tropical waters of the oceans reach the annual extremes of
temperature, those of the North Atlantic falling to the annual minimum, and those of
the South Atlantic rising to the annual maximum. Now at this season this region of
the North Atlantic, lying between the rapidly-increasing temperature and falling pressure
of the Europeo- Asiatic and the American continents, receives an increment of pressure
much larger than takes place in any other month of the year.
There are seven anticyclonic areas — in Central Asia, where pressure is rapidly
falling from its high winter maximum ; in British America, where it is rising to the
maximum in spring ; two in the Pacific and two in the Atlantic immediately to west-
ward of the continents ; and in the Indian Ocean west of Australia. The systems of
low pressure are in the north of the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans, in Central Africa and
round the South Pole.
April. — This is the first month when the annual increase of temperature is largely
felt over both insular and continental regions. The increase is, however, larger in
continental climates, and particularly where the rainfall is comparatively small and the
REPORT ON ATMOSPHERIC CIRCULATION. 55
skies clear. Hence, latitude for latitude, temperature is highest in India and in the
inland United States to the westward of the Mississippi. The most uniformly distri-
buted temperatures are over the Indian Ocean to the north of lat. 20° S., and in the
Pacific between lat. 20° N. and S. On the other hand, the isothermals are much
crowded over North America generally, in Senegambia, and South Africa.
As compared with March, pressure has risen over nearly the whole of the southern
hemisphere ; and in the northern hemisphere, to the north of a line drawn from the
mouth of the Mackenzie River to Anticosti, then south-west to near Cape Hatteras,
then through the Atlantic eastward to long. 33° W., then northward to lat. 55° N.,
then eastward to the Ural Mountains, and thence to Cape Severe Over this latter
region the largest increase, being from 0'15 to 0"20 inch, is from West Greenland to
the mouth of the Obi. Pressure has now fallen from two to three-tenths in the centre
of Asia, whereas in the centre of North America and of Europe the fall only slightly
exceeds one-tenth. Over the Arabian Sea and the Bay of Bengal, while pressure has
fallen 0"04 to 0-08 inch, it has fallen over India between these two seas from 0-08 to 0"15
inch, or nearly double ; and in India the greatest decrease is in the north-west, where
the air is driest and temperature is rising most rapidly. The conserving influence of
the Mediterranean on the pressure is equally striking. Again, in the North Atlantic, the
cold Labrador current, with its low temperature and increased pressure, and the warm
southerly current on the east side, with its greatly diminished pressure, suggest
interesting connections between changes of pressure and relative surface temperatures.
The high pressure of Central Asia has now all but disappeared, and the high
pressure area of the Arctic regions, extending from Lake Superior to Northern Siberia,
reaches the annual maximum, the absolute maximum isobar extending from the Arctic
Circle in long. 105° W. in a W.N.W. direction to the Liakov Islands. The other
anticyclonic regions are Southern Australia, in the Indian Ocean to the south of
Madagascar, and the four regions in the Atlantic and Pacific immediately to the west
of the old and new continents. It is remarkable that the highest of these, where the
mean pressure rises to 30-30 inches, is the one to the west of California, the next
highest being the anticyclone in the Indian Ocean, where pressure only reaches
30 '15 inches.
Except the Antarctic depression, none of the low pressure areas are strongly
marked. The cyclonic regions of the North Pacific and Atlantic are now much reduced
in depth and extent ; while, on the other hand, that of India has deepened and extended,
and new centres of depression have begun to appear in the region of the Rocky
Mountains, and in the Pacific to the west of Panama.
May. — As regards temperature, the most noteworthy feature in this the transition
month from spring to summer of the northern hemisphere, is the high temperature
which prevails in all tropical and sub-tropical regions, particularly where the rainy
56 THE VOYAGE OF H.M.S. CHALLENGER.
season has not yet begun, or where the rainfall is not large. Of this, India, Central
Africa north of lat. 10° N, and the more strictly inland regions of North America from
about latitude 15° N. in a northerly direction, are the best examples; and in a less
degree the more continental portions of the Spanish and Scandinavian peninsulas.
The contrast in this respect of India and the Eastern Peninsula is very striking, the
relatively low temperature of the latter being probably due to the " lie " of its great
valleys in the line of the summer monsoon. The influence of the Red Sea and Persian
Gulf in this and subsequent summer months in breaking the continuity of the
isothermals and changing their course is very remarkable. The low temperature of
the north-eastern portion of America and over the north of Siberia as compared with
Western Europe is probably occasioned by the northerly winds which have now set in
towards the rapidly developing centres of low pressure in the interior of the continents
taken in connection with the sun's position in the heavens.
Accompanying these changes of temperature, pressure has fallen greatly over
nearly the whole of the continents of the northern hemisphere, the amount of the fall
being generally the same as in the previous month ; and again the fall over the Arabian
Sea and Persian Gulf is only a half, or even less, than in India, lying between these two
seas. A diminution of pressure has also taken place over the south-east of Australia,
New Zealand, the southern portion of South America, and over the sea immediately to
the south of Cape Colony.
On the other hand, pressure has continued further to increase over nearly the
whole of South America and Africa. But the region of the great increase of pressure,
or the region to which has been transferred the mass of the earth's atmosphere which
has been removed from the Asiatic and American continents, is the Atlantic Ocean
from the Arctic Circle south and to at least lat. 20° S., exclusive of the Caribbean Sea,
but inclusive of the United States east of the Mississippi and Ohio, Lower Canada, and
nearly the half of Europe, to the south of a line drawn from Shetland to the Sea of
Azov. The maximum increase, being nearly two-tenths of an inch, occurs in mid-
Atlantic, about lat. 45° N. In the Atlantic, from lat. 55° to 70° N, pressure now
attains its annual maximum.
A high pressure overspreads nearly the whole of Arctic regions, the maximum,
30*10 inches, extending from the mouth of Back Eiver to Nova Zembla. The other
anticyclonic areas of high pressure, in addition to the four in the Pacific and Atlantic
Oceans, are found in the centre of South America, in South Africa, to the south of
Madagascar, and in Australia. Of these the least pronounced is the one in Australia,
and that most pronounced is in the Pacific to the west of California, where* pressures
are respectively 30 '05 and 30 '30 inches. Pressure has increased over the an ticy clonk-
region of the North Atlantic ; and as pressure all round has considerably fallen, tins
anticyclone is now a strongly marked one.
REPORT ON ATMOSPHERIC CIRCULATION. 57
The low-pressure system of India has shifted a good way to north-westwards,
and deepened to 29 '60 inches, and those of Central Africa to 2970 inches, of North
America to 29-80 inches, and of the Pacific, near Panama, to 29 "85 inches. On the
other hand, the cyclonic systems of the North Pacific have shallowed to 2975 inches,
and that of the North Atlantic to 29 "90 inches, and in the adjoining parts of Europe
there are five other centres, each of very limited extent, where pressure has fallen
slightly lower than 29 "90 inches.
June. — This is the first summer month of the northern hemisphere, and the isother-
mals have now taken their summer positions. The highest isothermal, 95°, appears
in three regions, viz. in India, in Central Africa, and in North America. The summer
isothermals are thrust further than anywhere else into higher latitudes in North America,
from Mexico in a N.N.W. direction as far as the head waters of the Yukon. Over the
whole of this region the climate is drier, and sunshine consequently stronger, than over
the regions to the east and west of it. The isothermals occupy also higher positions in
latitude over the Europeo-Asiatic continent, unless where the influence of sheets of
water draws them into lower latitudes ; and the remarkable parallelism of the lines in
the more strictly inland climates is one of their most marked features. The influence
of the ocean in maintaining a low temperature as compared with the land in the east of
Asia from the Sea of Okotsk to China, and in the east of North America from Labrador
to south of Cape Hatteras, is more pronounced than in any other of the warmer months
of the year.
The almost equal lowering of the isothermals in the northern portion of the Pacific
on each side of Behring Straits is very remarkable, and is in striking contrast to the
totally different distribution of temperature which obtains in the same latitudes of the
North Atlantic.
Mean temperatures under the freezing point are now wholly within the Arctic
Circle.
The changes in the distribution of the pressure are a diminution over the whole of
Asia, amounting to about two-tenths near the centre of the continent ; all Europe,
except the northern part of Scandinavia and Italy, Switzerland, the southern half of
France, and the Peninsula ; all North America, except the extreme south-east and the
extreme north-west of the continent ; and in the southern hemisphere, in New Zealand
and the extreme south of Australia. Elsewhere pressure has risen, the greatest increase
being in the Atlantic from Spain westward to long. 30°, and in the south of Africa.
One of the most widespread changes in the distribution of pressure occurs from May to
June, which ushers in the summer months of the northern hemisphere. It embraces
nearly all the southern hemisphere, the Atlantic south of lat. 55° N., the increase
flowing over so as to cover parts of Europe and North America.
The anticyclonic regions of high pressure are the four in the North and South
(PHTS. CHEM. CHALL. EXP. — PABT V. 1889.) 6 b
58 THE VOYAGE OF H.M.S. CHALLENGER.
Atlantic and Pacific immediately to the west of the continents, to the west of Australia,
and other satellite anticyclones in Australia, South Africa, and South America. The
best marked of these is the one in the North Pacific, where the mean pressure is 30*30
inches, and the least in Australia, where the mean is only 30*05 inches; but even in
this last case the winds afford a well-defined illustration of the an ticy clonic weather
conditions in this part of the globe at this season, inasmuch as they blow outward upon
the sea on all coasts.
One of the most sharply marked cyclonic areas of low pressure which occurs in this
month is in south-western Asia, where pressure falls to a mean of 29 "45 inches, and
the barometric gradient from the Straits of Ormuz to the Caspian Sea is one of the
steepest mean gradients that occur anywhere at any season. The next best marked
cyclonic region is that in North America, and others much less marked appear between
Iceland and Labrador, in Scandinavia, Spain, and in the eastern equatorial region of the
Pacific. It is also to be noted that the equatorial low pressure between the two
anticyclonic regions of the Atlantic is now less marked and greatly contracted in
breadth.
July. — This is the typical month of the summer of the northern and of the winter
of the southern hemisphere. The three regions in Asia, Africa, and North America,
enclosed in June with the isothermal of 95°, and marking off the hottest regions of the
globe in that month, cover now a wider extent, and include maximum temperatures a
few degrees higher, indicating absolutely the highest mean temperatures that occur
anywhere or at any season.
Among the most interesting features of the climates of restricted regions shown by
the isothermals may be enumerated the relatively low temperature of Nova Scotia, the
coast of Morocco, Burmah, and Victoria in Australia ; and the relatively high tempera-
ture of the eastern division of India sheltered from the summer monsoon, and the
inland regions of Scandinavia, Spain, Italy, and Greece. The influence of the Eed Sea
in these months is conspicuously seen in maintaining a low temperature, and thereby
breaking the continuity between Asia and Africa of the isothermals of 90° and 95°. The
crowding together of the lines in California and between the Bay of Biscay to the south
of Algiers is very remarkable.
The more important changes of the distribution of the pressure are an increase over
the southern hemisphere generally, with very slight exceptions in South Africa, New
Zealand, and the south of South America ; India, except the north-west ; Japan ; a
patch of Europe, extending from the north of Spain to Hungary ; the south-western
half of the North Atlantic, and the continental portions of North America from the Gulf
of Mexico north-westward to lat. 55°. Elsewhere pressure has diminished, but particu-
larly over Asia and Europe, except the regions mentioned above, the northern half of
the North Atlantic, and nearly the whole of British America.
REPORT ON ATMOSPHERIC CIRCULATION. 59
In this month the pressure of the northern hemisphere, taken as a whole, falls to
the annual minimum. If 29-95 inches be accepted as the mean pressure of the atmo-
sphere over the globe, then the whole of this hemisphere, excepting the anticyclonic
regions of the Atlantic and Pacific, has a mean pressure below the average. This great
seasonal depression has its centre marked off by the isobar of 29-40 inches, extending
from Mooltan to Muscat, and is absolutely the lowest continental pressure occurring
anywhere or at any season. This great depression, which may be roughly regarded as
coterminous with the land of the northern hemisphere, may be justly considered as
ruling the climate and weather of this half of the globe during the summer months.
Subordinate centres of low pressure are to be seen in North America, between
South Greenland and Hudson Bay, south of Iceland, in Scandinavia, in Spain, and in
the valley of the Po, the last four being, however, comparatively slight. In America the
lowest isobar is 29 "75 inches. In Africa the increased heat seems to result in a widen-
ing apart of the isobars from the Red Sea to Sierra Leone, rather than in the formation
of any distinct cyclonic centre.
In this month pressure in equatorial Atlantic, between the anticyclonic regions
north and south of it, reaches its annual maximum, not falling as low as 29 '90 inches.
In addition to the four anticyclones in the Atlantic and Pacific, anticyclones appear
also to the west of Australia, in South Africa, and in Australia, in the last case reaching
the maximum for the year. In the southern hemisphere, about lat. 30°, pressure rises
over long stretches to or above 30 "20 inches ; and nowhere, except in the comparatively
short distance from long. 170° E. to long. 140° W., does it fall below 30'00 inches. It
is to this belt of high pressure that the part of the air which has been removed from the
continents of the northern hemisphere has been transferred.
In January the highest mean pressure in Asia is a little more than 30 '50 inches in
the upper valley of the Amur and the region to the south-west of it ; whereas in July
the lowest pressure, 29 -40 inches, is at a considerable distance from the above, being
located in the valley of the Indus and south-westwards to Muscat. The difference of
pressure between these two extreme months is thus fully 1'10 inch, or fully a thirtieth
part of the entire barometric pressure, nearly the whole of the difference being
occasioned by the difference of temperature of the two months. In North America the
difference of pressure of January and July is only 0*45 inch, and in Australia the differ-
ence is nearly the same.
In the remarks on January it was pointed out that the centres of maximum pres-
sure and minimum temperature, which, Antarctic regions being excepted, are respectively
these maximum and minimum data for the globe for any season, are far from occupying
the same geographical area. But in July the regions of minimum pressure and maxi-
mum temperature are virtually coincident. In this region the climate is remarkably
dry and rainless, or nearly so, and substantially the same climatic characteristics
60 THE VOYAGE OF H.M.S. CHALLENGER
distinguish the more restricted regions of low pressure in the United States, Scandi-
navia, Spain, and North Italy. The point is of considerable importance in atmospheric
physics, as showing that when the sun's heat is strongest cyclonic areas of low pressure
are generated in dry climates ; whereas in winter, in the higher latitudes, cyclonic
areas are formed in humid and rainy climates.
One of the most remarkable illustrations of the respective influences of land and
water on the courses of the isobars is seen at this season in the higher pressure main-
tained from the Straits of Gibraltar eastwards to the Sea of Aral by the extensive sheets
of water for which this region is so remarkable. The crowding, widening, and deforma-
tion of the isobars in the different parts of the region is curious and highly instructive.
On the other hand, the diminution of the pressure shown by the isobar of 29*80 inches
immediately to the north in eastern Russia, where there are no water surfaces, is equally
striking.
As Australia is an island sufficiently large to show the climatic features of a
continent, it is interesting to note in connection with the anticyclone overspreading it at
this time, that on all coasts the winds blow outward from the land seawards. This,
therefore, is the dry season of Australia.
One striking feature of the oceanic anticyclones deserves attention. The isobars
crowd more together on their eastern sides, where they press upon the continents
adjoining, than on their western sides, where they are prolonged through their respec-
tive oceans. The prevailing winds of continental coasts adjoining anticyclonic regions
are usually dry for two reasons ; they advance from higher to lower, and therefore
warmer latitudes, and they have traversed the evaporating surface of the ocean but a
comparatively short way since their descent from the higher regions of the anticyclones.
The dry climates of California, Peru, Morocco, and south-west of Africa at this time
may be referred to as illustrations.
Quite different is it with the winds which blow through the West Indies, the Gulf
of Mexico, and thence northwards through the United States. These winds having
traversed a large extent of the ocean, distribute over these islands and States a generous
and rarely failing rainfall, thus rendering the United States one of the uniformly best
watered regions of the globe. Similarly the valleys of the Amazon and other rivers in
the north of South America have a large rainfall.
As regards rainfall, southern and eastern Asia is, perhaps, the most remarkable
region of the globe. The isobars of July show this at once. If a line be drawn
marking the path of highest pressure from Durban in South Africa eastwards
through the Indian Ocean and Australia, and thence out through the Pacific by New
Caledonia to beyond the Sandwich Islands, then the whole of the Indian and Pacific
Oceans between this line and the continent is traversed by winds which blow home on
and into Asia during the summer months. Hence the prevailing summer winds arrive on
REPORT ON ATMOSPHERIC CIRCULATION. 61
the coasts laden with the moisture of the oceans they have crossed, the result being
the large rainfall of southern and eastern Asia. The heaviest of these rains are where
mountain ranges lie across the path of the monsoon, and they penetrate farthest inland
where the river valleys lie approximately in the course of the monsoon.
The July isobars of India are of more than ordinary interest, implying, as they do,
the utmost practical advantages to the empire. From Cutch southward pressure is
everywhere higher in the west than in the east of the same latitudes, represented by
the south-easterly slant of the lines as they cross India. The difference is about half a
tenth of an inch, and the same difference also holds good in Ceylon. The consequence
of this peculiarity in the distribution of the pressure is that the summer monsoon blows
more directly from the ocean than would have been the case if the isobars had lain due
west and east. A much more important consequence, however, follows from the
location of the region of least pressure in the valley of the Indus, so that in the valley
of the Ganges, and in the north of India generally, pressure diminishes steadily from
east to west, — from Assam, up the Ganges, and westward to Jacobabad on the Indus.
The inevitable result of this inversion in the manner of the distribution of the pressure
is that the winds are no longer south-westerly, but they become southerly over the Bay
of Bengal, and thereafter deflected into E.S.E. winds blowing up and filling the whole
valley of the Ganges, and distributing in their course a generous rainfall over this
magnificent region. If winds there had been south-westerly, the rainfall would have
been meagre and inadequate, owing to the intervention of the Western Ghauts between
the sea and the Ganges.
It will be observed that the low-pressure system of Asia and the anticyclonic
system of high pressure of the Atlantic are connected by what is virtually an unbroken
broad belt of westerly winds over Europe and western Asia, bearing with them much
vapour from the Atlantic, to which is due the summer rainfall of this part of the old
continent. As they advance farther into Asia they take a northerly direction as they
turn towards and blow round upon the region of low pressure in the Punjaub. Since,
as they assume a northerly direction they blow into hotter regions, it follows that
rain ceases to fall, and the climates are among the driest and hottest anywhere on
the earth.
It also follows that Japan is one of the more highly favoured regions as regards its
rainfall, depending as it does on the large extent of the Pacific to the south-east, over
which the summer monsoon must blow before reaching the Japanese coasts.
The same principles are illustrated by the direction of the prevailing winds and
distribution of the rainfall over and around the more restricted area of low summer
pressure in North America. On the west side of this low-pressure area the Pacific anti-
cyclone closely presses with its crowded isobars and arid northerly winds ; whilst on
the east side lies the higher pressure with its more open isobars and moist southerly
62
THE VOYAGE OF EL M.S. CHALLENGER.
winds. The result is a close proximity of widely diverse climates as regards cloud,
rainfall, and temperature.
The following Table gives the monthly average rainfall from a selected number of
places within and contiguous to this low-pressure area : —
Mean Rainfall in the Western Divisions of the United States
and of Canada.
Jan.
Feb.
March.
April.
May.
June.
July.
Aug.
Sept.
Oct.
Nov.
Dec.
Year.
inches.
inches.
inches.
inches.
inches.
inches.
inches.
inches.
inches.
inches
inches
inches
inches.
Fort Yuma, Ariz.,
•35
•40
•14
•10
•00
•00
■31
•63
•50
•19
•32
•29
3-20
San Diego, Calif.,
2-05
2-36
1-50
•94
■40
•07
•02
•18
•04
•41
•73
2-09
10-80
Los Angelos, „ .
270
3-50
2-95
2-15
•45
•18
•03
•02
•16
•51
•44
3-33
16-42
San Francisco, ,, .
5-00
3-64
3-04
2-39
•62
•30
•02
•01
•15
1-22
3-00
4-75
24-14
Sacramento, „ .
4-21
3-06
3-27
3-48
•62
•25
•00
•00
•27
•90
2-09
4-04
22-19
Roseburg, Oreg., .
6-20
4-56
3-44
3-02
1-82
•97
•01
■31
•86
2-83
3-79
6-43
34-84
Mendocino, Calif., .
9-90
8-91
7-36
4-77
1-31
■39
•05
•03
•47
2-57
5-81
8-26
49-82
Portland, Oreg., .
7-05
7-31
6-36
3-31
2-44
1-71
■72
•67
1-82
4-53
6-79
8-36
51-07
Astoria, „
11-17
7-80
3-77
3-54
4-94
1-88
1-16
•72
4-90
4-78
7-01
11-14
62-81
Boise City, Idah., .
2-42
1-28
1-72
1-14
1-34
•69
•17
•18
■36
•88
1-28
2-18
13-74
Walla Walla, Wash., .
3-45
1-29
1-06
1-66
•67
•73
•02
•12
•06
1-95
•78
3-16
14-95
Tatoosh Is., ,,
14-87
9-87
5-21
3-57
4-45
2-96
2-81
3-44
7-10
7-16
13-08
14-72
89-24
Olyrnpia, „
8-59
8-80
4-81
3-79
2-53
1-17
•89
•72
3-08
5-05
7-04
9-61
56-08
Victoria, Brit. Col., .
5-69
3-64
2-56
1-20
•91
■77
•40
•52
2-01
2-86
4-00
4-96
29-53
Fort Simpson, ,,
9-01
9-23
7-65
7-47
4-15
3-90
4-31
7-02
11-96
15-01
13-54
6-25
99-50
New Westminster, ,,
778
8-37
699
3-86
3-27
2-79
3-56
2-03
1-92
6-70
5-05
12-65
64-98
Lillooet, „
1-75
1-12
1-22
•66
1-34
1-53
1-01
•97
1-18
•98
1-39
2-26
15-41
Spencer Bridge, ,,
1-70
0-28
•37
•16
•52
4-15
3-25
5-30
3-80
2-39
2-33
1-53
25-78
Fort York, P.R.L., .
■59
1-59
•87
•24
•72
•80
■63
•56
1-06
•01
■49
•67
8-23
Moose-Factory, ,,
3-00
•93
1-92
1-24
2-22
3-62
3-37
3-09
3-87
2-06
2-08
2-19
29-59
Marten Falls, „
2-50
1-50
•00
•00
4-37
5-91
3-08
2-58
2-22
3-48
1-17
2-60
29-41
Nepignon, Ont., .
2-32
2-65
1-10
1-30
3-09
2-13
3-76
2-74
1-41
4-00
1-90
1-70
28-00
Winnipeg, Manit.,
•58
1-00
1-03
1-31
2-05
3-20
2-58
2-51
1-83
1-37
•92
•99
19-37
Chipewyan, Atheb.,
•89
•63
•74
•31
•45
•98
1-79
•74
1-37
1-35
•52
•81
10-58
Dunvegan, ,,
1-09
1-06
1-90
•76
2 "24
3-07
1-37
2-94
1-65
1-46
1-07
1-40
20-01
Qu' Appelle, Assin.,
•41
•51
•45
1-05
1-39
2-40
1-90
1-47
•92
•45
■58
•77
12-30
Medicine Hat., „
•31
•38
•44
•57
•91
3-27
1-33
■94
•90
■45
•42
•40
10-32
Edmonton, „
1-01
•83
•64
•49
2-01
2 -25
2-83
•74
1-01
•93
■23
•68
11-65
F. Benton, Mont., .
■80
•52
•73
•96
2-39
2-16
1-82
1-08
1-04
•19
■78
■64
13-71
F. Buford, Dak., .
•69
•52
•43
1-45
1-94
2-88
2-31
1-15
•69
•93
•11
•82
14-22
Cheyenne, Wy., .
•28
•26
•61
1-23
2-14
1-51
1-66
1-52
•89
•C4
•31
•21
11-26
Salt Lake City, Utah, .
1-46
1-36
2-00
2-33
2-00
1-04
•54
•83
•96
1-72
1-76
1-49
17-40
Winnenmcea, Nev.,
1-01
1-01
•75
1-07
•83
•85
■18
•09
•31
•70
•93
1-14
8-87
Pike's Peak, Col.,
1-72
1-45
2-11
3-71
3-89
1-84
4-29
3-72
1-77
1-48
1-80
1-46
29-24
Santa Fc, N. Mes.,
•52
•65
•58
•08
•84
1-16
3-09
2-94
1-51
1-03
•87
•82
14-69
El Paso, Tex.,
•58
•44
•49
•18
•40
•54
2-85
2-23
1-21
1-37
•48
■67
11-44
F. Gibson, Ind. Ter., .
2-03
2-28
2-52
4-23
4-44
4-13
2-97
2-69
2-56
3-55
2-92
2-16
36-55
North Platte, Nebr., .
■52
•35
•61
1-84
3-16
3-51
2-71
2-48
1-34
1-26
•43
•74
18-95
Omaha, ,, .
■55
•83
1-50
3-55
4-98
6-46
6-17
3-59
3-53
315
1-32
1-01
36-64
REPORT ON ATMOSPHERIC CIRCULATION. 63
The stations are separated into two distinct groups by a line made to pass in a
north and south direction through the centre of the low-pressure area. To the west of
the line the summer rainfall is either nil or small, whereas to the east of it the rainfall
reaches the annual maximum in this season. The influence of this low pressure
is to augment the summer rainfall, at least as far eastward as the Mississippi. Farther
north on Hudson's Bay and the N.-W. Territories of Canada the summer rainfall is for
the same reason also large, the amount being in a great degree to be traced to the
large evaporation from Hudson's Bay conveyed by the prevailing winds southwards
and distributed over the Territories. The rapid increase of the rainfall on the seaboard
from the Columbia River northwards is remarkable, the amounts for July being
1*16 inch at Astoria ; 2'81 inches at Tatoosh Island, near Cape Flattery; 3'56 inches
at New "Westminster ; and 4 "3 1 inches at Fort Simpson, to the north-east of Queen
Charlotte Island. At all coast stations to the north of San Francisco the winter rain-
fall is very large. The greatest falls occur at Tatoosh Island, Fort Simpson, and Astoria,
and the heavy rains set in as early as September.
August. — The declining influence of the sun is now decidedly felt in the higher
latitudes and in the drier continental climates. The temperature of a considerable
portion of the Arctic regions has now fallen below the freezing point. At Barnaul, in
Siberia, temperature falls from 68°'6 in July to 62°"5 in August, and at Werkojansk,
where the greatest known cold is recorded in the winter, the figures are for July 5 8° "6
and August 48°'7.
On the other hand, the temperature of the oceans, as well as in many strictly
insular situations of the northern hemisphere, rises to the annual maximum in this
month. At Astrabad, on the Caspian Sea, the means are for July 81°'7 and August
83°-4, at Nagasaki 77°'7 and 79°-8, and at Bellisle 48°-8 and 50°-9/ The influence
of extensive water surfaces in maintaining a higher temperature towards the close of
summer is well illustrated by the air temperatures of the Atlantic and Bed Sea.
The high temperature of the Atlantic on the one hand, and the upwelling of the
cold deep water to the surface off the north-west coast of Morocco on the other, result
in the singular positions of the August isothermals of that ocean. Similar low
temperatures are also seen in each case where the four great anticyclonic areas of high
pressure in the Pacific and Atlantic press on the continents, the lowering influence
being increased by the prevailing winds passing into lower latitudes.
The changes in the distribution of the pressure are an increase over the whole of
Asia and Europe, except the countries in the south-west of the latter continent, the
increase being greater in those regions where the most marked fall in the temperature
is proceeding ; over North America, except the extreme western and extreme southern
regions ; and in South America, to the south of the Argentine Republic. On the other
hand, pressure has fallen over France, Italy, Spain, and Portugal ; over the Atlantic,
64 THE VOYAGE OF H.M.S. CHALLENGER.
except to eastwards of the New England States as far as long. 45° W. ; and over
Australia, and nearly the whole of Africa and South America. The more remarkable
of the resulting changes is the reappearance, in the neighbourhood of Spitzbergen and
North Greenland, of the high pressure which overspreads nearly the whole of the Arctic
regions during the colder half of the year. In Spitzbergen, pressure is now slightly
above the general average of 29*95 inches. The high pressure characteristic of
continents during the winter months has disappeared from South Africa ; but is still
shown in Australia, reduced, however, about half a tenth of an inch.
The anticyclone of the North Atlantic covers nearly the same extent as in the
previous month ; but as pressure over it is generally half a tenth of an inch less, and
as in Asia to the north of the high tableland of the interior it has risen a tenth and a
half, the gradient for westerly wdnds is greatly reduced. Climatologically this is,
perhaps, the most important change, next to that of the temperature, that occurs in
August. The gradient for westerly winds from the Atlantic being reduced, these
winds are correspondingly lessened in force, and the amount of the rainfall is diminished
to the east of long. 20° E.
September. — In this month the low temperature of the Arctic regions spreads and
deepens, and in the interior has fallen to 20°. The highest isothermals are now 90° in
Asia and Africa, and 85° in North America and the north of Australia. The compara-
tively high temperature of the extensive tropical regions of the Pacific and Atlantic,
where the difference of temperature is very slight, is still maintained. The other
outstanding feature of the temperature is a greatly more rapid fall now in progress over
the land as compared with that over the ocean. Thus, while in mid- Atlantic about
lat. 52° 30' N. and long. 32° 30' V?., the mean temperature of August is 57° "6, and of
September 55°"2, on the continent the means are 64°-9, and 58°7 at Berlin, 62°-5 and
51°"2 at Barnaul, and 48°7 and 32° 7 at Werkojansk. These changes altogether alter
the temperature relations of the different regions of the northern hemisphere to each
other, and it is these changed relations which bring about the vital change in the
peculiar distribution of the pressure which sets in with the autumn months.
Over the whole of Asia and Europe, except the British Islands and north-western
Norway, pressure has risen, and most largely where temperature has fallen to the
greatest degree, unless the region is situated so as to be affected by an extensive low
pressure area now being formed ; the whole of North America, except Labrador, and
Alaska, and British Columbia ; the northern half of Africa ; and in the south of
Australia and south of South America. Everywhere else pressure has fallen, notably
so in the north-eastern part of the Pacific and of the Atlantic, and part of the
continents adjoining, where the winter cyclonic low pressure of the regions are rapidly
forming, the isobars of the North Pacific now showing a pressure of 2970 inches, and
of the North Atlantic of 2975 inches.
REPORT ON ATMOSPHERIC CIRCULATION. 65
As pressure has still further fallen in the anticyclone of the North Atlantic and
risen rapidly in Asia, the difference in pressure is now so small that the westerly winds
from the Atlantic towards the centre of the old continent may be considered at an
end for the year. But the cyclonic area over the North Atlantic has now extended
and deepened to such an extent as to rule the winds of western and northern Europe.
With the greater prevalence of these south-westerly winds the rainfall of these regions
is largely increased, reaching even to the annual maximum in Denmark and a con-
siderable portion of Finland and Sweden.
October. — The mean temperature has fallen to -5° in the extreme north of Green,
land, and except a portion of the North Atlantic and the north of Scandinavia
temperature is now below 32° over the whole of the Arctic regions. This low
temperature descends to lat. 54° on the coast of Labrador, and to the same latitude in
eastern Siberia. The abnormally high temperatures have now altogether disappeared
from Spain, Greece, and Scandinavia, and, as regards the last region, the isothermals
show that abnormally low temperatures from the north-east begin to overspread it.
The fall of temperature in the interior of Asia is very great, being from 20° to 30°
over a wide area. At Werkojansk the fall is from 3 2° '7 to -0o,6, or a fall of 33°-3.
On the other hand, in Egypt, Syria, and over the Red Sea it is very small.
The highest isothermals are 90° in North and South Africa and in the north of
Australia, and 85° in Brazil and Central America.
Pressure has fallen over the whole of the southern hemisphere, over the Atlantic,
Greenland, and the western half of Europe, to the west of a line drawn from Corfu to
Helsinfors, and thence north-eastwards to Franz Josef's Land ; and the cyclonic region
of the North Pacific has further extended and deepened. Everywhere else pressure
has increased, particularly over Asia, being the maximum monthly increase that occurs
in any month anywhere over the globe. In the centre of the continent the increase is
from 0-25 to 0-30 inch. Thus, in passing from September to October, pressure
diminishes over all those regions where the temperature, relatively to that of immedi-
ately surrounding regions, is higher in October than it was in the month previous ; but
it increases over those regions where temperature is relatively lower, and most so just
over those regions where the temperature is now most strikingly low as compared with
adjoining regions.
The area in the Arctic regions covered by a pressure exceeding 29 "9 5 inches,
the average for the globe, is now largely extended. In addition to the four anti-
cyclones in the Atlantic and Pacific, anticyclones appear in Asia, where the isobars
show a pressure of 30-20 inches; in the Indian Ocean, with a pressure equally high.
There are also less marked ones in the Pacific Ocean midway between South America
and Australia ; in the United States to the east of the Mississippi ; and in Spain.
The cyclonic areas of low pressure in the north of the Atlantic and Pacific have
(PHVS. CHEM. CHALL. EXP. — fART V. — 1889.) 6 C
66 THE VOYAGE OF H.M.S. CHALLENGER.
further developed and extended, and in each case the isobars show a pressure of 29 '60
inches. South-westerly winds have increased in frequency and force over western
Europe, and in the west of America to the north of the Columbia Eiver ; whilst north-
westerly winds have equally increased over Canada and the more northern portion of
the United States, and over the east of Asia. In western Europe the rainfall is very
largely increased, the maximum monthly fall for the year occurring in Norway, the
British Islands, with the exception of the strictly western districts, and over large
portions of France and Spain. On the coast stations of British Columbia the rainfall
is also heavy, rising to 15 '01 inches at Fort Simpson on a mean of the two years
1887-88, and at Sitka the mean is 1T83 inches. On the other hand, the north-
westerly winds have largely increased the cold and dryness of the climates of the
eastern regions of Asia and North America. The low summer pressure of India is
now represented by a shallow depression, having its centre in the Bay of Bengal, where
the lowest isobar indicates a pressure of 29"80 inches. The winds accompanying the
depression of this transition month from the summer to the winter monsoon are
extremely interesting, and the differences shown by the prevailing winds of the Bay of
Bengal and the Arabian Sea are very striking.
Low pressure systems also occur in Central Africa, in the north of South America,
and thence westward through the Pacific to longitude 140° W. ; and again in the
Pacific between New Guinea and the Sandwich Islands. There is also a slight but
wide- spread depression over the Mediterranean, and the influence of the higher
temperature maintained by the Black and Caspian Seas is well seen in the deformation
of the isobars in their neighbourhood.
November. — In the central parts of the Arctic regions the isothermal of -15° encloses
an extensive area, and the isothermals droop in lower latitudes through eastern Siberia,
and in North America in the direction of Lake Winnipeg. In Siberia, a centre of
still lower temperature is now formed round Werkojansk, where temperature has fallen
to -39°'5, the mean of November being thus 38°"9 lower than that of October. The
most southerly position of a mean temperature of 32° is to the south of Wladistok,
about lat. 42° N. The protrusion northwards of high temperatures along the west
of Norway, and the protrusion southward of low temperatures through the centre
of Scandinavia, are among the most striking contrasts in the distribution of the
temperature in November. The higher temperature of the Eed Sea, the curves of
the isothermals in America from Mexico to the head waters of the Missouri, the
irregular courses of the isothermals over the seas of southern Europe, the courses of the
isothermals of 45°, 40°, 35°, 30°, and 25° over Europe as compared with the contours of
the Continent, and the distribution of temperature in India, are prominent features in
the climatologies of the month.
The highest isothermals are 95° in the north of Australia, 90° in South Africa,
and 85° in South America and Central America. Owing to the distribution of the
REPORT ON ATMOSPHERIC CIRCULATION. 67
pressure in Australia the winds of the district where the temperature has risen to
95° blow from the interior of the arid portion of this continent.
In this month pressure has continued to fall over the whole of the southern
hemisphere. The low pressure in the north of the Pacific remains much as it was in
October, except that it has extended over Behring Straits ; the low pressure in the
north of the Atlantic is nearly the same as in the previous month, except that it is
several degrees of latitude to southward, and a subsidiary satellite depression has
appeared to the north of Norway. Pressure has also fallen over the north-eastern half
of the Atlantic as far as lat. 60° N. ; but the most remarkable fall is that which occurs
over all Europe, except in Spain and Portugal and in the west and south of France.
This general fall of pressure over the north-eastern part of the Atlantic, and to the
eastward over Europe to long. 45° E., taken in connection with a simultaneous large
increase over Iceland and Greenland, gives the explanation of the secondary maximum
of easterly and northerly winds which prevails over a large portion of Europe in
November, with the reduced rainfall which accompanies them.
There are other low-pressure centres in the Indian Ocean from Borneo to Ceylon,
in Africa, in the regions of the lower Amazons, and in the north-west of Australia.
The peculiarities of the distribution of the pressure over the seas of southern Europe
are even more pronounced than in October, showing that distribution is in the strongest
manner mainly influenced by the irregular distribution of land and water over the same
regions.
Of the four anticyclones of the two great oceans, the most pronounced is that to
the westward of the heated plains of the Argentine Eepublic, and the least that in the
North Atlantic.
The anticyclone of Asia indicates a pressure of 30 '40 inches, and its system of
isobars and outflowing winds on all sides shows that it has now acquired its strongly
marked winter characteristics. The other anticyclones are in the Indian Ocean to the
west of Australia, in the Pacific to the north-east of New Zealand, a subsidiary one
being also in Spain. The courses of the isobars of 29"95, 29-90, and 29'85 inches from
the north-east of Africa to Tonkin illustrate in a remarkable manner the influence of
the ocean in lowering, and of the land in augmenting, pressure at this time when
temperature is rapidly falling. Over all India the surface winds are northerly, but
the different directions in different districts possess great interest in their relations to
the undulating courses of the isobars.
From the greater prevalence of northerly and easterly winds the maximum rainfall
for the year occurs in November nowhere in Europe, except in the Mediterranean
region marked out by the isobar of 30*00 inches, and eastward so as to include Greece.
December. — The mean temperature of the whole of the earth's surface enclosed by
the Arctic Circle is under 32°, and the isothermals of -25° embrace a large portion of this
68 THE VOYAGE OF H.M.S. CHALLENGER.
region. The low temperature region in Siberia shows a mean temperature of -55°-5 at
Werkojansk, near its centre. In North America, near the magnetic pole, temperature
falls a little below -25°.
The influence of oceanic currents on the isothermals is strikingly seen through the
centre of the Atlantic, and thence round the North Cape into the Arctic Ocean east-
wards as far as the Liakov Islands. The influence of Hudson's Bay, the North Seas, and
the Baltic with its connected seas, are particularly well illustrated in this month ; and,
on the other hand, the influence of the land in lowering the winter temperature is
equally well seen along the centre of the unbroken land surface of Europe from
Moscow to Lisbon.
The observations made in December by various expeditions to Antarctic regions
show a mean temperature of 25° between longs. 160° E. and W., and similar low
temperatures occur in this zone in the other summer months of the southern hemi-
sphere, being in this respect quite different from the Arctic regions in summer where
mean temperature does not fall below 35°, even though observations are available from
much higher latitudes. The difference is, of course, due to the all but continuous
covering of water, ice, or snow within the Antarctic Circle, whereas within the Arctic
Circle there is a large proportion of land, and the Arctic Ocean is, besides, nearly
altogether landlocked.
The Loffoden Isles and Werkojansk are approximately in the same latitude, yet
their mean temperatures are respectively 30° and -55°, the difference being 85°. This
shows in an impressive manner how the temperature does not fall according to
latitude, but according to the distance to which the place is situated eastward and
northward in the continent ; where, at the same time, the air is calm, dry, and clear,
and seldom reached by winds from any ocean.
Another feature of the isothermals is their openness in those regions of Europe and
western Asia, where south-westerly winds prevail, and their crowded condition over
the higher plateaux to the south to which these winds do not reach, and where the air
is drier and calmer.
The highest isothermals are 95° in the north of Australia, 90° in South Africa, and
85° in two districts in South America separated by the valley of the Plata. The
crowding of the isothermals in South America and South Africa is characteristic of all
regions where in summer the air is dry, and where the adjoining coast is swept by winds
passing into lower latitudes.
Pressure has fallen everywhere over the southern hemisphere, and over Turkey,
Russia, Scandinavia, and thence westward across Iceland, Greenland, and Arctic
America ; but elsewhere it has risen.
A much greater expanse of the Arctic regions is overspread by a high pressure ; the
centre of the anticyclone of Asia shows now a pressure of 30-50 inches ; that of North
REPORT ON ATMOSPHERIC CIRCULATION. 69
America 30 "20 inches; and those of the Indian Ocean between South Africa and
Australia, to the west of South Africa and to the west of South America, are particularly
well defined, being separated from each other by pressure under the general average.
The result is the transference of a large mass of the earth's atmosphere from the
southern to the northern hemisphere, and from the ocean to the land surfaces of the
northern hemisphere ; in other words, the transference is from those regions of the
globe where temperature is relatively high to where, with respect to immediately
surrounding regions, it is relatively low.
The cyclonic areas of low pressure in the North Atlantic and Pacific have now
virtually acquired their winter extension and depth. In November the difference in
pressure between the centres of the North Atlantic anticyclone and cyclone is 0'40
inch, but in December the difference increases to 0"60 inch, or a half more. With
this increased gradient, the Atlantic south-westerly winds increase in strength and
frequency, and precipitate over western Europe a much heavier rainfall, augmented by
meeting land of a relatively lower temperature than in the previous months. Thus the
maximum rainfall of the year occurs in this month and January following, when quite
similar meteorological conditions prevail over the whole of the strictly western division
of the Peninsula, the extreme north-west of France and south-west of England, and
the more western districts of Ireland and Scotland.
Low-pressure areas also occur in South Africa, the valley of the Amazon, and from
the north-west of Australia to Java. A lower pressure now appears in the equatorial
region of the Atlantic between the two anticyclones of that ocean than prevails there
in any other month.
A singular distribution of pressure is well seen this month in the Mediterranean,
illustrating the relation of the Italian peninsula to this area of low pressure. This
peculiarity is observed through all the winter months ; but as the isobars are drawn only
to half-tenths, it does not appear in so pronounced a manner in the other months.
The same peculiarity is shown in the relations of India to the isobars of that region as
compared with the isobars of the Arabian Sea and Bay of Bengal, — a feature still more
decidedly shown in this than in the previous month.
Abnormal Pressures and Temperatures. — The isobars, isothermals, and winds
detailed are shown in the normal atmospheric conditions of the different months. It
not unfrequently happens, however, that the actual weather of individual months differs
widely from what these normals indicate. The most important weather changes, as
affects human interests, are those which depend on wind, temperature, and rain ; and
as these again are most intimately bound up with the actual distribution of pressure at
the time, it is the last that really furnishes the key to weather changes.
As good an example as could be adduced to show these changes is offered by the
weather conditions of December 1878. This month was remarkable for unusually
70 THE VOYAGE OF H.M.S. CHALLENGER.
abnormal weather over the whole globe. If a line be drawn from Texas to Newfound-
land, across the Atlantic, the north of France and Germany, thence round by south-
east through the Black Sea, the Caucasus, India, the East Indian Islands, and
Australia, to the south of New Zealand, it will pass through a broad extended region
where pressure was throughout considerably below the mean of December, and this
prolonged area of abnormally low pressure was still further deepened in various regions
along the line. Another line passing through the Philippine Islands, Japan, Manchuria,
Behring's Straits, and Alaska marks out another extensive region where pressure was
uninterruptedly below the mean.
On the other hand, pressure was above the average of the month, and generally
largely so, over the United States to west of longitude 90°, over Greenland, Iceland,
the Faroes, Shetland, and a large part of the Old Continent, by a line drawn from
Finland round by Lake Balkhash, Canton, and Pekin, to the upper region of the Lena.
Another area of high pressure extended from Syria through Egypt and East Africa to
the Cape ; and part of a third area of high pressure was seen in the North Island of
New Zealand.
As regards North America, the greatest excess of pressure, about 0'20 inch above
the mean, was in the valley of the Columbia, from which it gradually fell on proceeding
eastwards to a defect from the mean of 0'15 inch near Lake Champlain and to north-
ward, rising again to near the mean in the north of Nova Scotia. To the north and
north-east exceedingly high pressures for these regions and for this month prevailed,
being 0"635 inch above the mean in Iceland, 0'50 inch in the south of Greenland, the
excess diminishing on advancing northwards along West Greenland.
West Greenland being thus on the west side of the region of high pressure, which
for the time overspread the northern part of the Atlantic, and on the north-east side of
the area of low pressure in the United States and Canada, strong south winds set in
along that coast, and the temperature at the four Greenland stations, proceeding from
south to north, rose to 10,1, 8°'8, 12°"1, and 14°-4 above the means, being in accordance
with the relations of the distribution of pressure and temperature everywhere shown to
prevail by the mean pressure and temperature charts of the months. Again, as the
centre of lowest pressure was about Montreal, strong northerly and westerly winds
predominated to westward and southward, and consequently temperature was there
below the average, the deficiency at St. Louis and Chicago being 9°-5 ; and the winds
being northerly and easterly in California, temperature was there also under the mean.
On the other hand, in the New England States, the greater part of the Dominion
of Canada and West Greenland, temperature was above the average. Pressure was
much higher at St. Michael's, Alaska, than at St. Paul's to south-westward ; and hence
while temperature at St. Paul's was 2°-9 below the normal, it was 12°-0 above it at St.
Michael's, where strong winds from the south prevailed.
REPORT ON ATMOSPHERIC CIRCULATION. 71
As Iceland was on the north-east side of the patch of high pressure overspreading
the north of the Atlantic, northerly winds prevailed there, and temperature consequently
fell 7°'2 below the mean, presenting thus a marked contrast to the high temperature in
West Greenland in the same month. In Europe, the region of lowest pressure occupied
the southern shores of the North Sea, thence extending, though in a diminished degree,
to south-eastward. It inevitably followed that over all western Europe winds were N.E.,
N., and in the south-west of Europe, W. ; and everywhere from the North Cape to the
north of Italy temperature was below the normal, in some places greatly so, the defect
being 10°'4 in the south of Norway and 120,2 in the south of Scotland.
On the other hand, on the east side of this area of low pressure winds were
southerly, and consequently temperature was high. In some parts of Russia it rose
to 15o-0 above the mean, and over the greater part of European Russia the excess
exceeded 9°-0. This region of high temperature extended eastwards into Siberia as far
as the Irtish, being quite coterminous with the western half of the anticyclonic region
of high pressure which covered central Siberia. But over the eastern half of this
Siberian anticyclone northerly winds prevailed, with the necessary accompaniment of
low temperature over the whole of eastern Asia, the defect being G°-8 at Nertchinsk
and 9°'0 at Chabarowka on the lower Amur.
Here again, as in America, Greenland, and Iceland, places with the atmospheric
pressure equally high presented the strongest contrasts of temperature, just as they
happened to be situated on the eastern or western sides of the anticyclones prevailing
at the time. Thus at Bogoslovsk, on the Ural Mountains, pressure was 0-210 inch,
and at Nertchinsk 0-154 inch, above the normals; but Bogoslovsk, on the west side of
this anticyclonic region, had its temperature 15°-0 above, whilst at Nertchinsk, on the
east side, it was 6° "8 below the average. At the former place winds were southerly,
but at the latter northerly.
In this season the mean pressure falls to the annual minimum in Australia, but
during December 1878 the usually low pressure was still further diminished. Pressure
at this time of the year also falls to the minimum in the North Pacific and in the
North Atlantic, and, as has been stated, the low pressure of these regions was also
still further diminished. But in the case of the Atlantic, it was accompanied with a
most important difference ; the centre of least pressure, usually located to the south-
west of Iceland, was removed some hundreds of miles to south-east, and a most
unwonted development of extraordinarily high pressure appeared to the northward,
overspreading the extensive region of Baffin's Bay, Greenland, Iceland, Faro, and
Shetland. Now it was to this region of high pressure, in its relations to the low-
pressure region to the south-east of it, that the extreme severity of the weather over
the British Islands at the time was due. It is remarkable that with the exception ot
the high-pressure area about Greenland, and the displacement of the low-pressure area
72 THE VOYAGE OF H.M.S. CHALLENGER.
of the North Atlantic to the south-east, the meteorological peculiarities which rendered
the weather of December 1878 memorable over nearly the whole globe arose out of
a distribution of the earth's atmosphere which was essentially the same that obtains
at this season, but the usual irregularities in the distribution of the pressure appeared
in more pronounced characters.
Mean Atmospheric Temperature and Pressure for the Year. — The distribution
of the mean annual pressure may be regarded as representing the sum of the influences
at work, directly and indirectly, throughout the year in increasing and diminishing
atmospheric pressure and temperature.
The isothermal of -5° surrounds the north pole, and marks off the region where
the annual temperature of the globe falls to the minimum, Maps XXV. and XXVI. The
regions of highest mean annual temperature marked off by the isothermal of 85° occur
in Central Africa, in India, the north of Australia, and Central America ; but, except
Central Africa, these areas are very restricted. Temperature is depressed in the greatest
degree towards the eastern sides of the land surfaces of the continents as they stretch
towards and into the Arctic regions. As regards the ocean, temperatures are low on
the eastern coasts of the continents of the northern hemisphere and on the western
side of the continents of the southern hemisphere. The effect of the more clouded
condition of the atmosphere of intertropical South America as compared with Central
Africa is well illustrated by the isotherm als of these two extensive regions.
The most conspicuous example of the influence of ocean currents in raising the
temperature is seen in the protrusion northwards of the isothermals over western
Europe, due to the prevailing winds and widespread currents which there pass from
lower to higher latitudes. The contrast the temperature of the east coast of America
offers to that of Europe is very striking. A similar result, but in a greatly reduced
form, is seen on comparing the east of Asia with the west of North America.
As respects land surfaces of tropical and sub-tropical countries, the highest mean
annual temperatures are found in those regions where for a considerable portion of the
year the climate is dry and practically rainless. The isothermals of Mexico and Brazil
show in a striking manner the ♦nfluence of dry and wet climates on the distribution
of temperature in low latitudes. In this connection the crowding together of the
isothermals in Africa and South America about latitude 30° S. is one of the most
striking features of these lines.
The chart of mean annual atmospheric pressure shows two regions of high pressure,
the one north and the other south of the equator, which pass completely round the
globe as broad belts of high pressure. The belt of high pressure in the southern
hemisphere lies parallel to the equator, and is of tolerably uniform breadth throughout,
widening, however, in the longitudes of the anticyclonic regions of the Pacific, Atlantic,
and Indian Oceans, and of the less pronounced anticyclone of Australia, The belt of
REPORT ON ATMOSPHERIC CIRCULATION. 73
high pressure north of the equator has a very irregular outline, and exhibits the
greatest differences as regards breadth and inclination to the equator. These irregu-
larities wholly depend on the peculiar distribution of land and water which obtains
in the northern hemisphere. The maximum breadth is reached over the continents of
Asia and America ; and, indeed, the area of high pressure may further be regarded as
stretching across the Arctic region from the one continent to the other. The highest
mean annual pressure, 30*20 inches, is attained in the anticyclonic region in the North
Pacific. On the other hand, the belt of high pressure falls to the minimum in the
Pacific immediately to the east of Japan, where it is less than 29 '95 inches. It is also
to be noted that pressure is nearly equally low in the east of the United States and
parts of the Atlantic adjoining. About the same latitudes, both north and south of the
equator, pressure is invariably high in the ocean a little to westward of all continents.
These two belts of high pressure enclose between them the comparatively low
pressure of equatorial regions, through the centre of which runs a narrower belt of still
lower pressure, towards which the trade winds on either side blow. This intertropical
belt of low pressure exhibits several centres of still lower pressure. The most
important and extensive of these includes India, the southern half of Arabia, and a
large portion of Central Africa, where pressure falls below 29 '80 inches; and over a
considerable part of north-eastern India it falls under 2975 inches. Over the larger
proportion of the East India Islands pressure is also under 29-80 inches ; and there are
besides two small regions near the mouth of the Amazon and near Panama where
pressure does not quite reach 29"85 inches.
Perhaps the most remarkable region of low pressure is in the Antarctic regions,
which, remaining low throughout the year, plays the principal role in the wind systems
bordering on and within the Antarctic Circle, with their heavy snows and rainfall, and
in the enormous icebergs which form so striking a feature of the waters of the Southern
Ocean. It is probable that over nearly the whole of the Antarctic regions mean pressure
is at least less than 29-30 inches.
In the north polar regions pressure is lower than over the continents, but higher
than over the oceans immediately adjoining. In the temperate and Arctic regions
there are two strongly marked depressions — the larger covering the northern portion of
the Atlantic and adjoining lands, and the other the corresponding portion of the
North Pacific, the mean in each falling in the centre below 2970 inches.
Now the whole of these areas of low pressure have the common characteristic of an
excessive amount of moisture in the atmosphere. The Arctic and Antarctic zones of
low pressure, and the equatorial belt of low pressure generally, are all but wholly
occasioned by a comparatively large amount of vapour in the atmosphere. But as
regards the region of low pressure in Southern Asia in summer, while the eastern half
of the depression overspreading the valley of the Ganges has a moist atmosphere and a
(PHYS. CHEM. CHALL. EXP. — rAUT V. — 1889.) C ll
74
THE VOYAGE OF H.M.S. CHALLENGER.
large rainfall, the western half of it is singularly dry and practically rainless, and its
central portion occupies a region where at the time the climate is one of the driest and
hottest found at any season anywhere on the globe. Hence, while observation shows
the vapour to be the most important and widespread of the disturbing influences at
work in the atmosphere, the temperature also plays no inconspicuous part directly in
destroying the equilibrium of the atmosphere ; from which disturbance result winds,
storms, and many other atmospheric changes.
Annual Range of the Mean Monthly Pressure.— This has been calculated from
the sea-level pressures by simply subtracting the lowest mean monthly pressure from
the highest, and entering the difference in its place on a map of the globe from which
the lines of equal difference were drawn, as shown in the accompanying Fig. 3.
Fig. 3. Chart sbowing the annual range of the mean monthly pressure over the globe, expressed in hundredths of an inch.
The greatest difference occurs in the interior of Asia, near Urga, to the south-
south-west of Lake Baikal, amounting to one inch. Thus in this region a thirtieth
part of the whole winter pressure is removed during the summer months. In British
America the difference is about 0-40 inch, and this is also the difference in South
Africa. In South America and in Central Australia it amounts to 0"30 inch. These
all occur in continents, and the largest difference is in the largest continent. On the
other hand, in the North Atlantic, between Iceland and the south of Greenland, and
again in the North Pacific to the south of Alaska, the difference is 0"40 inch ; but in no
other part of the ocean is there so large a difference. In these two cases it is wholly
due to the exceptionally low winter pressure of these regions. In the southern
hemisphere the two patches of greatest difference occur, one to the east of New Zealand,
between 140° and 160° long. W., and the other in the Indian Ocean, to the south-west
of Australia, from 80° to 115° long. E.
REPORT ON ATMOSPHERIC CIRCULATION. 75
On the other hand, the least difference of the lowest and the highest mean
monthly pressures, 0"05 inch, occurs in four isolated patches. These regions, indicat-
ing thus the greatest stability of mean pressure throughout the year, occur all in
equatorial regions, viz. in the East Indian Archipelago; in the Pacific, from 150° to
105° long. W. ; and again from 95° to 75° long. "W. ; and in the Atlantic to the west of
Senegambia, extending only from about 10° of longitude and 6° of latitude. These are
all included in a wide area, almost wholly restricted to intertropical regions, bounded
by 0"10 inch, and stretching unbroken from the east coast of equatorial Africa east-
wards across the whole of the Pacific, the north of South America, the Atlantic, and
into Africa, as far as about 5° long. W. Other isolated patches, showing also the small
difference of O'lO inch, occur to the south-west of Australia, South Africa, and South
America ; in the South Pacific between 40a and 50° lat. S. and 130° and 180° long. W. ;
in the North Pacific to west and south-west of California ; to the east of Sagalien and
Japan ; and in the Gulf of Bothnia and Finland.
This, perhaps, of all the annual phenomena disclosed by meteorology, presents the
strongest contrast between the northern and southern hemispheres. The northern
hemisphere, with its large masses of land, shows the maximum variability in the mean
pressure through the months of the year. Indeed, in extropical regions the difference
does not fall so low as O'lO inch except in three insignificant patches. In the southern
hemisphere, with its enormous breadths of ocean, the range shows comparatively small
variability. It is only by the low pressures of the winter months, when temperature
and humidity of the air over the northern portions of the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans
are abnormally high, that the ocean may be regarded as contributing to the formation
of a range of as much as 0"40 inch to the mean monthly pressures of the year.
The Isobaric Maps show, in the clearest and most conclusive manner, that the
distribution of the pressure of the earth's atmosphere is determined by the geographical
distribution of land and water in their relations to the varying heat of the sun through
the months of the year ; and since the relative pressure determines the direction and
force of the prevailing winds, and these in their turn the temperature, moisture,
rainfall, and in a very great degree the surface currents of the ocean, it is evident that
there is here a principle applicable not merely to the present state of the earth, but also
to different distributions of land and water in past times. In truth, it is only by the
aid of this principle that any rational attempt, based on causes having a purely
terrestrial origin, can be made in explanation of those glacial and warm geological
epochs through which the climates of Great Britain and other countries have passed.
Hence the geologist must familiarize himself with the nature of those climatic changes,
which necessarily result from different distributions of land and water, especially those
changes which influence most powerfully the life of the globe.
INDEX.
Air, Diathermancy of, 11.
Viscosity of, in relation to wind, 28.
Aitken, John, on dust, fogs and clouds, 17.
Alps, Wind in valleys in, 27.
Annual phenomena, 35.
Antarctic regions, Snow, rainfall, and icebergs in, 73.
Anticyclones, Air in, 20.
High pressure, Areas of, in oceans, 20.
Permanent, over oceans, 20.
— — Of Europe, with regard to thunder, 33.
"Wind out of, 50.
Anticy clonic regions, 72.
Pressure in, 20.
Winds adjoining, 60.
Atmosphere, Cloud in a saturated, 29.
Heating by sun's rays, 19.
Over open sea, 16.
Tension of vapour in, 19.
Transference of portions of, in December, 69.
Atmospheric pressure of year, Mean, 72.
Temperature for year, Mean, 72.
Aurora, 35.
Baillie's isobaric and current charts of the ocean, 52.
Isobars for ocean, How used, 37.
Barometer, Afternoon minimum of, 19.
Cause of diurnal oscillations of, 16.
Chart showing diurnal oscillations for July, 21.
Corrections for gravity for, 42.
Correction for height of, 40.
Correction for range of, 36.
Observations, reduction, 2.
Oscillations, Diurnal, over sea, 16.
Barometric diurnal curves, 13, 21, 38.
Observations, Difficulties in reducing, to sea
level, 41.
Eanges for Polar Stations, 24.
Tides, how generated, 14.
Beaufort's scale of wind, 2, 25.
Bergsma, Dr., on rain, 30.
Breezes, Land and sea, as distributing aqueous vapour,
10.
Brewster, 8.
Buchanan, J. Y., 3.
Buys Ballot's Law of the Wind, 52.
Calms between trades, 33.
Over oceans, 20.
Climate, Bearing of land and water surfaces on, 5.
Changes in, 75.
Different in reference to cyclonic areas and sun's
heat, 60.
Dry and wet, Influence of, on temperature, 72.
Influence of land and water, mountains and
plains, on, 47.
Cloud, 28.
Curve for, Challenger and Batavia, 31.
Colours of sunset, 17.
Currents, Atmospheric, in relation to humidity, 22, 27,
75.
Cyclones of Europe with regard to thunderstorms,
33.
Cyclonic areas of low pressure in dry and rainy
climates, 60.
December 1878, Eemarkable character of weather, 69.
Dew in relation to dust particles, 18.
Dust particles, 11, 17.
Evaporation, 8.
Fogs, Formation of, 17.
Friction in relation to wind velocity, 28.
Geology in relation to Meteorology, 75.
Gravity, Correction for Barometer, Table of, 42.
78
THE VOYAGE OF H.M.S. CHALLENGER.
Hann, Dr. J., 26, 48.
Hazen, 41.
Heat lightning, 34.
Height, Barometric Corrections for, 40.
High Level Stations, Time of daily maximum tempera-
ture at, 8.
Humboldt's Isothermal lines, 49.
Humidity, 20.
Icebergs, 51.
India, Isobars of, for July, 61.
Insolation, Wind in relation to, 26.
Isobars, Influence of land and water on, 60.
With reference to height of stations, 45.
Isothennals, Influence of ocean currents on, 68.
Lightning, 34.
Monsoon, 56, 61.
Murray, Dr. J., 50.
Phenomena, Diurnal, 4.
Monthly, annual, and recurring, 35.
Pressure, Annual minimum of, in northern hemi-
sphere, 59.
Annual range of mean monthly, 74.
At High Level Stations, 16.
Belts of high, 72.
Condition of maximum and minimum of, 18.
" Correcting " for daily range of, 24.
" Correcting " to daily mean, 24.
Curve in interior of continents, 23.
Curve with reference to configuration of land, 23.
Differences of mean monthly, 74.
Diurnal curves of, over ocean and land in high
latitudes, 24.
Diurnal range of, Challenger observations, 15.
In anticyclonic regions, 20.
Pressure in relation to distribution of land and water, 73.
In valleys, 24, 27.
On Peaks, 24.
Reducing observations of, to sea level, 40.
Radiation, 16.
In anticyclonic areas, 20.
In deep valleys, 23, 45.
Over oceans, 27.
Relation of, to barometric tides, 14.
Relation of vapour and dust particles to, 7.
Rain, Diurnal curves, 31.
In United States and Canada, 62.
Over open sea and near land, 30.
Sun, Heating effect of, 21.
Influence of, on cloud amount, 29.
Varying heat of, in relation to pressure, 75.
Temperature, Decrease with height, 40.
Effect of ocean currents on, 72.
Influence of ocean currents on, 51.
Influence of Red Sea on, 53.
In relation to cloud, 29.
In relation to wind's velocity, 28.
Minimum annual, of globe, 72.
Of air on open sea, 7.
Where lowest, 50.
Thomas, Captain, 5.
Thunderstorms, 31.
Valleys, Peculiarity of observations in, 24.
Viscosity of air in relation to wind's velocity, 28.
Werkojansk, Temperature at, in January, 50.
Winds, Adjoining anticyclonic region, 60.
Diurnal velocity over open sea and land, 25.
Prevailing, 35.
APPENDICES.
APPENDICES.
TABLE I.
Showing from the Challenger Observations the Deviations each Two Holrs
from the Mean Daily Temperature of the Surface of the Sea, 1872-1876.
N.B. — The Heavy Figures show a Temperature above the Mean, the Italic Figures below it.
A Minus before Latitudes signifies Latitude South, and before Longitudes it signifies Longitude West.
1872.
December 22-29
December 30-Jan. 2„
1873.
January 13-17
26-31
February 1-6..
10-13..
15-21..
22-28.,
March
April
May
June
July
August
1-5...
5-10...
11-15..
25-31...
1-4..
21-25...
26-30...
f 2-8.,
(20-22.,
23-30.,
14-10..
20-25..
26-30..
1-4..
10-15..
18-26..
10-15..
16-20..
21-25..
26-31..
September 3-8.
9-14..
26-30.,
October 1-5.
6-11.
12-16.
17-21..
22-27.,
December 17-21.
22-26.,
27-31.,
Lat.
48 4
41 1
37 8
35 51
31 54
28 2
25 47
23 26
21 58
20 19
18 53
23 4
25 56
32 28
35 2
40 37
35 35
34 25
37 16
38 10
38 14
35 2
24 6
12 6
6 2
2 28
0 27
-5 38
-10 36
-17 0
-26 0
-32 32
-36 30
-37 0
-35 5!l
-37 2
-45 15
-46 31
LoDg.
— 9 0
-9 51
-8 40
-9 55
-15 47
-17 2
-20 3
-32 32
-43 28
-52 7
-61 1
-65 3
-65 6
-65 24
-68 5n
—67 9
-63 59
-57 23
—53 45
-33 14
—27 52
-21 20
-21 13
-20 19
— 15 9
-19 46
-L".i 15
-33 49
-36 0
-36 34
-32 35
—25 6
-13 53
-9 8
6 55
20 2
33 45
44 30
2
A.M.
4
A.M.
6
A.M.
8
A.M
10
A.M.
2
4
6
8
10
Mid-
?,**■
P.M.
P.M.
P.M.
P.M.
P.M.
night
M. T.
•3
1
0
1
■2
■3
•3
52-0
•3
•3
•3
•2
■1
1
1
56-1
•7
■6
•5
•2
•2
■0
■4
58-2
•6
•4
•2
■2
0
•1
■2
58-6
•5
•3
•2
•2
•2
•2
■1
62-3
•9
10
■5
•5
■s
■5
■7
63-8
•6
■6
-4
1
■1
■4
■3
65-3
•6
■4
•4
•4
■u
■u
■2
68-3
■3
•2
•2
•2
•3
■3
■3
71-7
•3
•3
3
•1
1
■4
■3
73-4
•3
■5
•4
■1
•2
■l
■1
75-5
•3
•3
■2
•2
1
0
■1
74-7
1
■3
•5
■2
■0
■1
■4
69-3
•4
•3
•2
•3
■a
■1
:!
67-8
•3
■4
•3
•4
•2
•o
■2
66-0
0
1-3
1-2
•4
•3
•l
■4
46-5
•2
•7
•7
•6
. >
■5
■4
70-7
■0
0
0
•3
■2
■0
■0
71-7
•2
•8
•8
•6
•3
■3
■5
70-9
1
1
•3
•5
•1
■0
■0
70-1
•5
■3
■2
•4
0
■3
■2
69-8
■5
•4
■4
•3
■2
'2
■S
70-8
■4
■5
■6
•2
■0
■2
■2
72-6
•3
•3
1
0
■1
■1
■2
78-4
■5
•4
•2
1
1
■1
•3
78-6
•3
•4
■3
•2
1
■0
■2
77-8
•4
•3
•2
1
•0
■0
■3
77-6
•2
•>.
0
0
.o
•2
■1
778
.•1
•4
•3
•3
•0
■0
■1
773
•2
•3
•3
1
■1
■V
•1
75-8
■3
•5
•4
•3
■0
■2
■4
68-8
•7
•2
•2
0
■o
■0
■1
60-3
•2
•B
•3
■4
■0
■1
■2
540
•2
•2
•1
•3
■2
■2
•2
53-7
■1
■1
■1
■3
■3
•2
•2
56-5
•7
■3
■r
■0
■0
■0
•2
66-8
•f,
•2
•2
1
•2
'2
•/
44-5
•6
•8
•7
•6
•2
■1
•5
41-5 '
(PHYS. CHEM. CHALL. EXP. PART.
-1888.)
THE VOYAGE OF H.M.S. CHALLENGER.
Lat.
Long.
1874.
February 1-6
7-13
14-18
19-23
24-28
March 1-6
7-11
12-16
April 1-10
June 12-17
„ 18-23
24-29
July 8-12
13-18
19-24
August 11-16
17-22
23-39
September 9-15
23-29
October 1-4
10-14
17-23
26-28
November 1-4
11-15
1875.
January 7-11
15-18
25-30
February 6-11
„ ' 12-17
18-23
24-28
March 1-3
11-15
16-20
21-25
26-31
April 1-5
6-10
^ {!:&::::::;:}
June 2-5
16-21
22-26
27-30
July 1-5
6-10
11-16
17-21
22-27
August 11-14
20-25
26-31
September 1-6
7-11
12-18
October 3-8
9-13
-52 14
-59 27
-65 36
—63 56
-62 28
-54 6
-48 21
-41 33
-37 5
-34 16
-37 20
-40 44
—37 32
-27 21
Vicinity of
-18 48
-16 29
-13 28
-8 44
-5 24
Vicinity
-1 48
3 46
8 39
13 2
17 0
16 54
12 06
8 15
5 30
3 31
0 2
-2 7
-2 2
0 31
4 26
11 22
18 53
24 20
29 56
34 15
34 2
35 14
35 29
35 44
36 30
37 51
37 41
32 43
25 21
20 28
15 24
9 8
3 15
-5 40
-13 17
-21 20
-28 34
71 44
77 24
79 51
89 21
96 16
109 36
128 2
137 13
148 48
153 32
162 25
173 46
178 29
175 49
Tongatabu
175 13
164 12
150 28
137 6
132 13
of Banda
127 19
124 53
122 1
121 52
118 46
118 8
122 21
122 57
125 23
132 46
138 10
142 27
145 23
147 37
145 30
143 17
141 12
138 43
137 40
137 2
137 2
147 16
161 19
171 8
179 27
-169 19
-157 47
-154 43
-155 40
-156 30
-152 53
-150 34
-149 58
-152 32
-150 4
-149 40
-141 39
2
A.M.
4
A.M.
8
A.M.
10
A.M.
Noon
2
P.M.
4
P.M.
8
P.M.
10
P.M.
Mid-
night
Day.
M. T.
■7
■1
•3
■7
1
•4
•4
•6
1
•5
•9
•6
•2
1
10
•7
•3
■4
•5
•3
•7
•3
■3
•3
•3
■5
•8
•7
0
•1
•a
•7
■4
•6
•4
•5
1
•/
-4
6
3
-4
G
•s
•3
■0
•1
■4
0
0
•3
3
•6
■2
0
•2
•3
■1
1
•B
•1
•1
•2
•3
1
1
■2
■3
■0
0
•5
•3
•0
■2
•3
1
■4
•3
•3
•2
1
•5
•5
•7
0
•3
0
■2
■2
•J?
■1
■1
■1
■1
■0
■1
■0
■0
■0
■1
•1
■1
■0
■1
■0
■1
■0
■5
3
•2
•0
■4
•l
■l
■3
•1
■1
■4
■o
■l
■0
■2
■1
•2
•1
■3
■3
■5
■3
•1
■0
•6
■5
■1
■1
■3
37-6
34-2
30-9
32-5
32-9
38-8
49-5
57-2
67-1
66-0
60-7
53-6
58-5
68-7
74-8
78-0
78-3
78-4
79-1
82-0
82-4
82-4
83-7
83-3
83-4
80-1
76-2
79-9
80-7
81-3
81-8
82-2
83-4
83-2
83-3
82-7
80-1
79-2
73-0
67-9
65-3
68-6
69-8
68-9
69-5
72-1
64-5
67-4
73.8
76-1
77-9
77'7
80-1
79-3
79-3
79-3
74-9
67-3
REPORT ON ATMOSPHERIC CIRCULATION.
1875.
October 14-19..
20-25..
26-31..
November 1-6..
7-12..
13-18..
December 12-17..
„ 18-24..
25-31..
1876.
January 20-23..
February 6-10..
6-15.,
25-29..
March 1-6..
7-11..
12-16..
17-21..
„ 22-27..
April 3-7..
8-12.,
13-18.,
26-30..
May 1-6..
7-12..
13-17..
17-22..
Lat.
Long.
-34 20
-39 34
-38 56
-38 43
-37 31
Vicinity
I'Vrnuii
-33 14
-37 4
-43 10
-51 41
-48 47
-43 58
-35 31
-36 69
-37 19
-35 9
-25 29
-13 46
-4 19
5 18
13 20
17 56
27 4
38 56
42 27
42 59
133 50
-130 6
-114 38
-98 16
-86 55
of Juan
dez
—75 53
-83 17
-82 35
-63 36
-56 18
-55 38
-52 9
-43 46
—30 38
-18 33
-13 27
-13 59
-14 32
—16 5
-21 41
-28 9
-34 6
-32 17
-22 45
-11 1
2
4
6
8
A.M.
A.M.
A.M.
A.M.
■3
•4
■4
■3
1
■U
■l
•2
■0
■0
■1
■2
'2
■2
■2
■4
•1
■3
■4
■4
'2
'2
■1
■0
■1
■3
■4
■5
•2
■4
■5
■4
■2
■3
■4
■2
■3
■6
■6
■2
■1
■3
■a
■2
■6
■7
■4
■1
■9
■7
■5
■5
■5
•5
■2
•1
■3
■3
■0
•0
■5
•4
•1
■0
■4
■2
■3
■1
■1
■4
■3
•1
■4
■5
■4
■1
■2
■3
■2
•s
•3
■5
•3
•1
■4
■5
■4
■5
■1
■3
■3
■3
■3
■2
•2
•1
■2
■1
0
1
■3
■5
■4
•2
10
A.M.
Noon
2
P.M.
4 6
P.M. P.M.
8
10
Mid-
Day.
P.M.
P.M.
night
M. T.
1
■0
■0
60-9
0
■0
■1
54-4
■1
■2
■2
63-5
1
■1
•0
56-6
■0
•2
■2
58-2
■1
■1
■1
58'6
■1
■0
■1
62-5
•2
1
■0
69-4
■u
■1
'2
55-2
1
■2
■3
49-0
•2
•3
•2
48-7
•1
■2
■5
56-0
1
■4
■7
719
■2
■4
■6
69-0
0
•o
■1
64-4
•1
■5
•5
69-1
1
■0
•2
76-3
1
■V
■0
77-9
0
■0
■1
81-9
■0
■1
.g
82-9
■1
■1
•2
73-7
•4
•2
■3
73-2
■1
■1
■2
70-6
■1
■0
•1
63-2
0
■1
■1
58-1
■0
•2
■2
56-5
THE VOYAGE OF H.M.S. CHALLENGE!;
TABLE II,
Showing from the Challenger Observations the Deviations each Two Hours
from the Mean Daily Temperature of the Air, 1872-1876.
N.B. — The Heavy Figures show a Temperature above the Mean, the Italic Figures below it.
A Minus before Latitudes signifies Latitude South, and before Longitudes it signifies Longitude West.
1872.
December 11-21..
„ 22-29..
1873.
January 4-12..
13-17..
18-26..
27-31..
February 1-6..,
7-14..
15-21..
22-28..
March 1-10..
11-16..
17-24..
25-31..
April 1-4..
5-20..
21-30..
May 1-8..
9-19..
23-30..
June 1-12..
13-22..
23-30..
July 1-9..
10-15..
16-18..
19-26..
July 28- Aug. 4..
August 5-9..
10-15..
16-20..
„ 21-31..
September 1-8..
9-14..
15-25.,
26-30..
October 1-7..
8-14..
15-22..
23-27..
L;it.
Ports
48 3
Lis
37 8
Gib
35 51
Near
Tener
27 46
23 30
20 34
18 45
St.
23 4
30 43
Ber
33 39
39 30
Hali
35 33
Ber
34 48
38 15
Near St.
35 2
Mad
23 16
St,
Porto
11 6
6 2
1 14
—4 58
-10 36
Ba
0
-26 58
-35 0
-36 46
-35 59
Long.
mouth
-8 49
bon
-8 40
raltar
-9 45
Madeira
fe
-20 3
-32 32
-47 22
-61 41
Thomas
-65 14
—64 55
muda
-67 24
-68 59
tax
-63 59
muda
-34 25
-35 43
Michael's
-21 20
eira
-21 26
Vincent
Praya
-20 29
-15 9
-24 23
-33 34
-36 0
hia
-36 34
-31 13
-20 6
-8 35
8 29
4
A.M.
M
■9
IS
■9
2-0
1-4
1-0
1-2
IS
1-0
1-2
1-7
IS
1-3
■5
IS
3-4
1-0
1-9
IS
■9
1-2
IS
2-1
■9
1-4
IS
1-0
t-S
1-2
■S
■9
1-3
1'2
2-0
■6
1-0
■4
1-6
■7
1-7
1-3
2-2
2-3
1-2
H
IS
VI
1-2
IS
1-6
H
1-4
1-4
3-9
1-2
1-9
IS
■9
2-0
2-9
U
1-9
IS
1-0
IS
IS
IS
1-4
IS
1-7
•7
■7
IS
6
A.M.
1-2
■9
IS
1-5
2-1
IS
IS
1-7
1-1
IS
1-9
1-0
IS
1-1
1-1
2-6
■9
1-6
S
1-2
2-0
1-9
2-4
1-2
2-5
■7
1-2
1-7
1-1
1-5
IS
1-7
1-4
■7
■6
■5
1-2
1-0
1-4
S
•1
IS
■0
10
A.M.
S
1
■4
S
•7
■3
•7
■1
■6
•3
•6
10
•8
1-7
•7
•8
•7
•6
2-2
■3
1-2
■9
•8
13
•9
•9
1
1-3
18
•2
■7
IS
1-4
1-3
■7
1-2
11
•5
3
•3
Noon
4
P.M. P.M.
■8
•2
•5
•3
1-2
1-6
1-8
20
1-3
2-3
1-2
18
1-9
2-3
1-3
1-7
1-2
•8
3-5
10
20
11
1-4
1-6
2-2
1-5
20
2-6
2-2
1-2
1-8
1-6
11
1-7
1-2
1-9
2-2
11
■9
•9
1-4
•3
2-3
1-7
2-3
1-5
2-9
30
1-5
1-8
1-7
16
1-7
2-9
20
1-7
1-7
20
3-5
14
21
1-8
1-4
1-7
2-7
3 0
21
2-4
1-9
•9
1-6
12
10
11
1-5
1-6
2-5
•6
1-5
11
1-7
•4
1-8
10
1-9
14
2-3
2-2
10
1-8
1-2
■8
1-4
2-2
1-6
1-6
•9
2-2
3-6
1-5
20
1-6
1-3
20
1-9
3-2
20
20
1-9
•7
15
10
10
•4
1-7
•9
2-2
•6
1-4
■7
6
r.M.
•2
■1
•6
•6
•8
•7
10
12
•4
•1
•1
4
■4
7
13
■5
•5
0
31
10
14
•9
•7
11
IS
21
•2
•2
•6
•2
•2
•3
•2
0
•6
•5
•0
•1
•3
•1
10
P.M.
•3
•2
■3
■5
IS
■6
■G
'7
S
•7
■9
1-1
IS
•5
■G
1-1
1-4
■4
1-1
■5
1-2
1-2
1-4
s
■G
■6
IS
IS
■4
■4
■4
Mid-
uiyht
1-0
■6
1-4
1-0
1-1
S
■9
1-5
IS
1-2
•6
1-1
2-5
S
1-5
■9
1-0
IS
1-4
1-7
S
1-0
■9
■4
s
■9
■7
1-0
IS
IS
■4
s
Day.
M. T.
44-1
52-1
55-2
57-7
65-0
57-0
61-5
61-7
64-7
68-6
72-8
75-2
73-7
75-5
69-7
67-5
65-3
49-2
46-6
71-8
72-4
73-4
70-6
69-2
71-2
70-8
73-0
76-6
78-0
77-6
77-8
77-2
76-9
76-5
75-3
75-7
68-7
53-5
51-4
53-6
REPORT ON ATMOSPHERIC CIRCULATION.
1873.
November 1-30
Lat.
Long.
2
A.M.
4
A.M.
A.M.
8
A.M.
In
A.M.
Noon
•>
P.M.
4
P.M.
6
P.M.
•9
8
P.M.
IS
10
P.M.
Mid-
night
Day.
M.l'.
Simon's
Bay
2S
3-4
2-4
.1
1-8
3-3
4-3
4-4
2-1
2S
64-8
17-22
22-31
1874.
7-31
Near Ta
-37 55
-45 53
-47 16
Kergu
-54 5
— 62 40
Me Bay
21 24
38 59
56 23
■H
IS
1-1
■2
2-1
3-6
1-9
1-4
1-0
2-0
2-9
1-1
1-1
•5
IS
s
•G
S
■4
■0
1-9
•9
•6
1
10
3-9
10
1-2
•6
41
IS
1-9
•9
2-7
10
•5
4-3
1-4
11
•/
1-9
•6
•3
20
■4
■7
•3
ri
•6
■■1
■1
0
•2
2S
1-1
3
s
1-1
2-4
■9
S
■I
1-7
64-7
66-2
44-0
41-8
43-9
11-28
73 14
85 26
■4
•3
■0
■7
'2
■0
•2
0
11
•4
•2
•2
■1
■1
■4
■4
■2
S
37-6
30-9
March 1-10
7-16
17-31
—51 54
-44 51
Melb
117 47
132 38
ourne
■6
■6
2-5
■G
■6
2S
S
■4
3-2
■0
1-5
•7
•4
•8
■9
■5
31
•6
•8
3-6
•5
•7
3-6
■3
•4
1-6
s
■1
•4
s
s
■5
■5
IS
43-4
52-3
63-2
April 1-6
-37 5
Syd
14s 2'J
ney
1-0
2-1
1-2
2-7
1-2
3-1
s
2-4
•1
•8
1-4
2-8
1-3
3-3
10
2-9
•7
13
•3
•4
s
.1
•s
IS
646
66-8
7-30
May 1-31
Syd
ney
2-5
3-2
3-8
2-9
10
31
5-2
4-5
16
■1
IS
IS
59-6
12-16
17-28
Syd
-34 6
-38 30
Wellin
ney
153 8
166 34
gton
2-7
•1
■4
■7
3-J
■7
■7
■9
!,S
■7
■4
■9
3S
S
s
■7
■9
•5
•2
S
2-6
•1
•6
•8
6-3
•7
•8
1-4
6-7
•4
•5
1-2
2-7
•8
•1
•4
■6
■8
'2
3
IS
•1
'2
'2
2-0
1
s
•5
55-5
59-0
55-2
492
July 8-12
13-17
18-24
25-31
-37 28
-28 14
Near Ton
Near L
-179 57
176 15
gatabu
evuka
■3
■2
1-2
1-1
■7
■6
1-3
1-5
■6
1-2
1-5
IS
■1
S
■5
S
S
•2
•5
•9
•3
■3
1-6
20
•7
•7
1-9
2-5
•6
•8
14
1-2
•5
•5
•9
■1
3
•4
■1
•S
■I
■2
•5
•6
■1
■1
■7
•9
57-3
66-4
70-1
74-3
August 1-11
12-21
22-31
Nga
-17 44
— 13 5
loa
109 54
150 0
1-6
•9
S
2-0
•7
1-0
2S
■7
IS
1-1
s
•3
•9
•9
1-2
26
•8
1-3
2-6
•8
11
21
•6
■8
•3
•4
1
S
S
■5
S
•2
■5
l-l
■5
■7
76-8
75-9
76-9
Port
-8 59
Dobbo
-5 4
Albany
137 40
Barb.
131 55
■9
1-0
IS
1-2
1-0
IS
1-5
■7
■9
1-9
1-9
S
■1
■9
■2
10
1-3
1-4
10
1-3
10
2-2
11
•8
11
2-5
1-7
•7
•6
2-4
1-6
•2
■2
•6
9
•2
S
■4
1
S
S
'7
■5
■5
S
IS
1-1
77-3
78-8
79-6
80-8
8-15
16-22
23-30
5-10
11-15
16-20
21-25
-4 9
Amb
-0 48
1 30
5 57
10 3
129 17
oina
127 8
126 14
122 53
122 30
■s
.'■..'
1-5
1-5
2-G
2-1
1-2
2-7
IS
2-5
2-5
2-4
•6
2S
IS
IS
3-2
2-5
•0
■5
■1
S
■4
IS
■3
1-7
10
•8
1-9
•8
•7
3-3
2-2
2-2
22
1-6
1-4
3-2
1-8
2-9
3 0
2-5
■3
2-9
■9
20
30
26
■1
•7
■2
■2
1-4
11
■1
S
•2
■~5
•1
•4
•;
IS
IS
s
■7
■7
■8
1-7
V4
•9
1-7
IS
79-2
78-7
80-8
81-0
81-5
81-0
26-31
5-11
12-16
13 2
Man
18 26
Hong
121 52
ila
117 25
Kong
1-1
1-5
■3
2-4
1-2
IS
■7
2-8
IS
2-6
1-0
3S
■7
1-2
■4
IS
•1
•8
1
2-8
13
1-5
•3
3-5
20
2-2
1-3
4-2
2-6
2-5
•8
3-4
11
13
•1
■3
■1
•2
■1
■9
S
S
■2
1-4
IS
•7
'2
2-3
81-2
78-8
76-2
65 -4
Hong
Kong
2-3
2-7
3-0
1-7
1-5
34
4-5
3-5
C
•G
1-4
2-1
65-9
1875.
7-10
12-18
19-24
25-31
Hong
16 56
13 20
Ze
8 0
Kong
118 8
121 53
bu
122 49
3-0
1-1
S
2-6
1-4
3-9
IS
1-0
2-0
1-9
5S
IS
1-3
2S
2-1
3S
1-0
s
S
1-1
•3
0
■9
17
•3
3-7
10
2-6
2-9
1-3
6-4
2-3
3-4
3-8
1-3
6-5
21
3-6
40
1-8
2 0
1-2
2-4
2-4
1-5
S
S
•9
•8
•6
is
■7
■3
'5
■1
2-0
S
■4
IS
S
61-2
75-5
79-1
78-9
80-0
February 1-5
6-10
11-15
16-2(1
Near Sam
5 42
4 0
1 48
—1 55
boangan
12 1 39
131 18
136 5
141 12
3-2
1-4
■l
S
■4
3-7
IS
s
■5
■G
3-4
1-9
•G
■1
1-1
IS
S
■1
•6
■4
1-3
10
•4
•6
S
2-7
IB
10
11
•3
4-2
2-6
■9
■1
14
40
1-9
•7
■7
1-3
2-8
•1
■5
■4
•6
3
■4
•5
'2
•2
IS
■5
S
S
■1
IS
s
■1
s
■4
79-5
80-7
78-9
80-2
21-28
March 1-10
11-15
16-20
Near Na
0 XI
4 26
11 22
18 53
24 50
28 09
Toko
Yok
res' Harb.
147 43
145 27
143 15
141 12
138 43
138 22
hama
oska
■1
s
■7
'7
■9
1-1
S
3-0
2-5
S
IS
1-0
s
IS
IS
s
4-4
3-7
1-1
1-2
H
is
1-5
1-1
S
5-9
4-1
■4
S
s
■0
■1
■6
■3
2S
1-9
■1
■1
■5
•6
■6
•7
•3
10
•7
•3
11
11
■5
1-4
14
•8
3-2
21
1-2
1-9
1-3
1-2
1-8
1-8
10
5-3
4-5
■5
1-2
10
•6
1-6
1-5
■9
51
3-6
•2
■7
•5
1
•4
•2
•6
31
29
•3
■/
1
■4
s
s
■II
■7
■6
■4
■•>'
. i
'5
G
■1
'8
S
s
■4
•4
s
■7
S
s
2S
IS
80-5
81-7
81-5
711-7
78-5
72-2
67-7
57-3
55-4
21-25
26-31
April 1-6
7-11
12 25
April 26-May 3
THE VOYAGE OF H.M.S. CHALLENGER
1875.
12-15
16-24
25 31
6-16
17 24
25-30
Lat.
Long.
2
A.M.
4
A.M.
6
A.M.
8
A.M.
10
A.M.
tfoon
2
P.M.
4
P.M.
6
P.M.
8
P.M.
10
P.M.
Mid-
night
Day.
M. T.
Toko
34 15
Ko
34 35
34 13
Toko
35 22
35 37
36 30
37 50
36 23
28 37
Hono
Near
15 24
9 8
3 21
-5 40
-13 17
Tab.
-23 21
-35 3
-38 7
-38 32
-36 47
Near Juan
Valpa
Valpa
-33 8
-35 22
-38 45
-44 5
-49 0
-51 28
Near San
Near Port
Near Po
-42 15
Monte
-35 21
-36 59
-37 23
-34 2
—23 19
-12 35
A seen
-4 21
5 18
13 20
Porte
17 56
27 4
38 66
42 27
42 59
50 8
lama
137 1
134 15
136 44
mma
151 28
169 17
179 23
-168 2
-156 12
-155 25
lulu
Hilo
-152 53
-150 34
-149 0
-152 32
-150 4
iti
-147 29
-134 36
-119 5
-96 50
-83 20
Fernandez
raiso
raiso
-75 24
-81 21
—85 35
-80 10
-74 30
-74 4
dy Point
Stanley
rt Louis
-55 18
Video
-52 9
-43 46
—30 32
-17 40
-13 45
-13 54
sion
-14 30
-15 5
-21 34
Grande
-28 10
-34 5
-32 7
—22 44
-11 5
-2 15
3-7
2-7
S-4
■9
,'-.;
■2
■5
1-3
1-2
1-1
1-5
2-1
2-2
■s
■7
1-2
■S
1-2
3-4
■7
1-3
1-0
1-6
n
1-0
4-3
4-9
2-4
1-3
1-0
■s
2-9
2-0
2-1
2-3
2-2
2-2
3-7
•8
1-3
■9
■8
■9
■7
2-2
■6
1-1
1-2
2-0
1-0
1-0
■9
■0
:■<;
■9
4-7
2-6
4-2
3-9
1-7
3-1
■3
■S
1-2
1-3
1-4
1-6
2-5
2'7
1-4
l-l
1-0
■9
■9
3-9
1-4
1-5
1-4
2-2
1-6
1-0
4-7
5-5
1-9
1-5
1-7
1-0
4-0
1-8
2-6
2-3
2-5
1-5
4-3
■8
1-6
■9
1-0
■6
■5
2-5
■9
1-4
1-5
2-4
1-2
1-1
1-3
1-1
-•■-;
1-3
4-4
2-1
4-2
4-0
2-5
2-9
■6
■9
1-4
■9
1-1
1-2
2-9
1-9
1-1
1-3
1-0
1-3
1-4
4-5
1-8
1-4
1-0
1-8
1-6
■7
3-9
5-0
1-6
1-3
1-1
1-2
3-3
1-2
2-0
2-1
1-1
1-3
5-2
■8
1-3
■6
■8
■3
•6
2-5
1-3
H
1-8
2-3
1-2
10
■8
1-0
2-2
1-2
1-4
1-0
1-7
1-7
1-6
2-0
■4
■5
■5
•2
•a
■0
1-3
■7
■6
•1
■0
1-0
■0
■6
•9
■s
■8
■5
1-0
•6
1-3
1-2
■7
■8
■3
•5
■9
■2
■6
•3
•3
■1
2-4
■4
■6
■0
■3
•4
1
'2
■0
•5
■0
11
■5
■2
•6
■5
■6
1-4
2-4
•9
•4
1-0
■2
3
■0
■1
■2
•3
11
•8
11
1-2
1-2
1-2
■3
1-3
2-4
•9
•2
•3
•9
10
•1
2-6
1-9
1-6
•2
10
0
1-4
•2
■8
1-8
•9
1-4
30
•2
11
•3
•7
10
•3
21
•4
1-4
1-4
2-5
•3
•5
1-1
•3
•6
1-0
4-5
11
3-2
21
11
2-3
•1
•5
1-2
1-3
1-4
1-6
2-5
1-9
1-5
1-2
1-3
11
1-8
4-2
10
1-4
10
21
1-7
1-6
4-3
3-8
1-9
1-6
1-8
•7
31
1-8
1-6
1-9
20
1-5
3-5
■7
22
10
1-5
•6
■8
2-7
■8
1-6
1-4
2-6
1-5
10
10
10
1-6
•6
4-6
2-2
49
4-1
1-5
3-8
•7
1-3
20
15
1-8
1-3
3-7
3-3
1-6
1-2
1-4
1-7
1-8
4-3
IS
20
1-4
2-8
2-8
1-3
74
5-8
3-4
21
1-7
1-3
41
2-6
2-8
2-3
20
1-6
5-4
■7
1-6
1-4
1-7
•6
•9
2-3
•7
1-9
1-7
23
21
1-8
11
1-8
3-5
2-2
,8
31
4-5
48
2-4
3-6
■9
10
1-6
1-3
1-8
11
3-5
3-2
11
•6
10
1-5
1-6
3-7
•9
1-5
1-3
2-2
20
•8
50
5-6
2-4
1-3
1-2
1-3
30
2-5
2-2
21
22
1-6
4-8
11
1-4
1-5
•9
•5
•9
20
11
1-7
1-3
1-6
1-3
1-5
10
1-3
33
1-5
2-3
1-7
31
3-7
1-8
1-8
•6
10
•9
10
1-2
•9
1-3
1-6
•1
1
•6
•3
•4
2-4
•4
1-5
1-4
1-2
•4
■3
3'2
4-8
•7
10
■1
•9
2-2
1-2
2-3
1-8
20
1-6
2-6
•9
•8
•2
•2
■4
•5
•9
•5
•8
■4
•2
•4
•4
-2
•6
20
1-7
•1
•7
■3
•5
10
•0
■2
•2
0
■0
■4
■G
■5
•2
■1
■4
■4
■3
■5
0
•1
■3
■3
■4
■7
■3
'2
•1
1-0
■3
■5
■0
■4
'2
•8
•5
•1
■1
•1
■0
■5
■3
•5
■6
■2
■3
•2
■0
■4
1-0
■3
■2
•5
■3
■5
■7
1-4
•7
■9
1-2
■1
■6
•1
■7
■3
■5
■9
■7
1-1
1-1
■6
■4
■6
■3
■7
1-7
■0
■6
■4
■9
■7
■5
2-1
2-4
1-2
■G
1-1
■5
1-6
■3
1-0
1-7
1-1
1-2
1-6
■5
1-0
■7
■6
■4
■4
1-0
■3
1-0
■5
H
■8
■5
■7
•5
1-4
•l
2-7
1-5
2-1
2-5
■8
1-6
•2
■5
■7
•7
1-0
1-1
1-6
1-8
■6
■9
•8
•6
■8
2-6
■4
1-0
■3
1-2
1-2
■S
3-6
3-7
1-4
10
1-1
■7
2-6
■8
1-6
2-4
1-9
1-6
2-5
■7
■8
•5
■6
■5
■4
1-4
■3
■7
■9
2-0
■s
■s
■7
11
2-0
1-1
•
61-3
64-9
67-6
66-2
68-0
69-7
70-3
71-2
71-6
64-9
69-8
75-1
77-9
76-9
77-1
78-1
78-3
78-7
77-9
76-7
70-9
59-3
51-2
68-2
57-9
59-7
63-5
63-2
61-3
59'0
55-9
53-4
54-4
49-0
49-3
49-1
47-8
56-4
71-0
71-3
68-4
64-4
70-6
74-7
77-5
80-5
81-2
81-1
72-0
71-3
71-9
69-6
60-5
56-9
57-3
52-0
;, 6-11
12-19
20-27
July 28 Aug. 10
20-25
26-31
7-11
13-18
Sept. 19-Oct. 2
October 3-11
12-22
23-31
„ 9-13
„ 14-18
„ 19-30
12-16
17-21
20-26
27-31
1876.
6-12
13-19
20-31...
8-15
16-24
25-29
„ 7-11
12-17
18-22
23-27
March 28-Apr.2
April 3-7
8-12
„ 13-18
„ 19-25
26-30
May 1-6...
7-12
13-17
18-22
„ 23-27
REPORT ON ATMOSPHERIC CIRCULATION.
TABLE III.
Showing from the Challenger Observations the Deviations each Two Hours
from the Mean Daily Atmospheric Pressure, 1872-1876.
N.B.— The Heavy Figures show a Pressure above the Mean, the Italic Figures below it, the
Differences being expressed in Thousandths of an Inch.
A Minus before Latitudes signifies Latitude South, and before Longitudes it signifies Longitude West.
1872.
Pecembe
1873.
January
• 12-21
22-31
4-12
13-17
18-25
Lat.
Long.
2
A.M.
4
A.M.
6
A.M.
8
A.M.
10
A.M.
Noon
2
P.M.
4
P.M.
6
P.M.
8
P.M.
10
P.M.
Mid-
night
Day.
M.P.
° i
Ports
48 3
Lis
37 8
Gib
35 51
mouth
—8 49
bon
-8 40
raltar
-9 55
4
u
l
8
5
8
8
20
5
17
6
20
2
26
10
19
10
3
5
4
4
21
16
6
5
9
21
48
24
25
1
6
11
20
19
5
4
9
10
ii
91
1
1
1
9
26
22
"7
3
14
13
15
1
13
4
19
1
0
4
3
7
11
5
12
2
25
10
10
2
8
4
2
Inches.
29-672
•523
30135
•299
•183
29-974
27-31
February
1-6
7-14
15-21
22-28
Near
Near
27 46
23 30
Madeira
Tenerife
-20 3
-32 32
2
~9
13
10
15
U
19
25
17
16
2
10
2
3
12
10
32
12
26
16
12
5
11
4
7
4
25
2
2S
6
22
5
21
4
6
8
20
5
12
6
13
13
21
11
11
3
10
12
30-319
•042
■156
■192
March
April
1-10
11-16
17-24
25-31
20 34
18 25
St. Th
23 4
30 43
Ber
33 39
-47 22
-61 11
omas
-65 14
-64 55
muda
-67 21
3
18
7
19
6
8
23
16
:
20
36
S
u
SI
10
26
11
9
8
7
93
7
17
11
21
8
5
11
12
45
24
26
25
18
5
0
36
8
25
19
14
11
99
1
8
6
6
2
16
31
19
29
12
If)
l.i
9
2
12
12
14
16
7
8
12
5
11
3
1
1
23
25
9
21
5
3
6
18
20
1
2
4
1
3
6
•180
•082
•149
•181
•190
•028
29-939
1-1
5-2U
21-30
May
1-8
9-19
23-30
39 30
Hali
35 33
-68 59
fax
-63 59
u
4
9
IS
7
13
3
4
0
20
7
14
23
7
16
5
6
14
4
6
8
8
14
9
1
14
6
2
1
5
7
21
2
4
18
2
80-106
29-818
30-120
June
July
July 28-.
1-12
Ber
34 48
38 15
Near St.
35 2
Mad
23 16
St. Vin
muda
-54 25
-35 43
Michael's
-21 10
eira
-21 26
cent
5
12
12
0
14
13
6
0
12
U
18
10
20
17
1G
7
1
8
7
2
9
12
8
7
6
9
7
10
7
2
10
19
11
8
11
10
17
23
26
23
12
15
7
2
14
18
25
15
6
15
6
5
2
5
5
15
6
7
9
10
16
2
10
0
8
11
11
4
33
16
9
6
2
1
9
3
3
10
0
8
12
10
14
2
13
7
2
8
2
13
3
5
11
10
•116
•129
•289
•230
•246
•233
29-999
•962
13-22
23-30
1-9
10-15
16-18
19-26
Vug. 4
August
5-9
10-15
16-20
21-31
Porto
11 6
6 2
1 14
Praya
—20 39
-15 9
-24 23
7
18
4
10
n
19
25
H
11
l:i
7
7
17
20
21
22
27
38
36
30
19
14
23
14
8
91
7
11
n
28
36
IS
6
15
11
2
5
1
23
27
18
23
17
24
1
19
•939
•978
80-010
■038
Septenib
i)
51- 1-8
-4 5S
-10 36
Ba
-17 0
-33 34
-36 0
hia
-36 34
9
17
5
10
20
25
20
32
10
4
a
4
17
29
20
16
33
47
33
32
24
29
30
14
11
U
m
IS
S3
4"
34
18
17
96
28
LJ
6
5
4
7
19
16
13
14
7
8
14
17
•035
•041
•mix
•101
9-14
15-25
26-30
October
1-7
-26 58
-35 0
-36 46
—35 59
-31 13
—20 6
—8 35
8 29
13
12
20
80'
21
19
3
12
13
5
17
8
8
2
33
25
13
15
14
4
4
12
12
0
21
2
18
13
30
3
12
0
14
3
6
10
19
5
12
12
33
25
14
4
24
10
•259
29-998
•112
8-14
15-22
23-27
THE VOYAGE OF H.M.S. CHALLENGER.
1873.
Lat.
Long.
->
A.M.
4
A.M.
6
A.M.
8
A.M.
10
A.M.
NV.oii
2
P.M.
4
P.M.
6
P.M.
8
P.M.
10
P.M.
Mid-
night
Day.
M.P.
Simon's
Bay
3
11
1
14
16
12
12
19
9
1
16
3
Inches.
30-037
17-21
17 26
22-31
Table
-37 2
-41 9
-45 63
Bay, etc.
20 1
26 52
38 59
5
21
7
H
19
2
S
12
7
3
3
1
25
15
15
11
8
12
20
11
7
11
21
1
SI
4
9
8
36
5
1
13
34
11
6
4
12
4
5
16
27
3
11
7
30
0
11
29-940
•804
-782
•997
1874.
January I-G
8-31
-47 16
Ker
£6 26
guelen
52
7
49
6
s
2
10
29
17
41
G
44
0
24
2
14
9
1
14
28
14
40
14
•506
•711
H-28
-54 5
—62 40
73 14
85 26
0
21
7
13
3
6
3
17
10
21
10
18
11
19
0
11
0
4
6
IS
13
31
18
31
•416
28-905
March 1-10
7-16
17-31
-51 54
-44 51
Mel
117 47
132 38
journe
12
19
i
7
25
3
12
2
7
15
18
26
16
18
28
6
9
21
11
8
22
7
9
33
l
2
27
7
10
8
3
11
4
10
4
29-870
•821
30-076
-37 5
Syd
Syd
148 29
ney
ney
5
2
4
11
7
3
2
6
1
27
21
22
32
29
27
13
10
8
25
17
23
27
21
29
29
21
20
3
3
2
14
7
9
12
9
10
29-856
30-154
29-989
7-30
May 1-31
June 1-11
12 16
17-28
June 28-Julv 7
Syd
-34 6
—38 30
Well
-37 28
-28 14
Tonga
Near
ney
153 8
166 34
ington
— 179 57
176 15
tabu
Levuka
2
9
15
S
IS
5
4
5
3
26
25
1
24
IS
21
11
2
12
11
3
17
16
1
0
23
22
17
19
17
18
30
25
39
22
28
34
34
25
28
42
10
10
14
1
11
21
2
20
35
20
14
m
G
25
27
23
40
20
11
19
6
17
3S
40
21
5
7
10
3
15
11
32
6
13
2
2
4
6
17
7
12
16
9
8
10
13
21
14
7
16
5
8
3
3
7
15
30-217
29-715
■880
30-099
29-832
•931
•988
3U-025
July 8-12
13-17
18-24
25-31
12-L'l
Near
-17 44
—13 5
Ngnloa
169 54
150 0
0
6
11
9
00
S3
3
5
Ci
24
28
29
41
36
30
14
9
11
26
26
22
36
33
32
30
17
15
4
6
19
9
13
26
12
10
15
29-986
■986
•944
22-31
Port
— 8 59
Dobbo
-5 4
Albany
137 '40
Harb.
131 55
G
S
7
17
22
19
10
24
5
10
13
1
45
40
41
40
46
47
48
44
23
17
14
14
31
27
35
36
40
47
52
49
32
37
49
31
2
3
9
3
13
14
22
31
1
17
18
24
■920
•888
•847
•871
8-15
16-22
23-30
October 1-4
5-10
11-15
16-20
21-25
-4 9
Amb
-0 48
1 30
5 57
10 3
129 17
oina
127 8
126 14
122 53
122 30
17
10
6
U
5
7
24
23
14
27
29
19
8
20
10
5
17
5
35
38
42
30
27
30
44
41
46
43
49
43
11
6
5
10
18
15
36
34
37
IS
36
30
47
50
55
30
56
51
17
32
35
11
36
30
6
6
0
6
6
7
28
25
29
28
40
24
15
21
20
3
32
22
•904
•889
•852
■824
•835
•834
26-31
5-11
12-16
17-30
13 2
Man
18 26
Hong
121 52
ila
117 25
Kong
U
g
12
3
21
24
23
9
4
5
10
5
40
33
31
46
48
43
33
52
26
16
16
16
45
28
28
40
49
45
30
4S
24
28
12
38
3
10
14
6
17
25
13
16
14
10
9
8
•890
•829
•959
30-169
December 1-31
1876.
7-11
12-18
19-24
25-31
Hong
Hong
16 56
13 20
Ze
8 0
Kong
Kong
118 8
121 53
bu
122 49
4
5
9
9
4
u
12
G
16
IS
S
IS
3
4
o
~1
4
11
40
48
34
41
38
42
53
58
30
49
40
48
18
17
5
23
6
16
32
41
37
36
33
43
44
51
42
50
43
46
30
27
30
26
17
24
3
3
11
2
6
3
7
3
16
18
8
14
10
4
20
9
10
10
■128
•196
29-959
•861
•832
•872
6-10
11-15
Sambc
5 42
4 0
1 48
-1 65
anirrui
124 39
131 18
136 5
141 12
7
5
24
18
12
9
19
26
26
24
1
3
5
2
12
39
31
40
35
47
40
26
34
43
45
6
1
14
18
13
35
27
21
35
34
45
35
39
43
53
36
11
4
10
28
8
7
14
12
1
24
18
28
32
25
22
13
13
21
12
•853
■8511
•794
•835
•840
16-20
21-28
March 1-10
11-15
16-20
,, 21-25
Near Na
0 39
4 26
11 22
18 53
res' Harb.
147 43
ll.r, 27
143 15
141 VI
20
27
25
20
12
32
34
35
20
21
2
3
1
12
9
41
40
36
35
31
49
33
41
40
35
18
2
22
16
10
2S
25
27
36
30
40
4'
46
49
43
22
S
10
16
12
5
8
11
1
4
21
34
39
20
21
14
21
23
23
11
•832
■772
•848
•888
•965
„ 26-31
April 1-6
7-11
12-25
24 50
31 28
Toko
Yok
138 43
138 2
llama
oska
19
4
1
10
26
19
a
6
10
6
23
0
20
14
39
20
33
27
28
35
10
14
10
22
16
2
21
7
30
16
45
23
9
12
SS
30
2
10
14
13
14
4
5
4
6
9
11
12
30-062
29-941
•865
■906
REPORT ON ATMOSPHERIC CIRCULATION.
1875.
May 4-11...
12-15...
16-24...
25-31...
June 1-5...
6-16...
17-24...
25-30...
July 1-5..
6-11..
12-19...
20-27..
July 28-Aug. 10..
AugUBt 11-19..
20-25..
26-81..
September 1-6..
7-12..
1-12..
18-18..
Sept. 19-Oct. 2..
October 3-11..
„ 12-22..
23-31..
November 1-8..
9-13..
14-18..
9-18..
19-30..
December 1-11..
12-16.,
17-21..
20-27.,
27-31.
1876.
January 1-6.
0-12.
1-12.
13-19.
20-31.
February 1-7.
8-15.
16-24.
25-29.
March 1-G.
7-12.
12-17.
18-22.
23-27.
Mar. 28-April 2.
April 3-7.
8-12.
13-18.
19-25.
26-30.
May 1-6,
7-12.
13-17.
18-22,
13-22.
23-27.
Lat.
Long.
2
A.M.
Yoko
34 15
Ko
34 35
34 13
Toko
35 22
35 37
36 30
37 50
36 23
28 37
Hono
Near
15 24
1) 8
3 21
—5 40
-1 10
-13 17
Tah
-23 21
—35 3
—38 7
-38 32
-36 47
Near Juan
-35 21
Valpa
Valpa
-33 8
—35 22
-39 15
-44 5
—49 0
—51 28
—50 14
Near San
Near Port
Near Po
—42 15
Monte
-35 21
-36 59
-37 8
—34 2
—23 19
-12 35
Ascen
-4 21
5 18
13 20
Porto
17 56
27 4
38 56
42 27
42 59
42 43
50 8
bama
137 1
be-
134 15
136 44
hama
151 28
169 17
179 23
-168 2
-156 12
-155 25
lulu
Hilo
—152 53
150 34
-149 0
152 32
150 46
-150 4
iti
-147 29
-134 36
-119 5
-96 50
-S3 20
Fernandez
—79 40
raiso
raieo
-75 24
-81 21
-85 26
-80 10
-74 30
-74 4
-74 17
dy Point,
Stanley
rt Louis
-55 18
Video
-52 9
-43 46
—29 33
-17 40
-13 45
-13 54
sion
-14 30
-15 5
-21 34
Grande
-28 10
-34 5
—32 7
-22 44
-11 5
-16 54
-2 15
9
17
16
13
U
13
11
2
11
6
17
22
25
18
26
U
5
5
6
4
6
A.M.
A.M.
4
13
30
25
4
8
21
4
10
21
10
2
19
0
17
1
8
12
21
4
18
1
17
6
8
5
18
31
27
SO
17
4
8
6
0
8
15
2
19
U
13
8
A.M.
23
11
31
22
29
23
13
11
22
14
15
17
19
23
25
29
29
23
29
27
27
28
17
11
8
17
2
8
20
18
0
19
11
6
30
9
15
24
6
37
35
11
J6
13
8
■1
21
12
30
20
21
31
19
18
12
10
18
14
0
10
A.M.
Noon
26
33
27
23
18
32
27
10
22
16
17
22
24
28
30
39
31
34
33
39
36
31
18
20
7
13
13
13
27
22
5
25
13
13
19
6
7
27
4
11
26
49
11
23
30
13
18
23
36
41
46
37
37
26
25
13
12
24
18
8
24
21
17
12
13
15
11
6
14
10
15
12
9
15
19
18
6
7
7
8
13
13
13
11
2
10
16
13
25
15
14
17
15
10
17
18
0
12
1
11
6
30
12
20
16
7
19
15
13
29
17
20
16
18
11
13
16
14
8
4
P.M.
SO
11
9
11
3
0
1
19
10
19
7
6
P.M.
i9
15
21
5
4
11
0
6
0
3
H
15
1
1
39
28
9
8
4
4
j
36
20
20
19
is
.m
15
4
2
16
7
10
Mid-
P.M.
ii!, lii
8
17
22
29
9
9
15
9
7
4
7
0
12
3
12
2
2
6
19
6
22
21
/
3
0
3
12
11
8
24
18
8
24
20
3
18
20
5
9
6
8
10
4
6
15
7
2
13
7
13
14
2
8
14
3
10
2
7
0
16
6
9
10
4
5
3
2
1
1
5
5
16
4
31
SI
17
2
8
7
15
12
5
10
U
6
1
7
9
10
10
23
SB
8
3
20
5
7
14
13
8
1
15
10
S
4
q
10
20
8
10
14
6
2
22
16
1
26
22
4
33
24
4
27
20
6
23
6
4
24
21
2
26
23
2
21
10
8
14
2
11
11
5
B
11
3
3
11
4
10
16
11
Day.
M.I'.
Inches
3 -076
29-907
•890
•869
■748
•848
•902
30-156
•388
•050
•328
171
•056
•048
29-9I-2
•941
•931
•925
■928
•957
30-092
•010
•298
29-96U
30-257
•070
29-93G
80-003
■022
■008
•097
•245
■363
•170
29-963
•871
■917
•375
•512
•358
•730
•896
•794
■782
30-102
29-897
30-066
29-921
■900
•900
•888
•929
30-014
•041
•280
•151
IK
•201
•158
29-840
(PHYS. CHEM. CHALL. EXP. PART V. 1888.)
TABLE IV.
Showing the Mean Diurnal Variation of Atmospheric Pressure, expressed
in Thousandths of an Inch, at Different Places over the Globe.
N.B. — The Light Type shows a Pressure under the Average, and the Heavy Type above it.
12
THE VOYAGE OF H.M.S. CHAELENGER
N ATLANTIC— Ship's Logs.
Lat. N. 0°-5°, Long. W. 20°-30°; Height, 0 Feet
Lat
N. ATLANTIC. -
N. 5°-10°, Long. W. 2C
-Ship's Logs.
•-30° ; Height, 0 Feet.
1 A.M.
2 „
3 „
d
cs
©
U
a
a,
a
©
P
»-3
"3
1-3
be
p
<
a,
©
CO
O
o
S5
p
N
a)
i
>-3
©
Eh
a
a
©
a
1-3
.
bo
p
<4
©
CO
o
o
2;
©
©
P
u
ed
©
2
18
28
4
18
26
19
29
C
21
30
2
17
27
2
15
25
1
12
19
1
13
20
2
15
24
4
17
25
1
17
28
l
16
26
2
16
26
2
18
28
4
18
27
3
16
23
6
22
32
4
20
31
3
18
27
0
14
24
4
15
22
4
18
27
5
18
26
4
20
30
5
19
27
4
18
27
4 „
6 ,,
6 „
29
21
0
26
16
1
30
22
6
30
22
7
30
23
9
28
23
12
21
15
4
21
14
2
24
17
4
25
18
5
30
22
7
28
20
5
27
19
6
28
18
0
27
18
2
22
13
1
34
26
10
34
27
12
30
23
10
28
23
11
22
16
4
29
22
8
26
18
5
31
23
7
26
15
1
28
20
6
7 „
8 „
9 „
14
29
36
16
31
37
12
28
38
12
29
39
8
25
35
3
18
28
10
23
32
12
26
34
12
26
35
11
24
32
11
27
36
13
27
35
11
26
35
19
34
40
15
28
34
18
31
38
9
27
39
6
24
35
6
21
31
4
19
28
10
23
30
9
24
33
11
25
33
11
27
36
20
34
41
11
26
35
10 ,,
11 „
Noon
34
22
S
35
23
6
38
28
12
40
32
15
37
30
15
32
28
17
34
28
15
35
28
13
35
26
11
31
23
8
36
26
10
34
24
7
35
27
11
35
21
2
30
1
36
24
7
42
35
19
38
31
17
33
27
15
30
24
13
31
24
11
35
28
14
33
24
10
36
27
11
38
26
7
35
26
11
1 P.M.
2 ,,
3 ,,
14
30
39
13
29
38
7
24
35
5
23
30
3
21
33
2
14
25
1
18
30
5
22
35
7
23
34
9
24
33
9
25
36
12
28
38
7
23
34
18
34
43
16
29
35
12
29
39
0
19
32
0
16
28
1
16
26
2
16
25
5
19
28
3
18
29
7
22
31
8
25
36
13
29
39
7
23
33
4 „
6 „
6 ,,
39
31
16
39
31
16
38
32
19
40
34
20
37
32
20
30
27
17
35
32
22
39
34
22
37
32
19
35
28
15
39
32
19
39
32
18
37
31
19
42
33
17
34
25
12
41
33
19
37
32
20
32
28
18
30
26
16
29
25
16
31
26
15
32
28
17
33
27
15
38
31
17
40
33
19
35
29
17
7 „
8 ,,
9 ..
3
20
31
1
17
27
2
15
26
2
15
27
4
13
25
3
11
22
8
6
17
6
9
20
3
12
23
1
16
26
2
15
28
0
17
29
2
14
25
1
19
31
4
19
29
2
14
24
3
13
25
3
12
24
2
12
22
3
11
22
2
11
20
2
12
22
0
14
24
1
18
29
2
14
25
1
14
25
10 ,,
11 n
Midt.
35
29
16
30
24
11
30
25
13
30
24
11
30
26
14
26
22
12
22
19
11
24
21
11
27
23
12
28
23
11
32
28
16
33
28
16
29
24
13
35
29
16
31
25
12
28
22
11
29
24
11
29
25
13
26
22
11
27
24
14
23
18
9
26
22
11
26
21
9
33
27
13
28
23
10
28
23
12
ASCENSION.— Two Tea
Lat. S. 7° 55', Long. W. 1-1° 25' ; He
F.S.
GHT, 53 ]
"eet.
■
jAT.
S. 15
ST. HELENA.—
° 55', Long. W. 5°
Fivb Years.
43' ; Height,
1763 Feet.
1 A.M.
2
3 „
a
cc
Ha
©
cd
a
p.
a
©
a
p
P
H3
ti
p
<
©
CO
o
O
>
o
©
P
a)
a
cd
-a
ID
a
-5*
cd
a
1-3
"3
P
©
CO
©
o
>
o
©
©
P
cd
©
5
6
13
6
8
14
3
10
14
7
9
14
6
10
18
2
10
15
1
13
20
3
18
24
2
9
19
6
IK
24
3
11
15
1
11
15
1
11
17
10
22
29
4
18
27
0
14
24
6
10
22
i
10
20
1
12
23
2
10
21
0
13
22
2
16
26
8
22
33
13
26
31
12
24
31
4
16
26
•1 ,i
5 .,
6 „
12
4
9
13
6
4
13
7
4
X5
t
4
17
11
1
15
10
3
20
16
7
22
15
7
19
11
1
23
12
2
15
7
6
15
6
8
16
9
2
26
18
1
24
20
6
26
19
8
24
'JO
5
21
17
7
24
22
13
25
23
15
26
25
12
30
24
12
31
24
10
28
21
3
30
19
1
26
21
7
7 „
8 „
9 M
18
26
28
14
25
32
17
23
32
13
29
35
10
22
32
6
19
30
4
19
31
3
20
33
12
24
34
14
29
33
20
31
36
19
27
30
13
25
32
18
29
35
12
26
36
9
26
37
11
27
38
9
25
38
1
18
33
2
15
31
0
16
31
3
17
28
8
23
32
14
23
36
18
28
34
8
23
34
10 „
11 „
Noon
24
15
4
29
21
8
27
22
7
35
21
6
32
23
6
31
24
9
34
29
17
36
28
18
33
23
7
28
20
4
29
19
5
25
16
5
30
22
8
35
28
18
37
31
21
39
32
18
44
33
14
41
32
15
36
28
13
35
28
12
37
28
13
32
27
11
31
28
15
36
29
16
33
28
18
36
29
15
1 P.M.
2 ,,
3 „
11
23
38
12
27
38
10
28
40
14
33
40
11
30
40
9
25
35
1
19
29
1
20
29
12
27
35
15
28
35
13
28
38
10
24
35
10
26
36
6
10
25
4
11
25
2
18
31
4
20
33
4
21
30
5
9
26
4
20
26
4
18
27
4
19
29
2
13
26
2
Id
25
4
10
25
1
15
27
4 >.
5 ,,
6 ,,
43
37
32
44
39
34
43
37
31
47
38
33
39
32
29
35
28
23
31
20
22
31
26
22
35
28
23
35
27
22
40
33
26
37
32
27
38
32
27
34
31
22
33
33
25
36
33
25
34
30
24
31
25
18
26
22
13
24
16
9
26
20
14
29
22
14
29
24
13
31
30
21
34
32
22
30
27
18
7 „
8 „
9 .,
9
7
18
13
6
19
4
12
26
9
10
22
4
10
22
5
8
18
0
6
16
4
7
16
1
10
20
2
14
26
7
8
20
7
8
19
G
9
20
10
5
18
14
2
14
12
3
18
12
4
16
8
6
16
4
6
14
1
9
16
2
10
18
0
14
25
1
13
24
8
8
19
9
6
17
7
18
10 ,,
11 ,,
Midt.
26
27
19
31
31
22
36
34
24
28
28
20
27
24
18
23
23
16
20
18
13
22
20
14
25
23
11
32
25
10
25
20
1 7
25
21
9
27
25
15
26
22
7
23
23
11
27
23
13
21
20
16
19
17
9
18
14
S
20
17
12
23
21
13
27
25
15
30
23
9
27
20
6
26
21
7
24
20
10
REPORT ON ATMOSPHERIC CIRCULATION.
13
HAVANNAH.— One Year.
Lat. N. 23° 8', Long. W. 82° 22'; Height, 66 Feet.
1 A.M
2 „
10 ,,
11 >i
Noon
1 P.M
2 „
3 ,,
4 ,,
5 ,,
6 ,,
10 ,,
11 „
Midt.
,_$
n
1-3
o
Ft
8
u
<
P
3
1-3
7
3
1
5
i
5
2
0
12
16
6
10
6
K
i
23
26
15
19
12
15
8
25
33
22
24
19
18
7
21
24
17
17
15
19
4
2
3
1
4
'
14
14
17
18
19
15
4
4
29
29
31
24
21
9
4
37
42
39
31
27
14
9
39
45
40
37
30
21
18
26
39
31
27
20
14
16
3
18
12
14
10
8
11
20
11
6
2
1
2
7
33
27
22
14
11
7
3
43
38
33
26
24
15
9
41
40
37
35
31
25
13
36
32
33
35
30
27
16
26
22
20
26
19
17
12
13
6
7
17
6
7
3
3
6
6
6
4
3
5
14
12
18
6
13
15
11
19
22
28
18
21
22
17
23
16
26
24
23
27
23
16
7
11
16
13
15
10
1 2
7 12
16 21
23 27
21 ! 25
12 I 15
>
o
o
£
p
0
2
5
8
9
4
12
18
11
16
21
17
13
15
14
8
6
5
4
7
4
14
19
15
23
30
30
31
37
39
26
28
31
13
10
13
2
9
7
20
22
21
26
28
2SI
28
29
31
26
26
30
17
16
•ji>
8
5
12
2
7
1
14
17
13
19
22
20
19
20
20
13
6
11
BATAVIA.— Sixteen Years.
Lat. S. 6° 11', Long. E. 106° 50' ; Height, 23 Feet.
1 A.M.
2 ,,
3 „
4 ,,
5 ..
6 „
7 ,,
8 „
9 ,,
10 „
11 ii
Noon
1 P.M.
2 „
3 „
4 „
6 ti
6 „
7 „
8 „
9 „
10 „
11 .,
Midt.
13
13
13
10
6
12
13
9
28
25
36
35
32
34
22
25
CHRISTIANSBORG.— Term Days.
Lat. N. 5° 24', Long. E. 0° 40'; Height, 60 Feet.
13
1-s
s
<
15
8
3
2
1
1
(1
32
22
20
17
13
10
11
40
30
29
26
21
17
17
34
25
26
26
21
18
16
25
12
13
16
12
12
8
4
7
6
1
2
1
5
28
28
28
20
21
16
21
•if.
42
44
37
36
31
35
61
48
51
46
45
40
43
45
39
47
44
44
40
42
27
24
31
31
33
32
33
1
1
6
10
14
15
16
25
26
111
14
8
4
4
46
46
40
37
30
23
24
55
56
51
52
45
38
39
52
53
50
56
51
44
52
36
40
39
48
46
41
41
13
17
15
31
31
31
31
13
6
10
8
11
14
15
32
27
31
13
7
2
2
43
39
43
28
22
14
14
40
39
45
33
27
22
20
27
29
36
28
24
21
19
6
11
8
15
14
13
11
48 53
34 36
15 11
28 23 26
44 ' 40 43
60 I 46 50
45 ' 41 | 44
29 25 i 28
14 | 2 5
20
■i"
49
ia
30
20
23
41
44
53
54
52
51
40
36
21
13
3
12
21
32
33
43
34
43
27
31
11
11
SINGAPORE.— Four Years.
Lat. N. 1° 17', Long. E. 103° 61'; Height, 24 Feet.
3 jg
20
37 34
61 47
55 49
'.'1
28
26
14
4
23
40
47
43
30
8
16
38
50
52
42
24
2
17
30
32
25
11
34 32
29 30
16 19
0
13
20
18
7
8
28
44
50
43
26
5
21
42
55
56
45
30
10
10
2b
32
so
18
14
THE VOYAGE OF H.M.S. CHALLENGER.
PEKIN.— Fifteen
Lat. N. 39° 35', Long. E. 116° 26
Years.
; Height, 123 Feet.
Lat.
ZI-KA-WEI.— Onb Year.
N. 31° 121, Long. E. 121° 20'; Height, 23 Feet.
1 A.M.
2 „
3 ,,
a
ci
S
a.
<•
at
3
a
'a
Ha
02
o
o
a
<3
ID
a
.a
3
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a
be
3
a
O
>
o
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P
11
8
4
17
16
14
16
14
10
17
14
12
12
7
5
12
9
6
5
0
3
4
0
0
3
0
2
6
3
0
9
7
3
14
12
9
10
8
5
l
6
13
11
2
5
16
5
6
2
4
16
0
11
16
2
10
14
2
9
14
1
9
14
5
13
18
6
2
8
1
8
11
2
2
2
2
5
11
4 „
5 „
6 ,,
3
3
4
11
9
12
9
10
21
13
17
29
8
18
32
11
20
27
1
5
12
1
5
11
0
8
17
0
7
17
0
1
6
5
1
1
5
9
16
18
17
6
13
12
6
12
10
3
14
10
1
13
6
4
13
6
5
17
10
3
15
14
2
19
14
4
12
6
1
15
12
4
8
6
1
14
10
1
7 „
8 „
9 „
14
27
36
19
33
40
33
43
50
41
49
53
42
49
50
32
37
37
19
25
29
18
24
28
24
32
38
29
41
47
17
28
36
8
21
33
26
34
40
8
27
37
9
22
33
9
23
28
14
24
30
17
25
32
15
21
22
16
22
24
9
16
20
8
19
28
13
27
31
12
22
33
10
20
33
12
22
29
10 „
11 ,,
Noon
38
29
4
37
30
7
46
34
17
48
36
17
46
33
15
32
26
15
26
20
12
27
22
13
38
27
11
44
34
15
37
25
4
36
24
1
38
28
11
43
29
4
36
29
10
32
26
12
32
25
14
31
27
17
22
19
12
24
19
11
23
15
8
30
23
10
29
18
2
33
21
2
39
24
3
31
23
8
1 P.BI.
2 „
3 „
25
41
45
23
47
52
15
37
50
7
32
49
3
22
40
4
21
38
2
11
21
o
14
25
5
20
35
11
28
38
20
34
40
26
39
45
12
30
40
20
30
34
13
31
37
10
26
36
4
20
30
0
13
25
0
9
17
2
12
20
3
14
23
6
18
28
22
32
33
24
31
32
26
37
39
11
23
30
4 „
6 ,,
6 ,,
43
35
24
54
49
39
CI
61
51
61
67
63
55
60
58
48
55
53
28
32
32
33
37
35
41
42
39
43
45
40
41
36
25
40
31
21
46
46
40
28
19
8
33
30
20
38
34
22
34
32
25
32
33
26
25
29
25
27
30
26
23
23
16
27
22
12
32
23
18
26
18
8
31
20
7
30
26
18
7 „
8 „
9 „
14
4
7
21
9
2
34
17
5
47
29
13
50
31
14
40
22
7
28
17
3
23
10
0
23
11
0
27
16
5
13
2
6
10
1
9
28
14
2
4
11
14
7
4
12
12
3
12
12
0
13
15
1
8
12
1
12
10
3
12
9
6
18
3
11
21
4
9
15
2
12
17
1
12
11
6
6
14
10 „
11 „
Midt.
13
13
13
10
15
18
5
10
16
1
9
19
3
5
15
2
7
13
5
8
7
7
11
7
6
10
4
3
8
5
11
15
11
13
15
14
6
11
12
14
8
2
11
11
14
17
15
19
22
17
13
14
9
9
19
12
8
21
20
13
21
20
9
18
15
3
17
13
12
19
17
2
12
11
4
17
14
9
Lat. N. 2
HO
2° 18
NG
, Lo
KO>
rc-
;. U4
Fou
• 10'
r Ye
; Hi
ARS.
IGHT, 110
Fee
t.
Lat
CALCUTTA.—
. N. 22° 33', Long. E. 88
Six Years.
° 21' ; Height
18 Feet.
1 A.M.
2 „
3 „
(3
a
H}
Eh
5
S.
<
^
S
d
a
3
*-3
<
m
O
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o
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p.
>>
o
d
3
8
0
10
10
0
10
7
4
19
3
12
25
1
11
19
3
7
13
2
8
15
4
7
15
0
10
17
2
12
19
1
8
13
12
1
7
4
7
15
6
13
23
2
13
23
7
17
25
3
14
20
1
13
19
0
9
14
1
8
19
6
7
17
1
10
20
11
19
26
9
18
21
8
18
26
3
13
21
4 „
6 ,,
6 „
15
15
4
15
12
2
25
19
3
26
18
5
19
13
0
14
11
2
17
15
4
16
12
3
18
12
2
21
14
1
14
9
6
10
7
5
18
13
0
22
17
1
21
14
2
27
13
1
13
5
18
11
1
16
14
7
9
17
12
4
18
12
4
22
13
6
23
8
8
26
14
6
26
15
2
20
11
6
7 „
8 „
9 „
13
33
50
21
38
52
16
36
47
13
32
44
16
30
38
13
23
30
6
17
25
9
21
29
13
28
36
17
34
45
25
40
52
21
38
53
15
31
43
20
52
75
24
50
74
28
59
76
36
57
70
35
53
60
23
35
41
25
34
39
19
34
44
25
45
56
38
52
64
28
38
52
23
53
73
27
47
61
10 „
11 ,.
Noon
55
42
15
54
45
22
51
43
24
46
39
25
41
36
25
32
27
18
28
25
15
32
27
16
38
31
16
44
32
12
50
32
7
53
38
7
44
35
17
79
61
31
81
51
40
81
68
44
69
57
37
58
45
28
41
35
20
40
33
26
45
36
21
55
44
23
62
44
20
49
28
18
73
55
24
61
46
28
1 P.M
2 „
3 „
18
40
51
8
34
50
4
27
43
2
17
35
5
13
29
2
13
26
2
12
25
1
17
29
25
36
12
32
42
24
43
52
27
47
57
7
27
40
13
28
46
4
26
48
12
20
44
18
22
49
4
25
48
1
21
40
2
10
37
1
24
44
3
33
50
3
33
47
4
35
48
9
33
45
2
26
46
4 „
5 „
6 „
49
39
28
53
46
36
47
44
34
44
■It
34
41
43
o4
37
39
32
34
36
30
38
39
32
40
37
27
42
35
26
51
40
27
54
43
29
44
40
31
53
49
41
58
57
48
56
60
52
71
72
61
85
71
57
57
54
44
51
51
39
59
58
47
58
56
43
47
44
36
:.i
43
33
51
45
34
59
55
45
7 „
8 „
9 „
13
4
13
24
5
6
21
2
13
20
2
15
23
5
8
21
4
8
16
2
17
19
1
17
15
4
20
21
10
20
10
8
18
11
4
14
18
1
14
24
7
5
36
21
1
35
12
4
40
14
9
34
11
9
24
3
14
21
1
18
29
3
18
23
1
19
16
2
14
14
2
12
17
1
12
26
6
12
10 „
11 ..
Midt.
18
19
16
13
15
12
20
21
15
24
23
15
20
20
9
23
22
12
30
28
18
28
26
19
26
22
14
22
19
13
22
19
13
19
17
13
22
21
14
10
6
4
7
6
5
14
10
4
16
14
8
19
15
10
25
24
13
29
29
15
30
27
18
26
25
12
18
16
2
15
10
1
16
11
6
19
16
6
REPORT ON ATMOSPHERIC CIRCULATION.
15
Lat. N.
MADBAS.*— Five Tears.
13° 5', Long. W. 80° 17' ; Height
27 Feet.
DODABETTA.— Term Days.
Lat. N. 11° 32', Long. E. 76° 50' ; Height, 8640 Feet.
1 A.M.
2 „
3 ,,
P
1-5
J2
©
a
a.
a
6
a
P
3
i-s
ti
p
ft
©
O
o
CD
p
•-3
©
a
<1
a
©
g
■-3
H5
i
<
©
o
>
o
J5
u
3
©
2
1C
30
1
16
31
3
15
28
4
12
22
7
8
18
9
5
13
9
3
11
9
5
15
6
8
18
4
13
22
2
19
31
2
19
33
4
12
23
4
24
30
19
39
37
22
52
46
27
43
47
18
32
40
7
21
41
12
30
42
0
12
22
5
17
29
10
28
38
26
34
10
22
30
12
28
36
4 „
6 „
6 „
33
26
12
36
28
13
31
21
6
24
14
1
21
12
3
14
6
8
12
7
6
15
9
2
19
9
4
24
16
0
33
24
9
35
26
12
25
17
2
30
38
24
37
33
21
30
20
8
49
47
33
34
26
14
39
35
21
32
14
10
32
24
0
17
9
7
32
28
0
42
28
12
40
24
10
35
27
14
7 „
8 ,,
9 „
9
37
60
11
37
60
20
44
62
24
48
62
25
44
55
30
46
56
24
39
49
21
43
53
26
49
62
25
45
69
16
39
57
8
36
65
20
42
57
0
24
24
11
33
60
16
30
52
13
1
22
6
26
32
9
13
27
7
18
34
14
18
32
15
33
45
14
32
40
2
28
39
2
20
41
6
23
37
10 ,,
11 „
Noon
64
52
28
69
58
33
67
65
31
61
49
28
54
41
22
50
42
23
48
37
21
54
41
22
60
46
21
59
42
15
58
42
16
57
46
2
59
46
23
68
32
18
53
51
49
38
34
18
41
35
27
42
38
34
47
35
29
42
36
28
45
47
27
40
32
14
46
24
11
48
40
19
50
42
20
46
37
26
1 P.M.
2 „
3 „
2
31
50
4
25
48
0
29
52
1
31
52
4
31
52
2
28
53
1
25
47
4
30
50
11
39
58
13
40
58
10
35
50
6
33
47
4
31
51
9
12
29
33
13
1
2
13
32
13
5
17
24
6
8
8
3
3
12
2
12
17
3
11
7
2
16
12
27
44
4
13
22
3
17
28
10
s
19
4 „
5 ,,
6 ,,
54
44
33
55
49
38
63
55
44
66
65
53
66
64
50
69
69
56
63
66
52
64
65
52
67
67
52
63
58
43
49
43
29
49
41
28
60
57
44
30
33
30
7
17
19
41
50
38
19
13
13
25
32
26
39
41
31
24
22
16
24
16
8
18
18
6
37
28
18
33
36
24
32
40
16
27
28
20
7 „
8 ,,
9 „
16
6
23
22
0
20
27
5
17
33
8
16
30
7
17
36
12
10
33
9
12
33
7
14
29
5
18
21
6
28
8
15
30
10
12
30
25
1
20
22
1
10
1
7
17
35
12
2
11
3
11
10
2
22
3
15
25
6
4
30
4
12
26
0
24
24
0
12
32
8
4
22
2
4
16
9
5
20
10 „
11 „
Midt.
30
26
16
29
25
16
30
29
19
32
35
22
34
36
24
27
33
25
25
31
22
30
33
26
34
34
23
36
31
19
33
25
12
33
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The time is 19 minutes earlier than hour specified.
16
THE VOYAGE OF H.MS. CHALLENGER.
TRIVANDRUM.*—
Lat. N. 8° 31', Lose. E. 77
°0'i
Height, 130 Feet.
Lat.
SIMLA.f-
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77' 11'; Height, 7
487 Feet.
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AD
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He
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Lat
TDRIN.— Six Ye
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9
(PHTS. CHEM. CHALL. EXP. — PART V. 1888.)
18
THE VOYAGE OF H.M.S. CHALLENGER.
MILAN.— Nine Tears.
GENEVA.— T
en Years.
Lat. N. 45" 28', Long. E. 9° 9'; Height, 482 Feet.
Lat. N. 46° 12', Long. E. 6°
9';
Height, 1335 Feet
1 A.M
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6
GREAT ST. BERNARD.— Ten Years.
BU
3HA
REST.— Two
Years.
Lat. N. 45° 42', Long. E. 7° 7' ; Height, 8127 Feet
Lat. N. 44° 25
,Lo
ng. E. 26°
46';
Height, 305 Feet.
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6
REPORT ON ATMOSPHERIC CIRCULATION.
19
KRAKAU
. — NlKB
Fears.
PRAGUE.-
-Twenty-Eight Tears, 1842-69.
Lat. N.
50° 4', Long. E. 19° 55' ;
Height, 708 Feet
Lat
N. 50° 5'
Louo. E
. 14°
23'; Height,
S60 Feet.
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SARS
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— Ten Years.
Lat
n. ;
0° 5', Lo:
ra. E
. 12° 22';
Heu
;ht, 1517 Feet
Lat
N. -18° 15
', Lc
NG.
E. It,
• 20' ; Height, 638 Feot.
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7
3
1
0
4
3
2
8
11
6
3
5 „
6
4
3
2
2
3
3
8
2
4
7
5
2
5
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9
3
4
3
9
4
2
9
14
12
3
6 >,
6
3
0
4
9
7
10
7
3
1
4
5
2
8
13
7
4
12
9
13
9
6
10
15
4
1
7 „
2
1
4
10
11
15
14
11
8
5
0
2
6
4
7
2
11
17
13
19
13
11
2
'.)
11
5
8 ,,
4
6
8
15
17
17
18
16
14
11
7
5
11
7
7
9
16
21
18
21
18
16
13
7
4
12
9 „
10
12
14
16
17
17
17
18
18
16
15
14
15
15
13
14
19
22
19
22
20
22
18
12
12
17
10 „
13
14
15
14
15
15
15
17
17
18
15
17
15
18
15
16
21
21
19
20
21
19
20
17
18
19
11 „
11
12
12
11
11
11
12
12
13
14
12
12
12
13
14
10
13
15
15
14
16
14
17
12
12
3
14
6
Noon
4
4
6
3
3
3
5
5
5
5
3
3
4
2
9
6
5
10
9
6
7
7
10
3
1 r.M.
6
4
2
2
2
3
2
2
1
3
4
6
3
9
2
5
i
0
0
5
2
4
3
5
11
4
2 ,,
11
11
10
11
10
10
9
10
10
10
10
11
10
18
12
15
13
10
s
13
11
15
9
10
14
13
12
17
3 „
11
14
14
17
16
15
15
15
15
14
12
11
14
20
15
18
21
16
15
19
18
21
12
10
4 „
10
13
14
21
22
21
21
20
19
16
11
9
16
19
Hi
22
25
22
18
24
2.1
24
15
15
9
5
12
20
21
18
5 „
6
10
16
21
24
24
24
23
VJ
14
7
5
16
17
16
20
27
28
24
28
27
26
7
6 ,,
0
4
11
18
22
21
22
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10
2
1
12
11
10
14
26
30
26
27
29
25
10
0
6
7 „
8 „
9 ,,
6
6
8
3
4
7
2
2
5
12
1
3
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5
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8
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1
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7
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3
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4
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4
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1
4
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3
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7
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4
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IS
8
4
24
18
14
21
15
3
23
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5
23
13
4
18
8
1
fi
1
4
5
8
13
2
3
8
12
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2
10 ,,
7
6
7
4
6
7
7
6
10
6
9
5
7
12
12
14
11
1
2
3
4
6
8
6
7
17
15
3
11
12
12
8
9
8
11 „
6
6
7
6
7
10
9
7
8
5
6
6
7
12
9
13
14
4
5
9
6
8
8
Midt.
3
3
4
5
6
9
7
5
7
4
4
0
5
11
11
9
11
7
9
6
7
20
THE VOYAGE OF H.M.S. CHALLENGER
Lat
. N.
SANTLS.-
47° 15', Long.
-Three
E. 9° 20' ;
Years.
Height,
8094 Fee
Lat.
KLAGENFUBT.
N. 46° 37', Long. E. 14°
— 8ix Years.
18'; Height,
1437 Feet
1 A.M.
2 „
3 ,,
a
1-5
,0
03
ft
^
1-3
1-3
ti
p
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•Ji
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ft
so
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5
11
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7
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4
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6
6
5
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3
3
5
0
3
8
15
13
13
15
14
13
18
16
15
16
16
15
13
13
13
15
16
16
17
18
19
16
16
16
12
11
10
9
8
7
9
8
9
8
6
6
14
13
13
4 ,.
5 „
6 „
4
8
6
8
8
13
15
14
13
16
13
20
19
18
19
20
16
17
18
15
16
16
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15
1(1
13
9
11
13
3
6
7
8
10
10
12
13
12
12
13
15
13
14
16
16
16
20
13
13
16
15
18
22
18
22
23
21
25
30
18
21
25
10
11
14
7
8
8
11
10
10
5
4
6
13
14
17
7 ,,
8 ,,
9 »
7
3
1
5
2
2
10
6
3
9
7
3
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8
6
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8
5
12
6
3
12
7
3
1
4
8
4
1
5
1
5
7
2
4
9
4
1
17
17
16
20
20
19
24
25
25
20
20
17
26
25
21
25
23
18
32
30
27
29
29
26
17
19
20
11
13
13
12
18
15
10
12
12
20
21
19
10 „
11 ,.
Noon.
7
7
0
5
7
7
2
2
3
2
4
3
1
0
2
1
4
7
2
4
6
2
4
5
8
8
8
3
6
2
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8
3
11
8
1
4
5
4
12
2
10
15
6
5
19
10
3
12
5
7
14
4
6
11
2
8
20
10
2
18
8
4
16
9
1
12
9
1
12
5
4
13
6
4
15
6
4
1 P.M.
2 „
3 „
G
8
7
1
4
5
0
3
3
6
5
4
4
3
3
6
7
6
6
7
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6
5
5
6
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5
5
6
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20
26
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18
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26
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20
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10
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11
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29
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5 „
6 „
4
1
2
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34
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41
34
34
34
29
36
39
34
38
37
32
50
49
43
42
44
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33
31
28
27
25
20
28
22
16
21
17
11
35
33
27
7 ,,
8 ,.
9 ,,
4
6
7
4
5
7
9
12
14
4
8
10
7
11
16
5
8
14
5
9
12
6
10
12
4
7
8
E
7
9
0
0
1
5
6
7
6
7
9
10
3
3
13
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3
19
10
4
19
8
5
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12
4
24
12
4
33
16
1
31
15
0
17
6
3
10
2
6
8
0
6
5
1
7
18
4
10 „
11 >.
Midt.
6
6
3
6
5
3
14
12
10
9
5
3
16
11
10
15
12
7
10
9
2
10
7
4
8
5
2
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6
3
2
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0
8
7
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7
4
4
5
6
6
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9
12
15
9
12
15
10
12
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10
13
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5
11
15
7
12
15
8
11
13
9
10
11
10
9
10
8
9
9
8
10
13
Lat
. N.
GE
16° '30', L(
[ES.-
-Two Ti
E. 11° 2(1'
:ars.
; He
IGHT
958
Feet
]
jAT.
OBIRGI]
N. 46° 30
3FE]
, Lo
j. — Five
«G. E. 14°
&NT3 A HALF YEARS.
27' ; Height, 6706 Feet
1 A.M.
2 „
3 „
a
a
1-3
03
ft
03
G
"p
1-3
■5
P.
03
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6
5
7
14
15
14
19
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21
s
25
23
22
25
25
24
26
25
25
25
28
28
19
20
19
19
19
17
7
6
5
8
7
7
18
18
17
5
4
4
1
1
4
4
0
7
4
3
9
2
8
13
1
7
15
2
6
10
3
1
8
2
2
7
0
3
7
4
1
2
i
i
3
2
2
7
4 „
5 „
6 >.
2
0
1
9
8
11
13
13
18
17
20
26
21
25
30
28
34
40
28
35
40
32
37
45
19
23
30
15
17
21
1
1
2
3
1
1
16
18
22
1
6
8
10
13
12
12
14
14
12
17
15
18
20
17
18
17
14
12
11
8
10
15
14
12
15
15
10
13
14
6
7
9
5
8
11
13
12
7 „
8 »
9 „
6
15
20
15
26
28
25
34
34
32
36
33
35
35
28
40
35
28
42
35
30
47
45
38
35
38
36
25
33
33
8
18
22
5
14
19
26
30
29
7
1
7
11
4
4
11
5
1
13
8
3
13
6
1
9
2
1
3
1
4
9
4
1
10
5
1
10
2
4
6
2
3
7
2
3
9
3
2
10 „
n „
Noon
19
15
4
25
18
5
:26
17
2
23
13
4
17
6
12
15
2
15
16
2
16
23
5
16
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11
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5
20
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1
19
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6
11
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6
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7
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6
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7
10
10
6
9
10
7
9
10
9
11
9
9
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7
11
14
8
7
10
8
1 P.M.
2 „
3 „
11
20
29
M
30
38
16
33
44
23
36
47
2S
38
47
35
45
54
35
49
58
36
52
63
27
44
54
23
38
46
16
27
32
14
25
28
23
37
45
3
9
12
5
2
5
5
1
5
7
6
4
9
6
5
10
7
4
9
6
4
8
4
2
8
5
2
5
II
2
0
7
8
0
9
5
1
2
4 „
5 ,,
6 „
28
26
17
41
40
27
50
50
41
54
54
45
52
51
43
58
47
62
60
51
69
65
55
58
55
44
48
44
31
31
28
16
26
22
12
48
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36
10
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5
6
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6
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1
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1
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4
7
0
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1
3
4
3
3
1
5
1
7
5
2
3
4
3
7 „
8 „
9 i.
9
1
5
19
8
0
28
13
0
33
14
1
33
13
2
35
14
4
36
13
7
38
16
2
28
11
4
19
8
0
6
1
7
6
1
4
24
9
3
2
1
3
2
5
6
2
7
11
1
7
12
0
4
12
1
1
11
5
1
4
3
2
6
0
4
7
2
5
9
1
3
4
1
3
4
0
3
7
10 „
U ..
Midt.
11
12
14
8
10
14
8
13
18
11
17
21
11
18
22
14
21
25
18
25
30
13
19
24
13
18
22
7
9
10
14
11
16
9
10
11
11
15
19
4
4
2
8
8
6
12
12
9
13
10
7
14
15
11
11
10
7
6
6
6
9
9
8
8
8
5
9
8
6
6
6
4
6
6
5
9
9
7
REPORT ON ATMOSPHERIC CIRCULATION.
21
SCHAFBERG.— Two
Teaks.
SALZBURG.— Six Teaks.
Lat.
N. 4
7° 46', Long. E. 13° 26';
Height, 5827 Feet
Lat.
N. 47° 48
, Long. E. 12°
67';
Height, 1362 Feet.
1 A.M.
S3
fli
J3
ft
2
a
1-3
'a
Ha
a
ft
o
to
o
p-'
o
d
u
a
a
Ha
09
2
ft
©
a
a
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Ha
ft
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a.
1
4
2
2
1
1
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3
2
4
2
3
2
5
4
10
10
9
1G
14
7
7
7
3
2
7
2 „
0
0
4
5
8
6
7
4
3
2
2
2
3
4
2
8
S
6
10
10
3
4
5
4
1
6
3 „
4
7
8
13
14
11
12
11
8
1
0
3
8
4
3
3
3
4
6
6
2
3
0
6
0
2
4 „
7
11
11
16
16
13
14
14
12
5
3
8
11
1
9
1
1
4
5
5
1
2
1
7
2
0
5 „
11
12
16
16
15
11
12
13
12
7
7
10
12
3
12
1
2
6
9
6
1
1
1
8
4
0
6 „
10
12
15
15
12
9
10
10
10
6
5
6
10
2
12
3
6
12
14
9
7
4
0
7
3
3
7 „
6
8
10
10
7
4
6
6
6
2
1
3
6
3
9
8
11
15
16
12
12
8
4
2
1
7
8 „
1
2
4
6
4
2
2
2
0
2
3
0
1
8
1
14
12
17
18
13
14
12
12
6
5
11
9 „
4
2
2
1
0
2
2
3
4
6
5
4
3
13
6
17
12
16
14
11
14
14
14
10
10
13
10 „
7
6
5
4
4
4
6
7
11
11
10
8
7
14
8
17
11
13
10
9
13
14
13
13
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11 .<
8
9
10
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8
7
8
9
11
10
9
7
9
14
12
12
6
8
5
5
7
9
11
11
9
9
Noon
6
6
9
8
7
7
7
7
7
5
3
2
7
1
6
5
2
2
2
1
2
4
2
2
1
1
1 P.M.
2
0
6
5
6
6
6
5
5
0
3
7
2
12
3
6
9
9
11
10
5
4
11
7
11
8
2 „
6
6
2
2
5
3
2
2
1
4
6
10
1
17
10
14
16
16
is
15
13
11
18
12
15
15
3 ,,
6
6
2
1
3
2
2
0
1
6
8
11
3
23
13
19
23
23
24
20
20
18
22
12
14
19
4 „
4
4
2
1
1
2
2
3
3
7
7
8
4
13
15
22
25
27
29
23
24
20
23
9
11
21
5 ,,
2
2
2
2
2
4
4
5
3
6
4
4
3
10
10
21
23
29
31
27
26
19
18
5
7
19
6 ,,
3
2
2
1
1
4
4
4
2
1
2
1
1
5
1
16
18
25
27
25
23
16
9
2
3
14
7 ,,
4
7
6
6
2
2
2
2
3
3
4
4
3
2
0
7
9
18
19
18
14
8
5
6
0
8
8 ,,
6
8
10
10
8
3
3
4
8
6
6
5
6
0
9
1
2
6
9
8
0
1
3
8
3
0
9 „
6
8
11
11
11
8
9
8
11
8
8
7
9
3
12
S
9
6
6
5
8
2
8
9
6
6
10 „
6
8
7
11
9
10
10
9
10
8
9
8
9
3
14
5
11
12
11
8
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3
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5
6
6
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8
10
11
9
8
6
7
6
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13
6
14
16
14
16
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4
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6
7
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Midt.
3
4
4
7
5
7
7
6
6
4
4
6
6
9
7
11
12
12
18
18
10
9
8
2
6
10
E
EEMSM
dNSTER.— F<
)ITR
Years.
]
ilUN
ICH.— Ten Tears.
La
r.N.
48° 4', Lc
NO. E. 14° 8';
Heic
.ht, 1260
Feet
a
si
Lat.
N. 48° 9'
Lo:
■•g. E. 11°
36' ;
Height, 1708 Feet
3
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7
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15
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12
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26
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4
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1
22
THE VOYAGE OF H.M.S. CHALLENGER.
BERNE.— Ten Years
PARIS.
—Six Years.
Lai
. N. 46° 57', Long. E. 7° 35' ; Height, 1883 Feet
Lai
. N. 48° 30', Long.
E. 2°
20-;
Height,
216 Feet.
1 A.M
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6
5
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2
0
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1
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6
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6
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9 ,.
5
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8
7
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7
6
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17
15
13
15
17
19
16
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11
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3
3
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Noon
5
6
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1
2
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8
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8
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3
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13
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12
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12
11
15
15
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12
8
14
12
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11
7
8
6
9
17
8
9
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3 „
10
15
13
17
18 I 13
14
14
16
17
15
8
15
11
19
20
22
17
14
14
12
15
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16
4 ,,
9
14
13
19
19
14
15
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10
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22
19
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6 .,
7
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5
9
6
10 „
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7
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8
7
7
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6
VENI
>OHE.— Two Yeai
is.
LY0
NS.-
—Two Years,
Lai
\ N. 47' -17', I
oxg. E. 1° 4' ; Heii
JHT, 281 I
\et.
Lat
. N. 45° 4
i', Long.
E. 4°
49';
Height,
574 Feet.
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6
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5
4
4
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6
2 „
7
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2
9
1
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4
1
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7
2
10
5
0
2
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1
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1
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2
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7
2
4
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17
20
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6
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4
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13
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16
17
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9
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9 „
18
11
20
24
14
16
14
13
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11
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11
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30
16
15
14
23
16
20
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24
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10
8
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12
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Noon
11
10
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3
7
6
1
2
2
3
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6
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6
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0
8
4
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6
0
5
1 P.M.
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3
3
3
2
0
2
7
7
14
3
4
7
11
8
2
5
11
3
4
5
7
9
12
7
2 „
10
11
16
14
10
7
6
9
16
13
19
10
12
14
21
21
10
11
18
12
12
16
13
18
16
15
3 „
10
13
24
22
17
12
13
15
21
16
16
12
16
15
26
29
14
17
24
19
17
22
17
20
16
20
4 ,,
8
11
28
28
20
18
19
18
24
16
12
8
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12
25
35
21
20
29
26
23
25
19
18
15
22
5 „
8
6
23
27
21
20
22
20
22
14
6
7
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7
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23
29
30
23
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6 >.
4
2
15
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17
18
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26
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3
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10
20
25
17
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3
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1
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0
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1
4
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4
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2
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3
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2
3
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1
11
11
6
6
3
3
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3
5
5
5
6
0
5
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1
15
6
1
14
5
6
13
2
13
13
6
8
3
7
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7
13
2
11
8
2
6
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1
14
6
1
12
4
7
12
0
13
13
6
7
6
8
2
13
9
15
4
12
9
2
6
12
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4
11
5
0
8
1
5
9
4
10
11
4
6
3
9
5
13
8
17
7
14
9
2
6
12
9
REPORT ON ATMOSPHERIC CIRCULATION.
23
Lat.
MADRID.— F
N. 40° 24', Long. E. 3°
ve Tears.
45' ; Height, 2149 Feet.
Lat.
COIMBRA.— Sevbn Years.
N. 40° 12', Lose. W. 8° 23' ; Height,
462 Feet.
•1 A.M.
*2 >,
3 „
p
1-3
4
12
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20
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6
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2
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1
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4
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7
2
11
9
7
12
12
10
9
12
7
10
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5
*7 „
9 „
8
17
24
10
22
30
14
24
28
21
30
32
25
28
26
28
30
29
30
35
33
29
34
34
23
30
34
15
26
32
14
25
29
6
15
23
19
26
29
2
9
24
1
10
21
6
14
25
2
3
11
4
9
14
6
10
12
7
11
16
7
12
17
5
15
23
1
12
22
1
10
23
1
9
22
2
10
19
•10 „
'11 „
Noon
25
18
7
32
26
18
26
20
11
28
19
6
22
14
3
23
17
8
25
15
11
27
16
11
31
22
10
29
20
8
28
18
5
26
18
6
27
19
9
29
23
6
26
23
9
27
22
10
14
10
1
15
11
2
13
10
4
17
13
1
19
12
0
24
18
3
23
19
4
26
22
4
29
22
3
22
17
4
•1 P.M.
*2 „
3 „
5
15
20
8
23
25
3
23
29
6
26
33
8
26
34
6
24
30
5
19
25
5
21
28
C
22
28
5
19
25
6
17
22
3
12
14
6
21
26
11
19
21
10
21
26
6
18
25
4
10
16
8
13
18
6
10
14
8
13
17
11
17
21
12
19
25
10
15
18
9
15
15
12
19
19
9
16
20
M „
*5 „
6 „
19
13
6
27
21
17
34
29
21
36
34
30
37
39
34
42
44
.40
39
46
41
40
45
40
32
31
29
25
22
17
20
17
13
12
8
3
31
29
24
18
14
5
24
18
9
27
25
14
19
14
8
19
17
13
1G
15
11
19
20
18
21
20
15
23
19
13
18
14
4
12
7
2
15
11
6
19
16
9
•7 „
*8 „
9 „
3
9
11
8
2
4
10
2
4
17
5
1
20
6
3
22
13
4
23
15
9
22
13
4
20
10
1
5
4
6
4
4
6
3
7
9
11
3
2
1
5
8
1
5
9
3
5
11
0
14
22
4
6
16
3
7
21
8
1
15
G
8
19
2
10
16
3
9
11
7
10
14
1
4
8
1
7
14
•10 „
•11 „
Midt.
10
8
7
4
5
6
8
9
9
3
5
6
10
13
11
1
4
6
2
0
2
1
4
5
2
4
6
7
6
5
6
4
3
9
7
5
5
6
6
9
7
3
13
12
9
13
9
5
22
19
12
18
16
10
22
19
11
16
14
9
19
17
11
15
12
8
11
8
3
13
11
7
10
10
4
15
13
8
Lai
LIS
r. N. 38° 43', L
BON.— T
ONQ. W. S
EN Y
•8';
BARS
Hei
GHT, 312 ]
Feet.
Lat
SAN FEI
N. 36° 28', L<
iNANDO.— Five Years.
)kg. W. 6" 15' ; Hkigiit, 92 Feet.
1 A.M.
2 „
3 „
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2
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13
0
7
13
2
7
17
0
3
9
1
3
5
i
6
12
6
2
2
5
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4
5
1
5
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5
7
3
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1
2
2
4
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3
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2
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5
4
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3
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4 „
5 „
6 „
13
17
13
14
13
9
17
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8
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13
4
17
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5
22
9
3
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8
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11
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3
8
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1
13
24
2
11
20
6
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20
3
9
15
6
16
17
6
13
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7
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6
16
26
1
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4
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1
6
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10
15
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6
13
19
9
17
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9
19
26
2
12
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6
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10 „
11 „
Noon
33
27
5
28
28
13
23
20
11
22
17
8
16
13
6
22
17
9
18
16
7
23
19
7
28
21
9
27
20
4
28
21
0
31
26
0
25
20
7
22
17
6
24
20
10
19
15
7
17
15
9
12
12
9
17
17
15
18
16
13
22
21
16
22
19
11
22
17
6
25
17
4
22
18
7
20
17
9
1 P.M.
2 „
3 „
10
20
20
4
18
22
2
13
19
1
9
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2
6
12
1
6
12
0
7
13
1
8
12
1
11
17
4
16
18
11
20
21
7
15
22
3
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9
21
28
9
17
23
4
15
23
0
11
20
2
6
14
7
3
13
4
6
16
6
6
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0
12
22
8
19
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3
22
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6
14
22
2
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4 ,,
5 „
6 „
17
13
6
22
18
10
20
18
11
19
16
14
15
13
11
15
17
13
16
18
16
17
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18
20
r.»
16
17
13
6
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8
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7
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11
26
18
9
23
17
7
25
22
15
26
24
18
19
20
16
22
25
22
24
28
27
27
30
26
27
26
19
26
20
13
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8
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3
24
22
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1
6
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7
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4
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12
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6
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6
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9
7
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10
11
5
4
20
10
0
18
7
2
8
2
9
4
3
7
1
4
6
6
10
12
7
1
6
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11 .,
Midt.
12
12
11
10
10
6
13
13
8
14
13
8
15
13
6
13
12
9
12
12
6
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11
7
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8
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5
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7
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14
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6
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5
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8
7
7
8
6
12
11
7
9
9
6
6
5
4
9
5
1
9
9
7
• Hours interpolated.
24
THE VOYAGE OF H.M.S. CHALLENGER
VALENTIA.*— Six Years.
1
AIU1AGH.*— Six Years
Lat. N. 51* 65', Long. W. 10° 18'; Height, 23 Feet.
Lat. N. 54° 21', Long. W. 6° 39' ; Height, 207 Feet
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12
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4
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1
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7
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1
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9
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8
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Midt,
13
4
13
9
12
14
17
12
6
13
1
13
11
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7
9
10
9
11
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11
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7
Fi>
Lat. N. 50°
iLM
3UTH.«— Six Yea
BS.
OXFOE
D. — Eighteen Years.
Y, Lr
>ng. W. 5° 4' ; Hek
JUT, 211 1
~"eet.
Lat. N. 51° 46', Long. W. 1° 16' ; Height, 212 Feet.
1 A.M.
d
6
8
•° i Is
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7
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2
3
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7
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6
3
3
1
2
9
4
12
11
12
17
17
15
13
17
3
8
12
9
5
6
5
2
2
4
4
9
8
7
3
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4 „
14
10
18
15
16
20
18
19
17
21
8
12
16
13
7
9
6
2
2
3
5
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10
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6
7
5 „
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19
10
16
16
14
19
17
19
19
22
8
16
17
15
8
9
3
1
1
1
3
10
10
10
7
6
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10
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10
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14
12
13
14
20
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13
13
5
6
1
4
5
3
0
7
7
7
5
3
7 „
8 „
9 „
16
7
1
7
9
4
4
8
5
6
6
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3
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8
11
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1
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7
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6
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6
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3
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4
6
6
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7
1
11
5
4
2
13
8
12
10
13
9
9
9
8
8
11
9
10 „
11 „
Noon
9
11
10
8
6
2
6
7
12
7
16
14
9
6
13
11
12
8
11
8
8
10
9
9
11
10
13
18
15
11
10
6
9
10
13
11
19
18
13
7
7
10
8
5
6
5
6
9
7
6
5
7
10
14
13
7
11
7
8
11
12
8
13
9
10
6
0
5
2
1
0
2
2
6
0
0
1
2
1 P.M.
2 „
3 „
3
10
7
5
4
10
8
5
8
7
7
10
8
3
3
4
5
1
9
2
5
5
6
2
3
2
6
6
8
4
0
5
1
6
6
6
9
4
1
4
10
0
2
16
9
11
10
12
6
9
5
11
10
13
10
4
1
5
3
5
1
3
8
10
3
3
17
13
16
15
15
10
13
9
12
12
14
12
4 „
5 ,,
6 ,,
3
1
7
10
8
7
2
6
1
3
0
2
4
3
9
c
4
0
14
14
19
17
i:
11
15
10
10
8
11
12
7
2
7
3
1
2
1
4
1
7
2
3
4
8
11
16
16
16
11
11
9
5
4
6
9
4
4 z
2
3
3
7
5
3
1
7
2
5
11
13
12
7
10
3
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1
1
5
7 „
8 „
9 .,
11
14
16
3
2
0
2
3
0
0
1
11
3
7
3
10
3
2
4
7
8
1
4
3
7
6
3
1
4
6
8
3
6
4
5
8
12
3
10
6
11
7
8
3
1
1
1
4
8
10
9
5
5
4
8
10
10
13
10
8
8
14
o
12
9
10
8
11
8
7
4
5
9
11
12
10
6
8
10 „
11 ,,
Midt.
16
16
12
3
0
2
10
10
10
14
11
9
8
16
3
13
10
8
9
11
11
11
9
9
12
11
11
9
7
10
8
6
10
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7
5
11
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9
7
6
3
4
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7
9
12
8
7
5
5
3
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7
10
6
11
8
11
8
10
8
9
7
12
8 I
8
4
9
6
7
5
6
6
9
6
* Greenwich mean time.
REPORT ON ATMOSPHERIC CIRCULATION.
25
KEW«.
—Six Years.
GREENWICH.— Twenty Years
■
Lat. js'.
01° 28', Long.
W. 0° 19'; Height, 34 Feet.
Lat. Ml 51* 28',
Long. 0°
; Height, 159 Feet.
1 A.M.
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6
Greenwich Mean Time.
REPORT ON ATMOSPHERIC CIRCULATION.
27
CULLODEN.— Three Years.
HEN NEVIS.— Four Years.
Lai
. N.
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W. 4
°8';
Height,
104 Feet.
Lat.
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', Long. W. 5°
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2S
THE VOYAGE OF H.M.S. CHALLENGER.
GRONINGEN.— Ten
Tears.
AMSTERDAM.— Eight Tears.
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REPORT ON ATMOSPHERIC CIRCULATION.
29
WUSTEOW.— Four Ye»rs.
HAMBURG.— Four Years.
Lat. N. 54° 24', Long. E. 12" 24' ; Height, 23 Feet.
Lat. N. 53° 33', Long. E. 9° 59' ; Height, 85 Feet.
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LEIPSIG.— Eight Years.
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THE VOYAGE OF H.M.S. CHALLENGER.
HALLE.— ?
Years.
MAGDEBURG.— Five Years.
Lat
. N.
51° 30', Long. E. 11
°57'
Height, 3G2 Feet.
Lat
N. 52° 9', Long. E. 11° 37' ; Height,
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REPORT ON ATMOSPHERIC CIRCULATION.
31
UPSALA. — Fourteen Years.
HELSINFORS.—
Two
Years.
Lat
N. 62° 02', Lo.ng. E. 17° 38' ; Height,
77 Feet.
Lat. N. 60° 10
', Long. E. 24
5';
Height, 381 Feet.
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ST. PETERSBL
RG.— Twenti
r Ye
ARS.
MOSCOW.— Five Years.
La
r. N. 59° 56', Long.
E. 30° 16' ; Hi
ciGin
', 15
Feet.
Lat. N. 5
5° 46
', Long. E. 3/
40'
Height, 513 .Feet.
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32
THE VOYAGE OF H.M.S. CHALLENGER.
LUGAN
— Five Tears
ZLALOUSTE— Twenty Years
Lat
. N. 48° 35', Long.
E. 39° 20'
Height, 203 Feet.
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REPORT ON ATMOSPHERIC CIRCULATION.
:33
BARNAUL.— Twenty-two Ykars.
NUKDSS
.— Oke Yeah.
Lat.
N. 53° 2C
', Long. E. 83
3 47' ; Height, 459 Feet
Lat.
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0 27', Long. E
.53°
37' ; Height,
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y, l<
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3
5
2
1
i
3
4 „
4
3
7
12
16
18
19
18
15
12
10
9
12
2
1
2
7
10
16
8
5
6
1
2
3
4
5 „
0
2
9
15
20
21
24
22
17
13
5
1
12
3
1
4
8
14
22
8
10
10
2
4
6
5
6 „
1
3
12
21
24
25
26
28
22
14
5
3
15
2
0
8
16
18
26
17
17
12
5
4
4
9
7 »
7
7
18
27
27
27
30
31
27
20
11
9
20
1
5
15
22
22
29
20
20
20
10
0
5
13
8 ..
15
16
22
28
28
26
31
37
28
23
18
14
24
6
10
21
23
22
29
20
20
23
16
6
1
16
9 „
22
20
25
27
24
22
26
32
30
27
20
22
25
11
14
22
21
17
24
17
19
23
19
9
12
17
10 „
23
20
21
21
19
15
20
20
26
22
19
24
21
13
16
20
16
11
18
14
15
18
16
11
10
15
11 i.
16
4
11
9
8
11
10
13
14
13
12
14
11
8
6
14
12
5
11
7
8
10
8
6
4
8
Noon
1
2
1
6
4
6
2
2
4
5
2
G
3
3
3
4
4
3
1
0
0
1
4
4
5
-
1 P.M.
18
18
15
18
17
20
15
16
18
24
19
21
17
10
13
9
16
12
11
6
7
10
11
11
7
10
2 .,
27
27
29
30
30
36
27
30
34
37
28
28
30
14
19
17
26
20
22
12
14
19
12
14
9
17
3 „
26
28
34
41
39
39
38
43
44
11
31
27
36
14
21
22
34
26
30
18
20 22
17
13
6
20
4 n
24
28
38
45
43
43
46
49
48
41
29
23
38
11
21
26
36 '
28
37
20
22
27
li
10
2
21
5 „
19
24
36
43
44
43
53
50
46
37
24
18
36
7
17
24
38
27
.".7
26
21
28
9
6
2
19
c „
12
15
26
37
38
34
43
45
38
25
15
12
28
1
8
16
31
21
30
18
18
20
4
2
6
13
7 „
4
4
13
24
26
24
31
30
23
12
6
4
17
4
8
7
in
15
23
16
15
12
1
5
4
7
8 „
0
3
1
6
11
10
15
11
6
8
2
1
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6
12
0
2
5
16
In
7
5
1
6
6
1
9 ii
4
7
7
5
5
6
2
3
4
7
3
4
5
7
13
3
8
3
7
3
2
1
3
7
4
3
in „
5
9
11
10
11
12
10
8
9
11
6
7
9
6
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4
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6
3
1
2
2
3
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3
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ii .,
6
11
12
9
14
16
13
12
13
12
13
9
11
4
8
4
11
6
1
2
2
3
2
5
1
2
4
Midt.
5
10
12
17
15
16
15
14
15
12
9
7
12
1
6
4
12
6
4
2
2
2
1
3
3
(PHYS. CHEM. CHALL. EXP. — PART V. 1888.)
11
34
THE VOYAGE OF H.M.S. CHALLENGER.
SYDNEY.— Five Years.
Lat. S. 35° 51', Long. E. 151° 11' ; Height, 155 Feet.
Lat. S. 3
MELBOURNE.-
"• 50', Long. E. 144
Five Years.
° 59' ; Height
, 121 Feet.
1 A.M.
2 „
3 „
a
1-5
J2
p.
<
a
3
t-3
1-5
3
ft
m
m
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3
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0
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13
19
7
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6
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4
8
6
2
5
10
3
5
9
3
12
5
5
7
2
7
13
10
0
4
3
6
11
0
10
14
1
9
13
4
11
16
6
1
10
2
2
8
2
1
6
6
7
14
4
1
9
10
0
10
1
8
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5
13
16
1
11
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1
6
11
4 „
6 „
6 ,,
15
2
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20
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3
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4
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8
6
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6
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4
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7
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3
8
13
3
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2
8
9
2
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5
5
7 „
8 „
9 ,,
23
28
33
11
20
29
13
24
32
10
25
30
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14
26
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14
27
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17
30
34
23
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14
24
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10 „
11 „
Noon
27
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6
27
17
4
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10
7
30
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4
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5
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22
8
5
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5
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17
5
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1
26
19
2
24
16
3
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1
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2
29
21
3
25
12
2
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13
1
19
8
3
19
12
2
26
17
1
1p.m.
2 „
3 „
4
15
25
6
17
26
13
26
34
20
32
37
24
35
37
29
39
40
29
42
42
34
50
55
29
43
54
25
45
56
31
40
47
16
29
40
22
34
41
7
19
28
6
19
29
9
22
30
17
28
31
19
28
20
18
25
29
15
25
24
16
28
30
20
30
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10
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13
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32
10
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33
13
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34
33
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23
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53
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17
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17
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30
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37
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27
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8
4
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7
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5
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6
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6
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5
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5
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7
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15
1
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13
5
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1
7
12
4
5
13
3
12
16
1
13
22
5
6
18
1
9
16
10 „
11 „
Midt.
19
18
12
18
15
9
17
14
6
13
8
4
20
17
14
14
13
6
16
18
15
16
18
15
22
20
16
18
17
14
22
19
12
27
26
20
19
17
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19
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16
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2
1
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1
12
4
8
13
9
12
13
10
6
21
18
7
21
18
10
16
13
8
HOBAET TOWN.— Six Years.
Lat. S. 42° 52', Long. E. 147° 21'; Height, 37
Feet.
Lat. S. 3
CA1
3° 56
?E TOWN.—
', Long. E. 18
Five Years.
5 27' ; Height
, 37 Feet.
1 A.M.
2 „
3 „
a
•-3
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3.
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7
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16
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16
9
21
18
8
23
23
14
21
18
10
7 „
8 „
9 „
17
21
15
22
29
24
22
27
27
14
26
29
5
15
20
7
11
19
1
10
16
11
21
26
15
22
27
16
20
19
19
16
10
16
16
8
14
20
20
1
10
18
4
7
16
9
4
10
0
7
9
1
6
9
4
9
11
2
4
7
2
8
12
2
9
12
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16
19
4
14
20
2
8
18
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9
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10 „
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Noon
8
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8
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2
8
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5
4
22
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6
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4
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3
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7
4
14
11
8
8
6
2
12
7
5
10
4
1
15
14
&
19
16
6
23
18
9
14
11
6
1 P.M.
2 „
3 „
23
22
25
20
27
33
19
31
37
2G
32
32
17
21
22
19
27
22
23
30
26
26
33
32
30
35
35
27
31
32
26
38
37
21
26
27
23
29
30
3
16
24
1
10
19
1
5
12
3
6
18
2
1
7
7
8
10
0
4
8
0
6
12
0
12
18
5
16
20
7
15
20
5
15
20
2
10
16
4 „
5 „
6 „
28
25
11
35
30
21
36
31
20
31
24
13
17
10
0
16
11
3
22
17
4
30
24
11
32
22
8
28
18
4
31
26
11
29
22
10
28
22
9
23
14
3
21
15
3
14
9
1
21
14
6
11
11
4
17
16
12
is
12
4
15
14
4
18
10
2
19
10
4
20
10
2
18
10
1
18
12
2
7 „
8 „
9 „
8
21
23
5
9
17
5
10
11
3
9
14
6
13
17
9
13
17
4
9
! 13
2
9
19
7
20
22
15
30
27
2
18
33
4
21
24
4
15
20
9
13
14
9
16
20
12
20
25
4
18
26
6
19
29
5
13
25
7
16
27
8
19
26
14
22
27
14
18
22
11
16
16
12
16
15
9
17
23
10 „
11 „
Midt.
25
19
4
13
11
12
13
10
16
13
6
11
18
14
1
17
17
2
1 15
! 19
1 5
18
12
17
24
18
10
25
23
7
28
23
24
22
19
15
19
16
10
14
13.
9
22
16
9
28
21
10
26
21
9
31
25
6
31 ! 33
28 25
6 8
27
22
6
27
21
10
22
10
3
16
11
3
14
14
7
24
19
7
REPORT ON ATMOSPHERIC CIRCULATION.
35
LIBYAN DESERT.
1 OKONTO.— Six Years.
Lat. N. 43° 39', Lose. \V. 79° 2' ; Height, 342 Feet.
1 A.M.
2 „
3 „
REGRNFELD.
Jan. 28-
Feb. 5.
Slneh.
Feb.
21-25.
ElNSIEDEL.
Jan. 19,20,
23, 24.
Dachel.
Jan.
9-13.
I:ii. k Fl: AM A
FARAFRAH.
Dec. 28, 29. 30-
Jan. 2.
Average.
i
-a
o
3.
* 1 3
~ ■=.
>-3
•5
3,
a
en
O
> !
C
c
cS
(0
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19
"9
19
13
2
7
5
12
10
10
3
4
y
20
21
20
5
7
5
11
12
11
5
6
6
9
12
12
11
11
11
3
1
1
0
3
2
8
2
2
7
6
7
4 „
5 „
6 „
21
9
6
17
2G
24
14
4
8
ii
16
i
1
5
1
9
7
0
9
2
4
19
11
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3
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8
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2
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3
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6
1
2
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4
8
9
6
6
0
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7 „
8 „
9 >,
25
63.
13
41
37
32
4'
16
23
11
24
30
15
21
23
28
35
36
24
27
25
25
28
27
21
25
25
21
25
28
25
27
31
14
21
23
12
21
22
11
22
26
18
24
27
10 „
11 a
Noon
47
19
47
23
48
21
50
7
48
23
48
19
25
15
8
29
25
9
22
16
8
35
28
17
25
18
8
26
21
13
24
20
13
29
24
16
29
22
12
21
16
3
26
16
0
30
16
3-
26
21
7
1 P.M.
2 „
3 „
19
17
13
38
i'6
19
22
25
19
8
18
18
6
18
22
9
3
13
2
10
19
3
5
12
4
5
13
8
3
14
2
11
19
10
18
20
11
18
16
15
22
18
4
13
17
4 „
6 „
27
17
39
40
17
9
40
25
30
29
30
23
14
8
0
18
14
7
22
17
13
17
15
15
25
27
25
19
24
24
19
25
22
18
21
20
22
22
21
20
16
11
14
10
5
11
9
3
18
16
14
7 „
8 „
9 „
3
24
15
3
18
"s
4
5
5
0
2
4
7
0
5
14
5
■1
21
12
3
21
17
6
20
15
3
19
10
5
15
6
5
7
3
0
4
4
4
1
0
2
10
5
2
10 „
11 „
Midt.
10
6
3
"2
12
6
17
7
2
"i
7
"a
3
1
0
3
0
12
4
4
3
7
9
13
0
1
3
4
2
9
1
1
3
5
3
5
4
5
10
2
0
0
5
8
0
2
3
6
1
1
5
I
Lat. N.
3LTJE HILL,
12° 13', Long.
MASS.— One Year.
W. 71° 7' ; Height, 640 Fee
,.
PHILADELPHIA.— Three Years.
Lat. N. 39° 39', Long. W. 75° 11' ; Height, 112 Feet.
1 A.M.
2 ,,
3 „
a
.0
©
a
•-a
<
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7
11
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3
3
11
7
4
10
4
6
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2
1
9
1
6
5
3
7
7
7
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7
1
4
3
1
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5
5
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9
11
11
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7
n
16
14
1
3
4
4 ,,
5 „
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16
13
3
8
0
8
7
1
9
3
0
12
4
6
12
3
4
11
1
3
9
12
4
4
6
3
17
6
1
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8
2
7
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3
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4
9
2
11
2
7
20
3
6
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7
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10
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8 „
9 ,.
7
15
32
21
24
38
18
23
26
22
24
29
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18
17
19
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18
19
16
14
18
23
23
31
34
18
26
28
15
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28
4
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16
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32
40
13
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24
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26
33
23
29
31
21
30
29
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28
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29
30
22
29
31
10 ,,
11 „
Noon
36
21
2
39
33
12
22
17
7
26
18
8
16
9
1
17
14
7
16
9
3
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28
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6
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33
23
8
24
18
6
25
19
10
26
19
12
30
22
12
29
21
9
26
14
1
38
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6
32
11
5
30
18
4
1 P.M.
2 ' „
3 ,,
16
21
19
5
18
22
10
25
30
2
14
25
11
18
24
4
11
18
5
13
18
1
8
15
5
13
21
10
16
18
15
26
21
20
23
11
9
17
20
28
37
34
17
32
34
14
31
34
6
21
34
5
17
28
0
11
19
0
11
20
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20
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28
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5 „
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8
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27
22
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Midt.
9
5
7
5
7
0
9
6
2
5
7
8
10
8
7
1
3
1
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1
6
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11
7
7
3
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19
2
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2
7
1
2
3
5
4
2
16
9
7
10
3
3
8
5
10
6
6
2
36
THE VOYAGE OF H.M.S. CHALLENGER
WASHINGTON.-
—Eight Years.
FORT
RAE.—
Dne
Year.
Lat. N.
38° 56', Long.
W. 76° 58
; H
iight, 103 Feet.
Lat. N. 6:
•39'
Long. W. 115° 44
; Height, 530 Feet.
1 A.M.
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27
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31
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34
38
42
30
27
29
36
34
35
36
25
35
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12
14
9
11
4
3
6
6
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34
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38
26
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15
7
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5
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6
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10
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SIT]
£A.-
-Twi
INTY
The
EE"i
EARS.
ASTORIA
•Years.
Lat. N. E
7° 3'
, Loj
IG. Y
r. 13
5° 18
'; h
EIGHT, 28
Feet
]
_,at. N. 4
>°ir
, Long. W. 12
3° 50
; Height, 53 Feet.
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3
3
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1
1
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31
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15
29
11
14
17
16
25
20
18
25
20
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6
6
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14
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17
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2
4
6
5
8
4
26
23
7
16
10
12
15
15
23
20
17
15
17
Noon
7
9
3
6
4
3
2
4
7
7
4
8
5
12
16
2
12
6
8
11
12
14
9
5
1
9
1 P.M.
4
6
3
7
4
6
4
6
8
6
2
5
5
7
6
14
7
1
3
6
8
8
3
4
17
1
2 „
0
3
2
8
5
6
6
7
7
4
1
2
4
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1
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6
5
5
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3
6
12
23
9
3 „
2
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0
6
4
6
6
7
5
2
4
1
2
21
6
23
16
11
12
12
6
12
9
14
27
14
4 „
3
2
2
3
3
6
5
4
2
1
5
0
1
18
8
23
24
18
19
18
11
20
13
16
23
18
5 „
4
4
3
1
2
4
3
2
1
4
5
0
1
16
11
20
27
22
23
22
17
24
15
16
20
19
6 „
6
5
4
1
1
3
1
0
3
4
4
1
2
15
C
15
28
8
16
22
20
25
15
15
12
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7 .,
6
5
1
1
2
1
0
1
2
3
2
1
2
11
1
6
18
9
5
18
16
18
11
10
9
9
8 ,.
5
4
1
1
2
1
0
0
1
2
0
1
^
1
1
6
1
13
2
■ 9
6
11
7
5
2
2
9 „
2
2
3
3
1
3
1
1
0
0
2
1
1
1
2
8
4
16
7
1
3
7
4
1
2
2
10 ,,
•1
0
5
4
2
3
2
1
1
2
4
0
2
2
6
13
3
12
6
0
2
5
2
4
9
3
11 „
1
0
6
4
2
4
2
0
1
2
5
1
2
4
9
13
6
4
2
1
1
3
1
7
13
3
Midt.
2
0
6
6
4
2
2
0
0
2
5
2
3
1
11
12
7
0
°
2
2
1
0
9
16
2
* From Williamson's " On the Use of the Barometer."
REPORT ON ATMOSPHERIC CIRCULATION.
37
SAN FRANCISCO.— 'Years.
Lat. N. 37° 48', Long. W. 122" 23' ; Height, 22 Feet.
1 A.M.
2 ,,
3 ,,
4 „
5 ,,
fi ..
7 „
8 „
9 ,,
10 „
U ,,
Noou
1 P.M
2 „
3 „
4 „
5 „
6 „
7 „
8 „
9 ..
in „
ii ..
Midt,
0 14
0 9
7 2
11 12
21 j 22
36 29
31
35
20
2
18
25
32
34
30
23 23
15 15
11 7
11
6
17
14
26
16
31
17
26
17
18
13
8
10
4
3
14
0
19
10
22
21
27
21
22
17
8
7
1
2
0
4
1
4
3
3
4
8
9
6
8 1
10
9
11
10
1
3
13
8
22
20
28
26
32
31
34
33
32
29
27
22
16
12
4
3
10
17
25
27
34
32
32
33
FORT CHURCHniLL.— "Years.
Lat. N. 39° 18', Long. W. 119° 15'; Height, 4319 Feet.
g
7
5
3
ft
a
1 A.M.
i
22
15
19
14
2 *
11
4
3
24
15
21
16
3 „
13
9
4
26
15
22
19
4 „
14
11
4
28
16
25
23
5 „
11
6
11
33
19
31
28
6 „
4
3
20
36
24
37
34
7 ,,
8
18
34
38
33
39
39
8 ,,
16
20
35
31
31
32
36
9 „
24
24
41
31
29
26
32
10 „
41
25
36
29
15
21
25
11 „
32
22
31
20
4
11
16
Noon
13
7
18
10
9
1
1
1 P.M.
3
13
5
8
20
13
15
2 „
19
26
22
30
29
29
31
3 „
26
29
33
50
38
40
38
4 n
22
33
39
69
42
48
47
5 ,,
18
28
40
73
45
51
o2
6 „
8
20
33
69
42
47
49
7 1,
5
12
21
50
23
40
39
8 „
3
1
16
25
8
25
22
9 „
1
12
10
8
5
10
4
10 „
5
15
0
8
8
4
4
11 „
5
16
2
18
11
14
8
Midt.
1
13
1
21
14
17
12
•'h
a,
<
m
14
9
18
13
19
15
22
16
26
21
33
31
41
41
39
40
32
38
24
34
8
23
6
10
16
7
27
24
36
35
11
45
16
47
43
46
32
38
22
27
12
2D
4
U
4
2
9
6
41 35
36 30
8 19
28
o
•a
5
1
8
6
9
10
10
12
7
1
0
8
11
22
19
33
28
42
33
43
33
23
16
0
9
13
26
19
35
25
23
27
17
24
7
22
5
is
4
13
3
i
2
1
1
6
3
7
SACBAMENTO.— »Yeabs.
Lat. N. 38° 31', Lo.so. W. 121° 19' ; Height, 81 Feet.
41 36
34 31
12 17
7 6
24 26
29 30
< 3
28 | 23
32 I 30
39 ! 32
46 42 32
44 36 32
33 26 24
24 29
30 I 33
35 38
29 36 : 37
29 33 33
26 28 2S
20
13 I 16
24 I 31
33 | 39
28
29
32
32
34
31
33
30
27
23
23
16
15
12
10
10
8
10
3
5
6
6
1
8
22
29
35
39
34
22
7
IK
25
31
31
28
21
14
6
1
1
FORT YUMA-. *Years.
Lat. N. 32° 35', Long. W. 114° 36'; Height, 141 Feet.
... i 18
8
2
* From Williamson's "On the Use of the Barometer."
38
THE VOYAGE OF H.M.S. CHALLENGER.
MEXICO.— One Year.
Lat. N. 19° 20', Long. W. 99° 0' ; Height, 7490 Feel
EIC
Lat. S. 22° 57
JANEIEO.-
, Long. W. 4S
-Te>
" 7'j
Years.
Height,
224 Feet.
1 A.M.
2 „
3 „
a
H3
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13
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2
12
1
4
14
6
1
17
6
2
7
1
4
6
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CORE
Lat. S. 31° 25', Lo>
OVj
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L— Five
T. 64° 11';
Yeai
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Lat. S. 3!
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REPORT ON ATMOSPHERIC CIRCULATION.
39
BUENOS AYRES.—
Years.
SOUTH GEORGIA.— One Teak.
Lat. S. 34° 39', Long. W. 58° 23'
; Height, 12 Feet.
Lat. S. 54° 31', Long. \V. 36° 5' ; Height, 30 Feet.
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40
THE VOYAGE OF H.M.S. CHALLENGER.
SSEGASTAR, Mouth
of the Lena
.—Two 1
EARS.
KLEIN E KARMAKUL ("NOVA ZEMBLAV
-On
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Lat. N.
73' 23', L
ISO.
E. 124° 5' ; Height
, 16 Feet.
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41
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(PHYS. CHEM. CHALL. EXP. — PART V. — 1888.)
12
42
THE VOYAGE OF H.M.S. CHALLENGER.
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43
WELLINGTON CHANNEL.— One Year.
Lat. N. 75° 31', Long. W. 92° 10' ; Height, 0 Feet.
PORT LEOPOLD.— One Year.
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Lat. N. 74° 34', Long. W. 95° 20' ; Height, 0 Feet.
PEINCESS ROYAL.— One Year.
Lat. N. 72° 50', Long. W. 117° 55'; Height, 0 Feet.
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44
THE VOYAGE OF H.M.S. CHALLENGER.
MKKCT BAT.
—18 Years. 1851-53.
CAMISSO
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PORT PROV
[0ENOB.— | Year.
PORT CLARENCE— One Year.
Lat. N. 64° 26', Long.
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Lat. N. 65° 5', Long. W. 165° 30'; Height, 0 Feet.
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1G
...
ADDENDA
TO TABLE IV.
ST. MAETIN-DE-HINX.— Twenty Tears. *
IKKUTSH.— One
Year.
Lat
. N.
13° 35', Long.
W. 1° 36'; Height, 131. Feet
Lat.
fT. 52° 17', Long. E. 104° 19'
; Height,
1611 Feet.
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36
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8
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15
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11
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16
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38
34
32
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26
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11
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13
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21
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46
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7
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8
9
11
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14
11
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7
7
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45
46
THE VOYAGE OF H.MS. CHALLENGER.
J A COB ABAC— Lat. N. 28" 19', Long. E. 68
AHHEDNUGGEB.— Lat. N. 19° 6', Long. E
21' ; Jan. and Feb.
74° 16'; April to Aug.
M' BOMA.
Lai. S. 5° 47', Long. E. 13° 11'; Height,
80 Feet.
1 A.M.
2 „
3 „
a
■a
Ha
.0
CD
ft
1^.
a
3
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fl
a
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12
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31
24
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28
6
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53
77
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70
87
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56
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62
62
34
46
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25
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36
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43
61
55
33
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30
60
54
...
20
57
65
40
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33
50
65
10 „
11 „
Noon
75
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8
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...
63
36
10
40
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59
48
16
48
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17
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13
1 P.M.
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35
63
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32
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4
43
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27
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21
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8
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15
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15
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78
69
40
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80
61
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50
7 „
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7
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26
24
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29
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21
CONSTANTINOPLE—
Lat. N. 41° 0', Long. E. 28" 59'
One
He
Year,
ight, ? Feet.
Lat. N. 6
SENFTENBERG.-
0° 5', Long. E. 16°
—Ten Tears.
25'; Height,
1381 Feet.
1 A.M.
2 „
3 „
s.
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m
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to
3
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4
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1
1
4
6
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1
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12
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7
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4
2
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12
14
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11
6
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1
2
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7
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10
6
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7
4
9
8
4
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14
13
8
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4
0
4
5
1
9
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4
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3 „
12
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12
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18
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8
2
2
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1
1
12
9
4
10
7
2
9
4
1
3
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4
6
4
1
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11
2
3
6
4
1
3
10 „
11 „
Midt.
...
...
...
...
...
...
1
1
5
7
7
8
11
10
5
3
5
0
5
5
2
2
0
1
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1
6
4
6
2
5
6
6
4
4
5
14
12
5
7
5
13
4
5
4
REPORT ON ATMOSPHERIC CIRCULATION.
47
Lat
N. £
0°2£
NAMUR.— 6J Years.
', Long, E. 4° 51' ; Height,
491 Feet.
DUBLIN.— 3§ Years.
Lat. N. 53° 22', Long. W. 6° 21' ; Height
162 Feet
1 A.M.
2 „
3 >,
4
Hi
U
a
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3
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3
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5
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10 „
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9
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2 „
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17
18
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17
7
14
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3
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1
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5 „
6 „
15
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16
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16
13
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18
13
16
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18
18
13
19
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15
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15
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14
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4
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1
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Midt.
4
12
9
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2
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14
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10
9
14
8
10
8
6
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10
8
4
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12
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9
8
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2
19
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ii
8
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21
21
6
Lai
(
. N.
3hb
58° 8
[STIANSANI
1', Long. W. 8
).— Two
' 0' ; Hem
STeAI
HIT,
s.
?
Feet
DOBPAT.— ? Years.
Lat. N. 58° 23', Long. E. 26° 43' ; Height,
223 Feet
1 A.M.
1 "
a
>-3
J2
a
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a.
>>
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3
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3
3
3
2
0
1
1
2
6
7
4
2
7
6
9
10
5
7
9
7
9
8
1
1
2
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...
4 „
5 „
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4
6
6
2
1
2
10
11
10
1
2
3
6
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3
4
7
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8
7
5
9
9
6
9
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4
9
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6
5
1
3
3
3
2
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7 „
8 „
9 „
3
3
V
1
2
6
7
2
2
4
2
1
11
7
4
10
12
13
4
5
6
2
0
4
2
2
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1
2
4
1
6
11
4
3
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0
2
5
5
3
0
5
3
0
1
2
3
2
3
s
4
6
6
7
9
9
6
6
8
6
7
8
3
0
3
6
3
1
7
4
0
8
4
0
1
1
4
10 „
11 „
Noon
10
10
7
9
9
6
5
6
4
0
1
0
1
1
2
12
10
7
7
6
6
7
9
11
6
6
5
6
6
6
15
16
13
1
2
3
6
6
5
3
3
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1
2
0
4
3
2
6
4
3
7
6
4
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6
4
8
8
6
5
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4
3
4
3
3
3
1
3
3
0
6
6
3
1 P.M.
2 „
3 „
2
3
6
0
6
11
1
2
3
2
5
7
3
5
7
2
2
7
5
3
0
10
7
3
3
1
2
6
6
5
6
1
6
5
6
4
2
1
4
2
4
3
1
2
3
1
2
3
1
2
4
2
1
4
1
3
6
1
3
6
2
3
6
2
1
4
1
1
3
1
3
5
3
5
3
0
3
4
4 „
5 „
6 „
5
2
2
14
13
9
2
0
3
8
8
6
10
12
11
11
14
16
3
6
8
2
6
7
4
6
6
4
2
1
9
9
5
2
0
2
e
6
5
2
0
0
1
2
6
4
3
0
5
6
4
7
9
9
9
10
11
8
9
8
8
10
9
5
5
3
3
2
1
2
0
1
2
0
0
5
4
3
7 „
8 ii
9 „
4
3
1
5
1
2
5
7
8
2
1
4
8
4
0
15
12
8
9
8
5
5
2
1
4
2
3
0
0
1
0
3
4
2
1
3
1
1
2
3
4
8
9
11
4
7
9
0
4
7
6
2
3
9
6
2
6
2
2
6
2
2
0
3
4
2
3
4
1
2
2
0
2
3
1
2
4
10 „
11 „
Midt.
2
3
7
3
4
5
8
6
4
7
9
9
3
4
2
4
0
2
2
0
0
2
3
1
7
9
7
0
1
3
3
1
2
2
0
4
2
3
2
4
4
12
12
9
8
8
8
6
7
2
4
7
9
4
5
5
5
5
4
3
2
4
4
6
6
48
THE VOYAGE OF H.M.S. CHALLENGER.
CAPE BOKDA.
Lat. N. 35° 45', Long. E. 136° 35'; Height, 506 Feet.
MOUNT WASHINGTON.— One Month
Lat. N. 44° 16', Long. W. 71° 18'
, Jdne.
1a.m.
2 „
3 „
4 „
26
.0
Em
30
1
<1
a
o5
a
•-a
1-5
P
"8.
03
09
"5
0
>
0
c3
P
03
1
3
6
1
si
4
8
10
4
«1
Oft,
■0 *>
4
8
16
20
17
14
io
4
3
18
13
:::
32
35
22
19
7
9
14
15
5 „
6 „
7 ,.
8 „
"i
7
8
6
i
2
1
6
3
7
7
1
3
9
15
20
21
1
4
10
13
9
6
2
5
17
11
5
1
9 „
10 „
11 ..
Noon
17
10
24
9
20
6
24
8
15
9
24
4
17
is
20
"2
15
14
20
2
7
4
17
8
18
6
20
19
14
6
15
16
14
9
10
14
13
13
6
13
18
19
1 P.M.
2 „
3 „
4 „
"9
9
21
22
17
18
21
18
24
9
7
16
16
1
8
15
18
5
1
5
10
11
8
6
1
17
12
8
3
5 „
6 „
7 „
8 „
6
2
6
12
i
12
"3
6
3
10
11
2
0
20
18
11
8
14
13
7
3
5
5
2
0
4
3
1
1
9 ,.
10 „
11 „
Midt.
9
"9
19
7
24
"6
16
4
18
5
2
8
20
7
15
4
25
12
24
5
19
4
13
i
17
6
3
4
5
7
1
0
2
5
3
3
0
6
4
1
1
3
1878
•079
•067
•099
079
•183
•082
•000
•056
•924
•946
•028
•936
•040
VAMDKUP.— Eleven Te
Lat. N. 55° 25', Long. E. 9° 18' ; Hei
AES.
GHT, 131
Feet
Lat.
WO JAN
S. 22° 57
EIRO.— One and a
, Long. W. 43° 7' ;
Half Years.
Height, 224 Feet.
1 A.M.
2 ,,
3 „
a
3
i-s
.0
5
a
a,
&• 1 s
a ! £
^
3
•§
O
0
0
O
I*
c
1-5
0
S3
3.
<
a
a
3
1-5
3
<
a.
03
to
0
O
>
0
a.
Q
u
cs
43
5
8
6
2
2
8
4
5
3
"5
4
6
10
"3
7
4
2
9
2
6
3
4
2
5
3
"5
4
9
10
14
4
15
15
10
17
10
1
10
2
4
17
12
6
5
11
3
9
4
3
12
8
3
17
7
7
16
3
11
15
0
9
11
8
2
13
4 n
5 „
6 ,,
12
i
a
8
1
7
"7
14
13
ii
ii
"9
18
8
4
17
14
1
23
16
5
12
10
4
21
19
7
9
9
0
14
15
9
14
12
3
19
11
3
19
9
8
11
2
12
11
7
11
16
11
2
7 ,,
8 „
9 „
9
2
3
4
5
4
2
5
2
5
2
i
4
0
6
i
9
2
11
3
4
5
8
i
5
2
22
26
41
14
24
28
8
16
32
24
34
38
11
28
37
14
27
38
8
24
44
8
37
40
14
28
38
22
38
48
25
39
38
18
31
33
16
29
38
10 „
11 „
Noon
8
6
8
5
4
i
"i
i
5
8
7
7
5
39
21
4
32
24
4
33
20
2
40
22
7
39
24
2
43
32
9
45
35
17
41
36
5
34
22
7
39
24
5
28
13
6
29
20
1
37
24
4
1 P.M.
2 „
3 ,,
2
4
2
8
5
*4
2
9
0
6
2
"2
2
3
1
"4
3
3
4
4
1
7
1
"e
2
"5
7
24
40
9
■26
43
17
38
48
26
49
54
23
41
49
21
40
44
13
37
52
13
38
43
26
41
50
22
38
49
21
35
47
12
37
39
18
37
46
4 „
5 „
6 „
i
6
6
10
io
7
"7
"5
"i
2
"3
i
"5
47
45
34
49
44
32
48
34
24
52
39
26
46
35
26
45
40
31
45
38
27
40
33
28
49
38
21
50
40
25
51
39
26
41
38
29
47
39
27
7 „
8 „
9 >l
6
8
1
i
2
8
2
11
4
11
3
7
3
6
1
9
4
11
7
11
3
7
6
8
1
8
18
5
14
17
4
26
10
12
28
13
5
14
7
11
22
20
8
22
11
1
13
14
5
10
3
14
25
9
9
25
7
13
27
11
8
23
12
8
21
10 „
11 „
Midt.
6
i
7
io
16
9
9
9
ii
8
"3
7
7
24
26
19
37
36
24
36
34
29
22
22
18
28
28
23
30
25
14
21
23
19
22
21
20
26
28
20
31
21
19
38
34
27
35
33
21
29
28
21
TABLE V.
for Reducing Observations of the Barometer to Sea-Level (constructed
for Latitude 45° and a Sea-Levfl Pressure of 30 Inches).
Challenger Reports.
(PHYS. CHEW. CHALL. EXP. — PART V. — 1888.)
50
THE VOYAGE OF H.M.S. CHALLENGER.
Temperature. Mean of I
'PFER AND
Lower Stations.
Height
IN
Feet.
-20"
-10°
°°
10°
20°
30°
40°
50°
60°
70°
80°
00°
Inch.
Inch.
Inch.
Inch.
Inch.
Inch.
Inch.
Inch.
Inch.
Inch.
Inch.
Inch.
10
■013
•013
•012
•012
■012
•012
■Oil
•011
■011
•011
•010
■010
20
•026
•025
•025
•024
•023
•023
•023
•022
•022
•021
•021
•020
30
■038
•037
•036
•036
•035
•034
•034
•033
•032
•032
•031
•031
40
■051
•049
■048
•047
■046
•046
•045
•044
■043
•042
•041
•041
50
•063
•061
•060
•059
•058
■057
•056
•055
■054
•053
•1153
■052
60
•075
•074
•073
■071
•069
■068
•067
•066
•065
•063
•063
■062
70
•088
•086
•084
•083
•081
•080
•078
•077
•076
•075
■073
•072
80
•101
•099
•096
•095
•093
•092
•090
•088
■086
•085
•0X3
•082
90
•114
•111
•109
•107
•104
•103
•101
•099
•097
•096
•094
•092
100
•126
•123
•121
■118
•116
•114
•112
•110
■108
•106
•104
•103
110
•139
•136
•133
•130
•128
•125
•123
•121
•119
•117
■114
•113
120
■151
•148
■145
■142
•139
■137
•134
•132
•130
•128
•125
•123
130
•164
•161
■157
•154
•151
•148
■146
•143
•141
•138
■135
•133
140
•177
■173
■16!)
•166
•163
•160
■157
•154
•151
•148
■146
•144
150
•189
•185
•181
•178
•174
•171
•168
•165
•162
•159
■156
•154
160
•201
•197
■194
■190
•186
•182
•179
■176
■173
•169
■167
•165
170
•214
•210
•206
•201
•197
■194
•190
•187
■184
•181
■178
■175
180
•227
•222
•218
•213
•209
•205
•202
•198
•195
•191
•188
•185
190
•239
•234
•230
•225
•220
•217
•213
•209
•205
•202
■199
•195
200
•252
•247
•242
•237
•232
•228
•224
•220
•216
•212
•209
•205
210
•265
•259
•254
•249
•244
•239
•235
•231
•227
•223
•219
•216
220
•277
•272
•266
•261
•255
•251
•246
•242
•237
•233
•230
•226
230
•289
•284
•278
•273
•267
•262
•257
•253
•248
•244
•240
■236
240
•302
•296
•290
•284
•279
•273
•269
•264
•259
•254
•251
•246
250
•315
•308
•302
•296
•290
•285
•280
■275
■270
•265
•261
•257
260
•327
•320
■314
•307
•301
•296
•291
•285
•280
•276
•271
•267
270
•340
•332
•325
•319
•313
•307
■302
•296
•291
•287
•281
•277
280
•354
•345
•338
•331
•325
•319
■314
•307
•302
•297
•292
•288
290
•367
•357
•350
•343
•336
•330
■325
•318
•313
•308
•303
•298
300
•380
•370
•362
•355
■348
■341
■336
•329
•324
•318
•313
■308
310
•390
•382
•374
•367
•360
•352
•347
•340
•335
•329
•323
•318
320
•402
•394
•386
•378
■371
•364
•358
■351
•345
•339
•333
•328
330
•415
•406
•398
■390
•383
•375
•368
■362
•356
•350
•344
■339
340
•427
•419
•410
■402
•394
•387
•380
■373
•367
•360
•354
■349
350
•440
•431
•422
•114
•406
•398
•391
■385
■378
•371
•365
•359
360
•452
•442
•434
•425
•417
•409
•402
■395
■388
•381
•375
■369
370
•465
•454
■446
•437
•428
•421
•413
•406
•399
•392
•386
■379
380
•477
•467
•458
•449
•440
•432
•424
•417
•410
•403
■396
•389
390
•490
•479
•470
■460
•451
•444
•435
•428
•420
•414
■406
•399
400
•502
•491
•481
•472
•463
•455
•446
•439
•431
•424
•416
•410
410
•516
•503
•493
•484
•475
•466
•457
■450
•442
•434
•426
•419
420
•527
•516
•505
•496
■486
•478
•468
•461
•453
•445
•437
•429
430
•539
•528
•517
•507
•498
•489
•479
■471
•463
•455
■447
■440
440
•552
•540
■529
•519
■510
•500
•490
•482
•474
•466
•468
•450
450
•565
•552
•541
•531
•521
•510
■502
•493
•485
•476
•468
■460
460
■577
•564
•553
•542
•532
•522
•513
•504
•496
•487
•478
■470
470
•589
•577
•565
•554
•543
•533
•524
■515
•506
•497
•488
•480
480
•602
■589
•577
•565
•555
•544
■535
•525
•517
■507
•499
■490
490
•614
•601
•588
•577
•566
•555
•546
■536
•527
•518
•509
•499
500
•626
•613
•600
•589
•577
•567
■557
•547
•538
•529
■520
•509
510
•639
•625
•612
•600
•589
•578
•568
•558
•548
•539
•530
•520
520
•651
•637
•624
•612
•601
•590
•579
•569
■559
•550
•540
•531
530
•663
•650
•636
•623
•612
•601
■590
•579
•569
•560
•550
•541
540
•675
■662
•648
•635
•623
•612
•601
•590
•580
•570
•561
•551
550
•688
•674
•660
•647
•635
•623
■612
•601
•590
•581
•571
•562
560
•700
■686
•672
•659
•646
•635
•623
■612
•601
•591
•581
•572
570
•712
•699
•685
■671
■658
•647
•634
•622
•612
■602
•592
•682
580
•724
•711
•697
•683
•671
•658
•645
•633
•623
■613
•603
•593
590
•736
•722
•708
•694
•682
•669
•656
•644
■633
•623
•613
•603
600
•749
•734
•719
•705 -692
•679
•667
•655
•644 1
•633
•623
•613
REPORT ON ATMOSPHERIC CIRCULATION.
51
Temperature. M
[CAN OF UPI"ER AND
Lower S
rATIONS.'
Height
IN
Feet.
|
-20°
-10°
fl-
10°
20°
30°
4lj°
50°
60°
70-
80°
90°
Inch.
Inch.
inch.
Inch.
Inch.
Inch.
Inch.
Inch.
Inch.
Inch.
Inch.
Inch.
600
•749
•734
•719
•705
■692
•679
■667
•655
•644
•633
•623
•613
610
•762
•746
•731
•717
•703
•690
•678
•666
■654
•643
•633
■624
620
•774
•759
•743
•729
•715
•701
•689
•676
■665
•654
•643
•i;:;i
630
•787
•771
•755
•740
•726
•713
•700
•687
•675
■664
•653
■644
640
•799
•783
•767
•752
•737
•724
■711
•698
•686
■675
•664
•654
650
•811
•795
•779
•763
•748
•735
•722
■709
•696
•685
•674
•664
660
•823
•807
•791
•775
•759
•746
•733
•720
•707
■696
•685
■674
670
•835
■819
•802
•786
•770
•757
•744
•730
•717
■706
•696
■684
680
•848
•831
•814
•798
•782
•7D9
•755
■711
•728
•717
■706
■694
690
•860
•843
■826
■810
•794
•780
•766
•751
•738
•726
■714
■703
700
•873
■855
•838
•822
•806
•791
•777
•762
•749
•737
•725
•713
710
•885
■866
•850
•833
■817
•802
•788
•772
•759
•748
•735
•723
720
•897
•878
•861
•844
■828
•813
•799
•783
■770
•758
•745
•733
730
•909
•891
•873
•856
•840
•825
•810
•794
■7S1
■76s
•756
•744
740
•921
•903
•885
•868
■851
•837
•821
•805
•791
•778
•766
•754
750
•933
■914
•897
•880
•861
•847
•831
•816
•802
•789
-* 1 7
•764
760
•945
•926
•909
•892
•872
•858
•841
•826
■812
•799
•787
•774
770
•957
•938
•921
•904
•884
•869
•852
•838
•823
•809
•797
•784
780
•969
•951
•933
•915
■895
•881
•863
•849
•833
•819
•808
•794
790
•982
•963
•944
•926
•907
■891
•874
•860
•844
•830
•818
•804
800
•995
•975
•955
•937
•919
■902
•885
•870
•855
•840
•828
•814
810
1-007
•986
•966
•928
•930
•913
•896
•881
•865
•851
•838
•824
820
1-019
•998
•978
•960
•942
•924
•907
•891
•876
•862
•848
•834
830
1-031
1-011
•990
•972
■953
•935
•Mis
•902
•886
•872
•858
■844
840
1-043
1-023
1-002
•983
•964
•946
■929.
•913
■897
•882
■868
■854
850
1-055
1-034
1-013
•996
•975
•958
•940
•923
■908
•892
•878
•864
860
1-068
1-046
1-025
1-006
•986
•969
•950
■934
■918
•903
•KKS
•874
870
1-080
1-058
1-036
1-017
■998
•980
•961
•945
•929
•913
•898
■884
•894
•904
880
1-092
1-070
1-048
1-029
1-009
•991
•972
•956
■939
■923
■111 m
890
1-104
1-082
1-060
1-040
1-021
1-002
•983
•966
■950
■931
•918
900
1-117
1-094
1-072
1-052
1-032
1-013
•994
•977
•960
•944
■928
•914
•324
•934
•944
910
1-129
1-106
1-084
1-063
1-043
1-024
1-005
•988
•971
•954
•939
920
1141
1-118
1-095
1-074
1-054
1-035
1-016
•998
•981
•964
•949
930
1-153
1130
1-107
1-086
1-065
1-046
1-027
1-009
•992
•975
•959
940
1-166
1-142
1-119
1-097
1-076
1-057
1-038
1-019
1-002
•985
•969
•954
950
1-180
1-154
1131
1-109
1-088
1-069
1-049
1-030
1-012
•996
•979
•964
•974
•984
•994
1-004
960
1-193
1-165
1-142
1-121
1-100
1-080
1-059
1-040
1-023
1-0115
■!is9
970
1-205
1-177
1-154
1-132
1-111
1-091
1-070
1-051
1-033
1-016
•999
980
1-216
1-189
1-165
1-143
1121
1-102
1-081
1-062
1-H44
1;026
1*010
990
1-227
1-201
1-177
1-154
1-133
1113
1-092
1-073
1-054
1-036
1*020
1000
1010
1020
1-238
1-250
1-262
1-213
1-225
1-237
1-189
1-200
1-211
1166
1-177
1-188
1-144
1-155
1-166
1-124
1-135
1-145
1-103
1113
1-124
1-083
1-093
1-103
1-065
1-075
1-085
1-047
1-0.07
1-067
1-077
1-087
1-030
1-OlU
1-050
1-060
1-070
1-014
1-024
1-084
1-044
1-054
1030
1040
1-274
1-286
1-249
1-261
1-223
1-235
1-200
1-212
1-177
1-188
1-156
1-167
1-135
1-146
1-114
1-125
1-095
1-106
1050
1060
1070
1080
1090
1-299
1-311
1-323
1-335
1-347
1-273
1-285
1-297
1-309
1-321
1-247
1-259
1-271
1-283
1-294
1-223
1-234
1-245
1-256
1-268
1-200
1-211
1-222
1-233
1-244
1-178
1-189
1-200
1-211
1-222
1-157
1-168
1-179
1-190
1-200
1-136
1-146
1-156
1-167
1-178
1-117
1-127
1-137
1-147
1-158
1-098
l-1(i,s
1-118
1-129
1-139
1-080
1-090
1-100
1-110
1-120
M HM
1-074
t-084
1094
1-103
1100
1110
1120
1130
1140
1-359
1-371
1-383
1-395
1-407
1-332
1-344
1-356
1-367
1-379
1-305
1-317
1-328
1-340
1-352
1-280
1-292
1-302
1-313
1-325
1-256
1-267
1-278
1-289
1-300
1-232
1-243
1-254
1-265
1-276
1-211
1-221
1-232
1-243
1-254
1-189
1-200
1-210
1-221
1-231
1-169
1-179
1-189
1-200
1-210
1-150
1-160
1-170
1-180
1-190
1131
1-141
1-151
1-161
1-171
1113
1-123
L-188
1-113
1-153
1150
1160
1170
1180
1190
1-419
1-431
1-443
1-455
1-467
1-390
1-402
1-414
1-426
1-437
1-363
1-375
1-387
1-399
1-410
1-336
1-348
1-360
1-371
1-383
1-312
1-323
1-334
1-345
1-356
1-287
1-298
1-309
1-320
1-331
1-265
1-276
1-287
1-297
1-307
1-242
1-253
1-263
1-274
1-284
1-221
1-231
1-242
1-252
1-263
1-201
1-211
1-221
1-231
1-242
1-182
1-192
1-202
1-212
122-2
1-163
1-173
lis:;
1-193
1-202
52
THE VOYAGE OF H.M.S. CHALLENGER.
Temperature. 11
kan of Upper and
Lower Stations.
Height
IN
Feet.
i
-20°
-10°
0°
10°
20°
30°
40°
50°
60°
70°
80°
90°
Inch.
Inch.
Inch.
Inch.
Inch.
Inch.
Inch.
Inch.
Inch.
Inch.
Inch.
Inch.
1190
1467
1-437
1-410
1-383
1-356
1-331
1-307
1-284
1-263
1-242
1-222
1-202
1200
1-480
1-449
1-421
1-394
1-367
1-342
1-318
1-295
1-273 i
1-252
1-232
1-212
1210
1-492
1-461
1-432
1-405
1-378
1-353
1-328
1-306
1-283 |
1-262
1-242
1-222
1220
1-504
1-473
1-443
1-416
1-389
1-364'
1-339
1-316
1-293
1-272
1-252
1-232
1230
1-516
1-485
1-454
1-427
1-400
1-375
1-350
1-326
1-303
1-282
1-262
1-242
1240
1-528
1-496
1-460
1-438
1-411
1-386
1-361
1-337
1-313
1-292
1-272
1-252
1250
1-540
1-508
1-478
1-450
1-423
1-397
1-371
1-348
1-324
1-303
1-282
1-262
1260
1-552
1-520
1-490
1-461
1-434
1-408
1-382
1-359
1-335
1-314
1-292
1-272
1270
1-564
1-532
1-502
1-472
1-445
1-419
1-393
1-370
1-346
1-324
1-302
1-282
1280
1-576
1-544
1-513
1-483
1-456
1-430
1-404
1-381
1-356
1-334
1-312
1-292
1290
1-588
1-556
1-525
1-494
1-467
1-441
1-415
1-391
1-367
1-344
1-322
1-301
1300
1-600
1-567
1-536
1-506
1-478
1-451
1-425
1-401
1-377
1-354
1-332
1-310
1310
1-612
1-579
1-548
1-518
1-489
1-462
1-435
1-411
1-387
1-364
1-342
1-320
1320
1-624
1-591
1-560
1-529
1-500
1-473
1-446
1-421
1-397
1-374
1-352
1-330
1330
1-636
1-603
1-572
1-540
1-511
1-484
1-457
1-431
1-407
1-384
1-362
1-340
1340
1-648
1-615
1-583
1-551
1-522
1-495
1-468
1-442
1-417
1-394
1-372
1-350
1350
1-659
1-626
1-594
1-563
1-534
1-506
1-479
1-453
1-428
1-405
1-382
1-360
1360
1-671
1-637
1-605
1-574
1-545
1-516
1-490
1-464
1-439
1-416
1-392
1-369
1370
1-683
1-649
1-616
1-585
1-556
1-527
1-500
1-475
1-449
1-426
1-402
1-379
1380
1-695
1-661
1-628
1-596
1-567
1-538
1-510
1-485
1-460
1-436
1-412
1-389
1390
1-707
1-673
1-639
1-607
1-578
1-549
1-521
1-496
1-470
1-446
1-422
1-399
1400
1-719
1-684
1-651
1-619
1-589
1-560
1-531
1-506
1-480
1-466
1-432
1-409
1410
1-731
1-695
1-662
1-630
1-600
1-570
1-541
1-517
1-490
1-466
1-442
1-419
1420
1-743
1-707
1-673
1-641
1-611
1-581
1-552
1-528
1-500
1-476
1-452
1-429
1430
1-755
1-719
1-685
1-652
1-622
1-592
1-563
1-538
1-510
1-486
1-462
1-439
1440
1-767
1-730
1-697
1-664
1-633
1-603
1-574
1-548
1-520
1-496
1-472
1-449
1460
1-779
1-742
1-709
1-675
1-644
1-614
1-585
1-558
1-531
1-506
1-483
1-459
1460
1-791
1-753
1-720
1-686
1-655
1-624
1-595
1-568
1-542
1-516
1-492
1-469
1470
1-803
1-765
1-731
1-697
1-666
1-635
1-605
1-578
1-552
1-526
1-501
1-479
1480
1-815
1-776
1-742
1-708
1-677
1-646
1-616
1-588
1-562
1-536
1-511
1-489
1490
1-827
1-788
1-754
1-719
1-688
1-657
1-627
1-599
1-573
1-546
1-521
1-499
1500
1-838
1-800
1-766
1-731
1-699
1-668
1-638
1-610
1-583
1-556
1-531
1-508
1610
1-850
1-812
1-777
1-742
1-710
1-678
1-649
1-620
1-593
1-566
1-541
1-517
1520
1-862
1-824
1-788
1-753
1-721
1-689
1-660
1-630
1-603
1-576
1-551
1-527
1530
1-874
1-836
1-799
1-764
1-732
1-700
1-670
1-640
1-613
1-586
1-561
1-536
1540
1-886
1-848
1-811
1-775
1-743
1-711
1-681
1-651
1-623
1-596
1-571
1-546
1550
1-897
1-859
1-823
1-7x7
1-754
1-722
1-691
1-062
1-634
1-607
1-581
1-556
1560
1-909
1-871
1-835
1-798
1-765
1-733
1-701
1-672
1-644
1-617
1-591
1-566
1570
1-921
1-883
1-847
1-809
1-776
1-744
1-712
1-683
1-654
1-627
1-601
1-576
1580
1-933
1-895
1-859
1-820
1-787
1-755
1-722
1-693
1-664
1-637
1-611
1-586
1590
1-945
1-906
1-870
1-831
1-798
1-766
1-733
1-704
1-674
1-647
1-621
1-596
1600
1-956
1-917
1-881
1-842
1-808
1-776
1-744
1-714
1-685
1-657
1-631
1-605
1610
1-967
1-928
1-892
1-853
1-819
1-786
1-755
1-724
1-695
1-668
1-640
1-615
1620
1-979
1-939
1-903
1-864
1-830
1-797
1-765
1-735
1-705
1-678
1-650
1-625
1630
1-991
1-951
1-914
1-875
1-841
1-807
1-776
1-745
1-716
1-688
1-660
1-635
1640
2-003
1-963
1-925
1-886
1-852
1-818
1-786
1-756
1-726
1-698
1-670
1-645
1650
2-014
1-975
1-937
1-898
1-863
1-829
1-797
1-766
1-737
1-708
1-680
1-655
1660
2-026
1-986
1-949
1-909
1-874
1-839
1-807
1-776
1-747
1-718
1-690
1-664
1670
2-038
1-997
1-961
1-920
1-885
1-850
1-818
1-787
1-757
1-728
1-700
1-674
1680
2-050
2-008
1-972
1-931
1-896
1-861
1-829
1-797
1-767
1-738
1-710
1-684
1690
2-061
2-020
1-983
1-942
1-907
1-872
1-839
1-808
1-777
1-748
1-720
1-694
1700
2-073
2-031
1-994
1-954
1-917
1-883
1-850
1-818
1-787
1-758
1-730
1-704
1710
2-085
2-042
2-005
1-965
1-928
1-894
1-860
1-828
1-298.
1-769
1-739
1-714
1720
2-097
2-054
2-016
1-976
1-939
1-905
1-871
1-839
1-808
1-779
1-749
1-723 •
1730
2-109
2-066
2-027
1-987
1-950
1-916
- 1-881
1-849
1-818
1-789
1-759
1-733
1710
2-121
2-078
2-038
1-998
1-961
1-927
1-892
1-860
1-829
1-799
1-769
1-742
1760
2-132
2-090
2-050
2-010
1-972
1-937
1-903
1-870
1-839
1-809
1-779
1-752
1760
2-143
2-101
2-061
2-021
1-983
1-948
1-913
1-880
1-849
1-819
1-789
1-762
1770
2-155
2-113
2-072
2-032
1-994
1-959
1-924
1-891
1-859
1-829
1-799
1-772
1780
2-167
2-125
2-083
2-043
2-005
1-969
1-935
1-901
1-869
1-839
1-809
1-781
REPORT ON ATMOSPHERIC CIRCULATION
53
Temperature. Mean of Upper and
Lower H i-ations.
Height
IN
Feet.
-20-
—10°
0°
10°
20°
30°
40"
50°
60°
70"
80°
90°
Inch.
Inch.
Inch.
Inch.
Inch.
Inch.
Inch.
Inch.
Inch.
Inch.
Inch.
Inch.
1780
2-167
2-125
2-083
2-043
2-005
1-969
1-935
1-901
1-869
1-839
1-809
1-781
1790
2-179
2-136
2-094
2-054
2-016
1-9S0
1-945
1-912
1-879
1-849
1-819
1-791
1800
2-191
2-147
2-106
2-066
2-027
1-991
1-956
1-922
1-889
1-859
1-829
1-801
1810
2-203
2-158
2-117
2-077
2-038
2-002
1-966
1-932
1-899
1-869
1 -.-:.. '
1-810
1820
2-215
2-170
2-128
2-088
2-049
2-013
1-977
1-942
1-909
1-879
1-848
1-820
1830
2-227
2-182
2-139
2-099
2-059
2-023
1-987
1-953
1-919
1-889
1-858
1-830
1840
2-238
2-194
2-150
2-110
2-070
2-034
1-998
1-963
1-929
1-899
1-868
1-840
1850
2-250
2-205
2-162
2-120
2-081
2-044
2-008
1-973
t-989
1-909
1-878
1-849
1860
2-262
2-217
2-173
2-131
2-092
2-055
2-019
1-984
1-950
1-919
1-888
1-859
1870
2-274
2-229
2-184
2112
2-103
2-065
2-029
1-994
1-960
1-929
1-898
1-869
1880
2-286
2-241
2-195
2-153
2-114
2-076
2-040
2-004
1-070
1-939
1-907
1-878
1890
2-298
2-252
2-206
2-165
2-125
2-087
2-050
2-015
1-980
1-945
1-917
1-888
1900
2-309
2-263
2-218
2-176
2-136
2-098
2-061
2025
1-9.09
1-927
1-897
1910
2-321
2-275
2-229
2-187
2-147
2-108
2-071
2-035
2-000
1-969
1-937
1-907
1920
2-333
2-286
2-240
2-190
2-158
2-119
2-082
1-046
2-010
1-979
1-947
1-917
1930
2-344
2-297
2-251
2-210
2-168
2-130
2-092
2-056
2-021
1-989
1-956
1-926
1940
2-356
2-309
2-263
2-221
2-179
2-140
2-103
2-067
2-031
1-999
1-966
1-936
1950
2-367
2-320
2-276
2-232
2-190
2-151
2-113
2-077
2-041
2-009
1-976
1-945
1960
2-379
2-332
2-286
2-243
2-200
2-161
2-123
2-087
2-051
2-019
1-986
1-955
1970
2-391
2-344
2-297
2-254
2-211
2-172
2-134
2-097
2-061
2-029
1-995
1-965
1980
2-403
2-356
2-308
2-265
2-222
2-183
2-144
2-108
2-072
2-039
2-005
1-975
1990
2-415
2-367
2-319
2-276
2-233
2-193
2-155
2-118
2-082
2-049
2-015
1-984
2000
2-426
2-378
2-331
2-287
2-244
2-204
2-165
2-128
2-092
2-058
2-024
1-994
2010
2-438
2-390
2-343
2-298
2-255
2-215
2-176
2-138
2-102
2-068
2-034
2-003
2020
2-450
2-402
2-354
2-309
2-266
2-226
2-186
2-148
2-112
2-078
2-044
2-013
2030
2-462
2-413
2-365
2-320
2-277
2-236
2-196
2-158
2-122
2-088
2-054
2-022
2040
2-473
2-424
2-376
2-331
2-388
2-247
2-206
2-169
2-132
2-098
2-063
2-032
2050
2-484
2-435
2-387
2-342
2-299
2-257
2-216
2-179
2-142
2-108
2-073
2-041
2060
2-496
2-447
2-398
2-353
2-310
2-268
2-227
2-189
2-152
2-118
2-083
2-051
2070
2-508
2-459
2-409
2-364
2-321
2-278
2-237
2-199
2-162
2-127
2-093
2-060
2080
2-519
2-470
2-420
2-375
2-331
2-289
2-247
2-210
2-172
2-137
2-102
2-070
2090
2-530
2-481
2431
2-386
2-342
2-299
2-258
2-220
2-182
2-147
2-112
2-079
2100
2-541
2-492
2-442
2-396
2-352
2-310
2-268
2-230
2-192
2-157
2-121
2-089
2110
2-553
2-504
2-454
2-407
2-363
2-320
2-278
2-240
2-202
2-167
2-131
2-098
2120
2-565
2-515
2-465
2-418
2-373
2-330
2-289
2-250
2-212
2-177
2-141
2-108
2130
2-576
2-526
2-476
2-429
2-384
2-341
2-299
2-261
2-222
2-187
2-151
2-117
2140
2-588
2-537
2-487
2-440
2-394
2-351
2-310
2-271
2-232
2-197
2-160
2-127
2150
2-599
2-548
2-498
2-451
2-405
2-362
2-320
2-281
2-242
2-207
2-170
2-136
2160
2-611
2-560
2-509
2-462
2-416
2-372
2-331
2-291
2-217
2-180
2-146
2170
2-623
2-571
2-520
2-473
2-427
2-383
2-341
2-301
2-262
2-227
2-190
2155
2180
2-634
2-583
2-531
2-484
2-437
2-393
2-351
2-311
2-272
2-236
2-165
2190
2-646
2-595
2-542
2-495
2-448
2-404
2-362
2-322
2-283
2-246
2-210
2-175
2200
2-657
2-606
2-553
2-506
2-459
2-414
2-372
2-332
2-293
2-256
2 -21 '.)
2-184
2210
2-669
2-617
2-564
2-517
2-470
2-425
2-382
2-342
2-303
2-266
2-229
2-194
2220
2-681
2-628
2-575
2-528
2-481
2-435
2-393
2-352
2-313
2-276
2-239
2-204
2230
2-692
2-639
2-587
2-539
2-491
2-446
2-403
2-363
2-323
2-286
2-249
2-213
2240
2-703
2-650
2-598
2-550
2-502
2-456
2-413
2-373
2-296
2-268
2-223
2250
2-715
2-661
2-609
2-560
2-512
2-467
2-424
2-383
2-343
2-306
2-268
2-232
2260
2-726
2-672
2-620
2-571
2-523
2-477
2-434
2-393
2-315
2-278
2-212
2270
2-737
2-683
2-631
2-582
2-534
2-488
2-4-14
2-403
2-363
2-325
2-287
2-252
2280
2-748
2-694
2-642
2-592
2-544
2-498
2-455
2-413
2-373
2-335
2-297
2-261
2290
2-760
2-705
2-653
2-603
2-555
2-509
2-465
2-424
2-383
2-345
2-307
2-271
2300
2310
2-771
2-783
2-715
2-726
2-663
2-674
2 -014
2-625
2-566
2-576
2-520
2-530
2-476
2-486
2-434
2-4 1 1
2-393
2-403
2-355
2-364
2-316
2-326
2-280
2-290
2320
2-795
2-738
2-685
2-636
2-587
2-541
2-496
2-454
2-374
2-335
2-300
2330
2340
2350
2360
2370
2-807
2-819
2-831
2-843
2-855
2-750
2-761
2-773
2-784
2-796
2-697
2-708
2-719
2-729
2-740
2-646
2-657
2-668
2-678
2-689
2-598
2-608
2-619
2-630
2-640
2-551
2-562
2-572
2-583
, 2-593
2-507
2-517
2-527
2-538
2-548
2-464
2-474
2-484
2-494
2-504
2-423
2-433
.'•44.'l
2-453
2-463
2-394
2-101
2-413
J- 123
2-345
2-355
2-364
2-:;: i
2-381
2-309
2-319
2-328
2-338
2-3-17
54
THE VOYAGE OF H.M.S. CHALLENGER.
Temperature. Mean of Upper and
Lower £
tations.
Height
IN
Feet.
—20°
-10°
0°
10°
20°
30°
40°
50°
60°
70°
80-
90°
Inch.
Inch.
Inch.
Inch.
Inch.
Inch.
Inch.
Inch.
Inch.
Inch.
Inch.
Inch.
2370
2-855
2-796
2-740
2-689
2-640
2-593
2-548
2-504
2-463
2-423
2-384
2-347
2380
2-866
2-807
2-751
2-699
2-651
2-604
2-558
2-514
2-473
2-433
2-393
2-356
2390
2-877
2-818
2-762
2-710
2-662
2-614
2-569
2-524
2-483
2-443
2-403
2-366
2400
2-888
2-829
2-773
2-720
2-673
2-625
2-579
2-534
2-493
2-453
2-413
2-375
2410
2-899
2-840
2-784
2-731
2-683
2-635
2-589
2-544
2-503
2-462
2-423
2-385
2420
2-910
2-851
2-795
2-742
2-694
2-645
2-599
2-554
2-513
2-472
2-432
2-395
2430
2-922
2-862
2-807
2-754
2-704
2-656
2-609
2-564
2-523
2-482
2-442
2-404
2440
2-933
2-873
2-818
2-766
2-715
2-666
2-619
2-574
2-532
2-492
2-452
2-414
2450
2-944
2-884
2-829
2-777
2-725
2-676
2-629
2-584
2-542
2-501
2-461
2-423
2400
2-956
2-896
2-840
2-788
2-736
2-687
2-639
2-595
2-552
2-511
2-471
2-433
2470
2-967
2-907
2-851
2-799
2-746
2-697
2-649
2-605
2-562
2-521
2-481
2-442
2480
2-978
2-918
2-862
2-810
2-757
2-707
-_-6i;o
2-615
2-572
2-531
2-491
2-452
2490
2-989
2-929
2-873
2-821
2-767
2-718
2-670
2-625
2-582
2-541
2-500
2-461
2500
3-001
2-940
2-884
2-831
2-778
2-728
2-680
2-635
2-591
2-560
2-510
2-471
2510
3-013
2-952
2-896
2-842
2-788
2-739
2-690
2-645
2-601
2-560
2-520
2-480
2520
3-024
2-963
2-907
2-853
2-799
2-749
2-700
2-655
2-611
2-570
2-529
2-490
2530
3-035
2-974
2-918
2-863
2-809
2-760
2-711
2-665
2-621
2-579
2-539
2-499
2540
3-047
2-985
2-929
2-871
2-820
2-770
2-721
2-675
2-631
2-589
2-549
2-508
2550
3-058
2-996
2-940
2-885
2-830
2-780
2-731
2-685
2-640
2-599
2-558
2-518
' 2560
3-070
3-007
2-950
2-895
2-841
2-790
2-741
2-695
2-650
2-609
2-568
2-527
2570
3-081
3-018
2-961
2-906
2-851
2-801
2-751
2-705
2-660
2-618
2-577
2-537
2580
3-093
3-030
2-972
2-917
2-862
2-811
2-762
2-715
2-670
2-628
2-587
2-546
2590
3-104
3-041
2-982
2-928
2-872
2-821
2-772
2-725
2-680
2-638
2-596
2-556
2600
3-115
3-052
2-993
2-938
2-883
2-831
2-782
2-735
2-689
2-647
2-606
2-565
2610
3-127
3-063
3-004
2-949
2-893
2-842
2-792
2-745
2-699
2-657
2-615
2-575
2620
3-138
3-075
3-014
2-959
2-904
2-852
2-802
2-755
2-709
2-666
2-625
2-584
2630
3-150
3-086
3-025
2-970
2-915
2-862
2-813
2-765
2-719
2-676
2-634
2-593
2640
3-161
3-097
3-036
2-980
2-925
2-872
2-823
2-775
2-729
2-686
2-644
2-603
2650
3-172
3-108
3-047
2-991
2-936
2-883
2-833
2-785
2-739
2-695
2-653
2-612
2660
3-183
3-119
3-058
3-002
2-946
2-893
2-843
2-795
2-749
2-705
2-663
2-622
2670
3-194
3-130
3-069
3-013
2-957
2-904
2-853
2-805
2-759
2-715
2-672
2-631
2680
3-206
3-142
3-080
3-023
2-967
2-914
2-864
2-815
2-769
2-724
2-681
2-640
2690
3-217
3-153
3-091
3-034
2-978
2-924
2-874
2-825
2-779
2-734
2-691
2-650
2700
3-228
3-164
3-102
3-045
2-988
2-935
2-884
2-835
2-788
2-743
2-700
2-659
2710
3-240
3-175
3-113
3-055
2-999
2-945
2-894
2-845
2-798
2-753
2-710
2-669
2720
3-251
3-187
3-123
3-066
3-010
2-956
2-904
2-855
2-803
2-763
2-719
2-678
2730
3-263
3-198
3-134
3-077
3-020
2-966
2-915
2-865
2-818
2-772
2-729
2-688
2740
3-274
3-209
3-145
3-087
3-031
2-977
2-925
2-875
2-828
2-782
2-738
2-697
2750
3-285
3-220
3-156
3-098
3-041
2-987
2-935
2-885
2-838
2-792
2-748
2-706
2700
3-297
3-231
3-167
3-109
3-052
2-997
2-945
2-895
2-848
2-801
2-758
2-716
2770
3-308
3-242
3-179
3-119
3-062
3-008
2-955
2-905
2-858
2-811
2-767
2-725
2780
3-319
3-253
3-190
3-130
3-073
3-018
2-966
2-915
2-868
2-821
2-777
2-734
2790
3-330
3-264
3-201
3-141
3-083
3-028
2-976
2-925
2-878
2-830
2-786
2-744
2800
3-341
3-275
3-212
3-152
3-094
3-039
2-986
2-936
2-888
2-840
2-796
2-753
2810
3-353
3-286
3-223
3-162
3-104
3-049
2-996
2-946
2-897
2-850
2-805
2-762
2820
3-364
3-297
3-233
3173
3-115
3-059
3-006
2-955
2-907
2-860
2-815
2-771
2830
3-375
3-308
3-244
3-183
3425
3-069
3-017
2-965
2-917
2-869
2-824
2-781
2840
3-386
3-319
3-255
3-194
3-136
3-080
3-027
2-975
2-927
2-879
2-834
2-790
2850
3-397
3-330
3-266
3-205
3-146
3-090
3-037
2-985
2-936
2-889
2-843
2-799
2860
3-409
3-341
3-277
3-215
3-157
3-100
3-047
2-995
2-946
2-899
2-853
2-808
2870
3-420
3-352
3-287
3-226
3-167
3-110
3-057
3-005
2-956
2-908
2-862
2-817
■>sn
3-431
3-363
3-298
3-237
3178
312 L
3-068
3-015
2-966
2-918
2-872
2-827
2890
3-442
3-374
3-309
3-248
3-188
3-131
3-078
3-025
2-975
2-927
2-882
2-836
2900
3-453
3-385
3-320
3-259
3-199
3-141
3-088
3-035
2-985
2-937
2-891
2-845
2910
3-465
3-396
3-331
3-269
3-209
3-151
3-098
3-045
2-994
2-947
2-901
2-855
2920
3-476
3-407
3-342
3-280
3-220
3-162
3-108
3-054
3-004
2-956
2-910
2-864
2930
3-487
3-418
3-352
3-230
3-230
3-172
3-119
3-064
3-014
2-966
2-920
2-874
2940
3-498
3-429
3-363
3-300
3-241
3-182
3-129
3-074
3-023
2-976
2-929
2-883
2950
3-509
3-440
3-374
3-310
3-251
3-193
3-139
3-084
3-033
2-985
2-939
2-892
2960
3-521
3-451
3-384
3-321
3-262
3-203
3-149
3-094
3-043
2-995
2-948
2-902
REPORT ON ATMOSPHERIC CIRCULATION.
55
Height
IN
Feet.
Temperature. M
KAN OF U
PI-ER AND
Lower Stations.
-20°
-10°
0°
10°
20°
30°
40°
50°
60°
70"
80°
90°
Inch.
Inch.
lncb.
Inch.
Inch.
Inch.
Inch.
Inch.
Inch.
luch.
Inch.
Inch.
2960
3-521
3-451
3-384
3-321
3-262
3-203
3-149
3-094
3043
2-995
2-948
2-902
2970
3-532
3-462
3-394
3-332
3-272
3-214
3-159
3-104
3-052
3-004
2-911
2980
3-543
3-473
3-405
3-342
3-2K3
3-224
3-170
3-114
3-062
3-014
2-967
2-921
2990
3-554
3-484
3-415
3-353
3-293
3-235
3-180
3-124
3-072
3-024
2-977
2-931
3000
3-565
3-495
3-425
3-364
3-304
3-245
3-190
3-134
3-081
3-033
2-986
2-940
3100
3-674
3-603
3-532
3-468
3-406
3-346
3-289
3-232
3-178
3-128
3-080
3-033
3200
3-785
3-712
3-638
3-573
3-509
3-447
3-389
:;-:;:;o
3-275
3-224
3-174
3-124
3300
3-895
3-820
3-745
3-678
3-612
3-549
3-488
3-428
3-372
3-319
3-268
3-216
3400
4-005
3-927
3-851
3-783
3-715
3-650
3-587
3-526
3-470
3-415
3-361
3-308
3500
4-115
4-035
3-958
3-887
3-818
3-751
3-686
3-624
3-567
3-509
3-454
3-399
3600
4-222
4-138
4-063
3-991
3-918
3-851
3-784
3-721
3-660
3-603
3-546
3-480
3700
4-330
4-246
4-167
4-092
4-018
3-950
3-ss2
3-816
3-756
3-696
3-638
3-581
3800
4-437
4-353
4-272
4-195
4-119
4-049
3-979
3-913
3-850'
3-790
3-730
3-670
3900
4-545
4-458
4-376
4-297
4-220
4-147
4-077
4-009
3-945
3-883
3-X22
3-761
4000
4-652
4-564
4-480
4-400
4-321
4-246
4-174
4-105
4-039
3-976
3-915
3-852
4100
4-757
4-668
4-582
4-500
1-420
4-342
4-270
4-199
4-131
1-067
4-003
3-942
4200
4-864
4-773
4-683
4-600
4-518
1-441
4-367
4-293
4-224
4-159
4-093
4-028
4300
4-970
4-877
4-785
4-700
4-617
4-538
4-462
4-387
1-317
4-250
4-183
4-119
4400
5-077
4-980
4-887
4-800
4-715
4-633
4-557
4-481
4-409
4-341
4-273
4.208
4500
5-182
5-083
4-990
4-899
4-813
4-730
4-652
4-575
4-502
4-437
4-363
4-296
4600
5-285
5-185
5-089
4-998
4-910
4-827
1-745
4-668
4-593
4-521
4-452
4-384
4700
5-388
5-288
5-189
5-097
5-007
4-922
4-839
4-761
4-685
4-611
4-541
4-473
4800
5-492
5-389
5-289
5-195
5-104
5-017
4-932
4-853
1-776
4-700
4-630
1-560
4900
5-595
5-491
5-389
5-294
5-201
5-113
5-027
4-944
I-X07
4-790
4-718
4-648
5000
5-698
5-592
5-490
5-392
5-297
5-207
5-121
5-037
4-957
4-881
4-808
4-737
5100
5-800
5-692
5-588
5-489
5-393
5-301
5-2 1 1
5-128
5-048
4-969
4-895
4-822
5200
5-900
5-791
5-686
5-586
5-488
5-395
5-306
5-220
5-137
5-058
t-982
4-908
5300
6-001
5-891
5-784
5-682
5-583
5-488
5-399
5-311
5-227
5-147
5-069
4-994
5400
6-102
5-990
5-882
5-778
5-679
5-584
5-491
5-402
5-317
5-235
5-156
5-080
5500
6-203
6-090
5-981
5-875
5-773
5-676
5-583
5-493
5-406
5-324
5-243
5-166
5600
6-302
6-187
6-076
5-970
5-866
5-768
5-673
5-582
5-494
5-410
5-329
5-251
5700
6-401
6-284
6-172
0-065
5-959
5-860
5-763
5-671
5-582
5-497
5-415
5800
6-501
6-381
6-268
6-159
6-052
5-951
5-853
5-760
5-669
5-584
5-501
5-420
5900
6-601
6-479
6-364
6-253
6-145
6-043
5-943
5-849
5-756
5-671
5-586
5-504
6000
6-700
6-677
6-460
6-347
6-239
6-134
6-033
5-937
5-844
5-757
5-671
5-588
6100
6-797
6-673
6-555
6-440
6-330
6-225
6-123
6-025
5-931
5-843
5-756
5-672
6200
6-894
6-769
6-649
6-533
6-421
6-316
6-212
6-113
6-018
5-929
5-840
5-755
6300
6-990
6-865
6-743
6-626
6-513
6-406
6-301
6-203
6-105
6-014
5-924
5-838
6400
7-087
6-961
6-837
6-719
6-605
6-496
6-390
6-289
6-192
6-099
i;-iios
5921
6500
7-185
7-056
6-931
6-811
6-696
6-586
6-479
6-377
6-279
6-184
6-092
6-004
6600
7-281
7-148
7-024
6-902
6-786
6-675
6-567
6-464
6-364
6-268
6-175
6-086
6700
7-377
7-240
7-117
6-993
6-876
6-764
6-655
6-550
6-449
6-352
6-258
6-168
6800
7-472
7-332
7-209
7-084
6-966
6-852
6-742
6-636
6-534
6-435
6-341
6-250
6900
7-567
7-424
7-301
7-175
7-055
6-940
6-829
6-722
6-619
6-518
6-423
6-331
7000
7-662
7-525
7-393
7-266
7-145
7-028
6-916
6-808
6-703
6-602
6-505
6-412
7100
7-756
7-617
7-484
8-356
7-233
7-115
7-002
6-893
6-787
6-685
6-587
6-493
7200
7-849
7-709
7-574
7-445
7-321
7-202
7-i 188
6-977
6-870
6-768
6-669
6-574
6-664
6-734
6-814
7300
7-942
7-801
7-664
7-534
7-409
7-289
7-171
7-061
6-953
6-X50
6-751
7400
7500
8-035
8-128
7-892
7-983
7-754
7-844
7-623
7-712
7-497
7-584
7-376
7-462
7-259
7-344
7-145
7-229
7-036
7-119
6-932
7-014
6-832
6-913
7600
7700
8-219
8-310
8-073
8-163
7-933
8-022
7-800
7-888
7-671
7-758
7-547
7-632
7-428
7-512
7-312
7-395
7-201
7-283
7-095
7-176
6-993
7-073
7-153
7-233
7-312
6-893
6-972
7-051
7130
7-208
7800
8-401
8-253
8-111
7-975
7-844
7-717
7-596
7-478
7-365
7-257
7900
8-492
8-343
8-199
8-062
7-930
7-803
7-680
7-561
7-447
7-338
8000
8-582
8-432
8-287
8-149
8-016
7-887
7-763
7-644
7-529
7-118
TABLE VI.
Showing the Mean Monthly and Annual Height op the Barometer, reduced
to 32°, in English Inches, at Different Places over the Globe.
Note. — Under column of " Hours of Observation " the Hours of the a.m. Observations are placed before
the Colon [:], the r.M. after it. In the same column M.P. signifies that the Means have been
reduced to the approximate Mean Pressures. A Minus before Latitudes signifies Latitude
South, and before Longitudes it signifies Longitude West. The Observations are also reduced
to sea-level at those places which are printed in Italics. In the last column are entered the
Corrections for Errors which have been made in constructing the Table.
(PIIYS. CTIEM. CHALL. EXr. — PART V. — 18SS.) 14
58
THE VOYAGE OF H.M.S. CHALLENGER.
Places.
Country.
No. of
Years.
Years
Specified.
Hours of
Observation.
Latitude.
Longitude.
Height,
Feet.
Matin Head,
Ireland
15
1870-84
8:
O 1
55 23
o /
-7 22
230
Greencastle, .
do.
15
do.
8
55 12
-7 2
70
Londonderry,
do.
15
do.
9
9
55 0
-7 19
93
Mvllaghmore,
do.
15
do.
8
54 28
-8 28
40
Markree,
do.
15
do.
9
9
54 11
-8 27
131
I.issan,
do.
15
do.
do.
54 41
-6 45
305
Armagh,
do.
15
do.
24 daily
54 21
-6 39
207
Belfast,
do.
15
do.
M.P.
54 3G
— 5 56
66
Aghalee,
do.
15
do.
9: 9
54 31
-6 16
130
Donaghadce, .
do.
15
do.
8:
54 38
-5 34
SO
Jlilltown,
do.
15
do.
M.P.
54 23
-6 16
200
Dublin,
do.
15
do.
9A: 3i
53 22
-6 21
158
Kingstown, .
do.
15
do.
8
53 17
-6 8
50
Curragh Camp, .
do.
15
do.
9
3
53 9
-6 49
450
Galway,
do.
15
do.
11J
53 15
-9 3
32
Belmullet,
do.
15
do.
8
54 12
-10 0
40
Parsonstown,
do.
15
do.
9
9
53 G
-7 55
182
Roche's Point,
do.
15
do.
8
51 47
-8 19
32
Killarney,
do.
15
do.
9
9
52 4
-9 30
90
Valentia,
do.
15
do.
hourly
51 55
-10 18
23
North Unst, .
Scotland
15
do.
9: 9
60 51
-0 53
230
Bressay,
do.
15
do.
do.
60 6
-1 8
105
Dunrossness, . .
do.
15
do.
8:
59 55
-1 20
126
Start Point, .
do.
15
do.
9: 9
59 17
-2 22
83
Sandwick, .
do.
15
do.
do.
59 2
-3 18
94
Wick, .
do.
15
do.
8:
58 27
-3 5
27
Holborn Head,
do.
15
do.
9: 9
58 37
-3 32
75
Dunrobin,
do.
15
do.
do.
57 59
-3 56
16
Lairg, .
do.
15
do.
do.
58 1
-4 22
458
Cape Wrath,
do.
15
do.
do.
58 38
-5 0
400
Butt of Lewis,
do.
15
do.
do.
58 31
-6 16
170
Stornoway, .
do.
15
do.
do.
58 13
-6 23
70
Monacli,
do.
15
do.
do.
57 32
-7 14 .
150
Barra Head, .
do.
15
do.
do.
56 47
-7 39
683
Skerryvore, .
do.
15
do.
do.
56 19
-7 7
150
Glencarron, .
do.
15
do.
do.
57 30
-5 14
504
Cullorlen,
do.
15
do.
do.
57 29
-4 8
104
Fort William,
do.
•1
1884-87
do.
56 49
-5 7
30
Ben Nevis Observ.,
do.
4
do.
do.
56 49
-5 7
4400
Gordon Castle,
do.
15
1870-84
do.
57 37
-3 5
104
New Pitsligo,
do.
15
do.
do.
57 36
-2 12
495
Braemar,
do.
15
do.
do.
57 0
-3 24
1114
Aberdeen, .
do.
15
do.
do.
57 10
-2 6
84
Dundee,
do.
15
do.
do.
56 28
-2 56
164
Dalnaspidal,
do.
15
do.
do.
56 50
-4 13
1414
Ochtertyre, .
do.
15
do.
do.
56 23
-3 53
333
Dollar, .
do.
15
do.
do.
56 10
-3* 4
178
Bell Rock, .
do.
15
do.
do.
56 26
— 2 23
93
Ardnamurchan, .
do.
15
do.
do.
56 44
-6 13
180
Airds, .
do.
15
do.
do.
56 33
-5 25
15
REPORT OX ATMOSPHERIC CIRCULATION.
59
Jan.
Feb.
Mar.
April.
May.
June.
July.
Aug.
Sept.
Oct.
Nov.
Dec.
year.
Corrs.
Applied
Inches.
Inches.
Inches.
Inches.
Inches.
Inches.
Inches.
Inches.
Inches.
Inches.
Inches.
Inches.
Inches.
Inch.
29779
29-782
29-858
29-840
29-948
29-900
29-840
29-852
29-850
29-788
29-774
29-796
29-834
29-830
29-825
29-882
29-871
29-969
29 910
29-864
29-872
29-868
29-817
29-795
29-816
29-861
29-855
29-828
29-895
29-870
29-967
29-913
29-867
29-873
29-868
29-X23
29-797
29-845
29-867
-•015
29-812
29-794
29-876
29-852
29-950
29-910
29-866
29-861
29-863
29-810
29-790
29-822
29-851
29-856
29-822
29-900
29-870
29-973
29-920
29-874
29-880
29-889
29-837
29-820
29-849
29-875
29-518
29-504
29-574
29-552
29-646
29-585
29-541
29-563
29-571
29-504
29-484
29-519
23-547
29-643
29-623
29-688
29-658
29-760
29-712
29-666
29-678
29-687
29-622
29-600
29-633
29-665
29-867
29-853
29 915
29-890
29-986
29-932
29-885
29-896
29-910
29-846
29-826
29-852
29-888
29-860
29-843
29-903
29-885
29-992
29-939
29-887
29-898
29-897
29812
29-819
29-850
29-885
-•025
29-875
29-849
29-903
29-882
29-985
29-932
29-877
29-885
29-889
29-834
29-816
29-830
29-879
29-660
29-642
29-685
29-672
29-762
29-713
29-666
29-682
29-678
29-624
29-610
29-637
29-669
+ •060
29-911
29-888
29-940
29-896
30-018
29-958
29-926
29-92(1
29-925
29-875
29-859
29-888
29-926
+ •015
29-918
29-885
29-947
29-892
30-012
29-956
29-936
29-922
29-928
29-864
29-858
29-892
29-918
29-907
29-864
29-925
29-876
29-996
29-947
29-914
29-908
29-917
29-860
29-850
29-880
29-904
29-822
29-797
29-882
29-822
29-945
29-898
29-869
29-866
29-873
29-814
29-805
29-830
29-852
+ ■020
29-802
29-770
29-858
29-836
29-963
29-916
29-807
29-861
29-868
29-826
29-804
29-836
29-850
29-906
29-868
29-943
29-881
29 993
29-945
29-917
29-914
29-921
29-864
29-852
29-895
29-907
29-901
29-873
29-925
29-864
29-994
29-957
29-929
29-929
29-930
29-864
29 ■»
29-896
29-910
29-894
29-870
29-940
29-877
30-002
29-970
29-931
29-926
29-937
29-872
29-877
29-900
29-916
29-851
29-819
29-910
29-832
29-968
29-934
29-918
29-888
29-930
29-833
29-835
29-850
29-880
29-432
29-490
29-500
29-606
29-644
29-619
29-543
29-558
29-536
29-454
29-450
29-413
29-520
29-591
29-646
29-656
29-747
29778
29-756
29-679
29-696
29-675
29-600
29-589
29-577
29-665
29-703
29751
29-765
29-857
29-892
29-860
29-792
29-806
29784
29-700
29-698
29-690
29-772
29-633
29-676
29-703
29-782
29-828
29-793
29-722
29-735
29-715
29-638
29-620
29-617
29-705
29-609
29-654
29-680
29-759
29-812
29-774
29-700
29-718
29708
29-627
29-604
29-598
29-687
29-725
29-769
29-802
29-865
29-919
29-876
29-802
29-820
29-808
29-739
29-717
29-716
29-797
29-637
29-680
29-720
29-782
29-838
29-796
29-726
29-738
29-734
29-666
29-637
29-641
29-716
29749
29-775
29-808
29-863
29-918
29-873
29-810
29-833
29-815
29-760
29-738
29-736
29-806
29-222
29-270
29-313
29-362
29-428
29-390
29-326
29-348
29-329
29-262
29-213
29-240
29-311
29-270
29-310
29-352
29-415
29-486
29-446
29-381
29-390
29-361
29-310
29-282
29-264
29-356
29-506
29-554
29-607
29-665
29-732
29-688
29-625
29-635
29-626
29-542
29-523
29-517
29-602
29-636
29-672
29-730
29-786
29-858
29-806
29-737
29-755
29-748
29-064
29-646
29-642
29-722
29-561
29-590
29-663
29-700
29-784
29-730
29 -672
29-685
29-670
29-591
29-575
29-573
29-650
29-016
29-035
29-102
29-125
29-211
29-101
29-122
29-127
29-110
29-047
29-021
29-025
29-090
29-608
29-625
29-686
29-697
29-791
29-742
29-690
29-690
29-683
29-620
29-594
29-609
29-070
29-183
29-227
29-274
29-323
29-397
29-367
29-306
29-320
29-802
29-237
29-210
29-225
29-281
29-656
29-710
29-725
29-758
29-832
29-780
29715
29-732
29-728
29-658
29-624
29-641
29-713
29-704
29-831
29-917
29-869
29-870
3(1-1 I3fi
29-912
29-889
29-842
29-865
29-827
29-728
29-857
24-104
24-219
24-287
24-278
24-313
24-511
24-429
24-428
24-336
24-299
24-237
24-118
24-296
29-655
29-682
29-718
29-760
29-828
29-774
29-720
29-726
29-726
29-669
29-632
29-654
29-713
29-231
29-253
29-277
29-328
29-390
29-353
29-286
29-300
29-293
29-282
29-199
29-198
29-278
■ ••
28-574
28-576
28-614
28-664
28726
28-09 !
28-643
28-654
28-646
28-570
28-532
28-546
28-620
29-710
29724
29754
29-796
29-854
29-808
29-744
29-756
29-758
29-693
L'9-664
29-676
29-745
...
29-636
29-646
29-680
29702
29-771
29723
29-658
29-672
29-672
29-621
29-590
29-606
29-667
28-250
28-264
28-311
28-346
28-416
28-387
28-332
28-347
28-340
28-266
28-22.-!
28-225
28-309
29-470
29-460
29-491
29-515
29-591
29-540
29-480
29-495
29-503
29-438
29-Kll
29-420
29-484
29-641
29-633
"29-682
29-696
29-774
29-726
29-660
29-682
29-688
29-628
29-604
29-008
29-i;il7
29-732
29-727
29-754
29-780
29-849
29-803
29-739
29-751
29-753
29-700
29-666
29-690
29-746
29-574
29-587
29-647
29-665
29-747
29-705
29-650
29-662
29-654
29-581
29-562
29 574
29-634
29-790
1
29-792
29-833
29-855
29-922
29-868
29-824
29-843
29-833 1 29-780
29-760
29-771
29-821
CO
THE VOYAGE OF H.M.S. CHALLENGER.
Places.
Country.
No. of
Years.
Years
Specified.
Hours of
Observation.
Latitude.
Longitude.
Height,
Feet.
Callton Mor,
Scotland
15
1870-81
9: 9
o t
50 8
O 1
-5 30
135
Mull of Kintyre, .
do.
15
do.
do.
55 19
-5 48
297
Eallabus,
do.
15
do.
do.
55 45
-6 18
71
Ardrossan, .
do.
15
do.
8:
55 38
-4 49
16
Corsewall, .
do.
15
do.
9: 9
55 0
-5 9
112
Glasgow,
do.
15
do.
hourly
55 53
-4 IS
184
Ridge Park, .
do.
15
do.
9: 9
55 41
-3 37
630
Edinburgh, .
do.
15
do.
do.
55 56
-3 11
162
Smeaton,
do.
15
do.
do.
56 0
-2 39
100
Marchmont, .
do.
15
do.
do.
55 44
-2 25
500
Wolf elee, .
do.
15
do.
do.
55 22
-2 39
601
Drumlanrig, .
do.
15
do.
do.
55 16
-3 48
191
Cargen,
do.
15
do.
do.
55 2
-S 37
85
Mull of Galloway,
do.
15
do.
do.
54 38
-4 15
325
Carlisle,
England
15
do.
M.P.
54 53
-2 55
114
Barrow-in-Furness,
do.
15
do.
8:
54 7
-3 11
CO
Sit ields,
do.
15
do.
do.
55 0
-1 27
124
York, .
do.
15
do.
do.
53 58
-1 5
50
Spurnhead, .
do.
15
do.
do.
53 34
0 7
28
Stonyhurst, .
do.
15
do.
hourly
53 51
-2 28
361
Bidstone Observ.,
do.
15
do.
M.P.
53 23
-3 7
197
Cheadle,
do.
15
do.
9: 9
52 28
-1 57
646
Shrewsbury, .
do.
15
do.
do.
52 45
-2 57
266
Llandudno, .
do.
15
do.
do.
53 21
-3 50
100
Holyhead,
do.
15
do.
8:
53 18
-4 39
44
Lampeter, .
do.
15
do.
M.P.
52 7
-4 5
420
Cliurclistolct ,
do.
15
do.
9: 9
52 31
-3 5
548
Pembroke, . •
do.
15
do.
8:
51 41
-5 30
150
Carmarthen, .
do.
15
do.
9: 9
51 52
-1 18
188
Mansfield, .
do.
15
do.
do.
53 8
-1 12
349
Oxford,
do.
15
do.
M.P.
51 46
-1 16
212
Leicester,
do.
15
do.
9: 9
52 39
-1 8
237
Hillington, .
Holkham,
do.
15
do.
do.
52 48
0 33
88
do.
15
do.
M.P.
52 57
0 46
39
Somerleyton,
do.
15
do.
9: 9
52 32
1 37
50
Royston,
Greenwicb, .
do.
15
do.
M.P.
52 2
-0 1
269
do.
15
do.
do.
51 29
0 0
159
Kew, • ■ •
do.
15
do.
hourly
51 28
-0 19
34
Kamsgatc, .
Docer, . . .
do.
15
do.
9: 9
51 20
1 25
105
do.
15
do.
8:
51 7
1 18
46
Brighton, . .
do.
15
do.
M.P.
50 49
-0 8
206
Osborne,
do.
15
do.
do.
50 45
-1 16
172
Truro, .
do.
15
do.
do.
50 17
-5 4
43
Salisbury, .
Babbacombc,
do.
do.
15
15
do.
do.
do.
9: 9
51 4
50 29
-1 48
186
293
Barnstaple, .
do.
15
do.
ji.p.
51 5
-4 3
43
Falmouth, .
do.
15
do.
hourly
50 9
-5 4
211
Scilhj, .
do.
15
do.
8:
49 55
-6 18
100
Guernsey, .
Jersey, .
do.
15
do.
M.P.
49 28
-2 32
204
do.
15
do.
9: 9
49 12
-2 7
50
REPORT ON ATMOSPHERIC CIRCULATION.
Gl
Jan.
Feb.
Mar.
April.
May.
June.
July.
Aug.
Sept.
Oct.
Nov.
Dec.
Year.
ClMTS.
Applied '
Inches.
Indies.
Inches.
Inches.
Inches.
Inches.
Inches.
Indies.
Inches.
Inches.
Indies.
Inches.
Indies.
Inch.
29-676
29-674
29723
29-733
29-810
29-754
29-700
29-715
29717
29-648
29-633
29-653
29-703
29-530
29-509
29-572
29-558
29-646
29-618
29-562
29-567
29-564
29-505
29-476
29-504
29-551
29-722
29-741
29-8(16
29-799
29-jsso
29-837
29-778
29-788
29-790
29-719
29-712
29-724
29-774
29-845
29-834
29-880
29-877
29-966
29-913
29"S59
29-864
29-870
29-803
29-790
29-811
29-859
29-727
29-710
29-704
29-753
29-836
29-803
29-747
29-759
29-567
29-711
29-070
29-700
29-740
...
29-645
29-632
29-672
29-673
29-756
29-704
29-656
29-663
29-669
29-011
29-592
29-602
29-656
29-156
29-143
29-189
29-187
29-274
29-227
29-177
29-191
29-193
29-131
29-127
29-124
29-176
29-828
29-825
29-868
29-883
29-958
29-912
29-847
29-858
29-859
29-804
29-774
29-78 1
29-850
29-730
29-732
29-766
29-7S3
29-857
29-811
29-749
29-760
29-763
29-705
29-682
29-692
29-752
'.'.'.
29-320
29-315
29-331
29-346
29-427
29-381
29-329
29-334
29-339
29-286
29-253
29-269
29-328
29-213
29-202
29-222
29-237
29-320
29-277
29-222
29-234
29-232
29-18-2
29-148
29-106
29-221
29-667
29-644
29-678
29 -(.ills
29-754
29-702
29-650
29-665
29-667
29-619
29-596
29-626
29-661
29-792
29-772
29-806
29-800
29881
29-830
29-778
29-788
29-792
29-741
29-720
29-7 is
29-787
...
29-507
29-485
29-540
29-513
29-618
29-585
29-537
29-551
29-547
29-501
29-450
29-481
29-526
29-750
29-738
29-758
29-748
29-833
29-784
29740
29-741
29754
29-699
29-675
29-702
29-744
29-920
29-870
29-910
29-882
29-977
29-932
29-896
29-888
29-893
29-846
29-842
29-853
29-892
29-891
29-897
29-895
29-881
29-973
29-931
29 865
29-879
29-883
29-837
29-810
29-831
29-.HS]
29-933
29-904
29-922
29-9K0
29-990
29-950
29-897
29-916
29-914
29-870
29-852
29-876
29-910
...
29-939
29-910
29-914
29-890
29-988
29-944
29-9(17
29-912
29-900
29-868
29-837
29-842
29-904
...
29-508
29 470
29-498
29-470
29-570
29-522
29485
29-471
29-496
29-440
29-414
29-456
29-483
29-715
29-671
29-704
29-667
29-771
29-730,
29-703
29-081
29-689
29-646
29-626
29-662
29-689
29-978
29-933
29-933 | 29-894
30-000
29-962
29-913
29-925
29-922
29-887
29-868
29-908
29-927
29-978
29-940
29-950 29-903
29-998
29-962
29-925
29 930
29-936
29-892
29-878
29-914
29-934
29-822
29-775
29-817
29-778
29-884
29-841
L,;rsUL,
29-788
29-808
29756
29-731
29-777
29-798
29-901
29-868
29-918
29-867
29-990
29-948
29-921
29-909
29-907
29-850
29-824
29-861
29-897
29-537
29-482
29-50(1
29-438
29-554
29-522
29-502
29-500
29-518
29-463
29-445
29-484
29495
-•080
29-986
29-926
29-944
29-882
29-998
29-962
29-930
29-923
29-928
29-890
29-872
29-920
29-930
-•020
28-935
29-897
29946
29-872
29-988
29-968
29-933
29-925
29-925
29-867
29-856
29-899
29-917
29-989
29-928
29-953
29-875
30-000
29-961
29-943
29-935
29-940
29-900
29-880
29-935
29-945
29-982
29-925
29-943
29-880
29-994
29-955
29-916
29-919
29-927
29-885
29-860
29-894
29-924
29-707
29-710
29-723
29-664
29-771
29-733
29-710
29-712
29-713
29-675
29-646
29-Ton
29-710
29-976
29-920
29-944
29-880
29-997
29-955
29-916
29-920
29-930
29-885
29-862
29908
29924
29-980
29-939
29-938
29-898
29-003
29-958
29-913
29-918
29-930
29-898
29-868
29-896
29-928
29-926
29-883
29-877
29-846
29-933
29-900
29-860
29-N05
29-870
29-820
29-807
29-855
29-870
29-933
29-888
29-870
29-822
29-928
29-892
29-848
29-850
29-870
29-837
29-S08
29-830
29-865
29-703
29-044
26-655
29-59S
29-720
29-688
29-650
29-054
29-657
29-605
29571
29-619
29-647
—•020
29-833
29-774
29-776
29-717
29-828
29-795
29-770
29-768
29-776
29-731
29711
29-756
29-770
29-986
29-926
29-929
29-864
29-969
29-930
29-911
29-908
29-917
29-876
29-857
29-904
29-915
30-022
29-960
29-950
29-900
30-006
29-985
29-960
29-960
29-960
29-907
29-890
29-944
29-956
30-022
29-905
29-953
29-893
30-003
29-978
29-958
29961
29-953
29-913
29-890
29940
29-952
29-818
29-747
29-739
29-672
29796
29-748
29-736
29-755
29-739
29-701
29-691
29-734
29740
29-824
29-767
29-774
29-707
29-823
29-793
29-776
29-774
29-773
29-722
29-713
29-761
29-767
29-929
29-898
29-928
29-843
29-907
29-936
29916
29-907
29-902
29-848
29-853
29-900
29 902
29-804
29-743
29-756
29-692
29-810
29-781
29-754
29-750
29-753
29-706
29-676
29-739
29-717
30-016
29-960
29-980
29-901
30-026
30-002
29-984
29-978
29968
29-934
29915
29974
29-971
29-949
29-884
29-912
29-838
29-956
29-928
29-904
29-895
29-895
29-851
29-849
29-888
29-896
29-771
29714
29-747
29-606
29-796
29-776
29-758
29-752
29736
29-686
29-678
29-727
29-734
29-973
29-922
29-957
29-875
30-017
29-993
29-976
29-964
29-951
29-894
29-896
29 940
29-947
29-803
29-744
29-750
29-670
29-796
29-784
29-777
29-767
29-771
29-697
29-0*9
29-759
29-751
29-984
29-926
29-921
29-843
29-958
29-950
29-954
29-935
29-926
29-877
29-864
29 925
29 922
62
THE VOYAGE OF H.M.S. CHALLENGER.
Places.
Country.
No. of
Years.
Years
Specified.
Hours of
Observation.
Latitude.
1
Longitude.
Height,
Feet.
Sydvaranger,
Norway
15
1870-84
8 : 2, 8
O 1
69 40
30 11
67
Vardo,
do.
15
do.
8: 1, 8
70 22
31 7
33
Gjaesvaer, .
do.
15
do.
8 : 2, 8
71 7
25 22
22
Alien, .
do.
15
do.
do.
69 58
23 17
43
Trorasi..
do.
15
do.
do.
69 39
18 58
50
Lbdingen,
do.
15
do.
do.
68 24
16 1
44
Fagerness, .
do.
15
do.
do.
68 27
17 28
25
Bodb, .
do.
15
do.
do.
67 17
14 24
15
Brono, .
do.
15
do.
do.
65 28
12 12
34
Christiansund,
do.
15
do.
do.
63 7
7 45
50
Aalesund,
do.
15
do.
do.
62 29
6 9
47
Florb, .
do.
15
do.
7 A : 2, 8
61 36
5 2
26
Leirdal,
do.
15
do.
8 : 2, 8
61 6
7 27
16
Bergen,
do.
15
do.
do.
60 24
5 20
57
Skudesnes, .
do.
15
do.
do.
59 9
5 16
13
Mandal,
do.
15 •
do.
do.
58 2
7 27
54
Sandbsand, .
do.
15
do.
do.
59 5
10 28
27
Christiania, .
do.
15
do.
do.
59 55
10 43
81
Dovre, .
do.
15
do.
do.
62 5
9 8
2110
Haparanda, .
Sweden
15
do.
8 : 2, 9
65 50
24 9
30
Pitea, .
do.
15
do.
do.
65 19
21 30
34
Stensele,
do.
15
do.
do.
65 5
17 0
1106
Uraea, .
do.
15
do.
do.
63 49
20 18
41
Hernbsand, .
do.
15
do.
do.
62 38
17 58
45
Oestersund, .
do.
15
do.
do.
63 11
14 38
972
Husa, .
do.
15
do.
do.
63 32
13 07
1260
Sweg, .
do.
15
do.
do.
62 2
14 28
1050
Fablun,
do.
15
do.
do.
60 36
15 37
380
Upsala,
do.
15
do.
hourly
59 52
17 38
79
Stockholm, .
do.
15
do.
8: 2, 9
59 20
18 4
146
Carlstadt,
do.
15
do.
do.
59 23
13 30
179
Gbteborg,
do.
15
do.
do.
57 42
11 59
22
Jbnkbping, .
do.
15
do.
do.
57 47
14 11
321
Wisby, ' .
do.
15
do.
do.
57 39
18 19
52
Kalmar,
do.
15
do.
do.
56 40
16 23
31
Carlshainn, .
do.
15
do.
do.
56 10
14 52
31
Halmstad,
do.
15
do.
do.
56 40
12 52
34
Skagen,
Denmark
15
do.
do.
57 44
10 38
10
Vestervig, .
do.
15
do.
do.
56 47
8 20
82
Fanb, .
do.
15
do.
do.
55 27
8 24
18
Herning,
do.
15
do.
do.
56 8
8 58
195
Samsb,
do.
15
do.
do.
55 50
10 36
66
Copenhagen,
do.
15
do.
do.
55 41
12 36
44
Bogb, .
do.
15
do.
do.
54 55
12 4
88
Hammershus,
do.
15
do.
do.
55 17
14 40
50
Gfoningen, .
Holland
15
do.
8 : 2, 8
53 13
6 34
49
Leeuwarden,
do.
15
do.
do.
53 12
5 47
24
Helder,
do.
15
do.
do.
52 57
4 40
14
Amsterdam, .
do.
15
do.
do.
52 22
4 53
0
Utrecht,
do.
15
do.
8: 2, 10
52 5
5 7
44
REPORT ON ATMOSPHERIC CIRCULATION.
63
Jan.
Feb.
Mar.
April.
May.
June.
July.
Aug.
Sept.
Oct.
Nov.
Dec. Year.
Corrs.
Applied
Inches.
Inches.
Inches.
Inches.
Inches.
Inches.
Inches.
Inches.
Inches.
Inches.
Inches.
Inches.
Inches.
Inch.
29-509
29-644
29-575
29-750
29-808
29-780
29-738
29-729
29-691
29-017
29-622
29-599
29-677
29-536
29-623
29-570
29-756
29-833
29-812
29-776
29-758
29-710
29-622
29-616
29-582
29-683
29-536
29-603
29-576
29-773
29-833
29-841
29-787
29-769
29-687
29-021
29-603
29-541
29-681
29-555
29-640
29-607
29-777
29-8115
29-810
29-751
29-737
29-702
29-018
29-600
29-588
29-683
29-509
29-601
29-555
29-741
29-811
29-806
29-740
29-7-18
29-608
29-043
29-617
29-575
29-668
+ •020
29 536
29-647
29-612
29-775
29-789
29-799
29730
29-744
29-683
29-632
29-012
29-509
29-677
29-561
29-677
29-638
29-801
29-809
29-819
29-753
29-708
29-717
29-059
29-642
29-602
29704
29-608
29-695
29-655
29-812
29-818
29-826
29-758
29-770
29-726
29-671
29-061
29-607
29-717
29-637
29-713
29-677
29-816
29-814
29-825
29-750
29-767
29-744
29-674
29-600
29-617
29725
29-650
29-714
29-697
29-811
29-814
29-805
29-731
29-733
29723
29-607
29-053
29-611
29717
29-662
29-717
29-697
29-808
29-819
29-803
29-731
29-739
29-725
29-675
29-650
29-618
29-720
29-737
29-787
29-757
29-852
29-852
29-833
29-761
29-705
29-705
29-717
29-675
29-685
29700
29-765
29-843
29-816
29-896
29-840
29-S19
29-745
29-770
29-775
29-754
29-755
29-769
29-796
29-748
29-783
29-750
29-824
29-830
29-809
29-741
29762
29-750
29-717
29-082
29-1',8-J
29757
29-815
29-830
29-805
29-866
29-875
29-851
29-774
29-787
29-814
29-754
29-730
29-744
29-804
29-838
29-852
29-798
29-842
29-843
29-816
29-756
29-767
29-786
29-766
29-729
29747
29795
29-857
29-889
29-813
29-864
29-842
29-817
29-753
29773
29-794
29-791
29-702
29-770
29-811
29-779
29-820
29-748
29-795
29-757
29-739
29-680
29-701
29-72:;
29-723
29-692
29-709
29-739
27-488
27-538
27-489
27-586
27 -59.".
27-615
27-572
27-578
27-508
27*512
27-472
27-447
27-538
29746
29-839
29734
29-860
29-855
29-839
29-778
29-793
29-807
29-771
29761
29-746
29-795
29-744
29-833
29-763
29-862
29-863
29-826
29-775
29-781
29-810
29-757
29-750
29-715
29793
28-536
28-622
28-570
28-660
28-671
28-060
28-630
28-646
28-613
28-555
28-540
28-51 1
28-804
29-773
29-836
29-763
29-858
29-833
29-822
29-700
29-782
29-794
29743
29-750
29-742
29788
29-793
29-873
29-769
29-856
29-823
29-814
29-752
29-770
29-781
29-776
29-750
29-752
29-793
28-694
28-780
28-725
28-805
28-805
28-779
28-752
28-768
28-737
28701
28-088
28-682
28-743
+ •030
28-368
28-410
28-362
28-480
28-494
28-480
28-455
28-400
28-429
28-390
28-349
28-329
28-418
28-565
28-584
28-584
28-563
28-625
28-608
28-573
28-018
28-603
28-575
28-540
28-534
28-581
...
29-432
29-489
29-412
29-475
29-445
29-431
29-375
29-400
29-415
29-111
29-37]
29-377
29-42H
...
29-817
29-843
29-756
29-815
29-785
29-778
29-720
29-743
29-766
29-771
29725
29-722
29-770
...
29-739
29-775
29-685
29-751
29721
29-727
29-663
29-695
29714
29-707
29-660
29-651
29707
+•040
29-678
29-734
29-645
29-694
29-674
29-666
29-590
29-008
29-630
29-640
29-598
29-604
29-647
-•055
29-912
29-922
29-847
29-886
29-884
29-854
29-808
29-816
29-845
29-811
29-795
29-809
29-852
29-557
29-595
29-523
29-559
29-547
29-531
29-483
29-505
29-524
29-513
29-458
29-464
29-522
-•025
29-875
29-893
29-803
29-844
29-843
29-820
29-776
29782
29-807
29-829
29-778
29-773
29-819
+ •020
29-946
29-934
29-853
29-884
29-901
29-865
29-822
29-822
29-806
29-878
29-812
29-s^'ii
29-867
+•030
29-954
29-953
29-803
29-887
29-897
29-870
29-832
29-860
29-897
29-875
29-817
29-837
29-879
29-878
29-918
29-840
29-860
29-872
29-8.-,:;
29-825
29-820
29-858
29-845
29-792
L.'9-NIIL'
29-847
29-917
29-927
29-862
29-906
29-908
29-870
29-831
29-821
29-852
29-848
29-802
29-813
29-80:;
29-843
29-833
29-772
29-806
29-828
29-806
29-750
29-753
29-776
29-760
29-705
29-783
29-779
29-954
29-930
29-875
29-880
29-930
29-900
29-803
29-851
29-867
29-845
29-802
29-836
29-879
29-753
29721
29-6G2
29-680
29-713
29-093
29-010
29-640
29-662
29-650
29-000
29-630
29-672
29-908
29-890
29-832
29-853
29-870
29-856
29-812
29-814
29-s:;:i
29-817
29-766
29794
29-837
29-936
29-918
29-851
29-871
29-SM-l
29-807
29-831
29-837
29-859
29-843
29-804
29-819
29-860
29-912
29-882
29-820
29-835
29-850
29-828
29-804
29-804
29-825
L'9-SIIG
29-702
29788
29-883
29-956
29-922
29-853
29-804
29-873
29-878
29-847
29-838
29-886
29-873
29-808
29-831
29-8711
29-955
29-928
29-887
29-855
29-942
29-906
29-883
29-876
29-884
29-854
29-822
29-861
L'9-8S8
30-010
29-973
29-931
29-904
29-938
29-926
29-927
29-921
29-937
29-904
29-863
L'9-9(I0
29-928
30-000
29-960
29-930
29-898
29-986
29-953
29-946
29-920
29-920
29-888
29-850
29-895
29-929
29-989
29-966
29-928
29-880
29-977
29-953
29-927
29-919
29-931
29-894
29-862
29-898
29-928
30010
29-956
29-923
29-878
29-960
29-941
29-941
29-910
29-924
29-892
29-862
29-900
29-926
i
• •<
51
THE VOYAGE OF H.M.S. C:
HALLENGI
]R.
i
Places.
Country.
No. of |
Y'cars. '
j
Years
Specified.
Hours of
Observation.
Latitude.
Longitude.
Height,
Feet.
Hellevoetsluis,
Holland
15
1870-84
8: 2, 8
o /
51 50
0 /
4 7
0
Flushing,
Maastricht, .
do.
15
do.
do.
51 20
3 35
0
do.
15
do.
8 : 2, 7
50 52
5 37
174
Luxemburg, .
do.
15
do.
8 : 2, 8
49 37
6 8
1020
Ostend,
Belgium
15
do.
9 : :;
51 14
2 55
27
Brussels,
do.
15
do.
do.
50 51
4 22
ISO
Liege, .
do.
15
do.
do.
50 41
5 33
199
Amiens,
France
15
do.
M P.
49 54
1 18
102
Nancy,
do.
15
do.
do.
48 42
0 11
725
Mireeourt, .
do.
15
do.
do.
48 18
0 8
974
Troves,
do.
15
do.
do.
48 18
4 5
348
Cbalons-sur-Marne,
do.
15
do.
do.
48 57
4 21
294
Paris. .
do.
15
do.
do.
48 48
2 21
250
Versailles,
do.
15
do.
do.
48 48
2 7
421
Rouen,
do.
15
do.
do.
49 20
1 5
39
Fecamp,
do.
15
do.
Noon.
49 40
0 22
61
Caen, .
do.
15
do.
M.P.
49 11
-0 21
69
S. Honorine-du-Fay.
do.
15
do.
do.
49 5
-0 30
388
Alencon,
do.
15
do.
do.
48 20
0 5
475
Le Mans,
do.
15
do.
do.
48 1
0 12
285
Rennes,
do.
15
do.
do.
48 7
-1 41
106
Lamballe,
do.
15
do.
do.
48 28
-2 31
252
Brest, .
do.
15
do.
do.
48 23
-4 30
I'lll
L' Orient,
do.
15
do.
do.
47 45
-3 21
86
Nantes,
do.
15
do.
do.
47 13
— 1 33
130
Angers,
do.
15
do.
do.
47 28
-0 34
153
Poitiers,
do.
15
do.
do.
40 35
-0 40
384
Orleans,
do.
15
do.
do.
47 54
1 54
357
Bourges,
do.
15
do.
do.
47 5
2 24
510
Clermont Ferrand,
do.
15
do.
do.
45 47
3 5
1296
Limoges,
do.
15
do.
do.
45 50
1 15
842
Le Roche-sur-Yon,
do.
15
do.
do.
40 40
-1 20
198
Rocheboune,
do.
15
do.
do.
40 12
-2 20
0
La Grande-Sauve,
do.
15
do.
do.
44 40
-0 19
331
St. Martin de Minx,
do.
15
do.
do.
43 So
-1 10
131
Lpscar,
do.
15
do.
do.
43 20
-0 20
524
Perigueux, .
do.
15
do.
do.
45 11
ii 4:;
291
Albi, .
do.
15
do.
do.
43 56
2 8
574
Toulouse,
do.
15
do.
do.
43 37
1 20
030
Foix, .
do.
15
do.
do.
42 58
1 30
1421
Perpiguan, .
Carcassonne,
do.
15
do.
do.
42 42
2 53
104
do.
15
do.
do.
43 13
2 19
384
Rodez, .
do.
15
do.
do.
44 21
2 34
2050
Besancou,
do.
15
do.
do.
47 14
0 2
845
Bourg, .
do.
15
do.
do.
40 12
5 13
822
Lyons, .
Grenoble,
do.
do.
15
15
do.
do.
do.
do.
45 40
45 12
4 49
5 43
637
714
Privas,
do.
15
do.
do.
44 44
4 30
997
Montpellier, .
do.
15
do.
do.
43 37
3 53
121
Avignon,
do.
15
do.
do.
43 57
4 48
72
REPORT ON ATMOSPHERIC CIRCULATION.
GJ
Jan.
Inches.
30-028
30-030
29-885
28-961
30-016
29-858
29-822
29-976
29-339
29-056
29731
29-811
29-831
29-641
30-052
29-977
29-977
29-654
29-567
29-800
29-982
29-784
30-059
30-086
29-980
29-946
29-701
29-725
29-558
28-720
29-166
29-886
30-098
29-769
30-016
29-567
29-796
29-528
29-449
28607
30-012
29-721
27-934
29-237
29-246
29-450
29-362
29-056
29-985
30-060
Feb.
Mar.
Inches.
29-984
29-991
29-839
28-926
29-946
29-802
29-765
29-922
29-272
28-997
29-680
29-725
29764
29-566
29-981
29-916
29-898
29-587
29-501
29-741
29-903
29-717
30-009
30-030
29-908
29-895
29-646
29-670
29-507
28-674
29-134
29-843
30-080
29-721
29-956
29-512
29-764
29-468
29-402
28-564
29-969
29-690
27-906
29-174
29-191
29-392
29-298
29-012
29-926
30-000
April.
Inches.
29-958
29-950
29-788
28-870
29-942
29-770
29-758
29-894
29-245
28-961
29-629
29-682
29720
29-527
29-950
29-888
29-894
29-590
29-479
29-717
29-879
29717
30-031
30-028
29-875
29-848
29-600
29-630
29-455
28-607
29-103
29-812
30-034
29-658
29-892
29-461
29-705
29-398
29-331
28-508
29-886
29-611
27-835
29-111
29-124
29-313
29-212
28-930
29-867
29-922
May.
June.
Inches.
29-891
29-906
29-725
28-806
29-886
29710
29-697
29-822
29-115
28-851
29-530
29-587
29-633
29-448
29-876
29-828
29-812
29-489
29-376
29-634
29-789
29-634
29-920
29-923
29770
29-737
29-512
29-512
29-357
28-524
29-000
29-694
29-926
29-564
29-808
29-363
29-611
29-304
29-233
28-406
29-784
29-510
27-756
29-012
29-018
29-218
29-113
28-843
29-760
29-812
Inches.
29-995
29-995
29-812
28-898
29-981
29-806
29-793
29-906
29-245
28-949
29-633
29-676
29-740
29-542
29-970
29-936
29-922
29-603
29-490
29-718
29-907
29-753
30-056
30-066
29-898
29-855
29-611
29-622
29-467
28-630
29-115
29-784
29-994
29-654
29-890
29-441
29-693
29-383
29-323
28-508
29-871
29-591
27-867
29-103
29-112
29-305
29-197
28-934
29-843
29-894
July. Aug. Sept.
Inches.
29-972
29-975
29-805
28-910
29-950
29-786
29-777
29-910
29-249
28-965
29-644
29-678
29-739
29-546
29-958
29-926
29-914
29-600
29-497
29-729
29-911
29757
30-045
30-038
29-904
29-875
29-650
29-646
29-499
28-646
29-154
29-827
30-086
29-710
29-938
29-497
29-745
29-438
29-382
28-560
29-918
29-634
27-934
29-134
29-140
29-333
29-245
28-977
29-890
29-930
Inches.
29-947
29-954
29775
28-918
29-961
29-794
29-785
29-906
29-256
28-997
29-656
29-678
29-736
29-554
29-965
29915
29-938
29-603
29-516
29-737
29-918
29-761
30-075
30-080
29-908
29-875
29-670
29-650
29-503
28-682
29-189
29-843
30-086
29-717
29-946
29-516
29-760
29-454
29-402
28-595
29-922
29-658
27-965
29-146
29-170
29-351
29-272
28-997
29-910
29-945
Oct.
Nov.
Inches.
29-937
29-938
29791
28-902
29-922
29-768
29-755
29-902
29-237
28-985
29-644
29-678
29-724
29-550
29-953
29-928
29-886
29-591
29-493
29-725
29-903
29-749
30-020
30-023
29-892
29-871
29-638
29-630
29-479
28-658
29-142
29-831
30-042
29706
29922
29-469
29-725
29-434
29-378
28-580
29-91S
29-634
27-941
29-142
29-152
29-346
29-252
28-981
29-871
29-926
Inches.
29-952
29-958
29-811
28-928
29-942
29789
29-777
29-902
29-276
28-985
29-633
29-685
29-736
29-542
29-961
29-863
29-878
29-587
29-497
29-721
29-907
29-762
30-033
30-038
29-884
29-867
29-619
29-623
29-463
28-666
29-127
29-839
30-030
29-710
29914
29-488
29-721
29-442
29-394
23-578
29-930
29-650
27-922
29-162
29-170
29-367
29-284
28-981
29-894
29-953
Inches.
29-916
29-920
29-776
28-878
29-886
29-739
29-730
29-878
29-213
28-945
29593
29-665
29-702
29-530
29-918
29-851
29-855
29-532
29-438
29-678
29-871
29-697
29-946
29-958
29-837
29-808
29-571
29-591
29-428
28-603
29-107
29-756
29-965
29-639
29-888
29-441
29-686
29-418
29-339
28-520
29-898
29-607
27-864
29-123
29-128
29-331
29-241
28-949
29*6.-;
29-926
Inches.
29-883
29-.ss.s
29-749
28-847
29-878
29-723
29-714
29-835
29-213
28-926
29-597
29-634
29-G83
29-507
29-900
29-840
29-859
29-532
29-446
29-686
29-840
29-670
29-973
29-995
29-855
29-816
29-580
29-611
29-440
28-615
29-119
29-792
30-026
29-666
29-898
29-465
29-725
29-424
29-351
28-532
29-906
29-632
27-851
29-079
29-112
29-326
29-245
2S-957
29-882
29-942
Dec.
Inches.
29-928
29-933
29-792
28-883
29-930
29-775
29-766
29-^86
29-237
29-001
29-620
29-705
29-741
29-556
29-957
29-903
29-898
29-580
29-490
29-733
29-907
29-745
30-018
30-032
29-910
29-863
29-634
29-638
29-487
28-628
29-134
29-828
30-064
29-717
29-953
29-512
29-733
29-438
29-382
28-556
29-930
29-638
27-863
29-127
29-160
29-367
29-292
28-977
29-890
29-969
Year.
Corrs.
Applied
Inches.
29-949
29-953
29-796
28-894
29-936
29-777
29-762
29-895
29-241
28-968
29-633
29-683
29-727
29-542
29-953
29-898
29-894
29-579
29-483
29-718
29-893
29-729
30-015
30-025
29-885
29-855
29-620
29-630
29-470
28-637
29-124
29-811
30-036
29-686
29-918
29-478
29-722
29-427
29-364
28-543
29-912
29-632
27-887
29-129
29-144
29-342
29-241
28-967
29-882
29-940
Inch.
-•020
+ ■020
+•035
+ ■030
- -lOl
+•020
-•020
+ ■020
- -020
-•030
(PHYS. CHEM. CHALL. EXP. — PAET V. 1S88.)
15
66
THE VOYAGE OF H.M.S. CHALLENGER.
Places.
Country.
No. of
Years.
Years
Specified.
Hours of
Observation.
Latitude.
Longitude.
Height,
Feet.
Marseilles, .
France
15
1870-84
M.P.
o
43 17
o t
5 22
246
Barcelonette,
do.
15
do.
do.
44 23
6 39
3714
Nice, .
do.
15
do.
do.
43 42
7 17
89
Ajaccio,
do.
15
do.
do.
41 55
8 44
60
Cape Corsica,
do.
15
do.
do.
43 2
9 22
318
San Sebastian,
Spain
15
do.
do.
43 19
-2 0
82
Bilbao, .
do.
15
do.
do.
43 15
-2 56
52
Santander, .
do.
15
do.
do.
43 29
-3 50
130
Oviedo,
do.
15
do.
do.
43 23
-5 55
738
Corunna,
do.
15
do.
do.
43 22
-8 25
82
Santiago,
do.
15
do.
do.
42 53
-8 34
863
Salamanclia,
do.
15
do.
do.
40 58
-5 41
2671
Valladolid, .
do.
15
do.
do.
41 39
-4 44
2346
Burgos,
do.
15
do.
do.
42 20
-3 43
2822
Huesca,
do.
15
do.
do.
42 7
-0 27
1598
Zaragoza,
do.
15
do.
do.
41 38
-0 54
656
Barcelona, .
do.
15
do.
do.
41 23
2 9
69
Valencia,
do.
15
do.
do.
39 28
-0 23
59
Alicante,
do.
15
do.
do.
38 21
-0 30
46
Albacete,
do.
15
do.
do.
39 0
-1 52
2251
Madrid,
do.
15
do.
do.
40 24
-3 42
2149
Ciudad Real,
do.
15
do.
do.
38 59
—3 57
2090
Badajoz,
do.
15
do.
do.
38 54
-6 59
561
Jaeu, .
do.
15
do.
do.
37 47
-3 36
1926
Granada,
do.
15
do.
do.
37 11
-3 39
2198
Seville,
do.
15
do.
do.
37 23
-6 1
98
Tarifa, .
do.
15
do.
do.
36 0
-5 35
46
San Fernando,
do.
15
do.
do.
36 28
-6 13
92
Gibraltar,
do.
15
do.
do.
36 6
-5 20
53
Malaga,
do.
15
do.
do.
3G 43
-3 57
75
Cartagena, .
do.
15
do.
do.
37 36
-0 47
20
Murcia,
do.
15
do.
do.
37 59
-0 39
138
Palma, .
do.
15
do.
do.
39 33
2 37
66
Lerida,
do.
15
do.
do.
41 38
0 52
492
Pontevcdra, .
do.
15
do.
do.
42 26
-8 38
39
La Guardia, .
do.
15
do.
do.
41 25
-8 49
26
Oporto,
Portugal
15
do.
do.
41 9
-8 29
279
Coimbra,
do.
15
do.
do.
40 12
-8 30
463
Campo Maior,
do.
15
do.
do.
39 2
-6 59
945
Lisbon,
do.
15
do.
do.
38 42
-9 8
335
Lagos, .
do.
15
do.
do.
37 6
-8 38
43
Basel, .
Switzerland
15
do.
7: 1,9
47 33
7 35
912
Zurich,
do.
15
do.
do.
47 23
8 33
1575
Berne, .
do.
15
do.
two-hourly
46 57
7 26
1880
Geneva,
do.
15
do.
do.
46 12
6 9
1335
Gt. St. Bernard, .
do.
15
do.
do.
45 52
7 11
8130
Lugano,
do.
15
do.
7: 1,9
46 0
8 57
902
Milan, .
Italy
15
do.
9: 3, 9
45 28
9 11
482
Turin, .
do.
15
do.
do.
45 3
7 41
906
Mondovi,
do.
15
do.
do.
44 23
7 48
1824
REPORT ON ATMOSPHERIC CIRCULATION.
67
Jan.
Feb.
Mar.
Apiil.
May.
June.
July.
Aug.
Sept.
Oct.
Nov.
Dec.
v™ Corrs.
1 ear. . , . ,
Applied
Inches.
Inches.
Inches.
Inches.
Inches.
Inches. Inches.
Inches.
Inches.
Inches.
Inches.
Inches.
Inches.
Inch.
29-842
29-798
29-708
29-617
29-712
29-743
29-755
29-747
29-755
29-730
29-743
29-711
29-744
+ •030
26-189
26-166
26-079
26-044
26-138
26-213
26-268
26-256
26-268
26-178
26-123
26-115
26-170
30-028
29-980
29-882
29-801
29-886
29-900
29-890
29-890 29-910
29-876
29-894
29-890
29-902
+ •035
29-990
29-958
29-886
29-811
29-874
29-938
29-952
29-920
29-920
29-896
29-896
29-917
29-913
29-700
29-678
29-598
29-525
29-587
29-648
29-668
29-652
29-656
29-620
29-620
29-635
29-631
...
30-058
30-021
29-974
29-869
29-946
30-000
30-005
29-969
29-976
29-950
29-964
30-016
29-979
-•035
30-084
30-050
29-994
29-906
29-970
30-025
30-037
30-004
29-995
29-964
29-996
30-045
30-006
-■030
29-985
29-948
29-908
29-815
29-885
29-939
29-967
29-916
29-927
29-881
29-914
29-959
29-920
29-296
29-257
29-238
29-158
29-253
29-300
29-317
29-295
29-253
29-241
29-227
29-232
29-248
+ •060
30-018
29-953
29-950
29-882
29-965
30-000
30-010
29-964
29-953
29-918
29-922
29-969
29-959
29-198
29-103
29-075
29-024
29-071
29-154
29-148
29-130
29-123
29-093
29-099
29-147
29-113
-•035
27-375
27-305
27-256
27-197
27-246
27-317
27-332
27-327
27-312
27-295
27-304
27-321
27-298
-■015
27-705
27-631
27-573
27-524
27-564
27-638
27-652
27-638
27-650
27-592
27-613
27-650
27-620
27-192
27-137
27-078
27-019
27-083
27-164
27-188
27-156
27-152
27-110
27-117
27-113
27-126
+•030
28-423
28-376
28-318
28-242
28-324
28-393
28-407
28-400
28-390
28-362
28-358
28-360
28-363
+ •050
29-465
29-416
29-347
29-231
29-297
29-347
29-355
29-350
29-342
29-341
29-377
29-395
29-355
+•070
30-075
30-037
29-950
29-881
29-947
29-983
29-991
29-964
29-985
29-947
29-962
29-985
29-976
30-101
30-038
29-959
29-876
29-924
29-966
29-966
29-945
29-975
29-952
29-983
30-015
29-975
...
30-100
30-056
29-964
29-895
29-928
29-972
29-976
29-948
29-973
29-966
29-998
30-020
29-983
+ •050
27-770
27-746
27-687
27-644
27-601
27-730
27-742
27-732
27-742
27-703
27-718
27-722
27-717
+ •025
27-916
27-866
27-770
27-723
27-768
27-827
27-833
27-825
27-839
27-825
27-833
27-851
27-823
27-981
27-953
27-843
27-812
27-847
27-896
27-914
27-916
27-914
27-894
27-926
27-910
27-900
29-633
29-557
29-447
29-407
29-428
29-465
29-440
29-428
29-441
29-440
29-476
29-522
29-474
+ •070
28-176
28-104
28-027
28-004
28-010
28-087
28-087
28-071
28-105
28-085
28-084
28-109
28-071
27-868
27-829
27-737
27-715
27-729
27-781
27-797
27-806
27-813
27-781
27-773
27-793
27-785
+ •025
30-085
30-045
29-934
29-897
29-916
29-957
29-952
29-935
29-977
29-954
29-977
30-021
29-971
-■020
30-146
30-098
29-983
29-950
29-960
30-019
29-995
29-983
30-019
30-015
30-029
30-060
30-021
30-109
30-063
29-943
29-925
29-922
29-968
29-940
29-92S
29-961
29-966
29-992
30-039
29-980
30-192
30-147
30-042
30-006
30-000
30-034
30-024
30-008
30-043
30-050
3U-H7S
30-122
30-062
30-130
30-078
29-956
29-918
29-927
29-960
29-950
29-918
29-963
29-958
29-992
30-030
29-995
-•020
30-126
30-080
30-005
29-936
29-964
30-015
30-015
30-006
30-030
29-998
30-050
30-076
30-024
+ •050
29-997
29-963
29-866
29-794
29-S37
29-870
29-863
29-855
29-908
29-871
29-906
29-936
29-889
30-071
30-018
29-941
29-869
29-921
29-986
30-016
29-988
30-008
29-952
29-964
29-976
29-976
-•040
29-628
29-573
29-491
29-402
29-466
29-519
29-532
29-520
29-632
29-504
29-522
29-572
29-522
+ ■080
30-110
30-031
29-964
29-927
29-947
30-030
30-020
30-002
30-005
29-980
29-997
30-060
30-004
-•020
30-126
30-065
29-990
29-945
29-953
30-050
30-038
30-016
30-020
30-000
30-015
30-090
30-027
+ •020
29-849
29-789
29-705
29-666
29-686
29-775
29-768
29-749
29-750
29-728
29-741
29-803
29-751
+ •030
29-663
29-613
29-513
29-484
29-492
29-579
29-569
29-552
29-557
29-546
29-562
29-006
29-561
29-189
29-118
29-012
28-976
28-992
29-035
29-035
29-027
29-055
29-051
29-067
29-082
29-053
+ •015
29-854
29-786
29-676
29-660
29-666
29-728
29-723
29-705
29-727
29-708
29-727
29-783
29-729
30-192
30-126
30-005
30-001
29-993
30-048
30-027
30-021
30-035
30-020
3ll-0.ll
30-112
30-052
29-146
29-079
29-012
28-929
29-022
29-040 i 29-063
29-045
29-079
29-052
29-034
29-040
20-045
-■020
28-421
28-360
28-291
28-256
28-315
28-346 28-374
28-368
28-3x0
28-334
28-303
28-324
2s-:;."n;
— •040
28-102
28-042
27-977
27-902
28-000
28-036
28-067
28-056
28-065
28-012
27-996
28-010
28-022
— •020
28-692
28-629
28-549
28-467
28-554
28-595
28-624
28-615
28-626
28-583
28-579
28-602
28-593
22-158
22-112
22-082
22-032
22-210
22-315
22-402
22-381
22-S35
22-225
22-110
22-064
22-202
29-138
29-074
28-982
28-908
28-984
29-006
29-020
29-012
29-050
29030
29-020
29-012
29-020
29-610
29-143
29-548
29-069
29-440
28-983
29-347
28-872
29-422
28-974
29-449
29-001
29-455
29-016
29-453
29-014
29-488
29-047
29-483
29-032
29-483
29-017
29-489
29-029
29-473
29016
+•020
28-166
28-103
28-028
27-955
28-036
28-075
28-103
28-095
28-119
28-089
28-067
28-048
28-074
GS
THE VOYAGE OF H.M.S. CHALLENGER.
Places.
Country.
No. of
Years.
Years
Specified.
Hours of
Observation.
Latitude.
Longitude.
Height,
Feet.
S. Maurizio, .
Italy
15
1870-84
9: 3, 9
O I
43 53
o /
8 3
206
Genoa, .
do.
15
do.
do.
44 24
8 55
177
Moncalieri, .
do.
15
do.
do.
44 59
7 41
846
Cremona,
do.
15
do.
do.
45 8
10 3
223
Udine, .
do.
15
do.
do.
46 4
13 13
381
Belluno,
do.
15
do.
do.
46 8
12 14
1325
Venice,
do.
15
do.
do.
45 32
12 20
69
Padua, .
do.
15
do.
do.
45 24
11 53
110
Vicenza,
do.
15
do.
do.
45 33
11 32
182
Rovigo,
do.
15
do.
do.
45 3
11 47
30
Mantua,
do.
15
do.
do.
45 10
10 47
131
Modena,
do.
15
do.
do.
44 39
10 56
211
Leghorn,
do.
15
do.
do.
43 33
10 18
79
Florence,
do.
15
do.
do.
43 46
11 15
240
Forli, .
do.
15
do.
do.
44 13
12 2
160
Pesaro,
do.
15
do.
do.
43 55
12 53
45
Ancona,
do.
15
do.
do.
43 37
13 31
99
Perugia,
do.
15
do.
do.
43 7
12 23
1700
Rome, .
do.
15
do.
do.
41 54
12 29
163
Aquila, .
do.
15
do.
do.
42 21
13 £4
2411
Chieti, .
do.
15
do.
do.
42 22
14 11
1117
Montecasino,
do.
15
do.
do.
41 31
13 48
1730
Foggio,
do.
15
do.
do.
41 27
15 31
287
Naples,
do.
15
do.
do.
40 52
14 15
489
Potenza,
do.
15
do.
do.
40 39
15 48
2712
Lecce, .
do.
15
do.
do.
40 22
18 12
236
Tropea,
do.
15
do.
do.
38 43
15 54
189
Cosenza,
do.
15
do.
do.
39 19
16 17
840
Reggio,
do.
15
do.
do.
38 8
15 39
59
Reporto,
do.
15
do.
do.
37 14
15 14
45
Syracuse,
do.
15
do.
do.
37 3
15 15
71
Malta, .
do.
15
do.
do.
35 53
14 30
70
Girgenti,
do.
15
do.
do.
37 41
15 12
837
Palermo,
do.
15
do.
do.
38 7
13 21
237
Trapani,
do.
15
do.
do.
38 43
12 32
88
Cagliari,
do.
15
do.
do.
39 30
9 0
180
Dolnja Tuzla,
Bosnia
15
do.
8: 2, 8
44 46
18 12
909
Sarajevo,
do.
15
do.
do.
43 56
18 26
1801
Mostar,
do.
15
do.
do.
42 20
17 49
205
Prisren,
Albania
15
do.
7: 2, 9
42 12
20 43
1434
Janina,
Turkey
6
1866-73
9: 9
39 47
20 57
1580
Constantinople,
do.
17
1857-73
9
41 0
28 59
[0]
Sulina .
Bulgaria
15
1870-84
8
2, 8
45 9
29 40
6
Sofia, .
do.
15
do.
do.
42 32
23 23
1764
Bucharest, .
do.
15
do.
6: 2, 9
44 25
26 5
305
Rustsehucfc, .
do.
15
do.
7: 2, 9
43 15
25 56
132
Corfu, .
Greece
15
do.
7
2, 10
39 38
19 33
98
Athens,
do.
15
do.
8
2,9
37 58
23 44
337
Candia,
do.
5
1880-85
8
2
35 30
24 0
112
Braila, .
Hungary
15
1870-84
7
2,9
45 6
27 59
71
REPORT ON ATMOSPHERIC CIRCULATION.
69
Jan.
Feb.
Mar.
April.
May.
June.
July.
Au^'.
Sept.
Oct.
Nov.
Dec.
Tear.
Corrs.
Applied
Inches.
Inches.
Inches.
I nches.
Inches.
Inches.
[nches.
inches.
inches.
Inches
Inches.
Inches.
Inches.
Inch.
29-863
29-819
29-756
29-686
29-733
29-764
29-784
29-764
29-792
29-745
2! i-7 25
29745
29-765
29-916
29-851
29-780
29-688
29-760
29-794
29-806
29-786
29-815
29-778
29-760
29-779
29-793
29-219
29-148
29-051
28-956
29-038
29-061
29-072
29-066
29-108
29-091
29-092
29-100
29-084
29-906
29-826
29-736
29-634
29-688
29-709
29-727
29-713
29-772
29-766
29-762
29759
29-749
29-716
29-650
29-567
29-481
29-552
29-563
29-564
29-576
29-613
29-603
29-579
29-591
29-587
28-693
28-627
28-536
28-470
28-556
28-572
28-591
28-599
28-630
28-591
28-575
28-571
28-583
30052
29-993
29-910
29-812
29-871
29-890
29-898
29-878
29-945
29-934
29-926
29-930
29-921
30-028
29-957
29-863
29-741
29-835
29-843
29-843
29-839
29-894
29-890
29-894
29-910
29-878
29-953
29-882
29-784
29-697
29-764
29-764
29-768
29-772
29-824
29-815
29-Sos
29-796
29-802
30-106
30-029
29-936
29-839
29-919
29-908
29-916
29-912
29-963
29-959
29-968
29-978
29-953
+-O30
30-000
29-938
29-827
29-726
29-812
29-815
29-815
29-815
29-867
29-855
29-859
29-875
29-851
29-925
29-851
29-745
29-652
29-715
29-731
29-737
29-733
29-784
29-776
29-780
29-800
29-764
30-006
29-959
29-884
29-793
29-864
29-900
29-904
29-884
29-904
29-884
29-880
29 896
29-872
+ •025
29-839
29-796
29-705
29-625
29-701
29-709
29725
29-713
29-753
29-725
29-725
29-725
29-728
...
29-950
29-886
29-806
29-720
29-792
29-788
29-794
29-800
29-840
29-833
29-845
29 850
29-828
30-060
30-012
29-912
29-829
29-890
29-902
29-910
29-898
29-954
29-940
29-954
29-946
29-934
30-006
29-951
29-837
29-770
29-837
29-857
29-853
29-853
29-900
29-880
29-884
29-872
29-875
28-254
28-218
28-140
28-081
28-163
28-214
28-226
28-238
28-254
28-200
28-180
28-167
28-195
-•030
29-894
29-867
29-784
29-714
29-781
29-817
29-812
29-804
29-843
29-816
'29-812
29-806
29-812
27-513
27-475
27-410
27-375
27-461
27-500
27-538
27-530
27-548
27-497
27-461
27-426
27-479
+ •020
28-883
28824
28-726
28-686
28-761
28-800
28-804
28-796
28-830
28-S04
28-792
28-772
28-790
+ ■040
28-221
28-189
28-091
28-075
28-151)
28-205
28-215
28-213
28-236
28-189
28-162
28-130
28-191
-•020
29-772
29-725
29-634
29-567
29-627
29-654
29-654
29-648
29-697
29-692
29-682
29-676
29-669
29-544
29-520
29-438
29-378
29-434
29-477
29-474
29-463
29-501
29-477
29-470
29-469
29-470
27-193
27-166
27-107
27-067
27-150
27-217
27-245
27-237
27-252
27-193
27-146
27-120
27-174
...
29-853
29-790
29-717
29-670
29713
29-733
29-713
29-713
29-768
29-750
29-750
29-754
29744
29-713
29-693
29-627
29-567
29-631
29 646
29-638
29-6:!0
29-662
29-646
29-640
29-650
29-645
29-173
29-134
29-063
29-004
29-066
29-100
29-096
29-087
29-134
29-110
29091
29-080
29-096
- -020
29-997
29-945
29-863
29-827
29-894
29-918
29-906
29-898
29-941
29-922
29-922
29-902
29-911
+ •020
30-063
30-037
29-953
29-910
29-960
29-987
29-972
29-962
30-010
29-993
29-987
29-970
29-983
30-016
29-977
29-906
29-855
29-906
29-926
29-902
29-890
29-969
29945
29-930
29-928
29-929
30-076
30-042
29-952
29-910
29-957
29-980
29-972
29-968
30-018
29-990
29-990
29-990
29-987
29-146
29-134
29-067
29-032
29-100
29-120
29-108
29-112
29-150
29120
29-095
29-079
29-105
29-808
29-796
29-717
29-654
29-723
29764
29-756
29-756
29-780
29-750
29-748
29-737
29-749
29-970
29-950
29-876
29-817
29-888
29-923
29-915
29-907
29-950
29911
29-903
29-895
29-909
-•050
29-882
29-860
29-768
29-705
29-780
29-819
29-823
29-819
29-843
29-815
29-800
29-804
29-810
+ •040
29-163
29-106
29-008
28-928
28-974
29-004
29-008
29-000
29-046
29-042
29-032
29-038
29-029
28-190
28-138
28-055
28-008
28-067
28-115
28-120
28-108
28-150
28-123
28-103
28-100
28-106
29-863
29-817
29-730
29-646
29-694
29-730
29-705
29-695
29-772
29-770
29-760
29-780
29-747
28-588
28-520
28-446
28-368
28-414
28-456
28-441
28-452
28-484
28-510
28-463
28-472
28-472
28-320
28-436
28-185
28-276
28-336
28-314
28-275
28-320
28-389
28-380
28-342
28-325
28-325
30-071
30-016
29-906
29-938
29-922
29-878
29-867
29-867
29-985
30-060
30-048
30-056
29-972
30-150
30-098
29-992
29-930
29-932
29-894
29-880
29-908
30-010
30-067
30-056
30-020
29-995
28-245
28-176
28-110
28-042
28-078
28-126
28-122
28-138
28-170
28-200
28-142
28136
28-140
29-831
29-768
29-672
29-628
29-641
29-652
29-658
29-674
29-761
29-782
29-751
29-721
29-712
...
30-065
30-013
29-896
29-780
29-786
29-752
29-760
29-7S0
29-876
29-906
29-915
29-907
'29-870
29-973
29-934
29-842
29-800
29-855
29-844
29-804
29-823
29-883
29-8*6
29-866
29-875
2'.i-*66
29-738
29-694
29-623
29-564
29-587
29-581
29-554
29-552
29-634
29-676
29-6S2
29-658
29-629
29-990
29-965
29-890
29-831
29-859
29-851
29-823
29-825
29-908
29-922
29-985
29-924
29-898
30-150
30-098
29-992
29-930
29-932
29-894
29-880
29-908
30-016
30-067
30-056
30-020
29-995
70
THE VOYAGE OF H.M.S. CHALLENGER.
Places.
Country.
No. of
Years.
Years
Specified.
Hours of
Observation.
Latitude.
Longitude.
Height,
Feet.
Hermannstadt,
Hungary
15
1870-84
7 : 2, 9
O 1
45 47
O 1
24 9
1381
Klausenburg,
do.
15
do.
do.
40 45
23 34
1192
Bistritz,
do.
15
do.
do.
47 7
24 30
1204
Sereth,
do.
15
do.
do.
47 57
26 4
1140
Ungviir,
do.
15
do.
do.
48 36
22 18
463
Kesmarkt, .
do.
15
do.
do.
49 8
20 26
2080
Neusobl,
do.
15
do.
do.
48 44
19 9
1217
Neutra,
do.
15
do.
do.
48 19
18 5
564
Pressburg, .
do.
15
do.
do.
48 9
17 6
505
Papa, .
do.
15
do.
do.
47 20
17 28
518
Erlau, .
do.
15
do.
do.
47 54
20 23
564
Budapest,
do.
15
do.
do.
47 30
19 2
502
Debreczin, .
do.
15
do.
do.
47 31
21 38
453
Orsova,
do.
15
do.
do.
44 42
22 25
174
Temesvar,
do.
15
do.
do.
45 46
21 14
338
Pancsova,
do.
15
do.
do.
44 52
20 39
259
Szegedin,
do.
15
do.
do.
46 15
20 9
289
Neusatz,
do.
15
do.
do.
45 15
19 50
276
Brood, .
do.
15
do.
do.
45 9
18 1
328
Kalocsa,
do.
15
do.
do.
46 32
18 58
338
Funfkirchen,
do.
15
do.
do.
46 6
18 14
853
Gr. Kanizsa, .
do.
15
do.
do.
46 27
17 0
545
Agram,
do.
15
do.
do.
45 49
15 59
535
Fiume, .
do.
15
do.
do.
45 17
14 27
75
Zeng, .
do.
15
do.
8: 2, 8
45 0
14 54
118
Gospic,
do.
15
do.
7: 2, 9
44 33
15 22
1842
Durazzo,
Austria
15
do.
do.
41 49
19 28
23
Punta d'Ostro,
do.
15
do.
do.
42 27
18 34
210
Ragusa,
do.
15
do.
do.
42 38
18 7
49
Knin, .
do.
15
do.
do.
44 2
16 11
1161
Zara, .
do.
15
do.
do.
44 7
15 15
37
Lissa, .
do.
15
do.
do.
43 5
16 14
79
Semaphor Porer, .
do.
15
do.
do.
44 45
13 52
23
Lesina,
do.
15
do.
7: 2, 10 a
43 11
16 27
62
Lussinpiccolo,
do.
15
do.
7: 2, 9
44 42
14 28
34
Pola, .
do.
15
do.
do.
44 52
13 50
105
Trieste,
do.
15
do.
do.
45 39
13 46
85
Gorz, .
do.
15
do.
do.
45 57
13 37
308
Riva, .
do.
15
do.
6 : 2, 10 c
45 53
10 50
276
Laibach,
do.
15
do.
6: 2, 10 6
46 3
14 30
943
Graz, .
do.
15
do.
7: 2, 9
47 4
15 28
1129
Klageufurt, .
do.
15
do.
do.
46 37
14 18
1437
Obirgipfel, .
do.
5
1880-84
do.
46 30
14 27
6706
Salzburg,
do.
15
1870-84
do.
47 48
13 3
1430
Kremsmiinster,
do.
15
do.
C: 2, 10a
48 4
14 8
1260
Vienna,
do.
15
do.
7: 2, 9
48 14
16 22
664
Eger, .
do.
15
do.
6: 2,10
50 5
12 22
1493
Leipa, .
do.
15
do.
7 : 2, 10
50 41
14 32
889
Prague, ,
do.
15
do.
6 : 2, 10
50 5
14 25
660
Bruno,
do.
15
do.
6: 2,10a
49 11
16 36
692
a Changed to 7 : 2, 9 in 1880. 6 Changed to 7 : 2, 9 in 1879. c Changed to 2 : 2, 9 in 1874.
REPORT OX ATMOSPHERIC CIRCULATION.
71
Jan.
Feb.
Mar. April.
May.
June.
July.
Aug.
Sept.
Oct.
Not.
Dec.
Tear.
Corrs.
Applied
Inches.
Inches.
Inches. Inches.
Inches.
Inches.
Inches.
Inches.
Inches.
Inches.
Inches.
Inches.
Inches.
Inch.
28-669
28-610
28-509
28-446
28-499
28-518
28-530
28-540
28-592
28-601
28-579
28-563
28-555
28-855
28-794
28-688
28-613
28-668
28-668
28-690
28-697
28-754
28-770
28-756
28-746
28-725
28-844
28-783
28-674
28-611
28-667
28-671
28-684
28-695
28-747
28-773
28-747
28-731
28-719
28-902
28-859
28-749
28-705
28-736
28-756
28-756
28-784
28-830
28-872
28-822
28-800
28-798
29-670
29-614
29-489
29-399
29-438
29-439
29-453
29-472
29-535
29-545
29-543
29-535
29-511
27-855
27-815
27-737
27-709
27-780
27-792
27-815
27-823
27-863
27-847
27-792
27-764
27-799
28-820
28-763
28-664
28-595
28-655
28-660
28-690
2S-6^1
28-733
28-740
28-714
28-713
28-702
29-545
29-476
29-365
29-290
29-342
29-339
29-372
29-368
29-424
29-439
29.428
29-402
29-610
29-542
29-438
29-344
29-396
29-407
29-422
29-430
29-482
29-477
29-473
29-481
29-458
29-595
29-532
29-426
29-335
29-382
29-398
29-414
29-422
29-476
29-465
29-457
29-465
29-447
29-523
29-482
29-360
29-276
29-317
29-324
29-347
29-360
29-414
29-402
29-410
29-398
29-384
29-611
29-549
29-435
29-345
29-401
29-391
29-422
29-430
29-482
29-492
29-491
29-496
29-462
29-691
29-631
29-518
29-415
29-469
29-466
29-484
29-492
29-561
29-564
29-571
29-578
29-537
30-014
29-963
29-819
29-721
29-731
29-729
29-736
29-755
29-832
29-888
29-894
29-883
29-830
29-819
29-755
29-639
29-530
29-591
29-594
29-590
29-603
29-667
29-690
29-703
29-703
29-657
29-890
29-854
29-719
29-618
29-673
29-677
29-691
29-692
29-747
29-757
29-758
29-783
29-738
29-860
29-803
29-679
29-586
29-644
29-638
29-642
29-661
29-720
29-728
29-740
29-735
29-703
29-871
29-821
29-703
29-594
29-662
29-660
29-667
29-666
29-732
29-744
29-749
29-754
29-719
29-898
29-823
29-654
29-579
29-642
29-634
29-634
29-638
29-698
29-701
29-709
29-729
29-695
— -035
29-804
29-735
29-626
29-520
29-579
29-597
29-598
29-602
29-054
29-678
29-687
29-076
29-646
29-221
29-174
29-071
28-987
29-052
29-063
29-082
29-083
29-130
29-130
29-134
29-111
29-111
29-562
29-496
29-394
29-294
29-361
29-372
29-392
29-390
29-442
29-430
29-437
29-445
29-420
29-580
29-508
29-402
29-317
29-379
29-389
29-404
29-402
29-458
29-447
29-448
29-457
29-433
-•020
30-045
29-996
29-908
29-823
29-890
29-892
29-895
29-885
29-933
29-932
29-932
29-928
29-922
29-999
29-928
29-836
29-759
29-829
29-853
29-852
29-845
29-888
29-877
29-857
29-860
29-865
28-100
28-064
27-978
27-910
27-990
28-043
28-060
28-060
28-090
28-048
28-023
28-015
28-032
30-054
30-009
29-936
29-867
29-904
29-923
29-896
29-898
29-947
29-962
29-948
29-966
29-942
29-830
29-802
29-719
29-655
29-698
29717
29-697
29-693
29-753
29-764
29-736
29-753
29-736
30-024
29-991
29-923
29-833
29-871
29-893
29-870
29-870
29-931
29-952
29-929
29-947
29-920
28-865
28-819
28-764
28-695
28-766
28-765
28-778
28-771
28-778
28-772
28-748
28744
28-772
-•075
30-049
29-995
29-901
29-820
29-879
29-901
29-893
29-893
29-950
29-933
29-927
29-933
29-927
+ •015
29-965
29-930
29-838
29-775
29-840
29-856
29-852
29-841
29-903
L'9-.s.s0
29-876
29-858
29-840
+ •030
30-074
30-030
29-933
29-850
29-915
29-932
29-934
29-920
29-966
29-957
29-945
29-949
29-952
30-012
29-976
29-885
29-811
29-871
29-886
29-874
29-869
29-930
29-919
29-907
29-891
29-903
30-045
30-005
29-907
29-832
29-899
29-907
29-905
29-887
29-955
29-927
29-931
29-925
29-927
29-997
29-940
29-844
29-763
29-827
29-845
29-848
29-833
29-880
29-873
29-870
29-872
29-866
30-028
29-977
29-872
29-792
29-858
29-867
29-872
29-804
29-922
29-900
29-901
29-905
29-896
29-801
29-743
29-647
29-569
29-632
29-652
29-655
29-649
29-704
29-685
29-675
29-678
29-674
29-829
29-796
29-685
29-569
29-644
29-670
29-668
29-657
29-711
29-702
29-712
29-732
29-698
+ •020
29-102
29-030
28-933
28-858
28-931
28-945
28-963
28-960
29-008
28-984
28-967
28-984
28-973
28-898
28-840
28-747
28-683
28-741
28-752
28-782
28-790
28-822
28-805
28-785
28-780
28785
+ •020
28-592
28-522
28-397
28-330
28-412
28-442
28-469
28-473
28-497
28-473
28-457
28-461
28-461
23-398
23-386
23-300
23-256
23-438
23-150
23-568
23-536
23-500
23-398
23-402
23-300
23-410
28-566
28-505
28-433
28-351
28-445
2S-467
28-487
28-487
28-505
28-468
28-439
28-454
28-467
- -030
28-751
28-685
28-612
28-535
28-617
28-037
28-665
28-658
28-686
28-645
28-622
28-638
28-646
...
29-424
29-346
29-255
29-173
29237
29-253
29-260
29-261
29-308
29-287
29-276
29-286
29-280
28-484
28-416
28-360
28-311
28-396
28-404
28-433
28-422
2S-446
28-398
28-366
28-362
28-407
...
29-148
29-079
29-004
28-951
29-021
29024
29-034
29-033
29-059
29-039
29012
29-024
29-036
29-404
29-340
29-260
29-190
29-259
29-262
29-273
29-271
29-306
29-287
29-252
29-282
29-282
...
29-391
29-321
29-233
29-165
29-220
29-225
29-238
29-248
29-282
29-271
29-249
29-268
29-259
+ •040
72
THE VOYAGE OF H.M.S. CHALLENGER.
Places.
Country.
No. of
Years.
Years
Specified.
Hours of
Observation.
Latitude.
Longitude.
Height,
Feet.
Barzdorf,
Austria
15
1870-84
6: 2, 10 a
O 1
50 25
O 1
17 r>
846
Krakau, •
do.
15
do.
do.
50 4
19 57
722
Lemberg,
Tarnopol,
Passau,
do.
15
do.
7: 2,9
49 50
24 1
978
do.
15
do.
do.
49 36
25 36
1040
Germany
15
do.
8: 2, 8
48 34
13 28
1024
Regensburg,
Augsburg, .
Munich,
do.
do.
15
15
do.
do.
do.
do.
49 1
48 22
12 6
10 54
1178
1638
do.
15
do.
do.
48 9
11 34
1734
Bayreuth,
Bamberg,
do.
15
do.
do.
49 57
11 35
1132
do.
15
do.
do.
49 54
10 54
796
Aschaffenburg,
do.
15
do.
do.
49 59
9 9
450
Friedrichshafeu, .
do.
15
do.
7: 2, 9
47 39
9 25
1336
Stuttgart,
do.
15
do.
do.
48 47
9 11
881
Mannheim, .
do.
15
do.
do.
49 29
8 27
368
Freiburg,
do.
15
do.
do.
48 0
7 51
955
Carlsruhe, .
do.
15
do.
do.
49 0
8 25
404
Heidelberg, .
do.
15
do.
do.
49 24
8 42
397
Treves,
do.
15
do.
C : 2, 10
49 45
6 38
492
Gutersloh, .
do.
15
do.
do.
51 54
8 23
266
Aachen,
do.
15
do.
do.
50 47
6 5
581
Trier, .
do.
15
do.
do.
49 45
6 38
492
Cologne,
do.
15
do.
do.
50 56
6 57
197
Kassel, .
do.
15
do.
do.
51 19
9 30
670
Gbttingen, .
do.
15
do.
do.
51 32
9 56
492
Leipsig,
do.
15
do.
do.
51 20
12 23
887
Berlin,
do.
15
do.
do.
52 30
13 23
136
Ratibor,
do.
15
do.
do.
50 6
18 13
646
Sehneekoppe,
do.
5
1881-85
7: 2, 9
50 44
15 43
5246
Breslau,
do.
15
1870-84
6 : 2, 10
51 7
17 2
483
Posen, „
do.
15
do.
do.
52 25
16 56
268
Bromberg, .
do.
15
do.
do.
53 8
18 0
162
Hannover, .
do.
15
do.
do.
52 22
9 44
202
Keitum,
do.
15
do.
8: 2, 8
54 54
8 22
30
Borkum,
do.
15
do.
do.
53 35
6 40
13
Helgoland, .
do.
15
do.
6 : 2, 10
54 11
7 51
151
Ottenclorf, .
do.
15
do.
do.
53 48
8 54
20
Hamburg,
do.
15
do.
8: 2, 8
53 33
9 58
64
Kiel, .
do.
15
do.
6 : 2, 10
54 20
10 8
15
Lubeck,
do.
15
do.
do.
53 51
10 41
66
Putbus,
do.
15
do.
do.
54 21
13 28
174
Stettin,
do.
15
do.
do.
53 25
14 34
128
Swinemiinde,
do.
15
do.
8: 2, 8
53 56
14 16
33
Koslin,
do.
15
do.
7: 2, 9
54 11
16 11
153
Klaussen,
do.
15
do.
6: 2, 10
53 48
22 7
472
Dantzic,
do.
15
do.
do.
54 21
18 38
71
Konigsberg, .
do.
15
do.
7: 2, 9
54 43
20 30
74
Memel,
do.
15
do.
6 : 2, 10
55 43
21 8
32
Tornea,
Finland.
15
do.
7: 2, 9
65 51
23 29
170
Uleaborg,
do.
15
do.
do.
65 1
25 8
30
Kuopia,
do.
15
do.
do.
62 54
27 20
290
aCh;
mged to 7 : 2, 9 in
880.
REPORT ON ATMOSPHERIC CIRCULATION.
7:?
Jan.
Inches.
29-190
29-34-'
29-056
28 983
29-021
28-849
28-343
28-264
28-882
29-260
29-027
28-686
29-213
29747
29-080
29-704
29-092
29573
29-784
29-434
29-573
29-872
29-343
29-7)313
29072
29-945
29-371
24-619
29-585
29-802
29-907
29-850
29-902
30004
29-839
29-904
29-979
29-992
29-907
29-837
29-911
30-01 1
29-933
29-552
29-992
29-971
29-989
29-008
29-781
29-520
Feb.
Indies
29-139
29-285
29-009
28-945
28-905
28-790
28-281
28-209
28-815
29-186
29-548
28-023
29-139
29-073
29-012
29-014
29-008
29-501
29-705
29 355
29-502
29-797
29-284
29-473
29-000
29-S90
29-310
24-634
29-52H
29-752
29-802
29-798
29-918
29-954
29-791
29-929
29-936
29-958
29 925
29-797
29-885
29-903
29-901
29-517
29-958
29-933
29-958
29-677
29-800
29-508
Mar.
Inches.
29-065
29-194
28-912
2S-943
2.VN7 I
28-720
28-213
28-1 12
28-745
29-134
29-493
28-564
29-087
29-606
28-950
29-55S
29-550
29-443
29-670
29-332
29-443
29-751
29225
29-414
29-544
29 820
29-245
24-520
29-448
29-008
29-787
29-743
29-S94
29-980
29-758
29-872
29-880
29 902
29-871
29-742
29-814
29-901
29-829
29-425
29-885
29-861
29-883
29-588
29-762
29-401
April.
May.
Inches.
29-014
29-139
28-866
28-814
28-788
29-422
28-473
29-013
29-523
28 870
29-480
29-482
29-304
29-044
29-284
29-305
29-093
29-180
29-371
29-494
29-783
29-180
24-544
29 400
29-034
29-754
29-713
29-91 HI
29-902
29-740
29-803
29-866
29-892
29-8011
29-731
29-786
29-890
29-802
29-412
29-870
29-847
29-889
29-698
29-849
29-551
Inches.
29-070
29-185
28-893
28-830
28-863
28-640 28-718
28-141 I 28-231
28-071 ! 28-162
28-686 28-764
29-007 ! 29142
29-493
28-507
29-087
29-607
28-980
29-566
29-574
29-459
29-708
29-339
29-459
29-785
29-204
29-447
29-505
29-842
29-228
24-683
29-475
29-080
29-787
29-779
29-942
29-973
29-815
29-925
29-910
29-914
29-908
29-770
29-828
29-921
29-847
29-423
29-902
29-800
29-903
29-692
29-835
29-535
June.
Inches.
29-071
29-182
28-900
28-833
28-883
28-731
28-249
28-197
28770
29146
29-501
28-003
29-119
29-020
29-010
29-574
29-570
29-403
29-703
29-300
29-403
29-709
29-268
29-441
29-550
29-820
29-221
24-713
29-445
29-003
29-759
29-755
29-900
29-938
29780
29-900
29-ssi;
29-913
29-881
29-752
29-804
29-901
29-814
29-405
29-809
29-832
29-870
29-062
29-820
29-540
July.
Aug.
Sept.
Inches. | Inches.
29-081 . 29-085
29-199 j 29-198
28-908 28-929
28-824 28-860
28-910 28-914
28-751
28-274
28-229
28-792
29-151
29-504
28-627
29-127
29-622
29-025
29-583
29-582
29-475
29-686
29-308
19-171
29-751
29-264
29-430
29-558
29-806
29-23;;
24-792
29-450
29-653
29-750
29-739
29-882
29-922
29-748
29-872
29-860
29-888
29-846
29-731
29-792
29-873
29-808
29-390
29-852
29-823
29-841
29-023
29-782
29-496
28751
28-282
28-220
28-790
29-102
29512
28-015
29-123
29-618
29-020
29-578
29-575
29-468
29-077
29-360
29-468
29-752
29-2511
2:1 130
29557
29-808
29-13 1
24-737
29-159
29-658
29-700
29-745
29-874
29-906
29-750
29-870
29-870
29-876
29-850
29-740
29-791
29-877
29-805
29-396
29-862
29-831
29-874
29-640
29-786
29-501
Inches.
29-125
29-254
L'X-'J.KN
L',s-92o
28-934
28-770
28-317
28-229
I'S-.SIS
29-162
29-516
28-623
29-149
29-640
29-032
29-000
29-590
29-485
29-690
29-304
29-484
29-780
29-204
29-453
29-584
29-840
29-301
2 1-703
29-499
29-700
29-808
29-774
29-900
29-922
29-770
29-890
29-890
29-900
29-878
29-751
29-831
29-922
29-849
29-452
29-901
29-881
29-916
29-651
29-808
29-535
Oct.
Nov.
Inches.
29-100
29-244
29-000
28-988
28-902
28-267
28-182
28-776
29134
29-504
2>v5s;;
29-113
29-010
28-993
29-509
29-554
29-455
29-007
29-328
29-450
29-700
29-241
29-418
29-500
29-823
29-266
24-599
29-478
29-704
29-805
29-777
29-807
29-898
29-722
29-800
29-873
29-875
29-840
29-728
29-810
29-901
29-823
29-407
29-918
29-906
29-932
26-613
29-782
29516
Inches.
29-068
29-222
28-958
28-890
28-894
28-731
28-233
28-150
28-749
29-115
29-485
28-563
29-093
29-5:10
28967
29-550
29-540
29-423
29-617
29-288
29-423
29-720
29-197
29-390
29-533
29-7*2
29-254
24-011
29-449
29-07O
29-770
29-70.1
29 -SI 5
29-847
29-684
29-822
29-839
29-840
29-815
29-083
29-771
29-865
29-783
29-431
29-867
29-847
29-800
29-604
29-780
29-497
Dec
Year.
Inches.
29-071
29-211
28-982
28-873
28-902
28-740
28-247
28-158
28-764
29-134
29-510
^^■:,\<:,
29-103
29-634
28-986
29-584
29-580
29-401
29-647
29-343
29-464
29-780
29-237
29-400
29-548
29-812
29-278
24-512
29-465
29-070
29-775
29-735
29-859
29-867
29-714
29-851
29-870
29-808
29-842
29-715
29-782
29-881
29-795
29-440
29-849
29-830
29-803
29-593
29-760
l'H-172
Inches.
29-09.1 1
29-211
28-940,
28-878
28-890
28-741
28-256
28-184
2S-772
29-150
29-5 IS
28-594
29-114
29-625
28-995
29-580
29-570
29-464
29-681
29-345
29-404
29-768
29-252
29-434
29 505
29-832
29-201
24-639
29-473
29-688
29-795
29-759
29-894
29-922
29-759
29-886
29-S89
29-904
29-874
29-749
29-818
29-910
29-882
29-443
29-894
29-869
29-900
29-687
29-801
29-517
< 'oris.
Applied
[ Inch.
a 020
+ ■020
+ ■050
-•030
+ •035
+ •020
+•020
• -020
+ -02O
-•020
+•015
+ •020
(l-IIVS. CnEM. CHALL. EXI\ — PART V,
1888.)
1G
74
THE VOYAGE OF H.M.S. CHALLENGER.
Places.
Country.
No. of
Fears.
Years
Specified.
Hours of
Observation.
Latitude.
Longitude.
Height,
Feet.
Kasko, .
Finland
15
1870-81
7 : 2, 9
o /
62 20
o /
20 51
25
Tammerfors,
do.
15
do.
do.
61 30
23 25
299
Viborg,
do.
15
do.
do.
00 43
28 26
IP]
Sordavala, .
do.
15
do.
do.
61 42
30 22
118
Lampis,
do.
15
do.
do.
61 6
24 43
370
Abo,
do.
15
do.
do.
60 27
21 52
49
Kola, .
Russia
15
do.
7: 1, 9
68 53
33 1
33
Simnjaja Solotiza,
Archangel, .
do.
15
do.
do.
65 41
40 14
28
do.
15
do.
do.
64 33
40 32
16
Mesen, .
do.
15
do.
do.
65 30
44 16
52
Kem, .
do.
15
do.
do.
64 57
34 39
41
Powenez,
do.
15
do.
do.
62 51
34 49
160
Petrosawodsk,
do.
15
do.
do.
61 47
34 23
233
Walaam,
do.
15
do.
do.
61 23
30 57
149
Schenkursk, .
do.
15
do.
do.
62 6
42 54
138
Wyetegra,
do.
15
do.
do.
61 0
36 27
19G
Kargopol,
do.
15
do.
do.
61 30
38 57
440
St. Petersburg,
do.
15
do.
do.
59 56
30 16
19
L. Hogland, .
do.
15
iio.
do.
60 6
26 59
37
Baltischport,
do.
15
do.
do.
59 21
24 3
28
Novgorod, .
do.
15
do.
do.
58 31
31 18
G2
Dorpat,
do.
15
do.
do.
58 23
26 43
223
Pernau,
do.
15
do.
do.
58 23
24 30
32
Riga, .
do.
15
do.
do.
56 57
24 6
42
Windau,
do.
15
do.
do.
57 24
21 33
29
Libau, .
do.
15
do.
do.
56 31
21 1
19
Weliki-Luki,
do.
15
do.
do.
56 21
30 31
358
Wilna, .
do.
15
do.
do.
54 41
25 18
387
Belostok,
do.
15
do.
do.
53 S
23 10
479
Warsaw,
do.
15
do.
do.
52 13
21 2
392
Pinsk, .
do.
15
do.
do.
52 7
26 G
459
Gorki, .
do.
15
do.
do.
54 17
30 59
679
Tschernigov,
do.
15
do.
do.
51 29
31 20
424
Kiev, .
do.
15
do.
do.
50 27
30 30
600
Gorodischtsche, .
do.
15
do.
do.
49 17
31 27
296
Ssochanskoe,
do.
15
do.
do.
49 34
28 55
920
Elizabethgrad,
do.
15
do.
do.
48 31
32 17
417
Charkov,
do.
15
do.
do.
50 4
36 9
413
Gulynki,
do.
15
do.
do.
54 14
40 (i
354
Moscow,
do.
15
do.
do.
55 50
37 33
509
Bielosersk, .
do.
15
do.
do.
GO 2
37 47
430
Roschdestwenskoe,
do.
15
do.
do.
58 9
45 36
413
N. Novgorod,
. do.
1 do.
15
do.
do.
56 20
44 0
453
Nikolsk,
15
do.
do.
59 32
45 27
390
Wjatka,
do.
15
do.
do.
58 36
49 41
580
Perm, .
do.
15
do.
do.
58 1
5G 16
328
Blagodat,
do.
15
do.
do.
58 17
59 47
1250
Kasan, .
do.
15
do.
do.
55 47
49 8
249
Slatoust,
do.
15
do.
do.
55 10
59 4 1
1313
Polibiuo,
do.
15
do.
do.
53 44
52 5G
313
REPORT ON ATMOSPHERIC CIRCULATION.
/ .>
Jan.
Feb.
Mar.
April.
May.
June.
July.
Aug.
Sept. 1 Oct. Xov. Dec.
Y Corrs.
Applied
Inches.
Inches.
Inches.
Inches.
Inches.
Inches.
Inches.
Inches.
Inches.
Inches. Inches.
Inches.
Inches.
Inch.
29-821
29-885
29-816
29-852
29-839
29-843
29-795
29-811
29-824
29-811
29-788
29780
29-822
29-526
29-587
29-500
29-568
29-530
29-558
29-495
29-498
29-532
29-540
29-497
29-4 79
29-526
29-908
29-952
29-847
29-911
29-872
29-878
29-808
29-833
29-890
29-890
29-870
29-831
29-875
29-730
29-772
29-697
29-767
29-725
29-730
29-660
29-713
29-738
29-746
29-715
29-687
29-728
-■040
29-408
29-513
29-434
29-492
29-458
29-468
29-426
29-429
29-179
29-159
29-436
29-398
29-455
29-908
29-942
29-858
29-921
29-874
29-882
29-816
29-828
29-864
29-872
29-839
29-828
29-869
-•000
29-658
29-700
29-653
29-814
29-836
29-828
29-783
29-781
29-755
29-716
29 724
29-720
29-748
+ ■030
29-788
29-815
29-701
29-851
29-N35
29-843
29-780
29-788
29 -SI 5
29-780
29-750
29-746
29-791
29-823
29-843
29-739
29-871
29-829
29-827
29-792
29-801
29-844
29-825
29-802
29792
29-815
29-770
29-806
29-692
29-830
29-800
29-805
29-751
29-767
29-793
29-754
29-738
29-728
29-778
+ •050
29-774
29-827
29-712
29-843
29-834
29-823
29-779
29-780
29-815
29-781
29-705
29-749
29-790
29-690
29-714
29-604
29-718
29-075
29-683
29-610
29-624
29'GSO
29-683
29-000
29-626
29-663
-•050
29-634
29-665
29-551
29-646
-9-6H6
29-610
29-555
29-580
29-034
29-650
29-594
29-575
29-608
-•040 !
29-728
29-760
29-657
29-732
29-701
29-690
29-040
29-677
29-718
29-744
29-685
29-658
29-700
-•040 1
29-774
29-800
29-700
29-794
29-726
29-712
29-055
29-685
29-762
29791
29770
29-698
29-739
1
29-707
29-726
29-620
29-700
29-628
29-644
29-593
29-620
29-684
29-715
29-064
29-630
29-6G1
-•030
29-408
29-431
29-325
29-410
29-392
29-375
29-336
29-301
29-408
29-451
29-398
29-361
29-::ss
29-924
29-955
29-835
29-893
29-849
29-847
29-795
29-819
29-S7 !
29-901
29-859
29-833
29-805
... j
29-884
29-912
29-814
29-880
29-850
29-845
29-785
29-803
29-853
29-861
29-821
29-798
29-842
•••
29-886
29-926
29-835
29-888
29-855
29-849
29-789
29-809
29-858
29-868
29-817
29-800
29-848
■•■ |
29-908
29-932
29-814
29-877
29-818
29-800
29-775
29-814
29-873
29-916
29-846
29-806
29-849
+ •030
29-727
29-747
29-634
29-694
29-653
29-602
29-000
29-027
29-68G
29-709
29-656
29-030
29-009
29-938
29-955
29-860
29-894
29-867
29-851
29-804
29-823
29-882
29-902
29-878
29-N35
29-874
29-960
29-960
29-858
29-884
29-868
29-865
29-823
29-856
29-911
29-916
29-878
29-851
29-SS6
+ •030
29-926
29-922
29-827
29-875
29-863
29-847
29-810
29-831
29-875
29-890
29-835
29-833
29-801
29-972
29-960
29-885
29-898
29-896
29-865
29-840
29-876
29-923
29-930
29-888
29-860
29-879
29-622
29-622
29-524
29-560
29-520
29-496
29-441
29-508
29-587
29-614
29-547
29-508
29-546
-•020
29-624
29-602
29-500
29-504
29-500
29-490
29-461
29-485
29-558
29-588
29-532
29-500
29-529
...
29-544
29-516
29-433
29-403
29-420
29-416
29-413
29-412
29-493
29-507
29-450
29-438
29-454
29-654
29-622
29-508
29-500
29-521
29-518
29-524
29-528
29-588
29-588
29-549
29-540
2! 1-560
+ •020
29-595
29-556
29-450
29-406
29-418
29-402
29-382
29-441
29-482
29-529
29-494
29-166
29-408
+ •030
29-315
29-297
29-190
29-194
29-1*2
29-162
29-115
29-193
29-200
29-804
29-245
29-194
29-221
29-615
29-591
29-497
29-505
29-457
29-434
29-375
29-430
29-500
29-623
29-505
29-556
29-517
29-441
29-418
29-304
29-272
29-268
29-253
29-221
29-276
29-355
29-424
29-375
29-3:; 1
29-328
29-833
29-766
29-675
29-620
29-612
29-000
29-553
29-576
29-095
29-782
29-738
29-715
29-6S4
-•030
29-123
29-083
28-977
28-930
28-953
28-345
28-930
28-985
29-024
29-095
29-050
29-012
29-010
29-677
29-624
29-522
29-488
29-484
29-460
29-420
29-409
29-592
29-656
29-632
29-591
29-551
--II20
29-668
29-643
29-533
29-490
29-458
29-442
29-395
29-438
29-545
29-077
29-031
29-600
29-543
-■015
29-674
29-682
29-579
29-571
29-520
29-481
29-418
29-489
29-0OO
29-693
29-662
29-608
29-581
...
29-465
29-473
29-402
29-390
29-343
29-335
29-264
29-320
29-394
29-485
29-115
29-386
29-392
29-433
29-475
29-380
29-464
29-403
29-405
29-357
29-381
29-452
29-477
29-410
29-390
29419
...
29-473
29-521
29-420
29-403
29-422
29-391
29-324
29-380
29-501
29-513
29-513
29-477
29-440
+■020
29-527
29-523
29-491
29-456
29-410
29-353
29-310
29-301
29-480
29-546
29-532
29-503
29-458
+ •030
29-512
29-504
29-438
29-584
29-457
29-450
29-382
29-453
29-524
29-552
29-500
29-526,
29-491
29-319
29-351
29-3H1
29-313
29-268
29-225
29-170
29-229
29-347
29-367
29-313
29-335
29-300
+ -055
29-674
29-666
29-600
29-599
29-556
29-469
29-410
29-473
29-587
29-666
29-08G
29-682
29-589
28-630
28-600
28-560
28-595
28-575
28-512
28-465
28-520
28-583
28-642
28-634
28-680
28-579
29-800
29-784
29-701
29-678
29-603
29-532
29-470
29-544
29-658
29-704
29784
29764
29-074
28-590
28-558
28-491
28-503
28-468
28-377
28-318
28-405
2S-4S7
28-594
28-574
28-562
28-478
29-811
29-776
29-690
29-620
29-563
29-111
29-398
29-101
29-591
29-752
29-792
29-776
29-640
-■020
7G
THE VOYAGE OF H.M.S. CHALLENGER.
I
Places.
Couutry.
Xo. of
Years.
Years
Specified.
Hours of
Observation.
Latitude.
Long
itude.
Height, j
Feet. •
Simbirsk,
Russia
15
1870-84
7: 1, 0
O f
5-4 19
0
48
24
476
Saratow,
do.
15
do.
do.
51 38
45
27
014
Uralsk,
do.
15
do.
do.
51 43
50
55
358
Orenburg, .
do.
15
do.
do.
51 46
55
0
297
Tambov,
do.
15
do.
do.
52 44
41
28
388
(Trjtipinskaja,
do.
15
do.
do.
50 48
42
0
270
Kamyscbiu, .
do.
15
do.
do.
50 5
45
24
69
Lugan,
do.
15
do.
do.
48 35
39
20
170
TagaDrog,
do.
15
do.
do.
47 12
38
59
114
Odessa,
do.
15
do.
do.
40 29
30
44
214
Nikolaev,
do.
15
do.
do.
46 58
31
58
62
L. Tarchankut,
do.
15
do.
do.
45 21
32
31
12
Sebastopol, .
do.
15
do.
do.
44 .",7
33
31
199
Kertseli,
do.
15
do.
do.
45 21
30
29
18
No\vorossij-k,
do.
15
do.
do.
44 43
37
46
12
Prischib,
do.
15
do.
do.
1 5 3
88
55
121
Stawropol, .
do.
15
do.
do.
45 3
41
59
1919
Pjatigorsk, .
do.
15
do.
do.
44 3
43
5
1007
Wladikawkas,
do.
15
do.
do.
43 2
44
41
2244
Petrowsk,
do.
15
do.
do.
42 59
47
31
-33
Suchum,
do.
15
do.
do.
■12 58
40
55
28
Poti, .
do.
15
do.
do.
41 30
42
46
24
Latum,.
do.
15
do.
do.
41 40
41
38
10
Kutais,
do.
15
do.
do.
42 1 0
42
42
550
Tiflis, .
do.
15
do.
do.
41 43
44
47
1343
I.li-sawetpol,
do.
15
do.
do.
40 41
46
21
1456
Baku, .
do.
15
do.
do.
40 22
49
50
7
Lenkoran,
do.
15
do.
do.
38 46
48
51
-70
Astrabad,
do.
15
do.
do.
30 54
53
55
-79
Krassnowodsk,
do.
15
do.
do.
40 0
52
59
-70
Fort Alexandrovsk,
do.
15
do.
do.
44 31
50
16
83
Gurgeu,
do.
15
do.
do.
47 7
51
5.".
-58
Astrachan, .
do.
15
do.
do.
46 21
48
2
-68
Boasta, .
do.
15
do.
do.
45 47
47
31
-85
Xukuss,
do.
15
do.
do.
42 27
59
37
216
Petro Alexandrovsk,
do.
15
do.
do.
41 28
61
5
326
Samarcand, .
do.
15
do.
do.
39 39
00
57
2379
Margelan,
do.
15
do.
do.
40 28
71
43
2000
Taschkent, .
do.
15
do.
do.
41 19
09
16
1516
Werayj,
do.
15
do.
do.
43 10
76
53
2440
Karakol,
do.
2
1 K.85-86
do.
42 30
77
20
5400
Semipalatinsk,
do.
15
1870-84
do.
50 24
80
13
.r94
Barnaul,
do.
15
do.
do.
53 20
83
47
459
Tomsk, . .
do.
15
do.
do.
50 30
84
58
254
Omsk, ,
do.
15
do.
do.
54 58
73
20
261
Ssalair,
do.
15
do.
do.
54 15
85
47
1115
Staro-Ssidorovva, .
do.
15
do.
do.
55 20
05
10
322
Catliarincuburg, .
do.
15
do.
do.
50 49
0(1
38
894
libit, .
do.
15
do.
.1 •.
57 41
03
•>
223
Bogoslowsk, .
do.
15
do.
do.
59 45
00
1
636
REPORT ON ATMOSPHERIC CIRCULATION.
77
Jan.
Feb.
Mar.
April.
May. ' June.
1
July.
Aug.
Sept.
Oct.
Xov.
Dec.
Year.
Corrs
Applied
Inches. ' Inches.
Inches.
Inches
Indies.
Indies.
Inches.
Inches.
Inches.
Inches.
Inches.
Indies.
Inches.
Inch.
29-570
29-552
29-47(1
29-455
29-380
29-821
29-244
29-333
29-444
29-565
29-573
29-528
29-453
--0S0
29-414
29-411 29-311
29-282
29-241
29-169
29-185
29-198
29-318
29-140
29-448
29-390
29-318
-•030
29-762
29-758
29-656
29-604
29-543
29-420
29-360
29-475
29-596
29-760
29-777
29-755
29-627
-•030
29-828
29-816
29-737
29-650
29-595
29-472
21I-102
29-510
29-635
29-788
29-824
2'.l-812
29-672
+ •020
29-062
29-690
29-544
29-528
29-151
29-426
29-375
29-430
29-564
29-678
29-662
29-643
29-555
+ •020
29-851
29-860
29-705
29-666
29-583
29-552
29-512
29-579
29-698
29-S19
29-827
29-792
29-701
30-091
30-087
29-965
29-870
29-815
29-740
211-681
29-776
29-906
80-088
30-091
30-067
29-931
—•020
29-966
29-954
29-824
29-765
29-724
29-671
29-624
29-690
29-820
29-938
2:1-9:10
29-875
29-816
30-017
30-001
29-880
29-82(1
29-810
29-780
29-693
29-752
29-8; III
29-957
29-968
29-917
29-870
29-940
29900
29-784
29-723
29-723
29-687
29-664
29-7011
29-794
29-875
29849
29-829
29790
...
30-095
30-068
29-944
29-880
29-867
29-837
29-805
29-853
29-904
30-042
30-031
30-002
29-949
30-165
30-124
30-012
29-946
29-9 is
29 -90S
29-877
29-914
29-998
30-078
30-062
80-060
30-007
-•020
29-922
29-887
29-787
29-739
29755
29 716
29-677
29-704
29-810
29-885
29-875
29-850
29-782
- -050
30-143
30-110
30-010
29-930
29-931
29-884
29-840
29-875
29-972
30-070
30-057
30-047
29-989
30-125
30-114
30-002
29-945
29 961
29-901
29-851
29850
29-989
30-077
30-108
30079
30000
+ 0)5
30-035
29 985
29-908
29-812
29-813
29-753
29-729
29-764
29-856
29-950
29-955
2:i-957
29-876
28-037
28-029
27-966
27-934
27-961
27-928
27-908
27-943
28-021
28-094
28-08C
28-022
27 994
28-342
28-.303
28-232
28-207
28-226
28192
28-160
28-197
28-278
28-366
28-366
28-303
28-2ti;,
4- -085
27-682
27-667
27-618
27-574
27-613
27-580
27-561
27-593
27-672
27-750
27-754
27-678
27-645
30-249
30-234
30-094
30-021
29-996
29-902
29-854
29-914
30-050
30-181
30-228
30-182
30-075
30-056
30-040
29-949
29-882
29-890
29-823
29-764
29-7S4
29-890
29-977
30-008
29-977
30-020
+ •065
30-119
30-093
30-007
29-941
29-953
29-900
29-858
29-845
29-961
30-053
30-080
30-068
29990
30-158
30-134
30-048
29-973
29-989
29-9:10
29-878
29-882
29-993
30-079
30-107
30-083
29-921
29-587
29-553
29-461
29-390
29-391
29-357
29-303
29-302
29-406
29-509
211-561
29-535
29-446
28-757
28-726
28-629
28-572
28-585
28-525
28-483
28520
28-631
28-742
28-757
28-734
28-636
-•020
28-627
28-583
28-485
28-445
28-449
28-386
28-339
28-390
28-497
28-005
28-602
28-595
28-500
30-206
30-178
30-006
29-984
29-961
29 875
29-821
29-872
-29-987
30-141
30-187
30-150
30037
30-312
30-272
30-151
30-068
30-063
29-951
29-934
29-930
30-110
30-214
30-283
30-255
30-128
30-293
30-268
30-1 65
30081
30050
2'.i-959
29-894
29-917
30-114
80*213
30-269
30-265
30-124
30-308
30-276
30-184
30-080
30-H61
29-966
29878
29-S92
30-115
39-228
3o-28::
30-268
30-128
...
30-106
30-100
29-966
29-863
29-834
29-772
29-744
29-786
29-950
30-092
30-138
30-100
29-955
30-301
30-272
30-142
30-062
30-001
29-904
29-845
29-927
30-079
30-217
30-242
30-236
30-106
— •040
30-300
30-273
30-138
30-054
30-018
29-921
29-868
29-945
80-090
30-2:19
30-281
30-246
30-114
— •080
30-339
30-305
30-165
30-079
30-039
29-9 15
29-886
29-960
30-110
30-252
80-287
30-272
30-136
-■040
30-032
29-972
29-836
29-753
29-708
29-608
29-540
29-022
29-780
29-960
30-027
29-983
29-818
29-908
29849
29-737
29-630
29-550
29-469
29-390
29-471
29-646
29845
29-897
29-853
29-687
27-713
27-676
27-619
27-562
27-516
27-41 1
27-300
27-414
27-555
27-718
27-781
27-714
27-587
+ •050
28-157
28-113
28-034
27-930
27-896
27-768
27-087
27-760
27-935
28-113
28-190
28-111
27-977
28-642
28-590
28-505
28-424
28-354
28-2:17
28-171
28-233
28-405
28-603
28-672
28-025
28-455
27-567
27-513
27-497
27-442
27-386
27-272
27-200
27-272
27-390
27-570
27-613
27-588
27-445
24-008
24-024
23-961
23-969
21-032
23-985
23-930
23-909
24-067
24-103
21K10
24-115
24-021
29-644
29-617
29-522
29-392
29-248
29-090
28-967
29-088
29-256
29-488
29-626
29-630
29-381
-•015
29-804
29-759
29-679
29-559
29-410
29-240
29-1 19
29-270
29-421
29-604
29-719
29-771
29 535
30-010
29-914
29871
29-741
29-620
29-449
29-378
29-497
29-640
29-761
29-91 1
29-970
29-731
29-958
29-870
29-840
29-720
29-596
29-390
29-350
29-452
29-010
29-735
29-904
29-910
29-695
+ •020
28-994
28-957
28-942
28-837
28-720
28-569
28-515
28-017
28-732
28-852
28-971
28-906
28-806
+ -01O
29-762
29-705
29-657
29-666
29-564
29-450
29-406
29-449
29-571
29-701
2'.i-7:'.6
29 721
29-61H
...
29-079
29-013
28-966
28-988
28-928
28-843
2S-7DO
28-851
28-941
29-036
29-074
2:1-059
2-8-964
29-826
29-798
29-758
29-745
29-703
29-607
29-535
29-577
29-698
29-779
29-864
2'. 1-821
2H-726
+ •010
29-286
29-276
29-221
29-256
29-225
29-170
29-122
29-158
29-233
29-292
29-316
29-290
29-237
-080
7S
THE VOYAGE OF H.M.S. CHALLENGER.
1
Places.
Country.
No. of
Years.
Y cat's
Specified.
Hours of
Observation.
Latitude.
Longitude.
Height,
Feet,
i
1 Beresow,
Russia
15
1870-84
7 : 1,9
O 1
63 56
o
65
4
120
Obdorsk,
do.
15
do.
do.
G6 31
6G
35
80
1 Turuchansk, .
do.
8*
1877-85
do.
65 55
87
38
GO
Enisaeisk,
do.
15
1870-84
do.
58 27
92
6
275
Krassnojarsk,
do.
15
do.
do.
56 1
92
49
498
Urga, ..
do.
15
do.
do.
47 55
106
50
4300
Kjachta,
do.
15
do.
do.
50 20
106
35
2856
Wercholensk,
do.
15
do.
do.
54 8
105
30
1550
Irkutsk,
do.
15
do.
do.
52 16
104
1G
1536
Olekminsk, .
do.
15
do.
do.
GO 22
120
26
400
Yakutsk,
do.
If
?
r>
G2 2
129
14
334
Werkojansk,
do.
3
1883-86
7: 1,9
67 34
133
51
4G0
Mouth of the Lena,
do.
1
1882-83
do.
74 48
126
45
1G
Anadyr,
do.
4
18GG-G7
6, K.: 6
G4 55
177
19
20
Petropaulovsk,
do.
5
1828,1840,1848-50
M.r.
53 0
159
39
50
Bebriug Is., . .
do.
4
1882-8G
: 11
55 12
165
55
20
P. Okhotsk, .
do.
71
1843-50
M.r.
59 20
142
40
12
P. Ayan,
do.
o
1847-50
7 : 2, 9
56 27
138
11
45
Udsk Vill, .
do.
1"
1829-30
'>
54 29
134
:17
35
Nertschinsk, .
do.
15
1870-84
7: 1, 9
51 19
119
37
2080
J !1 a goweschtschensk,
do.
15
do.
do.
50 15
127
38
361
Cbabarowka,
do.
15
do.
do.
48 26
135
7
60
Alexaudrowka,
do.
15
do.
do.
51 1 50
14l'
7
53
Nikolaewsk,
do.
15
do.
do.
53 8
140
45
GO
Due, .
do.
2
1874,1875
do.
50 50
142
7
330
Kusunai,
do.
I
18G7-G8
•)
47 49
1 12
20
10
St. Olga,
do.
9
1S76-84
do.
43 44
185
20
149
Wladhvostock,
do.
9
do.
do.
43 7
131
54
57
Askold,
do.
9
do.
do.
42 44
132
21
84
Nemuro,
Japan
C
1881-86
G : 2, 10
43 20
145
84
43
Sapporo,
do.
6
do.
do.
43 4
141
23
60
Hakodate, .
do.
G
do.
do.
41 4G
140
44
10
Hakodate,
do.
4^
1 859-63
do.
41 47
140
45
150
Aomori,
do.
6
1881-86
do.
40 51
llli
45
33
Akita, .
do.
0
do.
do.
39 42
140
7
33
Miyako,
do.
6
do.
do.
39 38
141
59
100
Nobiru, . ,
do.
6
do.
do.
38 23
141
12
15
Niigata,
do.
G
do.
do.
37 55
189
3
32
Kauazawa, .
do.
G
do.
do.
36 33
136
40
95
Tok'w, .
do.
G
do.
do.
35 41
139
45
G9
Do. .
do.
17
1870-86
do.
35 41
139
45
G9
Numazu,
do.
G
1881-86
do.
35 G
138
51
30
Hamamatsu;
do.
G
do.
do.
34 42
137
43
92
Gifu, .
do.
6
do.
do.
35 27
136
4G
49
Kioto, .
do.
G
do.
do.
35 1
135
46
1G2
Wakayama, .
do.
G
do.
do.
34 14
135
9
49
Osaka', .
do.
G
do.
do.
34 42
135
3l I
13
Sakai, .
do.
G
do.
do.
35 33
133
13
7 j
Hiroshima, .
do.
6
do.
do.
34 23
132
27
15
Kochi, .
do.
G
do.
do.
oo Oo
133
34
20
REPORT ON ATMOSPHERIC CIRCULATION.
79
Jan.
1
Fob.
Mar.
April, j
May.
June. 1
July.
Aug.
Sept.
Oct,
Nov.
Dee.
Year. '
Corrs.
Applied.
Inches.
Inches, j
Inches.
Inches.
Inches.
Inches.
Inches.
Inches.
Inches.
Inches.
Inches.
Inches.
Inches.
Inch.
29-882
29-831 '
29-729
29-875
29-804
29-770
29-642
29-070
29-725
29-760
29-784
29-780
29772
29-882
29-835
29-741
29-878 29-S31
29-804
29-097
29-745
29-733
29741
29772
29-750
29-785
30-119
30-020 !
29-993
30-020 29-886
29-756
29-717
29-788
29-851
29-898
30-048
30-213
29-942
30-025
29-940
29-852
29-707
29-1105
29-467
29-394
29-519
29-657
29-764
29-900
30-008
29-737
- :040
29-796
29-724
29-070
29-493
29-355
29-207
29-154
29-206
29-422
29-552
29-715
29-770
29-511
25-082
25-082
25-597
25-501
25-434
25-418
25-410
25-520
25-544
25-725
25-689
29-058
25-509
27-717
27-080
27-040
27-473
27-394
27-308
27-249
27-347
27-457
27-583
27-054
27-097
27-518
28-595
28-493
28-420
28-284
28-158
28-058
28-006
28-103
28-254
28-410
28-506
28-587
28-323
28-590
28-546
28-480
28-329
28-226
28-103
28044
28-165
28-331
28-444
28-580
28-580
28-365
— :140
29-823
29-800
29-710
29-492
29-327
29-213
29-170
29-272 29-484
29-540
29-646
29-721
29-519
29-895
29-957
29-748
29-020
29-472
29-360
29-383
29-435
29-711
29-670
29-829
30-060
29-679
29-585
29-694
29-532
29-351
29-193
29-007
29-138
29-217
29-323
29-356
29-469
29-458
29-365
...
29-980
30-115
30-077
30-150
29-750
29-620
29-835
29-782
29-082
29-896
29-874
29-988
29-890
30-143
30089
29-883
29-972
29-917
29-928
...
• ••
29-806
29-879
29-927
295-19
29-632
29-774
29-773
29-701
29-651
29-093
29-810
29-803
29-723
29-624
29-539
29-687
29-470
29-820
29-773
29-745
29-762
29-783
29-790
29-808
29-857
29-673
29-673
29-562
29-720
29-854
29-923
29-902
29-840
29-799
29-772
29-725
29-796
29-850
29-816
29-700
29-710
29-813
29-845
29-957
29-890
29-853
29-753
29-704
29-001
29-795
29-83!)
29-891
29-823
29-824
29-825
29-540
29-460
29-000
...
...
29 570
29-500
.. .
27-954
27952
27-835
27-683
27-590
27-558
27-507
27;632
27-769
27-816
27-859
27-901
27-762
29-838
29-821
29-700
29-530
29-396
29-398
29-300
29-447
29-008
29-701
29-764
29-821
29-616
30-125
30-11S
30-004
29-876
29-766
29-763
29-727
29-810
29-930
30-044
30-075
30-070
29-943
...
29-905
29-944
29-890
29-850
29-802
29-810
29-738
29-745
29-840
29-860
29-890
29-831
29-843
29-843
29-873
29-870
29-798
29-748
29-725
29-004
29-070
29-799
29-806
29-849
29-814
29-789
29-530
29-480
29440
29-360
29-370
29-380
29-370
29-380
29-460
29-500
29-410
29-480
29-430
29-090
29-996
29977
29-840
29-903
29-770
29-823
30-007
29-920
29-923
29-847
29-804
29-705
29-690
29-070
29712
29-822
29-851
29898
29-890
29-813
...
30-142
30-144
29-988
29-896
29-755
29-734
29-698
29-739
29-890
30-000
30-040
30-073
29-920
30-070
30-088
29-938
29-872
29-723
29-710
29-080
29-714
29-840
29-950
30-000
30-023
29-885
29-786
29-858
29-878
29-915
29-823
29-793
29-800
29-820
29-933
29-950
29-881
29-815
29-855
29-836
29-918
29-892
29-888
29-777
29-747
29-750
29-780
29-808
29-952
29-900
29-802
29-848
29-919
30-000
29-966
29-967
29-860
29-832
29-S41
29-H50
29-938
30-026
29-966
29-929
29-925
29-909
29-954
30-032
29-986
29-908
29-801
29-797
29-820
29-928
30-036
.-'.0-032
29-935
29-926
29-924
30-002
29-964
29-950
29-832
29-806
29-810
29-834
29-909
30-008
29-974
29-934
29-913
29-976
30-034
30-000
29-986
29-866
29-810
29-813
29-840
29-903
30-023
30-000
29-9S0
29-936
...
29-840
29-900
29-893
29-888
29-797
29-750
29-701
29-787
29-866
29-950
29-907
29-800
29-851
...
29-909
30-028
30-000
29-997
29-891
29-836
29-832
29-805
29-940
30-033
30-002
29-978
29-948
30-008
30-049
30-035
29-988
29-880
29-813
29-812
29-830
29-907
30-023
30-021
30-019
29-949
30-000
30-036
29-989
29-926
29-823
29-753
29-757
29-770
29-855
29-973
29 997
30-000
29-907
30-010
30-050
30-014
30-009
29-915
29-850
29-805
29-897
29-956
30-054
30-046
30-032
29-975
30-044
30-054
30-023
30-014
29-929
29-861
29-850
29-878
29-942
30-057
30-062
30-024
29-977
...
29-959
29-983
29-975
29-967
29-892
29-837
29-841
29-869
29-920
30-010
29-995
29-9*7
29-936
29-951
29-959
29-943
29-916
29-829
29-778
29-782
29-802
29-857
29-920
29-943
29-963
29-887
30008
30-056
29-989
29-961
29-859
29-808
29-808
29-827
29-886
29-977
30-016
30-032
29-986
29-950
29-953
29-900
29-855
29-741
29-682
29-080
29-706
29-764
29-878
29-930
29-901
29-884
30-071
30-087
30-032
29-961
29-863
29-788
29-800
29-808
29-875
29-985
30-052
30-087
29-951
30-101
30-126
30-059
29-998
29-890
29-820
29-830
29-850
29-918
30-032
30-100
30-120
l".i-9S7
...
30-11S
30-152
30-093
30-006
29-902
29-826
29-835
29-847
29-934
30-056
80-108
.",0-122
30-000
30-142
30-162
30-088
30-000
29-880
29-812
29-810
29-839
29-898
30-040
30-115
30-154
I'll 990
30-100
1
30-111
30-072
29-992
29-902
29-840
29-850
29-962
29-922
30-012
30-087
50-129
29-980
so
THE VOYAGE OF H.M.S. CHALLENGER.
Places.
Country.
No. of J
Vears.
Years
Specified.
Hours of
Observation. 1
Latitude.
|
Longitude.
Height,
Keet.
Shimonoseki,
Japan
6
1881-86
6 : 2, 10
o
33
58
o
130
»
!
135 i
Miyasaki,
Kagoshima. .
do.
(5
do.
do.
81
56
131
26
26 |
do.
6
do.
do.
31
35
130
33
13
Nagasaki.
do.
6
do.
do.
3 '1
44
129
52
190 i
Nagasaki,
do.
15
1871-85
various
32
44
129
52
various
Nafa, .
Pelew
2
1856-58
6: 1, 10
26
13
128
44
Fusan, .
Corea
- i
1884-86
6: 2, 10
35
6
129
2
32
Newchwang,
do.
1
1861-62
daybreak 2-4
40
57
121
27
[0]
Sung-shu-chwang,
China
1
1882-83
: 7
86
7
103
36
487<)
Pekin, .
do.
15
1870-84
7: 1, 9
39
57
116
28
123
Tien-Tsin, .
do.
2.V
1860-61, 1871-72
9: 3
39
9
117
16
29
Tchang-kia-tchouang
do.
4
1882-83
: 8
38
17
116
14
98
Hankow,
do.
6
1877-81
M.P.
30
32
114
19
260
Wuhu, .
do.
1
1881
do.
31
21
118
21
35
Kiu-kiang, .
do.
4
1878-81
do.
29
44
116
8
180
Yarkand,
do.
1
1874-75
do.
38
25
77
16
4124
Zi-ki-Wei, .
do.
14
1873-86
do.
31
12
121
20
23
Shanghai,
do.
2
1867-68
various
30
4
121
27
0
Fooebow,
do.
H
1886-87
: 8
26
8
119
38
34
Kelitng,
do.
•j
1867-68
7: 1,9
25
20
121
46
49
South Cape,
do.
u
1886-87
: 8
21
55
120
51
121
Canton,
do.
10
y
?
23
12
113
17
100
Hong Kong, .
do.
15
1870-84
9: 3
22
18
114
10
35
Hong Kong.
do.
4
1884-87
10: 4
22
18
114
10
110
Victoria Peak,
do.
4
do.
do.
22
0
114
0
1816
Macao,
do.
15
1870-84
M.P.
22
11
113
32
26
Hanoi,
Annara
i
3
1883
do.
21
1
105
48
45
Hue, .
do.
C
1881-86
do.
16
33
107
38
20
Saigon,
Cochin China
G
1874-79
do.
10
47
106
42
[0]
Bankok,
Siam
6
1863-68
do.
13
3S
100
27
[0]
Singapore, .
Malay Peninsula
5
1841-45
hourly
1
15
103
51
24
Do.
do.
9
1811-45,77,81,85-86
9: 3
1
15
103
51
18
Raffles Light,
do.
2
1866-67
Noon
1
9
103
44
65
Peuang,
do.
^
1885-86
9: 3
5
24
100
20
20
Wellcsley, .
do.
2
do.
do.
5
22
100
30
43
Malacca,
do.
2
do.
do.
2
10
102
14
12
Kwala Lunipor, .
do.
1
1884
do.
3
10
101
50
177
Tuguegaras,
Phillipine Islands
2
1881-82
:8
17
37
121
30
125
Manila ,
do.
2:2
1865-86
M.r.
14
85
120
59
54
Moresby Bay,
New Guinea
1
1875-76
9:
-9
32
146
10
278
Hatzfeldthafen, .
do.
1
1886-87
7 : 2, 9
-4
24
145
14
7
Buitenzorg, .
East Indies
12
1841-54
6, 9: 3, 10
-0
37
106
49
889
Batavia,
do.
15
1870-84
hourly
-6
11
106
50
23
Padang, . . .
do.
:!*
1850-53
6, 9 : 3, 10
-0
56
100
2
240
Nancovry, .
India
15
1870-84
8
0
93
46
81
Port Blair, .
do.
15
do.
M.P. *
11
41
92
42
61
Mergui,
do.
15
do.
do.
12
11
98
38
96
Moulmein, .
do.
15
do.
do.
16
2'J
97
40
94
Rangoon,
do.
15
do.
do.
16
46
96
12
41
Diamond Island, .
do.
15
do.
do.
15
52
94
19
41
* Indian Stations at lu : 4, or 4, 10: 4, 10, from which Mean Pressure is deduced.
THE REPORT ON ATMOSPHERIC CIRCULATION.
SI
Jan.
Feb.
Mar.
April.
May.
June.
July-
Aug.
Sept.
Oct.
Nov.
Dec.
Year.
Corrs.
Applied
Inches.
Inches.
Inches.
Inches.
Inches.
Inches.
Inches.
Inches.
Inches.
Inches.
Inches.
Inches.
Inches.
Inch.
30-024
30-046
29-975
29-882
29-780
29-697
29-701
29-707
29-800
29-930
:;u-i ii.io
:;ii-u.-,ii
29-882
30-138
30-143
30077
29-995
29-902
29-837
29-841
29-837
29-894
30-014
30-118
30-164
29-997
30-176
30-178
30-103
30-006
29-920
29-850
29-847
29-842
29-902
30-028
30-134
30-197
30-015
29-988
29-992
29-914
29-812
29-717
29-642
29-646
29-630
29-713
29-851
29-953
: ; 1 1 ■ i n < ;
29-823
30-219
30-178
30-114
30-033
29-906
29-841
29-838
29-832
29-908
30-060
30-156
30-178
30 022
30-087
30-080
30-063
29-991
29-868
29-802
29-780
29-677
29-783
29-918
::
29-877
29-840
29-806
29-745
29-692
29-686
29-683
29-694
29-720
29-757
29-810
29-859
29-764
29-947
29-908
29-858
29-794
29-740
29-727
29-725
29-746
29-782
29-830
29-895
29-938
29-824
29-964
29-934
29-895
29 830
29-764
29-730
29-726
29-751
29-782
29-839
29-900
29-950
29-839
...
(PHYS. CHEM. CHALL. EXP. PART V. 1888.)
17
S2
THE VOYAGE OF H.M.S. CHALLENGER
Places.
Country.
No. of
Years.
Years
Specified.
Hours of
Observation.
Latitude.
Longtitude.
Height,
Feet.
Bassuin,
India
15
1870-84
M.P.
1G 47
O 1
94 50
35
Toungoo,
do.
15
do.
do.
18 57
96 24
169
Tkayetinyo, .
do.
15
do.
do.
19 22
95 12
134
Akyab,
do.
15
do.
do.
20 28
92 57
20
Chittagong, .
do.
15
do.
do.
22 21
91 50
87
Dacca, .
do.
15
do.
do.
23 43
90 27
35
Silohar,
do.
15
do.
do.
24 49
92 50
104
Sibsagar,
do.
15
do.
do.
26 59
94 40
333
Goalpara,
do.
15
do.
do.
26 11
90 40
395
Darjeeling, .
do.
15
do.
do.
27 3
88 18
7421
Purneah,
do.
15
do.
do.
25 50
87 34
125
Patna, .
do.
15
do.
do.
25 37
85 14
183
Gorakhpur, .
do.
15
do.
do.
26 46
83 18
256
Benares,
do.
15
do.
do.
25 20
83 2
267
Allahabad, .
do.
15
do.
do.
25 26
81 52
307
Lucknow,
do.
15
do.
do.
26 50
81 0
369
Bareilly,
do.
15
do.
do.
28 21
79 27
568
Mcerut,
do.
15
do.
do.
29 0
77 41
737
Rauikhet,
do.
15
do.
do.
29 38
79 29
6069
Roorkee,
do.
15
do.
do.
29 52
77 56
887
Chakrata,
do.
15
do.
do.
30 40
77 55
7052
Delhi, .
do.
15
do.
do.
28 40
77 16
718
Sirsa, .
do.
15
do.
do.
29 32
75 6
662
Bikaneer,
do.
15
do.
do.
27 59
73 14
744
Ajmere,
do.
15
do.
do.
26 28
74 37
1611
Jeyporo,
do.
15
do.
do.
26 55
75 50
1431
Agra, .
do.
15
do.
do.
27 10
78 5
555
Jhansi, .
do.
15
do.
do.
25 27
78 37
855
Sangor,
do.
15
do.
do.
23 49
78 48
1769
Gya, . . .
do.
15
do.
do.
24 42
85 2
375
Hazaribagh, .
do.
15
do.
do.
24 0
85 24
2007
Berhampore,
do.
15
do.
do.
24 6
88 17
66
Burdwan,
do.
15
do.
do.
23 14
87 54
99
Calcutta,
do.
15
do.
do.
22 32
88 20
21
Saugor Island,
do.
15
do.
do.
21 39
88 5
25
False Point,
do.
15
do.
do.
20 20
86 47
21
Cuttack,
do.
15
do.
do.
20 29
85 54
80
Sambalpur, .
do.
15
do.
do.
21 31
84 1
463
Raipur,
do.
15
do.
do.
21 15
81 41
9G0
Nagpur,
do.
15
do.
do.
21 9
79 11
1025
Akola,
do
15
do.
do.
20 42
77 4
930
Chanda,
do
15
do.
do.
19 56
79 19
652
Sironcha,
do
15
do.
do.
18 51
80 0
401
Vizagapatam,
do.
15
do.
do.
17 42
83 22
31
Masulipatam,
do.
15
do.
do.
16 9
81 12
10
Secunderabad,
do.
15
do.
do.
17 27
78 33
1787
Sholapur,
do.
15
do.
do.
17 41
75 56
1590
Bellary,
do.
15
do.
do.
15 9
76 57
1455
Bangalore, .
do.
15
do.
do.
12 59
77 38
2981
Madras,
do.
15
do.
do.
13 4
80 14
22
THE REPORT ON ATMOSPHERIC CIRCULATION.
83
Jan.
Feb.
Mar.
April.
May.
June.
July.
Aug.
Sept.
Oct.
Nov.
Dec.
Year.
Corrs.
Applied
Inches.
Inches.
Inches.
Inches.
Inches.
Inches.
Inches.
Indies.
Inches.
Inches.
Inches.
Inches.
Inches.
Inch.
29-967
29-918
29-875
29-813
29758
29-731
29-725
29-745
29-782
29-838
29-900
29-954
29-834
29-821
29-758
29-687
29-629
29-580
29-566
29-557
29-577
29-623
29-695
29-764
29-810
29-072
29-842
29-780
29-723
29-641
29-598
29-575
29-567
29-591
29-640
29-718
29-800
29-853
29-694
29-998
29-956
29-904
29-830
29-757
29-676
29-665
29-706
29-761
29-818
29-932
29-991
29-835
29-937
29-897
29-823
29-745
29-666
29-566
29-556
29-603
29-677
29-783
29-873
29-935
29-755
29-997
29-944
29-848
29-758
29-685
29-575
29-562
29-622
29-707
29-827
29930
29-000
29-788
29-935
29-888
29-807
29-727
29-648
29-540
29-529
29-579
29-657
29-777
29-878
29-938
29-742
29-730
29-664
29-586
29-502
29-419
29-298
29-280
29-230
29-422
29-558
29-671
29-735
29-516
29-632
29-570
29-475
29-397
29-324
29-215
29-194
29-255
29-842
29-476
29-584
29-643
29-426
22-96-1
22-939
22-943
22-942
22-915
22-862
22-859
22-898
22-955
23-018
23-034
23-007
22-945
29-902
29-837
29-727
29-624
29-549
29-439
29-444
29-491
29-582
29-731
29-841
29-905
29-672
29-867
29-800
29-677
29-556
29-467
29-348
29356
29-422
29-512
29-683
29-810
29-883
29-615
29-773
29-706
29-591
29-465
29-374
29-258
29-265
29-330
29-422
29-599
29-730
29-795
29-526
29-773
29-713
29-601
29-471
29-363
29-251
29-256
29-321
29-416
29-596
29-725
29-785
29-523
29-734
29-670
29-555
29-432
29-319
29-202
29-215
29-278
29-372
29-553
29-683
29752
29-480
29-669
29-606
29-500
29-370
29-260
29-146
29-152
29-220
29-317
29-488
29-623
29-688
29-420
29-447
29-382
29-282
29-156
29-056
28-938
28-946
29-010
29-108
29-275
29-403
29-470
29-206
29-284
29-224
29-124
28-990
28-875
28-748
2S-761
28-828
28-929
29-104
29-232
29-285
29-032
24-110
24-084
24-085
24-061
24-013
23-935
23-934
23-961
24-031
24-106
24-150
24-140
24-051
29-114
29-062
28960
28-849
28-739
28-617
28-629
28-695
28-798
28-964
29-087
29-140
28-888
23-259
23-222
23-247
23-239
23-196
23-132
23-114
23-154
23-229
23-295
23-315
23-300
23-225
29-312
29-254
29-154
29-023
28-906
28-780
28-786
28-854
28-964
29-140
29-274
29-332
29-065
29-380
29-322
29-221
29-082
28-958
28-831
28-830
28-896
29-020
29-193
29-333
29-392
29-122
29-291
29-229
29-119
28-996
28-862
28-749
28-733
28-810
28-926
29-105
29-238
29-298
29-030
28-408
28-364
28-280
28-186
28-074
27-985
27-955
28-026
28-112
28-288
28-400
28-438
28-202
28-576
28-530
28-440
28-345
28-238
28-123
28-113
28195
28-280
28-446
28-556
28-603
28-37U
29-483
29-426
29-324
29-194
29-071
28-963
2S-963
29-036
29-136
29-310
29-444
29-507
29-238
29-158
29-118
29-020
28-897
28-776
28-674
28-668
28-736
28-832
29-002
29-120
29*169
28-931
28-233
28-183
28-110
(28-002)
27-906
27-813
27-798
27-860
27-941
28-108
28-202
28-238
28-032
29-677
29-604
29-498
29-380
29-280
29-165
29-182
29-240
29-331
29-500
29-629
29-689
29-431
27-978
27-936
27 865
27-774
27-680
27-571
27-568
27-627
27-708
27-866
27-960
27;i'.)r.
27-794
29-963
29-902
29-789
29-670
29-605
29-489
29-486
29-553
29-642
29-799
29-911
29-970
29-732
29-933
29-873
29-759
29-645
29-570
29-468
29-447
29-507
29-608
29-765
29-881
29-943
29-700
30018
29-960
29-858
29-760
29-672
29-559
29-548
29-613
29-702
29-841
29-958
30-027
29-793
30-005
29-952
29-855
29-760
29-670
29-553
29-538
29-600
29-687
29-831
29-948
30-016
29-785
30-024
29-973
29-878
29-778
29-686
29-587
29-567
29-623
29-700
29-843
29-974
30-041
29-806
29-951
29-893
29-798
29-696
29-602
29-500
29-498
29-554
29-632
29-777
29-901
29-966
29-731
29-562
29-494
29-396
29-267
29-165
29-068
29-095
29-176
29-217
29-372
29-498
29-567
29-323
29-034
28-987
28-890
28-782
28-680
28-587
28-590
28-684
28-716
28-882
29-003
29 048
28-824
28-964
28-912
28-826
28-723
28-632
28-556
28-560
28-645
28-667
28-822
28938
28.984
28-769
29-057
29-010
28-936
28-838
28-756
28-678
28-686
28-741
28-797
28-931
29-033
£8-879
29-366
29-306
29-216
29-115
29-021
28-960
28-979
29-025
29-079
29-220
29-334
29-390
29-167
29-624
29-586
29-493
29-395
29-302
29-253
29-288
29-301
29-848
29-470
29-581
29-638
29-440
29-996
29-951
29-878
29-787
29-683
29-593
29-591
29-633
29-692
29-813
29-931
29996
29-795
30-009
29-971
29-904
29-814
29-706
29-656
29-674
29-699
29-742
29-839
29-945
::ui«ii:
29-830
...
28-183
28-154
28-099
28-024
27-950
27911
27-911
27-942
27-980
28-071
28-145
28-194
28-047
28-387
28-351
28-291
28-203
28-148
28-109
28-115
28-148
28-193
28-272
28-346
28397
28-247
28-499
28-460
28-406
28-335
28-290
28-277
28-293
28-310
28-340
28-397
28-460
28-501
28-381
28-009
27-993
27-961
27-906
27-862
27-847
27-855
27-869
27-896
27-926
27-968
28-005
27-925
29-987
29-965
29-905
29-813
29717
29-692
29-714
29-742
29-765
29-836
29-913
29-978
29-836
84
THE VOYAGE OF H.M.S. CHALLENGER.
Places.
Country.
Xo. of
Years.
Years
Specified.
Hours of
Observation.
Latitude.
Longitude.'
I
Height,
Feet.
Negapataro, .
India
15
1870-84
M.P.
0 /
10 46
O 1
79 53
15
Trichinopoly,
do.
15
do.
do.
10 50
78 44
275
Coimbatore, .
do.
15
do.
do.
11 0
77 0
1348
Madura,
do.
15
do.
do.
9 55
78 10
448
Jaffna, .
do.
15
do.
do.
9 40
79 56
9
Trineomalee,
do.
15
do.
do.
8 33
81 15
175
Batticaloa, .
do.
15
do.
do.
7 43
81 44
26
Kandy,
do.
15
do.
do.
7 18
80 40
1696
Newera Eliya,
do.
15
do.
do.
6 46
80 47
6240
Harabantota,
do.
15
do.
do.
6 7
81 7
40
Galle, .
do.
15
do.
do.
6 1
80 14
48
Colombo,
do.
15
do.
do.
6 56
79 52
40
Cochin,
do.
15
do.
do.
9 58
76 17
11
Mangalore, .
do.
15
do.
do.
12 52
74 54
52
Karwar,
do.
15
do.
do.
14 50
74 15
44
Belgaum,
do.
15
do.
do.
15 52
74 42
2550
Amini Divi, .
do.
H
1885-86
do.
11 6
72 48
15
Ratnagiri,
do.
15"
1870-84
do.
17 6
73 23
110
Poona, .
do.
15
do.
do.
18 28
74 10
1849
Bombay,
do.
15
do.
do.
18 54
72 49
37
Surat, .
do.
15
do.
do.
21 13
72 46
36
Malegaon,
do.
15
do.
do.
20 34
74 22
1430
Indore,
do.
15
do.
do.
22 44
75 53
1823
Khandwa,
do.
15
do.
do.
21 49
76 23
1044
Hoshangabad,
do.
15
do.
do.
22 45
77 46
1020
Jnbbulpore, .
do.
15
do.
do.
23 9
79 59
1341
Rajkot,
do.
15
do.
do.
22 17
70 52
429
Bhuj, .
do.
15
do.
do.
23 15
69 42
395
Deesa, .
do.
15
do.
do.
24 16"
72 14
466
Neemucb,
do.
15
do.
do.
24 25
75 0
1639
Kurrachee, .
do.
15
do.
do.
24 47
67 4
49
Hyderabad, .
do.
15
do.
do.
25 25
68 27
134
Jacobabad, .
do.
15
do.
do.
28 24
68 18
186
Mooltan,
do.
15
do.
do.
30 10
71 33
420
Lahore,
do.
15
do.
do.
31 34
74 20
732
Sialkot,
do.
15
do.
do.
32 29
74 35
829
Rawalpindi, .
do.
15
do.
do.
33 38
73 5
1652
Murree,
do.
10
1875-84
do.
33 54
73 27
6344
Peshawar,
do.
15
1870-84
do.
34 2
71 37
1110
Dera Ismail Khan,
do.
15
do.
do.
32 0
71 5
573
Quetta,
Beloochistan
G
1879-84
10: 4
30 11
67 3
5500
Bushire,
Persia
8J
1878-86
10: 4
28 59
50 49
25
Teheran,
do.
3
1884-86
7: 1,9
35 41
51 25
3714
Teheran,
do.
3
1884-86
do.
35 41
51 25
4739
Muscat,
Arabia
3?
1872-75
M.P.
23 38
58 36
32
Aden,
do.
6
1880-86
10: 4
12 45
45 3
94
Djedda,
do.
4i
1881-85
9: 2
21 30
39 22
20
Jerusalem, .
Syria
18
1864-81
9:
31 47
35 13
2500
Beyrout,
do.
12
1875-86
8£: 2£
35 28
33 54
112
Trebizonde, .
do.
15
1870-84
9i: 3£
41 1
39 45
92
THE REPORT ON ATMOSPHERIC CIRCULATION.
85
Jan.
Feb.
Inches.
29-966
29-709
28-603
29-495
29-964
29-776
29-943
28-217
24-010
29-853
29-858
29-881
29-930
29-882
29-909
27-431
29-941
29-865
28-125
29-953
29-969
28-519
28-152
28-930
28-993
28-664
29-587
29-634
29-537
28-362
30-011
29-959
29-877
29-640
29-295
29-201
28-333
23-882
28-951
29-483
24-684
30-106
26-302
30087
29-960
29-969
27-469
30-052
30-044
Mar.
Inches.
29-951
29-696
28-582
29-483
29-917
29-774
29-939
28-216
24-025
29-850
29-857
29-882
29-924
29-894
29-912
27-412
29-940
29-832
28-084
29-927
29-938
28-505
28-131
28-891
28-951
28-625
29-546
29-590
29-495
28-316
29-973
29-900
29-819
29-580
29-242
29-126
28-285
23-839
28-905
29-429
24-633
30-046
26-235
30-033
29-912
29-953
27-428
30-008
30-020
April.
May.
June. July.
Inches.
29-905
29-654
28-545
29-444
29-907
29-739
29-905
28-198
24-029
29-842
29-845
29-867
29-904
29-866
29-878
27-377
29 906
29-788
28-047
29-878
29-877
28-446
28-066
28-820
28-870
28-544
29-480
29-510
29-423
28-245
29-880
29-776
29-691
29-474
29-142
29-047
28-223
23-856
28-823
29-340
24-628
29-970
26-200
29-913
29-865
29-875
27-377
29-953
29-926
Inches.
29-825
29 570
28-485
29-372
29-832
29-666
29-835
28-155
24-004
29-807
29-800
29-820
29-854
29-814
29-818
27-326
(29-880)
29723
27-991
29-812
29-798
2.s-:;i;i
27-985
28-733
28-768
28-438
29-397
29-419
29-330
28-157
29-788
29-662
29-561
29-343
29-011
28-923
28-124
23-825
28-697
29-205
24-590
29-852
26-141
29-845
29-796
29-825
27373
29-898
29-847
Inches.
29-753
29-521
28-445
29-320
29-778
29-607
29-789
28-136
23-994
29-777
29-789
29-805
29-839
29-780
29-780
27-290
29-871
29078
27-943
29-765
29-727
28-302
27-897
28-639
28-673
28 334
29296
29-311
29 224
28-054
29-646
29-520
29-407
29-189
28876
28-793
28-008
23-789
28-547
29-054
24-547
29-726
20-184
29-685
29-716
29-786
27-388
29-914
29-875
Inches.
29-738
29-499
28-445
29-307
29-767
29-595
29-782
28-151
23-983
29-775
29-799
29-820
29-856
29-774
29-750
27-249
29-802
29-622
27-872
29-676
29-621
28-213
27-802
28-557
28-580
28-231
29-185
29-193
29-129
27-956
29-525
29-387
29-261
29-046
28-745
28-659
27-881
23-721
28-389
28-900
24-439
29-548
25-109
29-480
29-613
29-727
27-353
29-855
29-823
Inches.
29-756
29-513
28-458
29-324
29-784
29-607
29-798
28161
23-982
29-772
29-812
29-833
29-870
29-780
29-765
27-253
29-842
29-632
27-870
29-673
29-599
28-218
27-786
28-552
28-578
28-226
29-167
29-160
29-095
27-934
29-487
29-353
29-237
29-034
28-752
28 667
27872
23-701
28-371
28-893
24-398
29-453
25-046
29-443
29-564
29-711
27-273
29-788
29-778
Ausr.
Sept.
Inches.
29-775
29-527
28-466
29-336
29-793
29-615
29-803
28-158
23-981
29-787
29-813
29-835
29-873
29-793
29-771
27-276
29-864
29-677
27-913
29-731
29-673
28-265
27-852
28-616
28-644
28-290
29-244
29-243
29-178
28010
29-579
29-448
29--332
29-113
28-821
28-733
27-939
23-746
28-446
28-960
24-451
29-508
25-078
29-550
29-590
29-694
27-299
29-800
29796
Inches.
29-802
29-551
28488
29-361
29-832
29-643
29-830
28-177
23-992
29-808
29-840
29-859
29-897
29-8:18
29-823
27-320
29-896
29-716
27-961
29-780
29-740
28-332
27-916
28-677
28-697
28363
29-327
29-333
29-270
28-088
29-687
29-574
29-462
29-242
28-940
28-851
28-071
23-829
28-590
29-097
24-544
29-690
25-128
29-700
29-085
29-745
27-379
29-886
29-894
Oct.
Inches.
29-840
29-589
28-510
29-393
29-848
29-671
29-847
28-180
23-998
29-812
29-835
29-856
29-891
29-836
29-837
27-357
29-895
29-749
28-040
29-842
29-840
28448
28-064
28-822
28-860
28-528
29-455
29-483
29-416
.28-252
29-854
29-750
29'665
29-441
29-120
29-030
28-232
28-918
28-786
29-295
24-089
29-898
26-397
29:933
29-823
29-852
27-454
29-953
29-983
Nov.
Inches.
29-897
29-647
28-554
29-442
29-892
29-720
29-877
28-183
24-015
29-834
29-833
29-856
29-895
29-860
29-872
27-400
29-922
2!I-M6
28-100
29-905
29-920
28-540
28-150
28-922
28-971
28-646
29-540
29-5.S.-.
29-512
28-345
29-968
29-900
29-830
29-597
29-258
29-152
28-333
23-924
28914
29445
24-720
30-031
26-382
30 040
29-908
29-922
27-467
29-997
30-000
Dec.
Year.
Corrs.
Applied
Inches.
Inches.
Inch.
29-948
29-846
29*700
29-598
28-594
28-515
29 IS!
29-397
29-934
29-856
29-754
29-681
29-913
29 855
28-204
28-178
24-013
24-002
29-847
29-814
29-847
29-827
29-872
29-849
29-917
29i 38
29-890
29-834
29-910
29-835
27-434
27-344
29-935
29-891
29-839
29-753
28-140
28-007
29-948
29-824
29-968
29-802
28-552
28-392
28-178
27-998
28-955
28-760
29-012
28-800
28-686
28-465
29-586
£9-401
29-639
29-425
29-550
29-347
28>-380
28-175
30 030
29-780
29-973
29 684
-■020
29-900
29-587
29~'658
29-363
29-319
29-043
29-209
28-949
28-371
28-139
23-920
23-829
28-974
28-699
29-513
29-218
24-717
24-588
30-095
29-828
...
26-316
...
;.-n;;u
+•030
30-080
29-816
-■090
29-958
29783
29-953
29-835
27-467
27-394
::o-i.i20
29 '.i27
29-980
29-914
8G
THE VOYAGE OF H.M.S. CHALLENGER.
Places.
Country.
No. of
Years.
Years
Specified.
Hours of
Observation.
Latitude.
Longitude.
i
Height,
Feet.
Sainsoun,
Svria
15
1870-84
: 3,9
0
41
18
O '
36 19
26
Scutari,
do.
15
do.
9: 3
41
0
29 3
60
Smyrna (not red.to 32°),
do.
6i
1864-70
Noon
38
26
27 10
25
Cyprus,
do.
7
1866-70, 81-82, 87
9: 9
34
55
33 37
25
Papho,
do.
?b
1881-82, 87
do.
34
46
32 25
297
Red Sea,* .
...
...
...
29
0
33 0
[0]
Do.
...
27
0
34 20
[0]
Do. . .
...
...
25
0
35 40
[0]
Do.
...
• •
23
0
37 0
[0]
Do.
...
• •
...
21
0
38 10
[0]
Do.
...
• •
19
0
39 SO
[0]
Do.
...
• •
17
0
40 40
[0]
Do.
...
...
••
15
0
42 0
[0]
Do.
...
...
13
0
43 10
[0]
Do.
...
...
• •
12
40
45 0
[0]
Do.
...
...
12
45
47 0
[0]
Do.
...
■•
12
50
49 0
[0]
Assab, .
Africa
1
1882
9: 3
12
59
42 45
41
Massuah,
do.
&
1831-32
9: 3£
15
36
39 20
5
Condar,
do.
A
1832-33
9: 3
15
50
37 32
7422
Kosseir,
do.
1
1872-73
M.P.
26
5
34 16
[0]
Suez, .
do.
H
1880-85
8: 2
29
59
32 31
24
Ismailia,
do.
5J
do.
7 : 24, 6
30
36 •
32 16
29
Said, .
do.
5|
do.
7 : 24, 5
31
16
32 18
20
Alexandria, .
do.
15
1870-84
9: 3
31
12
29 53
62
Cairo, .
do.
15
do.
three-hourly
30
5
31 17
108
Bengasi,
do.
1
1882
9: 3
32
7
20 3
33
Tripoli,
Tripoli
4*
1879-84
n. : G
32
53
13 11
98
! Tunis, .
Tunis
15"
1870-84
: 1
36
42
10 13
46
Le Calle,
Algeria
15
do.
7: 1,7
36
54
8 26
35
Guelma,
do.
15
do.
do.
36
28
7 27
917
Constantine,
do.
15
do.
do.
36
22
6 36
2165
Bougie,
do.
15
do.
do.
36
47
5 5
219
Algiers,
do.
15
do.
do.
36
47
3 4
73
Orleansville, .
do.
15
do.
do.
36
10
1 21
387
Oran, .
do.
15
do.
do.
35
42
—0 39
173
Cape Falcon,
do.
15
do.
do.
35
46
—0 47
257
Nemours,
do.
15
do.
do.
35
6
—1 51
13
Tebessa,
do.
15
do.
do.
35
24
8 6
2890
Aumale,
do.
15
do.
do.
36
10
3 41
2972
Biskra,
do.
15
do.
do.
34
5
5 40
409
Laghouat, .
do.
15
do.
do.
33
48
2 51
2454
Tlemsen,
do.
15
do.
do.
34
53
—1 18
2703
Sidi-Bel-Abbes, .
do.
15
do.
do.
35
2
—0 39
1562
Ghadames, .
Sahara
l
G
1865
9: 3
30
9
9 3
1323
* The small figures in brackets show the number of observations, from ships' logs, from which the means have been deduced.
For these Bed Sea means the author is indebted to the courtesy of the Meteorological Council.
THE REPORT ON ATMOSPHERIC CIRCULATION.
87
Jan.
Feb.
Mar.
April .
May.
June.
July.
Aug.
Sept.
Oct.
Nov.
Dec.
year.
Corrs.
Applied
Inches.
Inches.
Inches.
Inches.
Inches.
Inches.
Inches.
Inches.
Inches.
Inches.
Inches.
Inches.
Inches.
Inch.
30-115
30-100
29-997
29-926
29-950
29-898
29-860
29-890
29-985
30-057
30-071
30-044
29-991
30-096
30-083
29-956
29-904
29-915
29-884
29-858
29-870
29-9MI
30-024
30-016
30-017
29-966
30-024
30-008
29-798
29-917
29-888
29-830
29-732
29-727
29-878
29-850
29-987
29-992
29-895
30-098
30-077
29-953
29-916
29-918
29-878
29-754
29-S16
29-907
30-033
30-062
30-047
29-955
30-084
30-053
30-024
29-911
29-933
29-880
29-751
29-784
29-908
30-027
30-053
30-083
29-958
30-105
30-063
29-978
29-904
29-892
29-837
29-779
29-707
29-862
29-930
30-018
30-059
29-940
[154]
[196]
[253]
[205]
[231]
[212]
[237]
[163]
[182]
[215]
[232]
[212]
30-093
30-038
29-941
29-981
29-846
29-777
29-720
29-712
29-815
29-911
29-988
30-028
29-905
[149]
[208]
[253]
[237]
[265]
[240]
[198]
[174]
[177]
[^1-]
[245]
[210]
30-075
30-020
29-948
29-861
29-839
29-759
29-720
29-710
29-795
29 -Kit
29-972
30-020
29-885
...
[147]
[194]
[225]
[210]
[235]
[216]
[195]
[152]
[16S]
[210]
[252]
[203]
30-039
29-998
29-933
29-859
29-824
29-741
29 '727
29-698
29-764
29-897
29-950
30-001
29-869
[150]
[191]
[224]
[235]
[214]
[215]
[iso]
[143]
[174]
[200]
[231]
[191]
30-013
29-974
29-908
29-847
29-805
29-735
29-721
29-099
29-754
29-891
29-942
29-984
29-856
[150]
[101]
[229]
[243]
[203]
[222]
[196]
[143]
[167]
[194]
[251]
[222]
29-985
29-960
29-894
29 838
29-807
29-735
29-708
29-699
29-753
29-881
29-92.7
29-965
29 -SI 6
[147]
[193]
[243]
[208]
[223]
[191]
[1S5J
[146]
[175]
[177]
[2S5]
[241]
29-972
29-944
29-889
29-854
29-807
29-728
29-703
29-708
29-769
29-879
29-941
29-979
29-S48
[147]
[210]
[331]
[220]
[199]
[181]
[ISO]
[141]
[193]
[193]
[235]
[234]
29-982
29-930
29-881
29-829
29-793
29-729
29-701
29-701
29-766
29-876
29-943
29-986
29-843
[231]
[223]
[343]
[362]
[223]
[200]
[190]
[145]
[192
[1S5]
[2S2]
[25S]
30-017
29-958
29-902
29-841
29-809
29-715
29-687
29-707
29-760
29-892
29-970
30-010
29-856
[137]
[190]
[231]
[217]
[208]
[172]
[156]
[117]
[166]
[156]
[213]
[246]
30-053
30-007
29-927
29-866
29-800
29-706
29-652
29-699
29-770
29-917
29-993
30-038
29-870
[189]
[193]
[310]
[218]
[252]
[192]
[183]
[170]
[210]
[161]
[189]
[283]
30-047
30-006
29-944
29-897
29-815
29-713
29-660
29-696
29-776
29-919
30-008
30-042
29-877
...
[1M]
[191]
[259]
[1S7]
[220]
[102]
[169]
[138]
[184]
[1S7]
[189]
[206]
30-062
30-019
29-956
29-894
29-818
29-723
29-669
29-710
29-778
29-932
30-004
30-044
29-884
[162]
[198]
[202]
[165]
[238]
[167]
[168]
[157]
[177]
[156]
[195]
[203]
29-958
29-956
29-872
29-828
29-769
29-700
29-726
29-722
29-753
29-852
29-950
29-966
29-836
+ •060
30-096
30-010
29-955
29-926
29-857
29-956
80-028
30-055
23-338
23-302
23-268
23-267
23-312
23-312
23-315
30-113
30-078
29-960
29-932
29-908
29-798
29-763
29-739
29-790
29-944
29-987
30-046
29-920
-•100
30-066
30-016
29-975
29-869
29-805
29-848
29-770
29-764
29-865
29-957
30-000
30-016
29-918
30-060
30-030
29-958
29-878
29-880
29-862
29-766
29-773
29-880
29-964
30-006
30-045
29-925
30-064
30-030
29-980
29-892
29-900
29-886
29-788
29-787
29-902
29-993
30-020
30-045
29-941
30-056
30-018
29-941
29-910
29-910
29-873
29-786
29-802
29-894
29-965
29-997
30-024
29-931
30-019
29-960
29-882
29-842
29-824
29-782
29-699
29-721
29-820
29-900
29-950
29-985
29-866
30-230
30-187
29-994
29-890
29-963
29-963
29-868
29-911
29-923
30-022
30-045
29-986
29-998
30-020
29-980
29-874
29-843
29-892
29-912
29-920
29-926
29-956
29-950
29-961
29-937
29-931
30-055
30-023
29-950
29-886
29-936
29-970
29-970
29-945
29-984
29-984
29-972
29-990
29-97:;
-•050
30-084
30-043
30-000
29-916
29-950
29-982
29-995
29-975
29-996
29-973
29-970
30-010
29-991
29-162
29-080
29-031
28-967
29-004
29-050
29-051
29-038
29-070
29-042
29-048
29-056
29-050
-•020
27-851
27-803
27-710
27-676
27-725
27-770
27-805
27-806
27-814
27-781
27-776
27-770
27-774
29-992
29-858
29-763
29-717
29-755
29-788
29-780
29-765
29-787
29-783
29-790
29-820
29-81 0
30-076
30-130
29-930
29-882
29-914
29-946
29-935
-9-910
29-952
29-950
29-950
29-997
29-956
29-770
29-703
29-595
29-552
29-564
29-581
29-560
29-551
29-594
29-606
29-626
29-687
29-616
+ Hill
29-997
29-961
29-855
29-824
29-822
29-836
29-826
29-820
29-845
29-858
29-846
29-905
29-862
+ ■030
29-911
29-890
29-781
29-733
29-743
29-775
29-755
29-735
29-771
29-783
29-782
29-843
29-792
30-187
30-134
30-022
30-013
30-011
30-023
29-993
29-993
30-030
30-043
30-038
30-110
30-046
+<060
27-138
27-095
27-020
27-008
27-037
27-111
27-130
27-130
27-140
27-095
27-oi;s
27-060
27-086
-■040
27-056
27-010
26-950
26-940
27-004
27-045
27-060
27-046
27-054
27-021
27-002
26-993
27-015
29-766
29-697
29-591
29-531
29-532
29-553
29-580
29-574
29-600
29-628
29-650
29-671
29-614
+ •020
27-550
27-512
27-404
27-387
27-408
27-441
27-475
27-473
27-493
27-470
27-462
27-495
27-464
+-080
27-343
27-315
27-234
27-227
27-254
27-300
27-302
27-304
27-310
27-290
27-253
27-295
27-307
28-512
28-484
28-380
28-372
28-281
28-426
28-421
28-536
28-406
28-601
28-424
28-417
28-407
28-452
28-424
88
THE VOYAGE OF H.M.S. CHALLENGER.
Places.
Country.
No. of
Years.
Years
Specified.
Hours of
Observation.
Latitude.
Longitude.
Height,
Feet,
Murzuk,
Sahara
G
1865-r.fi
9: 3
0
25
54
0
14
12
1560
Mogador,
Morocco
7
1806-71, 78-73
51. P.
31
30
—9
44
54
Casa Bianca,
do.
1
1867-C8
various.
30
0
—9
30
[0]
Cape Juby, .
do.
5
1883-88
9: 9
27
58
—12
52
23
Angra do Heroisnia-,
Azores
15
1870-84
M.P.
38
36
—27
15
177
Horta de Fayal
do.
15
do.
10: 6
38
32
—28
39
208
Ponta Delgada, .
do.
15
do.
M.P.
37
45
—25
41
20
Funcbal,
Madeira
15
do.
do.
32
38
—16
55
83
Orotava,
Canaries
1
1856-57
9:
28
27
—16
38
70
Laguna-di-Teneriffe,
do.
C
1877-82
9: 3
28
12
-16
24
1790
S te. Croix de la Palme.
do.
5
1878-84
11 : 7
28
4
—17
47
113
Praya, .
Cape Verde Is.
5-
1875-79
9: 3
14
54
—23
31
112
St. Nicholas,
do.
3
4
1868-69
: 1
16
40
—24
15
2280
St. Louis,
Senegambia
5
1874-78
10: 4
16
7
-16
30
10
R. Gambia, .
do.
1
9: 3
13
20
—16
40
6
Goree, .
do.
10
1856-05
10: 4
14
40
-17
25
20
Kita, .
do.
1
1883
6 : 2, 9
13
4
-11
48
1090
Bammaku, .
do.
1
1883- £4
do.
11
54
—7
57
940
Abdezenga, .
do.
1867
9: 3
8
54
0
48
1467
Nango (Upper Niger;
Soudan
1
1880-81
0, 10 : 2, 6
13
0
—6
40
945
Kuka, .
do.
1
1866
9: 3
15
52
13
23
1168
Kuka, .
do.
fi.
1870-71
S-R. 2 : 9
12
52
13
23
920
Chartum,
do.
H
1852, 78
6 : 3, 8
15
36
32
36
1273
Lado and Goudokoro,
do.
8-4
1853-54, 80
7: 2,9
5
2
31
50
1526
Freetown, .
Sierra Leone
7
187.7-83
9: 3
8
30
—13
9
224
St. George d'Elmina,
Guinea
3
1859-62
0 : 2, 9
5
5
—1
20
59
Christiansborg,
do.
7A
1829-40
various.
5
24
0
10
66
Akassa,
do.
H
1887-88
9: 9
4
20
6
20
21
Lai/os, .
do.
n
1886-87
8: 2
6
12
3
25
25
Ftrnaudo Po,
do.
4
1859-63
M.P.
3
46
8
35
98
St. Thomas, .
do.
n
1872-84
9: 3
0
20
0
43
16
Gabun,
Lower Guinea
3
1882-85
6: 2, 9
0
25
9
35
66
Ponta da Lenha, .
do.
i
1884
7: 2, 9
—5
57
12
40
30
San Salvador,
do.
3*
1883-86
M.P.
—0
17
14
53
1860
M'Boina,
do.
5
4
1884-85
do.
—5
47
13
11
80
Vivi, .
do.
H
1882-83
7: 2, 9
—4
40
13
49
374
Chinchoxo, .
do.
H
1874-76
6 : 2, 10
—5
9
12
3
39
St. Paul de Loanda,
do.
4
1879-82
9: 3
—8
49
13
7
194
Malange,
do.
3
1879-81
7: 2, 9
—9
33
16
38
3850
Walfisehbay,
do.
1
1886
7: 1,9
22
56
14
26
10
Ascension,
Atlantic
2
1863-66
6, 9, N. : 4
—7
55
14
25
53
St. Helena, .
do.
8
1853-61
94 : 3J
—15
55
—5
43
40
St. Helena, .
do.
31
1844-47
two-hourly
—15
55
—5
43
1763
Port Nolloth,
Cape Colony
tV
1876-77
8: 8
—29
15
10
25
[0]
Springbok, .
do.
3*
1882-86
do.
—29
40
17
53
3150
Sutherland, .
do.
15
1870-84
do.
—32
24
20
40
4780
Wellington, .
do.
15
do.
do.
—33
38
19
0
430
Worcester, .
do.
15
do.
do.
—33
40
19
27
780
Cape Town, .
do.
15
do.
M.P.
-33
56
18
27
37
Wynberg,
do.
15
do.
8: 8
—34
0
18
28
250
REPORT ON ATMOSPHERIC CIRCULATION.
89
Jan.
Feb.
Mar.
April.
May.
June.
July.
Aug.
Sept.
Oct.
Nov.
Dec.
Year.
Corrs.
Applied
Inches.
Inches.
Inches.
Inches.
Inches.
Inches.
Inches.
Inches.
Inches.
Inches.
Inches.
Inches.
Indies.
Inch.
28-463
28-351
28-252
...
28-400
js-:;;u
30-126
30-134
30-004
30-016
29-977
30-028
29-977
29-957
30-008
30-004
30-028
30-060
30-010
30-268
30-335
30-001
30-154
30-048
30-060
30-134
30-095
30-123
30-119
30-103
30-099
30-128
30-177
30-146
30-075
30-068
30-092
30-109
30-075
30-029
30-090
30-102
80-085
30-162
30-101
29-935
29-906
29-934
29-880
29-992
30-070
30-088
30-010
29-988
29-957
29-893
29-940
29-904
29-985
29-950
29-985
29-926
30-032
30-127
30-170
30-079
30-040
30-012
29-941
29-993
30-020
30-115
30-072
30-091
30-034
30-132
30-231
30-237
30-158
30-115
30-092
30-054
30-111
30-120
+'•030
30-107
30-084
29-997
30-008
30-010
30-091
30-062
30-020
30-034
30-014
29-990
30-066
30-040
30-290
30-116
30-177
30-110
30-100
30-140
30-094
30-095
30-125
30-121
30-119
30-180
30-144
28-304
28-320
28-262
28-250
28-230
28-300
28-268
28-233
28-256
28-260
28-259
28-292
28-270
30-054
30-054
29-980
29-978
30-002
30-026
30-010
29-990
29-992
29-990
29-958
30-024
30-005
29-908
29-908
29-901
29-897
29-908
29-940
29-905
29-877
29-873
29-877.
29-881
29-897
29-898
+'•030
27-689
27-670
27-654
27-658
27-646
27-646
27-666
27-682
27-717
29-962
29-952
29-906
29-896
29-913
29-918
29-937
29-920
29-916
29-908
29-903
29-953
29-926
+'■070
29-817
29-854
29-793
29-821
29-844
29-884
29-841
29-825
29-840
29-884
29-843
29-849
29-841
29-962
29-947
29-903
29-895
29-910
29-915
29-913
29-888
29-897
29-892
29-891
29-931
29-912
+ •080
29-095
29-095
29-056
29-056
29-134
29-095
29-134
29-134
29-134
29-095
29-09.".
29-056
29-098
28-958
28-938
28-520
(28-920)
28-434
(28-920)
28-918
28-938
28-938
28-938
28-977
28-982
28-941
28-977
28-946
28-957
28-871
28-895
28*880
28-900
28-895
28-914
28-697
28-895
28-697
28-923
28-709
28-920
28-642
28-934
28-686
28-977
28-756
28-913
28-985
29-008
28-902
28-969
28-945
28-985
28-993
28-587
28-571
28-540
28-524
28-504
28-484
28-497
28-481
28-493
28-528
28-560
28-575
28-528
28-359
28-308
28-320
28-345
28-390
28-445
28-445
28-449
28-441
28-402
28-402
28-379
2S-:-:0n
29-678
29-673
29-670
29-601
29-701
29-738
29-745
29-744
29-738
29-701
29-688
29-676
29-698
29-870
29-851
29-867
29-851
29-878
29-941
29-986
29-981
29-953
29-902
29-872
29-876
29-902
29-862
29-838
29-829
29-837
29-874
29-939
29-971
29-958
29-920
29-882
29-862
29-849
29-885
29-965
29-932
29-932
29-914
29-923
30-023
30-098
30-043
30-039
29-995
29-948
29-954
29-977
29-910
30-000
29-930
29-960
30-010
29-973
30-013
30-048
30-000
29-950
29-926
29-953
29-977
29-895
29-891
29-903
29-884
29-907
29-927
29-939
29-943
29-923
29-923
29-915
29-895
29-912
29-878
29-870
29-872
29-874
29-906
29-973
30-004
29-984
29-957
29-920
29-882
29-880
29-917
29-823
29-803
29-796
29-795
29-835
29-915
29-968
29-935
29-907
29-848
29-830
29-815
29-856
-'•040
29-895
29-907
29-955
30-033
30-082
30-057
+ •080
28-070
28-046
28-034
28-050
28-073
28-133
28-154
28-125
28*125
28-106
28*094
28-086
28*090
29-835
29-808
29-796
29-815
29-835
29-902
29-863
29-859
29-823
...
29-587
29-548
29-564
29-520
29-595
29-688
29-729
29-713
29-662
29-603
29-556
29-567
29-611
...
29-922
29-918
29-908
29-922
29-945
30-028
30-059
30-062
30-028
29-981
l-.i-'.i;:.;
29-930
29-970
+ •055
29-758
29-743
29-761
29-766
29-797
29-876
29-907
'29-884
29-860
29-796
29-754
29-750
29 -804
+ •025
26-032
26-052
26-063
26-091
26-134
26-174
26-146
26-154
26-154
26-107
26-095
26-052
26-104
29-960
29-940
29-968
29-992
30-062
80-114
30-133
30-117
30-094
30-050
30-000
29-998
30-036
+'•050
29-944
29-922
29-912
29-914
29-951
30-038
30-066
30-045
30-025
29-996
29-971
29-940
29-977
29-983
29-999
29-992
29-992
30-034
30-090
30-113
30-113
30-089
30-055
30-031
30-019
30-043
28-241
28-238
28-228
28-249
28-279
28-328
28-351
28-349
28-305
28-286
28-262
28-247
28-280
30-024
30-027
>••
...
30-241
30-099
30-038
30-075
30-074
27-874
27-862
27-890
27-890
27-902
27-920
27-941
27-918
27-898
27-903
27-863
27-873
27*894
25-276
25-272
25-305
25-333
25-331
25-427
25-431
25-415
25-356
25-308
25-263
25-253
25-331
29-468
29-484
29-520
29-595
29-617
29-724
29-750
29-710
29-692
29-617
29-564
29-534
29-606
29-127
29-152
29-176
29-254
29-260
29-358
29-366
29-335
29-316
29-253
29-208
29-175
29-248
29-910
29-924
29-954
30-027
30-040
30-155
30-165
30-123
30-102
30-034
29-976
29-945
30-030
29-690
29-702
29-720
29-792
29-811
29-918
29-932
29-894
29-875
29-793
29-757
29-730
29-801
(PHYS. CHEM. CHALL. EXP. PART V. 1888.)
18
90
THE VOYAGE OF ELMS. CHALLENGER
Places.
Country.
No. of
Years.
Years
Specified.
Hours of
Observation.
Latitude.
Longitude.
Height,
Feet.
Cape Agulhas,
Cape Colony
15
1870-84
8: 3
O 1
-34 55
O 1
20 18
66
Mossel Bay, .
do.
15
do.
8: 8
-34 11
22 9
105
Cape Francis,
do.
15
do.
do.
-34 10
24 50
25
Port Elizabeth,
do.
15
do.
do.
—33 57
25 37
181
East London,
do.
15
do.
do.
—32 2
27 55
40 1
King William's Town,
do.
15
do.
do.
—32 51
27 22
1334
Graham's Town, .
do.
15
do.
do.
—33 20
26 33
1800
Cradock,
do.
15
do.
8:
-32 11
25 38
2850
Aliwal, North,
do.
15
do.
do.
—30 43
26 43
4400
Bloemfontein,
do.
15
do.
do.
-28 56
26 19
4550
Kirnberley, .
do.
15
do.
do.
—28 48
25 2
4060
Molepolole, .
do.
3
1881-83
8: 8
—24 0
25 0
3750
Fort Napier,
Natal
15
1870-84
9: 3
—29 3
30 2
2300
Pietermaritzburg, .
do.
8
1858-65
do.
—29 30
30 2
2096
Durban,
do.
1
1884
do.
—29 50
31 0
150
Loureco Marques,
Sofala
If
1876-78
8, N.: 8
—25 28
32 37
16
Zanzibar,
Zanzibar
8
1875-78, 1880-84
10: 4
—6 10
39 11
23
Nossi-Be",
Madagascar
1
1879-80
do.
—13 14
48 15
[0]
Tamatave, .
do.
j
3
1863
9: 4
—18 3
49 11
0
Reunion,
Indian Ocean
3
1883-85
9i: H
—20 50
55 15
51
Mauritius, .
do.
15
1870-84
M.F.
—20 6
57 33
various
Rodriguez,' .
do.
2
1885-86
9: 3
—19 48
63 10
10
Seychelles,
do.
2
do.
9, 10 : 3, 4
—4 0
57 0
[0]
Kerguelen, .
do.
§
1840, 74-75
hourly
—49 25
69 54
50
St. Paul's Island, .
do.
i
various
M.P.
— 35to40
75to88
0
Derby, .
West Australia
n
1884-85
9, N. : 3
—17 18
123 39
17
Cossack,
do.
6"
1880-85
do.
—20 40
117 8
19
Carnarvon, .
do.
6
1885
do.
—24 52
113 39
20
Geraldton, .
do.
6
do.
do.
—28 47
114 26
10
York, .
do.
6
do.
do.
—31 53
116 47
580
Perth, .
do.
10
1876-85
do.
—31 57
115 52
47
Perth, .
do.
6
1880-85
do.
—31 57
115 52
47
Frecmantle, .
do.
6
do.
do.
—33 2
115 45
16
Rottnest,
do.
6
do.
do.
—32 0
115 35
47
Bunbury,
do.
6
do.
do.
—33 19
115 39
18
Albany,
do.
6
do.
do.
—35 2
117 54
88
Port Darwin,
South Austraha
7
1876-82
9: 3
—12 28
130 51
70
Daly Waters,
do.
7
do.
do.
—16 16
133 '22
750
Alice Springs,
do.
5
1878-82
do.
—23 38
133 37
2100
Port Augusta,
do.
15
1870-84
do.
-32 29
137 45
10
Eucla,
do.
15
do.
do.
—31 45
128 58
7
Streaky Bay,
do.
15
do.
do.
—32 48
134 13
43
Cape Borda,
do.
15
do.
do.
—35 45
136 35
506
Kapunda,
do.
15
do.
do.
—34 21
138 55
803
Adelaide,
do.
15
do.
do.
—34 57
138 35
140
Mount Gambler, .
do.
15
do.
do.
—37 50
140 50
130
CapeNorthumberlam
do.
15
do.
do.
—38 5
140 40
117
Portland,
Victoria
15
do.
6, 9 : 3, 9
—38 21
141 32
37
Cape Otway,
do.
15
do.
do.
—38 54
143 37
270
Port Albert,
do.
15
do.
do.
—38 40
147 0
10
REPORT ON ATMOSPHERIC CIRCULATION.
91
Jan.
Feb.
Mar.
April.
May.
June.
July-
Aug.
Sept.
Oct.
Nov.
Dec.
Year.
Corrs.
Applied
Inches.
Inches.
Inches.
Inches.
Inches.
Inches.
Inches.
Inches.
Inches.
Inches.
Inches.
Inches.
Inches.
Inch.
29-880
29-912
29-950
29-992
30-005
30-116
30-128
30-093
30-072
30-000
29-948
29-924
30-000
29-836
29-866
29-.SS6
29-958
29-960
30-072
30-062
30-054
30-016
29-954
29-912
29-874
29-954
29-956
29-990
30-012
30-078
30-095
30-207
30-190
30-125
30-112
30-054
30-000
29-957
30-065
29-782
29-810
29-846
29-915
29-907
30-040
30-019
29-963
29-942
29-890
29-845
29-776
29-895
29-875
29-924
29-957
30-018
30-050
30-200
30-142
30-118
30-102
30-014
29-957
29-890
30-021
28-552
28-588
28-610
28-675
28-690
28-810
28-772
28-724
28-708
28-635
28-578
28-545
28-657
28-038
2,s-os;,
28-126
28-162
28-156
28-276
28-250
28-266
28-201
28-151
28-080
28-040
28-140
27-070
27-068
27-124
27-166
27-193
27-278
27-293
27-228
27-200
27-142
27-081
27-060
27-159
25-601
25-646
25-680
25-749
25-772
25-877
25-868
25-800
25-758
25-696
25-628
25-600
25-723
25-460
25-504
25-540
25-610
25-628
25-734
25-712
25-646
25-600
25-545
25-481
25-460
25-576
25-944
25-975
26-024
26-086
26-108
26-230
26-206
26-136
26-096
26-042
25-970
25-950
26-065
26-298
26-320
26-331
26-416
26-394
26-485
26-471
26-395
26-363
26-325
26-293
L'Cr.'JiiO
26-366
27-574
27-584
27-640
27-683
27-717
27-814
27-797
27-755
27-727
27-674
27-604
27-574
27-679
27-786
27-802
27-844
27-914
27-937
27-994
28-001
27-981
27-905
27-864
27-822
27-795
27-887
29-951
29-931
30-023
30-097
30-117
30-294
30-292
30-288
30-128
30-091
29-993
30-036
30-103
29-888
29-878
29-961
30-020
30-060
30-218
30-174
30-107
29-993
30-022
30-020
29-871
30-018
29-871
29-871
29-870
29-898
29-973
30-054
30-071
30-057
30-033
29-979
29-914
29-889
29-957
29-916
29-942
29-938
29-951
29-971
29-991
30-005
30-045
30-077
30-040
30-016
30-016
30-024
29-981
29-977
30-028
29-985
29-910
29-898
29-941
29-963
30-071
30-142
30-175
30-170
30-176
30-100
30-060
29-992
30-050
29-946
29-932
29-970
30-014
30-088
30-171
30-207
30-216
30-197
30-135
30-067
30-005
30-079
...
29-966
29-922
29-976
29-980
30-074
30-186
30-210
30-219
30-223
30-151
30-104
30-008
30-085
29-928
29-901
29-905
29-887
29-890
29-930
29-960
29-941
29-983
29-983
29-950
29-938
29-933
29-406
29-610
29-491
29-355
29-575
29-474
29-658
29-462
30-030
...
...
29-945
29-928
30-057
30-024
30-021
29-784
29-731
29-790
29-929
29-885
29-998
29-986
29-967
29-937
29-926
29-806
29-721
29-874
+ •030
29-708
29-718
29-762
29-892
29-955
30-024
30-042
29-997
29-948
29-891
29-800
29-727
29-872
29-816
29-854
29-892
29-987
30-030
30-056
30-116
30-064
30-070
30-000
29-887
29-837
29-992
29-857
29-870
29-910
29-992
30-040
30-084
30-130
30-075
30-085
30-035
29-938
29-897
29-993
29-875
29-898
29-963
30-010
30-041
30-080
30-126
30-046
30-061
30-025
29-910
29-865
29-992
29-917
29-937
29-998
30-088
30-070
30-118
30-143
30-107
30-111
30-076
29-986
29-945
30-041
...
29-923
29-937
29-977
30-042
30-065
30-101
30-157
30-085
30-114
30-082
29-978
29-941
30-034
29-944
29-954
29-979
30-041
30-072
30-091
30-135
30-088
30-088
30-089
29-980
29-946
30-084
29-915
29-930
29-983
30-020
30-041
30-072
30-122
30-050
30-081
30-055
29-967
29-917
3o-i>13
29-946
29-961
29-998
30-015
30-051
30-070
30-131
30-062
30-101
30-079
29-999
29-943
:;o-n] I
29-969
30-011
30-016
30-015
30-010
30-005
30-064
30-005
30-056
30-058
29-999
29-943
30-013
29-769
29-801
29-815
29-878
29-904
29-966
30-005
29-980
29-949
29-911
29-854
29-807
29-887
+ -050
29-742
29-796
29-834
29-943
30-004
30-080
30-120
30-064
29-986
29-908
29-850
2'J-NIIS
29-928
29-813
29-877
29-958
30-093
30-160
30-231
30-240
30-188
30-118
29-998
29-928
29-861
30-039
-•090
29-875
29-900
30-059
30-124
30-106
30-096
30-218
30-066
30-088
30-030
29-975
29-905
30-052
...
29-886
29-916
30-058
30-130
30-082
30-070
30-192
30-052
30-060
30-020
29-960
29-900
30-012
+ •020
29-912
29-950
30-074
30-110
30-083
30-073
30-203
30-057
30-080
30-036
29-982
29-935
3irii 11
...
29-925
29-966
30-078
30-101
30-040
30-012
30-133
30-000
30-034
30-000
29 -074
29-921
30-015
i
29-901
29-965
30-072
30-145
30-098
30-083
30-200
30-117
30-076
30-035
29-973
29-915
30-049
+ •035 !
29-934
29-974
30-077
30-135
30-100
30-133
30-203
30-103
30-088
30-040
30-000
29-943
30-062
29-960
29-980
30-084
30-108
30-076
30-008
30-120
29-988
30-004
30-018
29-962
29-900
30-013
+ •050
29-954
29-990
30-074
30-111
30-073
30-006
30-090
29-960
29-996
30-013
29-951
29-892
30-010
29-917
29-968
30-030
30-064
30-002
30-011
30-081
29-976
29-967
29-954
29-908
29-864
29-978
29-663
29-702
29-764
29-802
29-750
29-740
29-828
29-710
29-698
29-688
29-636
29-616
29-716
— •030
29-911
29-974
30-033
30-069
30-022
30-019
30-091
29-988
29-962
29-952
29-913
29-852
29-982
...
92
THE VOYAGE OF H.M.S. CHALLENGER.
Places.
Country.
No. of
Years.
Years
Specified.
Hours of
Observation.
Latitude.
Longitude.
Height,
Feet.
Wilson's Promontory,
Victoria
15
1870-84
6, 9 : 3, 9
—39
8
146 23
300
Gabo Island,
do.
15
do.
do.
—37
35
149 30
50
Melbourne, .
do.
15
do.
do.
—37
50
144 50
91
Ballarat,
do.
15
do.
do.
—37
34
143 53
1438
Sandhurst, .
do.
15
do.
do.
—36
43
144 21
758
Echuca,
do.
15
do.
do.
—36
5
144 48
314
Wentworth .
New South Wales
15
do.
9:
—34
8
142 0
144
Deniliquin, .
do.
15
do.
do.
—35
32
145 2
410
Albury,
do.
15
do.
do.
—36
6
147 0
572
Eden, .
do.
15
do.
do.
—37
0
149 59
107
Cape St. George, .
do.
15
do.
do.
-35
12
150 45
175
Goidburn,
do.
15
do.
do.
—34
45
149 45
2129
Sydney,
do.
15
do.
do.
—33
52
151 11
155
Windsor,
do.
15
do.
do.
—32
55
151 50
53
Bathurst,
do.
15
do.
do.
—33
24
149 37
2200
Newcastle, .
do.
15
do.
do.
—32
55
151 50
112
Port Macquarie, .
do.
15
do.
do.
—31
25
152 54
53
Armidale
do.
15
do.
do.
—30
34
151 46
3278
Forbes,
do.
15
do.
do.
—33
27
148 5
1120
Bonrke,
do.
15
do.
do.
—30
3
145 58
456
Thergomindal,
do.
15
do.
do.
—28
0
142 30
450
Brisbane,
Queensland
15
do.
9: 3
—27
28
153 6
130
JMorcton Bay,
do.
15
do.
do.
—27
1
153 28
320
Toowoomba, .
do.
15
do.
8: 2
—27
34
152 10
1960
Somerset, Cape York,
do.
2§
1865-67
9: 3
—10
44
142 36
70
Goodie Island,
do.
1
1880
do.
—10
33
142 10
300
Sweer's Island,
do.
n
1806-68
do.
—15
0
136 0
[0]
Kent's Group,
Tasmania
5
1861-66
6, N. : 6
-39
29
147 25
280
Hobart Town,
do.
5
do.
do.
—42
52
147 21
37
Hobart Town.
do.
15
1870-84
various
—42
52
147 21
37
Port Arthur,
do.
5
1861-66
6, N. : 6
—43
9
147 54
55
Mongonui,
New Zealand
15
1870-84
9.30:
—35
1
173 28
70
Auckland,
do.
15
do.
do.
—36
50
174 51
258
Taranaki,
do.
15
do.
do.
—39
4
174 5
42
Napier,
do.
15
do.
do.
—39
29
176 55
8
Wellington, .
do.
15
do.
do.
—41
16
174 47
140
Nelson,
do.
15
do.
do.
—41
16
173 19
34
Cape Campbell
do.
15
do.
do.
^1
43
174 18
7
Ohristchurch,
do.
15
do.
do.
—43
43
172 39
21
Hokitika,
do.
15
do.
do.
—42
42
170 59
12
Dunedin,
do.
15
do.
do.
—45
52
170 31
500
Southland, .
do.
15
do.
do.
—46
17
168 20
79
Chatham Islands, .
do.
3
1879-81
do.
—43
52
176 42
100
Auckland Island,
do.
5M.
1874-75
do.
—50
32
166 5
10
Port de France,
New Caledonia
2
1863-64
6,10: 1,4,10
—22
16
166 36
22
Solomon Islands, .
Pacific Ocean
n
1882-84
—9
0
160 0
0
Suva Sf Levulca,Fiji,
do.
9
1877-85
10 : "i
—18
30
179 0
77
Upolu,
do.
8
1851-58
6, 9, N. : 3, 8
—13
51
—171 54
20
Apia, .
do.
1
1864
6: 4, 8
—13
50
—171 44
0
Tonyatabu, .
do.
3
1872-74
4, 8, N. : etc.
—21
10
—174 50
0
REPORT ON ATMOSPHERIC CIRCULATION.
93
Jan.
Feb.
Mar.
April.
May
June.
July.
Aug.
Sept.
Oct.
Nov.
Dec.
Year.
Corrs.
Applied
Inches.
Inches.
Inches.
Inches.
Inches.
Inches.
Inches.
Inches.
Inches.
Inches.
Inches.
Inches.
Inches.
Inch.
29-605
29-675
29-732
29-755
29-715
29-707
29-781
29-668
29-672
29-655
29-604
29-535
29-675
+ •085
29-838
29-888
29-936
29-959
29-908
29-918
29-968
29-900
29-902
29-870
29-802
29-754
29-887
+ ■020
29-843
29-893
29-968
30-013
29-976
29-977
30-052
29-952
29-928
29-902
29-847
29-800
29-929
28-429
28-481
28-554
28-583
28-540
28-536
28-589
28-508
28-489
28-473
28-429
28-390
28-500
29-120
29-161
29-244
29-305
29-271
29-285
29-353
29-266
29-233
29-202
29-141
29-095
29-223
29-556
29-611
29-703
29-762
29-734
29-760
29-833
29-751
29-715
29-660
29-591
29-552
29-686
+ •050
29-923
29-990
30-088
30-140
30-086
30-121
30-213
30-143
30-095
30-078
30-032
29-952
30-072
-•060
29-907
29-956
30-038
30-121
30-101
30-137
30-190
30-129
30-078
30-029
29-984
29-915
30-049
-•025
30-003
30-058
30-128
30-140
30-117
30-130
30-166
30-126
30-058
30-054
29-991
29-945
30-076
29-894
29-998
30-058
30-074
30-040
30-018
30-082
30-008
29-997
29-974
29-924
29-863
29-994
29-931
29-962
30-053
30-072
30-026
30-036
30-096
30-027
30-006
29-988
29-943
29-881
30-004
29-954
30-015
30-102
30-138
30-118
30-160
30-184
30-117
30-056
30-058
29-964
29-905
30-064
29-966
30-010
30-083
30-125
30-086
30-107
30-168
30-122
30-080
30-026
29-951
29-915
30-053
29-904
29-944
30-019
30-064
30-022
30-043
30-102
30-066
30-018
29-978
29-897
29-852
29-992
29-900
29-950
30-044
30-112
30-108
30-130
30-196
30-100
30-046
30-033
29-940
29-880
30-037
29-943
30-002
30-065
30-114
30-078
30-112
30-150
30-104
30-067
30-042
29-956
29-912
30-045
+ •030
29-971
30-008
30-072
30-098
80-064
30-060
30-114
30-104
30-058
30-037
29-983
29-928
30-041
29-935
29-987
30-040
30-078
30-068
30-073
30-152
80-122
30-074
30-057
30-000
29-928
30-042
+ •020
29-988
30-006
30-076
30-140
30-110
30-123
30-167
30-128
30-071
30-036
29-976
29-924
30-062
29-910
29-956
30-052
30-132
30-118
30-128
30-172
30-126
30-066
30-050
29-948
29-906
30-047
29-940
29-955
30-040
30-120
30-138
30-174
30-198
30-154
30-120
30-100
30-024
29-996
30-080
29-893
29-927
29-987
30-065
30-060
30-113
30-125
30-118
30-074
30-045
29-976
29-912
30-025
29-910
29-937
29-979
30-068
30-058
30-106
30-111
30-116
30-078
30-050
29-994
29-928
30-018
+ '•030
29-915
29-930
29-984
30-064
30-046
30-071
30-070
30-062
30-033
30-010
29-989
29-921
30-007
+ •090
29-788
29-785
29-847
29-795
29-852
29-914
29-916
29-933
29-907
29-898
29-868
29-780
29-857
...
29-771
29-824
29-867
29-917
29-960
29-970
29-998
30-012
29-970
29-970
29-938
29-904
29-925
29-748
29-732
29-878
29-933
29-984
30-039
30-047
30-019
30-008
29-960
29-838
29-921
29-925
29-620
29-650
29-766
29-764
29-686
29-776
29-588
29-652
29-600
29-610
29-598
29-564
29-656
■ •*
29-807
29-849
29-973
29-996
29-927
29-892
29-855
29-912
29-789
29-824
29-788
29-756
29-873
29-876
29-926
29-989
29-998
29-951
29-908
29-970
29-838
29-875
29-848
29-815
29-768
29-897
29-791
29-829
29-865
29-835
29-747
29-823
29-654
29-700
29-647
29-727
29-687
29-719
29-752
29-887
29-941
30-019
30-015
29-913
29-879
29-893
29-924
29-989
29-955
29-930
29-903
29-937
29-657
29-727
29-807
29-803
29-703
29-649
29-656
29-688
29-763
29-739
29-707
29-666
29-713
29-875
29-950
30-040
30-028
29-920
29-885
29-876
29-887
29-950
29-918
29-904
29-884
29-927
29-870
29-984
30-050
30-063
29-943
29-914
29-894
29-907
29-965
29-916
29-914
29-856
29-940
29-725
29-832
29-912
29-914
29-794
29-754
29-732
29-733
29-787
29-752
29-734
29-684
29-780
29-875
29-971
30-058
30-048
29-905
29-867
29-855
29-878
29-930
29-900
29-883
29-825
i".)-:iit;
+ -055
29-859
29-950
30-045
30-058
29-925
29-910
29-896
29-874
29-927
29-916
29-890
29-866
29-926
-•100
29-825
29-947
30-027
30-040
29-906
29-883
29-883
29-862
29-893
29-845
29-851
29-773
29-895
29-882
29-980
30-072
30-066
29-934
29-892
29-875
29-881
29-945
29-911
29-923
29-854
29-935
29-270
29-407
29-480
29-485
29-344
29-344
29-326
29-334
29-350
29-290
29-303
29-232
29-387
+ ■020
29-708
29-833
29-904
29-936
29-781
29-776
29-755
29-764
29-769
29-700
29-710
29-652
i'9-774
29-820
29-830
29-953
29-963
29-835
29-695
29-825
29-837
29-935
29-750
29-713
29-747
29-824
29-532
29-725
...
...
29-697
29-579
29-764
...
29-878
29-910
29-973
29-'973
30-072
30-084
30-096
30-045
30-085
29-997
29-973
29-897
30-000
-'•035
30-000
29-993
30-009
29-998
30-023
30-019
30-009
29-982
...
**>
29-852
29-870
29-900
29-947
29-991
30-028
30-013
30-046
30-046
30-040
29-944
29-880
29-963
29-910
29-910
29-940
29-960
29-990
30-010
30-020
30-020
30-030
30-010
29-960
29-920
29-973
+ '•030
29-864
29-938
29-925
29-960
30-000
30-031
30-003
30-033
30-022
30-012
29-949
29-909
29-971
+ •080
29-920
29-940
29-980
29-980
30-040
30-110
30-070
30-060
30-080
30-020
30-030
29-980
30-000
+ •090
94
THE VOYAGE OF H.M.S. CHALLENGER
Places.
Country.
No. of
Years.
Years
Specified.
Hours of
Observation.
Latitude.
Longitude.
Height,
Feet.
Tahiti, .
Pacific Ocean
5
1855-60
4 daily obs.
o
-17
32
O 1
-149 34
[0]
Papa, .
do.
li
1867-69
6, 9, N. : 3, 8
-27
36
-144 11
0
Honolulu,
do.
2£
1885-87
10: 4
21
18
-157 50
32
Honolulu,
do.
6
1837-38, '69-72
S-E. : 2
21
18
-157 50
[0]
Wayprecht and
Payer's Exped.,
Arctic
2
1872-74
M.P.
77 to 79
54 to 65
0
Pitlekij,
do.
3
4
1878-79
M.P.
67
5
-173 23
0
Sagaster,
do.
2
1882-84
hourly
73
23
124 5
16
Franz Josef's
Land,
do.
1
1873-74
four hourly
79
38
60 4
0
Mosselbai,
do.
1
1872-73
M.P.
79
53
16 4
33
Thorsden
do.
1
1882-83
hourly
78
29
15 42
0
Dickson's Haven, .
do.
1
?
M.P.
78
48
14 55
0
Karrnakuli, .
do.
1
1882-83
hourly
72
23
52 42
23
Sodankyla, .
do.
2
1882-84
do.
67
27
26 36
594
Bossekop,
do.
1
1882-83
do.
G9
57
23 15
98
Jan May en, .
do.
1
do.
do.
70
59
-8 28
35
Sabine Island,
do.
1
1869-70
two hourly
74
32
-18 49
0
Godthaab, .
do.
1
1882-83
hourly
64
11
-51 46
86
Ivigtut,
Greenland
15
do.
8: 2, 9
61
12
-48 11
16
Frederikshaab,
do.
4
1856-60
Noon
62
0
-49 24
[0]
Godthaab, .
do.
15
1870-84
8: 2, 9
64
11
-51 46
37
Jacobshaven,
do.
15
do.
do.
69
19
-50 55
41
Upernavik, .
do.
15
do.
8: 2, 8
72
47
-55 53
39
Wolstenholrn Sd. .
Arctic
1
1849-50
4, 8, 12 : etc.
76
34
-68 45
0
Port Foulke,
do.
1
1860-61
hourly
78
18
-73 0
0
Van Rensseller, .
do.
2
1853-54
do.
78
37
-70 53
0
Fort Conger,
do.
2
1881-83
do.
81
44
-64 45
0
The Discovery,
do.
1
1875-76
do.
81
44
-65 3
0
The Alert, .
do.
1
do.
do.
82
27
-61 22
0
Northumberland Sd.,
do.
1
1852-53
two hourly
76
52
-97 0
0
Winter Harbour, .
do.
1
1819-20
do.
74
47
-110 48
0
Wellington Channel,
do.
1
1852-53
do.
75
37
-92 22
0
Griffith Island,
do.
1
1850-51
do.
74
34
-95 20
0
Port Leopold,
do.
1
1848-49
do.
73
50
-90 12
0
Walker Bay,
do.
1
1851-52
4, 8, 12 : etc.
71
35
-117 39
0
Cambridge Bay, .
do.
1
1852-53
do.
69
3
-105 12
0
Port Bowen,
do.
1
1824-25
two hourly
73
13
-88 55
0
Port Kennedy,
do.
1
1858-59
hourly
72
1
-94 14
0
[ Felix Harbour,
do.
1
1829-30
do.
69
59
-92 1
0
< Victoria Harbour,
do.
1
1830-31
do.
70
00
-91 35
0
(Munday Harbour,.
do.
1
1831-32
do.
70
18
-91 40
0
Means of these 3,
do.
2A
1829-32
do.
70
6
-91 45
0
Dealy, .
do.
1
1852-53
3,9: 3,9
74
56
-108 49
0
Mercy Bay, .
do.
li
1851-53
two hourly
74
6
-117 55
0
Princess Royal
Island,
do.
l
1850-51
do.
72
47
-117 35
0
Beechy Island,
do.
2
1852-54
4, 8, 12 : etc.
74
43
-91 54
0
Winter Island,
do.
1
1821-22
two hourly
66
11
-83 10
0
REPORT ON ATMOSPHERIC CIRCULATION.
95
Jan.
Feb.
Mar.
April.
May.
June.
July-
Aug.
Sept.
Oct.
Nov.
Dec.
Year.
Corrs.
Applied
Inches.
29-938
29-974
30-028
30-050
Inches.
29-916
29-976
30-007
30-094
Inches.
29-926
29-967
30-086
30-095
Inches.
29-934
30-066
30-088
30-121
Inches.
29-980
30-056
30-102
30-121
Inches.
29-991
29-988
30-085
30-104
Inches.
30-013
29-998
30-083
30-087
Inches.
30-036
29-880
30-026
30-063
Inches.
30-038
29-850
:;<>•( ii'.-i
30-069
Inches.
30-016
30-194
::n-n:;ii
30-053
Inches.
29-983
30-054
30-098
30-067
Inches.
29-957
29-946
30-090
30-071
Inches.
29-977
29-988
30-062
30-083
Inch.
+ ■070
+ •050
29-548
29-544
29-627
29-898
30-004
29-867
29-886
29-815
29-745
29-749
29-898
29-843
29-788
...
29-638
29-946
30-237
30-104
29-894
30-124
29-793
30-046
29-912
29-792
29-779
29-668
29-836
29-782
29*0*95
29-837
29-755
29-6 78
29-876
29-960
29-935
29*880
29-134
29-591
29-611
29-690
29-508
29-831
29-863
30-056
30-071
30-130
29-863
29-768
29-819
(29855)
29-784
29-977
29-729
29-808
29-634
29-834
29-729
29-812
29-615
29-855
L'9-097
29-823
...
29-600
29-828
29-639
29-342
29-520
29-520
29-912
29-705
29-416
29-638
29-890
29-721
29-579
29-416
29-557
29-949
29-304
30-147
29-473
29-958
30-038
30-071
29-958
29-414
29-735
29-922
29-913
29-880
29-435
29-866
29-997
29-810
29-724
29-417
29-741
29-910
29:867
29-438
29-631
29-731
29-884
29-433
29-729
29-928
30-099
30-024
30-427
29-941
29-884
l".i-;i05
29-905
29-408
29-748
30-120
30-174
29-965
29-396
29-788
29-874
29*856
29-418
29-738
29-410
29-784
29-114
29-378
29-288
29-977
29-097
29-402
29-977
30-166
29-745
29-623
29-760
29-867
29-646
29-721
29-784
29-875
29-794
29-788
29-938
29-918
29-737
29-760
29-686
29-709
29-749
29-756
29-686
29-948
29-725
29-729
29-638
29-859
29-563
29-700
29-780
29-867
29-426
29-6^3
29-611
29-704
29-022
29-615
29-890
29-800
29-705
29-488
29-705
29-886
29-577
29-632
29-424
29-410
29-520
29-560
29-845
29-371
29-441
29-579
29-623
29-731
29-652
29-658
29-768
29-808
29-998
29-815
29-760
29-851
29-910
29-716
29-872
29-792
29-835
29-867
29-834
29-850
29-764
29-776
29-792
29-626
29-732
29-756
29-737
29-737
29-599
29-700
29-733
29-737
29-745
29775
29-653
29-686
29-690
29-690
29-766
29-666
29-6i'7
29-686
29-678
29-605
29-640
29-611
L'9-O.SO
29-705
29-828
29-495
29-508
2'.l- I
29-630
29-669
29-656
29-646
29-705
29-729
29-749
29-834
29-778
29-796
29-674
29-607
29-747
29-848
29-672
29-993
29-981
29-816
29-750
29-894
30-099
30-095
30-085
29-903
30-099
30-327
30-300
29-985
29-942
30-066
29-930
29-914
29-678
29719
29-878
29-800
29-804
29-691
29-741
29-790
29-594
29-599
29-662
29-694
29-826
29-709
29-599
29-684
29-658
29-772
29-705
29-082
29-618
29-755
29-897
29-981
29-949
30-087
29-758
29-859
30-193
30-154
30-032
29-753
29-922
29-646
29-615
29-824
29775
29-8*2
29-886
29-867
29-696
30-080
29-614
29-732
29-817
30-050
29-770
29-716
29-832
29-823
30-079
29-800
29-837
29-847
29-906
30-022
29-980
30-005
30-077
29-958
29-910
30-110
29-980
29-994
29-988
29-715
29-820
29-756
29-985
29-838
29-610
29-670
29-638
29-S05
29-671
29-658
29730
29730
29-870
29-680
29-778
29-900
29-741
29-684
29-738
29-939
29-810
29-791
29-946
29-S40
30-047
29-940
29-721
29-911
29-845
29-886
29-860
29-810
29-839
29-093
29-806
29-872
29-778
29-877
29-816
...
29-902
29-801
29-762
29-972
29-854
29-952
29-887
29-924
30-164
30-056
30-108
30-163
30-027
30-017
30-068
30-170
30-005
30-031
30-051
30-001
29-815
29-807
29-889
29-903
29-756
29-675
29-817
29-695
29-852
29-715
29-683
29-652
29-932
29-947
29-689
30-000
29-863
29-950
29-962
29-793
30-090
30-011
29-899
30-044
30-112
29-929
29-869
29-865
29-948
29-908
29-890
29-932
29-693
30-129
29-644
29-822
29-750
30-117
29-972
29-859
29-983
30-120
30-011
29-903
29-984
29-960
30-100
30-003
29-977
30-004
29-995
30-110
30-242
30-040
30:141
30-065
30-105
29-942
30-6*23
29-825
29-860
29-920
29-890
29-630
29-859
29-856
29:858
29-705
29-834
29-815
29-824
29-840
29-889
30-026
U9-957
29-970
29-683
30-027
30-114
29-940
30-080
29-896
30-083
29-777
29-919
29-940
29*964
29-943
29-928
29-852
30-005
30-138
30-120
30-078
29-816
29-771
29-875
29-859
29-993
30-096
30-042
29-970
29-939
29-832
29-990
30-006
30-022
29-790
30-041
30-133
29-890
30-103
30-214
29-940
30-082
30-199
30-030
29-875
30-009
29-920
29-799
29-870
29-73 0
29-914
29-842
29-900
29-943
30-080
29-925
29-938
29-920
29-813
29-958
30-180
30-040
29-909
29-960
29-957
29-982
29-940
+•200
96
THE VOYAGE OF H.M.S. CHALLENGER.
Places.
Country.
No. of
Years.
Years Specified.
Hours of
Observation.
Latitude.
Longitude.
Height,
Feet.
Igloolik,
Arctic
1
1822-23
two hourly
o
69
21
o /
-81 53
0
Fort Hope, .
do.
o
1846-47, '53-54
M.P.
66
32
-86 56
10
Hudson's Strait. .
do.
1
1836-37
two hourly
various
various
0
Kingua,
do.
1
1**2-83
hourly
66
36
-67 14
53
Ananito,
do.
1
1877-78
M.P.
66
20
-66 56
10
Rama, .
Labrador
n
1882-84
8: 2, 8
58
53
-63 15
11
Hebron,
do.
H
do.
do.
58
12
-62 21
49
Nain, .
do.
n
do.
do.
56
33
-61 41
14
Okak, .
do.
n
do.
do.
57
34
-61 56
25
Do., .
do.
4
1881-84
do.
57
34
-61 56
25
Zoar, .
do.
2i
1882-84
do.
56
7
-61 22
31
Hoffenthal. .
do.
n
do.
do.
55
27
-60 12
25
Chimo, .
do.
2
do.
lh:
59
0
-68 0
126
Fort York, .
Dominion of
8
1877-84
M.P.
57
2
-92 20
55
Fort Rae, .
Canada
1
1882-83
hourly
62
39
-115 44
530
Camden Bay,
do.
1
1853-54
4, 8, n., etc.
70
8
-145 29
0
Point Barrow,
Alaska
2
1852-54
6, 12 : 6, 12
71
21
-156 17
10
Ooglaamie, .
do.
2
1881-83
hourly
71
23
-156 40
17
St. Michaels,
do.
11
1874-86
M.P.
63
48
-161 0
30
Port Clarence,
do.
3
1850-54
hourly
65
17
-166 20
0
Port Providence, .
do.
3
1848-49
do.
64
26
-173 0
0
Chamisso,
do.
l4
1849-50
do.
66
13
-161 46
0
Nulaton, Yukon E.
do.
1
2
1866-67
9: 1,8
60
40
-158 13
100
St. PmiVs Island, .
do.
5i
1869-76
7 : 2, 9
57
7
-170 18
57
Iliulik,
do.
9"
1825-34
7: 1, 9J
53
52
-166 31
15
Kadiak,
do.
1
1872-73
Noon
57
47
- 152 20
20
Sitka, .
do.
44
1828-85
M.P.
57
3
-135 19
15
Fort Wrangel,
do.
A
1870
7 : 2, 9
56
16
-132 29
55
Fort Tongass,
do.
2*
1868-70
do.
54
46
-130 30
30
Esquimault, .
Dominion of
5
1875-79, 87
7:
48
26
-123 27
42
New Westminster,
Canada.
2
1860-61
8£: 3J
49
13
-122 53
54
St. John (N.F.), .
do.
G
1853-59
H- H
47
35
-52 42
130
St. Pierre,
do.
15
1870-84
7": 3, 11*
46
47
-56 8
[0]
Sydney,
do.
15
do.
do.
46
8
-60 10
28
Halifax,
do.
15
do.
do.
44
39
-63 36
122
Yarmouth,
do.
15
do.
do.
43
50
-66 2
61
St. John (N.B.), .
do.
15
do.
do.
45
17
-66 3
150
Fredericklown,
do.
15
do.
do.
45
57
-66 38
59
Chatham,
do.
15
do.
do.
47
3
-65 29
56
Bathurst,
do.
15
do.
do.
47
39
-65 42
9
Bird Island, .
do.
15
do.
do.
47
51
-61 8
85
S. W. P. Anticosti,
do.
15
do.
do.
49
24
-63 16
20
Charlottetown,
do.
15
do.
do.
46
14
-63 10
38
Dalhousie,
do.
15
do.
do.
48
4
-66 22
150
Father Point,
do.
15
do.
do.
48
31
-68 28
20
Quebec, .
do.
15
do.
do.
46
48
-71 12
312
Montreal,
do.
15
do.
do.
45
31
-73 33
187
Brockville, .
do.
15
do.
do.
44
35
-75 42
273
' Washington Mean Time.
REPORT ON ATMOSPHERIC CIRCULATION.
97
Jan.
Feb.
Mar.
April.
May.
June.
July.
Aug.
Sept.
Oct.
Nov.
Dec.
Year.
Corrs.
Applied.
Inches.
Inches .
Inches.
Inches.
Inches.
Inches.
Inches.
Inches.
Inches.
Inches.
Inches.
Inches.
Inches.
Inch.
29-750
29-840
30-030
29-970
29-910
29-930
29-530
29-500
29-730
29-s:;u
29-710
29-590
29-776
29-793
30-149
30-174
29-732
29-891
29-860
29-931
80060
29-914
29-739
29-981
29 943
29-819
29-845
29-833
29:569
29-587
29-791
29-793
29-783
29-800
29-558
29-445
29-777
29-863
29-875
29-654
29-701
29-741
29-713
29-739
29-798
29-963
29-736
...
29-591
29-721
29-827
29-985
29-953
29-768
29-725
29-780
29-564
29-573
29-644
29-750
29-871
29-871
29-681
29-7*79
29-735
29-650
29-730
29-716
29-829
29736
29-542
29-636
29-730
29-846
29-849
29-679
29-777
29-740
29-621
29-741
29-689
29-796
29-720
29-614
29-740
29-769
29-864
29-878
29-735
29-813
29-775
29-691
29-764
29-744
29-826
29768
29-600
29-695
29-760
29-879
29-910
29-714
29-807
29-760
29-668
29-757
29-746
29-833
29761
29-684
29-820
29-769
29-866
29-952
29-750
29779
29-823
29-701
29-744
29-703
29-804
29783
29-626
29-752
29-776
29-863
29-884
29-744
29-817
29-781
29-716
29-779
29-782
29-819
29778
29-608
29-756
29-769
29-838
29-853
29-756
29-814
29-785
29-716
29774
29-754
29-807
29769
29-855
29-930
29-960
30-065
29-995
29-885
29-955
29-915
29-770
29930
29-960
29-970
29-933
...
29-918
29-988
30-024
29995
29-953
29-898
29-801
29-823
29-870
29-860
29-910
29-930
29-914
-030
29-582
29-520
29-588
29-331
29-408
29-213
29-244
29-250
29-286
29-176
29-267
29-415
29-357
...
30-120
29-989
29-981
29-866
29-827
29-854
29-836
(29-840)
29-891
29-879
30-301
29-8111
29-832
...
30-032
30-053
29-978
29-898
29-944
29-849
29-749
29-832
29-908
29-938
30-111
29-980
29-939
29-882
29-953
30032
29-984
29-961
29-894
29-827
29-777
29-793
29-814
29-842
29-967
29-894
29-778
29-859
29-873
29-866
29777
29-828
29-872
29-822
29-693
29-706
29-794
29-750
29-802
30-010
29-777
29-892
29-831
29-702
29-764
29-822
(29-810)
29-756
29-655
29-577
29-705
29-775
...
29-841
29-896
29-738
30-128
29-884
29-738
29-497
29-570
29-697
30-115
29-585
30-169
29-815
29-914
29-787
29756
29-703
29-631
29-651
29-500
30-102
29-811
30-063
29-986
29-854
29-788
29-782
29-948
...
...
29-688
...
...
29-626
29-609
29-794
29-716
29-697
29-759
29-898
29-926
29-747
29-564
29-622
29-587
29712
29-610
29-567
29-618
29-657
29-684
29-732
29-782
29-789
29-634
29-547
29 534
29-636
29-650
29-548
29-504
29-398
29-648
29-647
29-801
29-814
29-783
29-705
29-362
29-576
29-456
29-606
...
29-618
29-678
29-698
29-767
29-816
29-742
29-848
29-844
29-910
29-855
29-848
29-933
29-763
29-706
29-656
29-575
29-608
29-732
•
29-676
29-778
29-847
29-829
29-836
29-960
29-964
30-016
29-966
29-858
29-644
29-742
29-843
29-989
29-955
29-907
30-007
29-982
30-004
30-007
29-977
29-992
30-009
29-985
30-044
29-988
30-074
30-042
30-022
30-000
29-984
29-962
30-032
30-012
30-029
30-008
29-937
29-928
30-002
29-924
29781
29-690
29-942
29-943
29-934
29-993
29-964
29-971
29-986
29-908
29-842
29-906
29-880
29-846
29-836
29-840
29-930
29-904
29-893
29-938
29-982
29-943
29-888
29-842
29-894
...
29-938
29-884
29-886
29-850
29-942
29-934
29-922
29-964
30-015
29-970
29-914
29-876
29-924
29-985
29-906
29-862
29-845
29-930
29-918
29-917
29-968
30-020
39-998
29-936
29-923
29-934
30-000
29-948
29-894
29-860
29-946
29-927
29-917
29-980
30-033
30-017
29-968
29-966
29-955
30-016
29-962
29-896
29-872
29-948
29-900
29-923
29-973
30-036
30-015
29-967
29-957
29-956
...
30-027
29-977
29-925
29-888
29-951
29-919
29-903
29-973
30-031
30-028
29-990
29-974
29-965
...
29-982
29-926
29-890
29-864
29-930
29-890
29-882
29-941
30-000
29-975
29-935
29-983
29-929
30-014
29-943
29915
29-878
29-926
29-860
29-847
29-920
29-980
29-968
29-917
29-913
29-923
...
29-886
29-862
29-854
29-860
29-925
29-898
29-894
29-930
29-960
29-922
29-858
29-847
29-891
...
29-870
29-862
29-824
29-842
29-900
29-S48
29-858
29-883
29-928
29-900
29-848
29-.SC2
29-870
29-957
29-909
29-876
29-849
29-928
29-906
29-896
29-949
30-005
29-970
29-922
29-908
29-923
...
30-047
29-966
29-904
29-905
29-924
29-875
29-870
29-920
29-997
29-97(i
29-930
29-952
29-937
29-990
29-966
29-928
29-893
29-936
29-878
29-844
29-926
29-987
29-96::
29-942
29-975
29-935
30-064
30-007
29-966
29-919
29-941
29-890
29-882
29-957
30-021
30-010
30-002
30-020
29-97;;
30-073
30-027
29-955
29-908
29-932
29-893
29-885
29-957
30-023
30-003
30-010
:;n-n;;;;
29-975
30-092
30-056
30-005
29-940
29962
29923
29-909
29-989
30-047
30-036
30-048
30-050
30005
(PHYS. CHEM. CHALL. EXP. — PART V. — 1888.)
19
98
THE VOYAGE OF H.M.S. CHALLENGER
Places.
Country.
No. of
Years.
Years
Specified.
Houra of
Observation.
Latitude.
Longitude
Height,
Feet.
Ottawa,
Dominion of
15
1870-84
7: 3, 11*
o
45
26
-75 41
250
Rockliffc,
Canada.
15
do.
do.
46
12
-77 55
418
Kingston,
do.
15
do.
do.
44
14
-76 29
307
Toronto,
do.
15
do.
do.
43
29
-79 23
350
Port Dover, .
do.
15
do.
do.
42
47
-80 13
635
Port Stanley,
do.
15
do.
do.
42
40
-81 13
592
Woodstock, .
do.
15
do.
do.
43
8
-80 47
980
Stratford,
do.
15
do.
do.
43
23
-81 0
1182
Goderich,
do.
15
do.
do.
43
45
-81 43
728
Saugeen,
do.
15
do.
do.
44
30
-81 21
656
Parry Sound,
do.
15
do.
do.
45
19
-80 0
641
Port Arthur,
do.
15
do.
do.
48
27
-89 12
642
Winnipeg Sf F. Garry,
do.
14
1874-87
do.
49
53
-97 7
758
Minnedosa, .
do.
14
do.
5*:
50
13
-99 48
1665
Qu' Appelle, .
do.
14
do.
5:
50
44
-103 42
2115
Medicine Hat,
do.
14
do.
4i:
50
1
-110 37
2136
East port,
Maine
134
1871-84
7 : 3, 11*
44
54
-66 59
61
Portland,
do.
134
do.
do.
43
39
-70 15
45
Burlington, .
Vermont
134
do.
do.
44
29
-73 13
268
Mount Washington,
New Hampshire
12
1873-84
do.
44
16
-71 18
6279
Boston,
Massachusetts
13*
1871-84
do.
42
21
-71 4
142
Thatcher's Island, .
do.
134
do.
do.
42
38
-70 34
48
Wood's Holl,
do.
134
do.
do.
41
33
-70 40
34
Newport,
Rhode Island
13*
do.
do.
41
29
-71 19
44
Newhaven, .
Connecticut
13*
do.
do.
41
17
-72 57
104
New London,
do.
13*
do.
do.
41
21
-72 5
47
Albany,
New York
13*
do.
do.
42
39
-73 45
75
Buffalo,
do.
13*
do.
do.
42
53
-78 53
690
Oswego,
do.
13*
do.
do.
43
29
-76 35
304
Rochester,
do.
13*
do.
do.
43
8
-77 42
621
New York, .
do.
13*
do.
do.
40
43
-74 0
164
Atlantic City,
New Jersey
13*
do.
do.
39
22
-74 25
13
Cape May, .
do.
13*
do.
do.
38
56
-74 58
27
Erie, .
Pennsylvania
13*
do.
do.
42
7
-80 5
681
Philadelphia,
do.
13*
do.
do.
39
57
-75 9
92
Pittsburg,
do.
13*
do.
do.
40
32
-80 2
766
Baltimore, .
Maryland
13*
do.
do.
39
18
-76 37
45
Washington,
Dist. Columbia
13*
do.
do.
38
54
-77 2
106
Morgantown,
Virginia
13*
do.
do.
39
40
-79 52
963
Lynchburg, .
do.
13*
do.
do.
37
25'
-79 9
652
Cape Henry,
do.
13*
do.
do.
36
56
-76 0
16
Norfolk,
do.
13*
do.
do.
36
51
-76 17
30
Cape Hatteras,
North Carolina
13*
do.
do.
35
14
-75 30
8
Wilmington,.
do.
13*
do.
do.
34
14
-77 57
52
Charlotte,
do.
13*
do.
do.
35
13
-80 51
808
Charleston, .
South Carolina
13*
do.
do.
32
49
-79 56
52
Savannah,
Georgia
13*
do.
do.
32
5
-81 5
87
Augusta,
do.
13*
do.
do.
33
28
-81 54
183
Atlanta,
do.
131
do.
do.
33
45
-84 23
1129
Jacksonville,
Florida
13*
do.
do.
30
20
-81 39
43
* Washington Mean Time.
REPORT ON ATMOSPHERIC CIRCULATION.
99
Jan.
Feb.
Mar.
April.
May.
June.
July. Aug.
Sept.
Oct.
Nov.
Dec.
Year.
Corrs.
Applied
Inches.
Inches.
Inches.
Inches.
Inches.
Inches.
Inches.
Inches.
Inches.
Inches.
Inches.
Inches.
Inches.
Inch.
30-07S
30-046
29-971
29-928
29-947
29-898
29-896
29-975
30-034
30-015
30-016
30-037
29-987
30-086
30-043
29-992
29-924
29-949
29-880
29-890
29-950
30-022
30-023
30-012
30-024
29-984
30-093
30-075
30-000
29-945
29-969
29-943
29-928
29-981
30-046
30-039
30-034
30-044
30-008
30-089
30-068
30-010
29-962
29-979
29-944
29-934
29-987
30-045
30-049
30-049
30051
30-014
30-097
30-077
30-005
29-963
29-984
29-947
29-952
29-989
30045
30-049
30045
30-053
30-017
30-105
30-083
30-013
29-979
29-986
29-949
29-958
29-990
30-043
30-049
30-048
30-056
30-021
30-094
30-062
30-007
29-956
29-966
29-926
29-933
29-976
30-037
30-049
30-041
30-050
30-008
30-086
30-058
30-011
29-952
29-965
29-924
29-943
29-986
30-037
30-040
30-043
30046
30-008
30-091 30-076
30-026
29-978
29-993
29-952
29-947
29-994
30044
30-046
30-040
30054
30-020
30-068
30-048
30-011
29-955
29-966
29-926
29-937
29-974
30016
30007
30-000
30-001
29-993
30-081
30-053
30-008
29-956
29-960
29-923
29-922
29-966
30-020
30-008
30014
30-024
29-995
30-115
30-094
30-052
30-010
29-965
29-890
29-898
29-927
29-952
29-980
30-016
30-068
29-997
30-164
30-163
30-109
30-007
29-923
29-856
29-869
29-905
29-919
29-973
30-088
30139
29-009
30174
30-184
30-100
29-984
29-913
29-846
29-876
29-910
29-927
29-958
30-093
30-131
30-008
30-193
30-181
30-080
29-970
29-890
29-836
29-883
29-901
29-935
29-983
30-088
30143
30-007
30-174
30-175
30-082
29-957
29-883
29-806
29-866
29-895
29-947
29-968
30-088
30-140
29-998
+ •040
29-937
29-910
29-832
29-795
29-889
29-851
29-839
29-897
29-971
29-942
29-916
29-911
29-891
29-996
29-957
29-876
29-843
29-905
29-879
29-866
29-934
30-000
29-988
29-969
29-958
29-931
29-804
29-768
29-678
29-636
29-682
29-648
29-650
29-713
29-772
29-773
29-770
29-767
29-722
23-400
23-382
23-406
23-514
23-724
23-822
23-868
23-919
23-877
23-727
23-535
23-435
23-634
...
29-920
29-879
29-793
29-75C
29-820
29-797
29-797
29-847
29-907
29-905
29-891
29-884
29-850
30-026
29-986
29-902
29-855
29-918
29-905
29-903
29-959
30-022
30-018
29-996
29-998
29-957
30-040
30-003
29-895
29-873
29-946
29-921
29-910
29-951
30-028
30-020
30-020
30-018
29-977
30-035
30-004
29-916
29-874
29-941
29-920
29-918
29-976
30-034
30-030
30011
30-010
29-972
29-993
29-951
29-86S
29-817
29-875
29-852
29-846
29-904
29-957
29-951
29-952
29-962
29911
30061
30-028
29-936
29-890
29-955
29-930
29-926
29-980
30-036
30-032
30-034
30-032
29-987
30056
30-023
29-922
29-876
29-930
29-892
29-878
29-938
30-006
30-011
30-008
30-017
29-963
29-328
29-302
29-236
29-211
29-248
29-228
29-237
29-284
29-322
29-312
29-289
29-295
29-274
29-744
29-729
29-654
29-621
29-653
29-626
29-625
29-669
29-721
29-724
29-716
29-707
29-682
29399
29-384
29-321
29-296
29-332
29-300
29-308
29-356
29-400
29-396
29-374
29-374
29 353
29-960
29-913
29-821
29-774
29-830
29-806
29-805
29-855
29-900
29916
29914
29-917
29-868
30-122
30-075
29-993
29-949
30-000
29-977
29-965
29-998
30-053
30-075
30-088
30-082
30031
30-110
30-062
29-980
29-931
29-970
29-954
29-955
29-986
30-044
30-067
30-078
30091
30019
29-350
29-327
29-252
29-230
29-244
29-251
29-253
29-301
29-335
29-331
29-318
29-326
29-293
30-093
30-050
29-951
29-901
29-948
29-920
29-913
29-960
30-016
30-034
30-047
30-060
29-991
29-293
29-259
29-185
29144
29-189
29-178
29191
29-217
29-267
29-267
29-272
29-263
29-227
+ •020
30-129
30-094
29-987
29-933
29-966
29-944
29-939
29-980
30-040'
30-066
30-081
30-090
30-021
30-051
30-000
29-916
29-867
29-913
29-884
29-885
29-918
29-976
29-996
30-018
30-028
29-954
29-089
29-038
28-955
28-938
28-978
28-997
29-012
29-039
29-079
29-094
29-071
29-090
29-031
+ 040
29-442
29-387
29-320
29-283
29-329
29-311
29-317
29-344
29-399
29-418
29-422
29-420
29-366
30-131
30-090
30-010
29-966
30-004
29-978
29-977
30-001
30-045
30-078
30-101
80-113
30-119
30-081
29-988
29-943
29-979
29-960
29-960
29-970
30-031
30-064
30-083
30-101
30-134
30-100
30-030
29-971
30-016
30003
30-012
30-010
30-047
30-068
30101
30-109
30-109
30-056
29-984
29-936
29-964
29-960
29-967
29-964
29-995
30-039
30-062
30-096
29-282
29-256
29-170
29-126
29-161
29-184
29-184
29-188
29-236
29-262
29-272
29-217
30-124
30-075
30-011
29-973
29-975
29-973
29-980
29-970
29-998
30042
30-081
30-114
30-026
30-094
30-060
29-991
29-935
29-951
29-950
29-852
29-941
29-981
30010
30-059
30-001
30-006
29-967
29-890
29-833
29-842
29-847
29-852
29-849
29-879
29-942
29-978
30-000
29-907
28-992
28-950
28-885
28-831
28-876
28-876
28-896
28-890
28-915
28-944
28-962
28-970
28-916
30-155
30-114
30-054
30-000
29-994
30-012
30-024
29-998
30-002
30-042
30-092
30-134
30052
100
THE VOYAGE OF H.M.S. CHALLENGER.
Places.
Country.
No. of
Years -
Years
Specified.
Hours of
Observation.
Latitude.
Longitude.
Height,
Feet.
Key West, .
Florida
m
1871-84
7: 3, 11*
O 1
24 34
O 1
-81 49
20
Punta Rasa,
do.
131
do.
do.
26 29
-82 1
14
Cedar Keys, .
do.
131
do.
do.
29 8
-83 2
22
St. Mark's, .
do.
131
do.
do.
30 10
-84 12
15
Pensacola, .
do.
131
do.
do.
30 25
-87 13
30
Mobile, .
Alabama
131
do.
do.
30 41
-88 2
41
Montgomery,
do.
131
do.
do.
32 23
-86 18
219
Yicksburg, .
Mississippi
131
do.
do.
32 22
-90 53
244
Memphis,
Tennessee
131
do.
do.
35 9
-90 3
321
Knoxville, .
do.
131
do.
do.
35 56
-83 58
980
Nashville,
do.
13!
do.
do.
36 10
-86 47
549
Chattanooga,
do,
131
do.
do.
35 4
-85 15
783
Louisville,
Kentucky
131
do.
do.
38 15
-85 45
530
Cincinnati, .
Ohio
131
do.
do.
39 6
-84 30
620
Columbus, .
do.
131
do.
do.
39 58
-83 0
805
Toledo,.
do.
13!
do.
do.
41 40
-83 34
651
Cairo, .
do.
131
do.
do.
37 0
-89 10
377
Springfield, .
Illinois
131
do.
do.
39 48
-89 39
644
Cleveland, .
do.
131
do.
do.
41 30
-81 42
690
Chicago,
do.
131
do.
do.
41 52
-87 38
661
Indianapolis,
Indiana
131
do.
do.
39 46
-86 10
753
Grand Haven,
Michigan
131
do.
do.
43 5
-86 19
620
Detroit,
do.
131
do.
do.
42 20
-83 3
661
Port Huron,
do.
13!
do.
do.
43 0
-82 26
633
Alpena,
do.
131
do.
do.
45 5
-83 30
609
Escauaba,
do.
131
do.
do.
45 48
-87 5
612
Marquette, .
do.
131
do.
do.
46 34
-87 24
673
La Crosse, .
Wisconsin
13!
do.
do.
43 49
-91 15
725
Milwaukie, .
do.
131
do.
do.
43 2
-87 54
697
Duluth,
Minnesota
131
do.
do.
46 48
-92 6
672
St. Paul's, .
do.
131
do.
do.
44 58
-93 3
801
Pembina,
do.
131
do.
do.
49 0
-97 5
791
Bismarck,
Dakota
13!
do.
do.
46 47
-100 3G
1694
Buford,
do.
131
do.
do.
48 0
-103 56
1930
Deadwood, .
do.
131
do.
do.
44 23
-103 43
4600
Yaukton,
do.
131
do.
do.
42 54
-97 28
1228
North Platte,
Nebraska
131
do.
do.
41 8
-100 45
2841
Omaha,
do.
13!
do.
do.
41 16
-95 56
1113
Dubuque,
Iowa
13!
do.
do.
42 30
-90 44
665
Des Moines, .
do.
131
do.
do.
41 35
-93 37
849
Leavenworth,
Kansas
13J
do.
do.
39 19
-94 57
842
Dodge City, .
do.
131
do.
do.
37 45
-100 0
2517
Keokuk,
Iowa
13!
do.
do.
40 22
-91 26
618
St. Louis,
Missouri
131
do.
do.
38 38
-90 12
571
Little Rook, .
Arkansas
131
do.
do.
34 45
-92 6
298
Fort Smith, .
do.
13!
do.
do.
35 22
-94 24
449
Fort Gibson,
Indian Territory
13!
do.
do.
35 50
-95 20
540
Fort Sill, .
do.
131
do.
do.
34 40
-98 23
1200
Shreveport, .
Louisiana
13!
do.
do.
32 30
-93 40
227
New Orleans,
do.
131
do.
do.
29 58
-90 4
52
* Washington Mean Time.
REPORT ON ATMOSPHERIC CIRCULATION.
101
Jan.
Feb.
Mar.
April.
May.
June. July.
Aug.
Sept.
Oct.
Nov.
Dec.
Year.
Corrs.
Applied.
Inches.
Inches.
Inches.
Inches.
Inches.
Inches.
Inches.
Inches.
Inches.
Inches.
Inches.
Inches.
Inches.
Inch.
30-108
30-083
30-064
30-014
29-988
30-012
30-032
29-984
29-954
29-955
3(1-1127
30-084
30-025
30-160
30-103
30-087
30-030
30-004
30-032
30-051
30-009
29-9MI
29-998
30-064
30-128
30054
30-160
30-122
30-080
30-026
:;o-(M)0
30-021
30-042
30-005
3 8
30-034
30-091
30-133
30-060
30-177
30-125
30-072
30-014
30-003
30-023
30-038
30-015
30-008
30-047
30-103
30-138
30-064
30-186
30-129
30-081
30-022
30-003
30-011
30-027
29-995
30-020
30-066
30-116
30-152
30-067
30-145
30-085
30-038
29-984
29-970
29-975
30-003
29-966
29-986
30-039
30-099
30116
30-034
29-968
29-916
29-849
29-781
29-784
29-796
29-814
29-786
29-821
29-871
29-918
29-950
29-855
29-930
29-875
29-811
29-749
29-756
29-772
29-789
29-777
29-809
29-848
29-902
29-917
29-828
29-851
29-793
29-722
29-648
29-656
29-660
29-700
29-692
29-736
29-782
29-81 IS
29-833
29-740
29-130
29-096
29-018
28-971
29-004
29-016
29-039
29-015
29-078
29-107
29-108
29-123
29-061
29-638
29-576
29-514
29-450
29-471
29-475
29-503
29-493
29-540
29-571
29-586
29-615
29-535
29-347
29-317
29-232 29-173
29-202
29-220
29-239
29-234
29-283
29-308
29-322
39-340
29-268
29-579
29-544
29-478
29-420
29-441
29-432
29-460
29-468
29-516
29-541
29-557
29-579
29-501
+ •030
29-474
29-448
29-380
29-326
29-357
29-339
29-353
29-375
29-417
29-463
29-464
29-477
29-4(16
29-255
29-220
29-172
29-116
29-146
29-129
29-154
29-178
29'2 16
29-234
29-238
29-237
29-190
29-391
29-353
29-281
29-253
29-272
29-266
29-290
29-322
29-351
29-356
29-360
29-365
29-322
29-763
29-731
29-661
29-587
29-608
29-600
29-644
29-632
29-677
29-714
29-747
29-768
29-678
29-460
29-414
29-355
29-290
29-315
29-295
29-346
29-358
29-390
29-405
29-424
29-435
29-374
29-354
29-324
29-263
29-231
29-265
29-247
29-252
29-292
29-335
29-334
29-331
29-330
29-296
29-363
29341
29-289
29-248
29-256
29-246
29-279
29-297
29-322
29-331
29-325
29-350
29-304
29-300
29-257
29-198
29-147
29-183
29-172
29-210
29-222
29-258
29-276
29-277
29-291
29-233
29-378
29-367
29-319
29-290
29-306
29-278
29-312
29-336
29-362
29-357
29-360
29-367
29-336
29-364
29-341
29-286
29-254
29-285
29-256
29-279
29-320
29-350
29-343
29-341
29-342
29-311
29-378
29-351
29-299
29-270
29-300
29-268
29-283
29-328
29-358
29-354
29-352
29-350
29-324
29-358
29-358
29-329
29-304
29-316
29-290
29-298
29330
29-349
29-329
29-330
29-330
29-327
...
29-346
29-351
29-327
29-313
29-300
29-260
29-293
29-320
29-329
29-322
29-328
29-329
29-317
29-284
29-281
29-247
29-256
29-248
29-200
29-221
29-261
29-268
29-252
29-258
29-255
29-253
29-304
29-264
29-246
29-168
29-187
29-170
29-204
29-242
29-230
29-252
29-280
29-305
29-2I18
29-302
29-276
29-250
29-194
29-225
29-197
29-242
29-266
29-282
29-279
29-284
29-290
29-257
29-334
29-319
29-291
29-251
29-235
29-202
29-220
29-253
29-254
29-257
29-281
29-319
29-267
29-209
29-180
29-154
29-083
29-088
29-061
29-112
29-131
29-140
29 143
29-172
29-200
29-140
29-230
29-212
29-187
29-136
29-075
29-014
29-048
29-091
29-088
29-121
29-184
29-206
29-133
28-180
28-187
28-183
28-136
28-099
28-073
28-132
28-146
28-162
28-149
28-192
28-206
28-154
28-007
27-997
27-886
27-938
27-913
27-879
27-922
27-941
27-955
27-943
27-990
28-004
27-956
25-252
25-257
25-278
25-286
25-326
25-339
25-420
25-413
25-416
25-386
25-354
25-277
25-334
28-800
28-771
28-720
28-650
28-624
28-614
28-075
28-700
28-707
28-721
28-755
28-788
28-710
27-079
27-057
27-022
26-997
27-008
27-021
27-076
27-089
27-091
27-096
27-115
27-105
27-063
28-954
28-915
28-857
28-781
28-788
28-786
2S-842
28-853
28-872
28-891
28-923
28-948
2S-SC8
29-376
29-346
29-296
29-242
29-243
29-220
29-266
29-293
29-316
29-337
29-345
29-378
29-305
29-235
29-190
29-122
29-056
29-061
29-067
29-101
29-112
29-156
29-154
29-188
29215
29-138
29-255
29-191
29-125
29-053
29-049
29-048
29-107
29-116
29-149
29-160
29-203
29-237
29-141
27-453
27-425
27-360
27-303
27-320
27-323
27-402
27-419
27-432
27-424
27-454
27 ■420
27-403
29-456
29-414
29-354
29-281
29-282
29-273
29-325
29-334
29-367
29-391
29-427
29-443
29-362
29-567
29-510
29-454
29-376
29-396
29-389
29-430
29-441
29-478
29-496
29-535
29-549
29-468
29-840
29-795
29-733
29-646
29-653
29-665
29-700
29-994
29-740
29-767
29-813
29-830
29-740
29-674
29-633
29-560
29-472
29-476
29-492
29-536
29-530
29-576
29-594
29-650
29-666
29-572
29-589
29-534
29-454
29-361
29-346
29-371
29-420
29-432
29-464
29-5(11
29-524
29-558
29*463
28-888
28-842
28-770
28-705
28-690
28-702
28-750
28-752
28-786
28-810
2S-sf,;;
28-852
28-7 85
29-945
29-874
29-816
29-734
29-760
29-768
29-790
29-778
29-804
29-853
29-900
29-92.-!
29-820
30-106
30-056
30-003
29-958
29-940
29-950
29-977
29-940
29-955
30-017
30-055
30-085
30-004
102
THE VOYAGE OF H.M.S. CHALLENGER.
Places.
Country.
No. of
Years.
Years
Specified.
Hours of
Observation.
Latitude.
Longitude.
Height,
Feet.
Corsicana, .
Texas
134
1871-84
7: 3, 11*
o
32
5
O '
-96 30
445
Denison,
do.
184
do.
do.
33
48
-96 32
767
Galveston, .
do.
134
do.
do.
29
18
-94 47
40
Indianola,
do.
134
do.
do.
28
32
-96 31
26
Brownsville, .
do.
18*
do.
do.
25
53
-97 26
59
Rio Grande City, .
do.
184
do.
do.
26
22
-98 48
230
Laredo,
do.
134
do.
do.
27
31
-99 30
460
Eagle Pass, .
do.
134
do.
do.
28
44
-100 29
780
San Antonio,
do.
134
do.
do.
29
25
-98 25
673
Concho,
do.
134
do.
do.
31
25
-100 24
1900
Fort Elliott,
do.
134
do.
do.
35
30
-100 21
2650
Fort Stockton,
do.
134
do.
do.
30
53
-102 53
3010
El Paso,
do.
134
1872-83
do.
31
47
-106 30
3764
Fort Thomas,
Mexico (New)
134
do.
do.
33
4
-110 2
2710
Santa Fe,
do.
12
do.
do.
35
41
-105 57
7106
Tucson,
Arizona
134
do.
do.
32
14
-110 53
2369
Yuma, .
do.
11
1874-84
do.
32
45
-114 36
141
Prescott,
do.
11
do.
do.
34
33
-112 28
5340
Salt Lake City, .
Utah
11
do.
do.
40
46
-111 54
4348
Denver,
Colorado
11
do.
do.
39
45
-105 0
5294
Pike's Peak, .
do.
11
do.
do.
38
50
-105 2
14134
Cheyenne, .
Wyoming
11
do.
do.
41
8
-104 48
6105
Fort Custer, .
Montana
11
do.
do.
45
42
-107 34
3040
Fort Benton,
do.
11
do.
do.
47
50
-110 40
2694
Assinaboine,
do.
11
do.
do.
48
32
-109 42
2710
Lewiston,
Idaho
11
do.
do.
46
8
-117 5
780
Boise City,
do.
11
do.
do.
43
37
-116 8
2750
Olympia,
Washington
134
1871-84
do.
47
3
-122 53
36
Dayton,
do.
134
do.
do.
46
19
-117 56
1617
Portland,
Oregon
184
do.
do.
45
32
-122 43
67
Umatilla,
do.
134
do.
do.
45
55
-119 20
340
Roseburg,
do.
134
do.
do.
43
13
-123 20
511
Winnemucca,
Nevada
134
do.
do.
40
59
-117 43
4327
C. Mendocino,
California
134
do.
4:
40
26
-124 24
637
Red Bluff, .
do.
134
do.
7: 3, 11
40
10
-122 15
332
Sacramento, .
do.
134
do.
do.
38
35
-121 30
65
San Francisco,
do.
134
do.
do.
37
48
-122 26
60
Visalia,
do.
134
do.
do.
36
20
-119 17
848
Los Angeles,
do.
134
do.
do.
34
3
-118 15
371
San Diego, .
do.
134
do.
do.
32
43
-117 10
67
Mazatlan,
Mexico
5
1880-84
do.
23
11
-106 17
249
Mexico,
do.
9
1877-85
do.
19
26
-99 0
7490
Puebla,
do.
8
1878-85
do.
19
2
-98 3
7113
Leon, .
do.
H
1882-86
M.P.
21
7
-101 36
5902
Vera Cruz, .
do.
4
?
?
19
12
-96 9
26
do.
do.
3
1863-65
?
19
11
-96 9
100
Cordova,
do.
5
1861-65
9:3
18
51
-96 54
2879
Quatimala, .
Guatemala
3
1880-82
7: 2, 9
14
38
-90 31
4856
Belize, .
Brit. Honduras
4
1865-69
10: 4
17
30
-88 18
27
Bluefields, .
Cent. America
1*
1864-65
6*:
12
8
-83 43
20
* Washington Mean Time.
REPORT ON ATMOSPHERIC CIRCULATION.
103
Jan.
Feb.
Mar.
April.
May.
June.
July.
Aug.
Sept.
Oct.
Nov.
Dec.
Year.
Corrs.
Applied.
Inches.
Inches.
Jnches.
Inches.
Inches.
Inches.
Inches.
Inches.
Inches.
Inches.
Inches.
Inches.
Inches.
Inch.
29-663
29-593
29-528
29-470
29-455
29-485
29-525
29-495
29-538
29-586
29-638
29-627
29-550
29-320
29-284
29-213
29-140
29-157
29-171
29-205
29-206
29-229
29-260
29-311
29-328
29-235
30116
30-059
29-996
29-934
29-926
29-946
29-977
29-949
29-960
30-017
30-064
30-092
30-003
30-114
30-084
30-008
29-948
29-941
29-958
29-998
29-972
29-980
30-032
30-070
30-090
30-016
30056
30-019
29-943
29-869
29-860
29-886
29-928
29-891
29-908
29-958
80-009
30-030
29-947
29-915
29-868
29-786
29-714
29-692
29-727
29-770
29-741
29-766
29-845
29-906
29-900
29-803
29-685
29-631
29-527
29-469
29-451
29465
29-501
29-502
29-531
29-602
29-639
29-672
29-556
29-328
29-292
29-220
29-140
29-130
29-142
29-165
29-174
29-204
29-261
29-317
29-314
29-224
29449
29-392
29-321
29-257
29-252
29-271
29-306
29-299
29-309
29-361
29-415
29-451
29-340
28-178
28-136
28-098
28-028
28-024
28-045
28-072
28-080
28-109
28-145
28-182
28-185
28-107
27-268
27-252
27-218
27-177
27-165
27-173
27-252
27-257
27-282
27-280
27-300
27-276
27-241
27-030
27-006
26-956
26-925
26-908
26-918
26-965
26-962
26-998
27-024
27-040
27-032
26-980
26284
26-232
26-216
26-194
26-162
26-180
26-258
26-257
26-277
26-278
26-308
26300
26-246
27-283
27-232
27-207
27-150
27-124
27-137
27-158
27184
27-195
27-223
27-273 i 27-3U
27-206
23-189
23-156
23-160
23-172
23-204
23-280
23-366
23-349
23-337
23-291
23-248
23-208
23-247
27-628
27-572
27-551
27-537
27-484
27-493
27-527
27-521
27-532
27-567
27-628
27-631
27-526
29-947
29-896
29-827
29-765
29-683
29-637
29-645
29-660
29-678
29-773
29-879
29-903
29-774
24-744
24-726
24-716
24-671
24-703
24-730
24-789
•24-788
24-790
24-766
24-770
24726
24-743
25-673
25-668
25-602
25-568
25-552
25-585
25-622
25-624
25-641
25-664
25-719
25-701
25-635
24-698
24-682
24-690
24-707
24-703
24-763
24-846
24-848
24-831
24-800
24-778
24-718
24-755
17-501
17-511
17-542
17-622
17-769
17-943
18-068
18-070
17-960
17-811
17-670
17-563
17-753
23-916
23-903
23-918
23-939
23-975
24-057
24-130
24-141
24-115
24-057
24-003
23-941
24-008
26-778
26-755
26-748
26-776
26-753
26-751
26-800
26-825
26-841
26-826
26-856
26-826
26-795
27-220
27-198
29-168
27-156
27-156
27-126
27156
27-166
27-213
27-209
27-227
27-214
27-156
27-160
27-128
27-110
27-103
27-124
27-086
27-134
27-144
27-154
27-136
27-165
27-150
27114
29-329
29-271
29-183
29-186
29134
29-100
29-098
29-101
29-144
29-226
29-341
29-350
29-205
27-252
27-210
27-180
27-124
27-112
27-097
27-126
27-118
27-157
27-228
27-276
27-250
27-175
29-986
29-955
29-928
29-974
29-989
29-988
29-987
29-968
29-983
29-996
30-021
29-993
29-981
28-335
28-264
28-240
28-257
28-238
28-216
28-225
28-233
28-256
28-264
28-345
28-358
28-270
30-013
29-977
29-940
29-975
29-978
29-976
29-966
29-946
29-958
29-996
30-035
30013
29-981
29-778
29-726
29-686
29-639
29636
29-592
29-598
29-594
29-638
29-714
29-816
29-782
29-683
29-549
29-517
29-482
29-479
29-499
29-496
29-483
29-464
29-479
29-520
29-570
29-537
29-506
25-670
25-650
25-620
25-575
25-588
25-568'
25-626
25-608
25639
25675
25716
25-688
25635
29-395
29-380
29-363
29-343
29-318
29-296
29-297
29-286
29-302
29-353
29-416
29-410
29-347
29-770
29-713
29-668
29-640
29-581
29-503
29499
29-488
29-528
29-642
29-728
29-742
29-625
+ ■020
30-046
30-030
29-978
29-941
29-876
29-817
29-797
29-794
29-827
29-916
30-024
30-030
29-923
30-052
30-031
30-001
29-984
29-932
29-896
29-885
29-876
29-887
29-956
30-036
30-034
29-964
29-760
29-725
29-680
29-633
29-568
29-486
29-478
29-474
29-535
29-632
29734
29746
29-621
29-730
29-709
29-687
29-661
29-614
29-581
29-586
29-562
29-566
29-621
29-688
29-707
29-643
30-031
30-020
29-994
29-961
29-906
29-880
29-884
29-855
29-855
29916
29-980
30-001
29-940
29-758
29-767
29746
29-718
29-669
29-660
29-707
29-672
29-641
29-655
29-710
29745
29-704
23 103
23-091
23-091
23-044
23-075
23-087
23115
23-099
23-095
23103
23-115
23107
23094
23-371
23-355
23-363
23-347
23-355
23 359
23-390
23-375
23-355
23-355
23-371
23-375
23-364
24-348
24-324
24-313
24-284
24-300
24-322
24-350
24-340
24328
24-333
24-356
24-353
24-329
30-103
30-040
29-965
29-961
29-894
29-894
29-969
29-989
29-973
29-981
30-071
30-083
29-993
30020
29-990
29-938
29-914
29-867
29-847
29-926
29-906
29-831
29-847
29-990
29-997
29-922
28-182
28-126
28-099
28-075
28-063
28-087
28-135
28-130
28-118
28-126
28-178
28-197
28-126
25-256
25-292
25-273
25-269
25-225
25-252
25-284
25-256
25-241
25-217
25-252
25-264
25-258
30-052
30-052
30-000
29-989
29-918
29-945
29-989
29-981
29-938
29-930
30-032
30-052
29-989
30-000
29-970
30-000
29-960
29-910
29-925
29-930
29-930
29-905
29-905
30-920
30970
29-944
+ •020
104
THE VOYAGE OF H.M.S. CHALLENGER.
Places.
Country.
No. of
Years.
Years
Specified.
Hours of
Observation.
Latitude.
Longitude.
Height,
Feet.
San Jose,
Cent. America
11
1808-78
7 : 2, 9
o
9
56
o
-84
1
0
3756
Port of Anapala, .
do.
i
4
1857
do.
13
8
-87
34
0
Colon, .
do.
5
1881-85
7, 11 : 7
9
22
-79
55
164
Gamboa,
do.
5
1882-84, '85
do.
9
10
-79
43
98
Naos, .
do.
5
1881-85
do.
8
57
-79
31
46
Bermuda,
West Indies
15
1870-84
9: 3
32
17
-64
14
120
Nussau,
do.
14
1871-84
9: 3
25
5
-77
21
44
Havanna,
do.
19
1858-76
M.P.
23
8
-82
23
62
Navassa,
do.
2*
1880-82
do.
19
25
-75
3
77
St. Iago,
do.
2*
1880-83
do.
19
55
-75
50
21
Kingston,
do.
6
1880-86
7: 3, 11
18
1
-76
48
10
Cinchona Pin.,
do.
2*
1882-85
7: 3
18
5
-76
44
4850
Up Park Camp, .
do.
G
1853-59
9£: 3£
18
0
-76
56
225
St. Juan de Porto
Rico,
do.
10
1877-86
M.r.
18
30
-66
10
82
La Pointe-a-Pitre,
do.
7
1878-84
10: 4
16
14
-61
31
13
St. Croix, Christian-
stadt.
do.
5
1879, '82-85
8: 2, 9
17
45
-64
42
82
Barbadoes, .
do.
15
1870-84
9: 3
13
4
-59
40
25
St. Ann's, Trinidad,
do.
18
1862-80
9£ : 3}
10
30
-61
20
130
Caledonia Bay,
Colombia
i
1854
3, 9 : 3, 9
8
54
-77
45
0
Carthagena, .
do.
i
do.
do.
10
22
-75
32
0
Panama,
do.
1
...
M.P.
10
Puerto Berrio,
do.
4
1880-84
7:
6
32
-74'
28
542
Medillin,
do.
5
1875-79
7f: 4!
6
10
-75
45
4951
Bogata,
do.
2
1848-50
9: 3
4
35
-74
14
8727
Do.
do.
H
1880-84
7|:
4
36
-74
14
8655
Quito, .
Ecuador
H
1878-80
6 : 2, 10
-0
14
-78
45
9350
Antisana,
do.
l
1845-46
10: 4
-0
21
-78
6
13,320
Carraccas,
Venezuela
3
1868-70
10: 4
10
30
-66
55
3043
George Town,
Brit. Guiana
11
1846-56
8,9,10: 2,3.4
6
50
-58
8
10
Paramaribo, .
Surinam
15
1870-84
8: 2
5
50
—55
13
6
Catherina Sophia,.
do.
2
1858-59
6: 2, 6
5
48
-56
47
50
Cayenne,
French Guiaua
6
1845-52
9, n. : 3, 9
4
56
-55
39
7
Manaos,
Brazil
5
?
9: 3
3
8
-60
0
121
Para,
do.
3
1848, etc.
•>
-1
30
-48
24
0
Porto do Maranhao,
do.
H
1886-87
M.P.
_2
30
-44
0
14
Ceara, .
do.
1
1860
?
— 3
43
-38
35
[0]
Pernambuco,
do.
8
1876-84
7: 1
-8
4
-34
52
11
Colonia Isabel,
do.
6J
1876-84
M.P.
-8
45
-35
42
751
Victoria,
do.
7
1876-84
do.
-8
9
-35
27
528
Bahia, .
do.
5i
1881-88
do.
-12
58
-38
30
330
St. Bento das Lagos,
do.
H
1881-84
6: 2, 8
-12
13
-38
40
98
San Antonia da
Palmeira, .
do.
H
1879-80
7: 1, 9
-27
54
-53
26
1896
Queluz,
do.
2
1882-83
M.P.
-22
36
-44
38
3223
Itabira,
do.
1
1882-83
do.
-19
40
-4:'.
5
2733
Rio Janeiro, .
do.
34
1851-84
4,7,10: 1,7,10
-22
57
-43
7
224
San Paulo, .
do.
**
1879-83
M.P.
-23
33
-46
37
2393
Passo Fundo,
do.
1
1880-81
do.
-28
13
-52
12
2060
REPORT ON ATMOSPHERIC CIRCULATION.
105
Jan.
Feb.
Mar.
April.
May.
June.
July.
Aug.
Sept.
Oct.
Nov
Dec.
Year.
Corrs.
Applied
Inches. Inches.
Inches.
Inches
Inches.
Inches.
Inches.
Inches.
Inches.
Inches.
Inches.
Inches.
Indies.
Inch.
26-308 26-316
26-316
26-320
26-308
29-887
26312
29-860
26-312
29-893
26-308
26-304
26-292
26-292
26-300
26-307
...
29:804
29-840
29:853
29-790
29-776
29-768
29-774
29-772
29-772
29776
29772
29786
29789
-•110
29-N82
29-898
29-904
29-888
29-869
29-869
29-870
29-858
29-862
29-880
29-858
29-873
29-876
...
29-890
29-902
29-914
29-885
29-872
29-884
29-868
29-880
29-876
29-868
29-848
29-860
29-879
...
30-172
30-123
30-120
30-070
30-036
30-067
30-078
30-055
38-014
30-000
30-066
30-130
30 075
• ••
30-168
30-110
30-123
30-067
30-036
3(1-116(1
30-080
30-054
:;iioi4
30-000
3(1-065
30-136
30-076
30-062
30-042
29-988
29-964
29-908
29-955
29-990
29-946
29-911
L".i'.in|
29-975
29035
29-973
30-016
29-967
29-967
29-988
29-910
29-950
29-990
29-952
29-920
29-908
29-922
29 973
29-957
+ ■070
30-085
30-100
30-060
30-043
29-980
30-050
30-070
30-010
29-975
29-973
30-013
30-055
3U-I.3I
+ •030
30-076
30-055
30-043
30-007
29-984
30-011
30-045
29-982
29-961
29-947
29-975
30-000
30-007
25 305
25-285
25-278
25-25.S
25-256
25-285
25-312
25-272
25-256
25-221
25-225
25-262
25-268
30-100
30071
30-057
30-038
29-998
30-027
30-046
30-024
30-000
29-990
30-003
30-055
30-030
+ ■040
29-936
29-980
29-980
29-965
29-934
29-906
29-957
29-961
29-916
29-888
29-850
29-875
29-929
30-056
30-056
30-044
30-024
30-004
30-044
30-044
29-997
29-989
29-953
29-957
30-008
30-015
30-048
30-028
30-024
29-981
29-970
30-020
30-042
29-977
29-953
29-906
29-910
29-957
29-985
30028
30-045
30-038
30-024
30-024
30-043
30-036
30-010
29-996
29-972
29-965
29-992
30-014
29-857
29-871
29-922
29-853
29-858
29-848
29-848
29-832
29-856
29-869
29-843
29-864
29-838
29-822
29-799
29789
29-817
29-838
29-924
29-947
29-924
29-941
29-934
29-959
29-995
29-965
29-995
29-950
29-955
29-962
29-954
29 390
29-415
29-432
29-442
29-433
29-430
29-410
29-420
29-412
29-418
29-393
29-385
29-415
25-158
25-162
25-166
25-170
25-170
25-185
25-174
25-185
25-178
25-178
25-154
25-158
25-170
...
22-048
22-060
22-061
22-079
22-060
22-060
22-058
22-062
22-076
22-068
22-049
22-034
22-060
...
22-010
22-040
22-050
22-050
22-048
22-063
22-052
22-052
22-046
22-032
22-003
22-017
22-039
21-586
21-550
21-566
21-552
21-560
21-564
21-560
21-556
21-552
21-571
21579
21-575
21-564
...
18-560
18-556
18-576
18-572
18-6(10
18603
18-600
18-587
18-570
18-570
18-562
18-550
18-576
26-937
26-930
26-926
26-922
26-918
26-949
26-945
26-930
26-914
26-886
26-886
26-938
26924
29-943
29-966
29-957
29-945
29-933
29-962
29-966
29-954
29-938
29-914
29-877
29-910
29-939
+ ■040
29-923
29-946
29-948
29-941
29-939
29-960
29-964
29-956
29-946
29-914
29-900
29-915
29-938
-■040
29-890
29-900
29-880
29-880
29-870
29-895
29-915
29-890
29-890
29-855
29-.S70
29-870
29-884
29-903
29-932
29-924
29-925
29-916
29-946
29-957
29-961
29 944
29-917
29-8-0
29-889
29-924
29-827
29-823
29-835
29-851
29-847
29-886
29-867
(29-857)
(29-844)
29-808
29-784
29737
29-831
29-880
29-920
29-940
29-940
29-940
29-960
29-970
29-980
29-970
29-935
29-900
29-890
29-935
(29-880)
29-914
29-928
29-932
29-950
29-965
30-020
29-970
(29-930)
(29-900)
29-855
29-823
29 922
29-923
29-963
29-955
29-931
29-951
29-975
29-998
29-975
30-018
29-791
29-923
29-919
29-959
+ •100
29-926
29-914
29-930
29-926
29-956
30-016
30-048
30-052
30-034
29-977
29-922
29-922
29-969
29-158
29-154
29-162
29-170
29-201
29-276
29-300
29-300
29-276
29-209
29-146
29-154
29-211
29 375
29-363
29-375
29-383
29-414
29-481
29-504
29-500
29-492
29-430
29-371
29-375
29-422
...
29-626
29-606
29-620
29-630
29-696
29-770
29-808
29-817
29-768
29-674
29-620
29-630
29-692
29-878
29-878
29-855
29-918
29-957
29-993
30075
30-095
30-012
29-950
29-875
29-865
29-943
27-886
27-881
27 932
28-060
28-114
28-144
28-123
28-110
28-103
28-028
27-898
27-878
28-013
26-693
26-693
26-731
26-752
26-782
26-850
26-827
26-850
26-817
26-715
26-662
26-664
26753
27-192
27-276
27-319
27-343
27-343
27-260
27-256
27-162
27-130
29-701
29-715
29-743
29-808
29-866
29 934
30-028
29-933
29-8S2
29-793
29-747
29707
29-821
27-514
27-524
27-571
27-626
27-654
27-729
27-737
27-741
27-678
27-603
27-536
27-524
27-619
...
27-830
27-865
27-913
27-942
27-909
28-019
27-999
28-062
27-956
27-850
27-889
27-869
27-925
+ •052
(PHTS. CHEM. CHALL. EXP. PART V. — 1888.)
20
106
THE VOYAGE OF H.M.S. CHALLENGER.
Places.
Country.
No. of
Years.
Years
Specified.
Hours of
Observation.
Latitude.
Longitude.
Height,
Feet.
Pelotas,
Brazil
8
1875-77
6 : 2, 10
o
-31
47
o
-52
19
20
Rio Grande do Sul,
do.
6
1877-82
M.P.
-32
0
-52
15
54
Lima, .
Peru
1
1869
9, n. : 6, m.
-12
3
-78
0
499
Do. .
do.
■j
?
do.
-12
3
-78
0
499
Arica, .
Bolivia
H
1854-55
6, n. : 5, 9
-18
25
-70
22
10
Iquique,
do.
3
1883-86
M.P.
-20
12
-70
11
30
Punta Caldera,
Chile
5
1870-71, '83-86
do.
-27
5
-70
50
K2
Copiapo,
do.
5
1868-72
do.
-27
22
-70
23
1296
Serena,
do.
6
1852-54, '70-72
do.
-29
55
-71-
17
59
Coquimbo, .
do.
0
1870-72, '83-86
do.
-29
56
-71
21
74
Valparaiso, .
do.
7
1869-72, '83-86
do.
-33
1
-71
40
151
Santiago de Chile,
do.
21
1860-81
7 : 2, 10
-33
27
-70
41
1703
Talca, .
do.
3
1869, '71-72
do.
— 35
26
-71
46
344
Valdivia,
do.
4
1869-72
do.
-39
49
-73
17
43
Puerto Mont,
do.
3
1870-72
do.
-41
30
-72
57
20
Ancud,
do.
2
1866-68
8, K. : 4, 8
-41
51
-74
1
134
San Jorge, .
Uruguay
5
1882-87
9*: H
-32
43
-56
8
400
Matanzas,
do.
7
1877-83
7: 2, 9
-34
44
-58
33
69
Monte Video,
do.
10
1843-52
s.-n. : 2, s.-s.
-34
54
-56
13
39
Colonia,
do.
1
1883
7: 2, 7
-34
50
-58
37
109
Salta, .
Argentine Rep.
7
1873-76, '79-82
7: 2, 9
-24
46
-65
24
4030
Assuncion, .
do.
1
1874
9: 9
-25
16
-57
40
322
Villa Formosa,
do.
4i
1879-83
do.
-26
13
-58
10
328
Corrientes, .
do.
(i
1874-80
do.
-27
28
-58
49
280
Goya, .
do.
11
1*76-86
7: 2, 9
-29
9
-59
15
209
Tucuman,
do.
6
1874, '77, '80-82, '85
do.
-26
51
-65
12
1522
Rioja, .
do.
2i
1875-78
do.
-29
20
-67
15
1773
Saladillo, .
do.
H
1878-82
do.
-29
30
-60
33
1773
Mendosa,
do.
5
1875-80
do.
-32
53
-68
49
2641
San Luis,
do.
34
1874-77
do.
-33
19
-66
20
2490
Cordova,
do.
12
1872-76, '78-82,
'84-85
do.
-31
25
-64
11
1460
Concordia, .
do.
3
1875-78
do.
-31
25
-58
4
200
Rosario,
do.
6
1875-80
do.
-32
57
-60
38
128
Villa Hermandaria,
do.
8
1877-82, '83-84
do.
-31
15
-59
40
190
Parana,
do.
8
1875-82
do.
-31
44
-61
1
256
Buenos Ayres,
do.
21
1856-76
do.
-34
39
-58
23
12
Do.
do.
8
1870-77
8: 2, 8
-34
39
-58
23
50
San A n tonia de Areco,
do.
3
1879-82
7: 2, 9
-34
13
-59
30
121
Salado,
do.
4*
1878-82
7: 2, 9
-35
44
-59
5
49
Dolores,
do.
H
1878-82
7: 2,9
-36
19
-58
20
33
Tandil, .
do.
6
1876-82
do.
-37
17
-59
0
651
Bahia Blanca,
do.
14
1870-83
do.
-38
45
-62
11
49
Do.
do.
24
1860-83
do.
-38
45
-62
11
49
Punta Arenas,
Patagonia
2
1871-72
do.
-53
10
-70
52
33
Cape Pembroke, .
do.
9
1859-68
4, 9 : 3, 8
-51
41
-57
47
0
Ushnaia,
do.
n
1876-82
7: 2, 9
-54
53
-68
10
98
Orange Bay,
do.
i
1882-83
hourly
-55
31
-68
5
39
jPort Stanley,
I Stanley,
Falkland Is.
i
1882-83
8: 2, 8
-51
42
--57
48
22
do.
3
1875-77
9:
-51
41
-57
51
22
The above two,
do.
4
do.
various
-51
42
-57
50
22
South Georgia,
South Atlantic
1
1882-83
hourly
-54
31
-36
5
30
REPORT ON ATMOSPHERIC CIRCULATION.
107
Jan.
Feb.
Mar.
April.
May.
June.
July.
Aug.
Sept.
Oct.
Nov.
Dec.
Year.
Corrs.
Applied.
Inches.
Inches.
Inches.
Inches.
Inches.
Inches.
Inches.
Inches.
Inches.
Inches.
Inches.
Inches.
Inches.
Inch.
29-859
29 867
29-988
30-012
30107
30-237
30-190
30-217
30-123
30030
29-953
29-835
30-032
29-892
29 936
29-985
30-013
30-042
30-107
30-095
30-124
30-030
30-135
30-040
29 958
30-002
29-314
29-331
29-363
29-361
29-402
29-414
29-464
29-495
29-488
29-484
29-465
29-421
29-417
29-873
29-884
29 914
29 917
29-966
29-982
30-027
30-057
30-051
30-046
30-03:;
29-986
29-978
29-922
29 957
29-945
29-977
29-981
30-044
30-020
30-048
30-024
30-020
29-997
29-969
29-993
29-926
29-915
29-926
29-973
29-985
30-035
30-030
29-986
30-024
30-020
29-984
29-940
29-978
+ •040
29856
29-851
29-877
29-910
29-938
30 W5
30-950
29-948
30-958
30-942
29-908
29-882
29915
■ ••
28-628
l'.no.Vi
28-655
28-700
28-736
28-747
28-750
28-739
28-732
28-713
L'N'OSL'
28-658
28-668
29-864
29-870
29-875
29-926
29-954
29-970
29-973
30-008
29-984
29-964
29-932
29-880
29-933
29-922
29-913
29-918
29-953
29-985
30-015
30-013
30-010
30017
29-984
29-948
29-923
29-967
21V806
29-813
29-830
29-850
29-887
29935
29-932
29-924
29-914
29-903
29-843
29-820
29-872
...
28-169
28-174
28-192
28-229
28-255
28-260
28-278
28-300
28-274
28-254
28-221
28-186
28-233
29-583
29-583
29-626
29-673
29-697
29-728
29-756
29-728
29-748
29-685
29-657
29-634
29-675
-•040
29-941
29-933
29-910
30-008
29-973
29-990
29-970
29-992
30-047
29996
29-984
29-941
29-974
-•020
29-922
29-914
29-860
29-957
29-922
29-945
29-938
29-945
30-048
29-970
30024
29-957
29-945
29-869
29-867
29-756
29-748
29-705
29-741
29-808
29-792
29-878
29-914
29 804
29-815
29-808
...
29-481
29-505
29-542
29-599
29-665
29-656
29-724
29-644
29-660
29-012
29-522
29-478
29-591
29-823
29-864
29-903
29-960
29-972
30-024
30-022
30-060
30-045
29-900
29-876
29-810
29-943
.. .
29-881
29-916
29-964
30-005
29-999
30-030
30-014
30089
30052
29-980
29-940
29-900
29-978
+ ■040
29-774
29-740
29730
29-838
29-880
29-810
29-916
29-985
29-944
29 834
29-732
29-707
29-824
26-008
26-026
26-034
26-067
26-070
26-119
26-115
26-087
26-079
26-056
26-016
20-000
26-056
...
29-508
29-564
29-684
29-817
29-837
29-843
29-908
29-884
29-703
29-000
29-603
29-556
29-714
29-570
29-627
29-647
29-723
29-765
29-835
29-815
29-836
29-815
29735
29-651
29-592
29-718
29-612
29-658
29705
29-708
29-843
29-890
29-871
29-871
29-831
29-760
29-697
29-638
29 705
...
29-697
29-729
29764
29 839
29-890
29-946
29-930
29-910
29-886
29-808
29-737
29-692
29 819
28-382
28-402
28-434
28-481
28-497
28-564
28-524
28-512
28-489
28-434
28-382
28-362
28-455
28-162
28-166
28-146
28-174
28-264
28-332
28-288
28-280
28-249
28-182
28-154
28-154
28-213
28-160
28-178
28-264
28-310
28-280
28-300
28-272
28-284
28-340
28-256
28-182
28-134
28-247
27-245
27-258
27-266
27-330
27-338
27-342
27-320
27-358
27-358
27-354
27-270
27-236
27-306
...
27-390
27-390
27-414
27-457
27-485
27-530
27 500
27530
27-485
27-454
27-410
27-406
27-455
28-399
28 422
28-480
28515
28-532
28-579
28-568
28-567
28-552
28-506
28-440
28-386
28-495
29733
29-741
29-749
29-804
29-906
29-950
29-902
29-965
29-863
29-833
29-784
29-715
29-829
29-808
29 796
29-813
29-922
29-955
30000
29-946
29-954
29-992
29-922
29-840
29-768
29-896
...
29-713
29753
29-776
29-843
29-886
29 920
29-922
29-926
29-910
29-823
29-753
29-713
29-829
29 616
29-630
29-682
29-708
29-804
29-865
29-827
29-851
29-815
29-717
29-666
29-620
29-738
29-863
29-878
29906
29 957
29-980
30-018
30034
30-014
30-006
29-961
20-922
29-855
29 949
...
29-823
29-863
29-922
29-905
30-008
30-024
30-024
30H4 1
29-997
29-950
29-906
29-815
29-945
29-717
29-800
29 859
29-918
29910
29-946
29-934
29-938
29-997
29-886
29-704
29710
29-865
...
29764
29 831
29-910
29-949
29-938
30-004
29-993
30026
30-036
29-934
29-827
29-776
29-916
...
29-784
2'.fN.-,4
29-945
29-997
29-977
30-024
30-032
30067
30-083
29-965
29-851
29-776
29-946
...
29-193
29-245
29-268
29 300
29-316
29-347
29332
29-375
29-367
29-296
29-213
29158
29-286
...
29-708
29-815
29-851
29-880
29-882
29-930
29-922
29 946
29-954
29914
29-831
29-753
29-871
...
29-808
29-860
29-875
29-894
29-875
29-914
29-910
29-930
29961
29-926
29-847
29772
29-881
...
29-382
29-340
29-481
29-504
29-560
29-516
29-465
29-510
29-445
29-470
29-394
29414
29 462
...
29-461
29-562
29-481
29-514
29-507
29-645
29-524
29-511
29-680
29-652
29-516
29-433
29-541
...
29-343
29-343
29-383
29-406
29-454
29-378
29-377
29-410
29-520
29-376
29-322
29-378
29-396
29-371
29-489
29-162
29378
29-508
29-445
29-485
29-347
29-453
29-280
29-209
29-394
29-378
29-426
29-634
29-272
29-493
29-737
29-630
29-642
29-052
29-843
29-296
29-375
29-477
29-540
29-546
29-494
29-600
29-576
29-503
29-686
29-625
29-055
29-623
29-682
29-711
29-547
29-004
...
29 506
29-531
29-491
29 555
29563
29-674
29-630
29-054
29-678
29-586
29-022
29-523
29-585
...
29-154
29-323
29-264
29-245
29-595
29-473
29-504
29-524
29-556
29-386
29-341
29-221
29-380
...
108
THE VOYAGE OF H.M.S. CHALLENGER.
Places.
Country.
No. of
Years.
Years
Specified.
Hours of
Observation.
Latitude.
Longitude.
Height,
Feet.
North Atlantic* .
6
1881-86
o /
12 30
O f
-22 30
0
Do.
6
do.
11
-27 30
0
Do.
(i
do.
-32 30
0
Do.
(1
do.
11
-37 30
0
Do.
6
do.
11
-42 30
0
Do.
6
do.
1 1
-47 30
0
Do.
.£
6
do.
1)
-52 30
0
Do.
CO
6
do.
17 30
-22 30
0
Do.
"3
6
do.
-27 30
0
Do.
6
do.
IJ
-32 30
0
Do.
""*
6
do.
11
-37 30
0
Do.
—
(1
do.
-42 30
0
Do.
o
0
do.
-47 30
0
Do.
-J3
6
do.
„
-52 30
0
Do.
3
6
do.
11
-57 30
0
Do.
^
6
do.
22 30
-22 30
0
Do.
OS
6
do.
-27 30
0
Do.
P&
6
do.
-32 30
0
Do.
S H
2 o
6
do.
n
-37 30
0
Do.
6
do.
ii
-42 80
0
— GJC
Do.
0Q.2
_ .a
6
do.
-47 30
0
Do.
si «
6
do.
-52 30
0
Do.
!*
ti
do.
-57 80
0
Do.
6
do.
-62 30
0
Do.
I?
(1
do.
n
-67 30
0
Do.
rl 3
6
do.
Jl
-72 30
0
Do.
*~ OJ
(i
do.
27 30
- 22 30
0
Do.
T2 s
(i
do.
11
- 27 30
0
Uo.
Is "c«
6
do.
n
-32 80
0
Do.
•a a
§.2
(i
do.
ii
-37 30
0
Do.
11
6
do.
-42 30
0
Do.
a 3
6
do.
-47 30
0
Do.
ra-
6
do.
ii
- 52 30
0
Do.
g's
6
do.
ii
-57 30
0
Do.
6
do.
ii
-62 30
0
Do.
02
6
do.
ii
-67 30
0
Do.
CD
6
do.
-72 30
0
Do.
5q
6
do.
ii
-77 30
0
Do.
_o
6
do.
32 30
- 12 30
0
Do.
5
6
do.
11
-17 30
0
Do.
5
C
do.
-22 30
0
Do.
CO
6
do.
-27 30
0
Do.
Do.
*
6
6
do.
do.
11
-32 30
- 37 30
0
0
Do.
e,
do.
11
-42 30
0
Do.
6
do.
-47 30
0
Do.
6
do.
-52 30
0
Do.
e
do.
-57 30
0
Do.
6
do.
-62 30
0
Do.
6
do.
11
-67 30
0
REPORT ON ATMOSPHERIC CIRCULATION.
109
Jan.
Feb.
Mar.
April.
May.
June.
July.
Aug.
Sept.
Oct.
Nov.
Dec.
Year.
Corrs.
applied.
Inches.
Inches.
Inches.
Inches.
Inches.
Inches.
Inches.
Inches.
Inches.
Inches.
Inches.
Inches.
Inches.
Inch.
30-005
29-991
30-000
30-001
30-004
30-017
30-004
29-974
29.98I
29-991
29-987
30-000
29-996
30019
30-015
30-017
30-024
30-024
30-042
30-024
29-992
30-001
30-009
30-002
30-015
30-015
30-011
30-039
30-034
30-044
30-059
30-071
30-056
30-006
30-004
30-019
30-007
30-025
30-034
30-047
30 057
30-061
30-056
30-072
30-087
30-069
30-016
30-016
30-027
30-011
30 033
30-046
30-066
30-054
30-009
30-062
30-074
30-097
30-081
30-027
30-026
30-026
30-011
30032
30-052
30-069
30-067
30-071
30-062
30-077
30-086
30-084
30-034
30-026
30-022
30-007
30-033
30-054
30-066
30-054
30-059
30-054
30-069
30-086
30-076
30-016
30-017
30-014
30-009
30-033
30-046
30-080
30052
30-039
30-046
30-0 42
30-042
30-049
30-000
30-020
30-035
30-030
39-049
30-041
...
30-077
30-080
30-064
30-067
30-070
30-095
30-072
30-020
30-035
30-047
30-045
30-056
30-060
...
30-092
30-100
30-079
30-085
30-109
30-117
30-104
30-047
30-045
30-049
30-059
30-069
30-080
30-090
30-109
30-097
30-095
30-129
30-134
30-127
30-064
30-054
30-054
30-068
30-079
30-092
30-11O
30-124
30-102
30-100
30-127
30-140
30-134
30-075
30-057
30-045
30-050
30-088
30096
30-114
30-125
30-110
30-094
30-120
30-134
30-127
30-077
30-055
30-042
30-04 1
30-079
30-094
30-132
30-100
30-087
30-074
30-095
30-110
30-112
30070
30-042
30-027
30-035
30069
30-080
...
30-125
30-095
30-074
30-059
30-057
30-084
30-085
30-044
30-019
30-000
30-000
30-051
30-058
30-1U
30-104
30-079
30-089
30-092
30-131
30-114
30-052
30-054
30-090
30-081
30-111
30-093
30-119
30-139
30-107
30-107
30-134
30-157
30-134
30-081
30-084
30-094
30-092
30-113
30-117
30-126
30-144
30-122
30-119
30-171
30-174
30-159
.-10-102
30-091
30-094
80-104
: in- 125
30-128
30-136
30-174
30-137
30-119
30-187
30-194
30-184
30-124
30-097
30-082
30-100
30-131
30-139
30-131
30-172
30-137
30-116
30-184
30-194
30-182
30-134
30-097
30-076
30-097
30-140
30-139
30-138
30-162
30-117
30-104
30-169
30-177
30-184
30-134
30-087
30-071
30-087
30-131
30-130
30-144
30-146
30-094
30-084
30-131
30-156
30-166
30-126
30-077
30-049
30-072
30-120
30-114
30-124
30-141
30-100
30-069
30-102
30-129
30-152
30-102
30-057
30-024
30-054
30-111
30-098
30-146
30-137
30-091
30-061
30-082
30-110
30-131
30-086
30-041
30-004
30-042
30-103
30-088
30-147
30-136
30-101
30-062
30-064
30-096
30-122
30-074
30-027
29-991
30-036
30-100
30-080
30-137
30-132
30-096
30-042
30-046
30-081
30-104
30-066
30-021
29-986
30-032
30-098
30-070
30-145
30-163
30-133
30-122
30-145
30-183
30-108
30-123
30-118
30-135
30-112
30-167
30-143
...
30-148
30-173
30-145
30-137
30-177
30-203
30-197
30-148
30-138
30-143
30-130
30-178
30-159
30-145
30-180
30-146
30-142
30-202
30-210
30-222
30-173
30-148
30-135
30-150
30-175
30-170
30-138
30-197
30-150
30-133
30-222
30-222
30-233
30-185
30-150
30-118
30-148
30-173
30-172
30-137
30-190
30-140
30-117
30-218
30-218
30-245
30-185
30-137
30-112
30-145
30-182
30-169
30-152
30-178
30-108
30-097
30-197
30205
30-225
30-180
30-122
30-098
30-127
30-167
30-154
30-152
30-173
30-088
30-070
30-165
30-185
30-205
30-170
30-110
30-083
30-110
30-157
30-139
30-103
30-154
30-067
30-047
30-140
30-157
30-178
30-138
30-085
30-053
30-102
30-147
30-119
...
30-168
30-155
30-073
30-050
30-095
30-132
30-158
30-112
30-068
30-027
30-082
30145
30-106
30-173
30-157
30-085
30-060
30-077
30120
30-138
30-090
30-062
30-017
30-073
30-148
30-099
...
30-173
30-158
30-092
30-055
30-057
30-098
30-117
30-073
30-042
30-027
30-090
30-143
30-094
30-160
30-163
30-110
30-065
30-040
30-072
30-088
30-048
30-038
30-033
30-093
30-142,
30-087
30-178
30-161
30-078
30-049
30-101
30-134
30-121
30-078
30-121
30-130
80111
30-183
30-121
30-159
30-181
30-113
30-093
30-139
30-188
30-176
30-118
30-156
30-163
30-129
30-194
30-151
...
30-141
30-179
30-133
30-136
30-168
30-219
30-224
30-171
30-168
30-188
30-143
30-206
30-173
...
30-126
30-168
30-143
30-153
30-198
30-248
30-256
30-204
30-174
30-196
30-161
30-208
30-lsil
30-123
30-168
30-139
30-135
30-214
30-243
30-268
30-221
30-178
30-184
30-171
30-231
30-188
30-116
30-163
30111
30-113
30-224
30-239
30-268
30-224
30-163
30-169
30-161
30-201
30-179
...
30-126
30-159
30-091
30-089
30-213
30-233
30-248
30-224
30-163
30-146
30-151
30-196
30-170
30-133
30-143
30-054
30-059
30-188
30-194
30-226
30-206
30-148
30-131
30-138
30-169
30-149
30-139
30-144
30-014
30026
30-149
30-173
30-201
30-186
30-124
30-097
30-128
30-153
30-128
...
30-146
30-124
30-011
30-001
30-108
30-143
30-163
30-144
30-098
30-094
30-100
30-136
30-106
30-141
30-134
30-000
29-986
30061
30-104
30-136
30-101
30 088
30-051
30-081
30-114
30-083
30-153
30-143
30-009
30-016
30-044
30-091
30-104
30-069
30-079
30-051
30-088
30-134
30-081
110
THE VOYAGE OF H.M.S. CHALLENGER.
Places.
Country.
No. of
Years.
Years
Specified.
Hours of
( Hi ervation.
Latitude.
Longitude.
Height,
Feet.
North Atlantic,* .
6
1881-86
32 30
0 /
-72 30
0
Do.
6
do.
-77 30
0
Do.
6
do.
37 30
-12 30
0
Do.
6
do.
-17 30
0
Do.
6
do.
11
-22 30
0
Do.
G
do.
-27 30
0
Do.
a
6
do.
-32 30
0
Do.
4^
6
do.
-37 30
0
Do.
6
do.
-42 30
0
Do.
03
CD
6
do.
Ti
-47 30
0
Do.
-u>
6
do.
-52 30
0
Do.
0
6
do.
-57 30
I)
Do.
6
do.
-62 30
0
Do.
03
6
do.
-67 30
0
Do.
3
Z3
6
do.
It
-72 30
0
Do.
O,
6
do.
42 30
- 12 30
0
Do.
$ 02
6
do.
-17 30
0
Do.
a&
6
do.
-22 30
0
Do.
o ~
6
do.
-27 30
0
Do.
P 3
!"S>
6
do.
1»
-32 30
0
Do.
03 .S
6
do.
-37 30
0
Do.
§!
6
do.
-42 30
0
Do.
6
do.
7
-47 30
0
Do.
o -
6
do.
-52 30
0
Do.
2 fco
■5,2
o
6
do.
It
-57 30
0
Do.
Do.
Is
6
6
do.
do.
J»
-62 30
-67 30
0
0
Do.
TS S
6
do.
47 "30
-12 30
0
Do.
Do.
-t-3 i— <
3 o
6
(I
do.
do.
11
17
-17 30
-22 30
0
0
Do.
o a
(i
do.
-27 30
0
Do.
6
do.
-32 30
0
Do.
6
do.
-37 30
0
Do.
® *ft-
6
do.
-42 30
0
Do.
6
do.
1»
-47 30
0
Do.
CO
a
6
do.
52 30
-12 30
0
Do.
Do.
6
6
6
do.
do.
)1
-17 30
-22 30
0
0
Do.
o
6
do.
-27 30
0
Do.
rS
6
do.
it
-32 30
0
Do.
<
6
do.
-37 30
0
Do.
6
do.
-42 30
0
Do.
J3
6
do.
-47 30
0
Do.
■— i
6
do.
57" 30
-12 30
0
Do.
6
do.
...
)!
-17 30
0
Do.
6
do.
-22 30
0
Do.
6
do.
-27 30
0
Do.
(i
do.
-32 30
0
Do.
6
do.
-37 30
0
Do.
6
do.
-42 30
0
Do.
6
do.
'J
-47 30
0
REPORT ON ATMOSPHERIC CIRCULATION.
Ill
Jan.
Feb.
Mar.
April.
May.
June.
July.
Aug.
Sept.
Oct.
Nov.
Dec.
Year.
Corrs.
Applied.
Inches.
Inches.
Inches.
Inches.
Inches.
Inches.
Inches. Indies.
Inches.
Inches.
Inches.
Inches.
Inches.
Inch.
30-163
30-156
30-041
30-034
30-039
:;ii-ih;i;
30-073
30056
30-071
30-066
30-104
30-154
:;o-iis6
30-175
30-170
30-067
30-046
30031
30033
30-041
30033
30-066
30-081
30-163
30-174
30-090
30-122
30-144-
30-037
30-027
30-062
30-132
30-115
: so
30-105
30114
30-135
30-183
30-105
...
30-120
30-129
30-075
30-042
30-117
30-200
30-180
30-147
30-134
30 150
30-126
30- 199
30-135
...
30-112
30-120
30-107
30-057
30-132
30-247
30-242
30-202
30-174
30-195
30142
30-222
30-163
30-102
30134
30-119
30-084
30-175
30-247
30-284
30-230
30-175
30-202
30-157
30-217
30-176
30-070
30-100
30-095
30-052
30-179
30-235
30-255
30-209
30-164
30-190
30-150
30-195
30-157
30-052
30-072
30-047
30-067
30-180
30-217
:)o-2:i2
30-210
30-154
30-160
30-135
30-177
30-142
...
30-052
30-070
30-010
30-024
30-169
30-179
30-187
30192
30-135
30 134
30115
30-147
30 117
...
30-060
30-067
29-965
30-000
30-142
30-149
30-162
30-177
30-125
30-122
30097
30-130
30-099
30-06-1
30-040
29-927
29-965
30-112
30-115
30-130
30-152
30-110
30-085
30-092
30-115
30-074
30-072
30034
29-902
29-930
30-077
30 087
30-090
30-104
30-100
30-070
30-047
30-074
30-046
. .
30-060
30-052
29-905
29-939
30-044
30-050
30-054
30-074
30-087
30-084
30047
:ju-O09
30-039
30-100
30-085
29-942
29-952
30-017
30-035
30-027
30049
30-090
30-082
30-065
30-084
30-044
30-120
30-119
29-977
30-000
30-030
30-015
30-000
30-039
30-085
30-107
30-102
30-124
30-060
...
30-045
30042
29-982
29-902
30-014
30-104
30-077
30-069
30057
30069
30-094
30-154
30-051
30017
30-020
30-014
29-954
:;o-057
30-165
30-142
30-119
30-072
30-107
.■inn:;;
30-155
30-074
30-0H
30-020
30-029
.■:iMiii,;,
30-052
30-190
30187
30-147
30-100
30-124
30-070
30-160
30-092
...
29-994
29-980
30-019
30-017
30-080
30-187
30-197
30-145
30-107
30-134
30-064
30-1.-J7
30-088
29-980
29-939
29-994
29-987
30-095
30-172
30-182
30-137
30-100
30-110
30-060
30-114
30-065
29-935
29-915
29-945
29-942
30-089
30-137
30-132
30-127
30-082
30-085
30-035
30-102
30-044
• ..
29-944
29-925
29-910
29-920
30-094
30-110
30-114
30-102
30-079
30-082
30-027
30-080
30032
...
29-965
29-925
29-865
29-904
30-080
30-080
30-077
30-097
30-090
30-075
30-002
30-045
30-017
29-972
29-940
29-842
29-882
30-059
30-040
30-030
30-070
30-077
30-067
29-991
30-024
30-000
29-984
29-957
29-835
29-681
30-035
30-002
30-004
30-045
30 090
30-059
29-992
29-998
29-990
...
30-024
29-995
29-860
29-897
30-012
29-987
29-974
30-027
30-085
30075
30-014
30-014
29-997
30-054
30-040
29-902
29-930
29-989
29-964
29-949
30-009
30-082
30-100
30-035
30-050
30-008
29-945
29-925
29-950
29-846
29 986
30-075
30-026
30-028
29-985
29-968
29-958
30-038
29-978
29-901
29-880
29-946
29-870
29-986
30-096
30-031
30-021
29-970
29-991
29-941
30-030
29-972
29-873
29-846
29-943
29-883
29-991
30-105
30-041
30-026
29-961
29-991
29-925
30-018
29-909
29-845
29-806
29-905
29-886
29-998
30-100
30-051
30-013
29-960
29-986
29-896
30-006
29-955
29-805
29-765
29-870
29-875
29-996
30-063
30-026
29-995
29-961
29-973
29-872
29-96:;
29-930
29-786
29-773
29-841
29-841
30-008
30-051
30-025
29-996
29-971
29-958
29-875
29-950
29-922
...
29-798
29-798
29-808
29-808
30-010
30-003
29-995
29-983
29-983
29-955
29-875
29-930
29-912
29-805
29-813
29-778
29-825
29-993
29-961
29-900
29-975
29-998
29-973
29-878
29-913
29-906
29-851
29-811
29-894
29-824
29-922
30-022
29-906
29-939
29-874
29-872
29-831
29-916
29-889
...
29-800
29-742
29-882
29-817
29-929
30-001
29-892
29-924
29-849
29-861
29-802
29-898
29-866
29-779
29-701
29 864
29-804
29-921
30-001
29-900
29-901
29-846
29-840
29-774
29-876
29-851
29722
29-669
29-829
29-800
29-922
29-987
29-911
29-889
29-832
29-819
29-757
29--SIS
29-833
29-709
29-661
29-796
29-791
29-928
29-967
29-920
29-891
29-836
29-812
29-730
29-815
29-822
29-704
29-656
29-774
29-792
29-930
29-940
29-906
29-S89
29 824
29-814
29 736
29-795
29-811
29-712
29-679
29-757
29-787
29-932
29-914
29-894
29-876
29-832
29-829
29-754
29-780
27-812
...
29-746
29-696
29-756
29-781
29-936
29-876
29-861
29-862
29-837
29-849
29-774
29780
29-813
29-670
29-650
29-784
29-817
29-875
29-890
29-787
29-797
29-760
29-744
29-640
29-691
29-759
...
29-642
29-610
29-767
29-794
29-890
29-880
29-787
29-794
29-730
29-700
29-620
29-666
29-740
...
29-612
29-577
29755
29-772
29-S97
29-885
29-784
29-779
29-705
29-687
29-600
29-657
29-726
29-592
29-553
29-739
29-774
29-892
29-865
29-809
29-782
29-695
29-692
29-603
29-647
29-720
29-592
29-547
29-727
29-777
29-887
29-857
29-809
29-782
29-692
29-660
29-610
29-651
29-716
29-569
29-554
29-709
29-769
29-880
L'-.i-.s:;;,
29-815
29-774
29-682
29-662
29-637
29-654
29-711
29-600
29-562
29-700
29-764
29-895
29-825
29-822
29-790
29-687
29-672
29-664
29-654
29-720
29-610
29-587
29-700 29-762
29-885
29-810
29-812
29-785
29-700
29-684
29-694
29-646
29-723
...
no*
THE VOYAGE OF H.M.S. CHALLENGER.
ADDENDA TO TABLE VI.
Places.
Country.
No. of
Years.
Years
Specified.
Hours of
( Ibservation.
Latitude.
Longitude.
Height,
Feet.
Stykkisholm,
Iceland
15
1870-84
9: 9
o
65
5
O 1
-22 46
.".7
Reykjavik, .
do.
15
do.
do.
64
9
-22 0
Ki
Grimsey,
do.
15
do.
8 : 2, 9
66
34
-18 3
8
Berufiord,
do.
15
do.
do.
64
40
-14 15
30
Thorshavn, .
Faro
15
do.
g . g
62
-
-6 43
12
Santis, .
Switzerland
41
1882-86
7: 1,9
47
15
9 20
8094
Puy de Dome,
France
8
1878-85
M.P.
45
47
2 57
4813
Pic-du-Midi,
do.
4
1878-81
do.
42
57
0 8
7763
Do.
do.
4
1882-85
do.
42
57
0 8
9
.Mont Veutoux,
do.
2
1885-87
do.
44
17
5 16
6234
Valdobbia, .
Italy
7
1878-84
do.
45
47
7 51
8360
Stelvio,
do.
7
do.
do.
46
32
10 25
8343
P. Bernardo,
do.
7
do.
do.
45
4
6 41
7087
Melkerei,
Germany
8
1879-86
X: 2
48
25
7 18
3n51
Glatzer Schneeberg,
do.
8
1884-86
7 : 2, 9
50
12
10 50
3993
Alexandropol,
Russia
12
1854-65
7 : 2, 9
40
48
43 49
5010
Papho, .
Cyprus
7
1881-87
9: 9
34
46
32 25
230
Limassol,
do.
7
do.
do.
34
40
33 1
26
Larnaca,
do.
7
do.
do.
34
55
33 37
35
Famagusta, .
do.
7
do.
do.
35
7
33 57
75
Kyrenia,
do.
7
do.
do.
35
21
33 19
60
Nicosia,
do.
7
do.
do.
35
11
33 22
509
Beyrout,
Syria
7
do.
do.
35
28
83 54
112
Alexandria, .
Egypt
7
do.
do.
31
12
29 53
62
Sant' Anna do
Sobradinho,
Brazil
■; I
2
1883-86
6: 3
-9
26
-40 47
1053
Sanchez,
West Indies
2
1886-87
10: 4
19
13
-69 37
50
Fort Simpson,
British America
H
1849-51
do.
62
7
-121 38
v
Guayaquil, .
Ecuador
6
1882
do.
-2
10
-79 56
25
Lick Observatory,
California
5
1881-85
M.r.
37
20
-121 39
4301
REPORT ON ATMOSPHERIC CIRCULATION.
IIP
Jan.
Feb.
Mar.
April.
May.
June.
July.
Aug.
Sept.
Oct.
Nov.
Dec.
Year.
Corrs.
Applied-
Inches.
Inches.
Inches.
Inches.
Inches.
Inches.
Inches.
Inches.
Inches.
1 1 10 h es.
Inches.
Inches.
Inches.
Inch.
29-370
29-492
29-617 1 29-781!
29-838
29-757
29-726
29-724
29-653
29-572
29-646
29-498
29-662
29-398
29-496
29-627 1 29-800
29-840
29-764
29-746
29-728
29 654
29-596
29-693
29-461
29-650
29-476
29-577
29-696
29-864
29-896
29-798
29-755
29-764
29-720
29-616
29-723
29-585
29-716
29-465
29-560
29-668
29-824
29-857
29-770
29-723
29-734
29-687
29-600
29-638
29-543
29-689
29-582
29-668
29-724
29-855
29-880
29-845
29-765
29-793
29-759
29-651
29-688
29-624
29-736
22-083
22-154
22-056
22-060
22-246
22-296
22-414
22-398
22-335
22-206
22-142
! s-060
22-204
25-123
25-093
25-057
24-939
25-113
25-182
25-250
25-226
25-190
25-100
25-090
25-090
25-120
22-428
22-391
22-457
22-323
22-485
22-587
22-702
22-662
22-634
22-528
22-398
22-449
22-504
21-205
21-193
21-032
20-981
21-210
21-300
21-402
21-406
21-29(1
21-197
21-162
21-127
21-210
23-614
23-758
23-727
23-717
23-794
23-902
24-016
23-975
23-953
23-811
23-656
23-693
23-802
22-122
22-103
22-050
21-993
22-170
22-242
22-335
22-327
22-268
22-166
22-110
22-040
22-160
22-116
22-091
22-028
21-957
22-142
22-221
22-302
22-284
22-238
22-130
22-083
22-022
22-135
23-067
23-036
22-985
22-890
23-079
23-146
23-237
23-221
23-163
23-083
23-040
22-998
23-079
26-776
26-737
26-741
26-627
26-798
26-810
26-865
26-844
26-838
26-754
26-772
26-753
26-776
25-776
25-874
25-820
25-764
25-890
25-878
26-000
25-980
26-008
25-843
25-867
25-737
25-870
24-938
24-895
24-905
24-874
24-925
24-908
24-871
24-912
24-982
25-060
25-049
24-976
24-941
30-065
30-042
30-000
29-916
29-944
29-884
29-791
29-796
29-934
30-018
30-066
30-082
29-961
30-060
30-048
29-980
29-892
29-935
29-850
29-767
29-774
29-895
30-006
30-042
30-072
29-943
30-067
30-039
29-985
29-906
29-933
29-852
29-756
29-767
29-895
30-016
30-053
30-093
29-947
30-075
30-042
29-980
29-897
29-924
29-864
29-762
29-775
29-902
30021
30-063
30-095
29-950
30-072
30-048
29-980
29-901
29-932
29-864
29-766
29-770
29-888
30-007
30-043
30-076
29-946
30-078
30-032
29-983
29-893
29-932
29-860
29-754
29-770
29-904
30-008
30-040
30-078
29-944
30-080
30-069
30-023
29-950
29-970
29-910
29-810
29-796
29-947
30-025
30-069
30-103
29-980
-■080
30080
30-072
30-022
29-950
29-979
29-930
29-855
29-855
29-954
30-029
30-069
30-084
29-990
28-856
28-852
28-852
28-863
28-891
28-950
28-974
28-962
28-950
28-863
28-836
28-832
28-8! 11
+ •170
30-075
30-115
30-067
30-013
30-023
30-040
30-075
29-998
29-982
29-970
29-997
30-066
30-035
27-962
27-835
29-960
27-942
29-945
28-025
27-906
27-733
27-706
27-613
28-015
■•
25-729
25-717
25-686
25;666
25-678
25-733 27-768
25-745
25721
25-705
25-752
25-697
25-717
(PHYS. CHEM. CHALL. EXP. — PAKT V. 1888.)
20*
TABLE VII.
Showing the Average Number of Days each Month the Wind has prevailed
from "North, North-East, East, etc., at Different Places over the Globe.
Note. — As regards " Hours of Observations," the A.M. Observations are placed before the colon [:], the P.M.
after it. A Minus sign before Latitudes indicates Latitude South, and before Longitudes,
Longitude West.
(PHYS. CHEM. CIIALL. EXP. — PAET V. 1888.) 21
114
THE VOYAGE OF H.M.S. CHALLENGER
MULLAGHMURE.
MAKKREE.
ARMAGH.
Month.
Lat. 54° 28'. Long. —8° 28'.
Lat. 54° 11'. Long. -8° 27'.
Lat. 54° 21'. Long. -6° 39'.
Height 40 ft.
Height 131 ft.
Height 207 ft.
7 Years, 1879, 1881-86. Hour 8 :
12 Years, 1875-86. Hours 9 : 9.
14 Years, 1870-83. Hour 8 :
N.
N.E.
E. S.E.
s.
s.w w.
N.W
CA.
N.
N.E
E.
S.E.
s.
s.w
w.
N.W
CA.
N.
N.E
E.
S.E.
S.
s.w
w.
N.W
CA.
Jan.
1
1
5
6
3
9
4
2
0
1
1
1
7
6
5
2
2
6
1
O
2
4
11
8
2
1
Feb.
1
1
4
1
5
9
3
1
0
2
1
1
5
5
4
2
2
6
2
2
2
3
9
7
2
1
March
2
2
5
5
3
8
4
2
0
2
2
2
5
4
4
2
4
6
0
3
3
2
6
8
4
2
April
2
3
9
4
3
4
2
2
1
2
3
3
7
3
3
1
2
6
3
5
4
3
6
5
2
2
May
2
3
6
2
2
7
5
3
1
3
1
2
4
3
4
4
4
6
4
4
3
2
5
6
4
3
June
2
2
4
2
2
6
6
5
1
4
1
2
4
4
3
1
4
7
3
4
2
2
6
7
3
3
July
2
1
2
3
4
9
6
3
1
2
1
1
8
4
4
2
5
9
2
3
1
1
6
10
5
3
Aug.
2
1
4
2
4
7
5
5
1
2
1
2
4
5
3
9
3
9
2
4
3
2
5
8
5
2
Sept.
3
1
5
3
5
6
0
0
3
1
2
1
2
4
5
3
2
3
8
1
3
9
2
7
10
2
3
Oct.
3
2
4
5
4
5
4
4
0
0
1
2
6
4
3
2
2
8
2
3
3
3
8
8
3
1
Nov.
3
2
2
3
4
8
4
4
0
2
1
1
4
4
5
2
3
8
2
2
2
3
9
8
2
2
Dec.
3
2
3
2
3
7
6
4
1
2
1
1
4
4
5
2
3
9
2
2
3
1
9
11
2
1
Year
26
21
53
41
42
85
52
38
7
27 1 15
20
57
51
46
24
37
88
27 I
1
37
30
28
87
96
36
24
...
DONAGHADEE.
DUBLIN.
PARSONSTOWN.
Lat, 54° 38'. Long. -5° 34'.
Lat. 53° 22'. Long. —6° 21'.
Lat. 53° 6'. Long. —7° 55'.
Height 30 ft.
Height 158 ft.
Height 182 ft.
9 Years, 1876-79, 1881-86. Hour 8 :
15 Years, 1870-84. Hours 9 : 3.
13 Years, 1873, 1875-86. Hours 9 : 9.
N. In.E
E.
S.E.
s.
s.w w.
N.W
CA.1
N.
N.E
E. S.E.
s.
s.w
w.
N.W
CA.
N.
N.E
E.
S.E.
S.
s.w
w.
N.W
CA.
Jan.
1
1
2
4
7
7
6
3
...
1
0
3
3
4
8
8
1
3
1
1
2
6
6
5
4
1
5
Feb.
1
1
3
3
4
G
7
3
...
1
1
2
3
3
6
7
2
3
1
1
1
5
5
5
4
2
4
March
o
0
1
4
3
4
6
7
3
...
2
1
4
3
2
6
8
3
2
2
2
2
4
4
6
4
3
4
April
2
5
6
5
4
3
3
2
2
2
6
4
2
3
6
3
2
3
3
3
5
4
3
3
2
4
May
4
4
4
3
4
4
5
3
3
3
5
2
2
5
7
2
2
3
2
2
4
4
4
4
4
4
June
5
4
3
2
5
4
5
2
2
2
4
2
3
5
7
3
2
2
1
1
3
4
5
5
4
5
July
4 3
2
2
3
5
8
4
1
2
2
1
4
8
9
2
2
1
1
1
3
4
6
5
5
5
Aug.
3 ! 4
3
2
4
4
7
4
...
2
2
3
2
3
5
9
2
3
1
2
1
4
4
6
5
3
5
Sept.
2 3
o
2
4
5
8
3
2
'1
3
2
2
6
8
3
3
2
1
2
4
4
4
4
3
6
Oct,
2 ' 2
3
3
6
5
7
3
...
2
2
3
3
3
4
10
1
3
2
1
2
4
4
5
3
3
7
Nov.
2 : 2
2
2
4
7
8
3
...
2
1
2
2
3
5
9
2
4
1
1
2
4
4
5
4
3
r>
Dec.
1 3
2
1
3
7
11
3
36
1
21
1
18
2
39
2
29
3
34
6
67
10
98
2
26
4
33
1
20
1
17
1
20
4
50
5
52
6
60
5
50
2
35
6
61
Year
30 33
37
32J52
63
82
CORK.
KOCHES POINT.
VALENCIA.
Lat. 61° 53'. Long. —8° 28'.
Lat. 51° 47'. Long. -8° 19'.
Lat. 51° 55'. Long. -10° 18'.
Height 25 ft.
Heieht 32 ft.
Height 23 ft.
11 Years, 1857-67. Hour 9 :
10 Years, 1876-79, 1881-86. Hour 8:
15 Years, 1870-84. Hour 8 :
N.
N.E
E.
S.E.
s.
s.w w.
N.W CA.
N.
N.E
E. S.E.
s.
s.w
W. N.W CA.
N.
N.E
K.
S.E.
s.
s.w
w.
N.W
CA.
Jan.
2
2
1
5
3
8
2
8
...
4
3
1
4
4
6
6
O , ...
2
3
3
5
6
5
5
2
0
Feb.
1
3
2
5
1
7
3
6
3
2
1
3
3
6
7
3
2
3
3
5
4
4
5
2
0
March
1
4
2
5
1
5
4
9
...
5
3
2
3
3
4
6
5
3
4
4
3
4
4
5
4
0
April
1
4
3
5
2
6
3
6
...
5
3
4
5
4
4
2
3
4
4
4
5
3
3
3
3
1
May
2
2
4
V
2
6
3
5
...
7
2
4
4
3
4
4
3
5
4
3
3
3
5
4
3
1
June
1
2
1
5
3
6
4
8
6
1
2
3
4
5
4
5
3
2
2
3
4
5
5
5
1
July
1
1
1
3
2
7
6
10
6
1
1
2
4
6
5
6
3
2
1
4
5
5
6
5
0
Aug.
1
1
1
4
4
7
0
8
...
5
2
2
2
3
5
7
5
3
2
2
4
4
5
6
4
1
Sept.
1
1
2
4
3
8
4
7
...
6
2
2
3
2
5
5
5
3
3
2
4
3
4
5
4
2
Oct.
1
• >
2
6
2
7
2
8
5
3
1
4
4
4
r,
4
3
4
3
4
4
4
5
3
1
Nov.
1
.)
3
5
0
6
1
8
4
2
1
2
4
5
8
4
3
5
3
4
3
3
5
3
i
Dec.
1
2
1
5
3
9
3
7
7
63
2
26
1
1
3
41
5
59
7
5
3
3
3
4
5
4
4
4
1
Year
14
28
23
59
29
82
40
90
22
36
67
51
...
37 39
33
48
48
51
58
42
9
REPORT ON ATMOSPHERIC CIRCULATION.
115
NOKTH UNST.
SANDWICK.
BUTT OF LEWIS.
Month.
Lat. 60° 51'. Long. —0° 53'.
Height 230 ft.
15 Tears, 1870-84. Hours 9 : 9.
Lat. 59° 2'. Long. —3° 18'.
Height 94 ft.
15 Tears, 1870-84. Hours 9 : 9.
Lat. 58° 31'. Long. —6° 16'.
Height 170 ft.
15 Tears, 1870-84. Hours 9 : 9.
N.
N.E
E. S.E.
s. 's.w
w.
N.W
CA.
N.
N.E
E.
S.E.
s.
s.w
w.
N.W
CA.
N.
N.E E. S.E.
s.
s.w
w.
N.W
CA.
Jan.
3
1
2
2
8
6
6
3
1
1
1
5
7
6
5
3
2
2
1 2
4
8
8
3
3
Feb.
4
2
2
2
8
4
4
2
2
1
1
6
4
4
5
3
2
2
2
4
4
6
5
3
2
...
March
G
3
2
2
7
4
5
2
...
2
2
1
7
4
4
5
5
1
4
2
4
4
5
5
4
3
...
April
6
4
3
3
6
3
3
2
3
3
3
7
3
3
3
4
1
3
3
7
4
4
4
2
3
...
May
8
3
2
2
4
4
5
3
3
3
2
G
2
4
5
5
1
4
5
5
2
3
6
4
2
...
June
5
3
3
4
5
4
4
2
3
2
2
7
3
3
4
5
1
3
4
6
3
4
4
3
3
July
5
3
4
3
5
4
5
2
2
1
2
7
3
4
5
5
2
3
3
4
4
4
5
5
3
Aug.
5
3
3
3
5
4
5
3
2
2
3
6
1
4
5
5
3
3
3
5
3
4
5
5
3
Sept.
6
2
2
2
6
5
4
3
...
3
2
2
5
3
4
5
4
2
4
4
3
3
4
6
3
3
Oct.
4
2
2
3
9
4
5
2
3
1
1
6
5
4
5
4
2
3
2
3
3
7
5
5
3
Nov.
6
4
2
2
6
4
3
3
4
2
1
4
4
4
4
4
3
4
3
3
3
6
5
3
3
Dec.
5
2
2
3
6
4
6
3
3
2
2
3
5
5
5
4
2
3
38
2
3
3
40
7
62
6
64
4
44
3
34
...
Year
63
32
29
31
75! 50
55
30
31
22
21
69
44
49
56
:,i
22
34 49
MOXACH.
SKEEETVOEE.
TAEBETNESS.
Mo.nth.
Lat. 57° 32'. Long. -7° 38'.
Height 20 ft.
15 Tears, 1870-84. Hours 9 : 9.
Lat. 5G° 19'. Long. —7° 7'.
Height 150 ft.
15 Tears, 1870-84. Hours 9 : 9.
Lat. 57° 52'. Long. -3° 47'.
• Height 175 ft.
15 Tears, 1870-84. Hours 9 : 9.
N.
N.E E.
S.E.
s.
s.w w.
N.W
CA.
N.
N.E E.
S.E.
S.
s.w
w. !n.w CA.
N.
N.E
E.
S.E.
s.
s.w
w.
N.W
CA.
Jan.
2
1
2
2
10
5
6
3
0
2
1 1
5
8
6
6
2
0
1
1
1
4
4
11
6
3
0
Feb.
2
2
3
2
7
5
5
2
0
3
1
2
6
6
5
4
2
0
2
1
2
5
4
6
5
3
0
March
4
2
3
2
7
4
5
3
1
4
2
2
5
5
5
4
4
0
4
2
3
4
3
6
5
4
0
April
4
3
5
3
6
3
3
2
1
4
3
3
7
5
4
2
2
0
3
3
7
4
3
3
3
3
1
May
4
4
3
2
5
4
5
3
1
5
3
2
4
4
5
4
4
0
:;
5
G
2
2
5
4
4
0
June
4
3
3
2
6
5
3
3
1
4
2
2
4
5
5
4
4
0
2
3
7
4
2
4
4
3
1
July
5
2
2
1
6
6
5
3
1
4
2
1
3
5
6
5
5
0
2
3
5
3
3
5
4
5
1
Aug.
4
2
4
2
5
5
4
4
1
4
2
2
4
5
5
5
3
1
■■
3
5
4
2
5
4
5
1
Sept.
4
3
3
2
5
5
5
2
1
4
2
1
4
5
6
5
3
0
2
3
3
3
3
6
4
5
1
Oct.
3
2
3
2
6
5
7
3
0
3 2
1
0
6
5
5
3
0
3
1
3
3
4
7
6
4
0
Nov.
5
3
3
2
6
4
5
2
0
4 [ 3
2
4
5
5
4
3
0
4
2
1
4
3
7
5
4
0
Dec.
3
2
3
2
7
4
6
4
0
3 1 2
2
4
6
5
5
4
0
2
30
1
28
1
44
3
4:1
3
36
9
74
7
57
5
48
0
5
Year
44
29 37
24
76
55
59
34
7
44 25 21
55
65
62
53
39
1
BUCHANNESS.
BEN NEVIS.
ISLE OP MAT.
Month.
Lat. 57° 28'. Long. -1° 4G'.
Height 130 ft.
15 Tears, 1870-84. Hours 9 : 9.
Lat. 56° 49'. Long. —5° 7'.
Height 4406 ft.
4 Tears, 1884-87. Hours 9 : 9.
Lat. 56° 11'. Long. —2° 33'.
Height 240 ft.
15 Tears, 1870-84. Hours 9: 9.
N.
N.E
E.
S.E.
s.
s.w
w.
N.W CA.
N.
N.E
E.
S.E.
s.
s.w
w.
N.W
CA.
N.
N.E
E.
S.E.
s.
s.w
w.
N.W
CA.
Jan.
2
1
1
2
6
9
5
5
0
4
4
3
4
4
4
5
3
0
1
1
1
3
4
3
15
2
1
Feb.
3
2
2
3
5
5
4
4
0
3
1
3
4
5
6
3
3
0
1
2
2
3
4
3
11
1
1
March
4
2
2
3
5
6
4
5
0
5
5
3
4
5
:;
3
3
0
2
4
3
4
:'.
2
10
2
1
April
3
4
3
5
4
5
2
4
0
5
3
3
5
4
2
3
3
2
1
3
6
5
2
2
8
1
2
May
6
4
2
2
5
5
3
4
1
4
5
3
5
3
3
4
2
2
1
3
5
4
2
3
10
1
2
June
5
3
1
3
7
5
2
3
1
5
3
2
2
:;
4
5
3
3
1
3
4
5
3
2
8
1
3
July
B
2
2
3
6
5
3
4
1
5
1
1
4
5
4
6
3
2
1
2
4
4
3
2
12
1
2
Aug.
fi
3
2
3
6
4
3
4
1
5
2
2
4
6
3
4
3
2
1
2
5
4
2
2
11
2
2
Sept,
5
2
2
2
6
4
4
4
1
7
2
2
3
5
3
4
2
2
1
3
3
3
2
3
12
1
2
Oct.
3
1
2
3
5
7
5
5
0
10
3
3
3
3
3
3
2
1
2
2
2
3
3
3
12
3
1
Nov.
4
3
2
2
4
fi
4
5
0
7
3
3
3
4
4
3
3
0
2
4
3
1
3
3
10
3
1
Dec.
3
2
29
2
23
2
33
3
62
8
69
5
44
6
0
9
69
4
36
2
30
2
43
2
49
3
42
5
48
3
33
1
15
1 1
15
3
32
2
40
2
41
2
33
3
31
l.">
134
2
1
19
Year
47
53
5
116
THE VOYAGE OF H.M.S. CHALLENGER.
ST. ABB'S HEAD.
MULL OF GALLOWAY.
POINT OF AYEK.
Lat. 55° 55'. Long. -2° 11'.
Height 224 ft.
Lat. 54° 38'. Long. —4° 15'.
Lat. 54° 25. Long. -4° 22'.
Month.
Ileicht 325 ft.
Height 106 ft.
15 Years, 1870-84. Hours 9 : 9
15 Years, 1870-84. Hours 9: 9.
15 Years, 1870-84. Hours 9 : 9.
N. K-E
l . S.E.
s.
s.w
W. N.W
CA.
N.
>».E
E.
S.E.
s.
s.w
w. '
\-.\v
CA.
N.
>J.E
E.
S.E.
S. S.W
w.
S'.W CA .
1
1
1
4
4
10
fi
4
0
2
1
3
4
8
7
4
2
...
2
1
2
ft
6
4
8
3
0
Feb.
'>
^
9.
fi
3
fi
ft
3
0
3
1
4
3
6
5
4
2
...
2
2
3
b
4
3
6
3
0
3
3
3
4
g
6
fi
3
1
4
1
5
3
5
0
4
4
...
3
2
4
4
4
2
V
4
1
April
May
June
3
3
4
fi
2
4
4
3
1
3
2
7
4
5
3
3
3
2
3
6
6
3
2
ft
3
1
3
4
2
fi
2
6
ft
3
1
3
2
5
2
6
4
4
ft
...
2
4
3
2
3
3
V
ft
2
3
3
2
6
2
4
5
3
2
3
1
3
3
7
5
4
4
2
2
3
3
4
3
7
ft
1
July
Aug.
?
?,
2
4
ft
7
4
2
2
1
2
1
8
6
6
5
1
1
2
4
3
3
9
7
1
?
3
5>
ft
3
ft
6
4
i !
3
2
3
3
6
5
5
4
2
2
3
4
3
3
8
5
1
Sept.
Oct.
3
3
'>
4
3
fi
ft
O
i !
3
2
3
2
6
0
5
4
3
3
2
3
3
3
V
a
1
3
2
\>
4
4
7
fi
3
o
3
2
3
4
6
4
5
4
3
2
3
4
4
8
7
4
1
Nov.
4
3
';
5!
4
fi
ft
4
o
4
2
3
3
5
ft
ft
3
4
3
3
4
4
3
fi
3
0
Dec.
3
3
2
3
3
8
6
4
0
9
4
37
2
19
:;
44
3
35
5
73
7
61
4
53
3
43
""I
3
29
3
28
2
35
4
48
4
45
3
35
8
85
4
51
0
9
Year
32
31
26
52
35
73 | 60
41
SILLOTH.
STONYHUIIST.
LLANDUDNO.
Lat 54° 52'. Long. —3° 22'.
Lat. 53° 51'. Long. —2° 28'.
Lat. 53° 21'. Long. -3° 50'.
Month.
Height 28 ft.
15 Years, 1870-84. Hours, 9 : 9
Height 361 ft.
Height 100 ft.
15 Years, 1870-84. Hours 9 : 9.
15 Years, 1870-84. Hours 9 : 9.
N
N.F.
i
E. S.E. S.
s.w
w.
N.W
CA.
N.
N.E E.
S.E.
s.
s.w
w.
N.W CA.
N.
N.E
E.
S.E.
s.
s.w
w.
N.W
CA.
Jan.
2
1
5
3
1
0
ft
3
2
1
5
3
1
5
8
7
1
1
1
3
2
4
6
12
1
1
Feb.
2
3
5
2
2
7
4
2
2
1
4
4
1
4
6
6
2
2
1
t»
2
3
ft
11
1
0
March
3
3
fi
2
1
6
ft
4
1
1
6
4
1
3
6
7
3
...
2
3
5
2
2
o
12
2
0
April
May
June
5>
3
0
3
1
4
5
2
1
1
8
5
1
2
5
7
1
...
2
3
7
2
3
2
8
2
1
1
2
7
3
1
fi
7
2
2
1
7
3
1
2
5
10
2
3
3
7
1
2
3
10
2
0
1
2
5
3
1
7
7
2
2
1
5
4
1
2
fi
9
2
4
2
4
1
2
3
11
3
0
July
Aug.
Sept.
Oct.
1
1
4
1
1
10
10
1
o
1
3
2
0
2
9
12
2
3
2
2
0
2
4
15
3
0
1
1
fi
2
1
7
8
3
2
1
0
2
2
2
7
10
2
2
1
3
2
2
o
lfi
2
0
■>
1
ft
;'
1
fi
7
3
3
2
5
2
1
3
6
8
o
...
3
2
4
1
2
3
12
3
0
■■>
1
6
3
1
fi
6
3
3
2
5
3
1
3
7
7
3
...
2
2
4
3
3
ft
10
2
0
Nov.
3
3
4
2
1
fi
ft
3
3
2
7
2
1
n
O
6
6
3
3
2
3
1
3
4
12
2
0
Dec.
3
4
4
2
1
8
5
2
2
2
16
7
G7
1
35
1
12
3
34
7
78
7
96
3
2
2
3
2
2
4
14
2
0
Year
23
24
(36
28
13
82
74
30
25
27 j ...
29
24
48
19
30
45
143
25
2
GREENWICH.
KEW.
FALMOUTH.
Month.
Lat. 51° 29'. Long. 0° 0'.
Lat. 51° 28'. Long. -0° 19'.
Lat. 50° 9'. Long. -5° 4'.
Height. 159 ft.
Height 34 ft.
Height 211 ft.
20 Years, 1841-60. Hourly.
15 Tears, 1870-84. Hour 8:
15 Years, 1870-84. Hour 8:
N.
N.E E.
S.E.
s.
s.w
w.
N.W CA.
X.
N.E
E.
S.E.
s.
s.w
w.
x.w
CA.
N.
N.E
E.
S.E.
s.
S.W
w.
N.W
CA.
Jan.
3
3
1
2
4
10
3
•>
3
o
3
3
2
6
8
4
2
4
2
2
3
6
6
ft
3
Feb.
3
4
2
1
3
8
3
2
2
3
3
3
2
5
7
3
2
3
2
2
3
5
ft
6
2
March
4
4
3
2
2
8
o
0
o
2
4
ft
3
1
3
7
5
3
...
5
2
4
2
4
4
ft
ft
April
May
4
6
3
2
8
fi
3
2
1
4
ft
4
2
4
6
4
2
...
4
4
5
2
3
3
ft
4
...
4
7
3
2
3
7
2
1
2
5
6
3
1
3
7
4
2
...
■1
4
ft
2
4
4
3
ft
...
June
t>
4
2
2
2
10
4
2
1
4
4
2
1
0
7
5
2
...
3
1
2
2
0
ft
ft
V
...
July
g
4
1
1
3
10
4
2
3
3
2
1
1
5
11
fi
2
...
2
1
2
2
4
6
8
fi
Aug.
i)
3
1
1
3
11
4
2
3
3
3
O
1
4
9
6
2
3
1
4
2
3
ft
V
6
Sept.
4
5
2
2
2
7
2
2
4
3
4
3
1
3
8
G
2
...
3
1
3
2
4
4
V
6
...
Oct.
3
3
1
2
3
9
4
2
4
:;
4
• >
1
5
8
4
3
...
4
2
2
3
ft
4
fi
ft
Nov.
4
4
2
2
3
8
2
2
3
4
3
2
1
4
8
4
4
...
4
2
2
2
4
4
V
a
...
Dec.
3
41
2 | 2
2
21
3
34
9
10?
4
2
4
32
4
Us
o
45
2
1
15
4
51
9
94
ft
56
3
29
...
4
43
2
24
1
34
2
27
4
51
ft
55
V
71
6
60
Year
49
23
38
I24
REPORT ON ATMOSPHERIC CIRCULATION.
117
JERSEY.
HAFARANDA.
I'MEA.
Month.
Lat. 49° 12'. Loog. -2° 7'.
Lat 05° 50'. Long. 24° 9'.
Lat. G3° 49'. Long. 20° 18'.
Height 50 ft.
Height 30 ft.
Height 41 it.
15 Years, 1870-84. Hours 0: 9.
13 Years, 1870-82. Hours 8: 2, 9.
13 Years, 1870-82. Hours 8 : 2, 9.
N.
N.E
E.
3.E.
s.
3.W
w,|
N.W
CA.
N.
N.E
E.
S.E.
s.
s.w
w.
N W
CA.
N.
N.E
E.
S.E.
s.
s.w
w.
N.W CA.
Jan.
1
4
2
4
5
6
4
2
3
6
2
1
3
6
6
1
3
3
4
4
1
1
2
6
1
4
8
Feb.
1
4
1
4
4
5
4
2
:;
6
2
1
Q
6
4
1
2
3
4
4
1
0
2
6
1
4
6
March
1
6
3
4
2
4
5
3
3
7
2
1
2
6
6
1
3
3
4
4
1
1
2
7
1
4
7
April
1
6
3
3
3
5
5
3
1
6
3
1
2
7
5
1
2
3
4
5
1
1
3
6
1
4
5
May
2
7
2
2
2
6
5
3
2
7
4
2
o
7
5
1
1
2
4
5
3
1
4
5
1
4
4
June
2
4
1
1
3
7
6
3
3
6
4
1
1
7
6
1
2
2
2
4
3
2
5
6
1
4
3
July
1
3
1
1
2
8
10
2
3
4
4
1
2
9
5
1
1
4
2
4
2
2
5
8
1
3
4
Aug.
1
4
1
1
2
8
9
2
3
5
4
1
2
7
5
1
2
4
3
4
2
1
3
6
1
4
7
Sept.
1
4
2
2
3
7
7
2
2
5
3
2
2
7
5
1
2
3
3
3
2
1
2
6
1
5
7
Oct.
1
4
2
2
5
5
6
2
4
5
o
2
3
5
6
2
2
3
4
2
1
1
3
7
1
4
8
Nov.
2
4
1
4
4
5
5
2
3
7
4
2
n
O
4
4
1
2
3
5
3
1
1
3
4
1
4
8
Dec.
1
3
1
4
4
5
5
3
5
6
70
4
39
2
17
4
29
4
75
4
61
1
13
2
24
4
37
5
44
4
46
1
19
1
13
2
36
4
71
1
12
4
9
Year
15
53
20
32
39
71
71
29
35
48 76
HERNOSAND. ■'. CARLSTAD.
GOTEBORG.
Month.
Lat. 62° 38'. Long. 17° 58'.
Lat. 59° 23'. Long. 13° 30'.
Lat. 57° 42'. Long. 11° 59'.
Height 45 ft.
Height 179 ft.
Height 22 ft.
13 Years, 1870-82. Hours 8 : 2, 9.
13 Years, 1870-82. Hours 8: 2, 9.
13 Years, 1870-82. Hours 8 : 2, 9.
N. iN.E
E.
S.E.
s.
s.w
W. N.W CA.
N.
N.E
E. S.E.
s. s.w
w.
N.W CA.
N.
N.E
E.
S.E.
s.
s.w
w.
N.W
CA.
Jan.
5
3
1
1
5
4
2
2
8
1
4
1
2
5
4
1
4
9
1
3
3
3
7
5
4
1
4
Feb.
4
4
1
1
3
3
1'
2
8 1
1
6
1
2
3
3
1
3
8
1
4
5
3
4
3
4
1
3
March
o
O
4
2
1
5
3
3
3
7 1
1
5
1
3
4
3
1
4
9
2
4
4
2
5
4
5
1
4
April
4
4
2
1
3
3
2
3
8
1
5
1
4
4
2
1
3
9
2
3
5
2
3
4
5
2
4
May
3
6
3
1
5
2
2
3
6
1
5
1
4
6
5
0
2
7
2
3
4
1
4
4
8
3
2
June
2
5
4
2
6
2
2
3
4
1
4
1
5
7
5
0
1
6
1
3
3
2
3
5
9
2
2
July
o
4
2
2
7
2
2
3
6
1
2
1
5
8
5
1
2
6
1
1
2
2
4
5
11
2
3
Aug.
o
O
4
2
1
6
2
2
3
8
1
3
1
5
6
5
1
2
7
1
2
3
2
4
4
8
1
6
Sept.
2
o
2
2
6
2
2
3
8
1
3
1
5
5
4
1
2
8
1
2
4
2
4
4
7
1
5
Oct.
4
2
2
1
6
3
3
3
7
1
5
1
4
6
3
0
4
7
1
3
6
3
6
3
4
1
4
Nov.
5
3
1
2
4
4
2
2
7
1
6
1
3
4
1
4
7
2
3
5
3
5
4
3
0
5
Dec.
5
4
1
2
3
3
2
2
9
2
6
1
3
3
3
0
4
'.i
2
17
4
35
6
50
3
28
5
54
4
49
4
72
0
15
3
45
Year
43
46
23
17
59 '33
26
32
86
13
54
12
45
61
45
8
35
92
WESTERVIK.
WISBY.
HALMSTAD.
^IONTH.
Lat. 57° 46'. Long. 16° 32'.
Lat. 57° 39'. Long. 18° 19'.
Lat. 56° 40'. Long. 12° 52'.
Height 44 ft.
H eight 52 ft.
Height 34 It.
13 Years, 1870-82. Hours 8 : 2,
9.
13 Years, 1870-82. Hours 8 : 2, 9.
13 Years, 1870-82. Hours 8 : 2, 9.
.N.
N.E
E.
S.E
s.
s.w
w.
N.W
CA.
N.
N.E
E.
S.E.
s.
s.w
w.
N.W
CA.
N.
N.E
E.
S.E.
s.
s.w
w.
N.W
CA.
Jan.
2
1
1
1
1
i)
4
4
14
o
2
3
3
4
6
5
3
2
2
2
4
3
4
4
6
3
3
Feb.
1
2
1
2
2
2
3
3
12
3
2
4
3
3
5
4
3
1
1
2
4
4
4
2
5
3
3
March
2
3
1
1
2
3
3
4
12
4
3
3
2
3
5
6
3
2
2
1
4
2
4
3
6
4
5
April
2
3
3
2
1
2
2
8
12
3
4
4
3
3
4
6
2
1
2
2
5
4
3
2
5
4
3
May
2
3
3
2
2
2
3
3
11
4
5
2
2
3
4
6
3
2
3
1
o
3
3
i?
7
6
2
June
2
3
3
3
2
o
4
3
7
4
4
2
2
3
4
7
2
2
2
1
2
2
4
2
7
6
4
July
1
2
2
4
3
4
4
4
7
4
2
1
2
4
4
S
4
2
2
1
1
2
4
2
8
7
4
Aug.
1
2
3
3
2
o
4
4
9
3
3
3
2
3
4
7
4
2
2
1
3
3
4
2
7
5
4
Sept.
2
2
2
2
2
4
3
4
9
3
2
3
3
3
4
6
4
2
2
1
3
3
4
2
6
5
4
Oct.
2
2
2
2
2
4
3
O
11
2
2
4
3
5
6
4
3
2
2
1
5
4
4
3
4
4
4
Nov.
2
3
1
2
2
O
4
O
10
3
3
4
3
4
5
4
3
1
3
2
5
2
4
3
5
3
3
Dee.
2
2
1
2
2
3
3
3
41
13
127
3
39
3
35
4
37
4
32
4
42
4
65
5
68
3
37
1
20
3
26
2
17
7
46
3
05
4
46
2
30
5
71
2
52
3
42
Year
I21
28
23
26
23
36
40
118
THE VOYAGE OF H.M.S. CHALLENGER.
SYDYAKANGEE.
YAKDO.
HAMMERFEST.
Lat C9° 40' Long. 30° 11'.
Lat. 70° 22'. Long. 31° 7'.
Lat. 70° 40'. Long. 23° 46'.
Month.
Height G7 ft.
Height 33 ft.
Height 21 ft.
J 11 Tears, 1874-84. Hours 8: 2, 8.
15 Years, 1870-84. Hours 8: 1,8.
14 Years, 1848-61. Hours 8 : 3, 8.
1 N
N T
F
s E
s.
S.fl
w.
N.W
CA.
N.
N.E
E.
S.E.
s.
s.w
w.
N.W
CA.
N.
N.E
E.
S.E.
s.
s.w
w.
N.W
CA.
Jan.
9
9
0
1
2
8
0
4
12
2
3
(1
2
o
12
3
4
2
2
1
2
11
8
2
2
2
1
Feb.
9
1
0
1
2
4
0
4
14
1
2
1
1
2
11
3
4
3
2
1
3
V
9
2
1
2
1
March
3
9,
0
1
2
5
0
4
14
2
3
1
2
2
9
5
4
3
3
1
3
8
8
2
2
2
2
April
May-
June
3
9
0
2
2
4
0
5
12
2
3
2
2
3
6
3
6
3
3
1
3
6
6
1
4
3
3
fi
3
1
1
4
2
0
5
10
2
3
3
4
3
3
2
5
6
3
2
5
3
5
2
3
4
4
6
3
2
1
2
2
1
7
6
4
3
2
4
J
2
2
8
3
3
2
4
3
4
1
3
4
6
July
Aug.
4
3
3
1
3
2
1
5
9
5
3
2
5
4
1
1
7
3
2
2
4
2
4
2
3
4
8
3
4
2
2
3
1
0
5
11
3
2
2
4
4
3
1
8
4
2
1
4
3
4
1
3
4
9
Sept.
2
2
1
2
3
4
1
4
11
2
2
2
3
5
6
2
6
2
2
1
2
o
8
2
4
4
4
Oct.
9,
2
0
2
1
6
1
.5
12
2
3
1
2
3
8
5
5
2
3
2
3
7
7
2
3
3
1
Nov.
9,
1
1
2
2
4
0
3
15
2
2
2
2
3
9
3
5
2
3
1
3
9
6
2
2
2
2
Dec.
2
1
0
2
8
7
0
o
13
1
3
1
19
2
33
3
37
13
83
2
32
4
66
2
35 :
2
1
16
3
39
9
71
7
76
3
22
3
33
2
36
1
42
Year
36
26
10
18
29
49
4
54
139
28 32
TROMSO.
BODO.
bkonO.
Month.
Lat. C9° 39'. Long. 18° 58'.
Lat. 67° 17'. Long. 14° 24'.
Lat. 65° 28'. Long. 12° 12'.
Height 50 ft.
Height 15 ft.
Height 34 ft.
1-2 Years, 1874-84. Hours 8:2,8.
15 Years, 1870-84. Hours, 8:2, 8.
15 Years, 1870-84. Hours 8 : 2, 8.
N.
N.F.
E.
S.K.
s.
s.w
w.
N.W
CA.
N.
N.E
E.
S.E.
s.
s.w w.
N.W
CA.
N.
N.E
E.
S.E.
s.
s.w
w.
N.W
CA.
Jan.
1
3
2
3
4
12
1
1
4
1
2
13
3
1
5
3
2
1
2
2
3
3
6
6
2
2
5
Feb.
1
9.
1
3
4
11
2
1
3
2
2
14
2
1
3
2
2
0
1
2
4
3
5
4
2
2
5
March
9,
3
2
2
3
12
2
1
4
2
3
13
1
1
4
3
3
1
2
2
3
3
4
6
2
3
6
xVpril
9
4
1
2
3
10
1
1
6
3
3
10
2
1
4
3
2
2
4
3
3
2
3
4
2
3
6
May
2
6
1
1
o
o
7
1
1
9
3
3
8
3
1
5
3
2
3
6
2
2
2
3
6
2
3
5
June
2
8
1
1
2
6
3
1
6
4
4
5
2
1
5
4
2
3
8
2
1
1
2
5
3
4
4
July
3
10
0
1
1
4
2
1
9
5
5
5
1
1
4
4
2
4
8
1
1
2
3
4
2
5
5
Aug.
2
6
0
1
1
5
2
2
12
3
3
6
2
1
4
5
2
5
6
2
1
2
3
5
2
3
7
Sept.
1
3 0
1
2
10
2
1
10
1
3
9
2
1
5
4
1
4
3
2
2
3
4
6
2
2
6
Oct.
1
2
1
2
3
11
1
1
9
2
3
13
3
1
4
3
1
1
2
2
3
4
4
4
2
2
8
Nov.
1
9,
2
1
3
11
1
1
8
1
3
14
3
1
3
3
1
1
1
2
4
4
5
4
2
2
6
Dec.
1
3
1
2
3
12
1
1
7
1
28
3
37
16
126
2
26
1
12
3
49
3
40
1
21
1
26
1
44
3
25
5
32
4
33
5
47
4
58
2
25
1
32
6
69
Year
19
52
12
20
32
111
19
13
87
AALESUND. FLOEO.
DOVEE.
Month.
Lat. G2° 29'. Long. 6° 9'. Height 47 ft. ! Lat. Gl° 36'. Long. 5° 2'.
Lat. 62° 5'. Long. 9° 8'.
13 Years, 1870-71, 1874-84.
Height 26 ft.
Height 2110 ft.
Hours 8 : 2, 8.
15 Years, 1870-84. Hours 8: 2, 8.
15 Years, 1870-84. Hours 8:2,8.
N.
N.E
E.
S.E.
s.
s.w
w.
N.W
CA.
N.
N.E
E.
S.E.
s.
s w
w.
N.W
CA.
N.
N E
E.
S.E.
s.
i
s.w w.
N.W
CA.
Jan.
1
1
5
4
5
6
2
2
5
1
1
8
9
3
2
1
2
4
2
1
1
1
7
1
1
2
15
Feb.
1
1
5
5
4
4
1
■>
5
1
1
7
7
3
2
1
2
4
2
0
1
1
7
1
0
2
14
March
1
1
5
4
4
5
2
3
6
2
2
7
7
6
1
2
3
4
3
(1
1
1
8
1
0
3
14
April
2
3
4
3
3
3
3
2
7
2
3
6
4
2
1
3
5
4
4
1
1
1
8
1
0
8
11
May
4
4
2
2
3
3
4
3
6
2
•>
3
4
4
3
4
6
3
6
1
0
1
V
1
1
4
10
June
6
4
1
1
2
3
4
4
5
1
1
3
2
o
4
6
7
3
4
1
1
1
8
1
1
5
8
July
6
4
1
1
2
3
3
4
7
1
1
3
3
3
4
6
6
4
3
1
0
1
9
1
1
4
11
Aug.
5
4
2
1
1
o
4
3
8
1
1
3
o
3
4
5
6
5
3
0
1
1
9
1
1
3
12
Sept.
2
o
2
2
3
4
3
3
9
2
2
4
4
3
3
2
5
5
2
0
0
1
8
1
0
2
16
Oct.
1
1
4
4
4
4
3
2
8
1
1
8
7
3
2
2
3
4
2
0
0
1
10
1
0
2
15
Nov.
1
2
6
5
4
3
2
2
5
2
0
9
6
2
2
1
2
4
2
0
0
1
7
1
0
2
17
Dec.
0
1
6
5
4
5
2
2
6
1
17
2
19
9
70
7
63
3
35
2
30
1
34
2
49
4
48
2
35
1
6
0
6
1
12
6
94
1
12
1
6
2
34
17
160
1
Year
30
28
43
37
39
46
33
32
77
REPORT ON ATMOSPHERIC CIRCULATION.
119
MANDAL.
SANDOSTJND.
SKUDESNES.
Month.
Lat. 58° 2'. Long. 7° 27'.
Lat. 59° 5'. Long. 10° 28'.
Lat. 59° 9'. Long. 5° 16'.
Height 54 ft.
Height 27 ft.
Heiirlit 13 ft.
15 Years, 1870-84. Hours 8 : 2, 8.
15 Years, 1870-84. Hours 8 : 2, 8.
15 Years, 1870^84. Hours 8:2.8.
N.
N.E
E.
S.E.
s
s.w
w.
N.W
CA.
N.
N.E
E.
S.E.
s.
s.w
\v.
N.W
CA.
N.
N.E
E.
S.E.
S. S.W
w.
N.W1 CA.
Jan.
1
8
4
1
1
4
4
1
7
8
3
2
1
3
8
2
2
2
•>,
1
5
9
5
2
3
2
■>
Feb.
1
7
5
1
1
3
3
1
G
7
5
2
2
2
5
2
2
1
9,
2
4
7
4
1
3
3
2
March
1
7
4
1
1
3
4
2
8
7
5
2
1
4
6
2
2
2
3
2
4
6
4
2
3
4
3
April
1
8
4
1
1
3
3
2
7
7
5
1
1
4
G
2
1
3
3
2
5
4
4
1
O
7
1
May
1
5
3
1
3
6
6
2
4
5
4
1
1
5
11
2
1
1
3
1
2
3
5
3
5
8
1
June
0
4
3
1
3
8
6
1
4
5
3
1
1
5
10
2
1
2
2
1
2
4
5
2
5
8
1
July
0
3
3
1
3
8
7
1
5
4
3
2
2
6
10
2
1
1
1
1
2
4
6
2
5
8
2
Aug.
0
5
4
1
2
6
G
1
G
4
4
2
2
5
9
2
1
2
2
1
3
4
4
2
5
8
2
Sept.
1
5
3
1
2
5
4
2
7
5
4
2
2
4
8
2
2
1
2
1
3
5
5
2
4
G
2
Oct.
1
7
4
2
2
4
4
1
6
6
4
2
2
4
7
2
2
2
3
1
4
7
4
3
3
4
2
Nov.
1
7
4
2
2
4
3
1
6
7
4
2
2
3
G
2
3
1
3
2
5
G
4
2
3
:i
2
Dec.
1
8.
4
1
1
4
3
1
8
9
74
4
is
1
20
1
18
3
48
G
92
2
24
3
21
2
20
3
29
3
18
6
45
6
G5
4
54
2
24
3
45
2
63
2
22
Year
9
74
45
14
22
58
53
16
74
CHRISTIANIA.
CHK1STIANIA.
CHRISTIANSUND.
Lat. 59° 55'. Long. 10° 44'.
Lat. 59° 55'. Long. 10° 43'.
Lat. 63° 7'. Long. 7° 45'.
Height 74 ft.
Height 81 ft.
Height 50 ft.
2V V
ears, 1837-63. Hours 7, 0 : 2, 4, 10.
15 Years, 1870-84. Hours 8 : 2, 8.
15 Years, 1870-84. Hours 8 : 2, 8.
N.
N.E
E.
S.E.
s.
s.w
w.
N.W
CA.
N.
N.E
E.
S.E.
s.
s.w
w.
N.W
CA.
N.
N.E.
E.
S.E.
s.
s.w
w.
N.W
CA.
Jan.
9
9
2
3
3
1
1
2
1
3
7
4
2
4
3
1
1
6
1
1
5
7
4
7
4
1
1
Feb.
8
7
2
3
3
1
1
2
1
3
7
4
2
3
2
1
1
5
1
1
5
7
2
5
4
2
1
March
8
8
3
3
3
1
2
2
1
3
7
4
2
4
3
1
1
6
1
2
6
5
3
G
4
2
2
April
7
7
2
3
5
2
1
2
1
3
6
4
2
5
4
1
1
4
3
4
4
4
2
4
4
3
2
May
5
5
3
5
9
2
1
1
0
3
4
2
2
8
6
2
2
2
5
4
2
2
2
5
6
3
2
June
4
4
2
5
9
3
1
2
0
2
4
3
2
8
7
1
1
2
5
6
2
1
1
4
6
3
2
July
4
4
2
6
10
2
1
2
0
2
3
3
3
9
6
1
1
3
5
6
2
2
1
3
7
3
2
Aug.
4
6
3
5
8
2
1
1
1
2
5
4
3
7
4
1
1
4
4
5
3
3
1
4
5
3
3
Sept.
6
7
3
3
5
2
1
2
1
:;
6
3
2
5
4
1
1
5
3
3
4
4
2
4
4
3
3
Oct.
8
8
2
3
4
2
1
2
1
3
7
4
2
4
3
2
1
5
1
1
5
7
3
6
3
2
3
Nov.
9
9
1
2
3
1
1
2
2
4
7
4
2
3
2
1
1
6
1
1
5
8
3
6
3
1
2
Dec.
9
10
1
2
3
1
1
2
2
4
10
4
1
3
1
1
14
1
13
6
54
1
31
1
35
5
48
8
58
4
28
7
61
3
53
1
27
1
24
Year
81
84
26
43
65
20
13
22
11
35
73
43
25
63
45
STYKKISHOLM.
GRIMSEY.
BERUFIORD.
Lat. 65° 4'. Long. -22° 43'.
Lat. 66° 34'. Long. —18° 3'.
Lat. 64° 40'. Long. -14° 15'.
Height 37 ft.
Height 8 ft.
Height 30 ft.
1
5 Years, 1870-84. Hours 9 : 9.
12 Years, 1874-85. Hours 8:2,9.
10 Years, 1876-85. Hours 8: 2, 9.
N.
N.E
E.
S.E.
s.
s.w
w.
N.W
CA.
N'.
N.E
E.
S.E.
s.
s.w
w.
N.W
CA.
N.
N.E
E.
S.E.
S.
s.w
w.
N.W
CA.
Jan.
0
7
6
5
6
4
1
0
2
3
O
O
7
2
2
4
1
2
9
3
2
2
3
4
1
1
6
Feb.
0
6
6
6
3
4
1
0
2
3
G
4
7
2
1
3
1
1
9
4
3
2
2
2
1
1
4
March
0
6
7
6
4
4
1
0
3
3
5
6
G
1
2
4
2
2
10
3
2
2
1
2
1
2
8
April
0
7
7
6
3
1
2
0
4
2
7
8
4
1
1
2
2
3
7
4
6
3
1
2
1
1
5
May
1
6
7
5
3
2
2
1
4
2
8
8
2
0
1
3
3
4
8
4
5
3
2
3
0
1
5
June
1
4
G
5
3
2
3
2
4
2
5
8
3
1
1
3
3
4
3
2
7
5
3
4
0
0
G
July
1
4
7
4
3
1
4
2
5
3
5
8
2
0
1
4
3
5
3
2
7
4
2
4
0
1
8
Aug.
1
5
6
5
4
1
2
2
5
2
4
7
4
1
1
4
3
5
4
2
5
4
2
4
0
1
9
Sept.
1
6
4
5
4
3
2
0
5
2
5
7
6
1
1
3
2
3
5
3
5
2
2
4
1
0
7
Oct.
1
7
6
6
3
3
1
1
3
2
7
6
6
1
1
3
2
3
10
4
3
2
2
2
1
1
6
Nov.
1
10
6
5
2
9
1
0
3
2
9
6
5
1
1
3
1
2
10
5
2
1
1
3
1
1
G
Dec.
1
5
7
6
3
5
1
0
3
3
29
5
71
4
77
7
59
2
13
2
15
4
40
2
25
2
36
12
90
4
40
2
49
1
31
1
22
3
37
1
8
2
13
5
75
Year
8
73
75
64
41
32
21
8
43
120
THE VOYAGE OF H.M.S. CHALLENGER.
THOESHAVN.
SKAGEN.
VESTERVIG.
Lat. 62° 2'. Long. — 6° 43'.
Lat. 57° 44'. Long. 10° 38'.
Lat. 56° 47'. Long. 8° 20'.
Month.
Height 12 ft.
Height 10 ft.
Height 82 ft.
15 Years, 1870-84. Hours 0:9.
13 Yeirs, 1873-85. Hours, 8:2,9.
12 Years, 1874-85. Hours 8:2,9.
N.
N.E
E.
S.E.
s.
s.w
w.
N.W
CA.1
N.
N.E
E.
S.E.
s.
s.w
w.
N.W
CA.
N.
N.E
E.
S.E.
S.
S.W
w.
N.W
CA.
Jan.
8
3
1
4
4
8
3
3
2
1
4
4
2
o
6
6
3
2
1
3
4
4
4
6
4
2
3
Feb.
3
3
2
5
3
5
3
2
2
1
4
5
3
3
5
4
2
1
1
o
O
5
4
4
4
3
2
2
March
5
4
2
.">
2
5
4
3
1
3
4
4
8
3
4
5
3
2
1
4
4
2
o
5
5
4
3
April
May
June
5
4
4
2
4
3
2
3
2
5
6
3
2
2
4
3
3
1
5
G
3
2
3
3
5
2
5
5
3
3
2
4
4
2
3
3
4
3
3
3
3
7
4
1
2
3
2
2
G
5
5
3
2
4
4
4
1
5
4
1
5
2
2
2
3
3
9
4
2
1
2
2
2
2
6
G
6
3
July
3
6
o
3
1
4
4
1
6
2
2
2
o
3
4
10
4
1
1
1
2
2
2
G
8
6
3
Aug.
4
5
2
2
3
4
4
1
C
2
2
2
3
3
4
8
4
3
1
2
3
3
2
5
6
5
4
Sept.
5
4
1
3
2
6
4
2
3
1
2
3
3
4
5
7
3
2
1
2
4
o
3
4
5
5
3
Oct.
4
3
2
4
3
5
4
3
3
2
3
4
3
4
G
5
3
1
1
4
4
4
3
4
4
4
3
Nov.
5
4
2
4
3
3
2
4
3
2
4
3
3
3
6
5
2
2
1
4
3
5
4
4
3
2
4
Dec.
5
3
2
4
2
6
4
3
2
2
4
4
3
3
5
6
3
1
1
3
4
4
4
5
4
O
3
Year
47
49
28
45
28
59
43
27
39
23
40
42
35
37
53
76
38
21
13
36
44
38
35
58
56
49
36
FANG.
HEBNING.
SAMSO.
Month.
Lat. 55° 27'. Long. 8° 24'.
Lat. 56° 8'. Long. S° 58'.
Lat. 55° 50'. Long. 10° 36'.
Height 18 ft.
Height 195 ft.
Height 66 ft.
13 Years, 1873-85. Hours 8 : 2, 10.
12 Y'ears, 1874-85. Hours 8: 2, 9. 1
13 Y'ears, 1873-85. Hours 8: 2, 9.
N.
N.E
E.
S.E.
s.
s.w
\v.
N.W
caJ
N.
N.E
E.
S.E.
s.
s.w
w.
N.W
CA.
N.
N.E
E.
S.E.
S.
S.W
w.
N.W
CA.
Jan.
2
2
3
3
4
6
8
2
1
1
2
4
3
4
6
o
3
5
2
2
2
2
4
8
5
2
4
Feb.
2
2
4
3
5
4
6
2
0
1
3
4
4
3
5
3
2
3
2
3
3
3
3
6
4
2
2
March
2
2
4
3
2
5
8
4
1
2
2
4
2
2
6
5
4
4
2
3
3
O
O
2
7
5
2
4
April
2
4
7
3
2
3
6
3
0
1
4
6
3
2
3
3
5
2
5
5
3
2
4
3
2
4
May
o
•»
3
3
2
4
8
6
0
1
.'i
3
3
2
5
5
4
5
2
3
3
3
3
6
4
O
4
June
1
1
3
2
2
5
8
7
1
1
1
2
2
2
G
6
5
5
1
2
2
2
5
3
G
3
G
July
1
0
2
2
2
6
10
7
1
1
1
1
2
2
7
7
5
5
1
1
2
2
3
7
8
2
5
Aug.
1
1
2
3
3
6
9
5
1
1
1
3
3
2
5
5
4
7
1
2
2
2
4
7
6
2
5
Sept.
1
2
3
3
n
O
5
8
4
1
1
2
2
3
4
5
4
Q
o
6
1
1
2
3
4
7
5
2
5
Oct.
2
:•>
4
3
4
5
C
3
1
1
4
3
3
4
5
3
3
5
1
3
3
2
4
6
4
2
6
Nov.
3
g
3
3
5
5
5
2
1
2
3
3
4
3
5
3
2
5
2
2
2
3
4
7
4
2
4
Dec.
2
2
4
3
4
5
8
3
0
1
14
3
29
3
38
3
35
4
34
G
G4
3
50
2
40
C
61
2
19
2
29
3
32
3
31
3
41
8
76
4
58
2
26
4
53
Year
22
24
42
34
38
59
90
48
8
COPENHAGEN.
COPENHAGEN.
BOGO.
Month.
Lat. 55° 41'. Long. 12° 36'.
Lat. 55° 41'. Long. 12° 35".
Lat. 54° 55'. Long. 12° 4'.
Height 43 ft.
Height 12 ft.
Height 88 ft.
15 YTears, 1870-84. Hours 8 : 2, 9.
78 Years, 1808-85. Hours various.
13 Years, 1873^85. Hours 8: 2, 9.
N.
N.E
E.
S.E.
s.
s.w
w.
N.W
CA.
N.
N.E
E.
S.E.
s.
s.w
w.
N.W CA.
N.
N.E
E.
S.E.
s.
s.w
w.
N.W
CA.
Jan.
2
3
2
4
4
7
4
4
1
2
3
3
4
5
6
4
4
1
3
3
4
3
7
6
3
1
Feb.
2
2
3
5
4
5
3
3
1
2
2
3
4
4
6
4
1
3
4
4
3
5
5
2
1
March
2
3
3
4
4
5
4
5
1
2
3
4
4
4
5
5
4
1
4
5
3
2
5
6
4
1
April
2
3
4
6
3
3
3
'5
1
3
3
4
5
4
3
4
4
1
7
7
3
1
3
5
2
1
May
4
2
2
4
4
4
3
6
2
3
2
4
5
4
4
4
5
1
3
5
3
1
4
8
4
2
June
3
2
2
5
3
3
4
7
1
2
2
2
4
4
5
5
G
1
3
4
2
1
4
8
5
2
July
1
1
1
4
5
5
5
7
2
2
1
2
4
5
5
G
G
1
2
3
3
2
5
9
4
2
Aug.
2
2
2
4
4
6
4
6
1
2
2
2
4
4
6
6
5
1
2
4
3
2
6
8
3
2
Sept.
1
1
2
4
4
6
4
5
3
2
2
2
4
4
6
5
5
0
2
4
3
2
7
6
3
3
Oct.
1
2
4
5
4
6
3
5
1
2
2
3
5
4
7
4
4
...
1
3
4
4
3
7
4
3
2
Nov.
2
3
3
3
4
7
4
3
1
2
3
3
4
5
7
4
2
...
2
3
2
4
3
7
4
3
2
Dec.
2
3
O
4
4
7
3
4
1
2
126
• >
28
3
35
4
51
4
51
8
G8
4
55
3
51
...
2
3
4
O
2
7
6
3
1
! Year
24
27
31
52
47
64
44
CO
1G
13
38
49
39
25
G7
75
39
20
REPORT ON ATMOSPHERIC CIRCULATION.
121
HAMMERSHUS.
LEEWAKDEN.
LUXEMBURG.
Month.
Lat. 55° 17'. Long. 14° 40'.
Lat, 53° 12'. Long. 5° 47'.
Lat. 49" 37'. Ling. 6° 8'.
Height 50 ft.
Hei;
Height 1020 ft.
13 Tears, 1873-85. Hours 8 : 2, 9.
Hours A.M., Noon, P.M.
14 Years, 1870-83. Hours 8: 2, 8.
N.
N.E
E.
S.E.
s.
s.w
w.
N.W
CA.
N.
N.E
E.
S.E.
s.
s.w
w.
N.W
CA.
N.
N.E
E.
S.E.
s.
s.w
w.
SWV
CA.
Jan.
2
3
3
2
3
10
4
2
2
1
3
4
5
0
8
2
2
1
5
3
4
5
8
3
2
Feb.
1
3
3
3
3
8
3
2
2
1
4
3
3
3
8
3
3
1
4
2
3
4
8
3
3
March
2
4
3
3
2
10
3
2
2
2
4
4
3
3
7
4
4
2
5
3
2
2
8
5
4
...
April
1
7
5
3
1
7
2
1
3
3
5
3
2
2
6
3
6
...
1
5
3
1
3
9
4
4
May
1
4
■1
3
1
12
3
1
3
4
6
3
2
2
7
2
5
1
5
2
1
2
9
5
6
June
1
3
3
3
1
12
3
1
3
2
4
2
2
2
9
4
5
1
2
2
1
4
11
4
5
July
1
2
2
3
1
13
4
2
3
2
3
1
2
3
9
5
6
1
2
1
1
3
11
7
5
...
Aug.
1
3
3
3
2
10
4
3
2
2
3
2
3
4
9
3
5
1
2
2
1
4
11
G
4
...
Sept.
1
2
3
3
3
8
4
2
3
2
3
2
4
5
7
3
4
...
2
3
1
2
5
8
6
3
...
Oct.
1
4
3
3
o
8
3
3
3
1
4
4
5
5
7
2
3
...
1
4
2
2
5
8
5
4
Not.
2
4
2
3
3
8
3
3
2
1
4
5
4
5
6
2
3
...
1
3
2
2
4
10
4
4
...
Dec.
2
3
3
3
2
9
4
3
2
1
22
3
46
3
36
4
39
6
46
9
92
3
36
2
48
...
3
16
4
44
2
25
1
21
4
45
9
110
4
56
4
48
...
Year
16
42
37
35
25
115
40
25
30
BRUSSELS.
STRASSBURG.
FECAMP.
Month.
Lat. 50° 51'. Long. 4° 22'.
Lat. 48° 36'. Long. 7° 42'.
Lat. 49° 46'. Long. 0° 22'.
H
Bight 180 ft. 10 Years, 1853-62.
Height 460 ft.
Height 61 ft.
Hours, 10 times daily.
15 Years ? Hours ?
30 Years, 1853-82. Hour, Noon.
N.
N.E
E.
S.E.
s.
s.w
w.
N.W
CA.
N.
N.E
E.
S.E.
S.
s.w
w.
N.W
CA.
N.
N.E
E.
S.E.
s.
s.w
w.
N.W
CA
Jan.
1
2
2
2
5
12
5
2
...
2
7
1
2
11
4
1
3
1
2
5
3
5
6
6
3
Feb.
1
3
4
2
3
7
5
3
...
1
5
1
2
11
5
1
2
2
2
5
2
4
5
5
3
.March
2
3
4
2
3
8
6
3
3
10
1
2
6
5
2
2
• <•
2
3
7
2
4
7
3
April
3
5
4
1
2
6
5
4
...
4
9
2
2
5
3
1
4
...
2
4
6
1
3
3
7
4
May
3
4
4
2
2
7
5
4
...
4
8
2
2
7
3
2
3
• ■•
2
5
6
2
2
2
7
5
June
2
2
1
1
2
11
8
3
5
5
2
2
6
4
2
4
...
2
3
4
1
2
3
9
6
July
2
2
1
1
2
11
8
4
3
6
2
3
7
4
2
4
2
3
3
1
1
3
12
6
Aug.
3
2
2
2
3
9
7
3
4
5
2
4
7
4
2
3
■ •■
2
3
4
1
2
4
10
5
. ..
Sept.
2
3
2
2
4
10
5
2
...
3
8
2
4
6
3
1
3
• ••
1
3
5
1
3
5
8
4
Oct.
0
2
4
3
6
11
4
1
...
2
9
2
3
9
3
1
2
• ••
2
2
4
4
5
5
6
3
Nov.
1
3
5
3
5
8
4
1
2
7
1
3
10
4
1
2
• ••
2
3
7
3
4
4
4
3
Dec.
1
2
4
2
5
11
5
1
2
35
6
85
1
19
2
31
13
98
4
46
1
17
2
34
2
22
2
35
5
61
3
25
5
38
5
49
5
86
4
49
—
Year
21
33
37
23
42
111
67
31
...
PAEIS.
S'
V. HIPPOLYTE DE CATON.
L'ORIENT.
ATovttt
Lat. 48° 60'. Long. 2° 20'.
Lat. 47° 20'. Long. 6° 55'.
Lat. 47° 45'. Long. -3° 21'.
.T j. ' ' * iii.
Height 216 ft.
Height 520 ft.
Height 86 ft.
30
Tears, 1816-45. Hours various.
13
Years, 1837-49. Hours 9 : 2, 9.
10 Years, 1802-71. Hours 9:3. !
N.
N.E
E.
S.E.
s.
s.w
w.
N.W
CA.
N.
N.E
E.
S.E.
s.
s.w
w.
N.W
CA.
N.
N.E
E.
S.E.
s.
s.w
w.
N.W
CA.
Jan.
4
3
2
3
5
6
4
3
1
13
7
0
0
4
1
1
5
...
3
4
4
4
3
7
4
2
Feb.
3
3
2
2
5
4
5
3
1
10
7
0
1
6
0
1
3
2
4
2
3
3
6
6
2
March
4
4
2
2
4
5
6
3
1
11
6
1
1
6
0
1
5
5
6
1
3
4
4
4
4
April
5
5
2
2
4
4
4
2
1
12
7
0
1
7
0
0
3
■ ■>
4
4
2
O
4
5
6
3
...
May
4
4
3
2
4
5
5
3
1
10
5
0
2
10
1
0
3
■ •■
5
5
2
3
5
6
4
1
June
4
3
2
1
3
6
7
3
1
14
5
1
1
7
1
0
1
5
5
1
1
3
4
8
3
July
3
3
1
1
3
7
8
4
1
13
3
0
1
8
0
1
5
...
5
5
1
0
4
7
9
0
...
Aug.
3
3
2
1
3
7
8
3
1
11
5
0
1
7
1
1
5
4
4
1
1
3
7
8
3
Sept.
2
4
2
3
5
6
5
3
0
8
6
1
2
9
2
0
2
3
7
1
1
4
7
5
2
Oct.
2
3
2
3
6
6
5
3
1
10
7
1
1
6
1
1
4
...
3
5
3
3
4
5
5
3
...
Nov.
2
2
2
3
6
7
5
2
1
9
5
1
1
7
1
2
4
...
5
6
3
2
3
4
4
3
...
Dec.
2
4
2
3
5
7
5
3
0
11
7
0
1
5
1
1
5
4
48
5
60
3
24
3
26
3
43
6
G8
3
66
4
30
...
Tear
38
41
24
26
53
70
67
36
10
132
70
5
13
82
9
9
45
...
(PHTS. CHEM. CHALL. EXP. — PART V. — 1888.)
22
122
THE VOYAGE OF H.M.S. CHALLENGER.
NANTES.
AHUN.
PUT DE DOME.
Lai 47° 13'. Long. —1° 33'.
Lat. 46° 6'. Long. 2° 0'.
Lat. 45° 46'. Long. 2" 57'.
Month.
Height 136 ft.
Height 1471 ft.
Height 4813 ft.
4 Tears, 1881-84. Hours 1, 4, .7,
etc.
38 Tears, 1828-65. Hours (?).
7 Tears, 1878-84. Hours 3, 6, 9, etc.
N.
N.E
E.
S.E.
s.
s.w
w.
N.W
CA.
N.
N.E
E.
S.E.
S.
s.w
w.
N.W
CA. N.
N.E
E.
S.E.
s.
s.w
w.
N.W
CA.
Jan.
2
7
4
4
4
5
3
1
1
3
4
3
2
4
9
4
2
... 4
3
3
3
4
4
7
3
Feb.
2
5
3
4
4
4
3
2
1
3
5
3
1
4
6
3
3
... 2
2
2
2
5
5
7
3
...
March
5
6
2
2
3
4
4
4
1
4
7
2
1
3
6
5
3
... 4
4
4
2
4
4
6
3
...
April
May-
June
6
5
3
2
3
4
4
3
0
4
5
3
1
3
6
5
3
... 3
4
2
2
4
4
6
5
...
6
5
3
1
2
5
4
5
0
5
6
1
1
3
6
5
4
... 2
6
3
3
3
4
7
3
...
4
2
1
1
2
5
8
7
0
4
5
2
1
2
7
5
4
... 3
4
2
2
2
4
9
4
...
July
3
2
2
1
3
7
8
5
0
4
6
1
1
1
7
6
5
... 2
2
2
2
2
6
11
4
...
Aug.
4
3
2
1
2
6
8
5
0
4
5
1
1
2
7
7
4
... 2
4
2
2
1
4
12
4
Sept.
4
3
2
2
3
5
6
4
1
3
6
3
1
3
8
3
3
... 2
4
2
2
3
5
8
4
Oct.
C
3
3
2
3
5
5
4
0
1
5
2
2
5
10
4
2
... 2
3
2
3
2
6
9
4
Nov.
2
3
2
3
5
6
5
3
1
3
5
3
2
4
8
3
2
... 2
2
2
2
3
6
10
3
...
Dec.
3
4
2
3
4
5
6
3
1
3
5
4
3
4
7
3
2
... 2
4
3
2
2
5
9
4
Year
47
48
^9
26
38
61
64
46
6
41
64
28
17
38
87
53
37
... 30
42
29
27
35
57
101
44
i
PIO DU MIDI.
TOULOUSE.
PAU.
Month.
Lat. 42° 57'. Long. —0° 22'.
Lat. 43° 37'. Long. 1° 28'.
Lat. 43° 18'. Long. -0° 20'.
Height K380 ft.
Height 650 ft.
Height 700 ft.
7 Tears, 1878-84. Hours, 5 times daily.
22 Tears, 1839-60. Hours9,N.:3,
6, 9. 16 Tears, 1854-69. Hour 9 :
N.
N.E
E.
S.E.
s.
s.w
w.
N.W
CA.
N.
N.E
E.
S.E.
S.
s.w
w.
N.W
CA. N.
N.E
E.
S.E.
s.
s.w
w.
N.W
CA.
Jan.
4
5
2
1
1
4
5
6
3
1
0
0
8
2
3
9
8
... 2
1
1
14
3
1
7
2
Feb.
2
4
1
1
1
7
5
5
2
1
1
0
9
2
2
7
6
... 1
1
2
13
2
1
5
3
...
March
4
4
2
1
1
6
3
6
4
2
1
0
9
2
2
6
9
... 1
1
2
9
2
2
9
5
...
April
3
3
1
1
2
8
4
6
2
1
1
1
11
1
1
7
7
... 2
1
2
8
1
1
10
5
...
May
2
4
1
1
2
9
5
2
5
2
2
1
9
2
2
6
7
... 2
1
2
6
3
2
9
6
June
1
3
0
0
2
12
5
4
3
2
1
1
9
2
1
5
9
... 4
1
5
4
1
0
7
8
July
2
2
0
1
2
12
7
2
3
4
1
0
5
1
1
7
12
... 2
3
4
3
1
1
10
7
...
Aug.
1
1
0
1
2
9
7
5
5
4
0
1
6
1
2
6
11
... 2
2
4
6
0
3
9
5
...
Sept.
2
2
1
1
1
9
6
5
3
2
1
0
7
3
3
5
9
... 1
1
6
10
2
1
6
3
...
Oct.
2
3
1
0
1
9
5
6
4
2
1
1
9
3
2
6
7
... 2
1
2
12
3
1
7
3
...
Nov.
2
3
1
1
1
6
5
7
4
1
1
1
10
2
3
6
6
... 2
3
2
12
2
i
6
2
...
Dec.
2
4
2
1
1
3
5
7
61
6
44
1
23
0
10
1
7
11
103
3
24
3
25
6
76
6
97
... 1
... 22
1
17
1
33
15
112
4
24
2
16
5
90
2
51
...
Year
27
38
12
10
17
94
62
BORDEAUX.
PERPIGNAN.
MARSEILLES.
Month.
Lat. 44° 50'. Long. —0° 31'.
Lat. 42° 42'. Long. 2° 64'.
Lat. 43° 17'. Long. 5° 22'.
Height ?
Height 102 ft.
Height 246 ft. 7 Tears, 1878-84.
10 Tears, 1837-46. Hours 7,N. : 2, 6, 9.
15 Tears, 1870-84. Hours vario
us. Hours 7, 10: 1, 4, 7, 10.
N.
N.E
E.
S.E.
s.
s.w
w.
N.W
CA.
N.
N.E
E.
S.E.
s.
s.w
w.
N.W
CA. N.
N.E
E.
S.E.
s.
s w
w.
N.W
CA.
Jan.
3
1
6
3
4
4
5
5
5
2
3
2
1
2
7
8
1 1
6
6
2
0
1
3
9
3
Feb.
3
1
6
2
3
4
5
4
• .*
4
2
2
3
2
2
6
7
0 1
5
6
4
1
1
3
6
1
March
2
2
6
2
3
4
7
5
...
4
2
3
3
2
2
5
9
1 1
5
4
3
1
2
4
8
3
April
1
1
6
2
1
3
10
6
...
4
3
3
3
2
2
5
7
1 0
3
4
4
1
2
6
8
2
May
1
1
4
2
1
4
11
7
...
4
4
5
3
1
2
5
6
1 1
3
4
3
2
3
6
7
2
June
0
1
5
1
1
4
12
6
4
3
4
3
1
2
5
8
0 0
2
3
2
1
3
9
8
2
July
1
1
3
0
1
4
16
5
4
4
4
3
2
2
4
7
1 0
4
2
2
2
3
7
8
3
Aug.
1
1
4
1
1
4
13
6
...
3
3
5
3
2
3
5
5
2 0
3
3
1
1
4
8
8
3
Sept.
1
1
6
2
3
5
8
4
...
4
3
5
3
3
2
4
5
1 0
5
4
2
1
3
6
7
2
Oct.
1
1
7
2
2
4
6
8
...
3
2
4
3
2
2
5
8
2 0
5
3
2
2
2
4
8
5
Nov.
1
1
6
5
5
5
4
3
...
3
4
2
2
2
3
5
8
1 0
5
5
2
1
1
3
9
4
Dec.
2
2
7
5
2
4
2
7
...
4
46
6
38
6
46
3
34
2
22
1
25
3
59
5
83
1 | 1
12 | 5
5
51
4
48
2
29
0
13
1
26
3
62
11
97
4
34
Year
17
14
66
27
27
49
99
66
...
REPORT ON ATMOSPHERIC CIRCULATION.
123
AJACCIO.
SANTIS.
GENEVA.
Month.
Lat. 41° 55'. Long. 8° 44'.
Lat. 47° 15'. L'ong. -9° 20'.
Lat. 46° 12'. Long. 6° 9'.
Height CO ft.
Height 8094 ft.
Height 1335 ft. 35 Tears, 1826-60.
2 Tears, 1880-81. Hours (?).
5 Tears, 1882-87. Hours 7:1,9.
Two hourly.
N.
N.E
E.
3.E.
s.
s.w
w.
N.W
CA.
N.
N.E
E.
S.E.
s.
3.W
w.
2
5
5
1
1
5
6
2
1
2
4
2
5
9
4
0
0
2
March
8
10
0
1
6
4
0
2
...
1
6
6
1
2
4
6
3
2
8
6
2
2
5
2
1
4
1
April
6
9
0
1
6
6
0
2
...
2
6
7
2
1
3
4
3
2
4
5
4
4
6
3
1
1
2
May
6
12
0
1
7
4
0
1
...
2
5
7
2
2
3
5
2
3
4
5
4
5
6
1
1
2
3
June
5
14
0
1
5
3
0
2
...
3
5
5
2
1
3
6
3
2
4
4
4
4
6
3
1
2
2
July
6
18
0
0
3
2
0
2
3
6
5
2
1
3
5
3
3
6
3
2
5
5
4
2
2
2
Aug.
6
18
0
0
3
2
0
2
4
6
7
1
1
2
4
3
3
5
4
2
6
6
1
1
3
3
Sept.
6
13
0
1
3
3
0
4
3
7
6
2
1
2
5
2
2
4
5
3
5
3
1
0
6
3
Oct.
6
12
0
0
5
6
0
2
3
7
7
1
1
3
5
2
2
3
6
2
4
5
5
0
4
2
Nov.
5
6
0
2
6
9
0
2
...
2
5
5
1
2
4
6
3
2
3
5
1
3
5
6
0
4
3
Dec.
6
6
1
2
3
11
0
2
...
2
28
5
69
5
70
1
17
2
17
5
42
7
66
2
30
2
26
6
57
6
59
1
29
4
49
7
67
4
36
1
9
2
35
0
24
Year
77
134
1
13
54
61
0
25
...
HERMANNSTADT.
OESOVA.
BUDAPEST.
Month.
Lat. 45° 47' Long. 24° 9'.
Lat. 44° 42'. Long. 22" 25'.
Lat. 47" 30'. Long. 19° 2'.
Height 1381 ft.
Height 174 ft.
Height 502 ft.
10
Tears, 1875-84. Hours 7 : 2, 9.
10 Tears, 1875-84. Hours 7: 2, 9.
10 Tears, 1875-84. Hours 7 : 2, 9.
N.
N.E
E.
S.E.
s.
s.w
w.
N.W
CA.
N.
N.E
E.
S.E.
S.
s.w
w.
N.W
CA.
N.
N.E
E.
S.E.
s.
s.w
w.
N.W
CA.
Jan.
3
0
4
7
3
1
5
7
1
5
1
1
0
2
1
1
4
16
4
2
2
1
1
1
8
3
9
Feb.
3
0
4
5
5
1
3
6
1
3
1
0
0
1
1
1
4
17
3
1
3
1
1
1
8
2
8
March
5
1
3
6
5
1
2
8
0
3
1
1
0
2
1
1
4
18
2
2
2
1
2
2
10
4
6
April
3
1
4
7
5
1
2
6
1
2
2
1
1
2
1
1
3
17
4
2
3
1
2
1
7
3
7
May
4
1
3
5
5
1
3
8
1
2
1
1
1
2
1
1
5
17
4
2
2
1
2
2
8
3
7
June
3
1
3
5
4
2
3
8
1
2
1
0
0
2
1
2
4
18
3
1
2
1
1
2
11
3
6
July
4
1
2
4
4
1
6
8
1
2
0
0
0
2
1
1
6
19
2
1
2
1
1
1
12
4
7
Aug.
4
1
5
4
4
1
6
6
0
2
1
0
0
2
1
1
4
20
3
1
2
0
1
1
10
4
9
Sept.
3
1
3
6
6
1
2
7
1
2
1
1
1
1
0
1
3
20
2
2
2
1
1
1
8
4
9
Oct.
2
1
3
8
5
1
3
7
1
3
2
1
1
1
1
1
2
19
3
2
3
1
1
1
6
5
9
Nov.
2
1
4
6
6
1
4
6
0
3
1
0
0
1
0
1
4
20
2
2
3
1
1
1
6
4
10
Dec.
3
2
3
7
5
1
4
6
0
3
32
1
13
1
7
1
5
1
19
0
9
1
13
3
46
20
221
4
36
2
20
2
28
2
12
1
15
1
15
6
100
3
42
10
97
Year
39
111 41
70
57
13
43
83
8
REPORT ON ATMOSPHERIC CIRCULATION.
127
SZEGEDIN.
DEBRECZIN.
PBAGUE.
Month.
Lat. 46° 15'. Long. 20" 9'.
Lat. 47" 81'. Long. 21° 38'.
Lat. 60° 6'. Long. 14° 25'.
Height 289 ft.
Height 453 ft.
Height 660 ft.
10 Tears, 1875-84. Hours 7 : 2, 9.
10 Tears, 1875-84. Hours 7 : 2, 9,
33 Tears, 1852-84. Hours various.
N.
N.E
E.
S.E.
s.
s.w
w.
N.W
CA.
N.
N.E
E.
S.E.
s.
s.w
w.
N.W
CA.
N.
N.E
E.
S.E.
S.
s.w
w.
N.W
CA.
Jan.
3
1
2
2
6
1
2
3
11
6
4
3
1
5
7
2
2
1
2
2
3
2
5
6
7
3
1
Feb.
2
1
1
2
7
2
2
2
9
5
3
2
1
6
6
2
2
1
2
2
2
2
4
6
6
3
1
March
3
1
1
2
7
2
3
3
9
6
4
3
1
6
4
3
2
2
3
2
3
2
4
5
7
4
1
April
2
1
1
2
7
2
2
3
10
7
4
3
2
4
4
2
2
2
4
3
3
2
3
4
6
4
1
May
4
1
1
2
5
2
3
4
9
7
4
4
1
4
5
2
2
2
4
3
3
2
3
4
5
5
2
June
3
1
2
1
5
3
3
2
10
5
3
3
1
5
6
3
2
2
3
2
2
2
2
5
7
5
2
July
4
2
1
1
4
2
3
2
12
6
3
3
1
4
6
4
2
2
2
2
1
2
3
6
8
5
2
Aug.
1
1
1
1
3
2
3
4
15
6
4
2
1
6
5
3
2
2
3
2
2
2
4
6
7
4
1
Sept.
3
0
1
2
6
2
1
2
13
6
4
2
2
6
4
2
2
2
2
2
3
2
4
5
7
4
1
Oct.
2
1
1
2
6
2
3
2
12
5
4
3
1
6
6
3
2
1
2
2
3
2
5
6
7
2
2
Nov.
3
1
1
2
7
2
1
2
11
5
3
3
2
6
6
2
2
1
2
1
3
3
5
6
6
3
1
Dec.
3
0
1
2
7
1
2
2
13
5
4
2
2
5
8
2
2
1
2
31
2
25
3
31
2
25
5
47
6
65
7
80
3
45
1
16
Year
33
11
14
21
70
23
28
31
134
69
44
33
16
63
67
30
24
19
LESINA.
POLA.
TEIEST.
Month.
Lat. 43° 11'. Long. 16° 27'.
Lat. 44° 52'. Long. 13° 50'.
Lat. 45° 39'. Long. 13° 46'.
Height 34 ft.
Height 105 ft.
Height 85 ft.
15 Tears, 1870-84. Hours 7 : 2, 10.
15 Tears, 1870-84. Hours 7:2,9.
15 Tears, 1870-84. Hours 7 : 2, 9.
N.
N.E
E.
S.E.
s.
s.w
w.
N.W
CA.
N.
N.E
E.
S.E.
s.
s.w
w.
N.W
CA.
N.
N.E
E.
S.E.
s.
s.w
w.
N.W
CA.
Jan.
7
4
8
5
1
0
1
4
1
4
5
7
3
1
1
2
4
4
0
6
9
2
1
1
1
1
10
Feb.
5
3
7
5
1
1
1
4
1
3
4
7
4
l
1
2
3
3
0
5
6
2
1
1
2
1
10
March
5
4
7
6
2
1
2
3
1
2
4
8
5
3
1
2
3
3
1
6
7
2
1
1
2
2
9
April
3
3
6
7
2
1
2
3
3
1
3
7
7
3
2
2
2
3
1
4
7
2
1
2
3
2
8
May
3
2
5
7
2
1
3
5
3
2
2
7
6
3
2
2
3
4
1
5
7
2
1
2
3
3
7
June
4
1
4
5
3
1
3
6
3
2
2
5
6
3
2
3
3
4
1
3
7
2
1
2
4
3
7
July
5
3
3
4
2
0
4
7
3
2
2
5
5
3
2
3
4
5
1
4
7
2
1
2
4
2
8
Aug.
4
3
3
4
3
0
4
6
4
2
3
7
4
2
2
3
3
5
1
5
7
2
1
2
3
2
8
Sept.
5
3
5
5
2
1
3
4
2
2
3
8
5
2
2
3
2
3
0
4
9
2
1
1
3
2
8
Oct.
5
3
8
7
2
1
1
3
1
2
4
8
5
3
2
2
2
3
1
6
9
3
1
1
1
1
8
Nov.
5
3
7
6
3
1
1
3
1
3
5
7
4
2
2
2
2
3
0
6
9
3
1
1
1
1
8
Dec.
6
4
8
6
2
0
1
3
51
1
24
3
28
6
43
7
83
3
57
2
28
1
20
2
28
3
34
4
44
0
7
7
61
8
92
2
26
1
12
1
17
1
28
1
21
10
101
Year
57
36
71
67
25
8
26
LEMBERG.
KRAKAU.
PRAGUE.
"M"OTWTH
Lat, 49° 60'. Long. 24° 1'.
Lat. 50° 4'. Long. 19° 67.
Lat. 50° 5'. Long. 14° 25'.
111 \J£l lil>
Height 978 ft.
Height 722 ft.
Height 660 ft.
15 Tears, 1870-84. Hours 7 : 2, 9.
15 Tears, 1870-84. Hours 6 : 2, 10.
15
Tears, 1870-84. Hours 6: 2, 10.
N.
N.E
E.
S.E.
s.
s.w
w.
N.W
CA.
N.
N.E
E.
S.E.
s.
s.w
w.
N.W
CA.
N.
N.E
E.
S.E.
s.
s.w
w.
N.W
CA.
Jan.
2
3
1
6
5
4
3
7
1
8
1
0
0
3
11
2
5
1
2
2
2
4
6
8
4
2
Feb.
1
3
2
6
4
3
3
6
1
8
2
0
0
2
10
1
4
2
2
2
3
4
5
6
3
1
March
2
4
2
5
5
4
3
6
...
1
9
3
0
1
2
10
2
3
3
2
3
2
3
5
7
4
2
April
2
5
3
5
5
3
3
4
2
8
3
1
1
2
8
2
3
4
3
3
2
3
4
5
4
2
May
3
5
2
4
4
4
4
5
...
2
7
2
1
1
3
9
3
3
4
3
2
2
2
4
5
6
3
June
2
5
2
4
5
3
3
6
1
7
2
1
0
3
10
3
3
3
2
2
1
i
5
7
5
3
July
3
5
2
3
4
3
4
7
1
7
1
1
1
3
12
2
3
2
2
1
2
3
6
7
5
3
Aug.
2
5
1
5
4
5
4
5
1
7
2
1
0
3
10
2
5
3
2
2
1
3
6
7
4
3
Sept.
9
4
1
5
5
5
3
5
1
7
3
1
0
2
10
2
4
2
2
2
2
4
6
6
3
3
Oct.
1
4
3
6
5
4
3
5
1
10
2
1
0
3
8
2
4
2
2
3
2
4
6
7
2
3
Nov.
2
2
1
6
5
5
3
6
1
7
1
1
1
3
9
2
5
2
1
2
3
5
6
6
3
2
Dec.
1
2
1
5
5
6
4
7
1
7
92
1
23
0
8
1
6
3
32
11
118
2
25
5
47
2
30
1
24
2
26
2
24
4
41
7
66
7
78
3
46
3
30
Year
23
47
21
60
56
49
40
69
14
128
THE VOYAGE OF H.M.S. CHALLENGER.
OBIRGIPFEL.
VIENNA.
LINZ.
Month.
Lat. 46° 30'. Long. 14° 27'.
Lat. 48" 14'. Long. 16° 22'.
Lat. 48° 18'. Long. 14° 16'.
Height 6706 ft. Hours, various.
Height 664 ft.
Height 886 ft.
10 Years, 1870-75, 1879-84.
15 Tears, 1870-84. Hours 7 : 2, 9.
15 Tears, 1870-84. Hours 7 : 2, 9.
N.
N.E
E.
S.E.
s.
s.w
w.
N.W
CA.
N.
N.E
E.
S.E.
S.
s.w
w.
N.W
CA.
N.
N.E
E.
S.E
s.
S.W
w.
N.W CA.
Jan.
5
3
1
2
2
7
4
3
4
2
1
2
4
2
2
8
5
5
1
2
6
3
1
3
8
2 5
Feb.
4
3
2
2
2
6
3
3
3
2
1
1
6
2
1
7
5
3
1
2
5
2
1
3
8
1 5
March
6
2
1
2
2
7
3
5
3
4
2
2
4
2
1
8
6
2
1
3
6
2
1
3
10
1 3
April
4
2
1
3
4
8
3
3
2
5
2
2
3
2
2
6
6
2
1
3
7
2
1
3
7
2 4
May
4
3
2
2
3
7
3
4
3
4
2
1
3
2
1
8
6
4
1
3
5
2
2
4
9
2 3
June
3
2
1
2
2
9
3
4
4
3
2
1
3
2
2
9
6
2
1
3
4
2
1
5
9
2 3
July
3
2
1
2
3
9
3
3
5
3
2
1
2
1
1
10
7
4
1
2
5
2
1
5
10
2 3
Aug.
4
2
1
1
5
7
2
2
7
3
2
1
2
1
2
10
7
3
1
2
5
2
1
3
10
2 4
Sept.
3
2
2
2
4
6
3
4
4
2
1
1
4
2
2
8
6
4
1
4
7
1
1
3
8
2 3
Oct.
4
1
1
2
3
10
3
4
3
2
2
1
5
2
2
9
5
3
1
3
7
2
1
3
8
2 4
Nov.
4
2
1
2
3
9
3
4
2
2
1
1
4
3
2
9
4
4
i 1
3
5
2
2
3
7
2 5
Dec.
5
2
1
2
2
7
4
6
2
2
1
1
4
2
1
10
5
5
1
12
2
32
5
67
2
26
1
14
3
41
9
103
2 6
22 48
Year
49
26
15
24
35
92
37
45
42
34
19
15
44
23
19
102
68
41
EGEB.
MUNICH.
BATKETJTH.
Month.
Lat. 50" 6'. Long. 12° 22'.
Lat. 48° 8'. Long. 11° 34'.
Lat. 49° 57'. Long. 11° 35'.
Height 1493 ft.
Height 1734 ft.
Height 1132 ft.
15 Tears, 1870-84. Hours 6 : 2, 10.
38 Tears, 1843-80. Hours 7 : 2, 9.
18 Tears, 1851-78. Hours 7 : 2, 9.
N.
N.E
E.
S.E.
s.
s.w
w.
s.w
CA.
N.
N.E
E.
S.E.
s.
s.w
w.
N.W
CA.
N.
N.E
E.
S.E.
S.
S.W
w.
N.W CA.
Jan.
2
3
4
1
1
9
4
2
5
1
3
7
2
1
3
10
1
3
3
1
2
7
7
4
5
2 ...
Feb.
2
3
5
1
1
6
4
2
4
1
3
6
1
0
4
11
1
1
3
1
2
6
4
4
6
2 ...
March
2
4
5
1
2
6
5
2
4
1
3
7
1
1
3
12
2
1
5
1
2
5
4
4
7
3 ...
April
4
4
4
1
1
4
4
3
5
1
3
6
1
0
3
12
3
1
6
2
3
4
4
4
4
3 ...
May
4
4
3
1
1
4
5
3
6
1
5
7
1
0
3
9
3
2
6
2
3
4
3
4
6
3 ...
June
3
3
2
1
1
5
6
3
6
1
5
5
1
0
3
10
3
2
6
2
2
3
3
4
6
4 ...
July
3
2
2
1
1
7
6
2
7
1
3
5
1
0
4
11
4
2
5
2
2
3
4
4
7
4 ...
Aug.
3
2
2
1
1
7
6
2
7
1
3
5
1
1
4
11
3
2
5
2
2
4
5
4
6
3 ...
Sept.
2
2
2
1
2
6
6
2
7
1
4
7
1
0
3
9
3
2
3
3
3
5
5
4
5
2 ...
Oct.
2
3
4
2
1
7
5
2
5
1
3
8
2
1
3
8
2
3
3
2
3
6
6
4
5
2 ...
Nov.
2
2
4
1
2
8
5
1
5
1
3
7
2
1
4
9
1
2
4
2
2
6
6
4
4
2 ...
Dec.
2
2
4
1
1
9
:>
2
5
1
12
3
41
7
77
2
16
1
6
1
38
4
116
10
36
2
23
4
53
1
21
2
28
7
60
6
57
4
48
5
66
2 ...
32 ...
Year
31
34
41
13
15
78
61
26
66
MANNHEIM.
AIX-LA-CHAPELLE.
FEANKFOKT-ON-MAIN.
Month.
Lat. 49° 29' Long. 8° 27'.
Lat. 50° 47'. Long. 6° 5'.
Lat. 50° 7'. Long. 8° 41'.
Height 368 ft.
Height 581 ft.
Height 338 ft.
Tears, ? Hours 7 : 2, 9.
15 Tears, 1858-72. Hours 7 : 2, 9.
25 Tears, 1857-81. Hours 6
: 2, 10.
N.
N.E
E.
S.E.
s.
s.w
w.
N.W CA.
N.
N.E
E.
S.E.
s.
s.w
w.
N.W
CA.
N.
N.E
E.
S.E.
s.
S.W
w.
N.W CA.
Jan.
3
2
1
5
7
6
2
5
1
2
2
3
1
15
4
3
1
4
4
2
3
10
3
1 3
Feb.
2
3
1
3
5
6
3
5
1
3
2
2
l
13
4
2
3
3
4
2
2
7
4
1 2
March
2
2
1
4
5
6
4
7
1
5
1
2
1
12
3
6
• ••
3
4
4
1
2
8
6
2 1
April
3
3
1
4
5
5
3
6
2
5
2
2
0
10
3
6
4
5
4
1
2
6
4
3 2
May
4
2
1
4
3
4
4
9
2
6
2
2
1
10
3
5
4
5
4
1
2
6
4
2 3
June
3
2
1
3
5
6
4
6
2
3
1
1
0
12
4
7
4
3
3
1
2
6
5
2 4
July
3
2
1
3
5
6
4
7
...
2
4
1
1
0
12
5
6
3
2
3
1
2
7
5
2 4
Aug.
3
2
1
4
6
5
4
6
1
3
2
1
1
15
3
5
3
4
2
1
3
7
5
1 5
Sept.
5
2
1
5
5
4
2
6
1
4
1
1
1
16
2
4
• ••
2
3
4
1
3
8
3
1 5
Oct.
3
2
1
4
7
5
3
6
...
1
4
2
3
1
14
3
3
2
3
4
2
3
8
3
1 5
Nov.
3
2
1
6
7
4
2
5
...
1
5
3
2
1
12
2
4
• ••
2
4
3
1
3
9
4
1 3
Dec.
4
2
1
5
6
6
2
5
...
1
16
3
47
2
21
2
22
1
9
10
157
3
39
3
54
• •>
2
33
4
44
3
42
2
16
3
30
11
93
3
50
1 2
18 39
Year
38
26
12
50
66
63
37
73
REPORT ON ATMOSPHERIC CIRCULATION.
129
LEII'SIG.
BF.OCKEN.
BERLIN.
MosTir.
Lat. 51° 20'. Long. 12" 33'.
Lat. 51° 48'. Long. 10° 37'.
Lat. 52° 31'. Long. 13° 23'.
Height 387 ft. Hours 6 : 2, 10.
Height 3747 ft. Hours fi : 2, 10.
Height 159 ft.
30 Years, 1848-77. Hours 0 : 2, 10.
38 Years, 1825-26, 1830-65.
22 Years, 1836-50, 1853-59.
N.
N.E
E.
S.E.
s.
S.W
w.
N.W
CA.
N.
N.E
E.
S.E.
s.
S.w
w.
N.W
CA.
N.
N.E
E.
S.E.
s.
s.w
w.
N.W
CA.
Jan.
1
3
o
3
5
9
4
3
1
2
3
4
3
7
7
4
1
2
5
3
5
7
6
2
Feb.
1
3
3
3
4
9
2
3
2
1
3
3
2
G
8
3
2
2
3
2
3
5
8
3
March
2
4
3
3
3
7
4
5
3
2
3
2
3
8
7
3
3
3
5
3
3
4
7
3
April
2
4
3
3
2
G
5
5
...
3
3
4
2
3
6
5
4
4
2
4
3
2
4
8
3
May
3
5
4
3
2
5
4
5
2
3
3
3
3
5
6
6
3
3
5
2
2
4
7
5
June
2
3
2
3
2
7
5
G
2
2
2
2
3
6
8
5
...
3
3
3
2
2
3
8
6
July
2
3
2
3
2
7
G
G
2
2
1
1
3
10
9
3
Q
O
2
2
2
3
5
10
4
Aug.
2
3
2
3
3
8
5
5
2
2
2
2
4
9
6
4
2
2
3
2
3
5
9
5
Sept.
2
3
3
4
3
7
4
4
2
2
3
3
3
7
5
5
2
2
4
2
4
6
7
3
Oct.
1
2
3
4
5
9
4
3
1
2
2
3
s
9
7
4
1
3
4
3
5
6
7
2
Nov.
1
3
3
4
5
9
3
2
.••
2
2
2
3
3
8
7
3
2
2
5
3
4
5
6
3
Dec.
1
3
3
3
5
9
4
o
o
2
2
2
3
3
8
J7_
^
2
1
5
3
4
6
7
3
Year
20
39
34
39
41
92
50
50
24
25
30
31
36
89
82
48
28
27
48
30
40
60
90
42
BRESLAU.
POSEN.
BROMBERG.
Month.
Lat. 51° 7'. Long. 17° 2'.
Lat. 52° 25'. Long. 16° 56'.
Lat. 53° 8'. Long. 18° 0'.
Height 483 ft.
Height 268 ft.
Height 154 ft.
51 Tears, 1825-75. Hours 6 : 2, 10.
18 Years, 1848-65. Hours 6 : 2, 10.
32 Years, 1848-79. Hours 6 : 2, 10.
N.
N.E
E.
S.E.
S.
S.W
w.
N.W
CA.
N.
N.E
E.
S.E.
S.
s.w
w.
N.W
CA.
N.
N.E
E.
S.E.
s.
s.w
w.
N.W
CA.
Jan.
2
2
4
5
5
3
6
4
1
3
5
5
4
G
5
2
2
2
4
3
5
4
6
5
Feb.
2
2
3
4
4
3
6
4
...
2
2
4
3
3
5
6
3
2
2
4
2
3
4
6
5
March
2
2
4
4
4
3
6
6
2
2
5
Q
o
4
5
G
4
8
3
6
3
4
3
4
5
April
8
3
4
4
3
2
6
5
4
3
4
3
3
4
5
4
3
3
5
3
3
3
4
G
May
4
3
4
4
2
2
6
G
4
5
4
3
3
3
4
5
• •>
4
3
5
2
2
3
5
7
June
3
3
3
3
2
2
7
7
3
3
3
3
3
4
G
5
4
3
4
2
3
3
4
7
July
3
2
3
3
2
3
8
7
3
3
2
3
3
4
7
6
3
3
3
2
2
4
7
7
Aug.
3
2
3
4
3
3
7
6
3
2
3
3
3
5
7
5
'■>
3
3
2
3
4
6
7
Sept.
3
3
3
4
3
3
6
5
4
3
2
3
4
5
5
4
2
2
3
2
3
5
6
7
Oct.
2
2
4
5
4
4
6
4
2
3
5
4
5
6
4
2
2
2
5
4
4
5
5
4
Nov.
2
2
4
5
5
3
6
3
2
3
5
5
3
6
4
2
*••
I
2
3
4
4
G
6
4
Dec.
2
2
4
5
4
3
6
5
...
2
32
2
34
4
46
4
42
5
43
7
60
5
64
2
44
2
31
2
30
5
50
4
33
3
39
4
48
6
65
5
69
Year
31
28
43
50
41
34
76
62
KONIGSBERG.
GYDA-VIKEN.
KARA SEA.
MoxTn.
Lat. 54° 43'. Long. 20" 30'.
Lt. 72°14'-72°25'. Lg. 76°14'-77°12'.
Lt. 70° 10-71° 33'. Lg. 60°5'-64°58'.
Height 74 ft. 32 Years, 1848-79.
Height 0 ft.
Height 0 ft.
Hours 6: 2, 10, and 7:2, 9.
1 Year, 1880-81. Hourly.
1 Year, 1882-83. Hourly.
N.
N.E
E.
S.E.
s.
S.W
w.
N.W
CA.
N.
N.E
E.
S.E.
S.
s.w
w.
N.W
CA.
N.
N.E
E.
S.E.
s.
s.w
w.
N.W
CA.
Jan.
1
3
4
5
2
7
G
3
0
2
7
8
8
2
0
0
4
4
5
5
3
2
5
3
1
3
Feb.
1
3
3
5
1
6
G
3
4
4
1
5
3
4
1
4
2
3
2
2
3
7
6
2
1
2
March
2
5
4
4
2
5
G
1
2
0
5
8
8
3
2
2
4
3
4
4
7
3
2
1
3
April
4
4
4
1
4
G
4
5
3
2
3
3
7
2
4
1
4
2
2
2
7
6
3
3
1
May
4
4
3
4
1
4
G
5
2
4
1
4
3
8
5
2
2
7
2
4
1
2
2
3
7
3
June
3
3
3
4
1
4
8
4
...
4
G
2
4
2
2
2
4
4
6
3
2
2
1
3
5
5
3
July
• 1
2
3
3
1
4
9
G
4
7
n
.1
3
3
2
2
5
2
O
5
7
3
O
4
3
2
1
Aug.
2
8
3
4
2
5
8
4
...
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
3
5
5
3
3
3
3
3
0
Sept.
2
3
3
4
1
7
7
3
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
5
3
3
3
3
4
4
4
1
Oct.
1
2
5
6
3
7
5
2
...
8
3
4
6
4
1
1
2
2
5
4
1
1
1
4
6
6
3
Nov.
1
3
4
6
2
7
5
2
4
2
1
3
10
4
1
2
3
1
3
4
2
2
6
5
3
4
Dec.
1
3
4
5
2
7
6
3
4
36
1
34
1
22
3
44
11
55
6
44
1
18
28
1
23
2
47
1
38
1
40
1
28
3
41
10
56
7
46
3
39
3
30
Year
24
38
43
54
19
67
78
42
(rilYS. CHEM. CHALL. ESP. — PART V. — 1888.)
23
130
THE VOYAGE OF H.M.S. CHALLENGER
KOLA.
SHISHGUISKIJ.
L. MORSHOWEZ.
Lat. 68° 53' Long. 33° 1'.
Height 33 ft.
9 Years, 1878-86. Hours 7:1,9.
Lat. 65° 12'. Long. 36° 51'.
Lat. 66° 46'. Long. 42° 30'.
Hon i ii.
Height 0 ft.
Height 0 ft.
22 Years, 1843-65. Hours various.
13i Years, 1843-65. Hours various.
N
K F
F
i.r,
s,
=1 W
w.
s-.w
CA.
N.
N.E
E.
;.e.
s.
5.W
w.
*.w
CA.
N.
N.E
E.
i.E.
s.
s.w
w.
N.W
CA.
?
1
1
?,
ft
7
8
2
3
2
2
2
3
5
9
3
3
2
2
2
2
3
4
8
4
ft
1
Feb.
1
0
1
3
7
7
ft
1
3
1
3
4
3
0
6
2
1
3
2
2
1
2
4
8
ft
2
2
March
9,
2
1
1
ft
6
7
2
5
2
4
3
2
6
8
2
2
-2
3
3
2
2
4
V
6
3
2
April
May
June
3
?
9,
'}
ft
J
4
3
ft
3
ft
3
2
4
7
2
2
2
4
4
3
3
3
ft
3
3
2
4
3
4
2
3
3
2
2
8
3
6
4
1
4
6
2
3
2
6
ft
3
3
2
6
2
3
2
5
4
4
2
3
2
2
2
<;
.'!
7
6
1
3
5
2
2
1
8
4
3
3
2
4
2
3
1
July
Aug.
Sept.
Oct.
7
4
4
2
3
3
1
1
6
1
8
7
1
4
5
1
2
2
8
4
3
3
2
5
2
2
2
5
3
3
2
4
o
2
2
7
2
5
6
2
4
6
2
2
2
ft
4
2
3
3
7
3
3
1
3
2
2
<>
7
ft
3
1
5
3
3
4
2
5
8
2
2
1
4
3
1
4
3
7
3
4
1
2
1
1
■>
7
6
ft
2
ft
3
3
2
3
4
8
3
4
1
4
3
2
2
5
ft
ft
5
0
Nov.
1
1
1
2
7
8
ft
1
4
2
2
2
3
4
9
4
3
1
2
2
2
2
4
7
6
4
1
Dec.
1
0
1
3
6
8
8
1
3
2
27
2
50
2
45
2
2b
0
53
9
86
4
29
4
30
1
20
2
50
2
38
2
26
2
32
4
40
8
76
6
46
4
41
1
16
Year
36
23
25
25
62
62
52
20
60
r
KEM.
OKLOV.
MEZEN.
Month.
Lat. 61° 57'. Ltjwg. 34° 30'.
Lat. 67° 11'. Long. 41° 22'.
Lat. 65° 30'. Long. 44° 16'.
Height 41 ft.
Height 0 ft.
Height 52 ft.
15 Years, 1870-84. Hours 7 : 1, 9.
21 Years, 1843-65. Hours various.
4 Years, 1883-86. Hours 7:1,9.
N.
NF,
F
S.K
s.
S.W
w.
N.W
CA.
N.
N.E
E.
S.E.
s.
s.w
w.
N.W
CA.
N.
N.E
E.
S.E.
s.
s.w
w.
N.W
CA.
Jan.
9,
1
1
2
4
7
6
2
6
1
2
2
2
4
9
7
3
1
2
1
3
6
6
3
4
2
4
Feb.
Sj
1
1
1
2
ft
8
2
6
1
2
1
2
5
8
5
3
1
1
1
1
ft
7
6
3
1
3
March
3
2
1
2
3
ft
6
3
6
2
3
1
3
3
9
6
3
1
2
1
1
4
8
6
4
2
3
April
May
June
^
3
2
2
3
4
4
3
7
4
3
1
2
2
7
5
5
1
3
2
3
3
5
4
3
4
3
4
fi
4
2
2
3
2
2
6
ft
3
1
0
3
5
4
6
2
ft
6
4
o
2
2
3
ft
1
3
5
4
2
2
3
3
2
6
5
2
1
2
3
4
3
8
2
5
ft
3
3
2
1
3
6
2
July
3
5
4
2
:l
3
3
2
6
4
1
1
3
4
4
2
10
2
6
3
3
4
3
2
1
5
4
Aug.
Sept.
Oct.
3
4
3
2
2
3
4
2
8
3
2
1
2
ft
ft
4
8
1
6
6
5
2
1
1
2
6
2
3
2
1
2
4
4
ft
3
6
3
2
1
2
3
6
5
7 :
4
3
3
3
3
3
3
4
4
1
1
1
2
4
6
8
4
4
2
->
2
2
3
8
7
5
0
2
1
2
4
V
6
4
2
3
Nov.
1
1
9!
2
4
ft
7
3
ft
1
2
1
2
3
10
7
4
0
1
1
2
6
8
6
3
1
2
Dec.
1
1
2
2
4
ft
7
3
6
2
33
2
26
1
14
1
25
3
41
10
85
7
62
4
66
1
13
1
38
2
32
1
31
ft
48
8
60
6
46
3
36
2
40
3
34
Year
28
32
26
23
37
53
63
31
72
AKCHANGEL.
PETEOSAAVODSK.
NIKOLSK.
Month.
Lat. 04° 33'. Long. 40° 32'.
Lat. 61° 47'. Long. 34° 23'.
Lat 59° 32'. Long. 45° 27.
Height 16 ft.
Heicht 233 ft.
Height 390 ft.
15 Years, 1870-84. Hours 7:1,9.
18 Years, 1861-78. Hours various.
5 Years, 1882-86. Hours 7:1,9.
N
N.F,
F.
S.F.
s.
s.w
w.
N.W
CA.
N.
N.E
E.
S.E.
s.
s.w
w.
N.W
CA.
N.
N.E
E.
S.E.
s.
s.w
w.
N.W
CA.
Jan.
2
1
4
5
6
5
3
2
3
1
1
2
3
1
6
6
6
ft
ft
2
1
6
5
5
2
3
2
Feb.
1
1
3
4
4
5
4
3
3
1
1
2
3
1
6
6
5
Q
O
3
2
1
5
6
5
1
2
3
March
2
2
3
4
5
ft
4
4
2
1
2
2
4
1
6
6
6
3
n
O
2
2
6
6
4
2
3
3
April
3
2
Q
O
3
4
3
4
5
3
2
2
2
4
1
6
4
6
3
4
4
2
6
3
3
1
3
4
May
4
3
4
3
3
2
3
6
3
2
4
4
4
1
4
4
5
3
4
4
3
6
3
3
1
5
2
June
5
3
3
2
2
2
3
7
3
2
3
3
5
1
5
5
o
3
6
6
3
5
2
1
1
3
3
July
5
3
3
3
3
2
n
O
5
4
1
4
4
4
1
5
5
4
3
5
4
3
5
3
2
1
4
4
Aug.
ft
3
3
3
3
3
3
ft
3
2
3
o
3
2
4
6
5
3
4
5
3
6
3
1
1
4
4
Sept.
4
2
2
4
5
3
3
4
3
2
3
2
3
1
6
6
5
2
5
3
2
6
o
3
1
4
O
Oct.
2
9
2
4
6
5
5
3
2
1
2
1
2
2
7
8
6
2
5
2
1
6
ft
4
1
4
3
Nov.
2
2
4
5
6
ft
3
1
2
1
2
1
4
2
6
5
6
3
4
2
1
7
5
5
1
2
8
Dec.
1
2
4
6
6
4
2
2
4
1
17
1
28
1
27
3
42
2
16
6
67
7
68
6
63
4
37
2
50
1
37
1
23
9
73
7
51
5
41
1
14
2 3
Year
36
26
38
46
53
44
40
47
35
39
1 37
i
REPORT ON ATMOSPHERIC CIRCULATION.
131
KARGOPOL.
WJATKA.
ST. PETERSBURG.
Month.
Lat. 61° 30'. Long. 38° 57'.
Lat. 58° 36'. Long. 49° 41'.
Lat. 59° 56'. Long. 30° 16'.
Height 440 ft.
Height 580 ft.
Height 19 ft.
4 Tears, 1883-86. Hours 7:1,9.
11 Years, 1874, 18/7-86. Hours7:l, 9.
15
i'ears, 1870-84. Hours 7 : 1, 9.
N.
N.E
E.
S.E
s.
s.w
w.
s.w
CA.
N.
N.E
E.
S.E.
s.
s.w
w.
N.W
CA.
N.
N.E
E.
S.E.
S.
s.w
w.
N.W
CA.
Jan.
2
2
1
2
8
4
3
3
6
1
0
1
2
6
4
4
2
11
1
2
2
5
5
5
4
5
2
Feb.
1
1
1
2
9
3
3
1
7
1
0
1
2
3
4
5
2
10
1
2
3
5
4
3
4
4
2
March
3
1
1
3
7
5
3
2
6
1
1
1
3
4
6
4
2
9
2
3
2
4
4
4
5
4
3
April
6
3
2
3
3
8
1
2
7
2
1
1
2
3
4
3
3
11
2
4
3
4
3
3
4
4
3
May
4
2
2
3
4
4
3
3
6
2
2
2
2
o
a
3
4
4
9
2
5
3
3
2
2
5
7
2
June
4
4
2
1
2
3
3
3
8
3
3
1
1
2
3
3
3
11
2
5
3
3
2
2
5
6
2
July
6
2
2
2
6
3
1
2
7
4
2
2
2
2
3
3
3
10
4
4
3
3
3
2
4
6
2
Aug.
6
5
4
1
2
2
2
3
6
4
2
2
2
2
3
4
3
9
3
3
2
4
4
3
4
5
3
Sept.
4
2
1
1
4
4
4
4
6
4
2
1
1
2
4
5
4
7
3
2
2
5
4
4
4
4
2
Oct.
2
2
1
1
10
4
3
3
5
2
1
1
1
5
6
6
3
6
2
2
2
5
6
5
4
4
1
Nov.
2
1
1
2
10
5
3
2
4
1
1
1
2
6
5
5
2
7
2
1
3
5
6
5
3
4
1
Dec.
2
2
0
3
10
5
2
2
5
1
26
1
16
1
15
3
23
7
45
4
49
4
50
2
33
8
108
2
26
2
35
3
31
5
51
5
48
4
42
3
49
5
58
2
25
Year
42
27
18
24
75
45
31
30
73
NIJNI-NOVGOKOD.
BALTISCHPOKT.
HELSINGFORS.
Month.
Lat. 56° 20'. Long. 44° 0'.
Lat. 59° 21'. Long. 24° 3'.
Lat. 60" 10'. Long. 24° 37'.
Height 453 ft.
Height 28 ft.
Height 38 ft.
16 Years, 1838-53. Hours 7:1,0.
15 Tears, 1870-84. Hours 7 : 1, 9.
2 Tears, 1882-83. Hourly.
N.
N.E
E.
S.E.
s.
s.w
w.
N.W
CA.
N.
N.E
E.
S.E.
S.
s.w
w.
N.W
CA.
N.
N.E
E.
S.E.
S.
s.w
w.
N.W
CA.
Jan.
2
3
2
4
4
5
4
3
4
3
2
3
3
5
8
3
3
1
4
0
1
1
3
8
5
6
3
Feb.
1
2
3
3
4
5
3
2
5
2
3
4
3
4
5
3
3
1
5
1
1
1
2
5
3
6
4
March
1
2
3
4
4
5
3
3
6
3
5
3
2
4
6
3
3
2
7
2
2
1
1
9
4
4
1
April
1
2
2
4
3
5
3
2
8
2
6
3
2
3
5
4
3
2
3
3
6
4
3
6
2
2
1
May
2
4
3
3
3
4
4
4
4
3
6
2
1
2
5
5
5
2
3
2
4
2
2
10
5
2
1
June
2
2
2
3
3
5
4
4
5
2
6
2
1
2
4
6
5
2
1
3
6
3
1
10
4
1
1
July
1
3
2
3
2
5
3
4
8
3
5
2
1
2
4
5
6
3
3
1
5
3
3
9
4
2
1
Aug.
3
3
3
3
1
3
4
4
7
2
5
2
2
2
4
5
5
4
1
1
2
5
4
11
3
3
1
Sept.
2
2
3
3
3
4
3
4
6
2
2
2
4
4
6
4
4
2
3
2
4
3
5
10
1
2
0
Oct.
1
3
2
3
4
6
3
4
5
3
2
3
4
5
7
4
2
1
2
3
3
4
5
6
4
4
0
Nov.
2
2
1
2
3
6
4
5
5
2
3
4
4
5
6
3
2
1
4
4
2
O
6
6
2
2
1
Dec.
2
2
2
3
5
5
3
4
5
3
30
2
47
5
35
4
31
4
7
67
3
48
2
43
1
22
4
40
4
26
3
39
1
31
5
40
6
96
3
40
3
37
2
16
Year
20
30
28
38
39
58
41
43
68
DOKPAT.
WINDATJ.
WILNA.
Month.
Lat. 58° 23'. Long. 20° 43'.
Lat. 57° 24'. Long. 21° 33'.
Lat. 54° 41'. Long. 25° 18'.
Height 223 ft.
Height 29 ft.
Height 387 ft.
.
15 Tears, 1870-84. Hours 7:1,9.
15 Tears, 1870-84. Hours 7:1,9.
15 Tears, 1870-84. Hours 7 : 1, 9.
N.
N.E
E.
S.E.
s.
s.w
w.
N.W
CA.
N.
N.E
E.
S.E.
s.
s.w
w.
N.W
CA.
N.
N.E
E.
S.E.
s.
s.w
w.
N.W
CA.
Jan.
1
2
2
4
5
6
6
o
2
3
1
2
5
5
5
4
Q
O
3
2
1
1
4
5
4
4
3
7
Feb.
1
2
4
4
4
5
4
2
2
2
2
4
4
4
3
3
3
3
2
1
2
4
5
3
3
2
6
March
2
2
3
3
4
6
C
4
1
4
2
3
3
4
5
3
3
4
2
1
2
3
6
4
4
3
6
April
May
June
2
4
3
4
3
4
5
3
2
4
3
4
2
2
5
3
3
4
3
2
3
3
4
2
3
3
7
3
4
3
2
3
5
6
4
1
5
2
2
2
2
6
4
5
3
3
2
2
2
4
3
5
4
6
2
3
3
3
3
5
6
3
2
5
2
2
2
2
G
4
4
3
2
2
2
2
3
2
4
4
9
July
Aug.
3
3
2
2
3
5
6
4
3
4
1
2
2
2
7
6
5
2
3
1
1
2
3
4
5
4
8
3
3
2
3
3
6
6
3
2
4
3
2
2
2
5
5
4
4
2
2
1
2
4
4
4
2
10
Sept.
Oct.
2
1
2
4
5
G
5
3
2
3
2
2
4
4
5
4
3
3
2
1
1
3
5
3
4
2
9
1
2
3
4
7
6
5
2
1
2
2
n
O
5
5
4
3
4
3
2
1
2
4
7
4
3
1
7
Nov.
1
2
2
5
6
6
4
3
1
2
2
3
5
6
4
3
O
2
1
2
2
3
6
5
3
2
6
Dec.
2
2
3
4
5
6
5
3
1
20
2
40
3
25
3
32
5
41
5
43
3
58
4
46
3
43
3
37
1
25
2
18
3
22
3
35
6
58
3
41
4
46
2
32
7
88
Year
23
30
32
42
51
66
64
37
132
THE VOYAGE OF H.M.S. CHALLENGE!*.
WARSAW.
GORKI.
MOSCOW.
Month.
I. at. .'.2° 13'. Long. 21° 2'.
Lat. 54° 17'. Long. 30° 59.
Lat. 55° 50'. Long. 37° 33'.
Height 392 ft.
Height 679 ft.
Height 509 it.
15 Years. 1870-84. Hours 7:1,0.
14 Years, 1871- 84. Hours 7:1,9.
15 Years, 1870-84. Hours 7:1,9.
N.
N'.E
E.
SE.
s.
s.w
w.
.WW
r\.
N.
N.E
E.
S.E.
s.
s.w
w.
SVW
CA.
N.
N.E
E.
S.E.
s.
S.w
w.
N.W
CA.
Jan.
2
1
3
6
4
4
6
3
2
2
4
1
4
2
4
4
4
6
2
1
1
3
7
5
6
3
3
Feb.
2
1
4
5
3
4
5
2
2
1
3
2
4
2
4
3
4
5
3
1
1
3
7
3
5
3
2
March
3
3
3
4
^>
4
5
3
3
2
3
2
4
2
5
4
4
5
2
2
1
3
8
4
5
3
3
April
-May
June
3
4
8
5
2
3
4
o
3
2
5
2
5
2
3
3
3
5
3
2
2
3
6
4
5
3
2
5
3
3
3
2
3
5
4
3
2
5
]
4
2
4
3
4
6
3
2
1
2
7
4
5
4
3
4
2
3
4
2
3
5
4
3
2
5
2
3
2
5
2
5
4
3
2
1
3
6
3
4
5
3
July
4
2
2
3
2
3
6
5
4
2
5
2
Q
o
2
4
3
6
4
4
1
1
2
6
3
4
6
4
Aug.
4
3
2
3
2
4
6
4
3
2
5
1
3
2
4
4
6
4
3
1
1
2
7
4
5
4
4
Sept.
o
2
2
4
4
4
5
3
3
2
6
2
3
2
4
2
4
5
3
1
1
2
7
5
4
4
3
Oct.
2
2
3
7
4
4
5
2
2
2
3
3
5
2
4
3
3
6
3
1
1
2
10
5
5
2
2
Nov.
1
1
2
0
5
5
5
2
3
1
3
2
5
4
5
2
3
5
1
1
1
3
11
5
5
2
1
Dec.
2
2
3
5
-1
5
5
3
2
2
22
2
49
2
22
5
48
4
28
5
51
3
36
4
50
4
59
2
32
1
16
1
13
3
31
9
91
5
50
5
58
3
42
2
32
Year
35
26
33
55
37
46
62
38
33
GULYNKI.
KIEV.
KISCHINEW.
Month.
Lat. 54° 14'. Long. 40° 0'.
Lat. 50° 27' Long. 30° 30'
Lat. 46° 59'. Long. 28° 51'.
Height 354 ft.
Height BOO ft.
Height 300 ft.
14 Years, 1871-84 Hours 7:1,9.
15 Years, 1870-84. Hours 7 : 1,
9. !
1 1 Years, 1870-80. Hours 7:1,9.
N.
N.E
E.
S.E.
s.
s.w
w.
N.W
CA.
N.
N.E
E.
S.E.
s.
s.w vv.
N'.W
CA.
N.
N.E
E.
S.E.
s.
S.W
w.
N.W
CA.
Jan.
4
1
1
3
8
4
6
2
2
3
2
2
4
3
3
5
6
3
3
5
3
4
1
3
2
10
0
Feb.
5
1
1
2
6
3
5
3
2
3
2
2
6
3
2
3
6
1
2
3
3
4
2
3
2
9
0
March
4
3
1
2
8
3
5
3
2
4
3
2
5
3
3
4
5
2
2
4
3
5
2
4
2
9
0
April
4
3
2
2
5
4
6
2
2
4
4
4
5
3
2
2
4
2
1
4
2
6
4
4
2
7
0
May
3
3
2
2
5
3
6
4
3
4
3
3
4
3
3
3
6
2
2
3
2
6
2
4
2
10
0
June
4
3
3
1
2
3
7
3
4
6
3
2
4
3
1
3
5
3
3
3
2
3
3
3
2
11
0
July
5
2
2
1
2
3
7
4
5
7
3
2
2
2
1
3
8
3
4
3
1
1
2
3
3
14
0
Aug.
4
2
2
1
3
3
7
4
5
5
2
2
3
2
2
4
7
4
3
4
1
3
3
4
2
11
0
Sept.
4
1
3
1
4
3
7
3
4
3
2
2
5
2
2
4
7
3
3
2
1
4
3
4
2
10
1
Oct.
3
2
1
2
7
4
7
2
3
3
3
3
0
3
3
3
4
3
2
3
3
6
4
4
2
7
0
Nov.
3
2
1
2
9
4
6
2
1
2
2
2
7
4
3
4
4
2
2
3
2
5
4
4
2
8
0
Dec.
4
1
1
4
8
3
6
2
2
3
47
2
31
3
29
5
56
3
34
3
28
5
43
5
67
2
30
2
29
3
40
3
26
4
51
3
33
5
45
2
25
9
115
0
1
Year
47
24
20
23
67
40
75
34
35
uni:ss.\.
LUGAN.
TAGANROG.
Month.
Lat. 40° 29'. Loog. 30° 44'.
Lat. 48° 35'. Long. 39° 20'.
Lat. 47° 12'. Long. 38° 59'.
Height 214 ft.
Height 170 ft.
Height 114 ft.
15 Years, 1870-84. Hours 7:1,9.
17 Years, 1840-56. Hourly.
16 Years, 1817-32. Hours 7 : 2, 10.
N.
N.E
E.
S.E.
s.
s.w
w.
N.W
CA.
N.
N.E
E.
S.E.
s.
s.w
w.
N.W
CA.
N.
N.E
E.
S.E.
s.
s.w w.
N.W
CA.
Jan.
7
5
3
2
2
o
3
2
4
! 1
4
5
2
1
3
3
1
11
3
3
11
2
3
1
3
2
3
Feb.
5
5
3
2
3
2
2
2
4
j 1
2
4
2
2
3
4
1
9
3
3
10
2
3
1
2
2
2
March
5
5
4
2
4
3
2
2
4
2
3
5
1
o
O
3
5
2
7
2
4
11
2
3
2
2
1
4
April
3
3
4
4
5
3
1
2
5
2
3
5
2
2
3
5
1
7
1
2
9
3
4
2
4
2
3
May
5
3
3
4
6
3
2
2
3
1
3
6
2
2
3
4
2
8
1
1
8
4
5
3
4
2
3
June
6
3
O
2
4
o
2
3
4
2
2
3
1
1
3
0
2
10
2
1
6
2
4
3
6
3
3
July
8
2
2
2
4
3
2
4
4
2
2
3
1
2
2
5
3
11
2
1
5
2
3
3
9
3
3
Aug.
7
3
3
2
3
3
2
3
5
2
4
5
1
1
1
4
2
11
2
2
8
3
o
O
3
4
2
4
Sept.
6
3
2
3
3
2
2
2
7
2
2
5
2
1
2
3
2
11
3
2
10
2
3
1
5
2
2
Oct.
4
5
4
3
4
2
1
2
6
1
2
5
1
2
2
4
1
13
2
2
12
2
3
1
4
1
4
Nov.
5
4
4
2
4
3
1
2
5
1
3
6
1
2
2
o
1
11
2
3
9
2
3
1
3
2
5
Dec.
5
3
4
2
1
3
3
3
4
1
18
3
OO
4
56
1
17
2
21
3
30
5
51
1
19
11
120
2
25
2
26
12
111
3
29
3
40
1
22
2
48
1
23
5
41
Year
60
44
39
30
40
; i ; ',
23
29
55
REPORT OX ATMOSPHERIC CIRCULATION.
133
POLTAVA.
iSEDASTOPOL.
SYMPHEROPOL.
Month.
I.at. 49° 33'. Long. 3-4° 38'.
Lat. 44° 37'. Long. 3:1° 31'.
Lat. 44° 56'. Long. 34° 5'.
Height 547 ft. Hours (?).
Height 19!) ft.
Height (?).
21 Years, 1824-31, 1836-48.
15 Years. 1870-84. Hours 7: 1,9.
29 Years, 1825-53. Hours (?).
N.
N.E
E.
S.E.
s.
s.w
w.
N.W
CA.
N.
N.E
E.
S E.
s.
s.w
w.
N.W CA .
N.
N.E
E.
S.E.
s.
s.w
w.
N.W
CA.
Jan.
1
8
5
2
3
6
4
2
2
8
4
2
3
3
1
2
5
1
3
6
3
1
1
1
1
14
Feb.
1
5
5
Q
O
2
6
5
1
2
6
4
3
3
2
2
3
3
2
2
6
3
1
1
2
1
10
March
1
4
7
O
2
7
5
2
3
5
4
3
3
3
2
4
5
1
3
6
3
1
1
3
4
9
April
3
5
7
2
1
5
4
3
1
4
5
3
4
3
2
3
5
2
2
5
3
2
1
4
5
6
May
1
4
5
3
2
6
7
3
...
2
2
5
2
3
4
3
4
6
0
1
5
3
1
2
7
3
9
June
1
3
1
4
1
6
9
5
1
2
5
2
3
3
3
5
6
0
1
4
3
1
3
7
2
9
July
1
3
2
2
2
8
8
5
1
2
fi
1
2
3
4
6
6
0
0
5
4
1
3
6
2
10
Aug.
1
5
4
2
1
7
6
5
2
4
8
1
1
2
3
5
5
0
1
8
4
1
1
5
2
9
Sept.
1
7
5
3
1
5
4
4
3
4
8
2
2
2
2
4
3
1
2
7
3
0
1
3
2
11
Oct.
2
4
5
3
1
7
6
3
2
.J
7
3
3
2
2
3
4
1
3
7
3
1
1
2
2
11
Nov.
1
7
6
2
1
4
6
3
...
2
5
5
4
4
3
2
2
3
1
3
5
3
1
1
2
2
12
Dec.
2
6
6
1
1
5
6
4
1
22
7
54
4
65
4
30
4
35
3
33
2
28
2
43
4
55
1
10
3
24
6
70
2
37
1
12
1
17
2
44
2
28
13
123
Year
16
61
58
30
18
72
70
40
NOWOKOSSIJSK.
POTI.
ALEXANDROPOL.
Month.
Lat. 44° 43'. Long. 37° 46'.
Lat. 42° 8'. Long. 41° 36.
Lat. 40° 48'. Long. 43° 49'.
Height 12 ft.
Height 24 ft.
Height 5010 ft.
13 Tears, 1872-84. Hours 7 : 1, 9.
15 Years, 1870-84. Hours 7:1,9.
8 Years, 1858-65. Hours 7 : 2, 9.
N.
N.E
E.
S.E.
s.
s.w
w.
N.W
CA.
N.
N.E
E.
S.E.
s.
s.w
w.
N.W
CA.
N.
N.E
E.
S.E
s.
s.w
w.
N.W
CA.
Jan.
3
6
0
2
4
3
2
6
5
0
1
17
2
1
2
3
2
3
0
2
0
0
0
1
0
1
27
Feb.
2
8
0
3
3
2
2
4
4
0
1
15
1
1
3
3
2
2
1
2
0
0
0
1
0
0
24
March
2
7
1
3
2
2
4
6
1
1
11
1
2
6
4
2
3
1
3
1
0
0
1
0
0
25
April
1
6
2
5
3
1
2
3
7
1
1
8
1
2
7
4
3
3
1
7
0
0
0
4
0
1
17
May
1
4
3
5
3
2
2
3
8
1
1
6
1
2
7
4
4
5
0
7
1
0
0
4
1
1
17
June
2
4
3
4
3
2
2
o
7
0
1
4
2
2
7
5
3
6
1
11
0
0
0
2
0
1
15
July
2
4
2
3
2
2
3
5
8
0
0
3
2
3
9
6
3
5
1
17
1
0
0
1
0
0
11
Aug.
3
7
2
2
1
2
2
6
6
0
0
4
3
3
8
5
3
5
0
18
1
0
0
2
0
0
10
Sept.
2
9
1
2
1
1
4
5
5
0
1
8
2
2
5
5
2
5
0
12
0
0
0
2
0
1
15
Oct.
2
8
1
3
2
2
4
4
5
0
1
13
2
2
4
2
2
5
1
6
0
0
0
2
0
0
22
Nov.
2
6
1
3
3
1
4
5
5
0
1
16
2
1
2
2
1
5
0
3
0
0
0
1
0
0
26
Dec.
3
5
0
3
4
3
2
5
6
0
3
1
10
18
123
2
21
1
22
2
62
2
45
2
29
3
50
1
7
2
90
0
4
0
0
0
0
1
22
0
1
0
5
27
236
Year
25
74
16
39
32
23
31
53
72
TIFLIS.
ASTKABAD.
ASTRABAD.
Month.
Lat. 41° 43'. Long. 44° 47'.
Lat 36° 54'. Long. 53° 55'.
Lat. 36° 52'. Long. 54° 26'.
Height 1343 ft.
Height —79 ft.
Height —73 ft.
15 Years, 1870-84. Hours 7: 1,9.
7 Years, 1873-79. Hours 7:1,9.
5 Years, 1852-56. Hours (?).
N.
N.E
E.
S.E.
s.
s.w
w.
N.W CA.
N.
N.E
E.
S.E.
s.
s.w
w.
N.W
CA.
N.
N.E
E.
S.E.
s.
s.w w.
N.W
CA.
Jan.
3
1
0
3
1
0
1
6
16
2
3
5
2
1
4
4
1
9
4
5
6
4
1
2
3
2
4
Feb.
3
1
1
3
1
0
0
6
13
4
3
3
1
1
4
3
2
7
5
4
5
1
1
2
5
1
4
March
3
1
1
4
1
1
0
7
13
3
2
3
1
0
3
7
4
8
6
3
3
2
0
3
6
5
3
April
3
1
1
4
2
1
0
6
12
3
1
1
1
0
2
8
5
9
5
2
3
1
0
2
9
4
4
May
4
2
1
3
2
1
1
6
11
2
1
1
0
1
3
9
6
8
4
1
1
0
1
3
10
6
5
June
5
1
1
2
2
1
1
8
9
1
0
1
1
0
4
10
5
8
4
1
1
0
1
4
10
4
5
July
5
2
1
4
2
1
0
7
9
1
0
0
0
0
7
9
6
8
3
0
1
0
1
4
12
6
4
Aug.
4
1
1
4
2
1
0
6
12
0
0
0
0
1
8
8
7
7
2
0
0
1
0
3
15
6
4
Sept.
4
1
1
4
2
1
0
5
12
2
1
1
1
1
6
6
5
7
3
1
1
1
1
5
10
5
3
Oct.
2
1
1
4
2
0
0
4
17
2
2
3
1
1
5
3
4
10
4
2
4
2
2
3
5
4
5
Nov.
2
1
1
3
1
0
0
4
18
2
3
3
2
1
3
3
3
10
3
5
7
2
1
3
2
2
5
Dec.
4
1
0
1
1
0
0
6
18
2
24
4
20
4
25
2
12
1
8
4
53
3
73
1
49
10
101
2
45
5
29
6
38
4
18
1
10
3
37
3
90
2
47
5
51
Year
42
14
10
39
19
7
3
71
160
134
THE VOYAGE OF H.M.S. CHALLENGER.
LENKORAN.
BAKU.
NOVO-PETROVSK.
Lat. 38° 46'. Long. 48° 51'.
Lat. 40° 22'. Long. 49° 50'.
Lat. 44° 27'. Long. 50° 8'.
Month.
Height -70 ft.
Height 7 ft.
Height 10 ft.
5 Years, 1882-86. Hours 7 : 1,
).
15 Years, 1870-84. Hours 7:1,9.
7 Years, 1852-58. Hours 6: 2, 10.
N.
N.E
E.
S.E.
s.
s.w
w.
N.W
CA.
N.
N.E
E.
S.E.
s.
s.w
w.
N.W
CA.
N.
N.E
E.
S.E.
s.
S.W
w.
N.W
CA.
Jan.
5
3
1
1
1
1
6
9
4
9
3
0
2
2
7
1
4
3
3
6
5
8
3
1
2
3
Feb.
4
4
2
2
2
1
5
6
2
8
3
0
2
3
5
0
5
2
2
3
8
7
2
1
3
2
...
March
2
2
5
6
6
2
3
2
3
8
2
0
4
3
0
0
5
3
4
5
7
7
1
1
3
3
...
April
1
2
4
0
9
1
1
1
2
8
2
0
4
4
5
0
5
2
4
5
5
6
2
1
4
3
May
1
2
3
11
8
1
1
1
3
7
2
0
C
4
4
0
6
2
5
5
7
4
3
1
3
3
...
June
1
1
3
8
7
2
3
1
4
9
2
1
4
2
2
0
8
2
6
3
4
3
2
1
5
5
...
July
1
2
4
6
6
2
3
2
5
10
3
0
5
2
1
0
7
o
6
5
3
3
2
2
5
5
...
Aug.
1
3
4
7
3
2
3
2
6
8
2
1
6
3
2
0
7
2
5
5
4
5
3
1
4
4
...
Sept.
2
2
3
4
5
4
3
2
5
8
2
1
4
3
3
0
6
3
4
5
4
5
1
2
3
6
...
Oct.
2
4
2
o
0
4
2
6
3
5
8
O
it
0
4
4
4
0
5
3
3
3
5
7
5
1
3
4
Nov.
5
3
1
0
1
1
8
8
3
7
3
0
4
4
6
0
4
2
2
6
7
9
1
1
1
3
Dec.
5
3
1
l
1
2
8
6
4
8
3
0
3
2
47
3
37
7
52
0
1
5
67
3
30
3
47
4
55
5
01
8
72
2
27
1
14
3
10
5
46
Year
30
31
33
58
53
21
50
43
■h;
98 30
PETROVSK.
NEW ALEXANDRIA.
ASTRACHAN.
Month.
Lat. 42° 59'. Long. 47° 31'.
Lat. 51° 25' N. Long. 21° 57'.
Lat. 46° 21'. Long. 48° 2'.
Height —33 it,
Height 472 ft.
Height —68 ft.
5 Years, 1882-8G. Hours 7: 1, 9.
| 13 Years, 1872-84. Hours 7 : 1, 9.
15 Years, 1870-84. Hours 7:1,9.
N.
N.E.
E.
S.E.
S.
S.W
w.
N.W
CA.
N.
N.E
E.
S.E.
s.
s.w
w.
N.W CA.
N.
N.E
E.
S.E.
s.
s.w
w.
N.W
CA
Jan.
1
0
1
5
1
0
2
15
6
1
5
1
3
2
10
2
6
1
2
5
6
4
2
3
4
2
3 j
Feb.
1
1
1
9
2
0
1
9
4
1
4
1
3
4
10
1
3
1
2
4
6
4
1
2
3
3
:;
March
1
2
2
12
2
0
1
7
4
1
4
1
2
3
10
2
7
1
2
3
6
5
2
2
5
3
3
April
1
1
3
9
1
0
1
9
5
I
6
2
3
4
7
1
5
1
3
3
6
5
2
2
3
3
3
May
1
1
O
11
1
0
1
8
5
2
5
1
3
3
7
2
6
2
3
3
5
4
2
3
4
3
4
June
1
2
3
8
1
0
3
7
5
1
3
2
3
3
8
2
6
2
3
3
4
3
3
3
4
3
4
July
1
3
4
10
1
0
2
5
5
1
2
1
2
3
10
2
6
4
4
2
3
4
3
4
4
3
4
Aug.
1
3
3
8
1
0
3
0
6
1
2
1
3
3
10
2
5
4
3
4
5
5
2
2
3
3
4
Sept.
1
2
2
10
1
0
3
6
0
1
2
1
3
3
10
1
5
4
3
3
6
5
2
2
3
3
3
Oct.
1
1
2
11
1
0
2
8
5
1
4
1
3
4
9
1
5
3
3
4
7
5
1
2
3
3
3
Nov.
1
1
1
10
1
0
1
10
5
1
4
0
3
4
10
1
5
2
2
4
6
7
2
2
2
2
3
Dec.
1
1
1
9
2
0
0
12
5
1
13
4
45
1
13
3
34
4
40
10
111
2
19
5
64
1
26
2
4
7
5
2
2
3
3
3
Year
12
18
2G
112
15
0
20
102
60
32
42
07
56
24
29
41
34
40
KAMYSCHIN.
SARATOW.
ORENBURG.
Month.
Lat. 50° 5'. Long. 45° 24'
Lat. 51° 38'. Long. 45° 27'.
Lat. 51° 46'. Long. 55° 6'.
Height 69 ft.
Height 614 ft.
Height 297 ft.
7 Years, 1880-86. Hours, 7 : 1, 9.
7 Years, 1873-79. Hours 7: 1, 9.
0 Years, 1870-75. Hours 7:1,9.
N.
N.E
E.
S.E.
s.
s.w w.
N.W CA.
N.
N.E
E. S.E.
S.
s.w
W. N.W CA.
N.
N.E
E.
S.E.
S.
s.w
w.
N.W
CA.
Jan.
1
4
1
1
2
2
G
3
11
4
4
2
1
2
2
2
4 10
4
5
f)
1
3
2
6
4
...
Feb.
1
4
2
2
1
1
4
2
11
2
3
3
2
3
3
1
4
7
4
3
9
2
3
3
3
1
March
1
5
2
1
1
3
3
2
13
4
2
2
3
2
2
3
3
10
4
4
10
1
3
4
4
1
...
April
2
6
2
1
2
1
2
2
12
4
4
2
2
2
2
2
5
7
4
4
8
2
2
3
5
2
May
2
3
2
1
2
2
3
2
14
3
3
2
3
1
2
3
5
9
6
4
7
1
2
3
6
2
June
2
3
1
1
1
1
4
3
14
5
4
1
1
1
2
2
7
7
6
4
5
1
2
3
8
1
July
2
4
3
1
1
2
4
3
11
3
3
1
1
2
3
3
7
8
7
4
6
0
2
2
8
2
Aug.
2
S
1
1
1
3
4
4
12
4
3
1
1
1
Q
o
2
7
9
8
4
5
1
2
3
5
3
Sept.
2
3
1
1
1
2
3
4
13
4
2
1
2
2
2
1
7
9
6
4
6
1
3
3
G
1
Oct.
2
3
2
2
3
2
4
2
11
4
1
1
2
2
2
2
5
12
4
3
4
1
4
6
7
2
Nov.
1
1
2
2
3
2
3
3
13
2
2
1
2
3
4
2
4
10
4
3
6
2
3
5
6
1
Dec.
1
2
2
2
3
2
4
2
13
3
42
2
33
1
3
4
25
3
30
3
6
6
4
61
4
46
7
2
4
33
4
41
5
69
1
21
...
Year
19
41
21
15
21
23
44
32
148
18
123
26
64
104
79
15
REPORT ON ATMOSPHERIC CIRCULATION.
135
KASAN.
SLATOUST.
TOBOLSK.
Month.
Lat. 5.j° 47'. Long. 49° 8'.
Lat 55° 10'. Loug. 59° 41'.
Lat. 53° 12'. Long. 68° 16'.
Height 249 ft.
Height 1343 ft.
Height 355 ft.
15 Tears, 1870-84. Hours 7: 1, 9.
15 Years, 1870-84. Hours 7: 1, 9.
10 Years, 1852-61. Hour 7 :
N.
N.E
E.
S.E.
s. s.w
w.
N.W
CA.
N.
N.E
E.
S.E.
s.
s.w
w.
N.W
CA.
N.
N.E
E.
S.E.
S.
s.w
w.
N.W CA.
Jan.
2
1
1
3
8
3
4
2
7
0
0
0
5
4
0
4
9
9
1
1
1
11
5
3
3
4
2
Feb.
3
1
1
2
7
4
3
2
5
0
0
0
4
3
1
5
8
7
1
1
2
10
5
2
2
3
2
March
2
2
1
2
9
4
4
2
5
0
0
0
5
4
1
4
7
10
1
1
1
8
6
4
2
4
4
April
4
2
2
2
6
3
4
1
6
0
0
0
5
3
1
5
6
10
1
1
2
7
7
5
2
4
1
May
3
3
2
2
5
3
5
2
6
1
0
1
6
3
1
4
7
8
3
2
3
4
3
3
4
7
2
June
4
3
2
1
4
3
4
3
6
1
0
1
5
3
1
4
7
8
4
2
3
4
2
5
3
6
1
July
5
3
1
2
4
3
4
2
7
1
0
2
5
2
1
4
7
9
4
3
2
5
4
3
2
6
2
Aug.
4
2
1
2
4
3
4
3
8
1
1
1
4
3
1
3
8
9
4
2
1
4
4
4
4
6
2
Sept.
4
2
2
1
4
3
4
3
7
1
1
1
4
2
1
4
9
7
1
2
1
4
4
6
5
5
2
Oct.
2
2
1
2
7
4
6
3
4
0
0
0
4
2
1
5
10
9
2
0
2
4
5
7
5
4
2
Nov.
2
1
1
3
8
5
4
2
4
0
0
0
3
3
1
6
8-
9
1
1
1
5
5
7
5
3
2
Dec.
2
1
1
3
9
3
4
2
6
0
5
0
2
0
6
6
56
5
37
1
11
4
52
7
93
8
103
1
24
1
17
1
20
8
74
7
57
4
53
3
40
3
3
Year
37
23
16 J 25
75
41
50
27
71
55 '25
OBDOESK.
BEEESOW.
SURGTJT.
Month.
Lat. 66° 31'. Long. 66° 35'.
Lat 63° 56'. Loug. 65° 4'.
Lat. 61° 17'. Long. 73° 20'.
Height 80 ft
Height 120 ft.
Height 177 ft.
4 Years, 1883-86. Hours 7:1,9.
8
Years, 1879-86. Hours 7 : 1, 9.
2$ Years, 1884-86. Hours 7 : 1, 9.
N. N.E
E.
S.E.
s.
s.w
W. :N.W
CA.
N.
N.E
E.
S.E.
s.
s.w
w.
N.W
CA.
N.
N.E
E.
S.E.
s.
s.w
w.
N.W
CA.
Jan.
5
2
1
3
5
2
2
0
11
6
2
0
2
11
4
2
1
3
2
3
3
4
6
2
6
3
2
Feb.
4
1
0
1
4
2
5
1
10
5
2
0
2
7
4
3
2
3
2
4
3
3
4
2
6
1
3
March
3
2
1
1
6
3
3
1
11
4
3
1
3
11
3
3
2
1
2
3
5
4
6
2
4
3
2
April
6
2
0
1
4
3
5
1
8
5
5
2
3
5
3
3
2
2
4
2
3
1
3
3
7
3
4
May
5
4
1
2
2
3
6
2
6
7
7
3
3
4
1
2
3
1
6
3
4
2
4
1
6
4
1
June
6
3
1
1
3
1
7
3
5
8
7
3
4
3
1
1
2
1
6
4
5
2
1
2
4
5
1
July
5
5
2
1
4
1
4
1
8
6
8
3
4
4
2
1
2
1
8
6
4
3
2
1
1
2
4
Aug.
8
5
2
1
2
1
4
1
7
7
6
3
3
3
2
2
4
1
5
4
4
3
1
2
5
6
1
Sept.
5
2
1
1
5
3
6
2
5
7
4
2
2
3
4
4
4
0
3
4
7
5
2
3
3
2
1
Oct.
4
1
1
1
7
3
6
1
7
5
2
1
2
7
5
5
3
1
5
2
3
2
4
3
7
4
1
Nov.
4
1
1
1
6
2
4
1
10
5
2
1
2
9
3
4
1
3
3
3
4
4
3
4
5
2
2
Dec.
4
1
0
1
8
2
1
1
13
3
68
2
50
0
19
2
32
12
79
5
37
4
34
1
27
2
19
2
2
3
4
6
4
6
2
2
Year
59
29
11
15
56
26
53
15
101
48
40
48
37
42
29
60
37
24
BOGOSLOWSK.
|
IRBIT.
IEGIS.
Month.
Lat. 59° 45'. Long. 60° 1'.
Lat. 57° 41'. Long. 63° 2'.
Lat. 48° 37'. Long. 61° 16'.
Height 636 ft.
Height 223 ft.
Height 367 ft.
15 Years, 1870-84. Hours 7 : 1,9.
in?
ears, 1873-78, 80-84. Hours7 : 1, 9.
15 Years, 1870-84. Hours 7:1,9.
N.
N.E
E.
S.E.
s.
s.w
w.
N.W
CA.
N.
N.E
E.
S.E.
s.
s.w
w.
N.W
CA.
N.
N.E
£.
S.E.
s.
s.w
w.
N.W
CA.
Jan.
2
1
0
1
1
6
4
1
15
1
0
1
1
3
8
5
2
10
5
2
3
1
4
3
5
3
5
Feb.
2
1
0
1
1
5
5
1
12
1
0
1
1
3
7
6
2
7
5
3
2
1
2
2
6
3
4
March
1
1
1
1
2
7
4
2
12
1
1
1
2
5
8
4
2
7
5
3
4
1
2
3
5
3
5
April
2
2
1
1
1
6
4
2
11
2
1
1
1
3
7
4
3
8
4
4
6
1
3
2
4
3
3
May
3
3
2
1
1
5
5
2
9
2
2
3
2
2
4
5
4
7
4
3
5
2
3
2
5
3
4
June
3
5
1
2
1
4
3
3
8
3
2
2
2
2
3
4
5
7
5
3
3
1
2
2
6
4
4
July
4
4
2
1
1
3
4
3
»
4
2
2
2
1
3
4
4
9
5
2
3
1
2
2
7
5
4
Aug.
3
3
1
1
1
4
4
3
11
3
1
2
2
2
3
4
4
10
5
2
3
1
2
2
6
4
6
Sept.
2
2
1
1
1
5
4
3
11
2
2
1
1
2
5
5
4
8l
4
1
3
1
4
2
6
4
5
Oct.
1
2
1
1
2
7
6
2
9|
2
1
1
1
3
8
6
4
5!
4
1
4
1
3
2
7
3
6
! Nov.
1
2
1
1
1
7
5
1
111
1
1
1
2
4
8
5
2
6i
4
2
3
1
3
2
6
2
7
Dec.
2
2
0
1
1
4
4
1
16 j
2
1
1
2
2
6
5
2
10 1
4
3
3
1
8
3
5
3
6
Year
26
28
11
13
14
63
52
24
134!
24
14
17
19
32
70
57
38
94!
54
29
42
18
88
27
68
40
59
13G
THE VOYAGE OF II. M.S. CHALLENGER.
TOMSK.
BARNAUL.
MINUSSINSK.
Month.
Lat. 56° 30'. Long. 84° 58'.
Lat. 53° 20'. Long. 83° 47'.
Lat. 53° 43'. Long. 91° 41'.
Height 254 ft.
Height 459 ft.
Height ft.
8 Years, 1877-84. Hours 7 : 1, 9.
15 Years, 1870-84. Hours 7:1,9.
1J Year, 1885-86. nours 7 : 1,9.
N
N.E E. S.E.
s.
S.W
w.
N.W CA.
N.
N.E
E.
S.E.
s.
S.W
w.
N.W
CA.
N.
N.E E. 's.E.
s.
S.W
w.
N.W CA.
Jan.
1
1
2
6
9
7
1
1
4
0
2
0
1
2
13
2
1
10
2
10
0
0
2
7
8
2
Feb.
0
1
1
3
10
6
1
1
5
0
2
0
1
3
10
2
1
9
9
11
0
1
2
3
1
1 ...
March
II
1
1
4
li)
6
•>
2
5
1
4
0
0
2
11
2
1
10
7
11
0
3
2
6
1
1 ...
April
2
2
1
3
6
6
2
6
2
1
0
0
1
2
8
/
o
4
1
3
5
9
4
1 ...
May
2
2
2
2
3
6
3
8
3
2
4
1
1
3
5
3
5
7
2
8
1
2
G
8
3
6 ...
June
2
3
2
3
4
C
2
5
3
2
5
1
1
6
5
2
4
7
4
9
3
2
3
5
3
1 ...
July
2
3
3
•>
3
5
2
6
5
3
5
1
o
2
4
1
3
9
O
O
5
8
1
0
5
5
4 ...
Aug.
2
4
3
3
3
6
2
4
4
2
4
1
3
2
4
1
4
10
l
7
10
1
2
G
3
1 ...
Sept.
1
3
2
■)
3
8
3
4
4
1
3
1
2
3
G
2
3
9
4
6
3
1
3
8
2
3 ...
Oct.
1
1
1
3
6
9
3
5
2
1
2
0
1
O
12
2
3
7
2
0
1
1
3
11
3
4 ...
Nov.
1
1
1
3
8
s
2
3
3
1
2
0
0
2
14
2
1
8
3
3
0
1
4
10
2
7 ...
Dec.
1
2
2
3
8
6
1
1
7
1
15
3
41
0
5
1
15
2
29
11
103
2
24
1
30
10
1113
1
41
2
2
2
18
4
36
12
90
4
39
4 ...
35 ...
Year
15
24
21
36
73
79
24
46
47
77 29
KARAKOL.
T ASCII KENT.
TEHERAN.
JIOXTII.
Lat. 42° 30'. Long. 77° 2G\
Lat. 41° 19'. Long. 09° 1G'.
Lat. 35° 41'. Long. 51° 25'.
Height 5400 ft,
Height 1516 ft.
Height 3741 ft.
4 Tears, 1882, 3, 5, U. Hours 7 : 1, P.
13 Years, 1871-83. Hours 7:1,9.
3 Years, 1884-86. Hours 7: 1,9.
N.
N.E E.
S.E. S.
S.W w.
N.W CA.
N.
N.E E.
S.E.
s.
S.W
w.
N.W
CA.
N.
N.E
E.
S.E.
s.
S.W
w.
N.WCA.
Jan.
(1
2
2
5
8
1
1
0
12
1
4
2
1
1
1
1
■>
IS
4
4
3
2
2
3
3
1 9
Feb.
0
3
3
3
7
2
1
0
9
2
6
2
1
1
0
1
2
13
5
6
3
2
2
2
2
1 5
March
1
2
2
'>
5
2
3
1
13
3
7
2
1
1
1
1
3
12
4
5
4
1
1
4
4
2 6
April
2
2
3
0
2
3
5
2
11
3
4
1
1
1
1
2
4
13
4
4
3
2
2
4
3
2 6
May
2
3
2
1
4
3
5
3
8
2
4
1
2
1
1
1
2
17
2
2
3
2
3
G
2
3 8
June
2
2
2
1 5
3
4
1
10
2
2
1
1
0
1
1
3
19
1
2
2
3
3
3
2
2 12
July
2
3
2
1
5
3
3
1
11
2
2
1
1
0
0
1
4
20
1
1
1
4
5
2
0
1 16
Aug.
1
2
2
1
4
4
3
2
12
2
1
0
1
1
1
1
4
•J n
1
2
2
4
4
1
1
0 16
Sept.
2
2
2
2
5
4
4
2
7
2
1
1
1
0
0
1
4
20
2
1
0
4
4
2
1
1 15
Oct.
1
o
2
2 1 6
o
0
2
6
2
o
1
1
1
1
1
3
18
1
2
1
3
4
4
1
1 14
Nov.
0
3
2
3 10
3
2
0
7
2
5
1
1
0
1
1
•;
17
5
3
2
1
3
4
2
2 8
Dec.
0
3
2
5 1 10
1
0
0
10
2
25
6
1
1
13
1
8
1
9
1
13
2
35
HI
203
5
35
3
35
3
27
2
Q
3
38
2
23
18 123
Year
13
30 26
26 71
32 37
14(116
45 14
30 36
MERV.
NTJKUSS.
PEROWSK.
Lat. Gl° 47'. Lodit. 37° 35'.
Lat. 42° 27'. Long. 59° 37'.
Lat. 45° 51'. Long. 05° 27'.
Height 2851 ft.
Height 216 ft.
Height 509 ft.
1 Year, 1885-86. Hours 7 : 1, 9.
9 Years, 1874-83. Hours 7 : 1, 9.
7 Years. 1881-87. Hours 7 : 1, 9.
N.
N.E
E. |s.E.
s.
S.W W. N.W CA.
N.
N.E
E.
S.E.
s.
S.W
w.
N.W
CA.
N. N.E
E.
S.E.
s.
S.W
w.
N.W CA.
Jan.
5
4
1
2
2
2
2
5
8
4
9
5
3
2
2
2
2
2
2
7
4
3
5
5
2
1 2
Feb.
3
5
7
2
1
1
1
4
4
3
8
4
2
1
2
2
■>
4
2
9
5
2
3
3
o
1 1
March
4
4
4
5
2
1
2
4
5
5
7
5
o
2
2
2
•>
3
4
9
4
3
2
3
2
2 2
April
2
4
5
6
1
1
2
2
7
4
8
5
2
1
2
3
8
2
3
7
7
2
2
2
2
2 3
May
0
>*
3
6
0
0
2
9
4
5
8
4
2
1
1
.".
4
3
4
7
5
2
2
3
4
2 2
June
7
7
2
1
1
1
2
5
4
3
7
4
2
1
1
5
4 3
July
7
8
2
1
I'
0
0
6
7
10
8
1
1
0
1
1
5
4
4
6
2
2
1
1
4
7 4
Aug.
9
o
1
0
1
0
1
3
13
10
9
1
1
1
0
1
4
4
4
7
3
1
1
2
4
5 4
Sept.
6
4
4
1
1
1
0
1
12
6
9
3
1
1
1
1
4
4
3
8
1
1
1
3
6
3 4
Oct.
G
4
2
1
1
1
3
6
7
4
8
4
2
1
1
2
3
6
3
10
2
2
2
3
3
3 3
Nov.
3
9
5
')
1
1
2
1
6
3
8
4
2
3
3
3
1 3
Dec.
4
7
7
3 ' 1
1
1
4
3
3
64
8
98
5
44
4
24
2
14
2
16
2
23
2
37
o
45
2
37
9
94
4
I,',
3
25
4
27
3
32
2
39
1 3
32 34
Year | ...
...|...
..J...
REPORT ON ATMOSPHERIC CIRCULATION.
137
KASALINSK.
ENISSEISK.
TURUCHANSK.
ItfnvTi. Lat. i:>° *6'. Long. 62° 7'.
Lat. 58° 27'. Long. 92° 6'.
Lat. 65° 55'. Long. 87° 38'.
Height 149 ft.
Height 275 ft.
Height CO ft.
<
Tears, 1870-73, 81-83. Hours 7 : 1, 9.
13 Years, 1872-84. Hours 7 : 1,9.
10 Years, 1877-86. Hours 7 : 1, 9.
N. N.E
K. .
i.E.
s.
J.W \v. :
*.w
0A
N. ]
*.E
E.
S.E.1
s.
s.w
w.
(f.W CA.
N. N.E
v..
S.E.
s. S.W
w.
f.W CA.
Jan.
4
2
4
2
2
2
3
4
8 1
0
1
4
5
3
4
5
1
8
1
2
4
8
10
2
1
1
2
Feb.
3
3
3
1
1
4
3
3
7
1
0
5
3
3
5
4
1
6
1
2
4
6
9
2
1
1
2
March
4
5
3
2
1
2
4
3
7
1
1
3
3
5
5
5
2
6
2
1
3
5
9
5
2
2
2
April
3
5
4
2
1
2
o
3
7
2
1
2
2
4
5
6
5
3
4
2
2
3
5
3
3
6
2
May
9
fi
■>
1
1
2
4
6
7
o
1
2
2
o
4
6
7
:;
4
2
3
3
4
3
3
7
June
3
4
1
1
0
2
5
7
7
4
1
2
2
3
4
4
7
3
6
3
3
3
5
2
2
5
1
July
2
3
1
1
0
3
6
6
9
2
2
3
3
4
4
5
5
3
5
3
4
4
4
9
2
4
3
Aug.
8
3
2
1
1 I 2
5
6
8
2
2
3
3
3
4
5
4
5
4
2
4
5
5
O
2
3
3
Sept.
Oct,
4
3
2
1
1
2
o
O
5
9
2
1
4
3
3
5
5
3
4
4
2
3
4
7
4
2
3
1
3
5
1
1
2
3
3
4
9
1
1
3
2
5
6
6
3
4
2
1
2
5
8
4
3
3
3
| Nov.
3
3
3
2
1
3
3
4
8
0
1
4
n
O
5
6
5
2
4
2
2
3
6
9
3
1
1
3
Dec.
3
4
3
2
2
3
3
7
1
1
5
3
3
4
5
1
8
1
36
1
23
38
6
58
12
87
3
36
1
23
2
38
2
26
Year
1
37
46
29
17
13
31
45
54
93
19
13
40
34
44
56
61
41
57
IRKUTSK.
IRKUTSK.
TEOIZKOSSAWSK.
Month.
Lat. 52° 16'. Long. 104° IS'.
Lat. 52° 16'. Long. 104° 16'.
Lat. 50° 22'. Long. 106° 27'.
Height 1537 ft.
Height 1537 ft.
Height 2530 ft.
13 Years, 1832-44. Hours 7 : 2, 10.
12 Years, 1873-84. Hours 7:1,9.
2 Years, 1885-86. Hours 7: 1.9.
N i
N.E
E. S.E.
R.
s.w
w.
N.W
CA.
N.
N.E
E.
S.E.
s. 1
s.w
w.
N.W CA.
N. IN.F.
E. 's.E.
s.
s.w
W. N.W
CA.
Jan.
8
O
3
0
8
0
0
0
12
1
2
2
3
1
0
1
3
18
2
0
0
0
4
2
2
6
lb
Feb.
8
0
1
0
8
0
0
0
11
1
2
2
3
0
0
0
3
17
2
1
0
2
4
4
0
4
11
March
10
0
0
0
12
0
0
1
8
2
3
2
3
0
0
1
4
16
4
0
0
1
3
3
0
0
lo
April
May
June
13
0
0
1
8
0
0
2
6
2
3
1
2
1
1
1
6
13
6
1
1
1
O
3
1
V
V
15!
0
0
1
10
0
0
3
5
2
2
1
3
1
1
1
8
12
6
1
0
1
4
3
0
8
8
10
0
0
2
10
0
0
4
4
1
1
1
3
1
1
2
6
14
7
1
0
0
4
1
1
b
11
July
Auer.
0
0
0
1
11
1
0
3
6
1
1
2
2
1
1
2
5
16
8
1
1
0
3
1
0
6
11
11
0
0
0
9
0
0
3
8
1
1
1
2
1
1
1
5
18
6
1
1
1
2
2
1
5
12
Sept.
Oct.
13
0
0
0
8
n
0
1
8
1
1
1
2
1
1
1
5
17
5
0
0
0
4
2
0
7
12
13
II
0
0
6
0
0
1
11
1
1
2
2
0
1
1
5
18
5
1
0
0
3
2
0
6
14
Nov.
13
0
1
0
6
0
0
1
9
1
1
1
2
0
0
1
4
20
4
0
0
1
4
3
0
3
15
Dec.
1-2
0
2
0
6
0
0
0
11
1
15
1
19
1
17
2
29
0
7
0
7
1
13
3
57
22
201
2
57
0
7
1
1
4
42
3
29
1
i;
3
65
16
147
Year
132
0
7
5
102
l
0
19
99
4 | 8
BANSCHTSCHIKOWO.
OLEKMINSK.
MARCHINSKOE.
Lat. 58° 3'. Long. 108° 35'.
Lat. C0° 22'. Long. 120° 2G'.
Lat. 62° 10'. Long. 129° 43'.
Height 984 ft.
Height 719 ft.
Height 535 ft.
3 Years, 1884-86. Hours 7 : 1,9.
4 Years, 1883-86. Hours 7 : 1, 9.
2 Years, 1885-86. Hours 7 : 1,9.
K,
N F
E. Is.E.' S.
S.fl
w. x.w
CA.
N.
N.E E. S.E
s.
s.w
' W. N.W
CA.
N.
N.E
E.
S.E
s.
s.w
w.
N.W
CA.
7
0
2 ! 0
14
1
6
1
0
0
1
1
0
1
6
1
21
5
5
0
1
2
2
1
6
9
Feb.
5
1
2
?,
13
1
3
1
0
0
0
1
0
2
5
1
19
4
3
1
2
2
1
1
7
V
6
1
3
1
11
2
6
1
1
1
0
0
0
3
8
1
17
6
3
1
2
2
1
1
li
4
April
May
June
7
1
9,
1
8
1
7
3
1
3
1
0
0
3
9
1
12
7
3
1
3
1
1
2
in
2
8
0
1
13
0
5
1
2
2
1
2
1
4
11
9
6
4
5
3
5
1
1
3
b
4
7
1
i 2
1
12
0
6
1
1
2
9
1
1
5
10
3
5
3
4
3
7
2
0
2
8
1
July
17
0
! 1
0
6
0
5
2
3
5
2
1
1
4
7
9
6
6
ft
O
2
3
3
1
2
9
2
14
0
1
?
7
1
4
2
2
4
2
1
0
4
6
9
10
4
4
2
2
2
2
2
10
3
Sept.
Oct
8
0
1
1
11
1
7
1
1 1
3
1
1
1
3
7
2
11
4
1
1
o
3
1
4
10
3
r>
0
9
9,
14
1
5
1
1 1
2
1
0
0
3
11
2
11
4
2
2
9
2
3
3
11
2
(»
0
4
0
16
0
3
1
1 °
1
1
0
0
2
8
1
17
7
4
1
1
1
3
3
b
b
Dec.
5
96
0
4
3
17
1
2
1 o
...
n
!l2
0
23
2
'l4
1
9
0
.4
0
|34
6
94
1
19
21
156
10
64
1
6
43
0
1"
1
32
2
23
2
J 18
1
25
b
'98
1
3
45
Year
| 26
14 14?
i 1
9
59
15
(PHYS. CHEM. CHALL. EXP. — PART V. — 1838.)
24
138
THE VOYAGE OF H.M.S. CHALLENGER.
JAKUTSK.
BAEGUSIN.
WERCHOJANSK.
Month.
Lat. 61° 58'. Long. 129° SO'.
Lat. 53° 57'. Long. 109° 38'.
Lat. 67° 34'. Long. 133° 51'.
Height 334 ft.
Height 1595 ft.
Height 460 ft.
15 Tears, 1829-44. Hour 7 :
1 Year, 1885-86. Hours 7:1,9,
4 Years, 1883-87. Hours 7:1, 9.
N.
N.E
E.
S.E.
s.
s.w
w.
WW
CA.
N.
N.E
E.
S.E.
s.
s.w
w.
N-.U
CA.
N. N.E
E.
S.E.
s.
s.w
w.
N W
rJ
Jan.
9
1
0
0
2
0
1
1
17
1
2
5
1
2
3
3
0
14
0
1
1
2
5
4
4
0
14
Feb.
6
1
1
0
2
0
1
1
16
0
1
1
0
0
1
4
2
19
1
1
2
2
5
4
2
0
11 1
March
5
1
1
0
3
0
2
2
17
1
2
4
2
3
2
1
1
15
April
6
1
1
1
3
1
3
2
12
0
O
1
0
1
11
11
1
5
2
3
3
2
5
3
2
0
10
May
5
1
3
1
3
1
4
2
11
0
1
0
1
0
12
7
2
8
6
5
3
2
4
3
1
i>
5
June
3
1
4
2
3
1
3
1
12
1
0
1
0
0
16
3
1
8
6
5
5
1
5
2
2
1
:;
July
3
1
3
2
5
1
3
1
12
1
2
5
0
1
9
7
0
6
5
5
2
2
3
3
1
3
7
Aug.
4
1
3
1
3
1
3
2
13
0
0
2
1
0
14
(i
1
7
5
4
4
1
2
1
2
3
9
Sept.
4
1
2
1
3
1
3
2
13
0
2
3
1
0
7
6
1
10
5
3
1
1
1
3
2
2
1-'
Oct.
5
1
1
1
3
1
3
2
14
0
1
3
0
0
12
7
1
7
3
3
1
1
1
?,
1
1
18
Nov.
8
1
1
0
1
0
1
1
17
0
2
1
1
0
6
3
1
HI
2
3
1
1
1
4
2
1
15
Dec.
9
1
0
0
2
0
1
1
17
1
4
3
1
0
7
4
1
10
1
37
2
37
2
29
2
19
3
38
5
36
3
23
1
15
12
131
Year
67
12
20
9
33
7
28
18
171
KOI
SAGASTYB.
SKEDNE-KOLYMSK.
KLJUTSCHEWS
:.
Lat. 74° 48'. Long. 126° 45'.
Lat. 67° 10'. Long. 157° 10'.
Lat. 56° 4'. Long. 160° 31'.
Height 16 ft.
Height 98 ft.
Height 7 ft.
2 Years, 1882-84. Hours 7:1,0.
2 Years, 1886-87. Hours 7 : 1,9.
2 Years, 1885-87. Hours 7: 1, 9.
N.
N.E
E.
S.E.
s.
S.W
w.
N.W
CA.
N.
N.E
E.
S.E.
s.
S.W
w.
N.W
CA.
N.
N.E
E.
S.E.
s.
s.w
w.
N.W CA.
Jan.
0
0
3
8
8
7
4
0
1
1
3
0
0
2
12
8
0
5
1
1
1
0
0
1
6
2
19
Feb.
0
1
4
6
6
4
4
1
2
0
0
0
0
1
13
11
0
3
0
3
8
1
0
1
3
3
9
March
0
2
7
8
5
2
4
1
2
7
1
1
1
1
5
1
3
11
0
3
3
0
0
1
9
4
11
April
1
2
7
4
2
4
6
3
1
7
5
1
2
0
3
2
2
8
1
3
3
1
0
0
6
7
9
May
1
3
7
5
3
3
0
3
1
9
9
2
0
1
1
2
2
5
1
5
3
0
0
1
6
6
9
June
1
3
9
6
2
2
5
2
0
7
7
3
1
1
1
2
4
4
2
5
4
1
0
0
2
2
14
July
5
6
11
6
0
0
0
3
0
7
5
2
1
1
0
5
5
5
0
2
5
1
0
1
3
6
13
Aug.
2
3
9
5
2
3
4
3
0
8
6
2
1
2
1
3
1
7
0
7
7
0
0
1
3
3
10
Sept.
1
1
2
6
4
6
7
3
0
6
6
3
0
1
1
3
1
9
1
2
2
II
0
0
8
7
10
Oct.
1
2
6
4
4
5
5
4
0
2
4
2
0
1
3
4
4
11
2
1
0
0
0
0
8
13
7
Nov.
2
2
1
2
5
6
7
4
1
2
0
1
0
•>
7
6
3
9
1
1
2
0
1
0
7
6
12
Dec.
1
1
1
4
9
6
4
4
1
3
.VI
2
48
0
17
1
7
3
16
15
62
5
52
1
26
1
78
3
12
0
33
2
40
0
4
II
1
1
7
7
68
4
63
14
137
Year
15
26
67
64
50
48
55
31
9
NERTSCHINSK.
BLAGOWESCHTSCHEXSK.
CHABAKOWKA.
Lat. 51° 19'. Loug. 119° 37'.
Lat. 50° 15'. Long. 127° 38.
Lat. 48° 26'. Long. 135° 7'.
Height 2080 ft.
Height 361 ft.
Height 60 ft.
15 Years, 1870-84. Hours 7 : 1, 9.
Ill Years, 1877-86. Hours 7:1,9.
4
Years, 1878-81. Hours 7: L, 9.
N.
N.E
E.
S.E.
s.
s.w
w.
N.W
CA.
N.
N.E
E.
S.E.
s.
s.w
w.
x.w
CA.
N.
N.E
E.
S.E.
s.
s.w
w.
N.W
CA.
Jan.
1
2
2
0
0
0
1
3
22
4
1
0
1
2
1
2
8
12
1
1
0
0
1
8
2
2
16
Feb.
1
3
2
0
0
1
1
3
17
5
0
0
1
2
1
1
7
11
0
1
1
0
1
7
4
1
13
March
1
3
2
1
1
1
1
6
15
5
1
1
1
3
2
1
8
9
2
3
1
1
1
6
4
1
12
April
2
2
1
2
1
3
2
8
9
5
2
2
1
4
2
2
6
6
2
5
2
1
2
6
3
1
8
May
3
4
1
2
1
2
2
8
8
6
2
2
3
4
3
2
4
5
2
7
3
1
2
5
3
2
6
June
2
4
2
2
2
2
1
4
11
3
2
2
4
5
3
2
4
5
1
5
3
1
2
5
1
1
11
July
2
4
2
2
1
3
1
3
13
3
2
2
3
7
3
1
4
6
2
5
2
2
2
5
2
1
10
Aug.
2
3
2
2
1
3
1
3
14
5
2
1
3
6
2
1
4
7
1
5
2
2
3
6
3
1
8
Sept.
2
2
1
1
1
2
2
5
14
4
1
1
3
4
2
2
4
9
1
3
2
1
2
6
4
1
10
Oct.
2
2
1
1
1
2
2
6
14
6
1
1
1
3
2
3
7
7
1
2
2
2
2
9
7
1
5
Nov.
1
2
1
1
1
2
2
4
16
5
1
1
1
2
1
2
7
10
1
3
1
1
1
10
5
1
7
Dec.
1
2
2
0
0
1
1
4
20
5
56
1
16
0
13
1
23
2
44
1
23
2
21
8
71
11
98
1
15
3
43
1
20
0
12
1
20
8
81
5
43
1
14
11
117
Year
20
33
10
14
10
22
17
57
173
REPORT ON ATMOSPHERIC CIRCULATION.
139
;
ALEXANDEOWKA.
DUE LIGHTHOUSE.
POST KOESSAKOWSKIJ.
Month, i
Lat. 50? 51)'. Long. 142° 7'.
Lat. 50° 50'. Long. 142° 7'.
Lat. 46" 39'. Long. 142° 48'.
Height 53 ft.
Height 330 ft.
Height 66 ft
6 Years, 1881-86. Hours, 7:1, 9. j3J Years, 1866-68, 74-75. Hours 7: 1,9.
7 Years, 1877-83. Hours 7:1,9.
j
N.
1.E
E.
;.e.
s.
S.W
w.
>T.W
CA.
N.
S.E
E.
3.E.
s.
s.w
w.
■•t.w
CA.
N.
V.E
E.
S.E
s.
s.w
w.
>J.W
CA.
Jan.
9
1
0
4
3
1
1
4
8
9
2
5
4
3
1
1
3
3
9
6
1
1
1
1
2
7
3
Feb.
8
1
0
5
3
1
1
4
5
11
4
4
2
3
1
0
2
1
4
4
1
1
2
2
5
6
3
March
7
1
1
6
4
2
1
5
4
9
3
3
5
7
1
1
1
1
5
6
1
0
4
3
3
6
3
April
4
1
1
5
6
4
1
3
5
7
2
4
5
8
1
1
1
1
3
4
1
1
8
4
4
4
1
May-
5
2
1
4
5
4
2
3
5
5
1
4
5
11
1
2
1
1
3
4
2
2
8
4
2
3
3
June
4
2
1
4
4
4
2
4
5
4
1
4
5
12
2
0
1
1
4
5
2
2
8
5
1
1
2
July
4
2
1
3
4
4
2
O
o
8
3
1
3
5
12
3
1
0
3
2
4
2
3
9
5
1
1
4
Aug.
3
1
1
5
7
4
2
3
5
5
1
3
9
8
1
1
0
3
1
3
2
2
7
6
1
2
7
Sept.
3
1
1
7
7
4
2
2
3
4
2
3
9
8
1
2
1
0
2
3
3
2
5
4
3
4
4
Oct.
4
1
1
5
7
3
2
5
3
5
3
3
4
9
2
2
2
1
3
3
2
2
4
4
4
4
5
Nov.
5
1
1
4
5
2
2
7
3
5
2
:.
3
4
1
3
6
1
4
4
2
1
2
4
4
4
5
Dec.
8
1
0
4
■1
1
2
6
5
10
77
4
26
2
43
3
59
2
ST
1
16
2
16
6
24
1
17
8
48
4
50
1
20
1
18
1
59
2
44
3
33
48
5
45
Year i
64
15
9
;,i;
59
34
20
49
59
NIKOLAEWSK.
NIKOLAEWSK.
AJANSK.
Month.
Lat. 53° 8'. Long. 140° 45'.
Lat. 53° 8'. Long. 140° 45'.
Lat. 56" 27'. Long. 138° 11'.
Height 60 ft.
Height 65 ft.
Height 45 ft. Hours 7 : 2, 9.
13 Tears, 1871-73, 75-84. Hours 7: 1, 9.
6 Years, 1859-64. Hours 6: 2, 10.
2 Years, 1847-49.
N.
N.E
E.
S.E.
s.
s.w
w.
N.W
CA.
N.
N.E
E.
S.E.
S.
s.w
w.
N.W
CA.
N.
N.E
E.
S.E.
s.
s.w
w.
N.W
CA.
Jan.
1
1
1
0
0
1
11
6
10
3
1
0
0
0
1
18
8
0
3
3
1
3
5
8
1
1
6
Feb.
1
0
1
0
0
1
10
5
10
3
1
1
0
0
1
12
10
0
3
5
2
1
2
3
2
1
9
March
1
2
3
1
0
1
7
4
12
5
4
4
1
0
1
9
7
0
2
11
1
1
3
3
0
1
9
April
2
3
4
3
0
1
5
2
10
2
4
9
3
0
1
7
4
0
2
9
1
1
5
4
0
1
7
May
1
3
7
8
0
0
3
1
8
2
5
11
5
0
0
6
2
0
3
10
1
0
3
5
1
0
8
June
1
1
6
11
0
1
1
1
8
1
5
13
6
1
0
2
2
0
2
10
1
0
2
8
2
0
5
July
1
1
6
9
0
1
2
2
9
2
3
14
4
0
1
4
3
0
1
10
3
0
1
7
1
1
7
Aug.
1
1
4
6
0
1
3
3
12
2
3
11
3
0
1
4
7
0
2
8
2
0
2
8
1
0
8
Sept.
1
1
3
3
0
1
5
3
13
3
4
6
3
0
0
6
8
0
0
13
2
0
2
5
1
0
7
Oct.
1
1
2
1
0
2
8
4
12
3
4
3
1
0
1
10
9
0
3
6
1
1
2
5
1
2
10
Nov.
0
1
1
1
0
1
11
5
10
2
2
1
1
0
1
11
12
0
3
6
1
2
3
4
3
2
6
Dec.
1
1
0
0
0
0
12
7
10
3
2
1
0
0
2
16
7
0
2
26
8
99
1
17
2
11
3
33
8
68
1
14
2
11
4
86
Year
12
16
38
43
0
11
78
43
124
31
38
74
27
1
10
105
79
0
DOUAI.
PETEOPAULOVSK.
PITLEKAJ.
Month.
Lat. 50° 50'. Long. 142° 10'.
Lat. 53° 0'. Long. 159° 39'.
Lat. 66° 0'. Long. 175° 0'.
Height 8 ft.
Height 50 ft. Hours 6J, N. : 9J.
Height 0 ft.
3* Years, 1863-66. Hours 6 : 2, 10.
5 Years, 1838, 1846, 48-50, old style.
Ten Months. Hourly.
N.
N.E
E.
S.E
s.
s.w
w.
N.W
CA,
N.
N.E
E.
S.E.
s.
s.w
w.
N.W
CA.
N.
N.E
E.
S.E.
s.
s.w
w.
N.W
CA.
Jan.
9
6
5
4
0
1
1
5
6
4
1
3
1
1
1
5
9
6
4
4
1
1
3
3
5
4
Feb.
6
4
6
7
1
1
1
2
5
5
2
3
1
1
1
4
6
7
0
0
2
4
2
2
8
3
March
6
2
4
10
2
2
2
3
2
3
4
4
2
2
2
3
9
9
2
i
2
4
2
2
7
2
April
5
2
4
10
3
1
2
3
2
4
2
3
2
2
2
5
8
10
2
0
1
2
2
2
9
2
May
5
2
3
9
4
3
2
3
1
2
2
6
4
1
3
4
8
8
6
4
1
3
1
2
6
0
June
6
2
2
6
7
3
2
2
1
3
2
5
6
1
2
3
7
9
2
0
1
4
6
1
5
2
July
7
2
2
8
7
2
2
2
1
3
1
6
4
1
2
4
9
3
5
5
2
5
5
2
3
1
Aug.
4
2
2
10
9
2
1
1
1
2
1
5
3
1
2
7
9
Sept.
3
2
2
9
8
1
2
3
*■•
1
2
2
5
2
0
6
7
5
Oct.
5
2
2
9
6
2
1
4
• •*
2
3
3
3
1
0
5
7
7
12
5
3
0
1
1
1
7
1
Nov.
5
2
2
7
2
3
2
7
...
::
5
2
2
0
1
3
7
7
18
4
0
0
0
0
0
8
0
Dec.
7
2
3
6
2
1
2
8
3
28
7
43
2
24
2
47
0
26
1
12
2
31
4
60
10
94
14
2
2
1
1
1
0
7
1
Year
68
30
37
95
51
22
20
43
140
THE VOYAGE OF ILM.S. CHALLENGER.
OKHOTSK.
ANADYE RIVER MOUTH.
NEMUKO.
Lat. 59° 20'. Long. 142° 40'.
Lat. 64° 55'. Long. 177° 19'.
Lat. 43° 20'. Long. 145° 31'.
Month.
Height 12 ft. Hours various.
Height 20 ft.
Height 43 ft.
7§ Years, 1843-50, old style.
f Year, 1866-07. Hours 6, N. : 6.
2 Years, 1884-85. Hours 6:2, 10.
N
V F
K
S.E.
s.
S.W
w.
N.W
CA.
N.
N.E
E.
S.E.
s.
S.W
w.
N.W
CA.
N.
N.E
E.
S.E.
s.
s.w
w.
N.W
CA.
Jan.
■<:;
4
1
0
0
0
0
3
0
1
2
4
!)
1
1
2
8
3
2
1
1
1
1
2
2
9
12
Feb.
SO
4
1
1
0
0
0
2
0
1
1
1
5
2
0
2
15
1
2
1
0
1
0
1
2
10
11
March
17
4
8
2
1
0
ii
3
1
1
1
4
7
1
1
6
10
0
2
o
2
3
2
2
1
6
10
April
May
June
10
3
2
5
2
•>
1
4
1
1
1
5
6
2
0
3
11
1
2
1
0
3
G
0
2
4
7
3
3
2
9
4
4
1
3
2
2
1
1
:i
6
1
3
11
1
3
2
3
3
4
4
3
2
7
1
1
3
12
5
4
1
2
1
0
0
2
11
14
0
1
2
0
3
2
3
7
4
3
1
1
6
July
9
0
5
12
5
3
1
2
1
2
3
2
G
4
3
0
0
11
Aug.
ft
2
ft
8
4
3
0
3
1
4
2
1
4
4
6
1
0
9
Sept.
11
2
4
4
2
2
0
4
1
4
2
2
7
o
3
1
1
7
Oct.
19
3
2
1
0
0
1
5
0
0
0
3
9
0
0
13
0
6
4
1
2
4
4
3
3
4
6
Nov.
22
ft
1
0
0
0
0
2
0
5
1
6
1
0
0
9
8
0
3
2
1
3
2
ft
4
fi
4
Dec.
25
4
0
0
0
0
0
2
0
1
0
4
1
0
0
7
is
0
3
34
1
21
1
18
1
43
2
36
4
41
6
26
8
51
5
95
Year
lfts
35
29
44
23
18
5
35
8
SAPPORO.
HAKODATE.
NIIGATA.
Month.
Lat. 43° 4'. Long. 141° 23'.
Lat. 41° 46'. Long. 140° 44'.
Lat. 37° 55'. Long. 139° 3'.
Height 60 ft.
Height 10 ft.
Height 21 ft.
3 Tears, 1883-85. Hours 6:2,9.
3 Years, 1883-85. Hours 0 : 2,
i.
10 Years, 1872-81. Hours 7 : 2, 10.
N.
N.E
E.
S.E.
s.
S.W
w.
N.W CA.
N.
N.E
E.
S.E.
s.
s.w
w.
N.W
CA.
N.
N.E
E.
S.E.
s.
s.w
w.
N.W
CA.
Jan.
3
1
2
3
4
2
2
6
8
8
2
1
0
1
1
9
8
1
5
1
1
0
ft
4
5
9
1
Feb.
3
0
1
o
2
1
1
7
in
11
1
2
1
0
1
4
7
1
5
2
0
1
5
4
3
7
1
March
2
1
1
3
4
1
1
9
9
I
2
4
1
0
2
7
6
2
6
2
0
1
6
1
4
7
4
April
3
1
1
8
4
1
1
6
5
3
1
4
3
2
4
6
1
3
7
2
1
2
6
4
3
4
1
May
2
1
•>
9
4
1
1
6
5
2
1
5
3
2
3
4
4
7
7
2
1
1
4
4
6
4
2
June
2
1
3
12
3
0
0
5
4
1
1
6
5
4
2
2
2
7
11
3
0
1
4
->
4
2
3
July
2
1
1
12
2
1
0
5
7
1
0
G
7
5
4
1
2
5
7
3
1
1
6
3
6
2
2
Aug.
2
1
2
11
5
1
1
3
5
2
1
6
6
3
2
3
2
6
10
2
0
1
6
4
3
4
1
Sept.
2
1
2
10
4
1
1
o
6
5
1
6
5
1
2
2
o
5
9
3
1
2
6
3
2
3
1
Oct.
•j
1
2
fi
4
1
1
5
9
7
1
3
3
1
2
6
ft
3
7
3
1
1
6
4
4
4
1
Nov.
3
1
1
3
ft
3
3
5
6
6
1
2
1
2
1
8
7
2
5
1
1
1
7
5
5
4
1
Dec.
2
1
1
3
6
2
3
6
7
6
59
1
13
1
li:
0
35
1
22
1
25
11
63
8
58
2
44
5
84
2
26
1
8
1
13
6
67
5
43
0
50
6
56
0
18
Year
28
11
19
83
47
15
15
66
81
NIIGATA.
MIYAKO.
SAKAI.
Month.
Lat. 37° 55'. Long. 139° 3'.
Lat. 39° 38'. Long. 141° 59'.
Lat. 35° 33'. Long. 133° 13'.
Height 32 ft.
3 Years, 1883-85. Hours 6 : 2, 10.
Height 100 ft.
Height 7 ft.
3 Years, 1883-85. Hours 6 : 2. 9.
3 Years, 1883-85. Hours 6 : 2, fl.
N.
N.E
E.
S.E.
S.
S.W
W.
N.W
CA.
N.
N.E
E.
S.E.
s.
S.W
w.
N.W
CA.
N.
N.E
E.
S.E.
s.
s.w
w.
N.W
CA.
Jan.
3
1
1
6
1
4
8
5
2
1
0
1
0
1
6
10
1
11
2
3
2
1
0
6
11
4
2
Feb.
4
1
1
5
1
3
8
3
2
2
1
1
0
0
4
6
1
13
3
4
4
0
1
4
8
3
1
March
4
2
1
4
0
4
9
2
5
2
2
3
0
1
7
9
1
6
3
6
2
1
1
4
8
ft
1
April
ft
2
1
6
1
6
4
1
4
2
2
1
1
3
0
8
0
7
4
8
3
1
1
2
4
4
3
May
6
1
0
6
1
5
4
1
7
2
2
2
0
3
6
6
0
10
4
8
3
0
1
3
4
4
4
June
6
4
0
5
0
4
3
1
7
2
3
2
0
3
2
3
1
14
5
9
3
1
0
2
3
3
4
July
5
2
1
5
1
5
2
2
8
3
3
2
0
1
3
3
1
15
4
8
3
1
1
2
3
4
5
Aug.
6
2
1
8
1
3
3
1
6
1
1
3
0
3
4
ft
0
14
5
s
2
1
0
2
2
.'!
8
Sept.
4
3
1
8
1
3
2
1
7
1
1
2
0
3
4
5
0
14
3
8
3
1
1
1
2
4
7
Oct.
4
3
1
8
2
■ >
4
2
4
1
1
3
0
2
6
9
1
8
4
6
4
1
1
2
4
4
5
Nov.
3
2
1
6
1
5
5
2
5
2
1
2
0
1
9
11
1
3
3
3
2
2
1
6
8
3
2
Dec.
2
0
0
7
3
5
9
4
1
0
19
0
17
0
22
0
1
2
23
8
65
1 1
89
1
8
6
121
2
42
1
72
1
32
0
10
1
9
8
42
12
69
3
44
3
45
| Year
52
23
9
74
13
50
61
25
58
REPORT ON ATMOSPHERIC CIRCULATION.
141
TOKIO.
KANAZAWA.
KOOHI.
Month.
Lat. 35° 4'. Long. 139° 46'.
Lat. 36° 33'. Long. 136° 40'.
Lat. 33' 33'. Long. 133° 34'.
Height 69 ft.
Height 95 ft,
Height 20 ft.
3 Years, 1X83-85. Hours 6 : 2, <
.
3 Years. 1883 80. Hours 6 : 2, 9.
3 Years, IKKt-*,:,. Hours 6:2, 9.
N.
N.E
E.
S.K.
s.
s.w
w.
N.W
CA.
N.
N.K
E.
S.E.
s.
s.w
w.
N.W
CA.
N.
N.E
E.
S.E.
s.
s.w
w.
N.W
CA.
Jan.
11
1
1
2
1
0
1
12
2
0
1
6
6
5
4
2
5
2
4
3
2
1
1
1
7
10
2
Feb.
10
2
1
1
1
0
1
9
3
2
2
5
5
3
2
3
3
3
4
3
2
1
1
0
6
10
1
March
8
1
1
2
3
1
1
8
6
2
2
5
4
3
2
3
4
C
4
3
2
2
2
0
6
8
4
April
5
3
3
4
6
2
1
4
2
2
3
7
4
2
o
2
3
4
3
2
3
4
3
1
7
6
1
May
5
3
3
4
7
2
1
5
1
1
.".
5
3
3
3
4
3
6
2
2
3
4
4
0
7
8
1
June
3
4
3
5
7
2
1
2
3
1
3
6
2
1
:;
o
4
7
1
2
4
5
5
1
5
6
1
July
2
3
3
5
12
3
0
1
2
1
1
4
3
2
3
3
4
10
1
2
4
6
6
1
4
5
2
Aug.
2
3
4
6
10
1
0
1
4
1
2
5
5
1
2
2
5
8
2
2
3
3
6
0
4
8
3
Sept.
5
5
3
4
5
1
1
4
2
1
2
5
5
1
2
3
1
in
1
2
3
4
5
0
4
6
5
Oct.
8
4
1
1
2
1
1
10
3
1
1
5
8
2
3
1
2
8
3
2
1
1
4
1
5
8
6
Nov.
10
3
1
2
2
1
1
s
2
1
2
5
6
3
4
2
3
4
4
2
2
1
2
1
6
11
1
Dec.
9
1
1
2
2
1
4
III
1
1
14
1
23
4
62
6
57
4
30
6
37
3
31
2
39
4
72
4
33
3
28
1
30
2
34
2
41
1
7
6
67
10
96
2
29
Year
78
33
25
38
58
15
13
74
31
NAGASAKI.
WLAD1WOSTOK.
KAMEN-RYBOLOW.
Month.
Lat. 32° 44'. Long. 129° 02'.
Lat. 43° 4'. Long. 131° 54'.
Lat. 44° 46'. Long. 132° 24.
Height 189 ft.
Height >»> ft.
Height (?) ft.
3 Years, 1883-86. Hours « : 2, 9.
8 Years, 1877-79, 81-85. Hours 7:1,9
2 Years, 1885-86. Hours 7: 1,9.
N.
N.E
E.
S.K.
s.
s.w
w.
N.W
CA.
N.
N.E
E.
S.E.
s.
s.w
w.
N.W
CA.
N.
N.E
E.
S.E.
s.
s.w
w.
N.W
CA.
Jan.
9
3
1
2
0
1
2
5
8
10
1
0
1
0
1
0
11
7
2
1
0
0
0
0
1
5
22
Feb.
10
4
1
1
0
1
0
3
8
9
2
1
2
0
0
0
7
7
3
0
0
0
1
2
2
10
10
March
7
4
1
2
0
3
2
3
9
7
3
1
4
1
1
l
6
7
4
1
0
0
5
2
0
5
14
April
fi
3
3
2
2
5
2
1
6
4
2
1
9
2
2
l
4
5
1
0
1
0
9
5
3
3
8
May
3
3
2
2
1
8
2
i.
9
3
1
2
12
2
2
l
3
5
2
1
1
1
7
3
2
2
12
June
2
3
2
2
2
11
1
0
7
1
1
2
15
3
1
l
1
5
1
1
0
4
8
4
1
0
11
July
2
1
2
4
5
9
1
0
7
1
1
2
16
2
1
l
1
6
1
0
0
3
8
6
2
5
6
Aug.
1
5
2
2
2
8
1
0
in
4
2
1
11
2
1
l
2
7
1
1
0
0
:;
4
3
2
17
Sept.
4
4
2
1
1
5
1
1
11
7
1
2
7
2
1
i
3
6
5
1
1
1
4
1
1
1
16
Oct.
5
8
2
1
1
3
1
1
9
7
2
2
5
1
1
l
6
6
3
2
0
1
0
6
0
3
13
Nov.
8
5
2
1
1
1
1
4
7
9
8
1
3
0
1
l
S
4
3
1
0
0
l
2
2
3
18
Dec.
10
3
1
1
0
1
2
16
5
24
8
99
14
76
2
21
1
16
1
si;
0
15
0
12
l
10
6
58
6
71
3
29
2
11
0
3
1
11
0
49
1
38
1
18
2
41
21
168
Year
67
46
21
21
15
56
NOWOK1EWSKOE.
FUSAN.
NEWCHWANG.
Month.
Lat. 42° 48' Long. 130° 44'.
Lat. 35° 6'. Long. 129° 2'.
Lat. 40° 57'. Long. 121° 27'.
Height (?) ft.
Height 26 ft.
Height (?) ft.
1 Year, 1886. Hours 7: 1,9.
1J Years, 1884-85. Hours 6 : 2, 10.
1 Year, 1861-62. Hours A.M. : p.m.
N.
N.E
E.
S.E.
s.
s.w
w.
N.W
CA.
N.
N.E
E.
S.E.
s.
s.w
w.
N.W
CA.
N.
N.E
E.
S.E.
s.
s.w
w.
N.W
CA.
Jan.
2
0
1
4
2
1
0
20
1
12
0
1
0
1
1
11
2
3
9
8
1
0
1
1
0
1
0
Feb.
2
1
1
1
1
0
0
19
3
13
0
0
1
1
2
7
2
2
6
4
0
3
4
4
o
5
0
March
2
1
3
4
2
0
1
15
3
9
0
1
1
3
2
8
3
4
5
6
1
3
3
4
4
5
0
April
2
1
2
7
4
0
1
5
8
7
1
1
0
4
2
6
2
7
4
5
2
1
4
9
3
2
0
May
0
0
3
9
6
0
1
4
8
8
0
0
1
5
3
7
1
6
3
3
1
2
5
9
2
5
1
June
0
1
4
11
3
0
1
4
6
8
1
0
0
6
4
5
0
6
1
3
1
3
4
8
6
1
3
July
1
0
2
12
5
2
0
2
7
6
1
0
1
4
8
6
1
4
2
1
3
6
11
5
1
0
2
Aug.
1
1
8
11
2
1
2
o
O
7
7
1
1
1
5
6
3
2
5
4
9
1
11
4
2
0
0
0
Sept.
4
2
1
7
2
2
■ >
6
3
10
1
0
1
3
2
3
2
8
4
5
1
2
5
8
2
3
0
Oct.
2
1
3
6
3
1
2
8
5
10
0
1
1
3
2
4
1
9
6
6
1
2
4
4
4
2
2
Nov.
1
1
1
8
0
1
1
16
6
7
1
1
1
2
1
9
2
6
7
6
2
4
6
2
0
1
2
Dec.
2
1
1
1
0
0
1
20
5
9
106
0
6
0
6
0
8
1
38
1
34
14
83
1
19
5
65
7
58
8
64
4
18
8
45
2
53
1
57
0
24
1
26
0
10
Year
19
10
25
76
30
8
13
122
62
142
THE VOYAGE OF H.M.S. CHALLENGER.
PEK1N.
PEKIN.
TSCHON-KIANG.
Month.
Lat. 39° 57'. Long. 116° 28'.
Lat. 39° 57'. Long. 11G° 28'.
Lat. 32° 21'. Long. 119° 4'.
Height 123 ft.
Height 123 ft.
Height (?) ft.
34 Years, 1841-74. Hours various.
15 Years, 1870-84. Hours 7 : 1, 9.
2 Years, 1879, 81. Hours (?)
N.
N.E
E.
S.E.
s.
s.w
w.
N.W
CA.
N.
N.E
E.
S.E.
s.
s.w
w.
N.W
CA.
N.
N.E
E.
S.E.
s.
S.W
w.
N.W
CA.
Jan.
4
2
0
1
2
2
1
8
11
2
2
0
1
1
1
...
7
17
11
...
7
...
3
9
1
Feb.
8
2
1
2
3
3
1
6
7
2
2
0
1
1
2
...
5
15
...
12
...
8
...
2
...
6
0
March
8
2
1
2
5
3
1
6
8
2
1
0
2
2
3
5
16
12
...
11
...
4
3
1
April
2
2
1
3
5
4
1
5
7
1
1
0
2
3
3
...
5
15
8
13
...
4
5
0
May
3
2
1
8
7
3
1
5
6
1
2
0
3
3
4
...
4
14
6
...
14
...
6
...
4
1
June
3
3
2
4
5
3
0
o
7
1
1
1
3
3
3
3
15
...
4
...
14
7
...
4
1
July
3
3
1
3
5
2
0
3
11
1
2
0
1
2
2
...
2
21
...
8
10
7
4
2
Aug.
4
3
1
2
4
2
0
3
12
1
1
0
1
2
2
...
3
21
11
10
5
••■
4
1
Sept.
4
2
1
2
4
3
1
5
8
1
2
0
1
2
2
3
19
13
11
3
...
3
0 .
Oct.
o
2
1
2
3
4
1
6
9
1
1
0
1
3
3
5
17
...
12
13
...
1
...
3
2
Nov.
4
2
0
2
2
3
1
7
9
1
1
0
1
0
2
7
18
• •■
10
9
...
2
...
8
1
Dec.
4
2
0
1
2
2
1
8
11
2
16
2
18
0
1
1
18
0
22
1
2.S
8
57
17
205
11
118
...
5
125
4
48
...
11
64
0
10
Year
40
27
10
27
47
34
9
65
106
TAKTJ.
SUNG-SHU-CHWANG.
HANKOW.
Lat. 38° 59'. Long. 117° 40'.
Lat. 36° 7'. Long. 103° 56'.
Lat. 30° 32'. Long. 114° 19'.
Height 18 ft.
Height 49S7 ft.
Height 260 ft.
3 Tears, 1873-75. Hours 7 : 1,0.
7 Months, 1882-83. Hour: 7.
4 Years, 1877-81. Hours 9 : 3.
N.
N.F.
E.
S.E.
s.
s.w
w.
N.W
CA.
N.
N.E
E.
S.E. S.
s.w
w.
N.W
CA.
K.
N.E
E.
S.E.
s.
s.w
w.
N.W
CA.
Jan.
5
...
3
6
...
11
6
2
8
4
1
0
0
15
1
0
8
4
9
2
3
0
1
3
1
Feb.
6
...
4
...
4
9
5
0
2
2
4
2
0
0
o
15
8
4
6
2
4
1
1
1
1
March
...
5
13
4
...
7
2
0
1
0
0
0
1
8
2
24
6
3
8
3
5
1
3
1
1
April
6
...
11
6
...
4
3
1
4
1
5
2
1
1
2
13
6
5
5
3
6
1
2
1
1
May
...
6
12
5
4
4
4
4
6
4
7
1
2
2
1
June
7
...
15
3
2
3
2
2
9
3
9
2
1
1
1
July
...
4
17
...
5
■ a.
2
3
2
4
6
3
6
4
3*
2
1
Aug.
7
11
4
3
6
4
3
8
3
4
4
3
1
1
Sept.
12
8
4
4
2
5
7
8
3
2
1
1
2
1
Oct.
6
8
9
7
1
4
2
0
2
0
1
5
6
11
10
5
7
2
2
0
1
2
2
Nov.
...
8
5
.. .
8
8
1
3
7
5
2
0
0
3
1
9
8
5
8
2
2
1
2
1
1
Dec
7
3
5
12
4
3
4
1
3
0
3
4
6
7
7
70
8
54
7
87
3
33
2
52
1
17
1
21
2
19
0
12
Year
79
...
110
63
...
73
40
SWAToW.
AMOY.
FOOCHOW.
Lat. 23° 22'. Long. 11C° 41'.
Lat. 24° 29'. Long. 118° 29'.
Lat. 26° 8'. Long. 119° 38'.
Height (?) ft.
Height (?) ft.
Height 34 ft.
3 Years, 1878-80. Hours (?)
2 Years, 1880-81. Hours (?)
1} Years, 1886-87. Hour: 8.
N.
N.E
E.
S.E.
s.
s.w
w.
N.W
CA.
N.
N.E
E.
S.E.
s. s.w
w.
N.W
CA.
N.
N.E
E.
S.E.
s.
s.w
w.
N.W
CA.
Jan.
If)
...
5
...
0
4
3
0
13
3
0
1
2
0
1
11
2
26
1
1
0
0
0
1
0
Feb.
19
...
4
0
4
1
(1
10
7
3
1
1
0
0
6
0
21
3
1
0
0
2
0
1
March
...
14
..*
9
1
...
2
5
0
13
3
1
5
0
0
0
9
April
16
7
...
1
1
5
1
7
2
8
1
3
1
0
7
0
13
3
11
0
1
0
0
2
May
11
9
...
7
...
1
3
0
6
4
5
6
1
1
1
7
1
21
2
3
0
1
1
1
1
June
9
...
6
...
13
...
0
2
0
2
2
5
2
8
1
0
10
0
8
2
6
2
7
1
0
4
July
o
...
11
11
1
6
0
3
1
7
4
6
1
0
9
0
4
0
4
0
19
0
1
3
Aug.
2
...
10
...
12
...
3
4
1
4
1
5
4
4
1
0
11
1
7
0
2
0
16
0
4
1
Sept.
14
...
9
...
3
...
1
3
0
11
1
3
2
1
0
1
11
0
28
0
0
0
0
0
0
2
Oct.
25
3
...
0
1
2
0
21
2
1
1
0
0
0
6
0
30
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
Nov.
20
3
...
0
3
4
0
16
0
1
1
0
0
0
12
0
25
3
1
0
1
0
0
0
Dec.
...
20
...
5
...
0
...
3
2-1
3
41
0
2
18
124
4
30
0
39
0
28
1
27
1
6
0
3
7
106
0
27
1
1
0
1
0
1
0
Year
...
171
...
81
48
REPORT ON ATMOSPHERIC CIRCULATION.
143
NINGPO.
HONG KONG.
MACAO.
Lat. 29° 53'. Long. 121° 31'.
Lat. 22° 16'. Long. 114° 9'.
Lat. 22° 11'. Long. 113° 32'.
Height (?) ft.
Height 43 ft.
Height 26 ft.
1 Tear, 1881. Hours (?)
15 Tears, 18/0-84. Hours 9 : 3.
1 Tear, 1882. Hours 10 : 4, 10.
N.
«.E
E.
S.E
s.
s.w
w.
ww-
CA.
N.
N.E
E.
5.E.
s.
s.w
w.
1.W
TA.
N.
>».E
E.
S.E.
S.
5.W
w.
OV
CA.
Jan.
5
2
7
ll
6
2
9
12
0
0
0
2
2
4
7
4
8
6
1
0
0
4
1
Feb.
5
6
...
6
8
3
2
7
13
1
0
0
1
1
3
11
3
4
3
1
0
0
5
1
March
. ..
5
4
...
6
i:;
3
1
7
14
2
0
1
1
1
4
6
3
7
9
2
1
0
2
1
April
5
9
9
3
4
0
6
13
3
0
2
1
1
■1
3
2
6
10
5
2
0
1
1
May-
5
• ••
8
9
...
6
3
0
0
12
4
2
4
2
0
■'
1
1
7
7
6
6
2
1
0
June
3
9
12
3
3
0
2
7
4
3
7
3
0
■i
"
1
ft
8
10
4
2
0
0
July
1
4
20
2
4
0
1
7
5
3
6
4
1
4
1
2
7
5
6
8
1
1
0
Aug.
o
10
...
11
3
4
0
2
6
3
3
6
4
1
6
1
1
7
4
3
10
3
2
0
Sept.
6
...
6
5
6
7
1
5
11
2
1
3
2
1
4
2
4
11
5
2
3
1
2
u
Oct.
6
4
...
3
10
8
2
9
14
1
0
0
1
1
3
2
0
12
9
2
0
1
0
0
Nov.
4
3
...
4
13
6
3
8
13
1
0
0
1
1
.'!
14
9
4
1
0
0
0
2
0
Dec.
...
6
1
3
95
17
95
4
55
3
14
8
69
12
KM
1
27
0
12
0
29
2
24
1
11
4
45
13
61
6
41
5
s:i
2
69
1
39
0
34
0
10
3
23
1
5
Year
54
...
66
K.ELUNG.
TAMSUI.
SOUTH CAPE.
Month.
Lat, 25° 20'. Long. 121c 46'.
Lat. 25° 12'. Long. 121° 24'.
Lat. 21° 55'. Long. 120° 51'.
Height 49 ft.
Height (?) ft.
Height 121 ft.
2 Tears, 1873-75. Hours 7:1,9.
1 Tear, 1876. Hours (?)
H Tears, 1886-87. Hour:*.
N.
N.E
E.
S.E.
s.
s.w
\v.
N.W
CA.
N.
N.E
E.
S.E.
s.
s.w
w.
N.W
CA.
N.
N.E
E.
S.E.
s.
S.W
w.
N.W
CA.
Jan.
2
21
3
0
0
1
1
1
2
24
3
0
1
3
2
25
2
0
0
0
0
0
2
Feb.
3
13
2
1
0
3
1
2
3
19
6
...
0
1
2
1
24
1
0
0
0
0
0
2
March
4
14
1
2
0
3
0
2
5
17
9
1
...
1
3
April
2
11
3
3
1
4
0
0
6
16
5
0
4
5
1
20
0
0
0
1
2
2
4
May
1
7
3
2
0
7
1
0
10
18
9
1
1
2
4
18
2
1
0
0
ft
0
1
June
2
5
1
1
1
10
0
1
9
5
8
12
...
2
o
0
11
3
1
3
1
2
3
1
July
1
ft
1
2
2
13
0
1
6
8
17
3
2
1
3
10
1
4
3
1
3
2
4
Aug.
1
ft
1
2
1
11
1
0
9
4
21
4
2
0
1
ft
3
1
5
3
9
2
2
Sept.
2
9
2
4
1
5
0
1
6
17
11
0
0
2
4
17
0
0
1
2
0
3
3
Oct.
1
21
3
1
0
2
0
0
3
16
13
0
1
1
0
30
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
Nov.
0
22
2
1
0
2
0
1
2
19
10
•■•
0
0
1
15
14
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
Dec.
1
1ft
3
2
1
3
0
1
5
23
186
7
119
0
21
0
15
1
24
3
28
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Year
20
148
25
21
7
64
4
10
66
TUGUEGAHAS.
MANILA.
ILO ILO.
Month.
Lat. 17° 37'. Long. 121° 30'.
Height 125 ft.
Lat. 14° 35'. Long. 120° 57'.
Height 52 ft.
Lat. 10° 50'. Long. 122° 42'.
Height (?) ft.
8} Tears (?). Hours (?)
6 Tears, 1866-71. Hours various.
5 Tears, 1868-72. Hours (?)
N.
N.F.
K.
S.E.
s.
s.w
w.
N.W
CA.
N.
N.E
E.
S.E.
s.
s.w
w.
N.W
CA.
N.
N.E
E.
S.E.
s.
s.w
w.
N.W
CA.
Jan.
2
0
2
ft
2
0
1
19
0
6
5
5
2
1
2
4
3
3
0
L'S
0
0
0
0
3
Feb.
2
0
1
3
3
0
1
18
0
::
5
6
3
1
2
4
1
3
0
28
0
0
0
0
0
March
0
0
0
1
2
2
0
26
0
1
5
9
4
1
3
4
2
2
0
27
1
1
0
2
0
April
1
1
0
0
5
1
0
•>■)
0
1
4
8
6
1
2
4
2
2
0
24
1
3
0
2
0
May
1
0
2
3
1
0
2
21
1
2
3
5
6
2
6
4
2
1
0
12
1
13
1
3
1
June
2
ft
0
1
ft
1
3
13
0
2
2
5
0
2
7
3
2
2
0
7
1
22
0
0
0
July
2
0
1
3
4
4
0
17
0
3
3
3
2
3
8
3
3
3
o
4
0
27
0
0
0
Aug.
3
0
0
4
4
0
2
18
0
3
2
2
3
3
11
3
2
2
0
4
...
0
...
27
0
0
1
Sept.
ft
1
0
1
2
2
2
17
0
2
2
2
2
2
10
4
3
3
0
3
...
0
...
26
0
0
1
Oct.
4
1
1
3
,3
1
0
17
1
5
4
3
2
2
6
3
2
4
5
11
0
13
0
1
1
Nov.
7
0
2
2
1
1
2
13
2
8
5
3
1
1
3
3
ft
1
0
22
0
7
0
0
1
Dec.
7
0
1
3
1
0
3
15
1
5
9
45
5
45
4
55
2
38
1
20
2
62
2
41
3
30
3
29
1
6
22
192
...
0
4
...
2
141
0
1
4
12
o
9
Year
36
8
10
29
33
12
16
21(
144
THE VOYAGE OF H.M.S. CHALLENGER.
AMBOINA.
ANDEI, NEW GUINEA.
BISM ARC K- ARC HIPELS.
Month.
Lat. —3° 45' Long. 128° 15'.
Lat. —1" 0'. Long. 131° V.
Lat. —4° 20'. Long. 152° 30'.
Height 3!) It.
Height (?) ft.
Height i?)ft.
5 Years, 1850-54. Hours G, 9 : 3, 10.
1 Year, 187 3-74. Hours (?)
[2 Years, 1883-84. Hours Thrice daily. j
N.
NF.
F..
S.E.
s.
s.w
w.
N.W
CA.
N.
N.E
E.
S.E.
s.
s.w
w.
N.W
CA.
1 N.
N.E
E.
S.E.
s.
s.w
vv.
N.W
CA.
Jan.
4
5
2
1
1
2
4
6
6
1
2
0
2
0
14
1
10
1
.i
1
2
4
1
0
2
16
...
Feb.
5
5
1
1
0
2
7
7
0
II
II
0
0
0
20
0
2
1
4
1
1
0
0
0
0
22
March
->
fi
1
2
1
3
5
9
.1
II
• 1
0
11
1
13
1)
3
ii
4
II
1
4
0
0
1
21
April
o
3
4 5
2
3
4
2
4
0
7
1
'.*
0
12
0
6
1
3
4
4
10
1
0
0
8
...
May
1
3
11
7
1
1
2
1
4
0
4
17
3
0
2
5
0
0
3
• 1
0
18
0
1
0
1
June
0
5
8
4
0
4
1
1
7
0
2
17
o
0
0
1
0
1
0
1
4
25
0
0
0
0
July
0
5
12
8
1
0
1
1
3
0
0
2:',
1
0
0
1
0
6
1
1
5
22
1
0
0
1
Aug.
1
4
S
14
1
0
0
1
2
II
0
21
:;
0
3
1
0
3
1
0
2
23
4
0
0
1
Sept.
0
1
6
17
2
1
0
0
3
II
5
IS
3
0
2
0
0
2
1
.:>
9
15
0
0
1
1
...
Oct.
1
0
('.
14
2
2
2
0
4
1
1
11
5
1
4
1
1
3
1
8
2
17
1
0
0
2
...
Nov.
0
0
5
10
2
4
2
3
4
0
1
G
9
1
8
4
1
0
4
9
5
5
0
0
0
7
...
Dec.
3
2
2
4
1
6
4
3
6
0
2
1
2G
1
115
3
51
1
4
12
9IJ
10
24
3
26
0
18
6
4
35
2
42
2
145
0
8
0
1
0
4
17
97
■■
Year
20
38
GG
87
14
28
32
34
4G
BATAVIA.
BANKOK.
SINGAPORE.
Lat. —6° 11'. Long. 100° 50'.
Lat. 13° 38'. Long. 100° 27'.
Lat. 1° 15'. Long. 103° 51'.
Height 23 ft.
Height (?) ft.
Height 110 ft.
4 Years, 1879-82. Hourly.
11 Years, 1858-K8. Hours (?)
5 Years, 1880-84. Hours 9 : 3.
N.
N.E
E.
S.E.
s.
s.w
w.
N.W
CA.
N.
N.E
E.
S.E.
S.
s.w
w.
N.W CA.
N.
N.E
E.
S.E.
S.
s.w
w.
N.W
CA.
Jan.
2
1
0
0
0
4
9
8
7
9
6
5
2
4
3
1
1
...
12
1
2
1
1
1
8
5
Feb.
4
1
0
0
1
2
5
8
7
2
3
3
10
6
1
0
11
7
o
1
0
1
4
1
March
3
2
0
0
1
3
5
6
11
1
1
1
3
16
8
1
0
,. ,
7
4
3
1
2
1
11
2
April
5
5
2
1
2
2
2
2
!l
1
1
1
3
13
■s
2
• ••
6
2
3
2
3
2
9
3
>..
Mav
6
5
2
1
1
■j
•)
2
10
1
1
1
2
12
Ki
3
...
5
2
1
3
4
2
13
1
Juue
3
4
3
1
2
a
3
2
9
0
0
0
1
9
15
4
1
3
1
3
3
2
17
0
July
6
7
o
1
1
1
2
2
8
1
0
0
1
9
1G
3
1
0
3
1
3
3
2
18
1
Aug.
C
9
3
1
1
1
1
1
8
0
0
1
1
7
16
5
1
0
1
2
2
5
19
1
Sept.
7
6
3
2
1
1
1
2
7
2
1
1
1
7
11
5
2
...
0
0
0
1
3
6
19
1
Oct.
6
0
2
1
1
3
3
2
8
8
5
3
2
3
5
3
2
• ••
2
0
0
1
1
3
21
3
Nov.
5
8
2
1
1
3
3
3
9
16
7
3
1
1
0
0
2
.
3
1
0
0
2
1
20
3
Dec.
2
l
0
0
1
2
7
43
7
45
11
104
17
58
9
34
2
21
1
21
0
91
0
98
0
28
2
14
7
55
3
26
1
16
1
19
1
25
0
26
15
174
3
24
Year
55
49
20
9
13
27
MOSUL.
DJEDDA.
JERUSALEM.
Lat. Sir 22'. Long. 43° 1 1'.
Lat. 21° 30'. Long. 39° 22'.
Lat 31° 47'. Long. 35° 13.
Height 400 ft.
Height 20 ft.
Height 2500 ft.
2 Years, 1854-65. Hours (?)
4 Years, 1883-86. Hours 9: 2, 9.
18 Years, 18G4-81. Hour 9:
N.
N.E
E.
S.E.
s.
s.w
vr.
S.W CA.
N.
N.E
E.
S.E.
S.
s.w
w.
N.W
CA.
N.
N E
E.
S.E.
s.
s.w
w.
N.W
CA.
Jan.
4
Q
O
7
4
3
1
2
5 2
11
3
1
1
4
3
2
6
1
5
6
2
1
6
0
5
...
Feb.
2
3
7
G
2
1
2
5
0
14
2
1
0
2
2
5
•>
1
b
4
2
2
6
4
6
...
March
Q
o
4
5
o
o
3
4
2
7
0
12
L
3
0
•4
1
5
5
1
2
4
4
2
6
6
6
...
April
8
l
1
8
4
0
1
6
1
12
1
1
II
8
2
4
2
2
1
3
5
2
5
5
7
...
May
8
0
2
1
2
1
0
10
2
15
1
0
1
2
1
4
7
4
o
o
4
1
2
4
10
June
8
8
0
0
1
4
3
4
2
15
2
0
0
1
0
4
8
...
4
2
2
2
0
3
5
12
July
5
4
2
0
1
0
6
9
4
12
1
1
l
1
1
7
7
3
1
0
1
0
2
6
18
Aug.
8
4
1
0
2
5
2
9
0
12
1
1)
l
1
1
8
7
3
1
0
1
1
2
6
17
...
Sept.
9
3
2
2
0
2
1
10
1
7
1
1
i
0
1
5
14
7
2
1
1
1
1
5
12
Oct.
6
2
0
4
4
4
1
7
3
8
1
2
i
2
3
8
G
5
4
5
3
1
2
2
9
Nov.
G
3
2
1
4
2
2
10
0
11
1
1
l
2
1
7
G
2
5
7
2
1
4
4
5
Dec.
5
o
3
5
34
5
31
1
25
3
25
6
88
15
i
136
I
1
16
4
15
l
8
3
30
3
19
7
66
5
75
...
1
34
4
33
5
40
3
30
2
14
6
45
4
56
6
113
...
Year
72
43
32
REPORT ON ATMOSPHERIC CIRCULATION.
145
BEYEOUT, SYRIA.
BEYKODT.
TBEBISONDE.
Month.
Lat. 33° 54'. Long. 35° 29'.
Lat. 33° 54'. Long. 35° 29'.
Lat. 41° 1'. Long. 39° 45'.
Height 160 ft.
Height 112 ft.
Height 92 ft. Hours 9.20 : 3.20, 9.20.
9 Years, 1846-54. Hours 8, N. : 6.
10 Years, 1877-85. Hours 8
:2, 8.
6J Years, 1879-85.
K.
N.E
E.
3.E.
s.
S.W
w.
sr.w
CA.
N.
N.E
E.
3.E.
S.
S.W
W.
f.W
CA.
N.
N.E
E.
S.E.
S.
S.W
w.
f.W
CA.
Jan.
fi
1
0
0
3
11
9
2
3
3
2
10
3
6
2
2
0
3
1
4
3
6
4
3
6
1
Feb.
4
0
1
0
fi
7
7
4
2
3
2
8
3
6
2
1
1
2
1
6
3
4
3
3
5
1
March
9
1
1
0
3
10
4
3
4
5
2
3
2
9
3
2
1
3
1
8
3
3
3
4
6
1
April
8
1
0
1
2
fi
10
2
4
4
1
2
2
11
3
2
1
4
2
10
3
2
2
2
4
1
May
8
4
0
1
1
7
7
3
4
4
1
1
2
11
4
3
1
4
2
12
2
2
1
1
ti
1
June
5
0
0
0
0
10
10
5
3
1
0
0
1
14
6
3
2
3
2
10
2
2
1
2
ti
2
July
1
1
0
0
1
8
15
5
1
0
0
0
1
18
8
2
1
4
2
6
2
3
2
2
8
2
Aug.
3
0
0
0
1
11
13
3
3
1
0
0
1
13
7
3
3
3
2
6
2
4
3
3
V
1
Sept.
7
0
0
0
3
4
11
5
5
3
0
0
2
10
6
3
1
3
1
6
2
5
3
2
7
1
Oct.
10
3
0
0
1
3
7
7
5
7
1
2
2
8
2
2
2
2
1
6
3
5
4
3
ti
1
Nov.
8
1
1
0
1
3
9
7
3
4
1
7
2
7
3
2
1
2
1
4
3
6
5
4
3
2
Dec.
4
1
0
1
2
8
12
3
2
39
3
38
2
12
9
42
3
24
7
120
3
49
1
26
1
15
1
34
1
17
4
82
4
32
6
48
5
36
5
34
4
67
1
15
Year
72
13
3
3
23
88
114
49
SAMSOTJN.
SCUTARI.
SMYRNA.
Month.
Lat. 41° 18'. Long. 36° 19'.
Lat. 41° 0'. Long. 29°
y.
Lat. 38° 26'. Long. 27° 10'.
Height 26 ft.
6 Years, 1880-85. Hours : 2.36, 9.9
Height 60 ft.
Height 25 ft.
15 Years, 1870-84. Hours 9 : 3.
6J Years, 1864-70. Hours 7 : 2, 10.
N.
N.E
F„
S.E.
s.
s.w
w.
N.W
CA.
N.
N.E
E.
S.E.
s.
s.w
w.
N.W
CA.
N.
N.E
E.
S.E.
s.
s.w
w.
N.W
CA.
Jan.
0
3
0
fi
2
9
0
11
0
6
9
4
2
3
4
1
1
1
Feb.
0
fi
0
2
1
fi
0
13
0
5
8
4
1
3
4
1
1
1
2
13
5
4
3
1
1
1
1
March
1
fi
0
7
2
3
0
12
0
5
8
2
1
5
5
2
1
2
April
May
1
8
0
4
2
2
0
13
0
4
9
1
1
5
6
2
0
2
■
0
10
0
fi
2
2
0
11
0
5
9
1
0
5
7
2
0
2
1
5
3
6
4
5
3
1
3
June
0
11
1
5
1
0
0
12
0
4
9
1
0
5
9
1
0
1
July
Aug.
1
q
1
?,
?,
1
1
14
0
5
15
2
0
3
4
0
1
1
0
10
1
3
2
0
0
14
1
4
15
3
0
3
4
1
0
1
2
5
1
2
2
V
4
6
5
Sept.
1
8
1
3
1
0
0
15
1
4
12
4
0
2
5
1
1
1
Oct.
1
8
0
fi
2
3
0
11
1
4
10
4
1
2
6
1
0
3
Nov.
1
5
0
fi
1
4
0
13
0
4
8
4
2
3
5
1
1
2
1
6
4
2
3
ti
3
4
Dec.
0
4
0
6
2
9
0
10
149
0
3
5
65
7
119
4
34
2
10
3
42
6
65
1
14
1
7
2
19
Year
6
88
4
55
20
39
1
CHIOS.
RED SEA.*
BED SEA.
Lat. 38° 22'. Long. 26° 6'.
Lat. 28° to 30°.
Long. 48° to 50°.
Height (?) ft.
Years, (?) Hours (?)
Square 105.
Square 68.
N
N F
Fi
S F,
s.
s.w
w.
N.W
f!A.
N.
N.E
E.
S.E.
s.
s.w
w.
N.W
CA.
N.
N.E
E.
S.E.
S.
s.w
w.
N.W
CA.
Jan.
Feb.
12
2
1
1
2
1
1
10
1
2
11
15
2
0
0
0
0
1
10
<}
0
1
10
3
1
0
3
9
2
0
1
3
2
2
7
2
2
9
15
1
0
0
0
0
1
March
April
May
June
10
2
0
3
3
1
1
8
3
1
9
li,
1
1
0
0
1
2
14
2
0
1
1
0
1
6
3
2
8
15
2
0
0
i
0
2
11
1
1
1
11
3
0
0
3
14
16
1
1
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
1
1
13
10
2
1
2
2
4
1
7
1
3
2
2
3
3
9
3
7
1
2
6
3
July
Aug.
Sept.
Oct.
Nov.
Dec.
13
2
0
1
0
1
0
14
0
1
0
1
1
5
11
8
1
3
18
5
0
0
3
1
0
1
3
16
16
1
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
13
12
1
0
2
2
2
2
2
4
2
3
4
3
7
6
6
3
2
1
4
6
15
3
0
0
7
2
0
1
3
12
11
11
15-
2
1
1
18
0
0
1
2
1
1
1
10
0
1
2
13
0
1
0
7
1
1
3
12
13
12
10
13J
2
2
3
2
1
1
8
9
11
11
13
17
111
1
2
1
21
0
0
0
18
1
1
0
38
0
0
0
28
1
1
0
10
7
3
1
39
Year
20 1 20 74
.
.
7» T
errir
p to
the
Red
Sea
are <
.ons
ruct
edfi
-om.
the c
bsei
■vati
ons
of s
lips
log
s. 1
?or
these
means the author is indebted to the courtesy of the Meteorological Council.
(PHYS. CHEM. CHALL. EXP. — PART V. 1888.)
25
146
THE VOYAGE OF H.M.S. CHALLENGER
BED SEA.
BED SEA.
BED SEA.
Month.
Long. 44° to 4G°.
Square 68.
Long. 46° to 48°.
Square 68.
Lat. 14° to 16°.
Squares 60 and 68.
N.
N.F
E.
S.E.
s.
s.w
w.
N.W
CA.
N.
N.E
E.
S.E.
s.
s.w
W.
N.W
CA.
N.
N.E
E.
S.E.
s.
s.w
w.
N.W
CA.
Jan.
1
4
15
7
1
1
0
0
2
1
7
19
2
1
0
0
0
1
3
1
1
9
8
1
1
5
2
Feb.
0
6
17
4
0
1
0
0
0
1
8
18
1
0
0
0
0
0
3
1
1
8
10
1
0
3
1
March
0
6
17
4
1
1
0
0
2
1
8
17
1
1
1
0
0
2
3
2
2
7
10
2
0
3
2
April
0
6
14
7
1
1
0
0
1
0
9
16
1
1
0
0
1
2
3
1
2
8
8
1
1
3
3
May
1
4
10
4
3
3
2
1
3
1
5
9
3
1
3
2
1
6
5
2
0
5
4
2
2
7
4
June
1
1
3
3
5
7
4
2
4
1
1
1
2
5
10
5
1
4
7
1
1
0
1
2
2
10
6
July
1
1
1
1
5
11
6
1
4
1
0
1
1
4
15
7
0
2
8
1
1
1
1
1
3
12
3
Aug.
1
1
1
3
6
9
5
1
4
2
1
1
2
6
9
7
1
2
5
2
2
3
2
1
1
10
5
Sept.
1
2
6
4
4
5
2
1
5
2
2
3
5
2
5
3
2
6
5
4
1
3
2
2
3
6
4
Oct.
1
6
12
6
2
0
1
0
3
1
7
13
3
1
1
2
0
3
1
1
0
9
10
1
1
2
6
Nov.
1
4
17
5
2
0
0
0
1
1
8
17
3
0
0
0
0
1
1
0
1
11
13
1
0
1
2
Dec.
0
5
18
6
1
0
0
0
1
1
13
7
63
20
135
2
26
0
22
0
44
0
26
0
6
1
30
1
45
0
16
1
i:;
12
76
13
82
1
16
0
14
1
63
2
40
Year
8
46
131
54
31
39
20
6
30
BED SEA.
BED SEA.
BED SEA.
Month.
Long. 42° to 44°.
Square 68.
Lat. 16° to 18°.
Squares 69 and 68.
Lat. 24° to 26°.
Square 105.
N.
N.E
E.
S.E.
s.
s.w
w.
N.W
CA.
N.
N.E
E.
S.E.
s.
s.w w.
N.W
CA.
N.
N.E
E.
S.E.
s.
s.w
w.
N.W
CA.
Jan.
1
1
5
14
9
0
0
1
0
3
1
1
15
5
1
0
3
2
13
4
1
0
0
1
1
10
1
Feb.
2
0
3
10
9
1
1
2
0
4
2
2
8
4
1
0
4
3
9
2
2
2
1
1
1
8
2
March
1
1
2
11
11
2
0
2
1
7
2
3
8
2
0
1
6
2
11
3
1
2
2
1
1
8
2
April
2
0
3
10
10
1
1
2
1
4
3
2
10
1
1
1
4
4
9
1
1
2
2
0
1
11
3
May
2
0
2
8
8
2
3
4
2
5
2
1
7
1
1
3
8
3
9
1
1
0
1
1
1
15
2
June
5
1
1
2
1
2
2
13
3
7
1
1
1
0
1
1
15
3
9
0
0
0
1
0
2
16
2
July
5
1
1
1
1
3
5
12
2
8
1
0
1
0
1
3
13
4
9
1
0
0
1
1
2
13
4
Aug.
5
2
2
3
3
2
4
8
2
6
1
1
1
4
2
1
9
6
9
1
0
0
1
1
1
16
2
Sept.
5
2
3
4
3
2
2
4
5
7
3
2
2
1
2
2
8
3
10
1
0
0
1
0
1
16
1
Oct.
1
0
3
12
13
0
1
0
1
4
1
3
7
5
2
1
2
6
Ki
2
0
1
1
0
1
13
3
Nov.
0
1
3
14
11
0
0
1
0
2
1
3
13
6
1
0
0
4
12
1
1
1
1
0
0
11
3
Dec.
1
0
o
O
14
12
0
0
0
1
2
59
1
19
3
22
13
86
6
35
0
13
1
14
1
73
_4_
44
12
122
2
2
9
2
10
1
13
_0_
6
1
13
10
147
1
26
Year
30
9
31
103
91
15
19
49
18
BED SEA.
BED SEA.
BED SEA.
Month.
Lat 26° to 28°.
Square 105.
Lat. 22° to 24°.
Square 105.
Lat. 20° to 22°.
Square 105.
N.
N.E
E.
S.E.
s.
s.w
w.
N.W
CA.
N.
N.E
E.
S.E.
s.
s w
w.
N.W
CA.
N.
N.E
E.
S.E.
s.
s.w
w.
N.W
CA.
Jan.
12
1
1
1
0
0
1
13
2
14
3
1
1
1
0
1
9
1
16
5
1
2
0
0
0
5
2
Feb.
6
1
1
2
1
1
2
13
1
10
2
2
3
1
0
1
7
2
12
4
1
2
2
0
0
6
1
March
9
1
1
1
1
1
1
14
2
12
2
1
3
1
0
1
10
1
13
4
1
3
2
0
0
7
1
April
9
1
1
2
1
1
1
12
2
10
1
2
1
1
1
1
11
2
11
2
2
2
1
1
1
6
4
May
8
0
1
1
0
0
1
17
3
10
1
1
0
1
1
1
13
3
11
2
0
1
1
1
1
10
4
June
8
0
0
1
0
0
1
19
1
7
2
1
1
0
1
3
11
4
11
1
0
0
0
0
2
14
2
July
9
1
0
0
0
0
2
17
2
8
2
0
1
0
1
3
12
4
7
2
1
1
1
2
3
11
3
Aug.
10
0
1
0
0
0
2
17
1
9
0
0
1
1
1
1
17
1
5
1
1
2
2
3
4
12
1
Sept.
9
0
0
0
1
0
1
19
0
10
1
0
0
0
1
1
17
0
11
1
1
1
0
1
1
13
1
Oct.
9
1
0
0
1
0
1
16
3
11
1
1
2
1
1
1
9
4
9
2
1
3
2
1
1
8
4
Nov.
9
0
1
1
1
0
2
14
2
10
2
3
5
1
0
0
7
2
10
2
3
5
8
1
0
3
3
Dec.
9
1
1
1
1
1
1
15
1
11
122
4
21
2
14
2
20
1
9
1
8
1
15
6
129
3
27
11
127
4
30
3
15
4
26
1
15
0
10
1
14
5
100
2
28
Year
107
7
8
10
7
4
16
186
20
REPORT ON ATMOSPHERIC CIRCULATION.
147
RED SEA.
MASSUAH.
KOSSEIR.
Month.
Lat. 18° to 20°.
Lat. 15° 36'. Long. 39° 20'.
Lat. 26° 5'. Long. 34° 16'.
Squares 69 and 68.
Height 31 ft.
Height (?) ft.
lj Tears, 1886-87. Hours 9 : 4.
1 Tear, 1872-73. Hours s.-r., : 1.
N.
N.E
E.
S.E.
s.
s.w
w.
N.W
CA.
N.
N.E
E.
S.E.
s.
s.w
w.
N.W
CA.
N.
N.E
E.
S.E.
s,
s.w
w
N.W
CA.
Jan.
8
3
2
8
1
1
0
b
3
10
13
3
0
0
0
0
2
3
10
3
1
0
0
n
13
4
Feb.
11
3
2
4
1
1
0
5
1
13
6
4
0
0
1
1
1
2
7
0
0
?
0
i
13
5
March
9
2
3
6
1
0
1
6
3
12
16
2
0
0
0
0
1
0
10
0
0
5
0
0
10
6
April
9
3
3
4
2
0
0
7
2
15
10
3
0
0
0
0
1
1
10
3
3
2
0
0
4
8
May-
8
2
2
2
1
1
1
11
3
20
10
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
13
2
0
1
0
0
5
10
June
8
1
0
1
1
1
4
13
1
16
7
2
0
1
0
0
0
4
17
1
0
1
0
0
0
11
July
5
1
0
0
1
3
5
13
3
15
8
3
1
1
0
2
1
0
13
1
1
0
0
0
3
13
Aug.
2
1
0
1
3
4
7
11
2
9
6
4
0
1
0
1
0
0
15
1
0
2
0
1
1
11
Sept.
V
1
1
1
1
2
3
12
2
11
18
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
17
1
0
0
0
0
0
19,
Oct.
6
2
2
5
3
1
1
4
7
13
17
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
15
1
0
0
0
0
0
15
Nov.
4
3
5
9
4
1
0
1
3
14
15
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
12
2
0
0
0
0
9
7
Dec.
5
3
4
11
3
0
0
2
3
19
167
10
136
1
24
0
1
0
3
0
1
0
4
0
8
1
11
9
148
3
18
2
7
0
13
0
0
0
2
12
70
5
107
...
Year
82
25
24
52
22
15
22
90
33
SUEZ.
ISMAILIA.
SAID.
Lat. 29° 59'. Long. 32° 31'.
Lat. 30° 36'. Long. 32° 16'.
Lat. 31° 16'. Long. 32° 18'.
Height 24 ft.
Height 29 ft.
Height 20 ft.
5 J Tears, 1880-85. Hours 7, 8, 11 : 2, 5.
5J Tears, 1880-85. Hours 7 : 2, 6.
5% Tears, 1880-85. Hours 7 : 2, 5.
N.
N.E
E.
S.E.
s.
s.w
w.
N.W
ca!
N.
N.E
E.
S.E.
S.
s.w
w.
N.W
CA.
N.
N.E.
E.
S.K
s.
s.w
w.
\\\Y
CA.
Jan.
10
2
0
2
7
3
1
4
2
4
3
2
2
1
3
11
3
2
2
3
2
1"
3
6
10
3
1
Feb.
5
1
0
1
5
7
2
6
1
4
3
1
1
2
4
9
3
1
3
2
1
1
2
5
10
4
0
March
11
1
0
1
5
3
1
9
0
8
4
2
2
2
2
5
4
2
6
5
2
1
2
2
5
7
1
April
10
1
0
1
6
3
1
8
0
7
5
3
2
1
1
7
3
1
5
6
2
1
2
2
4
8
0
May
16
1
0
0
2
1
0
10
1
12
6
2
1
1
1
4
4
0
9
6
3
0
1
1
3
7
1
June
15
1
0
0
1
1
0
11
1
14
6
2
1
0
1
2
3
1
9
5
2
0
1
1
2
9
1
July
15
3
0
0
0
1
0
10
2
15
2
1
0
1
1
4
6
1
7
3
2
0
0
1
5
12
1
Aug.
13
2
0
0
0
0
0
12
4
17
3
1
0
0
0
4
5
1
8
3
2
0
0
0
4
13
1
Sept.
17
1
0
0
1
0
0
8
3
17
3
1
0
0
1
3
4
1
7
4
2
0
0
0
3
13
1
Oct.
15
1
1
0
0
1
0
9
4
16
6
2
0
0
0
2
3
2
8
8
3
1
0
1
2
7
1
Nov.
14
1
0
1
1
2
0
7
4
9
5
1
1
1
2
5
5
1
6
4
2
1
1
3
6
6
1
Dec.
9
1
0
1
6
3
1
8
2
6
3
3
1
1
3
8
4
2
73
4
53
1
24
1
7
3
15
6
28
7
61
4
93
2
11
Year
150
16
1
7
34
25
6
102
24
129
49
21
11
10
19
64
47
15
OAIEO.
ALEXANDRIA.
BENGASI.
Lat. 30° 5'. Long. 31° 17'.
Lat. 31° 12'. Long. 29° 53'.
Lat. 32° T. Long. 20° 3'.
Height 94 ft.
Height 62 ft.
Height 33 ft.
(?) Tears. Hours 7 : 2, 9.
9 Tears, 1875-83. Hours 9:3,9.
1 Tear, 1882. Hours 9 : 3.
N.
N.E
E.
S.E.
s.
s.w
w.
N.W
CA.
N.
N.E
E.
S.E.
s.
s.w
w.
N.W
CA.
N.
N.E
E.
S.E.
s.
s.w
w.
N.W
CA.
Jan.
4
2
1
1
4
3
5
2
9
4
2
4
2
3
4
4
6
2
4
9
4
5
3
2
1
3
...
Feb.
5
2
0
1
3
2
3
3
9
5
2
3
2
2
2
4
7
1
7
5
1
3
2
3
3
4
March
7
2
1
0
1
1
3
4
12
7
4
3
2
2
1
3
8
1
7
5
1
1
5
3
6
3
...
April
10
3
1
1
1
1
2
4
7
9
4
3
2
1
1
2
7
1
8
3
0
0
5
2
5
7
May
10
3
1
0
1
1
1
9
5
13
3
2
1
1
1
1
8
1
11
9
0
1
2
2
1
5
...
June
9
2
0
0
0
0
2
13
4
13
2
1
0
1
0
1
11
1
16
7
0
0
4
1
1
1
...
July
10
2
0
0
0
0
2
14
3
12
1
0
0
0
0
2
16
0
15
7
0
1
0
1
0
7
• ••
Aug.
10
1
0
0
0
0
2
13
5
13
1
0
0
0
0
2
14
1
13
6
0
1
0
1
3
7
Sept.
10
2
0
0
0
0
0
14
4
15
2
1
0
0
0
1
8
3
8
7
2
2
4
3
2
2
...
Oct.
10
3
0
0
0
0
1
11
6
12
5
3
1
1
1
1
5
2
6
7
2
3
4
2
2
5
Nov.
8
1
0
0
2
1
1
7
10
8
4
3
2
2
2
2
5
2
5
4
2
4
7
3
4
1
• ■•
Dec.
4
1
0
1
6
2
3
2
12
6
3
3
2
3
4
3
5
2
3
103
1
70
3
15
2
23
9
45
5
28
5
33
3
48
...
Year
97
24
4
4
18
11
25
96
86
117
33
26
14
16
16
26
100
17
148
THE VOYAGE OF H.M.S. CHALLENGER
TRIPOLI.
LA CALLE.
ALGIERS.
Lat. 32° 53'. Long. 13° 11'.
Lat. 36° 54'. Long. 8° 26'.
Lat. 36° 47'. Long. 3° 4'.
Month.
Height 98 ft.
Height 35 ft. Hours 7 : 1, 7.
Height 73 ft.
6 Years, 1879-85. Hours various.
6 Years, 1878-79, 81-84.
7 Years, 1878-84. Hours 7: 1,7.
N.
N.E
E.
S.E.
s.
s.w
w.
N.W
CA.
N.
N.E
E.
S.E.
s.
s.w
w.
N.W
CA.
N.
N.E
E.
S.E.
s.
s.w
w.
N.W
CA.
Jan.
7
4
2
2
1
1
6
8
0
2
1
2
1
2
7
7
9
0
4
3
2
1
1
5
7
7
1
Feb.
7
4
5
1
1
0
6
4
0
2
2
3
1
3
5
5
7
0
3
2
1
1
1
4
8
8
0
March
6
5
8
2
2
1
4
3
0
2
2
4
0
3
6
6
8
0
3
6
2
2
1
4
5
7
1
April
May-
5
4
8
2
2
0
4
5
0
4
2
3
0
2
4
5
10
0
4
2
1
1
0
5
7
10
0
7
5
13
2
0
0
1
2
1
4
5
4
1
2
3
4
8
0
4
7
3
1
1
2
4
8
1
June
6
5
16
1
0
0
1
1
0
6
5
4
1
1
3
3
6
1
5
10
2
2
1
2
2
5
1
July
Aug.
5
8
15
1
0
0
1
1
0
6
6
4
1
2
4
3
■1
1
6
12
3
1
0
2
2
4
1
4
9
12
0
1
0
2
2
1
6
7
4
0
2
4
3
4
1
7
9
2
1
1
3
2
5
1
Sept.
3
9
13
1
1
0
1
2
0
5
4
4
0
2
5
4
6
0
6
6
3
1
1
2
3
7
1
Oct.
7
7
8
1
1
0
3
4
0
5
2
3
1
3
7
4
5
1
4
6
2
1
1
3
5
8
1
Nov.
6
4
6
2
0
1
6
5
0
2
2
2
1
4
8
7
4
0
3
3
2
1
1
7
5
8
0
Dec.
7
3
3
2
1
0
7
8
0
3
47
1
39
2
39
1
8
3
29
7
63
9
60
5
76
0
4
3
52
2
68
1
24
1
14
1
10
8
47
7
57
8
85
0
8
Year
70
67
109
17
10
3
42
45
2
LAGHOUAT.
ORAN.
NEMOURS.
Month.
Lat. 33° 48'. Long. 2° 51'.
Lat. 35° 42'. Long. - 0° 39'.
Lat. 35° 6'. Long. -1° 51'.
Height 2454 ft.
Height 164 ft.
Height 13 ft.
7 Years, 1878-84. Hours 7: 1, 7.
12 Years, 1841-53. Hour : 7.
7 Years, 1878-84. Hours 7: 1, 7.
N.
N.E
E.
S.E.
s.
s.w
w.
N.W
CA.
N.
N.E
E.
S.E.
s.
s.w
w.
N.W
CA.
N.
N.E
E.
S.E.
s.
S.W
w.
N.W
CA.
Jan.
4
2
3
2
3
3
5
4
5
4
2
1
2
4
9
2
7
. ..
4
1
4
4
3
1
7
3
4
Feb.
4
3
2
2
3
3
4
4
3
6
6
1
1
2
6
2
4
. ■■
3
1
3
4
3
2
5
3
4
J larch
4
Q
O
5
3
3
3
4
3
3
6
8
1
1
1
7
1
6
4
1
7
3
3
1
6
3
3
April
4
3
2
2
3
2
6
6
2
8
7
1
1
1
4
1
7
3
1
5
4
3
1
7
3
3
May
4
4
5
2
5
1
4
3
3
9
7
0
1
1
4
1
8
4
2
5
4
3
1
4
3
5
June
4
4
8
2
3
1
3
2
3
9
8
0
1
1
2
0
9
...
6
2
5
2
2
1
2
2
8
July
2
4
7
3
4
2
4
3
2
10
7
0
0
1
0
1
12
6
2
5
2
2
1
2
2
9
Aug.
3
5
6
3
4
2
3
2
3
10
8
0
1
0
1
0
11
6
0
5
3
2
1
2
4
8
Sept.
4
3
4
Q
O
4
3
4
2
3
8
7
0
1
0
1
1
12
8
1
6
2
3
1
2
3
4
Oct.
5
3
3
3
4
4
4
2
3
6
7
0
1
2
4
1
10
5
1
6
3
4
1
4
3
4
Nov.
6
4
4
2
3
3
2
4
2
4
7
0
2
2
7
2
6
5
1
5
3
3
2
7
2
2
Dec.
5
4
3
2
3
3
2
6
3
3
83
5
79
0
4
3
15
3
18
10
55
1
13
6
98
6
60
3
16
6
62
2
36
3
34
1
14
5
53
2
33
3
57
Year
49
42
52
29
42
30
45
41
35
TANGIER
MOGADOR.
ST. MICHAEL, AZORES.
Month.
Lat. 35° 45'. Long. -5° 47'.
Lat. 31° 30'. Long. -9° 44'.
Lat. 37° 35'. Long. -25° 30'.
Height 200 ft.
Height 57 ft. Hours 8 : 2, 10.
Height (?) ft.
6 Years, 1880-85. Hours 7, N : 9.
7 Years, 1866-71, 78-79.
10 Years, 1840^9. Hours (?)
N.
N.E
E.
S.E.
s.
s.w
w.
N.W
CA.
N.
N.E
E.
S.E.
s.
s.w
w.
N.W
CA.
N.
N.E
E.
S.E.
S.
s.w
w.
N.W
CA.
Jan.
2
2
7
1
0
6
10
3
• ••
1
15
2
0
2
2
3
0
6
1
8
1
4
3
6
1
6
0
Feb.
2
2
7
1
0
5
7
4
0
14
0
1
1
2
3
1
6
1
6
1
4
1
7
1
7
0
March
1
2
8
1
2
6
8
3
• ..
1
16
0
0
0
1
4
0
9
1
7
1
3
2
9
2
6
0
April
1
3
2
1
1
7
11
4
*■■
1
15
0
1
1
0
3
0
9
1
9
2
2
1
4
2
8
0
May
3
3
6
0
0
4
9
6
...
1
20
0
0
0
1
2
0
7
2
10
1
3
1
4
2
8
0
June
2
5
5
0
0
4
11
3
1
17
0
0
1
0
3
0
8
1
10
1
3
1
4
2
8
0
July
3
4
8
0
2
3
8
3
0
28
0
0
0
0
0
0
3
2
13
1
3
0
5
2
5
0
Aug.
1
3
10
0
2
3
8
4
0
24
1
0
0
0
0
0
6
0
15
0
5
0
3
2
5
1
Sept.
3
2
8
1
1
4
7
4
0
20
0
0
0
0
1
0
9
1
12
1
5
0
3
1
6
1
Oct.
3
3
4
1
2
6
8
4
...
0
15
0
0
0
1
1
0
14
2
10
1
4
2
4
1
5
1
Nov.
3
5
5
1
0
4
8
4
0
9
0
0
1
2
3
0
15
3
7
0
4
2
7
1
6
0
Dec.
2
3
4
1
0
9
8
4
2
7
9
202
1
4
0
2
1
7
3
12
2
l'.r,
0
1
I:'.
105
18
8
115
2
12
4
44
2
15
5
61
2
18
7
77
0
5
Year
26
37
74
8
10
61
103| 46
...
REPORT ON ATMOSPHERIC CIRCULATION.
149
LAS PALMAS.
CAPE JDBT.
PKATA.
Lat 27° 28'. Long. -17° 48'.
Lat. 27° 58'. Long. —12° 52'.
Lat 14° 54'. Lons*. —23° 31'.
Height 30 ft.
Height 23 ft.
Heieht 112 ft
4£ Tears, 1880-84. Hours : 1, 6.
6 Tears, 1883-S8. Hours 9:9.
> Tears, 1875-79. Hours 9 : 3.
N.
N.E
E.
S.E.
s.
s.w
w.
N.W
CA.
N.
N.E
E.
S.E.
s.
s.w
w.
N.W
CA.
N.
N.F,
E.
S.E,
s.
s.w
w.
N,W
CA
Jan.
2
4
4
9
4
1
1
1
5
6
10
5
5
2
1
1
1
0
3
1ft
11
0
1
0
0
n
1
Feb.
7
4
5
3
2
0
0
4
3
8
10
2
2
1
2
1
2
0
1
11
15
0
0
1
0
0
0
March
10
5
4
3
1
1
1
3
3
9
12
0
1
1
1
2
4
0
1
19
7
0
1
1
0
n
?,
April
14
7
2
2
2
1
0
1
1
12
10
1
0
0
1
3
3
0
3
1ft
6
0
1
2
1
1
1
May
12
3
2
1
2
2
1
3
5
13
17
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
4
15
5
1
1
1
0
3
1
June
11
2
1
0
0
1
3
7
5
13
16
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
3
13
7
1
1
2
1
1
1
July
12
3
1
1
2
2
2
6
2
10
21
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
3
13
4
2
2
2
1
1
3
Aug.
8
4
2
1
2
1
5
6
2
8
21
1
0
0
0
1
0
0
2
10
5
3
3
3
1
1
3
Sept.
6
7
2
0
2
2
2
4
5
8
19
1
0
0
0
0
1
1
3
lo
4
2
1
4
1
2
3
Oct.
11
6
3
2
1
1
1
2
4
6
18
2
1
0
1
1
1
2
2
13
10
2
1
1
0
0
2
Nov.
5
5
6
3
4
3
1
1
2
6
11
3
3
2
3
1
1
0
1
11
13
2
1
0
0
0
2
Dec.
4
3
5
5
5
2
0
1
6
4
11
5
4
2
3
1
1
0
1
10
13
1
1
2
1
1
1
Year
102
53
37
30
27
17
17
39
43
103
176
20
16
8
12
11
16
3
27
155
100
14
14
19
6
10
20
SAINT LOUIS.
GOBEE.
MTJEZTJK.
Lat. 16° 7'. Long -16° 30'.
Lat. 14° 40'. Long. —17° 25'.
La
. 25° 54'. Long. 14° 12'.
Height 16 ft.
Height 20 ft.
Hei
ght 156
5 Tears, 1874-78. Hours 10 : 4.
10Tears,1856-65. Hours 6,10 : 1, 4, 10.
6 Months, 1865-66.
N.
N.E
E.
S.E.
s.
s.w
w.
N.W
CA.
N.
N.E
E.
S.E.
s.
s.w
w.
N.W
CA.
N.
N.E
E.
S.E.
s.
s.w
w.
N W
CA.
Jan.
10
6
8
0
0
0
0
6
1
6
16
6
0
0
0
0
0
3
2
2
2
0
1
1
3
4
lli
Feb.
9
3
8
0
0
0
0
7
1
6
13
7
0
0
0
0
0
2
2
0
1
1
1
3
4
2
14
March
18
2
3
0
0
0
0
8
0
8
16
4
0
0
0
0
1
2
1
1
3
1
4
2
3
1
1ft
April
18
1
2
0
0
1
2
6
0
11
12
3
0
0
0
0
1
3
May
17
1
0
0
1
1
5
6
0
12
8
1
0
0
1
2
2
5
June
7
0
0
0
1
3
13
5
1
5
6
1
0
1
2
6
5
4
July
6
0
1
1
1
4
10
7
1
4
3
0
1
2
3
9
5
4
Aug.
5
0
1
1
3
3
9
7
2
2
1
0
1
2
7
10
5
3
Sept.
5
1
2
1
3
3
6
8
1
4
3
1
3
3
5
4
3
4
Oct.
14
1
3
1
1
0
4
6
1
8
7
2
1
1
1
3
4
4
4
1
4
3
7
3
2
1
6
Nov.
17
3
5
0
0
1
1
2
1
9
10
3
0
0
1
1
2
4
4
4
1
1
1
1
2
2
14
Dec.
14
7
6
0
0
0
1
3
0
8
12
6
1
0
0
0
1
3
ft
1
2
0
1
2
6
4
10
Year
140
25
39
4
10
16
51
71
9
83
107
34
7
9
20
35
29
41
SCHIMMEDRU.
GHADAMES.
KUKA.
Lat 18° 57'. Long. 12° 10'.
Lat. 30° 9'. Long. 9° 13'.
Lat 12° 52'. Long. 13° 23'.
Height 1640 ft.
Height 1323 ft.
Height 1168 ft
3 Months, 1866. Hours s.-r., 9: 3, s.-s.
2 Months, 1865. Hourss.-R., 9: 3. s.-s.
6M
onth
s, 1866. Hours, S.-R., 9: 3, s.-s.
N.
N.E
E.
S.E.
s.
s.w
w.
N.W
CA.
N.
N.E
E.
S.E.
s.
s.w
w.
N.W
CA.
N.
N.E
E.
S.E.
s.
s.w
w.
N.W
CA.
Jan.
Feb.
March
April
6
3
3
2
4
0
0
2
10
May
1
1
3
1
5
1
1
0
18
June
2
2
4
4
3
1
1
1
12
July
2
7
2
3
1
0
1
2
13
1
0
1
0
3
10
3
0
13
Aug.
1
3
5
2
2
0
0
1
17
0
1
0
1
1
6
3
0
19
Sept.
0
1
3
6
2
2
2
1
13
Oct.
5
5
2
2
0
0
0
1
16
Nov.
3
2
10
0
0
0
0
0
15
Dec.
—
—
—
—
—
—
4
8
1
0
0
0
0
4
14
Year
150
THE VOYAGE OF H.M.S. CHALLENGER.
BOKE.
FREETOWN.
AKASSA.
Month.
Lat. 10° 54'. Long. —14° 14'.
Height 600 ft.
Lat. 8° 30'. Long. —13° 9'.
Height 224 ft.
Lat. 4° 20'. Long. 6° 20'.
Height 21 ft.
1 Tear, 1878-^79. Hours 6 : 3, 10.
11 Tears, 1874-84. Hours 9 : 3.
1J Tears, 1887-88. Hours 9 : 9.
N.
NF,
B.
S.E,
s.
s.w
w.
N.W
CA.
N.
N.E
E.
S.E.
S.
s.w
w.
N.W
CA.
N.
N.E
E.
S.E.
S.
s.w
w.
N.W
CA.
Jan.
1
2
10
8
1
0
13
1
5
4
8
1
1
1
5
3
3
2
4
0
2
1
6
4
4
8
Feb.
1
1
10
1
1
1
13
0
5
2
4
1
2
2
7
3
2
0
2
1
1
1
6
1
1
15
March
1
2
9
1
3
5
9
1
8
2
1
0
3
3
8
5
1
! 0
1
0
1
6
3
0
1
19
April
1
0
1
1
7
7
11
2
7
2
2
1
2
3
9
3
1
2
2
1
1
3
2
0
0
19
May
3
2
2
3
4
4
9
4
5
2
5
1
2
3
8
3
2
June
1
0
3
0
9
7
9
1
4
1
5
1
3
2
8
3
3
1
0
0
2
9
9
1
0
8
July
0
0
1
0
11
4
13
2
4
1
2
1
3
4
10
2
4
0
0
0
1
10
17
0
1
2
Aug.
0
0
1
0
10
7
11
2
4
1
1
1
3
5
12
1
3
0
0
0
1
5
15
2
1
7
Sept.
1
0
0
0
6
7
13
3
• *.
3
1
2
0
3
4
12
1
4
1
0
0
0
2
12
5
1
9
Oct.
3
1
6
3
3
4
11
0
2
2
4
1
3
4
10
2
3
1
1
0
1
1
6
3
5
13
Nov.
4
5
9
3
4
1
4
0
2
2
6
1
2
2
8
2
5
1
2
1
4
3
8
2
1
8
Dec.
0
2
11
3
5
1
8
1
5
54
3
23
5
45
1
10
2
29
2
35
6
103
3
31
4
35
0
0
1
4
5
14
4
0
3
Year
16
15
63
18
64
48 124
17
ASCENSION.
ST. HELENA.
ST. THOMAS.
Month.
Lat. -7° 55'. Long. —14° 25.
Lat. -15° 55'. Long. - 5° 43'.
Lat. 0° 20'. Long. 6° 43'.
Height 53 ft.
Height 40 ft.
Height 16 ft.
2}
'ears, 1863-66. Hours G, 9, N.
:4.
5 Tears, 1855-59. Hours 9J : 3}.
9 Tears, 1872-80. Hours 9 : 3, 9.
N.
N.E
E.
S.E.
s.
s.w
w.
N.W
CA.
N.
N.E
E.
S.E.
s.
s.w
w.
N.W
CA.
N.
N.E
E.
S.E.
S.
s.w
w.
N.W
CA.
Jan.
0
0
2
9
17
1
0
0
2
0
0
1
15
10
1
0
0
0
2
0
0
1
11
5
1
0
11
Feb.
0
1
1
11
13
1
1
0
0
1
0
1
14
7
1
1
0
0
2
0
1
0
12
3
1
0
9
March
0
0
3
11
16
0
0
1
0
0
1
0
13
10
2
1
1
0
3
1
1
2
12
3
1
1
7
April
0
0
2
11
16
0
0
0
1
1
0
0
14
8
2
0
0
0
2
1
1
2
11
4
1
1
7
May
0
0
5
15
10
0
0
0
1
1
1
0
13
8
2
0
1
2
1
0
1
1
17
4
1
0
6
June
0
0
3
15
11
0
0
0
1
0
3
0
12
8
2
0
1
1
1
0
0
1
21
5
1
0
1
July
0
0
4
17
10
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
13
11
3
0
0
0
1
0
0
1
21
5
1
0
2
Aug.
0
0
3
18
10
0
0
0
0
1
1
1
14
8
2
1
1
1
1
0
1
1
20
4
0
0
4
Sept.
0
0
3
17
10
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
13
12
1
0
1
1
1
0
0
1
18
4
1
0
5
Oct.
0
1
2
22
6
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
15
9
3
0
0
1
2
0
0
2
13
4
2
1
7
Nov.
0
0
2
12
16
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
14
9
3
0
1
0
2
0
1
1
13
3
2
0
8
Dec.
0
0
1
9
20
0
0
0
1
1
5
1
8
0
3
13
163
10
110
2
24
0
3
0
6
0
6
2
20
0
2
0
6
1
14
12
181
5
49
1
13
0
3
10
77
Year
0
2
31
167
155
2
1
1
6
SAN SALVADOB.
CHINCHOXO.
VIVI.
Month.
2
Lat. -6° 17'. Long. 14° 53'.
Height I860 ft.
Tears, 1885-86. Hours 9 : 3, £
.
Heig
Lat. —5° 9'. Long. 12° 3'.
ht 39 ft. Hours 6 : 2, 10, and 7 : 2, 9.
2$ Tears, 1874-76.
Lat. -4° 40'. Long. 13° 49'.
Height 374 ft.
1J Tears, 1882-83. Hours 7 : 2, 9.
N.
N.E
E.
S.E.
s.
s.w
w.
N.W
CA.
N.
N.E
E.
S.E.
s.
s.w
w.
N.W
CA.
N.
N.E
E.
S.E.
S.
s.w
w.
N.W
CA.
Jan.
1
1
1
1
4
8
7
2
6
1
4
6
1
4
8
6
0
1
1
1
1
1
0
16
5
1
5
Feb.
1
1
1
2
4
8
7
2
2
1
4
7
0
4
5
6
1
0
2
0
0
0
1
14
4
0
7
March
1
1
0
1
4
7
7
2
8
1
3
5
2
5
8
5
0
2
4
0
1
0
0
13
5
1
7
April
0
2
2
2
4
5
3
2
10
0
4
5
2
4
8
6
1
0
4
1
1
1
0
10
4
0
9
May
1
0
2
1
3
6
6
1
11
1
3
6
2
6
7
4
1
1
3
0
1
1
1
13
7
2
3
June
0
0
0
1
2
2
5
3
17
1
2
6
2
7
8
2
1
1
3
0
0
0
1
11
10
2
3
July
0
0
0
0
2
4
9
2
14
1
3
6
1
4
8
6
1
1
3
0
0
1
1
13
8
4
1
Aug.
0
1
0
1
1
6
8
2
12
1
2
7
1
7
8
3
1
1
4
0
0
0
1
14
10
1
1
Sept.
0
0
0
0
1
4
7
1
17
0
1
5
2
9
8
2
0
3
1
0
0
0
2
17
9
1
0
Oct.
1
0
0
1
1
2
5
2
19
0
1
5
2
10
9
1
1
2
1
0
0
1
1
18
9
0
1
Nov.
1
0
1
0
1
1
3
1
22
1
3
6
2
5
8
3
1
1
2
0
1
2
2
16
3
0
4
Dec.
0
0
1
2
1
1
3
1
21
22
160
0
8
4
34
6
70
4
21
7
72
8
93
1
45
0
8
1
14
1
29
1
3
1
6
1
8
1
11
13
168
5
79
0
12
8
49
Year
6
6
8
12
28
54
70
REPORT ON ATMOSPHERIC CIRCULATION.
151
S. PAUL DE LOANDA.
GONDOKORO.
TANGANIKA SEA.
Lat. —8° 49'. Long. 13° 7'.
Lat. 4° 55'. Long. 31° 28'.
Lat. -4° 0'. Long. 29° 0'.
Height 194 ft.
Height 1526 ft.
Height 2460 ft.
3 Tears, 1879-81. Hours 9, N. : 3, 9.
3-4 Tears, 1853-54, 80. Hours various
1$ Tears, 1880-82. Hours (?)
N.
N.E
E.
S.E.
s.
s.w
w.
N.W
CA.
N.
N.E
E.
S.E.
s.
s.w
w.
N.W
CA.
N.
N.E
E.
S.E.
s.
S.W
w.
N.W
CA.
Jan.
3
1
1
1
3
5
12
4
1
1
1
19
1
2
1
4
2
3
11
11
0
1
0
0
0
4
Feb.
2
1
1
1
2
3
14
3
1
1
1
5
2
11
3
5
0
...
1
3
9
0
0
0
0
1
5
March
2
1
1
1
3
4
14
4
1
1
2
7
2
11
5
3
0
7
4
0
1
0
2
4
1
12
April
2
1
1
1
4
3
11
4
3
1
2
7
1
13
1
3
2
7
1
1
0
2
2
2
0
15
May
3
1
1
0
4
4
11
3
4
2
3
3
1
18
1
3
0
5
1
1
0
4
0
10
0
10
June
2
1
1
1
3
4
10
4
4
0
1
0
2
23
1
1
2
...
2
1
2
0
6
1
10
0
8
July
3
1
1
1
3
4
8
4
6
11
1
1
2
10
0
2
4
0
1
1
0
10
1
10
0
8
Aug.
2
1
1
1
4
3
10
4
5
8
7
3
0
8
2
1
2
1
2
1
0
10
1
8
0
8
Sept.
2
0
0
1
3
3
12
4
5
8
-5
8
0
6
0
2
1
...
5
2
0
1
8
0
7
0
7
Oct.
1
0
0
1
3
3
17
3
3
10
8
1
0
8
1
2
1
Nov.
2
0
1
0
2
4
15
4
2
10
10
3
1
4
0
2
0
Dec.
2
1
0
1
4
6
11
3
3
14
67
11
52
0
57
0
12
6
120
0
15
0
28
0
14
0
1
18
0
1
0
3
3
5
Year
26
9
9
10
38
46
li:<
44
38
KAKOMA AND IGONDA.
KUBAGO.
MOSLNG.
Lat. -5° 40'. Long. 32" 35'.
Lat. -5° 24'. Long. 33° 33'.
Lat. -20° 58'. Long. 24° 28.
Height 3675 f L
Height 4265 ft.
Height (?) ft.
1 Tear, 1881-82. Hour : 2.
1J Tears, 1880-81. Hours (?)
1 Tear, 1873-74. Hours (?)
N.
N.E
E.
S.E.
s.
s.w
w.
N.W
CA.
N.
N.E
E.
S.E.
S.
s.w
w.
N.W
CA.
N.
N.E
E.
S.E.
s.
s.w
w.
N.W
CA.
Jan.
0
11
5
0
0
2
6
0
7
9
1
1
7
8
2
1
1
1
0
0
2
0
0
10
9
10
0
Feb.
1
3
1
0
1
2
3
4
13
2
2
0
0
20
2
1
0
1
0
1
1
0
0
5
5
14
0
March
1
3
2
2
2
3
1
3
14
3
1
0
15
10
1
1
0
0
0
8
3
0
0
4
6
7
0
April
1
1
3
5
5
2
0
0
13
0
1
2
6
15
2
0
1
3
2
3
7
1
0
2
12
3
0
May
1
1
4
8
5
1
0
0
11
1
1
1
4
15
3
1
0
5
1
3
16
2
2
1
2
3
1
June
0
2
3
9
12
3
0
0
1
2
2
0
4
8
3
1
0
10
0
2
20
0
0
2
5
1
0
July
0
1
3
15
3
6
1
0
2
7
1
1
0
2
1
3
0
16
0
5
13
1
0
2
7
2
1
Aug.
0
1
4
12
2
4
0
1
7
6
2
2
2
1
1
0
1
16
0
3
11
3
0
3
8
0
0
Sept.
1
1
4
12
4
3
0
0
5
0
4
7
0
0
5
10
3
1
Oct.
1
1
2
20
2
1
0
0
4
0
5
9
3
0
5
7
1
1
Nov.
0
2
4
14
2
0
3
1
4
3
1
0
2
4
2
3
3
0
4
6
2
1
0
6
3
8
0
Dec.
1
1
3
2
4
1
6
4
9
0
5
2
0
4
10
4
4
2
0
7
1
41
2
93
0
11
0
2
3
48
10
84
10
62
2
6
Year
7
28
38
99
42
28
20
13
90
WALFISCHBAT.
PORT NOLLOTH.
CAPE TOWN.
Lat. —22° 56'. Long. 14° 26'.
Lat. —29° 15'. Long. 16° 52'.
Lat. -33° 56'. Long. 18° 27'.
Height 10 ft.
Height (?) ft.
Height 37 ft. Hours various.
1 Tear, 1885-86. Hours 7: 1, 9.
5 Months, 1876-77. Hours 8 : 8.
18 Tears, 1842-55, 62-65.
N.
N.E
E.
S.E.
8.
s.w
w.
N.W
CA.
N.
N.E
E.
S.E.
s.
s.w
w.
N.W
CA.
N.
N.E.
E.
S.E.
s.
s.w
w.
N.W
CA.
Jan.
5
2
1
0
1
7
9
3
3
1
0
0
2
21
1
2
4
...
Feb.
6
0
0
0
2
5
10
2
3
1
0
0
2
18
1
2
4
March
4
0
1
0
5
8
7
2
4
1
0
1
2
17
1
3
6
April
1
1
2
0
10
9
1
1
5
2
0
0
3
14
2
3
6
May
1
1
4
2
4
9
4
0
6
3
0
0
2
13
1
3
9
June
0
1
4
0
8
9
4
1
3
5
0
0
1
9
3
4
8
July
1
3
4
0
4
7
4
0
8
5
0
0
1
12
2
4
7
Aug.
3
2
3
0
2
12
3
1
5
1
0
1
10
0
1
1
2
0
3
0
0
2
11
2
5
8
Sept.
8
1
1
0
1
8
3
2
6
0
0
2
16
0
2
1
5
0
2
0
0
2
12
2
5
7
Oct.
7
2
1
1
1
12
2
2
3
0
0
2
9
2
2
2
4
0
2
0
0
1
14
2
6
6
Nov.
8
1
2
0
0
8
3
1
7
0
0
1
2
0
1
1
1
0
2
0
0
2
17
1
3
5
Dec.
5
2
1
0
1
39
11
105
(i
56
0
15
5
58
0
0
0
4
2
2
3
0
1
1
28
0
0
0
1
3
23
20
178
1
19
3
43
3
73
-ILL
Year
49
16
24
3
152
THE VOYAGE OF H.M.S. CHALLENGER.
CLANWILLIAM.
KIMBEELET.
ALIWAL NORTH.
Month.
Lat. —32° 10'. Long. 18° 53'.
Lat. —28° 48'. Long. 25° 2'.
Lat. —30° 43'. Long. 26° 43'.
Height 300 ft.
Height 4060 ft.
Height 4400 ft.
Tear 1876-77. Hours 8 : 8.
2 Tears, 1876, 82. Hours 8 : 8.
4 Tears, 1876-77, 79-82. Hours 8 : 8.
N
N.F
e.
S.E.
s.
s.w
w.
N.W
CA.
N.
N.E
E.
S.E.
s.
s.w
w.
N.W
CA.
N.
N.E
E.
S.E.
s.
s.w
w.
N.W
CA.
Jan.
1
5
7
10
2
3
1
2
7
10
2
1
4
1
3
3
0
2
1
0
14
1
0
4
6
3
Feb.
1
3
2
9
6
1
2
4
5
9
6
0
1
1
2
3
1
1
2
0
12
0
0
1
6
6
March
2
2
6
3
5
2
1
10
6
10
7
2
2
2
1
1
0
1
3
1
12
0
1
0
2
11
April
1
2
1
5
5
2
3
11
5
4
6
1
7
2
1
2
2
1
1
1
11
0
0
1
4
11
May
1
1
1
3
6
1
3
15
...
4
4
7
1
8
2
2
1
2
1
1
0
7
0
1
0
4
17
June
2
1
6
6
7
0
0
8
...
8
7
3
2
6
1
2
1
0
1
1
0
6
0
0
0
6
16
July
1
1
5
9
3
7
1
4
6
5
11
1
3
1
2
1
1
1
1
0
5
0
1
0
6
17
Aug.
1
1
4
6
7
4
2
6
9
7
3
1
5
2
2
1
1
1
1
0
6
1
0
1
7
14
Sept.
10
5
3
2
4
2
2
2
0
0
1
0
9
0
1
0
7
12
Oct.
0
5
8
5
6
3
1
3
...
6
3
3
1
5
4
4
3
2
1
1
0
10
1
1
1
9
7
Nov.
0
1
10
3
1
1
8
6
10
4
4
2
2
2
4
1
1
1
2
0
10
1
1
1
6
8
Dec.
2
2
3
8
4
2
3
7
11
87
4
72
2
57
1
15
4
51
4
24
3
28
1
20
1
11
2
13
2
17
1
3
11
113
2
6
1
7
1
10
7
70
4
126
Year
PORT ELIZABETH.
GRAHAM'S TOWN.
FORT NAPIER.'
Month.
Lat. —33° 57'. Long. 25° 37'.
Lat. -33° 20'. Long. 26° 33'.
Lat. —29° 3'. Long. 30° 2'.
Height 181 ft.
Height 1800 ft.
Height 2300 ft.
4 Tears, 1876-77, 79-82. Hours 8 : 8.
4j
■ Tears, 1854-59. Hours 9J : 3 J.
15 Tears, 1870-84. Hours 9 : 3.
N.
N.E
E.
S.E.
s.
s.w
w.
N.W
CA.
N.
N.E
E.
S.E.
s.
s.w
w.
N.W
CA.
N.
N.E
E.
S.E.
s.
S.W
w.
N.W
CA.
Jan.
0
1
5
5
1
5
11
1
2
0
3
4
9
3
9
2
1
1
8
11
5
1
1
1
1
2
Feb.
0
1
5
4
1
3
9
2
3
1
2
2
8
3
7
2
3
...
1
6
11
5
1
1
0
1
2
March
1
1
3
5
1
4
10
2
4
1
3
2
8
3
8
1
5
...
1
6
10
6
1
1
0
1
5
April
1
3
4
2
2
2
9
3
4
1
2
2
4
2
9
3
7
1
6
10
5
1
0
1
1
5
May
2
7
4
2
1
5
5
4
1
1
1
1
2
1
8
3
14
. ,
1
5
11
5
1
1
1
1
5
June
2
7
2
2
0
2
8
4
3
1
1
0
1
1
6
5
15
...
1
5
9
5
2
1
1
1
5
July
2
8
3
3
0
2
6
4
3
1
1
0
1
1
7
6
14
1
5
10
5
2
1
1
1
5
Aug.
3
4
3
3
1
3
9
4
1
0
2
2
2
1
9
5
10
1
5
10
4
1
1
1
2
6
Sept.
2
2
4
4
1
3
10
3
1
1
3
3
3
2
9
4
5
1
6
10
4
2
0
1
2
4
Oct.
1
1
4
6
1
2
11
4
1
1
3
3
5
5
9
2
3
■ ••
1
7
10
6
1
0
1
2
3
Nov.
1
2
3
5
1
5
10
2
1
0
2
4
8
4
7
3
2
1
6
9
6
1
1
1
2
3
Dec.
1
1
4
4
1
3
12
2
3
1
2
3
8
5
9
1
2
1
12
8
73
11
122
4
60
1
15
0
8
1
10
1
16
4
49
Year
16
38
44
45
11
39
110
35
27
9
25
26
59
31
97
37
81
...
PIETEEMAR1TZBUBG.
LODEENgO MARQUES.
TAMATAVE.
Lat. —29° 30'. Long. 30° 2'.
Lat. —25° 28'. Long. 32° 37'.
Lat. 18° 3'. Long. 49° 11'.
Height 2096 ft.
Height 16 ft.
Height 0 ft.
6 Tears, 1860-65. Hours 9 : 3.
li
Tears, 1876-78. Hours 8, N. : 8.
3 Months, 1863. Hours 9 : 4.
N.
N.E
E.
S.E.
s.
s.w
w.
N.W
CA.
N.
N.E
E.
S.E.
s.
s.w
w.
N.W
CA.
N.
N.E
E.
S.E.
s.
s.w
w.
N.W
CA.
Jan.
2
3
10
9
4
1
1
1
0
1
5
7
5
6
2
0
2
3
Feb.
2
3
8
10
3
1
0
1
0
2
2
5
5
5
2
0
3
4
March
2
2
10
9
4
2
1
0
1
1
3
4
8
7
2
0
3
3
April
2
3
7
8
4
3
2
1
0
4
3
5
4
5
1
0
1
7
May
1
2
8
6
6
5
3
1
0
6
4
4
3
3
2
1
3
5
June
1
2
7
5
5
5
4
1
0
3
2
5
5
3
2
0
3
7
July
2
2
7
5
6
5
3
1
0
1
2
fi
7
4
1
0
1
9
Aug.
2
2
9
7
5
3
1
2
0
3
4
7
5
2
0
0
2
8
2
0
1
3
15
10
0
0
...
Sept.
2
3
7
8
4
3
1
2
0
4
3
3
6
8
1
0
2
3
2
2
0
2
10
8
2
4
...
Oct.
2
2
9
9
4
1
2
2
0
4
4
5
4
7
2
0
1
4
3
10
1
6
5
6
0
0
...
Nov.
2
2
9
9
5
1
0
2
0
4
5
5
5
6
2
0
1
2
Dec.
2
3
10
10
3
1
1
1
0
3
36
6
43
6
62
5
62
7
63
1
18
0
1
2
24
1
56
Year
22
29
101
95
52
31
20
15
1
REPORT ON ATMOSPHERIC CIRCULATION.
153
REUNION.
MAURITIUS.
SOMERSET, CAPE YORK.
Month.
Lat. —20° 50'. Long. 52° 15'.
Lat. —20° C. Long. 57° 33'.
Lat. —10° -14'. Long. 142° 3G'.
Height SI ft.
Heieht 30 ft.
Height 70 ft.
3 Tears, 1883-85. llonrs 9J : 3}.
G Tears, 1853-59. llours 9.J : 3?
2} Tears, 18lio-G7. Hours 9: 3, 9.
N.
N.E
E.
S.E.
s.
s.\v
W.
x.w
CA.
N.
N.E
E.
S.E.
s.
s.w
w.
N.W
CA.
N.
N.E
E.
S.E.
s.
s.w
w.
N.W
CA.
Jan.
0
1
G
14
5
1
2
1
1
2
G
12
G
1
1
1
2
0
4
1
2
1
0
1
3
17
2
Feb.
0
1
5
10
3
1
1
0
1
1
3
7
9
0
1
2
5
0
2
2
4
2
1
2
3
8
4
March
0
1
4
15
7
1
2
1
0
1
4
11
9
1
1
1
3
0
1
1
10
7
1
1
1
G
3
April
0
0
5
14
6
1
1
1
2
1
4
12
9
0
1
1
2
0
1
1
10
14
1
1
1
1
0
May-
0
0
4
1G
8
1
1
1
0
1
2
9
13
2
1
1
2
0
0
0
13
17
1
0
0
0
0
June
1
0
4
1G
4
1
2
1
1
1
1
9
12
3
1
1
1
1
0
0
10
17
2
1
0
0
0
July
0
0
4
1G
7
2
2
0
0
1
0
9
1G
2
0
1
1
1
0
0
G
22
2
1
0
0
0
Aug.
1
0
4
l'J
4
1
1
1
0
1
1
10
15
1
0
1
2
0
0
0
7
22
2
0
0
0
0
Sept.
0
0
5
18
6
0
1
0
0
1
2
9
12
2
0
2
2
0
0
0
11
16
1
1
0
1
0
Oct.
0
0
8
13
5
1
2
1
1
1
2
13
11
1
0
1
2
0
1
0
12
1G
1
0
1
0
0
Nov.
1
0
5
1G
5
0
1
1
1
2
4
11
5
1
1
2
4
0
1
3
17
7
0
0
0
2
0
Dec.
1
0
4
15
e
GG
2
12
1
17
1
9
1
8
2
15
5
34
13
125
4
121
1
15
0
7
2
1G
3
29
1
o
0
1
11
0
8
8
110
3
11!
1
13
3
11
2
11
9
44
4
13
Year
4
3
58
188
S WEEKS ISLAND.
BRISBANE.
SYDNEY.
ilONTII.
Lat. —15° 0'. Lou?. 13'i° 0'.
Lat. —27° 28'. Long. 153° G'.
Lat. -33° 52'. Long. 151° 11'.
Height 33 ft.
Height 130 It.
Height 155 ft
2} Tears, 1SG8-71. Hours 9 : 3, 9.
8 Tears, 18G7-75. Hours 9:3,9.
9 Tears, 18U7-75. Hourly.
N.
N.E
E.
S.E.
s.
s.w
w.
N.W
CA.
N.
N.E
E.
S.E.
s.
s w
w.
N.W
CA.
N.
N.E
E.
S.E.
s.
s.w
w.
N.W
CA.
Jan.
10
G
4
1
1
1
2
6
3
11
5
G
3
1
1
1
2
7
G
4
7
2
2
1
Feb.
9
4
1
3
2
2
2
5
...
1
8
3
8
5
2
0
1
2
5
5
4
7
2
2
1
March
5
G
4
G
3
3
2
2
...
1
7
4
8
7
2
1
1
...
3
6
5
5
5
3
2
2
April
2
7
1
17
0
1
1
1
■ ■■
1
4
3
5
9
6
2
0
■ ■■
4
3
2
2
o
O
4
7
5
May
0
0
5
17
6
2
0
1
1
1
1
3
9
10
4
2
•*.
3
1
1
2
o
O
3
11
7
June
4
4
5
8
G
1
1
1
1
2
1
3
8
9
5
1
...
3
2
1
1
1
3
12
7
...
July
1
2
5
13
8
0
1
1
1
2
1
3
7
10
5
2
2
1
1
1
2
4
13
7
...
Aug.
5
S
7
10
4
0
1
1
1
7
1
2
7
7
5
1
...
3
2
1
1
2
4
11
7
...
Sept.
10
5
3
2
4
2
2
2
• **
2
6
2
3
G
5
4
2
3
4
3
2
3
3
7
5
...
Oct.
15
3
3
0
1
1
4
4
6
9
3
3
3
2
2
3
...
3
G
4
2
G
3
4
3
...
Nov.
12
3
2
2
1
1
3
G
5
10
3
4
3
2
1
2
...
2
6
5
3
6
3
3
2
Dec.
12
,5
4
1
1
1
3
4
5
28
12
79
3
30
3
51
3
70
2
58
1
31
2
18
...
3
33
G
49
5
39
5
32
G
51
2
3G
2
76
2
49
— —
Year
85
48
44
80
37
15
22
34
...
WINDSOR.
MELBOURNE.
EUCLA.
Month.
Lat, —33° 30'. LoBg. 150° 49'.
Lat. —37° 50'. Long. 144° 50'.
Lat. —31° 45'. Long. 128° 58'.
Height 53 ft.
Height 91 ft.
Height 7 ft.
14 Tears,18Go-7G. Hours 9 : 3.
8 Tears, (?) Hourly.
3 Tears, 1880-82. Hours 9 : 3.
N.
N.E
E.
S.E.
s.
s.w
w.
N.W
CA.
N.
N.E
E.
S.E.
s.
s.w
w.
N.W
CA.
In.
N.E
E.
S.E.
s.
s.w
w.
N.W
CA.
Jan.
1
6
9
2
4
2
2
2
2
1
1
6
11
G
2
2
0
1 1
1
7
10
7
3
1
1
0
Feb.
1
6
2
5
2
7
1
1
3
2
1
2
5
7
G
2
3
0
1
1
6
14
5
1
0
0
0
March
1
5
3
7
2
7
2
1
8
4
1
3
4
7
6
2
4
0
3
1
G
11
5
3
1
1
0
April
1
4
1
3
2
9
2
2
G
5
2
3
4
4
3
1
7
1
G
2
7
G
2
1
2
2
2
May
1
5
1
2
1
8
4
4
5
8
4
6
3
2
2
1
5
0
8
1
3
3
3
5
4
3
1
June
1
6
1
1
1
G
4
5
5
9
4
5
2
2
1
1
G
0
10
1
2
2
3.
2
4
4
2
July
2
6
0
2
1
8
4
4
4
8
4
4
3
2
2
1
G
1
110
1
2
4
3
3
3
4
1
Aug.
2
5
2
2
2
6
5
4
3
7
4
4
4
3
1
1
7
0
1 8
2
3
3
2
5
4
2
2
Sept.
2
G
2
2
1
6
3
G
2
6
4
7
4
3
1
1
4
0
i &
1
4
5
5
G
1
3
0
Oct.
1
8
3
4
2
5
2
3
3
4
3
5
6
C
2
1
3
1
1 3
1
G
8
5
4
3
1
0
Nov.
1
5
4
5
3
5
2
3
2
2
1
4
6
8
4
2
3
0
i 1
1
5
12
3
4
2
1
1
Dec.
1
7
3
8
3
4
1
3
1
2
1
4
7
9
4
2
2
0
! 2
58
1
14
5
5G
13
91
5
48
3
40
0
25
1
23
1
10
Year
15
G9
25
50
22
75
32
38
39
59
30
4S
54
64
38
17
52
3
(PHYS. CHEM. CHALL. EXP. PART V. 1888.)
26
154
THE VOYAGE OF H.M.S. CHALLENGER.
ADKLAIDE.
PORT DARWIN.
ALICE SPRINGS.
Lat 34° 57'. Lone. 138" 35'.
Lat. —12° 28'. Long. 130° 51'.
Lat. —23° 38'. Long. 133° 37'.
Month.
Height 140 ft. UoursM.3, fi,9,N.:3,6,9.
Height 70 ft.
Height 2100 ft.
7 Years, 1S7G-S2.
3 Years, 1880-82. Hours 9: 3.
3 Years, 18S0-82. Hours 9: 3.
M V
F,
S.E
s.
s\v
w.
*.w
CA.
N.
N'.E
E.
S.E.
s.
S.W
w.
N.W
CA.
N.
N.E
E.
S.E.
s.
S.W
\v.
N.W
CA.
1
?
3
5
9
7
3
l
1
0
0
9
1
2
1
18
6
1
1
1
6
1
2
0
2
17
Feb.
1
3
3
5
7
5
3
1
0
1
1
2
0
1
0
17
6
0
1
1
17
0
1
0
1
8
9
3
3
ft
8
fi
3
l
0
2
0
1
1
0
3
M
10
0
1
1
16
1
0
0
1
11
April
May
June
3
5
3
3
ft
ft
4
2
0
1
0
13
1
0
1
5
9
0
1
0
15
1
1
0
1
11
7
6
?,
9
4
4
3
3
0
2
0
22
0
0
0
2
5
1
1
1
13
0
1
1
2
11
8
G
2
1
3
4
4
2
0
0
0
25
1
0
0
1
3
0
0
0
15
0
0
1
1
13
July
Aug.
8
7
2
5>
3
3
4
2
1
0
0
24
1
0
0
1
4
0
0
1
16
0
0
0
2
12
7
7
1
1
2
4
5
4
1
3
0
11
0
0
0
5
11
1
1
1
10
0
1
0
2
15
Sept.
Oct.
4
4
1
2
ft
6
5
3
3
1
0
9
1
0
1
6
9
0
1
1
14
0
1
0
3
10
3
4
2
2
5
8
5
2
1
1
1
7
1
0
2
6
12
0
2
1
13
1
1
0
G
7
Nov.
9,
2
2
2
6
10
ft
1
3
1
0
5
1
1
2
12
5
1
2
2
11
1
0
0
2
11
Dec.
1
2
3
3
7
10
4
1
2
12
1
13
1
3
7
128
1
9
0
4
2
12
11
98
6
86
1
5
2
13
2
12
16
162
1
5
1
9
1
3
2
25
5
131
Year
47
51
27
33
64
72
48
23
FEEEMANTLE.
KENT'S GROUP.
HOBART TOWN.
Month.
Lat. 33° 2'. Long. 115° 45'.
Lat. —39° 29'. Long. 147° 25'.
Lat. —42° 52'. Long. 147" 21.
Height 16 ft.
Height 280 ft.
Height 37 ft.
3
Years, 1853-5.5. Hours 9} : 3|.
5 Years, 18G1-6G. Hours 6, N.: 6.
5} Years, 1861-G7. Hours 6, N. : 6.
N.
N.E
E.
S.E.
s.
s.w
w.
N.W
CA.
N.
S.E
E.
S.E.
S.
s.w
w.
N.W
CA.
N.
N.E
E.
S.E.
S.
S.W
w.
N.W
CA.
Jan.
0
6
5
7
5
8
0
1
2
5
4
1
1
7
10
1
4
2
2
7
2
4
3
7
Feb.
0
3
5
6
2
9
3
1
■ ■■
2
4
5
1
0
6
9
1
3
2
1
8
2
3
2
7
March
0
6
3
8
2
8
2
2
3
5
5
1
1
G
8
2
4
1
2
7
3
2
2
10
...
April
May
0
4
5
8
4
4
2
3
4
4
3
2
1
4
9
3
3
2
1
5
2
4
2
11
1
6
9
8
1
4
0
2
4
3
2
1
1
5
10
5
4
2
1
2
2
4
2
14
June
1
13
6
4
2
1
1
2
2
4
4
2
1
4
9
4
4
1
1
1
1
3
4
15
July
1
8
2
2
4
5
2
7
3
2
2
3
2
4
11
4
5
1
1
2
2
3
3
14
Aug.
1
8
3
2
1
5
4
7
3
4
2
2
1
6
9
4
4
2
1
3
2
4
2
13
Sept.
1
3
7
2
3
4
8
2
3
3
2
0
1
4
14
3
4
2
1
3
2
3
3
12
...
Oct.
1
4
3
3
7
4
6
3
3
o
O
4
2
1
4
12
2
4
2
1
6
2
4
2
10
Nov.
0
1
7
1
4
10
4
3
3
3
3
1
0
5
13
2
3
3
1
G
1
3
3
10
Dec.
0
1
5
2
4
12
ft
2
2
34
4
44
3
39
1
17
1
11
5
60
13
127
2
33
3
45
2
22
3
16
9
59
2
23
2
39
2
30
8
131
Year
6
62
60
52
39
74
37
35
POET ARTHUR.
AUCKLAND.
SOUTHLAND.
Month.
Lat. —43° 9'. Long. 147° 54'.
Lat. — 3G° 50'. Long. 174° 51'.
Lat. — 4G° 17'. Long. 1G8° 20'.
Height 55 ft.
Height 258 ft. Hours 9i : 3J.
Height 79 ft. Hours 9:3,7.
5
Years, 1861-GG. Hours 0, N. : C.
8 Years, 1853-59, 1SGG-G7.
8 Years, 1858-GG, 18GG-G7.
N.
N.E
E.
S.E.
s.
s.w
w.
N.W
CA.
N.
N.E
E.
S.E.
s.
s.w
w.
N.W
CA.
N.
N.E
E.
S.E.
s.
s.w
w.
N.W
CA.
Jan.
1
6
1
8
2
6
3
4
2
7
2
2
4
9
3
2
1
0
3
9
0
1
8
9
...
Feb.
1
4
2
7
2
5
3
4
3
6
1
2
3
8
2
3
1
0
2
8
0
0
10
7
March
1
5
1
7
2
5
2
8
:;
6
3
4
3
7
2
3
1
0
2
6
0
1
11
10
...
April
1
4
0
5
2
8
2
8
2
4
9
4
3
10
2
3
1
0
2
4
1
0
11
11
May
2
2
0
3
2
7
3
12
1
3
1
3
4
10
4
5
1
0
4
2
0
0
9
15
June
2
3
1
1
2
6
6
9
1
4
3
4
4
7
4
3
2
0
5
2
0
1
8
12
...
July
0
1
1
2
1
6
6
14
2
5
3
4
5
7
2
3
2
1
7
4
0
0
5
12
. ■•
Aug.
4
2
1
2
2
8
5
7
1
5
3
4
3
9
2
4
1
0
4
3
0
1
10
12
Sept.
4
3
0
3
3
6
5
6
2
6
2
2
2
ft
4
7
2
0
6
6
1
1
6
8
Oct.
2
5
1
C
3
6
4
4
2
4
1
1
3
10
6
4
1
0
2
9
0
1
9
9
Nov.
2
3
1
5
3
5
5
6
2
3
2
0
3
10
6
4
1
0
3
8
1
1
8
8
Dec.
1
6
2
10
2
5
2
3
5
26
6
59
1
24
1
31
4
41
7
99
4
41
3
44
1
15
0
1
3
43
9
70
1
4
1
8
9
104
7
120
—
Year
21
44
11
59
26
73
46
85
REPORT ON ATMOSPHERIC CIRCULATION.
155
AUCKLAND ISLAND.
CHATHAM.
HATZFELDTHAFEN.
Mourn.
Lat. —50° 32'. Long. 16G° 5\
Lat. —43° 52'. Long. 176° 42'.
Lat. —4° 54'. Long. 145° 1 1'.
Height 10 ft.
Height 100 ft.
Height 7 ft.
5 Months, 1874-75. Hours various.
2 Tears, 1880-81. Hour 9J:
7 Months, 188G-87. Hours 7:1,9.
N.
>J.E
E. «
E.
s. s
.w
W. '
*.w
CA.
N.
k.i:
E. i
>.E.
s.
3.W
w.
•■i.w
CA.
N.
N.E
E.
S.E.
s.
s.w
w.
0
4
2
0
0
0
3
6
6
13
1
1
0
1
0
9
8
8
4
1
4
1
2
1
Nov.
3
4
1fi
ft
0
1
0
1
3
9
6
8
2
1
0
1
0
5
4
6
2
0
0
5
8
0
Dec.
2
5
18
2
1
0
1
2
3
46
5
8
10
2
2
0
1
0
2
21
7
67
4
87
0
26
0
19
1
30
4
46
12
56
1
13
Year
24
46
192
47
20
6
9
21
93|75
87 j 13
22 1 7
10 12
TONGATABU.
HONOLULU.
HONOLULU.
Lat. —21° 10'. Long. —174° 50'.
Lat. 21° 18'. Long. —157° 50'.
Lat. 21° 18'. Long. —157° 50'.
Height 0 ft.
Height 0 ft. Hours s.-k. : 2.
Height 52 ft.
3 Tears, 1872-74. Hours 4, 8, N. : etc
6 Tears, 1837-38, and 1869-72.
2 \ Tears, 1885-87. Hours 10 : 4.
N
N F
E.
S F
s.
s\\
w.
N.W
CA
N.
N.E
E.
S.E
s.
s.w
w.
N.W
CA.
N.
N.I
E.
S.E
s.
S.W
w.
N.W
CA.
Jan.
10
1?
9,
2
2
1
0
2
0
3
15
0
1
7
1
1
0
3
3
11
0
3
4
b
3
1
Feb.
7
8
3
9.
3
1
1
3
0
2
17
1
0
6
1
0
0
1
1
16
1
1
3
4
2
0
March
4
8
9
3
2
1
2
2
0
0
20
0
1
5
1
0
0
4
2
16
1
2
4
4
2
0
April
May
June
7
7
5
2
3
1
1
4
0
1
25
1
1
2
0
0
0
0
1
21
2
1
3
2
0
0
...
7
q
7
4
2
0
1
1
0
1
28
0
0
2
0
0
0
0
1
26
1
1
1
1
0
0
1
5
4
9
6
1
1
3
0
0
26
1
0
2
0
0
0
1
1
28
0
0
1
0
0
u
July
Aug.
Sept.
Oct.
fi
3
10
4
ft
1
1
1
0
0
28
1
0
1
0
0
0
1
1
29
1
0
0
0
0
0
4
4
4
4
9
0
1
1
4
0
28
0
0
2
0
0
0
1
0
27
1
1
2
0
0
0
fi
1
11
ft
ft
9.
0
0
0
0
29
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
2
26
1
1
0
0
0
0
4
7
13
4
1
0
0
2
0
1
18
2
1
7
0
0
0
2
3
21
1
1
2
1
0
Nov.
1
19
11
2
?,
0
0
0
2
1
18
1
1
6
1
0
2
0
1
21
0
1
3
2
1
1
Dec.
C
12
7
4
1
0
1
0
0
1
10
17
26!
0
) 8
0
5
10
50
1
5
1
2
0
2
1
14
4
20
lb
25!
1
i 10
0
12
ft
28
3
24
1
10
1
3
"
Year
63
88
86
45
41
8
9
19
6
156
THE VOYAGE OF H.M.S. CHALLENGER
EAST OF KOVA ZEMBLA.
KARMAKULI.
BEAU ISLAND.
Month.
Lat. 70" 37'. Lone;. 57° 0'.
Lat. 72" 23'. Long. 52° 42'.
Lat. 74° 52'. Long. 19° 57'.
Height 0 ft.
Height 23 ft.
Height 0 ft.
3J Tears, 1832-35 (irreg). Hour 8 :
1 Tear, 1882-83. Hourly.
1 Tear, 18G5-UU. Hours 8: 2, 8.
N
tf.E
E.
S.E
s.
s.w
w.
N.W
CA.
N.
N.E
E.
S.E.
s.
s.w
w.
N.W
CA.
N.
N.E
E.
S.E.
s.
s.w
w.
N.W
CA.
Jan.
7
5
1
3
5
2
3
2
3
2
2
7
8
3
2
0
1
6
1
11
12
4
2
1
0
0
0
Feb.
3
2
6
2
4
2
5
1
3
1
0
3
6
9
3
1
2
3
0
4
12
G
4
1
0
1
0
March
8
3
4
1
3
2
3
2
5
2
2
9
10
3
1
0
1
3
4
9
11
1
1
2
1
1
1
A pril
9
8
2
1
2
2
2
1
3
3
1
3
7
8
3
0
2
3
3
5
6
1
3
2
3
5
2
May
8
3
2
3
1
4
4
2
4
4
1
6
7
3
1
0
4
5
4
7
9
3
1
1
2
2
2
June
6
3
3
3
3
4
4
2
2
5
0
2
o
2
4
2
10
3
1
2
4
4
2
2
2
2
2
July
4
4
2
1
3
7
5
3
2
2
2
G
3
1
2
2
G
7
Aug.
6
n
O
1
2
3
3
6
3
4
3
2
6
3
2
3
1
5
6
7
4
1
1
2
1
4
3
4
Sept.
4
1
5
1
2
2
7
4
4
5
2
3
7
3
1
0
4
5
6
2
1
2
5
4
2
G
2
Oct.
4
2
3
5
6
4
4
2
1
3
2
5
9
5
3
1
3
0
3
12
7
2
1
2
2
2
0
Nov.
6
3
7
1
3
1
6
2
1
2
2
6
7
4
3
1
1
4
2
3
2
3
4
5
5
6
0
Dec.
4
2
7
3
G
4
1
1
3
3
35
4
20
3
59
5
74
6
49
4
30
0
8
1
40
5
50
1
11
12
4
2
1
0
0
0
Year
69
39
43
26
41
37
50
25
35
JAN MATEN.
SABINE ISLAND.
VAN EENSSELLER.
Lat. 70° 59'. Long:. — S° 28'.
Lat. 74° 32'. Long. —18° 49'.
Lat 78° 37'. Long. —70° 53'.
Height 35 ft.
Hoight 0 ft.
Height 0 ft.
1 Tear, 1882-83. Hourly.
1 Tear, 1SG0-70. Hourly.
1$ Tears, 1853-54. Hourly.
N.
N.E
E.
S.E.
s.
s.w
w.
N'.V
CA.
N.
N.E
E.
S.E.
s.
s.w
w.
N.W
CA.
N.
N.E
E.
S.E
s.
s.w
w.
N.W
CA.
Jan.
G
1
7
8
1
1
1
3
2
7
1
2
0
1
1
3
2
14
0
4
3
3
1
1
1
0
18
Feb.
2
2
8
10
2
u
1
3
0
9
0
1
1
3
2
3
2
7
1
5
3
3
0
1
0
0
15
March
8
1
3
4
2
1
2
8
2
14
0
1
0
<>
1
4
1
8
0
3
5
1
1
1
0
0
20
April
5
4
C
8
1
1
2
3
0
12
0
0
1
3
2
2
3
7
0
3
6
4
0
2
2
0
13
May
8
6
2
5
2
0
1
G
1
5
1
Q
0
2
7
1
3
1
8
0
2
3
4
0
6
3
0
13
June
4
1
0
11
4
1
0
5
1
7
2
4
2
3
1
1
1
9
0
0
0
2
1
7
1
0
19
July
C
3
1
12
1
0
1
G
1
3
1
3
3
4
2
1
1
13
0
1
1
2
1
3
1
0
22
Aug.
8
2
2
7
1
1
1
3
G
4
2
0
2
5
2
4
3
9
0
3
3
0
1
o
1
0
20
Sept.
4
1
7
7
3
1
1
G
0
11
1
1
0
1
2
1
3
10
1
2
2
4
1
1
1
1
17
Oct.
4
0
10
11
1
0
1
3
1
8
1
2
1
2
1
3
G
7
1
5
5
4
1
1
0
0
14
Nov.
6
2
G
10
1
0
1
3
1
14
0
1
0
1
0
4
4
G
1
3
2
2
1
1
1
0
19
Dec.
11
2
5
6
1
19
0
G
1
13
4
53
1
16
14
10S
0
9
1
19
1
13
4
3G
0
15
4
33
3
30
4
102
1
5
5
36
2
35
2
31
1
9
1
28
0
11
0
1
19
209
Year
72
25
65
99
UPEUNAVIK.
JACOBSHAVEN.
GODTHAAB.
Moniti.
Lat. 72° 47'. Long-. —55° 53'.
Lat. C9° 19'. Long. —50° 55'.
Lat. 04° 1 1'. L"n s. — 5C° 26'.
Height 3D ft.
Height 41 ft.
Height 37 ft.
12 Tears, 1874-85. Hours 8 : 2, 9.
12 Tear.*, 1874-85. Hours 8 : 2, 9.
12 Tears, 1874-S5. Hours 8 : 2, 9.
N.
N.E
E.
S.E
s.
s.w
w.
N.W
CA.
N.
N.E
E.
S.E.
s.
s.w
w.
N.W
CA
N.
N.E
E.
S.E.
s.
s.w
w.
N.W
CA.
Jan.
3
1
11
1
1
4
0
0
10
1
1
10
3
3
2
0
0
11
5
9
4
1
3
2
1
3
3
Feb.
3
2
11
0
1
o
0
0
8
1
1
7
2
4
2
0
0
11
G
7
3
1
3
1
1
4
2
March
2
2
9
1
1
7
1
0
8
1
1
5
O
4
3
0
1
13
0
7
3
1
5
2
1
3
3
April
4
2
7
1
1
4
0
0
11
4
1
3
3
4
2
1
1
11
5
7
3
1
4
2
1
2
5
May
6
2
5
1
1
4
0
1
11
5
1
4
2
2
2
1
1
13
5
7
2
0
6
3
1
2
5
June
V
1
3
1
1
5
1
1
10
5
1
2
2
2
3
3
1
11
4
5
1
0
6
4
2
3
5
July
7
1
2
1
0
5
1
13
3
1
2
2
2
2
2
2
15
2
4
1
0
8
5
2
3
G
Aug.
7
2
3
1
1
6
1
9
3
0
4
3
2
2
2
2
13
3
5
1
1
9
4
1
2
5
Sept.
4
2
5
2
1
4
1
10
3
1
6
3
2
2
1
1
11
2
7
3
0
8
2
1
1
fi
Oct.
3
1
14
2
1
4
1
4
2
1
14
3
2
1
0
0
8
3
8
5
1
6
2
1
1
4
Nov.
3
2
14
1
1
o
1
4
1
1
14
3
2
1
0
0
8
3
9
5
1
G
1
0
1
4
Dec.
3
2
13
1
1
3
1
8
G
104
1
1
13
3
3
2
24
0
10
0
9
8
133
i
4
48
9
84
5
36
1
8
4
6S
1
29
1
13
2
27
4
52
Year
52
20
97
13
11
52
8
30
11
84
32
32
REPORT ON ATMOSPHERIC CIRCULATION.
157
Month.
Jan.
Feb.
March
April
May
Juno
July
Aug.
Sept.
Oct.
Nov.
Dec.
FREDERIKSHAAB.
Lat. G2° 0'. Long. —49° 21'.
Height 0 tt.
4 Tears, 1S56-G0. Hour, N.
Year
n. n.e
7
G
5
2
1
0
121
34
S.E.
3
3
4
4
1
0
2
1
3
2
5
i_
32
s.w
4
4
5
C
5
9
7
5
10
8
7
3
73
N.W
1
1
1
0
0
2
1
2
3
1
0
0
12
CA.
5
5
5
8
8
1
7
6
0
6
7
5
0;;
IVIGTUT.
Lat. Gl° 12'. Long. -48° 11'.
Height 1G ft.
C Tears, 1880-85. Hours 8: 2, 0.
31
S.E
4
4
3
1
0
0
0
0
1
1
2
6
22
5.E.
5
4
5
5
4
3
1
3
4
5
4
■1
17
s.w
1
1
1
i>
2
2
2
1
1
0
1
J_
15
N.W
2
2
3
3
5
8
7
5
4
2
2
2
HOFFENTHAL.
Lat. 55° 27'. Long. -G0° 12'.
Height 25 ft.
3 Tears, 1882-84. Hours 8 : 2, 8.
45
CA.
IS
13
11
15
14
9
15
1G
11
17
17
1 I
17;;
N.E
0
0
1
2
2
2
7
4
2
1
2
j)_
23
s.w
5
3
3
2
3
4
2
3
3
5
3
_4_
40
N.W
6
(1
3
4
3
4
2
4
5
G
5
4
52 14
Month.
Jan.
Feb.
March
April
May
June
July
Aug.
Sept.
Oct.
Nor.
Dec.
ZOAR.
Lat. 5G°7\ Long. — Gl° 22'.
Height 31 ft.
3 Tears, 1882-84. Hours 8 : 2, 8.
Year
0
0
1
4
4
3
5
5
2
2
2
2
40
S.E,
0
1
2
.'
2
2
2
3
1
1
1
0^
17
s.w
1
1
1
1
1
1
2
1
2
2
1
\_
16
N.W
15
13
9
7
5
10
2
5
8
10
12
ii
L09
NAIN.
Lat. 50° 33'. Long. — Gl° 41'.
Height 14 ft.
3 Toars, 1882-84. Hours 8 : 2, I
38
N. N.E
1 1
11
S.W
2
3
5
2
2
4
3
3
3
2
3
_2_
34
3
4
8
11
11
K)
10S
N.W
5
G
5
5
2
G
2
4
7
G
G
6
SO
32
OKAK.
Lat. 57" 34'. Long. — 01° 5G'.
Height 25 ft.
3 Tears, 1882-84. Hours 8: 2, 8.
N'.E
0
0
3
4
5
5
10
7
4
3
2
_2
45
20
22
13
11
7
9
1
3
7
1 i
15
is
140
N.W
3
2
2
2
2
1
1
1
1
2
3
2
22
CA.
2
1
2
2
4
0
3
4
5
2
3
J_
29
Month.
Jan.
Feb.
March
April
May
Juuc
July
Aug.
Sept.
Oct.
Nov.
Dec.
Year
HEBItON.
Lat. 5S° 12'. Long. — G2° 21'.
Hoight 49 ft.
3 Tears, 1882-8). Hours 8 : 2, 8.
GG
S.E
2
1
2
2
3
5
G
G
4
1
s.w
5
G
G
4
2
3
2
2
3
3
5
6
17
N.W
3
1
1
5
3
3
1
3
5
7
5
9
KINGUA-FIOED.
Lat. GG° 3G'. Long. — CG° 5G\
Hoight 53 ft.
1 Tear, 1882-83. Hourly.
N'.E
1
2
4
3
2
2
2
1
3
9
4
ji_
3G
S.E.
0
1
4
2
2
3
3
2
2
1
3
J_
21
S.W
2
2
2
2
8
10
13
10
5
2
3
_8
G2
W. |N.W
1
1
0
1
0
1
1
2
1
1
1
J_
11
108
ASSISTANCE BAT.
Lat 74° 40'. Long. —91° 1G'.
Height Oft.
1 Tear, 1850-51. 4-hourly.
N.
WE
E.
S.E.
S.
s.w
w.
N.W
CA.
13
1
0
0
1
1
2
11
2
1?
5
1
1
1
1
0
5
2
10
5
2
2
1
0
1
G
4
5
3
3
G
5
1
0
5
2
5
1
1
5
3
3
4
8
1
4
4
0
0
0
10
9
3
0
1
0
2
7
5
G
5
3
2
4
3
3
2
4
7
1
0
1
2
4
4
2
3
3
5
4
3
9
3
2
O
0
2
1
4
G
1
7
4
4
5
1
2
1
4
2
10
4
1
0
3
1
1
9
2
182
37
23
33 29
3G
33
70
22
158
THE VOYAGE OP H.M.S. CHALLENGER
KEPDLSE BAT.
FORT KENNEDY.
OOGLAAMIE.
Month.
Lat. 66° 32'. Long. —86° 55'.-
Lat. 72° 1'. Long. —94° 14'.
Lat. 71° 23'. Long. —156° 40'.
Height 0 ft. Hours thrice daily.
Height 0 ft.
Height 17 ft.
3 Years, 1846-47, 1853-54.
1 Year, 1858-59. 4-hourly.
2 Years, 1881-83. Hourly.
N.
N.E
E.
S.E.
s.
s.w
w.
N.W
CA.
N.
N.E
E.
S.E.
s.
s.w
w.
N.W
CA.
N.
N.E
E.
S.E.
s. s.w
w.
N.w' CA.
Jan.
12
0
1
1
0
0
2
13
2
2
4
0
0
0
0
2
19
4
4
4
7
2
1
3
0
3
1
Feb.
8
0
0
1
1
1
4
9
4
0
3
1
0
0
0
7
13
4
3
2
2
2
3
7
6
2
1
March
15
1
0
1
1
0
2
9
2
0
9
1
1
0
0
2
8
10
1
3
4
5
4
5
7
2
0
April
9
2
1
5
2
0
3
5
3
4
11
4
0
0
0
3
3
5
3
2
4
5
3
3
6
3
1
May
10
2
4
1
1
1
4
5
3
5
4
1
0
0
0
9
7
5
3
9
7
3
2
4
2
1
0
June
7
2
3
4
1
1
2
6
4
2
7
2
0
0
1
2
12
4
6
8
7
3
0
2
2
2
0
July
9
3
3
2
0
1
3
5
5
1
6
2
1
0
2
4
11
4
4
6
8
3
2
4
3
1
0
Aug.
0
10
2
0
0
1
9
6
3
3
6
9
4
2
3
2
2
0
Sept.
6
1
3
3
1
1
3
7
5
5
6
1
2
2
3
7
3
1
3
5
8
3
3
3
2
3
0
Oct.
7
2
2
2
2
1
0
12
3
2
9
2
2
1
1
3
10
1
2
10
10
3
3
1
0
2
0
Nov.
7
1
2
2
1
0
2
12
3
1
7
2
0
0
0
1
16
3
1
10
9
3
2
1
1
:;
0
Dec.
16
1
1
0
1
1
1
7
3
0
22
4
80
2
20
0
6
0
3
1
9
3
52
16
121
5
49
3
36
6
71
5
80
4
40
3
28
2
88
4
41
2
26
2
5
Year
FORT CONFIDENCE.
FORT CONFIDENCE.
FORT GAURY.
Lat. GG° 40'. Long. —119° 0'.
Lat. G6° 40'. Long. —119° 0'.
Lat. 49° 51'. Lonsr. — 97° 7'.
Height (?) ft. Hours 18 times daily.
Height (?) ft.
Height 754 ft.
7 Months, 1848-49.
Oct. 1850— June 1851. Hours 9:1,9.
CJ Years, 1881-87. Hour 5i :
N.
N.E
E.
S.E.
s.
s.w
w.
N.W
CA.
N.
N.E
E.
S.E.
s.
s.w
w.
N.W CA.
N.
N.E
E.
S.E.
s.
s.w
w.
N.W
CA.
Jan.
2
4
8
2
1
3
5
3
3
3
1
8
2
2
1
3
3
8
9
1
0
2
6
3
2
6
2
Feb.
1
3
7
1
1
2
6
3
4
2
2
7
2
1
2
3
2
7
7
2
1
3
5
3
2
5
0
March
1
4
11
4
0
1
6
0
4
0
4
14
4
0
1
2
1
5
8
3
1
2
5
3
2
4
3
April
1
2
9
5
0
1
10
2
0
3
2
4
5
2
1
2
4
7
7
2
3
5
4
3
1
3
2
May
3
5
6
6
2
2
2
2
3
7
3
4
3
6
2
3
3
0
June
0
0
1
2
1
0
1
1
1
5
2
2
4
6
4
2
4
1
July
4
2
2
3
6
3
3
7
1
Aug.
5
3
2
3
5
5
2
4
2
Sept.
4
2
3
4
3
4
4
6
0
Oct.
2
11
9
6
0
0
1
0
2
2
4
13
7
1
1
0
1
2
5
3
2
4
5
4
3
5
0
Nov.
2
9
10
5
0
0
2
1
1
1
4
12
4
2
0
3
1
3
8
2
1
3
5
2
3
5
1
Dec.
1
6
16
2
1
1
1
0
3
1
6
12
1
1
0
2
1
7
5
74
2
27
1
22
3
39
5
61
3
39
2
29
8
60
2
14
Year
QU' APPELLE.
MEDICINE HAT.
MINNEDOSA.
Lat. 50° 44'. Long. —103° 42'.
Lat. 50° I'. Long. —110° 37'.
Lat. 50° 13'. Long. —99° 48'.
Height 2115 ft.
Height 2136 ft.
Height 1665 ft.
4 Tears, 1883-87. Hour 5 :
4 Years, 1883-87. Hour U:
4 Years, 1883-87. Hour 5 J :
N.
N.E
E.
S.E.
s.
s.w
w.
N.W
CA.
N.
N.E
E.
S.E.
s.
s.w
w.
N.W
CA.
N.
N.E
E.
S.E.
s.
s.w
w.
N.W CA.
Jan.
1
1
1
0
3
5
3
8
9
3
1
1
1
4
6
2
2
11
5
2
2
2
2
1
4
10
3
Feb.
O
1
2
2
3
5
1
6
8
2
3
1
1
3
3
2
3
10
3
4
3
1
1
0
5
8
3
March
1
4
2
2
4
5
2
6
5
1
2
4
2
6
4
3
1
8
2
3
4
1
1
1
4
6
9
April
2
4
1
2
7
2
1
3
8
2
3
4
2
4
2
2
2
9
5
5
3
2
1
2
3
3
6
May
a
3
2
3
4
4
3
4
5
2
1
7
1
4
2
5
2
7
4
4
4
2
1
2
4
5
5
June
l
2
3
3
6
4
2
4
5
2
2
3
2
2
4
3
1
11
2
6
4
2
1
3
2
3
7
July
l
1
2
2
5
5
3
4
8
2
2
4
4
3
3
4
3
6
2
4
5
3
1
1
5
6
4
Aug.
2
1
2
2
6
2
3
3
10
3
1
2
2
2
5
3
2
11
2
3
5
2
1
1
3
4
10
Sept.
1
1
1
1
6
4
6
4
6
3
1
1
1
3
5
2
4
10
1
2
5
2
1
2
4
6
7
Oct.
1
1
2
3
5
6
2
4
7
1
2
1
1
4
4
2
2
14
2
4
5
2
1
2
3
8
4
Nov.
1
1
1
2
5
6
3
5
6
2
1
0
1
3
3
4
2
14
2
3
4
3
1
1
4
9
3
Dec.
0
1
1
1
2
5
5
7
9
3
26
2
21
0
28
0
18
5
43
4
45
4
36
2
26
11
122
2
32
2
42
2
46
2
24
0
12
1
17
5
46
11
79
6
67
Year
14
21
20
23
56
53
34
58
86
REPORT ON ATMOSPHERIC CIRCULATION.
L59
SWIFT CUBRENT.
FOET EAE.
IKOGMET.
Moxm Lat 50° 21'- LoD"- -107° 33'-
Lat. G2° 39'. Long. —115° 44'.
Lat. 61° 47'. Long. — 1G1° 14'.
"™u Height 2439 ft.
Height 630 ft.
Height 75 ft Hours 8, N. : 4, M.
2 Year.-, 1885-8G. Hour 5 :
1 Year, 1882-83. Hours 9 : 3.
2 Years, 1843, 48-50, 53-54.
N. 1
*.E
E. S
.E.
s. .
i.W
w. 1
•I.W
CA.
N.
*I.E
E.
5.E.
s.
s.w
w.
>J.W CA.
N.
N.E
E.
3.E.
S. s.w
w.
N.W
CA.
Jan.
1
0
2
3
4
4
6
3
8
7
0
4
4
0
0
0
7
9
1
5
2
1
1
1
2
3
15
: Feb.
1
2
2
5
7
2
5
0
4
7
1
2
2
0
0
3
8
5
3
9
3
1
1
3
1
3
4
March
1
1
5
3
3
5
9
0
4
5
0
6
7
1
0
1
5
6
4
4
3
2
0
2
4
3
9
1 April
3
1
4
2
5
5
3
0
7
5
1
8
10
1
0
0
4
1
2
6
4
1
0
1
0
4
12
May
2
2
2
5
7
4
5
0
4
5
0
7
11
2
0
1
5
0
1
5
5
1
1
3
1
1
13
June
2
3
4
3
3
3
5
3
4
6
3
7
6
2
1
1
4
0
2
2
1
3
1
4
3
3
11
July
1
0
2
5
5
3
3
2
10
4
2
C
8
3
1
2
4
1
4
8
3
0
0
4
5
4
3
Aug.
1
4
1
2
6
4
3
2
8
4
2
7
5
3
1
2
5
2
1
3
3
0
9
7
0
4
4
Sept.
0
0
1
2
10
3
5
5
4
7
3
6
6
1
0
2
5
0
1
7
6
3
1
0
1
2
9
Oct.
1
0
2
1
16
6
0
2
3
4
2
6
6
4
2
1
5
1
1
3
6
1
1
1
1
3
14
Nov.
2
2
0
0
7
7
6
4
2
5
3
3
4
2
2
1
5
5
2
5
1
2
0
1
2
2
15
Dec.
1
2
0
2
71
so ;
4
50,
8
58
3
24
4
62
6
65
1
18
3
65
3
72
2
21
1
8
1
15
6
8
2
24
4
61
3
40
2
17
1
16
3
30
1
21
2
34
13
122
Year
16
17
25
33
63 38
PORT WEANGEL.
SITKA.
TONGASS.
Month.
Lat. 50° 16'. Long. —132° 2D'.
Lat. 57° 3'. Long. —135° 19'.
Lat. 64° 46'. Long. —130° 30'.
Heijrht 30 ft.
Height 15 ft. Hours various.
Height 30 ft.
3J Years, 1869-7G. Hours 7 : 2, 9.
30 Years, 1833-34, 65-G4, G7-76.
2
Years, 1868-70. Hours 7 : 2, 9.
N.
N.E
E.
S.E.
s.
s.w
w.
N.W
CA.
N.
N.E
E.
S.E.
s.
s.w
w.
N.W CA.
N.
N.E
E.
S.E.
s.
s.w
w.
N.W
CA.
Jan.
3
9
9
2
2
0
1
4
1
5
5
6
4
2
1
2
1
5
4
9
4
6
4
1
0
0
3
Feb.
3
12
5
4
0
1
0
3
0
3
5
7
3
2
2
2
1
3
3
6
5
6
4
1
1
0
2
March
3
8
9
4
4
0
1
2
0
3
4
7
3
2
2
2
2
6
6
5
5
6
5
1
0
1
2
April
1
4
6
7
5
1
3
2
1
3
4
5
4
3
3
2
2
4
4
1
4
7
8
1
2
0
3
May
1
3
8
6
4
1
2
2
4
2
2
5
4
5
4
3
3
3
3
3
4
5
7
1
3
1
4
June
1
3
2
3
3
2
4
3
9
1
1
4
3
5
5
5
3
3
2
3
1
5
12
2
1
1
3
July
1
1
3
G
3
1
7
4
5
1
1
2
2
5
6
5
3
6
1
0
0
9
13
2
1
3
2
Aug.
0
2
3
5
5
2
5
2
7
1
1
3
3
4
5
4
3
7
1
1
1
7
16
2
1
1
1
Sept.
2
1
7
6
3
1
4
3
3
2
1
5
4
4
3
3
2
6
4
1
4
4
12
1
1
3
O
Oct.
3
6
4
4
3
1
2
6
2
2
2
8
7
3
2
2
1
4
5
4
3
9
6
2
0
1
1
Nov.
4
7
4
1
5
1
1
3
4
3
4
8
5
2
2
2
1
3
4
6
6
6
5
1
0
1
1
Dec.
G
7
5
4
4
1
1
2
1
4
30
5
35
8
68
4
46
2
39
1
36
2
34
2
24
3
53
■ 7
44
3
42
4
41
6
76
5
97
1
16
0
10
3
15
2
24
Year
28
63
65
52
41
12
31
36
37
POET ALEXANDER.
UNALASCHKA.
ST. MICHAEL'S.
Month.
Lat. 58° 57'. Long. —158" 18'
Lat. 53° 52'. Long. — 1GG° 31'.
Lat. 63° 48'. Long. —161° 48'.
Height 18 ft.
Height 10 ft.
Height 30 ft. Hours 7: 3, 11.
5 Months, 188G. Hour 1J :
7 Yenrs, 1825-34. Hours thrice daily.
10 Years, 1874-78, 81-86.
N.
N.F
F..
S.E
R.
s.w
w.
N.W
CA.
N.
N.E
E.
S.E
s.
s.w
w.
N.W
CA.
N.
N.E
E.
S.E
s.
s.w
w.
N.W
CA.
Jan.
0
13
13
0
4
1
0
0
G
1
3
4
4
1
3
3
6
5
10
4
2
5
3
1
0
1
Feb.
1
7
17
0
1
0
1
1
3
1
4
3
4
2
2
3
6
6
7
2
1
4
2
1
1
4
March
0
fi
10
2
3
3
5
2
4
1
2
4
4
3
4
5
4
8
8
3
2
2
4
1
0
3
April
0
9
10
1
1
7
2
0
3
1
3
4
4
4
4
3
4
6
6
4
1
4
4
1
1
3
May
1
5
3
6
6
7
2
1
2
2
4
4
3
3
4
4
5
7
G
3
1
4
4
2
2
2
June
2
2
3
4
5
4
2
2
6
5
5
2
2
4
5
3
2
2
July
1
1
1
4
5
7
4
1
7
5
5
3
2
7
5
2
1
1
Aug.
2
1
1
3
4
4
5
3
8
5
3
3
2
7
6
2
2
1
Sept.
3
1
1
3
3
4
6
3
6
6
5
4
3
5
3
2
2
0
Oct.
2
1
1
3
3
5
4
5
7
6
7
0
3
5
2
2
1
0
Nov.
3
1
2
3
3
3
6
3
6
6
7
3
2
5
3
2
1
1
Dec.
7
38
1
14
2
27
2
41
2
44
3
43
3
47
5
40
6
71
4
j 69
8
77
4
40
2
23
4
56
4
45
1
20
0
13
4
22
Year
1
160
THE VOYAGE OF H.M.S. CHALLENGER.
CAMDEN BAT.
ST. PAUL, KADIAK IS.
ST. PAUL IS., PItUULOFF IS.
Month.
Lat. 70° 8'. Long. — 145° 29'.
Lat. 57° 47'. Long. —152° 20'.
Lat. 57° T. Long. —170° 18'.
Height 0 ft.
Height 20 ft. Hours thrico daily.
Height 57 ft.
1 Year, 1853-54. Hours 4, 8, N. : etc.
2} Tears, 1869-70, 72-73.
3 Tears, 1SG9-71, 73-75. Thrico daily.
N.
N.r
E.
S.E
s.
s.w
w.
N.Tl
CA.
N.
N.E
E.
S.E.
s.
s.w
w.
x.w
CA.
N.
N.E.
E.
S.E.
s.
s.w
w.
N.W
CA.
Jan.
0
0
3
1
1
2
14
3
7
7
5
1
2
0
o
4
8
1
4
6
G
3
4
2
2
3
1
Feb.
0
2
2
0
0
1
13
2
8
6
1
0
3
2
4
3
7
2
4
5
3
2
4
2
5
0
March
1
3
5
0
0
1
13
3
5
4
5
0
1
0
5
5
8
3
7
4
3
2
3
3
G
0
April
1
3
9
1
0
1
9
2
4
3
7
5
4
2
2
2
4
1
G
5
G
4
2
1
1
5
0
May
1
2
18
1
0
0
3
2
4
3
10
5
5
2
1
2
2
1
7
5
4
3
3
2
3
1
June
2
7
14
1
0
0
2
1
3
1
8
G
8
O
2
1
0
1
3
5
2
3
4
3
4
5
1
July
1
3
9
3
1
2
C
3
3
2
3
4
4
2
7
3
2
4
3
2
0
3
5
G
4
3
2
Aug.
3
6
4
3
2
4
4
2
3
6
3
7
3
7
I
2
2
0
Sept.
0
1
la
0
1
3
4
1
2
3
5
5
7
3
2
1
3
1
8
G
4
4
0
1
3
4
0
Oct.
2
8
4
1
1
2
8
3
2
6
2
2
8
2
2
5
4
0
5
3
4
1
4
1
6
G
1
Not.
0
1
7
2
1
1
12
3
3
3
2
2
6
5
4
3
4
1
5
5
4
4
2
3
O
4
0
Dec.
0
3
11
1
1
0
5
2
8
2
4
2
36
4
55
3
26
2
38
4
37
8
52
2
20
4
G2
5
54
2
48
4
36
4
42
4
31
o
O
35
5
51
0
6
Year
43 '58
MELVILLE SOUND.
DEALT ISLAND.
PRINCESS EOTAL ISLANDS.
Lat 74° 42'. Long. —101° 22'.
Lat. 74° 50'. Long. —108° 48'.
Lat. 72° 47'. Long. —117° 35'
Height 0 ft.
Height (1 ft.
Height 0 ft.
1 Tear, 1853-54. 2-hourly.
1 Tear, 1852-53. Hours 3, 9 : 3, 9.
1 Tear, 1850-51. 2-hourly.
N.
n.e! e. !s.e.
s.
s.w
w.
N.W
CA.
N.
N.E
E.
S.E.
s.
s.w
w.
N.W
CA.
N.
N.E
E.
S.E.
s.
s.w w.
N.WCA.
Jan.
3
0
1
3
1
1
5
13
4
10
3
5
1
0
2
3
4
3
1
3
1
0
1
5
5
8
7
Feb.
3
1
1
1
5
0
2
13
2
14
2
4
2
1
1
0
2
2
1
4
1
0
0
10
3
4
5
March
7
3
2
4
2
1
3
8
1
10
2
5
6
1
1
1
2
3
0
9
0
1
1
n
4
3
4
April
I
2
2
7
3
4
4
5
2
12
3
3
2
1
0
0
5
4
1
7
1
1
0
3
3
9
3
May
4
2
3
0
1
0
4
14
3
10
1
1
6
3
0
2
6
2
0
3
1
1
2
8
1
12
3
June
11
3
0
1
i
2
2
9
1
0
11
1
4
0
9
2
2
1
July
G
1
3
4
3
4
3
3
4
1
11
1
0
2
8
4
3
1
Aug.
9
2
1
2
1
3
5
4
4
2
4
3
3
1
G
6
4
2
Sept.
4
1
3
1
S
5
4
8
1
9
1
3
o
3
1
4
4
2
2
2
3
3
1
G
3
7
3
Oct.
6
1
1
3
1
3
6
7
3
13
3
1
2
2
2
2
3
3
2
11
4
0
2
2
2
1
7
Nov.
9
1
1
1
1
1
4
8
4
10
7
6
3
1
0
1
1
1
1
10
2
2
0
5
2
1
7
Dec.
7
2
1
3
1
2
2
8
5
17
131
2
30
2
34
3
35
1
18
0
16
1
24
3
46
2
31
0
5
1
0
1
6
4
9
5
Year
11
80
19
15
13
77
39
G3
48
BEEOHET ISLAND.
MERCT BAT.
CAMBRIDGE BAT.
Lat. 74° 43'. Long. —91° 54'.
Lat. 74° 6'. Long. —117° 55'.
Lat. G9° 3'. Long. —105° 12'.
Height 0 ft.
Height 0 ft.
Height 0 It.
2 Tears, 1852-54. Hours 4, 8, N. : etc.
If Tears, 1851-53. 2-hourly.
IT
sar, 1852-53. Hours 4, 8, N. : etc.
N.
N.E
E. S.E.
s.
s.w
W. N.W CA.
N.
N.E
E.
S.E.
s.
s.w
W.
N.W
CA.
N.
N.E
E.
S.E.
s.
s.w
w.
N.W
CA.
Jan.
5
1
2
4
1
1
1
9
7
3
1
0
2
4
12
0
7
2
2
4
1
1
0
3
9
3
8
Feb.
4
1
2
6
3
0
0
6
6
4
3
0
2
3
5
0
G
5
3
4
2
2
0
1
2
8
6
March
1
1
4
7
2
0
2
8
6
4
2
0
2
5
8
0
5
5
1
5
3
6
1
0
4
5
G
April
2
1
3
5
2
1
2
7
7
7
2
1
4
5
5
1
1
4
4
7
5
1
1
1
1
fi
2
May
3
1
2
3
2
1
2
11
6
5
3
0
3
1
5
1
9
4
3
3
2
5
3
1
4
7
3
Juue
4
2
2
4
2
1
4
6
5
4
4
1
2
1
6
1
9
2
7
6
1
3
1
2
4
G
0
July
2
2
4
6
3
1
2
5
G
5
1
0
1
2
2
1
15
4
3
5
2
o
2
5
7
4
1
Aug.
2
2
3
5
3
2
4
8
2
8
2
0
1
1
1
2
8
8
3
2
1
3
2
3
R
5
4
Sept.
3
3
3
4
2
2
3
7
3
8
1
0
0
2
4
5
5
5
2
1
1
2
1
2
8
10
2
Oct.
5
3
2
4
2
1
3
5
G
4
2
1
G
3
5
1
5
4
4
10
3
2
1
2
1
4
4
Nov.
4
2
2
6
4
1
0
6
5
4
2
1
3
2
4
1
fi
7
1
5
3
7
1
2
3
5
3
Dee.
4
2
2
5
1
0
1
6
10
5
CI
0
23
0
4
2
28
6
35
G
G3
2
15
8
84
2
52
2
35
7
59
1
25
2
36
1
14
1
23
6
57
7
73
4
43
Year
39
21
31
59
27
11
24
84 69
REPORT ON ATMOSPHERIC CIRCULATION.
161
IGLOOLIK.
WINTER ISLAND.
MELVILLE ISLAND.
Lat. G9° 21'. Long. —81° 53'.
Lat. 66° 11'. Long. —83° 10'.
Lat. 74° 47'. Long. —110° 48'.
Height 0 ft.
Height 0 ft.
Height 0 ft.
1 Tear, 1822-23. 2-bourly.
1 Tear, 1821-22. 2-hourly.
1 Tear, 1819-20. 2-hour]y.
N.
N.E
E.
S.E.
s.
s.w
w.
N.W
CA.
N.
N.E E.
S.E.
s.
s.w
w.
N.W
CA.
N.
N.E E.
S.E.
s.
s.w
w.
N,W
CA.
Jan.
9
2
2
2
2
1
2
11
0
7
2
2
0
0
0
6
14
0
13
1
3
2
0
0
1
6
5
Feb.
V
2
1
0
0
0
3
14
1
9
1
0
0
0
1
1
16
0
12
1
1
1
1
0
9,
7
3
March
8
1
0
0
0
2
7
13
0
7
2
1
0
0
3
5
13
0
18
1
1
1
1
0
3
5
1
April
8
0
0
1
1
2
5
13
0
5
3
3
3
1
4
3
6
2
11
1
3
2
0
0
n
5
8
May
5
3
1
6
4
3
4
6
0
7
5
1
1
0
2
4
10
1
11
1
1
1
4
0
0
8
5
June
10
2
1
1
2
3
3
8
0
4
2
4
5
1
3
3
6
2
7
1
2
3
4
1
6
4
2
July
4
2
2
11
2
0
2
5
3
5
4
2
3
5
0
2
8
2
10
2
0
<>
5
9,
3
4
3
Aug.
3
3
3
2
1
2
6
9
2
3
2
1
2
4
5
7
6
1
2
0
3
1
1
2
10
6
6
Sept.
a
2
3
5
1
0
6
11
0
3
3
4
4
5
2
3
5
1
11
4
0
<>
0
5
4
5
1
Oct.
4
6
b
4
3
0
0
8
1
12
5
3
3
0
2
1
5
0
12
0
1
1
1
3
5
7
1
Nov.
4
0
1
i
1
2
8
12
1
9
5
2
1
1
2
4
6
0
18
0
0
1
0
1
1
6
3
Dec.
4
3
1
0
1
1
11
10
0
8
79
0
1
5
27
1
18
0
24
1
40
15
110
0
9
6
131
1
13
6
21
4
19
2
19
1
15
2
37
8
71
1
39
Year
68
26
20
32
18
16
57
120
8
34 24
FORT CONGEE.
WOLSTENHOLM SOUND.
PORT LEOPOLD.
Month.
Lat. 81° 20'. Long. —64° 58'.
Lat. 76° 34'. Long. —68° 45'.
Lat. 73° 50'. Long. —90° 12'.
Height 24 ft.
Height 0 ft.
Height 0 ft.
2 Years, 1881-83. Hour 8:
1 Tear, 1849-50. Hours 4, 8, N. : etc.
1 Tear, 1848-49. 2-hourly.
N.
N.E
E.
S.E.
s.
s.w
w.
N.W
CA.
N.
N.E E.
S.E.
S.
s.w
w.
N.W
CA.
N.
N.E
E.
S.E.
s.
s.w
w.
N.W
CA.
Jan.
0
1
0
0
1
0
0
0
29
1
2
6
5
3
2
1
1
10
9
1
0
4
5
0
1
9
2
Feb.
0
3
3
0
1
0
0
1
•20
2
2
6
3
2
4
1
1
7
7
1
0
4
4
1
1
8
9,
March
1
4
5
2
2
1
1
1
14
1
2
10
3
3
4
3
0
5
7
2
3
4
7
0
0
5
3
April
3
5
8
6
1
0
0
1
6
2
2
8
1
1
4
2
2
8
10
4
1
3
4
0
0
6
2
May
3
5
7
4
4
2
2
2
2
0
2
6
1
3
6
5
2
6
7
3
3
4
5
0
1
5
3
June
1
2
3
4
7
6
4
2
1
6
2
6
1
3
4
1
2
5
7
3
5
5
4
1
0
4
1
July
0
1
1
5
6
11
6
1
0
6
2
4
1
1
3
2
8
4
11
3
1
2
1
0
1
11
1
Aug.
2
0
2
9
2
12
1
2
1
2
3
9
10
2
1
1
2
1
7
1
2
5
4
2
2
6
2
Sept.
5
7
6
2
2
2
0
1
0
2
4
7
8
2
1
2
2
2
4
12
4
2
1
2
1
2
2
Oct.
2
4
5
3
0
1
1
0
15
1
2
3
4
4
6
2
2
7
7
2
3
4
2
1
2
8
2
Nov.
1
3
G
2
0
1
0
0
17
1
1
4
2
2
2
1
1
16
10
2
0
2
3
0
0
12
1
Dec.
1
1
4
1
0
0
0
0
24
3
27
2
5
5
44
3
29
2
39
1
22
1
24
9
80
8
94
3
37
0
22
3
6
1
1
10
7
83
2
23
Year
19
36
50
38
26
36
15
11
134
26 74
42 46
POET BOWEN.
WALKER BAT.
FORT SIMPSON.
Lat. 73° 13'. Long. —88° 55'
Lat. 71° 35'. Long. —117° 39'.
Lat. 62° 7'. Long. —121° 33'.
Height 0 ft.
Height 0 ft.
Height 400 ft.
1 Tear, 1824-25. 2 -hourly.
1 Tear, 1851-52. 2-hourly.
9 Months, 1849-50-51. Hours various.
N.
N.E
E.
S.E.
s.
s.w
w.
N.W
CA.
N.
N.E
E.
S.E.
S.
s.w
w.
N.W
CA
N.
N.E
E.
S.E.
s.
s.w
w.
N.W
CA.
Jan.
3
2
14
6
0
0
0
3
3
2
4
3
2
1
1
2
4
12
1
0
2
3
1
0
7
9
8
Feb.
3
3
15
3
0
0
1
2
1
2
3
3
1
1
1
3
4
10
1
0
4
5
1
1
3
5
8
March
1
0
18
0
0
2
2
7
1
1
4
3
1
1
0
2
3
16
2
0
3
4
1
0
3
7
11
April
2
0
12
8
0
0
4
3
1
1
10
7
1
1
1
1
2
6
2
1
6
5
1
0
2
4
9
May
3
2
8
3
2
2
2
8
1
3
8
5
1
1
0
2
1
10
4
1
4
5
1
1
2
4
9
June
1
1
10
5
2
4
3
4
0
2
2
2
3
1
2
5
5
8
3
0
3
2
4
2
2
5
9
July
4
1
0
5
2
3
12
4
0
3
3
1
1
1
1
C
5
10
Aug.
7
10
1
0
1
4
1
7
0
3
3
5
3
1
2
4
3
7
Sept.
2
•>
3
9
0
4
6
4
0
9
5
6
1
1
0
1
3
4
Oct.
3
4
7
9
1
1
2
4
0
6
9
7
1
1
1
1
1
4
2
0
3
6
1
1
5
5
8
Nov.
2
0
6
10
0
2
2
5
3
1
5
10
3
0
0
0
1
10
' 1
1
2
6
2
1
5
3
9
Dec.
5
1
9
103
10
68
0
8
2
24
0
35
2
53
2
12
3
36
3
59
4
56
2
20
3
13
2
11
1
28
4
36
9
106
I 1
0
3
4
2
1
5
4
11
Year
36
26
(PHYS. CHEM. CHALL. EXP. PART V. 1888.)
27
162
THE VOYAGE OF H.M.S. CHALLENGER.
POINT LEPKEAUX.
ANTICOSTI.
NEWFOUNDLAND.
Lat. 45° 4'. Long. -66° 28'.
Lat. 49° 24'. Long. —63° 36'.
Lat. 47° 35'. Long. -52° 42'.
Height 46 ft.
Height 20 ft. Hours thrice daily.
Height 13 ft. Hours 9 : 3.
6 Years, 1874-78, 80. Hours 7 : 2, 9.
8 Years, 1872-78, 80.
15 Years, 1853-62, 66, 70.
N.
N.F
K.
S.E.
s.
s.w
w.
N.W
CA.
N.
N.E
E.
S.E.
s.
s.w
w.
N.W
CA.
N.
N.E
E.
S.E.
S.
s.w
w.
N.W
CA.
Jan.
3
5
1
3
2
3
2
12
2
1
4
2
1
1
1
19
4
2
1
1
2
4
9
6
2
Feb.
3
4
2
2
2
3
2
10
. . .
3
1
1
4
2
1
1
15
o
2
1
2
2
5
8
4
1
March
3
fl
2
8
2
4
2
10
2
2
6
2
1
1
1
16
5
2
1
2
3
7
7
3
1
April
May
8
6
5
3
2
6
1
4
...
3
3
6
4
0
1
1
12
...
5
2
1
3
3
5
7
3
1
2
6
4
5
2
6
2
4
...
2
3
7
4
1
0
1
13
4
4
3
3
4
3
7
2
1
June
0
2
4
5
3
10
2
4
2
1
10
5
1
0
1
10
3
3
1
4
3
7
6
2
1
July
1
3
3
4
5
8
2
5
1
1
5
8
2
1
1
12
2
3
1
3
2
9
9
2
0
Aug.
1
3
4
5
3
6
2
7
2
2
7
4
1
1
2
12
3
2
2
3
3
7
8
2
1
Sept.
2
3
4
4
2
7
2
6
1
1
8
3
1
2
3
11
3
3
2
2
3
5
7
5
0
Oct.
3
4
2
7
2
4
2
7
2
1
5
4
2
1
1
15
4
3
1
2
3
6
7
4
1
Nov.
4
6
0
3
1
4
2
10
3
2
3
3
2
2
2
13
5
3
2
1
2
6
6
4
1
Dec.
4
5
0
3
1
3
2
13
...
3
26
1
19
1
63
2
45
3
17
2
13
1
16
18
166
4
45
2
31
1
17
2
28
2
32
5
69
9
90
5
42
1
11
Year
29
52
31
47
27
64
23
92
NORWAY HOUSE.
YORK FACTORY.
FORT CHURCHILL.
Month.
Lat. 53° 43'. Long. —98° SO'.
Lat. 57° 2'. Long. —92° 26'.
Lat. 58° 44'. Long. -94° 22'.
Height (?) ft.
Height 55 ft.
Height (?) ft.
7 Years, 1841-47. Hour (?)
6 Years, 1843-48. Hours 9 : 3, 9.
3 Years, 1811-13. Hours 8, N. : 8.
N.
N.E
E.
S.E.
s.
s.w
w.
N.W
CA.
N.
N.E
E.
S.E.
s.
s.w
w.
N.W
CA.
N.
N.E
E.
S.E.
s.
s.w
w.
N.W
CA.
Jan.
3
4
1
3
4
3
3
7
3
6
1
2
1
6
5
2
3
5
1
0
0
1
1
2
8
17
1
Feb.
5
5
1
2
5
2
1
4
3
6
1
2
1
4
1
2
4
7
1
0
0
1
2
1
11
11
1
March
8
4
1
2
6
2
1
4
o
10
2
1
1
4
2
1
2
8
2
1
1
1
1
1
13
10
1
April
4
7
1
2
6
2
0
5
3
6
4
3
1
4
1
1
1
9
3
2
3
2
3
1
6
9
1
May
4
6
1
1
9
2
0
3
5
7
6
2
1
3
0
0
2
10
5
4
5
2
4
1
3
5
2
June
4
4
1
1
8
3
0
2
7
3
6
4
1
4
0
1
1
10
6
6
3
2
3
1
2
6
1
July
5
3
1
1
8
2
1
5
5
3
6
6
1
4
0
0
1
10
5
7
6
5
2
0
3
3
0
Aug.
3
2
1
1
7
3
2
7
5
3
5
4
1
3
1
1
1
12
5
3
4
2
4
3
3
4
3
Sept.
5
2
0
o
5
2
3
6
4
4
2
2
1
5
0
2
3
11
5
2
3
2
2
2
6
7
1
Oct.
7
3
2
2
4
2
1
7
3
6
1
3
1
6
1
2
4
7
3
2
1
2
1
1
s
13
0
Nov.
7
3
2
2
6
1
2
4
3
4
1
3
1
8
3
4
3
3
4
1
2
2
2
2
5
11
1
Dec.
4
4
1
2
7
2
2
5
4
3
1
36
4
36
1
12
9
60
4
18
5
21
2
27
2
94
2
42
1
29
3
31
3
25
4
29
1
16
5
73
10
106
2
14
Year
59
47
13
22
75
26
16
59
48
61
RED RIVER SETTLEMENT.
PORTLAND, ME.
BRUNSWICK, MAINE.
Lat. 50° 6'. Long. —97° 0'.
Lat. 43° 39'. Long. —70° 15'.
Lat. 43° 53'. Long. —69° 55.
Height 853 ft.
Height 45 ft.
Height (?) ft. Hours a.m., N. : p.m.
4 Years, 1855-59. Hours 7 : 2, 9.
12 Years, 1873-84. Hours 7 : 3, 11.*
50 Years, 1809-59.
N.
N.E
E.
S.E.
s.
s.w
w.
N.W
CA.
N.
N.E
E.
S.E.
s.
s.w
w.
N.W
CA.
N.
N.E
E.
S.E.
s.
s.w
w.
N.W
CA.
Jan.
6
1
1
0
10
4
3
3
3
7
2
0
1
1
4
6
7
3
2
7
1
1
1
6
2
11
...
Feb.
4
0
■>
0
5
2
4
5
6
4
2
1
1
2
4
5
7
2
2
5
1
1
0
6
2
11
...
March
8
0
1
1
11
1
1
3
5
5
3
1
2
3
4
4
7
2
1
4
1
2-
1
8
2
12
...
April
8
2
1
2
8
1
1
3
4
4
4
2
2
3
3
4
6
2
1
4
1
3
1
9
1
10
...
May
7
1
1
1
11
3
1
2
4
3
3
3
3
6
4
3
4
2
1
4
2
4
1
11
1
7
...
June
7
2
1
1
7
2
2
3
5
2
2
2
4
6
5
4
3
2
1
2
1
4
1
12
1
8
July
5
1
2
1
10
3
3
2
4
1
2
2
3
6
7
4
4
2
1
2
1
2
2
14
2
7
...
Aug.
5
1
2
1
7
3
4
3
5
3
2
2
3
5
6
3
4
3
1
2
1
3
1
14
2
7
...
Sept.
8
0
1
3
8
3
4
2
1
3
3
2
3
5
5
3
3
3
1
3
1
2
1
12
1
9
...
Oct.
6
1
1
1
11
3
4
3
1
5
2
2
2
3
5
5
5
2
1
4
1
2
1
9
2
11
...
Nov.
4
1
1
1
8
4
3
5
3
5
2
1
1
2
5
5
6
3
2
3
1
2
1
7
2
12
...
Dec.
6
1
1
1
9
3
3
2
5
5
47
2
29
1
19
1
26
1
43
5
57
7
53
6
62
3
29
2
16
7
47
1
13
1
27
0
11
6
114
2
20
12
117
Year
74
11
15
13
105
32
33
36
46
* Washington Mean Time.
REPORT ON ATMOSPHERIC CIRCULATION.
163
NEW BEDFORD, MASS.
MOUNT WASHINGTON, N.H.
NEW YORK CITY, N.Y.
Lat. 41° 39'. Long. —70° 56'.
Lat. 44" 16'. Long. —71° 18'.
Lat. 40° 43'. Long. —74° 0'.
Height 90 ft.
Height 6279 ft.
Height 164 ft.
16 Years, 1818-33. Hours (?)
12 Years, 1873-84. Hours7: 3, 11.*
12 Years, 1873-84. Hours 7 : 3, 11.*
N.
N.E
E.
S.E.
s.
s.w
w.
N.W
CA
. N.
N.E
E.
S.E.
S.
s.w
w.
N.W
CA.
N.
N.E
E.
S.E.
s.
s.w
w.
N.W
CA.
Jan.
2
3
3
2
2
5
^
12
2
1
0
1
1
3
4
19
0
2
ft
1
1
2
4
8
7
1
Feb.
2
2
2
2
2
5
3
10
1
2
0
1
0
2
4
18
0
2
4
1
1
2
4
6
7
1
March
2
3
3
3
2
<;
3
9
mt
2
1
1
2
1
2
4
17
1
2
4
2
2
2
4
6
8
1
April
1
4
4
3
2
7
:;
6
3
3
1
1
1
2
4
14
1
2
5
2
3
2
3
5
7
1
May
1
3
2
4
3
9
4
5
2
2
1
1
2
2
4
lfi
1
2
4
2
4
4
5
4
5
1
June
1
2
2
3
3
10
5
4
2
1
1
1
2
3
4
15
1
1
3
2
4
5
6
3
5
1
July
1
2
2
3
3
11
5
4
2
1
1
1
1
2
4
18
1
2
3
1
3
5
7
4
ft
1
Aug.
1
3
3
3
3
9
5
4
2
2
1
1
1
2
3
18
1
2
5
2
3
4
7
3
4
1
Sept.
1
3
3
3
3
8
4
5
2
2
1
1
1
9
3
17
1
3
5
3
3
3
5
3
4
1
Oct.
2
3
3
2
2
8
4
7
2
1
1
1
1
3
4
17
1
2
4
2
2
3
6
5
6
1
Nov.
2
2
3
2
2
6
3
10
..
2
1
1
2
1
2
4
17
0
2
3
1
2
2
0
7
7
1
Dec.
2
3
2
2
2
6
3
11
87
2
24
1
18
1
10
1
14
1
13
2
27
4
46
19
205
0
8
2
24
4
49
1
20
1
29
2
36
5
61
8
62
7
72
1
12
Year
18
33
32
32
29
90
44
WASHINGTON, D.C.
ERIE, PA.
NORFOLK, VA.
Lat. 38° 54'. Long. —77° 2'.
Lat. 42° 7'. Long. —80° 05'.
Lat. 36° 51'. Long. —76° 17'.
Height 106 ft.
Height 681 ft.
Height 30 ft.
12 Tears, 1873-84. Hours 7:3,11.*
12 Years, 1873-84. Hours 7 : 3, 11.*
13 Years, 1872-84. Hours 7: 3, 11.*
N.
N.E
E.
S.E.
s.
s.w
w.
N.W
CA
. N.
N.E
E.
S.E.
s.
s.w
w.
N.W
CA.
N.
N.E
E.
S.E.
s.
s.w
w.
N.W
CA.
Jan.
4
4
2
1
6
2
2
8
3
1
3
1
2
7
8
5
3
1
6
5
2
2
4
4
3
4
1
Feb.
3
3
1
1
5
2
2
8
3
1
3
1
2
6
5
5
3
2
5
5
2
2
4
4
2
3
1
March
4
3
2
2
5
1
3
9
2
2
4
1
2
ft
5
G
4
2
4
4
3
3
5
4
3
4
1
April
3
4
2
2
5
2
9
9
1
2
6
1
2
4
4
6
3
2
4
5
3
3
4
5
2
3
1
May
4
3
2
2
8
2
2
fi
2
1
fi
1
2
5
5
G
3
2
.".
fi
3
4
5
6
1
2
1
June
3
2
2
2
7
4
3
5
2
2
4
1
3
6
5
5
2
2
2
3
3
3
6
8
2
2
1
July
4
2
1
2
7
4
3
ft
3
2
4
1
2
5
6
6
3
2
3
3
2
4
6
9
2
1
1
Aug.
4
4
2
2
6
3
2
4
4
3
3
2
4
7
3
5
2
2
9
0
3
4
5
7
1
9
2
Sept.
4
4
2
1
fi
2
2
ft
4
3
4
2
3
8
3
3
3
1
4
fi
4
4
3
4
1
2
2
Oct.
4
3
1
1
7
2
3
g
4
2
3
1
3
9
4
4
4
1
5
6
2
3
5
4
1
:;
2
Nov.
3
3
2
1
fi
2
3
7
3
2
2
1
2
8
6
4
4
1
G
5
2
2
4
5
2
3
1
Dec.
4
3
1
1
6
2
3
8
3
2
2
44
1
14
2
29
7
77
8
62
4
59
4
38
1
19
5
49
5
58
2
31
1
35
3
54
fi
66
3
23
4
33
2
16
Year
44
38
20
18
73
28
30
80
34
23
CAPE HATTEKAS, N.C.
CHARLESTON, S.C.
AUGUSTA, GA.
Month.
Lat. 35° 14'. Long. —75° 30'.
Lat. 32° 49'. Long. —79° 56'.
Lat. 33° 28'. Long. —81° 54'.
Height 8 ft.
Height 52 ft.
Height 183 ft.
11 Years, 1874-84. Hours 7 : 3, 11."
• 12 Years, 1873-84. Hours 7: 3, 11.*
12 Years, 1873-84. Hours 7 : 3, 11.*
N.
N.E
F,
S.E.
s.
s.w
w.
N.W
CA
. N.
N.E
E.
S.E.
S.
s.w
w.
N.W
CA.
N.
N.E
E.
S.E.
s.
s.w
w.
N.W
CA.
Jan.
3
11
1
2
1
ft
3
4
1
5
5
4
1
3
5
4
3
1
2
4
1
2
2
2
3
5
HI
Feb.
2
11
1
2
2
4
3
2
1
4
5
3
1
2
G
3
3
1
2
2
2
2
2
2
4
5
7
March
3
11
2
2
2
ft
3
2
1
3
3
4
2
3
8
5
2
1
2
2
1
3
4
3
4
ft
V
April
2
10
2
3
3
6
2
2
0
2
3
3
2
4
9
3
3
1
1
3
1
3
4
4
4
4
fi
May
2
10
2
3
3
7
2
1
1
2
4
6
3
4
7
2
2
1
2
4
3
ft
3
2
2
4
fi
June
0
7
2
4
3
10
2
1
1
1
3
4
3
5
10
3
1
0
1
3
2
4
G
4
2
3
0
July
1
fi
2
3
4
11
2
1
1
1
n
4
2
6
10
3
1
1
1
3
2
6
5
o
o
2
2
7
Aug.
9
8
2
3
4
8
2
1
1
2
4
4
3
5
8
3
1
1
2
4
3
3
3
2
2
3
8
Sept.
2
13
2
3
2
4
2
1
1
4
7
5
4
3
3
2
1
1
3
G
3
3
2
1
1
2
9
Oct,
4
13
2
2
1
4
2
2
1
7
8
4
2
2
3
2
2
1
2
5
2
2
2
1
2
4
11
Nov.
5
10
1
2
1
4
3
3
1
6
6
3
1
2
4
4
3
1
3
4
2
2
1
9
3
ft
9
Dec.
5
9
1
1
2
4
4
4
1
4
5
56
3
47
1
25
3
42
0
78
5
39
3
25
2
12
2
23
4
44
1
23
1
36
2
36
4
30
2
31
b
47
10
95
Year
31
119
20
30
28
72
30
24
11
41
* Washington Mean Time.
164
THE VOYAGE OF H.M.S. CHALLENGER.
JACKSONVILLE, FLA.
PUNTA RASSA, FLA.
KEY WEST, FLA.
Month.
Lat. 30° 20\ Loner. — SI" 39'.
Lat. 26° 29'. Lons. —82° 1'.
Lat. 24° 34'. Long. —81° 49'.
Height 43 ft.
Height 14 ft.
Height 20 ft.
12 Years, 1873-84. Hours 7: 3, 11.*
12 Years, 1873-84. Hours 7 : 3,
1.*
12 Years, 1873-84. Hours 7 : 3, 11.*
In
N.F
K.
S.F.
s.
s.w
w.
N.W
CA.
N.
N.E
E.
S.E.
s.
s.w
w.
s.w
CA.
N.
N.E
E.
S.E.
s.
s.w
w.
N.W
CA.
Jan.
4
7
1
2
3
4
3
4
3
4
8
5
3
4
2
1
3
1
3
11
8
3
2
1
1
1
1
Feb.
::
r,
2
2
3
4
2
3
3
3
6
5
3
4
2
2
3
0
5
6
8
4
1
1
1
1
1
March
1
fi
2
3
4
7
4
3
2
3
5
5
3
5
3
3
4
0
4
6
8
6
2
1
1
2
1
April
I
s
2
5
4
6
3
3
1
2
4
5
Q
5
4
3
4
0
4
3
7
8
2
2
1
2
1
May
1
8
5
4
3
4
2
2
2
2
6
7
2
3
4
4
0
0
3
5
10
5
2
2
1
2
1
June
0
5
4
5
0
8
1
1
1
1
4
8
3
3
4
4
2
1
1
2
11
8
3
2
1
1
1
July
1
5
3
5
5
8
1
1
2
1
5
9
3
2
ft
4
1
1
1
2
12
8
2
9
1
1
2
Aug.
1
7
4
5
4
6
1
1
2
9
6
8
2
3
4
3
2
1
2
o
10
6
3
2
1
2
2
Sept.
2
10
6
3
2
3
1
1
2
1
9
9
2
2
3
o
1
0
1
6
11
5
2
2
1
1
1
Oct.
5
11
3
2
1
2
1
4
2
4
13
5
2
2
2
1
9
0
3
12
8
2
1
1
1
2
1
Nov.
5
7
2
2
2
3
2
5
2
5
9
5
1
2
2
2
3
1
5
12
7
3
1
1
0
1
0
Dec.
5
6
82
1
35
2
40
2
38
4
59
4
25
4
32
3
25
5
9
5
76
8
30
3
38
1
36
2
32
o
31
0
ft
5
37
12
80
6
106
3
61
1
22
1
18
1
11
1
17
1
13
Year
29
33 84
MOBILE, ALA.
MEMPHIS, TENN.
CINCINNATI, OHIO.
Lat. 30° 41'. Long. —88° 2'.
Lat. 35° 9'. Long. —90° 3'.
Lat. 39° C. Long. —84° 30'.
Height 41 ft.
Height 321 ft.
Height G2I) ft.
12 Years, 1873-84. Hours 7 : 3, 11.*
12 Years, 1873-84. Hours 7 : 3, 11.*
12 Years, 1873-84. Hours 7: 3, 11.*
N.
N.E
E.
S.E.
s.
s.w w.
N.W
CA.
N.
N.E
E.
S.E.
s.
s.w w.
N.W
CA.
N.
N.E
E.
S.E.
s.
s.w
w.
s.w
CA.
Jan.
Ill
3
1
2
8
1
1
3
2
3
4
2
5
3
4
2
ft
3
2
2
3
5
4
5
5
5
0
Feb.
9
2
1
2
6
2
1
2
3
3
4
2
4
3
3
2
4
3
3
3
2
4
3
4
4
5
0
March
6
3
1
3
8
3
1
3
3
2
5
1
5
3
4
3
5
3
4
3
3
5
3
3
4
6
0
April
6
2
1
3
10
3
1
3
1
2
3
2
5
3
5
3
5
2
4
4
o
3
3
4
3
5
1
May
6
3
1
4
Hi
3
1
2
1
1
4
2
6
4
4
3
4
3
3
4
3
5
4
3
3
4
2
June
4
2
2
2
9
5
8
2
1
1
3
1
5
5
6
3
3
3
2
3
3
5
4
6
3
3
1
July
4
2
2
3
8
5
3
2
2
3
3
1
3
4
7
3
4
3
3
4
3
4
4
5
4
3
1
Aug.
5
3
2
3
7
4
2
3
2
3
5
1
3
2
4
2
6
5
4
4
4
5
3
3
3
3
2
Sept.
9
5
3
3
ft
1
1
2
1
4
5
1
3
2
3
2
5
5
4
4
2
5
4
3
3
4
1
Oct.
11
4
2
3
5
1
1
2
2
■■>
3
2
4
3
4
2
5
5
;>
3
2
6
4
4
3
4
2
Nov.
10
3
2
o
4
2
1
3
2
3
4
1
5
4
3
3
5
2
2
3
3
5
4
4
4
4
1
Dec.
10
3
2
2
6
1
1
3
3
3
31
4
47
18
4
52
3
39
3
3
6
57
3
40
o
37
3
40
3
34
4
56
3
43
5
49
4
43
5
51
1
12
Year
90
35
20
38 86
31 17
30
23
50 31
MAEIETTA, OHIO.
ALPENA, MICH.
ST. LOUIS, MO.
Lat 39° 25'. LoDg. —81° 29'.
Lat. 45° 5'. Long. —83° 30'.
Lat. 38° 38'. Long. —90° 12'.
Height (?) ft. 22 Years. 1829-50.
Height C09 ft.
Height 571 ft.
Mean of Day Observations.
12 Years, 1873-84. Hours 7 : 3, 11."
13 Years, 1872-84. Hours 7 : 3, 11.*
N.
N.E
E.
S.E.
s.
s.w
w.
s.w
CA.
N.
S.E
E.
S E.
s.
s.w
w.
s.w
CA.
N.
N.E
E.
S.E.
s.
s.w
w.
N.W
CA.
Jan.
6
1
1
2
5
7
6
3
1
1
1
3
4
5
8
6
2
4
2
2
3
7
3
4
5
1
Feb.
6
1
1
2
3
6
5
4
2
2
2
3
2
3
7
5
2
4
3
2
3
5
2
3
5
1
March
7
1
1
2
4
7
5
4
2
2
2
5
2
9
5
9
2
6
3
3
4
5
2
3
5
0
April
7
1
2
2
5
6
4
3
...
3
2
4
5
1
1
4
8
2
4
3
2
5
5
3
3
4
1
May
7
1
1
3
6
6
4
3
...
2
2
4
7
2
2
3
7
2
4
3
4
4
8
2
2
3
1
June
6
1
1
2
6
8
4
2
2
1
4
7
2
2
4
6
2
3
2
2
4
8
4
3
3
1
July
7
1
2
2
6
8
3
2
'>
1
2
6
3
3
6
6
9
4
3
2
3
8
4
3
3
1
Auj*.
8
1
2
5
7
5
2
1
2
2
3
6
2
2
ft
7
2
5
3
3
4
7
3
2
3
1
Sept.
7
1
2
3
7
5
3
2
9
1
3
ft
3
o
ft
6
2
5
3
2
4
9
2
1
3
1
Oct.
8
1
2
2
C
6
4
2
2
2
2
ft
3
4
6
6
1
5
2
9
3
8
3
3
4
1
Nov.
4
1
2
2
4
8
6
3
1
1
1
3
3
6
8
ft
2
4
2
1
3
7
3
4
5
1
Dec.
5
1
2
2
5
6
6
4
2
23
1
18
1
29
2
57
3
30
G
39
8
69
7
78
1
22
4
52
2
31
2
27
4
44
6
83
3
34
4
35
5
48
1
11
Year
78
12
19
29
64
78
52
33
Washington Mean Time
REPORT ON ATMOSPHERIC CIRCULATION.
165
MARQUETTE, MICH.
DULUTH, MINN.
BISMAKCK, DAK.
Month.
Lat. 46° 34'. Long. —87° 24'.
Lat. 40° 48'. Long. -92° 6'.
Lat. 46° 47'. Long. -100° 36'.
Height 673ft.
Height 672 ft.
Height 1694 ft.
12 Tears, 1873-84. Hours 7: 3, 11.'
12 Tears, 1873-84. Hours 7: 3, 11.*
11 Years, 1874-84. Hours 7: 3, 11.*
N.
N.E
E.
S.E.
s.
s.w
w.
N.W CA.
N.
N.E
E.
S.E.
s.
S.W
w.
N.W
CA.
:.'.
N.E
E.
S.E.
s.
S.W
w.
N.W
CA.
Jan.
1
1
1
2
4
5
9
6
2
2
4
1
0
1
10
5
5
3
3
2
t
3
2
1
2
10
4
Feb.
3
2
1
2
3
3
6
7
1
1
7
0
0
1
7
4
4
4
4
3
3
3
2
1
2
8
2
March
4
2
2
3
2
2
4
10
2
2
10
0
0
1
5
3
6
4
4
3
4
4
2
2
2
8
2
April
4
3
2
3
2
2
3
9
2
2
14
1
0
0
3
2
4
4
5
4
5
3
2
2
2
6
1
May
3
3
3
3
2
3
2
9
3
1
16
1
0
0
3
2
3
5
4
4
5
5
3
2
2
5
1
June
3
2
3
4
3
2
3
5
5
1
14
1
0
0
:;
3
3
5
3
3
5
5
3
1
3
6
1
July
3
2
3
2
2
4
5
7
3
2
10
1
1
0
4
4
5
4
3
3
4
5
4
2
3
5
2
Aug.
3
3
2
3
3
4
4
6
3
2
12
1
0
0
4
3
5
4
4
3
5
4
3
1
3
5
3
Sept.
2
2
2
3
4
4
6
5
2
2
7
1
1
1
5
:;
6
4
4
3
4
3
3
1
3
6
3
Oct.
3
2
1
3
4
4
7
5
2
3
6
1
2
1
<;
4
5
3
4
3
4
3
3
1
3
7
3
Nov.
2
1
1
3
4
5
8
5
1
3
3
1
1
1
7
5
6
3
4
2
2
3
3
2
2
9
3
Dec.
1
1
1
3
4
4
9
6
2
-'
2
2
0
1
10
4
7
3
3
|45
2
35
3
48
3
44
2
32
1
17
3
30
10
85
4
29
Year
32
24
22
:;i
37
42
66
80
28
23
105
11
5
7
67
42
59
46
FOET BENTON, MONT.
SAINT PAUL, MINN.
CHICAGO, ILL.
Month.
Lat. 47° 50'. Long —110° 40'.
Lat. 44° 58'. Long. -93° 3'.
Lat. 41° 52'. Long. —87° 38'.
Height 2700 ft. Height 801 ft.
Height 661 ft.
7 Tears,1873-76, 80-82. Hours 7: 3,11.*
12 Tear?, 1873-84. Hours 7: 3, 11.*
12 Tears. 1873-84. Hours 7 : 3, 11.*
N.
N.E
E.
S.E.
s.
s.w
w.
N.W CA.
N.
N.E
E.
S.E.
s.
s.w
w.
N.W
CA.
N.
N.E
E.
S.E.
s.
S.W
w.
N.W
CA.
Jan.
2
4
1
1
0
7
5
2
9
2
1
2
6
3
4
4
6
3
2
2
1
2
4
8
7
4
1
Feb.
2
3
1
0
1
9
3
1
8
3
1
2
5
2
4
4
5
2
2
3
2
2
4
7
5
3
0
March
2
4
2
1
0
7
5
2
8
3
2
2
6
2
3
4
7
2
4
4
3
2
4
5
4
4
1
April
3
3
0
1
1
7
4
2
c
5
2
3
4
2
2
4
6
2
5
5
4
2
3
5
3
2
1
May
2
2
4
2
2
5
5
3
6
5
3
3
7
3
2
2
4
2
5
5
4
4
4
5
2
1
1
June
2
2
3
2
2
6
5
2
6
3
1
3
6
4
3
3
5
2
5
4
3
3
3
7
3
1
1
July
2
3
3
1
1
5
6
2
8
3
1
2
7
4
3
3
5
3
4
6
3
3
3
7
2
2
1
Aug.
2
3
5
1
1
5
4
3
7
3
2
3
7
4
2
3
5
2
3
(i
3
4
4
6
2
2
1
Sept.
2
2
3
1
1
5
4
3
9
3
1
2
7
4
3
2
6
2
3
4
2
3
4
8
2
3
1
Oct.
2
3
1
1
1
7
4
2
10
3
1
2
7
4
3
3
6
2
:;
3
2
2
6
7
3
4
1
Nov.
2
2
1
0
1
9
4
2
9
2
1
2
6
2
3
4
8
2
2
2
1
3
5
7
6
4
0
Dec.
1
2
1
0
1
11
4
1
10
2
1
2
5
3
4
4
7
70
3
27
2
1
1
3
4
7
7
5
1
Year
24
33
28
li
12
83
53
25
96
37
17
28J73
37
36
40
|40
45
29
33
48
79
46
35
10
SALT LAKE CITY, UTAH.
PIKE'S PEAK, COLO.*
CHETENNE, WTO.
Month.
Lat. 40° 46'. Long. —111° 54'.
Lat. 38° 50'. Long. —105° 2 '.
Lat. 41° 8'. Long. —104° 48'.
Height 4348 ft.
Height 14,134 ft.
Height 6105 ft.
11 Tears, 1874-84. Hours 7 : 3, 11.*
11 Tears, 1874-84. Hours 7 : 3, 11.*
12 Tears, 1873-84. Hours 7 : 3, 11.*
N.
N.E
E.
S.E.
s.
s.w
w.
N.W
CA.
N.
N.E
E.
S.E.
s.
s.w
w.
N.W
CA.
N.
N.E
E.
S.E.
s.
S.W
w.
N.W
CA.
Jan.
1
1
2
6
3
2
2
6
8
3
2
0
0
1
9
8
7
1
3
1
1
1
2
4
9
9
1
Feb.
1
1
1
6
ei
1
2
5
9
3
1
1
0
1
7
8
6
1
2
1
1
1
2
3
9
8
1
March
4
2
2
6
2
2
1
6
6
2
2
0
0
1
11
7
7
1
4
2
1
1
3
3
7
9
1
April
3
3
2
5
2
1
1
7
6
3
2
0
1
1
11
5
7
0
5
1
1
2
3
2
6
9
1
May
3
3
2
5
1
2
2
8
5
2
2
0
1
2
13
6
4
1
4
2
2
3
5
3
4
6
2
June
4
3
3
5
1
1
1
7
5
2
2
0
1
2
13
6
4
0
4
2
1
3
5
3
5
6
1
July
5
1
2
6
2
1
1
7
6
3
5
1
1
2
9
5
4
1
3
2
2
3
6
4
4
6
1
Aug.
3
4
2
6
2
1
1
6
6
3
5
1
1
3
9
4
4
1
3
2
2
3
6
3
5
6
1
Sept.
2
3
2
6
2
1
1
7
6
3
3
0
1
1
11
5
5
1
4
1
1
2
4
4
6
7
1
Oct.
2
3
3
5
2
1
1
7
7
4
2
1
0
1
10
7
5
1
3
1
1
1
3
3
8
9
2
Nov.
2
1
2
4
2
2
2
6
9
3
4
0
1
1
7
7
6
1
4
1
0
0
2
4
9
9
1
Dec.
2
1
2
4
2
1
3
6
10
4
35
3
33
1
5
1
8
1
17
6
116
7
75
7
66
1
10
4
1
0
1
2
4
8
10
1
Year 1
32
i'i;
25
64
2."
16
18
78
83
43
17
13
21
43
40
80
94
14
Washington Mean Time.
166
THE VOYAGE OF H.M.S. CHALLENGER.
YANKTON, DAK.
OMAHA, NEBR.
LEAVENWORTH, KANS.
Month.
Lat. 42° 54'. Long. -97° 28'.
Lat. 41° 16'. Long. -95° 56'.
Lat. 39° 19'. Long. —94° 57'.
Height 1228 ft.
Height 1113 ft.
Height 842 ft.
12 Tears, 1873-84. Hours 7 : 3, 11.*
12 years, 1873-84. Hours 7: 3, 11.*
12 Years, 1873-84. Hours 7: 3, 11.*
N.
N.K
E.
S.E.
s.
s.w
w.
N.W
CA.
N.
N.E
E.
S.E.
s.
s.w
w.
N.W
CA.
N.
N.E
E.
S.E.
s.
s.w
w.
N.W
CA.
Jan.
3
2
2
2
2
4
3
9
3
6
1
1
2
7
3
2
7
2
7
1
1
2
9
1
1
6
3
Feb.
4
2
2
3
2
3
3
7
2
6
1
1
3
5
2
2
6
2
6
2
1
2
7
1
1
6
2
March
4
3
3
5
2
2
3
7
2
8
2
1
4
4
2
1
7
2
7
2
2
4
6
1
1
7
1
April
4
4
3
4
2
3
3
6
1
7
3
2
5
3
2
1
5
2
6
3
2
4
6
1
1
5
2
May-
4
3
3
0
5
3
2
5
1
5
2
3
7
6
2
1
3
2
4
2
2
6
9
1
1
O
3
June
2
3
2
5
5
3
3
5
2
4
1
2
6
6
2
2
4
3
4
1
2
4
10
2
0
3
4
July
2
3
3
5
6
3
2
4
3
5
2
1
5
9
3
1
3
2
5
2
2
3
11
2
1
1
4
Aug.
3
3
4
5
5
3
2
3
3
5
2
1
6
9
2
1
2
3
6
1
1
4
9
2
1
2
5
Sept.
3
3
3
4
4
3
2
6
3
6
1
1
5
8
2
1
4
2
5
1
1
4
10
1
0
3
5
Oct.
3
3
2
3
4
3
3
8
2
5
1
1
4
7
2
2
6
3
5
1
1
4
9
1
1
4
5
Nov.
3
3
2
3
2
3
3
9
2
6
1
1
2
7
2
2
7
2
6
1
1
2
8
2
1
6
3
Dec.
3
2
2
2
2
4
3
10
3
6
1
1
3
5
3
2
7
3
6
67
1
18
1
17
3
42
7
101
1
16
1
10
7
53
4
41
Year
38
34
31
46
41
37
32
79
27
69
18
16
52
76
27
18
61
28
DODGE CITY, KANS.
SANTA FE, MEX.
SHREVEPORT, LA.
Lat. 37° 45'. Long. —100° 0'.
Lat. 35° 41'. Long. —105° 57'.
Lat. 32° 30'. Long. —93° 40'.
Height 2517 ft.
Height 7106 ft.
Height 227 ft.
10 Years, 1875-84. Hours 7: 3, 11.*
11 Years, 1873-83. Hours 7: 3, 11.*
12 Years, 1873-84. Hours 7 : 3, 11.*
N.
N.E
E.
S.E.
s.
s.w
w.
N.W
CA.
N.
N.E
E.
S.E.
s.
s w
w.
N.W
CA.
N.
N.E
E.
S.E.
s.
s.w
w.
N.W
CA.
Jan.
8
2
1
3
5
4
3
4
1
8
4
3
3
2
3
1
4
3
4
3
2
3
6
2
2
4
5
Feb.
6
3
1
3
4
3
3
4
1
6
2
3
3
2
3
2
5
2
4
3
3
3
6
1
2
2
4
March
6
4
2
4
4
3
2
0
1
6
3
4
3
2
5
2
4
2
3
3
3
4
7
2
3
3
3
April
7
3
2
4
5
3
2
3
1
3
2
4
4
3
5
3
4
2
3
2
3
4
7
2
3
3
3
May
5
3
2
5
7
3
2
3
1
3
2
5
5
4
6
2
2
2
2
2
4
6
8
2
1
2
4
June
3
3
3
5
9
3
2
1
1
3
3
4
5
3
6
2
2
2
2
1
2
5
9
3
2
2
4
July
2
4
4
7
9
3
1
0
1
3
4
5
5
3
4
2
2
3
3
2
4
5
7
4
2
1
3
Aug.
2
3
3
8
11
2
1
0
1
3
4
6
4
3
4
1
3
3
4
3
4
4
4
2
2
2
6
Sept.
3
4
2
5
10
2
1
2
1
2
3
6
4
3
4
2
2
4
5
4
4
4
4
1
1
1
6
Oct.
6
3
1
4
7
3
2
4
1
4
3
5
4
3
4
2
3
3
4
3
3
5
5
1
1
2
7
Nov.
8
3
1
3
4
3
2
4
2
6
3
2
3
2
4
2
4
.".
5
3
2
3
6
1
2
3
5
Dec.
6
3
1
2
5
3
4
5
2
8
55
4
37
3
51
2
45
2
32
3
51
1
22
4
39
4
33
4
43
3
32
3
37
3
49
6
75
2
23
2
23
3
28
5
55
Year
62
38
23
53
80
35
25
35
14
NEW ORLEANS, LA.
GALVESTON, TEX.
BROWNSVILLE, TEX.
Lat. 29° 58'. Long. —90° 4'.
Lat. 29° 18'. Long. —94° 47'.
Lat. 25° 53'. Long. —97° 26'.
Height 52 ft.
Height 40 ft.
Height 59 ft.
12 Years, 1873-84. Hours 7 : 3, 11.*
12 Years, 1873-84. Hours 7: 3, 11.*
4 Years, 1881-84. Hours 7: 3, 11.*
N.
N.E
E.
S.E.
s.
s.w
w.
N.wlcA.
N.
N.E
E.
S.E.
s.
s.w
w.
N.W
CA.
N.
N.E
E.
S.E.
s.
s.w
w.
N.W
CA.
Jan.
6
4
4
5
4
2
2
3
1
7
4
4
6
4
1
1
3
1
9
2
2
2
7
1
0
3
5
Feb.
5
3
4
4
3
3
2
3
1
5
3
4
6
6
1
1
2
0
6
2
2
6
8
1
0
1
2
March
4
2
4
7
5
3
2
3
1
3
:;
4
10
7
1
1
2
0
4
2
4
7
8
1
0
2
3
April
4
2
3
7
;)
3
2
3
1
3
2
2
9
8
2
1
2
1
2
3
4
10
6
1
0
1
3
May
3
3
5
7
5
2
2
2
2
2
2
3
12
8
2
1
1
0
1
2
6
12
6
0
0
1
3
June
2
2
4
6
5
5
3
2
1
1
1
1
9
13
2
1
1
1
1
1
4
11
8
1
0
0
4
July
2
3
4
6
3
4
4
3
2
1
2
2
7
11
5
1
1
1
0
1
2
15
9
1
0
0
3
Aug.
3
3
5
5
3
3
3
3
3
2
2
3
9
8
3
2
1
1
2
1
5
9
6
1
n
0
7
Sept.
5
5
8
5
2
1
1
2
1
4
4
5
8
5
1
1
1
1
4
3
3
6
3
1
1
1
8
Oct.
6
6
7
4
2
1
1
3
1
5
5
5
8
5
1
0
1
1
4
2
3
6
5
1
0
1
9
Nov.
6
5
5
4
2
2
1
4
1
6
5
5
5
5
1
1
2
0
11
2
2
3
5
0
0
2
5
Dec.
6
4
6
4
3
2
1
4
1
6
45
4
37
6
44
5
94
1
84
2
22
1
12
3
20
0
7
9
53
3
24
2
39
2
89
8
79
1
10
0
1
1
13
5
57
Year
52
42
59
64
42
31
24
35
16
• Washington Mean Time.
REPORT ON ATMOSPHERIC CIRCULATION.
167
FORT THOMAS, MEX.
CONCHO, TEX.
PIOCUE, NEV.
Month.
Lat. 33° 4'. Long. —110° 2'.
Lat, 31° 25'. Long. —100° 24'.
Lat. 37° 57'. Long. —114° 26'.
Height 2710 ft.
Height 1900 ft.
Height 6110 ft.
4J Tears, 1882-86. Hours 7 : 3, 11.*
4 Years, 1879, 80-83. Hours 7 : 3, 11.*
6 Tears, 1878-83. Hours 7: 3, 11.*
N.
N.E
E.
S.E.
s.
s.w
w.
N.W
CA.
N.
N.E
E.
S.E
s.
s.w
w.
NT.W
OA.
N.
N.E
F,.
S.E,.
s.
s.w
w
N,W
CA
Jan.
1
1
2
4
8
3
3
2
7
4
4
0
1
4
6
2
3
7
6
1
0
0
9
3
2
8
2
Feb.
2
1
3
2
4
2
8
1
5
3
4
1
1
5
4
2
3
5
5
1
0
1
9
2
3
6
1
March
3
0
3
2
3
1
9
2
8
2
4
1
2
7
5
3
3
4
6
1
1
1
9
4
9,
5
2
April
2
0
2
1
2
3
8
3
9
2
4
2
3
6
4
3
3
3
5
1
1
1
11
4
9,
4
1
May
2
1
2
2
3
4
8
3
6
2
3
3
4
8
3
2
2
4
fi
1
0
1
11
4
3
3
2
June
1
1
o
1
2
2
6
4
10
0
3
2
7
12
1
1
1
3
4
1
1
1
12
4
1
4
2
July
2
2
2
3
2
2
5
4
9
0
4
4
7
11
1
0
0
4
2
1
0
2
14
5
2
3
2
Aug.
1
1
3
4
i>
2
5
3
7
1
4
4
6
9
2
0
1
4
2
1
1
3
1.'.
3
2
3
1
Sept.
1
1
3
5
li
3
4
1
6
2
5
2
3
10
1
1
2
4
2
1
0
2
12
5
2
4
2
Oct.
1
1
3
0
0
3
4
2
7
2
5
2
3
9
3
1
2
4
5
1
0
1
11
3
2
6
2
Nov.
1
1
2
5
7
3
5
2
4
4
3
1
2
5
4
3
3
5
7
1
1
1
8
2
2
6
2
Dec.
1
1
4
V
5
3
2
3
5
3
25
6
49
1
23
1
40
4
90
6
40
3
21
3
26
4
51
5
55
1
12
0
5
1
15
9
130
3
42
2
25
7
59
3
22
Year
18
11
32
41
52
31
67
30
83
FORT YUMA, ARIZ.
SAN DIEGO, CAL.
VISALIA, CAL.
Month.
Lat. 32° 45'. Long. —114° 36'.
Lat. 32° 43'. Long. —117° 10'.
Lat. 36° 20'. Long. —119° 17'.
Height 141 ft.
Height 67 ft.
Height 348 ft.
4 Tears, 1881-84. Hours 7 : 3, 11.*
12 Tears, 1873-84. Hours 7: 3, 11.*
6 Tears, 1878-83. Hours 7 : 3, 11.*
N.
N.E
E.
S.E.
s.
s.w
w.
N.W
CA.
N.
N.E
E.
S.E.
s.
s.w
w.
N.W
CA.
N.
N.E
E.
R.E.
R.
s.w
w
N W
CA.
Jan.
10
6
1
2
2
1
2
4
3
4
7
3
1
2
2
4
5
3
3
1
4
6
.".
2
3
fi
3
Feb.
6
5
1
2
2
3
3
4
2
4
5
2
1
3
2
4
5
2
2
1
2
5
3
9,
3
7
3
March
5
3
1
2
4
4
3
5
4
4
3
2
1
2
3
7
6
3
3
1
2
4
3
8
3
9
4
April
2
2
1
3
3
6
5
5
3
3
2
1
1
2
4
8
6
3
3
1
2
4
?,
2
?r
11
3
May
2
2
1
4
4
5
4
6
3
2
1
1
1
4
6
9
5
2
4
1
1
2
1
2
3
15
2
June
1
2
2
5
3
6
5
2
4
2
1
0
1
4
6
8
6
2
3
1
1
2
1
2
4
14
2
July
1
1
1
9
7
6
2
1
3
2
o
1
1
3
4
8
7
3
3
1
1
2
2
3
5
13
1
Aug.
1
1
2
9
5
5
1
2
5
3
1
0
0
3
5
9
7
3
2
0
1
3
3
2
5
13
2
Sept.
2
4
2
3
2
5
3
3
6
3
1
1
0
2
3
7
9
4
2
1
1
5
2
2
3
10
4
Oct.
4
6
2
2
1
4
3
4
5
5
3
1
1
1
3
6
7
4
3
1
2
(i
3
2
3
8
3
Nov.
'J
7
1
1
1
2
2
3
4
4
6
3
1
1
2
5
5
Q
O
3
1
3
5
2
3
2
7
4
Dec.
10
7
2
1
1
1
2
4
3
4
40
7
39
3
18
1
10
2
29
2
42
4
79
5
73
3
35
2
33
1
11
3
23
5
49
4
29
2
26
2
38
7
120
5
36
Year
53
46
17
43
35
48
35
43
45
SAN FRANCISCO, CAL.
ROSEBURG, OREG.
CAPE MENDOCINO, CAL.
Month.
Lat. 37° 48'. Long. —122° 26'.
Lat. 43" 13'. Long. —123° 20'.
Lat. 40° 26'. Long. —124° 24'.
Height 60 ft.
Height 511 ft.
Height 637 ft
12 Tears, 1873-84. Hours 7: 3, 11.*
8 Tears, 1877-84. Hours 7: 3, 11.*
4 Tears, 1883-86. Hours 7: 3, 11.*
N.
N.E
E.
S.E.
s.
s.w
w.
N.W
CA.
N.
N.E
E.
S.E.
s.
s.w
w.
N.W
CA.
N.
N.E
E.
S.E.
s.
s.w
w.
N.W
CA.
Jan.
6
3
1
5
3
3
3
5
2
1
1
4
2
5
5
2
2
9
8
1
1
10
5
0
0
5
1
Feb.
4
2
1
4
1
4
5
5
2
2
1
2
2
4
4
2
4
7
5
0
1
8
2
0
1
10
1
March
2
1
1
2
2
7
10
4
2
3
2
2
1
3
5
3
4
8
6
1
2
7
2
1
1
10
1
April
1
0
0
1
2
8
13
3
2
3
1
2
1
3
5
2
6
7
5
0
1
8
2
1
0
12
1
May
1
0
0
1
1
10
15
2
1
7
2
1
0
1
3
2
7
8
6
0
0
7
2
1
0
13
2
June
O
0
0
1
1
13
13
1
1
11
2
1
0
0
1
2
6
7
10
0
0
3
1
0
0
15
1
July
0
0
0
0
1
16
13
0
1
10
3
1
0
0
1
1
7
8
13
0
0
2
0
0
0
12
2
Aug.
0
0
0
0
1
17
12
0
1
10
2
1
0
0
1
2
7
8
18
0
0
2
1
0
0
9
1
Sept.
0
0
0
1
1
15
10
1
2
6
3
1
1
1
1
2
6
9
16
1
0
3
9
0
0
7
1
Oct.
9
1
0
1
1
10
9
4
3
3
2
2
2
2
3
3
3
11
14
1
0
6
4
0
0
5
1
Nov.
5
2
1
3
2
4
5
5
3
2
2
3
2
2
4
2
3
10
10
2
0
7
5
0
0
5
1
Dec.
7
3
1
3
2
3
3
6
3
2
60
2
23
4
24
2
13
4
25
4
37
2
25
3
58
8
100
6
117
1
7
0
5
13
76
6
34
0
0
2
4
107
1
14
Year
28
12
5
22
18
110
111
30
23
* Washington Mean Time.
168
THE VOYAGE OF H.M.S. CHALLENGER.
FORT CANDY, WASH.
TATOOSH IS., WASH.
WINNEMUCCA, nev.
Month.
Lat. 46° 16'. Long. -124° 4'.
Lat. 48° 23'. Long. —124° 44'.
Lat. 41° 0'. Lous. -117° 41'.
Height 179 ft.
Height 86 ft.
Height 4327 ft.
3£ Years, 1883-8G. Hours 7 : 3, 11.*
3} Years, 1883-86. Hours 7 : 3, 11.*
C Years, 1878-83. Hours 7 : 3, 11.*
N.
N.E
E.
S.E.
s.
s.w
w.
N.W
CA.
N.
N.E
E.
S.E.
S.
s.w
w.
N.W
CA.
N.
N.E
E.
S.E.
s.
S.W w.
N.W
CA.
Jan.
2
1
8
10
3
2
3
1
1
0
1
17
5
2
3
1
2
0
2
10
1
0
2
13
1
1
1
Feb.
4
1
2
5
7
4
4
1
0
0
1
10
4
3
5
2
3
0
2
8
1
1
2
10
2
1
1
March
4
1
3
3
6
6
.6
1
1
0
2
8
Q
O
4
6
2
4
2
3
9
1
0
2
12
2
1
1
April
5
2
1
3
6
3
8
1
1
0
2
7
4
3
7
3
3
1
2
6
1
0
3
12
3
1
2
May
7
1
1
1
6
3
11
1
0
0
2
5
4
3
8
6
3
0
2
6
2
0
2
11
4
2
2
June
6
1
1
1
6
2
11
2
0
0
1
2
3
3
14
4
O
0
3
7
1
1
2
10
2
3
1
July
7
1
1
1
5
2
11
3
0
0
1
2
4
4
13
3
2
2
3
6
1
0
2
12
4
2
1
Aug.
7
2
1
1
5
4
8
3
0
0
2
3
3
6
12
2
2
1
3
6
1
0
3
12
4
1
1
Sept.
4
2
1
3
9
2
7
2
0
0
2
8
4
4
8
2
1
1
3
6
2
1
2
11
'■'>
1
1
Oct.
5
1
2
4
9
2
6
1
1
0
2
12
5
2
5
2
2
1
4
8
1
1
2
10
3
1
1
Nov.
2
1
4
8
7
3
4
1
0
0
0
13
7
2
4
3
1
0
3
11
2
0
2
9
1
1
1
Dec.
2
3
2
10
6
2
3
2
19
1
5
0
0
1
17
12
99
6
52
3
39
4
89
2
32
3
29
0
8
2
32
12
95
2
16
0
4
2
26
9
131
2
31
1
16
1
14
Year
55
17
27
50
75
35
82
BOISE CITY, IDAHO.
PORTLAND, OREG.
UMATILLA, OEEG.
Month.
Lat. 43" 37'. Long. -116° 8'.
Lat. 45° 32'. Long. -122° 43'.
Lat. 45° 55'. Long. —119° 20.
Height 2750 ft.
Height 67 ft.
Height 340 ft.
7 Years, 1878-84. Hours 7: 3, 11. »
12 Years, 1873-84. Hours 7 : 3, 11.*
5 Years, 1878-82. Hours 7 : 3, 11.*
N.
N.E
E.
S.E.
s.
s.w
w.
N.W
CA.
N.
N.E
E.
S.E.
s.
s.w
w.
s.w
CA.
N.
N.E
E.
S.E.
s.
s.w
w.
N.W
CA.
Jan.
3
1
2
7
4
1
5
6
2
3
1
4
3
9
3
1
3
4
1
2
5
6
2
4
5
2
4
Feb.
3
2
3
6
2
1
4
5
2
3
1
2
3
8
2
1
4
4
1
2
5
6
1
4
6
2
1
March
2
2
2
8
2
2
6
5
2
2
1
2
3
9
3
1
5
5
1
3
4
4
2
6
8
2
1
April
2
2
2
5
1
2
7
7
2
4
1
1
3
6
3
1
5
6
1
2
4
3
1
6
9
2
2
May
4
2
2
3
1
1
7
10
1
4
1
1
1
7
3
2
7
5
1
2
3
3
1
7
11
2
1
June |
3
2
2
3
1
1
7
9
2
6
1
1
2
5
2
1
8
4
1
2
4
1
0
9
10
2
1
July
8
2
2
3
2
2
5
7
5
8
1
1
1
4
1
1
11
3
1
2
4
1
0
8
10
3
2
Aug.
o
O
2
2
4
3
2
5
8
2
6
1
1
1
4
1
2
10
5
2
2
3
3
1
6
9
2
3
Sept. !
3
2
1
5
2
2
5
8
2
4
1
1
1
6
2
2
7
6
1
2
3
6
1
4
8
3
2
Oct.
2
2
2
6
3
1
4
8
3
3
1
1
2
7
3
1
6
7
2
1
2
8
2
5
7
2
2
Nov.
2
1
2
6
3
1
5
8
2
2
1
2
3
9
2
2
3
6
2
2
4
7
2
3
6
1
3
Dec.
3
1
2
6
1
2
6
7
3
3
48
2
13
4
21
3
26
8
82
3
28
1
10
3
72
4
59
1
15
3
25
5
46
5
2
15
4
66
5
94
2
25
4
26
Year
33
21
24
62
25
18
66
88
28
BERING IS.
UNALASKA, ALASKA.
FAYAL.
Month.
Lat. 55° 12'. Long. —165° 55'.
Lat. 53° 53'. Long. — 106° 32'.
Lat. 38° 32'. Long. -30° 59'.
Height 20 ft.
Height 13 ft.
Height 208 ft.
4 Years, 1882-86. Hour 11 :
3 Years,1882-83,85-86. Hours7: 3,11.*
5 Years, 1881-85. Hours 10 : 6.
N.
N.E
E.
S.E.
s.
s.w
w.
N.W
CA.
N.
N.E
E.
S.E.
s.
s.w
w.
N.W
CA.
N.
N.E.
E.
S.E.
s.
s.w
w.
N.W
CA.
Jan.
8
11
6
1
2
1
0
1
1
2
1
4
10
6
4
1
2
1
2
3
2
2
2
7
8
5
...
Feb.
3
8
7
4
2
2
1
1
0
8
1
1
3
3
3
1
7
1
3
3
1
2
2
8
5
4
...
March
7
5
8
2
2
3
1
3
0
4
1
2
4
5
6
2
6
1
2
5
2
3
4
7
4
4
...
April
5
4
3
3
5
3
2
5
0
2
2
1
6
2
8
3
6
0
4
5
0
1
2
8
6
4
May
5
6
5
1
6
2
1
5
0
3
3
1
8
4
7
2
3
0
3
6
1
0
2
10
7
2
...
June
5
4
4
2
10
4
0
1
0
3
6
1
Q
o
2
7
3
4
1
1
2
1
2
10
6
7
1
July
2
4
4
2
11
6
0
1
1
3
6
2
3
2
10
1
3
1
3
6
2
1
2
6
7
4
...
Aug.
1
3
4
1
14
3
1
2
2
3
6
0
5
2
9
2
3
1
3
11
1
0
3
6
5
2
...
Sept.
5
1
2
1
8
7
2
2
2
2
2
1
5
2
6
4
7
1
3
7
2
2
2
7
4
3
Oct.
6
3
1
2
6
2
0
9
2
2
2
0
5
6
8
2
5
1
3
8
4
5
3
4
3
I
...
Nov.
3
2
6
1
4
6
2
6
0
2
1
1
2
7
9
3
5
0
4
4
1
1
2
7
5
6
...
Dec.
5
6
8
2
3
3
1
2
1
9
4
38
1
32
2
16
3
57
6
47
7
84
3
27
4
55
1
9
5
4
2
2
3
s
4
3
...
Year
55
57
58
22
73
42
11
38
36
64
19
21
37
84
65
39
...
* Washington Meau Time.
REPORT ON ATMOSPHERIC CIRCULATION.
169
FUNCHAL.
PONTA DELGADA.
BERMUDA.
Month.
Lat. 32° 28'. Long. —16° 55'.
Lat. 37° 45'. Long. —25° 41'.
Lat. 32° 17'. Long. —64° 14'.
Height 83 ft.
Height 66 ft.
Height 120 ft.
5 Tears, 1866-70. Hours 9 : 3, 9.
6 Tears, 1865-70. Hours 9:3,9.
11 Tears, 1852-62. Hours 9 j : 3$.
N.
N.E
E.
S.E.
s.
s.w
w.
N.W
CA.
N.
WE
E.
S.E.
s.
s.w
w.
N.W
CA.
N.
N.E
E.
S.E.
s.
s.w
w.
N.W
CA.
Jan.
3
3
3
4
1
6
8
1
2
4
4
2
2
3
7
5
4
0
4
3
1
2
3
8
4
G
0
Feb.
2
2
4
4
1
7
5
1
2
3
.-.
3
3
5
4
3
2
0
4
3
2
2
3
7
3
4
0
March
1
3
2
3
2
10
7
1
2
4
7
3
4
4
2
3
4
0
4
3
1
2
3
7
6
5
0
April
1
2
2
4
3
12
4
1
1
5
5
1
2
5
4
4
4
0
4
3
2
1
4
6
5
5
0
May
1
1
0
8
3
14
6
1
2
6
4
0
1
2
5
7
6
0
2
4
3
3
4
7
4
3
1
June
1
1
1
2
3
17
3
0
2
4
8
1
3
4
3
4
1
2
1
3
2
3
5
8
5
3
0
July
1
0
0
1
5
18
2
1
3
G
9
1
2
2
3
5
2
1
1
1
2
4
7
10
4
2
0
Aug.
1
1
1
1
1
20
2
1
3
5
12
2
2
1
3
3
3
0
1
3
2
3
6
9
5
2
0
Sept,
2
1
1
2
2
16
2
1
3
6
7
1
2
,>
4
4
3
1
3
7
4
2
5
5
2
2
0
Oct.
2
3
3
3
2
12
2
1
3
4
7
2
4
4
4
3
3
0
3
6
4
4
4
5
2
3
0
Nov.
2
2
2
2
2
8
8
1
3
5
G
2
2
5
4
4
2
0
5
4
3
2
3
5
4
4
0
Dec.
3
.".
3
4
2
6
7
1
2
5
57
6
80
2
20
2
29
3
40
6
49
4
49
3
37
0
4
4
36
5
45
2
28
2
30
3
50
6
83
4
48
5
44
0
1
Year
20
22
22
33
27
14G
56
11
28
NASSAU.
MATAMOEAS, MEX.
MATANZAS.
Lat. 25° 5'. Long. —77° 21.
Lat. 25° 56'. Long. — 97° 36'.
Lat. 23° 3'. Long. —81° 30'.
Height 44 ft.
Height (?) ft. Hours, s.-R., 9 : 3, 9.
Height (?) ft.
15 Tears, 1870-84. Hours 9 : 3.
1J Tears, 1847-48.
4 Tears, 1832-35. Hours (?)
N.
N.E
E.
S.E.
s.
S.w
w.
N.W
CA
N.
N.E
E.
S.E.
s.
S.W
w.
N.W
CA.
N.
x.i:
E.
S.E.
s.
s.w
w.
N.W
CA.
Jan.
2
12
2
7
1
2
0
3
2
K.
0
3
2
9
2
1
1
9
10
3
9
5
0
0
0
2
Feb.
1
12
3
5
1
2
0
4
0
6
5
6
4
3
2
1
1
11
7
5
0
0
0
0
1
4
March
2
10
2
9
2
2
1
3
0
G
1
7
5
9
1
1
1
7
12
5
0
3
0
0
0
4
April
2
9
2
8
2
2
1
4
0
3
2
13*
G
3
1
1
1
1
18
1
0
3
0
0
0
7
May
2
9
3
8
2
2
1
3
1
1
2
13
3
10
1
1
0
0
23
2
0
1
0
0
0
5
June
3
7
6
10
2
1
0
1
0
0
3
26
1
0
0
0
0
0
9
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
July
1
8
4
12
2
2
0
1
1
0
1
30
0
0
0
0
0
0
9
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Aug.
1
8
4
11
2
2
(1
9
1
0
0
31
0
0
0
0
0
0
13
2
1
1
0
0
0
0
Sept.
1
10
4
10
1
2
0
1
1
G
5
19
0
0
0
0
0
0
12
0
0
2
2
0
1
0
Oct.
1
15
4
5
1
1
1
•J
1
8
6
15
1
1
0
0
0
10
18
3
0
0
0
0
0
0
Nov.
9
13
4
4
1
2
0
3
1
14
3
8
0
4
0
1
0
4
22
4
0
0
0
0
0
0
Dec.
2
14
3
4
1
2
0
4
31
1
9
16
70
0
31
4
175
1
23
10
49
0
7
0
6
0
4
8
12
4
0
2
0
0
0
0
Year
20
127
41
93
18
22
4
SANTIAGO DE CUBA.
HAVANA.
NEVASSA.
Lat. 19° 55'. Long. —75° 50'.
Lat. 23° 8'. Long. -82° 23'.
Lat. 19° 25'. Long. —75° 3'.
Height 21 ft.
Height 62 ft.
Height 77 ft.
2J Tears, 1880-83. Hour 7 :
1 Tear, 1875. Hours various.
8 Months, 1882-83. Hour 8 :
N.
N.E
E.
S.E.
s.
s.w
w.
N.W
CA.
N.
N.E
E.
S.E.
s.
S.W
w.
N.W
CA.
N.
N.E
E.
S.E.
s.
s.w
w.
N.W
CA.
Jan.
21
4
0
0
0
0
0
1
5
3
G
in
4
2
0
0
0
6
0
27
4
0
0
0
0
0
0
Feb.
13
2
0
0
0
0
0
2
11
4
6
7
3
2
1
0
1
4
March
14
1
0
0
0
0
0
1
15
3
5
9
5
4
0
0
1
4
0
20
11
0
0
0
0
0
0
April
10
0
0
0
0
0
0
O
20
G
5
7
3
4
1
1
2
1
May
10
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
20
5
4
7
5
4
1
1
2
2
June
7
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
23
4
G
It)
0
2
0
0
0
3
July
8
3
0
0
0
1
0
1
18
r")
6
13
4
i
0
O
0
4-
0
8
23
0
0
0
0
0
0
Aug.
5
1
0
0
0
0
0
1
24
4
5
10
G
2
0
0
1
3
0
12
19
0
0
0
0
0
0
Sept.
10
2
0
1
0
0
0
1
If.
:i
5
9
7
3
1
0
II
2
1
14
15
0
0
0
0
(J
0
Oct,
4
4
1
1
0
3
3
3
12
8
7
8
2
1
0
0
2
3
1
15
14
0
0
0
1
0
0
Nov.
18
3
0
0
0
0
0
1
8
9
6
10
7
1
0
0
0
4
0
24
5
0
0
0
0
0
1
Dec.
13
1
0
0
0
0
0
2
15
48
64
II
111
5
56
3
29
1
5
1
3
3
12
1
37
0
27
4
0
0
0
0
0
0
Year
133
21
1
2
0
4
3
14
187
(PHYS. CHEM. CHALL. EXP. — PART V. — 18S8.)
28
170
THE VOYAGE OF H.M.S. CHALLENGER.
POINTE-A-PITRE.
JAMAICA.
UP PARK CAMP, JAMAICA.
Month.
Lat. 16° 14'. Long. —61° 31'.
Lat. 18° 6'. Long. —76° 42'.
Lat. 18° 0'. Long. —76° 56'.
Height 13 feet.
Height 3800 ft.
Height 225 ft.
9 Months, 1885. Hours 8 : 4, 9.
15 Tears, 1870-84. Hours 9 : 3.
5 Tears, 1853-59. Hours 9}: 3J.
N.
N.r
E.
S.E
s.
s.w
w.
X.tt
CA
N.
N.E
E.
S.E
S.
s.w
w.
N.fl
CA
N.
N.E
E.
S.E
s.
s.w
w.
N.W CA.
Jan.
1
6
6
4
0
1
1
1
11
7
13
2
8
0
0
0
1
■ ■•
Feb.
1
5
4
4
1
0
0
1
12
6
7
1
10
0
1
0
3
March
1
6
4
3
2
0
1
1
13
4
5
1
14
1
1
1
4
April
1
0
1
9
1
2
0
0
0
1
6
5
4
1
1
1
0
11
2
4
2
17
0
2
1
2
May
1
•j
8
18
1
0
0
1
0
0
5
6
4
1
1
0
0
14
2
8
2
17
0
0
0
2
June
0
14
11
5
0
0
0
0
0
0
6
5
5
1
1
0
0
12
3
6
1
15
1
1
0
3
...
July
0
14
15
1
0
0
0
0
1
0
6
6
5
1
0
1
0
12
4
10
2
11
0
1
1
2
Aug.
0
15
15
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
7
4
5
1
0
1
0
13
5
6
2
15
0
1
1
1
Sept.
2
11
11
2
0
4
0
0
0
1
6
5
6
0
0
0
0
12
2
9
3
13
0
1
1
1
Oct.
1
10
10
7
1
2
0
0
0
1
6
6
5
0
1
0
1
11
-i
10
2
12
0
0
0
3
Nov.
0
13
13
1
3
0
0
0
0
1
5
6
4
0
0
1
1
12
6
14
2
5
1
0
0
2
Dec.
0
12
14
2
1
2
0
0
0
2
9
0
70
5
62
4
53
1
9
0
5
0
6
1
6
12
145
7
52
17
109
2
22
4
141
0
3
0
8
0
5
1
25
...
Year
ROSS' VIEW, JAMAICA.
PORTO RICO.
BARBADOES.
Lat. 18° 3'. Long. —76° 44'.
Lat. 18° 18'. Long. —66° 30'.
Lat. 13° 4'. Long. —59° 40'.
Height 951 ft.
Height 81 ft.
Height 25 ft.
5 Years, 1869-73. Hours 6, N. : 6.
11J Tears, 1874-85. Hours 9: 3.
15 Tears, 1870-84. Hours 9 : 3.
N.
N.E
E.
S.E.
s.
s.w
w.
N.W
CA.
N.
N.E
E.
S.E.
S.
s.w
w.
N.W
CA.
N.
N.E.
E.
S.E.
s.
s.w
w.
N.W
CA.
Jan.
1
4
16
5
2
2
0
1
1
7
18
4
1
0
0
0
0
1
28
1
1
0
0
0
0
. ..
Feb.
1
4
16
3
2
1
0
1
1
7
14
4
1
0
0
1
0
0
23
2
2
0
0
0
1
...
March
2
6
16
4
1
1
0
1
1
6
15
5
1
1
1
1
0
0
27
3
1
0
0
0
0
April
1
6
16
4
1
1
0
1
1
5
16
4
1
1
0
1
1
0
25
4
1
0
0
0
0
May
0
4
17
4
2
2
1
1
1
3
18
7
1
0
1
0
0
0
23
0
3
0
0
0
0
June
1
3
17
5
2
1
0
1
2
1
18
6
1
1
0
0
1
0
25
2
3
0
0
0
0
July
1
4
17
5
2
1
0
1
0
2
21
6
1
0
1
0
0
0
25
4
2
0
0
0
0
Aug.
1
a
17
3
3
1
0
1
1
3
17
8
1
0
0
1
0
0
23
3
5
0
0
0
0
Sept.
1
4
17
3
2
1
1
1
1
3
15
8
1
0
1
0
1
0
20
4
6
II
0
0
0
Oct.
1
4
16
4
3
1
1
1
1
4
14
8
1
1
0
1
1
0
19
3
9
0
0
0
0
Nov.
1
4
16
3
3
1
1
1
3
7
13
4
1
1
0
1
0
1
23
3
3
0
0
0
0
Dec.
1
5
14
4
3
2
1
1
3
16
8
56
13
192
5
69
1
0
1
5.
0
6
0
4
1
3
26
287
3
37
1
37
0 0
0
0
0
1
...
Year
12
53
195
47
20
15
5
12
12 5
0
0
BELIZE.
CORDOVA, MEX.
GUATEMALA.
Lat. 17° 30'. Long. —88° 18'.
Lat. 18° 51'. Long. —96° 54'.
Lat. 14° 38'. Long. —90° 31'.
Height 27 ft.
Height 2879 ft.
Height 4856 ft.
5 Tears, 1866-70. Hours 9 : 3.
2 Tears, 1858-59. Hours various.
4 Tears, 1879-82. Hours 7:2,9.
N.
N.E
E.
S.E.
s.
s.w
w.
s.w
:.\.
N.
N.E
E.
3.E.
s.
s.w
w.
N.W
CA.
N.
N.E
E.
>.E.
s.
s.w
w.
s.w
CA.
Jan.
6
7
5
12
0
0
0
1
0
6
9
2
2
1
5
2
4
0
18
6
0
0
1
2
0
0
4
Feb.
7
4
4
11
0
0
1
1
0
3
9
2
1
3
5
1
4
0
17
7
0
0
2
1
0
0
1
March
3
6
8
13
0
0
0
1
0
5
9
3
2
1
5
3
3
0
7
10
1
0
1
6
0
1
5
April
2
4
13
10
0
0
0
1
(1
3
9
2
1
2
7
3
1
2
9
5
0
0
5
5
0
1
5
May
1
3
14
12
0
0
0
1
0
2
8
1
2
1
4
6
5
2
6
6
0
1
5
6
0
1
6
June
1
3
13
10
1
1
0
1
0
3
12
4
2
1
2
2
4
0
6
5
1
1
4
6
1
0
6
July
1
3
15
12
0
0
0
0
II
3
12
2
3
2
3
2
3
1
12
9
0
1
2
2
0
1 4
Aug.
3
5
8
11
3
0
0
1
0
2
11
3
3
1
5
1
4
1
9
6
1
1
4
6
0
1
3
Sept.
3
4
10
11
0
0
0
2
0
6
14
1
1
1
2
2
3
0
8
5
1
1
4
6
1
0
4
Oct.
9
8
4
3
1
0
1
5
0
5
11
2
2
1
2
3
4
1
10
6
0
0
3
4
0
1
7
Nov.
14
5
3
2
0
0
1
5
II
4
10
1
2
2
4
2
5
0
19
8
0
1
0
1
0
0
1
Dec.
4
10
4
6
0
0
1
5
1
5
47 1
1-J
26
1
24
2
23
2
18
4
2
3
43
0
7 J
21
142
6
79
0
4
1
7
1
32
1
46
0
2
0
6
1
47
Year
54
62
101
l:;
5
1
4
24
1
48
29
REPORT ON ATMOSPHERIC CIRCULATION.
171
COLON.
GAMBOA.
NAOS.
Month.
Lat. 9° 22'. Long. —79° 55'.
Lat. 9" 10'. Long. —79° 43'.
Lat. 8° 57'. Long. —79° 31'.
Height 164 ft.
Height 98 ft.
Height 46 ft.
5 Years, 1881-85. Hours 6: 1,9.
3J Years,1881-82,84-85. Hours 7,11 : 7.
4 Years, 1881-85. Hours 7, 11 : 7.
N.
N.I
E.
S.E
s.
s.w
w.
N.W
CA.
N.
N.I
E.
S.E
s.
S.W
w.
N.W
CA.
N.
N.E
E.
S.E
S.
s.w
w.
n.w
CA.
Jan.
17
12
0
0
1
0
0
1
0
13
5
1
0
0
0
1
3
8
14
2
1
1
1
0
4
8
0
Feb.
14
14
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
11
4
1
0
0
1
1
3
7
12
2
1
1
0
0
1
11
0
March
16
13
0
0
1
0
0
0
1
14
2
1
0
0
0
0
5
9
11
3
1
2
1
0
1
12
0
April
18
8
0
1
1
0
0
1
1
9
4
1
0
0
0
1
7
8
9
2
1
2
1
0
1
12
2
May
9
4
1
2
6
1
2
5
1
7
7
0
1
1
1
0
6
8
7
2
2
3
1
1
1
12
2
June
4
2
1
2
8
2
3
5
3
2
8
1
2
2
1
1
5
8
8
2
2
3
2
1
4
8
0
July
7
3
1
1
5
2
3
5
4
3
4
0
1
1
2
3
6
11
8
2
1
1
2
0
9
8
0
Aug.
6
2
0
2
4
5
4
4
4
4
5
1
1
0
0
3
7
10
Ki
2
1
1
2
1
6
8
0
Sept.
3
1
1
2
8
5
3
3
4
3
6
1
2
0
2
1
5
10
9
2
2
2
2
1
6
6
0
Oct.
2
0
4
3
11
3
2
3
3
6
3
1
3
2
2
1
3
10
8
2
2
4
5
2
3
5
0
Nov.
4
0
2
2
9
3
5
4
1
5
3
1
1
4
2
4
4
6
7
1
2
2
4
2
5
7
0
Dec.
16
5
1
1
2
1
2
3
0
8
85
5
56
5
14
0
11
0
10
0
11
2
18
4
58
7
102
9
112
2
24
1
17
1
23
1
22
0
8
7
48
10
107
0
4
Year
116
64
11
16
56
22
24
34
22
MAZATLAN.
SAN JOSE.
HEREDIA.
Month.
Lat. 23° 11'. Long. —106° 17'.
Lat. 9° 56'. Long. —86° 0'.
Lat. 9° 59'. Long. —84° 9'.
Height 249 ft.
Height 3756 ft.
Height 3776 ft.
6J Years, 1881-87. Hours 5 : 3.
11 Years,1868-78. Hours 7 : 2,9.
(?) Years. Hours 7 : 2, 9.
N.
N.E
E.
S.E.
s.
s.w
w.
N.W
CA.
N.
N.E
E.
S.E.
S.
s.w
w.
N.W
CA.
N.
N.E
E.
S.E.
s.
>.\\
w.
N.W
CA.
Jan.
5
8
6
2
0
0
1
9
1
21
4
1
1
1
0
1
1
0
23
7
0
(i
0
0
1
...
Feb.
2
7
8
2
0
0
0
9
...
1
22
2
1
0
0
0
1
1
0
18
9
1
0
0
0
0
March
2
6
8
3
0
1
0
11
...
2
22
2
1
1
1
0
1
1
0
10
17
2
1
1
0
0
...
April
1
6
10
2
0
1
2
8
...
2
19
4
1
0
0
0
2
2
1
14
11
1
0
1
2
0
May
2
8
14
3
0
0
1
3
3
14
2
1
1
0
1
4
5
1
8
5
3
0
5
6
3
...
June
2
6
10
6
1
1
1
3
...
1
12
2
2
2
1
1
3
6
1
1
3
10
1
4
7
3
July
2
7
9
5
1
1
2
4
1
17
2
2
1
1
0
3
4
0
3
2
9
3
5
7
2
...
Aug.
3
9
9
5
1
1
0
3
...
3
12
3
0
2
1
1
2
7
1
4
4
7
3
6
4
2
Sept.
3
11
8
5
0
0
1
2
...
1
10
3
2
1
1
3
4
5
1
2
4
5
3
8
5
2
Oct.
4
12
10
2
0
1
0
2
...
1
7
3
1
1
3
3
7
5
0
2
3
2
3
6
9
6
...
Nov.
3
12
7
1
0
0
1
6
...
1
16
4
2
1
0
0
2
4
0
5
12
2
1
3
6
1
...
Dec.
2
11
8
2
0
0
1
7
...
2
19
17
189
4
35
2
16
1
12
0
9
0
9
1
31
4
45
1
6
16
106
9
86
1
43
0
15
1
40
3
49
0
20
...
Year
31
103
107
38
3
6
10
67
...
BLDEFIELDS.
KIVAS.
PUERTO BERRIO.
Month,
Lat. 12° 8'. Long. -83° 43'.
Lat. 11° 26'. Long. —85° 47'.
Lat. 6° 32'. Long. -74° 28'.
Height 20 ft.
Height 120 ft.
Height 542 ft.
3 Years, 1884-86. Horn- 6J :
6 Years, 1881-86. Hour 6:
4 Years, 1881-84. Hour 7 :
N.
N.E
E.
S.E.
s.
s.w
w.
N.W
CA.!
N.
N.E
E.
S.E.
s.
s.w
w.
N.W
CA.
N.
N.E
E.
S.E.
s.
s.w
w.
N.W
CA.
Jan.
8
8
1
0
0
0
0
14
0
0
27
4
0
0
0
0
0
0
2
1
0
0
4
0
0
1
23
Feb.
8
3
0
1
0
0
1
14
l
0
20
8
0
0
0
0
0
0
4
0
1
1
2
0
0
1
19
March
4
16
0
1
1
2
0
6
i
0
22
8
0
1
0
0
0
0
8
1
0
1
4
0
0
1
16
April
1
8
2
1
0
0
0
18
0
0
19
6
3
1
0
0
1
0
3
1
0
1
2
0
0
1
22
May
3
4
1
2
0
1
1
14
5
2
14
6
3
1
2
1
2
0
3
0
1
0
4
0
0
0
23
June
6
5
0
1
1
1
2
14
0
1
19
3
3
2
1
0
1
0
3
0
1
1
7
0
0
0
18
July
3
9
1
1
0
7
3
7
0
1
24
3
2
0
1
0
0
0
3
1
0
0
9
0
0
0
18
Aug.
4
7
0
0
0
6
2
12
0
0
23
3
2
0
2
1
0
0
4
1
1
1
8
0
0
0
16
Sept.
5
8
2
0
0
0
2
12
1
1
11
3
5
1
3
1
3
2
3
1
0
2
7
1
0
1
15
Oct.
7
3
0
0
1
4
3
13
0
2
9
3
4
1
3
2
4
3 1
2
1
0
1
9
1
0
0
17
Nov.
9
1
0
0
0
0
2
17
1
0
19
5
1
0
1
0
2
2
5
0
1
0
4
1
0
0
19
Dec.
13
3
0
0
0
0
1
14
0
0
7
28
235
2
54
1
24
0
7
0
13
0
5
0
13
0
7
2
42
<)
7
0
5
1
9
2
62
0
3
1
1
0
5 5
25
"31
Year
71
75
7
7
3
21
17
155
9
172
THE VOYAGE OF H.M.S. CHALLENGER.
BUENAVENTURA.
BOGATA.
GEORGE TOWN.
Lat. 3° 50'. Long. —76° 55'.
Lat. 4° 36'. Long. —74° 14'.
Lat. 6° 50'. Long. —58° 8'.
Month.
Height 18 ft.
Height 8655 ft.
Height 10 ft. Hours (?)
1 Tear, 1882-83. Hour 7 :
5 Tears, 1881- 84, 86-87. Hour 7 :
5 Tears, 1850-51, 1854-56.
N.
N.rc
E.
S.E.
s.
s.w
w.
N.W
CA.
N.
N.E
E.
S.E.
s.
S.W
w.
N.W
CA.
N.
N.E
E.
S.E.
s.
s.w
w.
N.W
CA.
Jan.
1
0
1
6
4
7
0
1
11
2
4
2
II
3
2
1
2
15
0
11
19
0
0
0
0
0
1
Feb.
1
0
0
2
5
4
0
0
16
3
2
1
2
2
3
1
1
13
0
15
13
0
0
0
0
0
0
March
4
2
0
2
14
2
0
0
7
3
2
1
1
3
4
1
2
14
0
17
14
0
0
0
0
0
0
April
9
2
0
0
0
0
0
2
17
3
0
1
2
3
4
2
3
12
0
11
18
1
0
0
0
0
0
May
0
1
0
1
8
1
0
0
20
3
2
2
1
3
3
2
1
14
0
9
18
4
0
0
0
0
0
June
1
0
0
1
9
0
0
0
19
2
3
0
1
3
3
2
1
15
0
6
22
2
0
0
0
0
0
July
3
1
0
1
9
2
0
0
15
2
2
1
2
7
2
2
2
11
0
8
19
4
0
0
0
0
0
Aug.
0
1
0
1
8
1
0
0
20
3
1
1
2
4
2
2
1
15
0
7
21
0
0
0
1
0
2
Sept.
11
1
0
0
0
1
0
5
12
3
1
2
3
4
2
3
4
8
0
9
20
1
0
0
0
0
0
Oct.
0
0
2
2
8
7
2
0
10
1
2 '
1
1
2
2
1
1
20
0
11
19
1
0
0
0
0
0
Nov.
1
1
0
3
9
11
4
1
0
1
2
1
1
1
2
3
1
18
0
9
20
1
0
0
0
0
0
Dec.
2
2
1
3
6
7
6
0
4
1
27
1
22
1
14
1
17
2
37
2
31
1
21
1
20
21
176
0
0
11
124
19
222
1
15
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
3
Year
33
11
4
22
80
43
12
9
151
CATHERINA SOPHIA.
CATENNE.
MARANHAO.
Lat. 5° 48'. Long. —56° 47'.
Lat. 4° 56'. Long. —55" 39'. .
Lat. —2° 30'. Long. —44° 0'.
Height 50 ft.
Hours generally mean of day.
Height 14 ft.
4 Tears, 1856-59. Hours 7 : 2,9.
7 Tears, 1846-52. Height 7 ft.
9 Months, 1886-87. Hours (?)
N.
N.E
E.
S.E.
s.
s.w
w.
s.w
CA.
N.
N.E
E.
S.E.
s.
s.w
w.
N.W
CA.
N.
N.E
E.
S.E.
S.
s.w
w.
N.W
CA.
Jan.
2
If,
7
5
0
0
1
0
1
23
5
0
0
0
0
0
2
Feb.
1
18
G
3
0
0
0
0
1
23
2
0
0
0
0
0
2
1
8
12
1
0
0
0
0
6
March
2
21
3
4
0
1
0
0
2
24
3
0
0
0
0
0
2
10
10
3
0
0
1
0
1
6
April
2
17
6
4
1
0
0
0
1
19
5
2
0
0
0
0
3
1
10
8
1
0
1
0
2
7
May
1
12
7
7
2
1
0
1
• ••
1
11
13
1
0
0
0
0
5
1
9
10
4
0
1
2
1
3
June
1
10
6
9
2
1
0
1
0
8
18
2
0
0
0
0.
2
0
10
11
5
0
2
0
0
2
July
2
9
5
8
5
1
0
1
0
4
21
o
0
0
0
0
3
0
10
14
4
0
1
0
0
2
Aug.
1
10
6
9
2
2
0
1
0
9
24
4
0
0
0
0
1
0
13
15
2
1
0
0
0
0
Sept.
1
11
5
8
2
1
0
2
0
4
2.")
1
0
0
0
0
0
Oct.
1
13
6
7
3
0
0
1
1
7
21
1
0
0
0
0
1
Nov.
1
12
5
7
4
1
(t
0
1
10
17
1
0
0
0
0.
1
0
15
15
0
0
0
0
0
0
Dec.
1
12
161
7
69
9
80
2
23
0
8
0
1
0
7
(>
8
20
155
9
163
O
15
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
2
24
0
14
16
1
0
0
0
0
0
Year
16
PEKNAMBUCO.
SAN BENTO DAS LAGOS.
COLONIA ISABEL.
Lat. —8° 4'. Long. —34° 52V
Lat. —12° 13'. Long. —38° 40'.
Lat. —8° 45'. Long. —35° 42'.
Height 11 ft.
Height 98 ft.
Height 751 ft.
8 Tears, 1876-84. Hours s.-R., N. : 8.-S.
6 Tears, 1879-84. Hours 6 : 2, 8.
7 Months, 1876-77. Hours 6, 10: 2, 6.
N.
N.E
E.
S.E.
s.
s.w
w.
N.W
CA.
N.
N.E
E.
S.E.
s.
s.w
w.
N.W
CA.
N.
N.E
E.
S.E.
s.
s.w
w.
N.W
CA.
Jan.
0
9
18
3
1
0
0
0
...
5
2
2
12
5
0
0
5
...
5
7
9
3
3
]
1
2
Feb.
0
0
6
11
11
0
0
0
4
3
2
9
4
1
0
5
■ •*
5
3
6
4
7
1
1
1
...
March
0
1
14
14
2
0
0
0
...
5
2
3
11
4
0
0
6
April
1
0
3
15
11
0
0
0
4
2
1
9
8
0
0
6
May
0
1
1
13
16
0
0
0
3
1
2
5
15
0
0
5
June
0
0
6
9
14
1
0
0
3
0
2
7
13
1
0
4
July
0
0
2
16
13
0
0
0
3
1
2
7
14
1
0
3
Aug.
0
0
1
21
9
0
0
0
4
1
1
7
14
1
0
3
0
0
1
3
6
15
5
1
Sept.
0
6
10
10
4
0
0
0
5
2
2
7
9
0
1)
5
3
3
3
3
3
8
4
3
Oct.
0
6
17
7
1
0
0
0
■ ■■
6
2
1
8
8
1
0
5
4
6
5
4
2
5
4
1
Nov.
1
16
12
1
0
0
0
0
7
2
■>
7
6
1
0
5
6
9
8
3
1
1
0
2
Dec.
0
10
21
0
0
0
0
0
...
7
56
2
20
1
21
8
97
7
107
1
7
0
0
5
57
7
8
9
2
1
1
0
3
Year
2
49
111
12C
82
1
0
0
...
REPORT ON ATMOSPHERIC CIRCULATION.
173
ITAB1RA DO CAMPO.
BIO JANEIRO.
SANTA CKUZ.
Month.
Lat. —19° 40'. Long. —43° 5'.
Lat. —22° 57'. Long. —43° 7'.
Lat. —22° 56'. Long. —41° 39'.
Height 2733 ft.
Height 224 ft.
Height 85 ft.
9 Months, 1882-83. Hours (?)
2 Tears,1881-83. Hours 4,7,10: 1,7,10.
1 Year, 1886-87. Hours (?)
N.
N.E
E.
S.E.
s.
s.w
w.
N.W
CA.
N.
N.E
E.
S.E.
S.
s.w
w.
N.W
CA.
N.
N.E
E.
S.E.
S.
s.w
w.
N.W
CA.
Jan.
3
3
1
5
fi
2
1
8
2
1
14
1
2
6
2
0
0
5
Feb.
3
2
0
6
fi
3
1
7
0
0
11
1
3
3
0
0
1
9
March
1
2
23
2
0
1
0
2
3
3
2
6
7
2
1
7
0
1
9
7
4
1
1
1
4
3
April
3
3
1
5
4
3
1
10
0
9
fi
2
1
2
1
0
3
6
May
6
0
23
3
2
1
2
0
3
.">
1
5
4
2
2
Ki
1
7
10
(I
1
2
3
0
5
3
June
0
0
24
4
1
1
0
0
3
4
2
3
3
1
4
9
1
11
11
0
0
1
3
0
3
1
July
0
0
27
2
0
2
0
0
3
4
1
4
3
•i
1
11
2
12
10
2
0
1
1
0
2
3
Aug.
0
0
25
2
1
2
0
1
9
3
<>
5
5
2
1
10
1
is
7
O
1
2
2
0
1
0
Sept.
0
0
20
0
0
7
0
3
1
2
1
6
fi
2
1
9
2
3
1
0
2
8
5
0
0
11
Oct.
1
3
25
1
0
0
1
0
1
4
1
6
7
2
1
7
2
7
8
0
2
3
3
0
1
7
Nov.
1
0
22
1
0
2
0
4
1
4
1
7
9
2
1
4
1
3
5
1
4
8
3
0
0
r>
Dec.
0
0
18
3
1
2
1
3
2
28
4
39
1
14
5
63
7
67
2
25
1
7
2
14
6
78
3
95
1
15
2
22
6
43
2
26
0
1
0
20
n
65
Year
16 99
SAN PAULO.
EIO GRANDE DO SUL.
COLONIA, MONTE VIDEO.
Lat. —23° 33'. Long. — 4(
;° 37'.
Lat. —32° 0'. Long. —52° 15'.
Lat. —34° 50'. Long. —58° 37'.
Height 2393 ft.
Height 54 ft.
Height 109 ft.
5 Years, 1879-83. Hours
(?)
li Tears, 1882-83. Hours (?)
2 Years, 1883-84. Hours 7 : 2, 7.
-
N.
N.E
E.
S.E.
s.
s.w
w.
N.W
CA.
N.
N.E
E.
S.E.
s.
s.w
w.
N.W
CA.
N.
N.E
E.
S. E.
s.
s.w
w.
N.W
CA.
Jan.
1
2
1
2
0
0
0
3
22
2
7
fi
4
7
2
1
1
1
')
7
5
9
2
3
0
3
0
Feb.
0
1
1
3
1
0
0
3
19
3
10
5
1
4
3
1
1
0
1
fi
2
7
4
4
1
■>
1
March
1
2
2
2
1
1
0
1
21
1
4
5
3
3
7
6
1
1
2
10
2
fi
3
3
1
3
1
April
0
2
1
2
1
1
0
1
22
3
fi
4
2
4
6
3
1
1
1
3
3
f,
2
7
3
3
2
May
1
2
1
1
0
0
0
1
25
3
fi
4
2
3
6
4
2
1
2
3
2
4
3
8
2
5
2
June
0
2
1
1
1
0
0
1
24
5
8
5
1
2
5
3
1
0
4
5
1
3
2
6
3
4
2
July
1
2
0
1
1
1
1
(i
24
4
9
3
2
2
5
4
2
0
4
8
1
2
1
8
2
3
2
Aug.
0
9
1
4
1
1
1
0
21
3
10
5
2
0
4
1
1
0
3
11
2
5
2
4
0
2
2
Sept.
0
2
2
5
1
1
0
0
19
1
8
6
2
6
4
1
1
1
1
9
3
7
3
5
0
1
1
Oct.
1
2
1
5
1
1
0
>)
18
1
11
6
3
5
4
1
0
0
1
8
3
5
3
5
2
2
2
Nov.
0
1
2
4
1
1
0
2
19
3
10
6
2
5
3
1
0
0
1
7
3
5
2
7
2
2
1
Dec.
0
1
2
3
1
0
0
3
21
2
31
10
99
7
62
2
26
4
50
5
54
1
27
0
11
0
5
2
24
8
85
4
31
5
fi4
3
30
fi
Gfi
1
17
2
32
0
16
Year
5
21
15
33
10
7
2
17
255
ASSUKCION.
OOKR1ENTES.
GOYA.
Lat. —25° 1G'. Long. —57
°40'.
Lat. —27° 28'. Long. —58° 49'.
Lat. —29° 91'. Long. —59° 15'
Height 322 ft.
Height 280 ft.
Height 209 ft.
11 Months, 1854. Hours va
nous.
8 Years, 1 873-80. Hours 7 : 2, 9.
9 Years, 18,6-84. Hours 7 : 2, 9.
N.
N.E
E.
S.E.
s.
s.w
w.
N.W
CA.
N.
N.E
E.
S.E.
s.
s.w
w.
N.W
CA.
N.
N.E
E.
S.E.
s.
s.w
w.
N.W
CA.
Jan.
2
4
7
7
5
1
0
1
4
7
:;
4
2
13
0
1
0
1
5
5
4
7
6
2
1
1
Feb.
9
4
4
2
9
0
0
0
0
3
3
4
9
6
2
0
1
...
March
r>
7
3
8
4
1
1
2
0
9
3
4
3
11
0
0
0
1
6
3
4
9
4
2
1
2
April
5
5
3
6
fi
2
1
2
0
7
2
4
3
13
0
0
0
1
5
4
3
8
5
3
1
1
May
<;
5
9
7
3
1
0
0
0
8
4
4
2
12
0
(1
0
1
7
fi
2
5
6
3
1
1
June
4
4
15
3
2
0
J
1
0
11
3
3
1
12
0
0
0
0
7
6
2
8
3
1
1
July
2
4
12
5
5
1
2
0
0
12
0
3
2
11
1
0
0
0
7
G
3
5
7
2
1
0
Aug.
3
5
7
7
3
1
3
0
2
13
:;
2
1
12
0
0
0
0
7
6
3
5
.'>
3
1
1
...
Sept.
■<
fi
10
2
fi
2
0
0
2
8
3
3
2
13
1
0
0
0
2
6
4
9
5
3
0
1
Oct.
4
8
7
4
3
4
0
0
1
7
2
4
o
15
0
0
0
0
4
4
5
9
5
2
1
1
Nov.
7
fi
5
4
4
0
2
2
0
6
3
4
3
14
0
0
0
0
0
7
4
.s
y
1
1
1
Dec.
4
8
3
5
4
1
1
2
3
9
106
3
35
4
43
3
27
10
145
1
0
1
0
0
1
5
6
62
5
61
4
42
7
83
6
68
1
27
1
10
1
12
...
Year
...
174
THE VOYAGE OF H.M.S. CHALLENGER.
■■
CONCOEDIA.
TUCUMAN.
SAN LUIS.
Month.
Lat. —31° 25'. Long. —58° 4'.
Lat. —26° 51'. Long. —65° 12'.
Lat. —33" 19'. Long. —66° 20'.
Height 200 ft.
Height 1522 ft. Hours 7 : 2, 9.
Height 2490 ft.
3 Tears, 1876-78. Hours 7 : 2, 9.
8 Years, 1873-77, 79-86.
4 Years, 1874-77. Hours 7: 2, 9.
N.
N.F,
v..
S.E.
a.
s.w
w.
N.W
CA.
N.
N.E
E.
S.E.
S.
S.W
w.
N.W
CA.
N.
N.E.
E. S.E.
s.
S.W
w.
N.W
CA.
Jan.
2
7
6
7
2
4
2
1
...
6
3
2
3
7
2
4
2
2
2
3
7
3
2
1
1
2
10
Feb.
2
6
fi
7
2
2
2
1
5
4
3
2
4
4
3
2
1
6
2
5
3
0
0
1
3
8
March
7
8
5
5
2
2
2
0
■ •■
5
3
2
3
4
5
4
4
1
2
2
6
5
1
0
1
o
10
April
4
8
6
3
2
5
2
0
...
4
2
2
1
5
7
5
3
1
2
2
6
4
1
0
1
4
10
May
7
8
3
2
2
4
4
1
2
1
2
3
6
8
5
2
2
6
2
4
3
2
0
0
6
8
June
6
6
4
.1
2
4
5
2
...
2
2
4
2
6
9
3
1
1
4
2
3
2
1
1
0
3
14
July
10
6
4
3
2
3
2
1
...
2
2
2
3
9
8
2
1
2
3
3
6
2
1
1
1
3
11
Aug.
9
5
4
2
3
4
3
1
2
3
4
3
9
4
3
1
2
4
2
5
2
1
0
2
3
12
Sept,
9
5
3
2
3
4
3
1
...
3
1
3
4
8
5
3
1
2
2
1
5
4
1
1
1
3
12
Oct,
6
8
4
4
3
3
2
1
2
2
3
5
8
5
3
2
1
4
1
8
7
1
1
1
2
6
Nov.
4
7
5
5
2
4
2
1
2
2
3
3
7
6
4
2
1
4
1
6
7
1
1
1
1
8
Dec.
5
7
4
3
3
5
3
1
3
2
2
3
7
6
4
2
2
4
43
3
24
5
66
6
48
2
14
1
7
1
11
3
36
6
116
Year
71
81
54
44
28
44
32
11
...
38 27
32
35
80
69
43
23
18
PARANA.
VILLA HEENANDAEIA.
KOSAEIO.
Lat. —31° 44'. Long. —61° 1'.
Lat. —31° 15'. Long. —59° 40'.
Lat. —32° 57'. Long. —60° 38'.
Height 256 ft.
Height 190 ft.
Height 128 ft.
8 Years, 1875-82. Hours 7 : 2, 9.
8 Years, 1877-84. Hours 7 : 2, 9.
6 Years, 1875-80. Hours 7 : 2, 9.
N.
N.E
E.
S.E.
S.
S.W
w.
N.W
CA.
N.
N.E
E.
S.E.
s.
S.W
w.
N.W
CA.
N.
N.E
E.
S.E.
s.
S.W w.
N.W CA.
Jan.
7
2
6
2
7
1
4
2
0
5
2
8
3
5
6
1
1
0
3
4
7
5
5
2
1
1
3
Feb.
7
3
5
3
6
1
2
1
0
3
1
8
2
7
6
1
0
0
5
4
5
4
3
1
0
2
4
March
8
2
9
3
6
2
1
0
0
4
1
9
4
6
5
1
1
0
6
4
6
6
4
1
0
0
4
April
7
3
6
2
7
1
1
1
2
4
2
8
3
6
6
1
0
0
6
3
4
3
6
2
1
1
4
May
10
2
4
2
7
1
2
1
2
5
2
8
3
5
6
1
1
0
8
3
3
2
6
2
1
2
4
June
8
2
4
2
8
1
2
1
2
5
1
7
3
5
6
1
1
1
5
4
3
o
6
4
0
3
2
July
7
3
8
3
7
1
1
0
1
6
2
7
3
4
6
1
1
1
6
4
3
4
6
3
1
2
2
Aug.
7
3
7
3
7
1
1
1
1
5
2
8
3
5
6
1
1
0
6
4
4
5
6
2
1
1
2
Sept.
4
3
9
4
6
0
1
0
3
4
2
8
3
7
6
0
0
0
3
4
6
6
5
3
1
1
1
Oct.
5
3
11
4
7
0
1
0
0
4
2
9
3
6
6
1
0
0
3
0
4
7
6
3
0
1
2
Nov.
9
3
6
5
4
1
1
1
0
5
1
9
2
6
6
1
0
0
3
4
6
6
5
2
1
1
2
Dec.
9
3
5
3
6
1
3
1
9
0
11
7
57
1
19
9
98
3
35
5
67
4
69
1
11
0
6
1
3
5
59
4
47
6
57
3
54
5
63
3
28
1
8
2
17
2
32
Year
88
32
80
36
78
11
20
BUENOS AYEES.
TANDIL.
BAHIA BLANCA.
Lat. —34° 39'. Long. —58° 23'.
Lat. —37° 17'. Long. —59° 0'.
Lat. —38° 45'. Long. —62° 11'.
Height 72 ft.
Height 651 ft.
Height 49 ft.
20 Years, 1857-76. Hours 7 : 2, 9.
6 Years, 1876-82. Hours 7 : 2, 9.
20 Years, 1860-79. Hours various.
N.
N.E
E. S.E.
S.
S.W
w.
N.W
CA
N.
N.E
E.
S.E.
s.
S.W
w.
N.W
CA.
N.
N.E
E.
S.E.
s.
S.W
w.
N.W
CA.
Jan.
7
5
7
4
3
2
1
2
...
10
2
2
8
2
4
2
6
0
5
3
5
9
1
1
2
5
...
Feb.
4
4
7
4
3
3
1
2
9
3
2
1
2
3
2
5
1
5
3
5
6
2
1
1
5
March
6
5
5
4
4
3
2
2
9
2
3
2
2
4
4
4
1
7
2
4
5
2
1
2
8
April
7
4
3
3
3
4
3
3
...
5
2
2
2
5
6
3
4
1
7
2
2
4
2
2
3
8
May
6
4
3
3
3
6
3
3
...
7
2
2
1
7
6
2
4
0
7
1
2
4
2
2
3
10
. ..
June
6
4
3
4
3
5
3
2
...
5
2
1
1
4
9
4
4
0
6
1
1
3
2
2
3
12
...
July
5
4
4
o
4
5
3
3
7
2
1
2
5
5
3
6
0
6
2
1
3
•J
2
4
11
Aug.
5
4
4
5
4
4
2
3
9
2
2
3
4
5
2
4
0
7
2
2
5
2
1
3
9
la.
Sept.
5
4
5
5
4
4
1
2
...
8
2
2
2
5
6
1
3
1
7
3
3
6
2
1
2
6
Oct.
4
4
7
6
4
4
1
1
...
10
2
1
2
4
5
2
5
0
7
4
4
5
2
1
2
6
Nov.
0
5
6
4
3
4
1
2
8
3
1
3
2
5
3
5
0
6
4
4
6
2
1
2
5
Dec.
5
5
6
4
3
4
2
2
...
7
94
2
26
2
2
:;
45
5
63
4
32
6
56
0
4
6
76
3
30
4
37
7
63
2
23
1
16
3
:;o
5
90
...
Year
65
52
6049
41
48
23
27
21
24
REPORT ON ATMOSPHERIC CIRCULATION.
175
COPIAPO.
Lat. —27° 23'. Long. —70° 7'.
Height 1296 ft.
10 Months, 1886. Hours 7J : 1 J, 9.
176
THE VOYAGE OF H.M.S. CHALLENGER.
PONTA CORONA.
ANCUD.
USHUAIA.
MOKTII.
Lit. —41° 47'. Lon2. —73° 53'.
Lat. —41° 51'. Long. —74° 0'.
Lat. —54° 53'. Long. —68° 10'.
Heisrht 173 ft.
Height 66 ft.
Height 98 ft.
10 Months, 1886. Hours 7J: H, 9.
2 Years, 1866-68. Hours 8, N. : 4, 10.
9 Tears, 1874-82. Hours 7 : 2, 9.
N. N'.F.
F.
S.E.
s.
s.w
w.
N.W
CA.
N.
N.E
E.
S.E.
s.
s.w
w.
N.W
CA.
N.
N.E
E.
S.E.
s.
s.w
V,'.
N.W
CA.
Jan.
4
0
0
0
1
9
6
11
4
1
0
0
2
13
3
7
1
4
1
1
0
0
6
15
1
3
Feb.
3
3
1
1
1
11
0
6
3
0
0
0
7
8
4
5
1
3
1
1
0
0
1
13
1
5
March
2
3
0
2
2
6
3
13
6
0
0
0
4
6
10
3
2
7
1
1
1
1
3
9
1
7
April
May
2
2
2
7
3
6
1
7
6
2
2
1
2
4
4
6
3
4
1
3
1
1
5
7
1
7
5
3
f)
3
2
7
1
11
11
5
3
2
1
0
3
6
0
5
0
2
2
1
4
5
2
10
June
7
4
2
3
1
7
1
5
5
2
1
1
2
2
3
12
2
5
1
1
1
2
5
7
1
7
July
8
5
1
1
2
4
3
7
5
2
O
4
2
4
3
9
2
3
0
3
1
1
1
7
1
11
Aug.
6 1
0
2
2
5
1
14
6
5
0
1
1
1
5
9
3
2
2
2
2
1
11
4
2
5
Sept.
4
2
1
3
1
6
3
10
...
4
1
0
4
6
3
4
3
5
2
2
4
1
1
3
6
3
8
Oct.
2
0
1
0
1
14
1
12
5
1
0
1
2
9
8
2
3
4
1
4
1
0
5
10
2
4
Nov.
6
0
0
0
1
7
4
6
6
4
1
4
1
1
4
10
2
3
Dec.
6
67
1
20
0
6
0
14
0
30
8
65
2
53
9
77
5
33
2
45
1
12
3
29
1
12
1
5
.12
105
1
18
5
75
Year
10 | 59
STANLEY.
ORANGE BAT.
SOUTH GEORGIA.
Month.
Lat. -
-51° 41'. Long. —57° 51'.
Lat. —55° 31'. Long. —68° 5'.
Lat. —54° 31'. Long. —36° 5'.
Height 22 ft.
Height 39 ft.
Height 39 ft.
1
Tear, 1875. Hour 9 :
1 Tear, 1882-83. Hourly.
1 Tear, 1882-83. Hourly.
N.
N.E
K.
S.E.
s.
s.w
w.
N.W
CA.
N.
N.E
E.
S.E.
s.
s.w
w
x.w
CA.
N.
N.E
E.
S.E.
s.
S.W
w.
N.W
CA.
Jan.
2
0
0
0
6
8
10
5
0
1
1
1
0
2
13
9
3
1
3
2
3
3
1
6
9
4
Feb.
3
0
0
0
6
3
9
7
0
1
1
0
0
1
9
10
2
4
2
2
1
1
3
6
8
5
March
3
0
1
0
0
7
13
7
0
3
2
1
1
1
4
8
7
4
3
1
2
2
2
4
10
7
April
2
0
1
0
2
4
17
2
2
3
2
0
0
1
5
8
5
6
5
1
1
3
1
5
11
3
May
5
2
6
0
0
0
14
4
0
5
5
1
0
0
5
7
6
2
4
2
1
1
1
8
10
4
June
2
0
3
2
5
0
14
3
1
1
2
3
2
1
6
i
4
4
3
1
4
2
1
5
10
4
July
4
0
0
1
5
4
14
1
2
2
3
2
0
1
5
9
6
3
3
1
0
2
2
7
11
5
Aug.
2
0
0
0
4
1
16
o
3
5
3
1
1
1
3
8
7
2
4
3
1
2
1
b
11
4
...
Sept.
2
0
0
2
1
4
17
3
1
2
6
2
0
0
9
5
3
3
4
2
1
1
3
4
9
6
Oct,
3
0
0
0
7
8
11
1
1
1
0
0
0
X
3
10
15
1
5
2
1
2
3
5
7
6
Nov.
1
1
1
1
12
5
9
0
0
1
1
0
1
0
5
14
6
2
6
3
3
1
1
4
7
5
Dec.
4
3
3
3
5
4
8
1
0
1
26
0
26
0
11
0
5
2
11
10
77
11
3
4
36
4
46
1
21
2
20
1
L'l
1
20
5
64
11
114
6
59
Year
33
6
,5
9
53
48
152
39
10
106; 67
1
JOETH ATLANTIC.
NORTH ATLANTIC.
NORTH ATLANTIC.
Month.
Lat.
12° 30'. Long. —22° 30'.
Lat. 12° 30'. Long. —32° 30'.
Lat. 12° 30'. Long. —42° 30'.
Height 0 ft.
Height 0 ft.
Height 0 ft.
6|
Tears, 1881-86. Hour*
5i Tears, 1881-86. Hour.* 1
5J Tears, 1881-86. Hour.*
N.
N.E
E.
S.E.
s.
s w
to.
N.W CA.
N.
N.E
E.
S.E.
s.
s.w
w.
N.W
CA.
N.
N.E
E.
S.E.
s.
s.v
w.
x.w
CA.
Jan.
1
25
4
1
0
0
0
0
0
| 1
18
11
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
11
19
1
0
0
0
0
0
Feb.
3
20
5
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
17
10
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
7
21
0
0
0
0
0
0
March
2
20
3
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
21
11)
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
11
19
1
0
0
0
0
0
April
1
26
3
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
18
11
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
10
is
1
0
0
0
0
0
May
1
27
'j
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
25
6
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
13
17
1
0
0
0
0
0
June
1
20
2
0
0
1
0
0
0
II
20
10
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
5
2b
0
0
0
0
0
0
July
2
23
5
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
19
11
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
4
26
1
0
0
0
0
0
Aug.
4
13
2
1
2
1
4
3
1
4
in
6
1
1
0
1
1
1
1
12
15
1
1
0
0
0
1
Sept.
3
13
5
2
2
0
1
3
1
2
12
10
2
1
1
1
0
1
1
5
is
4
2
0
0
0
0
Oct.
1
23
4
1
2
0
0
0
0
1
12
13
1
9
0
1
0
1
1
6
17
5
1
0
0
1
0
Nov.
2
19
8
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
8
18
4
0
0
0
0
0
0
4
22
3
1
0
0
0
0
Dec.
2
22
7
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
11
6
192
20
136
2
11
1
5
0
1
1
5
0
1
0
3
1
5
7
95
22
239
1
19
0
5
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
1
Year
23
263
50
6
7
3
5
6
2
* About 1 p.m. Greenwich Mean Time.
REPORT ON ATMOSPHERIC CIRCULATION.
177
NORTH ATLANTIC.
NORTH ATLANTIC.
NORTH ATLANTIC.
Month.
Lat. 12° 30'. Long. —52° 30'.
Lat. 22° 30'. Long. —22° 30'.
Lat. 22° 30'. Long. -32° 30'.
Height 0 ft.
Height 0 ft.
Height 0 ft.
5* Tears, 1881-86. Hour.*
5 J Tears, 1881-86. Hour.*
51 Tears, 1881-86. Hour.*
N.
N.E
E.
S.E.
s.
s.w
w.
N.W
C/
i. N.
N.E
E.
S.E.
s.
s.w
w.
N.W
CA.
N.
N.E
E.
S.E.
s.
s.w
w.
N.W
CA.
Jan.
0
8
22
1
0
0
i>
0
2
14
11
2
0
0
1
1
0
2
fi
13
6
1
0
1
2
0
Feb.
1
5
21
1
0
0
0
0
4
11
9
2
0
0
1
1
0
2
8
9
4
1
1
0
2
1
March
1
8
18
4
0
0
0
0
5
20
4
0
0
1
1
0
0
3
12
10
3
2
1
0
0
0
April
1
0
16
7
1
0
0
0
4
19
4
1
0
0
1
1
0
3
10
11
2
1
1
1
1
0
May
0
3
24
4
0
0
0
0
4
19
7
0
1
0
0
0
0
2
17
10
1
1
0
0
0
(i
June
0
3
25
2
0
0
0
0
1
22
6
0
1
0
0
0
0
1
12
13
1
1
1
0
1
0
July
0
3
22
0
0
0
0
0
3
21
7
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
17
13
0
0
0
0
0
0
Aug.
0
3
20
6
2
0
0
0
1
23
7
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
19
11
0
0
0
0
0
0
Sept.
1
3
17
7
2
0
0
0
1
17
10
1
1
0
0
0
0
0
9
17
3
1
0
0
0
0
Oct.
1
3
15
9
2
0
1
0
0
17
9
1
1
1
0
1
1
0
9
14
4
1
2
0
1
0
Nov.
0
1
20
8
1
0
0
0
3
16
7
1
1
1
0
1
0
4
8
14
2
0
1
0
1
0
Dec.
1
8
•jo
2
0
0
0
0
2
30
8
207
14
95
3
11
1
6
0
3
1
5
1
6
1
2
3
22
136
13
148
3
29
1
10
1
8
0
2
1
9
0
1
Year
6
53
240
57
8
0
1
0
NORTH ATLANTIC.
NOKTH ATLANTIC.
NORTH ATLANTIC.
Lat. 22° 30'. Long. —42° 30.
Lat. 22° 30'. Long. —52° 30'.
Lat. 22° 3D'. Long. —62° 30'.
Height 0 ft.
Height 0 ft.
Height 0 ft.
5i Years, 1881-86. Hour.*
fij Tears, 1881-86. Hour.*
5J Tears, 1881-86. Hour.*
N.
N.E
E.
S.E.
s.
s.w
w.
s.w
CA
N.
N.E
E.
S.E.
s.
s.w
w.
x.u
CA.
N.
N.E
E.
S.E.
S.
s.w
w.
N.W
CA.
Jan.
2
9
12
0
1
1
0
1
0
3
8
14
3
2
0
1
0
0
1
9
13
5
2
0
0
1
0
Feb.
2
9
8
4
3
0
1
1
0
o
7
9
3
2
2
0
•>
0
1
10
8
1
1
2
1
0
1
March
3
8
10
5
2
1
1
1
0
2
4
8
5
7
1
1
2
1
2
8
8
3
4
2
2
2
0
April
o
4
11
7
3
1
1
1
0
2
5
7
7
3
2
2
1
1
2
5
9
6
3
2
2
1
0
May
T
6
15
7
1
0
1
0
0
9
4
8
10
3
1
1
1
1
1
4
8
12
3
1
1
0
1
June
1
4
14
7
2
1
0
1
0
1
1
8
15
2
1
0
1
1
1
2
12
10
3
2
0
0
0
July
0
3
22
5
0
0
0
1
0
0
1
11
13
4
1
0
0
1
0
1
15
12
2
0
0
0
1
Aug.
1
5
23
2
0
0
0
0
0
1
3
10
12
4
1
0
0
0
0
1
16
9
3
1
0
0
1
Sept.
1
2
20
6
1
0
0
0
0
1
5
10
9
2
1
1
1
0
1
3
12
10
2
1
0
1
0
Oct.
2
7
11
6
2
1
0
1
1
2
6
10
8
2
1
0
1
1
2
6
9
8
2
1
1
1
1
Nov.
1
10
13
4
2
0
0
0
0
3
8
11
4
1
2
0
1
1)
2
8
11
5
1
1
0
1
1
Dec.
3
8
12
6
1
0
0
1
0
4
24
8
60
12
118
5
94
1
33
0
13
0
6
1
11
0
6
2
15
8
65
13
134
4
88
1
27
1
14
1
8
1
8
0
6
Tear
19
75
171
64
18
5
4
8
1
NOKTH ATLANTIC.
NORTH ATLANTIC.
NORTH ATLANTIC.
Lat. 22° 30'. Long. -72° 30'.
Lat. 22° 30'. Long. —77° 30'.
Lat. 32° 30'. Long. —12° 30'.
Height 0 ft.
Height 0 ft.
Height 0 ft.
5J Tears, 1881-86. Hour.*
61
Vears, 1881-86. Hour.*
5J Tears, 1881-86. Hour.*
N.
N.E
E.
S.E.
s.
s.w
w.
N.W
CA
N.
N.E
E.
S.E.
s.
s.w
w.
N.W
CA.
N.
N.E
E.
S.E.
S.
s.w
w.
N.W
CA.
Jan.
2
8
13
5
1
0
1
1
0
5
7
2
2
2
5
4
4
0
4
8
5
6
2
2
2
2
0
Feb.
1
5
10
5
2
1
1
1
2
5
6
2
1
4
3
4
3
0
2
6
5
3
2
4
3
2
0
March
4
5
11
5
2
1
0
2
1
7
4
1
2
4
6
2
5
0
9
8
3
1
2
2
3
2
1
April
2
5
7
7
3
2
2
1
1
5
6
4
2
2
5
2
4
0
8
8
1
0
1
4
4
4
0
May
2
4
8
10
3
1
1
1
1
5
4
1
2
5
8
4
2
0
8
9
2
1
2
4
4
1
0
June
1
1
8
15
2
1
0
1
1
2
5
2
4
4
8
2
2
1
11
14
1
0
1
1
1
1
0
July
0
1
11
13
4
1
0
0
1
3
2
2
2
3
12
5
2
0
14
11
0
0
0
1
2
3
o
Aug.
1
3
10
12
4
1
0
O
0
5
6
■)
2
3
7
4
1
1
10
12
1
0
1
3
2
1
1
Sept.
1
5
10
9
2
1
1
1
0
5
8
5
2
1
4
2
2
1
9
8
2
2
2
4
2
1
0
Oct.
2
6
10
8
2
1
0
1
1
8
9
2
3
2
2
2
3
0
5
12
5
2
1
4
1
1
0
Nov.
3
8
11
4
1
2
0
1
0
9
6
3
2
2
2
1
5
0
4
8
4
4
4
4
1
1
0
Dec.
4
8
12
5
1
0
0
1
0
8
67
5
68
2
28
2
26
3
35
4
66
1
33
5
38
1
4
5
90
9
113
6
35
3
22
2
20
2
35
1
i'i;
3
22
0
2
Year
23
59
121
98
27
12
6
11
8
• About 1 p.m. Greenwich Mean Time.
(PHYS. CHEM. CHAIX. EXP. — PART V. 1888.)
29
178
THE VOYAGE OF H.M.S. CHALLENGER.
NORTH ATLANTIC.
NORTH ATLANTIC.
NORTH ATLANTIC.
Month.
Lat. 32° 30'. Long. -22° 30'.
Lat. 32° 30'. Long. —32° 30'.
Lat. 32° 30'. Long. -42° 30'.
Height 0 ft.
Height 0 ft.
Height 0 ft.
5| Years, 1881-86. Hour.'
5* Years, 1881-86. Hour.*
51 Years, 1881-86. Hour.*
N,
N.E
E.
R.F..
8.
s.w
w.
N.W
CA.
N.
N.E
E.
S.E.
s.
s.w
w.
N.W
CA.
N.
N.E
E.
S.E.
s.
s.w
w.
N.W
CA.
Jan.
2
7
4
6
4
2
3
3
0
2
3
4
7
4
3
2
5
1
4
3
2
6
5
3
3
5
0
Feb.
3
3
3
3
4
5
5
2
0
3
3
2
3
3
6
4
4
0
3
3
2
3
2
5
4
6
0
March
ft
10
1
3
2
4
2
4
0
4
6
4
4
2
6
2
3
0
2
3
3
5
5
6
3
4
0
April
6
8
4
1
1
3
3
4
0
4
3
5
4
3
6
3
2
0
2
1
3
4
6
7
3
3
1
May
8
7
4
1
*.»
4
2
3
0
6
6
3
2
2
5
2
5
0
4
4
3
5
3
ft
4
2
1
June
5
14
2
3
2
1
1
2
0
3
7
ft
5
4
3
1
2
0
2
3
4
8
6
2
2
3
0
July
5
18
4
1
0
0
1
2
0
4
6
10
4
2
1
2
2
0
2
3
3
6
6
6
3
1
1
Aug.
ft
15
3
1
1
2
1
2
1
3
9
8
2
3
1
2
2
1
2
4
8
7
6
2
1
1
0
Sept.
ft
13
2
»)
2
4
1
1
0
3
7
6
5
3
3
1
2
0
3
4
6
5
5
3
1
3
0
Oct.
•>
11
7
4
1
3
1
1
1
2
6
6
6
6
2
1
2
0
3
6
o
5
6
3
1
2
0
Nov.
•>
9
5
2
2
4
3
3
0
3
6
5
5
4
2
1
4
0
3
5
0
4
5
2
3
3
0
Dec.
6
6
•;
5
2
3
0
3
0
5
42
7
69
5
63
5
52
3
39
3
41
1
22
2
35
0
2
3
33
5
44
4
48
4
62
6
61
5
49
1
29
3
36
0
3
Year
54
121
45
32
23
35
23
30
2
NORTH ATLANTIC.
NORTH ATLANTIC.
NORTH ATLANTIC.
Month.
Lat. 32° 30'. Long. —52° 30'.
Lat. 32" 30'. Long. -62° 30'.
Lat. 32° 30'. Long. —72° 30'.
Height 0 ft.
Height 0 ft.
Height 0 ft.
5} Tears, 1881-86. Hour •
5£ Years, 1881-86. Hour.'
5} Years, 1881-86. Hour.*
N.
N.E
E.
S.E.
s.
s.w
w.
N.W
CA.
N.
N.E
E.
S.E.
s.
s.w
w.
N.W
CA.
N.
N.E
E.
S.E.
S.
s.w
W.
N.W
CA.
Jan.
3
4
3
3
4
4
4
6
0
4
3
2
2
4
6
5
4
1
O
4
2
2
ft
ft
2
6
0
Feb.
3
2
3
2
3
5
4
5
1
3
2
1
3
3
6
4
5
1
4
4
2
2
5
4
3
4
0
March
2
2
1
2
ft
10
4
5
0
3
2
1
2
ft
5
5
8
0
8
2
1
2
3
6
3
6
0
April
3
3
1
4
7
6
4
2
0
3
3
2
2
4
5
4
6
1
6
4
3
1
3
5
3
4
1
May
2
1
2
7
7
6
3
2
1
2
2
1
4
9
7
3
3
0
4
4
1
3
6
8
2
2
1
June
2
1
3
3
10
C
2
3
0
3
1
1
3
10
7
2
2
1
2
2
1
5
8
8
2
1
1
July
1
1
1
7
9
6
4
1
1
1
0
1
3
11
9
5
1
0
2
1
1
2
9
11
3
2
0
Aug.
2
1
3
7
11
ft
1
1
II
1
1
3
6
11
6
1
2
0
2
4
2
2
10
6
2
2
1
Sept.
3
3
4
5
7
3
3
2
II
4
4
4
5
5
3
3
2
0
5
4
5
5
4
3
1
2
1
Oct.
2
6
4
5
7
4
1
2
0
4
6
4
C
3
4
2
2
0
6
10
5
3
2
1
1
3
0
Nov.
3
5
4
4
5
4
2
3
0
ft
4
5
2
4
4
2
4
0
7
6
2
3
2
2
1
6
1
Dec.
3
4
2
4
5
5
04
3
35
5
37
II
3
4
37
5
33
2
27
2
40
ft
74
4
66
3
39
5
44
1
5
6
57
4
49
1
26
3
33
3
60
ft
C4
1
24
7
45
1
7
Year
29
33
31
53
80
NOKTH ATLANTIC.
NORTH ATLANTIC.
NORTH ATLANTIC.
Month.
Lat. 42° 30'. Long. -12° 30'.
Height 0 ft.
Lat. 42° 30'. Long. -22° 30'.
Height 0 ft.
Lat 42° 30'. Long. -32° 30'.
Height 0 ft.
:>i Years, 1881-86. Hour.*
CA.
1 —
N.
5*
Years, 1881-86. Hour.*
51 Years, 1881-86. Hour.*
N.
N.E
E.
S.E.
s.
s.w
w.
N.W
N.E
E.
S.E.
s.
s.w
w.
N.W
CA.
N.
N.E
E.
S.E.
S.
S.WT
w.
N.W
CA.
Jan.
3
3
1
2
5
7
4
6
0
■)
1
1
1
6
8
6
7
0
1
1
1
1
4
9
7
7
0
Feb.
•>
3
2
2
3
9
5
2
0
2
1
1
3
3
7
6
5
0
3
0
1
1
4
8
4
7
0
March
3
9
1
1
2
7
4
3
1
4
6
1
1
3
6
5
5
0
3
1
1
2
4
10
6
4
0
April
4
6
1
1
1
4
5
8
0
2
3
2
2
1
4
5
11
0
2
2
2
2
3
9
4
6
0
May
6
4
1
1
1
6
6
5
1
4
3
2
1
2
6
5
8
0
2
5
2
1
2
8
4
7
0
June
7
7
0
0
1
2
3
8
2
4
:;
1
3
4
3
4
8
0
2
2
2
4
2
10
4
4
0
July
6
9
0
1
0
4
5
6
0
3
3
1
1
2
3
5
12
1
2
1
0
2
5
8
C
7
0
Aug.
7
8
0
1
1
3
4
7
0
4
4
1
1
2
6
6
7
0
2
2
1
1
4
8
6
6
1
Sept.
4
5
1
1
3
ft
5
6
0
4
8
5
ft
3
1
1
2
1
3
2
1
2
4
6
7
5
0
Oct.
5
7
2
1
3
3
3
7
0
3
7
ft
ft
4
2
2
3
0
1
2
1
3
5
7
3
9
0
Nov.
3
2
3
3
4
7
4
4
0
2
3
2
1
4
7
6
5
0
2
2
1
2
4
8
4
7
0
Dec.
5
6
1
2
3
7
4
3
0
2
36
4
46
2
24
2
26
3
36
7
60
7
58
4
77
0
2
2
|S6
3
23
2
15
2
23
3
44
9
100
5
60
5
74
0
1
Year
55
69
13
16
27
64
52
65
4
* About 1 p.m. Greenwich Mean Time.
REPORT ON ATMOSPHERIC CIRCULATION.
179
NORTH ATLANTIC.
NORTH ATLANTIC.
NORTH ATLANTIC.
MONTIT.
Lat. 42° 30'. Long. —42° 30'.
Lat. 42° 30'. Long. -52° 30'.
Lat. 42° 30'. Long. — C2° 30'.
Height 0 ft.
Height 0 ft.
Height 0 ft.
5J Years, 1881-86. Hour.*
b\ Years, 1881-86. Hour.*
5| Years, 1881-86. Hour.*
N.
N.E
E.
S.E.
s.
s.w
w.
N.W
CA.
N.
N.E
E.
S.E.
S.
s.w
w.
N.W
CA.
N.
N.E
E.
S.E.
s.
s.w
w.
N.W
CA.
Jan.
4
1
1
1
4
6
5
9
0
3
2
1
2
5
6
4
7
1
5
3
1
2
3
4
6
7
0
Feb.
4
1
1
0
3
7
4
8
0
4
1
1
2
4
4
4
8
0
4
3
1
2
3
3
4
8
0
March
4
1
1
2
8
5
4
6
0
3
2
2
3
6
5
4
6
0
6
2
2
2
3
3
3
10
0
April
3
2
2
1
4
8
4
6
0
5
1
1
4
6
3
3
7
0
6
3
2
4
3
2
2
7
1
May
3
2
2
1
4
8
3
7
1
4
2
1
2
8
6
3
5
0
4
3
2
4
5
6
3
4
0
June
2
2
2
2
4
10
4
3
1
3
1
2
2
5
11
4
2
0
3
3
1
3
4
7
5
3
1
July
2
2
1
1
4
9
7
4
1
2
1
2
2
4
13
3
4
0
2
2
1
2
7
8
5
4
0
Aug.
2
0
1
1
5
10
5
6
1
2
1
1
2
7
9
5
3
1
4
2
2
1
6
7
4
5
0
Sept.
5
1
2
2
5
6
4
5
0
5
2
2
4
5
4
3
4
1
4
4
2
3
3
5
4
4
1
Oct.
4
1
1
2
5
7
4
7
0
4
2
2
4
4
6
2
7
0
5
5
1
3
3
5
2
7
0
Nov.
2
1
1
2
4
7
6
7
0
3
2
1
3
4
5
6
6
0
3
4
1
2
4
4
5
7
0
Dec.
3
2
0
2
4
10
4
6
0
4
42
2
19
2
18
3
33
4
62
6
78
3
44
7
66
0
3
5
51
8
42
5
21
4
32
3
47
2
56
1
44
3
69
0
3
Year
38
16
15
17
54
93
54
74
4
NORTH ATLANTIC.
NORTH ATLANTIC.
NORTH ATLANTIC.
Month.
Lat. 42° 30'. Long. —67° 30'.
Lat. 52° 30'. Long. —12° 3(V.
Lat. 52° 30'. Long. -22° 30'.
Height 0 ft.
Height 0 ft.
Height 0 ft.
51 Years, 1881-86. Hour.*
5 J Years, 1881-86. Hour.*
5} Years, 1881-86. Hour.*
N.
N.E
E.
S.E.
s.
s.w
w.
N.W
CA.
N.
N.E
E.
S.E.
s.
s.w
w.
N.W
CA.
N.
N.E
E.
S.E.
S.
s.w
w.
N.W
CA.
Jan.
6
2
2
3
2
3
4
8
1
1
2
2
4
6
5
8
3
1
1
1
3
5
7
7
6
Feb.
6
1
2
3
2
4
2
8
0
1
1
1
2
5
8
7
3
i
2
1
2
6
8
2
6
...
March
6
2
2
2
3
2
4
9
1
4
3
1
3
5
6
4
5
...
3
2
1
3
5
5
5
7
April
7
3
3
2
2
3
3
6
1
3
3
4
4
5
4
4
3
2
4
1
4
5
4
4
6
May
3
3
4
4
3
5
2
6
1
4
5
1
2
4
6
4
5
7
4
2
3
3
5
2
5
June
3
2
2
2
5
6
5
4
1
4
1
1
2
3
5
7
7
2
1
1
1
4
7
7
7
July
3
2
1
2
6
9
3
4
1
2
1
0
1
5
8
7
7
4
1
0
1
3
6
8
8
Aug.
5
3
1
2
6
6
4
3
1
2
1
1
1
5
8
8
5
1
1
2
8
4
8
5
7
Sept.
5
4
2
2
4
4
3
4
2
2
1
2
4
3
7
6
5
4
1
1
3
2
6
7
6
Oct.
8
3
3
3
2
5
2
5
0
3
3
2
3
3
5
6
6
2
1
1
2
4
7
7
7
Nov.
4
2
2
1
4
3
4
9
1
2
0
1
3
6
5
7
6
2
1
1
3
4
6
7
6
Dec.
5
4
2
2
3
5
3
7
0
3
31
2
23
2
18
1
30
5
55
6
73
7
75
5
60
3
32
2
21
1
13
1
29
3
48
7
76
9
70
5
76
Year
61
31
26
■_>M
42
55
39
73
10
NORTH ATLANTIC.
NORTH ATLANTIC.
NORTH ATLANTIC.
Month.
Lat. 52° 30'. Long. —32° 30'.
Lat. 52° 30'. Long. —42° 30'.
Lat. 52° 30'. Long. —47° 30'.
Height 0 ft.
Height 0 ft.
Height 0 ft.
5} Years, 1881-86. Hour.*
5\ Years, 1881-86. Hour.*
5J Years, 1881-86. Hour.*
N.
N.E
E.
S.E.
s.
s.w
w.
N.W CA.
N.
N.E
E.
S.E.
s.
s.w
w.
N.W
CA.
N.
N.E
E.
S.E.
s.
s.w
w.
N.W
CA.
Jan.
1
2
0
3
3
6
8
7
1
2
2
0
1
2
7
6
11
0
4
1
1
1
2
4
6
12
0
Feb.
3
1
2
2
4
5
5
6
0
1
1
1
2
2
5
4
12
0
2
2
1
1
2
5
4
11
0
March
3
2
1
3
3
8
5
6
0
2
2
0
4
2
8
4
9
0
3
2
1
4
2
7
3
9
0
April
2
2
0
4
6
4
5
7
0
2
2
2
6
3
4
3
8
0
5
3
4
3
1
4
8
7
0
May
4
3
2
3
5
7
2
5
0
4
2
2
4
4
8
3
4
0
3
4
1
5
4
5
2
7
0
June
2
1
1
2
3
11
6
4
0
1
1
0
2
5
11
5
5
0
1
1
1
4
4
9
6
4
0
July
3
2
0
2
3
7
6
8
0 '
2
1
1
3
8
7
3
6
0
1
2
1
3
6
8
4
6
0
Aug.
2
2
1
1
3
8
6
8
0
3
2
1
2
5
8
4
6
0
4
2
1
2
5
6
4
6
1
Sept.
3
1
1
1
3
7
5
9
0 i
3
1
0
1
4
7
5
8
1
3
1
0
1
5
6
5
9
0
Oct.
2
1
1
1
4
6
6
10
o
3
1
0
2
4
5
5
11
0
2
1
1
1
3
6
6
11
0
Nov.
3
2
0
2
5
5
6
7
0
3
1
1
1
3
5
6
10
0
4
1
0
3
3
5
4
10
0
Dec.
2
2
0
2
2
9
6
8
0
2
28
1
17
0
8
2
30
3
45
8
83
6
54
9
99
0
1
2
34
1
21
2
14
1
29
4
41
5
70
6
53
10
102
0
1
Year
30
21
9
26
44
83
66
85
ll
• About 1 p.m. Greenwich Mean Time.
180
THE VOYAGE OF H.M.S. CHALLENGER.
NORTH ATLANTIC
NORTH ATLANTIC.
NORTH ATLANTIC.
Month.
Lat. 57° 30'. Long:. —12°
30'.
Lat. 57° 30'. Long. -22° 30'.
Lat. 57° 30'. Long. -32° 30'.
Height 0 ft.
Height 0 ft.
Height 0 ft.
5J Years, 1881-86. Hour.*
5J Years, 1881-86. Hour.'
5J Years, 1881-86. Hour.*
N.
N F
E.
S.E.
s.
s.w
w.
N.W
CA.
N.
N.E
E.
S.E.
s.
s.w
w.
N.W
CA.
N.
N.E
E.
S.E.
s.
s.w
N.W
w.
CA.
Jan.
1
2
1
6
2
7
6
6
...
1
2
2
4
3
6
6
7
0
1
2
2
4
2
4
6
10
0
Feb.
2
3
1
2
5
10
3
2
3
4
2
3
3
8
3
2
0
3
2
2
4
2
4
3
8
0
March
3
4
1
2
5
8
3
5
...
2
3
2
5
2
6
4
7
0
2
3
1
6
3
4
3
9
0
April
2
5
4
5
5
5
3
1
2
7
2
6
3
4
3
3
0
4
4
2
6
2
4
3
5
0
May
6
6
3
3
3
5
2
3
4
(3
2
3
1
5
3
3
4
3
6
3
5
3
3
2
6
0
June
4
3
1
2
3
7
5
5
...
3
3
1
2
3
7
6
4
1
2
1
1
1
4
10
6
5
0
July
4
3
2
4
5
6
3
4
4
4
2
2
4
4
6
5
0
5
3
1
3
2
6
5
6
0
; Aug.
5
2
1
2
4
10
3
4
4
2
2
4
3
6
5
5
0
4
o
2
3
2
5
3
8
1
i Sept.
3
2
2
3
5
8
5
2
3
1
2
2
5
6
6
4
1
3
2
2
1
5
7
3
6
1
Oct.
2
2
3
4
4
6
4
5
2
3
1
3
4
7
5
G
0
3
1
1
3
4
6
4
9
0
1 Nov.
3
1
1
3
4
9
5
5
2
2
2
4
3
6
5
6
0
5
2
1
3
4
3
5
7
0
Dec.
2
3
1
2
2
9
7
5
...
1
31
2
39
1
21
3
41
3
37
8
73
6
58
7
59
0
6
1
36
2
31
1
19
3
42
3
36
8
64
5
48
8
87
0
2
Year
37
36
21
38
47
90
49
47
...
NORTH ATLANTIC
NORTH ATLANTIC.
Month.
Lat. 57° 30'. Long. -42°
Height 0 ft.
30'.
Lat. 57° 30'. Long. —47° 30'.
Height 0 ft.
54 Years, 1881-86. Hour.*
5i Years, 1881-86. Hour.*
N.
N.E
E.
S.E.
s.
s.w
w.
N.W
CA.
N.
N.E
E.
S.E.
s.
s.w
w.
N.W
CA.
Jan.
3
4
1
1
2
6
4
10
0
7
3
1
0
1
3
2
14
0
Feb.
4
3
1
2
1
2
3
12
0
5
4
1
0
1
3
2
12
0
March
4
3
2
3
3
6
2
8
0
5
3
2
2
3
4
2
9
1
April
6
3
2
4
3
2
2
7
1
9
3
2
2
1
1
3
7
2
May
5
6
3
3
4
3
o
4
0
6
5
3
3
3
4
1
5
1
June
2
2
1
2
6
9
4
3
1
2
2
1
2
6
7
6
4
0
July
4
3
3
2
C,
5
3
5
0
5
3
3
4
5
3
4
4
0
Aug. .
4
3
1
4
5
4
4
5
1
5
3
2
3
5
3
3
6
1
Sept.
4
3
1
2
5
5
3
7
0
3
4
1
3
4
o
3
8
1
Oct.
3
2
1
3
4
5
4
9
0
5
1
1
2
3
5
3
11
0
Nov.
5
3
1
4
1
3
4
9
0
6
3
1
3
1
3
3
10
0
Dec.
4
2
1
2
3
6
4
9
0
3
61
3
37
1
19
1
25
4
37
4
43
4
36
11
101
0
6
Year
48
37
18
32
43
56
40
88
3
* Ahout 1 p.m. Greenwich Mean Time.
REPORT ON ATMOSPHERIC CIRCULATION.
181
ADDENDA TO TABLE VII.
ST. MAHTIN-DE-HINX.
PAPHO.
f.l.MASSOL.
Lat. 43° 35'. Long. —1° 16'.
Lat. 34° 46'. Long. 32° 25'.
Lat. 34° 40'. Long. 33° 1'.
Height 131 ft. Hours 6, 9,N. : 3,C
, 'J.
Height 230 ft.
Height 26 ft.
20 Years, 1867-86.
7 Years, 1881-87. Hours 9 : 9
6 Years, 1882-87. Hours
»: 9.
N.
N.E
E.
S.E.
s.
S.W
w.
N.W
CA.
N.
N.E
E.
S.E.
s.
S.W
w.
N.W
CA.
N.
N.E
E.
S.E.
S.
S.W
w.
N.W, CA.
Jan.
3
5
7
3
2
4
4
2
1
5
3
8
2
2
2
4
3
2
3
4
8
5
4
4
>>
1
Feb.
2
3
6
3
2
3
5
3
1
4
2
9
1
1
2
5
3
1
2
0
0
6
6
5
3
2
1
March
4
3
4
2
2
3
6
5
2
3
2
9
1
1
2
8
4
1
2
3
5
4
5
6
4
•}
April
2
2
4
2
2
3
7
6
2
5
1
9
1
1
1
8
3
1
1
2
4
4
4
8
6
1
May
3
3
4
2
1
3
7
6
2
4
1
9
1
2
1
10
2
1
2
2
-'
5
6
6
7
1
June
3
2
3
1
1
3
8
7
2
4
1
6
1
2
1
9
4
2
1
1
3
4
5
6
8
2
July
3
2
3
2
1
2
8
7
3
7
0
6
1
3
2
9
O
0
1
2
2
4
6
7
8
1
Aug.
3
2
4
2
1
2
7
6
4
4
1
8
1
2
1
7
3
4
1
2
i
4
5
4
8
3
Sept.
3
2
5
2
2
3
5
5
3
7
1
7
1
2
1
7
3
1
1
1
3
4
5
3
10
O
Oct.
3
3
5
3
2
4
5
4
2
4
2
9
0
1
1
0
3
5
1
2
6
7
3
4
7
1
Nov.
3
4
6
3
2
4
4
3
1
1
2
8
2
3
1
5
2
3
1
3
8
9
3
3
->
1
Dec.
3
4
7
3
2
4
4
2
2
4
55
2
18
11
99
2
14
2
22
1
16
5
83
3
36
1
22
2
18
4
29
9
60
4
60
4
55
5
59
2
66
1
18
Year
35
35
58
28
20
38
70
56
25
LAENACA.
PAMAGTJSTA.
KYREXIA.
Month.
Lat. 34° 5ft'. Long. 33° 37'.
Height 350 ft.
La
t. 35° 7'. Long. 33° 57'.
Height 75 ft.
Lat. 35° 21'. Long. 33° 19'.
Height 60 ft.
7 Years, 1881-87. Hours 9 : 9
i Ve
ars, 1882-87. Hours 9 : 9
7 Years, 1881-87. Hours 9 : 9.
N.
N.E
E.
S.E.
s.
S.W
\v.
N.W
CA.
N.
N.E
E.
S.E.
S.
S.W
w.
N.W
CA.
N.
N.E E.
S.E.
s.
S.W
w.
N.W
CA.
Jan.
8
5
1
2
5
0
2
0
5
5
3
2
2
7
5
2
0
5
3
8
2
2
1
4
1
.")
Feb.
6
3
1
2
4
4
4
4
4
5
1
1
2
5
6
2
2
4
3
7
1
3
1
3
1
5
March
6
4
1
4
5
5
3
3
3
5
2
1
3
8
5
2
2
3
2
8
1
4
1
5
2
5
April
5
4
2
O
7
4
3
2
3
5
3
1
3
6
6
3
0
2
2
6
1
1
1
7
2
8
May
3
2
2
b'
8
4
4
2
■ >■
2
4
4
2
8
6
3
2
0
3
1
7
1
2
1
5
3
8
June
3
2
1
4
9
4
0
2
1
3
6
2
6
6
4
1
1
3
1
6
0
2
1
5
4
8
July
3
1
1
6
9
4
5
2
1
5
6
2
5
7
3
1
1
3
1
5
0
2
1
5
4
10
Aug.
4
2
2
4
10
1)
4
2
..
2
3
5
2
4
8
4
1
2
2
2
4
1
1
0
0
• 1
13
Sept.
2
2
2
4
8
4
r>
3
2
2
2
1
3
10
5
2
3
0
2
4
0
2
1
<;
3
9
Oct.
6
4
1
4
6
.j
3
4
...
3
2
1
1
1
8
9
3
3
2
2
5
1
2
1
4
3
11
Nov.
6
5
1
2
2
4
5
5
...
3
0
2
1
2
10
7
2
0
3
2
6
1
4
1
5
2
6
Dec.
7
7
0
3
4
4
3
3
2
31
6
48
3
38
2
18
3
42
7
88
4
61
1
22
3
17
3
36
2
23
7
73
2
11
0
28
1
11
6
60
2
30
5
93
Year
59
■11
15
44
77
46
46
37
...
182
THE VOYAGE OF H.M.S. CHALLENGER.
NICOSIA.
KRASSNOWODSK.
GURJEW.
Month.
Lat. 35° 11'. Long. 33° 22'.
Lat. 40° 0'. Long. 52° bV.
Lat. 47° 7'. LoDg. 51° 55'.
Height 509 ft.
Height —70 ft.
Height —58 ft. Hours 7 : 1, 9.
7 Tears, 1881-87. Hours 9 : 9.
5 Years. 1883-87. Hours 7 : 1, 9.
4 Years, 1880-81, 83-84.
N.
N.E
E.
S.E.
s.
s.w
w.
N.W
CA.
N.
N.E
E.
S.E.
s.
s.w
w.
N.W
CA.
JN.
N.E
E.
S.E.
s.
s.w
w.
N.W
CA.
Jan.
4
1
6
1
4
2
4
1
8
5
2
8
4
1
0
0
2
9
1
2
8
6
1
2
6
2
3
Feb.
5
1
3
1
3
2
4
3
6
4
2
5
->
1
0
1
3
10
2
4
6
2
1
2
5
3
3
March
4
1
5
2
•'!
1
6
4
5
6
1
3
3
1
1
1
4
11
2
3
9
4
1
3
4
2
3
April
3
1
5
2
3
1
5
5
5
8
1
2
•1
1
1
2
5
8
3
4
8
4
1
1
3
2
4
May
3
2
3
1
2
2
7
6
5
7
1
2
2
2
2
2
4
9
1 3
3
6
3
1
4
4
3
4
June
3
1
1
1
2
1
7
G
5
8
1
2
1
2
3
.">
6
5
! 3
2
2
3
2
5
5
3
5
July
3
2
5
1
1
1
8
7
:;
11
2
2
2
1
2
3
5
3
2
1
2
4
2
5
7
3
5
Aug.
4
1
4
1
1
1
7
*;
6
10
2
4
2
1
2
2
5
:;
1 3
1
2
4
2
4
5
3
7
Sept.
3
2
3
1
2
1
6
0
6
7
3
3
1
1
2
•J
4
7
4
4
:;
3
1
3
4
3
5
Oct.
4
1
4
0
2
2
5
4
9
4
1
4
3
1
1
2
5
9
3
3
3
5
2
3
4
3
5
Nov.
4
1
4
1
2
2
5
2
9
4
2
7
4
0
0
1
3
9
3
3
4
5
1
2
4
4
4
Dec.
4
1
5
1
2
2
3
2
11
3
2
7
7
1
0
1
3
7
2
I31
2
32
6
59
5
48
1
16
3
37
5
56
3
34
4
52
Year
44
15
51
13
27
18
67
52
78
77
20
49
33
13
14
20
49
90
URALSK.
KISYL-ARWA.T.
STARO-SSIDORO WA.
Month.
Lat, 51° 43'. Long. 55° 55'.
Lat. 39° 17'. Long. 56° 10'.
Lat, 55° 26'. Long. 65° 10'.
Height 358 ft.
Height 317 ft.
Height 322 ft.
4 Years, 1883-87. Hours 7 : 1, 9.
1 Year, 1880. Hours 7 : 1, 9.
U Years, 1882-87. Hours 7 : 1, 9.
N.
N.E
E.
6.E.
s.
s.w
w.
N.W
CA.
N.
N.E
E.
S.E.
s.
s.w
w.
N.W
CA.
N. In.E
E.
S.E.
s.
s.w
w.
N.W
CA.
Jan.
1
1
2
4
6
5
2
2
8
1
5
13
0
1
1
2
3
5
2
1
1
0
10
4
5
2
6
Feb.
2
2
3
2
3
4
3
2
7
1
2
17
0
0
2
3
0
3
4
1
2
1
4
3
5
2
6
March
■>
4
4
4
4
4
3
1
5
3
6
7
0
1
0
4
3
7
2
1
2
1
7
4
5
2
7
April
3
4
3
5
4
3
2
2
4
1
1
8
0
O
4
O
1
9
3
2
3
1
5
3
4
3
6
May
2
2
3
5
5
4
3
3
4
1
0
11
1
0
4
4
1
9
5
2
2
1
5
3
5
3
5
June
3
3
4
4
3
3
4
4
2
2
0
6
1
3
4
4
1
9
5
2
4
1
4
2
3
3
6
July
4
3
4
3
2
3
4
5
3
1
0
5
0
5
4
6
1
9
8
5
4
0
2
1
3
2
6
Aug.
2
1
3
4
4
5
4
4
4
1
1
11
0
2
2
3
0
11
6
2
3
1
3
2
4
4
6
Sept.
2
2
1
4
5
4
4
4
4
1
1
11
0
1
0
4
0
12
4
1
2
1
4
3
6
4
5
Oct.
2
2
3
5
5
4
3
3
4
3
2
11
0
0
0
2
1
12
4
1
1
1
5
4
6
3
6
Nov.
1
2
2
6
5
4
3
3
4
1
0
18
0
0
0
1
1
9
2
1
2
1
6
5
6
2
5
Dec.
1
1
3
6
8
5
3
1
3
1
17
0
18
15
133
0
2
1
17
0
21
2
38
0
12
12
107
2
47
1
20
1
27
1
10
7
62
6
40
6
58
2
32
5
69
Year
25
27
35
52
54
48
38
34
52
OSCH.
AULIE-ATA.
KOPAL.
Month.
Lat. 40° 33'. Long. 72° 47'.
Lat. 42° 53'. Long. 71° 23'.
Lat. 45° 8'. Long. 79° 3'.
Height 3940 ft,
Height 2067 ft.
Height (?) ft.
3 Years, 1884-86. Hours 7:1,9.
3 Years, 1884-86. Hours 7: 1,9.
2} Years. 1885-87. Hours 7:1,9.
N.
N.E
E.
S.E.
s.
s.w
w.
N.W
CA.
N.
N.E
E.
S.E.
s.
s.w
w.
N.W
CA.
N.
N.E
E.
S.E.
s.
s.w
w.
N.W
CA.
Jan.
1
2
1
1
3
1
0
0
22
3
4
1
1
5
3
1
1
12
2
9
0
7
1
1
1
1
3
Feb.
1
1
2
1
2
1
2
0
18
2
2
2
2
4
2
1
1
12
2
6
7
6
1
2
1
1
2
March
1
2
1
1
2
2
1
1
20
4
6
2
2
3
1
1
3
9
3
6
7
5
2
1
2
3
2
April
2
1
1
3
3
1
1
2
16
3
4
3
1
3
1
1
2
12
2
7
5
4
2
3
2
3
2
May
3
2
2
2
1
1
2
2
16
2
4
1
2
3
2
2
1
14
3
7
3
4
3
2
2
3
4
June
2
1
2
2
1
1
i
4
16
2
3
1
2
2
1
1
1
17
2
8
3
4
3
3
2
3
2
July
I
1
1
1
1
1
i
2
22
3
2
1
3
4
1
1
2
14
2
6
5
3
2
3
2
4
4
Aug.
1
2
1
2
1
1
i
2
20
4
3
1
2
4
2
1
2
12
3
4
4
2
2
3
3
4
6
Sept.
2
2
2
3
2
0
i
3
15
3
2
1
2
5
2
2
2
11
2
4
4
4
2
4
1
3
6
Oct.
2
1
2
3
2
1
0
4
16
3
2
1
3
7
2
1
2
10
1
3
4
5
1
3
1
4
9
Nov.
1
2
3
2
1
1
1
3
16
2
1
1
4
6
3
1
1
11
1
3
4
4
6
4
1
2
5
Dec.
2
5
2
2
1
1
1
2
15
1
32
2
35
1
16
4
28
7
53
2
22
1
14
1
19
12
146
1
24
6
69
5
57
7
55
1
26
2
31
1
19
1
32
7
52
Year
19
22
20
23
20
12
12
25
212
REPORT ON ATMOSPHERIC CIRCULATION.
183
BLAGOWESCHTSCHENSKIJ-PRIISK.
RYKOWSKOE.
WONSAN.
Month.
Lat. 68° 0'. Long. 11-4° 9'.
Height 168 ft.
Lat
50° 47'. Long. 142°
Height 450 ft.
55'.
Lat. 39° 10'. Long. 127°
Height (?) ft.
25'.
4£ Years, 1883-87. Hours 7:1,9.
2 Years, 1886-87. Hours 7
1, 9.
1 Year, 1887. Hours
V : 1
, 9.
N.
N.E
E.
S.E.
s.
s.w
W. N.W CA.
N.
N.E
E.
S.E.
s.
s.w
W.I
N.W
CA.
N.
N.E
E.
S.E.
S.
S.W
W.
N.W
CA.
Jan.
ft
10
9
2
1
1
2
1
0
ft
1
0
0
1
0
0
11
13
1
1
1
1
3
3
11
2
8
Feb.
4
9
9
2
1
1
1
1
0
4
1
0
2
1
0
1
8
11
0
1
2
1
1
4
11
2
b
March
ft
9
7
2
1
1
3
3
0
4
1
0
4
2
0
1
10
9
1
1
2
4
3
6
8
4
2
April
ft
6
6
3
3
1
3
3
0
3
0
1
8
4
1
2
6
5
2
4
4
2
0
2
V
ft
4
May
ft
5
6
3
3
2
4
3
0
3
1
1
11
4
2
2
4
3
2
6
5
2
1
2
4
3
b
June
5
5
4
3
3
1
3
5
1
2
1
2
13
4
0
1
4
3
2
9
8
6
0
0
1
2
July
6
6
6
3
4
1
2
2
1
2
1
2
12
3
1
1
5
4
1
0
8
4
0
1
3
3
5
Aug.
7
6
5
2
4
1
3
2
1
1
0
1
11
2
1
3
5
7
2
3
4
2
1
3
1
3
12
Sept.
ft
6
5
3
4
2
3
2
0
1
0
2
7
3
0
1
7
9
1
2
4
ft
1
0
b
3
0
Oct.
7
ft
ft
3
3
2
4
2
0 |
1
0
1
5
2
1
3
7
11
0
1
4
5
1
3
4
4
9
Nov.
fi
7
7
2
■>
1
3
2
0
1
l
(l
5
2
1
1
6
18
0
1
1
2
1
ft
6
in
4
Dec.
6
8
9
2
1
1
2
2
0 1
2
29
0
7
1
11
2
80
0
28
0
7
1
17
10
83
15!
103
1
13
1
36
0
43
2
36
1
13
2
34
ft
67
14
oft
ft
68
Year
66
82
78
30
30
15
33
28
3
SOUL.
LIC1
C OBSERVATORY,
CAL.
POLARIS BAY.
Month.
Lat. 37° 35'. Long. 127° 7'.
Height 656 ft.
Lat
37° 20'. Long. —121
Height 4301 ft.
' 39'.
Lat. 81° 38'. Long. -
Height 0 ft.
-61"
44'.
9 Month*, 1887. Hours 7 : 1, 9.
5 Y
ears, 1881-85. Houre
(?)
10 Months, 1871-72.
Hourly.
N
N.E
F.
S.F..
s.
s.w
w.
N.W
CA.
N.
N.E
E.
S.E.
s.
s.w
w.
N.W
CA.
N.
N.E
E.
S.E.
s.
s.w
W.
N.W
CA.
Jan.
4
0
0
6
5
0
0
14
2
1
8
11
3
0
4
0
0
4
Feb.
ft
1
0
ft
(1
0
0
11
0
1
10
11)
1
1
2
0
1
2
March
4
(I
0
8
4
2
0
12
1
0
11
6
4
0
2
1
1
b
April
0
3
2
1
1
8
5
2
8
ft
2
0
3
4
4
0
11
1
0
3
8
5
0
2
1
2
9
May
1
1
3
1
0
6
7
3
9
4
0
II
4
2
4
0
17
0
0
8
1
1
1
10
i
1
ft
June
1
1
4
0
1
5
7
2
9
4
0
0
1
2
1
0
19
3
1
6
1
2
3
V
■1
•>
b
July
Aug.
0
2
3
1
0
6
3
2
14
2
1
0
1
0
2
2
17
6
3
6
2
3
2
9
•J
1
3
1
2
4
0
1
4
3
2
14
9
0
0
0
II
0
0
21
1
3
2
0
8
2
6
2
:;
b
Sept.
1
2
2
1
0
2
ft
0
12
3
0
0
2
1
0
il
19
ft
Oct.
1
3
6
0
1
2
2
3
13
3
0
0
0
3
0
0
14
6
Nov.
1
1
ft
1
0
1
ft
ft
11
3
1
0
4
2
0
0
19
1
0
1ft
8
1
0
4
0
0
Dec.
1
4
2
0
0
2
2
8
12
2
48
0
ft
0
0
12
51
3
32
0
13
0
2
13
187
1
27
0
9
10
It
1
ft
0
2
4
■
Year
Month.
FORT MACPHERSON.
Lat. 68° 0'. Long. —135° 0'.
Height 0 ft.
10 Months, 1863. Hours 3 times daily.
FORT ANDERSON.
Lat. 68° 30'. Long. —127° 30'.
Height (?) ft. Hours 3 times daily.
11 Months, 1863-64.
Jan.
Feb.
March
April
May
June
July
Aug.
Sept.
Oct.
Nov.
Dec.
N.
6
7
4
0
15
11
6
24
18
3
N.E
(1
0
0
17
1
0
2
0
3
0
E.
15
9
1
1
3
12
12
1
1
20
S.E.
0
0
4
0
4
3
8
0
4
2
s.
4
4
0
2
1
0
3
3
1
s.w
0
0
2
ft
0
1
0
0
0
0
w.
2
4
8
1
3
3
3
0
1
2
N.W
0
7
7
5
1
0
0
1
1
1
CA.
3
0
0
1
1
0
0
1
0
1
N.
9
8
12
12
8
11
12
10
12
9
8
N.E
2
2
1
3
2
2
2
2
2
2
1
E.
6
3
4
4
5
4
2
3
3
2
3
S.E.
1
1
2
1
2
1
2
2
0
1
1
s.
4
4
ft
4
6
6
ft
4
6
6
9
S.W
2
3
1
1
1
1
2
1
2
3
1
w.
5
4
5
4
5
4
5
5
4
5
6
N.W
2
3
1
1
2
1
1
3
2
2
2
CA.
Year
TABLE VIII.
(SUPPLEMENTARY TO TABLE VII.)
Showing the prevailing Winds each Month of the Year in Different
Parts of the World.
(PHYS. CHEM. CHALL. EXP. — PART V. 1888.) 30
186
THE VOYAGE OF H.M.S. CHALLENGER.
Places.
Country.
No. of
Years.
Years
Specified.
Hours of
Observation.
Latitude.
Longitude.
Height,
Feet.
Quetta,
Beloochistan
8
1878-85
10: 4
o
30
11
o
67
1
3
5500
Lek, .
India
10
1875-84
4,10: 4, 10
34
10
77
42
11503
Peshawar,
do.
10
1876-85
10: 4
34
2
71
37
1110
Dera Ismail Khau,
do.
15
1870-84
do.
32
0
71
5
573
Mooltau,
do.
15
do.
do.
30
10
71
33
420
Murree,
do.
10
1875-84
do.
33
54
73
27
6344
Lahore,
do.
15
1870-84
4, 10 : 4, 10
31
34
74
20
732
Simla, .
do.
6
1880-85
10: 4
31
6
77
12
7012
Delhi, .
do.
10
1875-84
do.
28
40
77
16
718
Agra, .
do.
15
1870-84
do.
27
10
78
5
555
Gorakhpur, .
do.
15
do.
do.
26
46
83
18
256
Jhansi,
do.
15
do.
do.
25
27
78
37
855
Allahabad, .
do.
15
do.
4, 10: 4, 10
25
26
81
52
307
Sibsagar,
do.
10
1875-84
10: 4
26
59
94
40
333
Darjeeling, .
do.
4
1882-85
do.
27
3
88
18
7421
Dhubri,
do.
4
do.
4, 10: 4, 10
26
7
89
50
115
Silchar,
do.
15
1870-84
10: 4
24
49
92
50
104
Gya, . . .
do.
15
do.
do.
24
42
85
2
375
Berhampore,
do.
15
do.
do.
24
6
88
17
66
Dacca, .
do.:
15
do.
do.
23
43
90
27
35
Chittagong, .
do.
15
do.
4, 10 : 4, 10
22
21
91
50
87
Calcutta,
do.
15
do.
do.
22
32
88
20
21
Saugor Island,
do.
15
do.
do.
21
39
88
5
25
False Point, .
do.
15
do.
10: 4
20
20
86
47
21
Sambulpur, .
do.
15
do.
do.
21
31
84
1
463
Nagpur,
do.
15
do.
4, 10: 4, 10
21
9
79
11
1025
Jubbalpore, .
do.
15
do.
10: 4
23
9
79
59
1341
Hoshangabad,
do.
15
do.
do.
22
45
77
46
1020
Khandwa,
do.
15
do.
do.
21
49
76
23
1044
Bikaneer,
do.
6-8
1878-85
do.
27
59
73
14
744
Ajmere,
do.
15
1870-84
do.
26
28
74
37
1611
Pachpadra, .
do.
6
1880-85
do.
25
55
72
18
380
Jacobabad, .
do.
8
1878-85
do.
28
24
68
18
186
Hyderabad, .
do.
8
do.
do.
25
25
68
27
134
Kurrachee, .
do.
17
1867-84
do.
24
47
67
4
49
Rajkot,
do.
8
1878-85
do.
22
17
70
52
429
Deesa, .
do.
17
1868-84
4, 10: 4, 10
24
16
72
14
466
Surat, .
do.
8
1878-85
10: 4
21
13
72
46
36
Bombay,
do.
16
1869-84
4, 10 : 4, 10
18
54
72
49
37
Ratnagiri,
do.
8
1877-84
10: 4
17
6
73
23
110
Karwar,
do.
8
1878-85
do.
14
50
74
15
44
Visagapatam,
do.
15
1870-84
4, 10 : 4, 10
17
42
83
22
31
Masulipatam,
do.
10
1875-84
10: 4
16
9
81
12
10
Secunderabad,
do.
10
do.
do.
17
27
78
33
1787
Bellary,
do.
10
do.
do.
15
9
76
57
1455
Madras,
do.
15
1870-84
do.
13
4
80
14
22
Coimbatore, .
do.
10
1875-84
do.
11
0
77
0
1348
Negapatam, .
do.
10
do.
do.
10
46
79
53
15
Cochin,
do.
10
do.
do.
9
58
76
17
11
Jaffna, .
do.
10
do.
9|: 3|
9
40
79
56
9
REPORT ON ATMOSPHERIC CIRCULATION.
187
Jan.
N 84 TV
s 21 tv
s 6 E
n 7 w
n 9 tv
8 68 E
N 25 w
S 48 TV
N 77 tv
N 64 TV
s 85 tv
N 34 E
N 34 tv
N 62 E
s 84 w
N 77 E
s 29 e
n 60 w
N 41 W
N 53 w
N 24 w
N 38 W
N 1 E
N 51 E
n 56 W
N 72 E
N 8 E
N 59 E
N 20 e
N 42 E
N 82 E
N 58 E
N 5 tv
N 15 tv
N 50 E
N 22 E
n 3 tv
N 20 E
N 12 w
n 50 w
Feb.
N 5
s 60
n 69
s 89
s 70
Marcli.
N 48 E
N 74 E
N 47 E
S 6 E
N 43 E
n 83 W
S 15 w
N 39 W
N 4 tv
N 5 E
S 44 E
n 25 w
S 38 \v
n 66 w
N 75 w
K 84 w
N
n 66 w
N 61 E
s 83 w
s 64 e
s 33 e
N 72 w
N 72 tv
s 76 w
N 38 w
s 81 w
s 50 w
S 12 tv
N 42 TV
n 55 E
N 13 tv
N 58 E
N 11 W
N 9 tv
s 77 W
N 50 E
N 23 E
N 31 tv
N 61 tv
N 4 w
N 28 w
N 10 W
N 14 tv
n 66 tv
n 52 w
s 11 w
S 73 E
S 74 E
s 56 E
E
N 82 E
N 65 E
s 74 w
N 51 E
8 58 w
s 47 tv
N 16 E
N 40 E
N 11 W
s 37 E
N 10 TV
s 50 w
N 62 w
n 70 w
N 81 tv
K 80 w
n 65 w
N 61 E
s 77 W
s 87 e
s 60 e
n 79 w
s 76 tv
s 23 w
s 54 tv
s 32 tv
s 33 w
S 38 w
s 59 w
n 20 w
N 69 w
N 55 w
n 48 w
s 74 w
s 61 w
s 37 W
n 62 E
N 87 w
n 84 w
N 41 W
n 88 tv
n 43 w
n 38 tv
n 80 tv
n 81 W
s 45 w
S 20 e
s 64 E
s 27 E
S 50 e
s 76 e
s 61 E
w
s 69 e
April.
n 83 w
s 48 W
N 10 E
N 46 E
n 26 w
S 73 e
N 19 w
s 49 w
n 65 w
n 84 W
N 67 w
s 78 w
n 52 w
x 61 E
s 72 w
S 85 e
s 86 E
N 72 w
s 23 w
S 4 E
s 12 tv
s 3 w
s 20 w
s 38 tv
s 65 w
n 63 w
N 66 TV
n 89 w
n 52 w
May.
N 71
s 69
N 25
n 79
June.
July.
s
77
w
s
74
w
s
47
w
s
86
E
s
53
w
N
87
\v
N
53
w
N
89
w
N
68
\v
N
61
w
N
81
w
N
85
w
S
48
tv
S
8
w
s
6
w
s
51
\v
s
40
E
s
21
E
s
36
E
N
89
W
s
10
W
N 70 TV
S 11 E
N 7 E
w
N 49 tv
n 72 w
S 82 e
N 81 w
N 8 E
N 57 E
S 79 W
N 64 E
N 75 E
N 17 E
S 36 E
S 19 E
s
S 11 E
S 12 w
s 31 tv
s 78 w
n 41 w
N 62 w
tv
n 61 w
S 78 tv
S 60 tv
S 44 w
s 64 e
s 47 tv
S 86 w
N 82 w
s 55 w
s 55 w
N 85 W
n 76 w
n 70 w
s 41 w
S 19 W
N 77 w
n 78 w
S 15 E
s 17 w
s 11 w
s 84 w
s 39 tv
n 66 w
S 78 TV
N 50 e
N 87 E
s 35 w
S 1 E
N 19 W
s 87 tv
n 60 w
N 60 W
S 74 e
s 76 w
N 2 E
s 83 e
S 88 e
s 74 e
N 58 E
N 57 E
S 33 e
S 16 e
s 31 E
S 4 E
s 15 w
S 45 w
s 45 tv
N 76 w
N 80 w
s 88 w
N 75 w
S 51 W
s 61 tv
s 38 w
s 29 e
S 37 w
s 81 W
s 73 tv
S 36 TV
s 43 w
s 57 w
s 51 w
s 80 w
s 58 w
s 74 w
s 79 tv
w
s 36 w
S 41 W
s 45 tv
s 72 tv
s 43 w
N 87 TV
s 67 w
N 56 E
s 79 e
s 25 tv
s 3 w
s 84 e
n 87 tv
s 45 e
n 63 E
s 79 e
s 49 w
N 84 F.
S 11 W
N 88 E
s 70
N 6
S 79
s 41
s 19
s 40 e
S 11 E
s 24 w
s 59 w
s 48 w
n 88 w
n 87 W
s 76 w
n 83 w
s 39 w
s 62 w
s 35 w
s 49 e
s 41 w
w
77 w
40 w
47 w
65 w
54 w
Aug.
Sept.
s 73 w
S 74 w
S 81 w
S 73 w
s 89 w
s 46 W
S 44 W
S 49 w
s 78 w
s 42 W
n 77 w
s 68 w
N 42 E
S 75 e
S 19 w
s 6 w
s 83 e
N 73 w
s 19 w
s 22 e
s 62 e
s 64 w
N 40 E
s 57 w
N 84 E
S 47 E
s 63 w
s 66 e
s 40 e
s 14 E
s 32 e
S 17 E
S 17 W
s 57 w
s 55 \v
n 76 W
n 84 w
S 79 w
N 80 w
s 37 w
s 70 w
s 39 w
s 55 e
s 42 w
n 87 w
S 81 w
s 47 \v
s 57 W
s 70 w
s 70 w
s 88 w
s 74 w
s 84 w
s 87 w
n 85 w
s 40 w
s 33 w
s 48 w
s 85 w
s 41 w
n 57 W
s 51 w
N 41 E
s ss I.
S 32 w
n 84 E
n 60 E
N 68 w
N 32 w
N 26 w
s 70 e
n 50 w
X -i'J E
N 66 E
s 72 E
s 80 e
s 89 w
s 86 E
S 41 E
S 11 E
s 29 E
S 27 E
S 4 w
s 25 w
N 72 w
N 51 W
N (ill W
N 86 w
N 69 w
s 55 w
s 80 w
s 49 w
s 40 e
s 42 w
H 89 w
n 80 w
s 65 w
s 66 w
s 84 w
S 80 w
N 89 w
s 60 w
s 77 W
N 86 W
Oct.
N
78
w
S
36
w
S
34
w
s
44
w
N
89
w
s
44
w
N 55 \v
s 52 w
N 61 E
N 75 E
s 70 w
s 13 E
N 3 Vf
n 53 w
n 49 w
n 78 W
n 83 w
n 30 w
N 42 w
N 66 E
S 3 E
N 55 E
s 56 e
N 34 w
N 12 w
s 55 E
N 10 W
N 48 w
N 10 E
N 40 E
N 27 E
N 37 E
N 3 E
N 12 E
N 24 E
s 69 w
n 76 w
s 39 w
S 44 E
s 60 w
s 88 w
N 5 E
N 62 w
N 16 E
N 25 w
s 85 w
n 83 w
s 65 E
N 29 E
N 30 E
N 17 E
N 35 E
S 8 E
s 51 w
S 70 w
s 49 w
Nov.
N 34 w
s 31 w
N 85 E
N 51 E
s 73 w
s 57 e
N 47 w
n 84 w
N 59 w
N 81 TV
n 79 w
N 1 E
N 65 TV
N 64 E
N 61 TV
N 59 E
s 77 E
N 45 TV
N 25 TV
N 17 w
N 20 TV
N 17 TV
N 5 E
N 22 e
N 19 E
N 60 E
N 47 E
N 60 E
N 70 E
s 44 tv
N 32 E
N 52 E
N 11 TV
N 22 TV
N 42 TV
N 45 E
N 33 E
N 50 E
N 4 TV
N 11 TV
N 25 TV
N 75 E
N 58 E
N 53 E
N 84 e
N 24 E
N 78 E
N 34 E
s 33 tv
N 28 E
Dec.
n 46 \v
S 15 TV
s 20 e
X 3 E
N 14 E
s 68 e
x 36 w
N 62 TV
N 67 TV
x 64 tv
N 86 TV
N 26 E
x 54 tv
K 67 E
x 5 1 w
X 67 E
s 57 E
N 68 TV
N 26 TV
N 36 TV
N 23 TV
N 26 TV
N 7 E
N 43 E
N 23 E
x 64 E
N 32 E
N 61 E
K 66 E
N 63 e
N 84 E
N 52 E
N 13 TV
N 10 TV
N 55 E
n 43 i:
N 17 E
N 51 E
N 3 TV
X 8 TV
N 2 E
N 83 E
N 58 E
N 63 E
s 85 e
N 24 E
N 69 E
N 38 E
s 29 tv
N 34 E
188
THE VOYAGE OF H.M.S. CHALLENGER.
Places.
Country.
No. of
Years.
Years
Specified.
Hours of
Observation.
Latitude.
Longitude.
Height,
Feet.
Colombo,
India
11
1874-84
9J: 3i
o
6
(
56
O 1
79 52
40
Galle, .
do.
11
do.
do. "
6
1
80 14
48
Hatobautota,
do.
11
do.
do.
6
7
81 7
40
Kandy,
do.
11
do.
do.
7
18
80 40
1696
Newera Eliya,
do.
11
do.
do.
6
46
80 47
6240
Batticoloa, .
do.
11
do.
do.
7
43
81 44
26
Trinconialee .
do.
11
do.
do.
8
33
81 15
175
Akyab,
do.
15
1870-84
10: 4
20
28
92 57
20
Thaymetyo, .
do.
8
1878-85
do.
19
22
95 12
134
Toungoo,
do.
8
do.
do.
18
57
96 24
169
Bassein,
do.
8
do.
do.
16
47
94 50
35
Diamond Island, .
do.
8
do.
do.
15
52
94 19
41
Rangoon,
do.
10
1870-85
4, 10 : 4, 10
16
46
96 12
41
Moulmein, .
do.
7
1879-85
10: 4
16
29
97 40
94
Mergui,
do.
8
1878-85
do.
12
11
98 38
96
Port Blair, .
do.
15
1870-84
do.
11
41
92 42
61
Nancowry, .
do.
10
1876-85
do.
8
0
93 46
81
Raffles Lighthouse,
do.
2
1866-67
A.M.
1
9
103 44
[0]
Bushire,
Persia
10
1876-85
10: 4
28
59
50 49
25
Aden, .
Arabia
6
1880-85
do.
12
45
45 3
94
Port Moresby,
New Guinea
If
1875-76
9:
-9
32
146 10
278
Goodie Island,
Queensland
1
1880
9: 3,9
-10
33
142 10
300
Brisbane,
New South Wales
3
1859-61
do.
-27
28
153 6
130
Thergomindab,
do.
H
1874-75
9:
-28
0
142 30
450
Bourke.
do.
4
1874-76, '85
do.
-30
3
145 58
456
Wentwortli, .
do.
6
do.
do.
-34
8
142 0
144
Eden, .
do.
6
do.
do.
-37
0
149 59
107
Derby, .
West Australia
1*
1884-85
do.
-17
18
123 39
17
Cossack,
do.
5
1881-85
do.
-20
40
117 8
19
Geraldton, .
do.
6
1880-85
do.
-28
47
114 26
10
Albany,
do.
6
do.
do.
-35
2
117 54
88
York, .
do.
6
do.
do.
-31
53
116 47
580
Rapa, .
Pacific Ocean
4
1867-69
8:
-27
36
-114 11
0
do
do.
H
do.
: 4
-27
36
-114 11
0
South Cape, .
China
1
1885
3, 6, 9, N. :
3, 6, 9, M.
}-
55
120 51
121
Victoria Peak,
do.
1
do. |
1884-87
7, 10 : 1, 4,
7, 10
},2
22
0
114 10
1816
Hongkong, .
do.
4
hourly
18
114 10
110
Banjermassing,
East India Is.
9
1850-59
9: 3
— 3
0
114 SO
10
Bangoewangi,
do.
8
1850-57
6, 9 : 3, 10
-8
17
114 27
26
Palembang, .
do.
7
1850-56
9: 3
_2
50
104 53
20
Kita, .
A f rica
2
1882-83
6 : 2, 9
10
0
-13 0
1090
Christiansborg,
do.
5
1829-34
6:
i>
24
-0 10
66
do.,
do.
5
do.
: 4
do.
do.
CO
Central Africa,
do.
1
1801-62
?
1
37
32 20
?
Zanzibar,
do.
5
1880-84
10: 4
-6
10
39 11
23
Nossi-Be,
Madagascar
1
1*79-80
various
-13
43
48 20
80
Wolstenholm Sound,
Arctic Regions
1
1849 -50
four hourly
76
34
-68 45
0
Port Foulke,
do.
1
1800-61
two hourly
78
18
- 73 0
0
REPORT ON ATMOSPHERIC CIRCULATION.
189
Jan.
Feb.
March.
April.
May.
June.
July.
Aug.
Sept.
Oct.
Nov.
Dec.
o
O
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
N 3 w
n 39 w
N 85 w
s 67 w
s 54 w
s 73 w
s 74 w
s 71 w
s 73 w
s 75 w
N 66 w
N 1 E
N 24 w
N 5 w
N 53 E
n 77 w
s 86 w
n 62 w
n 58 w
n 60 w
N 59 w
N 65 w
N 41 w
N 22 w
N 52 E
N 61 E
N 77 E
s 33 w
s 44 w
s 49 w
s 55 w
s 50 w
s 49 w
s 48 w
s 38 E
N 59 E
s 84 E
s 69 E
s 53 E
s 43 w
s 58 w
s 67 w
s 67 w
s 61 w
s 63 w
s 61 w
s 45 w
s S6 e
s 63 e
s 58 E
S 56 E
s 48 e
n 74 w
n 57 w
n 57 w
n 60 w
N 60 w
n 60 w
s 66 e
S 63 e
N 24 E
N 34 E
N 66 E
N 80 E
s 85 e
s 7 E
S 31 E
s 66 e
s 69 e
N 77 E
N 28 E
N 23 E
N 43 E
N 57 E
s 78 e
s 54 e
s 32 w
s 51 w
s 50 w
s 52 w
s 51 w
s 51 w
N 23 E
N 28 E
N 23 w
N 27 w
N 58 w
s 75 w
s 33 w
S 2 E
S 4 E
S 1 E
s 9 E
s 35 E
N 6 w
N 15 w
N 43 E
s 47 e
s 27 -e
s 1 E
s 4 E
S 4 E
S 1 E
S 2 E
s 12 E
s 33 E
N 1G E
N 21 E
N 24 w
N 10 W
s 19 E
s 22 e
s 25 e
s 25 e
s 22 e
S 15 E
S 4 E
s 87 w
N 32 w
N 29 w
N 2 E
n 50 w
N 59 w
N 69 w
s 77 w
s 15 w
s 27 w
s 33 w
s 26 w
s 64 e
N 54 E
N 31 E
N 11 E
n 26 w
N 39 w
N 57 w
s 81 w
s 30 w
s 43 w
s 40 w
s 44 w
s 56 e
N 61 E
N 37 E
N 25 E
s 56 w
S 22 w
s 19 w
s 18 w
s 16 w
s 29 w
s 36 w
s 23 w
s 46 e
N 57 E
N 36 E
N 25 E
N 12 w
s 56 w
s 58 w
s 47 w
s 19 w
s 33 w
s 34 w
s 34 w
N 69 e
N 58 E
N 57 E
N 10 w
n 39 w
n 55 w
n 59 w
s 73 w
s 46 w
s 61 w
s 58 w
s 59 w
S 75 w
N 20 E
n 27 e
N 39 E
N 41 E
N 56 E
N 84 E
s 34 w
s 38 w
s 44 w
s 43 w
s 43 w
s 5 w
N 63 E
N 51 E
s 87 e
N 80 E
N 86 E
s 56 E
s 43 w
s 43 w
s 44 w
s 46 w
s 50 w
s 39 w
S 39 e
s 78 E
NE
NE
NE
NNE
ssw
s
ssw
ssw
SW
WSW
N
NE
N G w
N 16 W
n 47 w
N 63 w
N 56 w
N 57 w
N 72 w
N 71 w
N 51 W
n 35 w
N 9 w
N 5 E
N 79 E
N 76 E
N 73 E
N 78 E
s 79 E
S 11 E
S 13 E
S 13 E
s 28 f.
n 82 e
N 88 e
N 83 E
NW
NW
NW
var.
SE
SE
SE
SE
SE
SE
SE
NW
NW
NW
NW
sr.
SE
SE
SE
SE
SE
ENE
NE
var.
N 80 E
N 76 E
N 71 E
E 45 s
s 43 w
s 29 w
s 38 w
S
N Gil E
N 44 E
N 52 E
N 84 E
SE
ESE
E
E
ESE
ESE
SE
SE
WSW
ENE
ENE
ENE
E
ENE
E
E
SSE
SW
SSW
var.
ESE
ESE
SSW
E
SSW
ssw
s
ENE
var.
WNW
WNW
WNW
WSW
WSW
WSW
WSW
ESE
SSW
SW
SW
SW
SW
SSW
SW
SSW
SW
SW
ENE
\VNW
ESE
NW
E
E
E
E
E
E
E
E
WNW
wnw
WNW
NNE
NNE
NE
ENE
NE
NNW
WNW
W
W
WNW
S
s
SE
SE
SE
ESE
E
var.
SE
SE
SSE
s
SE
E
E
NNW
WNW
WNW
W
WNW
WNW
W
SSE
s
SE
SE
SE
SE
SSE
SSE
var.
var.
SSE
SE
SE
SE
s 33 E
S 58 E
N 74 E
S 71 E
s 77 E
n 68 w
S 64 e
s 88 w
S 53 W
s 80 e
s 86 e
s 52 e
S 50 E
s 63 e
N 21 E
s 62 e
s 70 e
n 80 w
S 17 E
w
s 45 w
N 85 E
S 82 e
s 58 e
N 44 E
N 45 E
N 41 E
E 23 N
n 32 w
e 42 s
w
W 10 N
n 26 w
N 43 E
N 45 E
N 43 E
E 3 N
E 16 N
E 14 S
b 36 s
s 25 e
S 15 E
s 23 w
S 14 E
e 25 s
E 6 N
E 20 N
E 7 N
E 14 N
E 13 N
E 4 N
E 4 N
E 11 S
E 51 s
e 46 s
E 72 s
E 12 N
E 15 N
E 28 N
E 26 N
s 70 w
S 70 W
s 76 w
N 48 E
e 52 s
e 59 s
e 62 s
E 61 s
e 60 s
e 87 s
e 88 s
s 59 w
E 88 s
e 45 s
e 29 s
E 51 s
e 55 s
;e 70 s
e 76 s
E 72 s
e 72 s
E 81 s
e 72 s
e 82 s
W 7 N
w 20 n
w 30 N
N 20 E
N 79 E
N 85 E
E 6 s
E 21 s
E 18 S
E L'."> S
e 30 w
w 4 N
NE
N
ENE
E
SE
s
NW
NW
NW
SE
NE
ENE
W 50 N
W 45 N
w 44 N
w 43 n
w 42 N
w 23 n
W 21 N
s 79 w
W 15 N
w 38 n
w 43 n
w 52 n
s 38 w
S 44 w
s 46 w
s 46 w
s 44 w
s 45 w
s 43 w
s 45 w
s 45 w
s 45 w
s 43 w
s 44 w
NE
NE
E
var.
E
SE
src
SE
var.
var.
NE
NE
N 27 E
N 25 E
N 39 E
S 12 w
s 17 w
s 10 w
S 2 w
s 6 w
s 12 w
s 9 w
s 6 w
N 28 E
NE
NE
NE
SW
SW
SW
SW
SW
sw
NE
NE
NE
s 37 E
s 13 w
s 4 w
s 35 w
s 45 w
s 24 w
s 86 w
s GO e
s 67 e
s 27 W
S 11 E
S 21 E
N 46 E
N 34 E
N 52 E
N 53 E
N 45 E
s 45 w
s 43 w
N 35 E
N 42 E
N 18 E
N 45 E
N 45 E
190
THE VOYAGE OF H.M.S. CHALLENGER.
Place.
Country.
No. of
Years.
Years
Specified.
Hours of
Observation.
Latitude.
Longitude.
Height,
Feet,
Van Rensseller,
Arctic Regions
1J
1853-55
two hourly
o
78
37
-70 53
0
Northumberland Sd.,
do.
1
1852-53
do.
76
52
-97 0
0
Wellington Channel,
do.
1
1852-53
do.
75
37
-92 22
(i
Beechy Island,
do.
2
1852-54
four hourly
74
48
-91.54
f)
Griffith's Island, .
do.
1
1850-51
two hourly
74
34
-95 20
0
Port Leopold,
do.
1
1848-49
do.
73
50
-90 12
0
Port Kennedy,
do.
1
1858-59
do.
72
1
-94 14
0
Gulf of Boothia, .
do.
2*
1829-82
hourly
70
6
-91 45
0
Melville Sound,
do.
§
1853-54
two hourly
74
42
-101 22
(1
Cambridge Bay, .
do.
1
1852-53
four hourly
69
0
-105 12
(1
Walker Bay,
do.
1
1851-52
do.
71
85
-117 39
0
Princess Royal Is.,
do.
1
1850-51
do.
72
47
-117 35
II
Mercy Bay, .
do.
If
1851-53
do
74
6
-117 55
0
Dealy Island,
do.
1
1852-53
do.
74
56
-108 49
0
Camden Bay,
do.
1
1853-54
do.
70
8
-145 29
0
Port Providence, .
do.
3
4
1848-49
hourly
64
26
-173 0
0
Chamisso,
do.
1
1849-50
do.
66
13
-161 46
0
Port Clarence,
do.
3
1850-54
do.
65
17
-166 20
0
Point Barrow,
do.
2
1852-54
six hourly
71
21
-156 17
10
Norway House,
Dominion of
7
1841-47
?
54
0
-98 0
700
Sydney,
Canada
10
1874-83
*
46
8
-60 10
28
Halifax.
do.
10
do.
*
44
39
-63 36
122
Parry Sound,
do.
9
1875-83
*
45
19
-80 0
641
Fort Garry, .
do.
10
1874-83
*
49
53
-97 7
758
Mazatlan,
Mexico
6
1880-85
various
23
11
-106 17
2;")
Manaos,
The Amazon
?
?
9: 3
O
8
-60 0
121
At C.50, 2.50, 10.50, Toronto time.
REPORT ON ATMOSPHERIC CIRCULATION.
191
Jan.
Feb.
March.
April.
May.
June.
July.
Aug.
Sept.
Oct.
O
Nov.
o
Dec.
o
O
0
o
O
o
O
O
o
O
s 15 w
S 9 E
SEE
s 25 w
s 27 w
n 48 w
s 47 w
S 1 E
s 40 w
s
17 w
s 6 w
s 18 E
S 2 E
N 60 E
S 44 E
N 8 E
n 20 w
N 4 w
s 16 w
s 70 e
s 10 E
N
25 w
s 73 e
N 68 E
s 32 e
S 11 E
S 38 E
S 20' e
s 14 w
N 75 E
s 81 E
n 46 e
s 28 w
S
35 e
S 17 E
s 37 E
N 12 E
N 32 E
N 52 E
N 18 E
N 31 w
n ,22 w
S 88 e
n 68 w
N 15 E
N
12 E
N 60 E
N 10 E
N 46 w
n 57 w
n 45 w
s 51 w
N 69 w
s 60 w
s 53 w
N 46 w
s 50 w
N
53 w
s 53 E
N 57 w
N 26 w
N 43 w
N 35 E
N 13 E
N 10 E
N 48 E
N 20 w
N 14 w
N 52 E
N
18 E
n 24 w
N
N 11 W
n 67 w N 23 w
N 11 E
N 12 w
N 12 w
N 32 w
N 11 E
N 12 w
N
6 w
N 12 w
N 45 w
N 34 w
N 46 w N 49 w
N 32 w
N 18 w
n 66 w
N 10 W
n 25 w
N 18 w
N
49 w
N
n 38 w
n 44 w
N 46 w N L':i w
s 18 w
n 35 w
N 53 w
N
65 w
n 34 w
n 24 w
N 60 W
N 6 W N 63 E
N 17 E
N 29 w
N 9 w
N 58 w
N 69 w
N 54 w
N
26 e
s 40 e
N 24 w
N 12 E
N 1 W
N 36 E
N 68 E
N 49 E
N 47 w
N 26 w
N 20 E
N 32 E
N
54 e
N 78 E
s 53 w
n 54 w
n 83 w
n 86 w
N 33 w
n 88 w
N 88 E
n 29 w
s 77 w
s 77 w
N
41 E
N 70 E
N 62 w
s 54 w
n 57 w
S 66 w
S 56 E
n 46 w
N 46 w
N 44 w
N 46 w
n 66 w
S
22 w
n 43 w
n 86 w
n 5 w
N 6 E
N 21 E
N
N 15 w
n 20 w
N 7 w
N 25 w
N 10 W
N
13 w
N 21 E
N 4 E
w
n 88 w
n 77 w
N 43 E
N 88 E
N 75 E
s 83 e
N 85 E
N
20 w
n 86 w
N 81 E
N 84 w
s 50 e
N 9 w
N 8 E
N 49 E
N 45 E
N
24 E
N 23 E
N 10 E
N 74 w
s 78 w
s 24 w
S 50 e
n 86 w
s 81 w
s 40 w
N 82 w
N 74 E
S
67 E
N 54 E
N 30 E
N 68 e
N 56 E
N 53 E
N 50 E
N 46 E
s 80 w
n 74 w
N 46 E
N
26 e
N 43 E
N 57 E
n 88 w
N
N 82 E
s 88 e
N 82 E
N 89 E
n 60 e
N 67 E
N 52 E
N
66 e
s 88 e
S 14 E
s 81 w
N 13 E
N 31 E
N 65 E
s 78 e
S 19 E
s 48 e
s 65 w
S 71 W
N
3 w
N 37 E
S 32 W
n 89 w
n 83 w
N 73 w
N 67 w
s 75 w
s 52 w
s 47 w
s 44 w
s 62 w
S
70 w
s 88 w
n 86 w
N 76 w
N 61 w
N 57 w
n 67 w
N 74 w
s 60 w
s 62 w
s 75 w
N 84 w
N
77 w
n 78 w
n 59 W
s 21 w
s 44 w
N 15 E
s 18 w
s 65 e
s 11 w
s 85 w
s 76 w
s 74 w
S
51 w
s 11 w
N 47 w
s 82 w
N 81 w
n 66 w
N 22 E
N 87 E
N 69 E
s 56 w
s 50 w
s 75 w
N
72 w
N 64 w
N 89~ w
sw
sw
sw
sw
sw
E
E
E
SE
SE
SW
sw
NW
NW
NW
NW
NW
SE
SE
SE
SE
SE
SE
NW
TABLE IX.
Showing the Mean Monthly and Annual Temperature (Fahrenheit) at
Different Places over the Globe.
Note. — Under Column of "Hours of Observation," the A.M. Observations are placed before the colon [:], the
P.M. after it. The means in the Table are the arithmetic means for the times of observation.
The expression 7 : 1, 9, 9 signifies that, in striking the means, the observations at 9 P.M. have
been taken twice ; and m, 8 : 2, 8 that the means are the averages of the daily Minimum, 8 a.m.,
and 2 and 8 p.m., &c. In the same column " M.m." signifies that the Mean Temperature is
deduced from the Maximum (m) and Minimum (m) Observations, "M.T."that the Means have been
reduced to Approximate Mean Temperatures. A Minus sign before Latitudes indicates Latitude
South, and before Longitudes, Longitude West. In the last column are entered the corrections
which have been applied in constructing the Table.
(PHYS. CHEM. CHALL. EXP. — PART V. — 1888.) 31
194
THE VOYAGE OF H.M.S. CHALLENGER.
Stations.
Country.
No. of
Years.
Years
Specified.
Hours of
Observation.
Latitude.
Longitude.
Height,
Feet.
Malin Head, .
Ireland
15
1870-84
M.m.
o r
55 23
O 1
-7 22
230
Greencastle, .
do.
15
do.
do.
55 12
-7 2
70
Londonderry,
do.
15
do.
do.
55 0
-7 19
93
Lissan,
do
15
do.
do.
54 41
-6 45
305
Donaghadee,
do.
15
do.
do.
54 38
— 5 34
30
Belfast,
do.
15
do.
do.
54 36
-5 56
66
Agbalee,
do.
16
do.
do.
54 31
-6 16
130
Milltown,
do.
15
do.
do.
54 23
-6 16
200
Armagh,
do.
15
do.
hourly
54 21
-6 39
207
Brooksborough, .
do.
15
do.
M.m.
54 21
-7 22
239
Mullaghmore,
do.
15
do.
do.
54 28
-8 28
40
Markree,
do.
15
do.
do.
54 11
-8 27
131
Belmullet,
do.
15
do.
do.
54 13
-10 0
40
Edgewoithstown, .
do.
15
do.
do.
53 42
-7 36
265
Athlone,
do.
15
do.
do.
53 25
-8 0
304
Parsonstown,
do.
15
do.
do.
53 G
-7 55
182
Curragh Camp,
do.
15
do.
do.
53 9
-6 49
450
Dublin,
do.
15
do.
do.
53 22
-6 21
158
Kingstown, .
do.
15
do.
do.
53 17
-6 8
50
Monkstown, .
do.
15
do.
do.
53 18
-6 8
110
AVaterford, .
do.
15
do.
do.
52 15
-7 6
100
Buttevant, .
do.
15
do.
do.
52 14
-8 40
300
Foynes,
do.
15
do.
do.
52 37
-9 7
108
Roche's Point,
do.
15
do.
do.
51 47
-8 19
32
Killarney,
do.
15
do.
do.
52 4
-9 30
90
Valentia,
do.
15
do.
do.
51 55
-10 18
23
North Unst, .
Scotland
15
do.
9: 9
60 51
-0 53
230
Bressay,
do.
15
do.
do.
60 6
-1 8
105
Dunrossness .
do.,
15
do.
M.m.
59 55
-1 20
126
Start Point, .
do.
15
do.
9: 9
59 17
-2 22
83
Sand wick, .
do.
15
do.
M.m.
59 2
-3 18
94
Pentland Sk.,
do.
15
do.
9: 9
58 41
-2 55
170
Wick, .
do.
15
do.
M.m.
58 27
-3 5
77
Holborn Head,
do.
15
do.
9: 9
58 37
-3 32
75
Dunrobin, .
do.
15
do.
M.m.
57 59
-3 56
16
Lairg, .
do.
15
do.
do.
58 1
-4 22
458
Cape Wrath,
do.
15
do.
9: 9
58 38
-5 0
400
Scourie,
do.
15
do.
do.
45
Butt of Lewis,
do.
15
do.
do.
58 31
-6 16
170
Stornoway, .
do.
15
do.
M.m.
58 13
-6 23
70
Ushinish,
do.
15
do.
9: 9
57 18
-7 12
176
Monach,
do.
15
do.
do.
57 32
-7 14
150
Barra Head, .
do.
15
do.
do.
56 47
-7 39
683
Skerryvore, .
do.
15
do.
do.
56 19
-7 7
150
Dhuheartach,
do.
15
do.
do.
56 8
-6 38
145
Rona, .
do.
15
do.
do.
57 35
-5 57
222
Glencarron, .
do.
15
do.
M.m.
57 30
-5 14
504
Culloden,
do.
15
do.
do.
57 29
-4 8
104
Roy Bridge, .
do.
15
do.
do.
56 54
-4 48
310
Gordon Castle,
do.
15
do.
do.
57 37
-3 5
104
REPORT ON ATMOSPHERIC CIRCULATION.
195
Jan.
Feb.
Mar.
April.
May.
June.
July.
Aug.
Sept.
Oct.
Nov.
Dec.
Year.
Corrs.
Applied.
o
41-8
O
41-6
42-6
o
45-7
50-2
o
53-9
O
56-8
0
57-9
O
54-3
O
49-4
o
44-0
42-2
o
48-3
o
39-5
40-4
41-9
46-0
50-5
55-5
58-3
58-1
54-3
48-0
42-8
39 3
47-9
40-5
41-8
43-0
46-9
51-0
56-2
58-6
58-8
54-6
48-6
42-8
40'2
48-6
38-0
39-8
40-8
45-2
49-6
55-0
57-4
58-0
53-3
47-4
41-5
38-0
47-0
40-2
413
42-3
46-0
50-1
55 0
57-8
58-1
54-3
49-0
43-5
403
48-2
40-0
41-0
42-4
46'8
50-9
569
59-1
58-9
54-3
47-8
42-8
39-5
48-4
387
40-8
42-0
46-9
51-0
57-0
59-2
59-0
547
48-5
42-3
38-8
48-2
39-4
40-3
42-8
47-2
50-7
56-1
58-7
58-5
54-1
48-2
42-3
39-0
48-1
39-8
41-2
42-2
46-0
50-3
55-5
58-0
58-0
53 6
48-0
42-4
38-8
47-8
39-2
40-6
41-7
46-0
49-8
54-8
57-5
580
533
47 6
42-0
38-6
47-4
42-5
42-6
43 9
47-8
517
566
59-1
59 3
55-8
50-3
45-1
42-0
497
39-7
41-6
42-5
46-6
50-3
55-0
58-3
58-2
54-2
48-6
43-0
390
48-1
43-0
42-8
44-1
47-5
51-2
54-9
57-2
58-0
55-3
49-8
45-1
43-0
49-3
39 3
40-4
42-0
46-0
50-2
55-7
58-2
587
540
47-5
42-4
39-0
47-8
38-4
40-5
42-7
46-7
51-5
57-2
59-4
59-1
54-2
48-3
41-8
38-5
48-2
40-2
41-9
43-2
47-0
51-8
567
59-4
59-4
54-9
48-5
42-8
39-0
48-7
38-1
40-8
41-6
45-8
50-4
56-2
59-0
58-0
54-3
48-0
42-0
38-8
47-8
40-4
42-2
43-1
46-3
51-2
56-1
59 2
59-5
54-8
49-0
43-8
40-0
48-8
42-0
43-5
44-3
46-8
51-6
56-8
60-0
59-8
56-0
502
45-0
42-7
49-9
41-3
42-8
43-9
47-6
52-2
57-4
60-0
59-6
55-6
49 -2
43-9
40-3
49-5
41-8
42-7
43-3
47-4
51-3
57-3
60-0
59-7
55-0
49-5
44-5
41-4
49-5
40-1
42'2
43-9
47-7
52-4
58-2
60-0
59-5
55-0
487
43-1
40-0
49-2
42-0
42-9
45-2
48-2
52 3
56-3
58-3
58-5
55-6
50-2
44-8
420
49-7
43-8
44-1
450
48-4
53 6
58-2
60-7
607
56-8
51-2
46-3
43 5
51-0
43-3
43 6
44-6
47-5
51-6
56-2
59-3
59-5
55-1
49-8
45-7
42-4
49-9
45-3
45-5
46-3
49-0
52-8
56-3
587
59-5
56-6
52-0
47-6
45-4
51-3
39-8
39-4
38-9
42-0
45-3
50-0
52-3
53-0
50-7
46-1
41-8
40-7
450
407
39-9
39-6
42-5
45-5
50-4
54-0
54-6
51-5
47-4
43-2
40-9
45-8
39-6
39-4
39-2
42-3
45-8
50-5
54-0
54-5
51-4
46-6
41-8
395
45-4
40-7
40-2
40-3
43-0
46-6
51-0
547
55-1
52-6
48-2
43-7
40-9
46-4
39-5
39-3
39-7
42-9
46-8
52-1
55-4
55-2
52-1
47-1
41-7
39-2
459
39-8
39-8
39-6
423
45-8
50-8
54-1
54-3
51-9
47-8
42-8
40-1
45-7
38-7
39-5
40-8
44-1
48-3
53 2
56-6
561
52-6
47-2
41-5
38-6
46-4
38-6
39-0
39-8
43-5
47-3
51-9
55-5
55-7
52-5
47-3
42-1
39-0
46-0
38-2
39-5
40-6
44-2
48-4
53-3
56-5
56-4
52-5
47-0
41-4
37-9
463
35-8
36-9
39-1
43-2
48-1
53-4
56-4
55-7
51-5
45-5
38-8
35-6
45-0
38-5
38-4
38-8
42-2
45-4
50-6
53-4
53-6
503
46-0
41-1
39-6
45-6
39-0
389
397
44-3
481
54-1
56-3
56-3
52-0
46-6
41-1
38-8
46-3
40-7
40-4
407
43-7
46-8
51-2
54-3
55-2
521
47-7
43-2
40-9
46-4
38-8
39-7
40-4
44-0
47-6
52-4
55-2
55-2
51-6
46-2
41-5
38-7
45-9
41-6
41-3
41-8
44-9
48-3
52-6
55-3
561
52-9
48-8
44-2
41-9
47-5
43-0
43-0
43-1
46-0
49-4
54-0
56-7
57-4
54-4
50-0
45-5
43-3
48'8
40-4
40-3
40-2
43-5
47-1
51-3
53-6
54-5
51-4
46-9
42-6
40-8
46-1
42-5
42-3
42 3
45-0
48-3
52-7
55-1
56-2
53-7
49-7
43-2
43-0
48-0
42-2
41-8
42-2
45-0
48-2
52-7
55-1
56-3
53-8
49-8
45-2
42-7
47-9
40-7
40-4
40-5
44-2
47-5
52-5
55-1
55-5
52-3
47-7
42-9
40-9
466
36-8
37-8
39 3
43-3
47-8
52-3
55-2
55-7
51-4
45-0
397
36-8
45-1
37-7
39-2
40-6
442
48-9
54-3
57-6
57-0
52-8
46-9
40-3
373
46-4
37-0
38-2
39-5
44-8
49-1
54-6
56-5
56-4
51-5
45-9
39-5
36-8
45-8
37-8
39-2
407
44-5
48-4
54-7
57-9
57-6
53-5
47-1
41-0
37-6
46-7
19(5
THE VOYAGE OF H.M.S. CHALLENGER.
Stations.
Country.
No. of
Years.
Years
Specified.
Hours of
Observation.
Latitude.
Longitude.
Height,
Feet.
New Pitsligo,
Scotland
15
1870-84
M.m.
o 1
57 36
o /
-2 12
495
Braeraar,
do.
15
do.
do.
57 0
-3 24
1114
Aberdeen, .
do.
15
do.
do.
57 19
-2 6
66
Dundee,
do.
15
do.
do.
56 28
-2 56
164
Dalnaspidal, .
do.
15
do.
do.
56 50
-4 13
1414
Ochtertyre, .
do.
15
do.
do.
56 23
-3 53
333
Stronvar,
do.
15
do.
do.
56 21
-4 20
422
Dollar, .
do.
15
do.
do.
56 10
-3 4
178
Bell Rock, .
do.
15
do.
9: 9
56 26
-2 23
93
Isle of May, .
do.
15
do.
do.
56 11
-2 33
240
Ardnamurchan, .
do.
15
do.
do.
56 44
-6 13
180
Airds, .
do.
15
do.
do.
56 33
-5 25
15
Rhinns of Islay, .
do.
15
do.
do.
55 40
-6 31
150
Callton Mor,
do.
15
do.
M.m.
56 8
-5 30
135
Eallabus,
do.
15
do.
do.
55 45
-6 18
71
Mull of Kintyre, .
do.
15
do.
9: 9
55 19
-5 48
297
Rothesay,
do.
15
do.
M.m.
55 50
-5 4
116
Ardrossan, .
do.
15
do.
do.
55 38
-4 49
16
Pinmore,
do.
15
do.
do.
55 12
-4 49
190
Glasgow,
do.
15
do.
do.
55 53
-4 18
184
Lanark,
do.
15
do.
do.
55 41
-3 47
630
Edinburgh, .
do.
15
do.
do.
55 56
-3 10
270
N. Esk Reservoir, .
do.
15
do.
do.
55 48
-3 21
1150
East Linton,
do.
15
do.
do.
55 59
-2 39
90
Marehmont, .
do.
15
do.
do.
55 44
-2 25
500
Wolfelee, .
do.
15
do.
do.
55 22
-2 39
601
Drumlanrig,
do.
15
do.
do.
55 16
-3 48
191
Cargen,
do.
15
do.
do.
55 2
-3 37
85
Corsewall, .
do.
15
do.
9: 9
55 0
-5 9
112
Mull of Galloway, .
do.
15
do.
do.
54 38
-4 51
325
Point of Ayre,
Isle of Man
15
do.
do.
54 25
-4 22
106
Langness,
do.
15
do.
do.
54 3
-4 35
38
Shields,
England
15
do.
M.m.
55 0
-1 27
124
Durham,
do.
15
do.
do.
54 46
-1 35
335
Carlisle,
do.
15
do.
do.
54 53
-2 25
114
Scarborough,
do.
15
do.
do.
54 18
-0 24
130
Barrow-in-Furness,
do.
15
do.
do.
54 7
-3 11
60
Leeds, .
do.
15
do.
do.
53 48
-1 33
137
York, .
do.
15
do.
do.
53 58
-1 5
50
Hull, .
do.
15
do.
do.
53 45
-0 20
12
Spnrnhead, .
do.
15
do.
do.
53 34
0 7
28
Blackpool, .
do.
15
do.
do.
53 49
-3 3
31
Stonyhurst, .
do.
15
do.
do.
53 51
-2 28
391
Bidstone Observ., .
do.
15
do.
do.
53 23
-3 7
197
Cheadle,
do.
15
do.
do.
52 28
-1 57
646
Chester,
do.
15
do.
do.
53 12
-2 54
65
Shrewsbury,
do.
15
do.
do.
52 45
-2 57
266
Llaududno, .
do.
15
do.
do.
53 21
-3 50
100
Holyhead,
do.
15
do.
do.
53 18
-4 39
44
Churchstoke,
do.
15
do.
do.
52 31
-3 5
548
REPORT ON ATMOSPHERIC CIRCULATION.
197
Jan. j
Feb.
Mar.
April.
May.
June.
July.
Aug.
Sept.
Oct.
Nov.
Dec. 1
1
Year.
Corrs.
Applied.
3
O
O
0
0
o
O
o
O
O
0
O
o
°
35-3
367
38-0
41-9
46-6
52-2
55-8
55-2
51-3
451
39-2
35-2
44-4
33-8
35-2
36-9
41-2
45-8
52-0
551
541
49-5
43-3
36-9
33-6
43-2
37-8
39-3
40-5
45-2
48-8
54-4
581
57-4
53-3
47-2
41-3
37-5
46-7
36-9
377
40-1
44-3
49-4
55-4
58-8
581
53-6
46-8
40-3
36-5
46-5
32-5
33-2
34-4
39-2
44-6
507
54-0
531
481
41-8
35-8
32-6
417
35-6
37-0
38-9
43-5
48-8 ■
54-9
57-8
571
51-8
45-5
391
35-4
45-5
36-5
37-6
39-0
43-8
48-8
54-7
57-6
56-7
52-0
45-3
39-4
361
45-6
...
37-2
386
40-1
44-6
49-4
52-2
58-2
57-6
53-0
461
40-6
37-0
46-2
39-4
39 4
40-5
43-2
47-8
53-5
57-2
56-9
53-8
48-7
43-3
397
46-9
387
39-1
39-8
42-9
47-9
53-4
57-0
56-9
53-5
48-2
42-4
391
46-6
41-6
41-2
41-5
44-8
48-3
531
55-5
56-4
53-4
489
44-2
41-8
47-6
39-4
39-7
40-8
45-3
49-3
54-5
56-8
567
531
47-3
42-2
39-8
47-1
...
42-1
41-6
42-1
45-2
49-0
53-5
557
57-0
54-4
49-7
44-8
42-6
481
38-6
39-3
40-6
447
49-2
551
57-4
57-6
53-3
47-0
41-3
38-3
46-9
40-0
40-5
41-6
45-2
491
54-2
56-6
56-9
53-3
48-2
42-9
397
47-4
...
4V1
40-9
41-4
44-9
48-8
53-7
56-3
57-3
54-2
491
43-9
41-6
47-8
391
399
41-0
457
501
56-0
58-3
581
53-8
47-9
42-3
39-2
477
39-5
40-6
41-8
45-0
49-2
54-8
57-8
58-0
53-8
48-2
42-9
397
47-6
38-8
40-0
41-0
45-1
497
55-0
581
57-8
53-1
471
41-8
387
47-2
38-0
39-4
40-5
44-9
49-5
55-3
58-1
577
53-4
46-9
40-9
37-8
46-9
35-2
37-1
38-5
431
48-0
54-0
56-7
56-3
52-2
45-5
38-5
34-8
45-0
37-3
39-1
40-2
44-5
48-8
54-9
58-0
57-5
52-9
461
40-2
369
46-4
34-1
35-5
36-4
40-6
45-2
51-5
54-4
54-1
49-9
43-7
37-3
341
431
37-7
39-2
40-8
447
49-4
55-3
58-8
58-0
537
47 3
41-2
37'3
47-0
36-2
37-4
39-4
43-4
48-0
54-0
57-7
57-0
52-5
461
39-8
36-0
45-6
36-0
37-6
39-0
43-9
48-2
54-4
57-8
56-7
51-6
45-0
38-9
35-7
45-4
37-5
39-2
40-6
45-3
49-6
55-5
58-5
58-0
52-9
46-6
40-2
36-9
46-7
38-0
39-7
40-4
45-3
497
55-8
58-5
581
54-0
47-3
41-1
37-9
47-2
40-6
40-9
41-5
45-0
49-0
54-0
56-6
57-3
539
49-4
441
411
47-7
40-3
40-2
40-6
44-4
48-3
53-3
56-3
57-2
54-4
49-2
43-8
41-0
47-4
...
41-6
41-7
42-0
45-0
49-0
54-3
57-6
58-1
55-4
50-4
45-3
42-3
48-6
42-1
42-1
42-3
45-6
49-2
54-5
58-3
58-0
56-1
51-0
45-8
42-6
49-0
...
38-6
39-9
41-2
44-7
49-0
55-0
59-0
58-1
54-2
48-3
42-3
38-5
47-4
37 3
39-0
40-5
44-6
48-5
557
60-0
59-3
54-0
47-0
40-9
36-9
47-0
37-7
39-8
41-4
46-2
50-6
56-9
599
591
54-6
47-6
40-6
370
47-6
38-8
40-2
41-5
45-7
50-2
561
60-3
59-7
55-7
49-6
42-8
39-0
48-3
39-4
40-4
42-2
4G-8
51-6
56-9
59-6
597
56-4
49-9
43-6
39-8
48-9
38-7
40-4
42-0
46-3
52-0
58-2
61-8
61-0
56-3
48-9
421
38-2
48-8
377
39-7
41-5
46-2
51-4
57-4
61-3
60-8
56-2
48-6
41-9
377
48-4
...
37-5
39-6
41-3
46-0
50-6
57-2
61-3
60-5
55-7
48-7
41-8
37-3
48-2
39-0
39-6
41-5
45-4
49-8
561
60-9
60-4
5G-6
50-5
43-3
38-8
48-5
38-7
40-0
41-3
45-4
49-8
55-7
59-0
58'8
55-4
487
42-6
38-9
47-9
37-8
39-6
41-3
4G-3
50-9
56-6
59-8
59-5
54-9
481
41-8
37-7
47-0
393
40-7
42-5
47-2
51-5
57-2
60-4
60-3
56-2
497
43-3
39-4
49-0
.".7-2
38-7
40-4
45-1
491
55-2
59-0
58-4
54-0
47-4
40-6
37-1
4G-9
38-8
41-3
42-7
47-4
52-0
581
61-3
61-0
56-5
49-2
42-7
39-2
49-2
38-6
407
42-6
46-4
51-0
57-2
61-5
60-6
56-0
48-5
42-2
38-2
48-6
+i:o
41-9
42-6
43-9
47-8
52-2
57-7
60-7
61-2
57-1
51 -0
451
41-7
50-2
42-3
42-3
43-5
47-3
51-2
56-7
59-8
59-9
56-4
51-3
457
42-4
49-9
...
38-5
401
41-4
45-6
501
56-3
59-7
59-4
547
47-9
4l-o
47-8
198
THE VOYAGE OF H.M.S. CHALLENGER.
Stations.
Country.
No. of
Years.
Years
Specified.
Hours of
Observation.
Latitude.
Longitude.
Height,
Feet.
Lampeter,
England
15
1870-84
M.m.
O 1
52 7
O 1
-4 5
420
Pembroke, .
do.
15
do.
do.
51 41
-5 30
150
Cardiff,
do.
15
do.
do.
51 23
-3 9
43
Carmarthen, .
do.
15
do.
do.
51 52
-4 18
188
Ross, .
do.
15
do.
do.
51 55
-2 35
213
Kelstern,
do.
15
do.
do.
53 24
-0 7
388
Hodsock,
do.
15
do.
do.
53 18
-1 8
56
Leicester,
do.
15
do.
do.
52 39
-1 8
237
Hillington, .
do.
15
do.
do.
52 48
0 33
88
Holkham, . .
do.
15
do.
do.
52 57
0 46
39
Somerleyton, .
do.
15
do.
do.
52 32
1 37
50
Royston,
do.
15
do.
do.
52 2
-0 1
269
Cardington, .
do.
15
do.
do.
52 7
-0 29
100
Colchester, .
do.
15
do.
do.
51 53
0 53
109
Rugby,
do.
15
do.
do.
52 12
-1 14
289
Oxford, . .
do.
15
do.
do.
51 46
-1 16
212
Gloucester, .
do.
15
do.
do.
51 52
-2 14
100
Cheltenham, .
do.
15
do.
do.
51 54
-2 3
184
Salisbury,
do.
15
do.
do.
51 4
-1 48
186
Strathfield Turgiss,
do.
15
do.
do.
51 20
-1 0
197
Greenwich, .
do.
15
do.
do.
51 29
0 0
159
Ramsgate, .
do.
15
do.
do.
51 20
1 25
105
CrowboroughBeacon,
do.
15
do.
do.
51 3
0 8
776
Brighton,
do.
15
do.
do.
50 49
-0 8
206
Osborne,
do.
15
do.
do.
50 45
-1 16
172
Clifton,
do.
15
do.
do.
51 28
-2 36
228
Taunton,
do.
15
do.
do.
51 1
-3 6
80
Ilfracombc, .
do.
15
do.
do.
51 4
-4 7
25
Barnstaple, .
do.
15
do.
do.
51 5
-4 3
43
Columpton, .
do.
15
do.
do.
50 51
-3 23
202
Exeter,
do.
15
do.
do.
50 43
-3 31
164
Babbacombe,
do.
15
do.
do.
50 29
-3 31
293
Prawle Point,
do.
15
do.
do.
50 13
-3 44
350
Dartmoor, . ,
do.
15
do.
do.
50 33
-3 59
1372
Bude, .
do.
15
do.
do.
50 50
-4 37
16
Truro, .
do.
15
do.
do.
50 17
-5 4
43
Falmouth,
do.
15
do.
do.
50 9
-5 4
211
Helston,
do.
15
do.
do.
50 7
-5 12
106
Scilly, .
do.
15
do.
do.
49 55
-6 18
100
Guernsey,
Channel Isles
15
do.
do.
49 28
-2 32
204
Jersey, . . .
do.
15
do.
do.
49 12
-2 7
50
Sydvaranger,
Norway
15
do.
m. 8 : 2, 8
69 40
30 11
67
Karasjok,
do.
15
do.
do.
69 19
25 55
438
Vardo, .
do.
15
do.
do.
70 22
31 7
33
Kistrand,
do.
15
do.
do.
70 25
25 13
32
Gjaesvaer, .
do.
15
do.
do.
71 7
25 22
22
Alten, .
do.
15
do.
do.
69 58
23 17
43
Tromso,
do.
15
do.
do.
69 39
18 58
50
Andenes,
do.
15
do.
do.
69 20
16 8
4
Lodingen,
do.
15
do.
do.
68 24
16 1
44
REPORT ON ATMOSPHERIC CIRCULATION.
19!)
Jan.
Feb.
Mar.
April.
May.
June.
July.
Aug.
Sept.
Oct.
Nov.
Dec.
Year.
Corrs.
Applied.
o
o
O
O
0
o
o
o
o
O
O
o
O
o
39-6
41-3
42-5
47-2
51-8
57-1
597
59-2
55-4
49-0
42-9
39-3
487
431
42-9
43-4
47-2
51-1
.56-5
59-6
60-1
56-9
51-7
47-0
43-5
50-2
40-0
41-6
43-6
483
53-4
59-3
61-9
61-5
57-0
49-0
43-8
40-5
50-0
41-2
42-2
43-8
47-8
51-8
57-5
60-6
60-1
567
50-5
44-5
40-9
49-8
38-8
41-0
43-0
47-8
52-6
58-8
62-1
62-0
56-6
49-0
427
38-8
49-4
37-4
39-5
41-0
45-3
49-5
56-1
59-7
59-5
55-3
48-8
41-4
37-1
47-6
39-0
41-4
42-6
47-0
52-0
58-3
62-0
61-5
56-8
49-8
42-8
38-5
49-1
+1-3
38-6
40-5
42-3
46-9
51-4
57-8
61-4
60-8
56-2
49-4
42-4
38-3
48-8
37-8
39-9
42-0
46-9
51-4
58-4
62-0
51-1
56-3
49-4
42-1
37-6
48-7
...
38-1
39-8
41-8
466
51-4
677
62-3
61-3
56-4
49-8
43-0
38-4
48-9
+ 1-5
37-8
39-8
41-8
46'3
50-8
57-1
61-9
61-7
57-1
50-5
42-8
37-9
48-8
37-8
39-6
424
47-5
52-4
59-1
62-9
62-5
57-5
49-4
41-8
37-6
49-2
38-2
40-7
431
48-5
53-1
60-3
63-6
62-5
57-1
49-5
42-3
38-0
49-7
38-2
40-0
42-0
47-4
51-7
577
62-6
62-5
57-8
50-4
42-5
38-2
49-3
37-7
397
41-7
406
51-5
58-6
61-7
61-3
56-7
48-6
41-3
37-1
48-5
39-0
40-8
43-0
47-9
52-6
59-0
62-4
61-9
56-8
49-7
43-1
39-0
49-6
...
39-2
40-7
43-5
49-1
53-9
60-0
63-0
62-9
57-8
50-3
43-3
39-3
50-3
■"„ 1
39-7
41o
43-0
47-4
52-2
59-0
62-8
61-8
56-6
49-0
42-4
39-3
49-6
+ 1-3
38-5
40-8
43-8
48-1
53-2
59-5
62-9
62-5
57-1
49-5
42-4
38-4
49-7
...
38-5
40-6
43-4
48-1
52-5
59-0
631
62-3
57-4
501
43-0
38-1
49-7
...
38-8
40-4
42-3
48-2
54-0
60-4
63-6
63-3
58-5
50-9
43-0
39-9
50-3
39-4
40-7
43-2
47-9
52-3
58-2
62-5
62-6
58-6
51-5
43-8
39-6
50-0
36-8
38-4
41-8
45-5
50-3
57-1
61-2
61-0
56-1
48-9
41-6
37-3
48-0
39-8
40-6
42-6
47-7
52-6
59-4
62-8
62-7
58-1
50-8
437
39-6
500
39-8
39-6
43'8
48-5
53-7
59-8
635
63-7
59-0
51-5
44-4
39-9
50-8
39-7
41-3
43-2
48-3
52-8
59-0
62-4
62-0
570
50-0
43-3
39-8
49-9
40-3
41-8
43-6
48-7
53-1
587
63-2
62-8
57-6
51-0
44-3
40-3
50-4
42'6
43-4
44-5
47-6
51-8
56-7
597
606
57-6
52-2
46-7
42-8
50-5
+T-o
40-7
42-5
44-4
48-9
54-1
59-5
620
62-5
58-1
51-5
44-7
40-7
50-8
-1-5
40-6
42-6
44-0
48-3
53 0
58-5
617
61-5
57-3
50-5
44-4
40-8
503
+ 10
40-5
42-6
44-3
48-2
53-3
58-9
62-8
62-5
57 '5
50-8
43-8
40-6
50-5
41-8
43-0
43-9
47-2
51-8
57-4
60 9
61-2
57-2
51-3
457
417
503
...
42-1
43-0
43-7
46-8
51-0
560
59-8
603
57-2
51-5
46-2
42-6
50-0
...
37-0
38-0
39-5
43-8
47-2
52-9
55-9
56-0
52-4
46-3
40-8
37-3
45-6
42-0
43-3
44-5
48-2
52-5
57-7
60-5
61-2
57-6
52-3
45-8
42-5
50-7
...
43-4
44-9
45-9
48-8
53-0
58-6
61-6
■62-1
58-1
52-5
469
42-8
51-4
...
44-4
44-7
45-0
48-0
52-1
57-3
60 3
60-9
57-6
52-6
47-6
44-4
51-2
44'1
45-0
46-2
49-3
53-4
58-5
61-8
62-2
58-0
52-7
47-2
44-0
519
-io
46-2
46'3
46-2
48-7
52-6
57-6
60-9
61-4
58-5
53-8
49-4
46-4
52-3
43-0
44-6
45-0
48-4
52-4
57-1
60-9
61-7
58-9
53-6
48-4
43-7
51-5
42-1
43-4
45-2
49-5
53-2
58-4
62-3
63-0
59-5
53-7
47-6
43-1
51-8
...
13-0
10-0
16-1
24-9
34-5
45-3
52-4
50-7
42-4
32-6
20-9
13-2
28-9
2-4
1-0
12-6
24-2
35-5
48-0
54-1
51-8
41-7
29-0
11-9
4-2
26-4
...
22-8
21-0
23-5
28-4
34-0
41-6
47-1
477
42-6
34-9
27-5
22-8
32-7
...
20-4
17-5
217
27-8
35-8
46-4
52-2
51-4
43-7
35-0
26-6
21-3
33-3
...
25-0
23-0
24-1
28-2
35-1
42-9
48-6
48-2
42-8
35-7
27-4
24-6
33-8
...
19-2
17-0
20-6
28-7
38-1
47-3
53-9
52-0
437
33-1
22-3
16-9
32-8
...
26-4
24-9
26-2
31-0
88-2
47-0
51-8
50-2
44-0
36-1
291
261
360
...
300
27-2
28-5
320
38-7
45-4
50-5
51-0
45-8
38-6
326
29-0
37-4
28-0
25-9
27-5
32-2
40-2
49-0
54-8
53 0
46-5
38-3
31-6
27-6
37-9
200
THE VOYAGE OF H.M.S. CHALLENGER.
Stations.
Country.
No. of
Years.
Years
Specified.
Hours of
Observation.
Latitude.
Longitude.
Height,
Feet.
Fagernesc. .
Norway
15
1870-84
m. 8 : 2, 8
68 27
o /
17 28
25
Rost,
do.
15
do.
do.
67 31
12 12
27
BodS, .
do.
15
do.
do.
67 17
14 24
15
Brono, .
do.
15
do.
do.
65 28
12 12
34
Christiausunii,
do.
15
do.
do.
63 7
17 45
51
Aalesund,
do.
15
do.
do.
62 29
6 9
47
Floro, .
do.
15
do.
do.
61 36
5 2
26
Leirdal,
do.
15
do.
do.
61 6
7 27
16
Bdros, . . .
do.
15
do.
do.
62 24
11 23
2064
Dovre, .
do.
15
do.
do.
62 5
9 8
2110
Touset,
do.
15
do.
do.
62 17
10 45
1617
Bergen,
do.
15
do.
do.
60 24
5 20
57
Skudesnes, .
do.
15
do.
do.
59 9
5 16
13
Mandal,
do.
15
do.
do.
58 2
7 27
54
Sandbsand. .
do.
15
do.
do.
59 5
10 28
27
Christiania. .
do.
15
do.
do.
59 55
10 43
81
Karesmando,
Sweden
15
do.
M.T.
68 26
22 30
1060
Jockmock, .
do.
15
do.
do.
66 36
19 51
926
Haparanda, .
do.
15
do.
do.
65 50
24 9
30
Pitea, .
do.
15
do.
do.
65 19
21 30
34
Steiisele,
do.
15
do.
do.
65 5
17 0
1106
Umea, .
do.
15
do.
do.
63 49
20 18
41
Husa, .
do.
15
do.
do.
63 32
13 7
1260
Hernbsand. .
do.
15
do.
do.
62 38
17 58
45
Oestersund, .
do.
15
do.
do.
63 11
14 38
972
Sweg, .
do.
15
do.
do.
62 2
14 23
1050
Fablun,
do.
15
do.
do.
60 36
15 37
380
Upsala.
do.
15
do.
do.
59 52
17 38
79
Stockholm. .
do.
15
do.
do.
59 20
18 4
146
Carlstadt,
do.
15
do.
do.
59 23
13 30
179
Gbteborg,
do.
15
do.
do.
57 42
12 59
22
Jbnkbping, .
do.
15
do.
do.
57 47
14 11
321
Wisby,
do.
15
do.
do.
57 39
18 19
52
Kalmar,
do.
15
do.
do.
56 40
16 23
31
Carlshamn, .
do.
15
do.
do.
50 10
14 52
31
Halmstad,
do.
15
do.
do.
56 40
12 52
34
Grirnsey,
Iceland
15
do.
do.
66 34
-18 3
8
Akureyri,
do.
15
do.
do.
65 39
-18 10
8
Siglufjord, .
do.
15
do.
do.
66 9
-18 57
[0]
Skagerstrand,
do.
15
do.
do.
65 50
-20 20
66
Flatey, .
do.
15
do.
do.
65 22
-22 56
[0]
Stykkisholm,
do.
15
do.
do.
65 5
-22 46
37
Reykjavik, .
do.
15
do.
do.
64 9
-22 0
23
Westmanb, .
do.
15
do.
do.
63 26
-20 18
26
Berufjord, .
do.
15
do.
do.
64 40
-14 15
59
Gjov, .
Myggenaes, .
Faro
15
do.
do.
62 21
-6 58
[0]
do.
15
do.
do.
62 9
-7 40
[0]
Thorsbavn, .
do.
15
do.
do.
62 2
-6 43
12
Kvalbb,
do.
15
do.
do.
61 39
-7 6
[0]
Skagen,
Denmark
15
do.
do.
57 44
10 38
10
REPORT ON ATMOSPHERIC CIRCULATION.
201
Jan.
Feb.
Mar.
April.
May.
June.
July.
Aug.
Sept.
Oct.
Nov.
Dec.
Year.
Corrs.
Applied.
o
O
0
o
O
o
O
O
O
O
o
o
o
o
259
23-3
26-1
32-1
40-4
49-2
54-6
52-6
45-3
37-3
29-3
24-9
367
...
327
307
31-4
35-5
40-3
46-3
51-3
51-4
47-6
41-5
35-7
31-6
39-7
29-1
26-4
29 '4
34-2
41-7
50-1
55-3
54-1
47-9
39-4
31-8
28-0
39-0
31-5
29-3
32-0
36-6
43-5
51-1
56-0
55'7
50-4
41-9
34-7
30-2
41-0
34-5
337
34-6
391
45-1
52-8
56-5
56-4
50-6
44-3
37-6
34-3
43-3
...
35-8
34-8
36-0
40-5
45-5
52-9
56-3
56-1
52-1
45-2'
39-0
35-6
44-1
35-1
33-9
34-9
40-3
46-2
53-6
57-4
56-8
51-IS
44-8
38-4
34-4
43-9
29-0
29-1
32-4
41-6
50-0
58-6
61-6
59-0
51-1
41-8
34-0
27-9
43 0
11-0
12-3
18-1
28-5
38-8
50-0
52-6
50-5
42-6
31-8
20-1
10-8
30-6
16-0
16-3
22-1
30-7
40-3
51-3
54-0
51-9
436
33-0
22-4
15-1
33-1
8-8
11-5
19-6
31-1
41-7
52-8
55-0
52-5
44-2
32-0
18-8
8-2
33-0
34-0
32-3
349
41-7
47-8
55-3
58-5
57-6
52-3
44-3
375
33-2
44-2
35-5
34-2
35-4
41-2
46-4
53-5
58-2
58-0
54-0
467
40-2
339
44-7
31-7
30-5
33-6
40-5
48-2
57-0
61-0
59-5
53-6
45-2
37-1
31-3
44-1
• ••
29-3
27-8
31-4
39-2
48-5
579
621
607
54-3
44-5
36-2
29-7
43-5
24-3
23-7
29-3
39-2
49-6
60-1
62-8
60-4
52-2
41-1
32-1
23-7
41-6
7-6
4-0
10-8
23-3
35 0
48-9
55-0
51-4
42-6
28-4
12-5
7-4
27-2
6-6
6-0
17-2
29-4
39-9
53-4
58-2
53 8
43-6
30-4
17-3
67
29-3
11-8
10-5
18-5
27-6
38-5
52-5
58-8
54-7
45-9
34-5
19-5
10-8
32-0
15-8
13-8
21-8
31-0
40-9
53-9
601
56-8
47-6
35-3
21-6
14-0
34-4
11-4
107
20-3
31-0
417
53 4
59-1
54-3
44-4
32-9
18-3
8-8
32-3
17-6
15-8
21-8
31-1
41-5
53-5
58-2
55-4
47-2
36-2
24-8
16-1
35-0
17-3
16-6
22-0
31-3
39-7
50-9
55-4
53-4
4G-G
347
25-9
19-1
34-4
20-5
18-0
26-1
33-5
427
53-8
59-2
57-0
49-5
39-0
291
20-0
37-4
16-3
16-1
22-4
31-5
41-2
53-3
57-1
54-6
46-6
36-0
25-7
15-9
34-8
13 3
12-0
22-5
32-0
43-2
55-6
57-9
54-3
45-9
33-8
228
12-3
33-8
217
20-0
25-7
35-5
46-5
58-4
61-8
58-1
50-4
389
29-7
19-9
38-9
25-0
22-9
27-9
365
46-3
57-2
61-5
58-5
51-1
41-0
31-8
24-0
40-3
27-3
26-1
29-1
36-7
46-3
57-4
62-0
59-5
52-6
42-1
33-6
27-1
41-7
27-2
25-0
29-9
37-6
49-1
59 3
62-9
61-2
53-2
42-6
34-2
25-9
42-4
31-3
29-9
33-3
41-0
50-4
59-0
62'8
61-3
54-9
45 3
37-4
31-0
44-8
28-6
27-3
30-7
38-4
48-2
57'0
62-1
59-9
52-5
42-8
35-4
29-3
42-6
31-5
29-3
31-5
37-4
457
51-9
61-5
60-1
53-3
45-3
38-1
32-2
43-2
30-6
29-3
31-9
38-8
48-0
577
G2-7
615
55-6
46-0
37-4
31-1
44-2
29-8
28-4
31-8
38-5
49-2
59-0
63-0
61-4
55-3
46-1
386
30-1
44-3
31-5
30-0
32-9
40-5
49-8
59-2
61-8
60-7
54-0
44-8
367
30-7
44-4
27-1
26-8
25-8
29-5
35-8
417
45-2
45-6
42-2
37-0
32-6
29-5
34-9
27-3
26-3
25-0
32-1
39-4
46-8
49-8
48-3
44 '0
367
32-4
27-8
36-3
27-5
26-4
24-8
30-0
36-7
44-3
47-4
47-0
42-8
35-6
30-4
281
35-1
25-4
25-3
25-2
30-0
38-4
46-2
48-1
47-0
42-7
36-6
28-8
27-3
351
27-6
27-8
27-5
330
40-4
47-6
51-2
50-2
45-4
38-0
33-2
30-6
37-7
27-8
28-0
27-6
33-4
39-8
46-2
49-4
48-8
44-4
38-0
33-0
29-2
36-8
29-3
29-5
29-4
377
43-6
50-6
53-5
517
463
397
33-5
31-0
39-7
35-0
34-5
36-0
396
44-3
49-4
521
50-9
46-3
41-3
36-8
35-4
41-8
28-8
287
28-8
33-8
39-0
44-4
47-3
47-0
43 9
38-4
33-3
30-2
37-0
38-2
38-4
38-3
42-2
46-0
50-4
52-6
52-9
49-3
45-0
40-0
38-0
44-3
38'8
38-8
38-6
42-1
45-3
49-8
51-6
52-0
48-9
447
40-5
38-6
44-1
38'0
38-3
38-1
41-4
44-7
49-1
51-7
51-8
48-6
44-2
89-6
37-6
43-6
39-9
39-9
40-3
44-2
4G-7
51-1
53-3
53-4
50-2
457
41-3
39-8
45-5
32'8
30-9
34-3
41-9
49-7
57-6
62-6
61-8
55-8
486
40-6
32-7
45-8
...
(PHYS. CHEM. CHALL. EXP. — PART V. — 1888.)
32
202
THE VOYAGE OF H.M.S. CHALLENGER.
Stations.
Country.
No. of
Years.
Years
Specified.
Hours of
Observation.
Latitude.
Longitude.
Height,
Feet.
Vestervig,
Denmark
15
1870-84
M.T.
o /
56 47
8 20
82
Fano, .
do.
15
do.
do.
55 27
8 24
18
Herning,
do.
15
do.
do.
56 8
8 58
195
Samso,
do.
15
do.
do.
55 50
10 36
66
Copenhagen,
do.
15
do.
do.
55 41
12 36
44
Bogo, .
do.
15
do.
do.
54 55
12 4
88
Haminershus,
do.
15
do.
do.
55 17
14 40
50
Groningen, .
Holland
15
do.
8: 8
53 13
6 34
49
Leeuwarden,
do.
15
do.
do.
53 12
5 47
24
Helder,
do.
15
do.
do.
52 57
4 40
0
Amsterdam, .
do.
15
do.
do.
52 22
4 53
30
Utrecht,
do.
15
do.
do.
52 5
5 7
44
Hellevoetsluis,
do.
15
do.
do.
51 50
4 7
0
Flushing,
do.
15
do.
do.
51 26
3 35
0
Maastricht, .
do.
15
do.
do.
50 52
5 37
174
Luxembourg,
do.
15
do.
do.
49 37
6 8
1020
Ostend,
Belgium
15
do.
M.m.
51 14
2 55
27
Brussels,
do.
15
do.
do.
50 51
4 22
186
Liege, .
do.
15
do.
do.
50 41
5 33
199
Namur,
do.
15
do.
do.
50 28
4 51
491
Arras, .
France
15
do.
M.T.
50 18
2 46
239
Amiens,
do.
15
do.
do.
49 54
1 18
102
Charleville, .
do.
15
do.
do.
49 46
4 43
476
Nancy, .
do.
15
do.
do.
48 42
6 11
725
Mirecourt, ,
do.
15
do.
do.
48 18
6 8
974
Epinal,
do.
15
do.
do.
48 10
6 26
890
Chalons-sur-Marne,
do.
15
do.
do.
48 57
4 21
294
Troyes, .
do.
15
do.
do.
48 18
4 5
350
Paris, .
do.
15
do.
do.
48 48
2 21
256
Versailles, .
do.
15
do.
do.
48 48
2 7
421
Rouen, .
do.
15
do.
do.
49 26
1 5
39
Fecamp,
do.
15
do.
do.
49 46
0 22
61
Caen, .
do.
15
do.
do.
49 11
-0 21
69
St. Honorine-du-
Fay, . . .
do.
15
do.
do.
49 5
-0 30
388
Alencon,
do.
15
do.
do.
48 26
0 5
475
Le Mans,
do.
15
do.
do.
48 1
0 12
285
Rennes,
do.
15
do.
do.
48 7
-1 41
106
Lamballe,
do.
15
do.
do.
48 28
-2 31
252
Brest, .
do.
15
do.
do.
48 23
-4 30
210
L'Orient,
do.
15
do.
do.
47 45
-3 23
86
Nantes,
do.
15
do.
do.
47 13
-1 33
136
Angers,
do.
15
do.
do.
47 28
-0 34
153
Poitiers,
do.
15
do.
do.
46 35
-0 40
384
Vendome, .
do.
15
do.
do.
47 47
1 4
291
Orleans,
do.
15
do.
do.
47 54
1 54
357
Bourges,
do.
15
do.
do.
47 5
2 24
510
Mouhiis,
do.
15
do.
do.
46 34
3 20
730
Clermont Ferrand,
do.
15
do.
do.
45 47
3 5
1296
Puy-de-Ddme,
do.
6
1878-83
do.
45 47
2 57
4813
REPORT ON ATMOSPHERIC CIRCULATION.
203
Jan.
Feb.
Mar.
April.
May.
June.
July.
Aug.
Sept.
Oct.
Nov.
Dec.
Year.
Corrs.
Applied.
0
°
O
o
O
o
O
O
O
O
O
O
0
o
32-2
31-6
34-9
41-7
50-2
58-6
62-6
61-5
55-8
47-5
39-0
33-6
45-8
33-0
32-4
35-7
42-8
50-3
57-2
61-5
61-1
55-8
47-3
39-1
33-4
45-8
31-5
30-8
33-8
40-6
487
567
59-7
59-4
53-2
44-8
36-7
31-5
44-0
33-1
31-5
34-9
41-7
50-0
57-9
61-6
61-0
55-2
47-3
39-7
336
45-6
...
32-1
30-7
34-5
42-1
49-8
58-4
62-1
61-2
55-3
47-2
38-7
32-1
45-4
34-1
32-3
34-8
422
49-4
57-0
607
60-3
55-5
47-4
39-3
34-1
45-6
+ 1-0
32-7
32-2
341
39-7
47-5
57-2
62-6
62-1
56-5
48-0
39-7
33-8
45-5
...
34-5
35-5
38-5
44-9
51-5
59-1
63-0
61-7
56-1
47-8
40-1
35-2
47-3
35-6
35-9
387
45-3
51-8
59-4
63-5
62-0
56-3
47-6
40-2
35-4
47-6
36-3
37-4
39-4
45-3
51-6
57-9
62-2
02-2
58-3
51-0
43-0
38-9
48-6
36-4
37-6
40-4
46-6
52-3
59-5
637
63-2
58-6
50-2
42-3
37-5
49-0
34-3
35-8
39-2
46-5
52-6
59-7
63-1
62-1
56-0
47-5
40-1
35-6
47-7
35-6
37-0
40-5
46-9
53-4
61-0
65-1
G3-5
58-3
49-8
41-7
36-4
49-1
...
377
38-6
41-3
47-3
53-5
60-8
65-1
64-1
59-0
51-3
43-6
38-5
50-0
■ ••
36-7
38-4
42'2
49-0
56-0
63-6
67-3
65-0
58-4
49-3
42-1
36-6
50-4
...
34-2
36-4
39-6
46-2
52-4
59-4
63-5
62-0
56-3
47-3
40-7
34-5
47-7
38-8
40-5
43-1
48-6
54-5
60-4
64-8
64-5
59-9
51-4
44-1
39-6
510
36-9
39-4
43-2
49-5
55-0
61-7
65-7
645
58-8
50-4
43-2
37-2
50-5
...
37-2
39-5
42-6
49-3
54*7
61-7
66-0
64-6
59-1
51-0
43-2
37-2
50-5
36-6
39-0
42-3
48-7
54-4
62-3
65-5
64-4
58-6
50-2
43-6
36-9
50-3
37-4
39-6
43-0
48-9
54-7
61-0
64-4
64-8
57-0
49-1
42-4
37-9
50-0
+ 1-0
37-6
40-3
43-9
50-6
55-2
62-3
67-0
66-4
59-6
49-8
43-7
36-9
51-2
-1-0
35-6
38-7
42-3
49-8
56-8
62-1
65-9
65-1
57-0
49-6
40-3
35-6
49-8
...
34-7
38-3
43-2
50-2
56-1
62-2
60-6
66-6
60-0
48-6
41-0
34'9
50-2
33-6
37-0
41-9
48-8
55-4
61-9
65-4
65-0
58-5
47-8
40-1
33-9
48-8
...
32-7
37-5
43-3
49-0
54-6
61-6
66-2
63-8
57-8
49-4
40-2
32-4
49-0
37-4
40-7
44-8
51-1
57'0
63-2
66-6
66-4
59-7
50-6
43-3
37-0
51-6
36-0
40-0
44-6
51-0
57-0
64-6
68-4
67-6
61-0
53-3
43-4
35-8
51-9
...
37-2
40-2
44-6
50-3
55-4
61-8
66-0
65-0
59-0
50-4
43-2
37-0
50-8
...
37-2
40-1
43-5
49-8
54-9
61-4
65-7
65'3
58-7
50-4
42-8
36-8
507
39-9
41-9
451
50-7
55-6
61-5
657
65-1
60-1
50-8
44-2
39-5
51-6
40-6
42-8
45-2
49-3
53-1
59-5
63-4
63-6
59-8
52-8
46-5
41-3
51-5
+1-5
39-9
43-7
46-2
51-1
55-4
60-8
63-9
63-3
59-0
51-3
45-7
40-3
51-7
39-6
42-3
44-2
48-9
53-6
59-2
63-6
63-0
58-6
514
45-0
39-9
50-7
37-9
40-3
44-4
49-5
54-5
61-5
65-7
64-8
60-3
50-5
43-7
38-1
50-9
37-4
41-5
45-5
50-0
54-9
Cl-5
65-1
64-9
59-7
51-8
44-4
37-2
51-2
40-5
44-4
47-3
52-2
56-0
60-8
C6-2
65-5
60-4
52-6
47-1
41-0
52-7
...
38-8
42-8
45-1
49-6
54-0
58-8
61-9
62-6
58-6
51-3
45-7
40-6
50-5
43-5
45-1
46-6
51-1
55-4
59-5
64-1
64-6
61-0
54-3
48-2
43-6
53-1
42-1
44-5
46-6
51-6
55-7
59-8
64-8
64-2
61-3
55-5
48-4
42-8
53-1
...
39-9
43-7
47-5
52-2
57-0
61-2
65-8
65-4
60-4
53-2
46-0
40-3
52-7
39-0
42-8
46-9
51-S
57-6
61-5
66-2
65-8
61-0
52-5
45-5
39-9
52-5
...
38-6
42-1
459
50-9
56-7
62-2
66-2
65-3
60-5
52-0
43-7
39-0
51-9
37-6
40-5
44-4
50-7
55-8
61-5
66-9
65-8
60-3
52-7
43-5
37-2
51-3
38-3
41-4
45-7
51-1
57-9
64-4
68-9
667
61-2
53-1
45-7
38-7
52-8
...
37-8
41-4
46-0
51-3
57-4
63-9
GS-2
07-1
60-8
50-9
43-7
37-4
52-2
36-1
40-5
45-5
50-0
56-8
63-1
67-G
66-6
60-6
51-8
42-8
36-1
51-5
37-4
41-7
44-8
51-1
56-1
62-2
66-6
66-4
59-7
51-6
43-3
37-0
51-5
28-0
30-5
32-0
33-8
39-9
46-0
50-8
51-3
45-6
39-4
32-7
28-4
38-2
\
204
THE VOYAGE OF H.M.S. CHALLENGER.
Stations.
Country.
No. of
Years.
Years
Specified.
Hours of
Observation.
Latitude.
Longitude.
Height, 1
Feet.
Limoges,
France
15
1870-84
M.T.
O f
45 50
O 1
1 15
842
Le Roche-sur-Yon,
do.
15
do.
do.
46 40
-1 26
198
Roehebonne,
do.
15
do.
do.
46 12
-2 20
0
La Grande-Sauve,
do.
15
do.
do.
44 46
-0 19
331
Perigueux, .
do.
15
do.
do.
45 11
0 43
291
Aurillac,
do.
15
do.
do.
44 56
2 26
2193
St. Martin de Hinx,
do.
15
do.
do.
43 35
-1 16
131
Lescar,
do.
15
do.
do.
43 20
-0 26
524
Pic-du-Midi,
do.
6
1878-83
do.
42 57
0 8
9380
Montauban, .
do.
15
1870-84
do.
44 1
1 21
318
Toulouse,
do.
15
do.
do.
43 37
1 26
636
Foix, .
do.
15
do.
do.
42 58
1 36
1421
Perpignan, .
do.
15
do.
do.
42 42
2 53
104
Carcassonne,
do.
15
do.
do.
43 13
2 19
384
Albi, .
do.
15
do.
do.
43 56
2 8
574
Rodez,
do.
15
do.
do.
44 21
2 34
2050
Besancon, .
do.
15
do.
do.
47 14
6 2
845
Bourg,
do.
15
do.
do.
46 12
5 13
822
Lyons,
do.
15
do.
do.
45 46
4 49
637
Grenoble,
do.
15
do.
do.
45 12
5 43
714
Privas,
do.
15
do.
do.
44 44
4 36
997
Montpellier, .
do.
15
do.
do.
43 37
3 53
121
Avignon,
do.
15
do.
do.
43 57
4 48
72
Marseilles, .
do.
15
do.
do.
43 17
5 22
246
Barcelonette,
do.
15
do.
do.
44 23
6 39
3714
Drnguignan,
do.
15
do.
do.
43 32
6 28
584
Mice, .
do.
15
do.
do.
43 42
7 17
89
Ajaccio,
do.
15
do.
do.
41 55
8 44
60
Faraman,
do.
15
do.
M.m.
43 18
4 42
20
La Planier, .
do.
15
do.
do.
43 15
5 15
13
La Ciotat, .
do.
15
do.
do.
43 12
5 36
7
San Sebasrian,
Spain & Portugal
15
do.
do.
43 19
-2 0
82
Bilbao,
do.
15
do.
do.
43 15
-2 56
52
Santander, .
do.
15
do.
do.
43 29
-3 50
130
Oviedo,
do.
15
do.
do.
43 23
-5 55
738
Corunna,
do.
15
do.
do.
43 22
-8 25
82
Santiago,
do.
15
do.
do. '
42 53
-8 34
863
Pontevedra,
do.
15
do.
do.
42 26
-8 38
39
La Guardia,
do.
15
do.
do.
41 25
-8 49
26
Montalegre, .
do.
15
do.
do.
41 49
-7 45
3182
Oporto,
do.
15
do.
do.
41 9
-8 29
279
Salamancha,
do.
15
do.
do.
40 58
-5 41
2671
Valladolid, .
do.
15
do.
do.
41 39
-4 44
2346
Moncorvo, .
do.
15
do.
do.
41 14
-4 58
1362
Huesca,
do.
15
do.
do.
42 7
-0 27
1598
Saragossa, .
do.
15
do.
do.
41 38
-0 54
656
Barcelona, .
do.
15
do.
do.
41 22
2 9
69
Valencia,
do.
15
do.
do.
39 28
-0 23
59
Alicante,
do.
15
do.
do.
38 21
-0 30
46
Cartagena, .
do.
15
do.
do.
37 36
-0 47
20
REPORT ON ATMOSPHERIC CIRCULATION.
205
Jan.
Feb.
Mar.
April.
May.
June.
July.
Aug.
Sept.
Oct.
Nov.
Dec.
Year.
Corrs.
Applied.
o
O
O
o
O
0
O
O
o
O
»
O
0
o
37-4
42-6
45-0
50-7
5C-8
62-1
66-6
66-4
59-4
52-4
43-5
37-8
50-9
39-9
43-7
46-4
51-1
56-7
60-8
65-1
64-5
59-5
53-2
45-3
39-6
52-2
47-1
48-9
50-2
53-4
57-9
62-4
67-5
68-2
64-0
59-0
53-0
46-9
56-5
39-4
43-7
47-5
53-1
57-9
63-1
68-2
68-0
62-6
55-0
47-1
39-9
53-8
40-3
44-2
47-5
52-5
58-4
63-9
68-0
67-3
61-0
53-8
45-3
39-8
535
36-3
40-0
42-5
47-0
55-1
58-4
63-2
62-9
56-4
49-0
42-5
37-0
49-2
-1-0
42-7
46-4
49-3
53-4
58-6
63-1
67-5
68-2
63-5
56-5
48-9
41-8
55-0
41-7
45-0
48-0
53-1
58-3
63-3
67-8
667
62-6
55-0
47-5
41-5
54-2
22-5
24-2
24-8
26-2
33-1
39-8
48-2
48-8
40-0
32-5
27-5
21-7
32-4
41-0
44-8
48-7
55-0
62-2
67-5
73-0
72-6
65-1
56-8
47-8
40-6
56-3
41-0
44-2
48-0
53-1
59-0
65-3
71-2
69-8
63-9
55-2
466
40-5
54-8
39-6
43-2
46-2
50-0
56-3
62-2
6G-9
66-5
60-1
53-2
45-0
39-0
52-4
46-4
49-5
52-2
57-0
63-0
69-6
75-0
74-6
687
60-4
52-3
46-0
59-5
41-7
46-0
49-5
54-1
61-2
67-1
725
72-3
66-0
57-0
48-6
41-5
56-4
40'6
44-6
48-4
53-4
597
64-9
72-3
72-5
05-1
54-9
46-0
40-1
56-0
37-4
401
44-6
49-4
55-0
62-2
68-0
67-5
61-0
51-8
42-1
37-0
51-3
35-1
39-2
44-8
50-4
57-2
63-7
68-2
67-3
61-0
51-4
42-6
35-6
51-2
...
34'7
39-2
45-0
51-1
57-6
64-4
69 -3
67-5
61-0
51-1
42-3
34-9
51-5
35-8
40-5
45-4
52-5
59-2
65-6
70-8
69-4
62-8
53-8
44-1
35-4
52-9
33-8
38-1
45 9
51-1
'58-1
64-2
68-9
67-6
61-3
51-4
417
33-6
51-3
38-5
42-4
48-2
52-7
59-7
687
72-9
723
651
55-0
45-7
39-0
55-0
43-3
47-0
50-2
55-6
61-6
68-4
74-3
74-4
68-0
58-3
50-0
44-0
58-0
40-6
46-0
50-2
55-8
61-5
69-1
73-4
72-7
65-7
56-7
48-4
41-0
56-8
44-2
47-3
50-0
55-8
61-0
68-4
72-0
71-8
65-8
58-6
50-7
44-2
57-5
27-7
32-0
37-4
44-8
52-9
59-4
65-3
64-0
55-2
45-9
35-6
28-8
45-8
41-0
45-3
48-2
54-7
59-9
69-3
74-1
73-7
65-7
56-3
48-6
41-9
56-6
45-4
46-5
50-9
57-1
61-0
68'8
73-8
72-6
67-8
60-8
52-0
46-9
58-6
51-0
51-3
52-5
58-1
63-3
70-8
753
77-2
71-8
63-6
56-8
51-8
62-0
42-8
46-6
49-6
55 6
61-2
69-8
72-9
72-7
66-0
59-0
50-7
43-2
57-5
48-0
49-5
51-6
56-1
60-6
67-6
70-9
71-4
666
60-1
53-6
48-2
587
44-9
47-8
50-8
56'8
63-6
70"5
74-2
74-5
66-3
59-9
52-1
46-0
59-0
-1-5
46-8
49-1
51-0
54-7
59-5
628
66-9
687
65-1
61-2
52-7
48-2
57-2
47-7
51-0
52-9
56-8
611
65-7
70-0
71-6
67-4
60-8
52-9
47-0
58-7
48-4
507
51-1
54-8
58-0
617
656
67 4
64-4
60-5
54-2
49-3
57-2
45-1
48-5
49-2
52-2
55-7
60-2
64-2
65-4
627
569
51-7
45-1
54-7
47-8
49-8
49-9
53-3
57 -0
61-2
64-0
66-1
62-5
57-3
52-9
47-2
55-7
462
48-1
497
52-5
57-3
61-8
65-5
67-1
63-1
565
51-4
45-7
553
47-2
50-4
52-7
56-0
60-9
64-6
68-8
69-4
66-0
58-7
53 '4
47-4
57-9
47-0
50-1
52-7
55-9
60-4
64-0
67-9
68-6
65-5
597
53-7
46-6
57-7
38-0
39-7
43-4
46-5
51-8
57-2
63-6
64-6
58-6
49-4
44-6
38-5
497
49-2
51-2
54-5
57-0
62-1
65-4
69 '4
69-1
667
60-2
54-2
48-5
58-9
39-6
43-5
47-2
52-0
57-7
64-9
71-8
72-2
62-8
55'4
46-7
39-2
54-4
38-0
42-3
45-6
50-3
579
63-7
70-4
713
63-5
54-0
45-2
37-1
53-3
42-0
45-5
50-8
56-0
61-8
68-3
74-8
75-8
68-2
58-5
49-6
41-4
57-7
40-5
44-2
49-1
53-3
60-3
67-1
74-6
74-8
66-2
57-3
47-3
38-5
56'1
42-2
47-6
52-5
56-5
64-0
70-6
77-8
77-0
69-7
59-6
49-3
41-6
59-1
47-7
50-4
52-9
57-0
64-2
69-4
75-7
77-0
71-4
63-7
55-0
47-9
61-0
50-8
53-5
55-2
59-3
64-6
70-5
76-3
78-1
72-4
66-1
57-9
50-4
629
51-5
53-6
55-7
60-9
65-8
71-8
77-5
78-9
74-4
66-5
58-6
51-1
639
52-9
55-4
57-4
63-6
66-0
74-5
79-9
80-3
75-0
67-5
60-6
54-0
65-6
206
THE VOYAGE OF H.M.S. CHALLENGER.
Stations.
n t No. of
Country. YeM&
Years
Specified.
Hours of
Observation.
Latitude.
Jongitude.
Height, 1
Feel.
Murcia,
Spain & Portugal
15
1870-84
M.m.
O 1
37 59
O 1
-0 39
138
Albacete,
do.
15
do.
do.
39 0
-1 52
2251
Madrid,
do.
15
do.
do.
40 24
-3 42
2149
Coimbra,
do.
15
do.
do.
40 12
-8 30
463
Guarda,
do.
15
do.
do.
40 32
-7 14
3409
Lisbon,
do.
15
do.
do.
38 42
-9 8
335
Lagos, .
do.
15
do.
do.
37 6
-8 38
43
Campo Maior,
do.
15
do.
do.
39 2
-6 59
945
Badajcz,
do.
15
do.
do.
38 54
-6 59
561
Evora,
do.
15
do.
do.
38 35
-7 52
1027
Ciudad Real,
do.
15
do.
do.
38 59
-3 57
2090
Jaen, .
do.
15
do.
do.
37 47
-3 36
1926
Granada,
do.
15
do.
do.
37 11
--3 39
2198
Seville,
do.
15
do.
do.
37 23
-6 1
98
San Fernando,
do.
15
do.
do.
36 28
-6 13
92
Tarifa, .
do.
15
do.
do.
36 0
-5 35
46
Gibraltar, .
do.
15
do.
do.
36 8
-5 20
53
Malaga,
do.
15
do.
do.
36 43
-3 57
75
Palma,
do.
15
do.
do.
39 33
2 37
66
Basel, .
Switzerland
15
do.
do.
47 33
7 35
912
Zurich,
do.
15
do.
do.
47 23
8 33
1575
Berne, .
do.
15
do.
do.
46 57
7 26
1880
Geneva,
do.
15
do.
M.T.
46 12
6 8
1335
Lugano,
do.
15
do.
M.m.
46 0
8 57
902
Great St. Bernard,
do.
15
do.
M.T.
45 52
7 11
8130
Santis,
do.
H
1882-86
7: 1, 9, 9
47 15
9 20
8094
Conio, .
Italy
15
1870-84
9: 9, M.m.
45 51
9 7
367
Milan, .
do.
15
do.
do.
45 28
9 11
482
Turin, .
do.
15
do.
do.
45 3
7 41
906
Moncalieri, .
do.
15
do.
do.
44 59
7 41
846
Mondovi,
do.
15
do.
do.
44 23
7 48
1824
Yaldobbia, .
do.
7
1878-84
do.
45 47
7 51
8360
Cremona,
do.
15
1870-84
do.
45 8
10 3
223
LTdine,
do.
15
do.
do.
46 4
13 13
381
Belluno,
do.
15
do.
do.
46 8
12 14
1325
Venice,
do.
15
do.
do.
45 32
12 20
69
Padua,
do.
15
do.
do.
45 24
11 53
IK)
Vicenza,
do.
15
do.
do.
45 33
11 32
182
Mantua,
do.
15
do.
do.
45 10
10 47
131
Modena,
do.
15
do.
do.
44 39
10 56
211
Rovigo,
do.
15
do.
do.
45 3
11 47
so
San Maurizio,
do.
15
do.
do.
43 53
8 3
206
Genoa,
do.
15
do.
do.
44 24
8 55
177
Leghorn,
do.
15
do.
do.
43 33
10 18
79
Porto Ferraio,
do.
15
do.
do.
42 49
10 18
230
Florence,
do.
15
do.
do.
43 46
11 15
240
Forli, .
do.
15
do.
do.
44 13
12 2
160
Pesaro,
do.
15
do.
do.
43 55
12 53
45
Ancona,
do.
15
do.
do.
43 37
13 31
99
Siena, .
do.
15
do.
do.
43 19
11 19
1145
REPORT ON ATMOSPHERIC CIRCULATION.
207
Jan.
Feb.
Mar.
April.
May.
June.
July.
Aug.
Sept.
Oct.
Nov.
Dec.
Year.
Corrs.
Applied.
o
O
o
0
o
o
O
O
O
O
O
D
o
0
50-7
53-4
56-5
61-6
666
73-1
79-3
80-7
75-2
66-3
57-9
50-1
CA-2
40-6
44-8
47-8
53-4
59-7
67-7
76-1
76-4
67-6
57-6
47-9
40-1
56-6
40-1
43-7
48-2
53-3
60-5
68-9
77-4
76-8
67-1
55-9
46-9
39 3
56-5
497
516
54-6
57-7
62-9
66-1
70-5
71-2
677
61-4
54-8
486
59-8
37-7
39-9
43-1
46-8
53-3
59-6
67-2
67-7
61-0
51-3
44-4
36-8
50-2
50-8
52-3
54-3
57-7
61-5
64-3
70-0
707
67-8
62-0
566
50-5
59'9
53-3
54-8
57-8
61-8
67-0
71-8
76-6
77-0
72-6
66-5
59-0
53-2
64-3
47-6
50-4
54-0
57-4
64-0
70-5
77-4
77-3
71-6
62-5
54-4
47-0
61-2
46-2
50-5
54-9
59-5
65-2
71-8
79-6
797
73-6
64-3
55-0
46-4
61-4
49-7
52-0
553
58-5
63-0
68-4
74-6
75-4
. 70-6
63-1
56-5
49-2
61-4
43-7
477
52-1
55-9
62-6
71-2
792
78-8
70-2
59 5
510
44-2
59-7
45-1
49-3
52-5
57'4
64-3
72-3
81-7
81-5
73-0
62-6
54-0
45-5
61-6
43-0
46-8
51-9
57-0
621
691
76-7
77-0
69 6
59 0
50-2
42-8
58-7
52-2
55-8
59-9
64-8
70-5
77-9
84-9
85-2
79-0
69-4
59-9
52-5
67-7
52-5
54-2
56-7
60-1
64-9
69-6
746
75-2
71-6
65-1
58-6
52-4
62-9
...
53-6
55-5
57-4
60-3
64-2
68-9
72'5
74-1
71-6
65-8
60-0
54-3
63-1
56-5
57-2
58-4
63-0
66-1
71-8
76-2
77-5
73-2
670
61-3
557
65-2
54-0
57-2
59-3
65-4
68-2
76-1
80-7
81-3
75-2
67-6
61-3
55 '4
66-9
51-5
53 0
55-6
60-1
65-5
72-2
78-5
79-8
75-2
669
58-4
51-1
64-0
32-8
36-8
417
50-5
55-2
62-4
667
64-8
590
486
40-5
31-9
49-3
30-2
33-5
39-9
47-3
54-7
61-7
657
63-6
570
47 '5
38-1
30-7
47-5
29-4
33-7
39-8
46-7
53-3
60-2
64-8
63-0
567
46-8
37-6
29-5
46-8
32-5
36-3
41-8
48-2
55-1
617
667
65-3
58-8
491
40-6
34-0
49-2
35-6
39-2
45-2
52-5
59-8
65-9
71-6
699
62-8
53-5
43-2
363
53-0
17-4
18-1
21-4
26-2
33-3
394
453
44-6
399
31-3
22-6
17-4
29-7
169
20-3
19-6
26-8
331
367
42-0
417
38-1
30-1
23-0
17-8
28'9
33-4
38-0
44-4
52-9
59-2
66-8
72-3
70-3
62-4
53-1
41-7
33-8
52-4
+2:0
34-7
40-8
47-3
55-6
62-8
707
77-0
74-7
66-7
56-0
43-5
35-6
55-4
33-6
39-2
46-8
54-1
61-5
68-2
73-8
72-1
65-1
54-9
43-2
35-1
54-0
33-6
38-5
46-0
54-0
61-4
68-4
74-5
72-5
648
54-2
42-4
34-5
53-7
34-3
38-1
43-5
50-2
579
65-3
71-2
69-6
62-4
52-5
41-4
35-4
51-8
19-4
22-1
24-4
29-1
36-1
40-8
47-8
48-2
40-8
32-7
24-3
19-6
32-1
34-0
40-4
47-5
55-0
64-4
71-2
76-5
74-5
67-8
554
42-3
347
55-3
+1-0
37-6
41-0
46-0
54-9
62-2
68-5
75-2
73-6
65-0
56-1
45-5
39-0
55-4
299
360
42-8
50-2
57-2
63-1
69-8
687
60-8
51-3
40-0
31-8
50-1
37-4
41-0
46-6
55-4
62-4
70-3
76-5
74-8
672
57-4
46-0
38-7
56-1
35-4
40-3
45-5
55-0
61-9
69-8
75-4
73-6
66-2
561
41-4
37-0
55-1
35-1
39-4
45-5
54-5
62-6
69-3
75-4
73-0
66-4
56-0
44-4
36-0
54-8
34-5
40-0
47-3
56-0
64-4
71-8
792
76-8
68-4
57-2
44-8
36-1
56-4
33-8
39-7
46-8
54-9
62-1
69-8
75-7
74-7
671
565
44 -2
36-0
55-2
34-3
39-6
46-6
55-4
63-7
70-5
76-1
74-5
67-3
565
43-9
35-6
55'3
47-8
49-3
51-8
56-7
63-0
69-4
74-8
74-8
68-9
62-4
54-3
48-4
60-1
-l'-0
45-5
48-6
51-6
56-7
63-5
69-6
75-4
75-4
69-8
63-0
53-4
47-5
60-0
...
45-3
48-0
51-1
57-4
63-9
70-3
75-9
76-1
70-3
62-4
53-6
46-8
60-1
48-3
483
51-8
56-5
62-0
707
74-9
746
69-8
63-0
55-6
48-7
60-4
...
40-6
44-6
48-6
56-7
62-6
70-2
76-3
75-6
68-5
592
48'9
42-4
57-9
35-6
41-2
46-8
55-6
631
71-1
77-7
75-6
68-0
57-7
45-7
36-7
562
39-4
43-2
48-1
55-8
63-0
70-4
76-3
75-8
69-0
59-8
48-6
41-1
57-5
+T-5
41-9
44-8
49-1
56-8
64-2
71-6
78-8
77-4
70-5
61-0
51-3
44-2
59-3
40-4
43-6
46-1
54-2
60-4
68-0
74-7
74-2
671
57-8
48-0
42-0
56-4
208
THE VOYAGE OF H.M.S. CHALLENGER.
Stations.
Country.
No. of
Years.
Years
Specified.
Hours of
Observation.
Latitude.
longitude.
Height,
Feet.
Perugia,
Orvieto,
Italy
15
1870-84
9 : 9, M.m.
O I
43 7
o /
12 23
1706
do.
15
do.
do.
42 42
12 6
971
Chieta, . •
do.
15
do.
do.
42 22
14 11
1117
Aquila,
Rome, .
do.
15
do.
do.
42 21
13 21
2411
do.
15
do.
do.
41 54
12 29
163
Montecasino,
do.
15
do.
do.
41 31
13 48
1730
Naples,
Foggio,
Potenza,
do.
15
do.
do.
40 52
14 15
489
do.
15
do.
do.
41 27
15 31
287
do.
15
do.
do.
40 39
15 48
2712
Lecce, .
do.
15
do.
do.
40 22
18 12
236
Tropea,
Cosenza, .
do.
15
do.
do.
38 13
15 54
189
do.
15
do.
do.
39 19
16 17
840
Keggio, . •
do.
15
do.
do.
38 8
15 39
59
Messina,
do.
15
do.
do.
38 12
15 39
176
Syracuse,
do.
15
do.
do.
37 3
15 15
71
Malta, .
do.
15
do.
do.
35 53
14 30
70
Do. .
do.
15
do.
M.m.
35 53
14 30
70
Girgenti,
Palermo,
do.
15
do.
9 : 9, M.m.
37 41
15 12
837
do.
15
do.
do.
38 7
13 21
237
Trapani,
do.
15
do.
do.
38 43
12 32
88
Cagliari,
Sassari,
do.
15
do.
do.
39 30
9 0
180
do.
15
do.
do.
40 40
8 35
718
Dolnja Tuzla,
Bosnia
15
do.
8: 8
44 46
18 12
909
Sarajevo,
do.
15
do.
do.
43 56
18 26
1801
Mostar,
do.
15
do.
do.
42 20
17 49
205
Prisren,
Albania
2
1885-86
7 : 2, 9, 9
42 12
20 43
1434
Janina,
Turkey
6
1866-72
M.m.
39 47
20 57
1580
Constantinople,
do.
15
1870-84
do.
41 0
28 59
[0]
Sulina,
Bulgaria
15
do.
do.
45 9
29 40
6
Sofia, .
do.
15
do.
M.T.
42 32
23 23
1764
Rustschuck, .
do.
15
do.
do.
43 15
25 56
132
Bucharest, .
Roumania
15
do.
do.
44 25
26 5
305
Corfu, .
Greece
15
do.
7 : 2, 10
39 38
19 33
98
Athens,
do.
24
1859-S2
M.T.
37 58
23 44
337
Candia,
do.
6
1879-84
8 : 9, M.m.
35 30
24 0
112
Hermannstadt,
Hungary
15
1870-84
7: 2, 9
45 47
24 9
1381
Medgyes,
do.
15
do.
do.
46 7
24 22
1115
Bistritz,
do.
15
do.
do.
47 7
24 30
1204
Ungvar,
do.
15
do.
do.
48 36
22 18
463
Kesmarkt,
do.
15
do.
do.
49 8
20 26
2080
Neusohl,
do.
15
do.
do.
48 44
19 9
1217
Neutra,
do.
15
do.
do.
48 19
18 5
564
Presburg,
do.
15
do.
do.
48 9
17 6
505
Papa, .
do.
15
do.
do.
47 20
17 28
518
Nagy-banga,
do.
15
do.
do.
47 38
23 35
745
Erlau, .
do.
15
do.
do.
47 54
20 23
564
Budapesth, .
do.
15
do.
do.
47 30
19 2
502
Debreczin, .
do.
15
do.
do.
47 31
21 38
453
Orsova,
do.
15
do.
do.
44 42
22 25
174
Temesyar,
do.
15
do.
do.
45 46
21 14
338
REPORT ON ATMOSPHERIC CIRCULATION.
209
Jan.
Feb.
March.
April.
May.
June.
July.
Aug.
Sept.
Oct.
Nov.
Dec.
Tear.
Corrs.
Applied
o
O
o
o
o
o
O
O
0
O
o
0
o
o
39-4
41-5
46-0
52-2
59-5
67-0
73-8
72-7
65-0
55-4
46-6
41-4
55-9
41-4
44-3
47-7
55-2
62-4
69-8
75-6
74-7
68-0
58-2
48-0
42-1
57-3
41-0
42-4
46-2
52-5
60-1
68-4
74-8
73-4
66-6
58-3
48-6
431
563
34-9
38-3
43-2
50-2
58-6
65-1
72-7
70-9
63-0
53-8
43-2
35-4
52-4
44-8
47-0
50-9
57-6
64-0
70-5
76-6
76-1
70-2
61-9
52-5
46-4
59-7
43 '0
44-2
47-5
.53-2
61-2
65-3
75-0
73-8
66-7
58-1
50-5
44-4
56-9
47-7
48-9
51-6
57-7
64-4
71-2
76-5
76-4
71-2
63-5
55-0
49-5
61-1
43-3
45-0
50-0
57-0
646
73-2
79-9
78-8
72-0
62-6
52-2
46-4
60-5
37-8
396
43-3
49-1
57-4
64-8
70-9
69-8
63-3
54-5
45-7
39-8
53-0
48-9
49-1
52-2
58-5
65-8
73-6
78-7
77-5
72-3
650
56-3
50-7
624
52-8
53-0
54-4
59-4
65-7
727
77-4
78-1
74-0
67-4
60-8
54-0
64-1
43-7
46-0
50-9
55-0
63-7
72-7
79-2
77-2
69-8
60-6
52-0
45-8
59-7
54-0
54-2
55-6
(ii)-l
65-8
71-2
76-3
77-4
74-3
68-0
60-8
55-0
64-4
53-2
54-5
56-1
61-2
67-5
74-3
8(1-4
80-6
76-3
68-9
60-8
550
65-7
52-7
53-1
54-9
59-4
655
73-2
79-5
79-8
75-2
68-2
60-1
56-1
64-8
56-3
56-3
57-5
61-3
66-6
73-3
78-8
79-7
76-8
70-8
64-1
57-8
66-6
56-3
563
57-5
61-3
66-6
73-3
78-8
79-7
76-8
70-8
64-1
57-9
66-6
507
50-5
53-2
57-4
64-2
73-6
78-4
77-9
72-0
64-8
56-3
51-4
62-5
52-2
52-5
54-9
59-2
65-0
71-2
76-5
77-0
73-8
67-1
59-4
54-0
63-6
56-0
56-4
58-3
61-2
65-8
72-0
77-4
78-1
76-3
69-8
61-9
57-7
65-9
51-3
52-3
54-5
58-5
64-8
71-2
77-2
77-7
73-6
65-5
58-1
52-2
63-1
49-4
50-0
51-6
5fi-0
62-7
69-6
77-0
75-2
71-2
62-1
55-8
50-3
60-9
28-1
30-1
38-3
50-8
57-0
63-8
68-0
64-8
59-8
49-3
39-4
30-5
48-3
27-1
28-2
36-0
47-0
54-5
61-0
65-3
63-2
58-3
48-2
37-3
28-0
46-2
41-1
41-2
46-7
54-6
624
69-6
765
75-4
670
57-8
47-8
41-2
56-8
340
36-7
42-3
54-0
60-1
6fi-6
71-1
72-1
648
55-8
44-6
36-0
53-2
41-5
44-8
471
55-3
68-8
70-2
74-9
74-3
69-2
59-6
48-5
41-9
58-2
417
41-0
45-3
54-0
619
70-0
73-9
73-8
68-0
614
53-4
47-0
57-6
29-0
31-3
39-6
49-8
61-0
70-2
73-0
72-0
64-4
55-0
45-3
33-8
52 0
28 8
30-2
37-8
53-6
60-3
60-4
73-0
71-4
64-6
51-8
42-4
29-6
50-8
29-5
30-9
43-3
577
65-0
73-0
76-3
74-8
68-2
57-2
44-6
33-4
54-5
26-4
28-2
39-8
52-0
617
69-3
73-6
71-2
63-6
52-8
41-3
31-8
51-0
50-8
50-9
53-1
62-0
67-5
74-9
80'0
79-7
74-7
67-6
59-5
53-6
64-5
46-4
47-8
52-4
59-1
67-9
76-0
80-6
80-0
74-0
65-8
57-3
49-9
63-1
51-8
51-1
53-8
59-1
67-0
74-5
79-0
77-8
74-2
62-5
61-3
55-6
64-4
23-8
27-3
37-5
49-5
57-2
63-8
67-2
65-9
58-4
49-3
38-2
28-6
47-1
23-7
26-3
36-9
49-5
58-2
64-0
68-4
66-2
58-1
48-9
36-9
26-8
47-0
23-7
27-6
37-1
49-4
57-1
64-0
67-6
65-8
58-6
49-3
37-5
28-0
47-1
26-4
29-1
37-7
50-8
58-8
65-3
69-0
66-9
59-5
51-6
38-7
29-0
48-6
23-7
27-4
34-2
44-6
52-9
61-2
63-5
62-fi
55-4
46-0
34-5
25-2
44-3
25-5
28-6
36-8
49-1
57-0
64-5
68-2
65-3
577
48-4
37-1
277
47-2
28-3
30-8
39-8
50-8
58-9
67-0
70-5
66-9
59-7
50-5
39-4
29-2
49-4
301
32-7
40-5
50'8
58-4
66-3
71-0
68-7
61-3
51-1
39-4
31-3
50-1
30-9
33-8
41-0
52-0
60-8
68-4
73-0
70-3
62-6
52-2
40-6
32-0
51-5
260
29-2
38-0
49-3
58-7
65-5
691
67-0
58-8
50-4
39-3
30-0
48-6
26-1
28-4
38-5
50-9
58-0
669
70-5
67-6
59-3
50-4
39-4
29-5
48-9
29-4
31-6
40-6
51-2
59'1
6G-7
71-1
68-5
60-6
50-7
39-2
31-0
49-8
27-4
28-9
39-3
50-9
59-5
67-2
71-0
68-4
60-6
50-9
:;:i-n
29-3
49 3
30-5
32-4
42-1
53-7
61-0
68-6
73-5
71-6
64-7
53-4
421
330
52-7
28-8
32-6
42-0
537
01-2
68-9
73-6
70-4
02-6
52-2
40-6
32-4
51-7
(PHYS. CHEM. CHALL. EXP. — PART V. — 1888.)
33
210
THE VOYAGE OF H.M.S. CHALLENGER.
Stations.
Country.
No. of
Years.
Years
Specified.
Hours of
Observation.
Latitude.
Longitude.
Height,
Feet.
Pancsova,
Hungary
15
1870-84
7: 2,9
O 1
44 52
O 1
20 39
259
Szegedin,
do.
15
do.
do.
46 15
20 9
289
Neusatz,
do.
15
do.
do.
45 15
19 50
276
Esseg,
do.
15
do.
do.
45 33
18 40
387
Brood,
do.
15
do.
do.
45 9
18 1
312
Kalocsa,
do.
15
do.
do.
46 32
18 58
338
Fiinfkirchen,
do.
15
do.
do.
46 6
18 14
853
Gr. Kanizsa,.
do.
15
do.
do.
46 27
17 0
545
Agram,
do.
15
do.
do.
45 49
15 59
535
Fiume,
do.
15
do.
do.
45 17
14 27
75
Zeng, .
do.
15
do.
do.
45 0
14 54
118
Durazzo,
Austria
15
do.
do.
41 49
19 28
23
Funta d'Ostro,
do.
15
do.
do.
42 27
18 34
210
Ragusa,
do.
15
do.
do.
42 38
18 7
49
Knin, .
do.
15
do.
do.
44 2
16 11
1161
Gospic,
do.
15
do.
do.
44 33
15 22
1842
Lissa, .
do.
15
do.
do.
43 5
16 14
79
Lussinpiccolo,
do.
15
do.
do.
44 42
14 28
34
Lesina,
do.
15
do.
7: 2, 10*
43 11
16 27
62
Pola, .
do.
15
do.
7: 2, 9
44 52
13 50
105
Trieste,
do.
15
do.
do.
45 39
13 46
85
Gorz, .
do.
15
do.
do.
45 57
13 37
308
Riva, .
do.
15
do.
6: 2, 10t
45 53
10 50
276
Laibacli,
do.
15
do.
6: 2, 10f
46 3
14 30
943
Graz, .
do.
15
do.
7: 2, 9
47 4
15 28
1129
Obirgipfel, .
do.
8
1879-86
do.
46 30
14 17
6706
Klagenfurt, .
do.
15
1870-84
do.
46 37
14 18
1437
Salzburg,
do.
15
do.
do.
47 48
13 3
1430
Kremsniunster,
do.
15
do.
6: 2, 10*
48 4
14 8
1260
Vienna,
do.
15
do.
7: 2, 9
48 14
16 22
664
Eger, .
do.
15
do.
do.
50 5
12 22
1493
Leipa, .
do.
15
do.
do.
50 41
14 32
830
Prague,
do.
15
do.
do.
50 5
14 25
660
Briinn,
do.
15
do.
do.
49 11
16 36
692
Barzdorf,
do.
15
do.
6 : 2, 10 *
50 25
17 6
846
Krakau,
do.
15
do.
6 : 2, 10
50 4
19 57
722
Lemberg,
do.
15
do.
7: 2, 9
49 50
24 1
978
Tarnopol,
do.
15
do.
do.
49 36
25 36
1040
Sereth,
do.
15
do.
do.
47 57
26 4
1247
Passau,
Germany
15
do.
M.T.
48 34
13 28
1024
Regensburg,
do.
15
do.
do.
49 1
12 6
1178
Augsburg, .
do.
15
do.
do.
48 22
10 54
1638
Munich,
do.
15
do.
do.
48 9
11 34
1734
Bayreuth,
do.
15
do.
do.
49 57
11 35
1132
Bamberg,
do.
15
do.
do.
49 54
10 54
796
Aschaffenburg,
do.
15
do.
do.
49 59
9 9
450
Friedrichshafen, .
do.
15
do.
7: 2, 9
47 39
9 25
1336
Stuttgart,
do.
15
do.
do.
48 47
9 11
881
Freiburg,
do.
15
do.
do.
48 0
7 51
955
Carlsruhe, .
do.
15
do.
do.
49 0
8 25
404
* Changed to 7 : 2,
9 in 1886.
t«
tanged to 7 : 2, 9 in 18
74.
J Changed t
o 7 : 2, 9 in 1
879.
REPORT ON ATMOSPHERIC CIRCULATION.
211
Jan.
Feb.
March.
April.
May.
June.
July.
Aug.
Sept.
Oct.
Nov.
Dec.
Year.
Corrs.
Applied.
0
O
o
o
o
o
O
O
o
O
0
o
o
o
30-4
33-0
43-1
55-9
61-6
69-2
74-0
71-5
64-0
53-6
41-5
32-4
52-6
29-0
32-3
41-G
53-0
60-8
68-2
72-1
69-7
62-2
52-4
40-7
31-7
51-1
31-2
35-5
44-2
54-6
60-7
681
72-5
70-2
63-1
53-9
42-9
34-7
52-6
28-8
32-7
43-0
52-5
60-1
69-8
72-3
70-3
63-3
531
41-0
30-7
51-5
29-8
33-4
43-3
54-0
60-6
68-5
71-8
70-0
62-6
53-0
42-0
34-0
52-0
28-9
33-3
39-9
53-4
61-2
69-3
73-2
71-4
62-8
527
41-0
32-0
51-6
29-2
33-1
415
52-0
58-9
66-1
70-7
69-1
61-9
51-4
40-2
32-4
51-4
29-4
31-9
40-6
50-7
58-3
66-7
70-9
68-2
59-7
50-3
39-6
30-4
49-7
31-3
34-8
43-4
52-7
59-8
66-6
71-7
69-3
62-0
51-6
41-7
32-9
51-5
42-8
44-1
48-1
507
61-9
687
74-5
72-9
669
587
49-8
442
57-3
417
44-5
48-G
55-7
629
71-5
76-6
74-8
68-2
58-7
49-4
439
58-0
464
48-4
52-2
58-6
65-4
71-8
77-0
76-1
70-2
63-3
55-0
49-8
61-2
48-7
49-2
52-5
58-5
65'4
72-7
77-8
77-0
71-4
64-0
55-7
50-2
61-9
47-7
48-6
513
57-9
63-9
71-4
77-2
76-6
72-0
630
554
49-8
61-2
39-2
42-3
45-0
54-0
60-3
69-7
74-5
72-7
65-8
56-7
45-8
39-7
55-5
276
31-0
38-4
48-0
55-5
63-5
69-0
66-8
58-4
49-3
38-2
30-8
48-0
49-6
50-0
521
58-2
63-8
71-4
76-6
75-8
71-1
64-3
56-8
51-5
61-8
453
46-0
48-8
56-4
63-3
71-0
76-6
75-0
69-6
60-7
52-8
47-5
59-4
47-3
48-2
51-2
57-6
64-8
71-7
77-3
76-0
70-6
62-9
55-1
49-6
61-1
41-5
42-9
467
54-3
61-5
69-4
75-0
73-4
66-6
58-6
49-4
43-7
56-9
40-5
42-3
47 0
55-6
62-5
70-3
76-3
74-5
67-5
58-3
48-4
42-2
57-1
38-0
40-5
46-2
55-1
61-4
68-7
74-2
72-5
64-6
55-6
45-3
38-9
55-3
38-2
41-7
47-6
54-8
61-6
68-5
73-7
72-7
65-8
56-7
45-8
39-0
55-5
27-8
31-9
39-5
49-0
56-4
63-4
68-0
65-6
58-1
49-6
38-3
30-6
48-2
290
31-7
39-6
49-8
59-4
64-0
67-8
65-8
58-9
49-9
37-8
29-8
48-6
19-2
22-7
23-2
29 0
346
42-2
48-4
47-1
42-7
34-2
26-8
21-2
32-6
21-6
271
361
47-7
56-0
G2-9
66-9
64-4
56-5
47-0
34-5
23-9
45-4
28-3
30-9
38-9
47-5
54-1
61-6
65-2
63-3
57-0
48-1
37-6
28-4
46-8
27-6
30-3
38-0
46-2
536
60-6
65-3
63-1
56-2
46-6
36-0
28-5
46-0
29-6
32-4
40-3
49-1
56-6
64-2
68-5
66-0
59-1
50-0
38-7
311
48-8
27-6
29-7
35-1
43-8
51-2
59-4
63-4
61-3
54-7
45-0
35-8
27-9
44-3
28-2
299
360
45-3
53-1
60-6
64-5
62-7
562
46-4
37-0
28-6
45-7
30-2
33-4
383
47-0
55-0
631
67-1
65-5
58-7
48-4
38-3
31-1
48-0
28-6
30-9
38-4
49-4
56-2
63-9
68-4
66-0
58-6
48.7
38'0
29-7
48-0
29-9
31-0
36-9
455
53-7
62-3
66-0
64-1
57-7
48-0
38-8
30-1
47-0
26-0
27-6
35-7
46-4
53-2
62-3
65-5
63-0
56-8
46-8
36-6
26-9
45-7
24-4
25-6
31-7
44-7
539
62-4
65-4
62-8
55-1
45-5
36-1
26-9
44-6
-'i:o
22-9
23-8
31-4
45-2
54-8
64-1
66-7
63-8
55-0
45-1
35-3
25-1
44-4
+ 1-0
23-9
26-2
34-2
46-6
56-7
64-4
67-5
64-8
57-7
47-3
35-0
25-3
45-8
27-2
30-8
36-6
46-7
54-1
60-7
64-8
62-8
56-7
46-9
36-0
28-8
46-0
28-1
30-1
37-8
47-5
55-6
61-9
65-8
64-0
56-8
46-7
36-3
28-6
46-6
27-9
30-7
36-7
44-8
51-9
59-2
64-0
62-2
55-8
45-5
35-2
27-8
45-1
27-6
30-5
36-7
45-2
51-9
59-3
63-7
619
55-0
45-3
35-4
27-5
45-0
27-7
30-5
36-1
44-6
51-9
59-6
63-1
611
54-4
45-1
35-9
28-6
44-9
...
28-9
31-3
37-7
46-0
53-6
613
64-8
63-5
56-5
46-8
37-4
29-5
46-4
30-2
34-2
395
48-0
54-9
61-6
65-1
63-5
57-3
47-5
39-2
31-8
477
30-4
33-4
39-4
47-5
53-6
61-5
65-5
64-2
57-4
48-0
38-8
311
47-6
32-5
36-3
42-1
49-1
55-8
63-3
66-9
65-5
59-0
48-2
40-5
32-4
49-2
326
373
423
49-8
55-9
62-7
67-6
65-6
59-0
48-6
41-4
32-4
49-6
33-4
363
419
49-3
55-9
63-1
67-0
64-5
58-3
48-4
40-8
33-0
49-3
212
THE VOYAGE OF H.M.S. CHALLENGER.
Stations.
Country.
No. of
Years.
Years
Specified.
Hours of
Observation.
Latitude.
Longitude.
Height,
Feet.
Heidelberg, .
Germany
15
1870-84
7 : 2, 9
o 1
49 24
8 42
397
Trier, .
do.
15
do.
6 : 2, 10
49 45
6 38
492
Aachen,
do.
15
do.
do.
50 47
6 5
581
Cologne,
do.
15
do.
do.
50 56
6 57
197
Giitersloh, .
do.
15
do.
do.
51 54
8 23
266
Gbttingen, .
do.
15
do.
do.
51 32
9 56
492
Kassel,
do.
15
do.
do.
51 19
9 30
670
Leipsig,
do.
15
do.
do.
51 20
12 23
387
Berlin,
do.
15
do.
do.
52 30
13 23
136
Eatibor,
do.
15
do.
do.
50 6
18 13
646
Breslau,
do.
15
do.
do.
51 7
17 2
483
Bromberg, .
do.
15
do.
do.
53 8
18 0
162
Hannover, .
do.
15
do.
do.
52 22
9 44
202
Emden,
do.
15
do.
do.
53 22
7 13
28
Helgoland, .
do.
15
do.
do.
54 20
7 51
153
Ottendorf, .
do.
15
do.
do.
53 48
8 54
24
Borkum,
do.
15
do.
8: 8
53 35
6 40
13
Keitum,
do.
15
do.
do.
54 54
8 22
30
Hamburg, .
do.
15
do.
various
53 33
9 58
64
Kiel, .
do.
15
do.
6 : 2, 10
54 20
10 8
15
Liibeck,
do.
15
do.
do.
53 51
10 41
66
Putbus,
do.
15
do.
do.
54 21
13 28
174
Stettin,
do.
15
do.
do.
53 25
14 34
128
Kbslin,
do.
15
do.
7 : 2, 9
54 11
16 11
153
Posen,
do.
15
do.
6: 2,10
52 25
16 56
268
Klaussen,
do.
15
do.
do.
53 48
22 7
472
Dantzic,
do.
15
do.
do.
54 21
18 38
71
Kbnigsberg, .
do.
15
do.
7: 2, 9
54 43
20 30
74
Memel,
do.
15
do.
6: 2,10
55 43
21 8
32
Tornea,
Finland
15
do.
9: 2, 9
65 51
23 29
170
Sodankyla, .
do.
15
do.
do.
67 24
26 16
594
Uleaborg,
do.
15
do.
do.
65 1
25 8
30
Kuopia,
do.
15
do.
do.
62 54
27 20
290
Kaskb,
do.
15
do.
do.
62 20
20 51
25
Taminerfors,
do.
15
do.
do.
61 30
23 25
299
Viborg,
do.
15
do.
do.
60 43
28 26
0
Sordavala, .
do.
15
do.
do.
61 42
30 22
118
Lampis,
do.
15
do.
do.
61 6
24 43
370
Abo, .
do.
15
do.
do.
60 27
21 52
49
Kola, .
Russia
15
do.
7: 1, 9
68 53
33 1
33
Mesen,
do.
15
do.
do.
65 30
44 16
52
Simn jaja- Solotiza,
do.
15
do.
do.
65 41
40 14
28
Archangel, .
do.
15
do.
do.
64 33
40 32
16
Kem, .
do.
15
do.
do.
64 57
34 39
41
Powenez,
do.
15
do.
do.
62 51
34 49
160
Petrosawodsk,
do.
15
do.
do.
61 47
34 23
233
Walaam,
do.
15
do.
do.
61 23
30 57
149
Ustssyssolsk,
do.
51
1817-67
M.T.
61 40
50 51
328
Wytegra, .
do.
15
1870-84
7: 1,9
61 0
36 27
196
Kargopol,
do.
15
do.
do.
61 30
38 57
440
REPORT ON ATMOSPHERIC CIRCULATION.
213
Jan.
Feb.
March.
April .
May.
June.
July.
Aug.
Sept.
Oct.
Nov.
Dec.
Year.
Corrs.
Applied.
o
O
o
o
O
o
O
O
O
O
o
o
o
o
34-4
37-0
42-3
49-8
55-7
62-7
66-7
64-3
59-0
49-2
41-4
34-0
49-7
34-7
37-5
42-2
49-0
55-6
62-6
66-6
644
58-3
49-2
41-8
35-0
49-8
36-3
39-4
43-0
49-3
55-0
61-7
65-7
64-4
58-6
50-2
42-6
36-7
50-2
...
35-9
38-5
42-7
49-3
55-0
62-3
65-8
64-6
59-1
50-5
42-7
36-8
50-2
34-3
35-8
39-9
47-0
53-8
61-3
64-5
62-8
57-0
48-5
40-7
34-5
48-3
31-6
33-6
38-3
45-8
52-9
60-4
64-0
62-2
55-9
47-1
39-0
32-2
47-0
31-6
34-3
38-8
4G-4
53-1
59-9
64-0
62-0
56-1
47-3
39-0
32-5
47-1
30-6
32-4
37-5
45-3
53-2
61-2
65-0
63-2
56-4
46-5
37-8
31-2
46-7
32-8
33-6
39-0
47-1
54-7
62-9
66-7
64-9
58-7
48-9
39-9
32-8
48-5
29-2
30-0
37-0
46-3
54-3
62-7
66-2
63-9
57-4
47-8
38-1
29-9
46-9
29'4
30-0
36-5
45-5
539
62-1
65-8
63-9
57-6
47-6
38-3
30-1
46-7
27-9
28-8
34-6
43-7
52-0
62-2
65-1
62-8
55-8
45-7
37-0
29-2
45-3
34-2
35-8
39-6
46-5
53-7
61-3
65-4
63-5
57-5
48-5
40-4
34-5
48-5
32-9
34-2
38-5
45-1
51-3
58-8
63-3
623
565
47-8
39 8
34-2
47-1
34-8
34'4
39-3
43-0
49-2
56-5
61-2
61-7
57-9
50-6
42-5
37-0
47-4
33-4
34-0
37-8
44-6
51-4
59-4
63-0
61-9
56-4
47-8
39-4
33-4
46-9
35-4
35-0
38-7
44-8
50-4
58-3
63-0
62-0
57-7
49-G
41-4
36-1
47-6
33-1
32-4
35-2
42-8
48-7
58-1
62-0
60-8
5G-1
47-8
38-7
34-7
45-9
331
341
38-4
45-2
52-1
59-8
63-4
62-4
5G-6
47-7
39-2
33-2
47-1
33-6
34-1
37-1
43-6
50-7
59-1
62-8
61-7
56-3
47-8
39-8
34-4
46-9
...
32-1
32-6
36-9
43-6
51-2
59-9
63-5
61-5
55-7
46-9
38-4
32-8
46-3
30-8
30-9
34-8
42-1
50-2
59-1
62-9
61-5
56-3
46-6
37-8
31-9
45-4
31-0
32-0
35-4
44-8
53-2
61-6
65-7
63-7
56-8
47-3
38-6
31-7
46-9
29-2
29-9
34-9
42-4
50-1
59 '0
G2-9
61-2
55-2
46-0
37-4
29-5
44-8
...
29-3
30-4
35-4
45-1
53-1
G2-5
66-0
63-7
57-2
46-8
37-9
30-2
47-3
23-4
24-1
30-5
41-9
52-2
, 61-6
64-5
62-1
54-9
43-2
34-2
24-7
43-1
27-6
28-7
34-9
42-3
50-3
60-0
63-8
62-2
56-2
45-6
36-8
29-6
44-9
25-5
26-3
32-3
41-3
49-8
59-7
63-4
61-5
55-3
44-3
35-5
27-1
43-5
2G-6
26-2
31-4
40-3
48-6
59-4
63-3
61-8
55-4
44-5
36-0
27-7
43-4
13-0
10-9
17-4
29-6
41-5
54-0
60-6
56-2
47-2
37-0
21-0
12-1
33-4
6-0
4-8
13-7
27-3
40-7
55-0
60-8
54-3
43-5
28-7
14-6
4-6
29-5
15-0
13-8
20-8
31-2
43-0
56-5
61-8
57-4
48-2
:\r,-r,
23-7
15-3
35-3
14-2
13-5
20-6
31-1
43-5
57-8
61-5
57-0
47-8
36-7
25-8
14-3
35-3
21-9
20-0
25-2
30-7
40-3
52-7
58-4
56-1
50-4
40-8
31-8
22-1
37-5
19-4
187
25-7
34-9
45-9
58-0
62-8
59-0
50-6
39-4
30'0
20-0
38-7
17-8
17-9
24-6
34-7
47-0
54-4
61-3
55-9
51-1
40-8
30-6
19-4
S8-0
14-7
14-8
22-4
32-8
45-0
58-5
635
59-4
50-G
39-1
28-5
16-9
37-2
20-0
18-4
25-4
35-8
4G-7
59-2
6V5
57-3
50-0
38-7
29-3
20-5
38-6
21-9
20-8
25-9
36-0
46-2
59-0
63-3
59-0
51-5
40-8
31-4
21-9
39-8
13-0
10-8
195
28-3
376
49-3
55-8
53-4
43-0
■31-5
17-9
126
31-1
4-2
4-5
17-4
25-4
36-3
49-4
56-6
52'8
42-0
32-0
17-7
6-0
28-7
11-0
10-2
195
28-2
36-2
47-3
54-1
52-2
44-8
35-7
23-6
12-8
31-3
...
7-7
8-3
17-8
27-8
40-5
54-7
GO-8
56-9
46-2
34-9
20-5
9-2
32-1
13-3
12-6
19-2
28-9
38-8
.52-3
58-5
55-7
4G-8
34-9
227
13-1
33-1
10-8
10-5
19-6
31-6
43-4
58-8
62-7
58-6
47-4
36-5
25-1
12-9
34-8
14-6
13-0
21-4
32-0
43-1
57-6
61-8
58-6
49-5
37-5
26-0
16-4
36-0
18-8
160
22-6
336
44-1
57-0
61-8
60-4
51-8
40-6
30-5
21-2
38-2
...
4-6
9-0
20-0
32-5
43-9
56-0
61-G
56-9
46-0
33-0
19-5
7-1
32-5
12-0
13-3
22-4
34-8
47-0
59-3
62-8
59-2
49-5
37-1
24-8
15-8
36-5
...
8-2
10-4
18-5
32-4
457
58-5
63-1
56-5
47-5
35-6
22-0
12-4-
34-2
214
THE VOYAGE OF H.M.S. CHALLENGER.
Stations.
Country.
No. of
Years.
Years
Specified.
Hours of
Observation.
Latitude.
Longitude
Height,
Feet.
St. Petersburg,
Russia
15
1870-84
7: 1,9
a /
59 56
o J
30 16
19
Welikij -Usting, .
do.
13
1840-52
M.T.
60 46
46 18
262
L. Hogland,
do.
15
1870-84
7: 1,9
60 6
26 59
37
Baltischport,
do.
15
do.
do.
59 21
24 3
28
Pernau,
do.
15
do.
do.
58 23
24 30
32
Novgorod, .
do.
15
do.
do.
58 31
31 18
62
Dorpat,
do.
15
do.
do.
58 23
26 43
223
Riga, .
do.
15
do.
do.
56 57
24 6
42
Windau,
do.
15
do.
do.
57 24
21 33
29
Libau,
do.
15
do.
do.
56 31
21 1
19
Weliki-Luki,
do.
15
do.
do.
56 21
30 31
358
Wilna,
do.
15
do.
do.
54 41
25 18
387
Belostok,
do.
15
do.
do.
53 8
23 10
479
Warsaw,
do.
15
do.
bo.
52 13
21 2
392
Pinsk,
do.
15
do.
do.
52 7
26 6
459
Gorki,
do.
15
do.
do.
54 17
30 59
679
Tschernigov,
do.
15
do.
do.
51 29
31 20
424
Kiev, .
do.
15
do.
do.
50 27
30 30
600
Gorodischtsche,
do.
15
do.
do.
49 17
31 27
296
Ssoschanskoe,
do.
15
do.
do.
49 34
28 55
920
Kischinew, .
do.
15
do.
do.
46 59
28 51
286
Elizabethgrad,
do.
15
do.
do.
48 31
32 17
417
Poltawa,
do.
15
do.
M.T.
49 33
34 38
460
Charkov,
do.
15
do.
7: 1,9
50 4
36 9
413
Kurak,
do.
28
1833-7,'40-59,'65-68
M.T.
51 45
36 0
689
Orel, .
do.
28
do.
do.
52 57
36 7
558
Woronesh, .
do.
15
1870-84
7: 1,9
51 44
39 13
573
Seniettschino,
do.
15
do.
do.
53 30
42 37
378
Tambov,
do.
15
do.
do.
52 44
41 28
388
Gulynki,
do.
15
do.
do.
54 14
40 0
354
Moscow,
do.
15
do.
do.
55 50
37 33
509
Bielosersk, .
do.
15
do.
do.
60 2
37 47
430
Wologda,
do.
15
do.
do.
59 14
39 53
374
Kostroma, .
do.
26
1842-47, '49-69
do.
57 46
40 56
361
Nikolsk,
do.
15
1870-84
do.
59 32
45 27
390
Blagodat,
do.
15
do.
do.
58 17
59 47
1250
Perm,
do.
15
do.
do.
58 1
56 16
328
Slatoust,
do.
15
do.
do.
55 10
59 41
1343
Wjatka,
do.
15
do.
do.
58 36
49 41
580
Roschdestwenskoe,
do.
15
do.
do.
58 9
45 36
443
Nijni-Novgorod, .
do.
15
do.
do.
56 20
44 0
453
Kasan,
do.
15
do.
do.
55 47
49 8
249
Polibino,
do.
15
do.
do.
53 44
52 56
313
Simbirsk,
do.
15
do.
do.
54 19
48 24
476
Samara,
do.
15
do.
do.
54 19
48 0
197
Orenburg, .
do.
15
do.
do.
51 46
55 6
297
Uralsk,
do.
15
do.
do.
51 43
50 55
358
Saratow,
do.
15
do.
do.
51 38
45 27
614
Urjupinskaja,
do.
15
do.
do.
50 48
42 0
270
Kamyschin,
do.
15
do.
do.
50 5
45 24
69
REPORT ON ATMOSPHERIC CIRCULATION.
215
Jan.
Feb.
March.
April.
May.
June.
July.
Aug.
Sept.
Oct,
Nov.
Dec.
Year.
Corrs.
Applied.
o
O
o
o
O
0
O
°
o
O
O
O
o
o
17-2
16-5
24-2
35-1
46-9
59-9
63-7
60-4
51-6
40-2
30-1
19-1
38-7
...
4-7
9-2
17-5
30-2
46-2
59-2
66-0
61-2
48-9
34-5
21-8
10-9
34-4
2-2-5
19-9
25-3
333
42-5
55-7
62-1
60-9
53-8
43-8
34-6
25-9
40-0
24-2
22-6
27-0
36-4
45-7
5G-8
62-2
59-9
53-6
43-1
34-0
25-3
40-9
22-5
21-8
26-3
36-0
47-7
59-8
64-0
60-9
54-6
42-1
33-3
23-7
41-1
17-0
18-3
247
377
50-2
62-0
64-8
61-2
51-8
39-8
28-8
19-5
39-6
20-1
19-3
26-1
37-2
49-1
61-5
64-0
59-9
52-0
40-6
29-8
21-4
40-1
23G
23-6
29-4
40-0
50-5
62-4
65-7
61-9
55-2
42-6
34-3
25-9
42-9
263
25-3
29-7
37-6
46-4
57-6
62-3
60-6
54-8
44-0
35-5
27-4
42-3
27-0
26-3
31-5
393
47-2
58-6
63-0
61-9
55-8
44-8
35-8
28-3
43-6
...
18-0
19-4
26-0
39-8
52-0
62-4
G5-6
61-4
52-0
40-0
29-5
20-9
40-6
23-0
23-6
30-6
43-4
53-4
63-5
65.9
62-2
54-6
43-2
33-8
24-8
435
24-0
25-2
31-2
44-2
54-7
63-7
66-2
63-5
56-5
44-6
35-8
25-8
44-6
...
26-0
26-9
33-9
44-5
54-1
63-7
66-7
636
56-3
45-0
35-9
271
45-3
23-3
23-9
33-0
46-0
55-4
64-8
66-8
64-0
55-0
43-4
34-6
24-0
44-5
17-0
161
26-1
39-3
52-7
62-8
64-8
61-3
52-0
40-1
30-4
20-9
40-3
21-0
21-6
29-5
44-7
57-5
66-4
69-4
66-7
56-6
43-9
34-0
23-4
44-6
20-6
21-2
29-8
45-0
57-6
66-0
68-5
65-6
56-5
44-2
35-7
22-6
44-5
21-8
24-4
32-6
49-1
59-7
67-5
69-8
68-5
59-8
48-6
38-5
26-2
47-2
...
20-8
21-0
30-2
44-2
558
64-2
67-0
64-8
55-0
43-7
34-2
23-5
43-7
...
25-8
26-6
365
49-5
60-0
68-4
72-5
70-0
61-0
49-3
39-4
31-0
49-2
20-3
21-6
33-0
47-6
59-3
67-6
71-2
68-6
58-1
46-8
360
24-3
46-2
176
171
29-7
453
58-4
66-2
70-2
67-1
57-4
43-6
34-9
23-3
44-2
••«
18-5
20-0
307
45-6
58-3
66-8
70-3
6G-9
55-2
45-0
35-1
24-0
44-7
14-0
16-3
25-3
40-4
55-5
63-4
66-7
65-0
54-9
41-6
29-7
20-4
41-2
13-4
15-1
23-2
40-9
55-6
63-2
66-8
63-8
53-3
40-2
30-2
18-7
40-4
14-5
14-8
25-0
42-5
58-5
G6-4
69-0
66-0
55-2
42-4
32-2
20-6
42-3
9-7
11-5
22-0
38-2
55-5
64-4
68-5
64-1
52-3
40-0
28-4
16-6
39-3
10-5
13-2
23-4
39-8
57-1
65-5
69-8
65-0
53-4
39-0
29-8
16-9
40-3
• ••
123
11-6
22-3
38-0
54-3
63-8
66-6
63-3
51-8
39-5
28-8
16-9
391
131
13-5
23-7
37-2
52-9
63-2
66-2
61-5
50-8
39-6
29-5
17-2
39-0
12-6
12-8
21-6
33-2
46-0
GO-0
64-1
59-5
49-8
37-0
24-0
15-6
36-3
10-7
14-8
21-9
35-2
49-6
02-2
66-6
61-7
51-3
37-3
27-3
16-8
38-0
10-9
11-7
20-8
35-3
51-3
61-8
66-2
62-0
51-1
38-9
25-0
15-4
37-5
6-2
11-0
23-2
34-7
50-0
60-7
64-5
58-6
45-2
360
24-2
103
35-4
...
2-6
5-7
19-2
32-0
46-8
56-7
62-0
56-9
44-7
320
10-6
5-3
31-7
2-3
38
20-1
32-9
49-2
GO-0
65-3
59-1
46-2
35-5
22-3
9-7
33-9
2-3
4-3
19-3
34-2
51-0
58-0
61-5
57-8
46-0
33-4
21-5
6-5
33-0
• ••
5-3
G-9
20-1
331
48-6
60-4
G5-0
59-3
46-4
36-0
22-2
9-6
34-4
>•<
7-8
11-0
22-3
38-1
51-3
GO-4
650
59-0
47-7
38-4
22-8
12-0
36-3
•
11-6
11-4
21-2
37-4
55-0
63-2
68-5
63-6
50-8
38-8
27-5
14-8
38-7
7-0
8-8
20-0
37-2
54-2
63-9
67-8
62-8
50-5
38-3
25-9
13-0
37-4
* ..
6-0
5-5
20-2
37-6
55-7
64-0
66-3
63-5
49-8
37-4
26-3
14-0
37-2
• ••
9-2
8-6
20-6
38-8
55-7
64-6
68-6
64-2
50-8
38-8
25-4
14-6
38-3
G-9.
7-7
19-1
38-7
566
64-8
68-2
64-4
52-4
39-4
26-9
14-4
38-3
...
4-1
3-3
17-6
42-0
58'6
67-4
70-8
G7-1
54-2
39-4
26-2
14-0
387
6-4
4-8
16-0
37-4
58-8
66-9
69-G
68-0
52-0
39-6
25-6
13-6
38-2
...
11-3
11-5
22-5
41-4
59 9
68-9
71-4
68-9
57-2
42-1
31-5
18-0
42-1
12-6'
14-3
25 5
44-2
59'0
67-3
71-6
68'0
55-4
44-4
32-5
19-4
42-8
14-5'
13-6
250
42-8
62-4'
69-7
76-1
72-2
58-3
45-8
32-6
19-0
44-3
...
216
THE VOYAGE OF H.M.S. CHALLENGER.
Stations.
Country.
No. of
Years.
Years
Specified.
Hours of
Observation.
Latitude,
Longitude.
Height,
Feet.
Malyj-Usen,.
Lugan,
Russia
15
1870-84
7: 1,9
o /
50 31
O 1
47 37
95
do.
15
do.
do.
48 35
39 l'n
170
Taganrog, .
do.
15
do.
do.
47 12
38 59
114
Nikolaev,
do.
15
do.
do.
46 58
31 58
62
Odessa,
do.
15
do.
do.
46 29
30 44
214
L. Tarchankut,
do.
15
do.
do.
45 21
32 31
12
Sevastopol, .
do.
15
do.
do.
44 37
33 31
199
Simferopol. .
do.
37
1821-53, '66-72
M.T.
44 56
34 5
853
Theodossija, .
do.
15
1870-84
7 : 1, 9
45 2
35 23
[0]
Kertsch,
do.
15
do.
do.
45 21
36 29
18
Prischib,
do.
15
do.
do.
45 3
38 55
121
Noworossijsk,
do.
15
do.
do.
44 43
37 46
12
Suchum,
do.
15
do.
do.
42 58
40 55
28
Poti, .
do.
15
do.
do.
41 36
42 46
24
Batum,
do.
15
do.
do.
41 40
41 38
10
Eriwan,
do.
15
do.
do.
40 10
44 30
3230
Alexandropol,
do.
20
1849, :51-70
do.
40 48
43 49
4823
Kutais,
do.
15
1870-84
do.
42 16
42 42
550
Tiflis,
do.
15
do.
do.
41 43
44 47
1343
Elissawetpol,
do.
15
do.
do.
40 41
46 21
1456
Wladikawkas,
do.
15
do.
do.
43 2
44 41
2244
Pjatigorsk, .
do.
15
do.
do.
44 3
43 5
1667
Stawropol, .
do.
15
do.
do.
45 3
41 59
1919
Astrachan, .
do.
15
do.
do.
46 21
48 2
-68
Gurjew,
do.
15
do.
do.
47 7
51 55
-58
Boasta,
do.
15
do.
do.
45 47
47 31
-85
Petrovsk,
do.
15
do.
do.
42 59
47 31
-33
Port Alexandrowsky,
do.
15
do.
do.
44 31
50 15
-83
Krassnowodsk,
do.
15
do.
00.
40 0
52 59
-70
Baku, .
do.
15
do.
do.
40 22
49 50
7
Lenkoran, .
do.
15
do.
do.
38 46
48 51
-70
Aschur-Ade,
do.
15
do.
do.
36 54
53 35
-79
Mery, .
do.
1
1885-86
do.
37 36
61 47
936
Samarcand, .
do.
15
1870-84
do.
39 39
66 57
2379
Taschkent, .
do.
15
do.
do.
41 19
69 16
1516
Margelan,
do.
15
do.
do.
40 28
71 43
2000
Aulie-ata,
do.
G
1870-75
do.
42 53
71 23
1620
Karakol,
do.
4*
1881-83, '85-86
do.
42 30
77 26
5400
Wernyj,
do.
15
1870-84
do.
43 16
76 53
2440
Kuldscha, .
do.
4
1853-54, '56-60
do.
43 56
80 56
1706
Petro-Alexandrovsk,
do.
15
1870-84
do.
41 28
61 5
326
Nukuss,
do.
15
do.
do.
42 27
59 37
216
Perowsk,
do.
15
do.
do.
44 51
394
Kasalinsk (Fort),
do.
15
do.
do.
45 46
62" 7
149
Irgis, .
do.
15
do.
do.
48 37
61 16
367
Staro Ssidorowa, .
do.
15
do.
do.
55 26
65 10
322
Akmolinsk, .
do.
15
do.
do.
51 12
71 23
1004
Semipalatinsk,
do.
15
do.
do.
50 24
80 13
594
Ulala, .
do.
15
do.
do.
51 59
86 2
1300
Barnaul,
do
15
do.
do.
53 20
83 47
459
REPORT ON ATMOSPHERIC CIRCULATION.
217
Jan.
Feb.
March.
April.
May.
June.
July.
Aug.
Sept.
Oct.
Nov.
Dec.
,, COITS.
Year- Applied.
o
10-7
o
10-9
o
21-6
40-2
61-8
69-0
75-2
707
o
56-2
O
43-3
30-6
a
16-5
O
42-2
0
18-7
18-2
30-9
47-6
til -J.
68-9
721
70-0
58-8
46-7
37 5
25-8
46-4
...
20-6
21-4
319
48-6
62-2
70-3
73-D
72-4
61-3
49-2
36-9
28-3
48-0
24-9
25-4
353
49-0
61-7
70-2
71-2
71-9
62-4
50-4
41-1
30-0
49-7
...
26-4
26-6
35T>
47-9
60-4
69-4
73-3
71-2
62-:;
516
42-4
32-4
50-0
339
33-4
38-7
47-9
58-9
68-9
74-2
73-0
65-3
55-1
47-7
40-0
53-1
35-8
349
41-5
50-5
60-8
69-2
74-0
72-7
65-3
563
49-8
42 -2
54-4
31-0
32-0
38-9
48-0
58-3
65-2
69-3
69-1
61-0
51-6
43-4
34-2
50-2
31-7
31-5
40-0
50-4
61-5
711
76-0
74-3
66-2
56-5
4S-0
37-8
53-7
30-0
30-6
38-0
49-2
61-2
7(i-:;
75-0
73-8
656
55-4
47-3
37-0
528
27-2
29-0
39-4
50-6
624
69-6
74-8
73-0
63-1
53-1
44-4
33-6
51-7
85-8
35-5
42-4
520
C2-4
69-1
75-5
745
65-0
56"5
48-2
41-7
54-8
43-7
43-0
46-2
55-8
64-3
68-5
74-4
75-2
69-0
63-0
57-2
48-7
59-1
...
42-3
42-6
47-7
54-3
62 7
69-3
74-1
751
r.'.i i
62-4
55-2
47-9
58-6
...
42-8
42-8
47-0
54-0
631
70-4
75-0
76-0
69-S
62-6
56-3
50-0
59-2
...
16-6
23-0
36-4
51-6
65-4
72-0
77-7
79-0
68-5
57-2
46-8
29-6
52-0
ll'-l
15:!
28-6
41-1
53-1
59-5
65-2
6.r7
57-4
46-7
351
21-2
41-8
38-4
41-5
47-8
5G-7
65-6
69-7
74-0
75-3
67-3
612
53-4
45-5
58-0
34-3
35-6
44-1
52-0
65-2
714
76-9
77-3
67-4
57-7
47-7
39-2
55-7
34-5
353
44-4
54-9
64-6
72-0
78-0
77-2
67'5
58-2
47-5
39-2
56-1
244
25-3
34-7
47-5
58-5
640
68-3
67-9
59-5
49-0
40-8
31-5
47-6
...
24-7
241
35-6
48-1
59-7
66-9
71-6
70-8
60-8
51-5
40-7
31-3
48-8
...
25-2
26-5
34-2
46-1
57-4
64-2
CS-N
68-2
58-2
48-4
41-0
32-2
47-5
20-6
21-2
327
49-C
65-1
74-3
78-1
750
63-5
50-6
38-8
28-2
49-8
15-5
16-9
29-3
50-0
65-2
73-4
77-3
75-2
62-6
47-0
35-4
20-8
47-5
...
220
22-5
326
49-0
63-2
71-8
76-8
74-8
63-3
52-11
41-9
27-8
49-8
30-8
32-6
39-0
50-8
62-6
72-0
77-0
765
68-6
58-5
47-6
36-0
54-4
26-0
26-5
37-8
51-2
65-0
74-1
79-3
77-4
66-5
53-7
41-5
3 1-6
52-6
36-5
37-7
47-4
58-7
69-7
78-0
83-3
84'0
74-4
63-0
52-6
43-6
60-7
392
390
44-4
53-7
60-4
74-6
79-8
80-2
72-4
62-8
543
45-1
59 3
39-0
40-4
46-7
56-4
67-6
75-9
79-6
80-6
73-0
63-3
55-2
45-8
60-3
45-2
45-8
51-6
62-0
70-0
77-6
81-7
83-4
78-2
69-0
60-3
51-4
63-0
...
33-3
24-1
50-0
61-2
71-8
(81 -{J)
88-0
85-6
72-7
60-1
50-0
37-0
59-G
...
30-8
34-5
4S-2
58-0
71-0
78-0
81-9
77-2
66-0
56-3
46-7
40-2
57-4
29-6
32-7
48-0
59-5
72-3
78-3
81-6
77-0
63-6
52-9
43-6
37-4
56-4
29-0
31-2
46-4
60-4
71-7
80-0
83-8
81-0
68-0
55-2
43-3
85-1
56-9
24-8
26-7
39-7
55-3
66-5
70-4
73-4
70-3
63-0
49-9
39-2
35-2
51-5
22-8
20-2
35-2
46"2
53-4
60-9
62-4
62-1
54-1
42'4
31-8
25-7
43-1
134
16-8
30-8
52-2
65-5
72-7
75-6
72-7
620
44-4
32-9
19-6
46-6
16-3
20-6
364
54.3
66-2
73-6
767
73-1
64-6
48-1
32-9
257
48-0
23-2
26-4
44-5
59-8
78-6
79-5
83-0
80-4
67-0
51-6
38-2
29-6
54-8
22-0
24-2
41-7
51-7
7M
76-8
80-0
76-8
6.V7
47-8
37-1
27-8
52 4
147
163
34-6
51-7
70-6
75-3
77-8
74-6
62-4
45-0
32-2
21-5
48-1
12-0
12-8
306
49-5
66-7
74-8
77-9
74 -It
62-7
44-6
30-9
19-5
46-4
2-3
3-1
20-7
44-2
64-5
73-0
76-8
73-4
59-3
41-7
26-0
122
41-4
-3-3
-0-6
16-7
40-5
56-5
64-8
68-0
64-3
49-:',
32-7
20-0
6-4
33-8
-1-5
2-3
14-5
35-0
56-3
65-0
69-8
65-0
51-6
355
17-3
5-2
84-6
...
-0-4
2-8
18-1
37-3
58'8
68-5
73-8
68-4
55-4
381
19-0
4-8
:;:i
1-0
1-6
15-3
34-5
53-3
63-5
68-6
62-3
50-6
36-0
18-6
4-3
34-2
-0-9
,4
16-2
33'4
53-1
63-1
68-6
62-5
51-2
35-5
16-7
2-6
33-7
(P
IIYS. I'll
:m. chai
X. EXP.-
—PART 1
r. — 1886
<■)
3
1
218
THE VOYAGE OF H.M.S. CHALLENGER.
Stations.
Country.
Xo. of
Years.
Years
Specified.
Hours of
Observation.
Latitude.
Longitude.
Height.
Feet.
Tomsk,
Russia
15
1870-84
7: 1,9
0
56
30
O 1
84 58
254
Narym,
do.
15
do.
do.
59
21
80 16
197
Omsk, .
do.
15
do.
do.
54
58
73 20
261
Catharinenburg, .
do.
15
do.
do.
56
49
60 38
894
Tobolsk,
do.
15
do.
M.T.
58
12
68 16
355
Dalmatow, .
do.
15
do.
do.
56
13
63 0
330
Irbit, •
do.
15
do.
7: 1, 9
57
41
63 2
223
Bogoslowsk,
do.
15
do.
do.
59
45
60 1
636
Beresow,
do.
15
do.
do.
63
56
65 4
120
Obdorsk,
do.
15
do.
do.
66
31
DG 35
80
GyJaviken, .
do.
1
1880-81
4, 8, n. : etc.
72
20
76 42
[0]
Turueliansk,
do.
10^
1877-87
7: 1,9
65
55
K7 38
60
Euisseisk,
do.
15
1870-84
do.
58
27
92 6
275
Krassnojarsk,
do.
15
do.
do.
56
1
92 49
498
Irkutsk,
do.
15
do.
7: 1,9
52
16
104 16
1536
Udinsk,
do.
4
?
do.
51
49
107 44
2100
Selenjinsk, .
do.
15
1870-84
do.
51
6
106 53
1870
Kjachta,
do.
15
do.
do.
50
20
1()6 35
2356
Urga, .
do.
15
do.
do.
47
55
106 50
4300
"Wercholensk,
do.
15
do.
do.
54
8
105 30
1550
Banschtschikowa, .
do.
15
do.
do.
58
3
108 35
984
Olekminsk, .
do.
15
do.
do.
60
22
120 26
400
Yakutsk,
do.
35
1829-54, '62-73
M.T.
62
2
129 45
334
Marchinskoe,
do.
15
1870-84
7: 1,9
62
10
129 43
535
Werkojansk,
do.
5
1869-72, '83-87
do.
67
34
133 51
460
Sagastyr.
do.
2
1882-84
do.
73
23
126 35
16
Tolstoj Noss,
do.
1
1866-67
M.T.
70
10
82 52
32
Kasatsche, .
do.
3
4
1885-86
do.
70
45
135 58
32
Ljacliow Island, .
do.
1
1886
do.
73
30
142 0
32
Kotelnyj aud Fa-
deew Island,
do.
2
1886
do.
75
0
138 148
32
Ssiedne-Kolymsk,
do.
H
1862, 75-7, '86-7
7: 1,9
67
10
157 10
98
N. Kolyrnsk,
do.
2
1820-23
M.T.
68
32
160 56
32
Port Providence, .
do.
1848-49
hourly
64
30
-173 6
0
Anadyr River,
do.
4
1866-67
6, N. : 8
64
55
177 19
20
Kljutschewskoe, .
do.
2
1885-87
7: 1,9
56
4
160 31
[0]
Petropaulovsk,
do.
7
1828, '46, '48-53
M.T.
53
0
158 39
49
Bering Island,
do.
4
1882-86
do.
55
12
165 55
20
P. Okhotsk,
do.
9i
1843-52
do.
59
20
142 40
12
P. Ayan, .
do.
5|
1843-45, '47-50
7: 2, 9
56
27
138 11
45
Udskoj,
do.
1
1844-45
thrice daily
54
29
134 37
262
P. Karoosakowsky,
do.
2i
1853-54, '68-69
7: 1,9
46
39
142 48
66
Nertschinsk,
do.
15
1870-84
do.
51
19
119 37
2165
Blajoweschtscheusk,
do.
15
do.
do.
50
15
127 38
361
Chabarowka,
do.
15
do.
do.
48
26
135 7
60
Nikolaewsk,
do.
15
do.
do.
53
8
140 45
60
Due, .
do.
15
1864-66, '68, 74-75
M.T.
50
50
142 7
330
Kussunai,
do.
2i
1860-61, '67-69
6: 2,10
47
49
142 20
10
Olga, .
do.
10
1875-85
7: 1,9
43
44
135 20
149
Wladiwostock,
do.
10
do.
do.
43
7
131 54
57
REPORT ON ATMOSPHERIC CIRCULATION.
219
Jan.
Feb.
March .
April.
May.
June.
July.
Aug.
Sept.
Oct.
Nov.
Dec.
Year.
Corrs.
Applied.
o
O
°
o
O
o
o
O
o
o
0
•>
a
o
-3-5
-0-5
16-1
29-9
477
59-8
67-5
60-4
48-6
33-1
134
-1-1
31-0
...
-7-4
-2-0
12-6
30-3
45-5
59-5
67-5
59-1
47-4
30-0
9-5
-■1-1
29-2
-3-1
o-o
15-8
320
50-7
61-6
68-8
62-4
509
33-6
15-6
-0-7
32-8
2-4
5-7
19-7
33-6
50-2
59-1
63-8
59-4
46-8
34-5
21-4
6-6
33-5
-1-9
3-5
18-:;
32-8
507
61-3
67-8
63-5
48-5
34-0
17-8
3-0
33-3
2-6
5-9
18-6
35-1
54-4
62-7
67-2
63-3
49-6
36-3
22-9
8-2
35-6
2-4
4-6
20-3
32-0
52-0
59-9
64-0
60-2
48-1
35-0
20-4
5-8
33-7'
-2-4
3-0
17-8
30-6
46-2
57-7
62-8
57-5
44-7
321
15-6
-0-3
30-3
-10-8
-4-6
10-2
22-8
35-6
50-3
59-6
55-6
39-7
25-9
8-6
-7-0
239
-14-8
-10-8
4-6
15-2
26-1
42-6
560
52-0
35-6
22-3
4-8
-10-6
18-5
-23-1
-29-0
-4-7
0-3
16-5
29-3
34-3
(33-0)
(27-0)
11-1
0-3
-8-3
7-2
-19-3
-9-7
5-6
1 2-8
28-3
45-8
60-4
53-2
38-G
18-1
-2-8
-12-6
16-6
-10-3
0.0
17-1
29-5
45-5
60-8
68-0
60'8
4G-5
30-2
8'4
-7-6
29-0
-4-7
2-0
17-6
34-6
50-0
G2-5
68-6
61-8
48-3
35-0
13-0
-0o
32-5
• • .
-6-8
-1-5
17-0
34-3
48-2
60-8
65-9
60-5
47-6
32-0
12-1
-3-5
30-3
-7-2
-2-4
19-0
35-1
48-4
61-9
68-6
64-G
49-6
31-5
11-1
-2-0
30-0
-14-2
-7-8
13-9
37-8
50-8
64-0
71-7
66-8
52-2
345
109
-8-1
31-0
-12-0
-5-8
15-8
350
48-7
63-0
66-9
61-6
48-6
31-2
9-8
-6-6
29-7
• ■ •
-17-2
-5-1
14-4
34-5
46-8
59-9
64-5
60-1
49-1
28-9
8-4
-8'0
29-0
-19-3
-11-0
11-3
29-0
45-8
58-6
64-4
58-2
45-0
26-4
o-o
-15-9
24-0
-22-6
-13-3
9-6
26-5
43-5
60-0
66-6
59-2
44-8
24-8
-0-8
-17-4
23-4
-33-0
-19-4
1-7
21-7
42-3
59-5
CG-6
58-3
44-4
23-4
-9-3
-29-8
18-9
-45-0
- 35-2
-11-7
14-7
40-1
58-3
65-8
59-8
42-0
15-6
-21-6
-41-0
11-9
-47-5
-29-0
-4-8
17-8
41-6
60-4
67-1
58-5
41-8
17-4
-24-0
-42-3
13-1
-61-2
-51-9
-29-8
40
32-4
51-4
58-6
48-7
32-7
-0-6
-39-5
— 55-5
-1-3
-33-7
-36-4
-29-8
-7-0
14-8
32-0
40-8
38-3
32-4
5-7
-16-2
-28-3
1-0
-28-8
-20-0
-25-1
6-8
20-7
31-3
45-7
47-8
33-3
11-7
-4-7
-20-9
8-1
-35-7
-31-2
-25-1
-35
10-6
10-8
31-5
30-4
38-3
37-6
43-0
33-6
34-2
32-5
27-7
2G-G
1-6
1-0
1-4
-31-2
-35-7
-29-7
-28-3
-10-3
15-3
29-3
50-2
55-2
51-1
38-0
11-1
-6-3
-25-6
12-5
-33-5
-24-3
-12-5
12-9
30-6
47-5
(51-3)
(45-5)
42-8
6-1
-8-2
-21-8
11-4
20-5
16-0
16-2
21-5
28-4
38-0
44-4
42-8
25-5
175
-11-2
-28-8
-4-0
1-7
31-6
42-6
13-8
-8-0
-21:6
-1-4
6-6
18-4
29-4
397
53-8
61-7
55-2
45-7
29-8
15-3
9-4
30-3
17-4
16-0
25-0
32-0
40-8
52-8
58-6
55-4
47-6
36-6
25-0
20-0
35-6
26-4
27-8
27-6
29-6
36-0
41-8
46-6
51-0
4G-7
37-7
30-2
27-6
35-8
-11-8
-9-3
73
20-8
36-1
46-8
55-5
56-3
47-1
26-0
5-6
-10-2
22-5
-8-5
-0-9
13-4
24-2
34-9
44-7
54-2
52-3
44-4
24-5
8-0
-30
24-0
-18-3
-14-8
12-4
28-9
39-6
56-7
61-3
60-3
49 3
29-4
0-7
-22-0
23-6
99
11-1
22-8
35-4
42-8
511
57-9
62-4
55-7
46-0
30-0
16-7
36-9
-20-9
-10-3
10-2
32-2
47-3
61-0
6G-7
60-8
48-2
30-0
4-8
-14-G
26-3
-13-4
-1-2
15-0
35-8
50-9
65-9
72-8
671
55-1
33-8
9-9
-8-7
32-1
-12-4
— 2-2
14-6
362
50-7
64-8
71-2
68-5
55-9
35-8
12-0
-6-8
32-5
-9-2
-3-6
9-8
26-6
38-9
55-6
63-6
62-7
53-0
34-9
12-7
-51
28-2
4-6
8-8
18-3
30-5
42-3
520
60-0
61-6
53-3
40-4
21-2
8-0
33-4
7-2
9-0
19-7
30-6
42-7
50-8
57-6
66-4
53-9
43-5
28-0
14-5
35-6
10-0
16-2
28-3
38-7
47-8
56-7
65-8
68-4
59-0
44-8
276
11-8
39-6
7-4
13-4
27-3
38-6
49-3
58-3
66-8
70-0
61-5
48-6
29-1
12-4
40-2
...
220
THE VOYAGE OF H.M.S. CHALLENGER.
Stations.
Country.
No. of
Years.
Years
Specified.
Hours of
Observation.
Latitude.
Longitude.
Height,
Feet.
Askold,
Russia
10
1875-85
7: 1.9
42 44
0 /
132 21
84
Nemuro,
Japan
6
1881-86
6: 2,10
43 20
145 34
43
Sapporo,
Hakodate, .
do.
6
do.
do.
43 4
141 23
60
do.
6
do.
do.
41 46
140 44
10
do.
do.
14
1859-63, '77-86
do.
41 46
140 44
10
Aomori,
do.
6
1881-86
do.
40 51
140 4.">
33
Akits, .
do.
6
do.
do.
39 42
140 7
33
Miyako,
do.
6
do.
do.
39 38
141 59
1(10
Nobiru,
do.
(1
do.
do.
38 23
141 12
15
Niigata,
do.
6
do.
do.
37 55
139 3
32
Kanazawa, .
do.
6
do.
do.
36 33
136 40
95
Tokio, .
do.
0
do.
do.
35 41
139 45
69
do. .
do.
14
1872-86
do.
35 41
139 45
69
Numazu,
do.
6
1881-86
do.
35 6
138 51
30
Haiuamatsu,
do.
G
do.
do.
34 42
137 43
92
Gifu, .
do.
6
do.
do.
35 27
136 46
49
Kioto, .
do.
6
do.
do.
35 1
135 40
162
Wakayama, .
do.
6
do.
do.
34 14
135 9
49
Osaka, .
do.
6
do.
do.
34 42
135 no
13
Sakai, .
do.
G
do.
do.
35 33
133 13
7
Hiroshima, .
do.
6
do.
do.
34 23
132 27
15
Kochi,
do.
6
do.
do.
33 33
133 34
20
Shimonoseki, :
do.
6
do.
do.
33 58
130 57
L35
Miyasaki,
do.
G
do.
do.
31 56
131 21;
26
Kagoshiraa, .
do.
6
do.
do.
31 35
130 33
13
Nagasaki,
do.
6
do.
do.
32 44
129 52
190
do.
do.
13
1871-78, "81-86
do.
32 44
129 52
190
Nafa, .
Pelevr
2
1856-58
6: 1,10
26 13
128 43
33
Wbnsan,
Corea
2
1884, '87
6: 2,10
39 10
127 25
33
Fusan,
do.
2*
1884-86
do.
35 6
129 2
32
Chemulpho,
do.
U
1884, '87
do.
87 29
126 33
290
Newchwaug,
Manchuria
2
1861-62, '72
M.T.
40 57
122 13
[0]
Si-wau-tse, .
China
2
1873-75
do.
40 59
115 18
3904
Pekin, .
do.
15
1870-84
do.
39 57
116 28
123
Tien-Tsin, .
do.
15
do.
do.
39 9
117 16
29
Taku, .
do.
15
do.
do.
38 59
117 40
18
Tchang - kia-
Tchouang,
do.
3
4
1882-83
: S
38 17
116 14
98
Sung-shu-ehwang,
do.
1
1882-83
: 7
36 7
103 36
4870
I-tschaiig, .
do.
1
1880
M.m.
30 39
111 10
500
Hankow,
do.
5
1877-81
do.
30 32
114 19
260
Kiu-kiang, .
do.
4
1. ST 8-81
do.
29 44
116 8
180
Wuhu,
do.
3
1878-79, '81
do.
31 21
118 21
3.-,
Shanghai,
do.
18
1.S47-64
do.
31 14
121 28
[0]
Zei-ki-wei, .
do.
12
1873-84
M.T.
31 12
121 26
23
Foochow,
do.
u
1886-87
do.
26 1
119 38
34
Kelung,
do.
2
1873-75
7: 1,9,9
25 20
121 46
49
South Cape,
do.
1*
1886-87
M.T.
21 55
120 51
121
Hai-fung,
do.
22 53
115 15
Canton,
do.
"i
1829-31, '76
do.
23 12
113 17
39
REPORT ON ATMOSPHERIC CIRCULATION.
221
Jan.
Feb.
March
April.
May.
June.
July.
Aug.
Sept,
Oct.
Nov.
Dec.
Years.
Corrs
Applied.
o
O
o
o
O
0
O
o
O
O
O
O
o
o
10-3
16-3
28-4
37-4
483
•F»7-7
GO-0
69-0
01-1
48-0
28-8
12-5
40-2
23-6
21-1
26-4
36-0
43-6
51-0
60-5
65-0
59-2
50-0
39-9
28-6
42-1
20-5
21-8
27-8
■411-0
50-2
58-8
07-2
09-9
00-9
48-6
30-2
24-2
43-8
27-9
27-2
31-8
42-2
49-6
57-7
65-7
70-4
03-n
52-1
39-7
30-0
40-5
27-4
28-7
34-3
43-7
51-8
58-9
06-7
70-1
64-1
53-0
41-3
31-8
47-0
27-6
26-9
32-1
43-4
51-9
01-3
69-4
72-9
64-8
52-6
40-5
30-2
47-8
30-7
30-0
34-8
46-6
55-5
04-0
72-5
74-8
07-2
54-3
42-8
33-8
50-6
31-8
31-2
35-0
45-1
53-0
59-8
07-4
71-8
04-9
53-6
43-5
33-8
49-2
32-5
32-8
36-7
47-0
55-3
03-2
72-0
7/V8
69-2
50-2
45-5
35-9
51-8
34-8
34-4
38-1
49-1
57-2
04-9
74-1
77-3
70-0
58-9
47-8
37-7
53-7
:;;,-:;
34-9
39-9
50-6
58-6
07-1
74-0
77-5
70-3
59-5
48-4
40-3
54-8
36-7
37-4
42-3
53-3
60-5
68-2
74-7
77-4
70-8
00-3
49-2
40-2
55-9
36-4
37-8
43-8
53-0
62-0
08-4
76-1
77-6
70-9
59-3
48-0
410
50-3
40-4
40-4
45-3
55-3
021
09-1
75-4
77-4
72-4
63-3
52-5
■ 43-3
581
39-8
40-4
45-2
55-8
02-7
09-3
76-0
78-1
72-8
64-0
52-5
43-0
58-3
36-0
37-3
42-6
53-9
02-1
09-8
77-5
78-9
72-1
62-1
49-2
39-5
50-8
35-9
365
41-4
53-1
01-0
70-2
77-2
79-0
72-3
61-5
48-4
38-8
56-3
39-7
39-4
44-7
56-1
03-0
70-9
77-9
80-1
74-3
63-3
52-0
43-9
58-8
37-9
37-9
43-0
54-5
02-0
70-5
78-4
80-2
73-4
02-6
.r)(l-4
41-4
57-7
38-3
37-6
43-0
52-5
001
08-0
70-0
78-8
71-2
01-5
50-3
41-7
56-6
38-0
38-5
43-5
54-0
62-2
09-5
77-5
79-7
73-0
62-6
.",0-4
41-2
57-6
41-2
43-3
47-6
58-3
04-0
70-8
70-6
78-1
74-5
05-1
53-1
43-3
59-7
40-8
40-3
453
53-8
01-5
08-2
76-0
78-8
73-0
040
53-1
444
58-3
43-3
435
49-7
59-4
05-4
72-3
77-8
79-0
74-0
05-4
53-6
45-0
60-7
43-6
43-8
510
60-3
65-7
72-1
786
79-7
75-0
06-0
55-2
45-6
60-8
41-8
41-4
47-3
57-6
03-8
70-4
77-7
79-8
74-3
04-8
53-4
44-4
59-8
42-0
43-1
49-5
58-9
05-7
71-8
80-5
80-3
75-2
06-0
54-5
40-0
61-1
61-0
60-3
64-2
68-7
75-4
79-3
83 ■;,
81-9
80-6
77-9
69-8
04-9
72-3
28-3
31-6
40-6
51-2
ei-o
65-1
03 3
73-5
07-4
56-8
44-2
33-0
50-2
33-0
33-8
43-5
.52-6
60-4
00-6
73-4
76-8
70-8
00-3
40-9
30-1
54-5
23-9
28-0
30-5
50-0
61-9
05-7
76-3
78-1
08-1
59-2
40-9
29-1
51-5
10-4
18-5
31-8
47-5
00-3
71-5
77-7
75-4
05-4
50-5
376
19-4
47-2
2-5
11-7
27-1
38-1
52-9
03-0
05-2
05-2
52-9
39-0
20-1
12-6
37-5
23-4
28-6
41-5
56-9
08-7
77-3
79-3
70-9
07 0
54-7
37-7
20-7
53-3
26-9
30-0
440
56-2
68-0
77-7
81-2
78-5
70-0
58-4
40-6
297
552
23 4
311-2
40-8
57-7
08-3
77-0
77-4
77-4
07-8
54-0
38-7
28-:;
53-4
26-2
28-0
41-0
56-5
08-5
79-7
57-4
38-1
24-4
17-8
23-3
39-6
5.V8
40-0
36-9
21-7
39-6
41-9
55-6
62-1
73-9
78-4
80-4
79-0
75-0
70-0
56-0
43-5
63-0
37-9
41-0
50-0
01 -7
71-4
78-4
84-0
83-5
77-2
65-3
54-3
42-4
• 02-2
37-4
42-6
50-5
61-9
72-7
77-9
85-3
84-7
77-5
00-7
55-0
43-3
63-1
39-0
44-8
49 1
.r)8-5
08 -5
75-2
82-0
82-8
70-1
03-9
53-4
423
61-3
38-3
39-4
46-5
.r>0-6
05-6
73-7
82-3
81-9
74-3
04-6
51 -4
42-3
59-7
36-9
39-7
46-6
57-0
06-4
73-8
81-1
80-2
73-8
03-7
51-1
41-4
59-4
50-6
48-8
(58'0)
62-7
67-5
70-11
80-4
80-8
74-7
08-8
02-1
52-4
05-5
57-9
58-6
C2-0
66-4
74-0
81-0
82-9
81-9
79-8
74-0
66-6
02-8
70-8
09-0
68-3
(69-8)
71-9
70-2
79-5
79-9
78-2
77-2
77-3
72-2
09-0
74-0
61-7
63-9
667
74-7
82-0
84-7
84 -f)
84-0
83-3
79-2
73-0
69-1
75-6
54-6
57-6
64-5
70-4
70-5
82-8
82-3
81-2
79-0
73-8
64-0
56-6
70-3
'2-2-2
THE VOYAGE OF H.M.S. CHALLENGER.
Stations.
Country.
No. of
Years.
Years
Specified.
Hours of
Observation.
Latitude.
Longitude.
Height,
Feet.
Hong Kong,
China
15
1870-84
M.m.
o
22
IS
O i
114 10
4:;
Victoria Peak,
do.
15
do.
do.
22
0
114 0
1816
Cape Aguilar.
do.
15
do.
do.
22
12
114 18
170
Macao,
do.
15
do.
51. T.
22
11
113 32
26
Hanoi, .
Tonquin
If
1877-79
6 : 3, 10
21
1
105 48
4;.
Hue, .
do.
6
l.ssl-86
M.T.
16
.>.>
107 38
20
Tugucgaras,
Philippine Islands
->
lssi-82
do.
17
37
121 30
12.".
Manila,
do.
15
1870-84
do.
14
35
120 .".9
54
Ilo Ilo,
do.
H
1863-65
do.
9
30
123 30
0
Hatzfeldthafen,
East Indies
l"
1886-87
do.
-4
24
145 14
10
Moresby Bay,
do.
1|
1875-76
do.
-9
32
146 10
278
Solomon Island, .
do.
g
1882-84
do.
-6
ii
156 0
0
Bismarck Island, .
do.
2
1883-84
thrice dailv
-4
20
152 30
[0]
Amboina,
do.
5
1850-54
6, 9 : 3, 10
— >i
45
128 15
39
Bandjermassing. .
do.
S
1851-58
do.
-3
0
111 30
10
Banjoewangi,
do.
8
1850-57
do.
— 8
17
114 27
26
Buitenzorg, .
do.
8
1848-55
do.
-6
37
106 49
910
Batavia,
do.
15
1870-84
hourly
-6
11
106 50
23
Samarang, .
do.
H
?
8, N. : 4, 8
-6
57
110 :ili
20
Bogodjampie,
do.
~6
•>
9
-8
24
114 24
279
Palembang, .
do.
G
1850-53, '55-56
6, 9 : 3, 10
_2
50
104 53
20
Padang,
do.
4
1850-53
do.
-0
56
100 2
240
Laliat, .
do.
8
1 8 1 5-52
6, N. : 7
-3
12
104 36
82::
Saigon,
Cochin China
6
LS74-79
M.m.
10
47
L06 42
10
Bankok,
Siam
10
1858-67
M.T.
1.",
38
100 27
[0]
Singapore, .
Malay Peninsula
15
1870-84
M.m.
1
15
103 31
24
Karnes Lighthouse,
do.
2
1866-67
do.
1
9
103 44
65
Malacca,
do.
2
1885-86
do.
2
10
102 14
12
Kwala Lumpor, .
do.
1
1884
9: 9
3
10
101 51
177
Wellesley,
do.
2
1885-86
M.m.
5
22
100 30
43
Penang,
do.
2
1885-86
do.
5
24
100 20
20
Nancowry, .
India
15
1870-84
M.T.
S
0
93 46
81
Port Blair, .
do.
15
do.
do.
11
41
92 42
61
Mergui,
do.
15
do.
do.
12
11
98 38
96
Moulmein, .
do.
15
do.
do.
16
29
97 40
94
Diamond Island, .
do.
15
do.
do.
15
52
94 19
41
Bassein,
do.
15
do.
do.
16
4
94 50
35
Rangoon,
do.
15
do.
do.
16
46
96 12
41
Toungoo,
do.
15
do.
do.
18
57
96 24
169
Thayetmyo, .
do.
15
do.
do.
19
22
95 12
134
Akyab,
do.
15
do.
do.
20
28
92 57
20
Chittagong, .
do.
15
do.
do.
22
21
91 50
87
Saugor Island,
do.
15
do.
do.
21
39
88 5
25
Calcutta,
do.
15
do.
do.
22
32
88 20
21
Berhamporc.
do.
15
do.
do.
24
6
88 17
66
Dacca,
do.
15
do.
do.
23
43
90 27
35
Silchar,
do.
15
do.
do.
24
49
92 50
104
Sibsagar,
do.
15
do.
do.
26
59
94 40
333
Goalpara,
do.
15
do.
do.
26
11
90 40
395
Darjeeling, .
do.
17
1868-84
do.
27
3
88 18
7421
REPORT ON ATMOSPHERIC CIRCULATION.
223
Jan.
0
Feb.
March.
April.
May.
JUIR'.
Juiy.
Aug.
Sept.
Oct.
Nov.
Dec.
Year.
Corrs.
Applied.
O
0
o
O
o
O
O
O
o
o
0
O
°
59-6
59-8
64-3
73-0
79-6
83-5
si-;,
83-8
82-3
78-3
70-2
62-7
73-5
53-0
53-6
60-0
67-9
73-2
760
7 7 -8
77-4
75-0
72-0
63-8
56-5
67-2
58-6
59-6
63-6
70-7
77-1
81-4
83-2
83-2
81-2
77-8
69-8
62-5
72-4
61-4
60-6
65-2
73-3
81-0
84-5
X.V2
85-0
83-9
80-8
70-4
63-7
74-0
60-1
623
06-2
76-1
83-8
88-5
87-6
85-1
80-8
782
72-1
66-9
75-6
67-1
67-5
71-6
75.4
84-0
83-8
83-1
83-5
79-7
79-3
72-1
67-0
76-2
72-6
73-9
75-3
77-7
S 1-.I
82-3
81-9
81-1
80-0
77-7
76-1
73-6
77-8
...
76-9
78-2
80-6
831
84-0
SL'i
80-2
80-0
79-8
79-6
78-8
77-0
80-0
...
77-0
7(5-1
77-2
79-3
80-1
80-6
79-3
79-0
80-2
78-3
79 0
77-9
78-7
80-0
80-2
797
79-4
79-0
78-3
78-9
79-6
79-7
79-4
79-5
79-4
79-4
82-3
83-6
82-1
81-9
81-2
80-4
79-0
78-8
79-2
80-9
82-8
82-8
81-3
83-0
84-6
82-6
81-9
81-9
81-9
82-0
81-5
...
76-6
78-2
76-7
75-2
77-7
77-2
76-2
75-9
75-7
76-2
77-0
77-5
76-6
80-5
80-7
80-5
79-5
79-0
78-0
77-1
77-3
77-7
79-0
80-5
80-7
792
80-2
80-4
80-8
81-3
81-5
80-9
79-4
80-0
80-8
81-3
80-9
79-9
80-G
80-1
79-8
80-6
81-1
80-0
80-0
78-5
78-4
79-1
SO-4
80-4
80-3
79-9
76-4
75-5
76-5
77-3
77-4
76-7
757
76-7
77-7
78-0
77-4
78-9
76-9
77-5
77-6
78-5
79-3
79-4
78-6
78-1
78-5
79-2
79-1
79-2
78-1
78-6
78-6
79-3
78-8
80-8
80-4
79-2
78-4
80-1
80-8
81-9
81-3
79-7
79-9
79-2
78-8
78-8
78-4
77-5
74-8
72-3
75-0
77-9
79-3
79-3
79-5
77-5
79-7
80-0
80-7
80-7
81-1
80-3
80-0
79-9
81-0
80-8
80-fi
79-8
80-4
79-6
79-7
80-0
80-2
80-8
80-2
797
79-3
79-6
79-1
79-1
79-3
79-7
...
79-3
80-1
81-0
81-5
81-1
80-8
80-6
80-2
80-2
81-1
so-:!
79-5
80-5
77-5
SI 1-1
83-3
83-7
84-9
81-5
81-5
81-0
80-6
80-6
79-2
77-7
81-0
7(3-1
791
82-5
83-4
82-3
82-3
81-4
81-4
80-3
80-1
76-8
74-8
80-1
...
80-1
82-6
84-4
83-6
S2-4
82-4
81-6
80-4
82-4
82-6
81-3
79-5
82-0
79-8
78-7
80-3
80-8
81-1
80-9
si i-4
80-3
80-3
80-0
81-3
79-6
80-3
-8-0
81-7
82-2
s:;-i
82-8
82-2
82-0
82-4
81-6
82-1
81-8
81-8
80-6
82-1
76-5
77-9
78-9
78-5
79-7
79-0
78-2
78-6
78-3
77-9
77-4
76-2
78-1
83-6
83-9
85-0
86-0
84-2
83-2
82-8
82-5
81-8
82-4
81-7
81-8
83-1
82-6
83-5
85-1
85-0
83-6
82-8
82-6
81-4
80-0
80-9
80-6
80-9
82-5
79-4
80-8
81-1
82-6
81-2
80-6
80-2
79-5
79-6
78-8
79-0
78-8
80-1
79-4
80-1
81-9
83-5
81-1
80-3
80-0
79-7
79-5
79-6
80-0
79-4
80-4
76-6
78-4
80-2
80-0
S0-4
77-1
76-3
77-1
76-3
771
76-8
76-1
77.71
75-2
77-7
81-6
82-9
81-8
78-3
77-2
77-4
78-0
79-6
78-4
7I;-:.
78-7
75-6
77-0
79-7
81-6
82-0
80-2
78-7
79-0
78-5
79-7
78-5
77-8
79-0
71-8
74-8
80-1
82-0
82-0
79-4
78-2
78-4
78-0
78-5
77-2
74-1
77-9
75-1
77-6
81-4
83-6
82-5
79-2
78-2
78-1
78-5
79-7
78-2
70-0
79-0
70-5
73-7
80-1
84-2
83-1
79-2
78-1
78-3
79-8
80-0
77-1
727
78-1
68-6
72-8
82-0
87-0
86-5
81-2
80-6
80-5
81-0
80-3
76-1
71-5
79-0
69-6
72-8
78-9
83-4
841
81-4
80-6
80-9
81-9
81-4
77-5
71-9
78-7
67-5
7n-7
77-5
81-6
82-0
81-0
80-8
81-0
81-1
79-8
74-;;
CS-0
77-1
...
67-4
72-9
80-0
83-8
85-0
85-0
82-9
82-8
82-8
80-2
73-7
GG-8
78-6
...
66-G
72-0
79-6
84-2
84-6
84-2
82-8
82-5
82-6
80-4
73-8
GG-9
78-3
G4-6
69-2
78-3
85-3
84.7
84-0
83-3
82-0
83-0
80-4
73-0
65-8
77-8
...
66-6
71-5
79-4
83-0
83-3
83-7
83-7
83-6
83-6
81-8
75-0
68-3
78-6
63-5
67-0
73-4
78-0
79-5
81-7
82-4
81-9
81-7
79-7
73-0
65-8
75-6
...
58-9
62-6
68-2
74-0
78-2
82-8
83-8
83-4
82-4
77-4
68-4
60-6
73-4
62-8
67-2
74-2
77-5
78-5
80-2
81-5
81-7
80-8
77-9
71-5
64-5
74-9
39-5
40-9
47-9
53-8
55-8
59-6
60-9
60-7
58-6
54-4
47-8
41-8
51-8
...
224
THE VOYAGE OF H.M.S. CHALLENGER.
Stations.
Country.
No. of
Years
Years
Specified.
Hours of
Observation.
Latitude.
Longitude.
Height,
Feet.
Purneah,
India
15
1870-84
M.T.
O 1
25 50
O 1
87 34
125
Gya, .
Hazaribagb,
do.
15
do.
do.
24 42
85 2
375
do.
15
do.
do.
24 0
85 24
2007
Patna.
do.
15
do.
do.
25 37
85 14
183
Gorakhpur. .
do.
15
do.
do.
26 46
83 18
256
Benares,
do.
15
do.
do.
25 20
83 2
267
Allahabad, .
do.
15
do.
do.
25 26
81 52
307
Lucknow,
do.
15
do.
do.
26 50
81 0
369
Bareilly,
do.
15
do.
do.
28 21
79 27
568
Ludhiana. .
do.
15
do.
do.
30 55
75 54
812
Sirsa, .
do.
15
do.
do.
29 32
75 6
662
Chakrata,
do.
17
1868-84
do.
.".ii 40
77 55
7(i.r.-'
Roorkee,
do.
15
1870-84
do.
29 52
77 56
887
Delhi, .
do.
15
do.
do.
28 40
77 16
718
Jeypore,
do.
15
do.
do.
26 55
75 50
1431
Ajmere,
do.
15
do.
do.
26 28
74 37
1611
Neemuch,
do.
15
do.
do.
24 25
75 0
1639
Agra. .
do.
15
do.
do.
27 10
78 5
555
Jhansi,
do.
15
do.
do.
25 27
78 37
855
Raipur,
do.
15
do.
do.
21 15
81 41
960
Sambalpur, .
do.
15
do.
do.
21 31
84 1
463
('attack,
do.
15
do.
do.
20 9
85 54
80
False Point. .
do.
15
do.
do.
20 0
86 47
21
Visagapatam,
do.
15
• do.
do.
17 42
83 22
31
Sironcha,
do.
15
do.
do.
18 51
80 0
401
Chauda,
do.
15
do.
do.
19 56
79 19
652
Nagpur,
do.
15
do.
do.
21 9
79 11
1025
Akola, .
do.
15
do.
do.
20 42
77 4
930
Secunderabad,
do.
15
do.
do.
17 27
78 33
1787
Masulipatam,
do.
15
do.
do.
16 9
81 12
10
Sholapur,
do.
15
do.
do.
17 41
75 56
1590
Bellary,
do.
15
do.
do.
15 9
76 57
1455
Bangalore, .
do.
15
do.
do.
12 59
77 38
2981
Madras,
do.
15
do.
do.
18 4
80 14
22
Salem, .
do.
15
do.
do.
11 39
78 12
940
Negapatarn, .
do.
15
do.
do.
10 46
79 53
15
Trichinopoly,
do.
15
do.
do.
10 50
78 44
275
Madura,
do.
15
do.
do.
9 55
78 10
448
Jaffna, .
do.
15
do.
do.
9 40
79 56
9
Trincomalee,
do.
15
do.
do.
8 33
81 15
175
Batticaloa, .
do.
15
do.
do.
7 43
81 44
26
Hambantota,
do.
15
do.
do.
6 7
81 7
4(1
Galle, .
do.
15
do.
do.
6 1
80 14
48
Colombo,
do.
15
do.
do.
6 56
79 52
40
Putaleru,
do.
15
do.
do.
8 0
80 5
[0]
Kandy,
do.
15
do.
do.
7 18
80 40
1696
Newera Eliya,
do.
15
do.
do.
6 46
80 47
6240
Amina Divi,
do.
H
1885-86
do.
11 6
72 48
15
Cochin,
do.
15
1870-84
do.
9 58
76 17
11
Coimbatore, .
do.
15
do.
do.
11 0
77 0
1348
REPORT ON ATMOSPHERIC CIRCULATION.
225
Jan.
Feb.
Mar.
April.
May.
June.
July.
Aug.
Sept.
Oct.
Nov.
Dec.
Year.
Corrs.
Applied.
o
O
0
o
o
o
O
O
O
a
o
O
o
0
62-3
66-7
76-1
84-0
83-7
84-7
84-0
84-0
83-3
79-6
71-2
63-4
76-2
...
64-3
696
80-5
89-5
91-8
89-3
84-5
83-9
84-2
80-2
71-5
64-5
79-5
...
61-0
65-2
74-8
83-5
85-3
82-4
78-4
77-7
77-7
74-0
67-0
61-0
74-0
...
61-0
66-0
77-6
86-8
88-5
88-0
84-8
84-1
84-0
79-6
70-2
62-4
77-7
60-3
65-2
76-2
85-8
87-8
87-9
84-1
83-7
83-8
79-0
69-0
61-7
77-0
61-0
66-2
77-3
87-0
91-3
91-3
85-0
84-3
83-3
78-0
68-3
60-8
78-0
60-6
65-6
78-2
87-8
92-3
91-2
85-0
83-8
83-0
77-6
67-6
60-6
77-8
...
60-5
66-2
76-9
87-4
91-8
91-9
86-3
85-4
84-5
78-7
68-5
CO-8
78-2
57-2
62-3
72-5
83-2
88-0
89-0
84-7
83-3
82-3
76-0
65-3
57-7
75-1
52-0
57-4
67-8
78-2
85-5
90-5
86-7
85-8
82-6
74-8
62-3
54-1
73-1
...
55-8
60-0
71-3
82-3
89-2
93-6
88-8
88-3
85-0
78-0
64-4
568
76-1
...
42-4
43-3
51-1
59-9
64-6
673
64-2
64-1
63-0
57-7
51-2
46-3
56-3
56-4
60-6
70-5
81-9
87-8
90-0
84-5
83-7
82-4
75-0
64-0
56-9
74-5
58-3
62-5
74-4
84-6
89-7
93-5
8G-8
8C-1
84-1
78-3
67-8
60-1
77-2
60-8
63-6
76-0
85-3
90-2
90-6
84-1
82-0
82-5
77-5
69-1
61-8
77-0
...
57-8
61-5
72-3
83-4
89-2
87-5
82-2
79-7
80-8
74-6
66-0
58-8
74-5
62-2
65-3
75-7
84-0
88-8
86-8
79-0
78-2
77-7
75-8
67-2
62-8
75-3
...
60-2
65-3
76-7
88-1
93-9
94-4
87-0
85-3
84-3
79-6
69-5
61-8
78-8
63-2
68-0
78-8
89-0
94-9
93-1
83-8
82-7
82-4
80-5
72-8
C4-6
79-5
66-8
71-9
79-9
88-9
92-4
85-5
78-8
79-1
79-5
77-0
7O0
65-8
78-0
67-3
72-6
80-6
89-2
92-9
87-5
80-5
80-5
81-6
79-2
71-6
66-2
79-2
71-5
76-0
83-0
87-4
88-6
86-2
83-2
83-2
83-1
81-3
75-0
70-0
80-7
...
67-0
72-3
78-0
81-8
83-5
83-6
81-5
81-3
81-4
79-2
72-2
' 66-0
77-3
75-8
78-8
83-3
86-3
87-8
87-7
85-2
85-3
84-7
83-3
79-3
75-2
82-7
71-0
77-8
85-4
91-8
93-9
87-3
80-8
80-2
80-6
79-2
72-8
69-3
80-8
68-5
74-2
82-2
89-6
93-2
86-7
80-0
79-7
79-3
76-7
69-9
66-0
78-8
68-4
73-6
82-0
88-8
93-0
85-8
79-1
79-3
79-0
77-1
70-6
67-0
78-G
68-4
73-1
81-6
89-0
93-1
85-5
79-4
79-1
78-3
76-3
70-4
66-3
78-4
70-0
75-7
82-1
87-1
88-8
82-0
77-2
77-2
76-3
76-0
71-8
69-0
77-8
74-7
76-8
80-8
84-7
88-0
87-2
84-0
83-6
82-6
81-0
77-4
74-3
81-3
71-6
76-8
83-4
86-2
89-0
81-2
78-6
77-8
77-0
77-2
73-6
70-0
78-5
73-1
78-5
85-4
89-1
88-0
83-2
80-7
80-8
79-9
78-9
75-2
72-2
80-4
67-3
71-8
70 -8
80-1
78-5
74-2
72-2
72-1
71-0
71-8
69-7
67-3
72-8
75-9
76-3
81-3
84-6
87-2
87-2
85-2
84-4
83-5
80-8
77-7
75-9
81-7
75-5
78-8
83-8
86-6
85-2
82-7
81-2
80-5
80-3
78-9
76-8
75-0
80-4
76-4
78-0
81-8
84-8
85-9
85-6
84-3
83-2
82-6
81-0
78-3
76-3
81-5
75-7
78-5
83-2
87-3
87-7
8G-3
85-2
83-9
83-1
80-5
77-7
75-5
82-1
77-1
79-2
82-8
85-7
85-6
85-0
84-5
83-4
82-9
80-8
78-7
76-9
8V9
78-0
79-5
83-2
85-8
85-5
84-2
83-2
82-9
82-8
82-0
79-8
78-0
82-1
78-4
79-8
81-9
84-5
85-2
85-0
84-9
84-4
83-4
81-6
79-2
78-3
82-1'
78-0
79-0
81-2
83-C
84-6
85-1
84-7
83'9
83-4
81-9
79-6
78-2
81-9
78-8
79-7
81-0
82-7
82-0
81-6
81-2
80-8
80-7
80-6
79-7
79 -1
80-7
78-2
79-6
81-2
82-0
81-8
80-6
79-9
80-0
80-1
79-8
79-2
7S-.r)
80-1
79-5
80-5
82-0
83-2
82-9
81-6
81-1
80-9
81-8
80-7
80-2
79-8
81-1
77-2
78-4
81-3
82-9
82-7
81-3
81-0
80-8
81-0
80-4
78-8
77-4
80-3
74-1
76-1
78-7
79-1
78-9
76-5
75-7
75-8
75-9
75-9
75-4
74-5
76-4
57-4
57-3
58-9
60-0
61-2
59-3
58-4
58-8
58-7
59-0
58-7
58-0
58-8
...
79-6
80-3
82-2
(83-0)
84-1
81-6
79-4
80-3
80-4
80-3
80-1
79-3
80-9
...
78-7
80-2
82-5
83-8
81-9
78-4
77-3
77-7
78-1
78-8
79-4
78-8
79-6
...
73-8
77-0
81-2
83-2
81-3
78-1
76-8
76-9
77-2
77-0
75-6
73-8
77-6
(PHYS. CHEM. CHALL. EXP. PART V. 1889.)
35
226
THE VOYAGE OF H.M.S. CHALLENGER.
Stations.
Country.
No. of
Years.
Years
Specified.
Hours of
Observation.
Latitude.
Longitude.
Height,
Feet.
Mangalore, .
India
15
1870-84
M.T.
O 1
12 52
O '
74 54
52
Karwar,
do.
15
do.
do.
14 50
74 15
44
Goa,
do.
15
do.
do.
15 21
73 56
23
Belgaum,
do.
15
do.
do.
15 52
74 42
2550
Ratnagiri,
do.
15
do.
do.
17 6
73 23
110
Poorja, .
do.
15
do.
do.
18 28
74 10
1849
Bombay,
do.
15
do.
do.
18 54
72 49
37
Surat, .
do.
15
do.
do.
21 13
72 46
36
Malegaon,
do.
15
do.
do.
20 34
74 22
1430
Khandwa.
do.
15
do.
do.
21 49
76 23
1024
Hoshangabad,
do.
15
do.
do.
22 45
77 46
1020
Jubbulpore, .
do.
15
do.
do.
23 9
71) 59
1341
Indore,
do.
15
do.
do.
22 40
75 53
1825
Deesa, .
do.
15
do.
do.
24 16
72 14
466
Rajkot,
do.
15
do.
do.
22 17
70 52
429
Bhuj, .
do.
15
do.
do.
23 15
69 42
395
Kurrachee, .
do.
15
do.
do.
24 47
67 4
49
Hyderabad, .
do.
15
do.
do.
25 25
68 27
134
Pachpadra, .
do.
15
do.
do.
25 55
72 18
380
Jacobabad, .
do.
15
do.
do.
28 24
68 18
186
Bikaneer,
do.
15
do.
do.
27 59
73 14
744
Mooltan,
do.
15
do.
do.
30 10
71
420
Lahore,
do.
15
do.
do.
31 34
74 20
732
Ludhiana, .
do.
15
do.
do.
30 55
75 54
812
Sialkot,
do.
15
do.
do.
32 29
74 35
829
Rawalpindi, .
do.
35
do.
do.
33 38
73 5
1652
Peshawar, .
do.
15
do.
do.
34 2
71 37
1110
Murree,
do.
15
do.
do.
33 54
73 27
6344
Dera Ismail Khan,
do.
15
do.
do.
32 0
71 5
573
Quetta,
Beloochistan
8
18G8-85
do.
30 11
67 3
5500
Kaschgar,
Turkestan
1
1886-87
do.
39 25
76 7
4000
Yarkand,
do.
1
1874-75
do.
3.8 25
77 16
4124
Bushire,
Persia
9
1878-86
do.
28 59
50 49
25
Shiraz,
do.
1
1884-85
M.m.
29 39
52 40
4500
Teheran,
do.
3
1884-86
7: 1, 9
51 25
35 41
3714
Do.
do.
3
dp.
do.
51 25
35 41
4739
Mosul, .
Turkey in Asia
2
1854-55
M.m.
36 22
43 14
400
Bagdad,
do.
1
1861-62
do.
33 21
44 26
40
Pawana,
do.
i
do.
do.
31 10
45 15
[0]
Muscat,
Arabia
3|
1872-75, '84, '85
M.T.
23 38
58 36
32
Aden, .
do.
H
1880-84
do.
12 45
45 3
94
Djedda,
do.
6
1881-86
do.
21 30
39 22
20
Jerusalem, .
Syria
19
1863-81
M.m.
31 47
35 13
2400
Damascus, .
do.
1
?
do.
33 32
36 20
2352
Beyrout,
do.
11
1876-86
do.
35 28
33 54
112
Larnaca,
Cyprus
4
1863-67
do.
34 55
33 39
25
Do.
do.
4
do.
do.
34 55
33 39
300 ■
Trebizonde, .
Asia Minor
15
1870-84
do.
44 1
39 45
92
Do. .
do.
3
1843-44, '48, '49
do.
44 1
39 45
108
Samsoun,
do.
H
1880-82
do.
41 18
36 21
26
REPORT ON ATMOSPHERIC CIRCULATION.
227
Jan.
Feb.
Mar.
April.
May.
June.
July.
Aug.
Sept.
Oct.
Nov.
Dec.
Year.
Corrs.
Applied.
o
O
o
o
o
0
O
O
Q
O
0
O
o
o
76-5
77-7
81-0
83-2
82-6
78-2
76-8
76-8
77-0
77-8
78-6
77-2
78-6
...
75-4
75-8
80-6
81-7
83-2
78-7
77-8
77-0
76-9
77-7
77-0
75-9
78-1
...
79-4
81-6
83-2
85-0
86-1
82-4
80-0
79-3
79-3
80-7
82-8
82-1
81-8
...
71-9
76-3
79-9
80-8
79-8
73-7
70-8
70-2
70-7
74-1
73-6
71-6
74-4
...
74-9
75-3
78-7
82-1
83-7
80-2
78-7
78-1
77-9
78-8
77-3
75-1
78-4
...
71-8
76-7
82-8
85-7
85-0
79-2
75-1
74-8
75-0
77-7
75-6
71-8
77-6
73-8
751
79-0
82-1
84-3
83-0
80-6
79-9
79-6
80-4
78-6
76-0
79-4
69-8
72-7
79-4
84-5
85-7
84-2
81-0
80-8
79-8
79-7
74-5
70-4
78-5
67-4
72-1
79-8
85-3
87-8
82-7
78-2
77-4
76-5
76-0
70-1
66-0
76-6
67-0
71-4
80-1
87-5
92-2
87-0
79-4
78-7
78-5
76-7
69-8
65-5
77-8
65-8
70-2
79-5
87-8
92-6
87-5
79-1
78-5
79-3
77-0
70-2
65-9
77-8
61-8
66-3
75-9
84-8
90-6
86-4
78-8
78-2
78-5
74-0
65-5
60-9
75-1
63-7
67-0
75-5
82-7
87-8
83-3
76-4
76-0
75-4
73-9
65-8
61-7
74-1
67-1
71-5
81-3
87-8
92-4
90-0
83-0
81-5
81-6
80-3
73-7
69-3
80-0
...
66-3
70-4
77-9
84-0
88-3
86-3
81-6
80-4
79-6
80-0
72-3
67-1
77-8
667
69-2
78-8
83-4
87-1
86-0
82-4
81-0
81-1
81-7
73-6
67-9
78-2
65-2
68-8
76-4
80-2
85-7
86-6
83-6
81-7
81-8
79-8
72-5
67-9
77-5
63-2
67-1
77-3
85-8
91-4
90-7
87-2
85-0
84-9
82-9
72-5
63-8
79-3
60-3
63-6
74-4
85-4
92-0
92-3
87-5
83-4
84-3
80-2
68-4
61-8
77-8
57-3
62-8
733
83-4
92-0
96-2
930
90-0
87-1
78-8
66-5
58-6
78-2
60-6
61-2
76-4
87-6
94-0
95-4
89-3
86-8
86-5
83-9
72-1
62-5
79-7
54-6
586
70-4-
79-9
88-7
94-4
91-5
88-7
86-4
77-0
66-0
56-4
76-1
54-6
58-7
70-1
81-5
88-5
93-5
89-3
87-6
84-9
76-9
65-0
55-4
75-5
52-3
57-1
67-7
78 4
85-6
90-7
86-0
85-7
82-8
74-8
62-4
54-1
73-1
52 3
56-2
06-0
77-4
85-0
90-8
86-6
84-8
83-2
74-6
62-4
53-0
72-7
49-1
51-8
61-9
71-8
81-2
89-1
86-8
83-6
80-5
69-7
57 -5
503
69-4
...
50-6
52-6
62-1
71-3
81-8
89-4
88-7
87-3
81-5
71-0
580
50-6
70-4
39-0
39 4
48-7
57-6
65-2
71-7
68-2
66-5
65-5
59-0
49-4
43-4
56-1
52-3
56-4
66-4
77-3
87-1
93-0
91-2
89-5
85-9
75-0
61-7
53-7
74-1
41-2
40-9
50-4
58-1
67-2
740
77-2
74-8
67-6
55-8
44-8
41-3
57-8
19-2
29-7
44-2
64-4
66-0
72-9
80-4
55-2
37-8
26-4
21-2
31-6
40-8
64-0
69-8
75-7
81-7
747
66-6
56-1
38-8
24-3
54-i
57-5
57-5
62-8
71-4
80-9
84-3
88-6
88-8
84-6
77-7
69-0
61-2
73-6
...
42 6
44-5
52-5
60-G
70-5
78-0
83-5
80-0
75-0
65-0
54-5
47-0
62-8
36-0
38-7
49-1
57-4
66-3
70-6
74-5
73-9
67-0
63-7
54-3"
52-6
43-6
45-2
50-8
53-0
61 -6
7C-4
88-6
93-2
930
80-8
72-2
56-4
52-i
68-6
49-5
565
62-0
73-6
87-3
91-0
94-8
934
86-2
76-6
64-8
51-8
73-9
52-2
54-5
85-8
78-8
66-4
64-0
...
68-6
69-8
75-0
80-8
89V9
91-8
88-3
86-9
85-3
84-0
77-1
70-2
80-6
75-2
75-9
78-4
817
85-2
86-5
84-9
84-8
86-2
81-8
77-5
75-6
81-2
71-1
69-3
73-2
77-7
81-1
'83-8
85-6
86-5
84-4
81-5
78-3
75-2
790
47-8
48-4
54-3
60-5
68-4
73-0
741
75-5
72-7
69-3
601
51-8
63 0
45-5
46-9
55-7
59-2
72 '2
78-1
808
78-5
72-0
67-7
55-6
50-8
64-0
56-7
55-4
59-4
64-4
69-4
75-6
78-7
79-0
80-5
80-8
81-5
78-8
77-9
73-4
65-8
60-4
68-3
53-V
52-8
58-0
60-9
71-2
68-1
Cil-'.l
54-4
...
...
41-4
43-9
46-4
52-7
64-8
68-2
74-8
71-7
66-9
64-0
55-0
49-3
58-3
44-2
46-8
48-6
54-0
61-8
70-0
74-8
75-6
09-6
65-3
58-8
48-0
59-9
45-2
43-9
46-4
51-8
57-4
67-3
73-0
73-4
71-4
62-6
54-7
46-4
57-8
228
THE VOYAGE OF H.M.S. CHALLENGER.
Stations.
Country.
No. of
Years.
Years
Specified.
Hours of
Observation.
Latitude.
Longitude.
Height,
Feet.
60
25
0
1000
112
Scutari,
Smyrna,
Tarsus,
Brousse,
La Canee, .
Asia Minor
do.
do.
do.
Crete
15
7
4
H
«4
1870-84
1864-70
1841-42, '49,'54-'55
?
1879-85
M.m.
do.
?
S.R. : 2, 9
M.m.
o
41
38
36
40
35
0
26
46
5
30
O 1
29 3
27 10
34 44
29 1
24 0
Red Sea* .
...
...
29
0
33 0
Do.
27
0
34 20
Do.
...
25
0
35 40
Do.
...
...
23
0
37 0
Do.
...
21
0
38 10
Do.
...
...
19
0
39 30
Do.
...
17
0
40 40
...
Do.
...
...
15
0
42 0
...
Do.
...
13
0
43 10
Do.
12
40
45 0
Do.
...
12
45
47 0
Do.
12
50
49 0
Assab,
Massuah,
Condar,
Keneh,
Kosseir,
Abyssinia
do.
do.
Egypt
do.
l
02
~2
2
1
1
1882
1885-87
1832-33
?
1872-73
9: 9
9 : 9, M.m.
7: 3*
?
M.T.
12
15
12
2G
26
59
36
36
0
5
42 45
37 26
37 32
■ 33 40
34 16
41
31
7422
100
[0]
Suez, .
Ismailia,
Port Said, .
Alexandria, .
Cairo, .
do.
do. •
do.
do.
do.
5*
»2-
15
14
1880-85
do.
do.
1870-84
1868-81
M.m.
do.
do.
9 : 9, M.m.
three hourly
29
30
31
31
30
59
36
16
12
5
32 31
32 16
32 18
29 53
31 17
24
29
20
62
108
Bengasi,
Tripoli,
Aigila,
Tunis,
Le Calle,
Barca
Tripoli
do.
Tunis
Algeria
1
4
A
f
15
1882
1819-21, '55
?
1883-84
1870-84
9: 9
M.T.
S.R. : 3
M.T.
do.
32
32
29
36
36
7
53
0
42
54
20 3
13 11
22 5
10 i:;
8 26
33
98
130
46
35
Gulema,
Constantine,
Bougie,
Algiers,
Orleansville,
do.
do.
do.
do.
do.
15
15
15
15
15
do.
do.
do.
do.
do.
do.
do.
do.
do.
do.
36
36
36
36
36
28
22
47
47
10
7 27
6 36
5 5
3 4
1 21
917
2165
219
73
387
* The small figures in brackets show the number of observations, from ships' logs, from which the means have
been deduced. For these Red Sea means, the author is indebted to the courtesy of the Meteorological Council.
REPORT ON ATMOSPHERIC CIRCULATION.
229
Jan.
Feb.
Mar.
April.
May.
June.
July.
Aug.
Sept.
Oct.
Nov.
Dec.
Year.
Corrs.
\pplied
o
41-9
O
42-0
O
46-0
o
54-8
O
62-8
o
70-6
757
76-0
O
69-9
O
626
0
541
O
47-0
58-6
°
47-4
48-8
55-4
58-0
69 3
75'8
79-9
79-2
72-8
663
56-5
50-0
63-3
...
52-9
G0-6
64-0
70-7
77-0
82-8
84-7
84-6
81-7
633
GO-4
58-6
70-0
39-2
48-0
51-4
54-3
66-0
72-1
79-7
73-8
68-4
61-3
54-9
396
59-1
...
51-8
51-1
55-8
59-1
67-0
746
790
77-7
74-3
67-5
61-3
55-6
64-6
[159]
61-5
[198]
62-8
[269]
65-8
[202]
69-9
[231]
74-6
[212]
78-7
[250]
81-2
[166]
82-2
[187]
80-7
[214]
779
[245]
71-4
[219]
66-8
72-8
[153]
66-6
[214]
67-8
[269]
71-0
[235]
73-7
[264]
77-7
[240]
80-7
[214]
82-8
[185]
84-2
[184]
82-3
[218]
79-8
[256]
76-2
[216]
716
76-2
[151]
697
[199]
70-2
[234]
73-4
[210]
75-8
[231]
78-2
[216]
82-0
[208]
84-1
[161]
857
[174]
84-4
[214]
82-1
[267]
780
[209]
74-7
78-2
...
[153]
731
[198]
72-8
[244]
753
[234]
77-9
[214]
81-0
[218]
83-0
[193]
859
[150]
87-6
[179]
8G-0
[205]
84-2
[241]
80-9
[202]
77-3
80-4
[149]
75-4
[197]
75-0
[257]
76-9
[244]
797
[203]
82-7
[224]
84-4
[208]
87-2
[151]
887
[171]
87-5
[202]
85-5
[265]
82-8
[233]
78-8
82-0
[147]
77-4
[221]
76-7
[268]
7'.) '2
[228]
81-3
[223]
84-2
[193]
86-1
[200]
881
[152]
89 3
[178]
88-4
[186]
87-2
[296]
84-3
[250]
80-8
83-6
...
[150]
77-8
[232]
78-0
[397]
79-8
[336]
82-8
[239]
85-2
[185]
87'6
[201]
89-8
[145]
89-7
[195]
89-2
[203]
87-3
[246]
83-4
[242]
79-8
84-2
[229]
777
[234]
78-3
[373]
801
[372]
82-1
[225]
85-6
[203]
88-6
[198]
89-5
[152]
89-8
[197]
89-G
[192]
86-6
[289]
82 '0
[263]
78-9
84-1
[134]
77-3
[189]
77-7
[243]
79-8
[220]
82-5
[205]
85-5
[175]
87-5
[166]
87-4
[120]
873
[167]
87-7
[165]
84-5
[222]
80-8
[252]
78-4
83-0
[186]
76-4
[229]
77-5
[310]
79-3
[220]
82-3
[246]
85-2
[201]
87-4
[198]
84-2
[173]
841
[214]
85-9
[177]
83-5
[199]
79-9
[315]
77-7
82-0
[156]
763
[181]
76-8
[269]
78-9
[186]
81-7
[214]
84-9
[175]
86-9
[178]
866
[139]
85-4
[194]
86-2
[197]
82 '7
[197]
79-2
[249]
77-7
82-0
...
[162]
76-1
[176]
76-7
[273]
78-6
[165]
81-5
[228]
84-7
[178]
87-3
[180]
86-9
[151]
85-1
[209]
86-2
[163]
81-3
[204]
78-9
[241]
77-1
817
79-3
79-9
795
85-5
88-9
91-4
93-0
93-4
92-0
87-8
82-2
80-2
86-1
77-5
77-3
79-3
83-1
87-6
91-4
93-9
94-3
91-4
89-2
84-2
80-6
85-8
...
66-9
68-0
71-8
72-9
(69-3)
(66-0)
62-4
62-6
66-9
66-2
65-5
63-7
66-9
62-4
67-5
80-4
81-8
92-2
90-5
94-4
911
86-6
81-5
69-1
61-8
79-9
...
64-9
66-6
711
75-9
79 2
83-8
84-6
85-0
83-8
79-2
74-1
68-0
76-3
53-1
53-4
59-5
66-5
72-0
77-4
80-6
80-0
76-6
74-3
63-3
56-3
67-7
55-0
55-6
613
68-5
72-0
781
81-1
81-7
74-8
72-7
63-5
57-4
68-5
54-0
54-0
58-8
63-2
67-3
721
77-0
77-7
75-2
71-9
64-6
57-5
66-1
58-0
58-3
61-2
GG-0
70-1
75-0
77-5
78-9
77-4
74-4
68-5
628
69-0
54-2
56-4
62-4
71-4
78-7
83-8
85-0
84-4
79-4
73-5
66-2
58-7
71-2
54-7
55'0
62-2
65-0
71-4
76-3
79-2
80-4
81-7
74-1
66-4
62-2
690
57-6
59-1
61-3
65-4
700
76-5
74-4
79-1
80-8
79-6
75-1
669
603
69-1
56-8
565
80-8
84-9
80*2
7i-i
65-8
57-4
69-0
.riV!
55-4
570
60-8
66-7
71-4
781
78-7
75-1
689
61-2
55-7
65-4
49-5
501
53-1
58-1
65-3
73-4
80-7
80'0
72-8
64-7
56-0
49-8
62-8
45-6
46-1
49-8
65-0
62-0
71-5
80-4
79-0
72-2
60-9
51-8
45-8
60-0
55-2
55-0
57-6
61-2
66-7
72-3
79-0
79-4
74-G
68-0
61-6
55-0
65-5
54-0
55-0
56-1
61-2
64-8
70-7
76-6
78-1
73-4
67-6
59-5
54-7
64-3
...
49-8
517
55-4
606
69-3
77-4
8C-0
84-6
767
67-0
56-5
49-6
65-4
230
THE VOYAGE OF H.M.S. CHALLENGER.
Stations.
Country.
No. of
Years.
Years
Specified.
1
Hours of
Observation.
Latitude.
Longitude.
Height,
Feet.
Oran, .
Algeria
15
1870-84
M.T.
35 42
o '
-0 39
173
Cape Falcon,
do.
15
do.
do.
35 46
-0 47
257
Nemours,
do.
15
do.
do.
35 6
-1 51
13
T^bessa,
do.
15
do.
do.
35 24
8 6
2890
Aumale,
do.
15
do.
do.
36 10
3 41
2972
Biskra,
do. .
15
do.
do.
34 5
5 40
409
Laghouat, .
do.
15
do.
do.
33 48
2 51
2454
Tlemsen,
do.
15
do.
do.
34 53
-1 18
2703
Sidi-bel-Abbes, .
do.
15
do.
do.
35 2
-0 39
1562
Tangier,
Morocco
6
1879-85
7, N. : 9, 9
35 45
-5 47
200
Mogador,
do.
VI
1866-71, '78-79
M.m.
31 30
-9 M
54
Cape Juby, .
Sahara
4|
1883-88
do.
27 58
-12 52
23
Laguna di Tenerife,
Canaries
6
1876-82
do.
28 12
-16 24
1790
Ste. Croix delaPalme,
do.
5
1880-84
do.
28 4
-17 47
113
Las Palmas, .
do.
5
do.
do.
27 28
-17 '48
30
Praya, .
Cape Verde Islands
5
1875-79
do.
14 5 1
-23 31
112
St. Nicholas,
do.
3
4
1868-69
M.T.
16 33
-24 13
2280
St. Louis, .
Senegambia
H
1873-78
do.
16 7
-16 30
16
Dagana,
do.
i
1862
6: 2, 9
16 30
-15 31
22
Bakel, .
do.
l
1860-61
M.m.
14 83
-12 29
92
Bammaku, .
do.
l
1883-84
6: 2, 9
11 54
-7 57
940
Bafoulabe, .
do.
2
1882-84
do.
10 0
-11 0
?
Kita, .
do.
2
do.
do.
13 4
-11 48
1090
Bok<5, .
do.
1^-
A6
1878-79
6: 3,10
10 54
-14 14
600
Freetown, .
Sierra Leone
9
1875-83
M.m.
8 30
-13 9
224
Grand Bassam.
Guinea
2
1858-59, '63
0: 1
5 11
-3 57
0
xVssinie,
do.
3
1847-48. '57-58, '63
do.
5 8
— 3
0
St. George d'Elmina,
do.
3
1859-62
6: 2, 9
5 5
-1 20
59
Christiansborg,
do.
n
1829-40
various
5 24
-0 10
66
Lagos, .
do.
H
1886-87
M.T.
6 12
3 25
25
Akassa,
do.
2
1887-88
9: 9
4 20
6 20
21
Sokna,
Fezzan
A
1865
S.B. : 3
28 55
15 44
1096
Mourzuk,
do.
5
T2~
1865-66
do.
25 54
14 12
1650
Ghadames,
Sahara
J.
6
1865
do.
30 10
9 14
1323
Kufra, .
do.
i
6
1866
do.
24 30
22 0
1614
Abdezenga, .
do.
1
6
1867
do.
8 54
6 48
1467
Schimmerdru,
do.
1
Q
1866
do.
18 57
12 10
1640
Khartum,
do.
2
1852, 1878
M.T.
15 36
32 36
1273
Kobbe,
do.
1
?
?
14 11
28 8
1800
Ankober,
do.
1
■-
M.m.
9 35
39 20
8739
Gondokoro, .
do.
u
1853-54
M.T.
4 55
31 28
1526
Lado, .
do.
4
1880-83
do.
5 2
31 50
1526
Rubaga,
do.
3
1877-81
do.
-5 24
33 33
4265
Tanganika Sea
do.
2
1880-82
do.
-4 0
29 0
2460
Kakomaandli
do.
1
1881-82
7 : 2, 9, 9
-5 40
32 35
3675
Kavala Island,
do.
5
12
1888
M.m.
?
?
2910
Kuka, .
do.
2£
1870-72
s.R. : 2, 9
12 52
13 23
920
Kano, .
do.
?
?
9
12 0
9 20
1758
Soccatu,
do.
?
?
?
13 5
6 12
639
Nango,
do.
i
1880-81
M.T.
13 0
11 20
960
On the Niger,
do.
l
?
3, 9: 3, 9
8 9
4 40
100
REPORT ON ATMOSPHERIC CIRCULATION.
231
Jan.
Feb.
Mar. j
April.
May.
June.
July.
Aug.
Sept.
Oct.
Nov.
Dec.
Year.
Corrs.
Applied.
o
53'6
O
54-8
O
57-0
61-7
o
66-8
o
72-3
o
76-7
77-0
73-6
O
66-6
59-9
54-0
64-5
°
55-6
56-3
58-1
61-7
65-8
71-8
77-1
77-5
74-3
67-8
61-3
56-3
653
54-0
55-0
56-7
610
65-5
716
77-3
76-7
72-8
66-1
59-4
55-1
64-3
44-3
45-4
49-5
55-2
63-6
73-6
79-5
78-4
70-8
607
50-6
44-2
59-6
43-5
45-8
49-5
54-7
63-4
75-0
82-5
79-7
71-8
61-8
51-4
43-8
60-2
52-0
54-5
60-0
67-6
74-8
84-1
90-0
887
81-4
70-8
59-2
52-7
69-6
46-2
49-6
53-2
61-3
69-4
80-5
86-3
83-3
75-3
64-1
53-0
46-6
64-1
47-6
48-5
50-4
55-2
61-8
68-5
77-3
77-0
70-6
62-0
55-2
47-9
60-2
45-1
48-3
51-3
55-6
62-8
70-1
78-4
76-8
69-2
607
52-2
46-1
59-7
55-4
56-8
58-3
60-4
65-5
70-6
74-8
75-6
711
65"5
60-4
54-8
64-1
...
61-3
61-8
637
66-4
68-5
70-5
70-8
71-3
703
68-7
65-9
61-8
66-8
61-2
61 -2
62-5
64-5
65-3
67-1
67-8
69-4
69-7
67-6
65-5
61-9
65-3
55-8
55-6
57-0
601
62-3
64-8
69-6
72-3
69-8
66-4
61-4
57-5
62-7
61-6
61-8
62-8
64-2
65-0
68-2
71-6
723
72-8
69-8
66-7
63-9
66-7
65-3
65-0
65-3
66-3
69-4
71-5
73-0
74-6
73-6
74-7
70-6
653
69-6
72-0
72-0
729
73-9
75-2
76-6
77-9
79-7
79-6
79-3
77-9
75-2
76-0
58-8
(59-0)
(600)
(61-5)
63-3
65-5
68-4
68-7
72-0
66-9
64-8
61-9
64-2
70-3
71-8
71-4
70-5
714
777
81-0
82-0
83-1
82-2
78-1
72-9
76-0
70-5
74-0
77-0
79-0
80-2
81-3
83-3
82-8
82-6
85-1
76-0
70-3
78-5
77-7
80-8
85-1
91-0
92-3
88-2
82-0
80-2
80-2
81-3
81-9
77-4
83-0
79-7
84-5
(85-0)
(86-0)
85-1
83-5
79-3
79-3
81-5
82-6
80-8
81-5
■ 82-4
74-6
80-5
85-7
90-7
90-9
85-5
80-4
79'6
80-2
81-5
76-6
74-0
81-7
78-9
78-0
85-3
87-9
89-8
85-2
79-5
77-4
78-3
80-7
79-3
77-4
81-5
75-9
80-6
83-1
85-5
84-9
81-3
790
77-5
78-3
78-6
80-6
78-8
80'2
82-0
82-9
83-6
83-8
83-6
82-0
80-2
797
79-5
80-6
81-4
81-8
81-8
82-0
81-8
83-6
83-2
83-4
81-9
80-3
80-2
81-8
82-8
83-1
82-8
82-2
82-3
82-1
83-4
84-5
84-5
80-9
79-2
79-5
78-6
81-1
82-9
82-8
82-8
79-6
80-8
817
81-6
80-6
79-2
76-8
75-0
75-6
78-8
80-8
80 4
79-3
80-6
81-7
82-8
83-1
82-6
79-2
77 0
75-6
77-9
80-6
81-9
81-1
80-3
79-3
81-0
82-2
82-5
81-2
77-2
76-6
77-0
77-7
80-0
81-2
81-0
79-8
...
79-0
79-4
63-3
79-9
80-1
79-2
77-5
76-3
75-2
76-6
77-0
77-8
78-5
78-0
49-3
56-8
86-9
72*9
90-1
91-6
97-9
89-2
90-3
86 0
84-4
62-1
51-1
...
67 ;5
77V4
83-'5
86-4
91-8
91-3
9r<5
85-6
847
84-5
8r-5
74-5
83-3
671
67 '3
80-6
86-5
87-5
87-1
87-8
87-0
86-7
83-1
78-1
72-7
81-0
51-9
54-4
57-2
55-2
59-7
62-1
58-1
55-9
55-3
52-2
51-8
51-8
55-5
83-3
86-5
86-0
80-8
79-0
76-6
75-7
75-7.
76-3
783
79-0
80-2
797
824
85-5
85-1
81-3
79-3
77-5
76-8
76-6
77-0
78-4
792
80-6
80-0
70-2
70-4
71-4
71-2
70-6
70-0
69-0
68-0
68-5
70-5
70-9
70-5
70-1
745
76-3
75-7
75-0
76-5
76-7
76-1
76-5
79-0
81-7
77-9
74-1
76-6
734
687
70-9
70-6
69-5
64-6
657
78-5
71-1
79-0
78-3
78-5
80-2
78-3
78-6
76-9
73-5
72-1
75-4
78-6
88-9
92-3
91-0
89-6
83-8
79-4
82-0
84 9
79-5
74-0
83-5
76-5
78-4
>**
78-6
82-0
80-2
80-8
77-5
85-3
85-4
89-1
• ■■
...
72-3
79-9
83-8
(86-0)
(86-0)
83-8
79-0
76-6
78-8
80-4
75-2
725
79-2
86-0
86-0
87-1
88-0
88-0
89-1
80-2
81-2
88-1
84-0
801
80-1
85-8
232
THE VOYAGE OF H.M.S. CHALLENGER.
Stations.
Country.
No. of
Years.
Years
Specified.
Hours of
Observation.
Latitude.
Longitude.
Height,
Feet.
Fernando Po,
Atlantic
4*
1859-63
M.T.
o
3
46
0
8
36
98
Ascension, .
do.
2
1863-65
6: 2, 10
-7
55
-14
25
53
St. Helena, .
do.
6
1856-62
M.m.
-15
55
-5
43
40
St. Thomas, .
do.
11
1870-82
do.
0
20
6
43
16
Lope, .
Lower Guinea
j.
6
1875
M.T.
•
11
40
1212
Gabun,
do.
4
1880-85
M.m.
0
25
9
35
66
Chinchoxo, .
do.
6
do.
7 : 2, 9, 9
-5
9
12
3
39
M'Boma,
do.
1
1884-85
M.T.
-5
47
13
11
80
Ponta de Lenha, .
do.
2
1883-85
do.
-5
57
12
40
30
San Salvador,
do.
3*
1883-86
9 : 9, M.m.
-6
17
14
53
1860
Vivi, .
do.
li
1882-83
M.T.
-4
40
13
49
374
St. Paul de Loanda,
do.
5
1878-82
9: 9
-8
49
13
7
194
Malange,
do.
1
1879-80
M.T.
-9
33
16
38
3850
Pungo Andongo, .
do.
5
1879
do.
-9
43
15
50
3898
Omaruru,
Damaraland
1
1883
7: 1, 9, 9
-22
0
14
45
100
Walfischbay,
do.
9
1885-87
do.
-22
56
14
26
10
Port Nolloth,
Cape Colony
A
1876-77
do.
-29
15
16
52
[°]
Springbok, .
do.
4
1882-86
8: 8
-29
40
17
53
3200
Clan William,
do.
10
1869-74,76,77,83,84
M.m.
-32
10
18
53
300
Sutherland, J.
do.
15
1870-84
do.
-32
24
20
40
4780
Cape Town, .
do.
15
do.
do.
-33
56
18
27
37
Wynberg,
do.
15
do.
do.
-34
0
18
28
250
Somerset, West, .
do.
4
1861-64
do.
-34
5
18
52
100
Wellington, .
do.
15
1870-84
do.
-33
38
19
0
430
Worcester, .
do.
15
do.
do.
-33
40
19
27
780
Mossel Bay, .
do.
15
'do.
do.
-34
11
22
9
105
Cape St. Francis, .
do.
15
do.
do.
-34
10
24
50
25
Port Elizabeth, .
do.
15
do.
do.
-33
57
25
37
181
Graff-Reinet,
do.
15
do.
do.
-32
16
24
34
2500
Nels Poort, .
do.
15
do.
do.
-32
14
23
4
3100
Brakfontein,
do.
15
do.
do.
-31
52
23
0
41(H)
Somerset, East,
do.
15
do.
do.
-32
44
25
35
2400
Cradock,
do.
15
do.
do.
-32
11
25
38
2850
Graham's Town, .
do.
6
1854-59
do.
-33
20
26
33
1800
King William's Town.
do.
15
1870-84
do.
-32
51
27
22
1334
East London,
do.
15
do.
do.
-33
2
27
55
40
Colesberg, .
do.
15
do.
do.
-30
34
25
33
V
Aliwal, North,
do.
15
do.
do.
-30
43
26
43
4400
Bloemfontein,
do.
15
do.
do.
-28
56
26
19
4550
Durban,
Natal
5
1876-80
do.
-29
50
31
0
150
Fort Napier,
do.
15
1870-84
do.
-29
3
30
2
2300
Pietermaritzburg, .
do.
10
1858-67
do.
-29
30
30
20
2093
Kimberley, .
do.
15
1870-84
do.
-28
48
25
2
4060
Lorenco Marques, .
Sofala
If
1876-78
8: 8
-25
28
32
37
16
Monopolole, .
Bechuana
4
1880-83
do.
-24
0
25
0
3750
Pretoria,
Transvaal
H
1875-78
M.T.
-25
45
28
50
4462
Basutoland, .
Basutoland
l
1882-83
7: 1,10
-29
46
27
40
5578
Tete, .
Zambezi
l
?
do.
-16
9
33
30
250
Zauzibar,
Zanzibar
n
1874-84
do.
-6
10
39
11
23
Soeotra,
Indian Ocean
s
T5
?
?
12
30
54
0
570
REPORT ON ATMOSPHERIC CIRCULATION.
233
Jan.
Feb.
Mar.
April.
May.
June.
July.
Aug.
Sept.
Oct.
Nov.
Dec.
Year.
Corrs.
A.pplied.
o
O
o
o
O
o
O
0
O
O
0
O
0
-
81-9
81-7
80-4
79-2
76-6
75-4
76-4
76-1
74-5
76-4
78-3
80-4
781
77-4
79-8
80-3
80-2
790
78-0
76-5
75-6
74-0
74-4
75-3
76-0
77-2
73-5
74-6
756
745
72-0
69-8
68-0
67-9
68-2
69-2
70-3
71-6
71-3
78-4
78-8
78-8
78-6
78-2
76-6
75-0
79-0
75-2
79-0
77-0
77-4
77-6
78-4
77-5
...
79-5
79-9
79-7
80-0
79-4
75-5
74-3
75-6
78-0
78-3
78-4
79-0
78-1
77-4
793
79-3
777
75-7
72-3
71-2
71-3
73-8
765
78-3
78-3
75-9
80-1
80-8
81-5
79-9
79-1
74-5
73-0
(73-0)
(75-0)
77-4 I
77-4
79-0
77-6
80-0
81-0
81-0
80-8
78-8
74-5
7l"2
72-6
74-2
77-0
78-5
80-0
77-6
74-8
75-9
75-9
75-2
74-0
70-3
67-8
68-8
70-9
73-3
73-5
73-9
72-9
78-4
79-5
79-0
78-6
77-5
72-7
70-9
70-5
75-2
77-4
78-6
77-9
76-4
76-6
78-4
78-0
77'2
74-4
69-5
66-0
iX.n
69-2
73-0
77-2
77-2
73-4
69-8
69-1
70-3
69-4
71-1
C8-9
71-8
651
69-1
64-2
67-3
64-9
67-6
69-1
69-8
69-8
68-9
68-1
74-5
76-6
72-1
68-0
61-3
56-5
54-1
55V6
687
70-5
77-1)
777
67-6
64-6
65-7
66-5
64-6
65-0
61-8
57-9
56-4
59-1
59-5
60-1
630
62-0
65-1
64-3
55-6
57-6
62-1
64-5
65-5
69-5
69-4
66V5
62-3
58-0
50-6
49-6
51-0
557
60-1
64-0
68-8
60'5
74-6
73-8
70-7
64-5
58-4
52-8
51-6
53-4
59-0
65-0
68-6
72-5
637
66-0
65-4
60-3
53-7
46-3
42-0
40-7
42-6
50'0
54-6
58-8
63-0
53-6
69-9
69-3
67-0
63-3
58-7
56-2
55-1
55-8
58-1
61-6
65-0
67-8
62-3
69-6
69-5
67-2
639
58-8
56-5
55-3
56-6
58-3
62-0
64-6
.67-4
62-5
71-0
71-9
67-5
63-0
59-0
55-1
54-3
54-4
56-4
60-6
637
70-6
62-3
73-0
72-8
69-2
63-5
57-3
53-6
52-4
54-2
57-0
637
67-6
68-8
62-8
72-0
71-8
690
63-8
57-0
53-9
52-8
54-4
58-1
62-8
67-0
69-6
627
70-7
70-5
67-4
65-1
60-8
59-2
57-2
58-0
59-8
62-5
64-5
68-0
63-6
69-0
67-6
65-3
62-8
60-7
52-2
57-1
57-4
587
59-9
63-4
66-3
62-3
70-8
70-2
68-2
64-8
61-3
58-9
57-3
58-5
60-4
627
65-3
68-5
63-8
73-7
74-0
68-7
64-0
59-0
54-9
62-3
54-8
59-5
65-3
68-8
72-6
64-0
73-6
73-0
67-8
62-8
57-6
51-8
51-6
55-3
60-8
64-8
66-8
71-6
63-1
73-0
72-0
65-8
59-3
51-5
47-2
45-8
50-5
557
627
67-3
71-5
60-2
71-5
70-5
67-2
62-6
57-8
53-6
53-0
55-0
58-6
62-8
65-2
69-9
62-3
73-7
74-0
67-8
62-9
56-4
52-7
50-2
53-5
59-2
64-8
68-8
72-4
63-0
70-3
70-8
68-4
63-5
59-5
55-9
53-1
56-0
58-5
61 '9
66-4
68-0
627
70-9
70-5
66-8
63-2
57-5
54-0
53-5
54-7
59-8
62-4
65-0
69-3
62-3
70-5
70-0
68-7
6G-2
62-6
59-9
58-4
59-9
62-2
64-0
66-8
69-6
64-9
75-4
74-2
66-8
61-8
54-1
40-8
45-8
50-6
58-0
63-6
68-2
71-4
61-4
72-8
71-6
66-0
58-5
51-2
44-0
43-5
48-4
57-3
63-3
67-9
72-5
59-8
73-5
72-5
67-3
61-4
53-3
47-5
46-6
51-6
59-8
65-2
68-4
72-8
61-6
74-8
75-1
73-8
68-9
67-9
64-5
63-1
65-8
65-6
67 5
71 -1
74-6
69-4
71-8
72-4
70-8
06-7
62-4
57-9
57-3
61-4
64-4
67-1
68-2
70-0
65-9
71-6
71-8
69-7
65-0
58-8
55-1
55-7
60-3
64-8
66-1
69-4
70-3
64-9
78-8
77-8
72-0
60-0
58-3,
52-7
51-8
55-0
64-5
70-4
73-5
77-3
66-4
80-5
81-6
79-3
75-4
72-5
66-0
66-0
68-9
69-6
72-3
76-0
79-2
73-8
77-3
77-4
74-1
67-0
61-8
57-7
56-0
61-8
69-4
73-5
76-5
76-5
69-1
73-6
73-4
70-0
07-1
64-9
59-7
58-8
59-9
66-9
68-0
70-0
70-0
66-9
64-8
70-2
62-4
54-0
51-5
48-2
47-8
52-3
58-0
59-2
64-4
64-5
58-1
85-0
83-0
82-0
81-0
79-0
75-0
73-0
7G-0
81-0
83-0
84-0
84-0
80-0
82-0
82-2
82-7
80-6
79-1
78-5
77-0
77-0
77-8
79-0
80'4
81-6
79-8
78-0
77-8
78-2
88-2
85-1
(PHTS. CHEM. CHALL. EXP. PART V. 1889.)
36
234
THE VOYAGE OF H.M.S. CHALLENGER.
Stations.
Country.
No. of
Years.
Years
Specified.
Hours of
Observation.
Latitude.
Longitude.
Height,
Feet.
Nosse-be,
Indian Ocean
1
1879-80
6, 10 : 6, 10
o
-13
1
23
0
48
20
80
Seychelles, .
do.
H
1883-84
M.m.
-4
0
57
0
8
Rodriguez, .
do.
11
1876-86
do.
-19
48
63
10
10
St. Denis, Eeunion,
do.
3
1883-85
do.
-20
50
55
15
51
R.A. Oby., Mauritius,
do.
15
1870-84
M.T.
-20
6
57
33
178
Beau Sejour, do.
do.
15
do.
do.
?
5
970
Colmar, do.
do.
15
do.
do.
?
?
800
Kerguelen, .
do.
A
1840, '74-75
do.
-49'
29
69
54
50
Derby,
West Australia
H
1884-85
M.m.
-17
18
123
39
17
Cossack,
do.
H
1881-85
do.
-20
40
117
8
19
Geraldton, .
do.
6
1880-85
do.
-28
47
114
26
5
York, .
do.
6
do
do.
-31
53
116
47
580
Perth, .
do.
10
1876-85
do.
-31
57
115
52
47
Do. .
do.
6
1880-85
do.
-31
57
115
52
47
Rottnest Island, .
do.
6
do.
do.
-32
0
115
35
47
Freemantle, .
do.
6
do.
do.
-32
3
115
45
40
Bunbury,
do.
6
do.
do.
-33
19
115
39
18
Albany,
do.
6
do.
do.
-35
2
117
54
88
Port Darwin,
South Australia
5
1878-82
do.
-12
28
130
51
70
Daly Waters,
do.
5
do.
9: 9
-16
16
133
22
750
Alice Springs,
do.
5
do.
M.m.
-23
38
133
37
2100
Port Augusta,
do.
15
1870-84
do.
-32
29
137
45
10
Clare, .
do.
15
do.
do.
-33
50
138
37
1350
Eucla, .
do.
15
do.
do.
-31
45
128
58
7
Cape Borda, .
do.
15
do.
three hourly
-35
45
136
35
506
Kapunda,
do.
15
do.
M.m.
-34
21
138
55
803
Adelaide,
do.
15
do.
do.
-34
57
138
35
140
Mount Barker,
do.
15
do.
do.
-35
4
138
0
1300
Strathalbyn,
do.
15
do.
do.
—35
16
138
55
220
Mount Gainbier, .
do.
15
do.
do.
-37
50
140
50
130
C. Northumberland,
do. _
15
do.
three hourly
-38
5
140
40
117
Portland,
Victoria
15
do.
M.T.
-38
21
141
32
37
Cape Otway,
do.
15
do.
do.
-38
54
143
37
270
Wilson's Promontory,
do.
15
do.
do.
-39
8
146
23
300
Gabo Island,
do.
15
do.
do.
-37
35
149
30
50
Melbourne, .
do.
15
do.
do.
-37
50
144
50
91
Ballarat,
do.
15
do.
do.
-37
34
143
53
1438
Sandhurst, .
do.
15
do.
do.
-36
43
144
21
758
Echuca,
do.
15
do.
do.
-36
5
144
48
314
Beechworth,
do.
15
do.
do.
-36
17
146
42
1800
Omeo, .
do.
15
do.
do.
-36
58
147
46
2108
Stratford,
do.
15
do.
do.
-37
57
147
8
105
Eden, .
New South Wales
15
do.
M.m.
-37
0
149
59
107
Cape St. George, .
do.
15
do.
do.
-35
12
150
45
175
Albury,
do.
15
do.
do.
-36
6
147
0
572
Deniliquin, .
do.
15
do.
do.
-35
32
145
2
320
Wenhvorth, .
do.
15
do.
do.
-34
8
142
0
144
Goulburn,
do.
15
do.
do.
-34
45
149
45
2129
Sydney,
do.
15
do.
do.
-33
52
151
11
155
Windsor,
do.
15
do.
do.
-33
36
151
50
53
REPORT ON ATMOSPHERIC CIRCULATION.
235
Jan.
Feb.
Mar.
April.
May.
June.
July.
Aug.
Sept.
Oct.
Nov.
Dec.
Year.
Corrs.
Applied.
o
O
O
o
O
o
o
O
0
o
o
o
o
0
79-1
80-3
80-9
81-2
77-7
76-3
75-0
75-1
76-6
77-9
79-6
79-8
78-3
...
79-0
80-6
81-3
81-4
80-3
78-4
77-4
77-8
80-4
80-4
797
79-4
79-7
80-9
80-7
80-3
78-9
75-5
7l'-4
71-1
70-9
72-6
74-3
76-6
79-6
76-2
...
78-4
79-1
78-6
77-1
73-4
70-0
70-0
69-7
71-2
73-1
75-7
77-8
74-5
• . .
79-0
78-7
78-0
76-7
73-4
70-4
68-9
69-1
70-3
72-4
75-3
77-6
74-2
76-3
70-4
76-3
75-0
71-6
68-4
67-2
67-5
68-3
70-8
72-3
75-5
72-1
77-8
77-4
77-3
75-1
72-6
69-8
67-4
67-4
69-6
72-3
74-6
76-7
73-2
44-2
45-7
36-0
35-4
35-2
. ..
40-5
43-9
88-0
84-0
85-0
80-0
76-0
73-0
70-0
75-0
80-0
86-0
89-0
88-0
81-2
88-5
89-6
85-0
78-5
74-8
66-0
65-6
70-0
75-0
79-8
82-6
87-6
78-6
73-2
74-6
71-3
66-9
62-6
58-9
57-5
58-1
60-5
63-6
68-3
70-8
65-5
76-4
76-0
70-7
63-3
56-1
52-8
51-6
52-4
55-8
61-5
68-9
73-4
63-2
76-0
76-3
72-2
66-1
60-1
56-0
55-0
56-5
59-7
63-8
68-9
71-4
65-1
75-8
75-6
71-4
65-3
59-5
55-5
54-6
56-1
59-2
63-2
68-9
71-5
64-7
72-0
72-2
70-0
65-8
61-6
58-2
57-6
57-6
59-4
61-7
66-3
69-2
64-3
73-4
72-5
69-4
64-5
59-6
55-6
55-0
55-6
57-0
59-7
66-0
70-6
63-2
69-5
69-8
65-6
62-6
58-1
55-1
54-8
54-8
57-3
59-5
64-6
67-2
61-5
64-7
66-1
63-3
607
56-8
53-6
52-6
53-0
54-7
56-5
60-3
63-5
58-6
84-7
84-5
85-3
86-0
82-4
78-6
78-0
80-6
84-2
86-3
87-3
85-9
83-7
91-0
88-6
88-2
86-2
82-6
77-2
74-8
80-2
86-5
90-8
93-7
93-2
86-1
85-4
82-5
78-6
69-8
61-5
53-8
53-0
59-4
65-0
73-0
80-2
84-6
70-6
79-7
78-3
74-6
67-4
60-6
55-8
54-3
61-0
63-6
66-2
71-5
75-0
67-3
72-6
72-0
66-0
59-4
52-8
48-0
47-2
50-3
52-4
58-6
62-6
68-4
59-2
G9-8
69-6
69-5
65-3
60-0
56-1
54-2
56-8
58-5
62-2
65-0
68-8
63-0
65-0
64-8
62-7
59-4
57-1
55-0
51-9
52-9
53-6
56-4
57-8
61-8
58-2
72-8
72-5
66-2
61-5
54-8
49-2
48-6
51-4
54-8
59-8
64-4
70-1
60-7
74-G
73-9
70-3
63-8
57-2
53-2
51-0
54-2
56-4
61-5
65-3
70-5
62-7
...
68-1
66-6
64-3
57-6
53-2
48-6
46-6
50-3
51-8
56-8
59-4
65-0
57-4
71-0
71-0
67-6
62-2
57-0
52-5
51-5
53-8
56-2
60-0
63-6
68-6
61-3
65-4
65-8
64-4
58-8
54-8
51-3
49-0
51-3
52-9
56-3
58-5
62-6
57-6
61-4
61-0
60-2
58-0
53-8
50-6
49-3
50-8
52-9
54-4
56-5
59-4
55-7
+ 1-0
63-1
63-2
62-0
59-2
53-9
51-2
49-5
51-1
52-9
55-2
57-4
60-2
56-6
60-7
61-5
60-5
57-1
53-7
50-8
49-2
50-6
51-3
53-0
555
58-0
55-2
62-0
63-2
62-4
59-0
54-9
51-5
49-9
50-6
527
54-6
56-4
59-3
56-4
...
64-6
65-5
64-7
61-2
55-9
52-2
49-8
51-8
53/7
567
58-9
62-0
58-1
65-9
66-0
63-5
58-6
53-1
49-6
47-2
50-4
53-2
56-5
59-5
63-2
57-2
• . •
66-7
66-5
62-6
55-5
49-8
45-6
43-5
47-2
49-9
54-4
58-1
62-6
55-2
72-3
71-1
66-8
58-6
52-6
47-5
46-1
49-8
52-0
57-3
62-7
67-6
58-7
71-6
70-6
67-0
59-2
51-6
47-0
44-7
48-5
53-0
58-7
63-5
67-7
58-6
+2:0
69-7
69-2
65-0
56-5
48-0
42-3
41-0
44-9
49-1
53-8
58-5
64-8
55-2
...
66-4
65-8
61-3
57-4
48-5
42-7
40-2
43-2
47-8
53-0
58-4
62-6
54-0
66 -0
66-5
63-4
58-5
50-8
47-2
45-3
48-6
52-7
55-8
60-0
62-6
56-5
68-2
68-2
66-6
62-3
56-9
53-2
51-0
52-2
55-3
60-0
62-7
66-3
60-2
70-7
69-8
68-0
63-4
58-5
53-8
51-8
54-5
57-5
60-8
64-7
68-6
61-8
75-2
74-5
69-6
59-7
51-5
46-5
45-4
48-6
52-8
58-0
62-8
70-2
59-6
76-4
76-4
70-6
63-1
54-5
49-8
47-8
50-5
54-9
60-5
66-8
71-8
61-9
78-8
77-6
71-0
65-1
56-5
51-2
50-5
63-8
58-0
65-5
69-5
76-3
64-5
70-3
68-9
64-9
57-4
50-2
44-5
43-5
46-2
51-3
56-8
61-2
66-5
56-8
71-5
71-0
69-2
64-7
58-7
54-0
52-5
55-5
58-8
63-0
66-4
70-3
63-0
75-3
74-1
71-4
65-3
57-7
52-3
51-1
54-9
59-5
65-1
68-5
73-4
64-0
236
THE VOYAGE OF H.M.S. CHALLENGER
Stations.
Country.
No. of
Years.
Years
Specified.
Hours of
Observation.
Latitude.
Longitude.
Height,
Feet.
Bathurst,
New South Wales
15
1870-84
M.m.
-33
24
o 1
149 37
2200
Newcastle, .
do.
15
do.
do.
-32
55
151 50
112
Port Macquarie, .
do.
15
do.
do.
-31
25
152 54
53
Dubbo,
do.
15
do.
do.
-32
18
148 35
1200
Armidale,
do.
15
do.
do.
-30
34
151 46
3278
Tenterfield, .
do.
15
do.
do.
-29
5
152 4
2800
Forbes,
do.
15
do.
do.
-33
27
148 5
1120
Bourke,
do.
15
do.
do.
-30
3
145 58
456
Narrabi,
do.
15
do.
do.
-30
20
149 46
460
Thergoniindal,
do.
15
do.
do.
-28
0
142 30
450
Brisbane,
Queensland
15
do.
do.
-27
28
153 6
130
Moreton Bay,
do.
15
do.
do.
-27
1
153 28
320
Warwick,
do.
15
do.
do.
-28
12
152 16
1521
Toowoomba,
do.
15
do.
do.
-27
34
152 10
1960
Hollow Mackay, .
do.
4
1876-79
do.
-21
10
149 11
200
Bavenswood,
do.
■2i
1870-73
9: 9
-20
20
146 50
600
Somerset, Cape York,
do.
H
1865-67
M.m.
-10
44
142 36
70
Sweer's Island,
do.
2*
1868-71
9: 9
-15
0
136 0
33
Mongonui, .
New Zealand
15
1870-84
M.T.
-35
1
173 28
70
Auckland, .
do.
15
do.
do.
-36
50
174 51
258
Taranaki,
do.
15
do.
do.
-39
4
174 5
42
Napier,
do.
15
do.
do.
-39
29
176 55
8
Wanganui, .
do.
15
do.
do.
-39
57
175 6
80
Wellington, .
do.
15
do.
do.
-41
16
174 47
140
Nelson,
do.
15
do.
do.
-41
16
173 19
34
Cape Campbell, .
do.
15
do.
do.
-41
43
174 18
7
Christckurch,
do.
15
do.
do.
-43
32
172 39
21
Hokitika,
do.
15
do.
do.
-42
42
170 59
12
Dunedin,
do.
15
do.
do.
-45
52
170 31
500
Queenstown,
do.
15
do.
do.
-45
2
168 39
1070
Southland, .
do.
15
do.
do.
-46
17
168 20
79
Chatham Island, .
do.
15
do.
do.
-43
52
176 42
100
Kent's Group,
Tasmania
5
1861-66
do.
-39
29
147 35
280
King's Island,
do.
5
do.
do.
-39
35
144 5
135
Goose Island,
do.
5
do.
. do.
-40
18
148 5
26
Swan Island,
do.
5
do.
do.
-40
44
148 10
104
Hobart Town,
do.
5
do.
do.
-42
52
147 21
37
Do.
do.
15
1870-84
do.
-42
52
147 21
37
Port Arthur,
do.
5
1861-66
do.
-43
9
147 54
55
Swansea,
do.
5
do.
do.
-42
8
148 7
18
South Brum,
do.
5
do.
do.
-43
30
147 22
250
Auckland Island, .
do.
s
1 1
1874-75
M.m.
-50
30
166 5
10
Port de France, .
New Caledonia
2
1863-64
M.T.
-22
16
166 26
22
Napoleonville,
do.
2
do.
do.
-21
30
166 0
22
Levuka,
Pacific
11
1875-85
8: 2, 10
-18
13
179 3
77
Delanasau, .
do.
5
1876-80
M.m.
-16
88
178 37
75
Apia, .
do.
1
1864
M.T.
-13
50
-171 44
[0]
Tahiti, .
do.
5
1855-60
6: 1
-17
32
-149 34
0
Rapa, .
do.
1*
1867-69
M.T.
-27
36
-144 11
[0]
Honolulu,
do.
H
1885-87
do.
21
18
-157 50
32
REPORT ON ATMOSPHERIC CIRCULATION.
237
Jan.
Feb.
Mar.
April.
May.
June.
July.
Aug.
Sept.
Oct.
Nov.
Dee.
Year.
Corrs.
Applied.
o
O
O
O
O
o
O
O
o
O
O
O
o
o
72-6
71-4
65-2
57-3
50-6
44-0
43-3
46-1
51-9
56-8
627
69-3
57-6
72-8
72-2
70-8
66-0
59-6
54-8
53-6
56-2
60-4
64-4
67-7
71-6
64-2
73-0
73-1
70-5
G5-8
60-7
55-8
54-5
56-8
60-3
63-8
67-8
71-2
64-4
78-6
77-7
71-7
05-0
56-6
51-6
49-7
50-5
57-7
64-2
69-5
75-9
64-1
70-3
69-0
64-8
57-5
50-8
45-2
44-0
47-2
52-3
58-0
64-5
69-1
577
70-2
68-6
63-8
58-2
52-0
47-7
46-6
49-0
54-8
60-0
64-2
69-0
58-7
78-6
7G'0
69-7
62-2
55-6
50-6
47-3
49-6
55-2
61-0
66-4
74-4
62-2
84-2
82-6
77-5
68-5
58-4
54-1
51-5
56-0
61-8
70-0
75-8
82-3
68-6
85-5
82-6
78-6
69-8
59-3
53 '8
51-8
55-0
61-6
70-0
74-7
81-8
68-7
85-3
84-2
80-5
70-0
62-6
55-5
52-6
58-0
65-4
72-7
80-0
83-2
70-8
78-0
76-6
75-0
707
65-2
60-8
58-8
CO -9
64-5
69-1
73-7
77-1
G9-2
78-0
77-5
75-6
71-8
66-9
62-7
60-0
63-1
66-7
697
73-4
76-7
70-2
1-1-1
72-1
68-3
62-8
57-2
50-8
48-0
52-7
58-3
63-0
68-5
72-5
62-2
71-6
70-0
66-1
60-8
55-5
50-4
48-2
51-5
57-1
62-0
67-7
71-4
61-0
81-4
80-6
77-9
73-6
68-6
63-4
61-6
65-8
71-3
74-8
81-3
83-6
73-7
79-0
80-8
78-3
75-6
69-6
65-7
64-6
66-9
70-5
73-8
77-5
80-2
73-5
80-6
80-9
80-3
80-2
80-0
77-5
76-8
76-2
77-0
79-5
81-1
81-7
79-3
83-5
81*9
83-7
82-6
75-0
71-8
70-2
73-6
76-8
81-0
84-2
84-2
79-0
68-8
69-4
67-9
63-5
58-9
56-6
54-5
54-2
57-5
59-4
62-8
GG-6
61-7
66-6
67-3
65-6
61-3
57-0
53-8
51-9
51-9
54-5
57-0
60-5
54-3
59-3
64-0
64-7
63-4
60-0
55-4
52-3
50-2
50-7
53-3
55-2
57-8
618
57-4
66-5
66-2
64-4
60-2
56-0
52-3
50-1
51-2
54-6
57-8
61-4
64-8
58-8
63-1
64-0
61-4
57-5
53-1
49-3
47-2
48-2
51-6
54-5
58-4
61-9
55-8
62-5
62-3
60-9
57-4
52-8
49-6
47-4
48-5
51-1
54-0
56-8
60-8
55-3
64 3
63-8
60-8
57-4
51-4
48-4
45-8
47-8
51-6
54-8
58-5
62-0
55-6
64-1
65-0
62-8
59-8
55-4
51-2
49-4
50-7
53-7
56-7
59-3
62-4
57-5
-2-0
61-7 '
60-9
58-5
53-0
48-4
43-8
42-5
43-8
48-6
52-7
56-4
60-8
52-6
60-2
60-0
58-5
55-1
50-7
47-4
44-8
46-1
49-6
52-2
54-3
58-4
53-1
57-7
57-3
55-4
51-5
47-3
44-0
42-5
44-1
46-8
50-8
53-3
56-3
50-6
59-8
59-6
56-6
51-5 #
44-3
40-4
37-7
39-9
46-8
49-5
53-4
58-0
49-8
-2-5
57-3
56-6
55-0
51-3
46-8
42-4
41-0
42-7
47-8
50-2
53-4
56-3
50-1
57-2
57-3
56-4
52-3
50-6
47-3
45-5
45-6
47-5
50-6
52-8
. 55-6
51-6
61-7
62-0
61-2
58-4
53-1
50-2
48-7
49-8
51-6
53-0
57-6
587
55-5
61-4
62-1
60-5
57-7
52-4
49-0
49-5
49-8
51-6
54-2
57-7
59-3
55-4
62-5
62-2
60-8
58-0
53-8
50-6
50-0
49-4
52-0
54-3
57-8
59-3
559
...
62-1
61-7
59-8
56-5
52-6
49-3
48-4
48-0
51-3
53-3
57-4
59-4
55-0
60-7
60'7
59-0
54-6
50-1
46-7
46-7
47-3
50-6
53-4
56-2
58-5
53-6
60-3
60-9
58-6
55-0
49-6
47-1
45-7
48-1
50-6
53-0
55-6
58-7
53-6
59-8
60-4
59-0
55-6
52-2
48-0
47-4
47-0
50-1
52-7
55-4
58-0
53-8
60-6
60-8
59-3
56-7
52-0
48-8
47-4
47-6
51-1
52-8
56-0
58-3
54-4
58-8
59-1
58-3
55-0
50-1
47-5
46-8
46-9
50-0
52-1
55-4
57-5
53-1
50-2
49-5
%
45-1
46-8
49-3
77-0
81-0
78V4
74-5
72--3
70-2
08-2
67;6
69-4
73-0
74-7
77-5
73-6
79-0
79-3
78-1
76-1
71-4
69-3
66-7
G8-0
70-0
74-1
76-1
76-3
73-8
81-8
81-6
81-5
80-1
78-8
76-9
75-2
74-3
75-6
77-1
79-3
80-4
786
81-0
80-9
80-9
80-2
79-2
77-9
76-7
77-1
77-5
79-0
79-8
81-7
79-3
79-0
77-4
78-3
78-7
77-7
77-0
75p4
77-6
78-8
78-4
79-9
80-1
78-3
78-0
79-1
79-9
79-5
78-0
76-3
74-6
74-5
75-2
76-4
77-6
78-7
77-3
70-2
71-4
73-8
70-5
70-2
68-0
66-9
66-4
64-0
G6-7
69-1
69-6
68-9
69-5
70-2
70-2
72-2
1-1-1
74-9'
75-8
76-0
76-3
75-6
72-8
(59-2
• 73-0
238
THE VOYAGE OF H.M.S. CHALLENGER.
Stations.
Country.
No. of
Years.
Years
Specified.
Hours of
Observation.
Latitude.
Longitude.
Height,
Feet.
Eajatea,
Pacific
1
?
thrice daily
o
16
40
o ;
156 12
0
Solomon Group, .
do.
3
1882-84
M.T.
-5
-12
154-163
0
Kara Sea,
Arctic
1
1882-83
hourly
70
-71
64-65
0
Franz Josef's Land,
do.
2
1872-74
M.T.
77
-79
54-65
0
Mosselbai,
do.
1
1872-73
do.
79
53
16 4
33
Torsden,
do.
1
1882-83
hourly
78
28
15 43
0
Wayprecht and
Payer Exp.
do.
2
1872-74
M.T.
76
-80
59-72
0
Kurmakuli, .
do.
I
1882-83
hourly
72
23
52 42
23
Sodankyla, .
do.
2
1882-84
do.
67
27
26 36
594
Bossekop,
do.
1
1882-83
do.
69
57
23 15
98
Bear Island, .
do.
1
1865-66
8: 8
74
39
18 48
0
Jan Mayen, .
do.
1
1882-83
hourly
70
59
-8 28
35
Sabine Island,
do.
1
1869-70
do.
74
32
-18 49
0
Ivigtut,
Greenland
11
1874-84
M.T.
61
12
-48 11
16
Julianehaab,
do.
11
do.
do.
60
44
-45 59
26
Frederikshaab,
do.
4
1856-60
7: 6
62
0
-49 24
[0]
Kornok,
do.
11
1874-84
do.
64
26
-51 0
10
Godthaab, .
do.
11
do.
do.
64
11
-51 45
37
Sukkertoppen,
do.
11
do.
do.
65
24
-55 14
[0]
Egedesmunde,
do.
11
do.
do.
68
43
-52 44
12
Jacobshavn, .
do.
11
do.
do.
69
13
-50 55
41
Upernivik, .
do.
11
do.
do.
72
47
-55 53
39
Wolstenholm Sound,
Arctic
1
1849-50
4, 8, n., etc.
76
34
-68 45
0
Port Foulke,
do.
1
1860-61
hourly
78
18
-73 0
0
Van Rensseller, .
do.
2
1853-55
do.
78
37
-70 53
0
Fort Conger,
do.
2
1881-83
do.
81
44
-64 45
0
The Discovery,
do.
1
1875-76
do.
81
44
-65 3
0
The Alert, .
do.
1
do.
do.
82
27
-61 22
0
Port Kennedy,
do.
1
1858-59
four hourly
72
1
-94 14
0
Northumberland Sd.,
do.
1
1852-53
two hourly
76
52
-97 0
0
Dealy Island,
do.
1
do.
do.
74
56
-108 49
0
Winter Harbour,
Melville Island, .
do.
1
1819-20
do.
74
47
-110 48
0
Mercy Bay, .
do.
If
1851-53
do.
74
6
-117 55
0
Wellington Channel,
do.
i^
1852-53
do.
75
37
-92 22
0
Assistance Bay, .
do.
1
1850-51
3, 6, 9, N., etc.
74
40
-94 16
0
Griffith's Island, .
do.
1
do.
two hourly
74
34
-95 20
0
Port Leopold,
do.
1
1848-49
do.
73
50
-90 12
0
Batty Bay, .
do.
§
1851-52
8: 8
73
12
-91 10
0
Walker Bay,
do.
1
do.
4, 8, n., etc.
71
35
-117 39
0
Princess Boyal
'
Island,
do.
1
1850-51
two hourly
72
47
-117 35
0
Cambridge Bay, .
do.
1
1852-53
4, 8, N., etc.
69
3
-105 12
0
Port Bowen,
do.
1
1824-25
two hourly
73
13
-88 55
0
Beechy Island,
do.
2
1852-54
4, 8, N., etc.
74
43
-91 54
0
Gulf of Boothia, .
do.
n
1829-32
hourly
70
6
-91 45
0
Igloolik,
do.
i
1822-23
two hourly
69
21
-81 53
0
Fort Hope (Repulse
Bay), . .
do.
2
1846-47, '53-54
M.T.
66
32
-86 56
10
REPORT ON ATMOSPHERIC CIRCULATION.
239
Jan.
Feb.
Mar.
April.
May.
June.
July.
Aug.
Sept.
Oct.
Nov.
Dec.
Year Corrs-
lear- Applied.
o
O
O
o
o
o
O
O
O
O
o
O
O
O
78-7
80-6
80'9
79-4
77-7
78-4
75-7
77-8
77-5
77-9
77-6
79-2
78-5
82-9
84-5
82-6
81-9
81-9
81-9
81-9
81-5
(82-4)
-19-1
-1-8
-2-7
9-7
14-9
81-1
35-1
35-0
29-7
12-0
-1-8
-1-5
11-7
-11-2
-22-0
-13-6
0-9
14-3
30-5
35-2
32-6
22-6
1-3
-14-8
-20-8
4-6
14-2
-8-9
0-3
-0-6
17-1
31-6
36-8
35-0
25-0
10-0
17-4
6-1
15-3
3-6
17-1
3-9
22-6
23-9
36-7
41-4
41-4
30-4
25-9
16-5
-1-1
23-5
-10-3
-25-0
-17-6
-1-9
15-4
30-7
34-7
32-6
19-8
1-0
-14-7
-21-5
3-6
-6-7
14-6
5-1
20-4
22-8
34-3
42-3
41-9
31-4
20-2
10-4
4-4
20-3
8-8
16-0
18-7
28-1
39-0
54-6
55-1
50-6
41-5
32-3
20-6
9-3
31-2
20-2
22-9
23-5
34-5
41-8
52-8
53-3
53-7
46-7
38-1
16-4
12-8
34-7
4-0
16-3
6-0
13-5
23-7
33-4
(39-0)
36-8
33-1
27-3
21-8
16-5
22-4
18-9
24-1
13-5
27-1
24-8
35-4
38-3
37-6
35-4
35-8
28-6
14-7
27-8
-11-4
-11-0
-10-1
2-3
22-3
36-1
38-8
33-3
24-3
7-0
-1-1
1-2
10-9
18-3
17-4
23-0
33-6
40-6
46-8
49-5
47-0
41-4
34-2
27-3
23-0
33-5
18-5
18-3
23-0
33-5
40-0
45-6
46-7
46-8
42-6
36-2
28-2
24-4
33-7
15-6
17-2
21-3
30-4
37-0
42-0
44-0
42-6
38-6
30-6
27-3
20-6
30-7
+ 1-5
14-3
14-0
17-6
27-8
36-5
43-7
47-4
48-0
37-6
29-1
24-8
18-5
29-8
14-5
14-0
17-1
26-6
.",:(•*
40-3
44-2
43-0
37-6
29-5
25-2
19-0
28-7
13-2~
12-6
16-6
29-4
37-7
45-8
49-3
47-8
39-8
30-2
25-1
18-2
30-5
3-2
-1-0
5-0
20-0
30-5
40-0
44-2
42-0
35-8
26-4
21-3
14-5
23-5
3-6
o-o
3-8
18-7
31-6
40-5
45-5
43-0
35-4
25-2
18-7
12-0
23-2
-5-8
-10-3
-5-8
10-0
25-2
34-9
40-5
39-4
34-0
24-4
17-1
5-7
17-4
...
-22-3
-30-6
-15-2
-3-0
25-6
39-4
39-8
33-8
27-0
12-6
-16-3
-24-]
5-6
-26-0
-24-9
-22-3
-11-0
23-8
33-8
40-5
(34-1)
22-6
7-6
2-8
-12-8
5-7
-28-2
-26-4
-34-9
-10-3
13-4
30-1
38-2
31-8
13-4
-3-6
-22-0
-31-2
-2-5
-37-4
-42-7
-25-0
-12-7
156
32-3
36-5
34-2
14-2
-8-0
-26-7
-29-8
-3-8
-40-7
-35-0
-37-1
-17-3
10-0
32-5
37-2
33-3
18-5
-9-8
-18-4
-24-5
-4-2
-33-0
-38-0
-39-8
-18-0
11-1
32-4
38-3
32-7
15-6
-5-1
-16-8
-22-2
-3-6
-34-7
-37-3
-18-3
-3-5
14-7
35-3
40-1
38-0
25-7
6-6
-11-9
-34-0
1-7
-38-6
-28-2
-17-5
-9-2
15-0
31-9
36-7
34-2
18-5
-1-3
-4-8
-30-1
0-6
-37-1
-31-5
-20-4
-4-3
14-8
33-4
35-7
34-8
(19-0)
(-1-0)
-10-2
-26-0
0-6
-31-3
-32-5
-18-2
-8-2
16-8
36-2
42-4
32-6
22-5
-2-8
-20-9
-21-6
1-3
-35-6
-32-2
-27-0
-2-7
12-7
31-4
36-7
33-2
201
-1-2
-15-5
-231
-0-3
-17-6
— 22 -4
-19-5
3-2
12-5
30-4
38-1
36-0
17-1
9-6
-7-5
-13-4
5-5
-29-0
-30-2
— 22 '1
-33
12-3
34-6
37-9
35-5
21-4
1-5
-G-8
-21-5
2-5
-31-0
-32-5
-25-6
-7-0
93
32-2
36-5
35-0
15-7
-0-6
-7-5
-23-0
0-1
-31-7
-31-0
-19-9
-5'3
18-1
32-3
36-2
33-4
24-0
12-0
-11-1
-32-4
2-1
-20-9
-19-2
-18-0
2-2
...
...
...
22-6
8-5
-5-9
-16-5
...
- 18-1
-16-3
-22-6
9-9
16-0
32-5
41-3
37-1
30-2
14-1
-5-0
-16-9
8 '5
-32-4
-37-7
-28-8
-4-8
18-9
36-1
37-5
37-5
24-6
0-2
-10-2
-23-4
1-5
-36-2
-29-3
-17-0
-2-9
171
32-5
39-8
38-5
20-1
4-4
-7-2
-29-9
2-5
-28-9
-27-3
-28-4
-6-5
17-6
36-1
38-9
35-8
25-9
10-8
-5-0
-19-0
4-2
-33-5
-25-8
-18-2
1-3
18-2
34-8
39-0
35-2
20-4
6-2
-9-3
-24-1
3-8
-25-8
-31-2
-28-3
-1-9
15-8
34-3
41-3
38-5
26-9
9-4
-6-0
-22-2
4-2
-16-1
-19-6
-19-0
-0-8
25-1
32-2
39-1
33-9
25-1
13-7
-18-6
-28-2
5-7
...
-29-6
-31-6
-23-1
-2-2
18-9
33-4
41-0
(35-0)
25-3
11-2
-9-0
-25-4
3-7
...
240
THE VOYAGE OF H.M.S. CHALLENGER.
Stations.
Country.
No of
Years.
Years
Specified.
Hours of
Observation.
Latitude.
Longitude.
Height,
Feet.
Hudson's Strait, .
Arctic
1
1836-37
two hourly
O 1
various
O 1
various
0
Kingawa,
do.
1
1882-83
hourly
66 36
-67 14
53
Ananito,
do.
1
1877-78
M.T.
66 20
-66 56
0
Winter Island,
do.
1
1821-22
two hourly
66 11
-83 10
0
Fort Chirno,
do.
2
1882-84
M.T.
59 0
-68 0
126
Fort York, .
do.
10
1875-84
do.
57 2
-92 20
55
Fort Simpson,
do.
2
1849-51
do.
62 7
-121 33
1830
Camden Bay,
do.
1
1853-54
4, 8, N., etc.
70 8
-145 29
0
Fort Franklin,
do.
n
?
do.
65 12
-123 13
500
Fort Confidence, .
do.
2
1837-39
M.T.
66 40
-119 0
500
Do.
do.
i
4
1850-51
9: 9
66 40
-119 0
500
The above 2 stations,
do.
H
1837-39, '50-51
M.T.
66 40
-119 0
500
Fort Yukon, .
do.
i
?
do.
66 34
-145 18
412
Nulato,
do.
i
1843, 66-67
do.
60 40
-158 13
100
Pt. Barrow, .
do.
2
1852-54
24 obs.
71 21
-156 16
10
Ooglaamie, .
do.
2
1881-83
do.
71 23
-156 40
17
The above 2 stations,
do.
4
1852-54, '81-83
do.
71 22
-156 28
14
Choris Peninsula, .
do.
1
1849-50
do.
66 58
-165 17
10
Port Clarence,
do.
2
1850-52
do.
65 17
-166 20
10
St. Michael's,
do.
14
1872-86
M.T.
63 48
-161 0
30
Ikogmut,
do.
2i
1843, '48-50, '53-4
da-
f.l 47
-161 14
75
Mdllen Island,
do.
T
3
1877-78
do.
66 1
-160 47
12
St. Paul's Island,
Bering Sea,
do.
6
1869-76
do.
57 7
-170 18
57
Ilinlink Harbour, .
do.
9
1827-34, '67, '71-73
do.
53 52
-166 31
15
Unalaska,
do.
3
1883-86
do.
53 52
-166 31
13
St. Paul, Kadiak
Island,
do.
2f
1869-70, '72-73
do.
57 47
-152 20
25
Cook's Inlet,
do.
6
1870
7: 2,9,9
60 32
-151 19
80
Sitka, .
do.
43
1832-45, '47-76
M.T.
57 3
-135 19
15
Fort Wrangel,
do.
5
1868-70, '75-77
do.
56 17
-132 29
55
Fort Tbngass,
do.
2A
1868-70
7 : 2, 9, 9
54 46
-130 30
25
Fort Simpson,
Dom. of Canada
2+
1886-89
M.T.
54 37
-130 23
[0]
Ladner's Landing,
do.
2*
1879-81
M.m.
45 50
-120- 0
350
Vancouver Island,*'
do.
0
Victoria,
do.
"s
1881-88
7 : 2,9, 9
48'"25
-12323
83
New Westminster,
do.
6
1874-80
do.
49 13
-122 53
54
Fort Moody,
do.
8
1881-88
do.
49 11
-123 0
[0]
Esquimault, .
do.
6*
1874-79
do.
48 26
-123 27
42
Quamichau, .
do.
8
1881-88
M.T.
48 46
-123 24
[0]
Lillooet,
do.
4
1880-83
M.m.
50 42
— 122 2
650
Soda Creek, .
do.
3*
1882-85
7: 2,9,9
52 20
-122 19
1430
Spence's Bridge, .
do.
9
1872-79, '83-84
do.
50 25
-121 30
760
Stuart's Lodge, .
do.
H
1878-79
do.
54 11
-124 4
1800
Chipewyan, .
do.
2
1884-85
do.
58 43
-111 19
700
Calgary,
do.
4
various
do.
50 55
-114 4
3550
Fort Dunvegan, .
do.
4
1880-84
do.
56 0
-119 0
1800
Fort Edmonton, .
do.
H
1880-85
do.
53 14
-113 38
2388
Battleford, .
do.
3
1876-78, '81-82
do.
52 41
-108 30
1615
Off tlie coast.
REPORT ON ATMOSPHERIC CIRCULATION.
241
Jan.
Feb.
Mar.
April.
May.
June.
July.
Aug.
Sept.
Oct.
Nov.
Dec.
Year.
Corrs.
Applied.
o
O
O
o
O
o
0
O
O
O
O
O
o
o
—18-2
—25-0
—10-4
14-2
28-8
35-0
37"5
31-6
26-9
1(1-1
—4-3
—22-7
91
—22-5
— 32-0
—6-7
4-2
30-1
36-3
42-8
45.4
32-5
12-2
—0-8
—7-2
11-2
—177
—17-1
—12-6
11-1
26-2
35-2
42-1
39-6
36-2
29-0
7-3
—12-3
13-9
—23-2
—24-0
—10-7
6-5
23-3
33-2
36-0
36-9
31-6
13-2
7-9
—14-2
9-9
—17-8
—17-7
—8-0
15-5
35-5
42-2
55'4
47-7
40-4
29-2
15-9
—13-3
18-8
—22-6
—19-3
—9-7
13-8
35-0
52-5
59-2
53-2
43-d
21-4
4-1
—13-6
18-1
—26-0
—8-3
1-6
26-4
45-8
60-0
24-6
9-6
-12-0
—15-2
—30-0
—18-8
—1-2
22-4
32-4
37:7
36-0
20-4
—0-8
—9-5
—24-9
4:0
...
—22-3
—107
—5-4
12-3
35-2
48-0
52-1
50-6
41-0
22-4
—0-2
—10-9
17-2
—29-3
—19-2
—18-3
9-0
27-6
47-8
54-8
48-4
36-0
20-5
—0-9
—14-8
13-4
...
—32-3
—37-5
—18-2
7-5
25-9
42-1
13-7
5-8
—21-4
—30-3
—25-3
—18-3
8-4
27-1
45-9
54-8
48-4
36-0
18-1
1-3
—17-0
12-4
-26-8
—26-4
— 11-2
12-7
41-2
53-5
65-8
59-9
38-7
21-6
—8-3
—18-4
16-8
...
—21-0
— 7*5
18-0
24-2
41-7
64-2
...
—10-7
...
—18-7
—22-5
—14-7
1-1
20-1
32-3
36-5
38-4
26-0
2V2
—8-5
—18-2
6-9
—16-3
—14-8
—9-0
0-8
22-6
33-4
39-7
37-5
31-6
14-2
—3-6
—17-6
9-8
-17-5
-18-6
-11-8
1-0
21-4
32-8
38-1
38-0
28-8
8-2
-6-0
-17-8
8-4
...
—12-0
—15-5
—6-0
14-5
30-0
(43-0)
(47-5)
45-0
42-8
25-0
1-2
5-2
19-2
—11-2
0-7
4-5
11-5
32-8
40-5
49-8
45-7
40-7
22-6
0-7
0-3
19-9
5-2
o-o
7-0
20-2
34-6
45-6
53-8
52-4
44-0
31-0
18-0
7-8
26-6
1-6
—5-8
2-5
24-0
33-8
48-3
51-0
47-6
44-4
27-4
12-6
5-4
24-4
25-2
16-7
25-o
22-7
28-2
24-4
23-3
29-0
34-6
41-9
45-7
47-2
45-0
38-4
34-1
28-6
35-0
29-3
31-2
31-9
36-3
41-2
46-5
50-2
51-0
44-7
37-4
33-1
30-0
38-5
33-8
31-2
33 0
35-2
41-2
45-8
497
50-8
46-0
41-0
34-9
32-5
39-6
28-7
28-0
30-2
38-2
43-3
50-3
56-5
58-1
56-6
58-8
51-7
43-3
37-7
33-0
41-5
31-4
32-9
35-6
40-8
47-0
52-4
55-5
55-9
51-5
44-9
38-1
33-3
43-3
26-3
30-6
31-6
42-1
48-2
55-0
58-1
56-4
51-9
45-9
39-4
32-1
43-1
33-9
36-0
38-4
44-4
49-9
56-1
58-3
58-6
52-9
48-4
40-9
38-0
46-3
31-7
32-9
39-6
43-4
48-3
52-4
55-0
56-0
53-2
47-0
39-8
37-8
44-8
32-4
35-7
42-0
47-1
52-1
58-3
59-6
58-9
54-7
47-2
38-7
32-8
46-6
39-9
39-9
42-6
47-7
52-2
57-6
59-4
59-4
55-8
49-6
42-8
39-4
48-7
36-4
37-4
43-5
47-4
52-5
56-4
58-5
58-4
54-5
48-1
43-5
40-3
481
33-9
35-9
42-1
47-4
52-8
57-9
60-9
60-4
54-9
47-0
39-8
36-2
47-4
32-4
35-5
42-0
48-0
55-8
60-3
63-3
64-0
56-5
48-5
40-8
36-0
47-8
37-5
40-7
43-0
48-1
52-3
56-6
59-6
58-3
536
49-0
44-4
41-8
487
...
33-1
33-6
42-1
45-8
55-3
59-6
63-8
62-0
54-8
48-0
40-3
37-5
48-0
21-5
24-6
38-2
46-3
55-6
63-0
68-3
66-4
56-6
45-1
32-7
26-3
45-4
12-4
11-3
32-4
43-0
54-1
61-5
70-8
66-8
50-6
41-0
32-8
21-0
41-4
20-1
21-4
39-5
51-4
59-6
65-5
70-7
69-8
59-8
49-1
31-2
28-1
47-7
12-7
11-5
28-0
38-0
49-3
53-2
57-3
58-2
47-1
33-5
30-8
18-2
36-5
—15-5
—96
5-3
26-3
42-5
56-3
60-6
55-9
45-6
29-4
19-4
-3-7
27-1
4-4
19-4
25-8
38-8
48-8
55-6
59-4
58-0
48-2
39-7
29-3
8-7
34-5
—12-0
2-6
15-2
35-6
50-1
56-0
60-5
57-3
45-7
31-6
16-5
—4-6
31-2
1-6
5-5
24-5
38-8
49-8
57-3
59-5
58-4
48-0
36-2
20-7
5-9
33-6
—1-3
11-3
21-0
38-6
51-0
59-1
65-0
62-8
49-9
34-6
22-0
7-2
34-2
(PHYS. CHBM. CHALL. EXP. PART V. 1889.)
242
THE VOYAGE OF H.M.S. CHALLENGER.
Stations.
Country.
No. of
Years.
Years
Specified.
Hours of
Observation.
Latitude.
Longitude.
Height,
Feet.
Medicine Hat,
Dom. of Canada
5|
1883-88
7 : 2, 9, 9
o
50
1
1
o /
-110 37
2136
Fort M'Leod,
do.
±h
1875-79
do.
49
89
-113 12
2400
Qu'Appelle, .
do.
5*
1883-88
do.
50
44
-103 42
2115
Swan R. Barracks,
do.
2
1875-77
do.
51
52
-101 57
2160
Miimedosa, .
do.
7
1881-88
M.m.
50
13
-99 48
1796
Fort Rae, .
do.
1
1882-83
hourly
62
39
-115 44
530
Do.
do.
2A
1875-77, '82-83
M.T.
62
39
-115 44
530
Norway House,
do.
7"
?
M.m.
54
0
-98 0
700
Stony Mountain, .
do.
10
1879-88
7: 2,9,9
50
22
-91 40
740
St. Andrews,
do.
4
1882-85
do.
50
5
-97 0
1300
Winnipeg, .
do.
14
1871-84
three hourly
49
55
-97 7
740
Gimli, .
do.
3
1877-80
7 : 2, 9, 9
50
37
-96 58
730
Rockwood, .
do.
5
1878-82
do.
50
5
-97 12
V
Poplar Heights, .
do.
5
do.
do.
50
4
-97 47
•}
Fort Churchill, .
do.
H
1811-13, '84-85
M.T.
58
44
-94 22
20
York Factory,
do.
10
1875-84
do.
57
0
-92 28
55
Albany,
do.
3
1878-81
do.
52
32
-94 4
1300
Martin Falls,
do.
3
do.
do.
51
30
-86 30
1000
Moose Factory,
do.
24
1857-80
do.
51
15
-80 45
33
Rama, .
do.
3*
1882-85
8: 8
58
53
-62 21
49
Hebron,
do.
H
do.
do.
58
12
-63 15
11
Okak, .
do.
H
do.
do.
57
34
-61 56
25
Nain, .
do.
3*
do.
do.
56
33
-61 41
14
Zoar, .
do.
H
do.
do.
56
7
-61 22
31
Hoffenthal, .
do.
H
do.
do.
55
27
-60 12
25
Fort Churchill,
do.
i*
1884-85
3,7,11:3,7,11
58
43
-94 10
20
Port Laperrierre, .
do.
H
do.
do.
62
34
-78 1
250
P. de Boucherville,
do.
4
do.
do.
63
12
-77 28
120
Asher's Inlet,
do.
li
do.
do.
62
33
-70 35
250
Stupart's Bay,
do.
1J
do.
do.
Gl
35
-71 32
350
P. Burwell, .
do.
li
do.
do.
60
22
-64 46
27
Skinner's Cove, .
do.
H
do.
do.
59
6
-63 37
90
Bellisle,
do.
H
1882-84
2*, 8J : 41
51
53
-55 22
405
St. John's, N.F., .
do.
15
1870-84
7": 2, 9, 9"
47
34
-52 42
150
Fogo, .
do.
15
do.
do.
49
44
-54 11
28
Channel,
do.
15
do.
8: 2, 9
47
34
-59 7
30
Bay St. George, .
do.
15
do.
7 : 2, 9, 9
48
26
-58 30
8
Harbour Grace, .
do.
15
do.
do.
47
22
-55 25
[0]
Sydney,
do.
15
do.
three hourly
46
8
-60 10
28
Truro, .
do.
15
do.
7 : 2, 9, 9
45
22
-63 18
77
Windsor,
do.
15
do.
do.
44
59
-64 6
87
Digby, .
do.
15
do.
do.
44
38
-66 46
150
Charlottetown,
do.
15
do.
*
46
14
-63 10
38
Kilmahumaig,
do.
15
do.
7 : 2, 9, 9
46
48
-64 2
20
Halifax,
do.
15
do.
three hourly
44
39
-63 36
122
Yarmouth, .
do.
15
do.
#
43
50
-66 2
61
St. John's, N.B. .
do.
15
do.
two hourly
45
17
-66 3
150
Fredericton,
do.
15
do.
three hourly
45
57
-66 38
59
Chatham,
do.
15
do.
*
47
3
-65 29
56
Bathurst,
do.
15
do.
7 : 2, 9, 9
47
39
-65 42
9
Dalhousie, .
do.
15
do.
do.
48
4
-66 22
150
Bird Rocks, .
do.
15
do.
do.
47
51
-61 8
85
* At 6.50 : 2.50, 10.50 Toronto Time-.
REPORT ON ATMOSPHERIC CIRCULATION.
243
Jan.
Feb.
Mar.
April.
May.
June.
July.
Aug.
Sept.
Oct.
Nov.
Dec.
Year.
Corrs.
Applied.
o
O
o
o
O
o
O
O
o
O
o
O
o
o
1-4
11-9
28-8
44-0
56-2
63-6
68-3
65-3
54-6
42-6
29-4
140
40O
...
14-4
23-5
!>.VS
42-6
53-7
6V0
67-4
64-7
55-0
43-0
32-0
260
420
—10-2
—2-6
12-6
36-1
50-8
60-6
62-6
59-2
50-0
37-0
20-4
2-3
310
...
—10-5
—13-8
2-6
33-4
51-6
55-3
62-1
61-4
50-5
38-4
—0-2
—0-7
27-5
...
—11-0
—3-6
9-4
33 '0
48-6
59-0
62-2
58-5
480
35-1
18-0
2-5
30-2
—26-8
—10-4
—7-7
19-3
37-2
51-5
614
56-5
44-4
32-6
9-3
—15-1
21-2
—23 0
—21-4
—16-4
11-4
37-5
52-3
62-9
56-5
44-4
27-8
—2-7
— 23 O
17-1
—7-2
—2-4
6-9
27-4
44-6
55-0
63-5
61-2
46-5
81-1
12-2
—1-8
29-8
—7-3
—0-2
13-2
35-8
50-3
62-2
66-0
64-2
51-0
38-1
20-0
0-2
32-8
—13-2
—8-8
G-7
34-0
49-3
60-8
62-4
61-2
51-9
39-5
19-3
—2-3
30-1
...
—5-2
0-7
11-6
33-8
52-4
62-0
66-1
64-1
51-7
38-3
16-7
0-4
32-7
—3-6
2-8
9-1
31-1
49-6
59-9
64-0
61-8
50-4
38-6
20-9
3-1
32-3
—1-5
3-3
17-3
35 8
52-3
62-8
67-6
65-4
52-6
38-4
19-0
10
340
—1-0
4-3
15"5
343
52-6
62-8
67-5
64-8
52-4
38-4
18-4
10
34-2
—26-9
—23-4
—7-8
6-2
27-1
38-8
51-0
51-5
40-8
20-5
4-2
—11-3
14-2
...
—22-0
—16-5
—7-8
16-8
35-5
53-0
61-3
53-2
42-3
27-4
6-6
—13-4
19-7
—77
—8-9
7-1
19-4
38-0
50-6
59-0
(55-2)
(48-0)
38-1
16-8
—2-1
260
—7-7
—7-5
7-4
23-7
43-9
54-0
60-3
57-4
47-6
37-7
15-8
—5-4
27-2
—4-5
—1-8
11-0
25-0
41-2
52-2
60-1
58-0
48-6
38-8
21-4
0-5
29-1
—9-8
—7-4
—1-6
19-2
33-2
40-6
46-9
45-0
38-8
30-0
19-3
10
210
—10-0
—8-0
—1-6
18-7
32-3
41-0
46-3
44-8
38-8
29-1
18-7
0-8
21-7
—11-4
—8-0
—1-1
19-4
32-6
41-8
47-5
46-7
40-0
29-6
17-8
—0-4
21-2
—11-2
—7-8
o-o
20-6
32-4
42-3
47-8
46-9
40-8
30-2
18-6
-0-3
21-7
—13-0
—7-6
o-o
21-0
34-0
43-5
50-0
48-0
41-0
31-4
17-8
—10
220
—10-1
—4-5
3-0
23-0
34 5
43-9
51-3
49-2
42-3
32-6
20-4
2-5
240
—24-8
—16-5
—14-3
9-0
22-5
40-5
56-0
49-8
38-4
24-1
10-8
—12-4
15-2
—27-4
—6-0
—19-2
6-1
23-8
35-2
40-2
39-6
. 32-8
22-5
110
—9-8
12-4
—26-3
—5-4
—187
6-7
24-7
33-1
391
37-7
31-7
19-5
9-8
—11-1
11-7
—19-2
1-6
—12-6
10-4
26-7
33-8
40-2
39-2
32-6
22-9
11-4
—50
15-2
—22-6
—3-9
—15-5
9-1
25-2
33-9
42-6
42-7
32-7
22-5
10-3
—7-4
14-1
—177
2-3
—7-3
16-2
28-0
33-4
41-9
417
34-2
28-2
16-2
—20
17-7
—10-6
0-9
—2-8
19-2
31-1
387
46-2
46-0
36-6
28-2
180
10
210
6-4
17-8
15-7
28-0
34-1
40-5
52-5
54-5
45-4
35-7
250
11-5
30-7
23-8
23-6
27-5
34-6
43-7
52-8
597
60-5
54-4
45-4
36-5
28-4
40O
18-6
16-3
23-5
33-0
41-8
53-4
59-7
61-3
54-6
44-4
33-2
25-3
38-7
—20
20-4
19-6
26-2
32-0
40-5
48-6
56-2
58-8
54-4
45-5
34-2
27-7
38-5
+ 2-0
19-4
19-0
24-6
35-1
43-8
53-3
61-4
61-6
55-0
46-0
36-1
260
40-1
...
22-6
21-9
26-6
35-0
43-0
52-5
59-6
59-6
54-4
45-8
86-3
28-2
40-4
...
20-5
20-3
25-8
34-0
41-1
55-0
61-6
62-8
55-8
46-8
36-5
27-2
40O
18-0
19-6
26-4
38-8
48-7
58-4
63-4
63-1
55-8
46-3
34-4
230
41-3
21-3
22-2
28-9
38-5
49-4
58-8
65-0
63-2
57-0
47-5
350
25-8
42-7
23-8
24-6
30-0
39-0
49-0
57-6
63-3
. 62-8
57-3
48-4
37-2
270
43-4
16-3
17-7
25-0
34-9
46-3
57-6
64-1
64-7
57-7
47-0
34-4
230
40-7
14-4
16-0
23 -5
34-0
45-2
57-8
63-8
63-5
57-2
45-9
33-2
210
390
...
22-1
23-1
28-8
374
47-4
57-1
63-0
63-8
57-4
47-8
36-5
265
420
...
26-0
26-6
31-0
38-8
47-7
55-2
59-7
60-5
55-7
48-5
380
30O
43-3
...
18-5
20-5
27-5
37-0
46-0
55-0
59-9
60-3
55-2
46-3
340
23-5
40-4
11-4
16-4
24-5
37-3
49-7
60-6
65-7
64-4
56-2
44-4
310
17-3
40O
...
10-7
15-3
22-4
36-1
48-0
59-3
64-8
64-2
55-5
43-7
31-1
16-3
39-8
10-6
14-8
23-4
35-7
47-0
60-6
65-9
64-8
56-8
44-4
31-1
17-5
39-4
5-8
10-2
19-4
32-2
44-9
57-5
63-2
62-0
52-8
39-6
27-8
150
350
18-2
17-5
23-0
32-0
39-3
48-7
57-1
61-3
56-4
46-1
350
240
38-3
••*
244
THE VOYAGE OF H.M.S. C]
1ALLENGE
R.
Stations.
Country.
No. of
Years.
Years
Specified.
Hours of
Observation.
Latitude.
Longitude.
Height,
Feet.
Anticosti, S.-W. Pt.
Dom. of Canada
15
1870-84
7 : 2, 9, 9
o
49
24
-63
16
20
Anticosti, W. Pt. .
do.
15
do.
do.
49
52
-64
30
[0]
Bellisle,
do.
-1
1877-78, '83-85
do.
51
53
— 55
•1-1
405
Point Rich, .
do.
15
1870-84
do.
50
38
-57
20
[0]
Father Point,
do.
15
do.
*
4«
31
-68
28
20
Cape Magdalen, .
do.
5
1882-88
7 : 2, 9, 9
49
14
-65
15
[0]
Point Lewis,
do.
15
1870-84
do.
46
48
-71
11
300
Quebec,
do.
15
do.
*
46
48
-71
12
312
Montreal,
do.
15
do.
three hourly
45
31
-73
33
187
Sherbrooke, .
do.
15
do.
7 : 2, 9, 9
45
25
-71
57
270
Cranbourne, .
do.
15
do.
do.
46
22
-70
37
?
Huntingdon,
do.
15
do.
do.
45
5
-74
10
400
Chieoutimi, .
do.
15
do.
do.
48
25
-71
5
159
Cornwall,
do.
15
do.
7: 1, 9
45
1
-74
43
176
Kingston,
do.
15
do.
M.T.
44
14
-76
29
307
Fitz Roy Harbour,
do.
15
do.
7 : 2, 9, 9
45
30
-76
10
200
Pembroke, .
do.
15
do.
7: 1, 9
45
50
-77
7
389
Rockliffe,
do.
15
do.
*
46
12
-77
55
418
Simcoe,
do.
15
do.
7: 1, 9
42
50
-80
21
700
Toronto,
do.
15
do.
M.T.
43
2:1
-79
23
350
Hamilton,
do.
15
do.
7: 1, 9
43
16
-79
53
332
Port Stanley,
do.
15
do.
*
42
40
-81
13
592
Windsor,
do.
15
do.
7: 1, 9
42
19
-83
2
604
Port Dover, .
do.
15
do.
*
42
47
-80
13
635
Woodstock, .
do.
15
do.
7 : 2, 9, 9
43
8
-80
47
980
Stratford, .
do.
15
do.
7: 1, 9
43
23
-81
0
1182
Goderich,
do.
15
do.
do.
43
45
-81
43
728
Point Clark,
do.
15
do.
do.
44
4
-si
51
?
Kincardine, . . .
do.
15
do.
7 : 2, 9, 9
44
11
-81
37
684
Saugeen,
do.
15
do.
#
44
30
-81
21
656
Parry Sound,
do.
15
do.
*
45
19
-80
0
641
Gravenhurst,
do.
15
do.
7 : 2, 9, 9
44
54
-79
20
700
Little Current,
do.
15
do.
do.
45
57
-81
54
608
Port Arthur,
do.
15
do.
7 : 2, 10
48
27
-89
12
642
Savanne,
do.
4
1885-89
7 : 2, 9, 9
49
48
-90
4
750
Nepigon,
do.
2
1886-88
do.
50
0
-88
40
750
White River,
do.
2i
1886-89
do.
46
0
-91
0
?
Eastport,
Maine
15"
1870-84
7 : 3, lit
44
54
-66
59
61
Portland,
do.
15
do.
do.
43
39
-70
15
45
Mt. Washington, .
New Hampshire
13
1872-84
do.
44
16
-71
18
6279
Burlington, .
Vermont
15
1870-84
do.
44
29
-73
13
268
Boston,
Massachusetts
15
do.
do.
42
21
-71
4
142
Springfield, .
do.
15
do.
do.
42
6
-72
36
120
Thatcher's Island, .
do.
15
do.
do.
42
36
-70
38
48
Wood's Hole,
do.
15
do.
do.
41
33
-70
40
34
Newport,
Rhode Island
15
do.
do.
41
29
-71
19
44
New Haven, .
Connecticut
15
do.
do.
41
17
-72
57
104
New London,
do.
15
do.
do.
41
21
-72
5
47
Albany,
New York
15
do.
do.
42
39
-73
45
75
Buffalo,
do.
15
do.
do.
42
53
-78
53
696
At 6.50 : 2.50, 10.50 Toronto Time.
f Wellington Mean Time.
REPORT ON ATMOSPHERIC CIRCULATION.
245
Jan.
Feb.
Mar.
April.
May.
June.
July.
Aug.
Sept.
Oct.
Xov.
Dec.
Year.
Cons.
Applied.
□
O
O
o
O
o
O
O
o
o
o
O
o
11-7
127
207
32-4
40-4
50-1
57-2
58-0
51-4
41-0
30-0
19-1
35-4
10-5
11-8
20-2
32-7
41-0
51-8
58-5
58-8
51-6
41-0
29-1
17-5
35-4
4-9
9-0
15-5
28-8
33-6
42-6
4s -8
50-9
45-8
34-8
25-8
13-0
29-4
11-8
12-0
28-8
30-8
38-6
47-:!
54-9
57-5
52-5
42-0
307
21-3
32-6
8-5
12-5
20-0
32-2
41-5
52-4
56-8
55-6
49-2
39-G
28-3
13-8
34-2
7-8
11-8
19-4
32-7
42-8
55-0
59-2
(53 6)
49-1
40-0
29-9
17-5
34-9
10-0
11-8
18-9
33-4
47-G
GOO
66-2
G5-0
56-2
44-1
29-3
15-0
38-1
9-1
13-5
21-6
35-3
49-5
61-8
66-5
64-7
56-3
43-7
28-4
14-5
38-7
13-4
17-5
25-5
40-4
55-4
65-6
69-8
68-7
59-8
4G-9
31-7
18-6
42-8
9-6
15-5
23-0
36-7
49-6
62-0
66-8
64-3
56-2
43-9
29-0
16-2
39-4
8-2
11-6
20-0
34-1
45-2
59-5
62-4
61-3
52-6
39-4
25-4
13-0
36-1
11-7
15-8
24-5
39-7
54-0
64-1
68 '0
66-6
57-9
4G-0
30-4
18-2
41-4
...
3-4
10-5
19-5
34-4
48-8
60-4
652
63-7
53-3
40-6
27-2
8-5
36-3
...
13-3
16-8
24-5
40-6
55-1
65-4
69-2
68-0
59-0
46-8
31-8
19-0
42-5
17-3
19-6
27-4
40-5
53-5
64-1
68-7
69-2
61-4
48-7
33-8
23-0
44-0
10-2
14-1
25-6
41-0
55-1
65-7
70-0
67-8
58-3
45-7
29-3
15-6
41-5
10-4
14-0
22 -8
38-8
53-8
64-8
68-3
67-0
57-0
44-9
29-6
16-2
40-6
9-2
12-8-
20-2
35-7
51-2
61-0
65-6
63-9
54-8
43-3
30-0
14-3
38-5
21-1
23-2
29-2
42-3
55-6
65-5
70-2
68-6
60-4
49-8
34-7
26-7
45-6
21-6
22-6
27-9
40-5
53-2
63-1
68-2
67-4
59-7
47-6
33-4
25-6
43-8
23-3
25-0
30-0
42-7
56-1
66-3
71-9
70-7
617
50-7
36-1
27-6i
46-8
21-6
23-7
29-2
40-1
53-8
63-8
68-4
67-4
61-1
50-2
36-3
27-8
45-3
23-4
25-7
32-0
45-6
59-0
68-3
72-6
71-4
63-8
61-1
36-5
27-3
48-1
22-0
23-2
29-1
41-0
53-6
64-4
68-9
68-4
61-4
50-0
35-0
27-3
45-4
19-0
20-6
267
39-6
53-7
63-6
67-2
66-0
58-0
47-0
33-5
24-0
43-2
18-8
20-4
25-7
39-8
54-2
63-4
67-5
66-3
58-0
47-0
31-2
23'2
43-0
22-2
22-9
27-7
41-0
54-4
64-0
68-4
68 '0
60-6
49-3
35-6
26-9
45-1
22-1
21-8
26-0
38-1
50-7
59-4
C6-1
65-8
.59-2
49-1
35-5
26-1
43-4
21-5
21-8
27-7
40-0
52-8
63-3
67-3
66-8
59-8
49-1
35-2
26-7
44-3
20-3
20-9
26-0
38-0
49-7
59-8
64-8
65-2
58-7
47-7
34-5
25-3
42-6
14-2
15-6
21-6
37-5
50-8
61-0
65-8
64-8
57-0
45-2
30-4
19-0
40-3
14-3
15-9
23-2
36-5
527
62-4
G6-0
64-8
55-5
44 2
30-8
19-2
40-5
15-0
15-6
23-0
38-0
49-6
60-6
66-8
65-2
58-6
46-8
33-0
19-3
41-0
6-0
10-8
20-6
33-5
47-0
56-3
62-8
60-6
521
41-6
23-6
11-0
35-5
-9-8
-0-6
10-6
34-2
49-1
60-0
64-5
58-3
48-0
357
18-1
3-0
31-0
-9-0
-0-8
9-0
29-9
46-5
57-6
61-8
55-4
47-9
36-5
18-8
3-7
29-8
-6-9
-4-6
9-0
26-2
50-0
58-5
60-8
54 3
46-2
34-2
13-6
3-7
28-0
20-5
23-0
29-0
38-4
47-2
55-0
60-3
604
65-0
46-5
34-8
23-8
41-2
24-0
26-6
33-2
437
54-6
63-9
69-4
67-4
60-8
50-5
38-2
27-9
46-7
5-4
6-4
10-7
20-6
33-5
44-0
47-8
47-3
41-0
30-2
16-4
9-2
25-9
19-2
21-6
28-3
41-6
55-8
66-2
707
68-9
59-8
49-4
34-9
23-9
45-1
27-4
28-8
34-0
44-0
56-0
66-1
71-3
69-0
62-4
52-2
39-8
302
48-4
L'fr'.l
29-2
34-5
47-0
59-3
68-8
74-0
71-6
63-8
52-7
39-9
30-3
49-8
.,
28-4
29-2
341
43-0
52-7
62-7
66-8
66-3
607
52-2
4G"9
31-8
47-4
...
30-9
31-3
35-5
43'2
53-1
63-3
69-1
68-9
631
54-5
42-9
33-8
.49-1
...
29-8
31-3
358
44-7
547
65-2
70-8
69-4
63-5
54-9
42-9
33-6
.49-7
28-9
30-5
35-5
46-2
58-0
68-4
72-9
70-9
63-8
53-8
40-7
32-0
.50-1
29-3
30-3
35-6
45-4
56-4
65-7
71-4
69-9
63-6
537
41-2
32-2
49-6
23-6
25-5
32-4
45-9
59-4
68-6
72-8.
71-3
63-3
51-1
38-6
27-2
48-3
24-4
25-0
30-4
41-6
54-3
65-3
70-0
69-6
G2-0
50-9
37-5
29-0
46-7
246
THE VOYAGE OF H.M.S. CHALLENGER.
Stations.
Country.
No. of
Years.
Years
Specified.
Hours of
Observation.
Latitude.
Longitude.
Height,
Feet.
New York, .
New York
15
1870-84
7: 3, 11*
o /
40 43
o /
-74 0
164
Oswego,
do.
15
do.
do.
43 29
-76 35
304
Rochester, .
do.
15
do.
do.
43 8
-77 42
621
Erie, .
Pennsylvania
15
do.
do.
42 7
-80 5
681
Philadelphia,
do.
15
do.
do.
39 57
-75 9
92
Pittsburg,
do.
15
do.
do. .
40 32
-80 2
762
Atlantic City,
New Jersey
15
do.
do.
39 22
-74 25
13
Barnegat,
do.
15
do.
do.
39 46
-74 6
20
Cape May, .
do.
15
do.
do.
38 56
-74 58
27
Sandy Hook,
do.
15
do.
do.
40 28
-74 1
28
Baltimore, .
Maryland
15
do.
do.
39 18
-76 37
45
Washington,
Dist. Columbia
15
do.
do.
38 54
-77 2
106
Morgantown,
Virginia
15
do.
do.
39 40
-79 52
963
Cape Henry,
do.
15
do.
do.
36 56
-76 0
16
Wytheville, .
do.
15
do.
do.
36 58
-81 5
2293
Lynchburgh,
do.
15
do.
do.
37 25
-79 2
652
Norfolk,
do.
15
do.
do.
36 51
-76 17
30
Cape Hatteras,
North Carolina
15
do.
do.
35 14
-75 30
7
Cape Lookout,
do.
15
do.
do.
34 36
-76 36
18
Kittyhawk, .
do.
15
do.
do.
36 0
-75 42
22
Smithville, .
do.
15
do.
do.
33 55
-78 1
34
Wilmington,
do.
15
do.
do.
34 14
-77 57
52
Charleston, .
South Carolina
15
do.
do.
32 49
-79 56
52
Augusta,
Georgia
15
do.
do.
33 28
-81 54
183
Savannah, .
do.
15
do.
do.
32 5
-81 5
87
Tybee Island,
do.
15
do.
do.
32 0
-80 52
29
Jacksonville,
Florida
15
do.
do.
30 20
-81 39
43
Key West, .
do.
15
do.
do.
24 34
-81 49
20
Cedar Keys, .
do.
15
do.
do.
29 8
-83 2
22
Punta Raasa.
do.
15
do.
do.
26 29
-82 1
14
St. Marks, .
do.
15
do.
do.
30 10
-84 12
15
Mobile,
Alabama
15
do.
do.
30 41
-88 2
41
Montgomery,
do.
15
do.
do.
32 23
-•86 18
219
Vicksburg, .
Mississippi
15
do.
do.
32 22
-90 53
244
Knosville, .
Tennessee
15
do.
do.
35 56
-83 58
980
Memphis,
do.
15
do.
do.
35 9
-90 3
321
Nashville,
do.
15
do.
do.
36 10
-86 47
549
Louisville, .
Kentucky
15
do.
do.
38 15
-85 45
530
Cincinnati, .
Ohio
15
do.
do.
39 6
-84 30
620
Cleveland, .
do.
15
do.
do.
41 30
-81 42
690
Toledo,
do.
15
do.
do.
41 40
-83 84
651
Columbus, .
do.
15
do.
do.
39 58
-83 0
805
Sandusky, .
do.
15
do.
do.
41 27
-82 40
639
Indianapolis,
Indiana
15
do.
do.
39 46
-86 10
753
Cairo, .
Illinois
15
do.
do.
37 0
-89 10
377
Chicago,
do.
15
do.
do.
41 52
-87 38
661
Alpena,
Michigan
15
do.
do.
45 5
-83 30
609
Detroit,
do.
15
do.
do.
42 20
-83 3
601
Escanaba,
do.
15
do.
do.
45 48
-87 5
612
Grand Haven,
do.
15
do.
do.
43 5
-86 19
620
' Washington Mean Time.
REPORT ON ATMOSPHERIC CIRCULATION.
247
Jan.
Feb.
Mar.
April.
May.
June.
July.
Aug.
Sept.
Oct.
J\OV.
Dec.
Year.
Corrs.
Applied.
o
O
°
c
°
o
O
o
O
O
0
O
o
o
30-3
31-7
36-6
47-2
59-2
68-9
73-6
72-3
65-6
55-7
42-8
33-2
51-4
26-2
267
32-0
43-0
54-5
64-9
70-4
69-3
62-1
51-6
39-0
29 '3
47-5
24-6
25-6
30-8
43-6
57-0
66-6
70-7
69-3
62-5
50-3
36-6
281
47-1
27-5
27-8
33-5
45-0
58-0
68-0
71-8
70-8
64-0
53-8
40-0
31-2
49-3
32-1
34-3
39-6
50-0
62-2
72-0
76-4
73-9
67-2
56-5
44-0
34'9
53-6
31-1
33-5
38-8
50-9
62-6
70-9
74-3
72-4
65-7
55-1
41-0
33-3
52-5
32-5
33-6
38-2
47-2
57-1
6(r6
72-2
72-3
67-2
57'2
44-1
35-4
51-9
32-2
33-2
38-2
46-5
56-8
663
72-0
71-7
66-4
56-6
43-4
34-6
51-5
34-7
36-4
41 '0
48-1
59-0
68-0
73-5
72-'.)
68-1
59-0
46-7
38-2
53-9
31-2
32-3
37-4
47-4
59-4
68-6
73-8
73-2
67-0
569
44-5
34-6
52-2
35-4
37-4
42-6
537
64-8
74-0
78-5
75-4
68-3
58-3
45-1
36-1
55-8
33-8
36-3
42-2
52-7
64-2
73-9
78-9
75-1
68-2
58-0
44-3
36-6
55-3
35-2
37-6
41-8
52-0
63-0
70-8
74-2
71-5
64-8
549
43-6
36-8
53-8
40-6
42-1
45-8
54-0
(14-2
73-3
78-1
76-4
72-0
61-8
51-4
43-1
58-6
35-0
38-4
42-0
52-5
64-4
68-0
71-8
70-2
67-0
54-8
41-7
35-8
53-5
...
37-4
41-3
45-8
56-3
66'6
74-7
79-0
75-9
69-2
58-9
4G-5
38-9
57-7
407
43-4
48-0
56-1
66-0
75-5
79-G
76-9
71-1
61-3
50-0
42-1
59-2
457
46-5
50-3
56-4
64-9
74-2
78-1
77-5
73-2
64-3
55-1
47-4
611
47-2
48-3
53-0
59-0
67-0
75-7
80-0
79-0
75-3
66-0
55-5
48-1
62-8
42-5
43-9
47-4
54-2
G2-8
73-0
79-8
77-2
72-6
63-4
52-6
44-2
59-5
...
46-6
48-8
53-8
60-4
69-6
77-2
81-0
79-3
74-2
64-6
54-0
47-5
631
47-7
50-2
54-7
61-4
69-3
76-6
80-3
78-6
73-7
64-3
55-0
48-0
63 3
50-8
53-3
57-8
647
72-5
79-4
82-8
80-9
76-G
67-5
57-9
51-5
66-3
48-3
51-3
56-6
64-2
72-7
79-1
82-0
80-2
74-8
6.V1
.">:>-.">
48-2
64-8
52-2
54-9
60-0
66-3
73-7
80-1
83-1
81-5
76 3
67-4
58-3
52-9
G7-2
497
53-0
58-5
63-8
71-0
77-9
80-2
80-0
76-2
67-7
58-5
51-1
65-7
56-1
58-2
62-8
69-6
75-7
80-6
82-9
81-5
78-0
71-2
62-1
56-3
69-6
70-8
71-9
74-0
76-7
79-6
83-0
83-9
84-4
83-1
79-1
74-9
70-9
777
56-9
60-3
633
70-2
76-3
80-6
83-2
81-8
79-3
72-3
63-6
58-3
70-5
647
65-6
69-5
73-1
76-9
80-4
81-6
81-4
80-1
76-5
70-0
65-4
73-8
53-2
56-0
60-8
66-4
73-6
78-5
81-3
79-9
77-1
68-1
59-5
53-9
67-4
51-1
54-6
59-9
66-9
74-6
80-5
82-2
81-0
77-0
68-2
58-0
52-0
67-2
49-0
52-9
58-1
65-4
73-2
79-5
82-5
80-1
75-5
66-5
54-9
49-3
65-5
...
48-3
53-5
59-6
66-0
74-0
80-0
82-2
81-3
755
66-5
55-4
50-4
66-1
38-0
42-1
47-7
57-3
07-4
73-5
76-4
75-2
68-6
58-5
46-3
39-2
57-4
40-4
45-2
51-9
61-3
70-7
78-0
80-9
78-9
71-6
63-3
49-5
42-4
61-2
39-1
43 '8
49-7
59-2
69-6
77-0
80-0
78-2
70-8
60-9
48-1
41-5
60-0
35-2
39-2
45-1
56-0
G7-2
75-0
78-9
76-8
69-0
59-2
45-3
37-6
57-0
34-2
38-1
43'6
547
66-4
74-4
78-0
76-0
68-5
58-7
45-1
36-8
56-2
26-7
28-6
34-0
45-4
58-3
67-3
72-0
70-3
64-2
53-8
39-2
30-2
49-2
28-0
30-3
36-2
48-8
61-6
7G"6
74-2
72-1
64-6
54-0
397
31-0
51-0
30-6
36-8
39-6
51-8
63-9
71-2
74-6
73-6
68-6
58-6
42-6
337
53-8
28-0
33-0
35-0
45-5
61-3
68-6
72-0
71-3
67-4
563
41-4
31-9
51-0
29-8
344
40-2
52-8
647
73-0
77-0
741
66 -8
55-8
41-1
32-5
53-5
34-4
40-8
46-7
58-0
67-5
757
79-2
77-5
70-3
58-9
45-8
39-2
57-8
...
25-5
29-3
35-4
463
57-5
67-7
72-9
72-2
64-4
53-4
38'8
29-0
49-4
19-1
19-5
25-0
37-0
49-5
59-3
661
64-8
57-2
46-6
32-7
23-7
41-7
24-6
27-2
33-0
45-3
587
68-0
72-0
70-5
623
52-3
36-9
29-2
48-4
15-4
169
227
36-3
50-4
61-2
67-1
66-5
56-5
45-0
31-0
20-6
40-8
25-6
26-5
32-0
43-7
55-9
64-6
69-7
68-7
61-3
51-0
37-6
29-0
47-1
248
THE VOYAGE OF H.M.S. CHALLENGER.
Stations.
Country.
No. of
Years.
Years
Specified.
Hours of
Observation.
Latitude.
Longitude.
Height,
Feet.
Marquette, .
Michigan
15
1870-84
7 : 3, 11*
o
46
34
o /
-87 24
673
Port Huron, .
do.
15
do.
do.
43
0
-82 26
633
La Crosse, .
Wisconsin
15
do.
do.
43
49
-91 15
725
Milwaukee, .
do.
15
do.
do.
43
2
-87 54
697
Breckeuridge,
Minnesota
15
do.
do.
46
11
-96 17
968
Duluth,
do.
15
do.
do.
46
48
-92 6
672
St. Paul's, .
do.
15
do.
do.
44
58
-93 3
801
Bismarck,
Dacota
10J
1874-84
do.
46
47
-100 36
1694
Fort Buford,
do.
15
1870-84
do.
48
0
-103 56
1930
Fort Sully, .
do.
15
do.
do.
44
89
-100 40
1678
Saint Vincent,
do.
15
do.
do.
48
56
-97 14
804
Pembina,
do.
15
do.
do.
49
0
-97 5
791
Deadwood, .
do.
15
do.
do.
44
23
-103 43
4600
Yankton,
do.
15
do.
do.
42
54
-97 28
1228
Virginia City,
Montana
9
1872-80
do.
45
20
-112 3
5480
Boise City, .
Wyoming
15
1870-84
do.
43
37
-116 8
2750
Lewiston,
do.
15
do.
do.
46
8
-117 5
780
Cheyenne, .
do.
15
do.
do.
41
12
-104 42
6105
Fort Benton,
do.
5
1880-84
do.
47
50
-110 40
2694
North Platte,
Nebraska
15
1870-84
do.
41
8
-100 45
2841
Omaha,
do.
15
do.
do.
41
16
-95 56
1113
Davenport, .
Iowa
15
do.
do.
41
32
-90 38
603
Dubuque,
do.
15
do.
do.
42
30
-90 44
665
Keokuk,
do.
15
do.
do.
40
22
-91 26
618
St. Louis,
do.
15
do.
do.
38
37
-90 12
571
Dodge City, .
Kansas
10*
1874-84
do.
37
45
-100 0
2517
Leavenworth,
do.
15
1870-84
do.
39
19
-94 57
842
Denver,
Colorado
15
do.
do.
39
45
-105 0
5294
Pike's Peak, .
do.
11*
1873-84
do.
38
50
-105 2
14134
Salt Lake City,
Utah
10|
1874-84
do.
40
46
-111 54
4348
Fort Smith, .
Arkansas
15
1870-84
do.
35
22
-94 24
449
Little Rock, .
do.
15
do.
do.
34
45
-92 6
298
Corsicana,
do.
15
do.
do.
32
5
-96 30
445
Denison,
do.
15
do.
do.
33
48
-96 32
767
Fort Gibson,
Indian Territory
15
do.
do.
35
50
-95 20
540
New Orleans,
Louisiana
15
do.
do.
29
58
-90 4
52
Port Eads, .
do.
15
do.
do.
29
9
-89 15
7
Shreveport, .
do.
15
do.
do.
32
30
-93 40
227
Galveston, .
Texas
15
do.
do.
29
18
-94 47
40
Indianola,
do.
15
do.
do.
28
32
-96 31
26
Palestine,
do.
15
do.
do.
31
45
-95 40
533
Brownsville, .
do.
15
do.
do.
25
53
-97 26
59
Rio Grande City. .
do.
15
do.
do.
26
22
-98 48
230
Eagle Pass, .
do.
15
do.
do.
31
47
-106 30
780
San Antonio,
do.
15
do.
do.
29
25
-98 25
678
Concho,
do.
15
do.
do.
31
25
-100 24
1900
Stockton,
do.
15
do.
do.
30
53
-102 53
3010
Jacksonburgh,
do.
15
do.
do.
32
12
-98 10
1120
El Paso,
New Mexico
15
do.
do.
31
•35
-106 26
3764
Santa Fe,
do.
13
1870-82
do.
35
41
-105 57
7106
* Washington Mean Time.
REPORT ON ATMOSPHERIC CIRCULATION.
249
Jan.
Feb.
Mar.
April.
May.
Jane.
July.
Aug.
Sept.
Oct.
Nov.
Dec.
Year.
Corrs.
Applied.
o
18'0
19-2
o
24-4
0
37-3
O
49-4
o
58-7
O
65-2
O
64-6
O
56-5
O
46-4
o
31-3
o
224
o
41-4
0
21-4
23-4
29-0
397
52-6
63-5
68-3
68-0
60-9
49-0
35-3
26-8
44-9
16-7
22-0
31-2
47-4
61-2
69-2
72-9
71-2
61-8
50-3
33-7
22-4
46-6
20-6
25-0
30-8
42-5
52-6
63-8
69-4
68-8
61-5
50-0
34-6
24-6
45-3
2-8
8-1
18-fi
39-0
56-3
64-4
68-7
66-8
55-5
43-0
23-9
10-3
38-1
11-9
16-6
24-8
38-6
48-9
58-1
66-7
65-0
57-3
45-4
28-8
16-2
39-9
12-0
18-4
28-3
45-2
59-3
68-0
71-8
69-4
59-3
47-5
30-2
17-3
44-0
5-8
11-4
21-7
40-0
55-0
63-8
69-4
68-1
55-8
42-3
25-0
13-4
39'3
4-4
10-7
22-7
40-4
54-2
63-3
68-3
67-0
54-0
40-7
24-1
10-2
38-4
...
12-8
19-7
26-7
42-7
59-0
69-3
74-7
73-0
61-6
48-2
30-7
20-3
44-9
-5-0
3-7
13-5
34-5
51-3
61-4
64-7
63-6
52-4
40-0
19-3
5-7
33-4
-3-0
3-8
18-8
34-8
53-6
63-8
66-6
64-6
52-3
39-5
18-7
3-4
35-2
20-4
24-8
303
39-0
49-7
60-0
64-7
62-8
53-0
42-8
30-5
23-7
41-8
...
15-1
21-3
29-8
46-1
59-9
69-7
73-9
72-5
61-6
49-2
32-1
19-4
45-9
18-5
23-5
29-3
37-4
46-2
55-8
64-4
63-0
52-3
42-5
28-5
21-3
40-2
29-5
33-8
41-4
48-1
56-9
66-4
73-6
71-6
59-9
48'0
36-9
31-2
48-9
31-8
34-0
43-7
50-6
58-6
67-5
73-5
72-8
61-2
49-7
38-6
31-6
50-3
25-0
27-8
33-2
40-6
52-6
62-6
68-0
66-1
55-8
41-3
33-0
27-0
44-8
13-8
18-2
30-5
42-7
54-8
63-5
69-8
68-6
55-8
44-4
28-6
17-0
42-3
19-5
26-6
35-0
47-0
59-2
69-8
74-5
72-6
61-7
49-7
34-4
24-5
47-9
21-1
27-6
35-5
50-1
62-6
72-2
7C-2
74-4
63-7
52-9
36-5
24-9
49-8
22-2
28-2
35-4
49-6
61-9
71-2
75-8
73-3
64-6
52-6
37-4
27-4
49-2
19-1
25-2
32-8
47-8
60-8
69-8
75-0
73-0
63-4
50-8
34-5
26-3
48-2
25-4
81-3
39-6
52-0
64-1
73-0
77-7
75-6
66-9
55-1
39-7
29-8
52-5
31-1
36-0
43-1
55 '5
661
74-7
78-4
76-8
69-2
58-2
43-4
34-2
55-6
26-0
33-2
42-0
52-7
62-6
73-3
77-5
74-8
66-6
54-3
37-2
30-0
52-5
26-0
32-6
41-0
53-8
64-9
74-0
77-9
76-4
67-0
56-3
40-4
30-0
53-3
27-8
33-2
39-8
46-6
57-8
68-0
73-2
70-6
61-4
49-5
36-8
29-2
49-5
2-8
3-6
7-8
12-7
22 '2
33-3
40-3
38-8
31-3
21-5
10-8
6-0
19-3
287
32-8
41-6
49-3
58-2
68-7
76-3
74-9
64-2
51-6
38-8
32-6
51 '3
36-8
42-1
51-5
60-4
69-5
76-0
80-2
77-3
72-3
63-2
49-0
40-0
59-8
41-2
48-0
54-0
62-3
70-7
78-1
81-0
79-4
72-5
63-8
50-7
45-1
62-2
44-8
51-8
58-4
65-7
73-3
79-7
83-9
83-2
76-1
67-7
53-9
47-8
65-4
42-9
48-8
56-5
63-8
71-9
78-8
83-0
82-4
75-0
64-8
50-3
43-8
63-5
37-8
43-0
51-3
59-4
69-6
77-3
81-5
79-4
72-3
60-6
47-5
38-5
59-8
54-1
58-4
62-6
68-5
74-8
80-7
82-5
81-9
78-0
70-8
61-5
56-0
69-1
55-4
57-4
61-8
68-4
74-0
78-6
81-5
81-7
79-2
72-5
64-6
58-0
69-4
46-0
52-1
58-8
65-8
73-9
80-6
83-3
82-4
75-6
66-6
54-0
48-5
65-6
52-8
57-3
C3-6
69-1
76-0
82-2
83-8
83-4
78-9
72-9
61-9
56-2
69-9
53-0
58-2
65-0
70-0
76-1
82-3
83-8
83-5
79-3
73-0
62-3
56-4
70-2
46-7
52-6
59-6
65-2
72-4
79-1
81-7
81-3
75-4
66-6
55-4
49-0
65-4
...
58-5
62-8
68-9
74-4
79-4
83-0
84-6
83-2
79-8
75-2
65-3
60-4
73-0
58-5
63-3
70-2
76-5
80-8
85-2
8G-4
83-1
81-8
74-0
64-0
59-6
73-6
51-5
57-5
65-7
73-2
79-1
85-2
87-0
84-4
80-3
72-7
59-4
53-2
70-8
51-0
56-3
63-5
70-0
75-7
81-8
83-3
82-2
78-0
71-6
59-0
53-7
69-0
43-5
48-3
58-6
64-5
72-4
80-2
83-8
80-2
73-6
65-4
51-2
44-8
64-1
43-8
48-5
57-8
64-0
71-7
79-4
82-3
78-0
71-6
64-0
50-4
45-0
63-0
...
43-0
48-7
58-4
65-2
73-3
80-5
83-7
82-0
74-6
67-8
52-5
44-4
64-5
...
46-9
50-6
57-4
64-6
73-3
81-0
81-8
78-6
72-8
64-3
50-5
46-3
64-0
...
28-2
31-7
39-8
46-6
57-4
66-8
68-8
66-8
59-9
49-9
36-3
30-0
48-5
(PHYS. CHEM. CHALL. EXP. PART V. — 1889.)
38
250
THE VOYAGE OF H.M.S. CHALLENGER.
Stations.
Country.
No. of
Years.
Years
Specified.
Hours of
Observation.
Latitude.
Longitude.
Height,
Feet.
Tucsod,
Arizona
15
1870-84
7: 3, 11*
0
32
14
O 1
-110 53
2369
Yuma, .
do.
14
1871-84
do.
32
45
-114 36
141
Prescott,
do.
14
do.
do.
34
33
-112 28
5340
Tatoosh,
do.
15
1870-84
do.
48
23
-121 44
sr,
Olympia,
do.
15
do.
do.
47
3
^122 53
36
Canby, .
Oregon
15
do.
do.
46
16
-124 4
179
Portland,
do.
15
do.
do.
45
32
-122 43
67
Umatilla,
do.
15
do.
do.
45
55
-119 20
310
Cape Mendocino, .
California
15
do.
do.
40
26
-124 24
637
Roseburg,
do.
15
do.
do.
43
13
-123 20
511
Red Bluff, .
do.
15
do.
do.
40
10
-122 15
332
Sacramento, .
do.
15
do.
do.
38
35
-121 30
65
San Francisco,
do.
15
do.
do.
37
48
-122 26
60
Visalia,
do!
J.',
do.
do.
36
20
-119 17
318
Los Angelos,
do.
15
do.
do.
34
3
-118 15
371
San Diego, .
do.
15
do.
do.
32
43
-117 10
67
Wimieiuucca,
Neva la
15
do.
do.
40
59
-117 43
1327
Mexico,
Mexico
9
1877-85
hourly
19
26
-99 0
7490
Puebla,
do.
8
1878-85
7: 2, 9
19
3
-98 3
7113
Oolima,
do.
11
1869-80
do.
19
12
-103 33
270
Mazatlan,
do.
6
1880-85
M.m.
29
11
-106 17
249
Vera Cruz, .
do.
3
1863-65
M.T.
19
12
-96 9
26
Cordova,
do.
5
1861-65
9: 9
18
51
-96 54
2879
Guatemala, .
Guatemala
4
1879-82
7 : 2, 9
14
38
-90 31
4856
Belize, .
B. Honduras
5
1865-69
M.m.
17
30
-88 IS
27
Rivas, .
Nicaragua
7
1880-86
M.T.
11
26
-85 47
150
Bluefields, .
do.
3
1883-86
do.
12
8
-83 43
20
San Jose,
Costa Rico
11
1868-78
7 : 2, 9, 9
9
56
-84 0
3756
Colon, .
Panama
5
1881-85
M.m.
!)
22
-79 55
164
Kaos, .
do.
3
1883-85
do.
8
57
-79 31
46
Gamboa,
do.
4*
1881-82, '84-85
do.
'.)
10
-79 43
98
Bermuda,
West Indies
L5
1870-84
M.T.
32
17
-64 14
120
Nassau,
do.
15
do.
M.m.
25
5
-77 21
44
Havana,
do.
19
1858-76
4, 10: 4, Id
23
8
-82 2.'!
62
Matanzas,
di ,.
2
V
S.R.:2,S.s.,M.m.
23
2
-81 38
117
Santiago,
do.
3
1881-83
M.T.
19
55
-75 50
21
Up Park Camp, .
do.
5
1853-59
M.m.
18
0
-76 56
225
Ross's View, .
do.
5
1869-73
6: 6
18
3
-76 44
951
Kingston,
do.
8
1880-87
M.ni.
18
1
-76 48
10
Cinchona Plain, .
do.
3
1882-85
do.
18
5
-76 44
4850
Navassa,
do.
2*
1880-82
M.T.
19
25
-75 3
77
St. Croix, Christian-
stadt,
do.
9
1877-85
M.m.
17
45
-64 42
81
S. Juan dePortoRico,
do.
12
1874-85
do.
18
18
-66 30
82
Sanchez,
do.
2
1886-87
do.
19
13
-69 37
50
La Pointe-a-Pitre,
do.
7
1878-84
do.
16
14
-61 31
13
Barbadoes, .
do.
15
1870-84
do.
13
4
-59 40
25
St. Ann's, Trinidad,
do.
18
1862-80
M.T.
10
30
-61 20
130
Maracaibo, .
Venezuela
1
0
7: 3
10
43
-71 52
[0]
La Guayra, .
do.
?
•p
6, 10 : 4, 9
10
37
-67 7
[0]
" Washington Mean Time.
REPORT ON ATMOSPHERIC CIRCULATION.
251
Corrs.
Jan.
Feb.
Mar.
April.
May.
June.
July.
Aug.
Sept.
Oct.
Nov.
Dec.
Year.
Applied.
o
o
O
o
0
O
o
O
O
O
O
o
O
O
48-6
52-8
58-6
64-2
73-0
82-9
86-2
83-7
79-0
69-6
57-0
50-7
67-1
53-2
56-5
63-5
68-6
77-3
86-0
92-0
91-3
84-8
72-3
GO-8
55-8
72-0
34-8
36-6
43-6
49-6
58-5
68-8
72-8
71 -1
65-0
53-8
41-5
37-2
52-8
41-0
41-8
43-4
47-2
49-8
.53-8
56-0
55-6
55-0
50-8
46-6
43-0
48'6
37-8
40-8
43-8-
48-2
53-6
59-5
62-8
62-2
56-4
50-0
43-6
38-3
49-7
41-3
43-8
45-5
49-2
52-5
56-0
58-2
59-2
57-5
53-6
48-3
43-8
50-7
39-5
41-7
46-7
51-8
56-9
62-4
67-2
66-0
60-8
53-2
45-5
40-5
52-7
32-3
36'4
47-7
53-6
59-9
68-1
74-0
72-8
63-9
51-7
40-9
33-4
52-9
48-5
48-0
48-6
49 -8
61 -7
54-8
56-6
56-8
56-0
55-4
52-3
50-0
52-4
40-8
44-2
46-9
51-1
55-5
62-7
66-5
65-6
60-4
50-6
44-4
41-4
52-4
46-2
49-4
54-3
59-0
67-0
78-0
83-2
80-5
73-7
62-8
52-9
4G-8
62-9
46-5
50-3
54-6-
58-4
64-4
70-8
73-3
72-2
69-0
60-8
52-8
47-1
60-0
50-4
51-9
53-4
54-5
56-5
58-6
58-5
58-4
59-4
59-2
556
51-7
55-7
45-8
50-4
55-3
59 -6
67-3
76-5
81-1
79-4
71-4
61-6
50-3
46-8
62-1
52-2
53-8
55-6
58-0
61-8
65-4
68-5
G9-G
67-2
63-0
58-3
54-5
60-7
53-2
54-0
56-0
57-8
61-4
64-5
67-7
68-8
665
63-0
57-8
55-0
60-5
30-6
34-7
39-5
47-5
54-4
66-5
74-1
72-0
61-2
47-0
35-5
32-2
49-6
53-8
56-7
61-0
65-1
64-8
.63-9
62-4
62-2
61-0
59-2
5G-5
54-0
60-1
53-4
55-8
60-8
65-0
65-0
64-6
63-3
62-8
62-1
60-8
57-6
54-3
60-4
76-1
73-4
78-8
80-8
81-0
82-8
83-3
78-8
79-2
78-6
77-9
77-0
79-0
G6-0
65-3
67-1
69-6
74-4
80-0
80-5
79-7
79-7
78-3
73-8
70-3
73-7
70-4
74-0
77-4
80-1
84-5
85-8
82-9
82-5
81-7
80-4
74-8
72-3
78-9
63-9
65-8
G8-7
71-8
73-6
72-:;
71-2
71-6
70-7
69-0
65-3
C4-0
68-9
61-9
62-1
66-8
68-6
69-6
67-6
66-7
66-6
66-4
C5-6
63-5
62-0
65-6
76-1
77-0
79-3
80-8
82-6
82-8
82-4
83-0
82-8
80-2
77-0
76-3
80-1
80-0
80-0
79-6
81-2
81-4
80-1
79-4
79-6
80-0
79-:.
80-5
80-2
80-2
79-1
78-6
81-6
83-4
81-7
80-n
80-3
80-2
80-0
80-5
80-0
79-4
80-4
69-8
72-7
72-9
74-3
72-7
71-2
70-9
70-3
70-5
69-6
69-3
08-5
71-1 .
79-0
78-8
78-9
79-3
80-1
79-7
79-2
78-6
78-0
78-7
79-6
79-6
79-1
79-2
78-6
78-4
80-2
81-9
80-2
80-1
81-8
81-4
80-2
79-6
79-5
80-2
76-3
75-8
76-3
77 -5
79-3
80-0
79-1
79-0
79-6
79-1
79-3
77-7
78-3
62-9
62-6
62-5
65-4
CO -9
75-9
79-8
80-4
78-7
73-8
68-8
64-2
70-4
7242
72-6
73-5
75-8
77-8
80-G
81-8
82-2
81-6
79-2
76-0
72-9
77-2
72-6
73-0
75-7
77 -S
80-8
83-4
83-7
83-3
82-0
79-5
76-8
72-6
78-5
73-5
72-1
75-8
80-2
80-7
82-1
81-5
80-6
82-2
78-8
77-7
74-7
79-2
75-6
74-1
75-3
79-4
80-6
82-8
82-9
83-1
81-8
79-5
78-0
7G-3
79-1
77-8
76-0
7(i-8
77-3
79-0
80-6
79-9
81-6
81-0
80-4
80-6
78-3
79-1
68-4
68-7
69-6
71-4
72-7
74-8
75-0
74-1
73-8
72-1
71-1
G8-9
71-8
76-5
76-3
76-5
77-7
79-4
80-5
81-6
81-1
81-5
80-5
79-4
77-7
79-1
59-9
59-2
59-6
61-9
62-6
64-8
65-7
65-6
65-1
63-1
62-1
61-3
62-6
75-4
74-1
75-8
77-0
81-0
82-7
82-7
82-8
82-2
81-2
78-7
75-8
79-1
78-0
77-9
78-fi
80-3
82-0
83-1
83-2
83-8
83-5
82-2
80-3
78-3
80-9
76-8
76-3
78-0
80-2
81-6
83-2
83-0
83-5
82-5
82-8
81-0
77-8
80-7
73-9
74-0
75-6
77-3
78-5
79-3
79-9
80-6
81-0
79-5
77-5
74-2
77-6
75-0
74-8
76-1
78-4
81-0
82-0
81-8
81-8
81-3
80-1
78-4
75 -0
78-8
...
78-9
79-0
79-8
80-8
81-9
81-9
81-6
81-8
81-8
81-4
80-8
79-G
80-7
...
78-1
78-0
78-G
80-1
81-3
80-6
80-2
80-4
81-0
81-0
80-3
Xll-N
79-9
+ 2'0
81-2
83-4
82-9
80-4
85-8
86-6
86-6
8R-9
86-5
85-0
84-0
81-9
84-8
76-6
76-5
77-5
78-4
79-4
79-8
79-3
80-7
81-1
80-7
79-7
77-0
78-9
252
THE VOYAGE OF H.M.S. CHALLENGER.
StatioDS.
Country.
No. of
Years.
Years
Specified.
Hours of
Observation.
Latitude.
Longitude.
Height,
Feet.
CaraccM,
Venezuela
3
1808-70
M.T.
o
10
30
O 1
-60 55
3043
Colonia Tovar,
do.
1*
1854-56
7 : 2, 9
10
26
-07 20
5649
Medillin,
Colombia
5
1875-79
M.m.
6
10
-75 45
4951
Buenaventura,
do.
1
1881-82
M.T.
3
50
-75 55
18
Bogota,
do.
2
1823-24
6: 1, 9
4
35
-74 14
8727
Puerto Berrio,
do.
5
1880-85
M.T.
6
22
-74 28
542
Quito, .
Ecuador
H
1878-79
6: 2, 10
-0
14
-78 45
9350
Do. .
do.
5
1858-59
9: 9
-0
14
-78 45
9350
Iquitos,
do.
?
?
M.T.
-3
44
-73 8
312
Antisana,
do.
1
1845-46
M.m.
-0
21
-78 6
13320
George Town,
British Guiana
8
1846-56
do.
6
50
-5S 8
10
Paramaribo,
Surinam
15
1870-84
8: 8
5
50
-55 13
6
Catheiina Sophia,
do.
4
1852-56
6: 6
5
48
-50 47
50
Cayenne,
French Guiana
7
1846-52
M.T.
4
50
-55 39
7
Manaos,
Brazil
5
5
1866, '68-69
do.
-3
8
-60 0
121
Para, .
do.
3
1848, etc.
S.R., N. : 8
-1
30
-48 24
[0]
Ceara, .
do.
1
1860
7: 2, 6
-3
43
-38 35
[°]
Porto do Maranhao,
do.
1*
1886-87
M.m.
_g
30
-44 0
14
Parnahylu .
do.
1
1883
do.
-6
13
-42 45
[0]
11
Pernambuco,
do.
8
1876-84
7: 1
-8
4
-34 52
Do.
do.
2i
?
M.m.
-8
4
-34 52
11
Colonia Isobel,
do.
6
1876-84
do.
-8
45
-35 42
751
Victoria,
do.
7
do.
do.
-8
9
-35 27
528
Bahia, .
do.
:H
1881-84
M.T.
-12
58
-38 30
330
St. Bento das Lagas,
do.
10
1872-81
do.
-12
37
-38 40
98
Nova Friburgo,
do.
4
1882-86
M.m.
— 22
19
-42 30
2874
Kio de Janeiro,
do.
35
1851-85
do.
— 22
57
-43 7
224
San Paulo, .
do.
5
1879-83
9: 9
-23
33
-46 37
2393
Queluz,
do.
2*
1882-83, '87
M.T.
-20
40
-44 38
3285
Taquara,
do.
1*
1869-71
do.
-29
40
-50 47
?
Sao Leopoldo and
Santa Cruz,
do.
5
1869-73
do.
-29
35
-52 30
361
Passo Fundo,
do.
1
1880-81
7: 1, 9
-28
13
-52 12
2000
Pelotas,
do.
3
1875-77
M.m.
-31
47
-52 19
20
Rio Grande do Sul,
do.
9
1877-79, '82-87
M.T.
-:;2
0
-52 15
54
S.AntoniodePalrneira
do.
1§
1879-80
7: 1, 9, 9
-27
54
-53 26
1896
Joinville,
do.
8
1867-75
6 : 2, 10
-26
19
-53 48
?
Lima, .
Peru
1
1869
9, N. : 6, M.
-12
3
-77 6
499
Do. .
do.
2
?
noon
-12
o
O
-77 6
565
Callao, .
do.
?
1857-70
?
-12
4
-77 14
[0]
Arica, .
do.
u
1854-55
M.T.
-18
25
-70 22
10
Cochabamba,
Bolivia
H
1883-84
do.
-17
21
-65 52
724i
Iquique,
do.
3
1883-86
do.
-20
12
-70 11
30
Punta Caldera,
Chili
3
do.
do.
-27
5
-70 50
82
Copiapo,
do.
5
1868-72
9: 9
-27
22
-70 23
1296
Serena,
Coquinibo, .
do.
4
1869-72
do.
-29
55
-71 17
115
do.
4
do.
do.
-29
56
-71 21
74
Valparaiso, .
do.
5
1868-72
do.
-33
1
-71 40
151
Do.
do.
10
1863-72
M.T.
-33
1
-71 40
151
Santiago de Chili, .
dr>.
21
1860-81
M.m.
-33
27
-70 41
1703
REPORT ON ATMOSPHERIC CIRCULATION.
253
Jan.
Feb.
Mar.
April.
May.
June.
July.
Aug.
Sept.
Oct,
Nov.
Dec.
Year.
Corrs.
Applied.
o
o
O
O
O
o
O
O
o
O
o
O
o
0
68-5
68-9
69-3
72-5
73-9
73-0
72-0
72-6
72-5
71-4
71-2
68-9
71-2
55-2
57-1
58-4
60-3
59-7
58-4
58-5
60-7
59-8
59-5
58-3
56-7
58-G
...
70-9
71-6
70-9
70-7
70-9
70-7
70-5
70-7
70-5
69-4
69-1
69-8
70-5
80-0
80-0
79-5
(78-3)
78-9
79-7
79-7
79-6
(78-4)
77-6
78-0
.78-6
79-0
...
57-0
58-1
59-2
58-5
58-3
57-6
56-3
56-1
57-0
58'5
59-0
58-6
57-9
...
79-4
79-4
78-4
78-0
78-8
. 79-0
78-5
78-3
78-7
78-3
79-0
79-2
78-7
56-5
57-0
55-2
53-6
56-1
54-9
54-5
55-8
55-4
55-9
56-5
56-1
55-6
57-4
58-8
57-4
56-5
54-7
57-6
. ..
57-8
57-2
56-3
57-4
...
77-5
78-5
76-3
77-0
75-6
74-3
74-1
76-3
76-3
77-2
78-4
77-9
76-6
...
43-2
41-2
42-1
42-0
41-9
40-1
37-4
37-4
39-2
41-0
41-9
42-8
• 40-8
78-9
78-6
79-1
79-8
79-5
78-9
78-6
79-9
80-8
80-8
80-3
78-9
79-5
79-3
79-6
80-4
81-1
81-5
82-0
83-0
83-7
83-7
83-5
82-2
80-0
81-7
77-2
77-6
77'7
78-0
78-3
77-5
77-6
78-5
78-0
78-7
78-0
77-0
77-9
79-1
79-0
79-4
80-0
79-9
79-9
80-5
81-4
81-8
82-0
81-4
79-1
80-3
78-4
79-3
78-8
77-5
78-6
78-6
78-6
(79-5)
(80-0)
80-4
80-6
80-2
79-2
...
80-1
78-9
78-9
79-3
80-6
80-6
81-5
81-5
81-2
81-5
81-9
81-3
80-6
81-3
79-7
79-9
79-9
78-8
77-4
77-4
79-2
79-4
80-2
81-5
81-1
79-5
(82-0)
81-8
81-6
80-1
81-2
81-1
81-3
82-2
(83-0)
(83-0)
82-6
82-0
81-8
77-7
80-1
78-3
79-7
81-5
79-5
81-0
82-2
84-6
84-4
81-1
79-3
80-8
82-2
82-4
81-5
79-3
77-7
76-1
74-3
75-6
77-5
80-2
81-3
82-0
79-2
...
80-5
80-5
79-7
78-3
77-3
75-6
75-0
75-2
76-8
78-8
80-0
80-2
78-2
77-0
75-9
77-4
76-1
74-1
72-1
70-5
70-3
72-0
74-5
76-6
77-2
74-7
79-6
80-1
79-0
78-4
76-8
75-0
73-4
73-8
74-5
76-6
78-8
79-2
77-2
82-8
82-5
82-4
80-2
78-4
76-1
74-8
75-2
77-0
79-1
79-9
82-0
79-2
...
79-7
80-1
79-7
78-3
75-7
73-8
72-3
72-5
74-0
76-6
78-8
79-7
76-6
68-5
68-6
67-8
66-9
62-3
57-0
57-8
58-2
61-4
63-8
65-6
68-1
63-8
79-0
79-1
79-3
76-8
73-1
71-5
70-1
70-1
70-5
72-9
75-0
77-5
74-3
70-9
70-3
68-7
64-8
59-9
57-2
56-7
58-1
61-7
64-8
67-5
69-1
64-0
...
72-1
73-0
72-8
68-4
62-8
60-2
59-6
62-2
66-8
68-5
71-4
71-6
67-5
75-7
75-2
74-7
65-7
60-4
61-7
55-3
55-1
58-8
64-4
68-9
73-0
65-7
76-6
77-5
74-8
667
60-8
58-8
54-7
57-9
62-2
64-0
70-9
75-0
66-7
73-4
71-6
70-3
60-8
56-7
56-0
50-5
51-8
57-9
60-3
71-4
(72-5)
62-8
...
75-6
74-4
72-G
65-9
58-8
53-2
53-5,
56-2
59-0
61-9
66-4
71-7
64-0
75-9
74-8
73-0
67-3
60-8
57-3
56-3
58-8
61-0
64-5
69-9
72-8
66-0
...
73-7
71-6
70-2
65-8
57-7
54-9
59-0
59-3
61-2
67-5
71-4
73-2
64-7
77-0
76-1
73-8
707
64-9
62-4
60-3
63-1
651
68-7
71-6
75-2
69-0
74-3
75-0
73-4
69-4
63-8
59-8
57-6
58-5
59-9
62-0
631
67-5
65-3
78-1
79-9
80-0
77-3
77-9
68-4
68-5
67-3
66-2
69-2
72-0
74-9
73-3
...
70-9
707
71-6
68-0
671
61-7
60-8
60-5
60-8
65-3
68-9
70-7
66-4
71-6
71-4
70-3
68-0
66-0
'64-8
63-7
63-1
63-0
66-0
69-1
71-6
67-5
65-8
66-2
64-8
65-7
62-2
57-8
59-4
62-2
64-0
68-0
66-2
04-2
63-9
...*
70-6
G9-5
67-2
64-3
62-2
60-5
59-5
59-8
62-6
63-9
66-2
69-8
64-6
68-1
67-8
66-5
63-7
58-8
57-3
55-5
56-8
58-0
60-3
62-5
66-3
61-8
687
667
64-2
59-0
55-2
51-6
50-7
53-6
56-5
59-5
62-2
657
59-5
64-0
64-6
61-9
58-5
56-1
53-2
52-5
54-3
55-4
577
60-1
62-2
58-5
65-1
64-7
62-6
60-3
57-9
54-7
54-5
55-6
56-7
60-1
63-1
65-7
60-1
631
62-7
60-3
56-3
54-3
52-9
52-5
53-2
54-0
57-4
59-7
C2-4
57-4
...
63-0
63-0
60-5
57-4
55-1
53-3
52-8
52-8
54-1
57-1
59-3
62-7
57-6
...
68-7
667
63-3
577
52-6
48-0
47-8
49-6
54-1
58-1
63-5
66-7
58-1
...
* Either temperature or height is too great.
254
THE VOYAGE OF H.M.S. CHALLENGER.
Stations.
Country.
No. of
Yeats.
Years
Specified.
Hours of
Observation.
Latitude.
Longitude.
Height,
Feet.
Santiago de Chili,
Chili
5
1868-72
M.T.
0 /
-33 27
o
-70
41
1703
Quinquina, .
do.
3
1883-86
do.
-36 37
-73
3
189
Talca, .
do.
•j
1871-72
9: 9
-35 26
-71
40
344
Valdivia,
do.
4
1869-72
do.
-39 49
-73
17
43
Do.
do.
15
18 ? -75
6 : 2, 10
-39 49
-73
17
43
Corral,
do.
.".
1870-72 '
do.
-39 52
-73
17
105
Ancud,
do.
H
1869-71, '86
M.T.
-41 51
-74
1
J.
134
Puerta Mont,
do.
4"
1869-72
6 : 2, 10
-41 30
-72
57
20
Punta Arenas,
do.
8
1 853-61
M.m.
-53 8
-70
52
33
San Jorge, .
Uruguay
8
1880-87
do.
-32 43
-56
8
400
Monte Video,
do.
10
1843-52
S.E. : 2, S.S.
-34 54
-56
13
39
Salta, .
Argentine Rep.
7
1873-76, 79-82
7: 2, 9
-24 46
-65
24
4030
Assuncion, .
do.
:;
1855-57
6, N. : 6, M.
-25 10
-57
40
322
Do.
do.
H
1874-75
9 : 9, M.m.
-25 16
-57
40
322
Villa Formosa,
do.
4"
1879-82
7 : 2, 9
-26 13
-58
10
328
Corrientes, .
do.
7
1873-80
do.
-27 28
-58
49
280
Goya, .
do.
10
1876-86
do.
- 29 0
-59
15
209
Tucuman,
do.
7
1873-85
do.
-26 51
-65
12
1522
Rioja, .
do.
4
1875-78
do.
-29 20
-67
15
1773
Mendosa,
do.
6
1875-80
do.
-32 53
-08
49
2641
San Luis,
do.
3i
1874-77
do.
-33 19
-66
20
2490
Cordova,
do.
i;
1872-76
do.
-31 25
-04
11
1400
Concordia, .
do.
3
1876-78
do.
-31 25
-58
4
200
S. Antonio de Areco,
do.
3
1879-82
do.
-34 13
-59
30
121
Eosario,
do.
6
1875-80
do.
-32 57
-60
38
128
Villa Hermandarius,
do.
8
1877-84
do.
-31 15
-59
40
195
Parana,
do.
8
1875-82
do.
-31 44
-61
1
256
Buenos AyreSj
do.
21
1856-76
do.
-34 39
-58
23
12
Do.
do.
8
1870-77
8: 8
-34 39
-58
23
50
Tandil,
do.
6
187G-82
, 7 : 2, 9
-37 17
-59
8
650
Bahia Blanca.
do.
14
1870-S3
do.
—38 45
—62
11
49
Carmen,
Patagonia
2
1883-85
M.T.
—40 49
—02
48
[0]
Chubut,
do.
H
1880-83
7 : 2, 9,
—43 18
—65
15
98
Ushuaia,
do.
7j
1876-82
7 : 2, 9, 9
—54 53
—68
10
98
Do. .
do.
1
1882-83
do.
— 54 53
-68
10
98
Cape Pembroke, .
do.
9
1859-68
4, 9 : 3, 8
—51 41
—57
47
[0]
Orange Bay,
do.
1
1882-83
hourly
—53 31
—70
1'5
39
South Georgia,
do.
I
do.
do.
—54 31
-36
5
30
Port Stanley,
do.
*h
1881-83, '85, '87.
M.m.
—51 42
—57
48
22
North Atlantic,* .
°i
1881-86
12 30
— 22
30
0
Do.
5§
do.
do.
-27
30
0
Do.
* Calculated from
5f
do.
do.
-32
30
0
Do.
data published
5f
do.
do.
-37
30
0
Do.
in the United
States Interna-
5*
do.
...
do.
-42
30
0
Do.
tional Meteoro-
5f
do.
do.
-47
3n
0
Do.
logical Observa-
5$
do.
do.
-52
30
0
Do.
tions.
5f
do.
...
17 30
-22
30
0
Do.
5§
do.
. ..
do.
-27
30
0
Do.
of
do.
...
do.
-32
30
0
REPORT ON ATMOSPHERIC CIRCULATION.
255
Jan.
Feb.
Mar.
April.
May.
June.
July.
Aug.
Sept.
Oct.
Nov.
Dec.
Year.
Corrs.
Applied.
o
68-2
O
65-3
0
61-2
53-4
O
48-4
o
45-0
O
44-2
O
48-2
507
O
56-5
61-9
O
66-0
o
55-8
o
67-1
667
61-6
59-1
54-5
51-1
49 -6
52-0
54-0
58-8
61-6
65-4
58-5
70-2
68-2
63-8
55-5
48-4
44-1
43-3
47-5
50-9
58-6
62-1
66-9
565
59-0
58-5
55-4
49-5
48-0
43-2
43-7
441
46-4
51-3
55-0
56-8
50-9
61-6
60-8
57-2
52-8
49-6
46-2
45-0
46-2
48-6
52-3
55-9
58-8
52-9
57-9
57-5
55-9
511
48-4
47 5
45-1
44-4
47-7
50-9
55-2
56-8
51-4
56-4
5G-7
54-6
51-3
49-0
47-0
46-0
45-8
47-9
50-4
52-3
54-7
51-0
57-7
59-0
55-2
51-3
48-9
45-9
45-9
457
47-8
51-8
54-5
56-5
51-6
51 -5
50-4
47-1
38-8
36-8
34-6
36-0
39-7
43-9
46-8
49-6
43-0
...
73-2
71-4
G9-7
59-3
54-(i
507
48-4
53-9
560
59-7
66-0
70-2
61-0
73-0
72-1
68-7
64-0
' 57-6
53-1
51-8
51-6
56-3
61-2
65-5
70-3
62-2
. ..
71-8
71-1
67-3
62-8
58-5
52-9
53-3
57'9
62-0
66-0
70-2
72-0
63-8
85-6
82-5
79-0
724
66-4
63-2
64 3
67 3
68-8
76-1
79-8
799
73-8
82-3
82-2
70 J
72-7
Go -4
63-0
64-0
68-5
73-0
78-3
80-1
80-3
74-1
...
80-8
80-4
777
70-0
65-5
63-7
63-3
65-8
67-1
73-4
76-1
79-7
72-0
79-3
79-5
77 -5
71-1
65-3
60-8
61-0
62-8
662
70-2
75-0
78-6
70-6
77-4
77-0
75-6
66-9
61-0
58-3
58-0
61-3
63-3
67-8
72-1
7G-3
67-9
77-7
75-2
72-5
67-1
59-4
54-5
54-0
58-8
64-6
691
73-6
76-1
6G-9
81-5
79-0
77-2
66-6
59-2
53-8
56-3
59-4
67-3
73-4
76-6
80-8
69-3
7:; -4
74-2
67-8
58-8
50-2
457
46-4
49-6
55-2
62-2
69 6
74-1
60-6
76-5
74-1
68-4
59-2
52-5
46-2
48-6
51-8
58-1
64-6
68-0
72-1
617
73-0
72-2
65-8
60-1
55-7
48-3
50-4
53-5
60-3
63-8
67-G
72-6
61-9
76-8
75-2
74-3
64-6
55-9
53-1
54-3
55-8
59-5
63-5
69-1
73-2
64-6
73-2
73-9
69-6
60-3
54-1
50-0
48-9
52-3
54-3
60-8
68-5
74-1
61-7
74-3
73-8
70-2
62-8
56-3
50-9
52-3
54 '0
57-2
62-8
67-8
71-2
62-8
78-9
77-4
75 '4
65-3
58-6
55-3
55-6
58-3
61-7
67-5
73-1
77-2
67-0
75-9
76-7
73-2
64-8
57-9
53-2
55-0
56-7
60-3
65-5
70-9
743
65-4
75-6
74-3
70-3
62-8
56-5
52-4
50-0
53-6
57-0
62-3
68-6
72-8
63-0
75-6
74-8
69-6
G3-1
55-7
51-1
50-6
53 1
57-6
62-2
68-9
71-4
63-6
70-2
70-0
66-4
58-1
52-5
46-4
46-6
48-9
51-4
56-3
03-3
66-7
58-1
73-2
721
G6'6
57-9
52-0
46-2
46-8
49-3
53-8
59-4
66-9
70-2
59-5
■ ..
67-3
67-3
.53-9
48-1
44-2
44-2
46-3
52-5
60-4
66-3
69 -6
57-6
70-0
69-8
637
53-5
45-5
40-3
42-4
4G-2
50-9
58-8
65-0
GS-2
56-2
52-2
49-6
45-5
42-0
38-5
33-3
30-8
32-4
39-4
42-0
47-6
48-3
42-0
...
49-3
51-6
47-5
41-7
40-5
34-9
37-6
40-3
40-3
417
45-5
49-3
43-3
49-1
48-6
49-3
43-3
42-3
38-5
37-0
38-7
41-5
43-3
46-2
45-9
43-7
48-0
42-6
40-8
39-9
36-1
37-8
37-4
(42-4)
42-8
44-2
46-2
417
...
tO-8
42-2
39-2
33-4
3T6
27-3
28-3
34-2
31-6
34-0
37-8
39-9
34-9
18-9
49-5
45-8
41-4
39-8
36;0
36-6
37-2
38-6
43-0
46-2
48-0
42-6
...
76-6
75-9
76-6
77-3
78-1
79-2
79-8
80-5
81-4
81-7
81-0
79-1
78-9
76-7
7G-2
76-3
77'3
77-7
78-9
79-7
80-9
82-1
81-7
80-9
78-3
78-9
76-7
76-8
76-9
77-8
78-1
79-0
79-9
81-2
82-6
81-7
80-4
78-4
79-1
77-0
77-0
77-1
77-8
78-5
78-8
80-1
81-7
82-6
81-9
80-9
78-8
79-4
...
77-4
77-3
77-5
78-1
78-8
79-3
80-4
82-5
83-3
82-4
80-3
78-9
79-7
77-6
77-3
77vi
78-3
79-1
79-5
80-7
83-1
83-5
82-4
80-4
78-5
79-8
78-2
77-8
77-8
78-7
79-3
80-0
81-1
83-2
83-7
82-7
80-G
78-7
80-1
73-3
72-8
73-2
74-5
74-5
77-3
787
79-4
80-0
79-8
78-9
76-0
76-5
73-6
73-2
73 -4
74-5
75-1
77-0
78-6
80-0
80-7
80-2
78-9
75-9
76-8
72-5
73-6
74-3
74-9
75-9
77-5
78-8
80-3
81-1
80-1
78-3
76-2
77-0
...
256
THE VOYAGE OF H.M.S. CHALLENGER.
Stations.
Country.
No. of
Years.
Years
Specified.
Hours of
Observation.
Latitude.
Longitude.
Height,
Feet.
North Atlantic *
of
1881-86
0 /
17 30
o /
-37 30
0
Do.
5f
do.
do.
~42 30
0
Do.
5§
do.
do.
-47 30
0
Do.
5f
do.
do.
~52 30
0
Do.
5|
do.
do.
-57 30
0
Do.
5§
do.
22 30
-22 30
0
Do.
5§
do.
do.
-27 30
0
Do.
51
do.
do.
-32 30
0
Do.
5f
do.
do.
-37 30
0
Do.
do.
do.
-42 30
0
Do.
_H
5f
do.
do.
"47 30
0
Do.
o
5f
do.
do.
-52 30
0
Do.
1
5|
do.
do.
~57 30
0
Do.
5f
do.
do.
"62 30
0
Do.
o
5§
do.
do.
"67 30
0
Do.
of
do.
do.
-72 30
0
Do.
"3
5f
do.
27 30
-22 30
0
Do.
o
5f
do.
do.
-27 30
0
Do.
C3
5§
do.
do.
-32 30
0
Do.
p
u
5|
do.
do.
-37 30
0
Do.
a
5f
do.
do.
-42 30
0
Do.
.13
of
do.
do.
~47 30
0
Do.
£
of
do.
do.
-52 30
0
Do.
02 w
5f
do.
do.
~57 30
0
Do.
'5 d
of
do.
do.
- 62 30
0
Do.
of
do.
do.
~67 30
0
Do.
a cc
of
do.
do.
-72 30
0
Do.
.1°
of
do.
do.
-77 30
0
Do.
of
do.
32 30
~12 30
0
Do.
o
1
of
do.
do.
-17 30
0
Do.
1
5f
do.
do.
~22 30
0
Do.
of
do.
do.
-27 30
0
Do.
of
do.
do.
-32 30
0
Do.
•3
5f
do.
do.
-37 30
0
Do.
S
o
5f
do.
do.
-42 3D
0
Do.
of
do.
do.
-47 30
0
Do.
a
of
do.
do.
-52 30
0
Do.
15
of
do.
do.
-57 30
0
Do.
s
of
do.
do.
~62 30
0
Do.
C3
51
do.
do.
-67 80
0
Do.
of
do.
do.
" 72 30
0
Do.
5f
do.
do.
-77 30
0
Do.
5f
do.
37 30
-12 30
0
Do.
51
do.
do.
-17 30
0
Do.
5§
do.
do.
~22 30
0
Do.
of
do.
do.
~27 30
0
Do.
5f
do.
do.
-32 30
0
Do.
5f
do.
do.
-37 30
0
Do.
5f
do.
do.
-42 30
0
Do.
5f
do.
do.
•"47 30
0
REPORT ON ATMOSPHERIC CIRCULATION.
257
Jan.
Feb.
Mar.
April.
May.
June.
July.
Aug.
Sept.
Oct,
Nov.
Dec.
,, Corrs.
Year- Applied.
74-2
O
74-6
o
74-5
0
75-1
O
76-4
o
77-6
O
79-2
O
80-9
O
81-6
80-3
0
78-1
76-4
77-4
o
74-5
74-9
75-1
75-7
77-5
78-2
79-7
81-8
82-0
80-8
78-3
76-2
77-9
...
74-8
75-1
75-3
75-9
77-5
78-8
80-6
82-6
82-3
81-0
78-8
76-5
78-3
...
75-7
75-4
75-8
77-2
78-2
80-0
81-1
83-0
82-7
81-4
79-6
76-6
78-9
76-8
76-4
76-8
78-7
80-5
81-3
82-3
83-6
83-0
81-7
79-4
78-3
79-9
...
70-3
697
69-8
71-5
72-4
74-8
76-9
77-8
78-4
77-6
75-7
73-3
74-0
70-6
70-4
70-3
71-7
72-5
751
77 3
78-6
79-0
78-0
75-9
73-2
74-4
71-3
71-4
71-0
72-3
73-6
75-7
77-9
79-2
79-8
78-3
76-1
73-5
75-0
72-0
72-1
71-8
72-1
74-3
76-0
78-5
80-1
80-5
78-8
76-3
74-2
75-6
722
72-5
72-1
73-3
74-9
76-9
79-2
81-2
81-0
78-8
76-6
74-2
76-1
...
72-5
72-7
72-5
73-5
75-7
77-7
80-0
82-0
81-1
79-3
76-8
74-6
76-5
72-8
72-9
72-8
75-0
76-6
78-9
80-8
82-7
81-4
79-7
77-5
75-0
77-2
73'0
73-2
73-1
75-1
777
79-6
81-6
83-0
82-0
80-1
78-0
75-3
77-6
73-5
73-3
73 3
75-5
78-0
80-2
82-0
82-7
82-2
80-2
78-2
75-3
77-9
...
73-7
73-5
73-4
75-7
78-3
80-9
82-5
82-5
82-2
80-1
77-9
75-1
78-0
73-4
73-5
74-1
75-3
79-3
82-1
83-4
83-1
83-0
80-6
77-4
74-5
78-3
...
67-0
66-2
66-8
68-6
69-8
72-8
75-7
76-6
76-7
74-7
72-5
68-9
71-4
67-5
67-4
67-5
69-2
70-6
73-6
76-0
77-4
76-9
75-3
72-4
69-8
72-0
68-1
68-0
68-1
69-6
71-4
74-1
76-7
78-3
77-7
75-6
72-9
70-4
72-6
68-8
68-5
68-3
70-0
72-0
74-6
77'7
79-4
78-5
76-0
73-5
71-1
73-2
68-9
687
68-6
70-3
72-3
74-8
78-3
80-4
78-9
76-1
73-2
71-3
73-5
69-5
68-7
68-8
70-7
72-9
75-4
79-0
80-9
79-2
76-4
73-8
71-7
73 9
69-6
69-1
69-0
70-6
73-9
76-5
79-7
81-5
79-8
76-7
74-3
72-2
74-4
70-1
69-0
69-1
71-4
741
77-5
80-2
81-7
80-0
77-1
74-4
71-6
747
69-7
691
69-0
71-7
74-2
78-2
81-0
81-8
80-7
77-3
74-4
70-7
74-8
69-9
69-4
68-9
72-0
74-8
78-9
81-4
821
81-1
77-5
75-1
71-1
75-2
69-0
69-0
69-2
71-8
75-9
80-0
82-0
82-2
8i -r,
77-7
73-3
70-7
75-2
65-7
65-8
67 4
71-7
76-7
81-2
83-1
82-7
80-9
76-3
70-9
67-1
74-1
62-8
62-4
63-0
64-6
67-7
70-6
73-6
75-7
74-1
71-2
68-0
62-8
68-0
63-2
62-5
63-0
64-6
669
70-0
73-0
74-8
74-2
71-4
67-5
64-3
68-0
63-9
63-4
63-7
65-1
67-2
707
73-9
76-2
74-5
72-6
68-5
65-9
68-8
64-3
63-9
64-2
66-1
67-8
71-7
75-0
76-5
75-1
72-9
69-0
66-8
69-4
64-4
64-2
64-8
66-4
68-4
721
75-4
77-6
76-0
73-4
69-6
67-1
70-0
64-2
64-3
644
66-4
68-8
73-0
75-9
78-5
76-6
73-4
701
67-6
70-3
64-2
63-8
64-2
65-9
69-0
72-8
766
79-1
77-0
73-7
70-2
67-5
703
64-7
63-2
63-7
65-6
69-2
73-0
76-9
79-6
77-1
73-1
70-6
67-5
70-4
64-4
63-2
63-6
65-8
69-4
74'0
77-4
79-9
77-5
73-2
70-7
67-2
70-5
64-4
62-9
62-4
66-2
70-2
74-4
78-7
80-0
77-9
73-1
70-5
66-3
70-6
63-2
62-7
617
66-4
70-5
75-1
78-8
79-8
78-4
73-4
69-9
66-4
70-5
62-3
61-5
61-3
65-8
70-7
76-2
79-4
80-1
78-5
73-3
68-9
65-2
70-3
59-8
59-4
60-3
64-8
70-3
75-9
79-6
80-2
78-5
72-7
67-1
63-3
69-3
50-7
53-2
54-6
61-8
69-7
76-2
79-5
78-4
75-2
67-7
58-4
53-9
64-9
57-2
57-7
59-3
61-1
64-4
68-0
71-9
737
70-4
66-5
62-7
57-3
64-2
59-3
58-7
59 9
61-4
63-9
67-3
70-6
72-6
70-6
67-8
63-9
60-3
64-7
60-1
59-3
60-0
62-1
64-2
68-9
72-2
73-5
71-0
689
64-8
61-4
65-5
60-2
59-6
60-7
62-6
64-4
69 3
73-1
74-3
717
G9-4
64-2
61-8
65-9
60-0
59-6
60-5
62-6
64-4
69-5
73-2
74-8
72-7
697
64-9
624
66-2
59-3
58-7
60-2
62-1
65-4
69-8
73-3
75-4
72-7
69-6
64-f)
62-4
66-1
58-4
57-1
58-8
61-1
639
69-6
73-0
75-6
72-3
69-2
63-2
61-1
65-3
56-8
55-6
57-0
59-4
63-4
69-0
72-7
75-7
72-0
68-4
63 5
59-9
64-5
■
(pi
[YS. CHE
M. CHALl
j. EXP.—
-PART V.
—1889.
)
3
9
258
THE VOYAGE OF H.M.S. CHALLENGER.
Stations.
Country.
No. of
Years.
Years
Specified.
Hours of
Observation.
Latitude.
Longitude.
Height,
Feet.
North Atlantic,*
5§
' 1881-86
O I
37 30
O 1
-52 30
0
Do.
5f
do.
do.
-57 80
0
Do.
5§
do.
do.
-62 30
0
Do.
5§
do.
do.
-67 30
0
Do.
5§
do.
do.
-72 30
0
Do.
1
5f
do.
42 30
-12 30
0
Do.
5f
do.
do.
-17 30
0
Do.
JO
"1
do.
do.
-22 30
0
Do.
o
5f
do.
do.
-27 30
0
Do.
5§
do.
do.
-32 30
0
Do.
5|
do.
do.
-37 30
0
Do.
5S
do.
do.
-42 30
0
Do.
.2
5f
do.
do.
-47 30
0
Do.
a
5|
do.
do.
-52 30
0
Do.
3
5«
do.
do.
-57 30
0
Do.
m
5f
do.
do.
-62 30
0
Do.
5f
do.
do.
-67 30
0
Do.
5f
do.
47 30
-12 30
0
Do.
T3 m
5|
do.
do.
-17 30
0
Do.
0) -3
+a o
5§
do.
do.
-22 30
0
Do.
£'1
5f
do.
do.
-27 30
0
Do.
■P ^Q
5!
do.
do.
- 32 30
0
Do.
.9°
5*
do.
do.
-37 30
0
Do.
T3
H
do.
do.
-42 30
0
Do.
o
-a
.2
5f
do.
do.
-47 30
0
Do.
3
3
53
do.
52 30
-12 30
0
Do.
&,
Stf
do.
do.
-17 30
0
Do.
-t-3
5*
do.
do.
-22 30
0
Do.
T3
°5
do.
do.
-27 30
0
Do.
a
o
oii
do.
do.
-32 30
0
Do.
5S
do.
do.
-37 30
0
Do.
e5
5*
do.
do.
-42 30
0
Do.
*3
do.
do.
-47 30
0
Do.
""3
do.
57 30
- 12 30
0
Do.
*
o?;
do.
do.
-17 30'
0
Do.
5f
do.
do.
-22 30
0
Do.
5s
do.
do.
-27 30
0
Do.
5*
do.
do.
- 32 30
0
Do.
do.
do.
-37 30
0
Do.
5f
do.
do.
-42 30
0
Do.
o|
do.
do.
-47 30
0
REPORT ON ATMOSPHERIC CIRCULATION.
259
Jan.
Feb.
Mar.
April.
May.
June.
July.
Aug.
Sept.
Oct.
Nov.
Dec.
Year.
Com.
Applied.
o
O
o
o
O
o
O
O
O
O
0
O
°
o
55-9
54-4
55-7
59-0
63-5
69-9
73-4
75-9
72-0
68-0
63-4-
59-0
64-2
55-1
53-2
54-6
58-9
64-0
70-4
73-8
76-0
72-4
67-5
62-7
57-7
63-9
53-0
51-9
52-4
57-7
63-4
69-8
73-6
75-3
72-3
66-8
61-0
55-9
62-8
50-2
48-8
49 '6
56-3
62-4
68-8
73-4
74-3
71-7
65-3
59-1
53-4
61-1
42-8
43-4
45-3
52-2
60-8
68-5
74-0
73-5
70-6
63-4
53-8
47-4
58-0
53-8
54-9
56-8
57-5
61-7
65-8
70-3
71-0
67-4
62-8
59-5
54-7
61-4
55-7
557
56-7
57-4
60-7
64-6
69-0
69-6
66-9
63-8
60-3
57-0
61-5
...
56-2
55-6
567
58-4
60-7
65-1
68-3
70-3
67-6
65-4
60-4
57-3
61-8
...
55-9
55-1
56-8
58-6
60-8
65'2
69-1
70-6
67-8
64-9
59-8
58-0
61-9
...
55-2
54-3
56-4
58-5
60-5
65-3
69-4
70-8
68-1
65-0
59-3
57-8
61-7
53-2
52-0
551
57-8
59-2
65-2
69-1
70-7
68-0
64-0
58-6
56-8
60-8
...
50-2
48-3
52-3
55-3
58-1
64-6
69-4
70-2
67-1
62-7
56-8
54-0
59-1
45-4
42-4
40-6
49-6
54-2
61-6
66-7
67-7
65-5
59-7
53-8
49-5
55-2
...
42-4
39-4
43-1
46-8
52-1
613
66-6
68-6
64-9
58-6
52-2
47-1
53-6
...
39-6
36-3
41-2
46-5
53-3
62-0
67-6
69-3
64-6
57-7
51-2
45-0
52-9
35-3
33-9
37-0
43-8
51-6
61-0
66-1
67-9
63-1
55-2
48-7
41-6
50-4
...
29-4
30-0
33-0
41-7
49-9
58-6
63-7
65-2
61-1
52-3
44-5
36-5
47-2
...
51-3
51-6
52-8
54-1
57-3
61-3
64-4
65-6
62-2
58-4
55-2
52-3
57-2
52-0
51-8
52-7
54-1
56-7
60-7
63-0
64-7
61-8
58-9
55-4
53-4
57-1
...
519
50-3
52-4
54-1
56-0
60-2
62-8
64-4
61 '8
58-9
54-8
53-2
56-7
507
49-9
51-6
53-7
55-8
60-1
62-7
63-9
61-0
58'6
54-0
52-5
56-2
49-1
48-4
50-6
52-9
55-3
60-4
62-8
64-3
61-1
57-5
53-1
51-4
556
...
46-1
45-3
48-9
51-6
54-3
58-9
62-4
63-6
60-2
56-5
50-9
49-6
54-0
40-3
39-6
44-0
48-1
50-8
56-3
60-0
61-0
57-9
52-5
47-2
43-7
50-1
...
33-1
31-8
36-3
41-8
45-8
51-7
56-7
58-1
54-9
48-5
41-9
36-9
44-8
...
46-3
47-6
48-3
509
54-2
58-2
60-0
60-6
58-3
547
50-5
47-4
53-1
47-2
47-0
48-3
51-0
52-7
56-9
59-2
59-7
57-4
54-2
50-8
48-4
52-7
40-4
457
47-4
497
51-5
56-1
58-7
59-1
56-7
53-4
501
48-0
51-9
44-4
43-8
45-9
48-9
50-7
55-0
57-5
58-3
55-9
52-6
48-5
46-5
50-7
41-9
41-7
44-4
47-5
49-8
53-5
56-6
57-6
55-2
51-3
46-6
44-5
49-3
...
38-5
38-0
42-4
45-1
48-5
52-0
55-7
56-8
53-8
49-5
44-3
41-8
47-2
33-4
33-0
37-4
41-5
45-9
50-4
53-8
55-0
53-0
46-7
41-2
37-7
44-1
• ..
27-3
26-4
30-2
37-9
42-3
48-1
51-3
52-6
49-5
43-1
36-8
32-0
39-8
42-1
42-1
43-1
46-3
49-4
53-9
56'2
56-0
54-1
49-0
44-7
42-2
48-3
...
41-2
40-6
41-5
45-3
48-2
52-6
54-9
55-0
53-0
48-4
43-9
41-4
47-2
39-7
38-8
39-9
44-0
46 '8
51-2
53-2
54-0
51-6
47-2
42-7
40-3
45-8
36-9
36-6
38-5
42-9
45'4
50-1
52-3
52-9
50-4
45'6
41-1
38-8
44-3
33-7
33-7
36-3
41-5
43-9
489
50-9
517
49-2
43-4
39-0
36-5
42-4
31-1
30-6
33-1
38-9
42-6
47-6
49-9
50-4
47-1
41-8
36-6
34-6
40-4
27-5
27-3
30-5
36-0
40-8
46-5
48-9
49-3
46-0
40-1
34-4
30-7
38-2
22-7
22-8
267
34-0
39-2
45-0
48-4
47-7
44-3
38-0
30-7
26-9
35-5
...
INDEX TO APPENDICES.
Barometer, reducing to sea level, 49.
Pressure, Mean diurnal variations : ■ — Africa, 1 3 ;
Alaska, 3G, 42, 44; Arabia, 16; Arctic, 40-44;
Argentine Eepublic, 38, 39 ; Arizona, 37 ; Ascen-
sion, 12; Australia, 34, 48; Austria, 17-21, 46;
Belgium, 27, 47; Brazil, 38, 48; California, 37; Cape
Colony, 34 ; Challenger observations, 7 ; Chile, 38 ;
China, 14; Denmark, 28, 48; Doin. of Canada, 35,
37 ; East Indies, 13 ; England, 24, 25, 26 ; Finland,
31; France, 22, 45; Germany, 21, 29, 30; Greenland,
41; Holland, 27, 28; India, 14-16, 46; Indian
Ocean, 39 ; Ireland, 24, 47 ; Italy, 17, 18 ; Libyan
Desert, 35 ; Lower Guinea, 46 ; Malay Peninsula,
13; Mauritius, 16; Mexico, 38; N. Atlantic,
12 ; Norway, 30, 47 ; Patagonia, 39 ; Port Louis,
39 ; Portugal, 23 ; Prussia, 29, 30 ; Koumania, IS ;
Russia, 31-33, 45, 47; St. Helena, 12; Scotland,
26, 27 ; Spain, 23 ; Sweden, 31 ; Switzerland, 18,
20, 22 ; Tasmania, 34 ; Turkey, 46 ; United States,
35-37, 48 ; Van Rensselaer Harbour, 42 ; West
Indies, 13.
Pressure, Mean, monthly, and annual : — Africa, 86, 90 ;
Alabama, 100; Alaska, 96; Albania, 68; Algeria, 86;
Annam, 80 ; Arabia, 84 ; Arctic, 94, 96 ; Argentine
Republic, 106 ; Arizona, 102 ; Arkansas, 100 ; At-
lantic, 88 ; Austria, 70, 72 ; Azores, 66, 88 ; Belgium,
64 ; Beloochistan, S4 ; Bolivia, 106 ; Bosnia, 68
Brazil, 104-106, 110*; British America, 110*; British
Guiana, 104 ; British Honduras, 102 ; Bulgaria, 68
California, 102, 110*; Canaries, 88; Cape Colony.
88, 90 ; Cape Verde Islands, 88 ; Central America.
102, 104 ; Chile, 106 ; China, 80 ; Cochin China,
80; Colombia, 104; Colorado, 102; Connecticut, 98
Corea, 80; Cyprus, 110; Dakota, 100; Denmark
62 ; Dist. Columbia, 98 ; Dominion of Canada, 96, 98
(PHYS. CHEM. CHALL. EXP. PART V. 1889.)
East Indies, 80 ; Ecuador, 104, 110* ; Egypt, 110* ;
England, 60; Falkland Islands, 106; Faro, 110*; Fin-
land, 72, 74; Florida, 98, 100; France, 64, 66, 110*;
French Guiana, 104 ; Georgia, 98 ; Germany, 72, 110*;
Greece, 68 ; Greenland, 94, 95 ; Guatemala, 102 ;
Holland, 62, 64; Hungary, 68, 70; Iceland, 110*;
Idaho, 102; Illinois, 100; India, 80-84; Indiana,
100; Indian Ocean, 90; Indian Territory, 100 ; Iowa,
100; Ireland, 58; Italy, 66, 68, 110*; Japan, 78,
80 ; Kansas, 100 ; Kentucky, 100 ; Labrador, 96 ; '
Louisiana, 100; Lower Guinea, 88; Madagascar,
90 ; Madeira, 66, 88 ; Maine, 98 ; Malay Peninsula,
80 ; Maryland, 98 ; Massachusetts, 98 ; Mexico
(New), 102; Mexico, 102 ; Michigan, 100 ; Minne-
sota, 100; Mississippi, 100; Missouri, 100; Mon-
tana, 102 ; Morocco, 88 ; Natal, 90 ; Nebraska,
100; Nevada, 102; New Guinea, 80; New
Caledonia, 92 ; New Hampshire, 98 ; New Jersey,
98 ; New South Wales, 92 ; New York, 98 ; New
Zealand, 92; North Atlantic, 108, 110; North
Carolina, 98 ; Norway, 62 ; Ohio, 100 ; Oregon,
102; Pacific Ocean, 92, 94; Patagonia, 106;
Pelew, SO ; Pennsylvania, 98 ; Persia, 84 ; Peru,
106 ; Philippine Islands, 80 ; Portugal, 66 ;
Queensland, 92 ; Red Sea, 86 ; Rhode Island, 98 ;
Russia, 74,76,78,110*; Sahara, 86, 88; Scot-
land, 58, 60 ; Senegambia, 88 ; Siam, 80 ; Sierra
Leone, 88 ; Sofala, 90 ; Soudan, 88 ; South
Atlantic, 106; South Australia, 90; South Caro-
lina, 98 ; Spain, 66 ; Surinam, 104 ; Sweden, 62 ;
Switzerland, 66, 110*; Syria, 84, 86, 110*; Tas-
mania, 92 ; Tennessee, 100 ; Texas, 102 ; Tripoli,
86 ; Tuinea, 88 ; Tunis, 86 ; Turkey, 68 ; Uruguay,
106; Utah, 102; Venezuela, 104; Vermont, 98;
Victoria, 90, 92 ; Virginia, 98 ; Washington, 102 ;
40
262
THE VOYAGE OF H.M.S. CHALLENGER,
West Australia, 90; West Indies, 104, 110*;
Wisconsin, 100; Wyoming, 102; Zanzibar, 90.
Temperature, Mean daily, of air, deviations (Challenger
observations), 4.
Temperature, Mean daily, of surface of sea, devia-
tions (Challenger observations), 1.
Temperature, Table showing mean monthly and
annual : — Abyssinia, 228 ; Alabama, 246 ; Albania,
208 ; Algeria, 228, 230 ; Arabia, 226 ; Arctic, 238,
240 ; Argentine Rep., 254 ; Arizona, 250 ; Arkansas,
248 ; Asia Minor, 226, 228 ; Atlantic, 232 ; Austria,
210 ; Barca, 228 ; Basutoland, 232 ; Bechuana, 232 ;
Belgium, 202 ; Beloochistan, 226 ; Bolivia, 252 ;
Bosnia, 208 ; Brazil, 252 ; British Guiana, 252 ;
Brit. Honduras, 250 ; Bulgaria, 208 ; California,
250; Canaries, 230; Cape Colony, 232; Cape
Verde Islands, 230; Channel Islands, 198; Chile,
252, 254; China, 220, 222; Cochin China, 222;
Colombia, 252 ; Colorado, 248 ; Connecticut, 244 ;
Corea, 220 ; Costa Rico, 250 ; Crete, 228 ; Cyprus,
226; Dacota, 248; Damaraland, 232; Denmark,
200, 202; Dist. Columbia, 246; Dominion of
Canada, 240, 242, 244 ; East Indies, 222 ; Ecuador,
252; Egypt, 228; England, 196, 198 ; Fezzan, 230;
Finland, 212; Florida, 246; France, 202, 204;
French Guiana, 252 ; Georgia, 246 ; Germany, 210,
212; Greece, 208; Greenland, 238; Guatemala,
250 ; Guinea, 230 ; Holland, 202 ; Hungary, 208,
210 ; Iceland, 200 ; Illinois, 246 ; India, 222-226 ;
Indiana, 246; Indian Ocean, 232, 234; Indian
Territory, 248; Iowa, 248; Ireland, 194; Isle of
Man, 196; Italy, 206, 208; Japan, 220; Kansas,
248 ; Kentucky, 246 ; Louisiana, 248 ; Lower
Guinea, 232; Maine, 244; Malay Peninsula, 222;
Manchuria, 220; Maryland, 246 ; Massachusetts, 244;
Mexico, 250 ; Michigan, 246, 248 ; Minnesota, 248 ;
Mississippi, 246; Montana, 248; Morocco, 230;
Natal, 232; Nebraska, 248; Nevada, 250;
New Caledonia, 236 ; New Hampshire, 244 ; New
Jersey, 246 ; New Mexico, 248 ; New South Wales,
234, 236 ; New York, 244, 246 ; New Zealand, 236 ;
Nicaragua, 250 ; North Atlantic, 254-258 ; North
Carolina, 246; Norway, 198, 200; Ohio, 246;
Oregon, 250; Pacific, 236, 238; Panama, 250;
Patagonia, 254; Pelew, 220; Pennsylvania, 246;
Persia, 226 ; Peru, 252 ; Philippine Islands, 222 ;
Queensland, 236; Red Sea, 228; Rhode Island,
244; Roumania, 208; Russia, 212-220; Sahara,
230; Scotland, 194, 196; Senegambia, 230; Siam,
222; Sierra Leone, 230; Sofala, 232; South
Australia, 234 ; South Carolina, 246 ; Spain and
Portugal, 204, 206 ; Surinam, 252 ; Sweden, 200 ;
Switzerland, 206; Syria, 226; Tasmania, 236;
Tennessee, 245 ; Texas, 248 ; Tonquin, 222 ; Trans-
vaal, 232 ; Tripoli, 228 ; Tunis, 228; Turkestan, 226;
Turkey, 208 ; Turkey in Asia, 226 ; Uruguay, 254 ;
Venezuela, 250, 252 ; Vermont, 244 ; Victoria, 234 ;
Virginia, 246 ; Utah, 248 ; Washington, 244 ; West
Australia, 234 ; West Indies, 250; Wisconsin, 248 ;
Wyoming, 248 ; Zambezi, 232 ; Zanzibar, 232.
Wind, Average number of days each month it
has prevailed from north, north-east, east, etc. : —
Abyssinia, 147; Africa, 149, 151, 188; Alabama,
164; Alaska, 159, 160, 168; Algeria, 148; Arabia
144, 188; Arctic, 129, 156-161, 183, 188, 190
Argentine Republic, 173, 174; Arizona, 167
Atlantic, 150, 167-180 ; Austria, 127, 128; Azores
148, 168, 169; Belgium, 121; Behring's Strait, 168
Beloochistan, 186; Bolivia, 175; Brazil, 172, 173
190; British Guiana, 172; British Honduras, 170
Burmah, 188; California, 167, 183; Canaries, 149
Cape Colony, 151, 152; Cape Verde Islands, 149
Central America, 171; Channel Isles, 117; Chile.
175, 176; China, 142, 143, 188; Chios, 145
Colorado, 165; Columbia, 172; Corea, 141, 183
Cyprus, 125, 181, 182; Dacota, 165, 166; Damara-
land, 151 ; Denmark, 120, 121 ; Dominion of
Canada, 158, 159, 162, 190; East Indies, 144,
188; East of Nova Zembla, 156; Egypt, 147;
England, 116; Falkland Islands, 176; Faro, 120;
Florida, 164; France, 121, 122, 123, 125, 181;
French Guiana, 172; Georgia, 163; Germany,
121, 128, 129; Greece, 125, 126; Greenland,
156, 157, 161, 188; Guatemala, 170; Guinea,
150; Holland, 121; Hungary, 126, 127; Iceland,
119; Idaho, 168; Illinois, 165; India, 186,
188; Indian Ocean, 153; Ireland, 114; Italy,
125; Jamaica, 170; Japan, 140, 141; Kansas,
166; Labrador, 157; Louisiana, 166; Lower
Guinea, 150, 151 ; Madagascar, 152, 188; Madeira,
169; Maine, 162; Malay Peninsula, 144, 188;
Manchuria, 141; Massachusetts, 163 ; Mexico, 167,
INDEX TO APPENDICES.
263
169-171, 190; Michigan, 164, 165; Minnesota,
165; Misscrari, 164; Montana, 165; Morocco, 148;
Natal, 152; Nebraska, 166; Nevada, 167, 168;
Newfoundland, 162; New Guinea, 144, 155, 188;
New Hampshire, 163; New South Wales, 153,
188; New York, 163; New Zealand, 154, 155;
Nicaragua, 171; North Atlantic, 176-180; North
Carolina, 163; Norway, 118, 119; Ohio, 164;
Oregon, 167, 168; Pacific Ocean, 155, 188;
Panama, 171; Persia, 133, 188; Philippine
Islands, 143; Portugal, 123; Prussia, 129; Queens-
land, 153, 188 ; Red Sea, 145-147 ; Roumania, 126 ;
Russian Empire, 129-141, 182, 183; Sahara, 149,
151; Scotland, 115, 116; Senegambia, 149, 150;
Siam, 144 ; Sierra Leone, 150; Sofala, 152 ; Soudan,
151 ; South Atlantic, 176; South Australia, 153, 154;
South Carolina, 163; Spain, 123, 124; Surinam,
172; Sweden, 117 ; Switzerland, 123; Syria, 144,
145; Tasmania, 154, 155; Tennessee, 164; Texas,
168; Tripoli, 148; Turkey, 125, 126; Turkey in
Asia, 144, 145; Uruguay, 173; Utah, 165; Victoria,
153; Virginia, 163; Washington Territory, 168;
West Australia, 154, 18s ; West Indies, 169, 170 :
Wyoming, 165.
The Voyage of H.M.SXhallenger"
Atmospheric Circulation. PI, I
Curves showing Deviations at Different Hours of the Day, from the
Mean Daily Temperature and Pressure.
Temp, of Bea,
Surface.
Temp, of Air
over Sea.
Elastio Force
of vapour,
(open Sea).
Elastio Force
of Vapour,
(near Land).
Relative
Humidity.
Barometer
Batavia.
Barometer
Pacific.
- 1° 10' Lat.
- 1500 4' Long.
Barometer
Helder.
-**
a
co
CD
0>
a
0
0
■A
S
ti
CD
a
i
'■a
3
-
mean.
[=-.
~4°
4°
0
-2°
-40
•
"
s
^
— .040 ,,
2
^
S
Mean.
.040 ,,
■'
v,
\
/
\
/
~\
.020 ,,
1
\
1
v
\
/
\
f
\
'
/
\
/
\
1
■• —
s
\
\
\
\
/
.040 inrh.
\
/
.020 „
/
/
\
Mean.
\
\
(
\
/
/
*■
/
'
\
j
\
/
\
J
t
K.
•
020
-
\
v.
■^
«"
- .040 „
Fig. 1.
Fig. 2.
Fig. 3.
Fig. 4.
Fig. 6. .
Fig. 6.
Fig. 7.
Fig. 8.
"3
a
CO
a
co
Barometer
Valentia.
.020 inch.
Mean.
>,
Barometer °2° mcn
Amsterdam. Mean.
Barometer
Pola.
.020 inch.
Mean.
- .020,,
.020 inch.
Barometer
Helsinfors. Mean.
Barometer -°2° inck
Hamburg. Mean.
Barometer
Kew.
.020 inch.
Mean.
„ .020 inch.
Barometer
Culloden. Mean.
Barometer
Fort Rae.
.020 inch
Mean.
- .020 ,,
-^
J^Fig. 9.
Fig. 10.
Fig. 11.
Fig. 12.
Fig. IS.
Fig. 14.
Fig. 16.
Fig. 16.
The Voyage of H.M.S.Thallenger"
Atmospheric Circulation. PI. II
Curves showing Deviations at Different Hours of the Day, from the
Mean Daily Pressure, Wind Velocity, sl
-
Mount Washington.
^
4059 ,, Meau.
— '
-v
V
Mount Washington.
^
=
5533 .1 Mean.
s
020
--
-
Mount Washington.
y
6285 ,, Mean.
^
/
S
■s
-'
"
.040 inch.
^
•'
s
S
\
.'-
Gries.
\
(Summer). Mean.
\
\
\
- .040,,
.040 inch.
1
Ben Nevis.
1
|
(Summer). Mean.
1
I
j
1
1
|
1
Bain, '5°
Hours of occurrence.
7
^
"
v
1
.X
--•
—
-
50
0
1
i
Big. 20.
Fig. 17.
Fig. 18.
Fig. 19.
Fig. Bl.
Fig. 22.
Fig. 23.
■4^
3
CO
CD
Q
d
0
0
Z
CD
0
1
-
Wind 3.00
Velooity. Open Sea.
^
"*.
s-
-~»
s.
SI
K
2 00
\
\
Near Land.
-
■
-
8
6
Thunderst orme ,
:
-
on open Sea. 4
k 1
'.III
m-
I— 1 '
1
1
■
Thunderstorms, ,
.-
1
~~
-4~i-
(in August).
1
Tf:
TV'
o
1 | 1 | ]
. 1.,
lT1
fp
is
:
20
—
""V
-
•4-
4-- J~4"
4.4X
15
33
!
~
..t~
...
,,,!■,
Lightning only, jo
i ;
1
(in August).
.
5
-
L
Fig. 24.
Fig. 25.
Fig. 26.
Fig. 27.
Fig. 28.
The Voyage of HMS Challenger
'"*?''"'" ct;. .,. ,, M. !
'.,!„. LUnl-1 (1 ■
, * ... ii M S 'Clmlleii ■' >
Al I11"'"' ''in iil.tlnm M.ip 2
I SOTHERMAL LINES
SHOWING THE MEAN TEMPERATURE iFAH")
OF THE NORTH POLAB REGIONS TOR
JAN UARY.
,\ Bui li.in Ii.
,,■,■■
The V..y.i>ii- ■■' HMS ''''■■l'1 "£-'
: J ■ - I ■ ■ ,,, Mm 3
,1,. y ya .. ..: B M ^ ' ''li.ill. "y
Atmospheric Circiilfllinn Mtm4
ISOTHERMAL LINES
BOWING THE MEAN TEMPERATURE (FAR'
OF THE NORTH POLAR REGIONS FOR
FEBRUARY.
:.
ThuVgyago "' H.MS '''■■'"' "S"
100 uo IX)
''■"""M'1"-' ■ ''■■
A
I SOTHERMAL LINES
SHOWINIi THE MEAN TEMPEBATUBE t'.MI"
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MARCH.
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140 ltt> MO
: . sen* A Co Wm
i:1 v-'. age ol II M S "rii. ill. ii
_^___ ■!■ M.ip 6
ISOTHERMAL LINES
SHOWING THE MEAN TEMPERATURE iKAl!
OF THE NORTH I'.il.AH REOIOHS COB
MARCH.
A Kin km l>. Ii
The Voyage nl" HM.S "Chulleng.
JtlnBariholamew i r., elm'
J
,.i H.M S r}i.,ll,-r]:^r)
r'"'i' ('u, iii.iu,,,, M |K
ISOTHERMAL LINES
SHOWING THE MEAN TEMI'EUATl'Ht t All'
OF THE SOUTH POLAJt KIGIOITS FOB
APRIL.
A Hml Doll
Th. Voy»« of HMS Clmllsager"
'■J>
,. , . V~t ■->
I SOTHERMAL LINES
SHOWING THE MEAN TEMPERATl'Rl. K.UI"
OF THE GLOBE FOH
MAY.
EXPLANATION DF COLOURING
-
-
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Aiiuos^lienc r.|imlnuon Map In
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I SOTHERMAL LINES
SHOWIKli THE MIAN TEMI'EBATITRE !^AH
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JUNE.
tXPlANATION Of COLOURING
K Budum ii.l
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ThcVoya^.- ut H.M.S "I'hallenijVi "
-■''■• !'■" < ■ ■'.:■■ ii: i ' n.n Map 13
I SOTHERMAL LINES
SHOWHTG THE MEAN TEMi'EUAirKE FAH?
OF THE til. QBE FOR
J U LY.
,ti, Buthalamsi
I SOTHERM
SHO'W 5 N . . TIM \u A^
or THE SOUTH mi
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Tli* Voyage of ttKS "n, - i
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ISOTHERMA
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Th* Voyage at H->tS "qialloiig.
Aiun^|iliHf m f'tfi-iiUiUon M.ifiJQ
gin ButOioloin— * Co Hta*
The Voyage of H.MS "CtutTleagi
ISOTHERMAL LINES
WDTG THE mean TEMPEBATDHE Kill
THE KOHT1I POLiB RXGIOHS p0J)
OCTOBER.
■■ ..-■..
The Voyage of EMS " Challenger'
AtiuM^plifj i- rLirnlaJ-ioD Map-'l
I SOTHERMAL LINES
SHOWIBG THE MILAN TEMPERATUHE FAH
OF THE GLOBE FOR
NOVEMBER.
EXPLANATION of COLOURING
2^:
nu 100
no no 100
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THE
VOYAGE OF H.M.S. CHALLENGER.
PHYSICS AND CHEMISTRY.
REPORT on the Magnetical Results obtained by H.M.S. Challenger
during the years 1873-1876. By Staff-Commander E. W. Creak,
R.N., F.R.S.
Since the year 1700, when Halley published his map of equal curves of magnetic
declination for the Atlantic and Indian Oceans, that method of representing the values
of the magnetic elements for frequent reference seems to have found general favour,
probably from the facility with which the information they contain can be utilised.
Thus since Halley's day the following authors have published maps of the declination : —
Mountaine andDodson in 1756, Churchman in 1794, Yeatesin 1817, and Barlow in 1833.
Again, in 1819, Hansteen 1 added maps of the inclination to those of the declination
for different epochs between the years 1600 and 1787, and although the angular direction
of the freely suspended needle was thus known for a considerable portion of the earth's
surface, it was not until the present century that the intensity of the earth's directive
force was observed and known as well as the other elements. In the year 1826 he
published a chart of " Isodynamic Lines," which he revised in 1832, both editions beino-
based partly upon his own observations, combined with those from other available
sources.
Following Hansteen there appeared in 1840 Gauss and Weber's Atlas, the result of
calculation from about eighty-four observations distributed over the world. Considering
the comparatively slender basis of observation upon which they had to rely for the
application of their mathematical investigations, it is remarkable, even when regarding
their work in the light of the results of the present activity amongst magnetic observers,
how nearly they approached the truth. It may be added that, in view of the extended
knowledge now possessed of the distribution of the earth's magnetism, there remains
1 Magnetismus der Erde.
(PHYS. CHEM. CHALL. EXP. PART VI. 1888.) 1
2 THE VOYAGE OF H.M.S. CHALLENGER.
but one obstacle to a re-calculation of the Gaussian constants promising important
results — the necessity for a fresh magnetic survey of the regions south of the parallel
of 40°. The observations made by the memorable Antarctic Expedition under Ross in
1839-43 were of immense importance when taken in connection with those made in
other portions of the world about the same date, and at different epochs where the
secular change was known ; but enough has since been ascertained to show that con-
siderable changes have been going on in Antarctic regions, and until these changes are
accurately known by means of extended observation the data for calculation must
remain imperfect.
In 1868 Sir Edward Sabine read No. XL of his "Contributions to Magnetism"
before the Royal Society, being the first of four papers on the Magnetic Survey of the
Globe for the epoch 1842-45, the last of these being read in June 1876, just as the
Challenger had completed her voyage. As Sabine's maps accompanying these con-
tributions serve as a point of departure with which subsequent maps may be compared,
it seems proper to recall here some of the details of the observations upon which they
were founded.
From all that is now known of the secular change of the magnetic elements, the
mean epoch 1842-45 was wisely chosen by Sabine for his magnetic survey. As already
remarked, it was about this time that the magnetic survey of the Antarctic region was
undertaken by Ross, and others subsequently completed much that he was unable to
do, and therefore the question of correction for secular change might, without serious
error, be neglected for that part of the world. But in the Arctic regions and temperate
zones observations had been so multiplied for different epochs that those made several
years before and after the mean epoch could be reduced thereto by the known secular
change, and therefore utilized. A glance at Sabine's maps shows that for Europe he
was well supplied with data for his lines of equal value, in North and South America
and some parts of Asia fairly so, whilst Africa presents almost a blank as regards
inclination and intensity, although the collected observations range over the years
1818-71. These lines give normal values; for Sabine, knowing full well the uncertain
distribution of local magnetic disturbance on land, always placed a high value on sea
observations. He found observers had done ample work for the North and South
Atlantic Oceans, and in a less degree in other seas except the North and South Pacific
Oceans, for which his maps are almost blank, the lines being only given for certain j)arts.
One object in recalling these facts is to show that, valuable as is Sabine's Magnetic
Survey of the Globe as the first of its kind in which the intensity is included for so
large a portion of its navigable seas as well as the land, the whole forming a standard
of comparison for succeeding surveys, there remained a large field for observations in
parts of the world hitherto unvisited for magnetic purposes ; and further, to show
how the Challenger Expedition not only filled up these gaps but added largely to our
REPORT ON THE MAGNETICAL RESULTS. 3
knowledge of the changes going on in the magnetic elements in the regions of
previous observation.
In presenting the accompanying charts of the magnetic elements for 1880,
numbered I. to IV., it is thought that they will not only be acceptable to magneticians
as showing the distribution of magnetic force and direction for that year, but, when
compared with Sabine's, to indicate the general tendency of the secular change for the
previous forty years. But before comparing these later charts with their predecessors,
and before their value or otherwise can be duly determined, it seems necessary that the
various steps in their construction should be given in detail. Let the large share of
data contributed by the Challenger be first considered.
An ideal vessel for carrying out a magnetic survey at sea is one in which there is
no iron used in her construction, or at least with the iron so distributed as to have little
or no effect at the position of the magnetical instruments used for the observations, and
further that she should be an easy vessel at sea under ordinary circumstances.
The Challenger can hardly be said to have come up to this ideal in either
respect, for she was seldom at rest from pitching or rolling motion at sea, and although
north of the magnetic equator the errors of the compass and Fox dip and intensity
apparatus were moderate and could be eliminated by occasional " swinging " of the
ship, the errors caused by the vertical component of her magnetism were large, and,
although quite manageable, necessitated a frequent comparison with normal values on
land. This magnetic condition of the ship was not without its compensation, for south of
the magnetic equator the hard and soft iron which had previously combined to produce
errors in the observed values of the magnetic elements, had now opposite signs, and
when near the Antarctic circle and far from a point of comparison on land, had but
small effect.
It may be urged that the differences observed between the results on board the
ship and those on land might not be a true measure of the effects of the iron of the ship
on account of possible local magnetic disturbance at the land station selected. In some
places this was no doubt true, but from a lengthened discussion of observations made
in numerous places in both hemispheres, where no traces of such disturbance could be
found, the magnetic condition of the ship could be ascertained at any period of the
voyage. This knowledge was not only fruitful as a means of reducing the observations
made at sea to normal values, but during the visits of the vessel to the neighbourhood
of places either known to be or suspected of being affected by local magnetic disturbance,
the amount of such disturbance could be measured with considerable accuracy.
Local magnetic disturbance in the solitary islands of the great oceans was especially
open to this method of detection, for the vessel could be brought sufficiently near them
to avoid errors due to difference of geographical position, and yet in sufficiently deep
water to be free from magnetic effects in the land. To illustrate this, some results
4 THE VOYAGE OF H.M.S. CHALLENGER.
obtained in the neighbourhood of the more important islands visited by the Challenger
may be enumerated.
Madeira and Tenerife were the first islands visited in the Atlantic, and the differ-
ences between the observations on their shores and the normal results on board were of a
nature to invite closer inquiry in other islands as time permitted. Thus at Madeira
observations of the inclination were made at a distance of one foot and 3 \ feet from
the ground, with a difference of 7-g° in the result ; whilst at Santa Cruz, Tenerife, the
inclination was 2^° in excess of the normal on board the ship.
Bermuda. — Here the local disturbance was such as to invite particular examination,
especially as during the two visits of the Challenger time permitted many observa-
tions to be made. Previously to these visits observers in positions at short distances
apart differed considerably in their results. Our men-of-war, too, in the process of
swinging for the deviation of their compasses at the different anchorages, noticed
constant errors for all directions of the ship's head, which were confined to Bermuda
alone, and evidently proceeded from some local magnetic disturbance, the character of
which required to be definitely examined by means of instruments with which they
were unprovided. This was therefore an opportunity for doing immediate practical
service whilst instituting scientific inquiry by means of the excellent equipment of
instruments furnished to the Challenger both for absolute and relative determinations.
With these objects in view, the declination was observed at seventeen stations on
land, the inclination at ten, and the intensity at seven. The ship was swung at sea
1 5' south of the green outside the dockyard, and normal values of the three magnetic
elements for the green deduced therefrom. Comparing the observed values with their
respective normals, it was found that the greatest differences in the declination were
+ 2° 39' at Clarence Cove, and —3° 5' at Barge Island ; in the inclination, + 1° 47' at
Spanish Point and Mount Langton, and in vertical force at Spanish Point, +0"314
(British Units). Combining the observations taken in the western portion of the group
with eleven others of declination taken at different stations in previous years, plotting
the differences from the normal on a chart and drawing curves of equal value, as shown
on Plate I., it was found that between the Governor's House at Mount Langton and the
lighthouse on Gibb's Hill, there is a disturbing magnetic focus attracting the north-
seeking end of the needle with a force considerably in excess of that due to the position
of Bermuda on the earth considered as a mas-net.
O
Magnetic disturbance was also found at three other stations in the eastern parts
of this group of islands, but the observations made were too few in number to determine
any distinct source for it. It is satisfactory, however, to be able to point out to vessels
visiting the usual anchorage in Grassy Bay that there is little or no disturbance, whilst
at two positions half a mile on either side of it there may be as much as 2° difference in
the observed magnetic bearing of an object the true bearing of which is common to
The Voyage of H M.S "Challenger"
Magnelical Results, Plate 1.
N?- I
Bermuda Islands Western Portion.
UprllTiafion I The Figures m this plan are observed, differ ermes from, the iiormaL.
\ The. dotted luxe shows assumed, position, of mjcu/rieizc focus.
The blajclc curves dervote equal vcduu&s of aUsturba/Lce in the. D ecHn-a.tion. ..
N?- 2.
Inclmat-iou J The Figures iru thje. plcut, are observed differences fronv the norma t.
Vextical Force. ( The dotted. Tirue shows assicmed posxiioTV of rnxxgixitkLc. fociLS
The hlajJc curves denote equal values vf disturbance in the IrLclinatLon.
0 Seal* ofNautuz Miles.
Malby*Sons,LitlL
REPORT ON THE MAGNETICAL RESULTS. 5
both. It is not intended to enter into any further discussion of these Bermuda results
until those obtained at other islands have been considered.
Taking the other islands in the order visited, they are as follows : —
St. Vincent, Cape Verde Islands. — Here the declination on the west side of the
island was 3° in defect of the normal, but the inclination and force were but little affected.
St. Paul's Rocks. — There was little or no disturbance.
Tristan da Cunha. — The westerly declination on the west side of some high cliffs
was increased if.
Kerguelen Island. — At Christmas Harbour, Accessible Bay, and Betsy Cove the
declination was 1° above the normal, there being high land to the westward of all three
stations, and at two positions where the inclination and intensity were observed they
were in excess of the normal, all three elements showing marked effects of a force
repelling the north-seeking end of the needle.
Sandwich Islands. — At Honolulu, on the west side of some high land in the island
of Oahu, the easterly declination was f ° in excess of the normal value, whilst at Hilo,
on the east side of the island of Hawaii, it was f ° in defect. It has been reported by
a careful navigator of one of our vessels of war, that, sailing in the neighbourhood
of the islands, he obtained anomalous results of the declination, attributing them to
the effects of the visible land. Reasons will hereafter be given for believing in this
report as regards the disturbance of the compass, whilst giving other reasons for the
cause.
Juan Fernandez. — -The declination was not observed here, but, like Kerguelen
Island, the inclination and force were affected by a magnetic force repelling the north-
seeking end of the needle.
Ascension. — On the coast at Georgetown the observations showed but little local
disturbance, whilst at the Green Mountain Station the inclination exceeded the normal
by 2i°, the total force by 0'12 (B.U.).
Applying the same test of obtaining normal values of the magnetic elements at
sea, and comparing those observed on adjacent islands or other solitary mountains
standing out of the sea, such as St. Helena, similar effects result, and the following
general conclusions seem to be supported by the facts enumerated with regard to local
magnetic disturbance : —
(1) That in islands north of the magnetic equator the north-seeking end of the
needle is generally attracted vertically downwards, and horizontally towards the higher
parts of the land.
(2) South of the magnetic equator the opposite effects are observed, the north-
seeking end of the needle being repelled. In both cases by an amount above that due
to the position of the island on the earth considered as a magnet.
But beyond any points of interest to science which may be drawn from these
6 THE VOYAGE OF H.M.S. CHALLENGER.
conclusions, there is another aspect of them which is of great importance to practical
navigation. It has been frequently reported that vessels navigating the coasts of
certain islands, as well as the mainland, have found their compasses disturbed, such
disturbance being imputed to the effects of the visible land. The desirability of either
confirming or refuting this impression on the part of seamen by reliable investigation
can hardly fail to be appreciated.
It has been shown, with instruments placed on land within five feet of the soil,
that the effect of the local magnetic disturbance in localities visited by the Challenger
did not exceed at the most more than 2° or 3° in the declination, and 2ij° in the
inclination ; then, remembering the law of magnetic attraction and repulsion, it is
impossible that a vessel's compass in such case could be affected at the ordinary
distances of such vessel's passing a coast.
The question, however, is not finally answered by any means by these results,
reassuring as they are as far as they go. Thus, near a station on the summit of the
bluff,' — Bluff Harbour, in the south island of New Zealand, — an observer found the
declination to be as follows: when 30 feet north of it, 9° 36' W., and 30 feet east of
it, 46° 44' E. Now supposing the bluff to be submerged some 30 or 40 feet at three
miles from the coast, it is not difficult to conceive that a vessel passing near the spot
would find her compass considerably disturbed. In point of fact, there is a remarkable
instance, among others, of magnetic disturbance proceeding from submerged magnetic
land, namely, at Cossack in North Australia. Here H.M. surveying vessel " Meda,"
when sailing on the line of transit of two objects on the land, in 8 fathoms of water
and three miles from the nearest visible land, suddenly observed a deflection of the
standard compass amounting to 30°. This remarkable deflection of the needle remained
constant for a quarter of an hour, just time enough for the vessel to sail over about a
mile in one direction, when immediately after the compass returned to the original
point. Bearings of points of land were taken to confirm these results, as previously to
this occasion the anomalous behaviour of the compass in the " Meda," and other vessels
navigating in the vicinity, had been noticed.
The question, therefore, with regard to local magnetic disturbance of the compass
in ships sailing in the neighbourhood of the land stands thus. That such disturbance
undoubtedly exists, that the number of positions where its presence has been proved
are comparatively few ; but that it behoves the navigator to be on his guard for such a
formidable danger, and, when found, to report all particulars as he would that of a
newly-found rock or shoal.
Before leaving this part of the subject, it may be remarked that the lines of equal
value on the accompanying magnetic charts are normal, the disturbances from local
effects being confined to such limits as to be too small to be accurately drawn.
Large as was the Challenger's contribution to these magnetic charts, it will be
REPORT ON THE MAGNETICAL RESULTS. 7
readily understood that it required considerable reinforcement from other sources before
they could be efficiently constructed, especially as they are dependent upon observation
alone. For this purpose every available observation chiefly obtained between the
years 1865-87 has been utilised, a large number being furnished by our vessels of war,
as well as many others from foreign publications. It is presumed that magneticians
are already sufficiently acquainted with the published sources of information on this
subject as not to require any special mention of them, but there are others the enumera-
tion of which may tend to add value to the charts. Thus, in the years 1874-76, a series
of observations of the inclination and force were made on the east coast of Africa by the
officers of H.M.S. "Nassau" with a Fox circle, and in 1885-86 a valuable series, com-
prising all three elements, was obtained with absolute instruments at certain stations
on the west coast of Australia, from Cape Leeuwin to Cossack inclusive, by H.M.
surveying vessel " Meda."
That wild waste of waters, too, traversed by ships making their voyages from
Australia and New Zealand to Magellan Strait or Cape Horn, has not been neglected.
Observations of the declination made in H.M.S. "Esk" in 1867, and "Pearl," 1871 —
both being wooden ships— and lately, in 1885-86, in the New Zealand Steam Shipping
Company's iron ships, have added considerably to our knowledge of its distribution in
those seas. The results from the iron ships have been confirmed by those from
H.M.S. " Thalia," in 1887, a wooden vessel with but small errors affecting the compass.
To combine this twenty years' observations usefully, a somewhat extended know-
ledge of the distribution and amount of secular change became a necessity. For certain
portions of the earth largely frequented this element of terrestrial magnetism has been
approximately determined — at fixed observatories with considerable precision ; and,
generally speaking, it is only there that its exact and variable value can be obtained,
for, as already shown, a distance of a few feet between two observers is quite enough to
considerably affect their results.
Amongst other contributions to our knowledge of the secular change may be
mentioned those by Mr. C. A. Schott for the United States and Canada, and a few
other stations in Europe. This valuable series, which is the outcome of considerable
research, is treated both mathematically and graphically, and may be considered as
authoritative for North America as regards the secular change of the declination.
The work carried out during the Voyage of the Challenger was of too world-wide
a character for any extended magnetic survey of the countries visited, such as that of
the United States, one great object being to visit certain positions in unfrequented and
widely different parts of the earth where previous observers had been, rather than the
beaten tracks. During the outward part of the voyage in 1873, St. Paul's Rocks, in the
Atlantic, were visited, and Ross's position when he landed in 1840 occupied as nearly as
possible. The position being apparently free from local magnetic disturbance, the
8 THE VOYAGE OF H.M.S. CHALLENGER.
secular change of the elements deduced from the observations made after this interval
of thirty-three years may be considered as approximately correct.
Then Tristan da Cunha. Since H.M.S. " Herald "■ touched at this island in 1852,
and observed the declination, no British observer seems to have made magnetic
observations until the Challenger called there in 1873, and obtained values of all
three elements. H.M.S. "Sapphire" called here in 1883, and obtained a good value
of the declination in the process of swinging near the same position as the
Challenger. The change in this element may therefore be considered fairly
established, whilst for that of the inclination and intensity one is obliged to rely on
Sabine's lines for 1842-45, based on observations made in the neighbourhood as a means
of comparison with the Challenger's results. Situated in mid-ocean and rarely
visited, results obtained at this island form an important link for the purposes of
terrestrial magnetism.
Not long after leaving the well-known Cape of Good Hope, the ship anchored in
Christmas Harbour, Kerguelen Island, and here another of Ross's positions on land
was visited. Unfortunately for our immediate purpose, the stations occupied during
the transit of Venus by the Rev. Father Perry were situated in quite a different part
of the island, and his otherwise valuable magnetical observations cannot strictly be
compared with those of Eoss and the Challenger, so that the secular change now
adopted dejDends upon the two latter authorities.
At Cape Town and in the Indian Ocean north of the parallel of 30°, as well as on
the coasts of Australia, the secular change of the declination for many years past has
been found to be very small, rarely exceeding 1' annually ; it was therefore desirable
to know how far to the southward this slight movement of the needle extended. The
results from Christmas Harbour show that the north-seeking end of the needle is
moving westward at the rate of 5' annually at least.
It was, however, from two positions on the homeward voyage that the most novel
and remarkable values of the secular change were obtained. These were Sandy Point,
Magellan Strait, and the island of Ascension with its adjacent waters.
The United States monitor " Monadnock " visited Sandy Point in the year
1866, and took what were probably the first observations with absolute instruments of
the three magnetic elements. Subsequently the declination was observed by different
vessels, and the absolute horizontal force by H.M.S. "Nassau" in 1868-69. But the
secular change of those elements at this station is so moderate, — the horizontal force
being nearly stationary and the declination decreasing 3' annually, — that but little was
suspected of the large change which was going on in the inclination until the visit of
the Challenger in 1876 disclosed the fact that the latter element was apparently
decreasing about 1 1' annually. The results obtained by the observers of the French
Expedition to Orange Bay in 1882-83, who visited Sandy Point, somewhat modify this
REPORT ON THE MAGNETICAL RESULTS. 9
amount of 11', but quite confirm the general result that a remarkable movement of the
needle in a vertical direction is going on there. To estimate, however, the full value
of what has just been said, it is necessary to follow further the voyage of the
Challenger as far as the island of Ascension. With the marked local mag-netic
disturbance found on this island it has not been considered a trustworthy method to
compare land observations of different epochs not made exactly in the same position.
Sabine's lines for 1842-45, however, are well supported by observation in and near
the island, and may be considered a near approximation to exact values. Comparing
the Challenger's results by swinging near the island with Sabine's, the following
values of the secular change are obtained. The declination is increasing 8' annually,
the south inclination increasing 14', and the horizontal force decreasing 0'013 (B.U.).
There has been therefore not only considerable annual change going on at the two
positions, but the notable fact is made evident that the north-seeking end of the
needle is found to be moving in opposite directions, downwards at Sandy Point, and
more strongly upwards at Ascension. It was hardly to be expected that such large
and opposite movements of the needle should be confined to the spots where they were
discovered, and investigations in the surrounding countries and seas prove such to
be the case. If therefore the Challenger's observations in the North and South
Atlantic Oceans and seaboard were to be utilised satisfactorily for any given epoch, in
conjunction with those from various sources, and observed at different times, some means
must be adopted of gaining a fairly approximate knowledge of the secular change.
Although these remarks apply with special force to the Atlantic, there are sufficient
grounds for applying them to all parts of the world.
For this purpose the author of this Report made a collection of a large number of
observations of the magnetic elements for all parts of the world — in many cases extend-
ing over a long number of years — and these have been discussed, and approximate
values of their secular change obtained.
The several values were entered on maps against the positions where the observations
were made, and their relative accuracy noted. Thus results from fixed observatories, if
taken for a period of fifteen or twenty years, would be accepted as of full weight ; whilst
others at minor stations, where two or three observations only had been made, and the
exact positions of the observers were imperfectly known, one half or one quarter weight
would be allotted. This premised, lines of equal value of the secular change were then
drawn, and the following general results, as regards the annual angular movement of
the north-seeking end of the freely suspended needle during the epoch 1840-80, were
found clearly marked out. Commencing with the map showing equal lines of annual
change of the declination, it was found that there are two principal lines of little or no
change. The first took the following course — Starting from St. John's, Newfoundland,
it crossed the Atlantic in a south-easterly direction, striking the west coast of Africa
(PHYS. CHEM. CHALL. EXP. PART VI. — 1888.) 2
10 THE VOYAGE OF H.M.S. CHALLENGER.
near Cape de Verde, emerging near Cape Palmas, and passing on to Cape Town ; leaving
Cape Town, it curved upwards into the Indian Ocean near Mauritius, then downwards
south of Cape Leeuwin in Western Australia, again upwards through Australia by Adel-
aide and Cape York to the vicinity of Hong Kong, and terminating in Siberia in about
60° N. and 120° E. for want of data to trace it further.
The second line passed from Sitka through the western portion of the North
American continent, quitting the coast near the meridian of 100° W., then on to the
South American coast near Callao, and afterwards following the trend of that coast,
reaching the meridian of 80° W. near the entrance to Magellan Strait.
A third line, much less clearly defined, passed from Sitka in a southerly direction
to the equator, and then in a south-westerly direction to New Zealand.
The next prominent feature in this map of the secular change were the foci of
maximum value. The principal focus was found to be approximately situated between
the east coast of Scotland and the west coast of Norway, with a value of about 9' annual
change, needle moving eastward. A second focus appeared on the east coast of Brazil,
extending to about the meridian of 20° west longitude, with a value of 8' in the annual
change, needle moving westward. Two minor foci, with a value of 5', were also shown
to exist — one in about 45° S. and 130° W., needle moving eastward; the other near
Kerguelen Island, needle moving westward. It may be remarked, however, in passing,
that for regions south of 50° S. considerable changes are probably proceeding in the
earth's magnetism, for which observation has done but little to elucidate. Another focus
apparently exists in the western parts of Alaska, but as yet indeterminate in position
and value of change, although probably large in the latter respect, the needle moving
westward. The general tendency was for the values of the change to decrease gradually
from the foci to the lines of no change.
Now let the results of the map showing equal lines of the secular change of the
inclination be considered. Similarly to that of the declination, there are Unes of no
change, two principal foci of maximum secular change, but only one minor focus. The
lines of no change in the inclination, however, were less clearly defined than those of
the declination, in a great measure from want of data ; but that separating the two
principal foci of change may be traced as follows : — Passing through Callao in Peru
across the South American continent, emerging between Eio de Janeiro and Bahia,
touching the focus of maximum change in the declination off the Brazilian coast, and
then taking a south-easterly direction.
The principal focus of change in the inclination was found near the Gulf of Guinea,
between Ascension and St. Thome, and for the sake of distinction may be called the
Guinea focus ; here the inclination was changing about 15' annually, the north-seeking
end of the needle being repelled upwards. The second focus occurred about the 80th
meridian of west longitude and the latitude of Cape Horn, and may be called the Cape
The Voyage of HM.S "ClLallerLger."
Plate II
MAP SHOWING the APPROXIMATE DISTRIBUTION of the SECULAR CHANGEinthk DECIINATION. >r VARIATION.- EPOCH 1840 1880.
CompiledVE^C^
The arrows defected to the right of the true meruliaJi indicate
Hie Hlacli ctwi'
EXPLANATION.
mn.-.ra m wluch tile North seeking endof the needle Is moling Eastward Arrows deflected to. the left that it IS movuu, Westward
11 Liu? BLack curves pass through regions of no Secular change in t/te Declination
\_) Indicate foot of majzmum. Secular change, the figures giving the annual value. The arrow on tlie circle the directum in which the needle is moving
@Arefoct ofmoiimum Secular cluing.. „, the Inclination., I + *■•""*•■* that >!'" *»** scelang end of the needle moved downwards,
the figures giving the annual value. ) - Signijies that the north seeking end ot the needle moved upwards .
Engraved- ty Malty & Sons
REPORT ON THE MAGNETICAL RESULTS. 11
Horn focus. Here the needle was being drawn downwards at an annual rate of 1 1'.
The minor focus, showing a value of 4' in the annual change, the needle being drawn
downwards, was found in China, near Hong Kong. It must, however, be distinctly
understood that the positions thus described, with the values of change given, have only
an approximate value, and that only the general features of the distribution of change
in the angular direction of the freely suspended needle are to be accepted as clearly
shown by this investigation.
If we may j udge by analogy of the changes going on in the Atlantic and its sea-
boards, there should be a focus of considerable decrease in the vertical force in the
neighbourhood of the assigned position of the north magnetic pole between the focus of
declination change in the German Ocean and that in Alaska ; but the suggestion will
not be followed further at present. The small map (Plate II.), showing the general
direction of the changes which were in progress during the years 1840-80, may perhaps
be consulted with advantage in illustration of the preceding remarks.
In this map the regions of no secular change in the declination are shown by
continuous lines, and the peculiar trend of the line from Sitka to Magellan Strait,
following so nearly the general direction of the coast, is remarkable. The foci of
maximum change are marked by circles containing a number giving the amount, and
the attached arrow shows the direction, i.e. when the arrow is shown as deflected to
the right of the true meridian, the north-seeking end of the needle is moving to the
eastward, and when deflected to left, to the westward. The other arrows similarly show
the general direction in which the needle is moving. The foci of maximum change in
the inclination are marked by circles containing a number showing the amount, the
sign + signifying that the north end of the needle is moving downwards, and the sign
— the contrary movement.
With regard to the maps of secular change in the earth's magnetic intensity,
although some remarkable points of interest are shown, they fall short in their value
as an approximation to the truth as compared with the other elements, — the declina-
tion values having been much longer and generally observed, and next to it the
inclination.
In the horizontal force the more remarkable features were, the small annual
change near Cape Horn, about — 0"002 (B.U.), the focus of greatest change amounting
to — 0 '01 7 between Valparaiso and Monte Video, and the gradually diminishing values
on the American continent until a zero line is met, starting from the great North
American lakes, across the Atlantic south of Bermuda, to the Cape de Verde Islands.
This decreasing annual change apparently extended across the Pacific Ocean in
diminishing value to Tahiti, over the South Atlantic to Southern Africa, and across
that continent to the east coast.
To the northward and eastward of this zero the annual change showed signs of
12 THE VOYAGE OF H.M.S. CHALLENGER.
increasing in amount until a focus of + 0'009 was found on the west coast of Portugal,
gradually diminishing again towards the Atlantic seaboard of North America on the
west, and towards the Aral Sea on the east. In China, also, there appears to be a
minor focus of increasing annual change.
But the changes going on in the horizontal component of the earth's intensity
were far exceeded by those in the vertical component. Commencing at the Cape Horn
focus there was found an annual change in the vertical force of 0"055 (B.U.), drawing
the north-seeking end of the needle doivnwards, the change diminishing in value until
the zero line, extending from Callao across the American continent to the west coast
between Bahia and Rio de Janeiro, and then taking a south-easterly course north of
Tristan da Cunha, was reached. To the northward and eastward of this zero line,
there were found increasing values in the annual change in the upward vertical force
acting on the north-seeking end of the needle, until the Guinea focus was reached,
where its full value was increasing 0-025 annually. From the Guinea focus to Northern
Europe, Asia, and the Atlantic seaboard, the change gradually decreased in amount.
In China a minor focus of change in this element was found, the north-seeking end of
the needle being drawn downwards. Apparently there was no great change going on
in the Indian and Pacific Oceans, but there were signs of increase in the vertical force
on the west coast of Mexico and the United States as far as San Francisco.
From these remarks upon the means adopted for obtaining the corrections for
observations taken at different epochs, it may be fairly accepted that the possibilities
of error in reducing them to the common epoch of 1880 have been brought within
satisfactory limits, especially as one of the chief factors in the compilation of the maps
of the three elements — the observations taken in the Challenger — were separated
from it by only a mean number of five years.
Hitherto only the special points of interest in the Challenger's results have
been reviewed in their order of time, but the ship's track may now be usefully followed
as marked out by magnetic observations. These were begun late in 1872; when
starting from England the ship went to Lisbon, and on to Gibraltar, where the first
swinging abroad took place, and shore observations were made. These were valuable, as
little had been done for terrestrial magnetism at the latter place since the visit of the
Austrian frigate " Novara " in 1 857. Proceeding on the voyage by Madeira and Tenerife,
and westward near the parallel of 20° N., the island of St. Thomas was reached ;
thence northward to Bermuda and Halifax, N.S., back to Bermuda, and on to the
Azores, and a second time to Madeira. A large portion of this division of the voyage
was over entirely new ground. Sailing south by way of St. Vincent, Cape de Verde
Islands, and St. Paul's Rocks, Bahia, near the magnetic equator, was reached. Complete
sets of observations having "been made there, the voyage was continued by Tristan
da Cunha to Cape Town. It may be remarked that on account of the moderate time
REPORT ON THE MAGNETIC AL RESULTS. 13
generally occupied, and on account of the large range of magnetic latitude embraced,
a voyage from England to the Cape is one of the most useful for testing the magnetic
condition of a ship. Full advantage was taken of the visit to Table Bay for ascertain-
ing the various constants of the deviation of the compass, and the relative magnetic
instruments, and tables of weight equivalents, observed in order to test the magnetic
stability of the deflectors in the Fox circles. Leaving the Cape, the track now lay by
Prince Edward Island and the Crozets to Kerguelen Island ; thence southward to
near the Antarctic Circle, the vessel being swung in lat. 63° 30' S., long. 90° 47' E., for
observations of the magnetic elements, and thus in probably the most southerly position
since the days of Ross in the "Erebus" and "Terror," and very near the track of the
" Pagoda" in the year 1845. During this short trip into the Antarctic regions, and the
subsequent north-easterly track followed to Melbourne, evidence was obtained of
decided change going on in the declination and inclination, but nothing of the
remarkable character observed near Cape Horn as regards the inclination.
Having made observations at the well-known stations of Melbourne and Sydney, the
ship now traversed portions of the Western Pacific, which are almost blank in Sabine's
maps. These were from Sydney, N.S.W., to Wellington, N.Z., northward to the
Friendly and Fiji groups of islands, then southward of the New Hebrides to Cape York
—one of the stations visited by H.M.S. " Rattlesnake" in 1848 and H.M.S. " Hecate"
in 1863 — and amongst the islands of the Eastern Archipelago to Manila and Hong Kong.
Returning southward by way of Samboangan to the Admiralty Islands and then north-
ward to Yokohama, the North Pacific was crossed about the parallel of 36° N. to 38° N.
till the meridian of 155° W. was approached, when a southerly course brought the
vessel to the Sandwich Islands, and on to Tahiti. Near these islands the ship was
swung with the object of observing the ship's magnetic constants, which were liable to
modification, due to the large change of magnetic latitude. From Tahiti to the parallel
of 40° S., a south-easterly course was followed, and along that parallel until the time
arrived for turning more directly towards Valparaiso. After obtaining base observations
at Valparaiso, and swinging, the route now lay towards the island of Juan Fernandez,
where the inclination and force were observed, and then by way of the Gulf of Penas
and the Patagonian Channels to Sandy Point, Magellan Strait.
Reviewing the route traversed by the Challenger in the North and South Pacific
Oceans, it may be remarked that the observations there made formed one of the most
valuable parts of the contribution to terrestrial magnetism obtained in her ; for, follow-
ing a line drawn along the east coast of Australia to Cape York and then across to
Hong Kong, other observers had already done good work. Similarly, the lines of equal
magnetic value for the west coasts of North and South America were well known. But
the novel and valuable parts of the work consisted of the lines of observation from
Wellington to Tongatabu, and Fiji— from the Admiralty Islands to Japan, and the mid-
14 THE VOYAGE OF H.M.S. CHALLENGER.
ocean lines passing from nearly 40° N. through the Sandwich Islands and Tahiti to
40° S., nearly at right angles to the curves of equal magnetic inclination.
Having cleared the Magellan Strait, the voyage was continued to the Falkland
Islands and Monte Video, thence in an easterly direction until the outward track was
crossed, about 300 miles to the westward of Tristan da Cunha, turning in a northerly
direction by Ascension until the outward bound track was again crossed to the north-
ward of the terrestrial equator. From the Cape de Verde Islands the last part of the
voyage covered new regions westward of the Azores, and then on to England. At
Sheerness this voyage of three and a half years' duration was completed, and the final
observations made on board the ship as before starting. The instruments were then
transferred to Kew for examination and re-determination of the constants.
Of the portability and working of the absolute instruments used during the voyage,
there is little to be added to wdiat is generally well known concerning them, as they
were of the Kew pattern. Of the three Fox circles used at different times during
so long a voyage with the ship so much at sea, subjecting the instruments to the
jarring effects of a steamship's screw, it may be well to record here the results of
the experience gained. On referring to the numerical results in Narrative, Vol. II., it
will be found that index errors of the needles used in these circles became very large ;
this probably arose from the axles and the jewelled holes in which they worked losing
their circular form. These errors would be principally apparent in the observations of
the inclination, and point to the necessity of frequent comparisons on land with the
Kew dip circle.
With the intensity observations, less dependence upon comparisons with the
Unifilar magnetometer on land was required, for although the deflectors lost a certain
amount of magnetism during the voyage, as shown by the tables of weight equivalents
taken at different intervals, the observations with weights were so often taken at the
same time as the deflectors, that by a simple calculation the period when the change
took place in the magnetic moment of the deflectors could be nearly found. This
was important, for the method of observing the intensity with deflectors was more
largely adopted than that by weights ; besides, in cold and damp weather, there
is, in addition to the object of keeping the needle as little exposed as possible, a greater
facility in the manipulation. Again, if deflectors are made of proper steel and
carefully preserved from touching, either when in use or packed in the travelling
box, there should be little difficulty in ensuring the permanence of their magnetic
moment.
With regard to the jarring effects of the screw, much experience has been gained in
late years in overcoming it in the case of compasses placed on board ships with engines
of very large power and driven at high rates of speed. There seems to be no difficulty
in applying such experience to the suspension of the gimbal table on which the Fox
REPORT ON THE MAGNETICAL RESULTS. 15
circles are mounted on board ship, especially as it is necessary that the ship should not
cover much distance during the time of observation, and consequently the engines
be moving slowly.
Having thus followed in detail the various steps which have been taken to produce
the representation of the elements of terrestrial magnetism contained in the accompanying
charts, a few remarks on the degree of dependence to be placed upon them seem
desirable. The most reliable portion will be found in the zone contained between
the parallels of 70° N. and 50° S.— the weakest portions of that zone being the interior
of Africa and South America, and even on the coasts of the former there is a large space
not yet examined for magnetical purposes. In portions of North America, other
than the United States where an extensive magnetic survey is in progress, observations
are much wanted, especially in the higher latitudes of British America, In the
southern hemisphere the regions south of the parallel of 50° S. are largely dependent
upon Eoss's survey, corrected only by the results obtained in the Challenger, and
more recently by those of the International Polar Expedition of 1882-83.
Although on the general question of the secular change of the magnetic elements
much has been already written in this Report, there yet remain some important points
which demand further discussion.
Referring to the familiar hypothesis of Halley, announced in the early part of the
last century, it will be found that its main features were that of a solid globe or terella,
with two poles or foci of intensity rotating within and independently of the outer shell
of the earth, which also possessed two poles or foci of intensity, the axes of the two
globes being inclined one to the other, but having a common centre, the variable rela-
tions of these poles causing the secular change.
Again, Hansteen in the early part of the present century, with better materials at
hand, came to a conclusion similar to that of Halley, as to there being four poles of
attraction. Hansteen " computed both the geographical positions and the probable
period of the revolution of this dual system of poles or points of attraction round the
terrestrial pole. From computation he found that the North American point or pole
required 1740 years to complete its grand circle round the terrestrial pole, the Siberian
860 years, the -pole in the Antarctic regions south of Australia 4609 years, and a
secondary pole near Cape Horn 1304 years."
In later years Sabine added his opinion, that the secular change is caused by the
progressive translation of the point of attraction at present in Northern Siberia, such
point of attraction resulting from magnetism induced in the earth by cosmical action.
The hypothesis, therefore, of the translation of one or more of the points of greatest
attraction or foci of intensity was clearly held by these magneticians.
A later contributor1 to terrestrial magnetism writes thus: "Sabine and Walker
1 The late Balfour Stewart.
16 THE VOYAGE OF H.M.S. CHALLENGER.
are agreed in regarding this variation as cosmical in its origin, and they are apparently
of opinion that it is caused by some change in the condition of the sun. It seems
difficult, if not impossible, to attribute it to anything else, since the terella of Halley
cannot be longer regarded as having a physical existence." He then proceeds to give
reasons for attributing the secular variation to the result of solar influence of a cumu-
lative nature — (l) an influence on a supposed hard iron system of the earth, and (2) a
long continued variation of solar power acting cumulatively on the large ice fields
round the poles of the earth — the changes in the ice fields acting cumulatively so as to
alter the convection currents of the earth, and these again " might in their turn per-
ceptibly alter the earth's magnetic system."
Keeping in view the hypotheses which have thus been advanced, and recalling the
chief results of observation during comparatively recent years which have already been
discussed, an inquiry may now be made as to how far they accord.
Observation generally points to the fixity of the magnetic poles — or two limited
areas in the earth where the needle is vertical — with respect to the geographical poles ;
and accepting this conclusion, the proposition of the revolution of one round the other
as the cause of the secular change must be dismissed. Again, observation during the
present century tends to show that in Northern Siberia very little change in the
magnetic elements can be traced, and therefore there is little or no apparent translation
of the point of greatest attraction in that region. Similarly the North American focus
of intensity is probably at rest.
Thus the results are not satisfactory when a comparison is made between the
hypothesis of translation either of the magnetic poles of verticity or of the foci of
magnetic intensity with the results of observation in recent years.
To avoid repetition of terms, let Airy's well-known terms of blue and red magnet-
ism be adopted, and also let the movements of the red or north-seeking end of the
needle alone be considered.
Now, if a line be traced on a globe from the North Cape of Norway across the
Atlantic to Cape Horn, it will pass near some of the foci of greatest known secular
change ; and what information does observation give concerning those foci 1 That at
the Cape Horn focus of change in the vertical force the needle was moving downwards,
or there was the equivalent to a blue pole of increasing power of attraction, the freely
suspended needle being attracted towards it over an extended region around. Whilst
at the Guinea focus of change in the vertical force the needle was moving upwards, or
there was the equivalent to a red pole of increasing power of repulsion, the freely
suspended needle being repelled over an extended region of undefined limits. The
action of these two poles appears to be strongly marked in the South Atlantic near
Brazil, where they apparently combine to produce a focus of considerable angular
movement in the horizontal needle.
REPORT ON THE MAGNETICAL RESULTS. 17
In like manner, in China there is a minor blue pole of increasing power attracting
the freely suspended needle over a large area.
As there does not appear to be any secular change of importance found in Siberia,
and the horizontal needle is moving somewhat rapidly to the eastward at, and in the
regions surrounding, the focus of change in the declination situated in the German
Ocean and similarly to the westward in Alaska, a decrease in the vertical force in
the high latitudes of North America, or the equivalent to a red pole of increasing
power repelling the freely suspended needle for a large area around it, may by analogy
be looked for.
Data of sufficient precision are still wanting for the determination of how far the
vertical force of the earth at and about these poles or foci of attraction and repul-
sion varies at different epochs ; yet if the hypothesis of their translation be given up
or only accepted as existing over small areas, it is not unreasonable to suppose that
the vertical force at these poles has a distinct variation, and that the phenomena of
the angular movements of the freely suspended needle, as shown by the secular
changes in the declination and inclination, are chiefly dependent upon changes in
the relative power of these poles. It must further be remembered that the move-
ments of the horizontal needle are also modified by changes in the horizontal component
of the earth's force, increasing force retarding and decreasing force accelerating them.
If the case be thus, the cpiestion arises : What are the causes of these remarkable
changes in the earth's magnetic force as measured on its surface ?
No satisfactory explanation has yet been given, and in the present instance only
suggestions can be made based on the far from complete facts available.
The voyage of the Challenger has shown that, in addition to the remarkable
local magnetic disturbances which have been found on the great continents, in
the sobtary islands of the sea surrounded by apparently normal conditions similar
local disturbance is found. It has also been suggested that the magnetic portions
of these islands causing the disturbance may possibly " have been raised to the
earth's surface from the magnetised portion of the earth forming the source of its
magnetism," and tending to prove Airy's conclusion, " that the source of magnetism
lies deep."
Considering, therefore, the changes which are in progress and have taken place in
ages past in the distribution of land in the world, it may fairly be conceived, not only
that large changes have likewise occurred in the distribution of its magnetic portions
appearing here and there on the surface and producing local magnetic disturbance, but
that there are others of a more progressive character below the earth's surface which are
only made manifest by the secular change observed in the magnetic elements.
Although prominence is thus given to the conception that the secular change is
chiefly due to continuous redistribution of magnetised matter in the interior of the
(PHYS. CHEM. CHALL. EXP. PAET VI. 1888.) 3
18
THE VOYAGE OF H.M.S. CHALLENGER
earth, it is not intended to exclude the view that solar influence may have a small
share in producing the observed phenomena.
In concluding this Eeport it may be remarked that however subsequent research
may add to, qualify, or reverse, the conclusions drawn from the observations made
during the voyage of the Challenger, substantial gains have been won for the science of
terrestrial magnetism, forming a sound basis for future magneticians to build upon.
The labours of those who planned and started the system of magnetic observations of
this voyage, as well as of those who so zealously carried it out, have borne good fruit, of
which it may be reserved to others to reap the full benefit.
I TLM.S. "ChaUenger
CURVES OF Kgi'AL MAGNETIC DECLINATION OH VARIATION. IRBO.
Leal Results, Chart N"I
Now Ike continuous lines indicate UV.w.vJy Declination The pecked lines I ■
-
rf H31S Th
CURVKS OF KQTAI, MAGNETIC INCLINATION OK OIIV IBRD.
Ma^m-ucal Results. Chai-t N'll
Noit Th* ,-onUi,„oi■• nxedlm •,< fotum downward*
The peeked, luiej .tenot* Ourt the Worth tceJdhg "ij of thr needle l» r.;;-ll.;l upward*
CURVES OK EQUAL MAGNETIC HORIZONTAL FORCE 1BBO
tical Results, Chart N"I11
'■■ ■ dw ,■' the HiTiii-nfu/ Terra are oxpretttd m Pniuh Unit*
rURVES OF EQUAL MAGNETIC VERTICAL FORCE. IHiui
Ugnetiw ^*jy
txtntinu&uj Ui ■<■ v, .,.;,-,, ,,, end of tha i Ujj
■ ,l,-t,ntc that ihe WortA retkmg ,-»irf ._>' tHa n« (U«
JTn* i.ii. • ■■■• :..'. (3 > a
dark brown yellow brown pale yellow
The sections perpendicular to the axis c are very rare and ill-defined, as may be
expected from the very prismatic form of hornblende in this rock. Augite is more
plentiful than hornblende ; it is elongated like the latter, and often shows twinning
according to the usual law ; sometimes the sections are polysynthetically twinned,
symmetrical extinctions on both sides of the twinned lamellae measured 38°. This
augite is not pleochroic ; yellowish spots are seen in the interior of the section,
indicating incipient decomposition. Like the hornblende, this mineral often shows
fractures and crevices caused by mechanical action. Numerous grains and crystals of
magnetite are often accumulated in certain points. The ground-mass is composed of
an aggregation of small elongated felspar crystals, interwoven in all directions, and
very small augitic sections are wedged between them. The felspar microliths ought
to be ascribed, like the microporphyritic individuals, to sanidine or to a plagioclase
with small extinctions, twinned according to the Carlsbad law and that of albite.
The small felspars of the ground-mass, which we also ascribe to sanidine, show the
Carlsbad twinning without any trace of plagioclastic striae. The features of the
(PHYS. CHEM. CHALL. EXP. PART VII. — 1889.) 2
10 THE VOYAGE OF H.M.S. CHALLENGER
small sections of augite in the ground-mass ought to be mentioned. We have already
stated that both this mineral and hornblende show traces of deformation by
mechanical action. The augitic microliths have been crushed, they have become
somewhat fibrous, and taken the appearance of uralite ; this fibrous structure may be
nearly always connected with the bends and fractures which are observed in the mass.
The little augite prisms are often bent and broken at the top of the curve. The broken
portions have become displaced, and the space between the two fragments is filled
with fibres which connect the disjointed portions. The greenish substance scattered
in filaments between the felspathic microliths of the ground-mass is probably nothing
but crushed and stretched out augite. Under the high powers of the microscope, very
small scales with extremely sharp hexagonal outlines are observed ; these lamellae have
a certain thickness so as to enable the edges of the prismatic zone and of the pinacoid
to be seen. In other cases they are more irregular and scattered all through the mass
of the rock. At first sight they might be taken for red hematite, but their colour is
rather greyish violet than red. This colour recalls that of lamellae of titaniferous iron
as observed in some phyllites of the Ardennes. We consider these small hexagonal
sections to be the same mineral ; it can be ascertained that they are monaxial. The
rock which we have just been describing ought to be referred to augite-andesite, but
the presence of hornblende and sanidine make it a transition form to the trachytes.
On the path to the Peak, another rock was collected with a massive ground-mass,
black in colour, of basaltic appearance, containing large vesicles, some of which have
a thin coating of a zeolitic or siliceous substance. This rock ought to be classed as
a dolerite. Under the microscope the ground-mass is seen to be formed of small
plagioclase lamellae, between which are scattered microscopical crystals of augite. In
the ground-mass are crystals of augite and olivine 'of the first generation. Generally
the felspar is less developed in large crystals ; the olivine often shows sections very
well defined on a part of the outlines, which at other parts are broken up and
corroded. It does not seem probable, if we are to judge by the fluidal structure of the
ground-mass around the crystals, that this corrosion has been produced by the action
of the magma ; possibly the olivine was already in a fragmentary state before the last
movements of the magma, which preceded the sohdification of the rock. The olivine
is rather altered, and is bordered by a yellowish zone which penetrates the interior of
the sections. The smallest crystals of this mineral are quite decomposed ; they appear
as yellowish grains, and their nature can only be made out by following all the
phases of alteration between the larger sections, with corroded outlines, and these
microscopical individuals. The olivine, as also the altered augite, contains trichitic
skeletons and crystals of magnetite. Another somewhat common mode of decom-
position has been observed in this mineral ; it is shown by a fibrous structure, the
REPORT ON THE PETROLOGY OF OCEANIC ISLANDS. 11
fibres lying parallel to the axis c. The felspars belong to two types ; one of these is
lamellar, the other occurs in short prisms. The latter, generally, have less numerous
plagioclastic lamellae than the former, and the angles of extinction are large. These
plagioclase sections generally show a large individual, in which are one or two
hemitropic lamellae, the thickness of which is very small compared to the size of the
section. Some crystals of albite and of anorthite have the same peculiarity, and in
this case the extinctions seem to indicate that the felspar may be anorthite. The
lamellar felspar, on the other hand, judging by the extinctions, seems rather to be
labradorite. These plagioclases do not kaolinise ; when altered they appear of a
milky colour and slightly granular. With polarised light they remain dark or
assume a very faint bluish tint. Perhaps this modification is a transition to a
zeolitic substance, the nature of which it is difficult, if not impossible, to ascertain.
The augite has the ordinary characters of that mineral in doleritic basalts. The
grains are generally wedged into the triangular space formed by the inter-crossing
of the lamellae of plagioclase. When decomposed, its violet colour is weakened.
The vitreous base, rather distinct patches of which are found around the augitic
microliths, sometimes forms a narrow and colourless zone, surrounded in turn by an
isotropic rim of a light brownish colour, filled with a blackish globulitic granulation.
The existence of these zones may be explained if we bear in mind that when the augite
crystallised the surrounding parts of the magma gave up their metallic pigment to the
crystal that was being formed, and so the first zone was necessarily discoloured.
The darker external vitreous zone may be considered as a residuum of crystallisation
richer in metallic oxides ; these have often become isolated, assuming the globulitic
form. As we have already stated, this rock belongs to the felspathic dolerites with a
vitreous base.
Below Casa Blanca a brownish rock was collected ; it is earthy, with an altered
appearance, has an irregular fracture, is fine grained, and contains tabular crystals of
sanidine measuring 3 to 5 mm. Microscopic sections show a ground-mass composed of
lamellae of tridymite with a faint yellow colour. Bather large sections of felspar and
augite can be distinguished in it ; this latter mineral is frequent in small sections
embedded in a tridymite mass. Two kinds of felspar are to be seen ; some lamellae
have small extinctions like those of oligoclase, which is known to occur in the older
rocks containing orthoclase and quartz. The other felspathic sections are those of a
monoclinic felspar ; they have irregular and indistinct outlines, and never show poly-
synthetic striation, but they are twinned and composed of two individuals. The outlines
of these sections and their extinction show that this felspar is twinned according to the
law of Manebach ; these sections show, like sanidine twinned according to the Carlsbad
law, two halves joined together, but, whereas in a Carlsbad twin, the direction of
12
THE VOYAGE OF H.M.S. CHALLENGER.
Fig. 5. — Altered rock below Casa Blanca.
Section of sanidine twinned according
to the Manebach law.
cleavage remains the same for both individuals in the section, with the twin of Mane-
bach each individual has its cleavages, ending at the line of the composition plane,
forming an angle of about 66° with one another. One of the two better marked lines
of cleavage belongs to the trace of P (composition plane). The other, less marked, is
the prismatic cleavage. The two halves of the sections extinguish symmetrically
at an angle of about 7° {A A'), the extinction being
positive (see fig. 5). These details show that this mineral
is sanidine. In some cases it has crystallised according to
the Carlsbad law. The augitic sections are greenish,
and they are not very common. The ground-mass con-
tains augite microliths embedded in lamellae of tridymite.
Under low magnifying powers it might be fancied that
the rock possesses perlitic structure or contains trichites,
but under higher powers it is ascertained that these
indistinct forms and lines are extremely thin lamellae,
superposed one upon the other or imbricated as in the case
of tridymite. The hexagonal outlines of these lamellae
are shown by rather distinct traces, rendered slightly
more apparent by a brownish coloration due to limonite.
This fact is analogous to what is often observed for tridymite in other eruptive rocks,
and in some meteorites. Generally the scales in cpiestion are well outlined ; in other
cases they are, as it were, slightly notched. Their optical properties cannot be studied
on account of their extreme thinness and their superposition. All that can be said is
that the colours of polarisation are faint, and similar to those of quartz in sections of
the same thickness as that of the tridymite.
Other specimens collected on the same excursion to the Peak are augite-andesites,
more or less scoriaceous, and felspathic basalts with or without vitreous base, often
globulitically devitrified. These rocks do not present any character which was not
mentioned in the basalts described above. Several specimens of obsidian were also
collected, with alternate black and greyish bands, often more or less fibrous, on
account of the elongation of the pores. A striped and fibrous obsidian exactly
resembles pumice, except that in the former there are massive portions. These
obsidians are rich in trichites of various forms, which are more numerous the fewer
minerals the rock contains. Among the latter may be noticed plagioclase, hornblende,
augite, and magnetite. Small felspar lamellae are seen in the vitreous mass, straight
or slightly crescent shaped, indented at the two ends. The pumice collected does
not show any difference from the obsidian except in structure. It has a light greenish
tint, and a silky appearance. No minerals can be distinguished by the naked eye,
but with the microscope felspar, hornblende, augite, and magnetite can be seen.
REPORT ON THE PETROLOGY OF OCEANIC ISLANDS. 13
II.— ROCKS OF THE CAPE VERDE ISLANDS.
A. Rocks of St. Vincent.
The archipelago of Cape Verde consists of eight large islands, two of which, St. Iago
and St. Vincent, were visited by the explorers of the Challenger ; they also landed at
Bird Island, one of the islets of the group situated near St. Vincent. We shall examine
first the rocks collected on the last-mentioned island, which is essentially of a volcanic
character, presenting an arid and desert aspect. The hills around Porto Grande are
formed of igneous rocks, of which each of the superposed beds do not attain a metre
in thickness. These sheets are slightly inclined, their dip increasing as they recede
from the port. They are frequently traversed by vertical dykes of basalt, of which the
general directions are N.-S. and E.-W. These injected basalts show a columnar
structure perpendicular to the sides of the rocks traversed. This prismatic structure is
also found in the beds of the rock constituting the principal mass of the hill. At the
contact of the intrusive rocks with the beds which they traverse, both are much
decomposed and disintegrated, — the latter being partially converted into a substance
resembling kaolin. As these veins traverse the hill from base to summit, and offer
more resistance to denuding agencies, they remain as walls of rock crowning the
heights with a jagged outline which is very characteristic.1
According to Professor Doelter,2 the history of this volcano may be sketched as follows.
St. Vincent is the ruin of a strata- volcano of which the height was considerably greater
than the crest of that part of the crater now remaining. It is difficult to determine
the exact dimensions and the position of this ancient crater ; it appears, however,
probable that it must have been situated within an area at present comprising the port,
the undulating ground, and the plains which extend behind Porto Grande. Erosion
and the action of the waves have produced such profound modifications of the
surface, that it is scarcely possible to indicate exactly the original form of the
volcano. It appears to have been formed on a land surface of considerably greater
extent than the present island, as indicated by the hills formed of eruptive rocks of
ancient type (diabases, syenites), the age of which it is difficult to determine with
precision. On the south-west side of this great volcano, which is characterised by
sheets of lava, and occasionally by tufas traversed by numerous dykes, a consider-
able number of secondary craters have been formed, that do not appear to be of
ancient date. The presence of somewhat recent calcareous beds, which are spread out
on the slopes of Monte Viana and at other points, especially on the north shore,
1 Buchanan, On geological work done on board H.M.S. Challenger, Proc. Roy. Soc, vol. xxiv. p. 612, 1876.
2 Doelter, Die Vulkane der Capverden und ihre Produkte, p. 44, Gratz, 1882.
14 THE VOYAGE OF H.M.S. CHALLENGER.
indicate that the volcano has been affected by a movement of elevation since its
formation.
In the specimens which we have examined we have not found any of the rocks of
ancient type mentioned by Professor Doelter in the passage above alluded to. All those
collected by the Challenger belong to recent volcanic rocks, which we shall now
describe ; they come from localities not far from Porto Grande.
We shall first describe the specimens from the dykes, which traverse sheets of lava.
They are basalts presenting the microscopic characters of that lithological type. One
of the specimens is a dolerite ; under the microscope sections of olivine of small size
and lamellae of felspar are seen enclosing grains and crystals of augite. The sections of
plagioclase show the characters of the felspar of the basaltic rocks. The same may be
said of the augite. Generally the latter mineral is in sections with irregular outlines, in
other cases it is seen in the form of intercrossed groups. The augitic sections
showing these groupings in our preparations were not cut so as to allow of estimating
exactly the angle at which the twinned crystals were joined, or of determining the
law of twinning ; but their aspect resembled sufficiently that of the twin of augite
according to an acute pyramid, which has been observed macroscopically by Vrba, and
of which Professor Becke has indicated the presence in microscopical specimens. These
augitic sections are also twinned, following the ordinary law parallel to oo Poo .
The olivine is not microporphyritic ; it is seen in small sections often lozenge-shaped,
with a centre of the same form of which the sides are parallel to the outlines of the
section. It is often yellow by decomposition ; and disposed in the mass of the rock so
as to contribute to its doleritic structure. Small scales of biotite are occasionally seen ;
sections of magnetite, on the other hand, are numerous. Finally, a small quantity of a
yellowish fibrous matter is found amongst these minerals, which, it appears very
probable, was originally a vitreous substance.
Another basaltic rock, forming a dyke and covered with zeolitic incrustations in
which may be observed isolated crystals of chabasite, must, like the last mentioned, be
referred to the felspathic basalts ; it contains crystals of augite visible to the naked
eye. In the ground-mass, formed of a colourless base with microliths of augite and
felspar, crystals of the same minerals but of a larger size are seen associated with
olivine and magnetite. The augite is generally perfectly crystallised ; the pleochroism
and absorption are —
y and ft purplish > a pale yellow.
With respect to the plagioclase, the extinctions on the face M are negative and
about 27° ; for two adjacent hemitropic lamellae symmetrical extinctions are seen
with the maximum value 34°, which brings this felspar very near to anorthite. These
plagioclases have often crystallised according to the albite law, and at the same time
show the Carlsbad twinning. The presence of the latter twin may even be recognised
REPORT ON THE PETROLOGY OF OCEANIC ISLANDS. 15
on the sections more or less parallel to M. These sections are then divided in two
parts, and show two series of cleavages, which join each other at an angle of about
52° ; a third cleavage parallel to the junction may also be observed. It is probable
that the crossed cleavages correspond to the traces of P, and those of the less perfect
cleavage to the traces of the prism. These facts would seem to prove that the two
twinned crystals are joined parallel to a face of the zone P:k. The oh vine shows
sections which are entirely transformed into red hematite, but in which the form of the
outlines and the cleavages are clear. The latter are observed in the greater number of
sections to run parallel to the base ; they are traversed at right angles by less distinct
lines, which would correspond to the prismatic cleavage. In symmetrical hexagonal
sections the acute angles are about 80°, which would correspond to the faces of the
dome k. It is observed that sometimes these sections are surrounded by a very distinct
zone of a quite colourless glass.
A rock corning from a dyke at the south-west of the island is an augitic andesite,
rather rough to the touch, vesicular, in which may be seen with the naked eye
plagioclases and altered crystals of augite ; zeolites have formed in the cavities. The
rock is altered like most of those collected in this island. The mineral which plays
the part of microporphyritic element is the plagioclase ; it is always rather rare,
occurring as large isolated crystals, in which case its outlines are deficient in
sharpness ; they might be said to have been blunted by the action of the magma.
This mineral has crystallised according to the Carlsbad and albite laws ; it contains
numerous vitreous inclusions. The ground-mass is composed of small lamellae of
plagioclase and very numerous microliths of augite having a peculiar colour ; these
have a slightly bluish tint, and are very decidedly pleochroic ; this property is
observed principally in the sections parallel to cog co : in these the rays vibrating
perpendicularly to the length are the darkest. Considering the minuteness of these
microliths, often very thin, and their pleochroism as well as their peculiar tint, they
might be considered at first sight as allied to hornblende ; but we have observed extinc-
tions which exceed 40°. In transverse sections, more or less perpendicular to the axis
c, it is seen that they are tabular in the direction of one of the vertical pinacoids.
This rock is silicified ; the silica penetrates into all the interstices, and covers the
crystals of augite and felspar with a layer of chalcedony. This substance is distin-
guished from the zeolites, rather common in these rocks, by a more intense chromatic
polarisation, by more decided concentric zones, somewhat similar to the zonary
structure of the agates, and by the radiating fibres, which are very sharp, fine, and
acicular.
Some specimens were collected on the road which leads to the summit of Green
Mountain, an eminence of volcanic origin 2482 feet in height. One of these rocks is
a tufa in which rather numerous small scales of black mica are seen by the naked eye.
16 THE VOYAGE OF H.M.S. CHALLENGER.
Under the microscope these scales show two optical axes of a very small angle ; the
sections where the lamellae are seen superposed are pleochroic, showing a yellow tint
for the rays parallel to the scales, and a brownish one for those perpendicular to them.
Irregular cracks appear on the scales parallel to OP. In general this mineral is much
altered. It is associated in the same rock with pretty large fragments of augite and
olivine ; the former are cracked and of a greenish colour. These different minerals are
grouped in an irregular manner and mingled with microscopic lapilli. The mica often
forms small groups. This heterogeneous assemblage of minerals leaves the impression
that the rock is of clastic origin.
A reddish brown spongy lava of basaltic nature containing zeolites is nearly allied
to the tufa of which a short description has just been given. This lava, like the tufa,
contains black mica and augite ; the latter mineral is granular ; more rarely its sections
possess regular outlines with traces of twinning. This is almost the only microporphy-
ritic mineral. The alteration of the rock is seen by the little lamellae of biotite which
take a reddish colour from the deposit of ferric oxide. These micaceous sections are
pleochroic, and present, with regard to their physical properties, some analogy with
those of the preceding rock. The ground-mass is formed of a vitreous base, in which
there are to be observed numerous plagioclastic lamellae of rather small size, entirely
transformed into zeolitic matter. With these plagioclases are associated small crystals
of augite. In certain cavities between the crystals just mentioned a layer of greenish
substance lias been deposited ; it is more or less mammillated on the surface, resembling
delessite, and is probably derived from the decomposition of a bisilicate. Amongst
the minerals of secondary origin may be mentioned zeolitic masses which fill the small
cavities of the rock with fine fibro-radiated needles. These zeolites are often covered
with or accompanied by a deposit of ferric oxide. The tufts of zeolites are formed of
small very elongated prisms with straight extinctions, often thinning at their point of
insertion, and thickening towards the summit which advances to the opening of the
little drusy cavity. This summit is often terminated by an obtuse pyramid, or else it
has the pinacoid OP. The sharpness of these little prisms, their aspect, their localisation,
and their clearly marked character of rhombic minerals, can leave no doubt as to their
identification with the minerals of the zeolite group, and they might, from their
crystallographic characters, be placed with natrolite or brevicite.
Finally, we have to mention a blackish rock, studded with more or less circular
zeolitic points and with large crystals of augite. Under the microscope its aspect
resembles kersantite in a striking manner ; lamellae of plagioclase, associated with a
mineral which might be taken for biotite, are seen. But in observing the extinctions of
these brown lamellar sections it is perceived that they do not extinguish parallel to the
length, but at an angle which attains on an average 10°. This mineral must therefore
be hornblende ; hexagonal transverse sections are seen. In the very elongated sections,
REPORT ON THE PETROLOGY OF OCEANIC ISLANDS. 17
which are common, the pleochroism is strongly marked ; the brown tint is darker for
the rays parallel to c, it is yellowish brown for those perpendicular to that direction.
The larger felspar crystals are generally much altered ; the hemitropic lamellae are
scarcely visible. In certain cases these crystals are filled with secondary products,
amongst which calcite may be distinguished ; perhaps this mineral is associated with
scales of mica, or of quartz, or secondary felspar. The felspathic crystals of secondary
formation, which are scattered throughout the mass, are much more decomposed than
those of the first generation. They extinguish at rather small angles, which would
seem to refer them to oligoclase. These small plagioclase crystals occur rather often in
the form of a cross ; probably we have here to do with a twin analogous to that of
Baveno. The sections of augite are large and rather rare ; this mineral is here seen
with the ordinary characters which it presents in basalt. It is difficult to determine
the ground-mass, as it has been invaded by products of decomposition ; calcite has been
developed in certain cavities. If we take into consideration its mineralogical com-
position, and if we set aside its structure, which is exceptional, this altered rock might
be classed with the amphibolic andesites.
The harbour of St. Vincent is surrounded by a circle of heights formed of eruptive
rocks ; at its entrance there are isolated rocks, which may be considered as having been
formerly attached to the chain of hillocks terminating at the coast. These rocks
are called Bird Island ; they are covered up to high-tide mark by a wide border of
calcareous incrustations consisting of coralhnes. We have examined a specimen coming
from this islet ; it is a somewhat fibrous lava, which may be classed with the
pyroxenites,1 and is very closely allied to the basalts. It has the appearance of a basaltic
rock ; the very elongated crystals of augite visible to the naked eye are ranged parallel
to each other. This disposition determines an almost fibrous structure in the rock, all
the vesicles being stretched in the direction of the elongation of the pyroxenic crystals.
With the microscope it is ascertained that the felspathic element is not present, and
that this lava is essentially formed of augite. Some crystals of that species are por-
phyritic, as has just been said, others are microbthic. The large crystals of pyroxene
present remarkable pecubarities, as is shown by their microscopical examination. They
assume a lengthening quite unusual for this species ; they may attain a length of 7 to
8 millimetres, with a breadth of O'l mm. On following one of these sections of augite in
all its length under polarised light, it is seen that it extinguishes simultaneously between
crossed nicols ; it is therefore a single crystal which extends from one end of the section
to the other.
1 Doelter, loc. cit, p. 187.
(PHYB. CHBM. CHALL. EXP. PART VII. 1889.) 3
18 THE VOYAGE OF H.M.S. CHALLENGER
B. Rocks of St. Iago.
St. Iago is one of the most remarkable islands of the Cape Verde archipelago. It
was explored by Darwin l during the voyage of the " Beagle," and more recently by
Professor Doelter.2 Our observations having been confined to a few specimens collected
near Porto Praya, we shall restrict ourselves to the description of these rocks, referring
for further information to the works of Darwin and Doelter. We shall merely state
that the part of the island where the rocks were collected of which we are about to give
the analysis, constitutes a natural division of St. Iago,3 — a plateau which stretches
from Pico d'Antonio to the sea. This plain is formed of lavas slightly inclined, and
pierced by more recent eruptions. The thickness of the lava varies from 300 to 900
feet, each sheet having a thickness of 30 to 45 feet; the layers are separated by
rather thin intercalations of tufa. In this part of the island a bed of limestone may be
observed ; it is of recent formation, for it contains shells now living in the surrounding
sea. The ancient lavas of Pico d'Antonio are anterior to this limestone, which contains
fragments of them.
Amongst the rocks collected near Porto Praya are to be mentioned, in the first
place, specimens which may be referred to limburgite. They are of a reddish grey
colour, with numerous vesicles in which natrolite has crystallised. Under the micro-
scope it is seen that this rock contains an abundant, brownish, vitreous base, and is
transformed, along the veins and fissures, into a reddish substance which may be
observed in rocks of the basaltic series undergoing modification into palagonite.
In this base are observed pretty large and remarkably well outlined sections of olivine.
This mineral is little if at all altered, and the only inclusions observed in it are crystals
of magnetite. Several crystals are frequently joined with parallel axes ; the sections in
this case show outlines with re-entering angles ; but in many cases it may be ascer-
tained with polarised light that these crystals are not twinned, but simply juxta-
posed. There are others, however, in which the phenomena of polarisation show
that the axes of elasticity are oriented so as to render the existence of a twin
highly probable. The two crystals are joined at an angle of about 45° or 50°, but
the irregularity of the contours does not allow it to be measured with precision.
If these crystals are examined with convergent light, there may be observed on one
of them a bissectrix, indicating the plane of an optical axis perpendicular to the
long edge. On the other may be already observed the lemniscates, and an arm of the
hyperbola oriented in the same way. The observations make it sufficiently probable
that the two crystals may be twinned, with a dome as composition plane.
1 Darwin, Geological Observations on Volcanic Islands, pp. 1-22, ed. i., London, 1844.
3 Doelter, Die Vulkane der Capverden. 3 Doelter, loc. cit., p. 44.
REPORT ON THE PETROLOGY OF OCEANIC ISLAND& 19
In the brownish vitreous mass there are numerous small microliths of augite,
almost colourless, or of slightly purplish tint ; these crystals are often grouped in the
form of a cross or star, but it was not possible to ascertain the law of this intercrossing.
The zeolites, as is generally the case with the rocks of this type, have been formed in
drusy cavities, lining them with a rather thin layer, which is almost colourless or only
slightly bluish between crossed nicols.
A rock with an enamelled calcareous coating, found on the coast, must also be
classed with limburgite. It is black, more massive than the preceding, slightly
vesicular, and has the macroscopic characters of basalt. Examined with the micro-
scope it is seen that all the constituent elements are the same as in the rock just
described ; its base is, however, less developed, and all the microporphyritic crystals,
especially those of augite, are of a larger size. The olivine shows its cleavages in a
more distinct manner, and it is penetrated and corroded by the magma. The vitreous
mass is less homogeneous, and less transparent than in the rock last described ; in some
places it is filled with trichites, and irregular granules of magnetite.
A rock specimen broken from a steep cliff near the slaughter-house of Porto Praya
is of a greyish dark-blue colour, compact, and with an even fracture. No mineral is
discernible by the naked eye. With the microscope it seems to be allied to felspathic
basalt. Grains and crystals of olivine, already changed into a yellow substance on the
edges, are, with magnetite, the most conspicuous elements ; they are enclosed in a
network of minute crystals of plagioclase and augite. Small veins, lined or filled with
zeolites, traverse the rock.
In this locality other basaltic rocks were collected which must be classed with the
dolerites. They are remarkable for the large dimensions attained by the crystals of
augite, which often measure more than a centimetre. Under the microscope the
outlines of the sections of augite are very distinct, and show that this mineral is
perfectly developed on all its faces. It is often twinned according to the ordinary
law oo Poo ; at other times the crystals cross each other in such a way that the traces
of the faces r rr' form an angle of about 80° ; in this case all would seem to indicate
that the crystal is twinned following the dome -Poo. Some crystals of pyroxene
are zonary, and possess the hour-glass structure ; some of these have an internal
structure which only shows itself with polarised light. A section with irregular
outlines shows strise in connection with the zones of growth ; this section is traversed
by a series of parallel lines corresponding to the prismatic cleavage. It may be seen
between crossed nicols that it is traversed by three series of lamellae, of which one is
almost perpendicular to the direction of the cleavage, the two others being perpendicular
to one another, and making an angle of about 45° with the first. The pleochroism is —
/3 > y > a
reddish. violet. yellowish.
20 THE VOYAGE OF H.M.S. CHALLENGER
Between these large crystals of augite may be seen grains of olivine often partially
serpentinised, and pretty common lamellae of biotite and magnetite ; the plagioclase
is partially transformed into saussurite, and almost always presents itself in the form
of elongated lamellae with large extinctions similar to those of labradorite. These
felspars, which are generally small, form almost alone the ground-mass enclosing the
other crystals.
A lava from the same locahty is slightly scoriaceous, of a reddish grey colour, with
an irregular fracture. Olivine reddened by oxide of iron may be seen with the lens.
Amongst the microporphyritic minerals, which are perceived under the microscope,
may be specially mentioned olivine and magnetite with subordinate felspar. These
larger minerals are enclosed in a ground-mass formed of a base, devitrified by globulites,
microliths of augite, and of felspar and secondary minerals, such as hematite, etc.
The large sections of olivine, perfectly crystallised, are magnificent examples of
pseudomorphs of hematite. This last mineral appears opaque with transmitted
light ; with reflected light its dark-red colour is clearly seen. In this nearly perfect
transformation of the hyalosiderite into hematite, certain parts of the primitive crystal
have preserved their transparency and all their optical properties. This apparent
anomaly is explained if it be remembered that this alteration of the mass of olivine
does not take place in a uniform manner ; the trichites or the small veins of hematite
advance in directions determined by microscopical cracks ; they afterwards enlarge,
sometimes leaving small patches where the alteration has not yet commenced, and these
preserve all their properties. By the form of these pseudomorphosed sections, it seems
that it is really obvine which formerly occupied all the space invaded by the hematoid
substance. When the little colourless patches of these sections are examined in
polarised light, they all darken at the same time ; this in its turn proves that they
form the last remains of a single crystal.
The felspars show themselves in an abnormal manner. Usually, in the basalts,
plagioclase presents itself with a considerable clearness of outline. Here, on the
contrary, they have the appearance of an intercalated mass of which the crystallisa-
tion has been impeded by the surrounding minerals. They are grains without regular
outlines, and the strise of the plagioclase are scarcely marked ; they present in places
an undulating extinction, produced perhaps by alteration. If an analogy to these
felspathic grains were to be sought for in other rocks, they might be compared with
the plagioclases as they exist in meteorites of the type of chrondrites.
Small augites, yellow by alteration, form almost the whole of the ground-mass ;
they are found together with grains of magnetite, and transparent reddish brown
sections extinguishing parallel to the edges. This mineral cannot be precisely determined.
If the form, almost always quadratic, which it presents be taken into account, it might
perhaps be classed with perowskite, but the colour is too. red, it is not sufficiently
REPORT ON THE PETROLOGY OF OCEANIC ISLANDS. 21
purplish. On the other hand, this mineral is found with the form of parallelogrammic
sections which have in their aspect a great analogy to bronzite ; the optical properties
of the mineral under parallel light might agree with this opinion, although the great
number of quadratic sections seems unfavourable to it. The minute size of this mineral
prevents its examination in convergent light, and we therefore leave it undetermined.
As stated before, the base has undergone globulitic devitrification.
One of the specimens collected near Porto Praya belongs to the phonolites. This
rock is greenish grey, with waxy lustre, compact, with shining macroscopical felspathic
lamellae, which can be seen with the naked eye in the ground-mass. Under the micro-
scope this rock shows the structure and composition of phonolite. Rather large
hexagonal and quadratic sections must be ascribed to nepheline ; they are colourless,
crossed in the quadratic section with rectangular lines of cleavage ; the hexagonal
sections remain dark when rotated between crossed nicols ; the quadratic, on the
other hand, extinguish parallel to the sides. The polarisation colours are of a
bluish shade, and rather pale. The hexagonal sections show, with convergent
light, a very indistinct black cross ; the double refraction is negative. The lines
of cleavage are very marked, and are parallel to the base of the prism ; twinning
is never observed in them ; but the optical phenomena show certain anomalies
which must be due to mechanical action. This rock also contains large crystals of
sanidine, twinned according to the Carlsbad law ; they show the characteristic fractures
and extinction of this mineral. These peculiarities, but specially the optical phenomena
in convergent light, prevent these sanidine sections being mistaken for nepheline.
These sections show the arms of the hyperbola of biaxial crystals ; and, moreover,
a section twinned according to the Carlsbad law sometimes shows on the left individual,
for example, a bissectrix indicating that the plane of the optical axis is parallel to the
composition plane, whilst the other individual presents phenomena very analogous in
aspect to those of the monaxial crystals. Here, no arm of hyperbola is to be seen, but
as it were a very eccentric cross, whose arms are perpendicular and parallel to the
length. To observe these phenomena it is not necessary that the section should be
twinned : we see, indeed, single crystals, prismatic like those in question, some of them
showing the bissectrix, the others the pseudo-black cross. Rather numerous crystals of
titanite and lamellae of biotite are found in the microscopic preparations. It is difficult
to ascertain the true nature of small dichroic needles, with vague outlines and slightly
fibrous at both ends, which are embedded in the rather altered ground-mass. Some
of these needles give straight extinctions, others extinguish at about 20° ; it seems
probable that they belong to augite.
We have examined some specimens of calcareous rocks found near the coast
at the south of St. Iago, to which Darwin devoted a very detailed description.
22 THE VOYAGE OF H.M.S. CHALLENGER.
Among our specimens there were fragments of the limestone taken from the raised
beach he describes.1 We refer to his book on Volcanic Islands for the details
relating to the changes which have affected this calcareous rock in contact with the
overlying volcanic products. Doelter 2 remarks that he was able to trace this altera-
tion only on a layer of 10 inches, at the contact of the Limestone and lava. The
limestone has become granular, and some of its grains are rather large. These are the
only phenomena of contact observed by Professor Doelter at San Jago. Other observa-
tions on the same subject made by Darwin must, according to Doelter, be explained in
another way.
A specimen of limestone from this raised beach has been collected at the contact of the
lava. This calcareous rock is massive ; the layer near the lava is opal blue, and the
grains are somewhat larger ; the other part of the specimen is brownish. Calcareous
grains and small fragments of volcanic material are cemented by infiltrated calcite.
Near the zone of contact the grains are of a deeper blue, but the saccharoid structure is
not clearly shown. The calcite of this thin zone of contact effervesces with hydrochloric
acid, leaving a residue composed of organic matter ; it yields only a trace of magnesia.
The white and bluish grains are fragments of organisms, as can be ascertained by
microscopic examination. Under the microscope it is seen that the organic structure is
not entirely destroyed ; the sections showing this are less transparent than those of
infiltrated calcite, and they are speckled with brown and bordered by a yellowish zone.
The secondary calcite is clear and crystalline, showing the rhombohedral cleavage
characteristic of this species. The small volcanic fragments embedded in this limestone
are splinters of basalt, palagonite, augite, olivine, hornblende, and biotite. They are
isolated and entirely surrounded by infiltrated limestone. Microscopic concretions of
iron and manganese oxide are also to be seen.
Another specimen from this raised beach is very like that we have just described, but
it contains more volcanic fragments ; among these are found all the rocks and minerals
above mentioned. Augite is specially abundant. As in the former case, saccharoid
structure cannot be observed. The details of the organic structure are not washed out,
and the hemitropic striae following — ^ R are never seen.
We shall mention, in conclusion, a specimen of Limestone which covers the lava on the
coast near Porto Praya, and which ought to be considered as a stalactitic deposit. This
specimen is brownish yellow, and is formed by the superposition of more or less folded
and slightly adherent lamellae. Calcite has crystallised in the cavities, and some small
elongated scalenohedric crystals can be recognised. This coating contains compact black
volcanic splinters two or three centimetres in length ; these are glassy fragments
passing to palagonite. Darwin observed these inclusions, and compared them rightly
to the palagonite found by him in the Galapogos Islands. Under the microscope no
1 Darwin, loc. cit., p. 3. » Doelter, loc. cit., pp. 45, 191.
REPORT ON THE PETROLOGY OF OCEANIC ISLANDS. 23
organic remains can be detected in the specimen, all the calcite sections showing that
this mineral has a stalactitic origin. The rock is almost entirely composed of sharply
defined crystalline grains often giving triangular sections ; by their juxtaposition
they present a serrated appearance. The centre of these sections is generally of a
brownish yellow colour, surrounded by a clearer zone ; in form they can be derived
from an acute rhombohedron or from a scalenohedron. This incrustation is thus
essentially formed of very small acicular crystals of calcite closely packed against each
other, the interspaces having been filled later by a calcareous deposit to which the
rock owes its compact and shining appearance.
III.— ROCKS OF ST. THOMAS (WEST INDIES).
The specimens we have examined are fragments, concerning the original situation of
which there is no information, some of them being rolled pebbles. It is consequently
necessary, in the absence of stratigraphical details, to confine ourselves to a description
of lithological and mineralogical features.
One of the rock specimens has a porphyritic structure with large crystals of hornblende
(three to four millimetres in diameter), imbedded in an essentially felspathic ground-
mass. Examination under the microscope shows it to be a much altered cpiartziferous
diorite. The fine-grained ground-mass presents rather distinct crystals of hornblende
and quartz, patches of little prisms and grains of epidote and titaniferous iron, and
aggregations of decomposition products. Hornblende is the best developed and least
altered of the minerals of the first generation. The maximum angle of extinction
was found to be about 19°, and the characteristic cleavages are sharply marked.
The pleochroism is shown in the following manner : for a pale yellow ; for /8 yellowish
brown; and for 7 pale green; the absorption being /3> 7> a. These sections often
show a zonary structure, the special colours of each layer being sometimes sharply
defined. They are frequently twinned polysynthetically according to the law : plane
of twinning 00 Poo in sections parallel to 00 £ 00, in which symmetrical extinctions
of 19° are obtained on both sides of the lamellae. Although the hornblende is
relatively little altered, it is seen to be traversed by fissures which have become
filled by secondary quartz, probably derived from the associated minerals. Quartz
takes otherwise a very important place in the composition of this rock. The sections
show, instead of the common irregular fractures of this mineral, a series of fissures
which follow the cleavages of the rhombohedron. These quartz grains touch along
straight fines, which gives them a strong resemblance to Carlsbad twins such as
24 THE VOYAGE OF H.M.S. CHALLENGER.
are shown by sanidine. On the other hand, the abundance of liquid inclusions with
moving bubbles, and, in certain cases, the outlines and their relation to the direction of
cleavage, the smooth surface of the sections, and the optical characters, leave no doubt
as to the true determination. Some sections, in fact, show the black cross and that
the mineral is positive. Epidote is also well developed in the rock, this secondary
product appearing in the form of grains, often grouped or scattered uniformly
between the crystals of hornblende. The epidote is distinguished in this case by
the brilliancy of its polarisation colours, and a very feeble pleochroism, citron-
yellow or an almost colourless shade of green. This mineral is sometimes crystal-
lised in fibro-radial bundles. Titaniferous iron is also somewhat common, and is
decomposed into leucoxene. Crystals of grey titanite, probably derived from the
decomposition of ilmenite, may also be detected. The last-mentioned mineral has
sometimes left hexagonal hollows where leucoxene and epidote have subsequently
developed. The ground-mass is chiefly formed of quartzose grains, epidote, and
the remains of a few indistinct crystals of plagioclase. The microscopical structure
shows that this rock is a diorite, and this conclusion is confirmed by the examination
of the sections of hornblende. The completeness of these crystals as to their external
form, and their freshness, clearly show, it seems to us, that this mineral is prim-
ordial, and does not take its origin from the paramorphosis of augite into hornblende,
as frequently happens in altered diabases. The presence of quartz also indicates that
the rock may be related to the quartziferous diorites, but in order to establish this
determination one element — plagioclase felspar — seems to be wanting. Still, on taking
into consideration certain other specimens of similar rocks from the same place, which
show sections of plagioclase associated with quartz and epidote, it is easy to believe
that, in the rock under consideration, the plagioclase has undergone alteration into
epidote. It is necessary to mention the fact that for the classification of the rock as
diorite there is no other ground than the mineralogical composition and structure, all
stratigraphical data being wanting.
Another rock presenting considerable analogy with the preceding is finer grained,
massive, greyish in colour, and breaks with a slightly conchoidal fracture. It also may
be classed as a diorite. The naked eye detects in the mass very small crystals of felspar,
and more rarely of hornblende. The microscope shows a ground-mass containing
rather large sections of hornblende, the crystallographic and optical characters of which
are like those of the same mineral in the rock just described, only it is more decomposed,
and the zonary structure does not appear. On the other hand, plagioclase, of which only
traces were perceptible in the former rock, is here much less altered, and it is possible
to determine the species. The lamellar sections of this plagioclase gave an average
extinction of about 6° on the trace of M. The symmetrical angles of extinction
on the two sides of the polysynthetic lamellse gave as an average 5°. Sections of
REPORT ON THE PETROLOGY OF OCEANIC ISLANDS. 25
plagioclase are sometimes observed which are quadratic and show the striation of
albite and pericline. In these sections, which are in the zone P:k, the extinction
takes place almost parallel to the trace of M ; hexagonal sections extinguish at an
angle, the mean value of which does not exceed 6°. These measurements and the
nature of the rock appear to show that the plagioclase in question is oligoclase. All the
steps in the transition may be observed from rather large crystals of plagioclase to
the small entangled felspathic lamellae which form almost the entire ground-mass of the
rock. These microliths are polysynthetic and extinguish at very small angles, showing
that, from the point of view of the plagioclastic mixture, they are akin to the larger
individuals which belong to an earlier stage of consolidation. It is perhaps not without
interest to point out this analogy of the microliths of the base and the microporphyritic
crystals. The microscopic preparations are sprinkled with black grains of magnetite or
titaniferous iron. In addition epidote, and in particular calcite, may be mentioned as
rather common secondary products. Calcite occurs in somewhat large sections traversed
by polysynthetic lamellae following — ^ R. Finally, quartzose veinules were observed
penetrated by small colourless lamellae, which appear iridescent in polarised light, and
are very probably scales of white mica. On taking account of the facts that no trace of
calcite appears in the quartz veins, and no quartz in the sections of calcite, one is led to
conclude that the infiltration of quartz and of calcite occurred at different stages in the
series of secondary modifications to which this diorite has been subjected.
In the two rocks just described the specimens were referred to diorite, and we
remarked the profound alteration which had attacked the hornblende in one case and
the plagioclase in the other. The difficulties in the way of exact determinations may
readily be understood when decomposition has to so great an extent veiled the true
nature of the rock, and when so many of the specimens are rolled pebbles picked up
on the shore. We incline to believe, however, that they belong to the ancient type,
and these general remarks apply equally well to the specimens from the same locality
which remain to be described.
The next to consider is a fine-grained greenish rock, dotted with felspar, and
breaking with an irregular fracture. Microscopical examination shows the rock to be
greatly altered. The felspar is associated with secondary minerals, epidote, calcite, and
chlorite ; sections which might belong to bisilicates are not detected with certainty, but
everything goes to show that these were present in the rock before it was decomposed.
It is remarkable that the felspar should not have been more altered, the polysynthetic
lamellae being still perfectly apparent. These crystals are somewhat large, and appear
enclosed in a mass which is composed principally of minute lamellar sections of
plagioclase. These microporphyritic crystals sometimes present sections in the form of
an octagon with two long sides. This would indicate that the crystals have pyramidal
faces in the zone P : M (n) or in the zone x : M (o). The sections extinguish at a
(PHTS. CHEM. CHALL. EXP. — PART VII. — 1889.) 4
26 THE VOYAGE OF H.M.S. CHALLENGER.
rather small angle, which leads one to believe that the plagioclase is akin to oligoclase
or andesine. Some individuals are found extinguishing parallel to the lengthened
sides, and showing no plagioclastic lamellae, which would seem to indicate that they are
orthoclase. It is difficult to decide this question, but the hypothesis is not without
some basis, since the rock presents the association of quartz and felspar, which is known
as micropegmatite. Now it is well known that no plagioclase intergrows in this
manner with quartz. We lay no stress on the secondary minerals ; the epidote appears
as in the diorites already described, quartz of secondary formation is abundant, and
also lamellae of chlorite united and entangled with epidote. These minerals either
penetrate the entire ground-mass, or have crystallised in microscopic geodes and fissures.
The specimen examined is not homogeneous, and everything points to the conclusion
that it is a volcanic tufa of ancient tjTpe, but decomposition has proceeded so far that no
definite opinion can be arrived at on this point. The rock just noticed may be
described as related to the diorite type, to which it shows special affinities in the small
angle of extinction of the felspar. Another one now to be described departs altogether
from this type. It is fine-grained and crystalline, with numerous small crystals of
plagioclase and augite, and greenish black brilliant scales of a chloritic mineral. It
contains a black mass which seems to have been enclosed ; the fracture is almost
plane. The augite crystals and the very high angle of extinction of the plagioclase
distinguish this rock from the preceding. Plagioclase plays an important part in it,
appearing in the form of large crystals or aggregations, and being twinned according to
the albite and pericline laws. In the sections in which hemitropic striae appear (those
following the albite law crossing those of pericline at right angles), the symmetrical
angle of extinction for the polysynthetic lamellae may rise above 30°, which seems to
indicate that this felspar is not far removed from bytownite or anorthite. Pyroxene
appears in the form of rather large rounded crystals often twinned polysynthetically
according to the ordinary law. Its colour is not dark, sometimes indeed a very
pale yellow tint. This mineral has undergone mechanical changes which have given its
sections a fragmentary appearance ; they are decomposed on the surface, and calcite
has crystallised along the edges. The augite contains cavities that may have been
originally vitreous, but they have been modified by decomposition, which has also altered
the base, probably vitreous at its origin, and transformed it in great part into secondary
quartz and matter resembling chlorite. Although it is extremely difficult to give a
decided opinion on the nomenclature to apply to rocks collected in isolated fragments
and which have undergone great alteration, still, by taking account of the texture, the
mineral association, and the special characters of the augite and plagioclase, one may
venture to class the specimen under consideration with the diabases.
A greenish pebble with irregular fracture, sprinkled with large, more or less circular,
patches of calcite, contains only one macroscopical mineral, greenish in colour, probably
REPORT ON THE PETROLOGY OF OCEANIC ISLANDS. 27
augite or epidote. Microscopical examination shows that this rock may be considered
as forming a transition between the series of diorites and of diabases. Although much
altered, we can class it amongst the Diabas Mandel stein of the German lithologists.
The ground-mass is formed almost entirely of felspar associated with numerous grains
of epidote and other decomposition products, while a glimpse is sometimes caught of
small vague prisms of augite. Crystals of felspar of the first generation are rather well
developed ; they occur as thick shortened prisms, several being sometimes grouped
together. They are twinned according to the albite law. The angles of symmetrical
extinction on the two sides of the hemitropic lamellae, and of that following the trace
of M, are generally somewhat small, seldom exceeding the average value of 7° or 8°.
Augite is the best represented mineral of first generation ; it appears as grains, and
shows the characteristics wTe recognise in amphibolic rocks such as diorite. There
would be no hesitation in classing this rock as a diorite, if the hornblende were better
characterised, but only doubtful traces of this mineral are to be found in the form of
hexagonal sections which might have been amphibolic originally, but are now only
pseudomorphs. These sections are almost as large as those of felspar, the contours
being sometimes clearly defined ; in other cases they merge into the surrounding ground-
mass. With polarised light the mineral in question behaves like an aggregate ; some
indistinct patches take a bluish tint or remain unaffected, and these might possibly be
nepheline or apatite. Secondary cpiartz is developed, but not to such an extent as
epidote, which appears to penetrate the whole mass ; its grains, although often very
small, are recognisable by a slight citron-yellow pleochroism, brilliant colours of
polarisation, and an irregular surface. It is abundant in the cavities, where it has
crystallised in the form of a fan, and is associated with calcite. Sometimes the nearly
circular vesicles, which give the rock the appearance of a Diabas Mandelstein, are filled
with these two minerals often associated with chlorite.
A rolled pebble, reddish brown in colour with dark green grains of augite and
white grains of altered felspar, is a clastic rock. This tufa contains all the minerals
mentioned in the rocks already described. The ground-mass is made up of small,
more or less abundant, crystals of plagioclase, and of lapilli, which are distinctly
separated from each other and cemented by a coating of ferric hydrate. The large
fragments of felspar, which are seen scattered sporadically through the preparations,
have the same optical and crystallographic properties as those described above. These
sections are usually rounded, and are partly altered, not however by kaolinisation,
but rather by zeolitisation ; instead of small micaceous lamellae with iridescent tints
in polarised light, these sections are seen showing a blue colour which extends
over pretty large surfaces separated by colourless intervals. Numerous crystals of
zeolites are also to be seen in the vesicles of the rock. Epidote has crystallised in the
interior of the felspar ; with calcite and chlorite they occasionally entirely fill the
28 THE VOYAGE OF H.M.S. CHALLENGER
place of the primary plagioclase. The sections of augite show the fragmentary nature
of the mineral even better than those of felspar by their notched and cracked outlines.
This pyroxene is almost colourless, as was the case also in the other rocks from this
locality which have been described. It is recognised by its vivid colours of polarisation
and by its characteristic cleavage. Although epidote appears for the most part to
have been formed where it is found, there are sections of it which bear unmistake-
able traces of having belonged to an original crystalline rock. We have said that
epidote has crystallised in the vesicles of the diabases from St. Thomas, where it
assumes the form of almost colourless fibro-radial groups, more or less spherical or
ellipsoidal in shape ; now, in the specimen just described fragments of this amygdaloidal
epidote are found. This mineral is characterised by its brilliant polarisation colours,
its pale tint in ordinary light, absorption, and the citron yellow pleochroism it
exhibits, as well as by a slightly rough appearance of the surface of the sections. Like
the felspar, this epidote appears to show vague polarisation phenomena, resulting
from the stress to which the rock was subjected. Aggregations of epidote, chlorite,
and quartz, which are sometimes seen as yellowish green or almost colourless
patches, may very well be derived from the decomposition of a bisilicate, all further
traces of which have vanished through alteration. Besides zeolites resulting from the
transformation of part of the felspathic substance, these secondary minerals are found
in all the vesicles of the rock, where they appear as a coating or as small colourless
crystals sometimes prismatic. Occasionally they all appear to be chabasite, twinned
crystals of which are recognisable.
To summarise briefly the leading features characterising the descriptions given
above, we may say that, taking account of all the transitions which have been
shown, the specimens from St. Thomas represent an uninterrupted series, from
amphibolic rocks with acid plagioclase (oligoclase) to augitic rocks containing a plagio-
clase approaching anorthite.
REPORT ON THE PETROLOGY OF OCEANIC ISLANDS.
29
IV.— ROCKS OF FERNANDO NORONHA.
The group of small islands called, from the principal islet, by the name of Fernando
Noronha, is situated in the Atlantic, about 3° 50' S. lat. and 350 miles off the coast of
Peak of Fernando Noronha, sketched from the deck of H.M.S. Challenger.
South America. The soundings made by the Challenger in the neighbourhood of
these islands show that they rise somewhat abruptly from the bottom of the sea.
30 THE VOYAGE OF H.M.S. CHALLENGER.
Darwin, in his work on Volcanic Islands,1 reports that he visited Fernando
Noronha during the voyage of the " Beagle," but his stay there was of short duration.
He states that these islands are of volcanic origin, but that he did not observe any
crater. According to Darwin, one of the most salient features of the topography is a
hill about 1000 feet high, forming an escarpment, and crowned by a summit, 400 feet
high, of a phonolithic rock ; this rock contains, he says, numerous crystals of felspar
and some prisms of hornblende. From the highest point of this hill he was able to
observe that the other islands of the group had conical summits of the same nature.
He recalls the fact that at St. Helena, also, great phonolithic masses occur, rising
vertically to 1000 feet; these have evidently been injected into crevices while fluid.
If this hill of Fernando Noronha, he adds, owes its origin to the same cause, as seems
probable on other accounts, we are forced to admit that denudation has occurred
here on a great scale. Near the base of this eminence Darwin observed some
beds of whitish tufa, traversed by numerous dykes, some of amygdaloidal basalt,
others of trachyte. He noticed, also, some beds of fissile phonolite, in which the planes
of schistosity ran N.W. and S.E. Certain parts of this rock, where the crystals are less
numerous, resemble slate altered by contact with a trap dyke. The lamination of the
rock, which at first had incontestably been in a state of igneous fusion, seemed to him
an important subject for investigation. Darwin concludes his brief description by
adding that he found on the shore numerous fragments of compact basalt ; they
appear to come from a columnar rock which is seen in the neighbourhood.
The craggy phonolithic mass, to which Darwin alludes, is St. Michael's Mount.
Mr. Buchanan a remarks that at the foot of the eminence the rock is columnar, while
towards the summit it assumes a massive structure. On the west side of Fernando
Noronha the columns are inclined at an angle of about 30° to the horizon. Their
section is almost square, but the angles are greatly rounded off, and the columns are
not very thick. He adds that the rock is greenish, and that crystals of sanidine occur
in it, lying with their broad faces in a plane perpendicular to the length of the columns.
The slopes of St. Michael's Mount are covered with blocks of massive phonolite, often
decomposed, and thus exhibiting the sanidine crystals in relief. This rock possesses
the characteristic properties of the phonolites : it rings under the hammer. The
specimens which we have examined are less schistose or fissile than many of the rocks
of the same type, but both the naked-eye and the microscopical characters confirm
the determination of Darwin and of Buchanan.
One specimen, taken from a columnar block, appears compact to the eye, is
greenish grey in colour, dotted with white, has an irregular scaly fracture, and a
1 Darwin, Geological Observations on Volcanic Islands, p. 23. See also Wyville Thomson, The Voyage of the
Challenger, The Atlantic, vol. ii. p. 109, London, 1877 ; Moseley, Notes of a Naturalist on the Challenger, London, 1879.
3 J. Y. Buchanan, Proc. Roy. Soc, vol. xxiv. p. 613, 1876.
REPORT ON THE PETROLOGY OF OCEANIC ISLANDS. 31
slightly waxy lustre. With the naked eye only some crystals of sanidine, from
2 to 3 millimetres in length on the average, can be made out among the constituent
minerals ; cleavage lainellse parallel to M are seen gleaming. The rock yields some
water on heating in the closed tube ; when attacked by acids it gelatinises readily.
Its specific gravity is 2 "635. The specimens of massive phonolite from the summit of
the mountain do not differ in any essential manner from that of which the macroscopical
characters have just been given.
When examined with the microscope, this phonolite shows a microporphyritic
texture ; embedded in a very close-grained ground-mass, in which one notices only
small, somewhat irregular microliths of augite showing fluidal structure, there are
seen, as minerals of the first generation, sections of nepheline, sanidine, augite, horn-
blende, magnetite, titanite, and nosean. We shall now consider the characters of these
minerals of first generation.
Sections of nepheline are very common ; they are distinguished at a glance from
the other constituent minerals by the sharpness of their contours, and by their com-
pleteness. Comparison of the form of sections, cut in various directions, show that
the nepheline in this rock takes the form of crystals slightly tabular, parallel to OP,
with the faces of the prism somewhat shortened. The commonest sections are
equilateral hexagons with an angle of 1 20" ; they are remarkably limpid, and very
slightly blue or almost colourless in tint. This mineral has no inclusions except titanite ;
it is perfectly homogeneous. The lines of cleavage which traverse it are distinct ; they
have the appearance of regular blackish strokes, parallel to three alternate sides of the
hexagonal sections. In parallel polarised light these sections remain constantly
obscured throughout a complete rotation ; in convergent light it is rather rare to
be able to observe the usual black cross of monaxial crystals. This mineral also
presents rectangular sections with a similar physical aspect. They show two
cleavages : the more distinct of the two is indicated by streaks parallel to the
traces of the prism ; the other, perpendicular to the first, is less marked, and is
parallel to the pinacoid OP. These sections always extinguish parallel to the sides.
Nepheline often occurs in this phonolite in aggregates of several crystals grouped
parallel to the vertical axis ; these aggregates are recognised by the outlines forming
reentrant angles, and, between crossed nicols, these adherent crystals are distinguished
one from another by different shades of the same tint. The tints of chromatic
polarisation are feeble, and generally clear blue. An alteration is sometimes seen
between crossed nicols, which has akeady been pointed out as occurring in
nepheline ; we refer to a more or less complete zeolitisation. In polarised light
several sections assume a darker tint than usual, at the same time they look as if
stumped ; but sometimes certain patches are almost colourless, and a kind of
marbling is produced by this want of homogeneity. On examining these sections
32 THE VOYAGE OF H.M.S. CHALLENGER.
more closely, one sees that this appearance is due to the presence of tufts, filaments,
and lamellae intertwined in all directions. Their aspect and their polarisation
tint recall precisely the appearance of certain zeolites. The nepheline has been
but slightly subjected either to the corrosive action of the magma or to mechanical
deformations. It is this that distinguishes it at a glance from the sanidine, with
which, but for the twins, and the peculiarities that are to be described in the latter, it
might perhaps be confounded. The relief of the contours and the phenomena of
polarisation, so far as colour is concerned, give us little help in differentiating these
two minerals at first sight. But they can be distinguished by the irregular breaks of
the sanidine, the elongation of its sections, and by its Carlsbad twins.
The sanidine occurs, as we have just indicated, in lamellae elongated parallel to
the edge PjM; indeed it can be observed that certain sections, in which the Carlsbad
twinning does not appear, and which are therefore almost parallel to M, have elongated
rhomboidal forms, in which are seen the outlines of the faces of the prism and of P or x.
This mineral is almost always cracked by more or less irregular fissures, which seem in
sections parallel to P to be perpendicular to the greatest length, while in those taken
parallel to M they are sensibly parallel to the vertical axis. The action of the magma
has often been exerted along these fissures, which are filled by the ground-mass ; this
action is also shown by the corrosion of the outlines of the mineral, so much so that no
rectilinear outlines are now to be found ; they are scooped out more or less deeply,
serrated and sometimes rounded off. Besides these corrosions there are other pheno-
mena in the sanidine that are to be attributed to the fluidity of the magma : the
sections appear dislocated and twisted ; the various fragments of a crystal are scattered
and overlap one another, and it is rare to see a section of sanidine in which one cannot
make out displacements and ruptures. In parallel light sections showing the composi-
tion plane of the Carlsbad twin distinctly exhibit straight extinction, which occurs
parallel to their greatest length. In convergent light sections cut perpendicularly to
the prismatic zone show in each of the two individuals one of the two axes situated
along the length of the section at opposite sides of the plane of vision. This seems to
indicate that in this sanidine the optical axes are in the plane of symmetry.
Augite is one of the most widely distributed minerals in this rock. It occurs
firstly in large individuals, then microporphyritically, and lastly as immense numbers
of microliths in the ground-mass. We have here to describe the large augites of first
generation. The character which at once distinguishes them is their green tint;
these sections are very dichroic. The forms usual in this augite are octahedral
sections, with the sides that represent the traces of the prisms more developed than
those corresponding to the traces of the pinacoids. The prismatic cleavage is not
well marked, — on the contrary, lines of cleavage more distinct than these are to
be seen running parallel to the pinacoid ooPoo. Sections of the vertical zone are
REPORT ON THE PETROLOGY OF OCEANIC ISLANDS. 33
furrowed by rather indistinct cleavages parallel to the axis c, and by fractures more or
less nearly parallel to the pinacoid OP. It is somewhat rare to find the outlines well
shown in these various sections : they are usually bordered by a rim of small augite
prisms, which belong to the second phase of consolidation. In the sections more or
less parallel to the clinopinacoid, extinctions are observed that exceed 20° and some-
times amount to 30°. The pleochroism and absorption are —
a > j3 > y
yellowish brown. greenish yellow. green.
In exceptional cases it is found that the green tint of this augite changes to the reddish
coloration so common in the pyroxene of basalt. The inclusions seen in these augite
sections are microscopic prisms of apatite, and a few granules of magnetite.
The hornblende of this phonolite ought to be regarded as an accessory mineral ;
it occurs only in some few individual crystals, these being for the greater part trans-
formed into magnetite. It has the shape of very deformed hexagonal sections, at the
centre of which are brown patches markedly dichroic in brownish shades, the differ-
ences, however, arising generally from differences of absorption. These sections
are bordered by a broad zone of magnetite, which tends to encroach upon the
centre of the crystal, where nothing but a round nucleus usually remains. The
black opaque girdle which surrounds it is homogeneous, and is not formed of an
aggregation of isolated grains as is often the case, — in the amphibolic andesites, for
example. This zone of magnetite is frequently larger than the amphibolic centre ; in
some instances the hornblende is entirely displaced, the contours of the section being
the only indications of the pseudomorphosis. We always find around these sections of
hornblende bordered by magnetite a second zone made up of small augite microliths
crowded one over another, indeed, such a girdle of small green augite crystals is
almost always found round all the microporphyritic crystals of this rock.
Of the accessory minerals titanite is that which next to hornblende is best repre-
sented in this phonolite. Its sections are in general smaller than those of the latter
mineral, descending even to the dimensions of the microliths in the ground-mass. This
mineral has crystallised most perfectly, and has best preserved the entirety of its
forms. Sections with rhombic outlines are the commonest, — they can be set down
as sections of the zone Px, for the extinctions are parallel to the diagonals, and
the angular values correspond to those of the prism (129°-133°). One might conclude
from the abundance of these sections that titanite has crystallised in this rock in the
tabular form, and that the dominant face is more or less nearly perpendicular to the
zone of the prisms. Besides these sections we find some of the same mineral that are
more elongated, and, finally, others that have reentrant angles and appear twinned in
polarised light. The surface of the sections is fretted ; they show a very pronounced
(PHYS. CHEM. CHALL. EXP. — PART VII. — 1889.) 5
34 THE VOYAGE OF H.M.S. CHALLENGER.
relief; their dicroscopism is slightly marked, — the rhombic sections just mentioned
exhibiting variations of tint from slightly greyish to brownish yellow. The colours of
polarisation, without being conspicuously vivid, present a peculiar appearance which
may be termed irisation.
Nosean is also one of the microporphyritic elements ; its sections are square-
shaped, hexagonal, or octagonal ; the reentrant angles indicate multiple groupings.
The individuals of this mineral are not homogeneous, the interior of the sections being-
riddled with inclusions often disposed in a network. The peripheral zone is not so
dark in tint as the nucleus, being often greyish, or inclining to clear blue, or coloured by
hydrated ferric oxide. Polarised light fails to reveal the strise characteristic of certain
noseans, — the sections are perfectly isotropic.
Besides magnetite found round the crystals of hornblende, as mentioned above, that
mineral occurs also in grains, as an element of the first generation, as inclusions in
certain constituent minerals, — in augite, for instance.
The ground-mass is characterised by fluidal structure. The constituent minerals are,
hornblende excepted, precisely those that have already been recognised in the form
of microporphyritic individuals. This ground-mass consists almost entirely of small
lamellar felspars, which extinguish very often in directions parallel to the long edges,
and exhibit, in most cases, the Carlsbad twinning. These small crystals of sanidine
are associated and often combined with some sections of the same tint and appearance,
which sections, however, are broader, better defined, and are never twinned ; the outlines
of these sections and their optical properties enable us to recognise them as nepheliae.
The most conspicuous mineral in the ground-mass is a microlithic pyroxene ; it has
a green tint analogous to that of the large crystals of the same species that occur
in this rock. In general the outlines of these small augites are indistinct ; they are
rather of the shape of elongated grains than prismatic, and where they are found to
have a prismatic appearance, the outlines are indented. They are twinned according
to the usual law of augitic pyroxene ; they are pleochroic like the microporphyritic
augites, and in some instances one can make out in vertical sections extinctions that
exceed 30°. It seems very probable that titanite is represented in the ground-mass by
some very small crystals. It remains to refer to one more mineral, namely, apatite.
It always occurs in very small individuals, the sections being frequently parallel to the
vertical axis ; they show traces of the pyramid, and not merely the pinacoid as is
usually the case. They extinguish parallel to the line of their length; sometimes a
slight dichroism is noticed, the rays vibrating parallel to the vertical axis being bluish,
those which vibrate in a plane perpendicular to the greatest length almost colourless.
Mr. Buchanan collected in the fissures which in two places scored St. Michael's
Mount from summit to base, a substance having the appearance and hardness of quartz.
REPORT ON THE PETROLOGY OF OCEANIC ISLANDS.
35
This mineral is concretionary, and is sometimes foliated into thin plates ; it is whitish,
yellowish, or yellowish brown. It scratches glass readily, and does not effervesce when
treated with acids. Slices, 2 to 3 millimetres thick, are translucent. When heated in
the lamp, it becomes white without melting, and the residue after this operation
crumbles between the fingers. In the closed tube it yields water with an alkaline
reaction, and gives off an empyreumatic smell. Qualitative analysis shows in it
phosphate of aluminium and of iron, silica, and sulphate of lime.1 Analysis gives the
following composition : —
Silica, Si02, ....
. 0-27
Sulphuric acid, S03,
1-40
Phosphoric acid, P203, .
. 50-72
Alumina, A1203, .
. 37-03
Ferric Oxide, Fe203,
. 5-42
Lime, CaO, ....
. 0-98
Loss on ignition, .
. 4-54
100-36
The explorers of the Challenger landed afterwards at Eat Island, the most
important islet of the group after Fernando Noronha. Mr. Buchanan observed on the
west of Rat Island a massive basaltic rock, which we shall describe, and on the east a
granular calcareous rock. "It is probable," he adds, " that this calcareous grit overlies
the basalt ; its structure seems to indicate that it has been laid down as drift. This
consolidated sand is calcareous, and contains a large number of shells. On our way to
Eat Island, in passing alongside of Booby Island, we saw that it also is almost entirely
formed of this calcareous grit. No old igneous rock is to be seen in it ; and seeing,
from the ripple marks, that the stratification may continue under the sea-level, there is
some reason to think that Booby Island is subsiding, or that it has subsided at some
previous time." We shall shortly return to the calcareous grit just mentioned, but
will first describe the basalt of Rat Island.
Examined macroscopically this rock is black, massive, perfectly homogeneous, and
has a sub-conchoidal fracture. In the very fine-grained ground-mass some yellow
granules of olivine are visible, and some very small prisms, which ought to be identified
as nepheline. When reduced to powder, this rock gelatinises markedly with acids. Its
specific gravity is 2-957. Microscopical examination places it among the nepheline
basalts. At first sight, what strikes one is the absence of polysynthetic felspathic
lamellae. The very fine-grained ground-mass is seen under high powers to be composed
essentially of nepheline and augite, without interposition of vitreous matter. These
two minerals have in general vague outlines, still there can be distinguished some
colourless hexagonal sections that remain dark during a complete rotation between
1 J. Y. Buchanan, he. cit., pp. 013, Gil.
36 THE VOYAGE OF H.M.S. CHALLENGER.
crossed nicols, and some rectangular sections, slightly elongated parallelograms, that
extinguish in directions parallel to the sides. It is not difficult in this case to recognise
nepheline, though in other cases it is disguised in the mass under the form of rounded
grains, but these are connected by a complete series of transitions with the distinct
sections just described. The granular shape prevents this mineral from being con-
founded with felspar, which never has this appearance except where, as in granitoidal
rocks, it is associated with quartz. With these microliths and grains of nepheline are
associated small prisms of augite, slightly yellowish or brownish and with vague out-
lines, some of which have large extinctions. Owing to the difference of refractive
index between nepheline and augite, the latter is sharply separated from its neigh-
bouring mineral. An interesting feature of this rock is the presence of large olivine
crystals, almost always fragmentary ; it is the only microporphyritic mineral present,
and is much larger than the two species just mentioned. The sections of olivine are
rugose, almost colourless ; they are bounded by the traces of the dome and of the
prismatic faces ; they extinguish parallel to the line of their length. Often they suggest
by their shape a well-developed crystal of olivine ; at other times we see that they are
only fragments of a single individual, which can be readily restored with the help of
the corresponding pieces to be found in neighbouring sections. It is apparent that
these olivine crystals, belonging to the very first phase of consolidation, have been
subjected to dislocation and to the corrosive action of the magma. They are broken at
the edges, and sometimes the ground-mass has penetrated the interior of the crystal.
All the olivine sections are altered to yellow on the sides ; when the sections are small
this zone of hydrated ferric oxide is so much developed that nothing may remain but a
small colourless area at the centre of the section. A tendency to assume a fibrous
structure is noticeable in the sections of this mineral. Several sections of olivine are
often seen grouped and joined together ; in polarised light these clusters sometimes
exhibit phenomena that vividly recall those observed in twins, but here the planes of
junction are too vaguely indicated to allow a positive statement ; nevertheless there are
such sections showing two individuals laid together and having a shape perfectly recon-
cilable with that of well-known twins of the rhombic system. Amongst the accessory
minerals we must note black mica, occurring in irregular scales strongly pleochroic, and
giving straight extinction ; this mica is often intimately associated with the decom-
posed olivine ; it sometimes even occurs as an inclusion in that mineral, which contains
also some particles of secondary calcite. This carbonate is present also in very fine
filaments in the ground-mass ; it is recognised by its irisation, by the twins parallel to
— tjr R, and by its cleavage. Worthy of interest is the presence of very numerous
minute grains of perowskite distributed throughout the ground-mass, where they play
a part almost as important as that of magnetite. Perowskite is hardly ever found in
well crystallised individuals, though sometimes traces of octohedra can be made out.
REPORT ON THE PETROLOGY OF OCEANIC ISLANDS. 37
Usually it takes the form of grains with rugose surface, sometimes broken, transparent,
with a blue tint inclining a little to violet, and with very decided relief ; in general
these sections are isotropic. Magnetic iron in the shape of grains or of microscopic
crystals is tolerably abundant, and is distributed throughout the mass. Lastly, there
are still to be noted some small prisms of apatite.
The limestone mentioned above, which was collected by Mr. Buchanan in the south-
east of Rat Island, shows on a freshly-fractured surface a compact rosy or yellowish mass,
with small white crystalline specks and yellow or blackish grains less than a millimetre
in diameter. The white specks are shells, the yellow and black grains are fragments of
rocks and of volcanic minerals. This rock is moderately hard ; it often presents on its
surface a scoriaceous aspect, and sometimes also cavities are seen in the interior.
When treated with hydrochloric acid it leaves a residue of about 30 per cent, of its
mass. Under the microscope this rock resolves itself into crystallised colourless
limestone, devoid of any trace of organic structure, and forming, one may say, the
paste or cement of the clastic grains of organic or mineral origin. These grains of
calcite are of two sizes : some are very large, while others, smaller and probably of
secondary formation, occupy the intervals left between their larger neighbours. Car-
bonate of lime also occurs, in microscopic acicular crystals. The mineral and organic
particles are all clastic and worn, each being surrounded by a narrow zone of calcite.
Among the minerals olivine is frequently visible, coloured red by decomposition ;
other grains consist of small splinters of basaltic rock,— among them being some
particles of basaltic glass changed into palagonitic matter. A rock almost identical
with this limestone of Eat Island was found by Mr. Buchanan overlying the basalt of
Platform Island, of which we are about to speak.
The islet of this group that goes by the name of Platform Island is composed of
columnar basalt, on which lies an extensive and uniform bed of calcareous rock, the
specimens of which are, as we have said, analogous to the limestone of Rat Island.
The basalt of Platform Island is sbghtly more granular than the nepheline basalt
described above. It is black, and slightly vesicular, while to the naked eye only some
crystals of augite are visible, embedded in the ground-mass. Under the microscope
this rock proves to be felspathic basalt. In a ground -mass, in which from their
number certain small felspathic lamellae predominate, we find large microporphyritic
crystals of augite, and sections of olivine of smaller size ; the plagioclase as well as the
magnetite are always microlithic. The augite sections are not very prismatic; the
crystals are more shortened than those usually observed in basaltic rocks. Sections
parallel to oopoo are often unsymmetrical hexagons, whose outlines represent the
traces of faces of the zone n and t, and of those of the prisms. Octagonal sections also
38 THE VOYAGE OF H.M.S. CHALLENGER.
occur, unsynimetrical like the former ; these are perpendicular to the plane of symmetry,
and extinguish parallel to the line of their length. The extinctions measured on the
face oo J? oo exceed 40°. Sections more or less perpendicular to the axis c are fairly
regular octagons, in which the traces of the pinacoids are more developed than those of
the prisms. The augite is filled with vitreous inclusions, which are accumulated at the
centre of the crystals ; round this non - homogeneous nucleus is a zone of slightly
reddish tint, the nucleus being usually not so dark. The optical phenomena are
disturbed by an incipient alteration, which shows itself in the formation of chloritic
material. The prismatic cleavages are not distinct ; they are, rather, irregular cracks ;
the cause of this anomaly lies in the presence of so great a quantity of vitreous
inclusions. Besides the twin following the ordinary law, some sections of augite seem
to be twinned with a composition plane parallel to a face of a pyramid, as has already
been observed in augite. The vitreous inclusions are irregularly shaped ; their colour is
generally faint, but sometimes they assume the colour of the augite which contains them.
One is led to suppose that there might have been a partial refusion of the pyroxenic
element, but what renders this interpretation hypothetical is that the external zone
which surrounds these nuclei, and which is entirely homogeneous, has not been altered
at all. This fact appears to dispel all idea of a later caustic action exerting itself on the
crystal. Besides the vitreous inclusions, some are to be seen consisting of grains of
magnetite or of greenish patches of secondary origin, and probably of a chloritic matter.
The olivine shows under the microscope some interesting peculiarities in regard
to its decomposition. This mineral occurs in grains or in sections of the ordinary form,
and with the trace of the pinacoid OP, hence some sections have octagonal forms.
When the olivine is not altered it is colourless, its surface rugose, its chromatic j)olari-
sation vivid ; still, it is somewhat rare to see this mineral undecomposed. Sections are
often observed having the outlines of olivine, but showing that this mineral is invaded by
alteration products. At first the olivine is changed into a yellow pleochroic substance
possessing the characters of biotite. It shows a lamellar cleavage, along the traces
of which absorption is more marked. The colour is brownish yellow along this
direction, yellowish in the line perpendicular to these lamellas. They extinguish follow-
ing the direction of the joined lamellae. The sections parallel to the lamellae remain dark
during a complete rotation between crossed nicols ; with convergent light these latter
sections exhibit a black cross. The double refraction is negative. All these characters
completely justify the determination as biotite. In certain cases the olivine presents a
less advanced decomposition. The yellowish matter which tends to encroach upon it
bears less distinctly the characters of black mica ; it is not lamellar, and it is difficult,
even when it is possible, to detect any absorption ; perhaps this is mica in the course
of formation. In some cases one sees around the biotite certain more or less capillary
accumulations, presenting sometimes a vaguely radial arrangement, and probably
REPORT ON THE PETROLOGY OF OCEANIC ISLANDS. 39
arising in their turn from the decomposition of the biotite. Without insisting too
strongly on this point, these accumulations, to judge from their form, bear a resemblance
to those of hornblende called pilite by Dr. Becke, a product which he has pointed out
as the result of the decomposition of olivine in certain kersantites of the Waldviertel.
In some cases the product of decomposition of the olivine is a greenish substance, the
absorption of which is less marked than that of the biotite ; it is more finely fibrous
than the latter mineral, and the fibres are more interlaced and less continuous than are
the lamellae of black mica ; we regard this green substance as serpentine. Amongst the
inclusions of the olivine, we must mention magnetite and some chestnut-brown grains
belonging probably, judging from their transparency, to a spinel.
The ground-mass contains a large number of augite sections which are generally
more prismatic than the microporphyritic crystals of this species. The plagioclases,
which occur only in the ground-mass and as microliths, yield very elongated sections
with polysynthetic striae. The extinctions observed in the sections of the zone
P : M are moderately large, and they are included between the angles 5° and 26° ; it
is therefore likely enough that this mineral is allied to labradorite. Among the
microlithic crystals of the ground-mass one notices very small patches of a vitreous
colourless substance. Sometimes this base is coloured slightly yellow, but this tint is
secondary, arising from the decomposition of the ferruginous minerals that constitute
the rock. To this same decomposition is to be attributed small nests of greenish
chlorite which line certain cavities wherein this mineral has crystallised in interwoven
lamellae. We may remark, in conclusion, that this basalt approaches the doleritic type
in its texture.
V.— EOCKS OF ASCENSION.
Darwin in his book on Volcanic Islands has given a very detailed description of the
rocks of Ascension;1 but during the time (almost half a century) which has elapsed
since the appearance of that work, no one has, to our knowledge, published any special
paper on the petrography of this island.2 We are now able, in some measure, to fill this
gap, thanks to the materials collected during the stay of the Challenger, and by Dr.
Maclean, E.N., one of the Challenger officers, who lived for some time on the island.
Dr. Maclean has placed at our disposal specimens of the principal rocks that he collected,
and also some local information, of which we have availed ourselves in the following
notice. We have arranged our material very much in the order adopted in Darwin's
Geological Observations, and have recapitulated a good many of his local details. It
1 Darwin, toe. cit., pp. 34-72.
2 Murdoch has analysed the well-known obsidian of Ascension (Phil. Mag., 1844, p. 495). Vom Rath described the
crystals of hematite of this island, associated with magnoferrite (Zcitschr. d. deutsch.geol. Gesdlsch., Bd. xxv. p. 108, 1870).
Ehrenberg has shown the nature of certain siliceous deposits of the " crater of an old volcano" (see p. 68 of this Report).
40
THE VOYAGE OF H.M.S. CHALLENGER.
is worth while noting that, although he wrote at a time when our knowledge of crystalline
rocks was in its infancy, the main features of his system remain unaltered. It is right
to add that Darwin had been preceded at Ascension by Lesson, who had already given
pretty precise indications of the nature of the rocks of this island.
The Island of Ascension is situated in the South Atlantic Ocean, in latitude 8° S.,
and longitude 14° W. ; according to observations made by the officers of the Challenger,
the central summit is in latitude 7° 56' 58" S., and longitude 14° 20' W. The form of
the island is an irregular triangle, each side measuring about 6 miles ; it is 7\ miles
long and 6 miles wide. The surface is very irregular, and on a general view appears
sterile and miserable in the extreme, presenting an expanse of black, burnt rocks,
unrelieved by the least vestige of soil. The highest point of Green Mountain, situated
The Green Mountain and Extinct Craters, Ascension Island.
in the east of the island, rises to 2870 feet above the sea, and from the summit one sees
forty or more little peaks scattered about in all directions. The accompanying woodcut
will give some idea of the appearance of the island, which is entirely volcanic,1 and in
1 Lesson, in bis description of Ascension, states his belief that the island is formed of a single volcano, the dejecta
from which built up Green Mountain. "All the other eminences which rise to the north and on the plateau of the
island without regular order, either as isolated cones or in groups, are more recent volcanic openings, the craters of
which, symmetrically formed as a rule, are directed towards the principal volcano, Green Hill, on the side of the
prevailing wind, producing a steep declivity in this direction. These fire - breathing mouths are very regularly
characterised in the secondary mountains of Ascension, but less so in those of Cross Hill, Red Hill, Zebra Hill, etc. ;
the greater number present craters in a state of perfect completeness. Green Hill derives its name from the verdure
of a vigorous growth of plants upon its summit. The vegetation ceases at the lower third of the mountain, which is
composed of naked rock piled up confusedly according to the fractures it has undergone. All the other mountains
are quite bare, covered with ferruginous scoriae of a prevailing red colour. The surface of the island is composed of a
detritus of trap and trachyte pulverised and deposited here and there in beds of small extent, bordered everywhere
REPORT ON THE PETROLOGY OF OCEANIC ISLANDS. 41
the absence of proofs to the contrary Darwin considered it as of subgerial origin. Like
most volcanic islands in the course of prevailing winds, Ascension has steep precipices
on the exposed side, where landing is very dangerous ; the west coast is less abrupt, and
there the British Eesidence is established. The influence of the prevailing winds appears
not only on the exposed coasts, but cinders and lapilli have been carried from the centre
of action in a westerly direction, and these have even been blown into the sea, where the
accumulation of incoherent volcanic products forms a bottom which affords good
anchorage. No traces are anywhere to be found of the island being at present in a state
of volcanic activity, but the cones of tufa are so little altered, their contours are so
sharp, and their brown and red colours so fresh, that they produce an irresistible
impression that the island has been quite recently formed by an accumulation of cinders
and scoriae, and that the fire still smoulders under the crust. The fundamental rock is
everywhere of a pale grey colour, and belongs to the trachytic series. These masses of
trachyte are best seen in the south-east part of the island. Almost the entire surface
is covered by streams of black scoriaceous lava of a basaltic nature. These beds
are dominated in certain places by hills, or isolated trachytic rocks. From the
Challenger's anchorage no trace of vegetation was visible except the light greenish
tint near the summit of Green Mountain, 6 miles from the coast ; all else was lava,
black and grey cinders, and volcanic peaks and cones. We might refer for geographical
details to Campbell's map,1 in Darwin's Geological Observations, but it does not present
an exact and complete view of the island. It is now advantageously superseded by that
of C. A. Bedford, of H.M.S. "Raven," published by the Hydrographic Office in 1838, a
copy of which accompanies this Report (Map II.). Bedford's map shows the limits of
the scoriaceous rocks sufficiently clearly ; they stretch along almost the whole coast-line
on the north and south, dipping towards the sea, and are cut through by the channels
of the streams. The layers of scoriaceous lava are less apparent on the east and west ;
they only appear here and there, or form a belt along the shore. To the north of the
island these beds crop out again to a great extent, and send out branches which
surround the isolated hills of East Crater, Sister's Peak (1459 feet), and Bear's Back.
In the central and most disturbed part of the island lava is less common ; it is, projjerly
speaking, the region of trachytic rocks. In this central region, a little to the east, the
with heaps of the fragments of black lava called ' clappers' by the English. . . . The shore is also composed of black,
trachytic, and porous lava, the surface being vesicular. . . . High sharp rocks shoot up from the sand. Elsewhere, at
the west point of Sandy Bay, the rocks are of black basalt, or covered with a thin greyish-white layer of obsidian like
a varnish." Lesson also notes calcareous deposits on the coast. We have cited this passage from the naturalist of the
" Coquille," because it is, we believe, the first work iu which the geology of the island is sketched. These few lines
give the gist of his description. We shall return farther on to some of the details he pointed out. We may refer for
the history of Ascension, and an account of its fauna and flora, to Sir Wyville Thomson's work, The Atlantic, vol. ii.
p. 262, etc. ; t > Moseley's Notes of a Naturalist on the Challenger, p. 561 ; and to the Narrative of the Cruise of
H.M.S. Challenger, vol. i. p. 927.
1 A Plan of the Island of Ascension, by Lieut, Robert Campbell, 1819; frontispiece of Darwin's Geological
Observations.
(PHYS. CHEM. CHALL. EXP. — PART VII.— 1889.) 6
42 THE VOYAGE OF H.M.S. CHALLENGER.
most important mass in the island occurs, Green Mountain, of which we have already-
spoken. It includes, besides the peak to which allusion has just been made, several
pretty high summits. Weather Post Hill (1965 feet) is situated towards the east, and
a little farther south there is a large depression in the form of an elongated ellipse which
bears the name of Cricket Valley. Booby Hill1 (1790 feet), to the south of the valley
which borders the central heights of Green Mountain, is also associated with that mass.
In the same central region, but more to the west, is Riding School Crater, and still
farther west Red Hill. Cross Hill is situated near the village of Georgetown. We
have now enumerated and stated the position of the principal hills which will be referred
to in this Report.
Augitic Trachytes.
We have said that trachytic rock forms the fundamental mass of the island, and we
shall commence the description of the rocks by that of the trachytic type, giving first,
according to Darwin,2 the macroscopic characters. They occupy the highest and most
central part of the island, and also occur in the south-east region. This trachyte is
usually of a pale brown colour, speckled with black spots ; it contains folded and broken
crystals of glassy felspar, grains of hematite, and black microscopic particles which
Darwin referred, doubtfully, to hornblende. The greater number of the eminences are
formed of a white friable rock.3 Obsidian, hornstone, and several other zonary felspathic
rocks are associated with the trachyte. The last-named is never stratified, nor are
crater-formed orifices ever found on the eminences. The trachytic region must have
been violently dislocated ; the fissures are still open, or partially filled with loose
fragments. The space occupied by these trachyte masses is bounded by a line which
surrounds Green Mountain and joins the hills of " Weather Post Signal " and " Crater
of an old volcano." Trachyte predominates in the region thus circumscribed ; it is
traversed by some veins of basalt, and near the summit of Green Mountain there is a
stratum of vesicular basalt enclosing crystals of glassy felspar with rounded outlines.
The soft white rock mentioned above bears a close resemblance to a sedimentary tufa
when seen in the mass. Darwin hesitated for some time, as many other geologists have
done in analogous cases, before he rejected this theory of its origin. He observed, on
two separate occasions, that the white earthy rock formed isolated hills ; in another
1 Dr. Maclean points out in a manuscript correction of Bedford's chart, of -which we avail ourselves, that the name
"Booby Hill" should be substituted for "Red Hill." The latter name should be given, as I say in the text, to the
hill west of Riding School Crater. The rocks described in this Report as coming from Red Hill were collected by
Dr. Maclean, and were obtained from the hill situated in the position which he has marked on the map.
2 Darwin, Geological Observations, pp. 42-44. In summarising passages we have preserved as much as possible
the mineralogical and petrographical nomenclature, and the interpretation of facts given by the author. One might,
in some cases, be able to modify them, but this would involve the risk of making more or less arbitrary changes, since
we have not the specimens Darwin employed to refer to.
3 It may be that in certain cases the rock spoken of by Darwin as whitish trachytic tufa is siliceous earth, as in
the case of the whitish deposits of Riding School Crater.
REPORT ON THE PETROLOGY OF OCEANIC ISLANDS. 43
place it was associated with a columnar and zonary trachyte, but he could not make out
the contact. The white rock which he studied contained numerous crystals of vitreous
felspar, and black microscopic points. It is speckled, like the surrounding trachyte,
with dark grains. On examining the ground-mass with a lens, Darwin found it to be
earthy ; sometimes, however, it possesses a crystalline structure. On the eminence
called " the crater of an old volcano," it passes into a greyish green variety, which only
differs in colour and by being more compact. Here an insensible transition between
the two rocks is observable. Another variety is made up of numerous round and
angular fragments of the greenish rock embedded in the white matrix. Both these
varieties of trachyte are traversed by irregular veins which do not at all resemble
intruded dykes, and Darwin states that he never saw the like elsewhere. Both kinds
of trachyte contain isolated fragments, varying in size, of a dark scoriaceous rock, the
vesicles of which are filled by the white mass. This trachyte also includes large
blocks of dark cellular porphyry, containing many crystals of opaque white felspar and
altered crystals of oxide of iron. The cavities are encrusted with capillary crystals.
These fragments project from the decomposed rock in which they are embedded, and
exactly resemble the nodules of sedimentary rocks. But, adds Darwin, we know many
cases of pieces of cellular rock being shut up in trachytes and phonolites, and therefore
cannot draw as a conclusion from the facts described that these rocks were of sedimen-
tary origin. The insensible passage of the greenish into the whitish variety in some
cases, and the isolated nodules in others, may result from a greater or less difference
in composition. The rounded form of the blocks may be due to corrosion by the fused
mass in which they were stuck. He considers the veins to be due to the infiltration of
silica. The principal reason Darwin brings forward for believing that these earthy and
friable rocks are not sedimentary is, that it is extremely unlikely that crystals of felspar
and grains of mineral should occur to precisely the same extent in a sedimentary mass
as in a trachyte with which the former was associated. Besides, he observed that the
rock matrix showed a crystalline structure when magnified.
After giving these details from Darwin of the appearance and occurrence of the
trachytes of Ascension, we shall describe the specimens of this type which we have studied.
As Darwin's account shows, trachytic rocks play a considerable part in the island.
It would not be easy to devote a special description to the specimens of each locality,
especially since very often — not to say always — we have no information as to the
definite part of the bed from which the rocks were taken, the label only bearing the
name of the hill. We may add that all the rocks of this kind, from whatever part of
the island they come, are very like each other.
We shall accordingly describe them together, grouping the rocks according to their
Hthological affinities, but, in the case of those meriting special attention, mentioning
the locality from which the specimen came.
44
THE VOYAGE OF H.M.S. CHALLENGER.
The rocks under consideration may be described under the general name of Augitic
trachytes, and are characterised by the association of three constituents in greater or
less amount : monoclinic felspar, augite, and a vitreous ground-mass. Their minera-
logical composition is very constant, and the characters well defined, — the slight varia-
tions being due to differences of texture, and to the more or less important part played
by the vitreous matrix. All stages of transition are to be found between holocrystalline
varieties showing an aggregate of augitic and felspathic microliths, with some micro-
porphyritic crystals of sanidine, and vitreous varieties, in which there occur a few
extremely minute crystals of sanidine and augite. Finally, the vitreous element becomes
supreme, and the rock passes into obsidian.
The trachytes properly so called are whitish grey in colour, sometimes bluish grey,
with a rough granular structure. The ground-mass is homogeneous, rarely slightly
schistoid. Sometimes they are slightly vesicular, and pass into pumice ; or are more
compact, and, according to the predominance of the vitreous element, darker in colour
and with a somewhat glossy sheen. The fracture is usually irregular. In some cases
the trachytes are friable, in others they are rough to the touch and coherent. Some
specimens which have commenced to alter, and are marked with round brownish stains,
are impregnated with oxide of iron, which gives them a red or brown colour. These
trachytes, when examined with the lens, are found generally to be composed of
crystalline grains, but the species could not be made out, except in the case of sanidine,
crystals of which are sometimes visible to the naked eye.
Microscopic examination shows that all the trachytes of Ascension have an almost
identical microtexture. They possess a ground-
mass chiefly composed of confused microliths of
sanidine and augite, to which large sections of
felspar give a microporphyritic structure ; the sec-
tions of augite are less numerous. Sometimes a
base is interposed between the microliths of the
ground-mass ; the latter is seldom devitrified in
spherulites or trichites. A peculiarity of the
minerals in the ground-mass is that they are
always comparatively small ; this minuteness, and
the confused setting of the microliths, makes their
determination difficult. The sanidine appears in
large crystals with the distinguishing peculiarities
of this species. These large individuals are always
corroded, their outlines are blunted, they are
furrowed by Hues of fracture which sometimes
correspond to traces of cleavages oo P, and almost always twinned according to the
Fio. 6.— Trachyte of Weather Post Hill. Section
of sanidine cut almost parallel to P/ilf, Carlsbad
twin. The composition plane is 37, and another face
probably cc S 3. j'5 crossed nicols.
REPORT ON THE PETROLOGY OF OCEANIC ISLANDS.
45
Carlsbad law. We may point out, in speaking of these twins, that the plane of
union may vary in one and the same crystal. Fig. 6 shows a section of the
mineral twinned according to this law. It is cut almost parallel to the edge PjM;
and it may be observed that the plane of composition is now M, traces of which
appear on the two long sides of the section ; and again another plane, which may
correspond to a prism, perhaps to oo g 3, a face known to occur in sanidine. These
large sections have frequently an undulated extinction. The felspathic microliths of
the ground-mass are referable to the same species. The striae
of plagioclase are never observed. One form predominates — it
is that of extremely thin lamellae, which, when seen on the
face M, appear almost always twinned. Two of the individuals
are regularly superimposed, but one does not entirely cover the
other. Fig. 7 gives an example of one of these twinned
crystals : it shows two tabular individuals of sanidine super-
imposed on the face M, and twinned according to the Carlsbad
law ; traces of P and y are discernible, and the internal zones
give an indication of x. Extinction takes place with an angle
of + 5°, the angle P P' is 127° ; it is thus equal to that which
the same faces of sanidine twinned according to the Carlsbad
law form. The aspect of this twin may vary to infinity, but the fundamental form is
so constant that it is certain to occur in each preparation ; it is produced even when
the crystals become infinitesimal, as in the case of the very vitreous varieties of this
rock (see fig. 8).
Fig. 7.— Trachyte of Red Hill.
Small twinned crystals of sani-
dine, two tabular individuals
superimposed on the face il/, the
traces of P y, and, in the internal
zones, the trace of x can he seen ;
the angle P P' is about 127°. h
crossed nicols.
Flo. 8. — Trachyte of Red Hilh Large section of sanidine in a vitreous ground-mass is surrounded by small
lamellar crystals superimposed and twinned, embedded in the base. The cracks traversing the large section
are almost perpendicular to M. Js crossed nicols.
Plagioclases, sharply distinguished by hemitropic striation, occur very rarely. Fels-
pathic sections may sometimes be observed showing some appearance of polysynthetic
lamellae, which are, however, indistinct compared with those of plagioclastic felspars. The
46 THE VOYAGE OF H.M.S. CHALLENGER.
sections showing these striae have almost always undulated extinction, and are grooved
by fissures ; they are sometimes broken in several pieces and cemented together by the
matrix. These facts clearly show that the felspars exhibiting those striae have been
subjected to mechanical strain, which has induced a more or less pronounced lamellated
structure, and this, under the microscope, has an appearance resembling that of a plagio-
clase. These sections, then, are nothing else than sanidine modified by mechanical
action. But there is another kind of alteration in this felspar to which attention must
be drawn. We have said above that the large sections of sanidine almost always appear
corroded at the edges. This action of the magma is not confined to the border of the
crystal, but in some cases has affected the whole mass, softening it and transforming it
almost beyond recognition. The facts, as they were observed in a great number of
specimens of trachyte from Ascension, were as follows : — Certain sections, which were
naturally supposed to be ground-mass, so crammed were they with microliths of
irregular outline, extinguished polarised light as if they formed one crystalline indi-
vidual. "What seems to go against this interpretation is, that these sections are filled
with the same felspathic microliths composing the ground-mass. On examining them
more closely, however, one can find all stages of transition represented, from the perfect
crystal of sanidine downwards, and the conclusion must be that they are nothing else
than large crystals of sanidine attacked by the action of the magma. In fact, some of
these patches, with half-effaced contours, are surrounded by little crystals of sanidine
forming an external zone, and encroaching on the primitive crystal, sometimes to the
centre. The magma, in which these crystals of sanidine floated, may be admitted to
have penetrated them in some way, and to have given rise to the microliths. The
influence of the fused mass had not been sufficient to make the crystals lose their indi-
viduality completely ; their outlines were effaced, and they were invaded by microliths,
but they did not mix entirely with the magma, and hence did not lose their molecular
structure.
Augite is the second essential element of these trachytes. We have said that it
never attains the dimensions of the sanidine ; it always occurs in the prismatic, almost
acicular, form, and is confined in the ground-mass with the little lamellae of sanidine.
In most cases augite is associated with a vitreous base. The small crystals are
greenish, slightly dichroic ; the octagonal form of sections perpendicular to the vertical
axis is rarely seen ; the angle of extinction is often greater than 45°. The microliths of
augite are sometimes reduced to mere lines, especially in those specimens where the
vitreous matter predominates. These fine needles are nearly always altered, as can be
seen from the yellow tint they assume, the colour changing from green to yellow or
brownish red. In some rather rare cases they become fibrous, as if they had been
subjected to uralitisation. Sometimes microliths belonging to a second generation are
observed ; the comparatively large crystals are surrounded by an outer zone of
REPORT ON THE PETROLOGY OF OCEANIC ISLANDS.
47
minute green needles of the same nature. In very vitreous varieties it is not uncommon
to see the microliths grouping themselves in a manner resembling the arborescent
forms which certain pitchstones exhibit.
Accidental constituents play a very small part in the rocks we have just described.
Magnetite occurs pretty frequently, titanite and apatite more rarely, and sometimes
sections of quartz ; but these are probably of secondary origin, as are also the grains
and veins of hematite and limonite.
■ We give below an analysis by Dr. Klement of one of the trachytic rocks ; the
specimen came from Weather Post Hill, and its characters correspond with those
described above.
I. 1*0401 grammes of the substance, dried at 110°C and fused with carbonates of
soda and potash, gave 0'7384 gramme of silica, 0*1543 gramme of alumina, 0*0430
gramme of ferric oxide, 0'0062 gramme of lime, 0*041 gramme of magnesium p3Tro-
phosphate, and traces of manganese.
II. 0*8480 gramme of substance treated with hydrofluoric acid gave 0*1871
gramme of sodium and potassium chlorides, and 0*1048 gramme of potassium
chloroplatinate.
III. 1*0950 grammes of substance treated in a sealed tube with hydrofluoric and
sulphuric acids was titrated by potassium permanganate. 0*7 cubic centimetre of
solution (1 c.c. = 0*005405 gramme of ferrous oxide) was required to oxidise the
ferrous oxide.
IV. 1*0370 grammes of substance fused with sodium-potassium carbonate, according
to the method of Sipocz, gave 0*0041 gramme of water.
Percentage Composition of the Specimen.
Silica, Si02, .
70-99
Alumina, A1203, .
14-84
Ferric Oxide, Fe203,
3-76
Ferrous Oxide, FeO,
0-35
Manganese, .
traces
Lime, CaO, .
0-60
Magnesia, MgO, .
0-14
Soda, Na20,
5-94
Potash, K20,
2-40
Water, H20, .
0-40
99-42
The percentage of silica given by this analysis is too high for normal trachyte ; in fact
in unaltered specimens it only amounts to 65 per cent, which corresponds to the
amount of silica in sanidine. In exceptional cases certain trachytes may contain as
48 THE VOYAGE OF H.M.S. CHALLENGER.
much as 71 per cent, of silica (the tridymite trachyte of New Zealand, for example),
but this large proportion is due in great part to the infiltration of siliceous matter
subsequent to the consolidation of the rock. To infiltration of this kind we have
recourse in order to explain the anomaly in the present case. We have already said
that the trachytes of Ascension contain little veins of quartz of secondary origin, and
the ground-mass is sometimes penetrated by silica. Darwin remarked the frequency
with which siliceous veins occur in the whole region, and infiltration of silica of
secondary origin accounts for the divergence in the analysis before us. The small
proportion of ferrous oxide, magnesia, and lime clearly shows that pyroxene is a
very subordinate constituent of the rock. We see besides, as analyses of trachytes
often show, that soda predominates over potash in a marked degree. Perhaps we have
here a monoclinic felspar which would approach those described by Forstner (2-l mol.
Na2 AP Sie O'6 , with 1 mol. K2 A1G Si6 O16). Vom Rath showed that in the sanidines of
Laacher-See soda may lie present in larger amount than potash ; perhaps small plagio-
clases are hidden in the ground-mass, which may itself contain a glass more or less rich
in soda.
We have considered the pyroxenic trachytes, and now turn to the specimens which
show a transition to obsidian.
The ever-increasing predominance of base over crystalline elements is shown very
well in a specimen from Red Hill (?). The external appearance is still quite that of
ordinary trachyte ; to the naked eye it shows a rather pronounced schistoid appearance.
The colour is grey, darker than the ordinary trachytes of the island ; it is still slightly
rugose, and has not assumed a vitreous texture. Crystals of sanidine from 3 to 4
millimetres long determine a porphyritic structure in the rock. When a thin section is
examined, the large share which the vitreous mass has in its constitution becomes
apparent. The schistose appearance is also found in the preparation, — it is produced
by lines of vesicles, which, like those of pumice, are due to the liberation of gases
during cooling. Well-developed felspar and augite microliths are ranged in the same
direction as the vesicles. It is without doubt to its fluidal structure that the lamina-
tion of this rock must be attributed. Large sections of sanidine and augite, but mostly
the former, detach themselves from the vitreous ground-mass, which is light brown
in colour with slightly darker bands. The sanidine is sometimes found crystallised as a
Carlsbad twin. Plagioclase is occasionally detected. Besides the minerals already
mentioned, the ground-mass is filled with little bundles of crystals extremely minute and
only appearing under the highest powers. Relying on microscopic analyses only, these
obsidians could not be separated from the augitic trachytes. In fact, one sees that the
latter rock is related through all its transitions with the former, and that the constituent
minerals are the same in both ; only the vitreous element tends gradually to take the
place of the minerals, which grow smaller as the trachyte approaches the vitreous
REPORT ON THE PETROLOGY OF OCEANIC ISLANDS. 49
variety. Obsidian is simply the last term of this series, and its external characters are
then sharply defined. We shall describe here some of the more or less vitreous
varieties of trachyte, but as the texture and the mineralogical composition are always
fundamentally the same, it is unnecessary to follow all the stages of transition. We shall
accordingly say a few words about the highly vitreous trachytic rocks, and afterwards
enlarge upon the well-characterised obsidian of Ascension.
Vitreous augitic trachyte sometimes appears as a greyish mass, soft and very
friable, somewhat scoriaceous and passing into pumice, but more homogeneous in the
fracture. Its macroscopic characters are like those of a tufa, but microscopically the
ground-mass is seen to contain no heterogeneous fragments, being composed of microliths
and a vitreous mass. In this matrix microporphyritic crystals of sanidine appear ; the
crystals of augite are always smaller than those of the felspar with which they are
associated.
Obsidian.
All the obsidians of Ascension are closely related to the trachytic rocks which have
just been described. Before discussing the mineralogical characters of these volcanic
glasses, it will be well to give a resume of Darwin's very detailed observations1 upon
them. He first describes the transition of the rocks into zonary2 beds between which
the obsidian is intercalated. These outcrops of the beds of obsidian in the middle of
the trachytic region west of Green Mountain are highly inclined, and partially
covered by more recent eruptions ; for this reason Darwin could not observe their
contact with the trachyte, nor satisfy himself as to whether they had been poured out
like lava, or injected like the veins in the adjacent rocks. At the point explored by
the author three beds of obsidian appeared, the largest at the base of the section.
These alternating rocks attracted the particular attention of Darwin, and he described
five varieties which passed into each other by all gradations. We refer the reader for
particulars regarding these varieties to the complete description given in the chapter of
Darwin's book dealing with the subject.
The transition of these zonary rocks to beds of true obsidian takes place in several
ways. At first angulo-nodular masses of obsidian of varying size appear isolated in a
schistoid or massive felspathic rock of a light colour and conchoidal fracture. Then
irregular nodules of obsidian are seen, isolated, or grouped in layers not more than the
tenth of an inch thick, which alternate repeatedly with thin strata of a zonary felspathic
1 Darwin, Geol. Observ., pp. 54-C2.
2 We employ "zonary" instead of Darwin's term "laminated" in this description. He explains his meaning
of the latter word in a note at the foot of p. 54 loc. cit. : " This term might be misunderstood ; it is applied to rocks
which divide into thin leaves of the same composition, or are formed of closely united layers of different mineral
species without a tendency to split up, but distinguished by special colours. The term laminated is employed here in
the latter sense. When a homogeneous rock has a cleavage plane along which it may be readily split, like slate, I
apply the term^ssife."
(PHYS. CHEM. CHAIX. EXP. — PART VII. — 1889.) 7
50 THE VOYAGE OF H.M.S. CHALLENGER.
rock resembling agate, and sometimes passing into pitclistone. A white substance
resembling pumiceous cinders fills the interstices between the nodules of obsidian.
Finally, the substance, which previously was spread through the rock, becomes an angulo-
concretionary mass of obsidian of a pale grey colour, and often traversed by coloured
bands parallel to those of the enclosing rock. Darwin then describes the rocks which
usually occur as stages in the transition to obsidian, and treats in a specially detailed
manner of the linear arrangement of spherulites. He explains the nodular form of some
specimens of obsidian by viewing them as concretionary masses like spherulites. After
discussing the chemical composition of these obsidian spherules, as known at that time,
he attributes the nodular and spherulitic forms to a process of segregation in the fused
mass which led to the separation of the parts richest in silica. He pointed out the
similarity between the phenomena exhibited by volcanic glasses and the devitrification of
artificial glass. Finally, Darwin compares his observations on the obsidian of Ascension
with those of Beudant in Hungary, of Von Humboldt in Mexico and Peru, and with
the descriptions by other geologists who had brought analogous facts to light in various
volcanic regions.
Having recalled Darwin's work on the obsidians of Ascension, we shall proceed
to give a lithological description of the specimens of this rock which we have
examined ; these came from Green Mountain. When the specimens are not weathered,
they present all the ordinary characters of obsidian, being black, vitreous, with a
brilliant lustre, conchoidal fracture, and transparent at the edges. They are often
cracked, the margins of the fissures appearing as white fines, and sometimes they are
slightly scoriaceous with a more irregular fracture. When weathered the surface becomes
greyish and earthy in appearance, and when the rocks decompose they sometimes
assume a waxy lustre like retinite. They are often veined with greenish or greyish
lines, and at other times finely zonary ; in this case they are seen by the naked eye to
be furrowed with little undulating parallel veins that stand out grey against the black
background of the rock. When zonary obsidian weathers, its conchoidal fracture is
obscured, and the fragments break along the zones. The only macroscopic constituent
is sanidine, which stands out from the ground-mass in vitreous grains, sometimes of
considerable size. Microscopic examination shows that all the obsidians of Ascension
are made up of a light brown vitreous matter, the colour of which becomes darker in
bands where microliths accumulate. Microporphyritic structure is somewhat rare, and
when seen it is always brought about by sections of sanidine. The glass is, however,
never homogeneous ; besides the elongated vesicles, often arranged in bands, there
are little lamellae of sanidine and minute prisms of augite1 scattered through the base.
1 Darwin points out (p. 55 he. cit.) that Miller determined as augite some fine green needles in the rocks of
Ascension associated with obsidian. The rocks yielding these microliths also contain, according to Miller, crystals of
quartz, which he measured and found possessed of the faces P, z, m, without a trace of r.
REPORT ON THE PETROLOGY OF OCEANIC ISLANDS. 51
These crystals are often infinitesimal, appearing as mere lines, which it would be
impossible to identify were it not that they merge by insensible gradations into well-
characterised crystals of these species. It is only by following the gradually
diminishing size of these minerals, step by step, from the augitic trachytes, in which
they are easily recognised, to the obsidians, that they can be determined in the latter
rocks.
Sanidine is, as we have said, the only constituent attaining any size. Sections of
this felspar cut parallel to the face M, and showing the traces of P, y, T, give positive
extinction. Carlsbad twins are sometimes seen, but never hemitropic striae ; the latter
observation holds good of the large crystals as well as of the numerous microscopic
sections of felspar in the ground-mass. These very minute colourless microliths are
probably also sanidine ; the mode of their development, their form, and their twinning
relate them to the larger crystals of these species. Only the faces P, y are usually
to be seen ; but in certain cases x is also represented. Like the larger specimens of
sanidine, these are tabular, extremely thin, and elongated following PJM. They are
often twinned according to the Carlsbad law, as we have already described in the case of
trachytic rocks. Two of these thin lamellse are often superimposed with oblique axes,
and this mode of composition recurs so persistently that there is no doubt of its being a
twin, although the extreme minuteness of the crystals makes it impossible to ascertain
the law. The felspathic crystals grow smaller as the vitreous ground-mass becomes more
developed, but they are always distinguishable from augite, being colourless, and
generally rather larger than those of pyroxene. The augite crystals never attain the
proportions of those of sanidine ; they are always prismatic, but with ill-defined margins ;
the colour is greenish, and the angle of extinction rises from 35° to 40°. This is also
the angle of extinction of the little microliths, but when these assume the form of
capillary lines, their optical properties cannot be observed, and their identity is only
arrived at by considering the transitional forms.
The obsidians are sometimes devitrified, and exhibit a finely granular texture ; some
of the vitreous rocks of the obsidian series show perlitic structure, and have the shining
appearance of pitchstone.
The following is an analysis of a specimen from Green Mountain, which presented
all the appearances of an unaltered volcanic glass. An early analysis by Murdoch ' is
given for comparison.
I. 1-0752 grammes of substance dried at 110°, and fused with sodium-potassium
carbonate, gave 07818 gramme of silica, 0'1376 of alumina, 0-0461 of ferric oxide,
0'0062 of lime, 0'0029 of magnesium pyrophosphate and traces of manganese.
II. 0-7699 gramme of substance treated with hydrofluoric acid gave 0"1415
gramme of sodium and potassium chlorides, and 0-1538 of potassium chloroplatinate.
1 Murdoch, Mil May., 1844, p. 495.
52
THE VOYAGE OF H.M.S. CHALLENGER.
III. 1"5307 grammes of substance, treated in a sealed tube with, hydrofluoric and
sulphuric acids, was titrated by a solution of potassium permanganate (1 c.c. = 0'005405
gramme ferrous oxide), of which 4-2 c.c. were required for oxidation.
IV. 1*2723 grammes of substance fused, by Sipocz' method, with sodium-potassium
carbonate, gave 0-0061 gramme of water.
Percentage Composition of the Specimen.
Silica, Si02, .
Alumina, A1203,
Ferric Oxide, Fe203,
Ferrous Oxide, FeO,
Manganese, .
Lime, CaO,
Magnesia, MgO,
Soda, Na20, .
Potash, K20, .
Water, H20, .
Element.
Murdoch.
72-71
70-97
12-80
6-77
2-64
6-24
1-48
...
traces
. • •
0-58
2-84
o-io
1-77
6-50 )
3-87 J
11-41
0-48
...
101-16
100-00
Transitions of Augitic Trachyte into Amphibolic Trachyte, Andesite,
and Ehyolite.
The Green Mountain contains a great many rocks transitional between augitic
trachyte and neighbouring lithological types.
We shall first consider amphibolic trachyte. This is a compact greenish grey rock,
in which crystals of sanidine may be discerned by the naked eye ; the surface is partly
covered with brilliant crystals of hornblende, to which reference will be made later.
The microscope reveals hornblende also amongst the essential constituents, which are
otherwise similar to those of augitic trachyte. The sections of hornblende show decided
pleochroism, the absorption being almost as intense as for biotite ; they are characterised by
the cleavage, but the planes of separation are not sharp ; on account of a slight deviation
in their direction, they appear as curved lines. Titanite may be noticed in the form
of inclusions in the amphibole. It seems very probable that free silica in the form of
quartz is a constituent of the ground-mass ; but, perhaps, this mineral is a secondary
product, as is very frequently the case in the rocks of Ascension, a great number of
which are silicified.
This rock shows a very interesting peculiarity which has been already observed,
particularly by Vom Eath, on some blocks ejected from Vesuvius. The whitened and
softened appearance of the specimen indicates that it has been subjected to the action
REPORT ON THE PETROLOGY OF OCEANIC ISLANDS. 53
of fumaroles. The altered surfaces are sown with extremely brilliant little black
crystals, standing out in relief, and never forming a part of the ground-mass on which
they are set. They are found in every hollow, but never on a freshly broken surface.
These crystals are never more than 1 or 2 millimetres long ; several individuals are often
united with the axes parallel ; often also they are hollow or present a skeleton-like
appearance. Microscopic examination shows that the dominant faces are oo P, which
are usually relatively well developed ; indications of oo P oo , co 5 oo , P, OP are also seen.
The angle of the prism mm measures 124° 30'. With the microscope a well-marked
cleavage following the faces of the prism may be made out, and when the crystals are
broken the very elongated prismatic solids of cleavage present the same angle of 124° ;
these little prisms have a maximum angle of extinction of about 15°. Although only
slightly transparent, the crystals show a perceptible pleochroism ; the light ray
vibrating parallel to c is of a more or less deep green, that perpendicular to this
direction being reddish green. These details prove beyond doubt that the crystals are
hornblende, and that they must have been formed by sublimation like their congeners
of Vesuvius, which, as described by Vom Path,1 are in every way similar. No true
amphibolic trachyte has been found amongst the specimens from Ascension. The rock
just described is only a transitional type, and the same may be said for the next speci-
men to be considered. This rock, from a quarry near Georgetown, is an augitic
trachyte passing into amphibolic andesite. To the naked eye it hardly differs from the
common trachyte of the island ; it has the same greyish colour, but is perhaps a little
more scoriaceous, as indicated by a certain roughness to the touch. The microscope
shows a ground-mass composed of microliths of felspar and minute corroded crystals of
hornblende, showing the characteristic cleavage, brownish green in colour and dichroic.
Small augites, extinguishing under a high angle, and with the usual appearance of this
mineral in the trachytes of the island, also occur, and magnetite is a somewhat frequent
constituent. Sanidine in large sections is the principal mineral constituent ; the
crystals, which have an undulating extinction and are corroded, occur in groups and
twins as described in the case of augitic trachytes. Finally, there are some finely
striated fragments of plagioclase, occasionally twinned according to the Carlsbad or
Baveno law. The presence of plagioclase indicates a transition from the series of
trachytes to that of andesites.
Pyroxenic trachyte passes in some cases into rocks in which the siliceous element is
isolated, and this forms a transition to rhyolite.
A specimen from Red Hill (?) is an example of this transition. It is bluish grey,
spotted with black, and contains lamellae of sanidine 3 or 4 millimetres long amongst a
compact crystalline ground -mass. ' This mineral appears arranged in parallel lines ;
indeed, only the large shining face of a cleavage plane, parallel to M, is to be seen there.
1 Miueralogische MittheiluDgen (JPogg. Ann., Ergiinzungsband vi., p. 198, 1871 )
54 THE VOYAGE OF H.M.S. CHALLENGER.
Thiii slices show a magma impregnated with quartz (perhaps of secondary origin), and
containing sections of felspar, augite, quartz, and biotite. The felspars are both sani-
dine and plagioclase ; these two felspars are to be seen in the same section, as is often
the case in transitional rocks such as that under consideration. The centre is, in these
cases, finely striated like an oligoclase or andesine, and surrounded by a zone in which
plagioclastic lamellae no longer appear. These lamella? in the nucleus extinguish at a
very low angle, which confirms the determination as a triclinic felspar approaching the
oligoclase series. The felspatnic microliths of the ground-mass are often Carlsbad
twins, and frequently appear almost rectangular in section. This leads to the con-
clusion that their prevailing form is determined by the lengthening of the edge PjM.
The crystals of augite present only indistinct or irregular outlines ; this mineral is
little, if at all, pleochroic. The biotite is in the form of corroded lamellae, which some-
times take a greenish tint, indicating an incipient alteration into chlorite. Some
colourless sections show the properties of quartz, giving the cross of monaxial crystals
in convergent light. This mineral is, very probably, also represented in the ground-
mass of the rock. It is noteworthy that all the older constituents, especially the
felspars, have been very much corroded, as if they had been subjected to the energetic
solvent action of an acid magma.
More distinctly rhyolitic rocks occur in Ascension, especially in the interior of the
crater-like orifice of Eiding School. A specimen of this type is compact — in some
places a little scoriaceous — with a nearly plane fracture, and of a brick-red colour. The
naked eye can only detect some crystals of felspar. The microscope shows that the red
colour is due to an amorphous powder of hematite, which has penetrated all the fissures
and vesicles of the rock. The colourless ground-mass is spherulitic and impregnated
with quartz ; large sections of sanidine appear in it. This mineral is crystallised in a
tabular form, sometimes in shortened prisms, and the Carlsbad twin is common. A
section in the zone P : M, in which cleavages corresponding to P and to the prism with
traces of T or I are clearly shown, has made it possible to measure the angle of extinc-
tion on M. It was found to be positive and 10°, which confirms the determination of the
felspar as sanidine. Some colourless homogeneous sections with irregular outlines must
be referred to quartz, as in convergent light they show the cross of monaxial crystals
and the usual properties of thin slices of that mineral. The presence of quartz as a
microporphyritic constituent leads us to refer to the same species certain much smaller
sections, which present the same appearance and the usual optical properties of this
mineral in parallel polarised light. These little sections are, as it were, drowned
in the ground-mass ; they are associated with numerous sharply defined felspathic
microliths. The ground-mass is thus essentially quartzose, and is characterised besides
by the presence of spherulites, which resemble pseudo-spherulites, the cross being
vaguely indicated, and its arms not at right angles. Probably this is a fibro-radial
REPORT ON THE PETROLOGY OF OCEANIC ISLANDS. 55
mixture of small microliths of felspar and quartz, such as is often observed in certain
porphyries and rhyolites. The pseudo-spherulites have a black opacpae centre, com-
posed of a reddish or greenish non-transparent material, which assumes a more or less
starlike form, and underlines the fibres of colourless minerals forming the radiated
aggregate. The dark substance of the spherulites may be related to certain rather rare
small pleochroic sections which possess some of the properties of hornblende or of
biotite. Perhaps hornblende, now decomposed, formed at one time an integral part of
the rock.
Rhyolitic tufas also occur in the island, but amongst the specimens of rocks
from Ascension which we have examined, only one belongs to this type. To the
naked eye it exhibits a number of bluish grey, zonary, slightly schistoid splinters,
embedded in a pretty homogeneous mass. Under the microscope the rock appears like
a breccia of volcanic fragments cemented by chalcedony, or, in some cases, by hyaline
quartz. The fragments are angular and irregular in form, as if crushed ; they are
essentially vitreous, and contain felspathic microliths, which are so minute that the
species cannot be established except in rare cases when microlithic plagioclases are
observable. The spherulitic structure, to be seen in certain cases, also confirms the
reference of these fragments to rhyolite. In the centre of the spherulites, or following
the radii, there is a black opaque substance like magnetite, trichitic rods of which may
be seen scattered through the whole ground-mass, and giving it a blackish tint. Like
a great many of the rocks of Ascension, this tufa contains scales of hematite. The
cement uniting the fragments is siliceous ; in polarised light one sees that the quartz
forms a brilliant mass of grains bordering and planted on the sides of the lapilli. These
grains fill up the gaps, and when the space is not quite filled up by them, it forms a
geode, in which crystals of quartz, with faces of the prism and pyramid, may be
distinguished.
Finally, we shall consider a tufaceous rock from Dry Water-Course. This tufa is
shown by the microscope to be composed of fragments of different kinds of rock, all
belonging, however, to types which are represented at Ascension. These splinters, or
lapilli, have been embedded in a more acid vitreous mass, showing fluidal structure and
of a yellowish colour, which, penetrating the interstices between the fragments,
corroded them. The large crystals of sanidine are rounded at the edges ; the augite
seems to have been entirely fused. Spherulites are visible in the vitreous substance ;
the silica has been subsequently infiltrated. There is enough quartz in the ground-
mass to justify the name of rhyolitic tufa which we apply to this rock, but there is
also silica of secondary origin, which has penetrated the crystals of felspar ; they
appear in polarised light as a mosaic of quartzose grains.
56 THE VOYAGE OF H.M.S. CHALLENGER.
Basaltic Rocks.
"VVe have said that almost the entire surface of Ascension is covered by streams of
black, scoriaceous, basaltic lava, through which the trachytic escarpments crop out.
According to Darwin,1 this lava is sometimes vesicular and at other times massive. It
is black in colour, and sometimes contains many crystals of felspar, olivine predomi-
nating in rare cases. The streams appear to have been not very fluid ; the lateral
walls are extremely steep, and attain a height of 20 or 30 feet. The surface is very
scoriaceous, and from a little distance it appears covered with small craters. These
mounds are heaps of scoriaceous lava of the same kind as that forming the mass of the
stream ; their form is more or less regularly conical, and they are traversed by fissures,
which give them a columnar appearance. These hillocks rise to 10 or 20 feet above the
stream, and Darwin attributes their formation to the accumulation of viscous lava at
points where some obstacle presented itself to the flow. At the base of these conical
heaps, and at other points on the stream, blocks of lava are to be seen, resembling
arches in appearance. Fantastic masses of scorise rise up over the whole surface,
occasionally, according to Darwin, presenting such an extraordinary appearance as
hardly to be distinguished from trunks of trees. Some of these lava-flows may be
traced to their point of origin at the base of the great trachytic mass, or to the isolated
conical hills of reddish rock situated in the north and west of the island. Darwin
counted twenty or thirty of these cones of eruption from the central eminence. Most
of them have their summits truncated obliquely, the steepest slope being on the south-
east side facing the prevailing wind, as Lesson2 points out. Hennah remarks, in addi-
tion,3 that in Ascension the most extensive beds of ashes are always found in the lee of
the wind.
This arrangement of the volcanic hillocks may be explained by taking account of
the fact, that during eruptions the incoherent products would be carried in the direction
to which the prevailing winds blew.
The basalts collected by the Challenger Expedition at Ascension are almost always
of the felspathic variety ; dolerites rarely occur.
Amongst the rocks of the type of ordinary basalt we may describe the specimens from
Eed Hill. They are completely penetrated with oxide of iron, and present a porphyritic
structure by reason of crystals and grains of plagioclase — attaining a maximum diameter
of a centimetre — embedded in a slightly vesicular ground-mass. Olivine is very rarely
seen, and augite more rarely still. Microscopically the rock is formed of a ground-mass in
which plagioclase microliths predominate, almost always twinned according to the Carlsbad
law, and associated with little crystals of augite. Larger sections of magnetite, augite,
1 Darwin, Geol. Obs., p. 3-4. 2 Lesson, Voyage de la " Coquille," p. 490.
3 Hennah, Proc. Geul. Soc. Zond., vol. ii., p. 189, 1835 ; cited by Darwin, he. cit., p. 35.
REPORT ON THE PETROLOGY OF OCEANIC ISLANDS.
57
Fio. 9. — Basalt of Red Hill.
Section of plagioclase perpendicular
to the edge P/M, with the traces of
two cleavages parallel P and M; on
the right, remains a part of an indi-
vidual twinned following the albite
law. A crossed nicols.
olivine, and triclinic felspar appear in this mass. The triclinic felspars are prismatic,
relatively very thick, and zonary. The zones are not numerous, as in the case of
andesine, for example, but usually consist only of a nucleus and an outer coating.
Extinctions of about 37° have been measured on sections parallel to h, which indicate
a plagioclastic mixture approaching bytownite. The cut
(fig. 9) shows a section of one of these felspars perpendicular
to the edge PjM. The traces of two cleavages parallel to P
and M are visible, and on the right there are the remains
of a twinned individual following the albite law, and almost
entirely removed by the process of polishing. The two
individuals extinguish symmetrically at 40°, which again
establishes the very basic nature of this plagioclase. This
section is instructive in exhibiting clearly the form of
the large felspars in the rock under consideration. The
felspar is often corroded or broken, and the fragments
scattered at a little distance from one another, separated by the ground-mass. It is
also apparent that certain sections have been subjected to pressure ; they present traces
of undulating extinction, which is particularly the case in the plagioclase represented in
the figure, where this extinction is indicated by the shade in the middle towards the
right margin. In other specimens of basalt the plagioclases have quite a simple
structure — as in the case just spoken of : they show the Carlsbad twin and one or two
hemitropic lamellae interposed, the somewhat small angles of extinction making them
approach labradorite.
Olivine appears in sharply defined sections. The decomposition of this mineral is
somewhat remarkable, as it changes into hematite with the simultaneous development
of trichites. Such an altered crystal with the curved and parallel lines of the trichites
invading the mineral is shown in fig. 10. Some-
times the little olivines of the ground-mass have
a quite pronounced prismatic form, which makes
it difficult to distinguish them from microlithic
augite. The augitic microliths are colourless like
olivine, but the sections of the latter are edged
with a zone of limonite which serves to distinguish
the species. There is little to say about the
large crystals of augite, which appear less often
in these specimens than is usual in basalts, the
commonest form in this case being microlithic.
These rocks have often a vesicular appearance when in thin slices, although they
seem perfectly massive when looked at with a lens. The vacuoles are generally due to
(PHTS. CHEM. CHALL. EXP. — PART VII. — 1889.) 8
Fig. 10.— Basalt of Bed Hill. Section of olivine
decomposed into hematite and filled with trichites.
jrj crossed nicols.
58 THE VOYAGE OF H.M.S. CHALLENGER.
the disappearance of sections of peridotite, which crumble and are swept away during
the polishing. The basalts of the island are often scoriaceous ; a basaltic lava from
Biding School which we have examined is particularly so : it is a reddish scoriae, very
alveolar and rough, and containing heterogeneous half-fused fragments.
The microscope shows a ground-mass of a very fine grain and pitted with pores.
Olivine and plagioclase appear in microporphyritic sections ; the former predominates
and is often fragmentary, although when the crystals are very small they are sharply
defined. Augite is found in the form of microliths in the ground-mass, which contains
very little vitreous matter. Little granules of hematite occur throughout the mass,
penetrating all the felspathic sections where they appear in zones.
Finally, there are basaltic rocks of the dolerite type. These are greyish, almost
saccharoid in texture, with pretty large grains ; plagioclase crystals are visible to the
naked eye, and the lens shows grains of augite between them. With the microscope it
is seen that these basalts do not possess what can, properly speaking, be termed a
ground-mass. The lamellae of plagioclase felspar are twinned according to the Carlsbad
and albite laws ; they are comparatively little striated, and thus resemble the felspars
of those basalts we have just described. The extinctions show that the plagioclase
approaches labradorite. The augite intercalated in the felspar lamellae occurs as greenish
violet grains associated with magnetite, the sections of which, generally irregular, are
surrounded with hematite. The olivine has corroded outlines, and is coloured red or
green by alteration. The greenish secondary matter is sometimes more or less fibrous ;
it is dichroic, and to a certain point resembles hornblende. This transformation into
amphibole would explain the oblique extinction which has been observed in olivine
sections that have undergone the same alteration.
Akdesites.
Certain rocks, much resembling basalts, which may be classed as andesites, are met
with in various parts of the island, particularly on Red Mountain.
Some specimens of andesite from Eed Mountain are bluish black or iron-grey in
colour, pretty compact, breaking with a plane fracture, and resembling basalt externally.
No constituent minerals can be detected by the naked eye. Other specimens of andesite
are more earthy ; they have a reddish colour, are impregnated with oxide of iron, and
surrounded by a rather thick crust of sublimed specular iron, which is often covered
with beautiful little crystals of the same mineral.1
Microscopic examination shows that this rock must be classed with the pyroxenic
1 The Island of Ascension is a well-known locality for fine crystals of hematite, which probably come from Red
Hill. Vom Rath found octahedral crystals of magnoferrite on a specimen of Ascension hematite. This association
indicates a formation by fumaroles (see Vom Rath, Zeitschr. d. dtutsch. geol. Geselkch., Bd. xxv\ p. 108, 1873).
REPORT ON THE PETROLOGY OF OCEANIC ISLANDS. 59
andesites ; but the pyroxenic mineral is bronzite. Plagioclastic microliths and little
reddish crystals of bronzite make up the ground-mass, and a good number of rather
large crystals of felspar also appear in it. At first sight these seem to be sanidine,
as they have the glassy appearance and the lines of fracture which one is accustomed
to consider as characteristic of this felspar ; but the homogeneity disappears with
polarised light, and the crystals are seen to be striated like plagioclase by the inter-
calation of a very large number of polysynthetic lamellae. Sometimes this felspar is
crystallised simultaneously according to the albite and Carlsbad laws. In certain cases
some individuals show a zonary structure. These extremely close striae recall similar
observations in sections of oligoclase and andesine, and this resemblance is confirmed
by the fact that the extinction in the felspar of this rock takes place at a very low
angle.
The mineral identified as bronzite is always altered, and the decomposition shows
itself by the deep red tint which clothes the sections. Sometimes crystals cut
perpendicular to the prism, show an octagonal form like that of augite sections. This
form is, however, equally characteristic of bronzite, to which the optical properties in
parallel light plainly refer the crystals, but their small size and the alteration of the
mineral makes an examination by convergent light impracticable. These prismatic
sections always extinguish following the length, and never show pleochroism. The
alteration of this mineral not only changed the colour, but in some sections part of the
substance has been eliminated, and greenish matter deposited in the hollows. The red
colour produced by alteration makes these little prisms resemble certain olivines, but
the outlines of the sections and the elongated form of the prism do not confirm this
supposition. This bronzite is rarely found in sufficiently large crystals to induce micro-
porphyritic structure, but occasionally some are of such a size, and in this case they are
often deeply indented. A very pronounced fluidal structure appears round the larger
crystals of bronzite. The mineral may be traced from the large sections, on which its
determination is based, to extremely small microliths in the ground-mass. It is by
analogy also that the minute crystals of plagioclase in the ground-mass are related to
the larger individuals of the same species, the microliths being sometimes so minute
that the polysynthetic lamellae can hardly be discerned. Finally, we majr mention
amongst the constituent minerals of this andesite large and irregular sections of
magnetic iron, which usually appear as skeleton crystals.
To andesite must be referred also the rock forming veins in the trachyte of the hill
known as " Crater of an old volcano." Darwin * thus describes the very numerous veins
in the earthy trachyte exposed on the sides of this mountain. The rock forming them
contains crystals of glassy felspar, some black microscopic grains, and small stains
of a dark tint. The ground-mass is very hard and compact, and the rock is more
1 Darwin, Geol. Obs., pp. 44-45.
60 THE VOYAGE OF H.M.S. CHALLENGER.
brittle and less fusible than the trachyte which encloses it. The veins vary much in
thickness, measuring sometimes only a tenth of an inch, at others exceeding an inch.
The surface is rough, and the veins are either horizontal or inclined at any angle ; they
are generally curvilinear, and cut each other. Being hard and compact, the veins do
not weather so quickly as the surrounding rock, and they frequently project for one or
two feet above the surface of the ground for several yards at a time. The rock com-
posing them is very sonorous, and vibrates when struck ; the fragments lying on
the ground clink like iron when thrown against each other. The shapes assumed
are sometimes singular ; Darwin observed a pedestal of earthy trachyte covered with
the veiny rock so as to resemble a parasol large enough to shade two persons. He
points out, in order to explain these facts, that the hill in question shows numerous
jasperoid and siliceous veins, indicating that in this region there is an abundant deposit
of silica. He admits that the rock differs from trachyte only in its greater hardness
and brittleness and its less fusibility, and that probably the veins originated from the
infiltration or segregation of silica much as oxide of iron accumulates in certain parts of
sedimentary rocks.
Amongst the specimens collected by Dr. Maclean there is a fragment labelled
" Piece of Clinkers," 1 of which the name and all the characters correspond to Darwin's
description of the veins of sonorous rock of the " Crater of an old volcano." This rock
is entirely penetrated with limonite ; it breaks in little plates 2 centimetres in diameter,
with an unequal surface, which scales off, is fusible with difficulty, and resounds when
struck. None of the constituents can be detected by the naked eye on account of the
complete impregnation with iron oxide.
Under the microscope the rock presents certain analogies to the basalts from its
structure, but the mineralogical composition shows it to belong to the pyroxenic
andesites. The ground-mass is made up of little entangled crystals of augite of a
nearly violet colour, with microliths of felspar and grains of magnetic iron. Embedded
in this there are pretty large crystals of felspar and augite. The vitreous base, so
common in andesites, is wanting ; but, on the other hand, there is no trace of olivine,
so that in spite of the basaltic appearance when under the microscope the rock is rather
a transition to andesite. An examination of the felspar contained in it leads to the
same conclusion. This mineral is twinned according to the albite and pericline laws, and
sometimes after the Baveno type. Sections cut parallel to M show a more basic central
nucleus, which extinguishes at —7°. They are bounded by a colourless zone, hence
the plagioclase is probably -an andesine, not a labradorite or bytownite. We know that
andesine is almost never the felspar of basalt, and recent optical researches go to con-
firm the opinion of the older lithologists, who considered it characteristic of andesites.
Some sections twinned according to the albite law have extinctions of which the
1 AccordiDg to the label this specimen comes from Southwest Bay.
REPORT ON THE PETROLOGY OF OCEANIC ISLANDS.
61
double angle hardly exceeds 10° as a mean. We have just said that several of the
plagioclase crystals showed a zonary arrangement : the interior zones have more faces
than those on the periphery. This fact seems to indicate that the plagioclastic mixture
was modified during the growth of the crystal. The largest crystals of augite are
greenish, as is generally the case in pyroxenic andesites ; they are sometimes twinned
according to the ordinary law, and the mineral here presents a very pronounced prismatic
form. The augite is generally altered and coloured brownish yellow by iron. The
little microliths of plagioclase in the ground-mass are, like their larger congeners, usually
twinned according to the aibite law, and related by their extinction — which takes place
at very small angles — to the microporphyritic plagioclases.
The examination of another specimen of pyroxenic andesite has enabled us to make
observations which confirm what has just been said. As in the preceding specimen,
the microscope showed the ground-mass to be composed of an accumulation of plagio-
clastic and augitic microliths and small sections of magnetite. In this mass there were
large plagioclases, some of which gave good opportunities for studying their characters ;
others, on the other hand, formed irregular grains composed of colourless granules, as if
the crystals had been crushed ; and others were much corroded by the action of the
magma, presenting curves and sinuosities in outline in place of the right lines of
crystalline faces. This corrosion has been followed by a deposit of inclusions, surround-
ing the nucleus which has resisted solution. After the corrosion and deposit of
inclusions a fresh deposit of plagioclastic substance, of a more basic character than that
Fig. 11.— Andesite of Ascension. Sections of plagioclase corroded by the magma, with a zone of small scales
of hematite ; the external felspathic zone is labradorite, the internal part of the plagioclase is more acid, the
extinctions of which are those of andesine. JB crossed nicols.
forming the nucleus, took place. Indeed this very thin external zone, which closely
follows all the contours of the primitive crystal, extinguishes at an angle of about 16°
62 THE VOYAGE OF H.M.S. CHALLENGER.
(the angle of some labradorites) in sections parallel to M, and the internal part at an
angle of 10°. Sections perpendicular to the edge PjM extinguish at 20° for the central
part, and at 30° for the outer zone. These observations confirm our previous statements,
that the central crystal is andesine, the enveloping pellicle labradorite (see fig. 11). We
may add that many of the crystals, even the microliths of the ground-mass, show the
Carlsbad twin. The smallest plagioclastic microliths have the extinction of labradorite,
the second generation of felspar is then more basic than the first.
Ejected Fragments of Amphibolic Granite, Granitite, Diabase, and Gabbro.
Darwin 1 observed heterogeneous fragments of rocks included in the scoriaceous
volcanic masses of Green Mountain, and his description of these may be recalled here.
Nearly all the specimens had a granitic structure ; they crumbled readily, were rough
to the touch, and their original colour was altered. Darwin classed these fragments,
and grouped them as follows : —
1. A whitish syenitic rock, striped and spotted with red markings. Felspar is well
cr3Tstallised, and numerous small brilliant grains and crystals of quartz are visible. The
felspar and hornblende were determined by means of the reflecting goniometer, and the
former mineral appeared from its cleavages to belong to a potash felspar. The quartz
was determined by the blowpipe.
2. A fragment of a brick-red colour, composed of felspar, quartz, and dark particles
of an altered mineral, which appears from its cleavages to be hornblende.
3. A mass of whitish felspar crystallised in a confused manner and containing small
cavities filled with a decayed mineral, dark in colour, with rounded edges, shining
fracture, but no definite cleavage plane. Comparison with the preceding specimen
justifies the conclusion that it is fused hornblende.
4. A rock which appears like an aggregation of large crystals of dark-coloured
labradorite, amongst which granules of whitish felspar, numerous micaceous lamellae,
and altered hornblende are found, but quartz is absent.
Darwin states also that he picked up at another point a conglomerate containing
small fragments of granite, of cellular or jasper-like rocks, and of porphyry, enclosed in a
wacke traversed by many fine threads of concretionary pitchstone passing into obsidian.
These beds are parallel, gently undulating ; they continue for only a short distance,
thinning out at the extremities like the lenticular enclosures of quartz in gneiss. He
adds that it is possible that these fragments were not thrown out separately by the
volcano, but that they were brought to light enclosed in a fluid mass resembling
liquid obsidian.
Amongst the specimens we have examined there are several which may be referred
1 Darwin, Geol. Obs., pp. 40-42.
REPORT ON THE PETROLOGY OF OCEANIC ISLANDS.
63
to crystalline rocks of the ancient type, and which have, as Darwin states, been torn up
from the depths by eruptions of basalt or trachyte. We shall describe them in detail,
commencing with those from Green Mountain, the locality of Darwin's specimens just
described.
Amphibolic granites occur amongst the fragments brought to light by recent volcanic
masses. They resemble the granitic rocks we shall describe as enclosed in the augitic
andesites of Camiguin. The specimens are rather brittle, and are composed of vitreous-
looking grains. The felspathic mass is milk-white, dotted with the projecting black
points of little crystals of hornblende, which also line the walls of small geodes. To
the naked eye the rock presents the fritted appearance we will describe in speaking
of the granitic inclusions in the volcanic rocks of Camiguin. Under the microscope the
texture is distinctly granitoid ; numerous felspathic sections may be observed, and a few
of hornblende and quartz. The sections of felspar are often twinned according to
the Carlsbad law. The intercalation of plagioclastic lamellae, which do not fail to
appear in triclinic felspars, is not observable. The sections, however, do not show
the homogeneity of ordinary sections of orthoclase ; those parallel to the face M
are furrowed with little veins slightly expanded in the middle. These short veinules
are ranged in lines in the direction of the prismatic cleavage. On measuring the
angles of extinction on a section parallel to M, it is found that the principal individual
(that in which the veinules are imbedded) extinguishes at + 5°, the value of extinction
for orthoclase on this face. The spindle-shaped veinules, on the contrary, have an
extinction of the same sign, but much greater, the angle attaining 18°, the extinction
of albite. We may conclude that this fel-
spar is orthoclase, including fine lamellae of
albite (see fig. 12). This determination as micro-
perthite is again confirmed by the fact that we
have never been able to detect in any of the
felspathic sections the intercrossed lamellae of
microcline. The innumerable gas enclosures with
which the sections are riddled, giving a scorified
appearance to the mineral, seem to characterise
this felspar, and perhaps to indicate the high
temperature to which it was exposed during its
transport by the molten lava. With the excep-
tion of this the sections of felspar show only very
slight traces of modification. Hornblende presents itself in irregular sections
are very pleochroic :
Fig. 12. — Amphibolic granite. Section of orthoclase
with veinules of albite ranged in lines following the
prismatic cleavage (microperthite). fe crossed nicols.
They
almost black.
y >
dark green.
brownish yellow.
64 THE VOYAGE OF H.M.S. CHALLENGER.
Were it not that there are certain sections showing the characteristic cleavages of horn-
blende to guide us, we might hesitate in some cases to classify these green sections with
this species. Sometimes they may almost be mistaken for indented plates of mica ; in
other cases, when they are not lamellated, they are more like a mineral of the clintonite
group ; but the cleavages are certainly those of hornblende. Quartz has crystallised
last. The sections of this mineral are cracked in a remarkable way, each forming a
true breccia, the fragments of which are surrounded by a black border. The cracking
conveys the idea that the mineral has been splintered by the action of heat. Another
peculiarity of the quartz in this granite is the number and size of its inclusions. They
are relatively very large, often presenting the form of a negative crystal, containing
gas-bubbles and a liquid ; sometimes they contain some small well-known cubic crystals.
In this respect we may compare the inclusions with those of quartz in the rocks of
Laurwig. Enclosed minerals are rarely found in these quartz sections ; we may, how-
ever, mention fine needles of schorl occurring as inclusions. Finally, amongst the
constituent minerals there are small sections of somewhat irregular form which, from
the index of refraction, the colours with polarised light, and extinction, seem to be
zircon.
Another fragment from the same locality is referable to granitite ; it appears to the
naked eye with the texture of a porphyritic granite, and the shining crystals of orthoclase
may attain 2 or 3 centimetres in diameter. Black mica appears scattered through the
ground-mass, giving it a slightly gneissose structure. As in the case previously given,
the large felspathic sections are microperthite ; sections of micropegmatite are occasion-
ally found, and more rarely the felspathic element is plagioclase, which presents at the
same time the twin of albite and that of pericline. The black mica is very dark biotite,
which often forms little nests, or the lamellae are intercalated between the various
constituents. Zircon sometimes occurs included in quartz, the crystals being compara-
tively large.
We shall now describe another rock resembling that last treated of in some respects,
although the black mica is not so abundant. The texture is granitic, but the
specimen is much altered, being entirely penetrated by iron oxide, which gives it a
reddish colour. The naked eye can only distinguish felspar with rather bright cleavage
faces. The rock, so far as one can examine it with the microscope, is impregnated with
hematite, which has infiltrated into all the interstices and cleavages, and appears in
isolated scales of indistinctly hexagonal outline. Felspar is represented by orthoclase
and plagioclase. The orthoclase has often crystallised as a Carlsbad twin, but the
plane of composition seems to be h in place of M. The plagioclases present no feature
which is not common to the monoclinic felspar with which they are associated ; the
sections are riddled with gaseous and vitreous inclusions. The constancy with which
these inclusions occur in the felspar of all those rocks that have been carried along by
REPORT ON THE PETROLOGY OF OCEANIC ISLANDS. 65
lava, seems to show that igneous action has had something to do with the development
of the inclusions. The form of the grains into which the quartz sections are divided
shows clearly that the parts belong to one large individual. The cause just invoked to
account for what may perhaps be termed the scorification of the felspar probably
produced this cracking of the quartz. Sections of micropegmatite are less common than
in the granitite previously described, but they sometimes appear. Besides the rare
scales of biotite, there are some small crystals of hornblende ; these are almost colour-
less, but some sections with the characteristic cleavage show incontestably that they
are amphibolic.
Other specimens of older rocks from Green Mountain must be classed with diabase,
although, as we shall see, the micro-structure is not altogether identical with that of
rocks of this type. These fragments are very much altered, and easily crumble down.
The naked eye distinguishes felspar, biotite, and a granitoid structure. The microscope
shows that the rock is formed of an aggregate of plagioclastic lamella?, augite, and
biotite, with hornblende as an accidental constituent. The triclinic felspar shows
extinctions which lead one to believe it to be labradorite. The auaite shows itself in
excessively broken-up sections, formed of an accumulation of irregular granules. The
grains of augite do not appear to result from fractures along the lines of cleavage ; the
mass rather resembles a crushed crystal. Fibrous hornblende appears between the
grains, and shows itself most clearly at the extremities of the pyroxenic sections, where
it may be seen to pass into black mica. The augite is greenish in colour, and more like
that of diorite than of diabase. The lamellae of biotite are often twinned, the limit of
the twin being parallel to the lamellae ; the composition plane is probably the pinacoid
OP. Grains of augite sometimes appear associated with biotite ; in this case it is not
uncommon for the former to be oriented with the vertical axis parallel to the lamellae
of this mica. Hornblende, which is rather rare in the preparations, is only distinguish-
able from biotite in ordinary Ught by its structure, and by a decided prismatic cleavage.
Sometimes, when this mineral borders augite, it is fibrous. Finally, we note the
transparent prismatic crystals of a mineral which appears grey from the number of
inclusions it contains. It would be classed as cordierite if its colours with polarised
light were a little more vivid ; perhaps it is an altered felspar.
At Eed Hill, as at Green Mountain, fragments of old rocks are found which have
been brought up by recent eruptions. The specimens from Red Hill may be classed
with the gabbros, and microscopic examination shows them to be olivine gabbros. The
rock has to the naked eye a granitoid texture ; in colour it is reddish, being impregnated
with limonite. Triclinic felspar is distributed through the mass in the form of grains,
and is intimately associated with a pyroxenic mineral. The elements of this rock
measure about 5 millimetres in diameter.
(FHYS. CHEJI. CHALL. EXP. — PART VII. — 1889.) 9
66
THE VOYAGE OF H.M.S. CHALLENGER.
Under the microscope the structure of olivine gabbro is brought out. Elongated
lamellse of plagioclase, containing between them sections of augite moulded on the
associated elements, do not appear here ; the felspar is in large sections of irregular
outline, in very rare cases assuming a form more or less resembling a parallelogram.
The symmetrical extinctions, measured on sections more or less nearly parallel to the
face h, give values of from 36° to 40° on each side of the albitic lamellse. These
extinctions have been measured on sections showing at the same time lamellse of albite
and of pericline crossing at an angle of about 80°, the sections being thus sensibly
parallel to k For sections of the zone P : k, which give symmetrical extinction, the
ano-le only varies from 12° to 20° on the average. These values indicate in each case a
very basic felspar, almost a mixture of bytownite and anorthite. This determination
ao-rees both with the form this felspar assumes here and with the nature of the rock in
which it occurs. It is known that the plagioclase of the Neurode gabbro, for instance,
is anorthite.
Plagioclase isolated from the rock has been analysed by Dr. Element, with the
following result : —
I. T2166 grammes of the substance dried at 110°C, and fused with the carbonates
of soda and potash, gave 0'6203 gramme of silica, 0'3708 of alumina, 0'0134 of ferric
oxide, 0'1751 of lime, and 0-0030 of magnesium pyrophosphate.
II. 0-5398 gramme of the substance treated with hydrofluoric acid gave 0-0405
gramme of potassium and sodium chlorides, and 0-0058 of potassium chloroplatinate.
Percentage Composition.
Silica, SiO„, .
. 50-99
Alumina, A1203, .
. 30-48
Ferric oxide, Fe203,
1-10
Lime, CaO, .
. 14-39
Magnesia, MgO, .
0-09
Soda, Na20, .
3-80
Potash, K20,
0-21
101-06
The results of analysis given above confirm the optical determination. The mixture, in
fact, corresponds in composition to 30 per cent, of albite and 70 per cent, of anorthite,
which is —
Silica, Si02, 50-68
Alumina, A1203, 31-73
Lime, CaO, 14-05
Soda, Na20, 3-54
100-00
REPORT ON THE PETROLOGY OF OCEANIC ISLANDS. 67
The sections of olivine are much altered on the edges ; they are sometimes trans-
formed into red hematite, and trichites penetrate them in every direction. That the
trichites are of secondary formation is made evident by the fact that they are
developed in the interstices between fissures, and sometimes follow the curves marked
out by the latter.
Augite is often lamellated as it appears in some diabases. The lamella? are pro-
duced by the repetition of twinned individuals interposed parallel to the pinacoid
oo P oo . The nature of this mineral confirms our determination of the rock. The
absence of cleavage in these pyroxene sections is striking — they are rarely furrowed
by the regular fractures so common in this species, but this peculiarity may be due
to the unusual thickness of the microscopic preparation submitted to examination.
Another specimen of a similar rock contains a very basic plagioclase, as in the
preceding case, and also greenish augite, but there is no olivine, its place being taken
by some rare sections of a rhombic mineral. These might be mistaken for olivine by
ordinary and by parallel polarised light. The sections are colourless, but brilliantly
coloured in polarised light ; they stand out in high relief, the outlines being blunted
and the surface shagreened. They are, however, distinguishable from olivine by the
presence of extremely fine black linear inclusions, running parallel to each other and
to the length of the sections, and sometimes assuming the form of negative crystals.
Extinction takes place parallel and perpendicular to these inclusions and to the traces
of faces of the zone of the prisms. In convergent light it becomes apparent that this
mineral should be classed with the rhombic pyroxenes, such as enstatite. The deter-
mination as enstatite is confirmed by the use of the condenser, which enables one to
distinguish an eccentric optical axis so situated as to show that the plane of the axes is
parallel to oo P .
Veins and Siliceous Infiltrations.
In his geological description of Ascension, Darwin ' calls attention to the numerous
veins of siliceous material which cut through the rocks of the " Crater of an old volcano."
These veins he described as white, composed of a material with low specific gravity and
conchoidal fracture. The colour sometimes becomes reddish ; in other cases it is
yellowish white and the fracture angular, while a whitish powder fills the cavities.
Both varieties occur as amorphous masses in the altered trachyte, or as wide irregular
veins coloured red and running vertically or in a tortuous manner. This rock, which
resembles sandstone in appearance, is nothing but an altered trachyte. Jasper of an
ochreous colour is found in large masses, and occasionally in the form of veins enclosed
in altered trachyte, or in scoriaceous basalt. The cavities of the latter rock are lined
1 DarwiD, Geol. Obs., p. 45.
G8 THE VOYAGE OF H.M.S. CHALLENGER.
or entirely filled by concentric layers of chalcedony coloured red by ferric oxide.
Irregular angular grains of red jasper, with an outline gradually becoming less definite
and passing into the surrounding mass, are found in the most compact parts of the
same rock ; there are also other grains which hold a position intermediate between
jasper and decomposed iron-coloured basalt. The jasperoid portions contain circular
cavities of exactly the same form as those occurring in scoriaceous basalt. Darwin
explains these facts by supposing a siliceous solution to have penetrated the rock after
the elimination of certain altered constituents. This interpretation appears very
natural, but with the specimens at our disposal, it would be rather difficult to
judge of its applicability ; we would require to see many more specimens than those
we have studied. With reference to these siliceous deposits, Darwin recalled the
frequency with which a similar action occurred amongst the altered trachytic tufas.
Amongst the specimens collected by the Challenger, we have only found a few
fragments showing the siliceous infiltration to which reference has been made. Some
rocks from Riding School, and from the plain at the foot of Red Hill, show silicifica-
tion well. In proportion as silica develops in the rocks, the characters of the con-
stituent minerals become obscured, and various modifications of silicic acid invade the
ground-mass.
One of the rocks from Red Hill is a true siliceous tufa, in which the original
constituents can hardly be distinguished. The rock is yellowish white to the naked
eye, decayed, so hard that steel will not scratch it, and milky fragments of quartz break
off from the mass. Under the microscope the ground-mass is seen to be nothing but
an aggregate of minute quartzy grains firmly compacted together. They are angular
and colourless, and behave between crossed nicols like the basis of certain quartziferous
porphyries.
A volcanic glass almost entirely converted into silica is found at Riding School.
This rock is like a eurite, whitish in colour, very hard, homogeneous in texture, and has
a slightly scaly fracture. Microscopic preparations show a slightly vesicular vitreous
ground-mass. Chalcedony has formed in the pores and interstices of this glass, and in
some places the rock seems impregnated with imbricated crystals of tridymite.
Siliceous Deposits of Organic Origin.
The wide circular hollow, about half a mile in diameter, which surmounts the
" Crater of an old volcano," is not a crater according to Darwin.1 The hollow is almost
filled with many-coloured layers of scoriae, cinders, and incoherent volcanic products.
The general appearance of the beds is saucer-shaped. They are all visible at the edge
of the hollow, where they show as a succession of variously-tinted rings, giving a
1 Geol. Obs., pp. 47-49.
REPORT ON THE PETROLOGY OF OCEANIC ISLANDS. 69
singular character to this eminence. The outer ring is large, distinguished by its white
colour and its resemblance to a racecourse, — hence the name of Devil's Eiding School.
According to Darwin these beds of ashes must have covered the whole region formerly,
but they have been dispersed by wind — those which had fallen into the hollow on
the summit were sheltered, and became to a certain extent cemented and consolidated
by rain. One of the beds has a rosy colour, and is formed essentially of small frag-
ments of pumice. It contains numerous concretions, which are spherical and vary
from half an inch to three inches in diameter ; sometimes they are cylindrical, like
the concretions of pyrites in the chalk. These concretions are formed of six or
eight clearly-defined concentric layers, separated by colourless zones, and surrounding
a nucleus which appears to be homogeneous. The central part is often traversed by
fissures bike those of septaria ; these are bordered by black veinules, which sometimes
assume a metallic aspect, or by white patches. Amongst the largest concretions, some
were found which simply formed a spherical shell full of incoherent volcanic ashes.
These concretions contain only a small proportion of calcium carbonate. Before the
blow-pipe a fragment crepitates, whitens, fuses into a frothy enamel, but does not
become caustic. The mass enclosing the nodules contains no trace of calcium carbonate.
Darwin adds that he never met with a description of similar nodules, and what
rendered them the more remarkable, in his estimation, was their hardness and com-
pactness, which must have been acquired under the influence of atmospheric water
alone.
So far, with regard to these concretions, we have only cited Darwin, whose descrip-
tion corresponds very exactly with the facts he observed. At the time of publishing
his book on Volcanic Islands, he considered these spheroidal concretions, and the
material with which they were associated, as exclusively made up of incoherent
volcanic products. After his voyage he submitted a specimen of the concretions to
Ehrenberg. Microscopic examination showed that it did not present the characters
of ordinary volcanic ashes, but that the rock was only an accumulation of particles
of organic origin. According to Ehrenberg, these particles are not very much modified,
although they no longer contain any compounds of carbon. He attributed the
elimination of these bodies to the action of heat. He did not admit that these
organisms periodically accumulated in the hollow, as it would be necessary to suppose
if they lived where their remains were discovered. The whole mass was apparently
formed of organic debris, and Ehrenberg observed 30 species of siliceous organisms
in the deposit. He even considered the more or less amorphous matter which is
associated with the particles as being exclusively composed of this siliceous debris
in a state of dust. These organisms all belong to fresh-water forms, the greater
number of small siliceous particles being derived from grasses. It is very remark-
able that no marine forms have been discovered on this island. In concluding his
70 THE VOYAGE OF H.M.S. CHALLENGER.
paper, Ehrenberg rejects the idea that this deposit is the residue of the vegetation of
the island.1
Darwin in his Voyage of a Naturalist modified his first explanation of this deposit,
and stated the results of Ehrenberg's examination. After mentioning that Ehrenberg
considers this siliceous matter to have been ejected in its present state from the
volcano, he states that the appearance of the layers has led him to believe that they
were deposited under water, and considering the extreme dryness of the climate, he
has been compelled to suppose that torrents of rain had probably accompanied some
great eruption, and that a temporary lake was thus formed in which the ashes were
laid down. Perhaps one might now be justified in supposing that the lake was not
temporary. Although it were so, we may be quite sure that at some earlier period
the climate and productions of Ascension were quite different from what they are
now.
The specimens of white earth and the concretions from the Devil's Eiding School,
which we have examined, correspond with Darwin's macroscopic description, and, in
general, with what Ehrenberg said of their microscopic constitution. Amongst the
specimens we have studied three varieties occur ; two of these are concretionary, and
both pass into the third by insensible gradations. The common variety is a pul-
verulent earthy rock, soiling the fingers, and to the touch resembling mealy diatomace-
ous earth ; the colour is yellowish white, inclining to pink. This variety is associated
with the spherical concretions of which Darwin speaks ; these are embedded in the
mealy mass. The nodules we have examined are from 1 to 3 centimetres in diameter.
They are built up of concentric zones sometimes with radial fissures ; spherical coat-
ings easily peel off, but the central part is more compact. Two nodules are sometimes
joined ; in other cases they bear the marks of small depressions. Except for their
rather large size, analogies are not wanting with certain pisoliths or globular forms
sometimes assumed by volcanic ashes. These globules are not generally very coherent,
but the third variety differs in this respect. In it the concretions are more irregular,
assuming discoidal, cylindrical, even coral-like forms ; the surface alone is earthy, the
internal part being compact, and so hard that steel will hardly scratch it. All the
particles which make up the interior zones are strongly cemented, and coloured brown
by iron. We may add that some of these nodules bear a great resemblance to some
flint concretions of the chalk. A summary analysis showed that the material contained
about 87 per cent, of silica, and that the loss by heating was 6 per cent.
The various forms of this siliceous substance have the same microscopic composi-
1 Ehrenberg, Ueber eineu bedeutenden Infusorien haltenden vulkanischen Aschen Tuff (Pyrobiolith) auf der
Insel Ascension (Bcrichte d. k. Akad. d. Wiss. Berlin, 1845, p. 140). Taking account of the name (Pyrobiolith) which
Ehrenberg gives to the deposit, and the conclusions he expresses in his memoir on the infusorian volcanic tufas of the
Rhenan country (Joe. cit., Bd. vi. p. 133), it is evident that he considers these deposits as of internal origin, and brought
to their present position by eruptions.
REPORT ON THE PETROLOGY OF OCEANIC ISLANDS. 71
tion. The dust of the earthy variety, and the slices of the concretionary, are filled
with elongated colourless forms, more or less rounded, and slightly curved ; these are
undoubtedly organic and siliceous ; they are the debris of the organisms which Ehren-
berg discovered and determined. These particles are enclosed in a pale yellowish
isotropic matrix without definite outline. When this opaline ground-mass is more
coherent, one sees that the rods and colourless organic forms appear as partly dis-
solved ; the ground-mass is more homogeneous, and the interstices are lined with
microscopic grains of quartz. Splinters of glass, lapilli, or minerals of volcanic origin
are rarely seen.
Ehrenberg's explanation does not seem to apply here ; there is nothing to indicate
an eruptive origin for the siliceous earth and its nodules. It seems more reasonable
and more probable to admit that the cavity containing the deposit in question was
formerly a crater-lake, in which the remains of fresh-water organisms accumulated ;
part of the constituent silica was dissolved, perhaps under the influence of thermal
springs, and cemented the particles which in aggregating took in some cases the form
of nodules.
Calcareous Eocks Forming on the Coasts.
Darwin describes calcareous rocks in process of formation at several points on the
coast of the island.1 The shore is covered with immense numbers of minute rounded
particles of shells and coral, white, yellow, and red in colour, mixed with rounded
volcanic minerals and splinters. At a depth of some feet the particles are cemented,
and form a compact rock, the softest kind of which is used for building, while some
varieties are too hard for this purpose. One of these calcareous masses was observed
divided into horizontal layers half an inch thick ; it gave a ringing sound like flint
under the hammer. The people of the island believe that one year suffices to cement
the calcareous sand into stone. The sand is united by a calcareous cement, and one
can always observe, even in the most compact varieties, a zone of crystalline calcite
around every fragment of shell and each volcanic grain. Lyell 2 states that turtles'
eggs deposited in this calcareous and volcanic sand are sometimes subjected to the
same process, and are found enclosed in the mass. He has figured some eggs contain-
ing the bones of young turtles that were included in this way in these recent calcareous
rocks. Darwin treated a specimen of the rock of specific gravity 2'63 with acid,
and found that it dissolved entirely with the exception of a little flocculent organic
matter.
A great accumulation of calcareous particles takes place annually on the shore near
1 Darwin, Geol. Obs., pp. 49, 50.
2 Lyell, Principles of Geology, Book III. chap, xvii., as cited by Darwin ; in Lyell's edition of 1872, see vol. ii.
chap, xlyiii p. 581.
72 THE VOYAGE OF H.M.S. CHALLENGER.
the Residence in the beginning of October, the sand being driven towards the south-
west. According to Lieutenant Evans, this is accounted for by a change in the pre-
vailing direction of the currents. During this period the rocks exposed to the tide on
the south-west are gradually covered by a calcareous incrustation, the thickness of
which may attain half an inch. This coating adheres strongly to the rock, is white
in colour, and at some points laminated, but after the lapse of a certain time it dis-
appears ; perhaps it is re-dissolved by the sea water, perhaps worn away by the waves.
Lieutenant Evans, who communicated these observations to Darwin, had had oppor-
tunities of studying the phenomena during six years which he spent at Ascension.
The thickness of the layer varied from year to year; in 1831 it was exceptionally
great. When Darwin landed in June 1839, he could only see it at one point above a
basaltic rock from which the quarrymen had raised a block of limestone. On taking
into account the position of the rocks exposed to the tide, and the period at which
they are covered with the calcareous coating, one comes to the conclusion that
the sea water, continuously in contact with the particles of broken shells on the
beach, takes up an excess of calcium carbonate, and then on evaporation deposits
it upon the rocks over which the waves wash. According to information given to
Darwin by Lieutenant Holland, this incrustation is found on the rocks of the coast
in several parts of the island.1 The formation of this deposit must be explained by
the solvent action of sea water on the shelly formations of the shore, and the rapid
evaporation of the water.
The specimens of these oolitic rocks which we have examined come from the west
coast, and vary greatly in coherence. Some are scarcely compact, the fragments of
shells and minerals being simply brought together without the aid of calcareous
cement ; others are massive, very coherent, and hard, showing a compact ground-mass
in which the naked eye can detect the pink or white organic particles mixed with
black volcanic grains.
Microscopic observation shows that the fragments cemented together by calcareous
matter are all perfectly rounded, the elliptical form sometimes prevailing. They are
composed of the remains of shells and other organic debris, and are distinguished from
1 Besides this deposit and the rocks formed of shell fragments, Darwin describes a calcareous incrustation
presenting a special structure. It also covers volcanic rocks exposed to the tide. We have found nothing amongst
the specimens to correspond to the description and figure he gives in his book on Volcanic Islands, p. 51. We
refer to the passage where the author enters into very precise details on the subject of this layer, the form of
which closely resembled an organic structure. He considers it due to the same cause as the cemented limestone and
incrustations of the coast. In the analysis he made of the concrelionary inciustation of Ascension, calcium sulphate
was found ; this might come from evaporated sea water. He adverts to Dr. Webster's description (Voyage of the
" Chanticleer," vol. ii. p. 319) of beds of gypsum and salt, 2 feet thick, on rocks exposed to the prevailing wind.
Fine gypsum stalactites, resembling those of carbonate of lime, may be seen there. In the caves of the centre of the
island amorphous masses of gypsum are found, and in an old crater on Cross Hill the salt appears traversing the
scorise. In this case Darwin considers the sea salt and gypsum as of volcanic origin (see Darwin, Geol. Obs., p. 53,
footnote).
REPORT ON THE PETROLOGY OF OCEANIC ISLANDS. 73
the calcite cementing them, by their internal structure, semi-opacity, and greyish tint.
The internal structure of the fragments is generally well preserved ; sometimes they
present a spathic cleavage, and at others the calcium carbonate composing them is very
fibrous. Yet, as examination in convergent light shows, it is impossible to refer these
fibrous sections to aragonite. With the condenser, one arm of the cross of monaxial
crystals may be seen. The rolled fragments of inorganic origin cemented together with
the shell sand are the debris of volcanic minerals or rocks. The latter are most
frequently represented by rounded spangles of plagioclastic felspar, often by grains of
olivine, but augite is rather rare. The lapilli, or rolled fragments of rocks, belong
generally to the family of basalts. They are scoriaceous, often vitreous, and trans-
formed into palagonite with vesicles lined with zeolites. Boiled fragments of traehytic
rocks rarely occur in this limestone ; this may be accounted for by the fact that basalt
chiefly occurs on this side of Ascension. The rocks and minerals enclosed in the calcite
are all somewhat profoundly altered. The substance cementing these heterogenous frag-
ments is always calcium carbonate, perfectly transparent and fibrous ; this distinguishes
it at the first glance from the included shell-particles. The fibres are so fine that it
is impossible by optical means to determine whether they are calcite or aragonite ; the
polarisation colours and the irisation are the same as for calcite. The calcareous coat
which envelops each of the rolled grains is sometimes fibro-radiated, the fibres spread-
ing from one grain to the sides of the zone surrounding the contiguous fragments.
The calcareous matter sometimes does not fill all the interstices, and the resulting
little geodes, sometimes of triangular form, bristle with a fine lacework of rod-shaped
crystals of calcium carbonate.
In conclusion, something must be said about a shining coating of calcium phos-
phate which clothes some of the rocks of Ascension. In his description of the rocks of
St. Paul, Darwin drew attention to an enamel coating which covered the cliffs of that
islet. We have described and analysed the material which Darwin found at St. Paul's
Rocks, and compared it with the substance coating the rocks of Ascension. Darwin,
describing this glossy incrustation, says : " Extensive portions of these rocks are
coated by a layer of a glossy polished substance, with a pearly lustre and of a
greyish - white colour ; it follows all the inequalities of the surface, to which it
is firmly attached. When examined with a lens, it is found to consist of numerous
exceedingly thin layers, their aggregate thickness being about the tenth of an inch. It
is considerably harder than calcareous spar, but can be scratched with a knife ; under
the blowpipe it scales off, decrepitates, slightly blackens, emits a fetid odour, and
becomes strongly alkaline : it does not effervesce in acids. I presume this substance
has been deposited by water, draining from the birds' dung with which the rocks are
covered. At Ascension, near a cavity in the rocks, which was filled with a laminated
mass of infiltrated birds' dung, I found some irregularly-formed stalactitical masses of
(PHYS. CHEM. CHALL. EXP. — PART VII. — 1889.) 10
74 THE VOYAGE OF H.M.S. CHALLENGER.
apparently the same nature. These masses when broken had an earthy texture, but
on their outsides, and especially at their extremities, they were formed of a pearly
substance, generally in little globules, like the enamel of teeth, but more translucent,
and so hard as just to scratch plate-glass. This substance slightly blackens under the
blowpipe, emits a bad smell, then becomes quite white, swelling a little, and fuses into
a dull white enamel ; it does not become alkaline ; nor does it effervesce in acids. The
whole mass had a collapsed appearance, as if in the formation of the hard glossy crust,
the whole had shrunk much." * Darwin states in a note that when he described this
substance in his Journal he viewed it as an impure calcium phosphate.2 We have tested
some small fragments of the incrustation collected at Ascension ; there remains no
doubt as to this being the true interpretation. The coating gives the reactions of
phosphoric and sulphuric acids, and the microscopical characters resemble those of the
incrustations on St. Paul's Rocks.3 It may therefore be admitted that it was formed,
like the latter, by the decomposition of the excrement of birds. In his description of
Ascension, Lesson was the first to lay stress on the accumulation of birds' droppings
which covered the rocks of the island. The insoluble residue exposed to the rays of the
sun and the action of waves has hardened, and forms the coating which clothes the
rocks of the coast.4
VL— NOTES ON THE ROCKS OF THE TRISTAN DA CUNHA GROUP OF
ISLANDS.
Until the Challenger Expedition explored these islands, we had only very uncertain
notions of the nature of the rocks that constitute the group of Tristan da Cunha. We
have borrowed from the Narrative, vol. i., and the works of Sir Wyville Thomson5 and
Moseley,6 and especially from Buchanan's report,7 the local details that accompany these
lithological researches. The following observations do not form a complete geological
monograph of the Tristan da Cunha group ; in general, they have reference only to the
1 Darwin, Geol. Obs., pp. 32, 33. 2 Ibid., p. 33.
3 See A. Renard, Report on the Petrology of the Rocks of St. Paul, p. 18 {Nan: Chall. Exp. vol. ii. Appendix B).
We give there a micrographic description and analysis of these layers and veinules of calcium phosphate. The incrusta-
tion Darwin saw at St. Paul's, which he compares to that at Ascension, is described on p. 21 of our memoir. On
analysing a specimen we found phosphoric acid (P2O5), 33 -61, and lime (CaO), 5051, besides traces of iron, manganese,
and sulphuric acid. This incrustation can thus be viewed as tribasic calcium phosphate with calcium sulphate, and
perhaps carbonates of lime, magnesia, and iron (see Darwin, Voyage of the Beagle, chap. i. p. 8 ; Buchanan in Thomson,
The Atlantic, vol. ii. pp. 107, 108.) For phosphates very like those we describe, see also Phipson, Amcr. Jorum. Sci.
vol. xxxvi. p. 423 ; Julien, ib. p. 242 ; Piggott, ib. 2nd Ser. 1856, No. 22.
4 Lesson bad observed this shining layer, but mistook its nature ; he says, " a grey enamel-like obsidian clothes
the rocks of the coast," he. cit. p. 492.
5 Wyville Thomson, The Atlantic, vol. ii. p. 152.
c Moseley, Notes of a Naturalist on the Challenger, p. 108.
7 Buchanan, Proc. Hoy. Soc, vol. xxiv. p. 593.
REPORT ON THE PETROLOGY OF OCEANIC ISLANDS. 75
rocks that crop out on the coasts. The difficulties of exploration prevented the naturalists
from rambling out of sight of the ship. On considering the nature of the rocks
collected, everything leads to the belief that similar conditions would have been
observed in the central part of the island.
The group of Tristan da Cunha comprises the Islands of Tristan, Nightingale, and
Inaccessible. On the strength of the relations of the flora, there ought to be added to
the same group the small Island of Gough, lying 200 miles to the south. These
islands form the summits of a great submarine chain, which traverses the middle of the
Atlantic from north to south, and on which, in the southern part of that ocean, rest
the St. Paul's Rocks and the Islands of Ascension and St. Helena.1
A. Rocks of Tristan Island.
Tristan, the most important of these islands, lies in the north of the group ;■ it is
situated in lat. 37° 2' 45" S., long. 12° 18' 20" W. (Herald Point); it is 1550 miles
distant from the Cape of Good Hope, 2000 miles from Cape Horn, and nearly 1320
south of St. Helena. The area is about 1 6 square miles. The Island of Tristan is
almost circular, an elevated peak occupying the centre. If a circle of 3^ miles radius
be described with this mountain as centre, it will touch all the salient points of the
coast, except those in the eastern quarter, where the shore projects about half a mile
beyond the circumference. This island rises almost vertically from the bottom of
the sea, the 100 fathom line occurring close to the coast ; it is bordered by craggy
cliffs, which render landing very difficult. The perpendicular rocks that encircle the
island attain a height of 1000 to 2000 feet, and form a terrace or plateau, on which
stands a conical peak, reminding one of the peak of Tenerife ; its summit, covered
with snow for nearly the whole year, attains a height of 7640 feet. According to the
inhabitants of Tristan, the peak is a cone of black and red scoriae, with a crater-lake on
the top ; the diameter of the crater is about a quarter of a mile. From the coast other
eminences of less height are visible on the plateau that forms the centre of the
island. These hills are very probably also secondary cones of eruption ; several of
them, like the central peak, have crater-lakes.
The cliffs are formed of nearly horizontal beds of basalt, alternately compact and
scoriaceous, with intercalated layers of reddish volcanic tufa. The whole system of beds
slopes slightly towards the shore, as can be seen to the east and west of the harbour.
These beds are traversed by dykes, generally vertical and of no great thickness.
1 Starting from the meridian of 35° W., and a little to the south of the parallel of 35° S., the bottom of the sea
begins to rise gradually, till it reaches the culminating point of the submarine chain of the South Atlantic. The
ground rises to the height of the Islands of Gough and Tristan da Cunha, around which soundings of 1100 fathoms
and upwards have been made. To the east of the islands the bottom sinks to 2200 fathoms, between long. 10° W and
15° E., and from lat. 30° to 50° S.
76
THE VOYAGE OF H.M.S. CHALLENGER.
Torrents and atmospheric erosion have worn gullies in these walls of rock, and heaped
together piles of debris, which have accumulated to a height of 100 feet at the foot
of the cliffs. This circle of volcanic fragments is, in its turn, edged by a belt of gravel
of the same nature, which is spread out on the narrow shore of the island.
There is perhaps no region in the world where atmospheric agencies exert their
destructive action in so energetic a manner as here. For nine months in the year
terrible tempests run riot on the island, and when the season of rains has ended, and
the snow that has accumulated on the top of the peak begins to melt, the water rushes
The Island of Tristan da Cunha.
down in cascades, carrying an immense quantity of debris. These streams vigorously
attack and demolish the less coherent and homogeneous of the layers that form the
horizontal strata ; they lay bare the rocks of the dykes, and cut deep indentations in
the ledge of the terrace. The transverse dykes alone resist the erosion, and stand up
like walls.
Mr. Buchanan observes that at Tristan, as at Nightingale Island, the dykes
have, at their contact, made the volcanic breccia which they traverse more alterable ;
whence it results that denudation acts by preference along their sides. These dykes
of massive injected rocks also form the axis along which the coves and bends of the
REPORT ON THE PETROLOGY OF OCEANIC ISLANDS.
77
shore are hollowed out. On the Island of Tristan the gully lying behind the
settlement, in the centre of which the spring rises that supplies the village brook,
is formed in a similar way. It is banked by a vertical dyke, the thickness of which is
nearly 180 feet ; this injected rock has altered the encasing beds, which have become
schistose and break down readily. A large number of similar dykes can be seen in the
cliffs, but their thickness does not generally exceed one or two feet. The rocks of
the coast, presenting as they do good natural sections of the island, have enabled Mr.
Buchanan to establish at two points the existence of old vents, occupied now by
volcanic materials, which seemed to him products of subaerial eruption, slowly
deposited under water. This interpretation leads to the further admission, that
certain parts of the Island of Tristan have, like several islands of the Atlantic,
been subjected to upheaval.
In first describing the rocks that have been poured out as lavas, or projected as
incoherent volcanic materials, and now constitute the nearly horizontal beds, we must
point out, as one of the most important, a reddish yellow rock with large crystals of
augite. According to the observations of Mr. Buchanan, it has undergone profound
alteration under the inn uence of the dykes that traverse it. Some of the specimens of
it are almost completely disintegrated ; the augite crystals alone have resisted decom-
position, and they can be extracted with ease from the almost earthy mass that
encloses them.
78
THE VOYAGE OF H.M.S. CHALLENGER.
Fig. 13.— Felspathic basalt of Tristan da Cunha.
I. and II. twin of Baveno, the other twins follow-
ing the pericline type, or some other analogous
twinning. The plane of twinning (n or e) is at
the same time the plane of composition.
Thin sections of certain less decomposed portions of this rock show that it ought to
he referred to the felspathic basalts, passing, in
some cases, to the augitic andesites. The follow-
ing minerals — plagioclase, augite, mica, titanic
or magnetic iron, and, in certain cases, olivine —
give the rock a microporphyritic structure. The
crystals of felspar give sections showing plagio-
clastic lamellae following the albite type ; some-
times they are twinned on the Carlsbad, the
pericline, or the Baveno type. Fig. 13 shows
a section of plagioclase observed in the rock
in question.
The crystals of augite present no striking peculiarity. Those of olivine, which at
first sight somewhat resemble pyroxene, are enclosed in a setting of small augitic
crystals. The black mica plays a very subordinate part,
but the ilmenite or hematite is, on the contrary, represented
by large dark brown or almost opaque sections, furrowed by
well-marked lines of cleavage intersecting at angles of 120° ;
these lines run throughout the whole extent of the section,
and are often parallel to its outlines (see fig. 14). It
is somewhat rare to find hematite with such clearly
marked cleavage. Something analogous may be found
in sections of ilmenite, but then, generally, there are
needles of rutile, intercalated at constant angles. In the
mineral we are describing, we have not been able to make
out any inclusions of rutile.
The. ground-mass is formed of microliths of the same species, especially of felspar
and augite ; between these small crystals lies a vitreous base, which plays a wholly
subordinate part. At certain points a yellowish limonitic matter has been deposited
as concretionary masses in the pores.
Some of these decomposed specimens pass almost without gradation into a more
compact and harder rock. These compact zones are black with glassy lustre and brilliant
fracture ; they exhibit the vitreous modification observed on the contact faces of the
dykes in the same island. These black bands resemble- obsidian ; they are only 2 centi-
metres thick, and may be looked on as the more quickly cooled surface of the basaltic
sheet. This glass shows under the microscope a blackish brown and sometimes nearly
opaque isotropic base ; at certain points it passes into the reddish modification, with
the resinoid appearance of the palagonitic tufas. In this base crystals of plagioclase are
seen, some sections of which give extinctions of 42°, and consist of anorthite ; as usual,
Fig. 14.— Felspathic basalt of
Tristan da Cunha.
Opaque section of ilmenite or hematite
with cleavages intersecting at 120°.
REPORT ON THE PETROLOGY OF OCEANIC ISLANDS.
79
this felspar is traversed by few hemitropic lamellae. The augite sometimes contains
granules of olivine, magnetite, and apatite as inclusions.
The beds formed by this altered felspathic basalt are overlaid by a basaltic tufa.
The transition is effected through rocks that are richer in glassy materials, but belong,
nevertheless, to the same lithological type. The tufa covering the sheet in question is
formed of fragments in which the vitreous element predominates ; they appear, under
the microscope, to consist of a vesicular yellowish or brownish glass, passing occasionally
into the hydrated, reddish, resinoid product of decomposition of certain basic volcanic
glasses. The crystals that separate out from these vitreous fragments belong chiefly
to greenish pleochroic augite, and are generally irregular in contour. The prepara-
tions show, besides, sections of the same mineral and of plagioclase of smaller size, with
clean cut outlines embedded in the glassy matrix, and belonging to a secondary period of
consolidation. Olivine and magnetite are relatively rare. Frequently the large crystals
of augite and plagioclase are partly lined or entirely surrounded by a vitreous substance
more opaque and blacker than the glass that forms the ground-mass.
This tufa is overlaid in its turn by a rock of the same kind, but of a coarser grain.
It consists of lapilli, 2 to 3 centimetres in diameter, and
is full of augite crystals visible to the naked eye. There
also occur in it fragmentary crystals of olivine, which
show their clastic origin very clearly under the micro-
scope. The same remark applies also to some of the augites
in this tufa. As is shown by fig. 15, the sections of these
clastic minerals exhibit certain outlines which represent
the crystallographic contours. These traces of faces are
distinct and straight (a), and are bordered by black glass of varying thickness ; but
wherever this section shows fractures, this coating of black glass is absent. This
furnishes evidence that the crystals in question were once
entirely embedded in a dark or almost opaque glassy
magma, from which they were projected as loose material;
they must have been partially crushed, and wherever
fracture occurred the glass was carried away, while where
they remained unbroken the vitreous mass protected the
faces of the crystal. The augite of the tufa we are
describing has a great tendency to form twin-crystals as
polysynthetic as those of some plagioclases. These lamellar
individuals, intercalated in the principal crystal, are ex-
tremely distinct and remarkably regular ; when large
enough, they betray their presence by sections with reentrant angles (see fig. 16)
formed by the alternating faces of two adjacent individuals. Sometimes, too, the
Fig. 15.— Tufa of Tristan da Canha.
Clastic grain of olivine crystal, certain
outlines (a) exhibiting crystallographic
contours bordered by black glass.
Fig. 16.— Tufa of Tristan da Cunha.
Polysynthetic twinning of augite ; re-
entrant angles at the upper part of
the section by the alternation of the
faces of two adjacent individuals.
80
THE VOYAGE OF H.M.S. CHALLENGER.
Fig. 17.— Tufa of Tristan da C'unha.
Section of a polysynthetic crystal of
augite with straight outline corre-
sponding with Pec of one individual.
outlines of these reentrant angles are replaced by a straight face, which restores these
broken lines, as is to be seen in fig. 17, showing a polysynthetic augite from this tufa.
In the upper, most clearly developed, part of fig. 17, we
ought, considering the size of the polysynthetic lamellae, to
recognise the successive traces of the angles formed by the
juxtaposition of the twinned individuals; but we find only
one straight line whose direction corresponds to Poo of one
of the individuals. We often observe intercrystallisations
of augite and plagioclase ; sometimes the two minerals,
embedded the one in the other, have their vertical axes
parallel. The crystals of plagioclase, augite, olivine, and
magnetite are often of somewhat large dimensions. Those
of augite and plagioclase are corroded, and show the effects of the action of the base
which surrounds them. In this matrix we find the same minerals, but of much smaller
dimensions ; the small plagioclastic crystals sometimes assume the shape of rhombic
tables, often observed for the bytownite of recent eruptive rocks.
As we have just seen, the superposed rocks that form the horizontal beds all belong
to the felspathic basalts, with vitreous matrix. Among the specimens which we have
examined, and which, according to Mr. Buchanan's notes, are to be regarded as
lavas, we find some that show certain peculiarities of structure. They are more
scoriaceous, but their mineralogical composition is the same. Among the scoriaceous
rocks there are some of dark-greyish colour, having their vesicles studded with zeolites ;
they contain crystals of augite measuring a centimetre. Under the microscope large
lamellar sections of plagioclase are seen, often twinned on the Carlsbad type ; two
simple twinned individuals give very different extinctions, 35° for one individual and
24° for the other, so that very probably we are dealing with a section parallel at once
to both P and x. In the thin sections the augite is dark green, with a yellowish tint
produced by incipient alteration ; apatite sometimes occurs as an inclusion in the
augite ; the preparations also show olivine, magnetite somewhat rarely, and scales of
hematite. These various minerals stand in a ground-mass in which are gathered very
minute microliths of plagioclase, augite, and magnetite, with almost no intervening
matrix.
Other specimens of lava exhibit transition towards the pyroxenic andesites. These
rocks are compact, like the basaltic lavas described above ; their microscopic appearance
is identical, only we find no olivine in the preparation ; the constituent minerals are
plagioclase, augite, and magnetite, with the addition of biotite in small brownish
lamella?. These small crystals are all set in a matrix formed of faintly-coloured glass.
Hornblende is rare in the lavas of Tristan, only one rock having been found to
yield it. This rock closely resembles the andesitic lavas in microscopical characters ;
REPORT ON THE PETROLOGY OF OCEANIC ISLANDS.
81
it is slightly more schistose, less compact, and not so dark in tint. Under the micro-
scope it is found to be composed of the following minerals of the first generation : large
crystals of plagioclase, angite, and hornblende. The sections of this last species are
encircled by a zone of magnetite. These sections stand out from an almost colourless
glassy matrix, containing microliths of plagioclase, augite, and magnetite.
Another specimen belonging to the bedded rocks consists of a fragment taken from
a layer of loose volcanic products, overlaid by a sheet of lava. From the structure of
the specimen, it is evident that it is composed of two layers, indicating successive
deposits. The one has the composition and texture we have recognised in all the
basaltic lavas of the island ; the other is an agglomeration of glassy splinters, plagio-
clase, augite, and magnetic iron ; all these minerals are fragmentary, and the layer in
cmestion ought to be regarded as a basaltic tufa.
We have given the lithological characters of the lava-streams and tufa that constitute
the greater part of the rocks cropping out on the coast ; it remains to indicate the
nature of the transverse dykes injected into these superposed layers. The specimens
procured from these dykes look to the naked eye like compact basalts of blackish tint,
giving slight indications, also, of a columnar structure. One fragment which was
contiguous to the encasing rock exhibits, to a depth of about a centimetre, the black
vitreous modification with brilliant lustre, well known in basaltic rocks that have been
subjected to sudden cooling.
To judge from the specimens we have examined, these dykes are felspathic basalts,
presenting sometimes a transition into augitic andesites. The minerals of first genera-
tion are magnetite, olivine, and plagioclase. The
last-named crystals are lamellar ; the extinc-
tions, measured symmetrically on two adjacent
hemitropic lamellae, are about 36°. This felspar,
therefore, approaches labradorite. The ground-
mass of this rock is somewhat remarkable (see
fig. 18). It is almost entirely composed of augitic
microliths, which are grouped in rosettes or
twinned crosswise, and sometimes planted almost
perpendicularly on the plagioclastic lamellae or
between the small prisms of augite, forming a
fibro - radiating aggregate. Crystals of olivine
with hexagonal or rhombic contours are frequent,
and they enclose a nucleus of glassy substance.
Magnetite, in more or less irregular grains, fills up the interstices between the various
minerals that constitute the matrix. The other specimens from the injected dykes have
the same mineralogical composition and the same texture.
(PHYS. CHEM. CHALL. EXP. — PART VII. 1889.) 11
Fig. 18. — Dyke of felspathic basalt, Tristan da Cunha.
Ground-mass composed of augite microliths in rosettes
or planted perpendicularly on the plagioclastic
lamella?, and crystals of olivine with vitreous
inclusions.
82 THE VOYAGE OF H.M.S. CHALLENGER.
Among the specimens of rock from the Island of Tristan, there is a vitreous frag-
ment, very compact, and with a slight reddish reflection, which the inhabitants use
for striking fire. This rock when examined under the microscope is seen to have a
very dark vitreous matrix ; in some parts it is slightly transparent and brown. The
minerals developed in it are augite and plagioclase. This latter mineral is present in
lamellar sections, somewhat large at times, and sometimes riddled with vitreous in-
clusions ; the large plagioclase crystals are even visible with the lens ; we observe also
much smaller lamellae of triclinic felspar, scattered sporadically in the ground-mass.
The dimensions of the crystals of augite with magnetite inclusions are the same as those
of the large plagioclase crystals ; their forms are well marked, and a certain number
among them are twinned like those previously described in the lavas of the island.
There are also to be seen in the base a great many small sections of augite, as well as
some microscopical sections of olivine. This rock, which one would at first sight place
alongside of obsidian, ought to be referred to the felspathic basalts ; it constitutes a
very vitreous variety of that type.
The soundings of the Challenger around the Island of Tristan brought up
samples of the sediments that are deposited near the island. The mineral particles
that occur in these deposits are exclusively of volcanic origin. The fragments that
enter into their composition are microscopical fragments of the rocks which we have
just described, or of the minerals that form these rocks. One dredging (18th
October 1873) brought up a fragment of hard, black, massive rock, weathered on the
surface ; microscopical examination showed that it belonged to the basalts ; it greatly
resembled the rocks forming the dykes in Tristan. We find in it microliths of plagio-
clase elongated in a direction parallel to P\M, and giving extinctions of about 30° ;
and, still further, small sections of olivine and apatite. The black pigment of the
ground-mass is concentrated at certain points. All the characters of this rock go to
show that it came originally from the Island of Tristan. The same statement does
not hold good of the fragments of pumice collected in the same dredging. The
ubiquity of pumice in pelagic deposits is a well-known fact, and Mr. Murray has
shown how these volcanic products may come to be deposited at points far removed
from their place of origin. We are thus led to regard these fragments of pumice as
in no way appertaining to the rocks of Tristan. Macroscopic examination shows the
presence of sanidine in this pumice ; under the microscope the same mineral is seen in
splintered crystals, without either regular outlines or hemitropic striae. Plagioclase,
with the twinnings of albite and pericline, is also present.
B. — Rocks of Inaccessible Island.
Inaccessible belongs to the same group as Tristan da Cunha. It lies to the west of
the other islands, and is a little smaller than Tristan, from the summit of which its
REPORT ON THE PETROLOGY OF OCEANIC ISLANDS.
83
centre is about twenty- three miles distant.1 Abrupt cliffs, fringed with a line of
breakers girdling the island, appear at first sight to make landing impossible, but
there is a narrow beach at the base of the vertical rocks. Inaccessible Island is nearly
Waterfall, Inaccessible Island (from a Photograph).
quadrilateral in outline, the angles being directed towards the cardinal points. The
highest part of the island is towards the west, where the cliffs rise to the height of
1 For the physical description of Inaccessible see Wyville Thomson, The Atlantic, vol. ii. p. 156; Moseley, Notes
of a Naturalist etc., p. 115 ; Karr. Chall. Exp., vol. i. p. 254. Buchanan has given geological details on this island in
k'roc. Roy. Soc, vol. xxiv. p. 614.
84 THE VOYAGE OF H.M.S. CHALLENGER.
1840 feet above the sea level, the average elevation of the rocky wall being about
1100 feet. A crag 1140 feet high occupies the southern angle, and a conical mound of
700 feet rises on the south-west, the two heights being separated by a V-shaped ravine,
probably produced by atmospheric erosion.
The geological structure of Inaccessible is identical with that of Tristan, and the
appearance of the two islands is consequently similar. The vertical cbffs present a
series of good sections, which show the island to be built up of successive horizontal
beds of eruptive rocks, traversed by oblique or vertical dykes. As at Tristan, the coast
cliffs terminate in a plateau. Boulders, broken off by the waterfalls from the lava-
beds and dykes, have collected at the base of the rocks, passing on the seaward side
into a belt of rounded basaltic pebbles. The rocks dip almost vertically into the
sea, and there are very few places where they can be climbed in order to reach the
central plateau. Soundings of from fifty to ninety fathoms occur a few yards from
the cliffs.
Sir Wyville Thomson was so struck by similarities in the physical geography of
Tristan and Inaccessible as to hazard the opinion that these eruptive masses, now
separated by twenty miles of water, had once been united. According to the descrip-
tion of the naturalists of the Challenger, the rocks of Inaccessible very closely resemble
those of Tristan, and they have the same arrangement. We will first describe the
rocks forming the lava sheets and the tufa.
Almost all the specimens from Inaccessible are felspathic basalts ; the differences
between them are chiefly in texture, and sometimes in the development of a vitreous
base. A porphyritic basalt, which appears to take an important place in the structure
of the island, has given rise by decomposition to a yellowish earthy substance, to be
described further on. This basalt is a black scoriaceous rock containing many crystals
of augite, sometimes a centimetre in length, olivine, and felspar. Felspar is the least
abundant constituent, and its crystals are the smallest. Microscopic preparations show
that the ground-mass in which these porphyritic crystals are embedded is formed by
a yellowish or altered base, which penetrates all the fissures of the larger minerals.
This ground-mass contains small augite sections, some of them star-shaped, showing
penetration twins ; these microliths are associated with minute plagioclase sections
and with magnetite. The large porphyritic crystals of augite are zonary, and have a
somewhat pale pink colour ; the regular sections of olivine are a little smaller, and
have been slightly altered at the edges ; a yellowish zone surrounding this mineral
shows that it is being decomposed into hematite. It contains numerous inclusions of
magnetite, and shows traces of twinning. If there were no small crystals of plagioclase
in the base this rock would be classed with limburgite, which it resembles rnacro-
scopically in several ways.
This basalt decomposes into a yellowish earthy substance, from which crystals of
REPORT ON THE PETROLOGY OF OCEANIC ISLANDS.
85
augite may be easily separated. The following analysis of these crystals was made by
Dr. Klement ; it shows that this pyroxene is akin to chromiferous diopside.
I. 1*2557 grammes of substance dried at 110° C. and fused with sodium and
potassium carbonate gave 0'6504 gramme of silica, 0"0485 of alumina, 0'0071 of
chromic oxide, 0'0888 of ferric oxide, 0'2815 of lime, 0'5476 of magnesium pyro-
phosphate and traces of manganese.
II. 1*1195 grammes of substance treated in a sealed tube with sulphuric and
hydrofluoric acids required 7 '2 cubic centimetres of potassium permanganate solution to
oxidise the ferrous oxide (1 c.c. = 0'005439 gramme FeO) —
Silica, Si02, ....
51-80
Alumina, A1203,
3-86
Chromic oxide, Cr203,
0-57
Ferric oxide, Fe203, .
3-19
Ferrous oxide, FeO, .
3-50
Manganese, ....
traces
Lime, CaO, . . . • .
22-42
Magnesia, MgO,
15-72
101-06
Another rock, which was labelled as a lava, and must have been poured out in sheets,
closely resembles that just described. It contains rather large crystals of augite and
laniellse of plagioclase, which sometimes measure two or three millimetres, but olivine
is not common. The rock is vesicular, and has a bluish grey ground-mass. Microscopic
examination shows that the fine-grained paste is formed of small aggregated plagio-
clastic lamellse, with augite and magnetite, but free from any vitreous constituent.
Sharply crystallised olivines stand out from the ground-mass; some of them are
twinned, most probably following a dome. There are also zonary crystals of augite,
each of the zones extinguishing at different angles ; these are twinned, following the
orthopinacoid, and the twins are frequently repeated polysynthetically. The lamellae
of microporphyritic plagioclase are often twinned according to the Carlsbad, pericline,
and albite laws. Sections almost perpendicular to P/M, showing very thin and sharp
periclinic strias, extinguish at angles between 35° and 39°; this felspar, therefore,
approaches anorthite.
Other basaltic lavas show no porphyritic structure, the only element visible to the
naked eye being lamella of plagioclase of three or four millimetres in size, which have
lost their glassy sheen. The mass is bluish grey and scoriaceous ; augite and grains of
olivine may be distinguished by the lens. Under the microscope the ground-mass is seen
to be devitrified by trichites, and to contain augite and magnetite microliths, as well as
very slender crystals of plagioclase, sometimes assuming a stellate form. Olivine is
86 THE VOYAGE OF H.M.S. CHALLENGER.
one of those first-generation minerals which determine the microporphyritic structure.
This mineral occurs in rather large sections with sharp crystallographic outlines ;
sometimes the form is hexagonal ; two of the sides belong to the vertical zone, and
are perpendicular to the plane of the optical axes. Others form an angle nearly of
77°, these being thus traces of the face Poo (d). These sections show cleavages per-
pendicular and parallel to the vertical axis, and a third rather indistinct cleavage
parallel to d. This olivine has a light greenish colour, but is transformed into a red
hematite-like matter along the cleavage planes and fractures, and on the edges of the
sections. It may also be penetrated by a network of dendritic oxide of iron. This
formation of hematite may be connected with the accumulation of grains of magnetite
on the edges of the olivine. This mineral has been subjected to corrosion and
dislocation, and is often enclosed in augite. The large zonary crystals of plagioclase
have been deformed by mechanical strain, and exhibit undulating extinction. They
are much lengthened and lamellar, being twinned according to the Carlsbad, albite,
and pericline laws. Extinction takes place at a large angle, sections more or less
parallel to M extinguishing at 43° ; the plagioclase is thus to be grouped with anorthite.
Augite is the third microporphyritic element, but its sections show few noteworthy
peculiarities ; they are feebly pleochroic, the differences in absorption being scarcely
perceptible. Sometimes these sections are twinned and exhibit a zonary structure, the
inner part approaching to violet in tint, while the outer layers remain almost colour-
less. This augite is filled with vitreous inclusions, magnetite, and sometimes patches
of olivine. In the vesicles are seen groups of small acicular crystals, probably some
zeolite.
Judging by the specimens at our disposal, doleritic basalts are not common in
Inaccessible, only one instance of a dolerite occurring in the collection, and its
characters appear most plainly when the rock is examined microscopically. To the
naked eye it is scoriaceous, with large vesicles ; the ground mass is bluish grey,
speckled with irregular white spots of altered felspar. The microscope shows that all
the minerals are approximately of equal size. In this rock also olivine has crystallised
first, and it exhibits several of the peculiarities already described, being coloured
yellowish by alteration, and often surrounded by a zone of delessite. Lamellae of
felspar, somewhat drawn out, surround grains of augite. Sometimes these two
minerals are oriented with their axes parallel, at other times they cross each other at
various angles ; both belong to a secondary stage of consolidation.
Another rock, resembling in structure the dolerite just described, differs from it by
the absence of olivine and the presence of a base, in which the minerals giving the rock
a doleritic structure are embedded. The base, which is devitrified by trichites,
surrounds crystals of augite, appearing to play an unimportant part, and large zonary
sections of plagioclase. These felspar sections are more basic at the centre than in the
REPORT ON THE PETROLOGY OF OCEANIC ISLANDS. 87
outer zones. Sections of the zone P :h give symmetrical extinctions of 28°-27° for the
inner, and of 21°-17° for the external zones. The central parts thus approach
anorthite, while the outside comes nearer to labradorite. Notwithstanding the absence
of olivine in the microscopical preparations, this rock cannot be classed with the augite
andesites, and its structure presents fewer resemblances to that type than to the
dolerites.
We may note in passing some slightly vesicular rocks, the ground-mass of which is
close-grained, and contains no macroscopic minerals except a few whitish grains of
altered felspar. The specimens resemble ordinary basalt in every respect, and show no
microscopic features meriting special attention.
Related to these rocks there are some vitreous masses altered into palagonite.
They are scoriaceous like pumice, and are coloured yellowish by bmonite, but do not
show well the resinoid aspect of palagonitic rock. They contain small hetero-
geneous fragments, indicating the tufaceous origin of the deposit. Under the
microscope this substance shows, between crossed nicols, in certain parts of the
preparation, phenomena of polarisation like those of altered sideromelane ; the vitreous
mass is, however, isotropic. The base contains numerous small crystals of augite,
which are sometimes capillary and of a green or brown tint. Plagioclase microliths
are neither abundant nor well formed ; they are often hollowed out on both extremities,
and are usually present as skeleton crystals. Olivine is rare or altogether absent.
Some patches seem to be made up of heterogeneous fragments ; these lapilli are
characterised by an obvious difference in the texture and by their mineralogical com-
position, as they are formed of rather large crystals of plagioclase mixed with grains
of augite. The vesicles scattered through the rock contain no zeolites, remaining vacant
in the centre although their walls are lined with a light transparent green layer of a
secondary mineral.
Having dealt with the lavas and tufa of the island, we have now to describe the
transversal dykes. The rocks forming these dykes are generally massive or finely
alveolar. The porphyritic basalt with large augite crystals, described above, is
traversed by a vein composed of a compact, bluish grey, slightly vesicular mass, con-
taining macroscopic crystals of augite and olivine. This basalt when examined
microscopically presents a microporphyritic appearance, produced by rather large
zonary crystals of augite and olivine. The ground-mass is an aggregate of minute
crystals of three minerals, plagioclase, augite, and magnetite, without interposition of
any base. Another dyke, resembling the first in colour and microscopic structure,
differs from it in being perfectly compact. Here also augite and olivine can be seen by
the naked eye, but under the microscope the ground-mass appears composed of
minute plagioclase and augite crystals, and contains a little vitreous matter. Large
88
THE VOYAGE OF H.M.S. CHALLENGER.
sections of augite and olivine stand out from the paste ; the former are zonary and
pleochroic : —
v >
pink.
P >
yellowish pink.
yellowish green.
As at Tristan, some of the dykes of Inacessible show the alteration well known in
massive basalt when suddenly cooled : at the contact with the encasing rock it is
altered into a brilliant black vitreous coating a centimetre thick. This glassy modifica-
tion affords a beautiful example of devitrification by trichites of ilmenite, and shows a
tendency to perlitic structure. The glass itself is yellowish, and depolarises light at
certain points, usually near the edge of the small crystals or in the outer zone of the
vesicles, a phenomenon due to molecular tension. Small skeleton crystals of
plagioclase and augite microliths are abundant, but black dendritic structures pre-
dominate, resembling those described by Zirkel in tachylite.
The following analysis of the black vitreous coating of one of these dykes produced
at the contact of the encasing rock has been made by Dr. Klement : —
I. 1"0648 grammes of substance, dried at 110° C, and fused by Sipocz's method
with alkaline carbonates, gave 0-007l gramme of water, 0'5120 of silica, 0-2028 of
alumina, 0 "102 8 of ferric oxide, 0 "1003 of lime, and 0-1035 of magnesium pyrophosphate.
II. 1*1578 grammes of substance treated with hydrofluoric acid gave 0'1621 gramme
of sodium and potassium chlorides and 0-l718 gramme of potassium chloroplatinate.
III. T0733 grammes of substance treated in a sealed tube with hydrofluoric and
sulphuric acid required 111 c.c. of potassium permanganate solution (1 c.c. =0-005405
gramme FeO) to oxidise the ferrous oxide.
IV. 1'6478 grammes of substance treated with hydrofluoric acid gave 0-0722
gramme of titanic acid.
Silica, Si02, .
48-09
Titanic acid, Ti02)
4-38
Alumina, A1203,
10-05
Ferric oxide, Fe.,03,
344
Ferrous oxide, FeO,
5-59
Manganese,
traces
Lime, CaO,
9-42
Magnesia, MgO,
3-50
Soda, Na20, .
5'OG
Potash, K20, .
2-8S
Water, H20, .
0-67
Total,
102-08
The non-altered basaltic mass adjacent to these vitreous black bands is filled with
arborescent trichites of ilmenite, which appear slightly brownish in transmitted light ;
REPORT ON THE PETROLOGY OF OCEANIC ISLANDS. 89
most of them are grouped round a perfectly colourless prismatic crystal of plagioclase,
to which they are attached. Many crystals of magnetite and ilmenite are to be seen,
and plagioclase is more abundant than in the vitreous zone, although the crystalline
form is embryonic ; augite occurs in rosettes of little crystals. The shining black part
of the vein is perfectly compact, but the internal portion is slightly vesicular, the
pores being lined with a transparent coating of green secondary matter which also
penetrates the microscopic fissures of the rock. The whole mass of the dyke must have
been cooled rapidly. Olivine is scarcely to be found in this rock.
All the rocks from Inaccessible dealt with so far conform more or less strictly to
the basaltic type. A rounded pebble picked up on the shore is a bronzite and biotite
andesite. This specimen shows that eruptive masses different in composition from those
of the coast must exist in the interior of the island. The appearance of the pebble shows
at once that it differs from the ordinary rocks such as those described above. It is
much lighter in colour, being whitish grey. The texture is fine-grained, the fracture
nearly plane, and no constituent minerals appear to the naked eye. Under the micro-
scope a colourless ground-mass is seen, formed chiefly of curved and twisted crystals of
plagioclase of indefinite outline, and all matted together. Mixed with these there are
some violet-coloured augite microliths, with irregular outlines, but evidently of the
same stage of consolidation. Some scales of biotite also appear. All these minerals
are of approximately uniform size, and have crystallised simultaneously. Small
yellowish crystals appear in the paste as isolated short prisms, with flattened summits,
and worn on the angles. Sometimes these occur as irregular grains with fractures, but
they are too minute to permit their forms to be definitely ascertained. These small
sections give straight extinction, and so far as they could be examined by convergent
light it has been proved that the plane of the optical axes is parallel to the brachy-
pinacoid. These crystals ought to be considered as bronzite, and the rock as a bronzite
andesite.
C. — Rocks of Nightingale Island.
Nightingale is the smallest island of the Tristan da Cunha group, lying towards
the south. It is surrounded by rocks, amongst which are two islets measuring
one-half by one-sixth of a mile. One of these, Middle Island, 150 feet high, with an
undulating summit, is situated in lat. 37° 25' 50" S., and long. 12° 29' 45" W. The
second islet, which also lies to the north of Nightingale, is Stoltenkoff Island, and has
a height of 325 feet. Nightingale Island is a mile long from east to west, and about
three-quarters of a mile broad.1 A channel ten miles wide, and over 465 fathoms deep,
1 For the natural history of tliia little group, see Thomson, The Atlantic, vol. i. p. 185 (with a map) ; Moseley,
Notes of a Naturalist on the Challenger, p. 126 ; Karr. Chall. Exp., vol. i., pp. 262 et seq. For its geology, see
Buchanan, Proc. Roy. Soc, vol. xxiv. pp. 614, 615.
(PHYS. CHEM. CHALL. EXP. — PART VII. — 1889.) 12
90
THE VOYAGE OF H.M.S. CHALLENGER.
separates Nightingale from Inaccessible, while depths beyond 1000 fathoms occur in
some places between Nightingale and Tristan.
On account of the weather and the difficulty of gaining access to the interior of
Nightingale, the Challenger naturalists had to limit their geological collections to the
rocks which cropped out near the shore. Nightingale differs greatly in appearance from
the other islands of the group, being more varied in outline and surrounded by cliffs
only thirty or forty feet high, and often less. The southern part of the island is more
Nightingale Island, from the North.
picturesque, the ground rising by successive crests to a peak 1105 feet high, one side of
which is almost vertical for half its height. Mr. Buchanan was unable to ascend this
hill, but he describes the rock as being greyish in colour, and of a sub-columnar
structure. The rest of Nightingale is undulating, and the rocks, except at a few isolated
points, are covered with verdure. No traces of recent volcanic activity are to be seen.
The rocks of the coast are chiefly a conglomerate or breccia of doleritic fragments
embedded in a whitish felspathic mass. Here and there the conglomerate is surrounded
by beds of volcanic rock probably of more ancient origin. Marine erosion has hollowed
the cliffs girdling the island into innumerable caves, formerly the refuge of seals, which
REPORT ON THE PETROLOGY OF OCEANIC ISLANDS.
91
have now been driven elsewhere by indiscriminate slaughter. The fact that the caves
are situated a little above sea-level, proves that the island has been recently elevated.
A raised beach on the top of the cliffs confirms this supposition.1
The stratum of volcanic conglomerate at the base of the shore cliffs is, so far as can
be determined from the specimens examined, a phonolitic tufa. The bluish grey rock
is speckled with white kaolinised patches ; the ground-mass is waxy and considerably
altered, and is impregnated with limonite in some places. Under the microscope, the
Nightingale Island, from the South.
mass is composed of minute sections of nepheline, usually as grains, but frequently in
the form of parallelograms or hexagons. The nature of this mineral is also proved by
the microchemical reaction of sodium. These crystals are arranged in line, and like the
other mineral constituents show well-marked fluidal structure. Microliths of augite are
associated with the nepheline ; these are brownish, show no evident pleochroism, and
extinguish at angles large enough to prevent confusion with hornblende. Small sections
of sanidine are also present. Several minerals give the rock a microporphyritic appear-
ance, plagioclase being the most important, The felspar crystals are often twinned
1 The above is a summary of Mr. Buchanan's geological observations at Nightingale (loc. cit., pp. 614, 615)
92
THE VOYAGE OF EL M.S. CHALLENGER.
according to the Carlsbad law, and at the same time traversed by polysynthetic lamella?
after the albite law. Hornblende occurs associated with the plagioclase ; the crystals of
both species are deeply hollowed and corroded. Rather large brownish hornblende
sections are seen surrounded by a zone composed of little green grains of augite with
granules of magnetite, biotite, and titanite. In this phonolitic mass are embedded
heterogeneous clastic fragments, which prove the tufaceous origin of the rocks forming
almost the entire explored portion of the island.
Dr. Klement has obtained the following results from an analysis of this tufa : —
I. 1'0G76 grammes of substance dried at 110° C. and fused with alkaline carbonates,
by Sipocz's method, gave 0*0116 gramme of water, 0'6102 of silica, 0*0285 of titanic
acid, 0*2142 of alumina, 0,0535 of ferric oxide, 0*0421 of lime, and 0*0459 of magnesium
pyrophosphate.
II. 1'0339 grammes of substance treated with hydrofluoric acid gave 0*1875
gramme of sodium and potassium chlorides, and 0'241 of potassium chloroplatinate.
III. 1*1143 grammes of substance treated in a sealed tube with hydrofluoric and
sulphuric acids required 4*0 c.c. of potassium permanganate solution (1 c.c. =0*005439
gramme FeO) to oxidise the ferrous oxide.
Silica, Si02,
57-16
Titanic acid, Ti02,
2-67
Alumina, AI203,
20-06
Ferric oxide, Fe„03,
2-84
Ferrous oxide, FeO,
1-95
Manganese,
traces
Lime, CaO,
4-41
Magnesia, MgO,
1-55
Soda, Na20,
5-84
Potash, K20,
4-52
Water, H20,
1-09
102-09
Some specimens collected by Mr. Buchanan in a gully prove the presence of
eruptive masses of the andesite type at Nightingale. The rock in question is black
and massive, with a plane fracture and rather schistose. Crystals of felspar, about three
or four millimetres in diameter, and of hornblende of nearly equal dimensions, shine
out from the mass. Microscopically there is a glassy ground-mass containing por-
phyritic minerals of the first generation. Plagioclase is the most noticeable, and its
sections are remarkable in that instead of the usual lengthening along the edge PjM,
they show a great extension following yM ; in fact many sections take the form of
disymmetric hexagons (sections nearly parallel to M) in which the shortest sides
correspond to the edge PjM; this is confirmed by examining the best-marked lines of
REPORT ON THE PETROLOGY OF OCEANIC ISLANDS. 93
cleavage which run parallel to the short sides of the hexagon. The trace of TjM is
indicated by its parallelism with the prismatic cleavage, which is rather less distinct
than that just spoken of. It frequently happens that all the outlines of these sections
are not equally distinct, or only appear clearly for part of the section, the rest being
terminated by a fracture nearly parallel to the prism. These hexagonal sections show
that the plagioclase is zonary, and that the extinction is negative. The angular value
is greater for the centre than for the outer zone, being from 14° to 10° for the former,
and 10° to 3° for the latter. This felspar is thus probably composed of mixtures
intermediate between oligoclase and labradorite. Sections following M show the
lamellae after the pericline law almost parallel to the edge PjM; this, according to M.
Schuster, is the case for plagioclases approaching andesine. These sections are full of
vitreous inclusions, which have no definite arrangement, but are specially numerous
near the centre of the crystal, and sometimes follow the external outline and planes of
cohesion. The included vitreous matter, which also occurs in the large crystals of
augite and hornblende, is of a less deep brown colour, and sometimes contains microliths
similar to those of the ground-mass. This fact, taken together with the corrosion of
the crystals containing these inclusions, proves that they have been penetrated by the
magma in which they were immersed.
Hornblende plays an important part in this rock. Its crystals are prismatic, much
elongated, corroded, and fragmentary; this mineral is generally decomposed, its cleavages
being as a rule indistinct. Magnetite often encircles the sections as an external zone ;
probably these small opaque crystals were attracted around the hornblende even before
alteration commenced. Inclusions of apatite sometimes occur. The pleochroism is —
a < /8 < y
yellow. brown. dark brown.
Augite of the first generation appears in corroded crystals of the ordinary form and
pleochroic — /3, bright yellow; a and 7, green. The polarisation colours are whitish yellow,
and the tints are brilliant in sections more or less perpendicular to the vertical axes.
The mineral is often twinned following the orthopinacoid. It is zonary, and gives larger
extinctions for the central parts than for the peripheral layers (34° for the former, 30°
for the latter). Patches of augite formed of agglomerated grains are also sometimes
seen. Biotite is not common in the rock, but small crystals of magnetic iron are
extremely abundant.
The ground-mass embedding the minerals described above is composed of an almost
colourless base containing minute lamellse of plagioclase extinguishing at very small
angles, and nearly colourless augite microliths distinguished sharply from the felspar
by their more brilliant polarisation colours.
Some specimens of rock forming the floor of " Bromley's Cave " — one of the cliff-
94 THE VOYAGE OF H.M.S. CHALLENGER.
caverns on the coast examined by the Challenger naturalists — were collected. This
rock, an augite-andesite, is black and massive like a compact basalt ; the fracture is
plane. No constituent minerals can be detected either by the naked eye or with a
lens, but the microscope shows some microporphyritic sections. Amongst these there
are a very few plagioclastic lamellae giving large extinctions, and some sections which,
from the absence of polysynthetic twins may be referred to sanidine ; the latter are
traversed by two cleavages at right angles, and give straight extinction. The augite
of this rock is of a light violet colour, its outlines are irregular, and large crystals
seldom occur. Corroded hornblende sections are also found as microporphyritic
elements, sometimes twinned according to the ordinary law ; they show the pleochroism
— a, yellow ; /3, brown ; 7, brown. This mineral is sometimes quite decomposed, being
invaded by augite microliths and magnetite. The ground-mass of the rock resembles
that of basalt in some respects ; it contains numerous plagioclastic lamella? and micro-
liths of several minerals. Those of augite are almost always twinned, the sections
appearing to be divided in two longitudinally ; the summit is terminated by a low dome,
and transverse sections appear as irregular, slightly-coloured grains. Hornblende is
present in small pleochroic fibrous prisms which might be taken for biotite, but
the extinction is oblique. The rock has been slightly altered with formation of
delessite.
An intrusive vein of amphibolic andesite crops out on the floor of Bromley's Cave.
It is a black rock with a plane, more or less schistoid, fracture. A very few drawn out
vesicles are to be seen, and to the naked eye only some fine needles of hornblende
appear, while the lens shows a mass composed of crystalline grains. Microscopical
preparations show that microporphyritic crystals of plagioclase, hornblende, augite, and
magnetite are embedded in the ground-mass. Under a low power the paste appears
brownish and homogeneous, but when more highly magnified it is seen to be made up
of an aggregation of plagioclase, augite, and hornblende microliths, the last named
being present in greatest number. The crystals of the first generation which produce
microporphyritic structure are generally corroded.
Large sections of plagioclase are sometimes lengthened following the edge PjM,
sometimes flattened parallel to M ; this mineral also occurs as grains. The felspar
is related to anorthite, the maximum angle of extinction in the zone P : k being about
39°; two adjacent hemitropic lamella? gave a maximum extinction of 31°. The structure
is usually homogeneous, but when the sections are zonary the centre is more basic than
the outer layers. There is nothing remarkable about the large ill-defined sections of
augite which are identified by their pale greenish colour, characteristic cleavages,
crystallographic outlines, and the angles of extinction. Hornblende is more important,
and often appears in irregular corroded grains, although the form is sometimes fusiform,
or that of a much-lengthened prism. The sections are almost always twinned according
REPORT ON THE PETROLOGY OF OCEANIC ISLANDS. 95
to the ordinary law, and this twinning is shown in the most slender crystals, where it
appears in the sections as two extremely thin lamellae that give the mineral a fibrous
aspect. The colour is brown, and the pleochroism is very well marked —
y > /3 > a
deep brown. yellowish brown. pale yellow.
These crystals extinguish at a less angle than is usual for hornblende. Magnetite
occurs in the preparations as irregular grains or sections of octohedra.
The ground-mass is composed of crystals of secondary consolidation showing distinct
fluidal structure. When examined under very high powers the paste is seen to contain
sections of plagioclase usually much lengthened following the edge PjM, and twinned
according to the albite law; the little crystals are often grouped in rosettes. A
series of extinctions measured from the trace of M gave values between 16° and 32°,
the polysynthetic lamellae giving for one side 20°, for the other 30°, 26°-30°, 13"-! 6°,
36°-44°. These crystals accordingly differ little in composition from the felspar of first
generation. Microliths of augite are also present in the form of greatly lengthened
prisms, sometimes broken in several pieces and of a very pale green colour ; 40° is the
maximum angle of extinction. The part played by hornblende in the ground-mass
ought to be noted here. From the minute dimensions and brownish colour of its
crystals this mineral might be taken for a glassy base devitrified by microliths, and
interposed between the larger sections of plagioclase and augite. A high power,
however, brings out the individual crystals as small, fibrous, brownish prisms, some-
times lying in parallel lines or grouped in bundles, sometimes interwinned so as to
form a network. They often show distinct pleochroism and extinguish at small
angles, while their fibrous structure and elongated form complete their analogy with
the larger individuals of the same species. Magnetite appears in very definite sections
of octahedra. A network of trichites is occasionally observed closely resembling that
of hornblende crystals referred to above ; the trichites may perhaps be magnetite, but
more probably they are altered hornblende.
All the rocks seen on the coast of Middle Island, which lies a little to the
north of Nightingale, are composed of the tufaceous mass now to be described, and
according to Mr. Buchanan's observations the entire islet is probably an accumulation
of the same formation. The rock is a yellowish, pumiceous, almost earthy, substance,
enclosing lapilli and very distinct hornblende crystals. Microscopic examination shows
that it is formed of cemented fragments. The most important rock occurring in this
tufa will be briefly described. Under the microscope it shows a very compact ground-
mass surrounding fragmentary microporphyritic crystals of hornblende, plagioclase,
sanidine, and augite, the splinters of the last-named mineral being smaller than those
96 THE VOYAGE OF H.M.S. CHALLENGER.
of the others. The largest crystals of plagioclase are corroded ; they are sometimes
zonary, and show the twins of albite and pericline ; from its extinctions the felspar may
be classed as labradorite. Sanidine, which is frequently associated with the former,
is distinguished by the absence of hemitropic lamellae, and by the very small angles of
extinction in almost all the sections examined. These are sometimes twinned according
to the Carlsbad law, and in one case that of Baveno was observed ; the extinction is
almost always undulating.
The grains of augite are corroded like the felspar, and when little altered their colour
is green without pleochroism ; their structure is zonary ; the centre, which is darker
in tint, extinguishes at 36°, the outer zone only at about 45°. Augite is sometimes
entangled in brown hornblende sections, the two uniting with parallel axes, and it
often forms irregular inclusions in the hornblende along with apatite. Hornblende is
a much more important constituent than augite ; its sections, which are always brown
and strongly pleochroic, are surrounded by an altered zone where magnetite has
accumulated. The only other constituent of any size appears in irregular, dirty-brown
patches, scarcely transparent, and standing out in marked relief ; it is evidently titanite,
and is sometimes transformed into calcite.
The paste enclosing the minerals mentioned above is formed of a network of nearly
colourless microliths showing fluidal structure. Amongst these may be seen very
minute sections of sanidine with indistinct outlines fibrous in appearance, and with
straight extinction ; they exhibit the Carlsbad twinning, and in ordinary light appear
almost as a homogeneous mass. Equally minute microliths of augite occur amongst the
foregoing, and may be distinguished by their colour, the chromatic polarisation, and the
angles of extinction. Magnetite is present in the ground-mass, but to a very unim-
portant extent. Finally, there are small, clear, colourless splinters of quartz. The
preparation is traversed by veins in which ferric oxide has been deposited.
Thin slices of this tufa show the true characters of a microscopic breccia. Along-
side the fragments of the trachytic rock just described, and the splinters of which play
the most important part in this tufa, there are small lapilli of an entirely different
lithological nature, rich in plagioclase and similar to basalt. Other fragments of rock
related to vitreous masses of the same family are frequently changed into palagonite.
REPORT ON THE PETROLOGY OF OCEANIC ISLANDS. 97
VII.— EOCKS OF THE FALKLAND ISLANDS.
A. Rocks of the "Fivers of Stones."
The Falkland Islands are connected by their geological character with the American
Continent, thus presenting a marked contrast to the oceanic islands of the Atlantic,
most of which are formed exclusively of volcanic rocks. The Falklands, on the con-
trary, are made up of sedimentary strata — schists, sandstones, and quartzite of Silurian
and Devonian age — and archasan rocks. We shall here limit ourselves to the con-
sideration of those remarkable " stone rivers " which form one of the most interesting
features of these islands, and we propose to describe the lithological nature of some of
the rocks of these " streams." Both Darwin and Wyville Thomson examined them with
close attention, and described them. Combining their descriptions,1 we may obtain
an idea of the origin of these stony accumulations.
At the east end of the principal island in the Falkland group the valleys present
a most striking appearance, being filled with masses of pale grey rocks, which glitter
in the sun, and form tracks of from a few hundred to more than a thousand metres in
breadth. From a little distance the effect is that of a gigantic glacier, descending from
the neighbouring heights and gradually increasing in volume, as if it were fed by lateral
streams up to the point where the main " river " reaches the coast. The stones, which
vary in size from 30 centimetres to 7 metres, are not piled up irregularly, but extend
in great level beds varying from 100 to 1900 metres in width. Thomson showed
that the width of the stream is always in relation to that of the shelves of rock
which crown the hills. Deposits of peat are constantly encroaching on the flows, and
even form islands, when the fragments are near enough to afford a basis. Immense
masses of rock on the hills seem to have been stopped in their course, and frag-
ments, bending over like arches, are piled upon each other like the ruins of an ancient
cathedral.
All those who have visited the Falklands agree in saying that the stones in ques-
tion are not water-borne, but are angular, like the fragments of a breccia, and piled
up irregularly one above another. They are not decomposed, except to such an extent
as might be due to ordinary atmospheric agencies ; the angles are generally worn, with
a shining, slightly-polished surface. A thin coating of whitish lichen covers the stones,
giving them quite the appearance of ice from a little distance. The thickness of the
layer of stones is not easily determined, but the sound of running water may be
heard evidently a few feet beneath the surface. At the mouth of the valley the sec-
1 Darwin, Voyage of a Naturalist ; Thomson, The Atlantic, vol. ii., p. 216. See also Karr. Chall. Exp., vol. i., p. 89-'.
(PHTS. CHEM. CHALL. EXP.— PART VII. — 1889.) 13
98 THE VOYAGE OF H.M.S. CHALLENGER.
tion of the mass, as shown on the shore, exhibits an enormous accumulation of stones,
and the river flows out from beneath an archway of piled-up blocks. As we have
said, the interstices of the heaps are carpeted with moss.
The inhabitants view these " stone-rivers " as one of the marvels of their island,
and explain their formation by the most improbable hypotheses. Darwin seems to
have accounted for them by great earthquakes in the region, but does not consider
this a sufficient interpretation. Thomson suggests another explanation. The blocks
of quartzite filling the valleys may come from the shelves of rock which appear
on the surrounding hills (Darwin remarked that they might come laterally from the
nearer slopes as well), and these piled-up blocks certainly show great lithological
analogies with the higher beds. The difficulty of the problem comes in when we try
to explain how the stones should descend in a close mass along a valley, the slope of
which, according to Darwin, is not steep enough to hinder the passage of a coach.
The slope in fact does not exceed 6° or 8° ; usually it is only 2° or 3°, and it is never
great enough to allow the stones to roll, or even slide, down. According to Thomson,
the quartzite shelves of the hill-tops do not all resist disintegration equally, the softer
parts weather into sand, and the harder, being left without support, break off into
irregular blocks. This explanation is equally applicable to the crystalline rocks, the
presence of which we are about to show amongst the ddbris. When the fragments
break off vegetation rapidly covers them up, and many of the little mossy heaps are
only stones covered by a thin layer of vegetation. Once enclosed in this mass they are,
as it were, pushed over the slope. We may mention, amongst other causes that act
as well as gravitation, the expansion and contraction of the moss as it takes up more
or less water. The dilatation of the moss moves the blocks, and the superficial layer of
stones is in some degree drawn towards the declivity. Rain washes off the sandy
debris ; this erosion prepares the way for the larger blocks, while on the other hand the
adjacent vegetable matter decomposes and is washed away. It is to the slow removal
of vegetable and mineral matter, and to the movement of the superficial layers — of
which Thomson gave numerous examples observed by him in Scotland — that he
attributes the accumulation of stones in the valleys.
Neither Thomson nor Darwin have called in ice-action as a means of trans-
port, although it has been alleged that the Falkland Islands were covered by
glaciers at an epoch not very far removed from our own. No certain proofs of
glaciation are to be seen in the islands, and the stones of these streams bear
no marks of glacial striae. Only a detailed study of local conditions would enable
us to say whether Thomson's theory gives an adequate explanation of all the
facts. None the less is it true that this theory seems preferable by its simplicity
to that which Darwin demanded, when he wrote, forty years ago, on the subject of
REPORT ON THE PETROLOGY OF OCEANIC ISLANDS. 99
"stone rivers:" — "The progress of knowledge will probably some day give a simple
explanation of this phenomenon, as it already has of the so long thought inexplicable
transport of the erratic boulders which are strewed over the plains of Europe." '
The specimens collected by Thomson show lithological characters of some interest.
One of these blocks is in the form of a quadratic prism, measuring about 40 centi-
metres by 10 ; the fracture is regular and polyhedric ; the edges hardly show a trace
of weathering, but the surface is covered by a less coherent layer of slight thickness.
Beneath this thin altered surface the rock remains remarkably fresh. To the naked
eye it appears to possess a granitoid structure with grains of medium size ; with the
lens a plagioclastic felspar can be seen, associated with a black mineral of the
amphibolic or pyroxenic group. This rock belongs to the type occurring in the eruptive
masses often embedded or injected amongst palaeozoic strata, such as those of the
Falkland Islands. Microscopic examination shows that the fragment in question must
be classed as a diabase, and it also reveals that the rock possesses peculiarities of some
interest, and of a kind to which the attention of lithologists is specially directed. This
diabase is composed of plagioclase, augite, hornblende, biotite, and magnetite. Of all
these minerals, that which at present plays the most important part is unquestionably
hornblende ; but this constituent is of secondary origin, and can only take a subordinate
place in classifying the rock lithologically. The sections of felspar are remarkable on
account of the very great number of fine plagioclastic striae which they present. In
exceptional cases only the Carlsbad twin is apparent, but in others the section
shows, at the same time, lamella? twinned according to the albite and pericline
laws. These plagioclase sections do not present definite crystallograjjhic outlines,
but microscopic examination shows that they are generally elongated following on the
edge PjM. It is somewhat rare to find a section parallel to M which would suffice to
determine the sign and the angle of extinction. This was possible only in one case :
a section presenting two cleavages, parallel to P and to T, crossing at an angle of
more than G0°, gave a negative extinction of about 30°. This observation shows that
the plagioclase in question approaches closely to a mixture analogous to that of
bytownite. These sections of plagioclase are remarkably clear, and the phenomena of
chromatic polarisation are sharp and brilliant ; the decomposition, so often found in
the felspars of granitoid rocks, has, as yet, only affected the plagioclase lightly. This
mineral has been subjected to mechanical deformation ; some of the lamellae are
laminated, showing an undulating extinction ; they are strained, curved, and split up
into numerous slices.
The augite of this rock presents some noteworthy features. Like the felspar it has
no definite crystallographic outline. In the sections perpendicular to the axis c a net-
1 Darwin, Journal of Researches, 1879, pp. 198, 199.
100 THE VOYAGE OF H.M.S. CHALLENGER.
work of cleavages appears, crossing at angles of about 87° ; the extinction on the face
oogoo is more than 35°. The position of the optic axis being in the plane of symmetry,
this mineral cannot be mistaken for a rhombic pyroxene ; while, if the phenomena of
pleochroism only were to be taken into account, there would be no hesitation in viewing
these sections as allied to hypersthene, all the more because, like the latter mineral,
they have a certain fibrous structure. It is very probable that this monoclinic
pyroxene has often been confounded with hypersthene, but in the present case, the
angle of extinction, and the phenomena in convergent light, make the determination as
augite craite certain. The intense pleochroism is —
/S > y = a
reddish. sea-green.
Hornblende in large greenish sections is much more widely diffused through the rock
than augite, and it is only formed at the expense of the latter. In examining more
minutely the relations connecting these two minerals, we observe phenomena of
alteration and pseudomorphism, more magnificent examples of which than those of
the Falkland Islands it would be hard to find. Augite grains can rarely be seen
without a surrounding zone of greenish amphibolic matter. Decomposition commences
in the microscopic fissures which furrow the surface of the augite ; these become covered
with a yellowish coating, making them clearly visible. If the optical properties
were not taken into account, one might confound the augite, altered in this way and
surrounded by the secondary product, with some sections of decomposed olivine. The
colour and relief are the same, and the roughened surface and products of alteration
present the same microscopic appearances in the two minerals. At a more advanced stage
of decomposition the fissures appear wider, the secondary product spreads out, sometimes
entirely surrounding a nucleus of nearly unaltered augite. The mineral formed in this
way at the expense of the augite passes from its yellowish colour to green, takes on a
finely fibrous texture at the place of contact with augite, becomes filled with opaque,
blackish, ferruginous grains, and unites laterally with patches of clearly characterised
hornblende. These, as we have said, always surround a fragment of augite, which
remains as a nucleus in the middle of the hornblende.
The hornblende appears in large yellowish brown sections, with the optical
characters and cleavage of this species, but never surrounded by crystallographic
contours. The large amphibolic patches are moulded on the neighbouring minerals,
and do not present the more or less prismatic form which augite preserves in spite of
the granular texture of the rock. In a word, the characters of the hornblende mark
it out as having been formed after all the other minerals in the rock, and its relation
to augite shows that it has developed from the latter. "We have thus a perfectly
clear case of amphibolisation of pyroxene. It is interesting, besides, to note that
REPORT ON THE PETROLOGY OF OCEANIC ISLANDS. 101
although no uralitisation can be strictly said to be observed, there exists, none the less,
an orientation of the hornblende upon the augite nucleus. In fact, it is noticeable that
a section of hornblende enclosing several nuclei of augite differently oriented (which
could not therefore be parts of one individual) is a unique crystalloid. The cleavages
are common, and so are the optical properties for each point of the section. It is thus
possible to follow one of the crystalloids of hornblende a long distance from the augite
nuclei which gave rise to it. The pleochroism of this hornblende is —
y > P = a
yellowish brown. yellowish.
Biotite must also be mentioned as a constituent mineral of the rock. It is often
enclosed in hornblende, and may be considered as a secondary product. Rather large
sections of magnetite also occur. The grains of magnetite are also surrounded by a
very narrow greenish zone of hornblende, as if the matter which gave origin to the
latter had permeated the entire rock.
From the foregoing description it appears that some of the rocks from the " stone
rivers " of the Falkland Islands are amphibolised diabases, of which they present a very
remarkable type.
B. — Notes on some other Rocks from the Falkland Islands.
The following description relates to other crystalline or clastic rocks collected at the
Falkland Islands. One of the most remarkable displays large scales of hornblende,
which may measure as much as a centimetre, and between them grains of felspar and
quartz occur. In structure and mineralogical composition it is a diorite. It contains
large patches of felspar, which appear under the microscope as sections of irregular
outline. In some cases no trace of twinning is perceptible, and then the felspar
resembles orthoclase ; but other examples, where decomposition has also reached a more
or less advanced stage, show polysynthetic lamellae, although usually not many. This
characteristic would serve to class the felspar with albite ; it is always difficult to
determine the magnitude of the angle of extinction, on account of the small number of
sections presenting hemitropic lamellse, still, by measuring the double angle, values of
about 6° to 10° were found. These large felspar patches are altered into kaolin, and
penetrated by rows of epidote grains along the lines of cleavage. The hornblende, the
large crystals of which are irregular in outline, shows the characteristic extinctions of
this species. The pleochroism is —
y > /? > a
yellowish brown dirty green yellowish
Black mica occurs as inclusions in the hornblende, and grains of epidote also appear
102 THE VOYAGE OF H.M.S. CHALLENGER.
in the interior of these sections. Titanite presents whitish grey sections ; these are very
sharp rhomboids with traces of a cleavage parallel to two sides of the figure. These
cleavage lines should be parallel to the face r (Soo) or I ( co P) ; the two other sides
may be, in the first case, P (OP), in the second y (Pco). There are also large sections
of magnetite often surrounded by a slight zone of chloritic matter, which also penetrates
to the interior of the hornblende.
A specimen, which may be viewed as related to the preceding rock, is essentially
composed of pyroxene and hornblende. It is granular in texture, with rather large
grains, and shows biotite as an accessory element. In spite of the analogy with the
diorite just described, there is no felspar in the specimen in hand, and it may be
viewed as resulting from a more basic concretion such as often occurs in the ancient
massive rocks. Hornblende exhibits the same characteristics as in the preceding rock,
but is intercalated amongst the minerals ; at other times it is enclosed in augite, and
oriented like the latter. The crystals of augite generally show a better preservation of
the crystalline form than the hornblende, and have more or less prismatic outlines in
the sections, contrasting with the more irregular appearance of the amphibole. This
mineral appears to be secondary, resulting from the decomposition of augite. It
contains lamellae of biotite, and besides these minerals magnetite is also to be found.
Some fragments of rock belonging to the series of crystalline schists were collected at
Port Sussex. One of these, which to the eye appears covered with ferric oxide, is fine-
grained, breaking with a plane fracture pierced with perforations. The ground-mass,
when viewed microscopically, is seen to be formed of lamellae of mica — apparently
altered biotite— lying in all directions and associated with an amorphous mass. Some
sections with indistinct outlines are visible as a microporphyritic mineral ; these
sometimes resemble hexagons, and we may have to deal here with altered garnets ; in
other cases the sections are prismatic, and they may then be classed as felspar. These
sections are often filled with a light greenish secondary material resembling chlorite.
Little quartz is to be seen, and finally there are rhombic sections which represent an
altered rhombohedric carbonate.
We may mention amongst the clastic rocks of Port Sussex, a specimen formed of a
greenish fine-grained mass, in which no crystalline elements are visible, and enclosing
a granitic fragment, of which we shall speak later. The microscope shows this
rock to consist of clastic fragments cemented by a ferruginous argillaceous mass.
The broken crystals which are to be seen come from the disaggregation of ancient
eruptive or schistose rocks. Amongst these minerals, quartz, plagioclase, microcline,
orthoclase, and some splinters of almandine garnet are particularly visible. This rock
agrees very well with the composition of an arkose, although we have not ascertained
the presence of mica.
REPORT ON THE PETROLOGY OF OCEANIC ISLANDS. 103
The fragment of included granite is a rolled pebble, large grained and very
micaceous. Grains of plagioclase, orthoclase, quartz, and mica are to be seen in it. The
felspathic sections are altered into micaceous matter. From the smallness of the angle
of extinction of this plagioclase it may be classed as oligoclase. Alteration has, one
might say, effaced the original characteristics of the mica which is transformed into a
greenish matter filled with secondary products. It also happens that fibro-radiated
chloritic plates have taken the place of the micaceous mineral. Colourless sections
polarising with blue tints are also observed ; these are lengthened and coated with
mica, and are perhaps cordierite. The quartz has the characters of that mineral in
granitic rocks.
Another clastic rock from the same locality presents the appearance of a fine-
grained felspathic sandstone, penetrated by oxide of iron, and breaking with a plane
fracture. Microscopically it is an aggregation of grains of felspar and quartz with
heterogeneous particles of rock. Some of the last named are mica schist, formed of
grains of quartz ranged in lines with lamellae of muscovite between. Other fragments
are of a vitreous nature, the glass being altered, having been originally vesicular.
In this base there are numerous plagioclase microliths ; no bisilicates are to be seen.
These splinters may, all things considered, be referred to porphyrites ; sometimes a
glance is obtained of micaceous lamellse. Finally, there are found amongst this debris
of ancient rocks some grains which seem to be splinters of the paste of a red porphyry.
The broken felspars are principally jdagioclase ; some of the sections being very finely
striated, and giving small extinctions, are probably oligoclase ; others have few hemi-
tropic strige, and by this character may be taken as albite ; finally, there are others
presenting considerable resemblances to microcline. The titanite occurs as an inclusion
in a grain of felspar, the latter being perhaps albite. This idea is suggested on taking
account of the frequent association of both minerals in the more or less schistose
ancient rocks. Orthoclase only plays a subordinate part, sections of felspar being, in
fact, rarely seen without hemitropic lamella?. Titanite is, on the contrary, somewhat
common, and it tends to show that the original rock, the disaggregation of which
furnished the constituents of that we are considering, contained probably hornblende.
The quartz is in irregular fragments, which occasionally, though not often, show
undulating polarisation. Their crystalline outlines, which are discovered in certain
cases in the form of the sections, or in the arrangement of the inclusions, seem to
indicate that this mineral is more likely derived from a porphyritic rock than from a
granite. Amongst the minerals formed in situ, and developed in the interstices, we may
mention certain small greenish scales resembling chlorite.
Some schistose rocks from Port Sussex are of an earthy grey-blue colour, with a
homogeneous ground-mass with darker blackish bands, recalling the appearance of an
104 THE VOYAGE OF H.M.S. CHALLENGER.
argillaceous schist. The microscope shows that these are formed of white or reddish
mica in lamellae or fibres having the structure of sericite. Numerous grains of quartz
may also be seen, and some ddbris of monoclinic and triclinic felspars. The colouring
matter is iron, in the state of limonite, or a graphitic material. Other schistose rocks
resemble true slates ; the slabs are slightly shining and blackish. In the microscopic
preparations only small groups or threads of quartz, and an opaque graphitic or
carbonaceous mass, can be distinguished, all the other elements being concealed
by these.
From the same locality we may also mention a black fine-grained quartzite, with a
subconchoidal fracture, resembling basalt in appearance. The rock is composed in
greater part of small grains of quartz with irregular outlines, fragments of granite, and
particles of ancient volcanic rock. Besides the quartz, calcite and decomposed mica are
to be seen, also some grains of felspar, and very rarely epidote.
Finally, we have to mention a grey schistoid rock in which a few felspathic grains
can be made out with a lens. The microscope shows the clastic origin of the
specimen, the cement which unites the constituent minerals being chloritic. In this
rock fragments of diabase with epidote, grains of plagioclase, of microline, and of quartz,
have been noticed.
VIIL— ROCKS OF MARION ISLAND.
Marion Island ' and Prince Edward Island belong to the same group. They were
discovered in 1772 by the French navigator Marion du Fresne, who named Marion
Island " lTle de l'Espe'rance," in the hope that this island should prove an outlying
sentinel of the Antarctic continent. In 1776 Cook sailed between the two islands,
and, not knowing the names given by du Fresne, called them " Prince Edward Islands,"
which designation is still retained for the northern and the smaller of the two. From
that time to the present both islands have been much frequented by whalers and
sealers. Sir James Ross, in his Antarctic voyage, passed in view of these rocky islands,
and described the black volcanic peaks of Prince Edward Island.
Marion Island, the larger of the two, and on which alone an opportunity of
landing was afforded to the naturalists of the Challenger, is 33 miles round ; its shape
is an irregular parallelogram, about 1 1 miles in length, 8 in extreme breadth, and about
80 square miles in area. The highest point is about 4,250 feet above the sea level. It
1 For the natural history of this group, see Moscley, Notes of a Naturalist, p. 1GP> ; Narr. Chall. Exp., vol. i. ;
Buchanan, Proc. Roy. Soc, vol. xxiv. p. 388.
REPORT ON THE PETROLOGY OF OCEANIC ISLANDS. 105
lies between the parallels of 46° 48' and 46° 56' S. latitude, and the meridians of
37° 35' and 37° 54' E. longitude.
The island seems to be entirely volcanic. The highest land is in the centre, and
irregular slopes lead down to the sea on all sides. These slopes are of very moderate
inclinations, and are broken in numerous places by shallow valleys bounded by cliffs
where the more ancient flows of lava have suffered denudation. These valleys are now
occupied by more recent lava-flows, which still retain their rough pinnacled upper
surface. Further, all over the slopes and summits are scattered irregularly numerous
small cones, formed mostly of conspicuously red scoriae. The lava presents in many
places in the cliffs a columnar structure. Some sand gathered on the shores of a small
fresh-water lake near the sea was full of augite and olivine crystals.1
In attempting to reach the actual upper limit of vegetation, Mr. Buchanan made
some geological observations, and collected some specimens of the rocks which will be
hereafter described. The ascent was up the bed of a small stream, which lay at the
verge of one of the modern lava-flows, where it abutted on a low cliff exposing a more
ancient flow in section. The more recent flow had a very gradual inclination of not
more than 8°. The stream was found to flow over an apparently very recent stream of
black cellular lava, the ripples and eddies in which were still perfectly fresh, except in
the very centre, where they had suffered some slight abrasion. This lava was basaltic
and contained much olivine. Close by the bed of the stream rose several red conical
hills. One of these, the highest within reach, consisted of a heap of loose scoriae dis-
posed in layers, dipping away on all sides at a regular and very steep angle. Few of
these pieces of scoriae were more than six inches in diameter. At the top was a
perfectly conical pit, and slightly below the summit, on the north side, were three
smaller and similar pits. The scoriae of which the hill is made up consisted of a highly
cellular red ground-mass, with indications of augite, without, however, any perfect
crystals being discernible. Besides the red scoriae, there were some of a chocolate-
brown colour, with frothy exterior and compact kernel, resembling almond-shaped
volcanic bombs. Besides this hill, there were five or six others precisely similar in
appearance and rising out of the same valley. From the top of the hills this valley or
depression could be seen to be bounded, towards the interior, by a semi-circular cliff of
rocks, in some parts columnar, and open to the sea. Above this cliff rose the snow-
covered cones and peaks of the interior, which seemed to be similarly formed to those
of the lower ground. On leaving the stream-bed and returning to the eastward over
the spur of the mountain, the cliff was found to consist of a light-grey compact doleritic
rock.2
All the rocks which were collected at Marion Island by Mr. Buchanan, and which
1 Moseley, Notes of a Naturalist, p. 164.
2 Narr. Cball. Exp., vol. i. pp. 300, 301.
(PHYS. CHEM. CHALL. EXP. — PART VII.— 1889.) 14
106 THE VOYAGE OF H.M.S. CHALLENGER.
we have examined, belong to the felspathic basalts ; the various specimens differ only
in colour, or in the more or less vesicular texture. We will describe first the rocks
formina- the volcanic cones near the small stream already mentioned. Amongst these,
red or black scorise are the most frequent. Their surface is very vesicular, the interior
part more compact, and having a somewhat waxy lustre. With the naked eye, crystals
and grains of olivine are seen scattered through the rock. Microscopical examination
shows a vitreous fundamental mass, with lamellae of plagioclase, the extinctions of
which are about 40°, indicating a mixture near anorthite. There are large sections of
olivine without any noteworthy peculiarity, the characteristics of this mineral being
those which it generally presents in the basaltic rocks. These sections show a perfect
cleavage following the base, and are often crowded with trichites. What seems to
characterise the crystals of augite is that they very often occur in groups of several
individuals, joined with their vertical axes ; this is one of the most striking peculiarities
of this mineral in the rock under description. Magnetite is present here as in all the
specimens from Marion Island. The base is speckled with globulites and trichites ;
this vitreous matter is often partially decomposed into a brownish palagonitic
matter.
The black lava forming the bed of the little stream explored by Mr. Buchanan is
generally compact in some places, however vesicular ; its grain is that of dolerite. This
rock is spotted with white points, and contains macroscopic olivine. Under the microscope
it shows the structure and the composition of a felspathic basalt, and resembles in every
particular the rocks already described. Augite is present only in very small grains,
which are not always easily distinguished from olivine. However, the crystals of this
last mineral, even when very small, contain almost always vitreous inclusions of
hexagonal or rhombic shape, their outhnes being parallel to those of the section ; these
regular inclusions are not to be observed in the small sections of augite.
A rock labelled "recent lava" has the same macroscopic characters as that just
described, but contains even less augite than the preceding specimen. There must be
some augitic microliths in the ground-mass, but it is difficult to give any definite
determination on account of the opacity of the base. The plagioclases are lamellar,
and extinguish under large angles. Very often these plagioclase crystals surround the
olivine sections, and are parallel to the outlines of the latter. Olivine does not show
the prismatic faces ; the sections are always rhombic.
A volcanic bomb collected near the conical hills already mentioned is 10 centimetres
by 5, its shape being elliptical ; this bomb is reddish brown, rather compact. With the
naked eye crystals of olivine and augite are seen embedded in the ground-mass.
Microscopical examination shows that this rock is a felspathic basalt. In a brownish
base are embedded crystals of plagioclase, olivine, and augite. These minerals are
almost always porphyritic; microliths of felspar and of augite are hidden in the ground-
REPORT ON THE PETROLOGY OF OCEANIC ISLANDS. 107
mass. Some crystals of plagioclase are Carlsbad twins : two individuals, tabular
following M, are elongated following the edge PjM, the outlines of these sections being
the traces of the faces of p and x. The two individuals are joined on the face M, the
trace of p of one of the individuals coinciding with the trace of x of the other. Other
sections show at the same time twinning following the albite, Carlsbad, and Baveno
laws. The extinction, measured from the trace of the polysynthetic lamellae, is about
45°, — thus this felspar is a mixture very near anorthite. Large sections of augite are
slightly greenish ; they do not present any noteworthy peculiarity. Olivine has rarely
crystallographic outlines ; in some cases the sections of this mineral show the traces of
a very obtuse and large dome, and the outlines are very like regular hexagons, but
generally the sections present a very corroded aspect.
IX.— NOTES ON THE ROCKS OF KERGUELEN ISLAND.
These notes on the rocks of Kerguelen Island are intended to be essentially litho-
logical, but geological and topographical features will require notice in so far as they
throw light upon the lithological description of this volcanic island. We do not
require to touch upon the history of early explorations of the island, a history
centring round the name of the illustrious navigator Cook, to whom we owe the most
exact, but by no means complete, data regarding the island up to the visit of Sir James
C. Ross in 1840. The numerous visits of the South Sea whalers added nothing to definite
knowledge, and to Ross we owe the first geological observations on the island.
MacCormick at the same time devoted himself to the natural history of the region, while
the flora was studied by Hooker.
Sir James Ross landed at Christmas Harbour, explored the neighbouring region, and
greatly increased our knowledge of it. On the north-west coast also Hooker and
MacCormick made their observations. After this memorable cruise many years passed
away before another expedition landed on the island. The Challenger touched there in
1874 in order to make arrangements for the British astronomers who were to establish
themselves in that locality to observe the transit of Venus. Almost at the same time
the " Gazelle " landed the German observing party, who were stationed there for three and
a half months for the same purpose. Shortly afterwards the " Volage " arrived with the
party of British astronomers under the charge of Father S. J. Perry.
To this party we owe some observations on the south coast, but to the present day
the west coast is unexplored, and the centre of the island almost unknown. This
ignorance is due to the difficulties of exploration in the marshes and peat-bogs of the
interior, amongst the fogs and snows, the torrents and ice-fields, and the terrible storms
108 THE VOYAGE OF H.M.S. CHALLENGER.
which burst upon the western coast. Add to these the extremely rigorous climate,
and some idea may be formed of the difficulties opposed to the scientific investigation
of a land the climatological conditions of which have justly earned for it the name of
" Isle of Desolation."
In addition to the early geological work of MacCormick and Hooker, already
incidentally alluded to, we only possess a very few contributions to the lithological
constitution of Kerguelen. The rocks collected by the German expedition have been
made the subject of a detailed description by Professor J. Roth.1 The topography of the
peninsula on which the German observatory was erected has been studied by Dr. Th.
Studer,2 and he has given geological details of the rocks described by Professor Roth.
Mr. Buchanan 3 published his geological notes, taken during the Challenger's visit, and
Mr. Moseley4 described the natural history of the island. The chapter devoted to
Kerguelen in the Narrative of the Cruise 5 may be held as reasonably complete with
regard to the fauna and flora of the island, and the geology of those parts visited
by the Challenger's staff.
These notes are specially devoted to the description of the numerous rock-specimens
collected by Mr. Buchanan and others at various points in the island. We have also
thought it advisable to condense here all the more important statements regarding the
geology of Kerguelen scattered through the writings cited above.
Like most oceanic islands, Kerguelen is essentially of volcanic formation. Sedi-
mentary strata, properly so called, are hardly represented at all. The accumulation of
erupted material forms, one might almost say, the entire mass of the island.
Before proceeding to the description of the rocks, we will sketch out those physical
features of the island which have a bearing on the facts to be considered.
The Kerguelen group is composed of 130 large and small islands, and 160 rocks.
They are grouped round the central island, and are situated in the centre of the
South Indian Ocean, nearly half-way between Africa and Australia, and some hundreds
of miles south of the route of the clippers which round the Cape of Good Hope on the
Australian passage. Its position is approximately 50° S. and 70° E., thus corresponding
1 J. Roth, Ueber die Gesteine von Kerguelenland, Monatsber. d. k: preuss. Alcad. d. Wiss. Berlin, 1875, pp.
723-735.
2 Th. Studer, Geologische Beobachtungen aiif Kerguelenland, Zcitsch: d. deulsclt. geol. Gesellsch., 1878, pp.
327-350.
3 J. Y. Buchanan, On Chemical and Geological Work done on board H.M.S. Challenger, Proc. Eoy. Sue,
vol. xxiv. pp. 617-622, 1876.
4 H. N. Moseley, Notes of a Naturalist on the Challenger, pp. 184-215. The author cites several memoirs on the
natural history of Kerguelen.
6 Narr. Chall. Exp., vol. i. pp. 332-360. See also Relation de deux voyages dans les mers australes, par M. de
Kerguelen, Paris, 1782; J. C. Ross, Voyage in the Southern and Antarctic Regions, vol. i. chap, iv., 1847; Die
Vermessungsarbeiten S.M.S. "Gazelle" an die Kiisten der Kerguelen Inselgruppe (Ann. des Hydrogr. und Marit.
Meteor., 1875, pp. 354-365) ; Rev. S. J. Perry, Report on the Meteorology of Kerguelen Island, 1879 ; Account of the
Penological, Botanical, and Zoological Collections made in Kergueleu's Land and Rodriguez during the Transit of
Venus Expedition, Loudon, 1879, Phil. Trans., vol. clxviii.
I,7r!l,
111
111!
IPIEiillliiiS11'1'1
ii'imii
110 THE VOYAGE OF H.M.S. CHALLENGER.
closely in longitude with the island of Rodriguez, the Maldives, and Bombay. The
greatest length of the island is about 85 miles, its maximum breadth 79, but its area does
not exceed 2,050 square miles. This small extent of area may be understood on taking
into account the deep indentations of the coast ; there is perhaps no other place on the
globe where the coast-line is so extended compared with the area. Fifteen great
peninsulas run out from the main portion of the island, and numerous deep gulfs
penetrate it, cutting the coast-line into long narrow fjords. These are similar in all
essentials to those of Norway ; they are bounded by cliffs rising perpendicularly, and
shutting in an arm of the sea often narrowed at its opening. Royal Sound and Rhodes
Bay present classic examples of these extraordinary sinuosities of coast-line.
The actual island is only the skeleton, one might say, of a great region on which
the phenomena of oscillation and denudation have left a profound imprint. The
deep-sea soundings in the neighbourhood of the land lead inevitably to this conclusion,
as they show the portion above water to be the summit of a great submarine plateau.
Sir J. C. Ross got soundings of 70 to 80 fathoms for a distance of over 100 miles to
the north-east of Cape Francis ; the Challenger found no depths exceeding 50 or
60 fathoms for 45 miles to the north of Cape Digby ; and between Kerguelen and
Heard Island the depth ranges between 80 and 150 fathoms. The "Gazelle" obtained
125 fathoms 40 miles west of Cape Bligh and also 80 miles north of Swain Island.
From the results of soundings, it seems probable that Heard Island is the terminal peak,
situated at the southern extremity of the chain of submarine table-lands which connects it
with Kerguelen. A glance at the chart also shows that the mountain chains of this land
are directed north-west and south-east, and that the lofty summit of Heard Island is
260 miles south-east of Mount Ross, the culminating point of the lines of hills which
traverse Kerguelen. Taking all these details into account, we must conclude that the
two islands belong to the same topographical system, the connecting links being hidden
by the waters. The erosion, which has left its traces everywhere ; the glacial phe-
nomena, marking their destructive action on the rocks ; the oscillations of the ground,
testified abundantly by the strata ; the action of atmospheric agencies, and even
biological facts, combine to give support to the view which presents Kerguelen as the
relic of a great land.
A chain of mountains with elevated plateaux traverses Kerguelen from north-west
to south-east, and at its southern extremity Mount Ross, the highest peak in the island,
rises near the sea. The terraces in the centre, rising to 1500 or 2000 feet, are covered
with snow-fields, and glaciers, of less extent now than formerly, are found in several
parts of the island. At Mount Richards, for instance, both slopes are covered with
them ; here the glaciers come right down to the sea, while at other places they do not
reach the water, showing rather a tendency to recede. This is the case at Whale Bay
and also at Deutsches Bucht, but on the west coast there are several which come down
REPORT ON THE PETROLOGY OF OCEANIC ISLANDS. Ill
to the shore. The volcanic manifestations, which gave birth to Kerguelen Island, have
now entered on a stage of repose. According to the fishermen, an active volcano still
exists on the west coast, and in this region also mineral oils and thermal springs are
found.
Low plains are absent, as in all volcanic islands, and valleys with a flat bottom are
uncommon. The heights run in lines forming chains, and the small extent of plain is
also covered with rocks or mounds connected together. The tabular form is most
common for the eminences with which Kerguelen is, in a certain sense, covered.
These heights are cut into perpendicular-walled terraces. This arrangement is almost
always observed in the case of ranges of hills not exceeding 1000 feet in height. The
mountains are sometimes formed by the superposition of five or ten terraces, in
other places as many as twenty have been counted. The terminal plateau and the
terraces are covered with the debris and alteration-products of the volcanic masses,
geodes from amygdaloidal rocks, and nodules of olivine, such as are found in basalt.
What has been said applies particularly to the mountains near the coast. The less
explored heights of the interior attain an altitude of about 1500 feet, and are composed
of solid rocks carved and terraced like those of the coast. Mount Ross, with its double
peak, and Mount Crozier belong to the mountains of the interior. According to Professor
Eoth, these jagged summits are formed of two kinds of rock, — dolerite and trachyte.
We shall now proceed to describe the different localities of the island from which
specimens have been collected, indicating at the same time their principal topographical
features and the local observations relating specially to the rocks under description.
As we stated before, the north-east coast is the only one which has hitherto been
explored. In the descriptions we shall follow the coasts, from Christmas Harbour at
the northern extremity to Greenland Harbour on the south-east of the island.
Describing in succession the rocks of each locality, we will specially lay stress on those
parts of the island where the Challenger collected specimens. These localities are
designated in our description by the names adopted in the chart of Kerguelen,
accompanying this Report (Map V.).
Starting from the northern extremity and going eastwards, Christmas Harbour is
the first place we meet with. This bay was named by Cook, who anchored there on
Christmas Day, 1776. It is a fine example of a Kerguelen fjord on a small scale, a
deep indentation surrounded by mountains with perpendicular cliffs. On each side
the land runs out in narrow precipitous promontories. At the northern part of the
bay the ground falls more gradually, so that it is possible to land from a boat. At
the point of the southern tongue of land stands the well-known Arch Rock, which
was formerly united to the island. Now the waves have perforated the central part
of this wall of rock, while its base and summit remain connected with the land, forming
a natural arch leading to a pile of rocks surrounded by the waves. Above the
112 THE VOYAGE OF H.M.S. CHALLENGER.
precipitous cliffs of the southern side of the bay an enormous mass of black basalt
rises with perpendicular walls. As one can judge from the frontispiece to the
Narrative of the Cruise, Christmas Harbour as a whole is a magnificent spectacle. The
appearance is made particularly remarkable by the imposing mass of the rocks, and
still more by the sharp contrast of the straight black cliff and the yellowish green
vegetation covering the lower slopes.1 Christmas Harbour was examined by Eoss
and the naturalists who accompanied him on his Antarctic expedition. The well-known
fossil woods of Kerguelen were discovered here in an excavation named " Fossil Wood
Cave," where Eoss found a tree trunk 7 feet in circumference. The fossil wood is
silicified or calcified, and appears in the form of splinters or blocks, varying in
colour from yellowish white to chocolate-brown and black. They are found in beds
forming nearly horizontal layers of only a few feet thick, and composed of a soft,
whitish, clayey matter filled with black particles resulting from the decomposition
of vegetable matter. The fossil wood is sometimes found in trunks measuring a foot
and a half in diameter. It occurs in different states of fossilisation ; sometimes it is
silicified, at other times the bark is transformed into a brownish mass of greasy
appearance, but crystalline in structure and effervescing with acids. Crystals of pyrites
are sometimes found in the fossil wood. Tree trunks have also been observed, the
interior of which is penetrated by the eruptive rocks with which this vegetable debris
is associated, but the exterior preserves a fibrous appearance as in silicified wood,
although the layer is very thin. With this clearly characterised vegetable debris,
the genera of which can readily be determined,2 layers of vegetable origin are found
transformed so completely into carbonaceous matter that it becomes difficult to
recognise the vegetable tissue ; at the utmost some forms resembling Chara can be
made out. According to Moseley, the intimate structure does not even appear with
the microscope. These carbonaceous deposits are unsuited for burning, being mixed
with a great deal of earthy matter, and often found associated with clayey deposits.
Hooker stated long ago that these vegetable remains at Christmas Harbour did not
belong to the modern epoch. We shall refer again to the geological conclusions to
which the facts observed with regard to these deposits lead, and may mention here some
other localities where they were found. Professor Eoth speaks of their presence on
the slopes of the basaltic terraces of Mount Havergal which closes Christmas Bay.
Above the doleritic basalt a rock of the same nature is found altered into a reddish
argillaceous matter, and a layer of palagonitic tufa. This is overlaid by layers of one
to two yards of schistoid material, decomposed into a whitish substance. These are
formed of a matter resembling lignite and of fine grains of palagonite ; they are not
1 For the very interesting vegetation of Kerguelen, see the works of Hooker, and for that of Christmas Harbour
and Table Mountain, in particular, Moseley 's Notes of a Naturalist, pp. 193 el seq.
- According to Professor Carnoy, who has been good enough to examine the microscopic preparations, the fossil
woods are certaiuly coniferous.
REPORT ON THE PETROLOGY OF OCEANIC ISLANDS. 113
calcareous, and contain fossil wood enclosing crystals of calcite and analcime. Professor
Both, following Bunsen,1 explains the presence of calcite by the decomposition into
palagonite of the volcanic materials associated with these fossil plants. Another layer
rests on this, formed also of palagonitic tufa, and containing fragments of fossil coniferous
wood. In the zeolitic basalt, forming a cliff toward the south of Christmas Harbour, two
beds of lignite occur at a height of 30 or 40 feet above sea level ; they are several feet
thick, and stretch towards Arch Bock. Silicified tree trunks were seen, according to
MacCormick, in the interior of this natural bridge. The lignite is schistoid, of a
brownish black colour, and varies much in composition. In some places it is earthy
and brittle, but in others it resembles the lignite of the Alps both in colour and
fracture. According to Captain von Schleinitz, quoted by Professor Both, quite similar
lignite is found in Breakwater Bay to the south of Cumberland Bay.
To return now to the volcanic rocks of Christmas Harbour. From the position of the
Challenger's anchorage the naturalists could easily make themselves acquainted with
the disposition of the eruptive masses that border the bay. These form horizontal
layers and beds that may be followed along the whole extent of the vertical cliffs
which wall the fjord. Here, as in almost all the other parts of the island, the
eminences are terraces with flat summits. The plateau extending to north and south of
Christmas Harbour is broken by two mountains which rise above it ; to the north
there is Table Mountain, to the south a hill not yet possessed of a special name ; it
appears like an enormous block resting on the plateau. A part of these heights has
been named Mount Havergal, but it is evident that they are all formed of super-
imposed layers of basalt. The rocks rising above the horizontal beds of basalt and
forming the highest points of the series of mountains, are of phonolitic nature,
and similar to those which we shall describe in detail when speaking of Greenland
Harbour. They traverse the horizontal beds of basalt, from which they differ in
mineralogical character. Their eruption does not seem to have modified the arrange-
ment of the beds which surround them. The latter, forming the principal massif of
the region, are basaltic, and the beds are from 10 to 20 feet thick. These basalts are
massive, but by climbing the heights one comes to certain layers, the rocks of which
are vesicular and filled with zeolites (analcime and prismatic zeolites). These zeolitic
minerals are very common in this part of the island, where they are often found as
rounded grains in volcanic sand, with which their white colour affords a marked
contrast. From base to summit a regular alternation may be traced of beds of compact
sub-columnar basalt, and layers of the same material of a vesicular structure. These
amygdaloidal rocks appear in two chief forms : one has very small and numerous
vesicles, now completely filled with zeolites, the other has large cavities only lined by
1 Ann. Chein. Ph., 1862, p. 53.
(PHYS. CHEM. CHALL. EXP. — FART VII. — 1889.) 1«
114 THE VOYAGE OF H.M.S. CHALLENGER.
crystals. These zeolites are also frequently found in small veins in the rock. "We
may say that generally the vesicles are filled with analcime, while a prismatic zeolite
predominates in the fissures.
The chain of hills on the south side of Christmas Harbour is higher than that to the
north, and as the southern coast is much indented the stratification is clearly shown,
and the superposition of basaltic layers in successive terraces becomes very apparent,
especially in the promontories.
It is noticeable that all the hills are about the same height, and the general
impression left is that the whole formerly consisted of a great plateau which has been
deeply trenched by valleys descending towards the sea. This plateau is surmounted
by high peaks, so closely resembling recent volcanoes in form that Mr. Buchanan
thought they were volcanic cones until a closer examination showed them to be
formed of horizontal strata like the plateau on which they stand. This seems to
indicate that these peaks are nothing but portions of a higher plateau which have
escaped the erosive action of the ice.
The greater number of basaltic rock specimens from Christmas Harbour are
characterised by a doleritic structure. To the naked eye they are black, with crystalline
grains, homogeneous in appearance, and with a plane fracture. The lens shows felspar.
Sometimes they are a little scoriaceous, and show a tendency to assume an amygdaloidal
texture, half-formed crystals of olivine and augite standing out. When the vesicular
texture is more pronounced, the ground-mass retains the same appearance, its very
numerous geodes being filled entirely with compact zeolitic matter of which the species
cannot be clearly distinguished. The globules of zeolites generally vary from some
millimetres to half a centimetre ; they sometimes attain the size of 1 or 2 centimetres,
but in this case they form true geodes, and the crystals lining the cavity are generally
fibro-radial or prismatic.
Microscopic examination shows that these dolerites are formed of plagioclase and
olivine enclosed in grains of augite, which are moulded upon the other constituent
elements. These rather large crystals of olivine are often serpentinised, and sometimes
give rise to a microporphyritic structure. The crystals of plagioclase are twinned
according to the albite law, less often to that of pericline, and more rarely still
they show the twin of Baveno. Extinctions of about 30° have been measured on
sections which clearly present the strise of the pericline and albite twins. The augite
sections interposed between the felspathic lamellae are large, but very seldom bounded
by crystallographic contours, and usually very pleochroic. When the colour is less
deep, the augite at first sight is difficult to distinguish from olivine, but as the latter
mineral is usually altered, it is easy to distinguish it from the intact augite. Magnetic
iron is represented by small sections derived from the octohedron, or by little rods.
REPORT ON THE PETROLOGY OF OCEANIC ISLANDS. 115
These dolerites are rarely free from alteration ; microscopic sections show that they are
almost always penetrated by delessite, which even invades the crystals of plagioclase,
and they are further often covered with hydrate of iron ; grains of red hematite, also,
are often seen. As we said when speaking of the macroscopic characters of these rocks,
they are often amygdaloidal and filled with zeolites ; chabasite is the most important
of these, either completely filling the vesicles or lining their walls.
Fine-grained felspathic basalts were also collected at Christmas Harbour. The
specimens examined were taken from a bed above sea-level in the northern part of
this locality. Viewed by the naked eye these rocks are black, very compact, breaking
with a plane fracture, and sometimes presenting large crystals of felspar and olivine.
In some cases the rocks are altered, and take a greyish tint ; the olivine decomposes
into a greenish substance like steatite, and the felspar into kaolin. These altered rocks
are often clothed with a thick coating of fibrous zeolite. Under the microscope these
rocks are seen to be felspathic basalts ; olivine is the only microporphyritic constituent.
The larger sections of this mineral are transformed internally into a fibrous greenish
dichroic matter, which is perhaps chlorite, possibly even a mica ; a brownish frame
surrounds the olivine crystals. The ground-mass, in which quadratic sections of
magnetite abound, is formed of small grains of augite
and opalised felspar microliths. The microscopic vesicles
are bordered with fibro-radial delessite, the centre being
filled with analcime, and in certain cases by a fibro-radial
zeolite.
The olivine of a fine-grained basalt from the same
place, and closely resembling that just described, presents
interesting peculiarities. It appears in grouped granules,
imitating to some extent the peridotic chondres of
meteoric rocks. Fig. 19 represents these groupings of F'?- ™-" °f "^ Harb™r-
° ■■■ o j. o Grouped granules of olivine, lmitat-
olivine grains, which are numerous enough in this rock ing the form of this mineral in the
o o chondres or meteorites, ^u crossed
to form a characteristic feature. mcols-
Another basaltic rock, from a bed 400 feet above the coast, shows some noteworthy
peculiarities. The ground-mass is black and compact ; large crystals of felspar and
olivine appear in it, and the fracture is irregular. Microscopic examination shows that
it is a felspathic basalt like those already described, but while in the former case it was
olivine which gave these rocks a microporphyritic structure, here large sections of plagio-
clase produce this feature. They stand out from a ground-mass of grains of augite,
felspathic microliths, and granules of olivine. These large crystals of plagioclase present
a character sometimes shown by anorthite and certain albites ; their sections appeal-
almost free from hemitropic striae. It is well known that the felspars which form the
beginning and the end of the plagioclastic series have generally less numerous stria?
116 THE VOYAGE OF H.M.S. CHALLENGER.
than the intermediate links. In the present case we cannot explain this rarity of
polysynthetic twins by the fact of the sections being cut parallel to the face M ; they
are usually cut, on the contrary, perpendicular to the edge P/k, for cleavages following
P and M may be observed. In some sections following P extiuctions have been
measured, their value varying from 38° to 42° ; this felspar is thus akin to anorthite.
The microliths of the ground-mass, on the contrary, must be referred to labradorite.
It is unnecessary to do more than allude to some partly decomposed basaltic rocks
which exhibit the usual alteration of basalts ; it may simply be noticed that the
formation of zeolites often goes on simultaneously with a considerable deposition of
siliceous matter, and that the latter, in some cases, takes the place of the plagioclase.
A volcanic conglomerate from the summit of a hill at the south of Christmas
Harbour is formed of palagonitic tufa. The black, compact, shining splinters of basalt,
varying from 1 to 2 centimetres in diameter, are enclosed in a brownish mass ; small
whitish layers of zeolites have formed around the lapilli. The brown material has the
well-known resinoid character of palagonitic tufas. Opal is sometimes deposited on the
rock, and often passes into cascholong. Microscopic examination shows that this tufa is
formed of an aggregation of brown vitreous granules. These fragments frequently
change to a yellow colour at the edges, without showing any alteration to red, or the
characteristic fractures and the phenomena of polarisation, which often accompany the
most advanced decomposition of the vitreous matter of these tufas. These amorphous
patches are always isotropic. Plagioclase and olivine have crystallised from the
magma ; no augite is to be seen, the rapid cooling of the paste accounting for the
absence of this mineral. The sections of felspar are often prismatic, showing the striae
of the albite twin, but usually this mineral crystallises in little lamellae with rhombic
outlines, and so thin that several of them are superimposed in the thickness of the
preparation. These small rhombic tables show traces of the faces P and x ; sometimes
they appear as disymmetric hexagons ; in this case the face y is added to the preceding.
Olivine is generally well crystallised, and its sections usually appear wTith rhombic out-
lines and inclusions of vitreous matter at the centre. This species sometimes shows
crystals joined with parallel axes so as to form groups of several individuals. Magnetite
is rather rare, appearing as inclusion in olivine. Vesicles in the vitreous mass contain
delessite. The zeolitic substance, cementing the lapilli, forms fibro-radiating layers,
which might be classed as natrolite, but the brightness of the polarisation colours
seems to indicate the presence of chalcedony penetrating this zeolite.
The rocks forming hills about Christmas Harbour are traversed by dykes, from
which Mr. Buchanan collected several specimens. One of these represents a compact
basalt in which the naked eye can only distinguish olivine in a blackish shining
crystalline mass. Near its contact with the adjoining rock the texture becomes closer,
and the basalt passes into the vitreous variety ; to this portion of the rock are joined
REPORT ON THE PETROLOGY OF OCEANIC ISLANDS. 117
basaltic lapilli cemented by a palagouitic matter. The microscope shows that this
zone of contact, which resembles tachylite, is essentially composed of a vitreous base
containing olivine and small rhombic tables of plagioclase, similar to those just referred
to as occurring in the palagonitic tufas. The vitreous part, resulting from the rapid
cooling of the eruptive rock in contact with the surrounding mass, can be observed in
the microscopic preparations joined to the rock forming the central part of the vein.
This more crystalline zone is composed of the same minerals ; the plagioclase crystals,
however, take another form : instead of the tabular sections just referred to, they are
prismatic, and often in the shape of skeletons forked at two extremities. Augite is not
developed in it, but the brownish glass is darker, and it is filled with trichites and
spherulites. Olivine often occurs in twinned crystals, which are sometimes sharply
outlined by crystallographic lines in one part of the section, and in the other part shade
off into worn and irregular forms. The large sections of olivine in this rock are often
enclosed in felspathic lamellae. On the other hand, the felspathic microliths are
surrounded by sections of olivine, which, from this point of view, seems to play the
same part as augite does in many basalts. To return for a moment to the rhombic
tables of plagioclase, which are confined to the vitreous zone in contact with the
surrounding rock. It is natural to suppose that the development of these tabular
crystals is in relation with a particular state of consistence of the lava where they were
formed. These tabular crystals of plagioclase show the faces P and x, and sometimes
those of y. The angle of extinction measured on the face M is negative, and about 32°.
This observation suffices to show that this felspar is allied to bytownite.
The coal-beds of this part of the island are associated with schistoid rocks, which
resemble certain slaty rocks. At first sight one would mistake them for slates of
slight fissility. Their colour is purplish, and the surface shines like some clays, but
they are harder, and the streak is not lustrous. No constituents can be discerned by
the naked eye. The microscope proves their volcanic nature, and that they belong to
the eruptions which poured out trachytic lavas. In ordinary light small prisms of
augite and grains of magnetite are seen in a colourless and homogeneous ground-mass.
With polarised light a rather large number of sanidine sections are seen in the prepara-
tion. They sometimes assume the form of elongated lamellae, but they are generally
placed with their widest faces parallel to the cleavage of the rock. Sections parallel to
M often show the Carlsbad twin with k as the plane of composition ; sometimes the two
twinned individuals are not entirely superposed over the whole extent of the face M.
The crystals are generally broken up, and present undulating extinction, induced by the
mechanical strain to which the schistose character of the rock is also due. The whole
mass seems to have been penetrated by chalcedony.
The hills situated to the north of Christmas Harbour, and reaching an altitude of
118 THE VOYAGE OF H.M.S. CHALLENGER.
1200 feet, are designated Table Mountain. Eoss discovered at the top an oval crater-
like depression, the long axis of which measured about 100 feet. These heights are
formed, like the others already described, of horizontal basaltic layers, but in this case
they do not make up the whole mass. Pre-existing hillocks of pale grey rock were
surrounded by the lava-flows, contrasting in colour with the black encasing rock.
When speaking of Greenland Harbour we shall describe with greater detail the relations
and the aspect of these masses surrounded by the basalt, as in both localities the same
state of things occurs, and the observations recorded by Mr. Buchanan in that region
are more explicit from the present point of view than those available for Table
Mountain. Here we limit ourselves to the consideration of the most interesting rocks
of the latter region. According to Mr. Buchanan, the basalt assumes a columnar
structure and contains great nodules of olivine. The summit of the hill is covered with
fragments of basalt which are broken prisms.
All the specimens which we have examined from Table Mountain belong to the
basaltic series. We will describe them in the order in which they were collected by
Mr. Buchanan when he climbed the hill.
A doleritic rock is first found at the height of about 500 feet above the sea.
This appears compact to the naked eye, but crystalline grains may be distinguished.
Very small vesicles are scattered through the mass, which is furrowed by long
cavities from one to two centimetres in diameter lined with clearly defined crystals
of chabasite. Red oxide of iron penetrates the rock in certain points. Microscopic
examination shows that this dolerite is entirely impregnated with a greenish secondary
mineral. The crystals of olivine which formerly existed are now only recognisable by
the outlines of the sections ; the interior is entirely converted into this green matter.
The plagioclase also is so much altered that it no longer shows polysynthetic striation
between crossed nicols ; it is so penetrated by delessite that only a very narrow
frame of felspar surrounds the sections. The augite appears to have resisted decom-
position better, as a rule ; reddish sections of it, giving the optical reactions of this
pyroxene, are to be seen enclosed between the plagioclastic lamella?. It is sometimes
partly covered by an opaque brownish matter which surrounds and accentuates the
crystalline outlines. This opaque matter is formed of elongated or slightly-curved
black filaments resembling trichites or crystallites of magnetite.
At the height of 1000 feet, about 10 feet below the terminal plateau, Mr. Buchanan
found a specimen of a granular rock, in which crystals of felspar could be distinguished
by the unaided eye ; its colour is light green by alteration, and its fracture irregular.
Microscopically it appears to be a much altered dolerite. As in the preceding rock,
olivine has almost entirely disappeared, but plagioclase in large lamelke and augite have
better resisted decomposition. Spherules of chalcedony and chabasite are developed in
the pores. Silica has also penetrated the felspar, and the plagioclase thus assumes
REPORT ON THE PETROLOGY OF OCEANIC ISLANDS.
119
brilliant colours of polarisation. A greenish secondary product covering a considerable
part of the preparation appears, and sometimes assumes a vermicular form very like
that of helminth.
Two specimens of basalt were collected on the summit of Table Mountain. One of
these was taken from a bed the rocks of which showed columnar structure. It is a
very compact bluish black basalt, with a plane fracture, and contains large inclusions
of olivine. Under the microscope the rock is very fine-grained, and in the ground-mass
greenish brown augite crystalloids predominate, embedded in plagioclastic lamellae.
Fragments of olivine detached from a large inclusion of a peridotic rock are also to
be seen. Rather large patches, composed
exclusively of augite grains, are sometimes
to be observed. The bottle-green nodules of
olivine, enclosed in this basalt, are formed
by an aggregation of minerals which corres-
ponds to lherzolite (see fig. 20). Olivine
forms the principal mass of this inclusion,
its grains appearing irregular, colourless,
and split up without a trace of definite
cleavage (a). A lamellar rhombic pyroxene
is associated with this mineral; its colour
is light green, and it is probably en-
statite (b). Finally, transparent brown
isotropic sections of picotite and greenish
augite (c) are embedded without crystalline
outlines amongst the minerals already
mentioned, moulding themselves upon them
Another preparation from one of the peridotic nodules of the Table Mountain basalt
shows a slightly different composition. In this case the rock appears to be formed only
of olivine, the aggregated grains of which have experienced a slight serpentinisation
along the cracks.
The second specimen from the upper part of the mountain is, like that briefly
described above, an ordinary black, compact, fine-grained basalt, in which the eye can
detect nothing but grains of olivine. The ground-mass is formed of small plagioclastic
lamellae, not much lengthened, and of brownish granules of augite with which magnetite
is associated. Large fragments of olivine without crystalline outlines give the rock a
microporphyritic structure. One cannot help recognising these fragments of olivine as
foreign inclusions, and similarly a like origin must be admitted for the large sections of
chromite which the rock contains. These may be as much as two to three millimetres in
diameter ; they are very irregular in outline, and often surrounded by a zone of magnetite.
FlO. 20.— Basalt of Table Mountain.
Microscopic section of an inclusion in this rock. The inclusion
is formed {«) of olivine in cracked, colourless, irregular
grains ; (6) rhombic pyroxene, lamellated, and light green
in colour ; (c) greenish grains of augite. The inclusion
also contains brownish sections of chromite or picotite,
which are not figured. 5'5 crossed nicols.
120 THE VOYAGE OF H.M.S. CHALLENGER.
A volcanic bomb from Table Mountain is formed of a medium-grained, greenish black
rock, reddened on the surface, and furrowed with long hollows full of large crystals of
chabasite. Under the microscope it is seen to be formed of a slightly transparent
greyish mass speckled with grains of magnetite. This ground-mass, which cannot well
be analysed even under the highest powers, has an indistinct structure which may be
compared to marbling. Skeletons of felspar forked at both extremities appear in this
ground-mass. These plagioclastic sections are sometimes larger, and in that case are
almost always cracked in every direction, and appear in parts converted into chalcedony.
The olivine is decomposed into serpentine, and augite does not appear to be
present.
A fragment of altered vitreous basalt may be mentioned, finally, amongst the
specimens from this locality. The rock has a reddish brown colour, is scoriaceous, and
very much decomposed, some parts passing into palagonite, others being almost earthy.
The rock is entirely impregnated with iron, and is transformed into palagonitic matter
in the last stage of decomposition. The ground-mass is brownish and opaque, filled
with colourless microliths of felspar which are aggregated in star-like groups. Like
the larger crystals to be described, the microliths are entirely converted into zeolites.
The larger sections of plagioclase have retained their form only, and give the optical
reactions of zeolites. Some small and very distinct sections of olivine also appear,
filled with zeolitic crystals, and the latter are developed in the cracks of the rock as
well. Other sections of olivine are less profoundly decomposed, being only impregnated
by ferruginous matter and products of alteration along the fissures. If augite exist in
this rock, it must be entirely disguised by the products of its alteration. A few
crystals of apatite have been observed.
A specimen from Arch Rock may be described before considering the rocks of
Cumberland Bay. This natural arcade forms the extremity of the southern headland
enclosing Christmas Harbour. The specimen examined is a black dolerite, coloured
greenish by alteration, of moderately fine grain, and breaking with an unequal fracture.
Its microscopic structure is that of a characteristic dolerite ; lamellas of plagioclase are
enclosed in reddish grains of augite, which constitute, so to speak, the cement of the
rock. Large crystals of olivine, retaining their crystallographic form, but largely
altered into serpentine, are observable. Delessite has been developed at many points ;
its sections appear generally triangular, or with straight lines, the outlines of this
green secondary matter being usually defined by the intercrossed lamellas of plagioclase,
which themselves are more or less penetrated by delessite. The latter mineral also
lines the geodes, in the centre of which calcite has crystallised. Arch Rock has also
yielded amygdaloidal specimens with fibre-radial zeolites closely resembling those of
Christmas Harbour.
REPORT ON THE PETROLOGY OF OCEANIC ISLANDS. 121
Cumberland Bay is the first important indentation of the coast to the south-west of
Christmas Harbour, but as neither the Challenger nor the "Gazelle" Expeditions collected
rock specimens from this deep and narrow fjord, our geological knowledge of it is limited
to the observations of Ross. He states that a hill 300 to 400 feet in height, formed of a
basaltic conglomerate and terminating in a crater, stands at the head of the bay. Veins
of an amphibolic rock are injected through the mass. On the south there is a bed of
carbonaceous matter 1 0 feet wide and 1 foot thick, covered by an amygdaloidal rock. A
little farther south another bed of coal, two feet thick, appears. The schistoid rocks at
the north of Cumberland Bay show impressions oifucus. Ross describes the rocks of the
bay as " trap," an expression which may apply to basalt or to more or less amygdaloidal
dolerite. Buchanan observed that, although geodiferous rocks are very common in this
part of the island, the nature of the geodes differs in various localities. At Cumber-
land Bay the cavities are filled with quartz crystals ; at Howe's Island, of which we
shall speak presently, chalcedony and agate predominate ; on the other hand, the
amygdaloidal cavities of the basalt are lined or filled chiefly with zeolites. To sum
up, quartz crystals seem to be confined to Cumberland Bay ; zeolites are chiefly
found at Christmas Harbour, while Mr. Buchanan observed none at Howe's Island or
Betsy Cove.
The bay of Rhodes is shut in between Bismarck Peninsula and the large island of
Prince Adalbert, and there amygdaloidal basalts occur, some specimens of which we
have examined. The cavities are filled with chabasite, the rocks themselves much
altered, of a greyish colour, and entirely impregnated with zeolites, the constituent
minerals not being apparent to the naked eye. Microscopic examination shows that
these fine-grained rocks are composed of plagioclastic lamella?, augite, magnetite, and
several black opaque elements ; but they contain little or no olivine. The microscopic
vesicles are filled with closely-packed grains of chabasite.
Professor Roth mentions the occurrence at Port Marie in Rhodes Bay, Prince Adalbert
Island, of some amygdaloidal dolerites with nodules of quartz and chalcedony with
coatings of the same minerals showing impressions of the rhombohedron of calcite — \ R.
Calcite and zeolites are also observed in these rocks. At a height of 500 feet a
doleritic basalt decomposing into a ferruginous red clay is found.
To the north, and almost at the entrance of Rhodes Bay, is Howe's Island, long
supposed to be a peninsula. It was visited by the Challenger naturalists, who found
amygdaloidal rocks in the north-east, the geodes of which were exclusively filled with
agate. The hill summits were strewn with these nodules, which remained in their
places after the containing rock had decomposed.
Amongst the rocks of this island, those may be described which form the top of
(PHTS. CHEM. CHALL. EXP. — PART VII. — 1889.) 16
122 THE VOYAGE OF H.M.S. CHALLENGER.
the chain of hills visible from the Challenger's anchorage. The specimens which we
examined must have been collected as fragments, as their contours are rounded. They
are greyish in colour, somewhat coarse-grained, contain augite and felspar visible to the
naked eye, also many zeolites, and greenish specks of a secondary substance, probably
delessite. Microscopical examination confirms the macroscopical determination of this
rock as a coarse-grained dolerite. The plagioclase is transformed into chalcedony and
micaceous matter. The augite is purplish and without crystallographic outlines.
Titaniferous iron is very abundant, appearing in the preparations as elongated or
irregular rods. Olivine seems to have almost entirely disappeared, hardly any trace
of it remaining. In the cracks of the rock colourless patches are to be seen which give
scarcely sensible chromatic polarisation, and are obviously of zeolitic nature. These
zeolites are usually framed by a zone of delessite which lines the cavities with a
mammillated coating. Hematite is also a somewhat common mineral.
Fine-grained basalts were also found on the summits of these hills. These are black
and compact, and crystals of augite, plagioclase, and olivine may be distinguished by
the lens. Microscopically the rock appears to be a felspathic basalt, the ground-mass
being made up of microliths of felspar, grains of augite, and magnetite. In this
there appear large sections of olivine and augite, and broad lamellae of much altered
plagioclase. A second specimen of fine-grained basalt from the crest of the hills of
Howe's Island shows a composition analagous to that described, only the microporphyritic
element is almost exclusively plagioclase.
The basalts just enumerated are traversed by a dyke of bluish black rock, in parts
vesicular, and of medium grain. Examined with a lens it shows augite, plagioclase,
and olivine entirely transformed into an almost earthy serpentinous mass with a
slightly greasy lustre. The microscope shows the dyke to be composed of a felspathic
basalt, resembling all those of the island which we have examined. The ground-mass
is made up of small plagioclastic lamellae, microliths of augite, and crystallites of
magnetite. Large sections of plagioclase, giving the extinctions of anorthite, appear
in the mass. This plagioclase is finely striated, and is sometimes twinned according to
the Baveno or pericline law ; at other times it is zonary, and very rich in brownish
vitreous inclusions. The sections of magnetite sometimes attain pretty large dimensions,
and, with the augite, determine the microporphyritic structure.
We have mentioned that the summits of the hills of Howe's Island are strewed with
geodes of agate. Mr. Buchanan observed that these nodules, derived from decomposed
amygdaloidal rocks, are often worn on a part of their surface, as if they had been
planed, while in other cases they are covered with very sharp striae. The planing of
part of the surface may be looked upon as the result of glacial action. As we shall see
farther on, this action must have been formerly exerted at Kerguelen on a far larger
scale than is the case at present.
REPORT ON THE PETROLOGY OF OCEANIC ISLANDS. 123
Proceeding towards the south-east we meet Bismarck Peninsula, which runs out,
indented by numerous fjords, between Rhodes Bay and Whale Bay. The rocks collected
here by the German expedition were examined by Professor Roth. He speaks of a
mountain formed of doleritic rock on a very narrow headland at the western extremity.
This hill has the terraced structure so often to be seen in Kerguelen. Other specimens
from this locality are altered doleritic basalts of a greyish colour, and fine grained. In
these the microscope shows crystals of augite, magnetite, and olivine embedded in a
vitreous ground-mass. The eastern coast is deeply cut into by the bays of Sontags
Harbour, Successful Harbour, and Port Palliser. Mount Palliser rises to the north of
Sontags Harbour, and its terraces incline gradually towards the north-west as far as
Cape Neumayer. These heights and those situated between Sonntags Harbour and
Port Palliser are composed of amygdaloidal dolerites with chabasite, calcite, analcime on
calcite, heulandite, geodes of chalcedony, and crystals of quartz.
The great peninsula of Bismarck is bounded on the south by Whale Bay, at the head
of which — named Kaiserbassin by the Germans — a river enters from the Lindenberg
glacier. The bed of this watercourse is full of flat pebbles. The glacier terminates about
six nautical miles from the shore in a wall of ice 75 feet high, the base being at an
elevation of 350 feet above sea level. The whole valley was probably filled by this
glacier at one time. Professor Roth enumerates amongst the stones of the valley, more
or less altered doleritic basalts and amygdaloidal rocks, with brownish silica and geodes of
zeolites, the latter being covered by a thin coating of delessite. Among the secondary
minerals he mentions quartz, probably replacing natrolite, and also agate, calcite, and
geodes of quartz. A trachytic rock, containing sanidine, augite, and magnetic iron,
crops out at the mouth of the river, and at another place the same rock traverses
doleritic basalt as a dyke from 180 to 250 feet thick.
The Roon peninsula runs out between Irish Bay and Winterhafen. The rocks of
the hills on this promontory are doleritic, and contain geodes of quartz and agate with a
little calcite. The same rocks with identical secondary minerals appear again at Winter-
hafen, and according to Professor Roth, a greyish sanidine rock also occurs. The hills
of the extremity of Uebungs Bay — which is only the eastern extension of Winterhafen —
are crowned with lakes, and the rocks are similar to those described above, yet one rock
seems to contrast strongly with all others found in Kerguelen. Professor Roth says
that in this locality the basalt traverses a greyish pyritiferous mass, which effervesces
with acids, and contains much quartz and little felspar. The appearance of this rock
recalled that of the dolomite of the schisto-crystalline series, but he acknowledged that
there was difficulty in pronouncing as to its age. Professor Roth gives some details of
the rocks of this part of Winterhafen, which enable us to recognise the same uniformity
124 THE VOYAGE OF H.M.S. CHALLENGER.
of lithological constitution as we have already had occasion to notice at other parts of
the island. A little farther along the coast to the west is Irish Bay ; it receives the
river descending from the Naumann glacier, which stops at a distance of five nautical
miles from the end of the bay. At the foot of the glacier doleritic basalts are found
in situ ; these are sometimes amygdaloidal, and marked with glacial striae ; a trachytic
rock enclosed in the basalt may also be observed.
Foundry Bay succeeds that last mentioned. It is a fjord barely two-thirds of a mile
wide at the entrance, with Gazelle Basin situated in its western angle, and Schonwetter
Harbour at its eastern extremity. The rocks from the shores of this bay are doleritic
basalts, with olivine and geodes of chabasite, quartz, and agate. Amygdaloidal dolerites,
containing fine geodes of heulandite, quartz, and chalcedony, are found at Schonwetter
Harbour. There are also fine-grained basalts, and tufas of the same lithological nature.
Continuing towards the east we reach the most thoroughly known peninsula in
Kerguelen, that named Observations Halbinsel by the German explorers, and made the
object of a detailed topographical survey by Captain von Schleinitz, who commanded
the " Gazelle." ' Dr. Th. Studer, naturalist to the German expedition, published a
memoir full of facts regarding this part of the island. He remained for more than three
months in the neighbourhood of Betsy Cove, and his work comprises a most complete
set of observations on the topography and geological conditions. The latter are treated
with special detail, comprehending the study of the basaltic and trachytic eruptive
masses, the deposits formed by running water, glacial phenomena, erosion by sea and
rivers, and recent oscillations of the ground. It is impossible to give an abstract of
this work here, the reader must therefore refer to the original paper. We may, however,
state the principal features of the physical geography of this peninsula, and summarise
the chief varieties of rocks collected by Dr. Studer and determined by Professor Both.
The Strauch hills, attaining a height of 1150 feet, and Castle Mount, with an eleva-
tion of 1550 feet, stretch towards the west, and farther in the same direction lies the
valley of Cascade Biver, one tributary of which flows from Lake Margot, another having
its source a little farther north. Mount Crozier rises to 3000 feet at the south of Lake
Margot. The peninsula on the north and east is simply a plain about 30 feet above sea
level, covered with rolled pebbles, and diversified by lakes and marshes. On this plain,
to the south of Accessible Bay, are situated the Tafelberg (275 feet), and three isolated
summits — Mount Campbell (about 460 feet) lying farthest north, Mount Peeper (650
feet) next it, and to the south of these the crater-shaped Mount Bungary.
In what follows we shall give special prominence to the observations of the British
naturalists, which -only refer to the special point of Betsy Cove, where the Challenger
1 See Annakn der Hydrographie, Bd. ii. No. 19, p. 220, 1875.
REPORT ON THE PETROLOGY OF OCEANIC ISLANDS. 125
anchored, and on the shores of which the explorers collected specimens. Mr. Buchanan
observed that the hills here have the same structure as in the north, the eruptive sheets
appearing in the form of horizontal layers. The hills, however, are farther from the
coast, and a plain, broken only by Mount Campbell, extends from their base to Cape
Digby. Mr. Moseley has drawn attention to the glacial phenomena in the neigh-
bourhood of Betsy Cove. A series of roches moutonnees appeared to the north of
the port where the Challenger anchored. Betsy Cove and the neighbouring fjord of
Cascade Beach are two deep indentions opening into the great basin marked on the
Admiralty chart as Accessible Bay. Here there also opens a large valley, running far
into the country between two lofty chains of hills. The hills near this valley are rounded
on the summit, probably by glacial action. According to Moseley, the whole region
has been subjected to great denudation since it was glaciated, and the striaa and moraines
must consequently have been obliterated to a great extent. Everything seems to show
that the hills were cut out of a continuous sheet of volcanic rock, which formerly spread
over the whole region ; the summits are capped with basalt, showing columnar structure
in their sections.
We shall first describe the compact coarser-grained specimens of basalt from Betsy
Cove. They are black, with an unequal fracture, formed by an aggregation of crystal-
line grains, amongst which yellowish patches of olivine, measuring half a centimetre,
plagioclase, and augite may be detected by the unaided eye. Under the microscope
large and sometimes very elongated microporphyritic sections of olivine appear. This
mineral is decomposed into a yellowish matter, not showing the usual green tint
of serpentine. The augite is transformed into a green substance, delessite or grengesite,
which also tends to replace the felspar ; it is found in every hollow, and surrounds all
the constituent minerals. The plagioclase crystals show an angle of extinction, which
classes them as anorthite or some very basic felspar. Large sections sometimes show at
the same time the albite and Carlsbad twins. The larger minerals are embedded in a
network of small plagioclase crystals, augitic microliths, and decomposed grains of olivine.
Other specimens from the same locality are finer grained, and also distinguished by
a cellular structure. They are all greatly altered, some specimens so much so that they
appear earthy, are covered with oxide of iron, and are frequently red, with whitish
markings. The vesicles, from half a centimetre to a centimetre in diameter, are usually
lined with well -formed crystals of chabasite. Doleritic structure does not appear
when slices are examined microscopically ; microporphyritic structure is very rarely
seen, and, when observed, is due to a larger development of crystals of plagioclase.
These large sections of felspar are traversed by cracks, pervaded by a light-brown
substance, presenting the characters of silica in the state of chalcedony or opal. The
silica sometimes partly penetrates the mass of the felspar, but it is not found in this
mineral only, as it occurs in all the holes, where it assumes a purplish or brownish
126 THE VOYAGE OF H.M.S. CHALLENGER.
colour. The concretionary structure and brilliant polarisation colours distinguish it
clearly from chabasite. Felspar alone is usually found retaining its natural colour ;
augite is transformed into delessite or grengesite, and the olivine is covered with oxide
of iron, or even filled with hematite, or else serpentinised. Chabasite, the rhombohedric
forms of which are visible to the naked eye, fills all the vesicles with closely-packed
grains. These react feebly between crossed nicols ; they show striations and twinnings,
and the other phenomena which have been particularly studied by Professor Becke.
Professor Roth's lithological observations on the rocks of Betsy Cove go to show
what a large part doleritic basalts containing zeolites play in the whole peninsula.
We need refer to a few only of the rocks of another nature which he has determined
from specimens collected by the German expedition. A rolled pebble of red porphyry
was found at the foot of Mount Peeper, and this, according to our author, seems to prove
the existence of ancient rocks in Kerguelen. We shall refer to this point again. The
specimens from the eastern part of Mount Peeper have been found to contain half-fused
fragments of sanidine rock. This clearly proves that the trachytic masses existed prior
to the basaltic eruption. This conclusion will be confirmed by considering the relation
between the sanidine rocks and the basalts of Royal Sound and Greenland Harbour.
Professor Roth records from the neighbourhood of Mount Crozier, besides the usual
eruptive rocks of Kerguelen, fragments of a bluish grey sedimentary rock, the age of
which cannot be determined. It is related to a labradorite-porphyry coming from the
south-western extremity of Lake Margot. This rock is compact, and the greyish blue
ground-mass contains triclinic felspar and grains of pyrites, its appearance recalling the
rocks of ancient type. The specimen effervesced strongly with cold acids, and after treat-
ment with hydrochloric acid the ground-mass appears lighter in colour, while the felspar
crystals are much corroded. Microscopic preparations show that the ground-mass is
much decomposed, and contains triclinic felspar, a chloritic mineral probably derived
from augite, altered olivine, and magnetic iron. Another rock, coming from the series
of hills in the Studerthal, to the north-east of Mount Crozier, has a granular structure,
and contains chiefly triclinic felspar, plates of black mica, and an altered mineral pos-
sibly derived from hornblende. The rock effervesces slightly in acids. It appears to
contain some crystals of orthoclase, and Professor Roth was led to class it with the
ancient eruptive rocks such as micaceous diorites.
The great peninsula, the rocks of which have now been described, is bounded on
the south by a large bay, Royal Sound, occupying the south-eastern extremity of
Kerguelen. Here the British and American stations1 were situated in 1874. Before
1 The American transit of Venus mission was established at Royal Sound, near Molloy Point. Dr. Kidder, the
medical man of the party, has published his botanical and zoological observations in Nos. 2 and 3 of the Bulletin of the
United States National Museum, Washington, 187C.
REPORT ON THE PETROLOGY OF OCEANIC ISLANDS. 127
describing the rocks of tins fjord, we may consider those from Prince of Wales Foreland,
a long and mountainous promontory which stretches from the peninsula already de-
scribed towards the entrance of Royal Sound ; the northern boundary is Shoal Water
Bay. According to Mr. Buchanan this high promontory is formed of columnar basalt,
in some places weathering into spheroids. The rock contains large nodules of olivine.
Flat-topped hills extend into the interior beyond this tongue of land with its serrated
rocks. They in turn are of basaltic nature, and contain much olivine, but the columnar
structure gives place to a bedded arrangement, which in some cases is schistoid.
Besides the basalts reported by Mr. Buchanan, we have found amongst the speci-
mens from this locality a limburgite, a lithological type we have not yet noticed as
occurring in the island. Externally it resembles a basalt, but the mass is more shining
and bluish black in colour. Bottle-green grains of olivine are visible to the unaided
eye ; with the lens smaller crystals of augite become visible. Large sections of brownish
olivine appear in the homogeneous vitreous ground-mass. As a rule they have sharp
crystallographic outlines, sometimes, however, they are corroded ; they present no
peculiarity, except for some large transparent inclusions of chestnut-brown chromite.
Augite occurs as well-developed light green crystals, showing distinct outlines, and
often twinned polysynthetically. Numerous augite microliths, usually very elongated,
occur in the ground-mass. Magnetite is abundant in the form of regular sections, but
no felspar is to be seen. The cavities of the rock are lined with fibro-radial zeolites.
On doubling Prince of Wales Foreland one enters the great bay of Royal Sound,
studded with islands and reefs to the number of more than a hundred. The gulf is
wide and deep. All the islets and the hills of the neighbouring land terminate in
tabular summits. The rocks forming islands in this fjord are strewn with erratic blocks,
the number of these ice-borne fragments seeming to increase as we approach the bottom
of the bay. The hills are the same as those of Betsy Cove ; in fact, if the great valley
there were filled by the sea, the numerous hills of the northern part would appear as
islets, and give to the bay the appearance of Royal Sound in miniature. It is almost
certain that all the islets and reefs were connected to begin with, forming part of a sheet
of lava which descended with a slight slope from the land to the sea. The slope was
covered by a great glacier shut in by the hills which now border the sound on the south
and north. After having planed down the whole surface over which it flowed, the
glacier hollowed out the deep channels between the harder rocks, that now form
islands in the bay. During this glacial period, or at some subsequent time, all these
islands were covered by the sea in consequence of subsidence ; the icebergs, broken off
from the glacier as it entered the sea, deposited the erratic blocks upon the summits of
the islets of the Sound. At this time, also, moraines must have been carried away.
Hog Island is the only one in Royal Sound the rocks of which are known. Specimens
128 THE VOYAGE OF H.M.S. CHALLENGER.
were collected by the German expedition and examined by Professor Roth. He reports
amygdaloidal doleritic basalts with geodes of quartz as the chief rocks of this island, which
rises about 400 feet above the sea. Trachytic rocks covered with a brownish altered layer
occur on the summit. In the ground-mass of this trachyte there are crystals of sanidine
reaching 1 5 millimetres in diameter ; crystals of a shining triclinic felspar also occur, but
these are rarer, and, finally, there is augite, without crystallographic outlines. The
microscope also shows magnetic iron and some lamellae of mica. A trachyte resembling
that of Kiihlsbrunn is found in the same island. It is a greyish rock, of a scaly grain
and slightly slaty. Under the microscope, isolated brown crystals of hornblende appear.
Professor Roth could not recognise with certainty the presence of triclinic felspar.
Mr. Buchanan collected from the rocks cropping out near the shores of Royal Sound
several specimens of amygdaloidal dolerites, the vesicles being filled with zeolites. One
of these much altered rocks has large crystalline grains, and is penetrated with a great
number of fibro-radial zeolites, and with limonite. Microscopically it shows the
doleritic structure, but this is not developed here in a very characteristic manner. The
crystals of olivine have too sharp crystallographic outlines ; they lead rather to a transi-
tion of the doleritic structure to that of the basalts, properly so called. In thin slices
of this rock the microscope shows large plagioclastic lamellae, between which grains of
augite are embedded. The olivine is impregnated with hematite, and sometimes trans-
formed in the interior into a fibrous matter like serpentine. In certain cases the augite
appears in large sections, generally much altered and charged with iron. There are
numerous rods of magnetite or ilmenite, and calcite is much developed in the vesicles,
where it is associated with zeolites.
Other rocks from the same district are identical with the preceding. We may,
however, add to the foregoing description that microscopic examination shows the
regular association of plagioclase and augite, the former being united to the pyroxene
parallel to one of the pinacoids. Small yellowish transparent rods also appear, some-
times arranged in parallel series, and recalling the form and grouping of magnetite
trichites. These little rods are entirely transformed into limonite, but the larger sections
of magnetic iron have not been affected in this way except a little on the edges.
Finally, at Royal Sound greenish yellow light scoriaceous rocks are found, almost
earthy from alteration. The only mineral to be seen is augite in large black crystals,
which stand out from the decomposed rock. Thin slices show that it is formed of
a green basaltic glass full of bubbles and partly decomposed into palagonite. This
vitreous matter is stretched out in filaments, and passes in some places from brown
to yellow. Its structure is sometimes as fibrous as that of pumice. The vesicles
are not filled with zeolites, but limonite is found almost everywhere in the pre-
parations. Besides the very numerous crystals of magnetite, there are sections of
REPORT ON THE PETROLOGY OF OCEANIC ISLANDS.
129
brown hornblende well characterised by their contours, their cleavages, and their
extinction. Augite is present as greenish sections. These two minerals are rather
uncommon as large crystals in the rock just described. They bear traces of fusion or
corrosion, their outline being rounded by the action of the vitreous magma. By the use
of the highest powers little microliths of augite are seen in great abundance ; felspar is
extremely rare.
There remain to be described some rocks collected in the bed of Charmer River
which flows into Eoyal Sound. The specimens are flat - rolled pebbles of augitic
trachyte, which contrast by their grey colour with all the other rocks that have been
described. Crystals of sanidine visible to
the naked eye appear in a greenish grey
ground-mass ; small prisms of augite may be
distinguished with the lens. These stones
have an indistinct schistoid structure, and
microscopic examination of thin slices shows
them to be microporphyritic. This structure
is determined by large sections of sanidine
of irregular outline, and by an aggregation
of little green crystals of augite, which
imitate by their general appearance crystals
of hornblende whose place they take. These
augitic pseudomorphs of hornblende are
accompanied by numerous grains of mag-
netite. The hornblende has, as a rule,
entirely disappeared, and zeolites fill the
spaces between the microliths of augite
(fig. 21). Sometimes, however, at the centre
of the aggregation there remains a brownish,
very pleochroic remnant of hornblende.
The ground -mass is composed of rather
elongated lamellae of sanidine, twinned according to the Carlsbad law, pressed against
each other, but still exhibiting a certain linear arrangement suggestive of fluidal
structure. The lamellae are sometimes less regularly disposed, forming a network ; the
forms of the felspar microliths in the ground-mass are less distinct. Almost all the
constituent minerals are surrounded by a zone of green microlithic augite. Titanite
is often present. A fibro-radial zeolite, showing the black cross of spherulites, lines the
hollows and penetrates the spaces between the minerals.
Mr. Buchanan describes a peculiar hill at the other entrance to the Sound, almost
Fig. 21. — Augitic trachyte from Royal Sound.
Small grouped crystals of augite, imitating as a whole the
form of a hornblende crystal, whose place they fill. This
replacement of hornblende by augite has been accompanied
by the formation of numerous grains of magnetite, and in
the centre of the group of augites a small brownish pleo-
chroic remnant of hornblende may be seen. Usually, as in
the drawing, this mineral baB quite gone, zeolites filling the
interstices between the augite microliths. Js crossed nicols.
(PHTS. CHEJI. C'HALL. EXP. — PART VII. — 1889.)
17
130
THE VOYAGE OF H.M.S. CHALLENGER.
opposite Prince of Wales Foreland, which has a very similar structure to that of
certain hills at Christmas Harbour. It has an embattled appearance like a castle,
and is known by the name of " Cat's Ears." The rocks at the summit look like
ruins ; they are greyish, and contain fragments of scoriaceous lava, which 'also forms
a layer immediately beneath the battlemented crags. The rock contains large crystals
of augite, with sharp outlines, but they are always broken and rounded when observed
in the volcanic sand formed by the decomposing rocks. The sand has been sorted
out by the wind, the white grains, which are lightest, being carried away and only the
black particles left. These crystals and the rocks themselves clearly show the erosive
action of the wind, the former having lost all regularity, the latter being deeply cut
into on the side facing the prevailing winds. Here, as in Heard Island, where the same
thing can be observed in even greater perfection, the wind constantly blowing from the
west carries along the sand and drives it with great force against the rocks, cutting
and carving them in a characteristic manner.
From this hill Mr. Buchanan, from whom we borrow these facts, could see another
very similar at the base of the Sugar Loaf. From a distance it resembled a druidical
circle, but the short time at his disposal prevented him from examining it more closely
or visiting the Sugar Loaf.
Amongst the rocks we have examined, there were no specimens from " Cat's Ears,"
nor from any other hillock of this part of the Sound, except Coronet Hill, near
the south-western entrance. These rocks may be classed
as augitic trachytes, trachytic tufas, and basalts.
The specimens of trachyte are greyish, rather com-
pact, with an irregular fracture ; only small crystals of
sanidine can be detected with the lens. Thin slices,
when examined, show that the rock is composed of an
isotropic mass containing small crystals of sanidine,
twinned according to the Carlsbad law, and also
larger individuals of the same mineral. The latter are
always much broken up, and exhibit undulating extinc-
tion (see fig. 22), as if they had been submitted to
section of corroded sanidine with undulating strain, a supposition which is strengthened by the linear
extinction. ^o crossed nicols. Polarised -t IT o J
llght- arrangement of the augite microliths. These small
prismatic crystals extinguish at nearly 40°, and are invariably bedded with their vertical
axis in the plane of the preparation. Many sections of magnetite are to be seen ; these
are usually collected in the place occupied formerly by hornblende crystals, of which
scarcely a trace remains. These crystals of hornblende are always surrounded by small
green crystals of augite.
Fig. 22.
-Trachyte from Coronet Hill,
Royal Sound.
REPORT ON THE PETROLOGY OF OCEANIC ISLANDS. 131
Other specimens of much-altered whitish trachyte readily fall into powder. They
are as light as pumice, but of closer texture ; they greatly resemble the preceding rock,
except that the light vesicular vitreous matter, passing into a pumiceous structure,
plays a more considerable part. Crystals of plagioclase, intimately associated with
sanidine and apatite, may be mentioned as accidental elements.
These trachytes are accompanied by reddish pumiceous trachytic tufas. Irregular
fragments may be seen by the naked eye embedded in a slightly scoriaceous paste.
Thin slices show that these tufaceous rocks are composed of a greyish mass, which is
isotropic in some places, and almost everywhere impregnated with iron. The little
fragments of rock enclosed in this grey mass are trachytic ; sanidine is the principal
constituent in them, associated with green microliths of augite. There are also large
splinters of very clear sanidine, which might be taken for cpiartz if they were not
biaxial ; finally, one observes large cracked crystals of green augite.
As everywhere else in Kerguelen, basaltic rocks occur at Coronet Hill, but here they
are not very distinctly characterised. The specimens we class as basalts are scoriaceous,
very vesicular, with drawn-out pores ; in colour they are deep red, and nothing except
lamellae of black mica can be seen by the naked eye. Under the microscope the
ground-mass appears almost opaque from the interposition of a black pigment, with
numerous small green crystals of augite, and regular sections of olivine altered into
hematite. Large fragments of augite, sometimes enclosing hornblende, also appear.
We have now to describe the rocks of Greenland Harbour. This fjord is situated to
the south of Royal Sound, from which it is only separated by a narrow tongue of land.
We may first recall the observations made by Mr. Buchanan in this part of the island.
On entering Greenland Harbour he was struck by the appearance of the masses of grey
rock which rise up boldly from the horizontal beds of basalt. The chain of hills near
this fjord is composed of basalt, the greatest mass of grey rock being found on the
summits in the western part of Greenland Harbour, and appearing from a distance
like a heap of ruins. He was able to examine this rock in two places, at the
summit of the hills west of the bay, and near the creek where he landed. He found
the rock to be the same on both sides ; it is a phonolite of a light greyish green colour,
surrounded by basalt. The masses of phonolite are cylindrical and columnar on the
outside, the columns being horizontal, and showing a radial arrangement. They do not
penetrate the rock, but form a zone some feet thick around the central part, which
remains massive. The prisms have been largely disintegrated by weathering, and lie
broken up into a great number of blocks around the phonolite masses. The outer
portion of the rock, in which the columns are horizontal, resembles a cyclopean wall,
and resists atmospheric agencies much better than the solid centre. Were it not for
these natural walls binding the whole mass together, the central part would form a
132
THE VOYAGE OF H.M.S. CHALLENGER.
talus of debris as it disintegrated ; this the columnar arrangement effectually prevents.
The upper part of the most remote phonolitic eminence, which crowns the summit of
this chain of hills, rises to more than 50 feet. An accumulation of blocks covering the
lower wall is scattered over the steeply inclined slope.
The basaltic rocks, which form the principal mass of the hills, and extend in horizontal
layers at Greenland Harbour, as in all other parts of the island, will be described
first. The rocks where the Challenger made a landing are altered felspathic basalts,
black and massive, displaying no mineral's to the unaided eye. The fracture is almost
plane. With the lens one sees that they are formed of crystalline grains, amongst
which triclinic felspars appear. In the ground-mass composed of microliths of plagio-
clase and augite are embedded larger crystals of plagioclase, and olivine which has been
completely decomposed, only the form remaining ; this mineral is replaced by limonite,
which also penetrates the whole rock.
The horizontal beds extending to the south-west of Greenland Harbour are formed
of a basaltic rock, the porphyritic structure of which is caused by the presence of
large crystals of augite, felspar, and olivine. The mass is compact, but the whole
rock is penetrated by oxide of iron. Large sections of plagioclase, cracked in all direc-
tions, are seen under the microscope. The cracks are filled with opal, and the whole
appearance of these felspars resembles those we shall describe in the augite-andesites
of Kandavu. Sections of augite and some small crystals of olivine are also seen, the
larger ones being so much altered that they are destroyed in polishing the preparations.
The ground-mass is formed of a network of small microliths of plagioclase and augite,
with some magnetite.
The rock forming the greater part of the hills west of the bay is also spread out in
horizontal beds, and, like the preceding, is a basalt, possess-
ing the usual macroscopical character of this rock. Under
the microscope this basalt appears with a ground-mass made
up of small crystals of plagioclase and augite, and numerous
grains of olivine. The most striking feature in these pre-
parations is the great number of large crystals of olivine,
which usually are formed of several individuals by direct
grouping. These sections are sometimes bounded by curved
lines showing the corrosive action of the magma. The olivine
is usually decomposed on the edges, where the alteration is
indicated by a slightly fibrous yellow border. Augite is less
common than olivine, and shows as irregular colourless or
fig. 23. -Basalt of Greenland Harbour, pj^ secti0ns in the preparation. On the edges it takes the
Section of augite showing the external __ , - - 1
same green colour as the small augites ot the ground-mass
green zone. 3*5 crossed nicols.
23). These microliths surrounding the microporphyritic sections of augite
(see fig,
REPORT ON THE PETROLOGY OF OCEANIC ISLANDS. 133
give rise to this greenish zone. There is no plagioclase to be seen except the microliths
of the ground-mass.
Other rocks of a reddish colour and much altered, which were collected by Mr.
Buchanan at Greenland Harbour, are also basalts. Microscopic examination shows
them to be fine-grained, with a ground-mass of microliths of plagioclase, and grains
of augite and magnetic iron. In this are embedded large sections of triclinic
felspar, traversed by cracks and in part opalised, like those we shall describe in
detail in the notes on Kandavu Island. Augite and olivine also appear as micro-
porphyritic elements ; the latter mineral particularly is more or less penetrated with
oxide of iron.
The horizontally-bedded basalts of which we have been speaking surround grey
masses of trachyte and phonolite, projecting above the basalt and having a columnar
structure. Their geological disposition and aspect have already been described from Mr.
Buchanan's data. These rocks are hard and compact, their colour is greyish green,
and although they present marked resemblances to many phonolites, they do not ring,
as rocks of this type generally do. Specimens broken off the prisms are finer grained
than those from the central mass, and have a distinct cleavage perpendicular to the
length of the columns. This rock partially gelatinises in hydrochloric acid ; the solution
contains much soda and traces of sulphuric acid. From this reaction Mr. Buchanan
concluded that these rocks contained at the same time nepheline and nosean. They
may be classed as augitic trachytes ; in some cases, by the addition of nepheline, they
pass into phonolites, and then, finally, when sanidine is absent, pass into nephelinic
rocks containing acmite.
We shall first describe the specimens taken from the wall of rock on the summit of
the hills lying west of Greenland Harbour. These rocks, projecting above the masses
of basalt, are phonolites. They are greenish grey, compact, with a slightly shining
fracture and a rather indistinct schistosity. They are sometimes spotted with more or
less circular black markings ; large crystals of sanidine are to be seen, and sometimes
milk-white microscopic sections of nepheline. Microscopic examination shows that the
rock is essentially composed of numerous small crystals of nepheline closely packed
together, but still preserving the general sharpness of their outlines. This mineral is
sometimes seen in larger hexagonal or quadratic sections with zonary structure,
standing out from the ground-mass formed by microliths of the same species. Sani-
dine is comparatively rare, and occurs in elongated lamellae twinned according to the
Carlsbad law. The green mineral is of quite small dimensions, and its outlines are
vague ; the angle of extinction measured for a great many crystals hardly ever
exceeds 15° or 20°, hence the crystals are very probably hornblende. Titanite is
134
THE VOYAGE OF H.M.S. CHALLENGER.
rather common. Fibro -radiated zeolites often occur in the vesicles, and are also
disseminated throughout the rock. A specimen of this phonolite has been analysed by
Dr. Klement, with the following results : —
I. 1'0730 grammes of substance, dried at 110° C. and fused with the carbonates
of soda and potash, gave 0'0387 gramme of water, 0#5887 of silica, 0"2322 of alumina,
0"0461 of ferric oxide, 0"0175 of lime, 0"0110 of magnesium pyrophosphate, and traces
of manganese.
II. L0285 grammes of substance, treated with hydrofluoric acid, gave 0'2448
gramme of potassium and sodium chlorides, and 0"2130 of potassium chloroplatinate.
III. 1*2168 grammes of substance, treated with hydrofluoric and sulphuric acids in
a sealed tube, was titrated with potassium permanganate and recpiired for oxidising the
ferrous oxide 2 c.c. of solution (l c.c. = 0"005405 gramme ferrous oxide).
Percentage Composition.
Silica, Si02,
54-87
Alumina, A1203,
21-64
Ferric oxide, Fe203,
3-31
Ferrous oxide, FeO,
0-89
Manganese,
traces
Lime, CaO,
1-63
Magnesia. MgO,
0-37
Soda, Na20,
9-26
Potash, K20,
4-02
Water, H20,
3-61
99-60
This analysis confirms the determination of the rock as phonolite, the large
percentage of soda corresponding well with the important part taken by nepheline.
The water present proves the alteration of the rock, which is also indicated by the
zeolites disseminated throughout the whole mass.
Another nepheline rock picked up in the centre of the same creek differs con-
siderably in mineralogical composition from the preceding. It is darker coloured,
coarser in grain, marked with opaline points, less schistoid in structure, spotted with
small deep green prisms, and sometimes speckled like the phonolite described above.
A paler grey-green specimen is very massive, and no mineral can be distinguished
by the naked eye ; it has a very distinct prismatic fracture. The greyish ground-
mass is formed exclusively of little crystals of nepheline. In this there appear distinct
green lamellar sections which are pleochroic, as it were corroded, and including
nepheline crystals. The mineral might be taken for hornblende were it not for its
REPORT ON THE PETROLOGY OF OCEANIC ISLANDS.
135
Fig. 24. — Nepheline rock with acmite from Greenland Harbour-
The ground-mass is entirely composed of nepheline, numerous
hexagonal or quadratic sections of which appear in the figure.
In this there are greenish lamellar sections of acmite. ^5
crossed nicols.
extinction. Almost all the sections extinguish parallel to their length, and in the case
of an oblique extinction it never exceeds
3° or 4°. We consider this mineral to be
acmite, the presence of which has been
ascertained in rocks analogous to those
now described. The outlines of the pris-
matic zone are fairly clear, but the crystals
are corroded, and almost fibrous at the
extremities. Terminal faces are never seen,
except a rather low dome which is very
rare. The pleochroism, as shown by these
crystals, is dark green for rays vibrating
parallel to c, and yellowish for those per-
pendicular to that direction (see fig. 24).
Like the rocks encircling the creek, this
nephelinic mass contains numerous patches of fibro-radiated zeolites.
A specimen taken at the contact of the phonolite and the encasing basalt shows
both rocks in juxtaposition, but quite distinct from each other. There is no gradual
transition, but a sudden passage from one to the other : on one side the reddish almost
spongy basalt, on the other the greenish grey compact phonolite. The latter is
brecciated, as if the eruption of the basalt had produced a friction-breccia. The
specimens of basalt taken at the contact are in some cases black compact tufas con-
taining lapilli, which are identical in structure and mineralogical constitution with the
basalt of Greenland Harbour. Fragments of phonolite are also seen, and sometimes
vitreous lapilli altered into palagonite. Amongst the fragments of minerals in this
tufa, olivine, augite, triclinic felspars, and large broken crystals of sanidine may be
seen. Some of these, especially the plagic-
clases, are entirely penetrated by silica,
which has converted them into pseudo-
morphs. A group of triclinic felspars is
here figured (fig. 25), which shows that
they are replaced in the upper part by
opal, in the lower by chalcedony. The
mass uniting the clastic elements of this
tufa seems to be of a vitreous nature, but
its characters are vague, and veiled by in-
numerable opaque grains, most probably of magnetite, which are scattered throughout
the substance. The phonolite part of this specimen which is joined to the basalt does
not present, from the point of view of micro-structure, anything to distinguish it from
FlG. 25. — Basalt in contact with phonolite from
Greenland Harbour.
Group of plagioclase epigeuised into opal on the upper part,
transformed into chalcedony on the lower. 5*5 crossed nicols.
Polarised light.
136
THE VOYAGE OF H.M.S. CHALLENGER.
the normal phonolites already described, except, perhaps, that the sections of sanidine
are somewhat larger.
Another hill situated at this part of Greenland Harbour is formed of a trachytic
rock. It is a rounded eminence crowned by a mass of angular blocks, scattered about
like the ruins of masonry. The rocks collected here by Mr. Buchanan are augitic
trachytes, identically similar to those already described ; they were obtained from the
bed of a river entering Eoyal Sound. The rocks are compact, with a slightly greasy
lustre, and a subconchoidal fracture. They are bluish grey in colour, sometimes with
macroscopic sections of sanidine, sometimes marked with circular black spots, either
extended in a zone or combined to form more or less continuous bands. The
microscope shows broken crystals of sanidine and microliths of augite grouped round
hornblende sections, only traces of which now remain. These augitic microliths
combined with grains of magnetite tend to replace the amphibolic mineral, and in some
cases do so completely. The sections of these minerals are embedded in a ground-mass
formed principally of small lamellse of sanidine. A specimen of these trachytic rocks
from Greenland Harbour has been analysed by Dr. Klement with the following result: —
I. ri738 grammes of substance, dried at 110°C. and fused with carbonates of
potassium and sodium, gave 0-0188 gramme of water, 0-6835 of silica, 0"2453 of
alumina, 0"0065 of ferric oxide, 0-0380 of lime, 0'0126 of magnesium pyrophosphate
and traces of manganese.
II. 0'9893 gramme of substance, treated with hydrofluoric acid, gave 0-2069
gramme of chlorides of sodium and potassium, yielding 0'2998 of potassium
chloroplatinate.
III. l-0507 grammes of substance, treated in a sealed tube with hydrofluoric and
sulphuric acids, was titrated with potassium permanganate and 3 '4 c.c. of solution were
required to oxidise the ferrous oxide (1 c.c. = 0'005405 gramme FeO).
Percentage Composition.
Silica, Si02,
58-23
Alumina, A1203,
20-90
Ferric oxide, Fe203,
3-21
Ferrous oxide, FeO,
1-75
Manganese,
traces
Lime, CaO,
3-24
Magnesia, MgO,
0-39
Soda, Na20, .
6-16
Potash, K20, .
5-88
Water, H20, .
1-60
101-36
This analysis corresponds closely with the average composition of trachytes. The
REPORT ON THE PETROLOGY OF OCEANIC ISLANDS. 137
high proportion of soda may be explained by supposing the sanidine to contain that
alkali ; 1 possibly also there may be amongst the microliths of the ground-mass little
crystals of plagioclase, the determination of which is impossible on account of their
small size and their confused arrangement.
Let us now consider what are the stratigraphical relations between these phonolitic
masses and the surrounding basalt. According to Mr. Buchanan, no derangement of
the beds was found in any case at the contact of the two rocks. He was able to follow
the line of contact easily to the highest mass and procure specimens of it. The basalt
is much modified for some feet from the line of junction, the large crystals of augite and
olivine disappearing near the contact with the phonolite. The line of contact is
generally sharp, and many fragments of phonolite are seen enclosed in the immediately
bordering basalt, which is very fine grained. The grain grows gradually coarser, until
at a distance of 10 feet from the phonolite it reassumes the porphyritic structure which
this rock shows in other parts of the island. These two facts seem to show that the
phonolite rocks are the most ancient, and that the basalt has been poured out all
round them. There is no evidence, on the other hand, that the phonolite has been
erupted through the basalt mass.
We shall now describe some rocks from " Foul House Bay," and as this name is
not on the chart we cannot follow geographical order in this case. They are coarser
grained than the other specimens from the island, dark coloured, with a blackish
tinge, and broken surfaces are shining and show a crystalline saccharoid texture.
Macroscopical greenish yellow granules of olivine, augite, and plagioclase are seen
in it. These rocks present obvious resemblances to certain peridotic diabases or
coarse-grained dolerites ; their microscopic characters also show the structure and com-
position of these lithological types. There is no distinct ground-mass, the crystals
being entangled. Sections of plagioclase show that this mineral is elongated following
the edge PjM, as is usual in the felspars of diabase and dolerite. This plagioclase
shows extinctions of 44°, and is thus probably anorthite. Olivine occurs in large
sections, rarely with crystallographic outlines, and is sometimes twinned, the two
individuals seeming to be united parallel to a pinacoid. This mineral is altered,
as is shown by the fissures being lined with an opaque black matter, and the sections
penetrated by delessite ; no serpentinisation, properly so called, is apparent. Delessite
is largely developed in other parts of the rock in question. Large, reddish, zonary
patches of augite fill the space between the other minerals. Magnetite or titaniferous
iron is very common. Besides delessite, some grains of calcite occur as products of
secondary formation. Another specimen, more decomposed, shows the same structure
and composition, except that olivine has almost entirely disappeared, its place being
1 See Roth, Chem. Geol., vol. ii. p. 240.
(PHTS. CHEM. CHALL. EXP. — PART VII. — 1889.) 18
138 THE VOYAGE OF H.M.S. CHALLENGER.
taken by delessite with the addition of chalcedony, as is often seen in the volcanic
products of Kerguelen.
Without knowing the stratigraphic relations of the rocks of Foul House Bay, a
summary of the lithological characters of which has just been given, they might be
equally well classed as peridotic diabases or recent dolerites, but the probabilities are
in favour of the latter supposition.
Taking a summary view of the general observations given in the preceding pages,
and those made at Kerguelen by the various naturalists who have explored the island,
we see that the physical geography, the disposition, and the nature of the rocks all show
the island to be of volcanic origin, and that the eruptive masses of basalt and trachyte
belong to recent periods. The basalt formerly spread in vast continuous sheets far
beyond the present limits of the land. The oscillations of the land, the erosive action
of the atmosphere, of glaciers, and of the waves, have eaten into and carved out the
coasts of Kerguelen, thus giving it its actual relief and remarkable outlines.
If we take into account all the observations of British and German naturalists, par-
ticularly those of Dr. Studer, it must be admitted that Kerguelen Island has been, in the
main, built up by successive eruptions of basaltic masses spread out in wide outflows. At
some points as many as twenty of these sheets can be counted one above another. All
these basaltic rocks are felspathic, and are associated in a subsidiary way with palagonitic
tufas and limburgite ; they present great uniformity in structure and composition in all
parts of the island. Dolerites appear to predominate, and amygdaloidal rocks with
zeolites and geodes of quartz and chalcedony are very common amongst them. All the
rocks of this series are connected together by their composition, and the different modes
of structure they present may easily be explained. In fact, it is observed that the
numerous basalt sheets are fine grained at the bottom and centre, but alveolar or even
scoriaceous in the upper part, i.e., the original surface of the stream. This surface is
in its turn covered by a more massive rock. It must be admitted that, as in the case
of lava - streams, the scoriaceous or amygdaloidal portion corresponds to the upper
surface of the lava. Here the expansion of imprisoned gases was not counterbalanced
by the pressure of the overlaying rocks, as was the case in the lower parts of the
bed. The eruptions have been subaerial, at least in most cases. These facts, so far
as they are exhibited in the neighbourhood of the German station, were observed in
detail by Dr. Studer, and may be generalised for all other parts of the island ; they are
shown well at Christmas Harbour.
The terraced structure of these volcanic hills is due to the manner in which the
masses composing them were erupted. One might suppose that the successive outflows
were superimposed on beds of a former eruption without covering their whole surface,
REPORT ON THE PETROLOGY OF OCEANIC ISLANDS. 139
but it is much more probable that denudation has taken a leading part in the formation
of these terraces, the limits of the erosion being determined by the alternations of
massive and vesicular structure. We shall see that the surfaces of many of the super-
imposed layers have been directly exposed to atmospheric agencies, the influence of
which has been most powerful on their scoriaceous parts.
The sheets of basalt contain masses of trachyte and phonolite, which are often
associated, and form the escarpments crowning the heights of the island. These crests
of trachyte or phonolite are shown in Table Mountain, in the region of Betsy Cove,
at Koyal Sound, and, above all, at Greenland Harbour. The stratigraphic relations of
the basalts and trachytes, on which we have insisted in describing Mr. Buchanan's
observations as confirmed by Dr. Studer, undoubtedly go to show that the phonolitie
and trachytic masses were erupted before the outflow of the basalt sheets. In this con-
nection we may recall an observation of Professor Both which establishes this order of
succession. He found that a trachytic rock from the neighbourhood of Mount Peeper
had been exposed to the caustic action of basalt. On the other hand, we have stated
that at Greenland Harbour, where basalt and phonolite are found in contact, it is the
latter rock that has undergone the mechanical effects of the intrusion, which has formed
a true friction-breccia. This necessarily implies the pre-existence of the phonolite.
Taking account, then, of all these observations, it is necessary to admit that in
Kerguelen trachyte and phonolite have preceded the basaltic eruptions. There is also
sufficient reason for the statement, based on the structure and composition of the
trachyte and basaltic series as shown in the island, that their eruption is comprised
within the recent volcanic period.
We may also recall the fact that all these rocks, generally altered, are filled with
minerals of secondary formation, such as delessite, zeolites, quartz, chalcedony, agate,
&c. This greatly complicates the question which must now be put, viz., Are there
erupted rocks in Kerguelen which belong to more remote geological periods ? Professor
Roth and Dr. Studer were inclined to think so. The reasons which led the former
to suppose that paleo-volcanic rocks were found there are as follows : — Amongst the
specimens from near Mount Crozier he found a micaceous diorite and a fragment of red
porphyry, from Lake Margot a labradorite porphyry, and at Winterhafen a rock was
picked up which resembled certain dolomites of the crystalline schists. The existence
of ancient crystalline rocks in oceanic islands appears incontestable, and we have shown
their presence in many of them. Still, in the present state of our knowledge, we
think it premature to state positively that outcrops of these ancient rocks exist in
Kerguelen.1 While freely admitting the correctness of Professor Roth's determinations,
one may reasonably inquire whether the specimens he examined have not been con-
1 Mr. Eton says that limestone has been found near Foundry Branch ; he adds that Mr. Stone of H.M.S. " Supply "
showed hiui the cast of a fossil shell which a sailor picked up near Thumb Peak ; Phil. Trans., vol. clxviii. p. 2.
140 THE VOYAGE OF H.M.S. CHALLENGER.
veyed to the place where they were found, by icebergs, or brought up from great depths
as enclosures by neo-volcanic eruptive masses. The former hypothesis seems very
probable, and is confirmed by taking into account the changes of level which the land
has undergone. During the periods of submergence the ice-packs detached from the
Antarctic continent and driven towards the north, as at present, may have dropped the
rock fragments which they carried. This is not a mere supposition ; the Challenger
dredgings between Kerguelen and Heard Island have brought up blocks of consider-
able size, which belong to the crystalline and schisto-crystalline series : granite, diorite,
gneiss, &c. No one can doubt that these rocks have been carried by floating ice
to the place where they were found, and we may add parenthetically, that they prove
the existence of an Antarctic mass of continental land, to which Mr. John Murray has
recently directed the attention of geographers. It may possibly be, however, that the
fragments viewed as ancient rocks have been carried up by the trachyte and basaltic
masses in their passage through the underlying strata. The typical volcanic outflows
show many examples of similar facts, but nothing in Professor Eoth's description
enables one to decide this question. While fully recognising the care which he has
taken to establish his diagnoses of the rocks in question, we may yet insist upon the
great difficulties in the way of precise differentiation between the ancient and modern
crystalline series. These difficulties increase with the amount of alteration of the rocks,
and very often it becomes impossible to solve all doubts even with the microscope.
Of this no further proof is required than the discussion still going on as to the true
basis for a classification of eruptive rocks. This is not the place to carry ou a contro-
versy, but, confining ourselves to the subject in hand, we may remark that it is just
in the case of rocks like those of Kerguelen, classed as of the ancient series, that the
difficulties are greatest. In this way certain granular eruptive masses, which we have
described, from Foul House Bay may be equally well classed as peridotic diabases or as
dolerites, but their association with basalts gives greater probability to the deter-
mination we have thought it right to adopt. However it may be, we must acknowledge
that in all the specimens from Kerguelen we have examined, there is not one which
can be certainly referred to massive rocks of the ancient type.1
The superposition of basalt sheets and their scoriaceous surfaces show plainly that
they have accumulated like lava in successive flows. They must have been spread
one over another at intervals, this periodicity of the eruptions being shown by the
alveolar structure of the surface of the beds. It is evident that if these basalts
1 Amongst the rocks from Kerguelen submitted to us there was one without any indication of locality, collected
by Mr. Moseley. This at first sight resembles those of the ancient type. The microscope shows a greyish ground-mass
very like that of porphyries. Silica predominates in irregular grains, and some sections are similar to altered felspar.
It cannot, however, be classed with porphyry, for microscopic examination shows a section of vegetable origin filled
with quartz and micaceous substance. Hence we believe this to be a trachytic tufa, the constituent elements of which
were bound up with vegetable remains by an infiltration of silica, such as the amygdaloidal rocks of Kerguelen and the
fossil woods exhibit so abundantly.
REPORT ON THE PETROLOGY OF OCEANIC ISLANDS. 141
belonged to the same outflow, we should not see an alternation of compact and
amygdaloidal rocks. The intercalation of beds of lignite and fossil wood also
proves and gives precision to this interpretation. The beds prove that the upper
layers of the sheets have been exposed to meteoric agencies, and that, thanks to their
scoriaceous structure, they were readily disintegrated and transformed into argillaceous
matter, on which vegetation could take root and develop. The growth of large trees
proves that there were long intervals of rest between the eruption of the two basalt
sheets which enclose these vegetable remains.
Accepting this view of the original arrangement of the basalt sheets, we must
consider that Kerguelen formerly presented the aspect of wide basaltic plateaux broken
only by escarpments of trachyte and phonolite. It is principally to meteoric agencies
that the island owes its present shape. We have said that all the heights of one
region come to about the same elevation, and that on both sides of the valleys the
various strata occur at the same level. These topographical features show that the
hills belonged at one time to a plateau extending over the whole region, and that these
hills have been left when the valleys, which cut up and furrow the island, were carved
out of the original plateau by running streams, glaciers, and atmospheric agencies.
These agents, joining their powers with that of the sea, have formed the fjords and
bays which everywhere run into the central mass. These ragged coasts, these cliffs
and perpendicular crags and terraced mountains, in a word, the deeply trenched form
of Kerguelen, are all explained by the extreme abundance of the atmospheric pre-
cipitation which beats on those barren rocks, almost destitute of vegetation. On the
other hand, we have seen that glacial phenomena have left their mark everywhere,
and added their action to that of running water and of the sea. The oscillations of the
land, frequent elevation and subsidence, have also contributed to modify the shape
of the island. Everything indicates that these great topographical movements and the
epoch of the extension of glaciers have been subsequent to the last outflow of basalt.
Finally, we must admit that the causes which have produced the vertical relief and
outline of Kerguelen have extended their action beyond the present limits of the
island and encircling rocks, and that the central mass is but the remains of a great
denuded land. The present configuration shows this, and so does the development
of vegetation in earlier periods. As Dr. Studer observes, even if we admit a higher
mean temperature in order to explain biological facts, it does not suffice to explain
the existence of a flora, for which a much larger land is required, in order to afford
protection against the storms that now carry devastation to every part of the island.
"We are thus led to admit that in times anterior to our epoch Kerguelen was a vast
mass of land. The topographical features that we mentioned at the beginning, and the
results of soundings made by Ross, and on the "Gazelle" and Challenger, confirm
this view, and point to a probable extension towards the south-west.
142
THE VOYAGE OF H.M.S. CHALLENGER.
X.— ROCKS OF HEARD ISLAND.
After completing the exploration of Kerguelen's Land, the Challenger Expedition
turned to McDonald and Heard Islands. The sea-bottom between these groups is very-
irregular and rocky. On the way to Heard Island the Challenger, on February 5, 1873,
passed to the north of the almost inaccessible islands of McDonald. A landing was
made on Heard Island, and Mr. Buchanan examined the coast and the rocks descending
to the sea. This island, remarkable for its glacial and volcanic phenomena, was
discovered in November 1855 by Captain Heard, in command of the United States
ship-" Oriental." According to the Challenger observations, Cape Laurens, the north-
west point of the island, is situated in latitude 53° 2' 45" S., longitude 73° 15' 30" E.
Glacier, Corinthian Bay, Heard Island, as seen from H.M.S. Challenger.
The greatest length from north-west to south-east is 25 miles, its greatest breadth
9 miles, and its area about 100 square miles. The southern extremity, rising towards
the east, forms a long and narrow promontory. The naturalists from the Challenger
landed at the north of the island, in a bay designated on the chart as Whisky or
Corinthian Bay. On approaching the place to the south-east of the ship the island was
surrounded by great glaciers coming down close to the shore ; the interior was veiled
in clouds, entirely concealing the great mountain of Ben Big, about 7000 feet high,
which crowns the island. The shore of Corinthian Bay is flat, and is covered with black
volcanic sand, largely composed of magnetite ; this sandy strip stretches for about half
a mile from the sea to the head of the glaciers. The western side of the bay is formed
of a continuous wall of magnificent glaciers. The island here is not wide, and a sandy
plain extends across it from east to west. The volcanic sand, blown against the rocks
by constant strong winds, gives rise by its mechanical action to remarkable phenomena
of disintegration. Mr. Buchanan observed that the fragments of isolated rock, and
REPORT ON THE PETROLOGY OF OCEANIC ISLANDS. 143
glacier-borne erratics, lying on the sand of the shore, were so cleanly sliced by the
particles of magnetite and augite, that they seemed to have been chiselled. The largest
faces of the blocks on which the erosion has been greatest are always turned to the
west, the direction from which the winds are most continuous and strongest.
From a sketch by Mr. Buchanan, representing a rock embedded in the black sand. The side towards the
west, with the high light on the woodcut, is being rapidly worn down by the sharp sand blown against it, which
has cut an irregularly fluted pattern in it.
At the point where a landing was made, two promontories run out ; that towards
the west is formed of a high mountain rising up from the sea and cleft at the summit
into two peaks, from between which a glacier descends to the cliffs on the north-west.
Blocks of ice, breaking off, fall into the sea with an echoing roar. The other peninsula
is covered with recent lava, the scoriaceous surface of which appears not to have been
affected yet by erosive action. The flow extends from the base of a recent but greatly
denuded crater, which is worn by wave action into three fantastic peaks, whose vertical
walls show the successive lava-flows inclining from the centre outwards. This lava-
layer spreads over the whole peninsula, and forms a row of cliffs cut out by wave-action
along the northern part of Corinthian Bay. The glaciers covering the southern part
have been stopped in their descent to the sea by a conical mound of scoriae. When
account is taken of the slight alteration of its surface, the lava appears relatively
recent, and this fact, taken in conjunction with the great energy of denuding agencies
at Heard Island, agrees well with the view of an eruption at no distant date.
All the rocks collected in the island are volcanic, and belong to the felspathic basalts.
Some are massive, others vesicular ; all may be viewed as derived from the lava-sheets
which have spread over the island.
"We shall first describe those specimens collected to the south-west of the solitary
group of houses on the islands. Iu this place the rocks are spread out in beds, and
present to the naked eye all the appearance of basalt, being black and fine-grained, with
only olivine perceptible amongst the constituent minerals. Microscopically the rock is at
once classed as a felspathic basalt, the minerals of the first generation being plagioclase,
144
THE VOYAGE OF H.M.S. CHALLENGER.
olivine, augite, and rather large grains of magnetite, embedded in a ground-mass of
minute plagioclase and augite microliths and a vitreous base. The plagioclase sections
have very sharp outlines, and can thus be determined with a precision rarely attained in
the study of rocks of this nature. It is at once apparent that the plagioclase crystals
occur habitually in groups of several, united more or less regularly, often parallel to M,
and presenting all the peculiarities of certain macroscopic crystals of albite, those of
Schmirn, for example, and of some crystals of labradorite. In many cases the sections
of plagioclase have the form of a nearly rectangular parallelogram, with polysynthetic
twins and symmetrical extinction ; these sections are thus in the zone P :h, and, since
From a sketch by Mr. Buchanan, representing the mountainous promontory forming the north-western end of
the island. The top of the mountain was enveloped in cloud, below which the greater part of its sides were
covered by a glacier descending to the edge of the precipitous rock cliffs, over which the ice-masses fell thundering.
The sketch was taken from the shoulder of a red conical hill, against which the ice, descending from the main
mountain of the island to the sea, splits and passes on both sides of it.
they are approximately at right angles, we may conclude that the crystals are tabular,
and terminated only by the faces of this zone. Sometimes, but more rarely, plagioclase
sections are observed bounded on one side by angles of about 90°, and on the other by
more or less obtuse angles formed by the trace of two edges, which may correspond
to T and I, and are in general but slightly developed. The sections parallel to M
enable the form of the crystals to be ascertained, and the optical properties determined.
Sections parallel to this face appear as sharply outlined disymmetrical hexagons, which
REPORT ON THE PETROLOGY OF OCEANIC ISLANDS. 145
are bounded by traces of the faces PyT. That this is the case, is ascertained by the
measurement of the angles and the direction of the cleavages, the latter exhibiting a
line of cleavage parallel to P, and another, but less pronounced system, parallel to the
prism. The angle of intersection of the trace of P and of the trace of the adjacent
face is about 100°; this face is therefore y. The other side of the section makes an
angle of about 64° with the trace of P, and is therefore T. The extinction for the
section in question is negative, and takes place at 27°. The felspar accordingly
approaches to bytownite. These observations have been made on a great number of
sections of the rock, and each time the angular values were approximately the
same. The symmetrical extinction of the sections showing albitic twins was about
40° ; this value is another proof of the exactness of our determinations. The plagio-
clase has almost always crystallised according to the albite law, sometimes associated
with that of the Carlsbad type. In some cases, also, this plagioclase is twinned
according to the Baveno law. Thus two crystals of plagioclase, both twinned according
to the albite law, can be observed grouped in such a way that the traces of M in the
two individuals make an angle of about 90°. The extinction of the albitic striae is
the same for the two crystals, being about 40°, from which we may conclude that
the section has been cut for both of the adjacent individuals in the zone P : k, and the
fact that the extinction of the albitic lamellae is the same in both confirms the sup-
position that they have a plane of this zone in common. The angular value of the
extinction seems also to indicate that the section is approximately perpendicular to the
edge P/M. The facts we have just mentioned thus prove the existence of the Baveno
twin in some crystals of this rock, and that of pericline has also been demonstrated.
Many of the plagioclastic sections show a zonary structure, especially those cut parallel to
M, on which are observed a series of concentric zones, the inner ones being disym-
metric hexagons, the outer cpiadrangular, representing traces of the faces Py. Thus the
internal hexagonal zones show supplementary traces of T. At the beginning of then*
growth the plagioclases crystallised with the faces of the prism, which became smaller in
proportion as the crystals formed, and finally disappeared when the last layers were
deposited on the nucleus. This fact may be generalised and applied to all the plagio-
clases in the rock, as the prismatic faces are wanting in the greater number of crystals,
or, if they are present, they play a very subordinate part.
In this basalt the felspar sections often show alterations due to the action of the
magma; the angles are rounded off, the crystals often corroded, and penetrated
by the vitreous mass in which they are embedded. AVe cannot, however, explain, by
subsequent modifications, certain optical phenomena resembling the undulating extinc-
tion. At first sight one is tempted to ascribe these to the result of strain exerted on
crystals already formed. But they are explained by the manner in which the hemitropic
lamellae are entangled. When observed in polarised light, a good many sections are
(PHYS. CHEM. CHALL. EST. PAIiT VII. 1S89.) 19
146 THE VOYAGE OF H.M.S. CHALLENGER.
seen to be traversed by black lines, with shaded borders, showing a certain parallelism.
In other cases, when the section is turned round between crossed nicols, shadows are
seen sweeping across. The difference between this appearance and that of undulating
extinction does not appear at first, but, as we have just said, pressure cannot be called
in, in this case. These phenomena are never seen in sections which show hemitropic
striae with great sharpness, nor in sections parallel to M. Sections of an intermediate
zone, approaching M, show this peculiar extinction ; on the other hand, when the
sections are more in the zone P : k, the parallel black lines with shadowy borders appear.
These observations lead us to conclude that this extinction is due to the fine lamellation
of this plagioclase, the sections of which, cut more or less obliquely to the plane of
twinning, must in polarised light show these undulations, or these traces of albitic
lamellae with indistinct borders. Olivine is somewhat uncommon in this basalt ; it
usually appears in grains, but occasionally the sections present crystallographic outlines.
Amongst the latter there is one form which is hexagonal, with two parallel sides longer
than the others. In ordinary light it appears quite homogeneous, but in polarised light
it is seen to be divided into halves by a straight line perpendicular to the longer sides.
The two halves in certain positions between crossed nicols show sharply different
colours, although these are not very intense on account of the section being cut
perpendicular to an optical axis. In convergent light this axis is shown to have the
same position for the two halves, and to be eccentric. Everything indicates, however,
that the plane of the optical axes is perpendicular to the direction indicated in the
section by the trace of oo P} which corresponds to the longer sides of the hexagon. The
shorter sides should be traces of flattened domes. This section shows two cleavages :
one parallel to the base, the other parallel to a pinacoid of the prismatic zone, and
perpendicular to the former. More or less irregular fractures may also be observed
parallel to the short sides of the hexagon, indicating a less distinct cleavage following
the faces of flattened domes. The sections of olivine, sometimes little altered, are
crowded with inclusions of magnetite.
The augite presents no noteworthy peculiarity, except that the crystals are often
grouped. They are sometimes twinned in the ordinary way, or intercrossed with con-
siderable regularity, although not clearly enough to show a law of twinning.
The ground-mass is chiefly composed of microliths of augite and plagioclase — the
latter lamellar and giving great extinctions — and of a vitreous base, which surrounds
all the minerals of the rock.
Another specimen from the same place closely resembles that just described, except
that the colour is greyish, and rather large crystals of augite are visible to the naked
eye. The microscope shows that it also is a felspathic basalt.
Finally, rocks from the same locality have a scoriaceous structure ; they are black,
and contain somewhat large vesicles. The ground-mass appears compact and fine-
REPORT ON THE PETROLOGY OF OCEANIC ISLANDS. 147
grained, but is sometimes altered on the surface, assuming a reddish colour, and is
impregnated with limonite. Microscopic examination shows that, like the other rocks,
it is a felspathic basalt. Eather large sections of augite and olivine predominate in the
ground-mass, which also contains small microliths of plagioclase and of augite, with
magnetite, and a vitreous base. The felspars do not attain the dimensions of porphy-
ritic elements, and this rock presents few noteworthy peculiarities, except those due to
the alteration of olivine. The sections of this mineral are, as a rule, partly filled with
trichites ; the spots not yet occupied by this secondary product appear clear and
bmpid, but in polarised light these apparently unaltered portions hardly show the
colours of chromatic polarisation. We remark also that not only is the mineral full of
trichites, but that while its external form remained unchanged, it was permeated by a
secondary product, part of the original substance being removed. The mineral which
has formed in the interior of the sections appears as groups of prismatic crystals,
the summits directed towards the centre and the bases attached to the outer margins.
These microliths are arranged in parallel bundles, and appear at first sight to be felspar,
especially considering that we can detect in the same rock small plagioclases of undoubted
secondary origin filling up cracks. Still it seems impossible to reconcile this inter-
pretation with the crystalline forms and with the absence of polysynthetic twins, no
traces of which are to be found in the prisms included in the olivine sections. The
microliths in question present flattened angles at the summit, which may even appear
like a terminal pinacoid. From this form, and the fact that extinction takes place
almost parallel to the length, the microliths resemble certain zeolites, such as desmine
and natrolite. They cannot be ascribed to the zeolites, however, for their outlines
stand out too clearly, and the polarisation colours are identical, we may say, with those
of the felspar microliths of the ground-mass. They might be identified perhaps with
pilite. Olivine often forms in this rock very elongated crystals, which have sometimes
been broken by movements of the magma.
A rock which is also scoriaceous, but contains better developed crystalline con-
stituents, approximates in its texture to dolerite. Microscopic examination shows
certain details in the structure of the plagioclase crystals which are worth noting. The
sections not showing polysynthetic lamellae are never perfectly homogeneous. They
are speckled with more or less rectangular points, all of which extinguish simultaneously,
and are similarly oriented. These inclusions are not isolated, as they seem, but must be
united by a layer of slight thickness extending under the plane of the section. This is
proved by the examination of sections of the zone P : k, in which polysynthetic twins
appear. The polysynthetic lamella? are not continuous, but interrupted at a certain
distance, and the space left free is filled by the principal individual. Thus a section
parallel to M ought to show these lamellae in the form of quadratic inclusions ; they
ought to present different extinctions from the felspathic mass formed of the principal
148 THE VOYAGE OF H.M.S. CHALLENGER.
individual, and show themselves in the manner we have described. The sections of
augite and olivine are in no way remarkable, except in being often corroded by the
magma. Augite frequently occurs as inclusion in plagioclase. We may also mention,
amongst the constituents of the rock, grains and crystals of magnetite, and a rounded
fragment of hornblende surrounded by a large zone of magnetite.
Layers of volcanic conglomerate were observed near the fishermen's huts. The
microscope showed this rock to be made up of basaltic lapilli, and more or less frag-
mentary minerals, with rather vague outlines, embedded in a light greenish mass. In
the yellowish vitreous lapilli there are microliths of augite and small crystals of olivine.
Plagioclase is not so common as the former minerals, but appears sometimes in the
form of skeletons forked at both extremities.
A limburgite coming from the bed of a river in Corinthian Bay deserves
description. This rock is greyish black, and the constituents are large enough to be
recognised by the naked eye as crystalline grains of olivine and augite. The micro-
scope proves the absence of felspar, and shows the ground-mass to be a brownish glass,
enclosing crystals of olivine and augite. The forms assumed by olivine in this rock
may be deduced from the microscopic sections. The hexagonal sections prove the
existence of faces of the prismatic zone surmounted by a face of a sharply pointed
dome. The angle between the traces of the dome is from 79° to 80°, and the value
of kjk is 80° 53'. The sections are grooved with cleavages at right angles, parallel
to the outlines of traces of the prism and to the base. The form of sections with
a reentrant angle shows that the olivine is often formed by juxtaposition of a certain
number of crystals with parallel axes. They are often corroded by the magma. The
examination of this rock tends to confirm an observation often made before in lim-
burgites, that the best developed element in this lithological type is olivine ; the
augite is often in the form of microliths embedded in the vitreous mass. Another
specimen of limburgite from Corinthian Bay, identical in composition and texture
with the preceding, is somewhat rich in zeolites, as this kind of rock nearly always is.
The cliffs of the island contain layers of more ancient eruption. We have examined
some specimens of these ; they are greyer in colour and less scoriaceous in appearance
than the rock last described. In one fine-grained mass the lens showed the fel-
spathic element to predominate over the other constituents, and this was confirmed
by microscopic examination. This rock is a basalt like all those of Marion Island.
Microscopic preparations show large irregular or rounded sections of olivine and very
numerous lamellar plagioclases, between which are embedded small irregular grains
of augite. Magnetite occurs between the other constituents, and there are also a few
small scales of biotite.
REPORT OX THE PETROLOGY OF OCEANIC ISLANDS. 149
XL— ROCKS OF KANDAVU, FIJI ISLANDS.
A paper by Professor Wiclimann * has already made known a good many rocks
collected in the Fiji archipelago by the naturalists of the Godeffroy Museum in
Hamburg. He has shown that the whole series of paleo-volcanic rocks are present
in these islands.2 The more recent are especially represented by basalts and andesites.
The latter, associated with fossiliferous volcanic tufas of tertiary age, compose by them-
selves almost all the small islands of the archipelago. According to the same author,
the volcanic products of Kandavu are andesites. Professor Wichmann described some
specimens taken from Mount Washington or Buke-Levu, which rises at the western
extremity of Kandavu. Those about to be described came from a point to the north
of the port of the island, where they were collected in August 1874 by the staff of
the Challenger. All that is known about the geological nature of Kandavu is that the
greater part of the island is a volcanic conglomerate of coarse structure, in which large
blocks of lava are embedded. The island is covered with rounded hillocks, rising tier
above tier. Mr. Moseley explains the regularity in form to the action of denudation.
We may add that in Ovalau, the nearest island to Kandavu, the appearance is similar,
and the rocks seem to be of the same nature.3 According to Mr. Buchanan, all the
rocks we are about to describe crop out near the port of Kandavu, and show a
columnar structure.
We shall first describe those belonging to the amphibolic andesites. The naked
eye distinguishes in a greyish ground-mass rather large, whitish, vitreous sections
of plagioclase, and black specks of hornblende or biotite. The rock is rough to the
1 Beitrag zur Petrographie des Viti Archipels, Min. pet. Mitth., Bd. v. pp. 1-60.
2 It seems advisable to poiut out here, in connection with Professor Wichmann's paper, such geological details of the
archipelago as we are acquainted with. Meinicke (Die Inseln des Stillen Oceans, p. 2, Leipzig, 1876) has summarised
the mineralogical observations made on the Fiji Islands by Graffe, Macdonald, Seemann, &c, and we may refer also
to Home (A Year in Fiji, pp. 163-170, London, 1881). According to these authors, the most abundant rocks are
argillaceous and calcareous, also breccias and conglomerates, and in some places sandstone and clay slates, while
basalts and trachytes form the highest summits, and more recent sedimentary rocks are deposited on the slopes. The
island of Taviuni is the only one in the group which is exclusively volcanic, and this, according to Home, is the only one
of subaerial formation. But Professor Wichmann observes that the absence of tufas or of other rocks on the declivities
of Buke-Levu in Kandavu seem to show that this island is not altogether of submarine origin. The rocks collected in
Fiji by Graffe (1862 and 1865), and by Kleinschmidt (1876-1878), showed that crystalline and schisto-crystalline
rocks of the ancient series played a considerable part in Buke-Levu. The fossiliferous rocks there are of tertiary
age. All the other islands visited by the explorers were found to be composed of andesites and basalts, and of tufas
of these two lithological types. In some of them coral limestone, sometimes silicified, has been found. All these
observations lead to the opinion that in the palaeozoic and mesozoic epochs this archipelago formed a continent which
became submerged about the middle of the tertiary period. Professor Wichmann made it evident that the data furnished
by the study of the rocks of the Fiji archipelago present a great analogy from this point of view with those resulting
from the examination of other Pacific islands. Contrary to the general opinion, held until very recently, that all
the Pacific islands were of volcanic formation, it is now proved that several of them are built up of ancient crystalline
and sedimentary rock3. In his paper on the rocks of the Fiji archipelago, Professor Wichmann has established very
clearly the facts on which he founds this interpretation (see he. cit., pp. 1-8).
3 Moseley, Notes of a Naturalist on board the Challenger, p. 301.
150 THE VOYAGE OF H.M.S. CHALLENGER.
touch, and has a very irregular fracture. The microscope shows the ground-mass to be
composed of a light yellowish or almost colourless base containing numerous felspathic
and augitic microliths, and granules of magnetite. Brownish transparent scales of
biotite are sometimes found.
The crystals of plagioclase are usually zonary, and twinned according to the albite
and Carlsbad laws ; they are generally formed of two large individuals enclosing
a few extremely thin hemitropic lamellae. In some cases one of the principal
components, twinned following the Carlsbad law, is polysynthetic, while the other
is simple, and presents traces of cleavages crossing at 90°. The outlines of those
crystals, which are characterised by the rarity of hemitropic lamellae, exhibit a face
equally inclined to the traces of P and of M, which may correspond to a dome of the
zone P : M (n or c). Its trace makes an angle of about 45° with the traces of M
and of P. That this plagioclase is a Carlsbad twin may be proved by the fact that
in those sections where only the two principal individuals are seen, the projection
of the vertical faces appears in an opposite direction in the two crystals ; these twinned
individuals have asymmetrical extinctions : one darkens at about 40° from the trace of
M, and the other at 22°. The latter observation also proves that the plagioclase is a
Carlsbad twin and is allied to labradorite. In the zone P : Ic the angle of extinction for
two adjacent plagioclastic lamellae has been found to be from 17° to 20°, which confirms
that this plagioclase is a mixture allied to labradorite. The sections of plagioclase often
exhibit reentrant angles, which in ordinary light are apt to be mistaken for
indications of twinning, but examination between crossed nicols shows that the
crystals are simply grouped without hemitropy, being united wuth parallel axes.
Hornblende plays an important part in this andesite. It has not only crystallised
with the faces of the prism, but the two vertical pinacoids are often represented, and
one of them even rather well developed. This mineral is frequently altered and
surrounded by a black zone of magnetite ; in other cases it is bordered by an
aggregation of small prisms, which are also contained in the centre of the sections.
This bacillary aggregate must be considered of secondary formation ; the small prisms
composing it are united parallel to their length, tbey are crossed by cracks parallel to
the base, and are almost colourless, or exhibit a greenish tint. It is not easy to
measure the extinction, but when this could be done it was found to be about 40°.
Possibly this aggregation may be made up of small prisms of augite. They are
arranged in such a way as to show a parallelism between their long axis and that of
hornblende, and seem to behave almost like the fibrous hornblende which surrounds
augite passing to uralite ; here this paramorphosis appears to be reversed. The
alteration of hornblende becomes visible not only by the zone of magnetite, or
the surrounding groups of augite microliths just described, but it is accompanied
by a development of biotite in the heart of the mineral. The manner in which this
REPORT ON THE PETROLOGY OF OCEANIC ISLANDS. 151
pseudomorphism is effected is as follows. The hornblende becomes darker in
colour, the pleochroism more intense, the polarisation tints approach to dark-red
tones, and the sections assume a lamellar texture, the lamella? appearing undulated on
the surface in polarised light. In fact we see all the characters of hornblende being
exchanged for those we are accustomed to associate with black mica, but the form of
the sections is unaltered. We shall show immediately, that biotite exists as a
primary mineral in the rocks of Kandavu, and must point out the peculiarities which
make it possible to distinguish this from the secondary product just described. In
some cases the form of the sections gives no assistance, because both hornblende and
black mica may appear in thin slices as hexagonal sections. Yet it is possible to
demonstrate the secondary origin of the biotite, for, when this is the case, its hexagonal
sections show lamellae parallel to one of the sides of the hexagon; an observation
sufficient to prove that the biotite is of secondary formation. A hexagonal section of
biotite could not present this appearance ; the lamellae would not show themselves,
and the section would appear uniform. Those lines which appear in the sections, and
are caused by the union of lamellae of biotite, cannot be mistaken for the cleavages of
hornblende. Even if the characters of the mica were not so clear, this supposition
could not be reconciled either with the outlines or with the direction of the supposed
cleavages. The observations tend to prove that the lamellae of biotite are piled up
parallel to one of the pinacoids of the hornblende.
There is little to say of biotite as a primary mineral. At first sight it closely
resembles hornblende, being surrounded, like the latter, by a black opaque zone ; but
its pleochroism, its pronounced lamellar structure, its reddish polarisation colours,
its brilliant tints between crossed nicols, and the characteristic undulating shades on the
surface of the section, prevent one from confounding this mica with anything else. It
is recognised as a primary mineral by its sharp outlines, either hexagonal or in the
form of a parallelogram, and by its always appearing isolated in the ground-mass.
Augite is rather uncommon ; some microporphyritic sections of the mineral are of
a green colour, such as it often assumes in andesites. Bronzite is of more common
occurrence than monoclinic pyroxene. Olivine appears only in one of the specimens
from Kandavu which were examined, where it is an accessory element. Its sections
were of the usual rhombic or hexagonal form with worn outlines. It is a hyalosiderite
converted into hematite, and full of trichites.
One of the specimens from Kandavu is an augite-andesite. It is a coarse-grained
rock, showing to the naked eye a greyish paste, enclosing crystals of plagioclase, from
2 to 3 millimetres in diameter, and small grains of greenish augite, with a few points
of black hornblende. Under the microscope this rock differs from that previously
described by the predominance of a vitreous base and the presence of microporphyritic
crystals larger than those of the amphibolic andesite just mentioned. Hornblende
152
THE VOYAGE OF H.M.S. CHALLENGER.
plays only a subordinate part, being substituted by augite. The microliths in the
glassy base are not so numerous, but of the same species as in the preceding rocks.
Numerous and well - defined plagioclase sections are full of vitreous inclusions.
Some of them show simultaneously the twinnings of pericline and of Baveno ;
that of albite is subordinate. The two series of polysynthetic lamellae, which
correspond in the principal individuals, cross at an angle of about 90°. The albitic
striae extinguish at 30°, a fact which indicates that we have to do with a mixture
approximating to labradorite. When the sections present the lamellae of pericline
clearly defined, the extinctions for the latter are a little smaller than for the principal
individual, being about 27° for the lamellae in question and 30° to 31° for the
polysynthetic lamellae twinned following the albite law (see fig. 26).
Fig. 26.— Augite-andesite of Kandavu. Section of twinned plagioclase.
I. II. ... Pericline twin.
I.' II." ... do.
(I. II.) (I.' II.") Baveno twin.
III. I. . . . Pericline twin.
IV. V. . . . Twinned with I. and II. having the face P common.
The augite presents its usual characters in augitic andesites. It is sometimes
twinned polysynthetically ; in other cases the sections show a fibrous structure causing
them to resemble diallage. Augite contains felspar and magnetite as inclusions. Horn-
blende, which has a very small part to play in this rock, is represented by sections
often twinned, with worn angles and surrounded by magnetite. The plcochroism of
this hornblende is —
yellow-brown.
/3
brownish yellow.
>
pale yellow.
REPORT ON THE PETROLOGY OF OCEANIC ISLANDS. 153
XII.— THE VOLCANO OF GOONONG API (BANDA ISLANDS).
The whole Banda group, comprising twelve islands, with a total area of about 18
square miles, is of igneous origin. Volcanic activity is now concentrated in one of
the two islets which protect the port of Great Banda on the north-west of the island.
This volcano, Goonong Api (Malay = Fire Mountain), has been long known. The first
recorded eruption took place as far back as 1629 ; another followed in 1690, when
Goonong Api entered on a state of activity which lasted five years ; and then followed
the eruptions of 1765, 1775, 1816, 1820, and 1825. In November 1825 the
eruptions were accompanied by earthquakes which ruined Great Banda and the
islet of Pulo Neira.
9
The naturalists of the Challenger explored Goonong Api towards the end of
September 1874, and observed a great number of facts, which will be summarised
before commencing the description of the eruptive products collected up to the very
summit of the volcano.1 The mountain rises in a conical form to 1860 feet above
sea-level. Neither the Dutch residents nor the native Malays attempt to scale the
rugged heights save on rare occasions. M. Bickmore, one of the first to climb
the mountain, has described his expedition, probably exaggerating the dangers of the
ascent; the Challenger's staff, in order to study volcanic activity in the crater itself,
climbed the volcano by the eastern slope. Up to within 700 or 800 feet of the summit
the ground was covered with brushwood, which gave something to hold on by, and
rendered the ascent, if not easy, at least practicable. On passing the upper limit of
vegetation the naturalists came upon a vast accumulation of loose blocks, which rose
up like a wall before them, and gave way when stepped upon. Above these heaps of
broken stones the ground was firmer, the blocks of lava and volcanic ashes forming
a solid foothold, but sharp angular pieces of lava piercing the bed of ashes made
even this part of the cone troublesome to climb.
Exhalations of acid vapours escaped from all the cracks on the summit, and acted
energetically on the lava, which was in some places entirely transformed superficially
into a white substance looking like chalk. This action of the fumaroles is frequently
confined to the outside of the rock, the interior preserving its fresh appearance
almost unimpaired. The escaping vapours had a temperature of 121° C. ; they were
acid, and had a strong sulphurous smell.2
1 See Moseley, Notes of a Naturalist &c., p. 382 ; and JYarr. Chall. Exp., vol. i. p. 561.
2 Reference will be made, in describing the yoloano of Camiguin, to the high temperature at which algae live in
warm springs escaping from crevices in the lava. Analogous observations were made on Goonong Api ; gelatinous
masses made up of algas were found attached round the mouths from which jets of vapour escaped. The vapour had a
temperature of 121° C., and the plants were fixed to the rock where the thermometer marked C0° C. In a crack of the
lava whence a sulphurous emanation escaped a plant was growing in a soil at a temperature of 38° ; a foot and a half
from this point the temperature of the rock was 104° C.
(PHTS. CHEM. CIIALL. EXP. — PART VII. — 1889.) 20
154
THE VOYAGE OF H.M.S. CHALLENGER
On the shore of the island, at the foot of the volcano, there is a girdle of coral
easily accessible at low tide. The polyps are fixed to the volcanic rock, and the top
of the bank rises a foot above sea-level. The island has thus at a comparatively
recent period been subject to oscillations such as may be expected in a volcanic region.
After these brief remarks on the geological phenomena of Goonong Api we shall
describe the lithological characters of the eruptive products collected on the top of the
volcano.
We shall begin with the less decomposed lavas, and afterwards deal with those
which show in their altered appearance traces of the action of the acid vapours to which
they have been exposed. All these rocks belong to the type of augitic andesites.
Some very slightly decomposed lavas are black, very lustrous, slightly scoriaceous,
and spotted with felspathic grains. Microscopically they are formed of a yellowish base
crowded with micro] iths of plagioclase and augite, and in this ground-mass are seen
rather large sections of plagioclase, augite, magnetite, and, as an accessory mineral,
olivine.
The microporphyritic crystals of plagioclase, which are vitreous, like sanidine, are
sharply outlined, and are elongated following the edge, PjM, but in other cases they
are less tabular, assuming the prismatic form. The most common types of twinning
of these plagioclases are those of Baveno and of albite, but the hemitropic lamellae are
not numerous in the sections. The felspar sections
often present the appearance of two halves joined
together, resembling at first glance a Carlsbad twin,
but closer examination almost always shows one or
two hemitropic lamellse — sometimes excessively thin
— enclosed in one or other of the principal individuals.
These striae prove that this felspar is plagioclase.
Fig. 27 shows a section of plagioclase from the
rock we are describing. The section is parallel to
the face M of one individual (I) and more or less
parallel to the face P (zone P:k) of the other (II).
It can be seen that (I) is traversed by cleavages
parallel to P, which are parallel to the plane of union
and to the plagioclastic stria? of (II). Cleavages
The angle of extinction approaches 40°. The indi-
vidual (II) exhibits less regular fractures, resembling those usually seen in sanidine.
It is noticeable that, as is almost always the case, only one of the cleavages following
the prism is to be seen. The angle of extinction for the principal individual, measured
from the intercalated polysynthetic lamellse, is about 30°. The extinctions on M and
P exceed those of bytownite, and are nearer to those of anorthite. The extinctions
Fig. 27. — Decomposed lava of Goonong Api.
Section of plagioclase.
parallel to T can also be seen.
REPORT ON THE PETROLOGY OF OCEANIC ISLANDS.
155
observed between two hemitropic lamellae in the zone P :k are 32°, 21*, 19°, but in
some cases they exceed 35°. These values agree with the determination just given.
We see another confirmation of this in the fact mentioned above, of the rarity of
hemitropic plagioclastic striae ; it is well known that the extremes of the plagioclastic
mixtures, albite and anorthite, are to a certain extent characterised by the rarity
of these interpositions, or by the relative thickness of the hemitropic lamellae.
The augite presents no very special characters ; it exhibits a tendency to form more
or less irregular groups or nests, and is often twinned. The very rare sections of
olivine, often occurring as inclusions in the plagioclase, are decomposed into red hematite.
Magnetite is somewhat abundant. The microliths of the ground-mass, as observed
above, are small crystals of plagioclase and augite, the former being often split up at the
extremities.
The remaining rocks from the summit of Goonong Api have been altered by the
action of fumaroles, as in the case of certain lavas from Ternate, but in those from
Goonong Api decomposition is further advanced, and presents some phenomena worth
describing. These lavas have the same aspect and the same lithological constitution
as those just described, only they are much more friable, and covered in some places by
a floury coating. One sees with the lens that the felspar crystals have lost their glassy
lustre and appear porcellanous. Under the microscope the large sections of felspar show
hardly any remaining trace of the original twinning, but their outlines are maintained
notwithstanding the alteration that has destroyed the internal structure of the mineral.
The sections are furrowed with a lacework of cracks lined with
a colourless substance, in the same way as serpentinisation
penetrates olivine. A few patches of the original mineral
remain unaltered, but as a rule the entire section behaves
between crossed nicols like an isotropic substance. The
plagioclastic sections invaded by this secondary product
rarely show the twins of plagioclase, one can only detect
certain remains that react feebly with polarised light. These
crystals often appear cracked (see fig. 28). The first explana-
tion that offers itself to account for this strange phenomenon
of decomposition is that the rock, being formed of anorthite —
a plagioclase which lends itself very readdy to the formation
of zeolites — the alteration of the felspar would be due to a
modification of this kind ; but chemical analysis proves that
the substance penetrating the felspar is silica. In fact, the
undecomposed augite-andesites of Goonong Api contain from
55 to 59 per cent, of silica, and when they exhibit the alteration which has been
described the percentage of silica rises to 80 per cent., and, in the specimens trans-
Fig. 28. — Lava of Goonong Api.
Decomposed plagioclase partly
replaced by silica.
156 THE VOYAGE OP H.M.S. CHALLENGER.
formed into white material, it may even amount to 90 per cent. The substance which
fills the crystals of plagioclase in this rock is thus silica. The augite sections even
have not escaped this alteration : their margins appear corroded ; a zone of silica, like
that which we have observed in the felspars, surrounds them as with a frame, and sends
ramifications through the crystals until, in many cases, the augite is transformed into a
greyish isotropic mass. The augite can only be recognised by its external form, which
is generally preserved, or by greenish or brownish fragments entirely embedded in
silica. The vitreous ground-mass itself is subject to a similar modification in some
cases, its usual yellow colour passing into grey. The outlines of the microliths are made
indistinguishable, except perhaps in the case of magnetite, and all the constituent minerals
seem to be embedded in the opaline mass. The siliceous matter rarely assumes the form
of quartz, but here, as at Ternate, granules are sometimes seen possessing the optical
properties of that mineral, or of tridymite. Quartz or tridymite is detected most fre-
quently in the fragments covered with a coating of more or less powdery white material.
The alteration and displacement of these minerals by siliceous matter must be
caused by the action of gaseous volcanic emanations, by jets of steam, and by high
temperature. Amongst the vapours which attack silicates most energetically are those
of hydrochloric and sulphuric acid. The latter, detected in the fumaroles of Goonong
Api, can easily remove all the bases of this lava as soluble sulphates, which would readily
be washed away. This is the case with the alumina and iron, while the silica, with
which they were combined in the eruptive rocks, remains alone in the form of hydrate.
The alteration of felspar and augite into a substance resembling opal is a fact
observed elsewhere. We may refer, for instance, to the investigations of Eammelsberg 1
on the pyroxene of Vesuvius in the lava of 1852, in which the amount of silica reached
85"34 per cent. ; water was present to the extent of 5'47 per cent. ; the mineral which
had been altered by the action of fumaroles contained only traces of bases. Morawski
and Schinnerer2 showed that the sanidine of the trachyte from a solfatara near
Pouzzolie contained 90'19 per cent, of silica and 4"19 per cent, of water. According
to Blum,3 the sanidine of Furnas is similarly changed into opal, the surface of the
crystals remaining hard, while the interior is cellular and porous. Finally, Fritsch and
Eeiss * found the same modification in the felspar of a phonolitic rock of Pico de Teyde.
These facts bear the most perfect analogy to those we have been describing, and they
should be attributed to the same cause. The presence of quartz and tridymite,
which were detected in some of the altered rocks, may be explained by their formation
as products of sublimation, a mode of origin for these minerals too well known to
require to be discussed here.
1 Rammelsberg, Pogg. Ann., Bd. xlix. p. 388.
- Morawski and Schinnerer, Verh. geol. Reichsansta.lt, p. 161, 1872.
3 Blum, Die Pseudomorphosen des Mineralreichs, Bd. iii. p. 52.
* Von Fritsch und Reiss, Geologische Beschreibung der Insel Teneriffe, p. 423, 1868.
REPORT ON THE PETROLOGY OF OCEANIC ISLANDS. 157
XIIL— ROCKS FROM THE VOLCANO OF TERNATE.
The magnificent view at the entrance of Molucca Pass is well calculated to exhibit
the great share which volcanic forces have had in building up the archipelago. The
naturalists of the Challenger Expedition who explored these islands were greatly struck
by the scene ; when fairly in the straits they saw before them on the east coast alone
ten volcanic cones, several being in an active state.1 The volcano of Ternate was
then in eruption, and is one of the most important in the group. It has been
described in detail by Mr. Moseley, who made the ascent along with Mr. Balfour in
October 1874. The rocks they collected on the summit are now to be described.
The island of Ternate, situated close to the equator, in latitude 0° 48' 30" N. and
longitude 127° 19' E., is separated by a narrow sound from the island of Tidore. It
might be described as a huge volcanic mountain rising from the bottom of the sea
and attaining an elevation of 5600 feet above its level, as determined by the Challenger
Expedition. The ascent of this volcano is rarely attempted, and the nature of it was
hardly known before Mr. Moseley's expedition, the results of which may be summarised
thus : —
The island is formed of three superimposed cones, the highest, at the summit of
which the actual crater is found, being surrounded by the second, which is in turn
planted in the ancient crater that crowns the great basal cone of the mountain. After
traversing the cultivated fields and woods which spread over the flanks of the
mountain, one reaches the ridge of the ancient crater, at a height of 4800 feet. This
crater is about 100 feet deep, and from it rises a second cone to a height of about
4850 feet, from which the cone of eruption springs. The second crater, which may be
termed the intermediate, is encumbered with masses of lava thrown out by the crater
of the superior cone. The solidified streams are formed of reddish lava cracked in all
directions by contraction. The superior cone planted in the intermediate crater is
destitute of vegetation. Its height from base to summit is 350 feet ; the cliff-like slope
rises at an angle of about 30°, and at the summit of the cone descends by a similar
slope of 30° into the upper crater. The superior cone is not formed of volcanic ash,
but of masses of basaltic lava ; the blocks scattered over the surface appear very fresh,
as if they had been recently ejected. Messrs. Moseley and Balfour vainly endeavoured
1 Amongst the volcanoes of the Moluccas we may mention, besides that of Ternate, the little cone of Hieri, an
island situated iu the north of the group. The cone is about 2200 feet high, circular, aud about three-quarters of a
mile in diameter at the base. The island of Tidore has the highest and most perfect cone (see Narr. Chall. Exp., vol. i.
fig. 199, p. 594, for a view of this volcano). Its height is 5900 feet, and it is situated in latitude 0° 39' N., longitude
127° 23' E. The volcano of Mareb, from 700 to 800 feet in height, is formed by two peaks. The volcanic cone of
Metir, in latitude 0° 28' N., longitude 127° 23' E., is 2800 feet high. The island of Mitara is also surmounted by a small
cone, the form of which is remarkably regular. For the natural history and geographical details of these islands,
see Narr. Chall. Exp., vol. i. pp. 592-000.
158 THE VOYAGE OF H.M.S. CHALLENGER.
to explore this crater. They could only descend it to a depth of 60 feet, for the
suffocating acid vapour which enshrouded them, and the difficulties of the ground,
compelled them to return. They found deposits of sulphur in the crevices, and saw
everywhere rocks profoundly modified in structure by the action of vapours exhaled
from the volcano. The rocks about to be described were collected from the summit of
this cone.
The rocks of Ternate belong to the augite-andesites, but in some cases, from the
presence of olivine, they ought to be classed amongst the basalts. We shall first
describe the andesitic lavas.
The most characteristic specimens are slightly scoriaceous, and of a dark colour ;
the naked eye and the lens only show some vitreous or white points which are crystals
of plagioclase. Microscopically the rock is vesicular; the matrix, chiefly formed of
vitreous matter, is devitrified here and there by spherulites, and numerous plagioclase
microliths are scattered through the brownish class.
The large sections of plagioclase are zonary, and full of vitreous inclusions ; they
exhibit at the same time the twins of the albite and pericline law. Sections, where
the lamellae are twinned following the albite and the pericline laws, appear clearly
defined and intercrossing each other at right angles (also parallel to k), and give
symmetrical extinctions of from 20° to 16°. These values show that we are dealing
with a plagioclastic mixture which approaches labradorite.
Most of the augite sections are twinned polysynthetically. The lamellae, often
resembling those of plagioclase, are sometimes very numerous and closely packed,
giving some sections of this mineral a fibrous appearance. The central part of the augite
is often the most lamellated. Twinned lamellae are sometimes noticed in the form of
two triangles meeting at the apex, and thus resembling the well-known clepsydra
structure which occurs in this species. A rather long augite crystal cut nearly parallel
to oo P co showed these lamellae closely packed in bundles at the centre, but spreading
out by the addition of more lamellae towards the extremities of the section. They thus
present an appearance like a sheaf bound tightly in the middle, and show considerable
analogy to the internal structure of augite just referred to. The pleochroism = 7 greenish,
@ yellowish. This pyroxene has a great angle of extinction ; the hemitropic lamellae
intercalated in the principal individual extinguish at 50°, and the large crystal itself
at 44°. The cleavage is not well marked, doubtless because the slices cut off this
somewhat scoriaceous rock are not so thin as those obtained by polishing a more
compact mass. Magnetite, presentiug no noteworthy peculiarity, is also an essential
constituent of this andesite.
Some other specimens, which must also be classed with the andesites, resemble that
just described very closely in their microscopic characters, only the ground-mass is
darker, more iridescent, and less vesicular. There are some minor differences also
REPORT ON THE PETROLOGY OF OCEANIC ISLANDS.
159
which must be referred to in detail. Fig. 29 shows a section of plagioclase with
hemitropic lamellae, following the albite law. These belong to two principal individuals,
which mutually penetrate each other, and present, each in its turn, a larger development
in the different parts of the section. The two principal individual crystals, which
sometimes form the groundwork and sometimes the lamellae, are twinned in the following
manner : —
Fig. 29.— Andesite of Ternate. Section of plagioclases, albite, pericline, and Carlsbad twin.
I. II. . . . Albite twin.
I. 1/ . . . Pericline do.
II. II'. ... do. do.
III. (I. II.) . Carlsbad do.
Cleavage parallel to the face P is noticeable in both individuals. This is shown in
the figure by lines sensibly perpendicular to the albitic lamellae. Extinction takes place
at 33° to 34° from on the trace of M. The polysynthetic lamellae following the pericline
law (I'. IF), extinguishing at 27°, meet at an angle corresponding exactly to the trace of
PP', which is clearly indicated at the lower jtart of the figure. The third individual (III),
joined to the preceding group in the plane M, must be considered as forming a Carlsbad
twin with (I. II) ; in fact, this individual gives an asymmetric extinction at 20°.
The augitic sections in this rock show strong pleochroism, recalling hypersthene by
the tints observed. We have : —
/?
greenish.
reddish yellow.
The form of the augite crystals is not that usually found in andesites, the sections
being terminated by an obtuse summit very like those of bronzite. This mineral is
sometimes twinned, and the value of its extinction never allows any doubt regarding
its correct description as monoclinic pyroxene. The rock we describe has the general
characters of an augite-andesite ; it contains, however, small hexagonal or rhombic
sections of olivine. The ground-mass is a base, enclosing a great number of felspathic
microliths, appearing like belonites, and magnetite, which also occurs as inclusions in
the constituent minerals.
160 THE VOYAGE OF H.M.S. CHALLENGER.
Another specimen of augite-andesite contains zonary sections of felspar, parallel to
M, which allow the extinction to be measured accurately. They show that the plagio-
clase is labradorite (extinction 23°) at the centre, and bytownite (extinction 29°) on the
edges. The rock is altered on the surface, and covered with a whitish layer, to which
we shall return presently; the undecomposed portion contains 55 per cent, of silica.
A specimen, which must be classed as basalt, presents just the same kind of surface
alteration into whitish material ; it has been so much decomposed by the action
of fumaroles that only felspar and a few grains of olivine can be distinguished.
Microscopical examination shows a number of large and sharply defined crystals of
olivine with the angles of this mineral and cleavages oo P co , OP. Augite has a
reddish tint, more common for this mineral in basalt than in augite-andesites, where
the colour is usually green. It occurs in large microporphyritic crystals, and is
often found as microliths in the ground -mass, frequently in small prisms forming
a zone round larger crystals of the same kind. The plagioclase crystals are twinned
according to the albite law, and sometimes according to that of pericline. Sections
showing both systems of lamellae very clearly, and almost parallel to h, give extinctions
from 30° to 35°, measured from the trace of M. This extinction angle classes this
felspar near labradorite. The ground-mass is that of an ordinary felspathic basalt.
The action of fumaroles has so penetrated the specimen we are about to describe,
that, were it not for its density and structure, one might take it at first sight for a
fragment of pumice. Microscopically the alteration appears in the following manner : the
ground-mass is composed almost entirely of a quartzose aggregate, in which no well-
formed crystals are to be seen, but only grains of plagioclase and augite traversed in
every direction by cracks, the augite especially. Some remains of olivine crystals may
sometimes be seen. The rock is sprinkled with little brownish patches of a substance
occurring also crystallised in small prisms, the appearance and arrangement of which
strongly resemble sagenite ; but they are so small, so opaque, and so entirely surrounded
by the ground-mass, that it is impossible to determine their nature with certainty.
XIV.— ROCKS OF THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS.
A. Rocks from the Volcano of Camiguin.
The island of Camiguin, on which the volcano about to be described is situated,
belongs to the Philippine archipelago, one of the most remarkable centres of eruption
on the globe. These islands form a link in the great volcanic chain, which, embracing
the Kuriles, Japan and Formosa, passes through Mindanao and Sangir, and runs out
REPORT ON THE PETROLOGY OF OCEANIC ISLANDS.
161
towards the Moluccas, dividing there into two branches, one of which trends towards
Java while the other stretches eastward to meet New Zealand.1
Several of the Philippine Islands have lately been the subject of important geological
observations, and to these we shall have occasion to recur. Professor Roth has given
an account of the geology of the archipelago in an Appendix to the narrative of the
explorer Jagor.2 This work exemplifies the great erudition and precise knowledge
which distinguish this geologist. I wish to mention very specially the results obtained
by Von Drasche during his scientific voyage among the Philippines ; 3 and, finally, the
New Volcano, Camiguin Island.
excellent monograph, published by Professor Oebbeke, on the rock specimens collected
on these islands by Professor Semper.4 In spite of the peculiar interest which ought
1 In considering in more detail the relations of the Philippine archipelago to the neighbouring lands, it can be
connected with a chain of islands which commences at Formosa, passes through the somewhat scattered groups of the
Batan and Babuyan Islauds, and runs on to Luzon. At this point the great chain breaks up into a series of secondary-
chains, which lead to the Sunda Islands. The group of Busuanga and the island of Palawan trend towards the north
point of Borneo ; the western portion of the peninsula of Mindanao and the Sulu Islands seem to link themselves
to the north-east end of Borneo ; Luzon, Samar, and Mindanao lie on a curve, the convexity of which is towards the
Pacific Ocean. To the south of Mindanao comes the chain of the Sangir Islands, which advances towards the Celebes
and the Talant Islands. These latter stretch towards Halmahera. See F. S. Hahn, Insel Studien, p. 49, Leipzig 1883.
2 Fr. Jagor, Reisen in den Philippines Berlin 1873 ; appendix, p. 333 : Ueber die geologische Beschaffenheit der
Philippinen. In this notice by Professor Roth are condensed all the observations on the geology of this archipelago
which had appeared before the publication of Jagor's book ; it contains, besides, a large number of personal observations
on the lithology and mineralogy of these islands.
3 R. von Drasche, Fragmente zu einer Geologie der Insel Luzon, Wien, 1878.
4 K. Oebekke, Beitrage zur Petrographie der Philippinen und der Palau-Inseln, Stuttgart, 1881.
(PHYS. CHEM. CHALL. EXP. PART VII. — 1889.) 21
102 THE VOYAGE OF H.M.S. CHALLENGER.
to attach to the volcanoes of this archipelago, and the somewhat advanced state
of our knowledge concerning the geology of the great islands constituting it, scarcely
any precise details were known of the lithological nature of the island and volcano of
Camiguin. The specimens collected by the Challenger naturalists make it possible in a
certain measure to fill up this blank.
The study of the products of the volcano of Camiguin is, as will be seen, very
closely related to the study of the substratum on which it has been formed, accordingly
it will not be useless to give a short sketch of the geological constitution of the
archipelago. As we have just said, some recent volcanic rocks of this group have
been worked out by various able geologists, but the examination of the rocks of the
subsoil and of the sedimentary formation have not been the object of such detailed
researches.
It has nevertheless been established that the greater part of the underlying rocks
of the Philippines belongs to the schisto-crystalline series ; on these the sedimentary
beds are deposited, and the latter, which are partly to be referred to the eocene period,
are in their turn covered over by more recent deposits. There are, besides, to be
observed some raised coral reefs, sometimes containing mollusca belonging to a species
still living in the Pacific.
Finally, certain eruptive products, which are, according to von Richtofen,1 later
than the nummulitic limestone, iire overlaid by deposits that must be referred to the
present period. Some of the rocks found at Luzon and Zebu contain fossils of an
older period.2 When describing the rocks of Zebu, it will be shown that certain
eruptive rocks of that island ought to be referred to the pre-tertiary series. The
existence of granite in the archipelago is a fact of very great importance, and must
be taken into account in explaining the origin of the material ejected by the volcano
of Camiguin. Von Humboldt 3 points to the north of Luzon as containing masses of
that rock. In the same region Jagor collected rocks of the granitic type, but he
did not see them in situ, his specimens consisting of rounded pebbles. In other parts
euphotide, serpentine, diorite, spilites, and epidotiferous rocks have been observed.
Crystalline schists, gneiss, mica schists, amphibolites, and chloritic rocks, associated with
the older eruptive series, play a more conspicuous part in the geological constitution
of the island than do the recent volcanic formations. It is to these ancient schisto-
crystalline rocks that certain well-known metalliferous deposits in the Philippines
belon.a'.
4
1 In Roth, loc. cit., p. 334.
2 Ibid., p. 333.
3 See Humboldt, Kosmos, vol. vi. p. 405.
4 Roth, loc. cit., p. 334. The existence of ancient crystalline rocks in the Philippine Islands is pointed out in
several passages in Professor Roth's memoir. R. von Drasche in his geology of Luzon admits that the gneissose rocks,
the diabases, and the gabbros form to some extent the framework of the southern part of the island.
luj I LIBRA!
REPORT ON THE PETROLOGY OF OCEANIC ISLANDS.
163
These general remarks on the geological nature of this archipelago will suffice as
an introduction to the description of the volcano of Camiguin.
This small island is situated between Siquijor and Mindanao, to the north of the
latter island, and 80 miles east of Zebu. The volcano of Camiguin, which stands hard
by the village of Catarman, was still in an active state when the Challenger Expedition
explored it in 1875. It was then re-entering upon a period of repose, after the terrible
eruption of 1871. According to the account of that catastrophe, which we borrow from
Professor Eoth,1 the islands of Bagol, Zebu, and Camiguin had for some months been
suffering severely from earthquakes, until, on the 1st of May 1871, about five o'clock,
a mountain near Catarman was rent open ; a central cavity appeared, from which
ashes and stones were projected amid explosions and clouds of smoke. An elliptical
crater was formed, which measured 1500 feet along the major axis, 150 along the
minor, and attained a depth of 27 feet. At seven o'clock a second eruption occurred ;
but, like the first, it sent out no lava streams. After this catastrophe almost all the
inhabitants, to the number of 11,000, deserted the island. According to the details
furnished by J. G. Gray of the Eoyal Navy,2 eruptions took place only in July, and
the phenomena of internal activity continued for nearly two months. The hill
was entirely formed during this eruption, and according to Mr. Gray it was about
two-thirds of a mile in diameter, and 450 feet high. When, in 1875, the naturalists
of the Challenger touched at Camiguin with the intention of studying this volcano, its
summit rose to a height of 1950 feet. The volcano is situated close to the shore.
Its form is that of a dome, resembling, according to Mr. Buchanan, some of the small
volcanoes in the Auvergne. When it was explored all traces of a crater had dis-
appeared, neither pumice nor scoriae were found ; the rocks were still incandescent at a
dull red heat, and, by night, the mountain was seen crowned with glimmering light. Hot
springs gushed from all the crevices at the foot of the volcano,3 and fumaroles were to
be seen everywhere. The vapours which escaped from these had effected profound
changes in the neighbouring rocks. According to the observations of Buchanan and
Moseley, who collected the specimens we are about to describe, the volcano is situated
1 Roth, he. cit., p. 335. This note on the eruption of the volcano of Camiguin appeared in the Spenersche Zeilung,
No. 167, 1871.
2 Hydrographic Notices, No. 8, London, 1872.
3 It is not within the scope of this description to report the very interesting observations which were made at the
volcano of Camiguin on the temperature conditions under which certain low plants live. For this point we refer the
reader to Narr. Chall. Exp., vol. i. p. G54 ; but the interest which, from a geological point of view, arises from these
questions induces us here to recapitulate the results. At places where the temperature of the hot springs reaches
65° C. , the presence of algae was not observed, but on some blocks that were bathed by the hot water, and rose above
the level of the current, greenish spots were noticed. A little below the source algae were found abundantly in a small
pool into which the water fell, and still retained a temperature as high as 38° C. Still lower they were seen growing in
the middle of a brook, whose waters reached 45°3 C, the highest temperature at which these plants were observed
to exist at Camiguin. The resistance which these organisms offer to high temperature is the more interesting, since
thermal waters are almost saturated with the various salts that result from the decomposition of the rocks they
traverse.
164 THE VOYAGE OF H.M.S. CHALLENGER.
on slightly undulating and greatly denuded strata, formed, as can be seen on the shore,
of beds resembling trachyte. We shall now describe the lithological nature of the
eruptive products that constitute the volcano.
The rocks collected at Camiguin belong to the andesite type ; sometimes, as we shall
show, augite predominates in them ; in other instances hornblende seems to play the
leading part, but, in all cases, these two bisilicates are present, and the transition
between the amphibolic and pyroxenic andesites is gradual. We shall therefore
describe both types together. In general, these rocks are very close grained ; the
constituent minerals are readily detached from the mass ; the colour is greyish passing
into reddish on alteration ; when the rock is more massive, it is a little darker. With
the naked eye or the lens it is possible to distinguish only some whitish glassy grains,
which are plagioclases ; blunted crystals of black hornblende, or patches of augite
approaching a greenish tint, are sometimes seen.
Microscopical examination shows that these rocks belong to two types of andesites,
the amphibolic and the pyroxenic, passing from the one to the other through all
stages ; in some instances, by the presence of olivine, they are allied to the basalts.
In all, however, the microtexture and mineralogical composition remain much the same.
In a ground-mass, composed chiefly of small prismatic crystals of plagioclase and augite,
united nearly always with a colourless glassy base, are embedded large fragments of
plagioclase, augite, generally in greenish grains, hornblende without any crystallo-
graphic outlines and of a yellowish brown hue ; and, lastly, biotite, bronzite, and
especially magnetite, which is scattered in small sections everywhere, both in what we
call the paste and in the sections of the above-named minerals.
Having now indicated the microscopical texture and the constituent minerals,
we shall describe the characters which each of them presents under the micro-
scope. Plagioclase is incontestably the most important and interesting mineral in the
andesites of Camiguin. The adjoining figures represent some of the sections of these
felspars.
The group represented in fig. 30 shows two individuals
twinned according to the albite law. The principal indi-
viduals are joined following M; one observes the repetition
of I and II reciprocally intercalated in each of the two
individuals. In the lower part of the figure, the reentrant
angle a is formed by the traces of P of I and II. In the
_, on , . ." ,„ . . upper part the obtuse angle is 7° 50'. The double angle
Fig. 30.— Andesite of Camiguin. £ 7 . . „ ° ,
section of plagioclase, albite of extinction is 70° (32°-38°) ; 7 indicates intercalation
of lamellae following the pericline law. The intercala-
tion of these lamellae shows that the section is very nearly perpendicular to the
edge P/k.
REPORT ON THE PETROLOGY OF OCEANIC ISLANDS.
165
Another mode of grouping is seen in fig. 31 ; the face il/of II is superposed on the
face P of I. This section is nearly perpendicular to the edge P/3I of I ; other forms
of twinning and different groupings can be seen, such as are represented in fig. 32.
Fig. 31. — Andesite of Camiguin.
Section of plagioclase, nearly perpendicular to PjM.
j^ crossed nicols.
Fio. 32. — Andesite of Oamiguin.
Section of plagioclase, Baveno, albite, and pericline twins.
i's crossed nicols.
This (fig. 32) shows I, Baveno twin ; II, twin crystals of albite ; I and III, twin
crystals of pericline ; I, IV, Baveno twin.
Fig. 33 shows I and II Carlsbad twin and one of albite ; the extinctions for I are
35° on the average (32° to 38° for a, and 32° for b). The section then approaches the
face a; for this individual. The individual II extinguishes at 10° for a and 6° for b ;
therefore the section for II approaches the face P.
I
prr'
Fig. 33.— Andesite of Camiguin.
Section of plagioclase, albite and Carlsbad twin.
ij'g crossed nicols.
Fig. 34. — Andesite of Camiguin.
Section of plagioclase following M, pericline twin.
sV crossed nicols.
The section shown in fig. 34 is parallel to M, and shows a pericline twin. The
166 THE VOYAGE OF H.M.S. CHALLENGER.
two individuals are joined in the plane of the rhombic section ; as the figure shows, this
plane is visibly inclined towards the face P' in the same direction as the extinction,
which is negative and of 39° for one individual, for the other 20°.
The principal characters of the plagioclase in the rocks of Camiguin may be sum-
marised as follows. The optical properties of this mineral, its structure, groupings, and
twinnings, indicate that it represents a plagioclastic mixture intermediate between
oligoclase and labradorite. One of the most interesting features of this felspar is, that
this mineral has crystallised in these rocks with numerous and very well-developed
faces ; the traces of M P T I x y can be seen in the sections. This abundance of
faces is a somewhat rare occurrence, and one to be noticed. The zonary structure
is no less remarkable ; it manifests itself in all the sections, one may say. For the
external and internal zones there are found extinctions of very different values — which
point to variations in the chemical composition of the magma at various stages in the
growth of the mineral in question. Generally speaking, the extinctions for the internal
zones occur at less angles than for the external. We have therefore to admit that
the acidity of the magma has been decreasing in proportion as the felspar has gone on
developing. In certain cases the various layers of which the crystal is formed have
extinctions whose values gradually rise from the central zones to the periphery ; in
these cases the section presents undulating extinction. This zonary structure is,
moreover, characteristic of the intermediate felspars— oligoclase, labradorite, and above
all of andesine. No less conspicuous are the twins and groups of which our figures
furnish some examples. These plagioclastic sections are almost always striated, follow-
ing the albite law ; often the hemitropic lamellae are very thin, and appear as simple
lines. Twins following the pericline and albite laws are often seen in the same section,
sometimes that of albite only. In this latter case the plane of union between the two
individuals often appears indistinct. The form of the sections is very variable ; some
are seen to be symmetrical, with two opposite angles blunted ; they are more or less
parallel to the face P ; the more or less rounded lines are the traces of I and of T.
The sections with asymmetrical contours are generally cut in a plane very nearly
parallel to M ; nevertheless, thanks to the crystalline faces of this plagioclase, we
sometimes also notice sections that are parallel to M, and have a symmetrical appear-
ance. They can always be distinguished from the first (sections parallel to P), because
the cleavages are not equal, nor are they equally inclined to one another, as is the case
with prismatic cleavage. Moreover, the trace of a face may be observed, which
makes with one side, alternate or adjacent, an angle approaching a right angle.
The face h not being known, one may say, in the felspar in question, the conclusion
ought to be that we are here dealing with y, which again proves that the crystal has
been cut in a direction coinciding with M, or approaching that plane. The felspathic
REPORT ON THE PETROLOGY OF OCEANIC ISLANDS. 167
microliths of the ground-mass yield extinctions that appear to refer the felspar to
labradorite.
Augite is one of the most constant minerals in these rocks ; it is found in the
pyroxenic andesites, and it is also, although subordinate, always present in the
amphibolic andesites. The description we are about to give applies to the augite of
both types of andesite. This mineral occurs in microporphyritic sections and in
microliths in the ground-mass. The augite of the first generation usually takes the
shape of grains without definite crystallographic contours ; often these crystalloids are
found grouped at one point, where four or five may be seen together. They are
traversed by fissures, which sometimes assume the direction of the cleavages ; most
frequently their direction is irregular. These fissures are marked out by a black coating,
which might be considered as due to incipient decomposition ; the outer outlines are
themselves strongly marked in black, the cleavages being less pronounced ; but the
most striking feature is the pleochroism which gives a = 7, green ; /S, reddish or flesh
coloured. The structure is zonary, and the sections often show twinnings of the ordi-
nary type, or twinned groups of two individuals, referable to the type + Pi. Magnetite
may be mentioned as a pretty common inclusion in this mineral. In certain cases the
augite shows also inclusions of plagioclase, but, on the whole, it is in the interspaces
of the large crystals of pyroxene that we can observe these felspathic inclusions.
Augite itself sometimes occurs as an inclusion within sections of olivine. We have
just remarked that the decomposition of the augite betrays itself by a network of
black lines, and by strongly marked outlines ; when the mineral is more weathered a
black nucleus is found at its centre. But another kind of decomposition occurs in
the microliths of the paste, and in some large microporphyritic grains ; they take on a
reddish tint, due to hydroxide of iron, which sometimes makes them almost opaque.
The small crystals of augite in the ground - mass belong, without doubt, to a
second generation. They are prismatic, much better formed, slightly rounded at the
extremities, and, in ordinary light, almost colourless or with a greenish tinge. They
are not easily distinguishable from the plagioclastic microliths, except that, when decom-
posed, they are charged with red ferric oxide. Augite and hornblende are frequently
intimately associated in the augitic andesites of Camiguin, especially when the latter
mineral shows decided indications of alteration. For instance, a prismatic section of
hornblende may be seen terminated at both ends, and edged along the prismatic faces,
by greenish microliths arranged parallel to the vertical axis of the crystal they
surround. While the yellow amphibolic nucleus extinguishes between crossed nicols
at an angle of about 15°, the small crystals of the outer zone sometimes extinguish
at 40°, clearly establishing their nature as augite. In other cases no nucleus is found,
only some outlines remaining to indicate the previous presence of a hornblende crystal,
parallel to the vertical axis of which the small green augite prisms, by which it was
168 THE VOYAGE OF H.M.S. CHALLENGER.
replaced, are arranged. These facts, showing a phenomenon quite the reverse of an
uralitisation, are more common and also more distinct as the hornblende is more altered.
We may observe that small green crystals of augite also occur bordering sections of
olivine, but even although this is the case the olivine is not appreciably decomposed.
Hornblende is represented in all the preparations of the volcanic rocks of Camiguin,
and is at once distinguished by its yellow-brown colour, which is sometimes rather
dark. Unlike augite, it is never found in the form of microliths, and it always
belongs to the first phase of consolidation. The sections rarely present a sharp
crystallographic outline ; they are always rounded and bordered with a black aureole of
magnetite interlaced with pale-green augite microliths. The crystals are often deeply
indented and broken, some portions lying at a little distance. The sections show in
some cases cleavages of about 124°, and hexagonal outlines corresponding to traces of
the prism and of the face cofoo, Sections parallel to the vertical axis are frequently
laminated and broken at the edges, thus acquiring a close resemblence to biotite.
Pleochroism is clearly marked, /3>a being observed. This hornblende is often
twinned according to the ordinary law. It is unnecessary to discuss the alteration
into magnetite and the zone of augitic microliths, still the rock presents the finest
examples of this decomposition. It may be followed from one section bordered with
some grains of magnetite to another completely impregnated by this opaque oxide
or little crystals of almost colourless pyroxene. The hornblende is sometimes zonary,
and alteration has not taken place equally throughout the crystal. In such cases
a sort of frame of perfectly fresh hornblende may be observed surrounding an opaque
nucleus in which magnetite is accumulated. Sometimes large crystalloids of horn-
blende are joined, without the interposition of a matrix, to sections of plagioclase ; this
association, one might say this interpenetration, of the two minerals is common enough
to be worth pointing out. Sometimes small prisms of hornblende are enclosed in
felspathic sections, and the mineral also occurs associated with olivine. The last-
named mineral does not always occur in the rock ; when it appears it assumes the form
of sporadic grains, sometimes grouped in threes or fours, and frequently of considerable
size. Olivine does not exhibit crystallographic outlines, but it may be distinguished
at a glance from augite, as it is almost colourless or of a pale pink tinge, and from
felspar by the fissures which furrow its surface. Some lines of this network of fissures
are clearly denned and parallel; examination in convergent light shows them to be
arranged following the plane of the optical axes, the cleavage being thus parallel to the
pinacoid OP. This mineral is quite undecomposed, being perfectly colourless, except
at the edges of the sections, which assume a reddish tint, and it contains inclusions
of magnetite and bubbles of gas.
Some comparatively rare but characteristic sections occurring in the rock should be
classed with bronzite. Although very small, they are easily distinguished from augite
REPORT ON THE PETROLOGY OF OCEANIC ISLANDS. 169
and hornblende. They present a fibrous structure such as the two minerals just named
do not possess in this rock ; the colour also is rather greyish, with a scarcely perceptible
red tinge. The sections are prismatic, with angular or rounded outlines, often very
irregular ; they give straight extinction, and some hexagonal sections remain dark
during a complete rotation between crossed nicols. The basal sections show polar
rings in convergent light. Pleochroism is not very pronounced, in fact one can hardly
detect any difference in tint.
Magnetite is shown generally in octohedral crystals or in somewhat large grains,
but when these grains are without crystalline form it becomes difficult to say whether
the mineral is primary or whether the irregular sections were hornblende now replaced
by magnetite.
Amongst the most interesting specimens collected at Camiguin we may mention, in
the first place, some fragments the mineralogical composition and texture of which are
altogether different from the andesitic volcanic products just described. The rocks
now under consideration are undoubtedly granitic, and they must be viewed as portions
of the underlying masses torn up and thrown out by the volcano. These inclusions
are instructive, because they show the deep modifications produced by the intense
caustic action of the volcanic magma in which they were embedded. To the naked
eye the specimens appear milky white, speckled with brilliant scales of black mica.
The white minerals have a vitreous aspect ; the constituent quartz and felspar which
compose this granular mass are not easily made out even with the lens. The rock
looks as if it were fritted, and crumbles readily into a powder of irregular grains like
those of pulverised glass or quartz. Microscopical examination reveals such decided
differences of composition and structure, between this rock and those of the volcano,
that it must be viewed as not belonging to the same formation as the andesites of the
Camiguin volcano, but should be classed with the rocks of granitic type. Thin slices
show a distinct granitoid structure in which monoclinic and triclinic felspars, quartz,
biotite, titaniferous iron, and minute augitic microliths take part. At the first glance it
is seen that some of the principal elements have not the microscopic appearance of the
minerals of a normal granite. They are corroded, cracked, full of gaseous inclusions,
and, what is in accordance with the principal features, a colourless amorphous material
is found infiltrated between the constituent minerals. This substance is perfectly
isotropic at the points where it is isolated, and it contains the characteristic crystals
which occur in the glassy cement of sandstones vitrified by contact with eruptive rocks.
In certain cases this glass appears to be cracked, and to be derived probably from the
fusion of the felspar. As the elements are almost never outlined by crystallographic
contours, and as they are deeply altered, specific determination is very difficult,
especially in the case of the plagioclases. Sections of these felspars are widely dis-
(PHYS. CHEM. CHALL. EXP. — PART VII. — 1889.) 22
170 THE VOYAGE OF H.M.S. CHALLENGER.
tributed in the rock ; they are zonary, and almost always show numerous fine lamellae
twinned according to the albite law ; periclinic lamellae are also sometimes seen. Other
sections of triclinic felspar appear to belong to microcline or microperthite ; they are
slightly milky plates, in which some more or less lenticular intercalations of another
felspar appear, resembling the inclusions of albite in microcline. Orthoclase appears in
nearly opacpie milky sections, rarely twinned according to the Carlsbad law, but, on
the contrary, almost always forming a single crystalloid without interpositions of
hemitropic lamellae. The two cleavages at right angles, which characterise this species,
are apparent in some cases. This felspar, which seems more altered than the plagioclase,
shows yet no trace of decomposition into micaceous matter, nor of saussuritisation.
The sections extinguish uniformly. It appears probable that this mode of decomposition
is due to an action of a special nature. The orthoclase is often seen bordered with a
vitreous zone due to the fusion of the felspathic matter. Although no vitreous
inclusions are to be seen, the sections of felspar are riddled with air-bubbles. Quartz
in irregular grains is recognised by its brilliant colours in polarised light, and the arms
of the cross of monaxial crystals appear in convergent light. This mineral is remark-
ably fissured and split, being also filled with gaseous inclusions such as are observed
when quartz is fused in fulgurites for instance. No liquid inclusions are to be seen,
but some fine vitreous ones have been observed ; these are in all probability of second-
ary origin. This mineral is represented in the microscopic preparations by numerous
sections showing clearly all the characters of the species. Biotite appears in the form
of dark -brown strongly pleochroic sections. The outlines are irregular and black,
but not opaque at the edges, as is common to the hornblende of the andesites and
of the basaltic lavas. This mica presents no noteworthy peculiarities, except that a
number of excessively minute microliths of a very pale greenish colour are attached to
the broken edges. Some of these little prisms extinguish at angles which may rise to
as much as 40° ; they should be classed as augite. It is also to be remarked that their
long axes are arranged in directions more or less parallel to the pinacoid of the mica
they surround. Augite has also crystallised as inclusions in the interior of the biotite.
Here we have facts which bear a close analogy to what has been observed in the case
of the hornblende of the andesites. Everything leads to the conclusion that, in the
embedded as well as in the eruptive rock, the formation of the little crystals around mica
or hornblende must be due to the same caustic action. Irregular granules of titaniferous
iron, sometimes surrounded by a zone of rutile, are found in the altered granitic rock.
Finally, we may mention amongst the ejected rocks fragments of quartzose rocks
which were embedded in the eruptive mass. These are milk-white in colour, and
extremely fine grained in texture ; they have a fritted appearance like the granite just
described, and they are furrowed by fissures of contraction. This appearance of the
specimens plainly shows that they have been submitted to intense heat. A zone of
REPORT ON THE PETROLOGY OF OCEANIC ISLANDS. 171
fusion marks the place where they are united to the eruptive rock ; the quartzite,
assuming a darker colour, passes insensibly into andesite. The alkalies present in the
andesite doubtless acted upon the silica of the quartzite to produce this zone of fusion.
The embedded fragments measure 4 or 5 centimetres ; some smaller specimens were seen,
but they have almost entirely fused, assuming an opaline appearance. Microscopic
examination shows that, except in the zone of fusion, these quartzites are made up of
irregular grains of quartz, without any amorphous matter. Very small greenish
crystallites grouped in gerbs or fans, and imbricated scales of tridymite, are observed
in the quartzites.
B. Racks of Zebu and Malanipa Islands.
The few specimens from these two islands of the Philippine group which we
will describe were collected by Mr. Buchanan in the course of a hurried exploration,
and they represent some only of the lithological types which are characteristic of these
islands. The specimens deserve attention, because these localities are rarely visited
by geologists, and because the rocks allow us to extend to these islands, with great
probability, the interpretation admitted for the larger islands of the group, regarding
the schisto-crystalline nature of the archipelago, and the presence of ancient eruptive
rocks.1 These researches also allow us to generalise another order of phenomena, which
has been observed in other islands of the group, viz. the alteration of volcanic rocks
by the action of sulphurous emanations. It is well known that no fumaroles containing
hydrochloric acid have been observed in the larger of the Philippine Islands, while
sulphurous fumaroles play a considerable part in the decomposition of rocks in that
locality. We shall see that the massive eruptive rocks of Zebu have undergone the
action of sulphurous vapours like those of all other parts of the archipelago.
The island of Zebu, famous for the death of Magellan, has been long known to
naturalists, since it is almost the only locality where the beautiful siliceous sponge
Euplectella aspergillum was formerly dredged. Zebu is 120 miles long, from 10 to 17
miles in breadth, and has an area of about 1200 square miles. It is traversed from north
to south by a chain of mountains, and contains deposits of lignite which are being worked.2
The rocks to be described were collected in the neighbourhood of the town of Zebu,
where they are exposed in the bed of a river. One of them is a greenish black
fine-grained specimen ; little lamellae of plagioclase are seen sparkling, with the naked
1 Mr. T. E. Tenison-Woods has published a resume of his researches on the geology of Malaysia, the south of China,
&c. (see Nature, vol. xxxiii. p. 231, 1886). His conclusions with regard to the nature of the geology of Malaysia and
the Philippines agree closely with those put forward by Professor Roth in the appendix to Jagor's work, and with those
derived from researches on some rocks from the island of Camiguin. The vast region examined by Mr. Tenison-Woods
presents a remarkable uniformity in geological structure. Granites and intrusive rocks form the lower masses, and are
covered by palieozoic schists and slates. In some places beds of limestone, probably carboniferous, appear, and finally
deposits of coal belonging to different formations. Marine deposits of miocene and pliocene age were also observed.
2 For the age of the coal and lignite beds of the Philippine Islands, see Tenison-Woods, loc. cit.
172 THE VOYAGE OF H.M.S. CHALLENGER.
eye, in the ground - mass, and with the lens some grains of olivine may be detected.
These minerals are enclosed in a dark-coloured matrix. The rock has a plane fracture.
The microscopic texture is microporphyritic, and felspar and augite are present as
large crystals or as microliths. The latter, grouped in the ground -mass, belong to
a second generation. Olivine often appears in rather well -formed crystals. The
felspathic sections exhibit the interesting peculiarity of being sometimes twinned
according to the Baveno law ; two individuals with plagioclastic stria? are joined at
right angles, and extinguish simultaneously. These hemitropic lamellae give sym-
metrical extinction at 17°. Hence the felspar may be classed as labradorite or
bytownite. The twin of pericline is rarely seen, and the crystals of plagioclase are
generally broken and corroded by the action of the magma. They preserve their
freshness only in certain parts of the section. They are usually covered with a
network of viridite, which also penetrates the larger constituents of the rock. Augite
appears as a rule in patches without regular outlines, and this mineral is even more
corroded and broken up than the felspar. Crystals of augite are often seen broken
into a number of fragments which are piled up one on the other, yet they
may readily be reconstructed, for the corresponding pieces bear the form of the
primitive octagon of sections perpendicular to the vertical axis. The cleavage and
optical properties leave no doubt as to the determination of this mineral. It is some-
times twinned according to the ordinary law, and its pleochroism is very slight.
One can hardly see any difference in the absorption of rays vibrating parallel to a and
to 7; both are green. The augitic sections are penetrated by the same greenish
substance which forms veins in the felspars, and they are also surrounded by a zone of
pyroxenic microliths similar to those of the ground-mass.
The olivine is entirely altered, and only pseudomorphs of it by serpentine are to be
found, but these furnish exact models of the primitive crystals. The pseudomorph
polarises in blue tones ; this homogeneous tint is not that usual in this alteration
product of olivine. Its sections are traversed by threads of opaque black granules
arranged parallel to the cleavage. These dotted lines trace out blunt-angled squares.
In the interspaces of the crystal, which sometimes correspond to the cleavages, calcite
has crystallised, and from these it extends in somewhat thick veinules, which subdivide
into fine ramifications, penetrating the serpentinous matter. Minute patches of calcite
are also seen in the ground-mass. Magnetite occurs in rather large sections, but in
this case it is never bounded by crystallographic outlines, and like most of the minerals
composing this rock it shows traces of corrosion.
The ground-mass, in which fluidal structure is distinctly marked, is made up, with
the exception of olivine, of the minerals which have just been described. Felspar and
augite assume the form of microliths, and viridite penetrates all the interstices between
them.
REPORT ON THE PETROLOGY OF OCEANIC ISLANDS. 173
Another rock from the same locality showed on examination a composition and
structure identical with that just described. The one detad to note is that epidote was
found in yellowish grains included in the felspar. Although this mineral plays a
purely accessory part, its presence has a certain significance, in relation to the
determination of the age of the rock in question.
At first sight one is tempted to refer these rocks to basalt, for they have the same
composition and structure, but on taking their mode of decomposition and the
presence of epidote into account, it seems more natural to class them with the rnela-
phyres and peridotic diabases. It is known besides, as pointed out in speaking of
the rocks of Camiguin, that palseo-volcanic masses are represented in the Philippines.
There is nothing surprising, therefore, in finding rocks of the diabase family on this
island. We must, however, add that this determination as palseo-volcanic rock cannot
be established with certainty in the case under consideration so long as there are no
stratigraphical data to found upon.
We shall now describe the altered specimens and the secondary products formed by
the action of fumaroles. One of these decomposed rocks is formed of a mass of
whitish grey clay with a greenish tinge ; it is friable, and may be scratched by the
nad. The naked eye distinguishes small bright crystals of pyrites, and sometimes
milky grains of felspar. The specimen is covered in some places with a coating of
limonite, and gives out a strong argillaceous smell. Microscopic examination shows
that the alteration has principally affected the ground-mass and the bisilicate, which
must formerly have been a constituent, and has now entirely disappeared, giving rise
to chlorite surrounding all the elements. The felspar is sometimes transformed into
saussurite, granules and characteristic needles of which are found in the plagioclastic
sections. The plagioclase is still fresh enough in some cases to show hemitropic
lamellae according to the albite law, and the primitive outline of this mineral may
sometimes be traced out. In a section parallel to M traces of the faces PyT are
seen, and the cleavage parallel to P, and also those of the prisms less marked. It is
thus possible to estimate the angle of extinction accurately enough, and the mean of
observations gave + 20° for the plagioclase. This felspar thus approximates a mixture
of oligoclase and albite. The rock may be classed with diorites rich in felspar, if we
admit, as is probable, that the bisilicate was formerly represented by hornblende. It
is well known that the presence of oligoclase has often been proved in rocks of this
type, and even albite has been observed in diorites. Epidote, of which some grains are
occasionally found, also leads to this determination.1 Numerous sections of pyrites,
also a secondary mineral, are frequently observed.
1 We must note that epidote is found in recent eruptive rocks, for example, in amphibolic andesite (compare
J. Roth, Chem. Geol., p. 351), but it is no less true that this mineral is comparatively rare in the crystalline masses
of that age, whilst it abounds in the older amphibolic plagioclastic rocks.
174 THE VOYAGE OF H.M.S. CHALLENGER.
We ascribe the decomposition of this rock chiefly to the action of fumaroles. The
same explanation must also be given for the presence of gypsum associated with pyrites
at Zebu. Specimens of this mineral collected in that island show a compact and
whitish mass, sometimes laminated, and enclosed by a crystalline coating of pyrites ;
some of these crystals have the form of cubes, others of pentagonal dodecahedra.
Under the microscope the mass of gypsum appears as an aggregate of entangled
crystalline lamellae, which assume brilliant colours in polarised light. Some of the
sections show rectangular cleavages, and ought perhaps to be classed as anhydrite.
Colourless hexagonal sections with one optical axis, and presenting all the characters of
quartz, are to be seen in the microscopic preparations. These little crystals of quartz,
which are often associated with gypsum, are microscopic, perfectly colourless, and
contain liquid inclusions.
We have attributed the alteration of these rocks and the formation of the secondary
products described above to the action of fumaroles. The effects of these emanations
are generally observed in volcanic regions, and in the Philippines they occur on a large
scale, for although, as stated above, there are no fumaroles of hydrochloric acid, those
charged with sulphuric acid are very numerous, and perfectly explain the products of
alteration we have described at Zebu.
The action of sulphuric acid fumaroles on eruptive siliceous rocks should produce
gypsum, alum, hydrated aluminium, sulphate, and bianchetto, and according to the
intensity and duration of the action, the alumina is eliminated or converted into sul-
phate. The deposits of gypsum are here explained by the decomposition of minerals
of which lime is the base — hornblende, augite, and felspar, the presence of which in
the rocks of the island we have pointed out. The formation of pyrites is similarly
explained by the alteration of the iron-bearing minerals of the crystalline rocks.
Analogous phenomena are common in many other parts of the Philippine archipelago.
It suffices to recall that Mr. Semper has observed them at the sulphurous spring near
Maquilin, and Professor Roth cites a great number of localities where Dr. Jagor has
observed facts similar to those we have mentioned.
The little island of Malanipa, where the few rocks about to be described were
collected by the naturalists of the Challenger, like Zebu, belongs to the Philippine
archipelago. It lies near Samboagan, bearing N. 66° W. from that island, and has an
altitude of 360 feet above sea-level.1 The specimens examined are serpentinous rocks
derived from the decomposition of peridotites.
One fragment of serpentine is traversed by veins of chrysolite ; the rock itself is
black and shining, spotted with green. Dark particles 3 to 4 millimetres in diameter,
1 Narr. Chall. Exp., vol. i. p. 605.
REPORT ON THE PETROLOGY OF OCEANIC ISLANDS. 175
and presenting a metallic lustre like bastite, stand out from the ground - mass.
Microscopic examination shows that this serpentine is an alteration product of
pyroxenic peridotite, with granitoid texture. The olivine sections are often found
altered, the mineral being almost always invaded by pale yellow or colourless
serpentinous matter. The alteration has not affected enstatite so seriously ; some
fibrous sections of this mineral are to be seen, and the optical properties, although
already somewhat uncertain, indicate a non-pleochroic rhombic pyroxene.
The serpentine in another specimen is clothed with a coating of chalcedony ; the
yellowish green serpentinous matter is brecciated, and the fragments cemented together
by filaments of chalcedony. Under the microscope sharp angular splinters of serpentine
are seen presenting the usual characteristics of this substance. There is no trace of a
primary mineral remaining. The chalcedony appears either as a fibro-radial aggregate,
showing the black cross of spherulites, or as a fibrous structure, composed of extremely
fine needles. The association of these veins of chalcedony with serpentine may be
explained by the silica eliminated, when the latter mineral was formed from the
original rock.
Serpentine is not the only substance formed by the decomposition of magnesium
silicates ; another mineral produced in a similar way appears at Malanipa in a state of
remarkable purity. The fragments in question are white and close grained, hardly to
be scratched by steel, and breaking with a sub-conchoidal fracture. The surface is
covered with irregular mammillations showing its concretionary nature. Chemical
analysis shows that this substance is almost exclusively carbonate of magnesia, and
the specimens represent a type, which is remarkable for its purity, and which possesses
the mineralogical characters of magnesite. This mineral is frequently associated with
altered rocks containing silicate of magnesia. Thin slices of magnesite when examined
by the microscope are found to be made up of an aggregate of very small crystalline
grains melting into each other, and not defined by crystallographic outlines. This
greyish basis is grooved by microscopic fissures, along which larger grains of magnesite
appear, with more distinct contours, and even surrounded by a slight irisation like
the calcite grains in limestone. The fissures are lined by a yellowish brown fibrous
coating of serpentine.
Finally, one of the specimens from Malanipa is a piece of calcareous tufa, similar to
that found on many other islands, and described particularly when speaking of Fer-
nando Noronha. The naked eye only distinguishes greenish black rounded grains of
serpentine amongst the constituents of this pale yellow tufa, but the microscope shows
the rock to consist almost entirely of fragments of the shells of calcareous organisms,
the interiors being often lined with fibro-radial calcite. Little crystals of calcite, formed
in situ and of indefinite outline, may be seen sparkling on the edges of fragments
of shell.
176 THE VOYAGE OF H.M.S. CHALLENGER
XV.— EOCKS OF THE ISLAND OF JUAN FEENANDEZ.
The coasts of Chili, like all those of Western South America, have relatively very
few large and profound indentations, and there are few islands in the adjoining ocean.
With the exception of the Galapagos Islands, well known from Darwin's description, and
those of Juan Fernandez, the only islets to be found along this coast are those of the
Fjords, situated southward of the continent, and which belong to the older formations
of Patagonia. The group of Juan Fernandez ' is composed of several islands, the most
important of which, bearing the name of Juan Fernandez or Mas-a-tierra, is famous
from the sojourn of Alexander Selkirk, hero of Defoe's "Eobinson Crusoe." With
regard to natural history, Juan Fernandez has most interesting characteristics, which
have long ago attracted the notice of zoologists and botanists. This islet, only a few
miles in extent, is inhabited by birds and terrestrial molluscs, and covered by trees and
ferns, which are not to be found on any other part of the globe, except perhaps at Mas-
a-fuera, a little neighbouring islet. As just remarked, the fauna and flora of this group
of islands have been already closely studied, but such is not the case with its geology,
which is as yet but vaguely known.
The group is composed of Juan Fernandez, Mas-a-fuera, Santa Clara, and the little
Goat Island ; they are surrounded by numerous rocks, which rise to the surface at a
short distance from the shore. Juan Fernandez, where the rocks that we shall presently
describe were collected, is situated in lat. 33° 37' 45" S., long. 78° 53' W. (Fort Juan
Baptista) ; it measures 13 English miles by 4, with an area of 28 square miles. From
the monument erected to Selkirk's memory by Commodore Powell and the officers of
the " Topaze," the whole island may be seen ; it is crescent-shaped, curved from E. to
W. ; a channel, 1 mile in width and 19 fathoms deep, divides Juan Fernandez from the
islet of Santa Clara. The island rises into a peak, and is surrounded by high black
cliffs intersected by deep gullies, where the most splendid vegetation is to be found.
A mountain, called the Anvil (El Yunque) from its remarkable shape, surmounts
the cbfis.
The rocks collected show (as already indicated by the shape of the island) that Juan
Fernandez is composed of volcanic materials, but no crater nor recent flow of lava is
to be seen. The shape of the island, the nature of its rocks, must cause Juan Fernandez
to be classed, with regard to physiography, amongst the oceanic islands formed by the
remains of ancient volcanoes, which do not any longer show the complete volcanic
1 For the physical and political geography of these islands, see Wappaus, Panama, New Grenada, Venezuela,
Guyana, Ecuador, Bolivia, Chili, geographisch und statistisch dargestellt, p. 850, Leipzig. The natural history of
Juan Fernandez, and the questions relating to the fauna and flora, are summed up in Narr. Chall. Exp., vol. i. pp. 818
et seq. A bibliography, almost complete, of the works on this group of islands is to be found there. See also Hahn,
Jnsel Studien, p. 108.
REPORT ON THE PETROLOGY OF OCEANIC ISLANDS.
177
superstructure, but from which the crater and accumulation of tufa have disappeared.
It is therefore probable that Juan Fernandez, the other islands composing the group,
and the reefs which surround them, belonged formerly to a volcano whose lighter
products have been disaggregated and carried away by mechanical agencies. These
islands being situated at a relatively short distance off an essentially volcanic region, it
is quite possible that the former eruptions of Juan Fernandez were related to those of
Chili. It has been ascertained that, when the latter country was devastated by great
earthquakes, phenomena connected with those on the Chilian coast were observed in
Juan Fernandez Islands. In the year 1855 thick columns of vapour, rising from the
sea, were observed at the distance of an English mile from the western island, and the
close proximity of a volcanic centre seems therefore to be implied.
Cumberland Bay, Juan Fernandez.
Amongst the rocks collected at Juan Fernandez by the Challenger Expedition in
1875, we have not, however, found any specimens which might belong to very recent
eruptions ; no tufas, no volcanic ashes are to be found, and everything seems to prove
that they have been washed away by the waves and the atmospheric denuding agencies.
The rocks which have been submitted to examination all belong to the basaltic type,
and it seems probable that the whole island is made up of those that we are about
to describe.
The rocks which form the central mass of the island appear in the specimens as
dolerites or as common basalts. They have a tolerably fresh appearance, their colour
is bluish grey, the fracture is even, the grain is compact, very few vesicles are seen.
(PHYS. CHEM. CHALL. EXP. — PART VII. — 1889.) 23
178 THE VOYAGE OF H.M.S. CHALLENGER.
With the lens some glassy white felspathic grains are to be seen ; others are dark and
ought to be ascribed to olivine, augite, or magnetite ; the rock is slightly stained with
little spots of limonite.
Under the microscope these rocks appear to be entirely composed of crystalline
elements, the structure is that of dolerites ; between the felspathic lamellae the augite
has crystallised ; little sections of magnetite and some skeleton crystals of olivine are
scattered amongst these minerals. The lengthened sections of plagioclase are twinned
according to the albite law. It has been possible in one case to measure the extinction
on a section almost parallel to the face M, clearly ended by the traces of the faces x
and P; the value of the extinction was —17°. This plagioclase is consequently very
closely related to labradorite. The olivine is to be seen, like the augite, in the shape
of grains without distinct crystallographic outlines ; it is rather difficult at first to
distinguish these two minerals, but, besides the optical properties, it is observed that
whilst olivine is colourless, the augite is slightly tinged with pink. The cleavages of
the latter mineral are also more distinct, the olivine being more decomposed, and its
grains often rounder than those of augite. The sections of olivine offer no noteworthy
characteristics. We will only mention that the alteration undergone by the olivine is
shown by a certain fibrosity, and that the grains of this mineral are often surrounded
by a zone of small augitic microliths belonging, most probably, to a second generation.
The pyroxenic element of this dolerite is, as we have just said, generally granular ; more
or less lengthened sections are sometimes visible, as also sections perpendicular to the
vertical axis, showing the characteristic cleavage of augite. The colour of this mineral
is here light pink, without perceptible pleochroism ; sections parallel to oo P oo divided
in four parts, showing the hour-glass structure, are to be observed. Some of the
augite is twinned, the two individuals having for composition-plane the dome —Poo.
This mineral is also to be found in small granulations scattered between all the con-
stituent elements. The magnetite occupies an important place in this dolerite ; its
sections are often lengthened, it frequently presents groups of small crystals, and it is
found, as inclusions, in plagioclase and olivine.
Other specimens of the rocks which, together with those just described, form the
central mass of the island, are not of doleritic structure ; they are common felspathic
basalts. They are not so dark in colour as the dolerite, their grain is finer, and the
fracture is large and even ; with the naked eye or with the lens, olivine alone is seen
in large crystals 3 to 5 mm. in diameter. This mineral gives the rock a porphyritic
structure, and is embedded in a fundamental mass of homogeneous appearance. The
altered specimens show on the surface projecting peridotic crystals ; the rock weathers
into balls with concentric layers. The microscopic preparations show that this rock
possesses the common basaltic texture ; fine plagioclastic lamellae with few polysynthetic
twins are interwoven with grains of augite with indistinct outlines. Quantities of small
REPORT ON THE PETROLOGY OF OCEANIC ISLANDS. 179
sections of olivine are to be found in this fundamental mass, among which no glassy
matter is seen. This mineral plays an important part as a porphyritic element ; it is
found in the microscopic preparations in large sections with usually rounded angles,
bordered by a zone coloured yellow with hydroxide of iron ; this zone follows exactly
the outlines of the crystals, and lines all their crevices. Sometimes three or four
crystals of olivine are grouped together, often several individuals are coupled with their
vertical axes parallel. A striking characteristic of these sections is that they present
two equal rectangular cleavages, which, at first sight, makes them look like sections of
augite ; the cleavage parallel to the face ooPoo is generally observed, but the cleavage
parallel to coPoo is here as clearly marked. Several sections of olivine, with hexagonal
outlines, are ended by an obtuse dome of about 103° ; these sections must be parallel
to a face of the prism, for an optic is seen exactly in the centre of the field. The long
sides of such a section are traces of the faces of the prismatic zone (prism or pinacoid).
The angle of the summit does not correspond with the dome P oo nor with P oo ; it
must be therefore ascribed to a pyramid. This face of a pyramid more lowered than
the aforesaid domes forms the obtuse angle so often observed in the olivine of basaltic
rocks.
The rocks near the monument erected to Selkirk's memory are of the same character
as the dolerites and basalts just spoken of. These specimens have the same appearance
as the basalts with large crystals of olivine, but this mineral is not visible with the
naked eye, the rock is more vesicular ; with the microscope it is seen that the texture
of this rock is more like that of a dolerite. The lamellae of plagioclase are very narrow
as in the former case, symmetrical extinctions have given almost an angle of 30°. The
augite is moulded on the other constituent minerals ; sometimes it is to be observed
with the clepshydron structure ; it appears in the fundamental mass in the shape of
grains. Sometimes the augite is macroscopic, and seems to take the place of olivine.
The latter is again to be observed in sections with an obtuse top ; this mineral is
bordered by a zone of hydroxide of iron. A vein of limonite runs through the whole
of the microscopic slides. Viridite has been deposited in some spots.
Among the specimens collected on the coast of Juan Fernandez it is necessary to
mention a greyish very scoriaceous rock, from which stand out large crystals of plagio-
clase, of waxy and milky appearance, lengthened following the edge PjM. This rock
is a dolerite with large vesicles, the only difference between it and the formerly
described rocks being in its structure. Under the microscope the fundamental mass, in
which the plagioclase crystals are embedded, has a doleritic structure. The felspathic
crystals, with multiple polysynthetic twins according to the albite law, show large
extinctions (38° to 41°), which may be compared with those of bytownite ; often two
large individuals cross each other. The sections of this mineral are cracked and
pervaded with zeolitic matter, which forms an irregular network. This matter, which
180 THE VOYAGE OF H.M.S. CHALLENGER.
looks slightly grey when seen by ordinary light, remains obscured between crossed
nicols. The augite is seen in roughly formed grains embedded between the felspathic
sections. The olivine, of which large sections are seen, is uniformly changed into red
hematite ; these sections, however, still show extinctions like those of unaltered olivine.
In this rock, as in all the other rocks of Juan Fernandez, magnetite is often observed
in elongated sections. In addition to the products of decomposition of plagioclase and
olivine, small patches of olivine are to be seen. Some other specimens collected on
the shore differ neither in structure nor in mineralogical composition from those just
described. It is consequently to be inferred that Juan Fernandez is principally
composed of basaltic rocks.
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