THE VOYAGE OF H.M.S. CHALLENGER. PHYSICS AND CHEMISTRY-VOL. II. A REPORT SpcdoL ON THE SCIENTIFIC RESULTS OF THE VOYAGE OF H.M.S. CHALLENGER DURING THE YEARS 187376 UNDER THE COMMAND OF Captain GEORGE S. NARES, R.N., F.R.S. AND THE LATE Captain FRANK TOURLE THOMSON, R.N. PREPARED UNDER THE SUPERINTENDENCE OF THE LATE Sir C. WYVILLE THOMSON, Knt., F.R.S., &c. REGIUS PROFESSOR OF NATURAL HISTORY IN THE UNIVERSITY OF EDINBURGH DIRECTOR OF THE CIVILIAN SCIENTIFIC STAFF ON BOARD AND NOW OF JOHN MURRAY, LL.D., Ph.D., &c, ONE OF THE NATURALISTS OF THE EXPEDITION Physics and Chemistry— Vol. II. PublisbeiJ bp ©roer of $er Jflajestp's (Sobcmmettt PRINTED FOR HER MAJESTY'S STATIONERY OFFICE AND SOLD BY LONDON :— EYRE & SPOTTISWOODE, EAST HARDING STREET, FETTER LANE EDINBURGH:— ADAM & CHARLES BLACK DUBLIN :— HODGES, FIGGIS, & CO. 1889 Price Fifty-two Shillings and Sixpence. PRINTED BY MORRISON AND GIBB, EDINBURGH, FOR HER MAJESTY'S STATIONERY OFFICE. KV^ CONTENTS. I. — Report on some of the Physical Properties of Fresh Water and of Sea Water. By Professor P. G. Tait. (The Manuscript was received ?>lst May 1888.) II. — Report on Atmospheric Circulation, based on the Observations made on board H.M.S. Challenger during the years 1873-1876, and other Meteorological Observations. By Alexander Buchan, M.A., LL.D. (The Manuscript was received in Instalments between 2nd March 1888 and 21st October 1889.) III. — Report on the Magnetical Results obtained by H.M.S. Challenger during the years 1873-1876. By Staff-Commander E. W. Creak, R.N., F.R.S. (Tlie Manuscript was received in Instalments between 5th March and 6th June 1888.) IV. — Report on the Rock Specimens collected on Oceanic Islands during the Voyage of H.M.S. Challenger during the years 1873-1876. By Professor A. Renard, LL.D., Ph.D., F.G.S., Hon. F.R.S.E., etc., of the University of Ghent, Belgium. (TJie Manuscript was received 6th and 14th April 1888.) EDITORIAL NOTES. This volume contains Parts IV., V., VI., and VII. of the Physical and Chemical series of Reports on the Scientific Results of the Expedition. Part IV. — While conducting the experimental work connected with the behaviour of the Challenger thermometers under pressure, a Report on which forms Appendix A to Volume II. of the Narrative of the Cruise, a number of subsidiary experiments of great interest, more or less connected with Ocean Physics, were suggested and partly carried out by Professor Tait. These and cognate matters were more fully investigated subsequently, and formed the basis of the present Report by Professor Tait "On some of the Physical Properties of Fresh and Sea Water." This title by no means indicates the variety of the subjects treated of experimentally and otherwise ; for instance, the compression of glass, salt solutions, and mercury are investigated, and a discussion is given of the curious question (raised by Laplace's researches) of the internal pressure of a liquid mass, and historical details on these subjects are recorded. An examination of the Report will show the great amount of experimental and other work that was necessary for the production of this most valuable paper. The Report occupies 76 pages of letterpress, illustrated by 2 plates. Part V. — Previous to the departure of the Challenger Expedition in 1872, discussions of the more fundamental problems of meteorology relative to the diurnal changes in atmospheric pressure, temperature, humidity, and wind, were almost exclusively restricted to observations made on land. It had then, however, become evident that data supplied exclu- sively by observations on land, which occupies little more than a fourth part of the earth's surface, were altogether inadequate to a right con- via THE VOYAGE OF H.M.S. CHALLENGER. ception and explanation of meteorological phenomena ; and accordingly when the Challenger Expedition was fitted out, arrangements were made for taking, during the cruise, hourly or two-hourly observations. These observations, which are published in extenso in the Narrative of the Cruise, Vol. II. pp. 305-744, are by far the most complete yet made of the meteoroloirv of the ocean. As is well known, elaborate observations were also made on deep-sea temperatures, which gave results of the first importance in terrestrial physics, and opened for discussion the broad question of oceanic circulation, on a sound basis of well-ascertained facts; but a right understanding of this subject demands, in the first place, a full discussion of atmospheric phenomena. Now any such discussion requires, for its proper handling, maps showing for the months of the year the mean pressure, mean temperature, and prevailing winds of the globe, with extensive tables from which these data have been obtained. The only works available were Dove's Isothermals, 1852; Buchan's Isobars and Prevailing Winds, 186V) : and Coffin's Winds of the Globe, 1875 ;x all of which were based, necessarily when written, on defective data. This remark applies more particularly to the vitally important element of the prevailing winds, which were based on observations in very many cases too short continued to give good averages. A re-discussion of all the available information regarding the different atmospheric phenomena, with special reference to the Challenger obser- vations, was therefore most desirable ; this work was undertaken in 1882, at my request, by Mr. Alexander Buchan, and since that date, upwards of seven years, it has occupied most of his time with that of his assistants. The data thus collected and prepared are given in the nine Tables of the Appendices to this Report, of which the more important are the mean diurnal variation of atmospheric pressure at 147 Stations, the mean monthly and annual pressure of the atmosphere at 1366 Stations, and a similar table of temperature at 1620 Stations, and the mean monthly and annual direction of the wind at 746 Stations. These Tables may be 1 Dove, On the Distribution of Temperature over the Globe, 1852, and for N. Hemisphere, 18G4 ; Buchan, On the Mean Pressure of the Atmosphere and Prevailing Winds over the Globe, Trans. Roy. Soc. Edin., vol. xxv. p. 575, 1869 ; Coffin and Woeikof, On the Winds of the Globe, Smithsonian Contributions to Knowledge, 1875. EDITORIAL NOTES. IX regarded as including all information at present existing which is necessary for the discussion of the broad questions raised in this Report. The Report itself is divided into two parts, the first dealing with diurnal, and the second with monthly, annual, and recurring phenomena. The former part is the first attempt yet made to deal with the diurnal phenomena of meteorology over the ocean, --the pressure, temperature, humidity, and movements of the atmosphere, together with such phenomena as squalls, precipitation, thunder-storms and lightning. The results are equally novel and important, and when combined with analogous results obtained from land observations, enable us to take an intelligent and com- prehensive grasp of these phenomena in their relations to the terraqueous globe taken as one whole. In several cases, notably the diurnal phenomena of atmospheric pressure, the results of observation will necessitate the revision of all theories of the diurnal fluctuations of pressure that have assumed a diurnal change of the temperature of the surface on which the atmosphere rests as a necessary cause of these fluctuations. The second part of the Report attempts to give a comparative view of the climatologies of the globe to a degree of completeness not previously attempted. No effort has been spared to secure that the three outstanding elements of climate, pressure, temperature and winds, be represented by means for the same period of time, viz. the fifteen years ending with 1884. This end has been virtually secured for nearly all the land surfaces of the globe inhabited by civilized man, and this more particularly holds good in extra-tropical regions, where averages for the same period of time become more indispensable in discussing comparative climatologies. The Report extends to 342 pages of letterpress, and is illustrated by 2 plates of diagrams and 52 newly constructed maps, showing the monthly and annual distribution of temperature and pressure of the atmosphere and winds over the globe. Of these 52 maps, 2G shew the mean monthly and annual temperature on hypsobathymetric maps, first on Gall's pro- jection, and second on north circumpolar maps on equal surface projection ; and 26 shew, for each month and for the year, the mean pressure of the atmosphere and the winds. The circumpolar maps shew the distribution of pressure and temperature in a manner more complete than is possible on Gall's projection, and the data thus presented is in the most serviceable form (PHYS. CHEM. CHALL. EXP. PART V. 1889.) * x THE VOYAGE OF H.M.S. CHALLENGER. for magnetical and other physical inquiries. From the hypsometrical data tinted on the maps, the influence of height on the distribution of pressure, temperature, and other meteorological phenomena may be noted, this influence being more particularly observed in those parts of the world whence observations from numerous stations are available. The revision of these isothermal and isobaric lines of the globe form a striking feature of the Report, and will be welcomed by all meteorologists. Mr. Buchan is in every way to be congratulated on the completion of this classic work, which must for many years to come be a standard book of reference. Part VI. — In volume II. of the Narrative of the Cruise of H.M.S. Challenger, published in 1882, there is a detailed Statement of all the Magnetic Observations made in various parts of the world during the Expedition. These Observations, after having been reduced by the officers of the ship, were prepared for publication by Staff- Commander Creak, R.N., F.R.S., of the Hydrographic Department of the Admiralty. A full discussion of the Challenger Observations, and their bearing on the existing state of our knowledge of Terrestrial Magnetism, not having been included in the above-mentioned Report, this Paper has been prepared, at my request, by Commander Creak. Commander Creak had ascertained the Magnetic character of the ship previous to her departure from England in 1872, and since then all the information which has reached the Admiralty has passed through his hands. Captain Wharton, R.N., F.R.S., the Hydrographer, having placed the whole of the data in the Hydrographic Office at his disposal, Commander Creak has been able to prepare a most valuable Report. The accompanying Charts may be said to contain in graphic form the results of all the available existing observations of the three elements of Terrestrial Magnetism up to the year 1888, local magnetic disturbance in particular areas on land excluded. The Report extends to 18 pages of letterpress, with 4 large charts and 2 plates. Part VII. — This Report on the Rock Specimens collected in certain EDITORIAL NOTES. xi Oceanic and other Islands visited by the Challenger Expedition necessarily deals, for the most part, with lithological or mineralogical descriptions. The necessities of the voyage, bad weather, or the difficulties of the exploration, prevented, in many cases, the Naturalists from passing more than an hour or two on shore ; they were thus unable to give any detailed account of stratigraphical relations, and the collections of hand specimens were sometimes limited to those rocks situated near the coast. In some cases these collections can give but an imperfect idea of the lithology of the Island ; still it has been considered desirable to give as full a description as possible of the specimens from regions but rarely visited, all the more so as a knowledge of the Petrology of most of these Islands has a peculiar interest, from their situation in the great ocean basins at considerable distances from continental land. On account of the small size of many of the Islands, the author has, by combining the lithological descriptions with the local details furnished by the Naturalists, been able to give a sufficiently correct idea of the geological character of the Island under consideration. A knowledge of the principal types of rocks at certain points, shows in all probability the nature of the whole mass, when supported by observations on shore and the generally received conclusions as to the nature of Oceanic Islands. In the case of each Island an abstract of the observations of the Naturalists is given at the head of the descriptions. These have been taken from the Narrative of the Cruise or from special papers and reports.1 References are also given to other sources of information from the works of various geologists and travellers. The Report consists of 180 pages, and is illustrated by 34 woodcuts, representing facts of micrographic lithology, 7 charts, and several views of the Islands extracted from the Narrative of the Cruise. In addition to the lithological descriptions here given, there will be found a detailed Memoir by the same author on the Lithology of St. Paul's Rocks, published as Appendix B to Volume II. of the Narrative of the Cruise. 1 Narrative of the Cruise of II.M.S. Challenger, vol. i. ; J. Y. Buchanan, Preliminary Report on Geological Work done on board H.M.S. Challenger, Proc. Roy. Soc, vol. xxiv. pp. 611-623 ; H. N. Moseley, Notes by a Naturalist on the Challenger, London, 1879 ; C. Wyville Thomson, The Voyage of the Challenger, The Atlantic, 2 vols., London, 1877. xii THE VOYAGE OF H.M.S. CHALLENGER. The rocks described in this Eeport, it should be stated, do not comprise all the specimens collected during the Expedition ; all those coming from well-known Islands which have been previously described, unless they should have presented special characters, have been omitted. With the exception of a volume on Deep-Sea Deposits, which will be issued in March next, and a Summary Volume, which, it is hoped, may be completed in about a year thereafter, the present volume concludes the Official Series of Reports on the Scientific Results of the Challenger Expedition, a complete list of which is herewith appended. These Reports have been issued at intervals during the last nine years, whenever ready and without any reference to systematic arrangement, They are bound up in forty-seven large quarto volumes, containing 27,650 pages of letterpress, 2662 lithographic and chromo -lithographic plates, 413 maps, charts, and diagrams, together with a great many woodcuts. I desire now to convey my thanks to the numerous contributors to this great book, as well as to all those who have in any way assisted me in, thus far, carrying on the work connected with the publication of the Scientific Results of the Expedition. John Murray. Challenger Office, 32 Queen Street, Edinburgh, \lth November 1889. EDITORIAL NOTES. Xlll I. -LIST OF THE VOLUMES OF THE Volume I. (1885) contains: — Narrative of the Cruise of H.M.S. Challenger, with a general account of the Scientific Results of the Expedition. By Staff-Commander T. H. Tizard, R.N. ; Professor H. N. Moseley, F.R.S. ; Mr. J. Y. Buchanan, M.A. ; and Mr. John Murray, Ph.D., Members of the Expedition. Volume II. (1882) contains: — Magnetical Results. By Commander Maclear, R.N. ; Lieutenant Bromley, R.N. ; Staff-Commander Tizard, R.N.; and Staff -Commander E. W. Creak, R.N.; NARRATIVE OF THE CRUISE. with Instructions and Memorandum prepared under the Superintendence of the Hydrographer of the Admiralty ; and Meteorological Observations. By Staff-Commander Tizard, R.N., assisted by other Officers of the Ex- pedition. Appendix A, — Pressure Errors of the Challenger Thermometers. By Professor P. G. Tait, M.A.. Sec. R.S.E. Appendix B. — Petrology of St. Paul's Rocks. By Professor A. Renard, F.G.S. II.— LIST OF THE VOLUMES OF PHYSICS, CHEMISTRY, PETROLOGY, METEOROLOGY, Etc. Volume I. (1884) contains : — Part I. — Composition of Ocean Water. By Professor U\ Dittmar, F.R.SS. L. & E. Part II. — Specific Gravity Op.servations. By J. Y. Buchanan, M.A., F.R.S.E., Chemist and Physicist of the Expedition. Part III. — Temperature of Ocean Water. By the Officers of the Expedition. Volume II. contains : — Part IV. — Report on some of the Physical Pro- perties of Fresh and Sea Water. By Professor P. G. Tait. Part V.— Report on Atmospheric Circulation based on the Observations made on board H.M.S. Challenger, and other Meteorological Observations. By Alex- ander Buchan, M.A., LL.D. Part VI. — Report on the Magnetical Results ob- tained by H.M.S. Challenger. By Staff-Commander E. W. Creak, R.N., F.R.S. Part VII.— Report on the Rock Specimens collected on Oceanic Islands. By Professor A. Renard, LL.D., Ph.D. III.— LIST OF THE ZOOLOGICAL VOLUMES OF THE REPORT, WITH THE CONTENTS OF EACH. Volume I. (1880) contains: — Part I. — Brachiopoda. By Thomas Davidson, F.R.S., F.L.S., F.G.S., V.P.P.S. Part II. — Pennatulida. By Professor Albert v. Kolliker, F.M.R.S., Hon. F.R.S.E. Part III. — Ostracoda. By G. Stewardson Brady, M.D., F.R.S., F.L.S. I 'a it IV. — Cetacea, Bones of. By Professor William Turner, M.B. (Lond.), F.R.SS. L. & E. Part V. — Green Turtle, Development of the. By William Kitchen Parker, F.R.S., F.L.S., F.Z.S. Part VI. — Shore Fishes. By Albert Giinther, M.A., M.D., Ph.D., F.R.S., V.P.Z.S., F.L.S. Volume II. (1881) contains : — Part VII. — Corals. By Professor II. N. Moseley, M.A., F.R.S., F.Z.S., F.L.S. Part VIII.— Birds. By P. L. Sclater, F.R.S., F.L.S., and others. Volume III. (1881) contains : — Part IX.— Ecuinoidea. By Alexander Agassiz. Part X.— Pycnogonida. By P. P. C. Hoek, Assist. Zool. Lab., Leyden. Volume IV. (1882) contains : — Part XI. — Petrels, Anatomy of the. By W. A. Forbes, B.A., F.L.S., F.G.S., F.Z.S. Part XII.— Deep-Sea Medusa. By Professor Ernst Haeckel, M.D., Ph.D. Part XIII.— Holothurioidea. First Part.— The Elasi- poda. By Hjalmar Theel. Volume V. (1882) contains :— Part XIV— Ophiuroidea. By Theodore Lyman. Part XVI.— Marsupialia. By Professor D. J. Cun- ningham, M.D., F.R.S.E.. F.R.C.S.I. XIV THE VOYAGE OF H.M.S. CHALLENGER. Volume VI. (1882) contains: — Part XV. — Actiniari a. By Professor Richard Hertwig. Part XVII.— Tunicata. Part I.— AscidiaB Simplioes. By Professor W. A. Herdman, D.Sc, F.R.S.E., F.L.S. Volume VII. (1883) contains:— Part XVIII. — Spiieniscidj;, Anatomy of the. By Professor Morrison Watson, M.D., F.R.S.E., F.Z.S. Part XIX.— Pelagic Hemiptera. By F. Buchanan White. M.D., FL.S. Part XX. — Hydroida. First Part. — Plumularida?. By Professor G. J. Allman, M.D., LL.D., F.R.SS. L. & E., M.R.I.A., V.P.L.S. Part XXI. — Orbitolites, specimens of the Genus. By W. B. Carpenter, C.B., M.D., LL.D., F.R.S., F.G.S., V.P.L.S. Volume VIII. (1883) contains : — Part XXIII.— Copepoda. By G. Stewardson Brady, M.D.. F.R.S., &c. Part XXIV.— Calcarea. By N. Polejaeff, M.A., of the University of Odessa. Part XXV. — Cirripedia. — Systematic Part. By P. P. C. Hoek, Leyden. Volume IX. (1881) contains: — Part XXII. — Foramixiieka. By H. B. Brady, F.R.S., F.L.S., F.G.S. (One vol. test and one vol. plates.) Volume X. (1884) contains: — Part XXVI. — Nudibranchiata. By Dr. Rudolph Bergh. Part XXVII. — Myzostomida. By Professor Ludwig von Graff. Part XXVIII. — Cirripedia. — Anatomical Part. By Dr. P. P. C. Hoek. Part XXIX.— Human Skeletons. First Part. — The Crania. By Professor William Turner, M.B., F.R.SS. L. &E. Part XXX. — Polyzoa. Part I. — Cheilostomata. By George Busk, F.R.S., V.P.L.S., &c. Volume XI. (1884) contains: — Part XXXI.— Keratosa. By N. Polejaeff, M.A. Part XXXII.— Crinoidea. Part I.— Stalked Crin- oids. By P. H. Carpenter, M.A., D.Sc. Part XXXIII.— Isopoda. Part I.— Genus Serolis. By F. E. Beddard, M.A., F.R.S.E., F.R.M.S., F.Z.S., M.B.O.U. Volume XII. (1885) contains : — Part XXXIV. — Annelida Polycii.eta. fessorW. C. M'Intosh, F.R.S. By Pro- Volume XIII. (1885) contains: — Part XXXV. — Lamellibranciiiata.— By Edgar A. Smith, F.Z.S. Part XXXVI.— Gephyrea. By Professor Emil Selenka. Part XXXVII.— Schizopoda. By Professor G. 0. Sars. Volume XIV. (1886) contains: — Part XXXVIII.— Tunicata. Part II.— Ascidise Com- positse. By Professor W. A. Herdman. Part XXXIX. — Holotiiurioidea. — Second Part. By Dr. Hjalmar Theel. Volume XV. (188G) contains :— Part XLI. — Marseniad.e. By Dr. Rudolph Bergh. Part XLII. — Scaphopoda and Gasteropoda. By Rev. R. Boog Watson, F.L.S. Part XLIII. — Polyplacopiiora. By Professor Alfred C. Haddon, M.A., M.R.I.A. Volume XVI. (1886) contains:— Part XLIV.— Cephalopoda. By William Evans Hoyle, M.A., M.R.C.S., F.R.S.E. Part XLV.— Stomatopoda. By Professor W. K. Brooks. Part XLVI. — Reef Corals. By John J. Quelch, B.Sc. (Loud.). Part XLVII.— Human Skeletons. — Second Part. By Professor Sir William Turner, Knt., LL.D., F.R.SS.L. & E. Volume XVII. (1886) contains : — Part XL VIII.— Isopoda.— Part II. By F. E. Beddard, M.A., F.R.S.E., &c. Part XLIX.— Brachyura. By Edw. J. Miers, F.Z.S., F.L.S. Part L. — Polyzoa. Part II.— Cyclostomata, Ctenos- tomata, and Pedicellinea. By George Busk, F.R.S., V.P.L.S., &c. Volume XVIII. (1887) contains :— Part XL.— Radiolaria. By Professor Ernst Haeckel. (Two vols, text and one vol. plates.) Volume XIX. (1887) contains:— Part LIV.— Nemertea. By Dr. A. A. W. Hubrecht, LL.D., C.M.Z.S. Part LV.— Cumacea. By Professor G. 0. Sars. Part LVL— Phyllocarida. By Professor G. 0. Sars. Part LVIII— Pteropoda. Part I.— Gyrnnosomata. By Paul Pelseneer, D.Sc. EDITORIAL NOTES. xv Volume XX. (1887) contains: — Part LIX. — Monaxonida. By Stuart 0. Ridley, M.A., F.Z.S., and Arthur Dendy, B.Sc, F.Z.S. Part LXI. — Mtzostomida (Supplement). By Pro- fessor L. von Graff. Part LXII. — Cephalodiscus dodecalophus. By Pro- fessor William C. M'Intosh, M.D., LL.D., F.R.S. Volume XXI. (1887) contains: — Part LIII. — Hexactinellida. By Professor F. E. Schulze. (One vol. text and one vol. plates.) Volume XXII. (1887) contains : — Part LVII. —Deep -Sea Fishes. By Dr. Albert Giinther, M.A., M.D., Ph.D., F.R.S. Volume XXIII. (1888) contains :— Part LXV. — Pteropoda. Part II. — Thecosomata. By Dr. Paul Pelseneer. Part LXVI.— Pteropoda. Part III.— Anatomy. By Dr. Paul Pelseneer. Part LXX. — Hydroida. — Second Part. By Professor G. J. Allman. Part LXXI. — Entozoa. By Dr. 0. v. Linstow. PartLXXII.— Heteropoda. By Edgar A. Smith, F.Z.S. Volume XXIV. (1888) contains :— Part LIT.— Crustacea Macrura. By C. Spence Bate, F.R.S., F.L.S. (One vol. text and one vol. plates.) Volume XXV. (1888) contains :— Part LXIII. — Tetractinellida. By Professor W. J. Sollas. Volume XXVI. (1888) contains :— Part LX. — Crinoidea. Part II. — Comatulse. By Dr. P. H. Carpenter. Part LXVIII.— Seals. By Professor Sir William Turner. Part LXXIII.— Actiniaria (Supplement). By Pro- fessor Richard Hertwig. Volume XXVII. (1888) contains :— Part LXIX.— Anomura. By Professor J. R. Hender- son. Part LXXIV. — Anatomy of Deep-Sea Mollusca. By Dr. Paul Pelseneer. Part LXXV. — Phoronis buskii. By Professor W. C. M'Intosh, F.R.S. Part LXXVI.— Tunicata.— Part III. By Professor W. A. Herdman, F.L.S. Volume XXVIII. (1888) contains:— Part LXXVII. — SirH0N0PH0R>E. By Professor Ernst Haeckel. Volume XXIX. (1888) contains :— Part LXVII.— Ampiiipoda. By Rev. Thomas R. R. Stebbing, M.A. (Two vols, text and one vol. plates.) Volume XXX. (1889) contains:— Part LI. — Asteroidea. By W. Percy Sladen, Sec. L.S., F.G.S. (One vol. text and one vol. plates.) Volume XXXI. (1889) contains :— Part LXIV. — Alcyonaeia. By Professor E. P. Wright, M.D., and Professor Th. Studer, M.D. Part LXXVIII.— Pelagic Fishes. By Dr. A. Giinther. F.R.S., &c. Part LXXIX. — Supplementary Report on the Polyzoa. By A. W. Waters, F.L.S., F.G.S. Volume XXXII. (1889) contains :— Part LXXX. — Antipatharia. By George Brook. F.L.S., F.R S.E. Part LXXXI. — Supplementary Report on the Alcyonaria. By Professor Th. Studer. Part LXXXIL— Deep-Sea Keratosa. By Profess ir Ernst Haeckel. IV.— LIST OF THE CHALLENGER ZOOLOGICAL REPORTS ARRANGED IN SYSTEMATIC ORDER. Yf.rtkbrata : — Human Skeletons (part xxix. vol. x., and part xlvii. vol. xvi.). Seals (part lxviii. vol. xxvi.). Bones of Cetacea (part iv. vol. i.). Marsupialia (part xvi. vol. v.). Birds (part viii. vol. ii.). Anatomy of Petrels (part xi. vol. iv.). Anatomy of Spheniscidse (part xviii. vol. vii.). Development of Green Turtle (part v. vol. i.). Fishes (part vi. vol. i., part lvii. vol. xxii., and part Ixxviii. vol. xxxi.). Tunicata : — Tunicata (part xvii. vol. vi., part xxxviii. vol. xiv., and part lxxvi. vol. xxvii.). Molluscoidea and Mollusca : — Brachiopoda (part i. vol. i.). Polyzoa (part xxx. vol. x., part 1. vol. xvii., and part Ixxix. vol. xxxi.). Cephalodiscus (part lxii. vol. xx.). Phoronis (part lxxv. vol. xxvii.). Cephalopoda (part xliv. vol. xvi.). Pteropoda (part lviii. vol. xix., part lxv. vol. xxiii., and part lxvi. vol. xxiii.). XVI THE VOYAGE OF H.M.S. CHALLENGER. MoLLUSCOIDEA AND MoLLUSCA (conti lliicil) ; — Nudibranehiata (part xxvi. vol. x.). Marseniadaj (part xli. vol. xv.). Heteropoda (part lxxii. vol. xxiii.). Scaphopoda aud Gasteropoda (part xlii. vol. xv.). Polyplacophora (part xliii. vol. xv.). Lamellibranehiata (part xxxv. vol. xiii.). Anatomy of Deep-Sea Mollusca (part lxxiv. vol. xxvii.). AkTHEOPODA : — Pelagic Hemiptera (part xix. vol. vii.). Pycnogonida (part x. vol. iii.). Brachyura (part xlix. vol. xvii.). Anomura (part lxix. vol. xxvii.). Macrura (part lii. vol. xxiv.). Schizopoda (part xxxvii. vol. xiii.). Stomatopoda (part xlv. vol. xvi. ). Cutnacea (part lv. vol. xix.). Phyllocarida (part lvi. vol. six.). Isopoda (part xxxiii. vol. xi., and part xlviii. vol. xvii.). Ainphipoda (part lxvii. vol. xxix. ). Cirripedia (part xxv. vol. viii., and part xxviii. vol. x.). Copepoda (part xxiii. vol. viii.). Ostracoda (part iii. vol. i.). ECHLNODERMATA :— Holothurioidea (part xiii. vol. iv.. and part xxxix. vol. xiv.). Echinoidea (part ix. vol. iii.). Ophiuroidea (part xiv. vol. v.). Asteroidea (part li. vol. xxx.). Crinoidea (part xxxii. vol. xi., and part lx. vol. xxvi.). x., and part lxi Vermes: — Myzostomida (part xxvii. vol. vol. xx.). Annelida (part xxxiv. vol. xu\). Gephyrea (part xxxvi. vol. xiii.). Nemertea (part liv. vol. xix.). Entozoa (part lxxi. vol. xxiii.). CcELENTEliATA : — Siphonophorpe (part lxxvii. vol. xxviii.). Deep-Sea Medusse (part xii. vol. iv.). Hydroida (part xx. vol. vii., and part Ixx. vol. xxiii.). Corals (part vii. vol. ii.). Reef Corals (part xlvi. vol. xvi.). Actiniaria (part xv. vol. vi., and part lxxiii. vol. xxvi.). Antipatharia (part lxxx. vol. xxxii.). Alcyonaria (part lxiv. vol. xxxi., and part lxxxi. vol. xxxii. ). Pennatnlida (part ii. vol. i.). Calcarea (part xxiv. vol. viii.). Hexactinellida (part liii. vol. xxi.). Tetractinellida (part lxiii. vol. xxv.). Monaxonida (part lix. vol. xx.). Keratosa (part xxxi. vol. xi.). Deep-Sea Keratosa (part lxxxii. vol. xxxii.). Protozoa : — Radiolaria (part xl. vol. xviii.). Foraminifera (part xxii. vol. ix.). Orbitolites (part xxi. vol. vii.). V— BOTANICAL VOLUMES, WITH THEIR CONTENTS. Volume I. (1885) contains : — Present State of Knowledge of various Insular Floras, being an introduction to the first three parts of the Botany of the Challenger Expedition. By W. B. Hemsley, A.L.S. Part I. — Botany of the Bermudas and various other Islands of the Atlantic and Southern Oceans. — The Bermudas. By W. B. Hemsley, A.L.S. Part II. — Botany of tue Bermudas and various other Islands of the Atlantic and Southern Oceans. — St. Paul's Rocks, &c. By W. B. Hemsley, A.L.S. Part III. — PjOtany of Juan Fernandez, South-eastern Moluccas, and the Admiralty Islands. By W. B. Hemsley, A.L.S. Volume II. (1886) contains: — Part IV. — Diatomaceje. By Conte Abate Fiancesco Castracane. THE VOYAGE OF H.M.S. CHALLENGER, REPORT on some of the Physical Properties of Fresh Water and of Sea- Water, by Professor P. G. Tait. INTRODUCTION, As I had taken advantage of the instruments employed for the determination of the Pressure Errors of the Challenger Thermometers1 to make some other physical investigations at pressures of several hundred atmospheres, Dr. Murray requested me to repeat on a larger scale such of these as have a bearing on the objects of the Challenger's voyage. The results of the inquiry are given in the following paper. The circumstances of the experiments, whether favourable to accuracy or not, are detailed with a minuteness sufficient to show to what extent of approximation these results may be trusted. My object has been rather to attempt to settle large questions about which there exists great diversity of opinion, based upon irreconcilable experi- mental results, than to attain a very high degree of accuracy. My apparatus was thoroughly competent to effect the first, but could not without serious change (such as greatly to affect its strength) have been made available for the second purpose. The results of Grassi, Amaury and Descamps, Wertheim, Pagliani and Vincentini, &c, as to the compressibility of water at low pressures, differ from one another in a most distracting manner ; and the all but universal opinion at present seems to be that, for at least five or six hundred atmospheres, there is little or no change in the com- pressibility, the explicit statement of Perkins notwithstanding. My experiments have all been made with a view to direct application in problems connected with the Challenger work, and therefore at pressures of at least 150 atmospheres, so that I have only incidentally and indirectly attacked the first of these questions ; but I hope that no doubt can now remain as to the proper answer to the second. The study of the compressibility of various strong solutions of common salt has, I believe, been carried out for the first time under high pressures ; and the effect of pressure on the maximum-density point of water has been approximated to by three different experimental methods, one of which is direct. 1 Narr. Chall. Exp., vol. ii., App. A., 1882. (PHYS. CHEM. CHALL. EXP. — PART IV. — 1888.) 1 CONTENTS. Introduction-, PAGE 1 Compressibility of Water, Glass, and Mercury — I. General Account of the Investigation, ..... II. Some former Determinations, ...... III. The Piezometers — Beckoning of Log. Factors — Compressibility of Mercury, IV. Amagat's Manometre a Pistons Libres, ..... V. Compressibility of Glass, ....... VI. Resume1 of my own Experiments on Compression of Water and of Sea- Water, VII. Final Kesults and Empirical Formulae for Fresh Water, . VIII. Seductions, Results, and Formulae for Sea- Water, IX. Compressibility, Expansibility, &c, of Solutions of Common Salt, 3 7 15 20 23 26 31 39 43 Associated Physical Questions — X. Theoretical Speculations, ...... XL Equilibrium of a Vertical Column of Water, XII. Change of Temperature produced by Compression, XIII. Effect of Pressure on the Maximum-Density Point, Summary of Results, ....... Appendix A. On an Improved Method of measuring Compressibility, P>. Relation between True and Average Compressibility, . C. Calculation of Log. Factors, ..... D. Xote on the Correction for the Compressibility of the Piezometer, E. On the Relations between Liquid and Vapour, . F. The Molecular Pressure in a Liquid, .... G. Equilibrium of a Column of Water, . . . . 47 50 51 55 61 63 65 66 67 68 74 75 COMPRESSIBILITY OF WATER, GLASS, AND MERCURY. o I. General Account of the Investigation. I will first give a general account of the subjects treated, of the mode of conducting the experiments, and of the difficulties which I have more or less completely overcome in the course of several years' work. The reader will then be in a position to follow the full details of each branch of the inquiry. The experiments were for the most part carried on in the large Fraser gun fully described and figured in my previous Report. But it was found to be impracticable t maintain this huge mass of metal at any steady temperature, except that of the air of the cellar in which it is placed. The great thickness of the College walls, aided by the comparative mildness of recent winters, thus limited till the beginning of the present year the available range of temperature for this instrument to that from 3° C. to about 1 2° C. As I did not consider this nearly sufficient, and as comparative experiments at the higher and lower of these temperatures could only be made at intervals of about six months, I procured (in May 1887) a much less unwieldy apparatus. It was made entirely of steel, so as to be of as small mass as possible, with the necessary capacity and strength : and could at pleasure be used at the temperature of the air, or be wholly immersed in a large bath of melting ice. As this apparatus was mounted, not in a cellar, but in a room sixty feet above the ground and facing the south, it enabled me to obtain a temperature range of 0° C. to 19° C, with which I was obliged to content myself. A great drawback to the use of this apparatus was found in the smallness of its capacity. Not only was I limited to the use of two, instead of six or seven, piezometers at a time ; but the pressure could not be got up so slowly and smoothly as with the large apparatus, and (what was still worse) it could not be let off so slowly. In spite of these and other difficulties, to be detailed later, I think it will be found that the observations made with this apparatus are not markedly inferior in value to those made with the great gun. In the piezometers I have adhered to the old and somewhat rude method of recording by means of indices containing a small piece of steel, and maintained in their positions (till the mercury reaches them and after it has left them) by means of attached hairs. These indices are liable to two kinds of deceptive displacement, upwards or downwards, by the current produced at each stroke of the pump, or by that produced 4 THE VOYAGE OF H.M.S. CHALLENGER. during the expansion on relief of pressure. The first could almost' always be avoided, even in the smaller apparatus, provided the pressure was raised with sufficient steadiness, and the index brought down to the mercury at starting. But the instantaneous reaction, partly elastic, partly due to cooling, and on rare occasions due to leakage of the pump or at the plug, after a rash stroke of the pump, sometimes left the index a little above the mercury just before the next stroke. If another rash stroke followed, the index might be carried still farther above the point reached by the mercury. Practically, however, there is little fear of my estimates of compression having been exaggerated by this process. They are much more likely to have been slightly diminished by a somewhat sudden fall of pressure which, in sjiite of every care, occasionally took place at the very commencement of the relief. Once or twice the experiments were entirely vitiated by this cause ; but, as we had recorded the sudden outrush before the plug had been removed in order to take out the piezometers, we were fully warranted in rejecting the readings taken on such an occasion : — and we invariably did so, whether they agreed with the less suspicious results or not. Another and very puzzling source of uncertainty in the use of these indices depends on the fact that the amount of pressure required to move them varies from one part of the tube to another, sometimes even (from day to day) in the same part of the tube : — and the index thus records the final position of the top of the mercury column in different jriases of distortion on different occasions. The effect of this will be to make all the determinations of compression too small, and it will be more perceptible the smaller the compression measured. And in sea-water, and still more in strong salt- solutions, the surface-tension of the mercury changes (a slight deposit of calomel (?) being produced), while the elasticity of the hairs also is much affected. But, by multiplying the experiments, it has been found possible to obtain what appears a fairly trustworthy set of mean values by this process. I discarded the use of the silvering process, which I had employed in my earlier experiments,1 partly because I found that the mercury column was liable to break, especially when sea-water was used, partly from the great labour and loss of time which the constant resilvering and refilling of the piezometers would have involved. This process has also the special disadvantage that the substance operated on is not necessarily the same in successive repetitions of the experiment. And the electrical process2 which I devised for recording the accomplishment of a definite amount of compression could not be employed, because it was impossible to lead insulated wires into either of my compression-chambers. This was much to be regretted, as I know of no method but this by which we can be absolutely certain of the temperature at which the operation is conducted. My next difficulty was in the measurement of pressure. In my former Report I 1 Proc. Roy. Soc. Edin., vol. xii. pp. 223, 224, 1883. 2 Appendix A to this Report. PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF WATER,, ETC. 5 have pointed out the untrustworthiness of the Bourdon gauges, and the uncertainty of the unit of my external gauge. This gauge was amply sufficient for all the purposes of my investigation of the errors of the Challenger thermometers, where the inevitable error of a deep-sea reading formed, according to the depth, from 5 to 20 per cent, of the pressure error ; but, besides the uncertainty as to its unit, it was on so small a scale that an error of 1 per cent, in the reading, mainly due to capillary effects at the surface of the mercury column, was quite possible when the pressure did not exceed 150 atmospheres. Fortunately I was informed of the great improvement made by Amagat on the principle of the old Manometre Desgqffes, — an improvement which has made it an instrument of precision instead of an ingenious scientific toy. M. Amagat was so kind as to superintend the construction of one of his instruments for me (it will be a surprise to very many professors of physics in this country to hear that the whole work was executed in his laboratory), and to graduate it by comparison with his well-known nitrogen gauge. My measurements of pressure are therefore only one remove from Amagat's 1000 feet column of mercury. The change of temperature produced by compression of water is one of the most formidable difficulties I have encountered. During the compression the contents of the piezometer, as well as the surrounding water, constantly change in temperature ; and the amount of change depends not only on the initial temperature of the water, but also on the rapidity with which the pressure is raised. It was impossible to ascertain exactly what was the true temperature of the water in the piezometer at the instant when the pressure was greatest, and a change of even 0°'l C. involves a displace- ment of the hair index, which is quite easily detected even by comparatively rude measurement. Any very great nicety of measurement was thus obviously superfluous. My readings, therefore, were all made directly by applying to the tube of the piezometer a light but very accurate scale. The zero of this scale was adjusted to the level of the upper surface of the mercury of each piezometer the instant it was removed from the water-vessel, in which it was lifted from the pressure-chamber, and the position of the index was afterwards read at leisure. As the same scale was employed in the calibration of the piezometer tubes, its unit is, of course, of no consequence. The expansibility of water at atmospheric pressure is so small, at least up to 8° C, that no perceptible displacement of the mercury can have been introduced before the zero of the scale was adjusted to it. The effects of the raising of temperature by heating are two : a direct increase of the volume (provided the temperature be above the maximum- density point, and the pressure be kept constant), and a diminution of compressibility (provided the temperature be under the minimum compressibility point). These conspire to diminish the amount of compression produced by a given pressure. At 15° C, or so, the first of these is, in the range of my experiments, the more serious of the two, especially in the case of the solutions of common salt. G THE VOYAGE OF H.M.S. CHALLENGER. The water in the compression apparatus, even when the large one was used, slowly changed in temperature from one group of experiments to the next : — sometimes perceptibly during the successive stages of one group. The effect of this source of error was easily eliminated by means of the rough results of a plotting of the uncorrected experimental data. From this the effect of a small change of temperature on the compressibility at any assigned temperature was determined with accuracy far more than sufficient to enable me to calculate the requisite correction. This correction was therefore applied to all the experimental data of each group, for which the temperature differed from that at the commencement of the group. The corrected numbers were employed in the second and more complete graphical calculation. I endeavoured to raise the pressure in each experiment as nearly as possible by 1, 2, or 3 tons weight per square inch : — having convinced myself by many trials that this was the most convenient plan. The cure for any (slight) excess or defect of pressure was at once supplied by the graphical method employed in the reductions, in which the pressures were laid down as abscissas, and the corresponding average compressibilities per atmosphere as ordinates. When this work has been fully carried out, we have still only the apparent com- pressibility of the water or salt-solution. The correction for the compressibility of glass, which is by no means a negligible quantity, — being in fact about 5 per cent, of that of water at 0° C, —involves a more formidable measurement than the other ; but I think I have executed it, for two different temperatures, within some 2 per cent, or so. The resulting values of the true compressibility of water may therefore err, on this account, by O'l per cent. This is considerably less than the probable error of the determinations of apparent compressibility, so that it is far more than sufficient. With a view to this part of the work the piezometers, whether for water or for mercury, were all constructed from narrow and wide tubes of the same glass, obtained from one melting in Messrs. Ford's Works, Edinburgh ; while solid rods of the same were also obtained for the application of Buchanan's method.1 My results are not strictly comparable with any that, to my knowledge, have yet been published, except, of course, those which I gave in 1883 and 1884. The reason is that the lowest pressure which I applied (about 150 atmospheres, or nearly one ton weight per square inch) is far greater than the highest employed by other experimenters, at least for a consecutive series of pressures. I must except, however, the results of Perkins and some remarkable recent determinations made by Amagat.2 Perkins' results are entirely valueless as to the actual compressions, because his pressure unit is obviously very far from correct. They show, however, at one definite temperature, the rate at which the compressibility diminishes as the pressure is raised. Amagat's work, on the other hand, though of the highest order, is not yet completed by the determination of the correction for the compression of the piezometer. 1 Trans. Roy. Soc. Edin., vol. xxix. pp. 589-598, 1880. 2 Complex Rendus, torn, ciii., 1886, and torn, civ , 1887. PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF WATER, ETC. 7 The extension of my formulae to very low pressures, though it agrees in a remarkable manner with some of the best of accepted results, such as those of Buchanan and of Pagliani and Yincentini, is purely conjectural, and may therefore possibly involve error, but not one of the least consequence to any inquiries connected with the problems to which the Challenger work was directed. The piezometers, which had been for three years employed on water and on sea- water, were, during the end of last summer, refilled with solutions of common salt of very different strengths, prepared in the laboratory of Dr. Crum Brown. The determinations of compressibility were made at three temperatures only, those which could be steadily maintained, viz. 0° C, 10° C, and about 19° C, the two latter being the temperature of the room, the former obtained by the use of an ice-bath. Here great rapidity of adjustment of the scale to the mercury was requisite, even in the experiments made near 0° C, for the salt solutions (especially the nearly saturated one) show considerable expansibility at that temperature. In these salt solutions, however, the hair indices behave very irregularly ; so that this part of my work is much inferior in exactitude to the rest. Besides the determinations briefly described above, there will be found in this Report a number of experimental results connected with the effect of pressure on the temperature of water and on the temperature of the maximum density of water. Though I afterwards found that the question was not a new one, I was completely unaware of the fact when some experiments, which I made in 1881 on the heat developed by compressing water, gave results which seemed to be inexplicable except on the hypothesis that the maximum-density point is lowered by pressure. Hence I have added a description of these experiments, since greatly extended by parties of my students. And I have appended other and more direct determinations of the change of the maximum-density point. I also give, after Canton, but with better data than his, an estimate of the amount by which the depth of the sea is altered by compression. Also some corresponding inquiries for the more complex conditions introduced by the consideration of the maximum-density point, &c. An Appendix contains all the theoretical calculations, the results of which are made use of in the text ; as well as some speculations, not devoid of interest, which have arisen in the course of the inquiry. II. Some former Determinations. There seems now to be no doubt that Canton (in 1762) was the first to establish the fact of the compressibility of water. But he did far more ; he measured its apparent amount at each of three temperatures with remarkable accuracy, and thus discovered 8 THE VOYAGE OF H.M.S. CHALLENGER. (in 17G4) the curiously important additional fact that it diminishes when the tempera- ture is raised. As his papers, or at all events the second of them, seem to have fallen entirely out of notice,1 and as they are exceedingly brief and clear, I think it well to reproduce some passages textually from the Philosoi^iical Transactions of the dates given above. " Having procured a small glass tube of about two feet in length, with a ball at one end of it of an inch and a quarter in diameter ; I filled the ball and part of the tube with mercury ; and, keeping it, with a Fahrenheit's thermometer, in wrater which was frequently stirred, it was brought exactly to the heat of 50 degrees; and the place where the mercury stood in the tube, which was about 6^ inches above the ball, was carefully marked. I then raised the mercury, by heat, to the top of the tube, and sealed the tube hermetically ; and when the mercury was brought to the same degree of heat as before, it stood in the tube ~ of an inch higher than the mark. " The same ball, and part of the tube being filled with water exhausted of air, instead of the mercury, and the place wThere the water stood in the tube when it came to rest in the heat of 50 degrees, being marked, which was about 6 inches above the ball ; the water was then raised by heat till it filled the tube ; which being sealed again, and the water brought to the heat of 50 degrees as before, it stood in the tube ~ of an inch above the mark. " Now the weight of the atmosphere (or about 73 pounds avoirdupois) pressing on the outside of the ball and not on the inside, will squeeze it into less compass.2 And by this compression of the ball, the mercury and the water will be equally raised in the tube ; but the water is found, by the experiments above related, to rise ^ of an inch more than the mercury ; and therefore the water must expand, so much, more than the mercury, by removing the weight of the atmosphere. " In order to determine how much water is compressed by this, or a greater weight, I took a glass ball of about an inch and £ in diameter which w-as joined to a cylindrical tube of 4 inches and ^ in length, and in diameter about ± of an inch ; and by weighing the quantity of mercury that exactly filled the ball, and also the quantity that filled the whole length of the tube; I found that the mercury in ~ of an inch of the tube was the 100,000 part of that contained in the ball ; and with the edge of a file, I divided the tube accordingly. " This being done, I filled the ball and part of the tube with water exhausted of air ; and left the tube open, that the ball, whether in rarefied or condensed air, might always be equally pressed within and without, and therefore not altered in its dimensions. 1 Perhaps the reason may be, in part, that by a printer's error the title of Canton's first paper is given (in the Index to vol. lii. of the Phil. Trans.) as " Experiments to prove that Water is not compressible." 3 " See an account of experiments made with glass balls by Mr. Hooke (afterwards Dr. Hooke) in Dr. Birch's History of the Royal Society, vol. i. p. 127." PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OE WATER, ETC. 9 Now by placing this ball and tube under the receiver of an air-pump, I could see the degree of expansion of the water, answering to any degree of rarefaction of the air ; and by putting it into a glass receiver of a condensing engine, I could see the degree of compression of the water, answering to any degree of condensation of the air. But great care must be taken, in making these experiments, that the heat of the glass ball be not altered, either by the coming on of moisture, or its going off by evaporation ; which may easily be prevented by keeping the ball under water, or by using oil only in working the pump and condenser. " In this manner I have found by repeated trials, when the heat of the air has been about 50 degrees, and the mercury at a mean height in the barometer, that the water will expand and rise in the tube, by removing the weight of the atmosphere, 4 divisions and ~ ; or one part in 21,740 ; and will be as much compressed under the weight of an additional atmosphere. Therefore the compression of water by twice the weight of the atmosphere, is one part in 10,870 of its whole bulk.1 " The famous Florentine Experiment, which so many philosophical writers have mentioned as a proof of the incompressibility of water, will not, when carefully considered, appear sufficient for that purpose : for in forcing any part of the water contained in a hollow globe of gold through its pores by pressure, the figure of the gold must be altered ; and consequently, the internal space containing the water, diminished ; but it was impossible for the gentlemen of the Academy del Cimento to determine, that the water which was forced into the pores and through the gold, was exactly equal to the diminution of the internal space by the pressure." " By similar experiments made since, it appears that water has the remarkable property of being more compressible in winter than in summer ; which is contrary to what I have observed both in spirit of wine and oil of olives : these fluids are (as one would expect water to be) more compressible when expanded by heat, and less so when contracted by cold. Water and spirit of wine I have several times examined, both by the air-pump and condenser, in opposite seasons of the year : and, when Fahrenheit's thermometer has been at 34 degrees, I have found the water to be compressed by the mean weight of the atmosphere 49 parts in a million of its whole bulk, and the spirit of wine 60 parts ; but when the thermometer has been at 64 degrees, the same weight 1 " If the compressibility of the water was owing to any air that it might still be supposed to contain, it is evident that more air must make it more compressible ; I therefore let into the ball a bubble of air that measured near ^\ of an inch in diameter, which the water absorbed in about four days ; but I found upon trial that the water was not more compressed, by twice the weight of the atmosphere, than before." " The compression of the glass in this experiment, by the equal and contrary forces acting within and without the ball, is not sensible : for the compression of water in two balls, appears to be exactly the same, when the glass of one is more than twice the thickness of the glass of the other. And the weight of an atmosphere, which I found would compress mercury in one of these balls but £ part of a division of the tube, compresses water in the same ball 4 divisions and A-" (PHYS. CHEM. CHALL EXP. — PART IV. — 1888.) 2 10 THE VOYAGE OF H.M.S. CHALLENGER. would compress the water no more than 44 parts in a million, and the spirit of wine no less than 71 of the same parts. In making these experiments, the glass ball containing the fluid to be compressed must be kept under water, that the heat of it may not be altered during the operation. " The compression by the weight of the atmosphere, and the specific gravity of each of the following fluids, (which are all I have yet tried,) were found when the barometer was at 29^ inches, and the thermometer at 50 degrees. Millionth parts. Specific gravity. Compression of Spirit of Wine, 66 846 Oil of Olives, 48 918 Rain-Water, 40 1000 Sea-Water, 40 1028 Mercury, 3 13595 These fluids are not only compressible, but also elastic : for if the weight 1 >y which they are naturally compressed be diminished, they expand ; and if that by which they are compressed in the condenser be removed, they take up the same room as at first. That this does not arise from the elasticity of any air the fluids contain, is evident ; because their expansion, by removing the weight of the atmosphere, is not greater than their compression by an equal additional weight : whereas air will expand twice as much by removing half the weight of the atmosphere, as it will be compressed by adding the whole weight of the atmosphere. " It may also be worth observing, that the compression of these fluids, by the same weight are not in the inverse ratio of their densities or specific gravities, as might be supposed. The compression of spirit of wine, for instance, being compared with that of rain-water, is greater than in this proportion, and the compression of sea-water is less." With the exception of the mistake as to the non-effect of compressibility of glass, and its consequences (a mistake into which Orsted and many others have fallen long since Canton's day), the above is almost exact. The argument from the fact that thick and thin vessels give the same result is unfounded ; but the discovery of the fact itself shows how accurate the experiments must have been. The formula (A) below (Section VII), if extended to p = 0, gives for the value of the apparent compressibility of water at 10° C. (50° F.), which is what Canton really measured, the number 0-0000461, exactly the same as that given by him 126 years ago ! The next really great step in this inquiry was taken by Perkins in 1826. He showed beyond the possibility of doubt that in water at 10° C. the compressibility PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF WATER, ETC. 11 diminishes as the pressuTe is increased, quickly at first, afterwards more and more slowly.1 This was contested by Orsted, who found no change of compressibility up to 70 atmospheres. Many other apparently authoritative statements have since been made to the same effect. Unfortunately Perkins' estimates of pressure are very inaccurate, so that no numerical data of any value can be obtained from his paper. Colladon 2 is sometimes referred to as an authority on the compression of liquids. But, referring to Canton, he states that there is no difference in the compressibility of water at 0° C. and at 10° C. His words are : " Nous avons trouve' que l'eau a la menie compressibilite a 0° et a + 10°. Nous avons ddja fait observer les causes d'erreur qui ont du alterer les resultats des experiences de Canton." There can be no doubt whatever that there is a difference of 6 per cent. , which is what Canton gives ! In Regnault's experiments3 pressure was applied alternately to the outside and to the inside of the piezometer, and then simultaneously to both. From the first Appendix to my Report on the Pressure-Errors, &c, it will be seen that the three measurements of changed content thus obtained are not independent, the third giving the algebraic sum of the first two ; so that, unless we had an absolutely incompressible liquid to deal with, we could not employ them to determine the elastic constants of the piezometer. For the compression of the liquid contents is added to the quantity measured, in the second and third of the experiments. Thus Regnault had to fall back on the measurement of Young's modulus, in order to obtain an additional datum. In place of this, Jamin afterwards suggested the measurement of the change of external volume of the piezometer ; and this process was carried out by Amaury and Descamps. But there are great objections to the employment of external, or internal, pressure alone in such very delicate inquiries. For, unless the bulbs be truly spherical, or cylindrical, and the walls of perfectly uniform thickness and of perfectly uniform material, the theoretical conditions will not be fulfilled : — and the errors may easily be of the same order as is the quantity to be measured. Finding that he could not obtain good results with glass vessels, Regnault employed spherical shells of brass and of copper. With these he obtained, for the compressibility of water, the value 0-000048 per atm. for pressures from one to ten atmospheres. The temperature, unfortunately, is not specially stated. Grassi,4 working with Regnault's apparatus, made a number of determinations of compressibility of different liquids, all for small ranges of pressure. 1 The carefully drawn plate which illustrates his paper is one of the very best early examples of the use of the graphic method. Phil. Trans., vol. cvi. p. 541, 1826. 2 Mem. Inst. Savans hrang., torn. v. p. 296, 1838. 3 Mint. Acad. Sci. Parts, torn. xxi. pp. 1 et seq., 1847. 4 Ann. de Chimie, ser. 3, torn. xxxi. p. 437, 1851. 12 THE VOYAGE OF H.M.S. CHALLENGER. The following are some of his results for water : — Temperature. Compressibility per atm. 0"-0 C. 0-0000503 l°-5 515 4°-l 499 10° -8 480 18°-0 462 25°-0 456 34°-5 453 53°-0 441 These numbers cannot be even approximately represented by any simple formula ; mainly in consequence of the maximum compressibility which, they appear to show, lies somewhere about 1°"5 C. No other experimenter seems to have found any trace of this maximum. Grassi assigns, for sea-water at 17°"5 C, 0'94 of the compressibility of pure water, and gives 0-00000295 as the compressibility of mercury. He also states that the compressibility of salt solu- tions increases with rise of temperature. These are not in accordance with my results. But, as he further states that alcohol, chloroform, and ether increase in compressibility with rise of pressure (a result soon after shown by Amagat to be completely erroneous), little confidence can be placed in any of his determinations. A very complete series of measurements of the compressibility of water (for low pressures) through the whole range of temperature from 0° C. to 100° C, has been made by Pagliani and Vincentini.1 Unfortunately, in their experiments, pressure was applied to the inside only of the piezometer, so that their indicated results have to be diminished by from 40 to 50 per cent. The effects of heat on the elasticity of glass are, however, carefully determined, a matter of absolute necessity when so large a range of temperature is involved. The absolute compressibility of water at 0° C. is assumed from Grassi. The following are some of their results, showing a much larger temperature effect than that obtained by Grassi : — Temperature. Compressibility per atm. 0°-0 C. 0-0000503 2°-4 496 15°-9 450 49°-3 403 61°-0 389 66°-2 389 77° -4 398 99"-2 409 1 Sulla Comjtressibilila del Liquidi, Torino, 1884. PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF WATER, ETC. 13 Thus water appears to have its minimum compressibility (for low pressures) about 63° C. My own earlier determinations1 will be given more fully below (Section VI.). I may here quote one or two, premising that they were given with a caution (not required, as it happens), that the pressure unit of my external gauge was somewhat uncertain. They are true, not average, compressibilities. See Appendix B. At 12°-0 C. Fresh water 0-00720 (1 - 0-03-ip) Sea water 0-00666 (1 - 0-034^) At 15°-5 C. Fresh water 0-00698 (1 - 0-05^/) Sea water 0-00645 (1 - 0-05i') Ratio 1 : 0-925 Ratio 1 : 0-924 In all of these the unit of pressure is one ton-weight per square inch (152'3 atm.). The diminution of compressibility with increased pressure was evident from the commence- ment of the investigations. I assumed, throughout, for the compressibility of glass 0-000386 per ton, which, as will be seen below, is a little too small. By direct comparison with Amagat's manometer, I have found that the pressure unit of my external gauge is too small, but only by about 0-5 per cent. This very slight underestimate of course does not account for the smallness of the pressure term of the first expression above. As will be seen later, the true cause is probably to be traced to the smallness of the piezometers which I used in my first investigations, and to the fact that their stems were cut off " square " and dipped into mercury. Allowing for this, it will be seen that the above estimates of compressibility agree very fairly, in other respects, with those which I have since obtained. The sea-water employed in the comparison with fresh water was collected about a mile and a half off the coast at Portobello, and was therefore somewhat less dense (and more compressible) than the average of ocean-water. In my later experiments, to be detailed below, the sea-water operated on was taken at a point outside the Firth of Forth, considerably beyond the Isle of May. As stated in my Beport on the Pressure Errors, &c, the unit of my external gauge was determined by the help of Amagat's data for the compression of air. As the piezometer containing the air had to be enclosed in the large gun, the record was obtained by silvering the interior of the narrow tube into which the air was finally compressed : — and the heating of the air by compression, as well as the uncertainty of 1 Proc. Roy. Soc. Edin. 1883 and 1884. 14 THE VOYAGE OF H.M.S. CHALLENGER. the allowance for the curvature of the mercury, alone would easily account for the underestimate. Besides, it is to be remembered that the reading of the external o™™ for 152 atm. is only about 22 mm. ; so that a slight variation of surface-curvature of the mercury would of itself explain a considerable part of the half per cent, deficit. It is, however, a matter of no consequence whatever, as regards the conclusions of that Eeport. Buchanan, in the paper already cited, gives for the compressibility of water at 2°"5 C. the value 0-0000516 ; and at 12°"5 C, 0-0000483. The empirical formula, which is one of the main results of this Eeport (Section VII. below), extended to p = Q, gives 0-0000511 and 0D000480 respectively. The agreement is very remarkable. Amagat's 1 investigations, which were carried out by means of the electric indicator already alluded to (which informs the experimenter of the instant at which a given amount of compression is reached), have been extended to pressures of nearly 20 tons weight on the square inch (3000 atm.). As a preliminary statement he gives the average apparent compression (per atmosphere) of water at 170,6 C. as follows : — From 1 to 262 atm., ..... 0-0000429, „ 262 to 805 „ 0-0000379, „ 805 to 1334 „ ..... 0-0000332. And he states that, at 3000 atmospheres, water (at this temperature) has lost about 1/10 of its original bulk. But Amagat has not yet published any determination of the compressibility of his glass, so that the amount of compression shown by his experi- ments cannot be compared with the results of this paper. The rate of diminution of compressibility with increased pressure, however, can be (very roughly) approximated to ; and Amagat appears to make it somewhat less than I do. He operated on distilled water, thoroughly deprived of air. My experiments were made on cistern water, boiled for as short a time as possible. The analogies given in the present paper appear to show that this difference of substance operated on may perhaps suffice com- pletely to explain the difference between our results. I am indebted to a footnote in the recent great work of Mohn2 for a hint which has led me to one of the most singular calculations as to the compressibility of water which I have met with. As it is given in a volume3 whose very raison d'etre is supposed to be the minutest attainable accuracy in physical determinations, I con- sulted it with eagerness. The reader may imagine the disappointment with which I found that, as regards compressibility of water, its main feature is the amazing empirical formula, — 501-53 - 1-58995/1 - 0003141113f2 ! 1 Comptes Rendus, torn. ciii. p. 429, 1886, and torn. civ. p. 1159, 1887. 2 Den Norske Nordkavs-Exped., Nordkavets Dybder, &c, Christiania, 1887. 3 Travaux et Memoires du Bureau International des Poids et Me'sures, torn. ii. p. D30, Paris, 1883. PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF WATER, ETC. 15 This formula represents a parabola which is everywhere convex upwards, and thus cannot possibly be consistent with the existence of a minimum compressibility. Instead of representing the results of new experiments, it is based on data extracted from the old and very dubious results of Grassi (two data being wrongly quoted), Descamps, and Wertheim, which differ in the wildest way from one another. What method of calculation has been employed upon this chaotic group we are not told. The result is a smug little table (D. IX.), in which no single entry can be looked upon as trustworthy! Plate II. fig. 1, shows some of the materials, as well as the final extract or quintessence derived from them. III. The Piezometers — Reckoxixg of Log. Factors— Compressibility of Mercury. V J The annexed sketch shows the form of piezometer employed. Six of these instru- ments, three filled with fresh wrater and three with sea-water, were simultaneously exposed to pressure. The upper end of the bulb at B was drawn out into a very fine tube, so that the instruments could be opened and refilled several times without appreciable change of internal volume. They were contained in a tall copper vessel which was let down into the pressure cylinder, and which kept them (after removal from it) surrounded by a large quantity of the press water till they could be taken out and measured one by one ; each, after measurement, being at once replaced in the vessel. Large supplies of water were kept in tin vessels close to the pressure apparatus ; and the temperatures of the contents of all were observed from time to time with a Kew Standard. The stems, A C, of the piezometers were usually from 30 to 40 cm. iu length, and the volumes of the cylindrical bulbs, CB, were each (roughly) adjusted to the bore of the stem, so that the whole displace- ment of the indices in the various vessels should lie nearly the same for the same pressure. At A, on each stem, below the working portion, the special mark of the instrument was made in dots of black enamel (e.g. .:, .., ;, &c), so that it could be instantly recognised, and affixed to the record of the index in the laboratory book. Above this enamel mark a short millimetre scale was etched on the glass for the purpose of recording the volume of the water contents at each temperature before pressure was applied. The factor by which the displacement of the index has to be multiplied, in order to find the whole compression, varies (slightly) with the initial bulk of the water-contents. This, in its turn, depends on the temperature at which the experiment is made. Practically, it was found that no 16 THE VOYAGE OF H.M.S. CHALLENGER. correction of this kind need be made in experiments on fresh water between 0° and 8° C, but for higher temperatures it rapidly came into play. In the case of the stronger salt-solutions it was always recpuired. As an example of the general dimensions of the piezometers, I print here the details of a rough preliminary measurement of one only ; and employ these merely to exhibit the nature of the calculation for the compressibility of the contents. Measurements for (:). 21/12/86. At temperature 3° C. (:) filled with Portobello sea-water gave for 413 of gauge (about 150 atm.) 131-2 of displacement for index. 834 „ „ 300 „ 256 1254 „ „ 450 „ 373-6 Before pressure, mercury 20 mm. from enamel. This experiment is selected because its data were taken for the approximate lengths of the columns of mercury used to calibrate the stem of (:). 22/6/87. Length of col. of mercury in stem. End 18 mm. from enamel 130'S mm. „ 45 )) 130-8 „ „ 72 iy 130-9 „ „ 100 ?> 130-9 „ „ 140 ?» 131-1 „ Another column of Hg. : — End 18 mm. from enamel 261 mm „ 36 5) 261-1 „ „ 57 »T 261-1 „ „ 75 ») 261-1 „ „ 94 )J 261-3 „ Again another : — End 18 mm. from enamel 372-6 mm „ 43 ) ) 372-4 „ Weight, mercury and dish. 12-567 grin. Dish 9-387 „ Hg. 3-180 15-712 grin. 9-387 „ Hg. 6-325 18-407 grm. Dish 9-387 „ Hg. 9-020 „ Weight of dish with Hg. filling bulb and stem to 599 mm. from enamel, 517-63 „ Weight of dish, 37-69 „ Hg. in piezometer, less 599 of stem, 479"94 „ Hg. in 599 of stem, 14-56 „ "Whole content to enamel, „ 20 from enamel, 494-50 494-0 PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF WATER, ETC. 17 The calculations are as follows, — the Gauge log. will be explained in Section IV. :- the formula is given in Appendix C, and the mantissge only are written : — log. 494 = •69373 log. 130-8 = (Sum) •11661 •81034 log. 3-18 = (Difference) •50243 •69209 Gauge log. •43856 (Sum) •13065 = = log. fact* •69373 •69373 •41664 •57124 •11037 •26497 •80106 •95521 ■69069 •69024 •43856 r 300 atm. •43856 •12925 fo •12880 Hence apparent average compressibility of Portobello sea-water per atm. at 3° C. as given by (:) on 21/12/86 is, For first ton •11793 = log. 131-2 ■61595 = log. 413 •50198 log. factor -13065 •63263 first two tons •40824 •92117 •48707 •12925 •61632 first three tons •57240 •09829 •47411 •12880 •60291 (PHYS. CHEM. CHALL. EXI\ — PART IV. — 18S8.) Antilos. = -00004292 Ant ilog. =-00004134 Antilog. = -00004008 18 THE VOYAGE OF H.M.S. CHALLENGER. A few larger instruments were made for very accurate comparisons of fresh water and sea-water at about 1 ton weight per square inch, and at different temperatures. The mercury contents of their bulbs, &c, were over 1000 grm. The content of 250 mm. of stem in mercury was about 7 grm. ; and the log. factor, for pressures about 150 atm., nearly = 0 "8. For the compressibility of mercury, the annexed form of piezometer was employed, as in this case the recording index could not be put in contact with the liquid to be compressed. The bulb A and stem to B contain mercury, and so does the U-tube CD. Between B and C there is a column of water, whose length is carefully determined. The recording- index rests on the mercury column at C. Thus, obviously, its displace- ment is due to Compression of mercury A B + Compression of water B C - Compression of vol. of glass vessel from A to C. The measurements of this apparatus are : — Mercury Piezometer. 25/7/87. Hg. and vessel, ..... Vessel, ...... Weight of mercury whose compression is measured, Hg. and dish, ..... Dish, ...... Weight of mercury in 210 mm. of tuhe 1! C, Length of water column B C, 1100 grm 37-7 >> 1062-3 )) 14-412 )) 9-386 )» 5-026 )J 286 mm. The observations made with this apparatus were as follows, the results calculated being added, enclosed in square brackets : — 22/6/86. Kew Standard, 12°-75. 24 '6/86. K. S. 12° -4. Alteration of Index, 17 mm. Index, 17 Gauge pressure, . 811 Pressure, 833 [Apparent compressibility, 0-00000102] [0-00000098] 25/6/86. K. S. 12°-3. Index, 18-5 26-0 26-0 Pressure, 834 1252 1257 [0-00000109] [102] [101] PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF WATER, ETC. 19 K. S. l°-2. Index, 7 3 17-3 25 Pressure, 436 865 1264 [0-00000074] [94] [931 K. S. 16°-5. Index, 9 16-6 25 Pressure, 459 866 1271 [0-00000093] [92] [95] 23/7/87. 25/7/87. The range of temperature is quite sufficient to allow a change of compressibility of the water column to be noted ; but the experiments unfortunately do not enable us to assert anything as to a change in that of mercury ; though, were it not for the last set of experiments, there would appear to be a decided increase of compressibility of mercury with rise of temperature. The experiments are only fairly consistent with one another ; but this was noted at the time as the fault of the index, which, of course, tells more as the quantity measured is less. It may be as well to show how to deduce the compressibility of mercury from them at once, assuming the requisite data for water and for glass from subsequent parts of the Report. Take, for instance, the first result of 25/6/86. 834 of gauge is about 305 atmospheres. Also shortening of 286 mm. of water column (in glass) at 12°-3 C hy 305 atm. = 3-7 mm. nearly : — so that the compressed mercury apparently loses about the content of 14-8 mm. of narrow tube = bulk of 0-354 grin. Hg. 0-354 Apparent compressibility = = 0'00000109 305 x 1062-3 The average of all the normal experiments gives 0 "000001 very nearly. Add compressibility of glass = 0-0000026 Compressibility of mercury = 0-0000036 It is well to remember that though Grassi, working with Regnault's apparatus, gave as the compressibility of mercury 0-00000295 which Amaury and Descamps afterwards reduced to 0-00000187, the master ' himself had previously assigned the value 0-00000352. Had Grassi's result been correct, I should have got only about half the displacements observed; had that of Amaury and Descamps been correct, the apparent compres- sibility would have had the opposite sign to that I obtained, so that the index would not have been displaced. In such a case the construction of the instrument might have been much simplified, for the index would have been placed in contact with the mercury at B, and the bent part of the tube would have been unnecessary. 1 Relation des Experiences, &c, Mem. Acad. Sci. Paris, torn. xxi. p. 461, 1847. 20 THE VOYAGE OF H.M.S. CHALLENGER. IV. Amagat's Manometre a Pistons libres. The annexed sketch of the instrument (in which the large divisions shown on the manometric scale correspond to decimetres), with the section given below, will enable the reader to understand its size and construction without any detailed description beyond what is given in the instructions for setting it up. [The window FF, whose position is nearly immaterial, occupies different positions in the. sketch and in the section.] As already stated, the principle on which this instrument works is the same as that of the Manometre Desgoffes, a sort of inverse of that of the well-known Bramah Press. In the British instrument pistons of very different sectional area are subjected PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF WATER, ETC. 21 to the same pressure (that of one mass of liquid), and the total thrust on each is, of course, proportional to its section. In the French instrument the pistons are subjected to equal total thrusts, being exposed respectively to fluid pressures which are inversely proportional to their sections. The British instrument is employed for the purpose of overcoming great resistances by means of moderate forces ; the French, for that of measuring great pressures in terms of small and easily measurable pressures. Amagat's notable improvement consists in dispensing with the membrane, or sheet of india-rubber, which was one of the main features of the old Desgoffes manometer, and making his large, as well as his small, piston, fit all but tightly the hollow cylinders in which they play : — a very thin layer of viscous fluid passing with extreme slowness between each piston and its cylinder. The adjustment is very prompt, even in winter when the viscosity of the fluids is greatest : — but it is made almost instantaneous by a simple but ingenious device, which enables the operator to give the pistons a simul- taneous motion of rotation. The following directions which accompanied the instrument will enable the reader fully to understand its construction and use. I have given an accurate version, not a literal translation, of them : — "Process of setting up the Apparatus. i\n m n ^ l,T R» h Castor Oil % E c 22 THE VOYAGE OF H.M.S. CHALLENGER. " 1. Screw in, at E, the manometer tube, and at H the regulating pump. " 2. Pour in the layer of mercury, and on it that of castor oil. Fill the pump with glycerine, and insert its piston, taking care to exclude air-bubbles. " 3. Insert the gun-metal part K. Its bearing (at s) on the rim of the cast-iron base-piece must not be made with leather, but with a ring of india-rubber, or of very uniform cardboard. The fixing down of this part, by means of the (six) screws, must be done with great exactness : — otherwise (thick as it is) it might suffer a very slight distortion, and the piston PP would not work in it. " 4. After pouring in, if necessary, some more castor oil, insert very cautiously the piston PP, carefully wiped, and then anointed with castor oil. To put it in, it is to be held by means of A, which, for this purpose, is screwed into the middle of it. During the insertion of the piston the hole b is left open to allow of the escape of air and (possible) excess of castor oil. Close 6 by means of its screw, the piston being held at the desired height. Take out A, and screw B into the piston in place of it. "5. Put on the part MM — after inserting in it the small piston pp, with its cylinder nn — in such a way that the rod cc may pass between the two studs d on the piston PP, opposite to the opening FF. " 6. Pour a little treacle over the small piston at aa ; screw on the piece NN, and fill it with glycerine ; then adjust to NN the coupling -tube of the compression apparatus, which should be filled with glycerine or with glycerine and water. " Observations. " It is not necessary that the whole space between the mercury and the piston PP should be filled with castor oil. A layer of glycerine and water may be placed over the mercury, then a thin layer of the oil. In fact, the regulating pump is full of glycerine and water. " The rod cc is placed as shown to give a simultaneous rotation to the two pistons, so as to overcome stiction. " It should be moved slowly, and in such a way as to exert no vertical force upon the piston PP. It ought to be pushed by a vertical straight-edge, moved hori- zontally. One can judge of the delicacy of the apparatus by the displacement of the mercury column when the slightest vertical pressure is exerted on the rod. " I will again call attention to the scrupulous care which must be bestowed on the pistons and on the cylinders in which they work : — the slightest scratch, due to dust, would make it necessary to retouch these surfaces ; and after several retouchings they will become too loose. " The manometer tube, which is to be cemented into the iron piece which screws into E, should be chosen of small enough diameter to prevent sensible change of level PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF WATER, ETC. 23 of the mercury in the reservoir, and yet not so narrow as to prevent free motion of the mercury. " Important Remark. — During the successive operations the large piston should always, by means of the regulating pump, be kept at such a height that the rod cc shall not come in contact with the wall of the opening FF, and not high enough to make the wide lower part of the small piston come against the piece M (this, of course, when the smaller of the two upper pistons is used : — that whose lower part is thickened). " There are two pistons pp for this manometer. The ratio of the section of the larger to that of PP is 1/61-838, and the reading per atmosphere is 12-290 mm. "For the smaller, the ratio of the sections is 1/277 75, and the reading per atmosphere is 2'736 mm. " The former serves for the measurement of lower pressures, up to the point at which the oil passes visibly round the large piston. For higher pressures the latter must be used. "'The treacle must be changed from time to time ; first, because, after a while, some of it passes the small piston ; second, because it gradually dissolves in the glycerine, and at last becomes hardened round the small piston, so as to make the friction too great. The small piston and its cylinder should occasionally be cleaned with the greatest care, and anointed with neats-foot oil." In all my later experiments I have used exclusively the smaller of the two small pistons. The scale which I fitted to the manometer tube was a long strip of French plotting paper. It had shrunk slightly, so that 752'5 divisions corresponded to 750 mm. Neglecting the difference in the values of gravity at Lyons and at Edin- burgh, the number of scale divisions per atmosphere is 2'73G x 752'5/750 ; and its logarithm, i.e. the Gauge Log. above spoken of, is '43856. V. Compressibility of Glass. Buchanan's process, already referred to, consists simply in measuring the fractional change of length of a glass rod exposed to hydrostatic pressure, and trebling the linear compressibility thus determined. The only difficulty it presents is that of directly measuring the length of the rod while it is under pressure. I employed a couple of reading microscopes, with screw-travelling adjustment, fixed to the ends of a massive block of well-seasoned wood. This block was placed over the tube containing the glass rod, but quite independently,— the two distinct parts of the apparatus being supported separately on the asphalt floor of a large cellar. No tremors were perceptible except when carriages passed rapidly along the wooden pavement of the street, and even then they were not of much consequence. 24 THE VOYAGE OF H.M.S. CHALLENGER. The ends of the tube containing the rod must, of course, he made of glass, or some other transparent material. In the first apparatus which I used, tubes of soda-water- bottle glass were employed, their bore being about 0-2 inch, and the thickness of the walls about 0 "3 inch. The image of the small enamel bead at the end of the glass rod was very much distorted when seen through this tube, but the definition was greatly improved by laying on it a concavo-plane cylindrical lens (which fitted the external curvature), with a single drop of oil between them. I found, by trial, that, had it been necessary to correct for the internal curvature also, the employment of winter-green (or Gaultheria) oil as the compressing liquid would have effected the purpose completely : — the refractive index being almost exactly the same as that of the green glass. As the construction and mode of support of this apparatus did not enable us completely to get rid of air from its interior, there were occasional explosions of a somewhat violent character when the glass tubes gave way ; and the operators who were not otherwise protected (as by the microscopes, for instance) were obliged to hold pieces of thick plate glass before their eyes during the getting up of pressure. The explosions not only shattered the thick glass tube into small fragments, but smashed the ends of the experimental glass rod, so that a great deal of time was lost after each. Only on one occasion did we reach a pressure of 300 atm., and an explosion occurred before the measurement was accurately made. On these accounts, after four days experimenting (the first being merely preliminary), we gave up working with this apparatus : — and the results obtained by means of it cannot be regarded as wholly satisfactory, though they agreed very well with one another. As a sudden shock might have injured the Amagat gauge, all the pressures were measured by the old external gauge, whose unit is now determined with accuracy. Hence the readings are in tons-weight per square inch (152"3 atm.), which are below called "tons" as in the vernacular of engineers. Three of us at least were engaged in each experiment, one to apply and measure the pressure, and one at each microscope. Pressure, in each group of experiments, was applied and let off six or seven times in succession, readings of the two microscopes being taken before, during, and after each application of pressure. To get rid of the possible effects of personal equation, the observers at the microscopes changed places after each group of experiments (sometimes after two groups), so that they read alternately displacements to the right and to the left. The values of the screw-threads were carefully verified upon one of the subdivisions of the scale which was employed to measure the length of the experimental rod ; these subdivisions having been since tested among themselves by means of a small but very accurate dividing-engine of Bianchi's make. These experiments were made in July 1887, when the day temperature of the room was nearly 20° C. In the last two groups the compression tube was surrounded PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF WATER, ETC. 25 in great part by a jacket containing water and pounded ice. We had no means of ascertaining the average temperature of the glass rod, but it cannot have been more than some 5 or 6 degrees above 0° C. This was done merely to ascertain whether glass becomes less compressible or no as the temperature is lowered, not the amount of change. The question appears to be answered in the affirmative. Early in the present year Mr. Buchanan kindly lent me his own apparatus, which is in three respects superior to mine. (1) A longer glass rod can be operated on. (2) The air can be entirely got rid of from the interior, so that when the glass tubes give way there is no explosion. (3) The glass tubes are considerably narrower in bore (though with equal proportionate thickness), and consequently stronger. I used my own pump and external gauge, but the necessary coupling pieces were easily procured ; and the reading-microscopes were fastened to a longer block of seasoned wood than before. These experiments have been made near one temperature only, but it is about the middle of the range of temperatures in my experiments on water and sea-water. It is not necessary' to print the details of the experiments in full. I give below part of a page of the laboratory book for a single day's work, to show how far the experiments of one group agree with one another. I purposely choose one in which the glass rod was somewhat displaced in the apparatus during the course of the measurements : — 23/2/88. Kew Standard, 9°-l C. (Length of glass rod, 7575 inches.) External Gauge (Lindsay). Right Microscope (Nagel). Left Microscope (Peddie). Contraction and Elongation. 41-5) 63-51 41-5) 22 = 1 ton in. 0-4570 475 570 in. 0-3377 3 7 00099 0-0099 41-5) 63-5^- 41-5) 22 0-4571 473 572 0-3377 3 6 0-0102 00102 41-5) 63-5^ 41-5) 22 0-4572 473 572 0-3376 2 6 00103 0-0103 42 ) 64 y 42 ) 22 (Peddie. ) 0-4566 469 574 (Nagel.) 0-3380 77 73 00100 0-0101 42 ) 64 y 42 \ 22 0-4575 475 574 0-3373 68 73 0-0105 00104 42 ) 64 y 42 ) 22 0-4574 475 574 0-3374 70 73 00103 0-0102 Mean, 0-0102 (PHYS. CHEM. CHALL. EXP. — PART IV. 1888). 26 THE VOYAGE OF H.M.S. CHALLENGER. The mean thus obtained coincided very closely with the mean of all the experiments. Hence the average linear compressibility per atmosphere for the first ton is, at 9°-l C, °'0102 „ = 0-000000884 152-3 x 75-75 whence the compressibility of glass is 0-00000265 The two series of experiments agreed fairly with one another, and appeared to show an increase of compressibility with rise of temperature, and a diminution with rise of pressure, but these are not made certain. Considerably greater ranges, both of pressure and of temperature, are necessary to settle such questions. As I cannot trust to a unit or two in the last place, (i.e. the seventh place of decimals), my results for the apparent compressibility of water, and as an error of reading of the external gauge may easily amount to 1 per cent, of the whole ton applied, I have taken from the above experiments the number 0 "0000026 as expressing with sufficient accuracy the compressibility of the glass of the piezometers throughout the range of temperature 0° to 15° C, and of pressure from 150 to 450 atm. This number is simply to be added to all the values of apparent compressibility. Had I pushed the pressures farther than 450 atm., this correction would have required reduction, as shown in Appendix I). vi. resume* of my own experiments on compression of water and of Sea-Water. The following details are, where not otherwise stated, taken from my laboratory books. I was led to make these experiments by the non-success of an attempt to determine the exact unit of the external gauge (described in my former Report). Not being aware of the great discovery of Canton (in fact, having always been accustomed to speak of the compressibility of water as 1/20,000 per atm.), I imagined that I could verify my gauge by comparing, on a water piezometer, the effects of a pressure measured by the gauge with those produced by a measured depth of sea- water, without any reference to the temperatures at which measurements were made ; provided, of course, that these were not very different. The result is described in the following extract : ' — " To test by an independent process the accuracy of the unit of my pressure gauge, on which the estimated corrections for the Challenger deep-sea thermometers depend, it was arranged that H.M.S. 'Triton' should visit during the autumn a region in which soundings of at least a mile and a half could be had. A set of manometers, filled' with pure water, and recording by the washing away of part of a very thin film of silver, 1 Proc. Roy. Soc. Edin., vol. xii. pp. 45, 46, 1882. PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF WATER, ETC. 27 were employed. They were all previously tested, up to about 2^ tons weight per square inch, in my large apparatus. As I was otherwise engaged, Professor Chrystal and Mr. Murray kindly undertook the deep-sea observations; and I have recently begun the work of reducing them. ' The first rough reductions seemed to show that my pressure unit must be some- where about 20 per cent, too small. As this was the all but unanimous verdict of fifteen separate instruments, the survivors of two dozen sent out, I immediately repeated the test of my unit by means of Amagat's observed values of the volume of air at very high pressures. The result was to confirm, within 1 per cent, the accuracy of the former estimate of the unit of my gauge. I then had the manometers resilvered, and again tested in the compression apparatus. The results were now only about 5 per cent, different from those obtained in the 'Triton.' There could be no essential difference between the two sets of home experiments, except that the first set was made in July, the second in November, — while the temperatures at which the greatest com- pressions were reached in the ' Triton ' were at least 3° C. lower than those in the latter set. Hence it seems absolutely certain that water becomes considerably more com- pressible as its temperature is lowered, at least as far as 3° C. (the ' Triton ' temperature). This seems to be connected with the lowering by pressure of the maximum density point of water,1 and I intend to work it out. It is clear that in future trials of such manometers some liquid less anomalous than water must be employed. " Another preliminary result, by no means so marked as the above, and possibly to be explained away, is that by doubling (at any one temperature) a high pressure we obtain somewhat less than double the compression. This, however, may be due to the special construction of the manometer, which renders the exact determination of the fiducial point almost impossible." In the winter of 1882 and the succeeding spring, I spent a great deal of time in trying to get definite results from the records of the "Triton" trials, and in making further experiments on those of the specially prepared piezometers which had not been broken or left at the bottom of the sea. But this work led to no result on which I could rely. I then directly attacked the problem of the compressibility of water at different temperatures and pressures, having once more verified the unit of my pressure gauge by comparison with Amagat's data for air. Results for one temperature were published, as below, in the Proc. Roy. Soc. Earn, vol. xii. pp. 223, 224, 1883. [The mercury content of the bulbs of the new piezometers was about 200 grm., and that of 100 mm. of stem about 2 "6 grm.] " The apparatus employed was of a very simple character, similar to that which was used last autumn in the ' Triton.' 1 [The reason for this remark will be seen in the second extract in Section XII. below. 20/0/88.] 28 THE VOYAGE OF H.M.S. CHALLENGER. " It consisted of a narrow and a wide glass tube, forming as it were the stem and bulb of a large air-thermometer. The stem was made of the most uniform tube which could be procured, and was very accurately gauged ; and the weight of the content of the bulb in mercury was determined. Thus the fraction of the whole content, corresponding to that of one millimetre of the tube, was found. " This apparatus had the interior of the narrow tube very carefully silvered ; and while the whole, filled with the liquid to be examined, was at the temperature of the water in the compression apparatus, the open end was inserted into a small vessel containing clean mercury. Four instruments of this kind were used, all made of the same kind of glass. [They were numbered, as in the headings of the columns below, 1, 2, 3, 4, respectively. 20/6/88.] " The following are the calculated apparent average changes of volume per ton weight of pressure per square inch (i.e. about 150 atmospheres) : — Fresh Water, at 12° C. ssure 1 2 3 4 Mean. 1 0-00670 * 665 666 0-00667 2 0-00657 * 646 656 0-00653 2-5 0-00651 650 640 648 0-00647 3 0-00641 633 636 636 0-00636 Note. — The first two experiments with No. 2 failed in consequence of a defect in the silvering. The compressibility of glass was not directly determined. It may be taken as approximately 0"000386 per ton weight per square inch. " From these data, which are fairly consistent with one another, we find the following value of the true compressibility of water per ton, the unit for pressure (p) being 1 ton-weight per square inch, and the temperature 12° C, 0-0072 (1-0-034^); showing a steady falling off from Hooke's Law. Sea- Water, at 12° C. Pressure 1 2 3 4 Mean. 1 000606 611 615 627 0 00615 2 0-00595 607 598 601 0-00600 2-5 0-00600 600 594 590 0-00594 3 0-00588 593 586 586 0-00588 Note. — The sea-water employed was collected about 1| miles off the coast at Portohello. These give, with the same correction for glass as before, the expression 0-00666 (1 - 0-034 p). PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF WATER, ETC. 29 Hence the relative compressibilities of sea and fresh water are about 0-925 ; while the rate of diminution by increase of pressure is sensibly the same (3^ per cent, per ton weight per square inch) for both. " With the same apparatus I examined alcohol, of sp. gr. 0'83 at 20° C. Alcohol, at 1 2°C. Pressure 1 2 3 4 Mean. 1 0-01202 1193 * * 0-01200 2-5 0-01040 1052 1050 1056 • 0-01049 3 0-01043 1050 1043 1058 0-01048 These experiments were not so satisfactory as those with water. There are peculiar difficulties with the silver film. I therefore make no definite conclusion till I have an opportunity of repeating them." It will be observed that the diminution of compressibility as the pressure is raised is here brought out unequivocally for all the three liquids examined. In the course of another year I had managed to obtain similar results for a range of temperature of about 9° C. They were described in Proc. Roy. Soc. Edin., vol. xii. pp. 757, 758, 1884, as follows: — "I had hoped to be able, during the winter, to extend my observations to temperatures near the freezing point, but the lowest temperature reached by the large compression apparatus was 6°-3 C. ; while the highest is (at present) about 15° C. From so small a range nothing can be expected as to the temperature effect on the compressibility of water, further than an approximation to its values through that range. " The following table gives the mean values of the average compression per ton weight per square inch : — \ 3i 4 660 637 "These are all fairly represented by the expression 0-00743 - 0-000038 t - 0-00015 p, Pressure in Tons. 1 2 H 3 6°-3 C. 0-00704 692 684 672 7°-6 682 ... 670 ir-3 684 670 ... 654 13°-1 666 ... 648 15° -2 673 654 • • • 633 30 THE VOYAGE OF H.M.S. CHALLENGER. where t is the temperature centigrade, and p the pressure in tons weight per square inch. This, of course, cannot be the true formula, but it is sufficient for ordinary purposes within the limits of temperature and pressure above stated. It represents the value of " With a new set of compression apparatus, very much larger and more sensitive than those employed in the above research, I have just obtained the following mean values for the single temperature 15°-5 C. : — Pressure in Tons. 1 1-| 2 3 Fresh water, . . . 0-00678 663 657 638 Sea-water, . . . 0-00627 618 609 593 v — /) / 1 dv \ " These are the values of -j^— , and they give, for the true compressibility (-- ^-j at any pressure, and temperature, 15° "5 C, the formulae, Freshwater, ..... 0-00698(1 -0 05 p) Sea-water, ..... 0-00645(1 - 0-05 .p) "The ratio is 0"925, i.e. the compressibility of sea- water at the above temperature is only 92'5 per cent, of that of fresh water." The new and larger piezometers referred to were made when Mr. Murray requested me to write this Report. They are those whose form and dimensions have been detailed in Section III. above. The former piezometers had no capsule containing mercury, but had the stem simply cut off flat at the end, and when filled with water were merely dipped in mercury. I had felt that to this was probably due the fact that my experi- ments gave a value of the compressibility at 0° C. somewhat smaller than that usually accepted. It will be seen that the very first data given by the new instruments at once tended to set this matter right. For while the formula representing the results of the smaller instruments gave the compression of water at 15°"5 C. as 0'00678 for one ton weight per square inch, that for those of the new instruments gave 0'00698, i.e. about l/34th more, which is much nearer to the result of my later experiments. For two winters after this period the apparatus was kept in working- order in the hope that I might lie enabled to employ temperatures between 6° and 0° C. But a single day's work at 1°"7 C, and a few days at temperatures between 3° and 5° C. were all I got. Hence the reason for procuring the smaller compression apparatus, as stated in Section I. But, as yet, my measurements of pressure were not satisfactory. In the spring of 1886 I obtained the Amagat gauge, and after a careful compara- 1 [See Appendix B to this Report.] PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF WATER, ETC. 31 tive trial determined to employ exclusively the lesser of the two small pistons. Some time was spent upon a comparison of the indications of this instrument with those of the external gauge, with the result that single indications of the latter could not be trusted within about 1 per cent., though the mean of a number of observations was occasionally very close to the truth. I therefore put aside all the compression observa- tions already made, and commenced afresh with the same piezometers as before, and with the Amagat gauge exclusively. In the summer of 1886 I obtained a long series of determinations at about 11°'8 C, and others at 14°"2 and 15° C. In December of the same year I worked for a long time between 3° and 3°-5 C. All of these were with the large Fraser gun. In June 1887, with the new compression apparatus, I secured numerous deter- minations at 0°"4 C. In July the piezometers were filled with solutions of salt of various strengths, and examined at temperatures near 19° C. and 1° C. In November these were again examined, this time in the large gun at about 9° C. ; and the piezometers were again rilled, some with fresh water and some with sea-water. During the winter complete series of observations in the large gun were obtained at about 7°, 5°, 3°% 2°-3, 1°-1 ; and, finally (on March 16, 1888), at 0°-5 C. The piezometers were, once more, filled with the salt solutions, as I considered that I had obtained sufficient data for fresh water and for sea-water; except in the one important particular of the exact values of the ratio of their compressibilities at one or two definite temperatures and pressures. These were finally obtained in May and June 1888, with piezometers considerably larger and more delicate than the former set. VII. Final Kesults and Empirical Formulae for Fresh Water. Although my readings and calculations were throughout carried to four significant figures, I soon found that (for reasons already sufficiently given in Section I.) only three of these could be trusted even in the average of a number of successive experiments, and that the third might occasionally (especially with sea-water) err by an entire unit or two ; at most | per cent, of the whole quantity measured. Of course, now and then there occurred results so inconsistent with the rest as to indicate, without any doubt, a displacement of the index by upward or (more frequently) downward currents. This was made obvious by comparison of the indications of any one piezometer m successive experiments at the same temperature and pressure ; but it was even more easily seen in the relative behaviour of a number of piezometers which were simul- taneously exposed to exactly the same temperature and pressure several times in 32 THE VOYAGE OF H.M.S. CHALLENGER. succession. A single page of my laboratory book, taken at random, sufficiently illustrates this. To avoid confusion, I give the records of two of the ordinary instru- ments (with fresh water) alone, leaving out the records of those with sea-water, and I insert [in brackets] the pressures and the average apparent compressibilities calculated from the data. The water employed was that of the ordinary supply of Edinburgh, and was boiled, for a short time only, to expel air : — II. jil IV. VI. 23/7/86. E. G. A. G. 25-0 8 46-4 419 25-0 8 K . S. (in gun) 1< 25-1 8 47-0 423 25-1 8 K. S. 15° 25-1 8 68-1 841 25-1 8 K. S. 15° 25-2 8 68-4 844 25-2 8 25-2 8 90-0 1261 25-5 8 K. S. 15 25-6 8 90-0 1263 25-5 8 2 c. 28-0 28-0 56-0 560 85-0 85-0 136-2 [Pressure 0-983 tons] [4333] 137-7 122-5 [0-993] [4339] [4342] 269-0 256-6 [1-992] [4218] [4214] 269-8 258-1 [2-0] [4216] [4224] 393-7 376-9 [2-997] [4092] [4116] 394-4 376-9 [3-002] [4093] [4110] The left-hand column gives the readings of the external gauge, the next those of Amagat's gauge, before, during, and after the application of pressure. The third gives the pressure as read by one of the internal gauges described in my previous Report. The fourth column gives the readings of the two piezometers selected ; the fifth the pressure (in tons) for each experiment, and the compressibility calculated. The latter numbers are multiplied by 108. PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF WATER, ETC. 33 Notice that, in the first experiment (. .) failed to give a reading. Also in the fifth and sixth the indications of the two instruments do not agree very closely. The character of the results, however, points apparently to an error in gauging one or other of the instruments. It was the unavoidable occurrence of defects of these kinds that led me to make so many determinations at each temperature and pressure selected. The above specimen contains less than 1 per cent, of my results for fresh water, and I obtained at least as many reduced observations on sea-water. To obtain an approximate formula for the full reduction of the observations, I first made a graphic representation, on a large scale, of the results for different pressures at each of four temperatures, adding the compressibility of glass as given in Section VI. above. From this I easily found that the average compressibility for 2 tons pressure (at any one temperature) is somewhat less than half the sum of those for 1 and for 3 tons. Thus the average compressibility through any range of pressure falls off more and more slowly as that range is greater. And, within the limits of my experiments, I found that this relation between pressure and average compressibility could be fairly well represented by a portion of a rectangular hyperbola, with asymptotes coincident with and perpendicular to the axis of pressure. Hence at any one temperature (within the range I was enabled to work in), if v0 lie the volume of fresh water at one atmosphere, v that under an additional pressure p, we have o0 — v _ A very nearly, A and I~I being quantities to be found. I had two special reasons (besides, of course, its adaptability to the plotted curve) for selecting this form of expression. First, it cannot increase or diminish indefinitely for increasing positive values of p, and is therefore much to be preferred in a question of this kind to the common mode of representation by ascending powers of the variable, such as two or more terms of B0+BLp + Bsp2+ &c, or the absolutely indefensible expression, too often seen in inquiries connected with this and similar questions, C0 + Cj'" + &c. Second, it becomes zero when^j is infinite, as it ought certainly to do in this physical problem. It appeared also to suggest a theoretical interpretation. But I will say no more about this for the present, as it is simply a matter of speculation. See the latter part of Section X., below. But there is a grave objection to this form of expression, in the fact that small percentage changes in the data involve large percentage changes in A and II, though not in the ratio A/IT. This objection, however, does not apply to (PHYp. CHBM. CHALL. EXP. — PART IV. — 1888.) 5 34 THE VOYAGE OF H.M.S. CHALLENGER. the use of it in the calculations preliminary to the full reduction, as in them it is A/TI only which is required. Next, on calculating from my data the values of A and II for different temperatures, I found that, within the recognised limits of errors of the observations, II might be treated as sensibly constant. Thus I was enabled easily to make graphic representa- tions of the average compressibility at each pressure, in terms of temperature. Again I obtained curves which could, for a first trial at least, be treated as small portions of rectangular hyperbolas, with the axis of temperature as one asymptote. Hence A— 2- T + t where T is a constant ; and B also may for a time be treated as constant. Thus I arrived at the empirical expression E (n+P)(T + t) whose simplicity is remarkable, and which lends itself very readily to calculation. As I required it for a temporary purpose only, I found values of the constants by a tentative process ; which led to the result 0-28 {36+1)) (150 + 0 This gives the average compressibility per atmosphere throughout the range of additional pressure p, the latter being measured in tons' weight per square inch. The following brief table shows with what approximation the (unreduced) experi- mental results (multiplied by 107) are represented by this formula. The nearest integer is taken in the third place : — 1 ton. 2 tons. 3 tons. Temp. Obs. Calc. D. Obs. Calc. D. Obs. Calc. 1). 0°-4 503 503 0 489 490 -1 477 477 0 3°-2 492 494 _ 2 479 481 -2 466 469 -3 11--8 467 468 -1 454 455 -1 441 444 -3 15°0 459 459 0 448 447 +1 436 435 +1 The agreement is tolerably close, so that the empirical formula may be used, without any great error, in the hydrostatic equations, so long as the temperatures and pressures concerned are such as commonly occur in lakes. But the columns of differences show that the form of the formula is not suitable. The pressure factor seems appropriate, but it is clear that, at any one pressure, the curve representing the compression in terms of the temperature has greater curvature than the formula assigns. Still the formula amply suffices for the reduction of the ol: ervations of any one group when the pressures or temperatures were not precisely PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF WATER, ETC. 35 the same in all. It was, however, not much required, for the pressure could be adjusted with considerable accuracy, and (especially when the large gun was used) the changes of temperature were very slow. The next step was to enter, as shown in Plate II. fig. 3, all the results obtained from the various piezometers at each definite temperature and pressure, with the view of selecting the most probable value. The amount of discordance was in all cases very much the same as that shown in the plate for the series of experiments at two tons' pressure and the one temperature 5° C. It will be observed that the extreme limits of divergence from the mean are not more than about two units in the third significant place. For a pressure of one ton this corresponds to about half a millimetre in the position of the indices, so that after what has been said about their peculiarities of behaviour it may obviously be treated as unavoidable error. Thus the ordinary process of taking means is applicable, unless the observations themselves show some peculiarity which forbids the use of this method. All the results of observations made up to June 1887 (with the help of the Amagat gauge) having been treated in this way, the following mean values of apparent average compressibility (multiplied by 10s) were deduced from them : — ArrARENT Compressibi: lity of Cistern Water, boiled FOR A SHORT TIME. Temp. C. 1 ton. 2 tons. 3 tons. 0°-4 4770 4617 4510 3° -2 4670 4527 4402 3°-4 4671 4521 4395 ll°-8 4415 4276 4163 14°-2 4330 4220 4115 14°-4 4344 4217 4105 15°-0 4338 4219 4102 [I think it extremely probable that the small irregularities among the last three numbers in each pressure column may be due to want of uniformity of temperature throughout the column of water in the pressure chamber. The day-temperature of the cellar is, in summer, always a good deal above that at night, so that in the forenoon (when the experiments were made) the gun and its contents were steadily growing warmer. Thus the column of water was not at a uniform temperature. The assumed temperature was the mean of the readings before the vessel containing the piezometers was inserted, and after it was taken out. While it was in the chamber, the contents could not be properly stirred except by raising and depressing the vessel itself.] The points thus determined were laid down (marked with a *) as in Plate 1., and smooth curves were drawn libcrd manu among them. From these curves the 36 THE VOYAGE OF H.M.S. CHALLENGER. following values were taken at intervals of 5° for the sake of ease of calculation, 260 being added to each for the compressibility of glass : — 0°. 5°. 10°. 15°. 1 ton, 5044 4874 4723 4594 2 tons, 4898 4733 4584 446C 3 tons, 4776 4608 4468 4360 The fact that water has a temperature of minimum compressibility led me to try to represent these numbers by a separate parabolic formula for each pressure. The following were easily found : — 504- 3-60* + 0-04/3, \ 490 -3-65* + 0-05^ (. . . (A) 478 -3-701, + 0-06^' j for 1, 2, and 3 tons respectively. [The terms independent of t belong to the formula 520 — \7p+]f. This will be made use of in future sections.] The utmost difference between the results of these formulae and the numbers from which they were obtained is less than 1/1 0th per cent. No closer approximation could be desired, much less expected, especially when we consider the way in which the * points (on which the whole depends) were themselves obtained. These are represented as follows : — 0° •4. 3°-2. ir •8. 14° -4. 15' •o. Obs. Calc. Obs. Calc. ( U.S. Calc. Obs. Calc. Obs. Calc. 503 502-5 493 493 467-5 467-2 460-4 460-5 459-8 459 487-7 488-5 478-7 479 453-6 453-9 447-7 447-8 447-9 446-5 477 476-5 466-2 466-8 442-3 442-7 436-5 4371 436-2 436 In one instance only does the difference reach unit in the third significant place. [It must be remembered that all these numbers commence with the fifth digit after the decimal point.] In spite of some remarks above as to uncertainty about temperature, I am con- vinced that the mode of experimenting employed is calculated to insure considerably greater accuracy in the comparison of compressibilities at different temperatures for any one pressure, than in that of compressibilities for different pressures at any one temperature. The displacement of the indices by the expanding water is likely to be more serious the higher the pressure, as the difficulty of effecting the relief quietly is much greater. Probably all the values for the higher pressures are a little too small for this reason. The results given above are represented with a fair degree of accuracy by the simple formula 0-001863 /._ 3/ t2 \ 36 +2> V 400 + 10,0007 which will amply suffice for ordinary purposes. In this form, however, some small PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF WATER, ETC. 37 but highly expressive and apparently important features of the formulas (A) for the separate pressures are, of course, lost. The statement above, as to the greater uncer- tainty of the values the higher the pressure, renders it probable that, in the pressure factor in this formula, both the constants ought to be somewhat larger. It is clear that very small changes in the relative values of the compressions for 1, 2, and 3 tons would make great changes in these constants. In fact, an error of 1 per cent, at 3 tons involves an error of some twenty per cent., nearly, in each of the constants of the pressure factor. Again, this last formula would give, for all pressures, minimum compressibility at about 37° C. ; while the former three give 45° C. at 1 ton, 36^5 at 2, and 30°"8 at 3 tons : — these minima being 423, 423'4, and 421 respectively. If we venture to extend the formula? (A) to atmospheric pressure, we are led to 520- 3-55/ + 0-03*2 I have already shown1 that this is in close accordance with Buchanan's results at 2°-5 and 12°-5 C. Buchanan's pressure unit is thoroughly trustworthy; for it was deter- mined by letting down the piezometer, with a Challenger thermometer attached, to a measured depth in the ocean. It would thus appear that the extension of my formulae to low pressures is justified by the result to which it leads. This formula gives 415 for the minimum compressibility of water at low pressures, the corresponding temperature being about 60° C. This accords remarkably with the determination made by Pagliani and Vincentini, who discovered it, and placed it at 63° 0. On Plate II. I have exhibited graphically a number of known determinations of the compressibility of water for very low pressures at different temperatures. The line marked Hypothetical is drawn from the formula above, the authors of the others are named in the plate. It will be seen at a glance that, if Pagliani and Vincentini had taken Grassi's value of the compressibility of water at 1°'5 C, instead of that at 0° C, as their single assumption, their curve would have coincided almost exactly with my Hypothetical curve ! So far matters seemed to have gone smoothly enough. But when I came to reduce the observations made since June 1887, I found that they gave a result differing, slightly indeed but in a consistently characteristic manner, from that already given. The processes of reduction were carried out precisely as before ; and the points deter- mined by the second series of observations are inserted in Plate I., marked with a ©. Curves drawn through them as before are now seen to be parallel to the former curves, but not coincident with them. And the amount of deviation steadily diminishes from the lowest to the highest pressure. These curves, of course, are very closely repre- 1 See p. 14, above. 38 THE VOYAGE OF H.M.S. CHALLENGER. seated by the formulae (A) above, provided the first terms be made 499, 488, 477 respectively, i.e. provided 5, 2, and 1 be subtracted from the numbers for 1,2, and 3 tons respectively. Thus, while the amount of the compressibility is reduced, it is made to depend on temperature precisely as before, but the way in which it depends on pressure is altered. The rate of diminution of compressibility with increase of pressure is now made constant at any one temperature, instead of becoming slowly less as the pressure is increased. This is incompatible with the results of all of the first series of experiments. The total amount of the compressibility is likewise diminished, by 1 per cent, at 1 ton, by 0-4 per cent, at 2 tons, and by 0"2 per cent, at 3 tons. Small as these differences are, their regularity struck me as very remarkable, and as pointing definitely to some difference of conditions between the two sets of experi- ments. Now there were undoubtedly many circumstances in which the series of experiments differed : — First. The observers were not the same. All the readings in the first series were made by myself ; but (in consequence of an accident which prevented me from working in the cellar) I was unable to take part in the second series, and the readings for it were all made by Mr. Dickson. Thus there may be a difference, of personal equation, in the mode of applying the scale to the stem of the piezometer, or in the final . adjustment of the manometer. Such an explanation is quite in accordance with the results, as a constant difference of reading would tell most when the whole quantity measured is least, i.e. at the lowest pressure. But a difference of a full millimetre in the piezometer readings may be dismissed as extremely improbable. Second. It is possible that, during the second series of experiments, less care may have been taken than in the first series to let off the pressure with extreme slowness. Thus the indices may have been slightly washed down, and the record of compression rendered too small. Even with the greatest care, this undoubtedly occurred in some, at least, of the experiments of the first series ; and the screw-tap may have been altered for the worse during the second series. Third. It is recorded in the laboratory book that, during the second series of observations (which were made for the most part in the exceptionally cold weather of last spring) the oil and treacle in the manometer had become very viscous, so that it was difficult to make the pistons rotate. As artificial cooling, of the pressure apparatus alone, was employed in the first series, this objection does not apply to it. A constant zero error of 4 mm. only in the gauge would fully explain the discrepancy. And there was another cause which may have tended to produce this result, viz. the oxidation of the mercury in the manometric column, which had soiled the interior of the lower part of the tube, and thus made it very difficult to read the zero. Fourth. The piezometers had been twice refilled, and of course slightly altered in content, between the two series, and the hair indices had necessarily been changed. PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF WATER, ETC. 39 The former cause could have produced no measurable effect; but if the indices win all somewhat stiffer to move in the second series than in the first, the discrepance might be fully accounted for. Fifth. Between the two series all the piezometers had, for several months, been filled with strong salt-solutions. Imperfect washing out of these solutions may have had the effect of rendering the second series a set of experiments on water very slightly salt. Sixth. To make my observations applicable to natural phenomena, I purposely did not employ distilled water. The ordinary water supply of Edinburgh is of very fair quality, and I took care that it should not be boiled longer than was absolutely necessary to prevent air-bubbles from forming in the piezometers. But it comes from different sources, and is supplied as a mixture containing these in proportions which vary from time to time. From this cause also the substance operated upon may have been slightly different in the two series of experiments. As will be seen in next section, I have obtained direct proof that the first series of observations is to be preferred to the second, — though I have not been able to ascertain definitely which of the above causes may have been most efficient in producing the discrepancy. It will be observed that this discussion has nothing to do with the important question, Does the compressibility of water diminish from the very first as the pressure increases, as was asserted by Perkins ? The first and rudest of my experiments sufficed to answer this definitely in the affirmative; though the contrary opinion has been confidently advanced, and is very generally held to this day. The discussion deals with a much more refined and difficult question, viz. Is the diminution of average compressibility simply proportional to the pressure for the first few hundred atmospheres, or does the compressibility fall off more slowly than that proportion would indicate, as the pressure is raised ? VIII. Reductions, Results, and Formulae fob Sea-Water. As already stated, three of the six piezometers employed were filled with fresh water and three with sea-water, so that simultaneous observations were made on the two substances. The accordance among the various observations made with sea-water, at any one temperature and pressure, was not so good as it was with fresh water ; especially when the smaller compression apparatus was used. There is some curious action of salt upon the hairs attached to the indices, which has the effect of rendering them too loose, however stiffly they may originally have fitted the tube. Treating the observations of the first series exactly as described in the preceding section, I obtained 40 THE VOYAGE OF H.M.S. CHALLENGER. the points marked # in Flatc I. Drawing smooth curves through these, I obtained parabolic formulae for the apparent compressibility. These gave the following results when compared with the data from observation : — Apparent Compressibility of Sea-Water. 1 ti hi. o tons. 3 tons. Obs. Calc. Obs. Calc. Obs. Calc. 0°-4 435 435 420 420 410 410 3°-0 427 427 413 413 4025 403 ir-8 404 404 392 392 383-5 384 14°-2 398 399 389 388 380 380 15°-0 398 397 387 387 378 378 Adding the correction for glass, the formula? became, for 1, 2, and 3 tons respectively — 462 -3-20t + 0-QU2, \ 447-5- 3-05/ + 0 -Oof2, '. . . (B) 437-5 -2-95C + 0-05/2, j which may be compared with (A) for fresh water ; and which may be approximately expressed in the form (very nearly correct forp = 2) — ■ 0-00179^ / f- , 38+jA 150 10,000 J with sufficient accuracy for most purposes of calculation. Of course it is easy to deduce from formula? (B) the points of minimum compressi- bility, etc., for different jjressures ; but the data are scarcely accurate enough to warrant such a proceeding. We may, however, extend the formula? tentatively to the case of very low pressures, for which we obtain 4Sl-3-4* + 0-03f2. [The term independent of t in the formulae (B) is of the form 481-21-25^ + 2-2-V-] The second series of observations gave, when reduced, the points marked i on the plate. The curves which I have drawn, and which evidently suit them very closely, are imrallel respectively to the curves drawn through the * points. The interval between them is throughout about 7 for 1 ton, 4 for 2 tons, and 3 for 3 tons, which must be subtracted from the first terms of (B) respectively. The corresponding intervals for the fresh water curves in the two series were 5, 2, 1. The differences of corresponding intervals between the sets of curves are 2, 2, 2 ; the same for all the groups of four curves each. PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF WATER, ETC. 41 This seems to throw light on the question raised in last section, and to show that the main cause of the discrepancy between the first and second series of observations is not due to a difference in the substance operated on. The constant difference of the differences is due to such a cause, being at once traceable to the fact that the sea-water put into some of the piezometers for the second series of experiments was taken from the same Winchester quart bottle as was that with which they had been filled two years before. During these two years the sea-water had probably, by evaporation, become slightly stronger, and, therefore, less compressible. The change of com- pressibility is less than 0'5 per cent, of the whole, and is therefore practically (as it is in the third significant figure) the same for all three pressures. If we now look back to the suggested explanations in last section, we see that the above remarks entirely dispose of the fifth and sixth so far as fresh water is concerned, though the sixth, in a modified form, has to do in part with the discrepancy between the two series of observations on sea-water. To decide between the two series I made a new set of observations, employing the two piezometers of large capacity spoken of at the end of Section III. These are called ML and M2. On the first day of experimenting Mx held sea-water from a Winchester quart filled at the same time with the first, but which had remained unopened. M2 had fresh water. On the second day M2 held sea-water, and Mx fresh water. The object of this was to discover, if such existed, errors in the calibration of the piezometers, and then to eliminate them by a process akin to that of weighing with a false balance. One of the ordinary piezometers (v), filled with fresh water, was associated with the others as a check. I quote the results of one experiment only, made on the second day : — 5/6/88 5 9°-4 422 5 Thus we have the following comparison of estimates of true average compressibility for the first additional ton : — Fresh Water. Sea-Water. ( 1st Series 474 434 9°-4j2n,l „ 469 427 (New „ 473 434 A few of the experiments were not thoroughly decisive ; none were in favour of the second series. This seems (so far as the first ton is concerned) to settle the question in favour of the first series. The formulae (A) and (B) may therefore, for 1 ton at least, be regarded as (PHYS. CHE5I. CHALL EXI>. — rART IV. — 1888.) " [0997 ton] Mx 310-9 [4465] M3 234-7 [4080] 1260 [4463] 42 THE VOYAGE OF H.M.S. CHALLENGER. approximations to the truth, probably about as close as the apparatus and the method employed are capable of furnishing. They show that the ratio of compressibilities of sea-water and fresh water varies but little from 0-92 throughout a range of temperature from 0° to 15° C. [The doubts as to the behaviour of the indices, which have been more than once alluded to above, Lave just led me to make a series of experiments (at one temperature but at different pressures) by the help of the silvering process. The results with fresh water were not much more concordant than when the hair-indices were used. When means were taken, exactly as before, it was found that the results for 1 ton were almost identical with the former. For 2 tons the average value was usually greater than before by a unit (and in some cases two units) in the third place. For 3 tons it was also greater, but now by one or two (and sometimes three) units. Hence it is probable that the hair-indices do behave as I suspected, but that the effect is small, — not at the worst (i.e. at the highest pressure) more than about 0-5 per cent, of the mean value found. With sea water there was a complex reaction, which made it difficult to read the indications of the silver film. The ratio of the true compressibilities of sea-water and fresh water was now found to lie about 0'925, the value which I gave from my earliest experiments. 30/6/88.] Dr. Gibson has furnished me with the following data regarding specimens of sea- water taken from two of the Winchester quarts filled off the Isle of May. One of these had remained unopened ; the other had been often opened, and not closed with special care. These correspond (at least closely) to the materials used in the first and second series of experiments respectively : — Density. Percentage of CI. 0° C. 6°C. 12° C. 1-8G49 1-027286 1-026745 1-025834 1-9094 1-027911 1-027405 1-026462 Taking the reciprocals in the last three columns, we have Volume. 0°C. 6° 12° 0-973439 0-973951 0-974816 0-972818 0-973326 0-974220 Expressing these volumes as parabolic functions of the temperature, we find, for the maximum density points, — 5°7 and — 4°-9 respectively. PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF WATER, ETC. 43 IX. Compressibility, Expansibility, etc., of Solutions of Common Salt. This part of the inquiry was a natural extension of the observations on sea-water, but it was also in part suggested by the fact that an admixture of salt with water produces effects very similar to those of pressure. Thus it appeared to me that an investigation of the compressibility of brines of various strengths might throw some light on the nature of solution ; and also on the question of the internal pressure of liquids, which (in some theories of capillary forces) is regarded as a very large quantity. The solutions experimented on contained, roughly, 4, 9, 13"4, and 17'6 per cent, of common salt. The piezometers used for the experiments already described were filled with these solutions in July 1887; one, for comparison, being left full of fresh water. I obtained a large number of results at temperatures about 1°, 9°, and 19° C, and at 1, 2, and 3 tons weight per square inch. Unfortunately these were still more discordant than those made with sea- water ; so much so, in fact, that an error of 1 or occasionally even 2 per cent, was not by any means uncommon. However, by plotting all the observations exactly as described in the two last sections, I found that they could be fairly represented by the curves shown in Plate I. In most cases two at least of the three points for each curve were fairly determinate ; one of these being, in all cases, within a degree or so of 10° C. For this was obtained by experiments in the large gun, where the difficulty of relieving the pressure without jerks is much less than in the smaller apparatus. Of the general accuracy of these curves I have no doubt. Thus, for instance, it is certain that the compressibility at any one temperature and pressure diminishes rapidly as the percentage of salt increases. And the rate at which the compressibility (for any one range of pressure) diminishes as temperature increases, becomes rapidly less as the solution is stronger. My observations do not enable me to settle the more delicate question of the variation of the rate at which the compressibility (at any one temperature) falls off with increase of pressure in the various solutions. For the limits of error in the various determinations, especially with the more nearly saturated solutions, are quite sufficient to mask an effect of this kind unless it were considerable. An attempt, however, will be made in next Section. There is little to be gained by putting the results of the inquiry in a tabular form ; for they can be obtained from the plate quite as accurately as is warranted by the limits of uncertainty of the experiments. See p. 47. I am indebted to Dr. Gibson for the following determinations, which have a high 44 THE VOYAGE OF H.M.S. CHALLENGER. value of their own as showing the connection between the strength of a salt-solution and its expansibility : — Density. Percentage of NaCl. 0° C. 6°C. 12° C. 3-8845 1-029664 1-028979 1-027935 8-8078 1-067589 1-066144 1-064485 13-3610 1-101300 1-099341 1 097244 17-6358 1-138467 1-136040 1-133565 From Dr. Gibson's numbers, with the help of a table of reciprocals, we have the following data as to volume instead of density : — itage of NaCl. 0°C. 6°. 12°. 3-88 •97119 •97184 •97282 8-81 ■93669 ■93796 •93942 13-36 •90802 •90963 •91137 17-63 •87837 •88025 •88217 Next, to find the maximum density for each solution, and the corresponding temperature, we must represent these volumes by parabolic functions of t. Thus the first three numbers are closely represented by y = 0-97083 + °'°^11 (9 + 02, so that the first solution has its maximum density (l-030) at —9° C, and its coefficient of expansion is 0-0000093 (9 + t). Such formulae, of course, must be taken for no more than embodiments of the data, and any application of them considerably beyond the temperature limits 0° — 1 2° C. is purely hypothetical. For the second solution — y = 0-93306 + O"00°0951 (37.2 + tf, , so that (under the reservation just made) the maximum density is T0717, at — 37°'2, and the coefficient of expansion is 0-0000056 (37-2 + 0- For the third — y = 0-89884 + 0-0000018 (72 + tf The maximum density is 1-1125, at —72° C. ; and the expansibility 0-000004 (72 + 0- PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF WATER, ETC. 45 The numbers for the volume of the fourth solution are so nearly in arithmetical progression that we can hardly use them to approximate, even roughly, to the position of the maximum density point, or the corresponding density. The expansibility has practically (from 0° to 12° C.) the constant value 0-00036. Thus we have for the various salt solutions : — rcentage NaCl. 0 Max. Density Point. + 4° Max. Density. 1 Density at 0° C. 0-99986 Expansibility. -0000068(1-0 3-88 -9° 1-030 1-02966 + 0-000084(l+|) 8-81 -37° 1-0717 1-06759 0-00021 (1+^) 13-36 17-63 -72° 1-1125 1-10130 1-13847 0-00029 (l+L) \ 72/ 0-00036 As a good illustration of the analogy at the beginning of this section, let us deal for a moment with fresh water at such a pressure that its maximum density point is — 9° C. , that of the first of the salt solutions. It will be seen later that the requisite pressure is about 4 tons. At that pressure (A) gives 468 - 3-75t + 0-07;!2. Hence as the unit of volume at 1 atm. and 4° C. becomes 1 '000136 at 1 atm. and 0° C, it is reduced at 4 tons and 0° C. to (1-000136) (l - 609 x7468) = 1 - 0-0284, so that the density has become 10292. At the same temperature, and at 1 atm., the density of the salt solution, which has the same maximum density point, is 1-0297. If we assume the formulae (A) to be applicable to temperatures so far as 9C below zero (a somewhat precarious hypothesis, inasmuch as water at 4 tons has its freezing point about — 4°'5 C), the maximum densities alike of the compressed water and of the salted water are closely represented by 1-030. 46 THE VOYAGE OF H.M.S. CHALLENGER. [In obtaining the first of these numbers, I assumed from Despretz that the density of water at 1 atm. and — 9°C. is 0"9984.] Of course it would be vain to attempt similar calculations for the stronger solutions, as the indicated maximum density points are so widely outside the limits of my experiments. But the example just given seems to show that if fresh water be made, by pressure, to have its maximum density point the same as that of a common-salt solution under atmospheric pressure, the densities of the two will be nearly the same at that point, and will remain nearly alike as tempera- ture changes. NOTE. In all that precedes it has been tacitly assumed : — 1. That the pressure is the same outside and inside the piezometer. 2. That the pressure measured by the gauge is that to which the contents of the piezometer were exposed. 3. That the pressure was uniform throughout the contents. None of these is strictly true, so that cause must be shown for omitting any consequent correction. The third may be dismissed at once, as the height of the piezometer bulb is only a few inches. The difference of levels between the upper end of the gauge and the bulbs of the piezometers, when in the pressure -chamber, was about three feet, so that on this account the pressure applied was less than that in the gauge by one-tenth of an atmosphere. But as differences of pressure alone were taken from the gauge, this '■ause merely shifts (to a small extent) the range through which the compression was measured. But the rise of mercury in the piezometer stem made a reduction of the range of pressure as measured, which for 3 tons pressure might amount to about 0'5 atm. The error thus introduced was, at the utmost, of the order 0-l of the com- pressibility measured. Thus the second cause, also, produces only negligible effects. I preferred to settle the first question by experiment rather than by calculation, as the obtaining of the data for calculation would have required cutting up of the piezometer bulbs. The 0-5 atm. spoken of above represented, in extreme cases, the excess of external over internal pressure in the piezometers. By direct experiment on two of the instruments themselves, it was found that their internal volume was diminished at most 0 '00002 of the whole by 0"6 atm. of external pressure. This would involve as a correction the adding of O'l per cent, only to the results at 3 tons, so that it also is well within the limits of error of the measurements above. ASSOCIATED PHYSICAL QUESTIONS. X. Theoretical Speculations. 503 490 477 449 438 428 39G 386 378 354 345 338 321 313 306 If instead of the percentage of Nad in the solutions we tabulate the amount of NaCl to 100 of water, and along with it the compressibility at zero, we have — s = amount of Average compressibility at 0° C. x 107. NaCl to 100 of water. For first ton. First 2 tons. First 3 tons. o-o 40 9-6 15-4 21-4 The relation between these numbers is very fairly represented by the formula — Average compressibility for first p tons= — — It is remarkable that if we put t = 0 in the formula of Section VII., we have — Average compressibility of fresli water for first p + s tons = — — which presents an exceedingly striking resemblance to that last written. Though these formulae are only approximate, we may assume the true constants to be at least nearly the same in both, and make the following statement as a sort of memoria technica in this subject : — At 0° C. the average compressibility, for p tons, of a solution of s lbs. of common salt in 100 lbs. of water, is nearly equal to the average compressibility of fresh water for the first p + s tons of additional pressure. The numerical coincidence above is, of course, accidental ; because the formulae are taken for the special temperature 0° C, and the special unit of pressure 1 ton weight per square inch. But a coincidence of a much more striking character, and one which does not depend upon special choice of units, is suggested by the common form of the expressions compared. 48 THE VOYAGE OF H.M.S. CHALLENGER. It appears from the Kinetic Theory of Gases, in which the particles are treated as hard spheres, whose coefficient of restitution is 1, and which exert no action on one another except at impact, that the pressure and volume of the group at any one temperature are connected by a relation approximately of the form p (v — a) = constant. The cpiantity a obviously denotes the ultimate volume, i.e. that to which the group would be reduced if the pressure were infinite. I have pointed out * that this expression coincides almost exactly with the results of Amagat's experiments on the compression of hydrogen. The introduction of an attractive force between the particles, sensible only when they are at a mutual distance of the order of their diameters, merely alters the constants in this expression. Let us see what interpretation it will bear if, for a moment, we suppose it roughly to represent the state of things in water. The average compressibility of such a group of particles, between the pressures ■m and vs+p, viz., where v0 is the volume at m, and v that at m+p, is easily shown to be Compare this with the empirical expression above for the compressibility of water say at 0° C. (per ton weight on the square inch) — 152-3 x 0-00186 _ 0-283 36 +p 36 +p and we see that they agree exactly in form. If, then, the results of the kinetic theory be even roughly applicable to the case of a liquid, we may look upon the 36 in this expression as the number of tons weight per square inch by which the internal pressure of water exceeds the external pressure. And the corresponding empirical expression for the compressibility of a solution of common salt may be interpreted as showing that the addition of salt to water increases the internal pressure by an amount simply proportional to the quantity of salt added. That liquids have very great internal pressure has been conjectured from the results of Laplace's and other theories of capillarity, in which the results are derived statically from the hypothesis of molecular forces exerted intensely between contiguous portions of the liquid, but insensibly between portions at sensible distances apart. A very interesting partial verification of this proposition was given by Berthelot2 in 1850. By 1 Trans. Roy. Soc. Edin., vol. xxxiii. p. 90, 1886.] 2 Ann. de Chimie, tom. xxx. p. 232. PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF WATER, ETC. 49 an ingenious process he subjected water to external tension, and found that it could support at least fifty atmospheres. The calculation was made on the hypothesis that a moderate negative pressure increases the volume of water as much as an ecpjal positive pressure diminishes it. I was led to the conclusion that the internal pressure of a liquid must be greatly superior to the external, as a consequence of the remarkable results of Andrews' experiments on carbonic acid, and of the comments made on them by J. Thomson and Clerk-Maxwell.1 It was Prof. E. Wiedemann who, while making an abstract of my paper [Appendix E) for the Beiblatter zu den Ann. d. Physih, first called my attention to Berthelot's experiment. In Appendix F a short account of Laplace's calculations is given, and it is shown that the work required to carry unit volume of water, from the interior to a distance from the surface greater than the range of molecular forces, is 2 K x 1 cub. inch, where K is the internal molecular pressure per square inch. The speculation above would make this work 72 inch-tons. But, in work units, the heat required to vaporize 1 cub. inch of water at 0°C. is 62-5 606 x 1390 foot pounds, or 1/28 163 inch-tons. The two quantities' are at least of the same order of magnitude, and it is to be remembered that what has been taken out in the one case is very small particles of water; in the other, particles of vapour. This raises another extremely difficult question, viz., — What fraction of the whole latent heat is required to convert water, in excessively small drops, into vapour ? The comparison above, if it be well founded, would seem to show that the utmost reduction of volume which water at 0° C. can suffer by increase of pressure is 0-283 ; i.e. that water can be compressed to somewhat less than 3/4ths of its original bulk, but not further. Of course the whole of this speculation is of the roughest character, for two reasons. The Kinetic gas formula has been proved only for cases in which the whole volume of the particles is small compared with the space they occupy. The compression formula is only an approximation, and was obtained for the range of pressures from 150 to 450 atmospheres ; while we have extended its application to much higher pressures. 1 Theory of Heat, chap, vi., London, 1871. (PHYS. CHEM. CHALL. EXP. — PART IV. — 1888.) 7 50 THE VOYAGE OF H.M.S. CHALLENGER. XL Equilibrium of a Vertical Column of Water. In Canton's second paper we have the following interesting statement : — "The weight of 32g feet of sea-water is equal to the mean weight of the atmo- sphere : and, as far as trial has yet been made, every additional weight equal to that of the atmosphere, compresses a quantity of sea-water 40 millionth parts ; now if this constantly holds, the sea, where it is two miles deep, is compressed by its own weight 69 feet 2 inches ; and the water at the bottom is compressed 13 parts in 1000." Either Canton overestimated the density of sea-water or he underestimated the amount of an atmosphere, for undoubtedly 33 feet is a much closer approximation to the column of sea-water which produces 1 atmosphere of pressure. He does not give his process of calculation, but it was probably something like this : — The pressure increases uniformly from the top to the bottom (neglecting the small effect due to change of density produced by compression), and everywhere produces a contraction proportional to its own value. Hence the whole contraction is equal to that which would have been produced if the pressure had had, at all depths, its mean value, i.e. that due to half the whole depth. This process, with Canton's numbers, gives nearly his numerical results. If, then, a be the depth, and p0 the original density, gp0cc/2 is the mean pressure. If e be the compressibility, the whole contraction of a column, originally of length a, is egptfx2\1. Now, a mile of sea-water gives nearly 160 atmospheres of pressure, so that the loss of depth of a mile of sea (supposed at 10° C. throughout) is 160 x 0'000045 x 5280/2 = 19 feet, nearly. For other depths it varies as the square of the depth ; so that for two miles it is 76 feet, and for six miles 684 feet nearly. This, however, is an overestimate, because we have not taken account of Perkins' discovery of the diminution of compressibility as the pressure increases. The investiga- tion for this case is given in Appendix G, where the change of depth is shown to be / 2*r *r2 s Wo«2/2(1-3ff + 25*--) rs being the pressure at the bottom in tons weight per square inch, and II (by Section VIII.) being 38 in the same units. For six miles of sea this is, in feet — 684 (l - A + ^ - &c.) = 620 nearly. In the Appendix referred to I have given a specimen of the hydrostatic problems to which this investigation leads. Any assigned temperature distribution, if not PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF WATER, ETC. 51 essentially unstable, can be approximately treated. But the up- or down-rushes which result from instability are hopelessly beyond the powers of mathematics. One remark of a curious character may be added, viz. that in a very tall column of water (salt or fresh), at the same temperature throughout, the equilibrium might be rendered unstable in consequence of the heat developed by a sudden large increase of pressure. For, as will be seen later, the expansibility of water is notably increased by pressure ; and thus the lower parts of the column will become hotter, and less com- pressible, than the upper. This effect is not produced in a tall column of air, for the expansibility is practically unaltered by pressure. And the opposite effect is produced in bodies like alcohol, &c, where the compressibility steadily increases with rise of temperature. XII. Change of Temperature produced by Compression. The thermal effects of a sudden increase or relaxation of pressure formed an important element in my examination of the Challenger thermometers, and were practically the origin of this inquiry ; one of the most unexpected of the results I obtained being the very considerable compression-change of temperature of the vulcanite slabs on which the thermometers are mounted. Thomson's formula for this heating effect, in terms of the pressure applied, and of the specific heat and expansibility of the body compressed, is given in Appendix C to my former Report. My first direct experiment on the subject was described as follows : ] — " When . . . the bulb of one of the thermometers was surrounded by a shell of lard upwards of half an inch thick, the total effect produced by a pressure of 3j tons weight was 5° F. ; while for the same pressure, without the lard, the effect was only l°-8 F. The temperature of the water in the compression apparatus was 43° F., so that the temperature effect due to the compression of water was less than 0o-2 F." On May 16 of the same year I read a second note on the subject, from which I extract the following : 2 — "I have examined for a number of substances the rise of temperature produced by a sudden application of great pressure, and the corresponding fall of temperature when the pressure was very suddenly relaxed. The copper-iron circuit is, however, too little sensitive for very accurate measurements ; as, from the nature of the apparatus, the wires must be so thin as to have considerable resistance, and the thermo-electric power of the combination is not large. ... I content myself, for the present, with a general statement of the results for cork and for vulcanized india- rubber, which are apparently typical of two classes of solids quite distinct from one another in their behaviour. 1 Proc. Roy. Soc. Edin., vol. xi. p. 51, 1881. ■ Proc. Roy. Soc. Edin., vol. xi. pp. 217, 218, 1881. 52 THE VOYAGE OF H.M.S. CHALLENGER. " In the case of india-rubber the rise of temperature was found to be about 1°"3 F. for each ton-weight of pressure per srpiare inch ; and the fall in relaxation was almost exactly the same. " With cork each additional ton of pressure gave less rise of temperature than the preceding ton ; and the fall on relaxation of pressure was, for one or two tons, only about half the rise. For higher pressures its ratio to the rise became greater. Two tons gave a rise of about 1°'6 F., and a fall of 0°"9 F. " With the same arrangement, the fall of temperature in water suddenly relieved from pressure at a temperature of 60° F. was found to be for One ton-weight per square inch, . . . . . 0°-25 F. Two „ „ ..... 0°-56 „ Three „ „ ..... 0°-93 „ Four „ „ ..... l°-35 „ " These numbers give the averages of groups of fairly concordant results. I employed cooling exclusively in these experiments, because one of the valves of my pump was out of order, and the pressure could not be raised at a uniform rate. The effects obtained for successive tons of pressure are thus, roughly, 0o,25, 0°-31, 0°"37, and 0°"42 F. " If these results may be trusted, they probably indicate a lowering of the maximum-density point of water by pressure." ' In the next extract it will be seen that I deduced from these data a lowering of the maximum-density point amounting to about 3° C. per ton. The experiments on water were carried further in the following year by Professors Marshall and Michie Smith, and Mr. Omond.2 The second of their papers contains the annexed graphic representation of the results, which is alluded to in the following extract. 1 [See footnote to p. 27.] 2 Proc. Roy. Soc. Eclln., voL xl. pp. G26 and 809, 1882. PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF WATER, ETC. 53 The final result of these experiments, as assigned by the authors, was a probable lowering of the maximum-density point of water ' by 5° C. for one ton pressure. To this paper I added the following note (I.e. p. 813) : — "If we assume the lowering of the temperature of maximum-density to be proportional to the pressure, which is the simplest and most natural hypothesis, we may write where p is in tons weight per square inch. " Now Thomson's thermo-dynamic result is of the form Bt = A(t-t0')Sp. " This becomes, with our assumption, 8t=A(t-t0+Bp)Sp. "As the left-hand member is always very small, no sensible error will result from integrating on the assumption that t is constant on the right (except when the quantity in brackets is very small, and then the error is of no consequence). Integrating, therefore, on the approximate hypothesis that A and B may be treated as constants, we have for the whole change of temperature produced by a finite pressure p — At = A(t-t0)p + %ABp2. " I have found that all the four lines in the diagram given [from Messrs. Marshall, Smith, and Omond, on last page, where y is the heating effect of p tons at tem- perature t] can be represented, with a fair approach to accuracy, by the formula y = 0-0095(< - i)p + 0-017p2, where p has the values 1, 2, 3, 4 respectively. Hence, comparing with the theoretical formula, we have the values A = 0-0095, B = 3°-6C. " B expresses the lowering of the maximum-density point for each ton weight of pressure per square inch. " It seems, however, that all the observations give considerably too small a change of temperature ; for the part due to the first power of the pressure is from 30 to 40 per cent, less than that assigned by Thomson's formula and his numerical data. One obvious cause of this is the small quantity of water in the compression apparatus, compared with the large mass of metal in contact with it. This would tend to diminish all the results, whether heating or cooling ; and the more so the more deliberately the experiments were performed. Another cause is the heating (by com- pression) of the external mercury in the pressure gauge. Thus the pressures are always overestimated ; the more so the more rapidly the experiments are conducted. A third cause, which may also have some effect, is the time required by the thermo- electric junction to assume the exact temperature of the surrounding liquid. 54 THE VOYAGE OF H.M.S. CHALLENGER. " Be this, however, as it may, the following table shows the nature of the agreement between the results of my original experiments [ante, p. 52] and the data derived from the present investigations. The gauge and the compression apparatus were the same as in my experiments of last year ; the galvanometer, the thermo-electric junctions, and the observers were all different. The column MSO gives the whole heating or cooling effect at 150,5 C, calculated for different pressures from the results of the investigation by Professor Marshall and his coadjutors. The column T contains the results of my direct experiments at that temperature : — 2) (tons) MSO T Thomson. 1 0-131 C. 0-139 C. 0-177 C. 2 0-294 0-311 0-355 3 0-465 0-516 0-533 4 0-665 0-750 0-711 " It will be noticed that there is, again, a fair agreement ; though the results are, as a rule, lower than those calculated from Thomson's formula. My own agree most nearly with Thomson's formula, probably because they were very rapidly conducted. As they stand, they give about 3° C. for the effect of 1 ton on the maximum-density point. It is to be observed that if we could get the requisite corrections for conduc- tion and for compression of mercury, their introduction would increase (as in fact is necessary) the constant A above, but would have comparatively little effect on the value of B, which is the quantity really sought." The experiments on other substances were carried out for me by Messrs. Creelman and Crocket, from whose important paper 1 I extract the following results, which have some connection with the subjects of this and of my former Report : — "Challenger" Vulcanite, at 16° C. Pressure. Rise per ton. Fall per ton. Cork, at 15° C. Pressure. Rise per ton. '. Fall per ton, 1 2 3 0°-75 0°-65 0°-59 0°-51 0°-45 0°-42 1 2 3 Glass, at 15° C. 0°-12 0°-13 0°-13 0°-12 0°-14 0°-14 1 2 3 Gutta Percha, at 16' 0--65 0°-60 0°-58 c. 0°-67 0°-64 0°-63 1 2 3 Solid Paraffin, at 14 0°-56 0°-56 0°-54 °c. 0°-57 0°-59 0°-61 1 2 3 Chloroform, at 17° l°-44 l°-34 1°-31 C. r-45 r-45 r-47 1 2 3 1 2 3 1 2 3 1 2 3 1 2 3 0°-33 0°-31 0°-28 Indiarubber, at 15' 0°-74 0°-70 0°-70 Beeswax, at 15° 0°-83 0°-79 0°-78 C. 0°-33 0°-33 0°-32 0°-79 0°-79 0°-80 0°-83 0°-86 0°-89 Marine Glue, at 15°-5 C. 0°-91 0°-98 0°-85 0°-90 0°-82 0°-91 Sulphuric Ether, at 21° C, r-8 i°-9 r-74 r-8 r-7 r-7 1 Proc. Boy. Soc. Edin., vol. xiii. p. 311, 1885. PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF WATER, ETC. 55 As. was to be expected from the fact that the getting up of pressure requires a short time, while the relief is practically instantaneous, the heating effect is generally a little smaller than the cooling effect for the same change of pressure. These experimenters thus completely confirmed my statements as to the curiously exceptional behaviour of cork, but they found no other substance, in the long list of those which they examined, which behaves in a similar manner. It is to be remarked that as, in all the experiments described or cited in this section, the temperature-changes were measured by a thermo-electric junction which was itself exposed to the high pressures employed, there may be error due to the com- pression of the materials forming the junction. The wires were, for several reasons, very thin ; so that the error, if any, is not due to changes of temperature in them, but to (possible) change of relative thermo-electric position, due to pressure. This is a very insidious source of error, and it is not easy to see how to avoid it. XIII. Effect of Pressure on the Maximum-Density Point. Though the lowering of the maximum-density point of water by pressure is an immediate consequence of Canton's discovery, that the compressibility diminishes as the temperature is raised, it seems to have been first pointed out, so lately as 1875, by Puschl.1 I was quite unaware of his work, and of that of Van der Waals,2 when (as shown in Section XII. above) I was led to the same conclusion by the differences between theory and experiment, as to the heat developed by compression of water. This can very easily be shown as follows. Let the (vertical) ordinates of the curve ABC represent the volume of water at 1 atm., the abscissae the corresponding temperatures, B the maximum-density point. Let the dotted curve abc represent the same for a greater pressure, say two atmospheres. Then, by Canton's result, L?_ . t the vertical distance between these curves (the difference between corresponding ordinates) diminishes continuously from A to C ; so long, .at least, as the temperature at C is under that of minimum compressibility. Hence the inclination of abc to the axis of temperatures is everywhere greater than that of the corresponding part of ABC. Thus the minimum, 6, of the dotted curve (where its tangent is horizontal) must correspond to a point, /3, in the full curve, where the inclination is negative — i.e. a point at a lower temperature than B. i Sitzungsb. d. maih.-naturw. CI. d. k. Akad. d. Wiss. Wien, Bd. lxxii. p. 283, 1875. 2 Archives Niierl., torn. xii. p. 457, Haarlem, 1877. 56 THE VOYAGE OF H.M.S. CHALLENGER. To calculate the amount of this lowering, by the process indicated, we must know the form of the curve abc. This, in its turn, can be calculated from a knowledge of the form of ABC, and of the relation between compressibility' and temperature. Both of the authors named took their data as to the latter matter from the experiments of Grassi ; and, as was therefore to be expected, gave results wide of the truth. Puschl calculates a lowering of 1° C. by 87 "6 atm., which is certainly too small; Van der Waals, 0o,78 C. by 10-5 atm., as certainly much too large. To obtain a good estimate in this way is by no means easy, for authorities are not quite agreed as to the form of the curve ABC. If we calculate from the datum of Despretz, which has been verified by Rossetti,1 namely, — vol. at 0° C. _ 1 ,nnm afi vol. at 4° C. we obtain for the volume of water at 1 atm., in terms of temperature, l+0-OOOOOS5(<-4)3 (1) [This refers only to the part A B of the curve, which is what we want. There seems general agreement that the curve is not symmetrical about the ordinate at B.] Now, by (A), the factor for reduction of volume by 1 ton of additional pressure is 1- 0-007676 + 0-000055<-0-00000061<2 (2) The product of these factors, (1) and (2), is a minimum when 0-000017(; - 4) = - 0-000055 + 0-00000122/ ; or, ^4-^ = 4-3-17. ' lob Thus, according to these data, the maximum-density point is lowered by 3°-17 C. per ton of pressure. It will be observed that this is not much less than the result I calculated from the data of Professor Marshall and his comrades, but it agrees almost exactly with that which I derived from my own. The following description of the results of my earlier attempts to solve this question directly, is taken from the Proc. Boy. Soc. Edin., vol. xii. pp. 226-228, 1883 : — " I determined to try a direct process analogous to that of Hope, for the purpose of ascertaining the maximum-density point at different pressures. The experiments presented great difficulties, because (for Hope's" method) the vessel containing the water must have a considerable cross section ; and thus I could not use my smaller compression apparatus, which was constructed expressly to admit of measurements of temperature by thermo-electric processes. I had therefore to work with the huge Fraser gun employed for the Challenger work, and to use the protected thermometers (which are very sluggish) for the measurement of temperatures. It was also necessary to work 1 Pogg. Ann., Erganr.ungsband, v. p. SCO, 1871. PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF WATER, ETC. ..7 with the gun at the temperature of the air,— it would lie almost impossible to keep it steadily at a much lower temperature,— so that I had to work in water at about 12° C. " The process employed was very simple. A tall cylindrical jar full of water had two Challenger thermometers (stripped of their vulcanite mounting) at the bottom, and was more than half-filled with fragments of table-ice floating on the water, and confined by wire-gauze at the top. This was lowered into the water of the gun, and pressure was applied. " It is evident that if there were no conduction of heat through the walls of the cylinder, and if the ice lasted long enough under the steadily maintained pressure, the thermometers would ultimately show, by their recording minimum indices, the maximum- density point corresponding to the pressure employed : — always provided that that temperature is not lower than the melting point of ice at the given pressure. " Unfortunately, all the more suitable bad conductors of heat are either bodies like wood (which is crushed out of shape at once under the pressures employed) or like tallow, &c. (which become notably raised in temperature by compression). I was therefore obliged to use glass. The experiments were made on successive days, three each day, with three different cylindrical jars. These had all the same height and the same internal diameter. The first was of tinned iron ; the second of glass about £ inch thick ; the third, of glass nearly an inch thick, was procured specially for this work. " With the external temperature 12°-2 C, the following were the results of 1^ tons pressure per square inch, continued in each case for 20 minutes (some unmelted ice remaining on each occasion). The indications are those of two different Challenger ther- mometers, corrected for index-error by direct comparison with a Kew standard : — Tin Cylinder. Thin Glass. Thick Glass. 4°C. 2°-67 0°-83 4° 2°-61 0°-83 The coincidence of the first numbers with the ordinary maximum-density point of water is, of course, mere chance. When no pressure was applied, but everything else was the same, the result was — Tin. Thin. Thick. 5°-7 C 5° 4° It is clear that the former set of numbers points to a temperature of maximum density, somewhere about 0° C, under 1^ tons pressure per square inch. But still the mode of working is very imperfect. " I then thought of trying a double cylindrical jar, the thin one above mentioned being enclosed in a larger one which surrounded it all round, and below, at the distance of about f inch. Both vessels were filled with water, with broken ice floating on it, (rHYS. CHEM. CHALL. EXP. rAET IV. — 1888.) 8 58 THE VOYAGE OF H.M.S. CHALLENGER. and had Challenger thermometers at the bottom. By this arrangement I hoped to get over the difficulty due to the temperature of the gun, by having the inner vessel enclosed in water which would be lowered in temperature to about 3° C. by the appli- cation of pressure. The device proved quite successful. The result of lj tons pressure per square inch maintained for 20 minutes, some ice being still left in each vessel, was from a number of closely concordant trials — Temperature in outer vessel, . . . l0-7 C. Temperature in inner vessel, . . . 0°-3 C. The direct pressure correction for the thermometers is only about — 0C-1 C, and has therefore been neglected. " The close agreement of this result with that obtained (under similar pressure conditions) in the thick glass vessel leaves no doubt that the lowering of the maximum-density point is somewhat under 4° C. for 1^ tons, or 2°"7 C. for 1 ton per square inch. It is curious how closely this agrees with the result of my indirect experiments." Further work of the same kind led me to the conclusion that even the double vessel had not sufficiently protected the contents from conducted heat, and to state in my Heat (p. 95, 1884) that "a pressure of 50 atmospheres lowers the maximum- density point by 1° C." During the next two years I made several repetitions of these experiments, with the help of thermometers protected on the Challenger plan, but very much more sensi- tive. These experiments were not so satisfactory as those just described. The new thermometers caused a great deal of trouble by the uncertainty of their indications, which I finally traced to the fact that the paraffin oil which they contained passed, in small quantities, from one end of the mercury column to the other. I was occupied with an attempt to obtain more suitable instruments, when the arrival of the Amagat gauge turned my attention to other matters. So far as I can judge from the results of the three different methods which I have employed, the lowering of the maximum-density point of water by 1 ton of pressure is very nearly, though perhaps a little in excess of, 3° C. It is peculiarly interesting to find that Amagat, by yet another process, — viz. finding two temperatures not far apart at which water, at a given pressure, has the same volume, — has lately obtained a closely coinciding result. He says : " A 200 atm. (chiffres ronds) le maximum de densite de l'eau a retrograde vers zero et l'a, presque atteint ; il parait situe entre zero et 0°'5 (un demi-degre)." ' This makes the effect of 1 ton slightly less than 3° C. As the freezing point is lowered, according to J. Thomson's discovery, by about 1 Comptes Eendus, torn. civ. p. 1160, 1887. PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF WATER, ETC. 5lJ 1°-13 only per ton of additional pressure, — and has a start of but 4°, — the maximum- density point will overtake it at about — 2° -4, under a pressure of 2 '14 tons. The diagram 2 of Plate II. shows the consequences of the pressure-shifting of the maximum-density point in a very clear manner, — especially in its bearing on the expansibility of water at any one temperature but at different pressures. The curves in the diagram are for atmospheric pressure, and for additional pressures of 1, 2 and 3 tons respectively. They are traced roughly by the help of Despretz's tables of expansibility at atmospheric pressure, and the compression data of the present Report. The quantity of water taken in each case is that which, at 0° and under the particular pressure, has unit volume. Thus all the curves pass through the same point on the axis of volumes. How, in consequence of the gradual lowering of the maximum-density point, the expansibility at zero, which is negative at atmospheric pressure, and even at 1 ton of additional pressure, becomes positive and then rapidly greater as the pressure is raised, is seen at a glance. I have to state, in conclusion, that my chief coadjutors in the experimental work have been Mr. H. N. Dickson and my mechanical assistant Mr. T. Lindsa}'. Mr. Dickson also reduced all the observations, about half of them having been done in duplicate by myself. In the compression of glass I had the assistance of Mr. A. Nagel, and occasionally of Dr. Peddie. Mr. A. C. Mitchell assisted me in the graphic work, and checked the calculations in the text. I have already acknowledged the density determinations and analyses of sea-water and salt solutions made by Dr. Gibson. And I have again been greatly indebted to the very skilful glass-working of Mr. Kemp. [7/9/88. — The following analysis of the glass of my piezometers is given by Mr. T. F. Barbour, working in Dr. Crum Brown's Laboratory : — Si02 = 61-20 PbO = 20-94 203 + Fe203 = 0-82 CaO = 2-20 MgO = 0-2G K20 = 1-93 X;i20 = 11-72.] GO THE VOYAGE OF H.M.S. CHALLENGER. ADDENDUM (8/8/88). The reader has already seen that I have, more than once in the course of the inquiry, found myself reproducing the results of others. A few days ago I showed the proof-sheets of this Report to Dr. H. du Bois, who happened to visit my laboratory, and was informed by him that one of Van der WaaJs' papers (he did not know which, but thought it was a recent one) contains an elaborate study of the molecular pressure in fluids. I had been under the impression, strongly forced on me by the reception which my speculations (Appendix E., below) met with both at home and abroad, that Laplace's views had gone entirely out of fashion ; — having made, perhaps, their final appearance in Miller's Hydrostatics, where I first became acquainted with them about 1850. In Van der Waals' memoir " On the Continuity of the Gaseous and Liquid States," which I have just rapidly perused in a German translation, the author expresses himself somewhat to the following effect : If I here give values of K for some bodies, I do it not from the conviction that they are satisfactory, but because I think it important to make a commencement in a matter where our ignorance is so complete that not even a single opinion, based on probable grounds, has yet been expressed about it. Van der Waals gives, as the value of K in water, 10,500 atmospheres; and, in a subsequent paper, 10,700 atm.; while the value given in the text above is about half, viz. 5180 atm. So far as I can see, he does not state how these values were obtained, though he gives the data and the calculations for other liquids. It is to be presumed, however, that his result for water was obtained, like those for ether and alcohol, from Cagniard de la Tour's data as to any two of the critical temperature, volume, and pressure. Van der Waals forms, by a very ingenious process, a general equation of the isothermals of a fluid, in which there are but two disposable constants. This is a cubic in r, whose three roots are real and equal at the critical point. Thus the critical temperature, volume, and pressure can all be expressed in terms of the two constants, so that one relation exists among them. Two being given, the equation of the isothermals can be formed, and from it A' can be at once found. My process, as explained above, was very different. I formed the equation of the isothermal of water at 0° C. from the empirical formula for the average compressibility under large additional pressures ; and by comparing this, and the corresponding equation for various salt solutions, with an elementary formula of the Kinetic theory of gases, I was led to interpret, as the internal pressure, a numerical quantity which appears in the equations. I have left the passages, in the text and Appendix alike, which refer to this subject in the form in which they stood before I became acquainted with Van der Waals' work. I have not sufficiently studied Ms memoir to be able as yet to form a definite opinion whether the difficulty (connected with the non- hydrostatic nature of the pressure in surface films) which is raised in Appendix E. can, or cannot, be satisfactorily met by Van der Waals' methods. Anyhow, the isothermals spoken of in that Appendix are totally different from those given by Van der Waals' equation, inasmuch as the whole pressure, and not merely the external pressure, is introduced graphically in my proposed construction. SUMMARY OF RESULTS. It is explained in the preceding pages that the pressures employed in the experiments ranged from 150 to 450 atm., so that results given below for higher or lower pressures ( and enclosed in scpiare brackets] are extrapolated. A similar remark applies to temperature, the range experimentally treated for water and for sea-water being only 0° to 15° C. Also it has been stated that the recording indices are liable to be washed down the tube, to a small extent, during the relief of pressure, so that the results given are probably a little too small. Compressibility of Mercury, per atmosphere, . . . 0 '0000036 Glass, ..... 0-0000026 Average compressibility of fresh water : — [At low pressures 520.10-r-355.10-9< + 3.10-9/2] For 1 ton = 152-3 atm. 504 360 4 2 „ =304-6 „ 490 365 5 3 „ =456-9 „ 478 370 6 The term independent of t (the compressibility at 0° C.) is of the form 10-7 (520- 17yJ+i-2), where the unit of p is 152'3 atm. (one ton- weight per sq. in.). This must not be extended in application much beyond p = 3, for there is no warrant, experimental or other, for the minimum which it would give at p = 8 '5. The point of minimum compressibility of fresh water is probably about 60° C. at atmospheric pressure, but is lowered by increase of pressure. As an approximation through the whole range of the experiments we have the formula : — 0-00186/ _ 3l_ P \ 36+jA 400 + 10,000/; while the following formula exactly represents the average of all the experimental results at each temperature and pressure : — 10"7 (520 - 1 lp +2<2) - 10"9 (355 + op) t + 10"9 (3 +p) f. Average compressibility of sea-water (about 0"92 of that of fresh water) : — [At low pressures 481. 10-- 340.10-9/1 + 3.1Q-V] For 1 ton 462 320 4 0 447-5 305 5 3 „ 437-5 295 5 62 THE VOYAGE OF H.M.S. CHALLENGER. Term independent of t :— 10-7 (481-21-25p + 2'25pa) Approximate formula : — 0-00179 / t t- \ 38+^ I 150 + 10,000 ) Minimum compressibility point, probably about 56° C. at atmospheric pressure, is lowered by increase of pressure. Average compressibility of solutions of NaCl for the first ]) tons of additional pressure, at 0° C. : — 0-001SG 36 +2' + * 1 where s of NaCl is dissolved in 100 of water. Note the remarkable resemblance between this and the formula for the average compressibility of fresh water at 0° C. and p + s tons of additional pressure. [Various parts of the investigation seem to favour Laplace's view that there is a large molecular pressure in liquids. In the text it has been suggested, in accordance with a formula of the Kinetic Theory of Gases, that in water this may amount to about 36 tons-weight on the square inch. In a similar way it would appear that the molecular pressure in salt solutions is greater than that in water by an amount directly proportional to the quantity of salt added.] Six miles of sea, at 10° C. throughout, are reduced in depth 620 feet by com- pression. At 0° C. the amount would be about 663 feet, or a furlong. (This quantity varies nearly as the square of the depth. ) Hence the pressure at a depth of 6 miles is nearly 1000 atmospheres. The maximum-density point of water is lowered about 3° C. by 150 atm. of additional pressure. From the heat developed by compression of water I obtained a lowering of 3° C. per ton-weight per square inch. From the ratio of the volumes of water (under atmospheric pressure) at 0° C. and 4° C, given by Despretz, combined with my results as to the compressibility, I found 30,17 C: — and by direct experiment (a modified form of that of Hope) 2°-7 C. The circumstances of this experiment make it certain that the last result is too small. Thus, at ordinary temperatures, the expansibility of water is increased by the application of pressure. In consequence, the heat developed by sudden compression of water at tem- peratures above 4° C. increases in a higher ratio than the pressure applied ; and water under 4° C. may be heated by the sudden application of sufficient pressure. The maximum density coincides with the freezing-point at —2° "4 C, under a pressure of 2" 14 tons. APPENDIX A. ON AN IMPROVED METHOD OF MEASURING COMPRESSIBILITY. " When the compressibility of a liquid or gas is measured at very high pressures, the compression vessel has to be enclosed in a strong cylinder of metal, and thus it must be made, in some way, self-registering. I first used indices, prevented from slipping by means of hairs. Sir W. Thomson's devices for sounding, at small depths, by the com- pression of air, in which he used various physical and chemical processes for recording purposes, led me to devise and employ a thin silver film which was washed off by a column of mercury. Much of my work connected with the Challenger Thermometers was done by the help of this process. Till quite recently I was unaware that it had been devised and employed by Cailletet in 1873, only that his films were of gold. " But the use of all these methods is very laborious, for the whole apparatus has to be opened for each individual reading. Hence it struck me that, instead of measuring the compression produced by a given pressure, we should try to measure the pressure required to produce a given compression. I saw that this could be at once effected by the simplest electric methods ; provided that glass, into which a fine ■platinum wire is fused, ivere capable of resisting very high pressures without cracking or leaking at the junctions. This, on trial, was found to be the case. " AVe have, therefore, only to fuse a number of platinum wires, at intervals, into the compression tube, and very carefully calibrate it with a column of mercury which is brought into contact with each of the wires successively. Then if thin wires, each resisting say about an ohm, be interposed between the pairs of successive platinum wires, we have a series whose resistance is diminished by one ohm each time the mercury, forced in by the pump, comes in contact with another of the wires. Connect the mercury with one pole of a cell, the highest of the platinum wires with the other, leading the wires out between two stout leather washers ; interpose a galvano- meter in the circuit, and the arrangement is complete. The observer himself works the pump, keeping an eye on the pressure gauge, and on the spot of light reflected by the mirror of the galvanometer. The moment he sees a change < if deflection he reads 1 Proc. Roy. Soc. Edin., vol. xiii. pp. 2, 3, 1884. 64 THE VOYAGE OF H.M.S. CHALLENGER. the erauere. It is convenient that the external apparatus should be made to leak slightly ; for thus a series of measures may be made, in a minute or two, for the contact with each of the platinum wires. Then we pass to the next in succession." M. Amagat ' remarks on the use of this method as follows : — " Le liquide du piezometrc, et le liquide transmettant la pression dans lequel il est plonge (glycerine), .-M'chauffent considerablement par la pression ; cette circonstance rend les experiences tres longues : il faut un temps considerable pour dquilibrer la masse qui est peu con- ductrice ; il faut repeter les lectures jusqu'a ce que l'indication du manometre devienne constante au moment du contact. Les series faites par pressions decroissantes produisent le meme effet en sens inverse ; on prend la moyenne des resultats, dont la concordance montre que l'ensemble de la methode ne laisse reellement presque rien a desirer. " On voit par la, quelles grossieres erreurs ont pu etre commises avec les autres artifices employes jusqu'ici pour la mesure des volumes dans des conditions analogues." It must lie remembered that M. Amagat is speaking of experiments in which pressures rising to 3000 atmospheres were employed. 1 Comptes Rendus, torn. ciii. p. 431, 188G. APPENDIX B. EELATION BETWEEN TRUE AND AVERAGE COMPRESSIBILITY. The average compressibility per ton for the first p tons of additional pressure is where v0 is the initial volume, and v is the volume at p additional tons. The true compressibility at p additional tons is dv vdp Hence, if one of these quantities is given as a function of p, it may be desirable to find the corresponding expression for the other. The simplest example, that on p. 30, will suffice to show the principle of the calculation. Let V-^ = e(l-M; ....(1) where e is, in general, a much smaller quantity than/! We have -= 1 - ep + efp\ whence _^^e(l-2M ...).... (2) vdp 1 - ep + efp- \ w / -r where the expansion may be easily carried further if required. If the terms in the second and higher powers of p are to be neglected, (1) and (2) as written show at once how to convert from true to average compressibility, or vice versd. (PHYS. CHEM. CHALL EXP. — PAKT IV. — 1888.) APPENDIX C. CALCULATION OF LOG. FACTORS. Let AV be the weight of mercury which would take the place of the liquid in the piezometer, w that of the mercury which fills a length I of the stem. Then a compression read as x on the stem is X w rw This assumes the stem to be uniform ; in general it must be corrected from the results of the calibration : — unless, as in the example given on p. 16 of the text, / be chosen very nearly ecpaal to x, as found by trial for each value of the pressure. Also if y be the reading of the gauge, and if a on the gauge correspond to an atmosphere, the pressure is -i aim. a Hence the average apparent compressibility per atmosphere is x wa lj Tw- its logarithm is log. x - log. y + (log. w - log. W - log. I) + log. a. The last four terms', of which log. a is the "gauge log.," form the log. factor as oiven in the text C3 APPENDIX D. NOTE ON THE CORRECTION FOR THE COMPRESSIBILITY OF THE PIEZOMETER. The usual correction neglects the fact that when the compressibility of the liquid is different from that of the walls, the liquid under pressure does not occupy the same part of the vessel as before pressure. Let V be the volume of the part of the vessel occupied by liquid ; a that of the tube between the two positions of the index, both measured at 1 atmosphere ; e, e, the average absolute compressibility of liquid and vessel per ton for the first p additional tons. Equate to one another the volume of the liquid, and the volume of the part of the vessel into which it is forced, both at additional pressure p. We have thus — Y{\-ep) = (Y-a)(\--t)+,w As ^ is usually small, this equation is treated as equivalent to a j,Y i.e., the absolute compressibility of the liquid is equal to its apparent compressibility, added to the absolute compressibility of the envelop. One curious consequence of the exact equation is that, if the compressibilities were both constant, or were known to change in a given ratio by pressure, it would be possible (theoretically at least) to measure absolute compressibilities by piezometer experiments alone, without employing a substance whose absolute compressibdity is determined by an independent process. For the additional term in the exact equation makes the coefficients of e and e numerically different ; whereas in the approximate equation they are equal, but with opposite signs, and therefore can give e — e only. In my experiments described above, a/Y rarely exceeds 0'02, so that this correction amounts to (0-02 x 26 in 500, or) 5 units in the fourth significant place ; and thus just escapes having to be taken account of. When 4 places are sought at lower pressures than 3 tons, or 3 places at pressures of 4 tons and upwards, it must be taken account of. APPENDIX E. ON THE RELATIONS BETWEEN LIQUID AND VAPOUR In connection with the present research a number of side issues have presented themselves, some of which come fairly within the scope of the Eeport. I commence by reprinting two Notes, read on January 19 and February 2, 1885, to the Royal Society of Edinburgh : ' — ON THE NECESSITY FOR A CONDENSATION-NUCLEUS. " The magnificent researches of Andrews on the isothermals of carbonic acid formed, as it were, a nucleus in a supersaturated solution, round which an immediate crystal- lization started, and has since been rapidly increasing. "They gave the clue to the explanation of the paradoxical result of Regnault,that hydrogen is less compressible and other gases more compressible, under moderate , pressure, than Boyle's Law indicates ; and to that of the companion result of Natterer that, at very high pressures, all gases are less compressible than that law requires. Thus they furnished the materials for an immense step in connection with the behaviour of fluids above their critical points. " But they threw at least an equal amount of light on the liquid-vapour question, i.e. the behaviour of fluids at temperatures under their critical points. In Andrews' experiments there was a commencement, and a completion, of liquefaction ; each at a common definite pressure, but of course at very different volumes, for each particular temperature. " In 1871 Professor J. Thomson communicated to the Royal Society a remarkable paper on the abrupt change from vapour to liquid, or the opposite, indicated by these experiments. He called special attention to the necessity for a ' start,' as it were, in order that these changes might be effected. [It is to this point that the present Note is mainly directed, but I go on with a brief analysis of Thomson's work.] He pointed out that there were numerous experiments proving that water could be heated, under certain conditions, far above its boiling point without evaporating ; and that, probably, 1 Proc. Boy. Soc. Edin., vol. xiii. pp. 78 and 91, 1885. PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF WATER, ETC. 69 steam might be condensed isothermally to supersaturation without condensing. Hence he was led to suggest an isothermal of continued curvature, instead of the broken line given by Andrews, as representing the continuous passage of a fluid from the state of vapour to that of liquid ; the whole mass being supposed to be, at each stage of the process, in the same molecular state. " In Clerk-Maxwell's ' Treatise on Heat,' this idea of J. Thomson's was developed, in connection with a remarkable speculation of "W. Thomson,1 on the pressure of vapour as depending on the curvature of the liquid surface in contact with it. This completely accounts for the deposition of vapour when a proper nucleus is present. Maxwell showed that it could also account for the ' singing ' of a kettle, and for the growth of the larger drops in a cloud at the expense of the smaller ones. " The main objection to J. Thomson's suggested isothermal curve of transition is that, as Maxwell points out, it contains a region in which pressure and volume increase or diminish simultaneously. This necessarily involves instability, inasmuch as. for definite values of pressure at constant temperature within a certain range in which vapour and liquid can be in equilibrium, Thomson's hypothesis leads to three different values of volume : two of which are stable ; but the intermediate one essentially unstable. According to Maxwell, the extremities of this triple region correspond to pressures, at which, regarded from the view of steady increase or diminution of pres- sures, either the vapour condenses suddenly into liquid, or the liquid suddenly bursts into vapour. " If this were the case, no nucleus would be absolutely requisite for the formation either of liquid from vapour or of vapour from liquid. All that would be required, in either case, would be the proper increase or diminution of pressure ; — temperature being kept unaltered. The latent heat of vapour, which we know to become less as the critical point is gradually arrived at, would thus be given off in the explosive passage from vapour to liquid. It is difficult to see, on this theory, how it can be explosively taken in on the sudden passage from liquid to vapour. " Aitken's experiments tend to show, what J. Thomson only speculatively announced, that possibly vapour may not be condensed (in the absence of a nucleus), when com- pressed isothermally, even at ranges far beyond the maximum of pressure indicated in Thomson's figures. Hence it would appear that the range of instability is much less than that given by Thomson's figures, and may (perhaps) be looked on as a vanishing quantity ; the corresponding part of the isothermal being a finite line parallel to the axis of pressures, corresponding to the sudden absorption or giving out of latent heat." 1 Proc. Roy Soc. Edin., vol. vii. p. 63, 1870. 70 THE VOYAGE OF H.M.S. CHALLENGER. ON EVAPORATION AND CONDENSATION. " While I was communicating my Note on the Necessity for a Condensation Nucleus at the last meeting of the Society, an idea occurred to me which germinated (on my way home) to such an extent that I sent it off by letter to Professor J. Thomson that same night. " J. Thomson's idea, which I had been discussing, was to preserve, if possible, physical (as well as geometrical) continuity in the isothermal of the liquid-vapour state, by keeping the whole mass of fluid in one state throughout. He secured geometrical, but not physical, continuity. For, as Clerk-Maxwell showed, one part of his curve makes pressure and volume increase simultaneously, a condition essentially unstable. The idea which occurred to me was, while preserving geometrical continuity, to get rid of the region of physical instability, not (as I had suggested in my former Note) by retaining Thomson's proposed finite maximum and minimum of pressure in the isothermal, while bringing them infinitely close together so far as volume is con- cerned, and thus restricting the unstable part of the isothermal to a finite line parallel to the pressure axis ; but, by making both the maximum and minimum infinite. Geometrical continuity, of course, exists across an asymptote parallel to the axis of pressures ; so that, from this point of view, there is nothing to object to. On the other hand, there is essentially physical discontinuity, in the form of an impassable barrier between the vaporous and liquid states, so long at least as the substance is considered as homogeneous throughout. " It appeared to me that here lies the true solution of the difficulty. As we are dealing with a fluid mass essentially homogeneous throughout, it is clear that we are not concerned with cases in which there is a molecular surface-film. " Suppose, then, a fluid mass, somehow maintained at a constant temperature (lower than its critical point), and so extensive that its boundaries may be regarded as everywhere infinitely distant, what will be the form of its isothermal in terms of pressure and volume ? " Two prominent experimental facts help us to an answer. " First. We know that the interior of a mass of liquid mercury can be subjected to hydrostatic tension of considerable amount without rupture. The isothermal must, in this case, cross the line of volumes ; and the limit of the tension would, in ordinary language, be called the cohesion of the liquid. I am not aware that this result has been obtained with water free from air ; but possibly the experiment has not been satisfactorily made. The common experiment in which a rough measure is obtained of the force necessary to tear a glass plate from the surface of water is vitiated by the instability of the concave molecular film formed. PHYSICAL PROPERTIES CF WATER, ETC. 71 " Second. Aitken has asserted, as a conclusion from the results of direct experiment, that even immensely supersaturated aqueous vapour will not condense without the presence of a nucleus. This may be a solid body of finite size, a drop of water, or fine dust particles. " Both of these facts fit perfectly in to the hypothesis, that the isothermal in question has an asymptote parallel to the axis of pressure ; the vapour requiring (in the absence of a nucleus) practically infinite pressure to reduce it, without change of state or of temperature, to a certain finite volume ; while the liquid, also without change of state or temperature, may by sufficient hydrostatic tension be made to expand almost to the same limit of volume. " This limiting volume depends, of course, on the temperature of the isothermal ; rising with it up to the critical point. " The physical, not geometrical, discontinuity is of course to be attributed to the latent heat of vaporisation. The study of the adiabatics, as modified by this hypo- thesis, gives rise to some curious results. " It is clear that the experimental realisation of the parts of the here suggested curve hear to the asymptote, on either side, will be a matter of great difficulty for. any substance. But valuable information may perhaps be obtained from the indications of a sensitive thermo-electric junction immersed in mercury at the top of a column which does not descend in a barometer tube of considerably more than 30 inches long, when the tube is suddenly placed at a large angle with the vertical ; or from those of a similar junction immersed in water, when it has a concave surface of great curvature from which the atmospheric pressure is removed. " Nothing of what is said above will necessarily apply when we have vapour and liquid in presence of one another, or when we consider a small portion of either in the immediate neighbourhood of another body. For then we are dealing with a state of stress which cannot, like hydrostatic pressure or tension, be characterized (so far as we know) by a single number. The stress in these molecular films is probably one of tension in all directions parallel to the film, and of pressure in a direction perpendicular to it. Thus it is impossible to represent such a state properly on the ordinary indicator diagram. This question is still further complicated by the possibility that the differ- ence between the internal pressures, in a liquid and its vapour in thermal equilibrium, may be a very large quantity." As soon as I heard of Berthelot's experiment, I had it successfully repeated in my laboratory; and I considered that it afforded very strong confirmation of the hypothesis advanced in the last preceding extract. But since I have been led to believe that there is probably truth in Laplace's statement as to the very great molecular pressure in liquids, I have still further modified the speculation. I now propose to take away the new asymptote, and make 72 THE VOYAGE OF H.M.S. CHALLENGER. the two branches of the isothermal join one another by what is practically a part of that asymptote : — thus making the liquid and the vaporous stages continuous with one another by means of a portion very nearly straight and parallel to the pressure axis. Somewhere on this will be found one of the points of inflection of the isothermal, the other being at a somewhat smaller volume, and at a pressure which is moderate for temperatures close to, but under, the " critical point," but commences to increase with immense rapidity as the temperature of the isothermal is lowered. All the isothermals will now present the same general features, dependent on the existence of two asymptotes and two points of inflection, whether they be above or below the critical point ; but their form will be modified in different senses above and below it. The portion of the curve which is convex upwards will be nearly horizontal at the critical point, and will become steeper both above and below it ; but pressure and volume will nowhere increase together. This suggestion, of course, like that in the second extract above, is essentially confined to the case of a fluid mass which is supposed to have no boundaries ; for their introduction at once raises the complex difficulties connected with the surface-skin. Thus it will be seen that the conviction that water has large molecular pressure has led me back to what is very nearly the first of the two hypotheses I proposed. A practical application of some of the principles just discussed is described in the following little paper :— ON AN APPLICATION OF THE ATHOMETER.1 " The Atmometer is merely a hollow ball of unglazed clay, to which a glass tube is luted. The whole is filled with boiled water, and inverted so that the open end of the tube stands in a dish of mercury. The water evaporates from the outer surface of the clay (at a rate depending partly on the temperature, partly on the dryness of the air), and in consecjuence the mercury rises in the tube. In recent experiments this rise of mercury ha.s been carried to nearly 25 inches during dry weather. But it can be carried much farther by artificially drying the air round the bulb. The curvature of the capil- lary surfaces in the pores of the clay, which supports such a column of mercury, must be somewhere about 14,000 (the unit being an inch). These surfaces are therefore, according to the curious result of Sir'W. Thomson (Proc. Eoy. Soc. Edin., p. 63, 1870), specially fitted to absorb moisture. And I found, by inverting over the bulb of the instrument a large beaker lined with moist filter-paper, that the arrangement can be made extremely sensitive. The mercury surface is seen to become flattened the moment the beaker is applied, and a few minutes suffice to give a large descent, pro- vided the section of the tube be small, compared with the surface of the ball. 1 Proc. Roy. Soc. Edin., vol. xiii. pp. 116, 117, 1835 PHYSICAL PEOPERTIES OF WATER, ETC. 73 " I propose to employ the instrument in this peculiarly sensitive state for the purpose of estimating the amount of moisture in the air, when there is considerable humidity ; but in its old form when the air is very dry. For this purpose the end of the tube of the atmometer is to be connected, by a flexible tube, with a cylindrical glass vessel, both containing mercury. When a determination is to be made in moist air, the cylindrical vessel is to be lowered till the difference of levels of the mercury amounts to (say) 25 inches, and the diminution of this difference in a definite time is to be carefully measured, the atmospheric temperature being observed. On the other hand, if the air be dry, the difference of levels is to be made nil, or even negative, at starting, in order to promote evaporation. From these data, along with the constant of the instrument (which must be determined for each clay ball by special experiments), the amount of vapour in the air is readily calculated. Other modes of observation with this instrument readily suggest themselves, and trials, such as it is proposed to make at the Ben Nevis Observatory during summer, can alone decide which should be preferred." (PHYS. OHBM. CHALL. EXP. — PART IV. — 1888.) 10 APPENDIX F. THE MOLECULAR PRESSURE IN A LIQUID. Laplace's result, so far as concerns the question raised in the text, may be stated thus. If MM'(r) be the molecular force between masses M, M' of the liquid, at distance r, the whole attraction on unit mass, at a distance x within the surface, is ,,00 /.00 X = 2irPf rdr/ 4>(r)8. Similarly in the South Atlantic, lat. 33° S. and long. 20° W., the mean diurnal fluctuation is 0°"8, or the same as in the North Atlantic. In the North Pacific, near lat. 37° N. and long. 170° W.5 it is l°-0 ; and in the South Pacific, near lat. 36° S. and long. 87° W., it is 0°"9. Hence the general diurnal range of temperature near the centres of these four great oceans, and near the summer solstice, is a little less than a degree. On the other hand, near the equator both in the Atlantic and Pacific the diurnal range is only 0o,7, being thus 0°-2 less than about lat. 36°, a difference probably due to the more clouded skies and less sunshine of equatorial regions. In February 1874, when the mean position of the Challenger was nearly lat. 61° S., the difference between the mean coldest and warmest hour was only 0°'2. The mean daily range deduced from the whole of the observations made during the three years and a half is 0o>8. The small daily variation of the temperature of the surface of the sea shown by the Challenger observations is unquestionably a most important contribution to physical science, forming in truth one of the prime factors in meteorology, particularly, as will appear further on, in the discussions relating to atmospheric pressure and winds. REPORT ON ATMOSPHERIC CIRCULATION. 7 Temperature of the Air over the Open Sea. — Table II., App. pp. 4-6, which has been constructed similarly to Table I., shows the deviations each two hours from the mean daily temperature of the air as observed on board the Challenger. The following figures show the daily march of the temperature of the air over the North Atlantic on a mean of the same one hundred and twenty-six days for which the temperature of the sea has been given (Plate I. fig. 2) : — 2 a.m. 4 „ 6 „ The ampbtude of the daily fluctuation is thus 3°"2. In the South Atlantic, about lat. 36° S. and long. 36° W., the diurnal range of temperature is 2°'5 ; in the North Pacific, about lat. 37° N. and long. 168° W., 3°-l ; and in the South Pacific, about lat. 36° S. and long. 100° W., 4°-0. In the neighbourhood of the equator in the Atlantic, about long. 18° "W., the daily range is 2°"6, and in the Pacific, about long. 145 E., 2°-l. Hence while the mean daily range of temperature of the air in the anti-cyclonic regions of the four great oceans is 3°'2, in the neighbourhood of the equator, where the sky is more clouded, it is about a degree less. In high latitudes the daily range is much less, as will appear from the following table : — ri 10 A.M. 0°-8 6 P.M. 0°7 r-4 Noon r-4 8 „ -0°-3 r-4 2 P.M. l°-8 10 „ -0°-8 0°-2 4 „ r-6 Midt. -l°-0 Number of Days' Obs. Lat. S. Long. E. Daily Range of Temp, of Air. 18 62° 40' 85° 26' 0°-8 10 54° 5' 73° 14' l°-8 10 51° 54' 117° 47' l°-5 6 47° 16' 56° 23' l°-9 The general result is that the daily range of the temperature of the air on the open sea is from three to four times greater than that of the surface temperature of the sea over which it lies. Part of this increased daily range of the temperature of the air as compared with that of the sea was no doubt occasioned by a higher temperature during the day and a lower during the night on the deck of the Challenger as compared with that of the free atmosphere over the sea all round. But, after making allowance for this disturbing influence, it may be assumed that the temperature of the air has a considerably larger daily range than that of the sea on which it rests. The point is one of no little interest in atmospheric physics from its important bearings on the relations of the air and its watery vapour, in its gaseous, liquid, and solid states, and of the particles of dust everywhere present, to solar and terrestrial radiation. 8 THE VOYAGE OF H.M.S. CHALLENGER. During the same months, which gave on the mean of one hundred and twenty-six days a daily range of temperature of 3°*2 over the open sea, the Challenger was lying near land on seventy-six days. The observations made on these days showed a greater daily range than out on the open sea. The minimum, — 2°-l, occurred at 4 a.m., and the maximum, 2°-3, at noon, thus giving a daily range of 4°*4. It is interesting to note the frequency with which the mean daily maximum occurred as early as noon when the Challenger was in harbour, a result probably due to the diurnal period of the sea breezes in such situations in tropical and subtropical regions. Generally speaking, at High Level Stations and in situations within the influence of well-marked sea breezes, the time of occurrence of the daily maximum temperature is about two hours earlier than in inland open situations. Brewster made the remark many years ago, that, as regards land observations, the mean of any pair of hours of the same name, such as 2 a.m. and 2 p.m., 4 a.m. and 4 p.m., etc., does not differ very materially from the mean temperature of the day. The following are the deviations from the mean temperature of the air of the separate pairs of hours for the one hundred and twenty-six days of the North Atlantic given above 2 a.m. and 2 p.m., 4 4 6 „ „ 6 „ 8 ,i ,j 8 „ 10 „ „ 10 „ Noon and midnight, Deviation from the Mean. + 0°-3 + 0°d -0°-3 0°'0 0°-0 + 0°-2 The result for the six hours, 4, 8 A.m. and p.m., noon and midnight, is + 0°-l, and for the six hours 2, 6, and 10 a.m. and p.m., 0°'0. In the Isothermal Maps for the globe given in this work, the isothermals for the North Atlantic have been drawn from the data published in the " International Meteorological Observations " of the United States. But as the observations are made as near as possible at the same physical instant, they were first corrected for Diurnal Range from the results given in this table. Variation of the Humidity of the Air. — The observations on the humidity of the atmosphere were made with the ordinary dry and wet bulb thermometers, from which the absolute and relative humidities have been calculated by Glaisher Tables. If the aqueous vapour remained permanently and unchanged in the atmosphere, that is, if it were not liable to be condensed into cloud or rain, the mixture would become as complete as that of the oxygen and nitrogen of the air. The equilibrium of the vapour atmosphere, however, is being constantly disturbed by changes of temperature, by every instance of condensation, and by the unceasing process of evaporation. Since REPORT ON ATMOSPHERIC CIRCULATION. » dry air materially obstructs the free diffusion of the aqueous vapour, the law of the independent pressure of the vapour and the dry air of the atmosphere holds good only approximately. The aqueous vapour, however, constantly tends to approach this state. The important conclusion follows, that the hygrometer can never indicate more than the local humidity of the place where it is observed. While then in certain cases the amount of vapour indicated by the dry and wet bulb readings is far from the truth, yet in averages, particularly long averages, a close approximation to the real humidity of the locality is attained if the hygrometer be at all tolerably well exposed and carefully manipulated and observed. Aqueous vapour is being constantly added to the air from water, snow, and other moist and frozen surfaces. The rate of evaporation is greatest when the air is driest or freest from vapour, and least when it is nearest the point of saturation. As air expands under a diminished pressure, its temperature consequently falls, and it continues to approach nearer the point of saturation, or to become ruoister; and as it contracts under an increased pressure, its temperature rises, and it recedes from the point of saturation, or becomes drier. Hence ascending currents of air become moister with every addition to the ascent, and descending currents drier as they continue to descend. The pressure exerted by the aqueous vapour in the atmosphere, or, as it is usually called, the elastic force of vapour, is expressed in decimals of an inch of the mercurial barometer. It indicates the quantity of aqueous vapour in the air at the place of observation, and in this light may be viewed as the absolute humidity of the air as there observed. It cannot, however, be regarded as indicating the pressure due to the aqueous vapour of the whole atmosphere over the place of observation, since we are still very ignorant of the distribution of the aqueous vapour with height. Now the diurnal variation in the elastic force of vapour in the air is seen in its simplest form over the open sea. Grouping together all the hygrometric observations made on board the Challenger in the North Atlantic, at a distance from land, from March to July 1873, eighty-four days in all, there being for that time a mean elastic force of 0"659 inch, the following is the diurnal variation (Plate I. fig. 3) : — Inch. Inch. Inch. 2 A.M. -0-015 10 A.M. + 0-004 6 P.M. + 0-007 4 „ -0-020 Noon + 0-017 8 „ + 0-002 6 „ -0016 2 P.M. + 0-020 10 „ -0-005 8 „ -0-007 4 „ + 0-017 Midt. -0010 Thus the minimum, —0*020 inch, occurs at the hour when the temperature of the surface of the sea and air resting over it falls to the daily minimum ; it then rises to the mean a little after 9 a.m. ; to the daily maximum, +0'020 inch, at 2 p.m., when the temperature of the sea and air are also near the daily maximum ; and falls to the mean (PHYS. CHEM. CIIALL. EXP. — PAET V. — 1889.) 2 10 THE VOYAGE OF H.M.S. CHALLENGER. shortly before 9 p.m. But it is only on the open sea, at a distance from land, where this typical curve of the diurnal humidity occurs with its sino-le minimum and maximum. Over land the humidity daily curve shows two well-marked minima and maxima — the two minima occurring in the early morning and in the afternoon ; and the more inland the situation and stronger ' the sun, the more strongly marked is the afternoon minimum. Now the hygrometric observations made near land show a daily humidity curve intermediate between these two. The observations made near land in the North Atlantic, during the same months, disclose the following diurnal variations (Plate I. fig. 4) : — Inch. Inch. Inch. 2 a.m. -0-003 10 a.m. +0-014 6 p.m. 0-000 4 „ -0-009 Noon +0-010 8 „ -0-004 6 „ -0010 2 p.m. +0-007 10 „ -0-005 8 „ -0-003 4 „ +0-015 Midt. -0-007 The disturbance due to proximity to land in the diurnal distribution of the aqueous vapour in the lower stratum of the atmosphere is remarkable. The maximum and minimum no longer follow the corresponding phases of the temperature of the surface of the sea and the air. The disturbing agents are the land and sea breezes, with the other atmospheric movements resulting from the unequal heating of land and water. Under the influence of the land breeze, the time of minimum humidity is delayed till about 6 a.m. The most remarkable feature of the curve, however, is the occurrence of a secondary minimum of humidity, for some hours between 10 a.m. and 4 p.m., a feature altogether absent in the atmosphere over the open sea. It is to be noted that this mid-day minimum occurs at the hours of the day when, the surface of the land being most highly heated, the ascending current of heated air rising from it is strongest, and the resulting breeze from the sea towards the land therefore also strongest. This diminution in the amount of aqueous vapour, recorded on board the Challenger when near land, points unmistakably to an intermixture, with the air forming the sea breeze, of descending thin air filaments or currents to take the place of the masses of air removed by the currents which ascend from the heated surface of the land ; and this increased dryness occurs also in the air of the sea breezes as they near the land. The relative humidity of the air, or, as it is more frequently called, its humidity, is the degree of its approach to complete saturation. Complete saturation is represented by 100, and air absolutely free of vapour by 0. The latter, however, never occurs in the free atmosphere. About the lowest relative humidity, or driest state of the atmosphere hitherto recorded with the requisite care and accuracy, was 6 per cent, at the Ben Nevis Observatory at 8 p.m. of March 12, 1886, on which day the mean of the twenty-four hourly observations was only 15 per cent. The diurnal variation of the relative humidity, which is quite different from that REPORT ON ATMOSPHERIC CIRCULATION. 11 of the vapour pressure, is of the simplest description. The following are the deviations from the mean daily humidity, 80 per cent., over the North Atlantic, from the observations made on that ocean in 1873 (Plate I. fig. 5) : — Per cent. Per cent. 2 A.M. + 2 2 P.M . -3 4 „ + 2 4 )> -2 6 „ + 1 6 » -1 8 „ 0 8 >> 0 10 „ -1 10 »» + 1 Noon _ 2 Midt. + 2 Hence the maximum humidity takes place from midnight to 4 A.M., and the minimum from noon to 4 p.m., in other words, when the temperature of the air is at the daily minimum and maximum respectively, the curve of humidity being thus simply inverse to that of the temperature. These are, substantially, the prominent phases of the curve of humidity for all climates and seasons, subject, however, to a slight increase in sea-side climates during the hours of the day of the prevalence of the sea breeze. The significance of this constituent of climate lies in its relations to the diathermancy of the air, and to the dust particles everywhere present in it, and consequently to the all-important questions of solar and terrestrial radiation. It is assumed, with high probability, that perfectly pure and dry air, or air quite free from aqueous vapour and dust particles, permits rays of heat to pass through it with at most no more than a very slight increase to its temperature. "We are yet without exact information as to whether a mixture of the air with aqueous vapour as a pure gas only, is equally diathermanous with dry air. Whether this be so or not, it may be regarded as certain that the atmosphere never interposes between the earth and the sun a purely gaseous aerial screen, but that it everywhere, even when apparently quite clear, contains minute particles of dust, and water either in the fluid state, or in the solid state as small spicules of ice. Next to the winds, the aqueous vapour of the air, in its amount and relation to solar and terrestrial radiation, and in the different ways in which in different localities it is partitioned through the hours of the day and months of the year, plays the most important part in giving to the various regions of the globe their infinitely diversified climates. Oscillations of the Barometer. Tables III. and IV., App. pp. 7-48. — The general character of the diurnal oscillations of atmospheric pressure is shown by figs. 6 and 7 of Plate I. Fig. 6 represents the mean oscillation for Batavia, lat. 6° 11' S., long. 106° 50' E., and fig. 7 a strictly ocean oscillation in the Pacific in lat. 1° 10' S. and long. 150° 46' "W. Both figs, show two maxima about 10 a.m. and 10 p.m., and two minima about 4 a.m. and 4 p.m. respectively. The two situations are near the equator, the one on the coast of Java and the other in mid ocean. In the latter the 12 THE VOYAGE OF H.M.S. CHALLENGER. phenomena are shown in their simplest form, whilst at Batavia the more striking effects of the influence of land are apparent. In order to show the constancy, or otherwise, of the times of occurrence of the maxima and minima, a series of twelve maps of the globe were prepared for the month of June, showing at all stations from which the required data have been obtained, the deviations at noon, 2 p.m., 4 p.m., etc., G.M.T., from the daily mean pressure; and thence four lines were drawn showing the places where, at that hour, the maxima and minima occurred. For fully 30° north and south of the equator the lines of maxima and minima ran north and south, but in higher latitudes these lines are changed, particularly as regards the forenoon maximum and the afternoon minimum. For example, at 6 p.m. the line indicating the afternoon minimum is for the latitude of London in long. 16° W. ; in lat. 30° N., it is in long. 35° W., in which meridian it holds its course southwards as far as lat. 30° S. ; its course thence turns south-westwards to near the Falkland Islands, long. 60° W. It follows that in June the afternoon minimum occurs about three hours earlier in the Falkland Islands than in the south-west of Ireland, thus showing in a striking manner the influence of season on the diurnal phenomena of pressure. In cases where the lines of maxima and minima cross such regions as southern and western Europe, whose surface is diversified by large tracts of land and sheets of water, the deflexions are peculiarly striking and instructive.. In middle and higher latitudes in summer, proximity to the sea, conspicuously so when the station is situated on the west coasts of continents and islands, delays the time of occurrence of the morning maximum and the afternoon minimum ; whilst in continental situations the morning maximum occurs much earlier than in lower latitudes, and the evening minimum nearly as late as at places near the sea. It appears from the Challenger observations that these peculiarities of the curves do not occur over the open sea in the higher latitudes. The retardation of the time of occurrence of the morning maximum is greatest in situations which, while strongly insular in character, are at the same time on, or not far from, an extensive tract of land to eastward or south-eastward. This is well illustrated by the hourly oscillations of the barometer for the year at Helder, in the north-west of Holland, and Sitka, in the south-east of Alaska (Table IV., App. pp. 28 and 36). The deviations from the means are given in thousandths of an inch. It is seen that at Helder, the morning maximum occurs at times varying from nine to ten o'clock in the beginning of the year, and successively later as the year advances, till in June it is delayed to 2 p.m., and thereafter it occurs earlier and earlier month by month till January, when it is at the earliest. The following selected cases of the hourly deviations of pressure in June illustrate the gradual occurrence earlier of this phase according as the place becomes less insular as described above, the series closing with Kew and Culloden, to which are added Katherinenburg and Fort Piae. A selection of these is plotted on Plate I., figs. 8-15. REPORT ON ATMOSPHERIC CIRCULATION. 13 TABLE showing the Diurnal Oscillation of the Barometer in June, in Thousandths of an Inch. The Heavy Figures show a pressure above, the Italic Figures below, the Means. a a 'S M e3 a o > O | a" q © CO a ■3 o « 3 U o bo Oh o3 (H a> PH FpS o +3 d d T5 a) t> d ^-H •rH o a> Sh * is d a) a Ti d rl +3 a> += r& d rt Ph o d O o rd +2 d at >-. ri o o > +3 >, 03 oj pA-l O) H-> CS > Ti Ph • rH d a o CJ oj 03 o Ph 03 d o a; rd U M HJ • •-1 m 03 p O) H-3 ' ' o (Si ei a u CJ Ph ■H > c; B +3 Uj o 02 <1> .tj <+H O irl Pi a _o •n d OS CJ a o> cv> oj a co m X o 60 rd -fl P •r* «4-t p: o d o o 1— H -75 <£ o 1-3 Vh eS 03 | CJ» 1 CO 1 o CM 1 l^-lg l°° IS IS l* l<° IS 1$ 1" IS 1* o O T-l 1 CO o T Ph"7 la IS l* f CIS I CO I t- l CI 1 CO 1 1313 IS lw IS IS 00 CO CM ■W CO l^ lU lw I N 1 IO | CM 1 CO I ^ 1 r-1 IS i%lS l* IS IS o o CM 1 tid S 1 "IS 1 "> 1 S" 1 ^ J CM 1 N 1 t- 1 n 1 n 1 h lrt IS IS 4 . a w 1 CO 1 "^■^O CO CO *H ^ eo eo ^t to a> to CJ CO CO CI t-t >S *Q ?s. CO 5> 0O Nt«eo*oo rH CM CM rH o o " o 1 iO H 1 S t-4 »-H ?v. CO CJJ CI eo »o e* o n co r-t CI CQ CO CJ CO CO Co oo ^ N. »^i Gi Oi CO 03 &t CO Cft O t-o 10 CM CM CMiH S3 ° CO O CM CM a >-5 0* (^. ^SO 'O IO io h «4 eicn c] iH N CM CM i-t rH COCJl ^s.»^CJl V5 ^H ^i ©* ^i ■" ■ iH CM O) CM CO >-H iH rH rH d •-3 >S CO*5 0o*^CO CO I* t» M Q «Jf CM CO ** CM CO CO *^-00 Oi ^, ^1 rH w* ^ 00 CM rtvti-i li a o M bo a o W „ QO _ T» O ■«* t-t >-5 CO iN.Q'S ^>^ M INI eo eo O cm c~ co rH CM CO CO CM rH ^H^i W3G0O5 *H vj-eO H C5 «CJ "^-^ CO «f< rH IO CM CO rH CO O IO 4* iH Cl CJi i*s CO i-H Ol >-i &5 id »0 *^-Ot "^^weoot- >^ rH rH CM rH a > S3 M - 00 a CO eo CO 1 CD § «iH C* *!• rH ^ 00 rH « rH e-sCO IO CM t-IO rH CM C« rH d ai Ho B'O^n.QO CO CO rH CM CO CO CM CO *5 ^O *N CO CO a* eo "<»-s*eo ai eo eo ** en eo to »-i rH rH CM rH a .a cd O P (M * CO o i-4 o o CO Prt *>>H >CJ >^1 oo ^ e* >q-9o «< ^ NO>H«f)(DO rH CO »*♦ CO CO to ** co cn ©» ^> V, * W H IO ^ CM COCM oS O I-t CI 1-3 l-i QJ 0^ "»3 ^i CO « t- CM rH CM CO CO CO CM t- co co co co 50 ^* ao«o^* CO t- 00 ^* o> to rH CM rH >-3 CN. QO 0o CO CJl «0 rH 00 CO CO O cn CJ Tfl CO tD JO rH *3 °0 CO »-HO *N ^ »i »o *c -^so N»ON CO rH CO *N?^«0*50CO so ic.cocs.co CO VMO rH^O ^ SO ^ rH rH ^ a c3 1-3 c^cn Wi co ^e^ CO ^ Tt« CM CO '"* H CO + * H N *>co >s »d co « »-1 G* Vh«o G* rH CM CM CM rH © O Is? <1 a » CO 3 C- eo Pi 1 l 11 IS Vt«o CO Cf> CO *N •^co rococo ^° 1 1 1 rf* o CO CM CM 00 CO ^5 1 1 1 I I I OSMOOCO t- CO CT> CO (O »» -^-CO CO CO *H OO CO Co CJJ CN. *0 oT^S I l I fcb a o "5 o S t r r = r •< rH (N CO "^ iC CO ----- d O o NQOOlOHb. *' - - ; = : rH CM CO -^ U0 CO nooojohS hhf) 16 THE VOYAGE OF H.M.S. CHALLENGER. A selection from the hourly barometric oscillations of the Challenger is included in the table, from which it is seen that on small islands, such as Ascension and St. Helena, and, during the rainy season, of such localities as Havana, Bombay, Hong Kong, and Zi-ki-wei, the amounts and times of occurrence of the maxima and minima closely agree with what were observed on board the Challenger over the open sea in like latitudes. The influence of the land, in dry climates, in increasing the amount of the oscillation is most strikingly shown at Jacobabad, where pressure rises at 9 a.m. to 0-097 inch above the mean, and at 4 p.m. falls to 0'090 inch below it, thus showing the large range of nearly two-tenths of an inch. At Aden, where the climate is dry at all seasons, the fall from the morning maximum to the afternoon minimum is 0'084 inch in January, whereas in August it amounts to 0"163 inch, or nearly double that of January, when the sun occupies a lower place in the sky. On the other hand, at Bombay, during the dry season in January, the range is 0'119 inch, but during the wet season in July, though the sun's position is then nearly vertical, the range is only 0'067 inch. The same peculiarity is seen in the corresponding seasons of Havana, Hong Kong, and Zi-ki-wei. At Dodabetta, 8640 feet high, the relatively lower morning minimum and retardation of the morning maximum, which characterise the curves of High Level Stations in the higher latitudes, are well illustrated. Among the most valuable of the physical results arrived at from the observations made on board the Challenger — valuable from the important conclusions to which it leads — is the fact that the diurnal range of the mean surface temperature of the sea does not anywhere exceed a degree Fahrenheit, whilst the diurnal oscillations of the barometer occur over the open sea as well as over the land surfaces of the globe. It follows, therefore, that the atmosphere over the open sea rests on a floor or surface, subject to a diurnal range of temperature so small as to render the temperature practically constant both day and night. This consideration leads at once to the all-important conclusion that the diurnal oscillations of the barometer are not caused by the heating and cooling of the earth's surface by solar and terrestrial radiation, and by the effects which follow these diurnal changes in the temperature of the surface, but that they are primarily caused by the direct heating by solar radiation and cooling by nocturnal radiation to the cold regions of space, of the molecules of the air and of its aqueous vapour, these changes of temperature being instantaneously communicated through the whole mass of the atmosphere from its lowermost stratum resting on the surface to the extreme limit of the atmosphere. There are, as has been shown, important modifications, affecting the amplitude and times of occurrence of the four principal phases of the phenomena, observed over land surfaces, the temperature of which is superheated during the day and cooled during the night, as observed in climates widely different as regards the REPORT ON ATMOSPHERIC CIRCULATION. 17 amount of aqueous vapour present in the atmosphere ; but it is here particularly insisted on that the barometric oscillations themselves are independent of any changes of temperature of the floor on which the atmosphere rests. We shall, then, consider the phenomena chiefly, as the results of observation present them to us, as existing over the free ocean, and therefore cleared of all complications arising from the diurnal heating of the surface. Physicists are divided in opinion as to whether the aqueous vapour of the air, while in the purely gaseous state, is or is not as diathermanous as is the dry air of the atmosphere, no decisive experiment having yet been made to prove the relation of purely gaseous vapour to radiant heat. But it is quite different as regards the water suspended in the atmosphere in the liquid, and in the solid form in minutely divided states, and as regards the particles of dust which recent research has shown to be every- where present in the atmosphere. It is from Mr. John Aitken's ingenious experiments and researches that an insight may be obtained as to the relations of the dust particles to the aqueous vapour of the atmosphere. Mr. Aitken showed, in his paper on Dust, Fogs, and Clouds,1 that a solid nucleus is necessary for the condensation of water-vapour in the formation of fogs and clouds, and in subsequent communications to the Eoyal Society of Edinburgh he has shown that even the purest air that can lie obtained contains an enormous number of fine dust particles. The purest air examined, which was obtained at Ben Nevis Observatory, contained 2100 dust particles per cubic inch; in Edinburgh, on a fine clear day, the number was 738,000 ; whilst in air taken from near the ceiling of a hall about the close of a meeting, the dust particles to the cubic inch were 57,400.000. Let us now look at the phenomena of the diurnal oscillation as found in the Pacific near the equator, and in the midst of the largest water surface of the globe. Plate I. fig. 7 shows the hourly variations of pressure from observations by the Challenger, September 1 to 12, 1875, in mean lat. 1° 10' S. and long. 150° 4'W., the mean pressure for these days having been 29 "928 inches. The most remarkable feature of the curve is the amplitude of the range from the morning maximum to the afternoon minimum, and the rapidity of the fall in the four hours from 10 a.m. to 2 p.m., amounting to 0'087 inch. This and the other features of the curve are substantially the same for all positions on the open sea for at least 12° on each side of the equator. In higher latitudes, over land, in anticyclonic regions, and in particular geographical situations, the curves become more or less modified. They all agree in showing the double maxima and minima, except in a few restricted regions of high latitudes already referred to. If the temperature of the whole of the earth's atmosphere were raised, atmospheric pressure would be diminished, inasmuch as the mass of the earth's atmosphere would thereby be removed to a greater distance from the earth's centre of gravity. But quite 1 Trans. Roy. Soc. Ediv., vol. xxx. pp. 337-368. (PHTS. CHEJr. CHALL. EXP. — PART V. — 1889.) 18 THE VOYAGE OF H.M.S. CHALLENGER different results would follow if the temperature of ouly a section of the atmosphere were suddenly raised, such as the section, resembling the " lith " or division of an orange, comprised between 150° and 180° west longitude. The immediate effect would be an increase of barometric pressure from the expansion due to the higher temperature, and a subsequent effect would be the setting in of an ascending current, more or less powerful in proportion to the differences between the temperature of the heated section and that of the air on each side. These are essentially the conditions under which the morning maximum and the afternoon minimum take place. The earth makes a complete revolution round its axis in twenty-four hours, and in the same brief interval the double-crested and double-troughed atmospheric diurnal tide makes a complete circuit of the globe. The whole of the diurnal phenomenon of the atmospheric tides is therefore rapidly propagated over the surface of the earth from east to west, and, as the movement of the surface is necessarily most rapid in equatorial regions, the amplitude of the oscillations there is greater than in higher latitudes under similar astronomical, geographical, and atmospherical conditions. The Morning Minimum. — This depression of the barometric curve occurs from a little before midnight to near sunrise, or during the time when the effects of nocturnal radiation in lowering the temperature are the greatest. Pressure falls to the minimum about four in the morning. Assuming that aqueous vapour in its purely gaseous state is as diathermanous as the dry air of the atmosphere, let us consider the part played by the dust particles suspended in the air. As nocturnal radiation proceeds, the temperature of each dust particle continues to fall below that of the air immediately surrounding it. From this state of things two important consequences follow — 1st, the temperature of the whole atmosphere falls, and 2nd, as soon as the temperature of the dust particle reaches, in its cooling, the dew point of the air in contact with it, dew begins to be deposited on it, and the vitally important result follows that a portion of the aqueous vapour of the atmosphere passes from the gaseous to the liquid state, thus reducing the tension. Hence the morning minimum is due to a reduction of tension brought about by a compara- tively sudden lowering of the temperature of the air itself and by a change of a portion of the aqueous vapour from the gaseous to the liquid state. Since this takes place at a more rapid rate than is compensated for by aDy mechanical or tidal movement of the atmosphere from the regions adjoining, owing to the inertia and viscosity of the air, pressure continues to fall to the morning minimum, which occurs some time before sunrise, or rather before dawn. It is probable that the commencement of the increase from the minimum before the air is yet heated by the indirect or direct rays of the returning sun is due to the setting in of a mechanical or tidal movement of the con- tiguous air towards this region where the pressure has been lowered. The morning minimum is thus due, not to any removal of the mass of air overhead, but to a reduc- REPORT ON ATMOSPHERIC CIRCULATION. 19 tion of the tension by a lowering of the temperature and change of state of a part of the aqueous vapour. TJie Morning Maximum. — The diurnal heating of the atmosphere proceeds with the ascent of the sun. As the water condensed on the surfaces of the dust particles is evaporated, tension is increased by the simple change from the fluid to the gaseous state ; and as the dust particles in the sun's rays rise in temperature above that of the films of air in contact with them, the temperature of the atmosphere is thereby raised, thus further increasing the tension. Under these conditions the barometer steadily rises with the increasing tension to the morning maximum. It is to be particularly noted that this rise of the barometer is not due to any accessions to the mass of air overhead, but only to increasing temperature and change of part of the watery vapour from the liquid to the gaseous state. Owing to the rapidity of the heating and increase of tension of the atmosphere through its whole height by the sun's rays, but more par- ticularly in the lowermost strata where the dust particles are more numerous and, as the colours of sunset suggest, grosser than prevail in the upper regions of the atmosphere, some time must elapse before the greater expansive force thus called into play is able to counteract the vertical and lateral resistance it meets from the inertia and viscosity of the air. The only effect of the conversion of latent to sensible heat in these con- densations, and the converse after sunrise, is but a slight retardation of the phenomena. The Afternoon Minimum. — When this resistance has been overcome, an ascending current of the warm air sets in, and pressure gradually falls, as the mass of air overhead is reduced by the ascending current flowing back as an upper current to eastward, in other words, over the section of the atmosphere immediately to eastward, the temperature of which has now fallen considerably lower than that of the region from which the ascending current rises. 'The Evening Maximum. — When the daily maximum temperature is past and temperature has begun to fall, the air becomes gradually more condensed in the lower strata, and, as a consequence, pressure at great heights is lowered, and, be it particularly noted, lowered most as compared with the pressure at the same height over the region from which the ascending current is rising. Hence it follows that owing to this relative difference of pressure, the ascending current, which rises from the longitudes where at the time the afternoon pressure is at the minimum, flows back to eastward, thus increasing the pressure over those longitudes where temperature has now greatly fallen. This atmospheric quasi-tidal movement occasions the evening maximum of pressure, which occurs from 9 p.m. to midnight, according to latitude and geographical position. As midnight and the early 'hours of morning advance, these contributions through the upper currents become less and less, and finally cease altogether, and the effects of the nocturnal radiation now going forward again introduce the morning minimum, as already described. Thus the afternoon minimum is occasioned by the removal of part of the mass of the atmosphere by the ascending current and its connected upper current, 20 THE VOYAGE OF H.M.S. CHALLENGER. and the evening maximum by accessions to the mass of atmosphere overhead from this upper current. The Challenger observations all show that over the ocean, latitude for latitude, the amplitude of the oscillations is larger in an atmosphere highly charged with aqueous vapour, and less in a dry atmosphere. Also over the open sea, the morning minimum is largest in equatorial regions, and it diminishes with latitude ; but its rate of diminution with latitude through anticyclonic and other regions is generally less and more uniform than is the case with the afternoon minimum. From October 12 to 22, 1875, the mean pressure in lat. 35° 1' S. and long. 134° 35' W. was 30-298 inches, and the difference between the mornino- maximum and the afternoon minimum was only 0-036 inch ; again, from July 12 to 19 in the same year, in lat. 36° 16' N. and long. 156° 11' W., the mean pressure was 30"328 inches, and the difference between the a.m. maximum and the p.m. minimum was only 0025 inch. Thus in the Pacific about lat. 35°-36° N. and S., with a mean pressure much greater than near the equator, the oscillation is much less, being in the North Pacific less than a third of what occurs near the equator. In the same latitudes in the middle of the South Atlantic the difference was observed to be 0"025 inch, and in the North Atlantic 0*014 inch. Now these are regions of the four great oceans which are overspread by permanent anticyclones, and characterised by calms, light and variable winds, and the central regions of which are as a matter of fact but little traversed by sailors, as is well shown on Baillie's Meteorological Charts of the Oceans. These regions are shown on the Isobaric maps, and it will be seen that the surface winds outflow in every direction from the high pressure areas of the anticyclones. Since, notwithstanding the outflow of the surface, pressure remains high, it necessarily follows that the high pressure is kept up by an inflow of upper currents. As the slow descending air of the centre of the anticyclones connects the inflowing upper currents with the outflowing winds of the surface, it follows that the air filling the central areas of the anticyclones is relatively very dry, — every stage of its descent adding to its relative dryness, — and contains in all probability fewer dust particles than elsewhere. Hence over anticyclonic areas the atmosphere will be less cooled by nocturnal radiation and less heated by solar radiation, and the change of the aqueous vapour from the gaseous to the liquid state and vice versa will be also less than elsewhere. It follows that the amplitudes of the oscillation will diminish as the ocean becomes more land-locked with continents, in other words, as the anticyclonic region becomes better defined and currents of air, which rise from the heated surfaces of the adjoining continents, are poured down more steadily and copiously by the upper currents of the atmosphere. Hence of the four oceans, the smallest oscillation, 0"014 inch, is shown in the anticyclonic region of the North Atlantic, and the largest, 0-036 inch, in that of the South Pacific. REPORT ON ATMOSPHERIC CIRCULATION. 21 The geographical distribution of this oscillation is given in the accompanying Fig. 2, which shows for July its amount by lines of 10, 20, 40, 60, 80, and 100 thousandths of 160 MO 120 80 6 J 40 20 0 20 40 M DO 120 1*0 16 0 18 0 Fig. 2.— Ohart showing the mean monthly amount of the diurnal oscillation of the barometer over the globe for July. an inch, or 0-010 inch, 0'020 inch, etc. The abnormally small amount over the centre of the Atlantic and the Mediterranean begins in March, attains the maximum in June, and ends in October. It is thus confined to the warmer months of the year, and is not cumulative, like most other meteorological phenomena, but follows the sun, having its maximum in June. The smallness of the oscillation over the North Atlantic, which is probably less than occurs in any other ocean in the same latitude, is to a large extent caused by the small dip in the diurnal curve of the afternoon minimum, thus indicating an atmosphere where the heating by the sun is comparatively small. Over the open sea of the higher latitudes, the afternoon dip, or afternoon minimum, disappears, thus reducing the barometric curve to one maximum and one minimum during the twenty-four hours. The much greater amplitude of the oscillations on land, as compared with the open sea, is entirely due to the heating of the surface of the earth, this higher temperature, which has its origin in the superheated surface, being in addition to the direct heating of the air by the heat rays of the sun as they pass through it. Tension is thereby still further increased, and, consequently, the morning maximum and the afternoon minimum are both more extreme than over the open sea. The oscillation reaches its maximum just in those tropical climates where insolation is strongest, and the effect is doubtless still further heightened by the greater number of dust particles present in the atmosphere of these climates. In low latitudes, where the velocity of the surface due to the earth's rotation is near the maximum, the four phases of the barometric oscillations are most sharply defined and of greatest amplitude. But in the higher latitudes, where the velocity of the surface is much reduced, the amount of the oscillation is also small, and the one phase passes into the other by easy gradations. It has been shown in the Table, p. 13, that in situations more or less insular 22 THE VOYAGE OF ELKS. CHALLENGES. situated to westward of a pretty extensive tract of land, the forenoon maximum is retarded, — in some places as much as seven hours, — and that in all these cases the after- noon minimum is small and in some instances all but disappears. On the other hand, at no great distance from the coast, both inland and seaward, the afternoon minimum is quite distinctly seen, the retardation of the forenoon maximum rapidly gives way, and the chief phases of the diurnal oscillation occur near the normal times. This disturbance in the diurnal oscillation can scarcely be said to occur on the east coasts of tracts of land. This peculiarity of the diurnal barometric tide is due to the circumstance that the air over the land is earlier and more rapidly heated than the air over the sea to west- ward of it, and, consequently, the ascending current sets in sooner and stronger over the land than over the sea, accompanied with the necessary result of the propagation of a temporary overflow to westward by a sub-upper current from the continental toward the insular situation. The retardation of the phases of the curve is also seen in lower latitudes, though less easily detected owing to the larger amounts of the oscillations. In summer, at Coimbra, pressure falls to the mean of the day shortly after -noon, but at Lisbon it is an hour and at San Fernando an hour and a half later. At Milan it occurs about 12.45 p.m., but at Naples it is delayed to about 3 p.m. The following Table presents another set of diurnal barometric curves totally different from any yet referred to. It gives in thousandths of an inch, the winter, summer, and annual means for Gries, Klagenfurt, and Cordova, to which Mexico is added. GRIES, Lat. 46' 30', KLAGENFURT, Lat. CORDOVA, Lat. -31° MEXICO, Lat. 19* 26', Long. 11° 20'; 46* 37', Long. 14° 18' ; 24', Long. -64° 6'; Long. -99° 0'; Height, 958 Fket. Height, 1437 Feet. 1460 Feet. 7490 Feet. Nov., Dec, May, Nov., May, May, Nov., Nov., May, June, Year. Dec, June, Year. June, Dec, Year. Dec, June, Year. Jan. July. Jan. July. July. Jan. Jan. July. 1 A.M. -' „ 3 „ 8 25 18 11 15 14 21 24 26 10 10 10 7 25 18 9 18 13 23 23 25 3 1 2 7 24 17 9 16 13 21 21 23 1 2 3 3 28 16 1 9 18 13 19 21 22 2 0 0 O ,, 6 M 1 34 18 9 22 14 18 24 22 7 7 7 1 40 22 13 25 11 17 30 24 19 18 19 ~ ■■ 8 ,, H ,, 10 „ 11 ,, Nuon 6 40 26 13 24 20 18 36 28 32 29 31 14 35 30 16 26 21 20 41 31 47 36 41 19 28 29 14 19 19 23 40 33 56 37 47 19 15 21 12 15 15 25 34 30 49 30 41 15 2 11 4 5 6 14 25 20 30 18 26 0 15 6 6 5 4 4 15 5 1 3 4 1 P.M. U 35 S3 IS IS IG 24 a H 27 23 S3 3 " t ;; 25 45 37 u 29 27 41 14 32 51 34 43 &8 54 45 27 36 32 47 40 47 63 5-i 57 26 68 43 25 41 35 4G 56 64 63 58 62 ~« 57 40 20 ,'J 33 40 61 53 54 54 57 12 47 3G IS M 27 3: 60 AS 44 30 43 7 3 6 35 Si s -/ IS GO 55 40 10 9g 24 9 1 14 O i 14 7 Ti 45 2S 3 ~g 2 1(> " 11 4 4 3 5 3 4 i 26 14 16 13 16 9 14 11 7 8 8 10 G 2 21 25 24 10 21 IS 8 12 10 20 13 17 19 28 24 -Midmglit . i 1 23 19 S 16 13 23 22 23 16 21 13 REPORT ON ATMOSPHERIC CIRCULATION. 23 The most noticeable feature of these daily barometric oscillations is their very large amounts, those at Gries, though in lat. 46° 30' N., being tropical in amount; and the singular circumstance is that in no season does the morning minimum fall so low as the daily mean. Gries, Klagenfurt, and Cordova are each situated in a deep valley, and they present the diurnal barometric curves characteristic of these places (Plate I. fig. 20). In such situations, during night, the whole surface of the region is cooled by radiation below the air above it, and the air in immediate contact with the ground becoming also cooled, a system of descending air-currents sets in over the whole face of the country bounding the deep valley. The direction and velocity of these descending currents are modified by the irregularities of the ground, and, like currents of water, they converge in the bottom of the valleys, which they fill to a considerable height with the cold air they bring down from the sides of the mountains. This cold and consequently relatively dense air rises above the barometers which happen to be down in the valley, with the result that a high mean pressure is maintained during the night. In summer the pressure at the coldest time of the night is maintained, 0"020 inch, at Klagenfurt, higher than it is in open situations in that country, and double this amount, or 0"040 inch, at Gries. On the other hand, during the day these deep valleys become highly heated by the sun, and a strong ascending current is early formed, under which pressure falls unusually low. Thus, while at Vienna the afternoon minimum falls 0'026 inch below the daily mean, at Klagenfurt the amount is 0'042 inch, and at Gries 0-058 inch. The same feature of the pressure is seen, though in a much less pronounced degree, in the curves for Mexico, where the daily range is usually large for so elevated a station and consequent low mean pressure, and where the morning minimum either does not fall to the mean of the day or but little below it. On the other hand, at high-level observatories, such as Obirgipfel and Ben Nevis, which are situated on true peaks, the daily curve of pressure is wholly different (Plate I. fig. 21). In these situations the curves all show an abnormally large morning minimum, and, in summer more particularly, an afternoon minimum so small as all but wholly to disappear. It follows that the diurnal curves of atmospheric pressure are liable to large modifi- cations according as the earth's surface, in the more immediate neighbourhood of the barometer from which the observations are made, presents a level plain, a troughed hollow between mountains or rising grounds, or an isolated peak. In high latitudes, in the interior of continents, when there is either constant sunshine, or sunshine and a strongly pronounced twilight, the morning minimum is much reduced, and in the height of summer vanishes altogether, being probably the effect of the short nights, the comparatively slow motion from the earth's rotation, and the constant heating from the sun's rays, direct or indirect. The summer curve for 24 THE VOYAGE OF H.M.S. CHALLENGER. Fort Rae, lat. 62° 39' N., long. 115° 44' W., illustrates this peculiarity of the diurnal pressure (Plate I. fig. 15). Over the ocean in high latitudes the diurnal curves of pressure show only one maximum and one minimum, but the times of their occurrence are directly opposite to those over land. It is evident that in employing the data of Table IV. in " correcting " for daily range, with the view of bringing the observations to the true daily mean pressure, the greatest care is required in selecting stations whose means will give approximately true " corrections." Indeed, as regards narrow steep valleys, any such attempted reductions can at best only be regarded as useless. The daily oscillations of pressure at places given in Table IV. show the same feature to be apparent even in comparatively shallow valleys bounded by distant rising grounds with low surface gradients. This consideration must not be lost sight of in any effort to trace the simple temperature effect on the daily barometric tides. In truth, the observed temperatures made at the station can be used in such a discussion only when the observations are made on the open sea, or on what is substantially an open plain at some distance from the sea. On coasts, in comparatively narrow valleys, but in a less degree on peaks, the problem becomes very complicated, and in attempting to solve it the temperature of the region for some distance round the place of observation must also be taken into account. Towards the end of Table IV. are given the diurnal ranges for Polar Stations, including nearly the whole of the International Arctic and Antarctic Stations during 1882 and 1883. An examination of these is sufficient to show that several results must be accepted with some reserve as a representation of the facts of the diurnal variation of pressure in these higher latitudes. More might have been made of these observations if they had been published as made, that is, if, instead of reducing to 32°, by the methods in common use, the original readings of the barometer and of the attached thermometer had been printed. Since the daily range in these regions is very small, probably not exceeding 0-010 inch, and since in every case when the temperature shown by the attached thermometer differs from that of the barometer taken as a whole, it follows that for every degree of difference the reduced observations contain an error of about 0-003 inch. Indeed, the hourly pressures at several Arctic Stations, instead of showing the horary changes of pressure, appear in some cases to indicate in an obscure way the changes of temperature, artificial or otherwise, of the apartment where the barometer was hung. In those cases where care has been taken to secure that the monthly means of the attached thermometers, for the different hours of the day, represent the temperature of the whole barometer to within a degree, the results show the extension of the oscilla- tions into Arctic and Antarctic regions. They are probably dependent on the diurnal changes in the temperature of the air itself, irrespective of those of the earth's surface, and they may be, in some way, influenced by quasi-tidal movements from lower latitudes. REPORT ON ATMOSPHERIC CIRCULATION. 25 Variation of the Force of the Wind. — During the cruise of the Challenger, observations of the force of the wind were made on 1202 days, at least twelve times daily, 650 of the days being on the open sea, and 552 near land. The observa- tions were on Beaufort's scale 0-12, being the scale of wind force observed at sea. The results showing the hourly variations in the force of the wind are given in the following table, where the observations have been grouped according to the five oceans in which they were made, viz. : the North Atlantic, the South Atlantic, the North Pacific, the South Pacific, and the Southern Ocean : — N. Atlantic. S. Atlantic. N. Pacific. S. Pacific. SOUTFIERN OCKAN. Mean. Open Near Open Near Open Near Open Near Open Near Open Near No. of Obs. . Sea. Land. Sea. Land. Sea. Land. Sea. Land. Sea. Land. Sea. Land. 192 91 87 75 142 165 156 163 73 58 650 552 2 a.m. . . 2-96 2-27 3-10 2-26 2-59 1-31 2-67 1-34 4-40 2-26 2-98 1-72 4 „ . . . 3-00 2-30 314 2-03 2-34 1-20 2-65 1-39 4-07 2-28 2-90 1-67 6 „ . . . 2-95 2-23 3-05 2-14 2-22 1-14 2-62 1-27 4-04 2-60 2-85 1-66 8 „ . . . 2-9-1 2-23 2-90 212 2-28 1-09 2-71 1-37 3-82 2-93 2-83 1-69 10 „ . . . 3-12 2-55 3-01 2-40 2-21 1-27 2-68 1-76 3-96 3-28 2-87 201 Noon . . . 3-08 2-55 2-97 2-57 2-34 1-65 2-78 2-14 403 3-52 2-92 2-27 2 P.M. . . 3-07 2-82 3-06 2-68 2-37 1-C7 2-59 2-13 4-20 3-57 2-92 2-36 4 „ • • . 2-97 2-74 3-13 2-C1 2-27 1-71 2-58 2-08 4-26 3-49 2-87 2-30 6 „ . . . 2-95 2-48 3-12 2-60 2-28 1-37 2-64 1-69 4-06 3-44 2-87 2-08 8 „ . . . 2-94 2-27 3-21 2-34 2-26 113 2-66 1-35 4-00 2-87 2-85 1-76 10 „ . . . 3-01 217 3-25 2-27 2-39 1-15 2-60 1-37 4-16 2-40 2-92 1-68 Midnight . . 2-96 2-23 3-16 218 2-27 1-32 2-61 1-43 4-16 2-40 2-87 1-75 Means . . . 3-00 2-40 3-09 2-35 2-32 1-33 2-65 1-61 4-10 2-92 2-89 1-91 Means (miles) 18 15 18J 15 15 10 16 11 23 18 17 13 Thus the velocity of the wind is greater over the open sea than on or near land, the mean difference being from four to five miles per hour. Of the five oceans, the velocity is greatest over the Southern Ocean, and least over the North Pacific, the difference being eight miles per hour. In the part of the cruise embracing the Southern Ocean, the Challenger crossed and re-crossed the " roaring forties," and hence probably the higher observed velocity of the wind over this ocean. With respect to the open sea, it is evident from the mean curve for the five oceans (Plate II. fig. 22) that the diurnal variation is very small, there being apparently two indistinctly marked maxima about midday and midnight respectively. But on examining the separate means of each of the five oceans, there appears to be no uniform agreement observable among their curves, the slight variations being different in each case. Looking at the curves in connection with the number of observations from which each has been drawn, it seems probable that the line representing the true diurnal variation in the velocity of the wind is practically a uniform straight line, with the single exception of a small rise about midday, not quite amounting to a mile per hour. (PHYS. CHEM. CHALL. EXF. — rART V. — 1889.) 4 26 THE VOYAGE OF H.M.S. CHALLENGER. But as regards the winds recorded by the Challenger when near land, the velocity at the different hours of the day gives a curve, for the five oceans combined, as clearly and decidedly marked as the diurnal curve of temperature (Plate II. fig. 23). The minimum occurs from 2 to 4 a.m., and the maximum from noon to 4 p.m., the absolute highest being at 2 p.m. The curves for each of the five oceans give one and the same result, viz., a curve closely accordant with the diurnal curve of temperature. The differences between the hour of least and that of greatest velocity are, for the Southern Ocean, 6j miles ; South Pacific, 4i miles ; South Atlantic, 34; miles ; North Atlantic and North Pacific, 3 miles per hour. In the case of each ocean, the velocity of the wind over the open sea is considerably in excess of that near land, and it is noteworthy that in no case does the maximum velocity near land, attained near noon, reach the velocity over the open sea. The nearest approach, at any hour of the day, of the maximum velocity near land to the velocity over the open sea at the same hour is in the North Atlantic, 2*5 ; South Atlantic, 3-8 ; North and South Pacific, each 4"6 ; Southern Ocean, 5'1 ; and the mean of all the oceans, 5 "6. The difference is greatest at 4 a.m., when it is about 6 miles an hour, but diminishes as temperature rises, till at 2 p.m. it is less than 3 miles an hour. On land the diurnal variation in the wind's velocity becomes more pronounced. At Batavia the minimum occurs in all months in the early morning, when the tempera- ture is lowest, and the maximum from 1 to 3 p.m., the minimum and maximum velocities being to each other as 1 to 21. At Mauritius the minimum, occurring from 2 to 3 a.m., is nearly 9-7 miles an hour, and the maximum 18*5 miles from 1 to 2 p.m. At Coimbra the maximum is five times greater than the minimum velocity in summer, but in winter it is only about a half more. At Valentia, in the south - west of Ireland, the minimum is 10 miles an hour at 11 p.m., and the maximum 18 miles at 1 p.m. From a discussion of a number of places in northern Europe, Hann has shown that the velocity is doubled from the minimum with a completely clear sky, three-fourths greater with a sky half-covered, but with a sky wholly covered it is only one-half more. At the strictly continental situation of Vienna, with a clear sky the velocity is doubled, with a sky half-covered it is two-thirds greater, but when the sky is quite covered the variation in the wind's velocity becomes irregular and faintly marked. This last result, and the fact that the time of maximum velocity is not coincident with that of the highest air-temperature, but shortly after midday, when insolation is strongest, and the fact of no variation occurring over the open sea, point to the conclusion that the diurnal variation is a consequence of the diurnal variations which take place in the temperature of the earth's surface over which the winds blow. There is another class of observations which form a valuable contribution to this REPORT ON ATMOSPHERIC CIRCULATION. 27 question, viz., the observations recently obtained from such high-level observatories as are situated on true peaks, as Ben Nevis, Santis, Obirgipfel, Sonnblich, etc. In such situations, the curve of diurnal variation in the wind's velocity is precisely the reverse of what obtains over what are substantially plains or plateaux. At these high-level observatories the maximum hourly velocity occurs during the night and the minimum during the day. Reference has been made to the high barometer maintained in deep narrow valleys during the night, as being the result of the cold currents from the adjoining slopes which the chilling effects of terrestrial radiation set in motion. These masses of cold air, accumulated in the valleys, give rise to the well-known furious blasts of wind blowing down the valleys of such mountainous regions as the Alps during clear and comparatively calm nights. Now since these down-rushing winds must necessarily be fed from higher levels than those of the mountain itself, it follows that the winds prevailing on the peak of the mountain are really the winds of a higher level, and blow therefore with the greater velocity due to that greater height ; and the increased velocity is kept up as long as the cold currents occasioned by terrestrial radiation continue to be poured down to the bottom of the valleys. This consideration serves to explain the apparently anomalous direction of the winds in Greenland, which are in some degree modified by the downflow from the adjoining high grounds. On the other hand, during the warmer hours of the day, the barometric pressure of deep valleys is, as has been shown, abnormally low, owing to the super-heating of these valleys, as contrasted with the temperature of the surrounding region. This gives rise to a warm wind blowing up the valleys during the hottest hours of the day, and an ascending current close to the sides of the mountain up to the very summit. Now since no inconsiderable portion of this ascending current, whose horizontal velocity is necessarily much retarded, mingles with the air-current proper to the level of the peak, it follows that the prevailing wind on the peak must be retarded during the hottest hours of the day. The explanation of the variation of the wind's velocity over comparatively flat surfaces is more difficult. Whatever be the cause or causes, they are intimately, if not immediately, connected with the temperature of the earth's surface over which the winds blow. The Challenger observations on the five great oceans prove that, so far as concerns any direct influence on the air itself, solar and terrestrial radiation exercise no influence on the diurnal variation in the velocity of the wind, these showing practically no variation in the velocity. The same observations prove that on nearing land the velocity of the wind is everywhere reduced, but that the retardation is greatest during those hours of the day when the temperature is lowest, and least when the temperature is highest. The time of the day when the wind's velocity is increased is practically limited to the hours when temperature is above the daily 28 THE VOYAGE OF H.M.S. CHALLENGER. mean, and the influence of the higher temperature is, in some degree, to counteract the retardation of the wind's velocity resulting from friction and from the viscosity of the air encountered near land. An explanation not unfrequently adduced is that the variation is due to the ascending currents with their reduced velocities, and the descending currents with their increased velocities, which set in as the necessary result of the unequal heating of the surface at different hours of the day. Now if this were so, the increased velocity during the hottest hours of the day would he closely congruent with the diurnal curve of atmospheric pressure, commencing with the time when pressure begins to fall from the morning maximum, in other words, from the time the ascending current sets in, and would reach the maximum at the hour of the afternoon minimum of pressure, that is, the time when the ascensional current is strongest. Observation does not bear this out, since the increase in the diurnal velocity sets in before pressure begins to fall from the morning maximum ; and the maximum, in the summer months when the whole phenomena are most pronounced, occurs from two to four hours before the time of the afternoon minimum of pressure. The time of occurrence of the maximum velocity is from 1 to 2 p.m., or when the diurnal insolation is strongest. Observations thus point to the conclusion that, while ascensional and descensional currents play a part in bringing about the diurnal variation, by far the more important part is due to the difference between the temperature of the earth's surface and that of the wind blowing over it at the moment. It is evident that when the surface of the ground is super- heated, and an ascensional movement of the air has set in from the heated surface, the retardation of the wind's velocity, resulting from friction and from the viscosity of the air, is more or less counteracted, and the velocity of the wind is thereby increased. On the other hand, during the night, when terrestrial radiation is proceeding, the tempera- ture of the surface rapidly falls, all ascensional movement ceases and gives way to a descensional movement of the lowermost stratum of the air down the slopes of the country, with the result that during these hours the retardation of the wind's velocity from friction is greatest. Variation in the Amount of Cloud. — The diurnal variation in the amount of cloud in the sky over the open sea is very small. The following are the means of 277 days' observations on board the Challenger, stated in percentages of sky covered with clouds : — 2 A.M., 59 4 „ 59 6 „ G2 8 „ 62 10 „ 58 Noon, 56 2 P.M., 58 4 „ 59 6 „ 57 8 „ 57 10 „ 57 Midnight, 57 REPORT ON ATMOSPHERIC CIRCULATION. 29 Two maxima are here indicated, the one about or shortly after sunrise, and the other in the early part of the afternoon ; and two minima, the one at noon and the other from sunset to midnight. But the difference between the daily extremes is only 6 per cent, of the sky. The diurnal variations in the amount of cloud are among the less satisfactorily observed phenomena of meteorology. From what has been done, however, a few general deductions may be made. A maximum occurs in the morning and continues till a little after sunrise, and this maximum is more pronounced over the open sea than over land. Its appearance may be regarded as due to the general cooling of the atmosphere through its whole height by terrestrial radiation, and its disappear- ance by the heating of the air by the returning sun. The first of the two minima extends from this time to about noon, this relatively greater clearness of sky occurring thus while temperature is most rapidly increasing and before the ascending current has set in in any considerable volume. The period of this ascending current, or the time of the afternoon minimum of atmospheric pressure, marks the afternoon maximum of cloud, which over the land surfaces of the globe is much larger than the morning maximum, being thus the reverse of what the Challenger observations disclose. Of this maximum the cumulus is the characteristic cloud. These are but the summits of the ascending currents that rise from the heated land, in which the aqueous vapour is condensed into cloud during the expansion and consequent cooling that takes place with increase of height. Cumulus clouds cast an instructive light on the behaviour of the ascending currents rising from the more highly-heated lower- most strata of the atmosphere, inasmuch as they indicate that the current ascending from the surface is broken up into subdivisions that are thereafter grouped into separate well-defined ascending currents, each of which is marked off and topped by the cumulus cloud. It is highly probable, considering the clearly-defined positions of these clouds, that the air composing the ascending currents is not only warmer but that it is also moister than the air in and beneath the clear interspaces ; and, further, it may be regarded as probable that it is down through these clear interspaces that the descending air filaments shape their course in their way downwards to take the place of the air molecules that ascend from the heated surface of the earth. The secondary minimum of cloud occurs from about sunset onwards during the time occupied by the evening maximum of atmospheric pressure. The frequent dissolving and final disappearance of cloud from about sunset onwards as the evening advances is familiar to all, occurring in those types of weather, principally, when the evening maximum of pressure for the day is most distinctly marked. It is to be noted here that in a highly -saturated atmosphere, which is so characteristic a feature of many tropical cbmates at certain seasons, this time of the day is remarkable for the amount of cloud ; and it is in those seasons, and during those hours, that heat-lightning, or lightning without thunder, attains its annual 30 THE VOYAGE OF H.M.S. CHALLENGER. maximum period, and also its diurnal maximum period, which is from six to eight hours later than that of thunderstorms. Variation in the Amount of the Rainfall. — During the cruise every instance of precipitation, — rain specified as passing showers or continued rain, drizzle, sleet, or snow, — were recorded in their place of occurrence among the two-hourly observations. These have been tabulated and summed up, with the following result : — Rain. Over open Sea. Near Land. Total 2 A.M., 130 87 217 4 „ 118 90 208 6 „ 117 75 192 8 „ 115 75 190 10 „ 113 82 195 Noon, 110 79 189 2 P.M. 103 75 178 Rain. Over open Sea. Near Land. Total. 4 P.M, 95 71 166 6 „ 101 74 175 8 „ 113 82 195 10 „ 114 79 193 Midnight, 112 83 195 Total, 1341 952 2293 These figures show (Plate II. fig. 24) that, as regards the occurrence of rain over the open sea during the day, there is one maximum of 130 instances at 2 A.M., and one minimum of 95 instances at 4 p.m.; and that, while for the twelve hours ending 8 a.m. the number of cases was 706, for the twelve hours ending 8 P.M. the number was 635. Hence the frequency of occurrence of rain over the open sea is simply inversely as the temperature. Near land the distribution of rain during the twenty-four hours is different, the results showing two maxima and two minima, the secondary maximum occurring from 10 a.m. to 2 p.m., the two maximum periods being the times of maximum and minimum temperature, and the two minima the early morning and early evening respectively. Dr. Bergsma has shown, from sixteen years' observation made at Batavia, the diurnal variation at that place, of which the following are the percentages of the daily amount which fell every two hours : — Midnight to 2 A.M.. 2 a.m. „ 4 „ 4 6 6 » » 8 >, 8 „ „ 10 „ 10 ,, ,, noon, 8-7 Noon to 2 p.m., 9-5 6-4 2 vm 4 . 12-2 61 4 6 * >i ?> u )» . 13-5 5-2 6 „ „ 8 ,, . 10-5 5-5 8 „ „ 10 „ 7-4 6-3 10 „ „ midnight, . 8-7 It will be observed that this curve is the reverse of the curve for the open sea, REPORT ON ATMOSPHERIC CIRCULATION. 31 while the curve for the observations made near land partakes of the character of both curves. Much yet requires to be done in collecting the suitable data of observation for a proper treatment of the question of the diurnal curves of the rainfall of different climates. Such data, however, so far as collected, show the general occur- rence of a maximum from about 11 a.m. to 6 p.m., and this peculiarity of the curve is a particularly outstanding feature of the curves of continental climates during the summer months of the year, when thunderstorms have their maximum annual occurrence. A marked diminution of the rainfall is generally observed from about sunset to midnight, or during the hours when, in many climates, the amount of cloud falls to the minimum, and the evening maximum of pressure takes place. The time of the morning minimum of pressure, from about 2 to 6 a.m., is, curiously, in many places strongly marked as a maximum, whereas in others it is equally strongly marked as a minimum, of which the Challenger and Batavia curves may be taken as typical examples. Variation of Thunderstorms. — The following table shows the distribution through the hours of the day of the cases of occurrence during the cruise — (l) of thunderstorms or thunder with lightning, and (2) of lightning alone : — Thunde rsto rji a. o 'A ¥* \» B 5 o o >3 2 P.M. to 4 P.M. 4 „ „ 6 „ 6 „ „ 8 „ 8 „ „ 10 „ 10 ,, „ midnight . Total T H UNDERSTORMS. 0 li o o >3 Open Sea. Near Land. Total. Open Sea. Near Land. Total. Midnight to 2 a.m. 2 a.m. „ 4 „ 4 „ „ 6 „ 6 .. i. 8 „ 8 „ „ 10 „ 10 ,, ,, noon Noon ,, 2 p.m. 4 7 5 3 1 0 0 2 2 6 2 2 0 1 6 9 5 5 3 0 1 42 36 11 0 0 0 1 2 0 0 1 3 2 1 2 2 3 4 1 2 3 6 2 7 25 46 39 26 ID 45 209 Of the 45 thunderstorms recorded, 26 occurred over the open sea, and 19 near land. Of those recorded over the open sea 22 occurred during the ten hours from 10 p.m. to 8 A.M., whereas during the other fourteen hours of the day only 4 occurred (Plate II. fig. 25). Hence the important conclusion that over the open sea thunderstorms are essentially phenomena of the night, and occur chiefly during the morning minimum of pressure. On the other hand, as regards the thunderstorms which occurred near land, they are pretty evenly distributed during the twenty-four hours. Over land, but especially where the climate is more or less continental in its character, the distribution of thunderstorms during the day is the reverse of the above. The following table shows the number of (l) thunderstorms, and (2) lightning only, 32 THE VOYAGE OF H.M.S. CHALLENGER. recorded at Oxford during twenty-four years, for the seven months from April to October, of which months August is represented on Plate II. fio-s. 26 and 27 : — Hour endiDg a HU.NDEBSTORMS. Lightning only. a, ■4 a 3 '-a 1-5 S3 ■5 "S. CO o > a 6 a ►a 1-3 •3 "E. 6 *5 o 1 A.M. . 1 2 6 3 2 0 0 14 0 o 1 3 4 2 0 12 2 „ . . 2 1 1 1 1 0 7 0 0 0 0 3 2 0 5 3 „ . . 1 2 3 2 1 0 11 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 4 „ . . 0 1 4 3 0 1 10 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 5 „ . . 0 3 3 2 2 1 12 (1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 6 „ . . 0 2 3 6 i 3 10 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 2 7 „ . . 1 1 2 2 0 1 0 7 0 0 0 0 0 2 1 3 8 „ . . 0 1 2 3 0 1 0 7 0 2 1 0 0 4 1 8 9 „ . . 0 1 2 4 1 1 0 9 0 0 2 0 0 3 5 10 10 „ . . 0 1 4 2 1 1 0 9 0 0 1 4 1 3 1 10 11 ,', . . 0 2 3 2 1 0 0 8 0 0 0 1 0 1 1 3 ftoon . . 3 7 6 3 4 1 0 24 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 2 1 P.M. 0 5 5 6 8 7 3 34 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 1 5 5 1 7 7 1 25 0 0 0 0 2 2 0 4 3 „ . . 2 8 6 7 7 3 0 33 0 0 0 1 2 2 0 5 4 „ . . 2 6 y 7 8 5 2 38 0 0 0 0 2 2 0 4 5 „ . . 3 5 5 7 4 3 0 27 0 0 0 0 2 0 1 3 6 „ . . 1 5 4 7 6 5 0 28 0 0 0 1 3 3 5 12 7 „ . . 2 4 0 C 4 0 17 0 1 0 0 2 3 12 18 8 ,, . . 2 2 0 3 1 0 9 2 2 2 1 5 8 4 24 ,2 » • - 3 2 3 4 2 0 15 0 2 2 4 11 6 7 32 10 „ . . 3 1 1 3 3 0 12 0 3 3 11 18 5 4 44 11 „ . . 1 3 1 2 2 1 11 1 3 2 10 15 4 2 37 Midnight Total . . 2 4 4 2 2 0 15 1 2 4 9 12 4 1 33 23 69 89 77 74 54 13 399 4 17 18 45 82 59 48 273 During the other five months of the year electrical displays are infrequent. As these figures for Oxford may be accepted as typical of the distribution of thunder- storms during the day, and the times of the maxima and minima over the land surfaces of the globe at some distance from the sea-coast, it is evident that the diurnal maximum occurs in the afternoon, and is substantially coincident with the afternoon minimum of atmospheric pressure ; whilst on the other hand, the maximum over the open sea is closely coincident with the morning minimum of pressure. Over the land the maximum of thunderstorms occurs during the hours of the day when temperature is highest, but over the open sea during those hours when temperature is lowest. The great majority of thunderstorms over the land thus occur during the part of the day when the ascensional movement of the air from the heated surface of the ground takes place, and they reach the maximum when the temperature and this upward movement are also at the maximum. It thus appears that ascending currents and their necessary accompaniment, descending currents in the atmosphere, play an important part in the history of thunderstorms. In places where the climate is dry and rainless, like that of Jerusalem in the REPORT ON ATMOSPHERIC CIRCULATION. 33 summer months, thunder is quite unknown ; and places such as Coimbra and Lisbon, where the summer rainfall is small and its occurrence rare, thunderstorms become less frequent, and the hours of their occurrence become later than before and after the dry season. Further, when during a particular season an anticyclone, with its great descending current in the centre, remains over a region, as happens in the centre of the old Continent during winter, thunder is equally unknown. In this connection much interest is attached to the thunderstorms of Mauritius, arising from its isolated position in a vast ocean, and its relations to the great move- ments of the atmosphere in that part of the globe. In this island there are two maxima in the diurnal curve, the larger of the two occurring from noon to 4 p.m., and the smaller from 3 to 6 A.M., these being the times of the two barometric minima, or the times of maximum occurrence from the Challenger observations over the open sea and inland at Oxford ; and two times of minimum occurrence, from 9 p.m. to 1 a.m. and from 8 to 10 A.M., these being near the times of the barometric maxima. Another important fact, as regards the thunderstorms of Mauritius, is, that during twelve years none were recorded in June and July, one in August, one in September, and three in October. Observations show that the annual period of thunderstorms is the seven months from near the end of October to the middle of May, or during the time of the greatest rainfall, while practically none occur during the other five months. In these five months rain, however, continues to fall, amounting to an average of about two inches each month. Thus, during these months, there is in the atmosphere the aqueous vapour, and these being relatively dry months, there are also the conditions of ascend- ing currents. There is, however, wanting another element essential to the electrical manifestations of the thunderstorms during the relatively dry season of Mauritius. Now during the months when thunderstorms are of no infrequent occurrence, the high atmospheric pressure of Asia repeatedly advances, as Dr. Meldrum has pointed out, southward towards Mauritius, so that frequently the belt of variable winds and calms, between the two trades, stretches in a slanting direction from Madagascar to Ceylon. While this distribution of pressure occurs with more or less frequency, the conditions of a descending cold current of large volume are provided, and thunderstorms are fre- quent ; and it is under analogous conditions afforded by the cyclones and anticyclones of north-western Europe, that nearly all the winter thunderstorms in the west of Scotland occur. But from June to September there is an unbroken increase of pressure from Central Asia southwards to beyond Mauritius, thus placing it within this high pressure area and in the heart of the south-east trades, and while this continues the conditions favourable for the development of the thunderstorms are wanting. It has been shown that over the open sea thunderstorms are essentially nocturnal phenomena. As regards thunderstorms over the land surfaces of the globe, the disturbance of atmospheric equilibrium, resulting in ascending and descending currents, (PHYS. CHEM. CHALL. EXP. FART V. 18S9.) ^ 34 THE VOYAGE OF H.M.S. CHALLENGER. is brought about mainly by the super-heating of the surface and thence of the lowermost strata of the air. But as regards the open sea, this mode of disturbing the atmospheric equilibrium cannot take place, inasmuch as the influence of solar radiation is only to raise the temperature of the surface of the sea not more than a degree. Hence it is probable that the disturbance of the equilibrium of the atmosphere in the case of thunderstorms over the open sea, is brought about by the cooling of the higher strata of the atmosphere by terrestrial radiation. An inspection of the curves of thunderstorms for Oxford, or of thunder with lightning, and of lightning without thunder (PI. II. figs. 26 and 27), shows that they are quite different from each other, — the difference, and it is a vital one, being that while the curve for thunderstorms is coincident with the afternoon minimum, the curve for lightning only is coincident with the evening maximum of atmospheric pressure, or from five to six hours later. Part of this, but no more than an insignificant part, is due to those instances of heat-lightning which are but the reflection of distant flashes of lightning, the thunder accompanying which is not heard. By far the majority of the cases of heat-lightning are not connected with thunder, as is conclusively shown by the curve for August at Oxford, where the very pronounced maximum occurs during the two hours from 9 to 11 p.m., long after darkness has set in, and when the curve for thunderstorms has fallen from the daily maximum to near the minimum. I have calculated or otherwise collected the averages for the curves of these phenomena for nearly two hundred places in all climates of the world, and the result is to show that the two curves are essentially distinct and different from each other, showing conclu- sively that many electric discharges are not accompanied with thunder. As explained, the diurnal maximum of heat lightning is coincident with the evening maximum of atmospheric pressure, that is, during those hours when the upper strata over the place are having poured over them a warmer and moister stratum of air which has its origin in the ascending current of the longitudes immediately to west- ward, where the afternoon minimum of pressure is then taking place. In this con- nection it is highly significant that while in May the number of cases of lightning was 17, in August, when the ascending current has much greater relative and absolute humidity, the number of cases was 82, or about five times greater than in May. Over the open sea, the diurnal curve of lightning is closely coincident with the evening maximum of pressure, the maximum occurring about midnight (see Table, p. 3 1 ). The relations of the maximum of lightning to thunderstorms over the open sea is essentially different from what obtains over land. Thus, while over land the maximum of lightning occurs from five to six hours later than that of thunderstorms, over the ocean it occurs about four hours earlier. The order of occurrence of these phenomena in the summer months is this — thunderstorms over land, from 2 to 6 p.m. ; lightning REPORT ON ATMOSPHERIC CIRCULATION. 35 over land, 8 P.M. to midnight; lightning over the open sea, 8 P.M. to 4 A.M.; and thunderstorms over the open sea, 10 p.m. to 8 a.m. The evening maximum atmospheric pressure occurs at the time when the aurora attains its diurnal maximum. Thirty years' observations at Christiania Observatory give the number of times the aurora was observed each hour as under : — 7 times. 16 46 105 133 156 529 130 79 Total, Hour ending 4 P.M. jj 5 jj i) 6 M )> 7 >> ;j 8 )> » 9 >l j» 10 )) » 11 )» M Midnight Hour ending 1 A.M. j> 2 „ jj 3 „ n 4 „ j) 5 ,, >i 6 „ jj 7 „ 5» 8 „ 53 times. 42 ?? 21 j> 10. j> 11 » 1 »> 0 j> 1 >> 1320 times Of the 1320 instances recorded, it is seen that 529 occurred in the hour from 9 to 10 p.m., and in the four hours from 7 to 11 p.m. 948 cases were observed, a result probably dependent in no small degree on the atmospheric conditions resulting in the evening maximum of pressure, the more abundant ice spicules in the upper regions at the time serving as a screen for the better presentation of any magneto-electric discharges that may occur. Monthly, Annual, and Recurring Phenomena. Of the annual recurring phenomena of the atmosphere, the distribution of atmo- spheric pressure, atmospheric temperature, and the prevailing winds of the globe, during the months of the year have, as the more important, been thoroughly revised for this article. The data on which the revision is based are given in Tables V. to IX., and the results are graphically represented on Maps I. to LIL, which show the monthly isothermals, isobars, and prevailing winds over the globe. These represent the average temperature, pressure, and direction of wind over the larger portion of the land surfaces of the globe based on the fifteen years' observations beginning with 1870 and ending with 1884. Charts showing by isobaric lines the mean pressure of the atmosphere through the months of the year, may be considered as furnishing the key to the fundamental questions of meteorology, since it is only by the information thereby obtained that questions relating to the prevailing winds, and the varying temperature, cloud, and rainfall of different regions, can be satisfactorily handled. 36 THE VOYAGE OF H.M.S. CHALLENGER. Now, in an inquiry into the comparative mean distribution of atmospheric pressure, it is clear that the first, and indeed, as respects time, the essential requisite, is that the means be drawn from observations made in the same years. In tropical and most sub- tropical regions, where the mean pressure differs but little for the same month from year to year, that the observations be for the same years is not a matter of such paramount importance ; but elsewhere, owing to the more or less marked instability which prevails with regard to pressure, it becomes of the utmost importance to obtain the means of observations for the same years. Mean Pressure. — The mode in which the observations were discussed was first to extract, for each country by itself, the mean monthly pressures reduced to 32°, where these were obtainable, year by year. Since in this way the curve of variation from month to month was easily kept in mind, many typographical errors, faulty averages calculated from portions of months only, and other anomalies, were detected, and these doubtful means were at once inquired into and rectified. As the work advanced, the mean annual pressure, further reduced to sea level, for each station for which observations for the whole of the fifteen years were available, was entered on maps of the countries. The results for every country showed anomalies and discordances in the barometric means, which called for inquiry with a view to their rectification approximately. No inconsiderable number of errors were occasioned by incorrect heights. These have been rectified by correspondence ; but in cases where no levelbng or trigonometrical survey has been made, approximate heights have been adopted, deduced from the annual chart of mean pressure. Some errors were found to be due to the state of the barometer, or to its verticality. But the larger number of anomalies had their origin in the personal errors of the observers, arising mainly from the different methods employed in setting the vernier of their barometers. These may be classed as under : (1) setting the vernier in the line of that part of the top of the mercury which is in immediate contact with the glass tube, the instrument being thus read about 0-033 inch too low, more or less, according to the diameter of the tube ; (2) setting the vernier by bringing it down till the speck of light on each side is on the point of disappearing, the error in this case being from 0*008 inch to 0'020 inch too low, according to the breadth of the slit; (3) setting the vernier so that a clear space is left between it and the tangent to the mercurial curve, the error in this case being about O'OIO inch too high. The last method of reading is mostly caused by weak or failing sight, the observer not being aware that a lens or spectacles is now required, and consequently it does not materially affect the observations, when two readings are made, as from a Fortin or siphon barometer. It leads, however, to the above error of about O'OIO inch with Board of Trade and other barometers, which take no account of the height of the mercury REPORT ON ATMOSPHERIC CIRCULATION. 37 in the lower limb of the instrument. This inquiry leaves little if any doubt that these personal errors, in one form or other, are more general than might have been supposed, and accordingly, particular attention was given, in extracting the monthly means, to all changes made as regards observers, with a view to ascertain their personal errors. There was no real difficulty in ascertaining the errors of particular barometers in countries where stations are more or less numerous, and the meteorological system under a competent control, if the ordinary sources of error are kept in view. But over large portions of South America, Africa, and Oceania another method for the detection of errors was required. In these regions the barometers have been controlled by Baillie's Isobars for the ocean, recently published by the Meteorological Council. In this work the annual chart is the mean of the four months, February, May, August, and November. The mean pressure at 32° and sea level, for the four months, was calculated for the stations of these regions, and the result being entered in its place on the annual chart, the approximate error of the particular place was ascertained. It may be added that Baillie's Isobars may well serve as a control, seeing they are exclusively drawn from observations made only with properly compared barometers. In Table V., the corrections which have been adopted are in every case entered in the last column, from which, it need scarcely be added, the original uncorrected observations may, if desired, be found. In the first place, the figures entered on the maps were restricted to those stations from which observations for each of the fifteen years were available. It may be said of no country that the number and distribution of its stations, furnishing observations for the whole of this period, are sufficient for the purpose on hand. Hence it was absolutely necessary in an inquiry where the same time must be dealt with, to cover the ground in a more adequate manner with the means of other stations at which observations have been made for other periods than the fifteen years, these means being deduced by applying corrections to the monthly means arrived at by differentiation with neighbouring stations. In differentiating, the* work was overtaken generally according to the length of the times covered by the period of the observations of the stations, the means of which were in the course of being rectified, beginning with the longest periods and ending with the shortest. In a good many cases the same period for differentiation was made to embrace a very wide area. Thus, over considerable portions of France, Germany, Italy, and North Africa, observations were available only for the seven years 1878 to 1884. The following table was accordingly prepared, showing for forty-three places the differences in thousandths of an inch of each month's average for these seven years, compared with the averages of the same months for the fifteen years, which may serve as an example of the method of differentiating employed : — 38 THE VOYAGE OF H.M.S. CHALLENGER. TABLE.— Showing, for Forty-three Places in Western and Southern Europe, the differences between the Monthly Barometric Means of the seven years 1878-84 and the fifteen years 1870-84. The minus sign indicates that the correction to be applied to the means of 1878-84, to bring them to the means of 1870-84, is subtractive, and no sign that it is additive. JY.B. — The differences or corrections are expressed in thousands of an inch. Jan. Feb. March. April. May. June. July. Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec. Falmouth, . -HI 8 -33 60 10 25 20 30 5 -50 -69 -34 Jersey, -98 -4 -33 56 -1 24 14 16 3 -45 -70 -27 Brighton, . -97 -4 -31 45 8 24 25 44 7 -38 -51 -15 Flushing, . -86 -5 -36 55 0 34 25 24 5 -22 -38 -10 Utrecht, . -60 -14 -32 36 0 30 26 28 2 -24 -40 -8 Cologne, . -52 -8 -26 40 0 30 18 22 8 0 -50 -16 Gottingen, . -20 6 -32 38 -10 24 28 22 4 -10 -44 4 Bayreuth, . -36 -16 -20 40 -4 26 24 30 20 5 -34 4 Munich, -40 -20 -24 44 -4 20 20 24 24 -6 -64 -20 Carlsruhe, . -54 — 22 -23 46 o o 24 16 26 8 -6 -44 -20 Luxemburg, -52 -32 -30 40 4 20 20 32 8 -20 -56 -24 Paris, . -72 -16 -24 56 0 24 12 24 20 -24 -60 -28 Ste. Honorine-du- Fay, . . -76 -16 -16 48 -4 22 10 20 4 -40 -58 -32 Lyons, -52 -28 -24 52 -12 12 12 12 20 -18 -70 -38 Montpellier, -32 -28 -10 62 0 24 16 12 12 -16 -48 -32 Perpignan, . -48 -32 -26 24 -12 4 8 16 12 -12 -70 -48 St. Martin de Hinx, -34 -6 -5 61 4 16 6 22 4 -6 -58 -40 Coimbra, . -24 -24 -6 34 -12 -4 2 6 -12 -6 -46 -50 Lisbon, -16 -24 -8 32 -12 -8 4 4 -18 -8 -44 -48 Madrid, -28 -18 -20 40 -12 8 2 8 -12 -10 -34 -48 San Fernando, . -16 -24 -12 16 -12 -6 4 6 -12 -10 -32 -38 Gibraltar, . -14 -28 -6 17 6 5 4 10 0 -13 -36 -38 Alicante, . -32 -36 -24 40 -12 4 8 10 0 -30 -60 -32 Palma, -32 -24 -24 36 0 6 8 6 5 -28 -66 -40 Athens, -12 -20 -20 20 2 8 10 6 12 -8 -48 -14 Malta, -10 -48 -32 20 -14 -10 4 7 24 -16 -70 -30 Palermo, . -20 -40 -18 32 -4 8 4 4 24 -18 -76 -38 Naples, -18 -40 -30 36 -8 10 6 14 26 -12 -56 -28 Rome, -16 -25 — 22 40 0 13 11 16 26 -10 -56 -26 Lesina, -28 -50 -36 28 -12 8 0 12 20 -12 -70 -44 Trieste, -36 -52 -30 32 -10 10 8 6 14 -10 -80 -36 Venice, -36 -44 -32 28 -20 4 0 6 14 -20 -82 -56 Perugia, -28 -44 -30 32 -14 4 0 8 20 -16 -64 -40 Modena, -32 -36 -24 28 -12 10 4 12 20 -6 -66 -40 Milan, -36 -36 -24 36 -18 10 10 16 20 -4 -64 -44 Mondovi, . -32 -36 -24 32 -10 12 1G 16 24 -G -52 -40 Turin, -36 -41) -24 36 -12 12 16 20 24 -28 -66 -40 Genoa, -20 -36 -14 40 -6 12 16 18 24 -12 -70 -40 Geneva, -44 -26 -24 14 -8 18 8 16 20 -12 -72 -50 Basel, -48 -28 -28 46 -8 12 8 10 16 -12 -52 -18 Zurich, -48 -34 -32 36 -10 8 2 12 14 -16 -56 -40 Berat1, -36 -24 -30 44 -6 14 8 14 20 -8 -56 -28 Leipzig, . -44 -16 -22 32 -8 24 26 28 6 4 -32 _2 REPORT ON ATMOSPHERIC CIRCULATION. 39 These differences were then entered on small maps of Europe, from which, by the corrections thus found, the monthly means of the stations were brought to the means of the fifteen years. In certain districts, where necessary, differences were found for additional stations to these forty-three. Hence for all stations in the table for which the period of observation is entered as fifteen years, 1870-84, the means are simply the arithmetical averages of observations made during that period, or they are the approximate means for the same years. An examination of the above table, or better still, of a map on which the figures are entered, will show that the limit of error of any deduced approximate mean is in each case small. In the United States, the term of years employed is not the fifteen years ending with 1884, but the thirteen and one-fourth years extending from October 1871, when the Signal Service of the War Department took charge of the Meteorological System of the States, to December 1884. A comparison of the averages of these thirteen and one-fourth years, with those of the fifteen years for about a dozen stations from which observations have been obtained for the whole fifteen years, shows that the two sets of averages closely agree. The isobars are therefore drawn from data virtually synchronous for the greater portion of the land surfaces of the Northern Hemisphere. But generally over the Arctic Regions, South America, Africa, and Polynesia no such full information is available ; the means of the observations actually made are alone printed, except in such regions as Southern Africa, Australia, and Japan, where the number and proximity of the stations seemed to warrant differentiation. Correction for Range. — The means in Table VI. are, in each case, for the hours specified, no correction being applied here for variation due to diurnal range. But in preparing the figures for the drawing of the isobars, corrections were applied with the view of bringing the means for the hours observed to the daily means. In this part of the work the corrections in each case were taken from the copious Tables III. and IV. of hourly barometric range given in the Appendix, pp. 7 to 48. Care was taken in correcting for range to use only data furnished by a station or stations similarly situated geographically to the station the means of which were to be corrected. Thus Mullagh- more and Belmullet were corrected from Valentia, Parsonstown from Armagh, Holyhead from Liverpool, Cambridge from Oxford, Edinburgh from Makerston and Aberdeen, and other places in a like manner. Here the results of the Challenger observations, given in Table III, were of great service in correcting the means for small islands and coast stations over large regions of the globe. It need scarcely be added that the hourly variations for such stations as Cries and Klagenfurt in Austria, and Cordova in the Argentine Republic, situated in deep narrow valleys, were in no case employed, for the reasons already stated. Further, the means at places situated on plateaux more or less elevated, were not corrected from the hourly variations of such high level stations as Ben Nevis, Santis, and Hoch Obir, which, being placed on true peaks, have 40 THE VOYAGE OF H.M.S. CHALLENGER. a totally different diurnal barometric curve from that of a place situated on a plateau, though its height and geographical position be otherwise similar. Correction for Height. — Table V. gives the corrections for height which have been employed in reducing to sea level the barometric means of Table VI. This table is based on the formula given by Laplace in his Mecanique Celeste, which is published in Mr. Scott's Instructions in the Use of Meteorological Instruments, p. 80 ; modified by the results obtained from four years' observations at the Ben Nevis Observatory, 4406 feet high, as determined by levelling, and those at its low level station, near the sea at Fort William. The four years' observations ending with 1887, give a decrease of temperature with height, at the rate of one degree Fahrenheit for every 270 feet of ascent. This rate has been adopted in arriving at the approximate mean temperature of the intervening stratum of air between the stations, the barometric means of which are being reduced to sea level. Since, in this discussion, the monthly means based on series of years' obser- vation are alone dealt with, these approximate means may be regarded as sufficiently close to the true means for the purpose on hand. The mean of the intervening stratum of air being assumed to be the arithmetical mean of the temperature at the station and that of the sea level to which the reduction is made, the temperature of the intervening stratum was, in practice, found by adding to the station temperature a correction, at the rate of one degree Fahrenheit for every 540 feet in height. The Ben Nevis Observatory and the Fort William stations are perhaps the best pair of stations yet established from which the requisite data can be obtained in connection with the inquiry as to the rate of the diminution of pressure with height ; these two stations affording the conditions of great difference in height, combined with close proximity, and the positions of the thermometers in situations where the effects of solar and terrestrial radiation are minimised. The corrections for height, for the Ben Nevis Observatory, for different sea level pressures and different air temperatures were empirically calculated from the observa- tions. In applying the first results thus calculated, it became evident that it would be necessary to employ only those observations which were made when the wind blew at lower rates than thirty miles an hour, the reason being that the winds of higher veloci- ties, as they brush past the buildings of the Observatory, suck the air out from the room where the barometer is hung, thus lowering the pressure ; and the higher the velocity> the greater is the effect on the pressure thus produced. A table of corrections for a height of 4406 feet was prepared in this way for sea level pressures, varying from 27"500 inches to 30'800 inches, and for air temperatures varying from 15° to 66°. For these same temperatures and sea level pressures, a similar table of corrections for Ben Nevis Observatory was constructed from Laplace's formula. REPORT ON ATMOSPHERIC CIRCULATION. 41 On comparing this latter table with the empirical one, it was seen that the two agreed throughout in giving the same differences between two different sea level pressures at the same air temperatures. But the two tables differed essentially when compared as to their differences for the same sea level pressures at different air tem- peratures. At the air temperature of 45° the two tables agreed, at lower temperatures the corrections from Laplace's formula were too large, and at temperatures higher than 45° too small. It was found that, when the additions to the corrections in the Laplace table for air temperatures lower than 45° were reduced by one-sixth, and the subtractions from the corrections as the temperature rose above 45 were also reduced by one-sixth, the two tables were virtually identical. It may be noted here that the differences among the corrections for height arising from the varying air temperatures thus deduced from the Ben Nevis Observations substantially agree with the differences in Hazen's Table for the reduction of Air Pressure.1 A table was then constructed from Laplace's formula for a sea level pressure of 30'000 inches for latitude 45°, and for air temperatures from —20° to 90°, and for heights up to 8000 feet. To the figures of this table were applied corrections for the different air temperatures, in accordance with the results of the Ben Nevis Observations. The result is given in Table V., which has been used in reducing the barometric means of Table VI. to sea level. The table is, however, only regarded as a provisional one, giving tolerably good approximations to the true corrections for height. But the really serious difficulties encountered in reducing barometric observations to sea level are presented by the air temperatures, and unless these difficulties are kept steadily in view, no little confusion will be the result in representing the course of the isobars. The more serious of these difficulties are experienced in dealing with stations situated in deep, narrow valleys, and stations on elevated plateaux. This is well shown by the observations made at Obirgipfel in the Tyrol, which is a high level station on a peak 6706 feet high, and at Klagenfurt, about 7 miles distant, in a deep valley adjoining, at a height of 1437 feet, there being thus a difference of 5269 feet in height between them. Now the differences of temperature between the monthly means of these two situations for the five years 1880 to 1884 are these, the figures showing the excess of the temperature of Klagenfurt above that of Obirgipfel : — 0-7, 5-8, 12-6; 19-4, 22-0, 21-2; 18-5, 176, 1G4; 139, 7-7, 61, and for the year 13 "4. Now, since the station at Obirgipfel is situated on a true peak, it follows that the temperature there recorded will closely approximate to the temperature of the free atmosphere at that height. But at Klagenfurt it is far other- wise, for being situated in a deep narrow valley, the night and winter temperatures, as already explained, are greatly too low, and the day and summer temperatures are too high. The mean winter temperature at Klagenfurt is only 4° '2 lower than that of the » "Washington, 1882. (PHYS. CHEM. CHALL. ESP. PART V. 1889.) " 42 THE VOYAGE OF H.M.S. CHALLENGER. neighbouring station 5269 feet higher, and in January it is only 0°7 lower. Hence, if in these months the temperature of Klagenfurt be used in calculating the temperature of the intervening stratum of air from that place to sea level, it would be much too low, and in all probability the sea level pressure for Klagenfurt would be made nearly 0'030 inch above what it ought to be. But even if it be supposed that the temperature of the intervening air stratum could be tolerably approximated to, the barometric observa- tions themselves made in such situations are so strictly local, being largely increased during the cold hours of the day and seasons of the year and diminished during the warm times of the day and of the year, that they would only mislead if used in drawing the isobaric lines of the region where they are situated. Hence in this work the barometric means of such stations as Gries and Klagenfurt in Austria, and Cordova in the Argentine Republic, though printed in the table, have not been used in drawing the isobaric lines ; and all care was accordingly given to keep the maps, from which the isobarics were drawn, clear of sea level pressures deduced from observations made in such situations. It is probable that this consideration explains what look like anomalous observations at a number of places, about the local situation of which there is no information. Gravity Correction. — The barometric means in Table VI. have not been corrected for gravity. But as the sea level pressures entered on the maps were reduced to gravity at lat. 45°, the isobars on the maps are corrected for gravity. The following are the corrections for gravity at a pressure of 30 "000 inches which have been used : — Lat. N. or S. Cor. Lat. N. or S. Cor. Lat. N. or S. Cor. Lat, N. or S. Cor. O inch. O inch. O inch. - inch. 0 -•080 25 -•052 50 + •014 75 + •070 1 •080 26 •049 51 •017 76 •071 2 ■080 27 •047 52 •019 77 •072 3 ■080 28 •045 53 •022 78 •073 4 •079 29 •042 54 •025 79 •074 5 •070 30 0-40 55 ■027 80 ■075 6 •078 31 •038 56 •036 81 •076 7 •078 32 •035 57 •033 82 •077 8 •077 33 •033 58 •035 83 •078 9 •070 34 •030 59 •038 84 •078 10 •075 35 ■027 60 •040 85 •079 11 •074 36 •Q25 61 •042 86 •079 12 •073 37 •022 62 •045 87 •080 18 •072 38 •019 63 •047 88 •080 14 •071 39 •017 64 •049 89 •080 15 ■070 40 •014 65 •052 90 •080 16 •068 41 •011 66 •054 17 •0GG 42 •008 67 •056 IS •065 43 •006 68 •058 19 •063 44 - '003 69 •060 20 •oci 45 •000 70 •061 21 •060 46 + 003 71 •063 22 ■058 47 •006 72 •065 23 •056 48 •008 73 •066 24 •054 49 •011 74 •068 ... REPORT ON ATMOSPHERIC CIRCULATION. 43 Correction for Mean Temperature. — The period selected for the mean temperature observations is the fifteen years adopted for pressure, beginning with 1870 and ending with 1884. From the remarkable extension of meteorological observation in recent years, data of greater fulness and of higher quality are now available for drawing isothermals over the globe, which therefore represent the geographical distribution of temperature with a degree of approximation to the truth not previously attainable. The methods of discussing the observations are, to a large extent, the same as those detailed and explained in dealing with the observations of atmospheric pressure, with, however, several important differences. Since the observations made use of preferentially in this inquiry are the daily maximum and minimum temperatures, special attention was given in making the extracts of the monthly means to detect, where possible, any cases that may have occurred of the minimum thermometer having got out of order, as not unfrequently happens, and allowed, from inadvertence, to remain out of order for some time. These errors, together with typographical errors and many of the errors of computation, were the more readily detected by the practice adopted of extracting the means of the separate years in succession for each country or region by itself, so that the curve of monthly variation of each year being easily kept in mind, any deviation from it was seen with little difficulty. "When observations are read to the tenth of a degree, the personal errors of observation may be neglected. But when the readings are only to whole degrees, two kinds' of errors are certain to occur where provision is not made to secure that each observer is properly taught. These two sorts of error are, (l) taking the degree which the mercury or spirit has j ust passed ; or (2) taking the degree immediately above the top of the mercury or spirit. In the former case, the means deduced from the observations will be half a degree too low, and, in the latter case, half a degree too high. In many cases these faulty methods of observing may be detected from the annual means, corrected for height, entered in maps of the country whose temperature is being discussed. By the same method the errors of faulty thermometers may be detected. In all cases where for this assumed cause the means have been corrected to the extent of 1° or upwards, the amount of the correction is stated in the last column of the table under " Corrections applied." In such cases as Portland in Victoria, Australia, where the published mean temperatures were for many years about 5° too high, but where the error was rectified some time ago, the correction was applied to the observation of the years in error, but no note is made of it in the last column of the table. Again, in cases where " mean temperatures " alone are published, and no informa- tion given whence these have been derived, a change of hours sometimes takes place 44 THE VOYAGE OF H.M.S. CHALLENGER. of which no notification is given, and apparently no allowance is made for the change. Thus at Hobart Town for some years, the hours of observation appear to have been 9 a.m. and 1 and 5 p.m., and the mean of the observations at these hours was adopted as the mean temperature, with the result of winters apparently 2° and summers 6° warmer than before. The figures for Hobart Town in the table have been brought to mean temperatures by correcting each year's observations by the table of corrections for hourly range at this place. It may be mentioned that these faulty mean tempera- tures at Portland and Hobart Town for long thrust the isothermals of this part of the globe seriously out of their proper positions. In a large number of instances the monthly means in the table are the means of particular hours of observation uncorrected in any way, such as 6 A.M., 2 p.m., and 10 p.m. ; 7 a.m., 1 p.m., and 9 p.m.; 4 a.m., 10 a.m., 4 p.m., and 10 p.m. ; 8 a.m. and 8 p.m. ; 9 a.m. and 9 p.m. The means were corrected for daily range where such corrections were required, and after being corrected for height, the resulting means were entered in their places on the map. In correcting for height, the correction adopted is at the rate of 1° Fahr. for every 270 feet in height above mean sea level ; and this correction has been uniformly applied to the temperature observations for all seasons and countries. The rate unquestionably varies with season and climate ; but as regards the manner and degree of this variation, our information is so scanty, and the worked-out results in many cases are so doubtful, and sometimes even so inconsistent with each other, that it is more in accordance with the present state of our knowledge to adopt provisionally a uniform rate of correction throughout, than a rate varying with season and climate. Of the causes producing variability in the rate of diminution of temperature with height, the more prominent are season, hygrometric state of the atmosphere, and situation. During the transition from winter to summer, when the great annual rise of temperature is in progress, the rate of diminution of temperature with height is greatest, for the simple reason that at this season the lower layers of the atmosphere are more quickly heated by simple proximity to the earth's surface, thus increasing the difference between the temperatures at low and high levels. On the other hand, in autumn, when the great annual fall of temperature occurs, the lower strata of the atmosphere are more cooled by the now rapidly cooling surface of the earth, and accordingly the difference between the temperatures of the low and high levels is proportionally lessened. Observations prove that the more aqueous vapour there is in the atmosphere in the form of cloud, and to a large degree even in a purely gaseous form, the more is the earth's surface protected from the effects of solar and terrestrial radiation. It follows therefore that in rainy climates, and during the rainy season in the tropics, the rate of diminution of temperature with height is comparatively a stable quantity hour by REPORT ON ATMOSPHERIC CIRCULATION. 45 hour, day by day, and season by season, at least as compared with what obtains in dry climates and seasons. In truth, as regards dry climates the diurnal variations in the fall of temperature with height, particularly in the warm months of the year, are so varying and uncertain, that it will probably for ever remain a hopeless problem to reduce a barometric observation made at any particular hour to sea level at places, say 1500 feet in height and upwards, with a tolerable approximation to the truth. The reason is, that it is not then possible to deduce from the observations made the approximate mean temperature of the stratum of air between the station and sea level. In constructing daily weather charts, the difficulty is in some degree met by combining with the temperature at the time of observation, the temperature at one or two previous observations. In this work all these difficulties are very greatly reduced, since what are dealt with are only the mean pressures and temperatures of series of years. In drawing the isobars and isothermals, greater weight has been given to the observations made at low than at high stations. As respects situation, the least variation in the rate of diminution of temperature with height occurs at places near the sea, and particularly on the windward coasts of land areas, and the rate varies from the normal on advancing into inland climates. At high level stations situated on true peaks, the rate closely approximates to the normal ; but on elevated plateaux the deviation is considerable, and increases with the dryness of the climate and the intensity of solar and terrestrial radiation. Now as regards this discussion, observations from such stations as the above may be considered as affording sea level pressures and temperatures sufficiently close to the truth as to warrant the using of them as part of the data from which the isobars and isothermals of the globe may be drawn. But it is quite otherwise when we come to deal with observations made at stations situated in deep valleys, such as Gries, Klagenfurt, and Cordova, at which tempera- ture is abnormally lowered when terrestrial radiation is in excess, and abnormally raised when solar radiation is strong. For this reason, not only have those stations been wholly left out in drawing the isobars and isothermals, but also all others known to be in situations more or less similar. Since information is often not supplied regarding the physical configuration of the earth's surface where the station is situated, it was found necessary to resort to an examination of the diurnal range of the barometer, as shown at the observed hours of the station, in order to arrive at some knowledge as to whether the station was situated in the open or in a deep valley. In this way stations were marked as supplying data either altogether unsuitable, or only partially suitable in this discussion. It is scarcely necessary to add that observations made at stations in deep valleys, not only mislead in drawing the isobars and isothermals of a country, but they are absolutely useless, and even worse, when used as data contributing to the solution of 46 THE VOYAGE OF ELMS. CHALLENGER. the problem of the rate of diminution of temperature with height. This consideration has unfortunately been often lost sight of, particularly in framing tables of corrections for height intended for different climates and seasons. In differentiating for stations at which observations were not made for the whole of the fifteen years ending with 1884, in order to bring their means to the means of these years, the same methods were adopted as those used in preparing the monthly means of atmospheric pressure. Very special care was taken to differentiate coast stations only with coast stations, and inland stations with inland stations. Also when, in differentiating, the observations of only a few years were available, the geographical distributions of abnormally high or abnormally low monthly temperatures during these years were carefully noted in their bearings on the monthly means being worked out. Wind. — The observations of wind are given in Tables VII. and VIII. In all cases where possible, the mean direction of the wind has been worked out in the form given in Table VII. CUmatologically, the most satisfactory way of presenting this most important element of climate is by giving the mean number of days each month which each wind, N., N.E., E., etc., prevails. If only the mean direction is given, as is done in Table VIII. , the variability of this important factor of climate from the prevailing direction is absolutely neglected, and the climatic value of the record seriously lowered. In this discussion no account has been taken of the force or velocity of the wind, such observations being stdl too meagre and too crude for any satisfactory use being made of them. It has not been possible, owing to the want of the observations, to give for many regions the same weight as regards time to the means of the winds, as to the means of pressure and temperature. This has, however, been done as respects the United States, the North Atlantic, and a large portion of the Europeo-Asiatic continent, where these three elements of climate are substantially synchronous, and where, therefore, their relations can be more closely compared. So far, however, as affects the mean direction of the wind, it soon appeared in the course of the discussion that a shorter term of years is required to give a close approximation to the true means, than in the case of the pressure or the temperature. Hence an attempt has been made, in those regions where the observations are not obtainable for the whole period of the fifteen years, to collect the ' averages for as long terms of years as possible. The hours of observation from which the means have been calculated, when known, are stated ; and where a selection of hours could be made, those hours were chosen which appear to give the best daily mean in view of sea and land breezes. Wherever it could be attempted, means deduced from hourly observations have been given, which alone really inform us as to the mean daily direction of the wind. REPORT ON ATMOSPHERIC CIRCULATION. 47 In preparing the tables of pressure, temperature, and wind, the aim has been to make the selection of stations represent fairly well the more important climatological features of the region under discussion. There are, however, large regions where the data are given with a greater fulness than this, such as the British Islands, Denmark, Holland, Spain, Italy, Cyprus, India, the United States, and the Argentine Eepublic. This is done for the purpose of showing more in detail, than the charts .can show from their size, the influence of land and water, mountains and plains, on the climatic problem. As regards Denmark, the means, particularly of the wind, have been more fully worked out, owing to the position of this country between the mountains of Scandinavia and the mountains to the south of it, and the important resulting consequences of that position on the tracks of the cyclones and anticyclones of Europe. Another object aimed at in the fuller discussion given to certain countries, was a search for guiding information as to the influence of land and water, plain and mountain on these lines, in order that the most probable course might be assigned to the isobars and isothermals in those parts of the globe where observations are too few and far between to serve of themselves for the drawing of these lines. In drawing the isothermals and isobars and entering the arrows showing the pre- vailing winds on the maps, much of the information contained in the following works has been utilised, in addition to what is given in the Tables : — Contributions to our knowledge of the Meteorology of Cape Horn and the West Coast of South America, by Richard Straehan. Contributions to our knowledge of the Meteorology of the Antarctic Regions, by Richard Straehan. Charts of Meteorological Data for Square 3 Lat. 0° to 10° N., Long. 20° to 30° W. Charts of Meteorological Data for the nine 10° Squares of the Atlantic which lie between 20° N. and 10° S., and extend from 10° to 40° W. Contributions to our knowledge of the Meteorology of Japan, by Captain Tizard, H.M.S. Challenger. Contributions to our knowledge of the Meteorology of the Arctic Regions, by Richard Straehan. Charts of Meteorological Data for the ocean district adjacent to the Cape of Good Hope. Charts showing the Mean Barometrical Pressure over the Atlantic, Indian, and Pacific Oceans, by Lieutenant Baillie, R.N. Published under the authority of the Meteorological Council. "Weather Charts of the Bay of Bengal and adjacent sea north of the Equator. Weather Charts of the Arabian Sea and the adjacent portion of the North Indian Ocean. Published by the Meteoro- logical Department of the Government of India. Various publications on Ocean Meteorology and on Ocean Routes, issued by the Meteorological Institutes of Holland, Germany, France, and Norway. The Winds of the Globe, by Professor Coffin and Dr. Alexander Woeikof. Published by the Smith- sonian Institution. As regards this large, work, it is only the more important data referring to the oceans which has been utilised. And also for the Winds, the Meteorological Charts of the. North Pacific Ocean from the Equator to Lat. 45° N, and from the American Coast to Long. 180°. By Commodore Wyman, U.S. Navy, Washington, 1878. 48 THE VOYAGE OF H.M.S. CHALLENGER. It is right to acknowledge here the invaluable assistance received from the meteorological writings of Dr. Hann, who holds the first place among meteorologists for the importance, extent, and trustworthiness of his contributions to the climatologies of the globe. In the preparation of the Tables I have been assisted by Mr. H. N. Dickson and Miss J. H. Buchan of the Scottish Meteorological Society's office. Miss Buchan has assisted during the whole time of the discussion. She copied out the whole of the Challenger observations, chronologically arranging them according to subject, and assisted in working out the hourly and other averages ; she also collected and computed a large part of the new wind averages given in Table VII., a considerable proportion of which were laboriously calculated from daily observations, and several even taken from daily curves of wind direction ; and she aided generally in checking the correctness of the computed averages. I had the benefit of Mr. Dickson's help during 1887 and 1888. He computed the air temperatures of the North Atlantic from the Bulletin of International Meteorology ; further assisted in the preparation of Table V. ; carried out the work of differentiation for the mean temperatures at a considerable number of places in the Bussian Empire ; charted the greater part of the temperatures ; and prepared the first draught of the isothermals for large portions of the globe. THE TEMPERATURE, PRESSURE, AND PREVAILING WINDS OF THE GLOBE. These prime elements of climate will, from their intimate relations to each other, be more satisfactorily dealt with together than separately. It is scarcely possible to over-estimate the importance of a knowledge of the distribution of atmospheric pressure, or of the mass of the earth's atmosphere over the globe, in its varying amounts from month to month. Observations prove conclusively that winds are simply the movements of the atmosphere that set in from regions where there is a surplus towards regions where there is a deficiency of air; and the nearer the observations of pressure and wind approximate to true averages, the closer is the relation seen to be subsisting between these two distinct phenomena. Again, since prevailing winds to a large extent determine the temperature and rainfall of the regions they traverse, isobaric maps may be considered as furnishing the key to the climatologies of the globe as well as to many of the more important questions of meteorological inquiry. The distribution of temperature in the atmosphere may be regarded as the fundamental problem of meteorology, seeing that the varying pressures, humidities, and winds are either direct or indirect consequences of the varying distribution of temperature. As regards the distribution of the temperature over the land surfaces of the globe, the problem was approximately solved by the REPORT ON ATMOSPHERIC CIRCULATION. 49 publication of Humboldt's isothermal lines. But as regards the ocean, which comprises three-fourths of the earth's surface, the monthly and annual distribution of temperature in the atmosphere over it can scarcely be said to have been yet seriously looked at. In these circumstances, the thanks of the climatologist is specially due to the Signal Officer of the United States for the monthly averages for the North Atlantic, which were published for several years in the International Bulletin, and to the Meteorological Council of London for monthly averages for the Red Sea. The required data have thus been available in this work for drawing the isothermals for these import- ant parts of the ocean. A comparison of these means, Table IX., pp. 228-9 and 254-9, and of the Challenger mean air temperatures, Table I., with the temperatures of the sea for the same positions and months, shows that it is absolutely necessary, in the advance of meteorology, that the determination of the monthly temperatures of the air over the ocean be undertaken and carried out. The differences observed between the temperature of the surface of the sea and that of the air over it, so far as a comparison can yet be made in the North Atlantic and Red Sea, point to a much greater prevalence of ascending and descending movements in the atmosphere than is generally supposed. As regards the other oceans, the isothermals of the temperature of the atmosphere must in the meantime continue to be drawn essentially from observations made on the islands and along the coasts of these oceans. Some interesting results are arrived at by comparing the temperatures of the ocean and air observed by the Challenger. The whole of the observations have been sorted into 174 groups according to geographical position, and the differences entered on a chart of the route of the expedition. In the Southern Ocean, between latitudes 45° and 60°, the temperature of the sea was lower than that of the air. The mean difference was 1°"4, due probably to the temperature of the air being higher owing to the prevailing W.N.W. winds, and that of the sea lower owing to the numerous icebergs. To south of lat. 60° the sea was about 2° warmer than the air, owing perhaps to an increased prevalence of southerly, and hence colder winds in these high latitudes. The temperature of the sea exceeded that of the air from June 1874 to March 1875, or during that part of the cruise from Sydney to New Zealand, then to the Fijis and through the East India Islands to Hong Kong, and thence to the Admiralty Islands. During the whole of this time, except when near the north of Australia, the sea was much warmer than the air, the excess generally being from 2° to 3 , rising near Tongatabu to upwards of 4°. In passing the north of Australia in September, in which season the wind is off the land and the air therefore dry and sunshine strong, the sea was colder than the air. In the Atlantic, between lat. 20° N. and 20° S., the sea was everywhere warmer, the mean excess being about a degree ; and in the Pacific, between lat. 30° N. and 30° S., the sea was also warmer, the excess being a degree and a half. On the other hand, in the Atlantic from lat. 20° to 40° N., the sea was on the (rnrs. chem. chaix. esp. — part v. — 1889.) 6 a 50 THE VOYAGE OF H.M.S. CHALLENGER. mean half a degree colder than the air. Similarly in the Pacific, from lat. 30° to 40° N., the temperature of the surface of the sea was half a degree lower than that of the air. The explanation of these differences is probably to be found in the degree of humidity of the atmosphere, the direction of the wind, and the degree in which descending aerial currents mingle with the winds that sweep across the surface of the ocean. It is evident that a wind, issuing from an anticyclone in which descending currents are strong and decided, necessarily possesses quite different hygrometric and temperature qualities from those of a truly horizontal wind which has traversed a large extent of the ocean. The above remarks refer only to those observations which were made strictly on the open sea. Near land great differences, either way, were observed, which varied with season. At Hong Kong, for example, during the latter half of November 1874, the sea was 3° "7 warmer than the air, the low air temperature being occasioned by the lower temperature of the land and the northerly winds prevailing there at this season. On the other hand, at Valparaiso in November and December 1875, the sea was 5°-8 colder than the air, the low sea temperature being probably occasioned by the up- welling to the surface of the colder water of greater depths by the winds blowing off the land on this coast, similar to what Dr. Murray has proved by extensive observations to prevail in the Scottish lochs.1 The distribution of temperature over the globe is shown by Maps I. to XXVL, representing the months and the year. The region of highest temperature, which may be taken as comprised between the north and south isothermals of 80°, forms an irregularly shaped zone, lying in tropical and partly in sub-tropical countries. On each side of this warm zone temperature diminishes towards the poles, and the lines showing successively the gradual lowering of the temperature are, roughly speaking, arranged parallel to the equator, thus showing unmistakeably the predominating influence of the sun as the source of terrestrial heat. While, however, the decrease of temperature corresponds in a general way with what may be conveniently termed the solar climate, there are great deviations brought about by disturbing causes, and among these causes the unequal distribution of land and water holds a prominent place. January. — During the time of the year when the sun's heat is least felt, and the effects of terrestrial radiation attain the maximum, the greatest cold is over the largest land surfaces which slant most to the sun. Hence the lowest mean temperature that occurs anywhere or at any season on the globe, — 61°"2, occurs in January at Werko- jansk, lat. 67° 34' N. and long. 133° 51' E., in north-eastern Siberia, at a height of 460 feet above the sea. In January 1886, temperature fell at this place to — 88°"8, being absolutely the lowest temperature of the air hitherto observed. The lowest mean temperature in America is nearly — 40°, and this cold region is situated a little to the north of the magnetic pole. 1 " On the Effects of Wiuds on the Distribution of Temperature in the Sea- and Freshwater Lochs of the West of Scotland." Scottish Geographical Magazine, July 1888. REPORT ON ATMOSPHERIC CIRCULATION. 51 In the northern hemisphere the ocean maintains a higher temperature than the land in regions open to its influence, as is seen not only in the higher latitudes to which the isothermals push their way as they cross the Atlantic and Pacific, but in their irregular courses over and near the Mediterranean, Black, Caspian, and Baltic Seas, Hudson's Bay, the American Lakes, and all other large- sheets of salt1 and fresh water. The influence of the ocean and ocean currents in keeping up the temperature during the winter months is most strikingly seen in the North Atlantic, where the isothermal of 35° reaches a much higher latitude in mid-winter than anywhere else on the globe. The con- serving influence of sheets of water on the temperature in all seasons is more strikingly shown when the isothermals are drawn for single degrees on maps of a larger scale. In the southern hemisphere the highest isothermals are 90° in Australia and South Africa, and 85° in South America. It is to be noted that in January, the summer of this hemisphere, the lowest isothermal is 25° in the Antarctic Ocean to the east of South Victoria ; whereas in July, the corresponding summer month of the northern hemisphere, the lowest isothermal is only 35°, or 10° higher than in the Antarctic Ocean. The differ- ence is due to the icebergs and icefields of Antarctic regions. In Antarctic and sub- Antarctic regions the change of temperature through the months of the year is com- paratively small,, the annual range being only about 10°. In this month the least variation of temperature occurs in the equatorial regions of the Pacific, and in all seasons the variation there is small. In January the mean pressure of Central Asia rises to about 30-50 inches, which is absolutely the highest mean pressure for any month anywhere over the globe. Now, since the prevailing winds in this anticyclone, which virtually overspreads nearly the whole of Asia and Europe, flow outwards in all directions, bringing S. and S.W. winds over Russia and western Siberia, it follows that the temperature of these inland regions is considerably higher than would otherwise be the case. On the other hand, since the prevailing winds are N.W., N., and N.E. on the east and south of Asia, the temperature of these regions is thus abnormally depressed. Indeed, so strong is this influence of wind direction and ocean combined, that the isothermals run, roughly speaking, north and south in the west of the Europeo-Asiatic continent, and do not assume an east and west direction till about 70° or 80° long. E. Since in Siberia light airs and calms prevail, and the general drift of the atmo- sphere is north-north-eastwards towards the higher latitudes of the Arctic regions, the temperature continues rapidly to fall in that direction, with the result that the lowest mean temperature is not coincident with the centre of greatest pressure to the south of Lake Baikal, but occurs at Werkojansk, about thirty degrees of latitude to the N.N.E. The other anticy clonic regions are North America, in the centre of which pressure rises to 30-20 inches ; two in the Pacific to the west of California and of Chile respectively ; in the South Atlantic to the west of Cape Colony; and in the Indian Ocean to the west of 52 THE VOYAGE OF H.M.S. CHALLENGER. Australia. Such regions, and they are well marked, are found in all months and in all oceans about lat. 30° to 40° N. and S., immediately to the westward of the continental masses in these latitudes. The only exception to this is in the North Atlantic in January, and the isobars of this part of the ocean for the months immediately following suggest that this is a true exception. Lieut. Baillie's Isobaric and Current Charts of the Ocean show in an instructive manner that the central spaces of these anticyclonic regions are nearly always avoided by seamen, and therefore practically long known to them. It is scarcely necessary to add that the prevailing winds blow out of them in all directions ; and since these winds have the temperature of the upper regions whence they have come increased only by the increasing pressure to which they are subjected as they descend, their temperature often differs considerably from that of the surface of the sea over which they blow. The lowest isobar, 28"90 inches, is found in the Antarctic regions to the east of New Victoria. The observations of all the months show that there is a permanently low pressure over these regions, lower than is to be found anywhere else on the globe. On all the maps pressure is drawn to the isobar of 29 '30 inches, since observations appear to warrant this ; but during the summer months of the southern hemisphere lower isobars have been drawn for the portions of Antarctic regions for which observa- tions have been furnished by the various expeditions which have been made into these southern seas. The most wide-spread low pressure area is in tropical regions, where pressure, except in the eastern half of the Pacific, falls below 29*85 inches. In this extensive region, which covers about two-fifths of the whole surface of the globe, there are three areas where pressure falls still lower. These are the north-west of Australia, Southern Africa, and South America. A line drawn round the globe along the path of least pressure of this zone separates the north and south " trades," indicating the belt or still narrower zone towards which these great aerial currents blow. In the Atlantic and eastern half of the Pacific, where the barometric gradient is well marked, these winds are mapped out with equal distinctness ; but in the western part of the Pacific, where the gradient is low and indistinctly marked, the direction of the prevailing winds is irregular and obscure, and it is probable that increased observation will the more strongly illustrate this remark. It will be observed that the path of least pressure lies north of the equator in the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans. But in the Indian Ocean it is, at this season, south of it, lying in a line from Seychelles to the north of Australia. In this restricted region the winds are especially interesting as illustrating Buys Ballot's Law of the Wind in the Southern Hemisphere. The next most important low-pressure system overspreads the northern part of the Atlantic and regions adjoining, the lowest mean pressure being 29-50 inches from REPORT ON ATMOSPHERIC CIRCULATION. 53 Iceland to the south of Greenland. It is this region of low pressure which gives to Western Europe its prevailing south-westerly winds and to North America its north- westerly winds in winter. By these the temperature of Western Europe is abnormally raised by its prevailing winds coming from the ocean and from lower latitudes, and the temperature of North America is abnormally lowered by its prevailing winds coming from Arctic regions and from land in the season when the effects of terrestrial radiation are at the maximum. The opposite action of these winds, which are component parts of the same atmospheric disturbance about Iceland, is shown by the temperature on the coast of Labrador being only — 13°, whilst in the same latitude, in mid- Atlantic, it is 45°, or 58° higher. This low-pressure region extends eastwards beyond Nova Zembla, and from the resulting winds which follow that extension the rigours of the winter climate of the north of Russia and Siberia as far east at least as Cape Severo are materially counteracted. The remaining cyclonic centre is in the North Pacific, the lowest isobar being 29'55 inches south of Alaska. The effects of this low pressure on the prevailing winds, and through these on the temperature and rainfall of the north-east of Asia and the north-west of America, is exactly similar to the effects of the low pressure of the Atlantic on the climates of Europe and the United States. The influence on the pressure of the Spanish and Italian peninsulas on the one hand, and on the other the influence of the Mediterranean, Black, and Caspian Seas is strongly marked ; and equally so do the Arabian Sea, India, and the Bay of Bengal leave their mark on the isobars and the winds. February. — The distribution of temperature in this month is similar to that of January, the chief difference in the northern hemisphere being that in inland situations the influence of the returning sun begins to be distinctly felt in the higher temperatures which now prevail ; whereas over the sea and in insular situations, particularly in the higher latitudes, temperatures are even lower than in January, it being in this month that the temperature of the sea falls to, or nearly to, the annual minimum. At Werkojansk the mean temperature has risen from — 61°'2 to — 51c,9 ; and the greater strength of the sun's rays is also well seen in the altered form and positions of the isothermals in the continental regions of North America between lat. 20° and 40°. The great changes in the distribution of pressure in this month are a considerable diminution over North America south of lat. 50° ; in the western part of the North Atlantic, and over the whole of that ocean between lat. 40° and 60° ; over Africa, except the south ; Europe, except north of a line from the south of Scotland eastward to Wiatka in Russia, and thence northward to the Arctic Ocean ; all Asia, except the islands on its east coast, and the north-east of the continent. Elsewhere pressure has risen, notably in the eastern half of the Atlantic, south of lat. 40°, resulting in the formation of an anticyclonic region, which is further developed in the following months; over 54 THE VOYAGE OF H.M.S. CHALLENGER. Australia, South Africa, and the greater part of South America. Generally speaking, pressure has diminished where temperature has begun most markedly to rise, and the air removed appears to be added to the portions of the atmosphere overspreading the northern half of North America, Europe, Australia, and the region of the Atlantic already referred to. None of the changes, however, are so material as to bring about any serious difference in the prevailing winds as compared with those of January. March. — In March the lowest isothermal in Asia has now risen to —30°, and in America to —25°, and over all the more strictly continental regions of the northern hemisphere the great annual increase of temperature is rapidly proceeding ; but in the more strictly insular and oceanic climates of the globe the change of temperature from that of February is comparatively small, as is well shown by the isothermals of the British Islands, Australia, and New Zealand. The marked increase of temperature on advancing inland, from both the east and west coasts of the United States, and the remarkable flexures of the isothermals of Europe and Asia, in the transition from winter to summer, are very instructive. The great changes in the distribution of the pressure in this the first of the spring months, are a large diminution overspreading the whole of Asia and Europe, except the British Islands, the North Atlantic to the south of lat. 40°, and North America to the south of lat. 50°. On the other hand, there occurs a very large increase of pressure to northward of these Atlantic and American latitudes, amounting to upwards of a tenth and a half in mid- Atlantic between the British Islands and Labrador ; and there is also an increase, though less decided, over nearly the whole of the southern hemisphere, the exception being the South Atlantic, lying between the increasing pressures of Africa and America, which show rather a slight diniinution. In this month the extra-tropical waters of the oceans reach the annual extremes of temperature, those of the North Atlantic falling to the annual minimum, and those of the South Atlantic rising to the annual maximum. Now at this season this region of the North Atlantic, lying between the rapidly-increasing temperature and falling pressure of the Europeo- Asiatic and the American continents, receives an increment of pressure much larger than takes place in any other month of the year. There are seven anticyclonic areas — in Central Asia, where pressure is rapidly falling from its high winter maximum ; in British America, where it is rising to the maximum in spring ; two in the Pacific and two in the Atlantic immediately to west- ward of the continents ; and in the Indian Ocean west of Australia. The systems of low pressure are in the north of the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans, in Central Africa and round the South Pole. April. — This is the first month when the annual increase of temperature is largely felt over both insular and continental regions. The increase is, however, larger in continental climates, and particularly where the rainfall is comparatively small and the REPORT ON ATMOSPHERIC CIRCULATION. 55 skies clear. Hence, latitude for latitude, temperature is highest in India and in the inland United States to the westward of the Mississippi. The most uniformly distri- buted temperatures are over the Indian Ocean to the north of lat. 20° S., and in the Pacific between lat. 20° N. and S. On the other hand, the isothermals are much crowded over North America generally, in Senegambia, and South Africa. As compared with March, pressure has risen over nearly the whole of the southern hemisphere ; and in the northern hemisphere, to the north of a line drawn from the mouth of the Mackenzie River to Anticosti, then south-west to near Cape Hatteras, then through the Atlantic eastward to long. 33° W., then northward to lat. 55° N., then eastward to the Ural Mountains, and thence to Cape Severe Over this latter region the largest increase, being from 0'15 to 0"20 inch, is from West Greenland to the mouth of the Obi. Pressure has now fallen from two to three-tenths in the centre of Asia, whereas in the centre of North America and of Europe the fall only slightly exceeds one-tenth. Over the Arabian Sea and the Bay of Bengal, while pressure has fallen 0"04 to 0-08 inch, it has fallen over India between these two seas from 0-08 to 0"15 inch, or nearly double ; and in India the greatest decrease is in the north-west, where the air is driest and temperature is rising most rapidly. The conserving influence of the Mediterranean on the pressure is equally striking. Again, in the North Atlantic, the cold Labrador current, with its low temperature and increased pressure, and the warm southerly current on the east side, with its greatly diminished pressure, suggest interesting connections between changes of pressure and relative surface temperatures. The high pressure of Central Asia has now all but disappeared, and the high pressure area of the Arctic regions, extending from Lake Superior to Northern Siberia, reaches the annual maximum, the absolute maximum isobar extending from the Arctic Circle in long. 105° W. in a W.N.W. direction to the Liakov Islands. The other anticyclonic regions are Southern Australia, in the Indian Ocean to the south of Madagascar, and the four regions in the Atlantic and Pacific immediately to the west of the old and new continents. It is remarkable that the highest of these, where the mean pressure rises to 30-30 inches, is the one to the west of California, the next highest being the anticyclone in the Indian Ocean, where pressure only reaches 30 '15 inches. Except the Antarctic depression, none of the low pressure areas are strongly marked. The cyclonic regions of the North Pacific and Atlantic are now much reduced in depth and extent ; while, on the other hand, that of India has deepened and extended, and new centres of depression have begun to appear in the region of the Rocky Mountains, and in the Pacific to the west of Panama. May. — As regards temperature, the most noteworthy feature in this the transition month from spring to summer of the northern hemisphere, is the high temperature which prevails in all tropical and sub-tropical regions, particularly where the rainy 56 THE VOYAGE OF H.M.S. CHALLENGER. season has not yet begun, or where the rainfall is not large. Of this, India, Central Africa north of lat. 10° N, and the more strictly inland regions of North America from about latitude 15° N. in a northerly direction, are the best examples; and in a less degree the more continental portions of the Spanish and Scandinavian peninsulas. The contrast in this respect of India and the Eastern Peninsula is very striking, the relatively low temperature of the latter being probably due to the " lie " of its great valleys in the line of the summer monsoon. The influence of the Red Sea and Persian Gulf in this and subsequent summer months in breaking the continuity of the isothermals and changing their course is very remarkable. The low temperature of the north-eastern portion of America and over the north of Siberia as compared with Western Europe is probably occasioned by the northerly winds which have now set in towards the rapidly developing centres of low pressure in the interior of the continents taken in connection with the sun's position in the heavens. Accompanying these changes of temperature, pressure has fallen greatly over nearly the whole of the continents of the northern hemisphere, the amount of the fall being generally the same as in the previous month ; and again the fall over the Arabian Sea and Persian Gulf is only a half, or even less, than in India, lying between these two seas. A diminution of pressure has also taken place over the south-east of Australia, New Zealand, the southern portion of South America, and over the sea immediately to the south of Cape Colony. On the other hand, pressure has continued further to increase over nearly the whole of South America and Africa. But the region of the great increase of pressure, or the region to which has been transferred the mass of the earth's atmosphere which has been removed from the Asiatic and American continents, is the Atlantic Ocean from the Arctic Circle south and to at least lat. 20° S., exclusive of the Caribbean Sea, but inclusive of the United States east of the Mississippi and Ohio, Lower Canada, and nearly the half of Europe, to the south of a line drawn from Shetland to the Sea of Azov. The maximum increase, being nearly two-tenths of an inch, occurs in mid- Atlantic, about lat. 45° N. In the Atlantic, from lat. 55° to 70° N, pressure now attains its annual maximum. A high pressure overspreads nearly the whole of Arctic regions, the maximum, 30*10 inches, extending from the mouth of Back Eiver to Nova Zembla. The other anticyclonic areas of high pressure, in addition to the four in the Pacific and Atlantic Oceans, are found in the centre of South America, in South Africa, to the south of Madagascar, and in Australia. Of these the least pronounced is the one in Australia, and that most pronounced is in the Pacific to the west of California, where* pressures are respectively 30 '05 and 30 '30 inches. Pressure has increased over the an ticy clonk- region of the North Atlantic ; and as pressure all round has considerably fallen, tins anticyclone is now a strongly marked one. REPORT ON ATMOSPHERIC CIRCULATION. 57 The low-pressure system of India has shifted a good way to north-westwards, and deepened to 29 '60 inches, and those of Central Africa to 2970 inches, of North America to 29-80 inches, and of the Pacific, near Panama, to 29 "85 inches. On the other hand, the cyclonic systems of the North Pacific have shallowed to 2975 inches, and that of the North Atlantic to 29 "90 inches, and in the adjoining parts of Europe there are five other centres, each of very limited extent, where pressure has fallen slightly lower than 29 "90 inches. June. — This is the first summer month of the northern hemisphere, and the isother- mals have now taken their summer positions. The highest isothermal, 95°, appears in three regions, viz. in India, in Central Africa, and in North America. The summer isothermals are thrust further than anywhere else into higher latitudes in North America, from Mexico in a N.N.W. direction as far as the head waters of the Yukon. Over the whole of this region the climate is drier, and sunshine consequently stronger, than over the regions to the east and west of it. The isothermals occupy also higher positions in latitude over the Europeo-Asiatic continent, unless where the influence of sheets of water draws them into lower latitudes ; and the remarkable parallelism of the lines in the more strictly inland climates is one of their most marked features. The influence of the ocean in maintaining a low temperature as compared with the land in the east of Asia from the Sea of Okotsk to China, and in the east of North America from Labrador to south of Cape Hatteras, is more pronounced than in any other of the warmer months of the year. The almost equal lowering of the isothermals in the northern portion of the Pacific on each side of Behring Straits is very remarkable, and is in striking contrast to the totally different distribution of temperature which obtains in the same latitudes of the North Atlantic. Mean temperatures under the freezing point are now wholly within the Arctic Circle. The changes in the distribution of the pressure are a diminution over the whole of Asia, amounting to about two-tenths near the centre of the continent ; all Europe, except the northern part of Scandinavia and Italy, Switzerland, the southern half of France, and the Peninsula ; all North America, except the extreme south-east and the extreme north-west of the continent ; and in the southern hemisphere, in New Zealand and the extreme south of Australia. Elsewhere pressure has risen, the greatest increase being in the Atlantic from Spain westward to long. 30°, and in the south of Africa. One of the most widespread changes in the distribution of pressure occurs from May to June, which ushers in the summer months of the northern hemisphere. It embraces nearly all the southern hemisphere, the Atlantic south of lat. 55° N., the increase flowing over so as to cover parts of Europe and North America. The anticyclonic regions of high pressure are the four in the North and South (PHTS. CHEM. CHALL. EXP. — PABT V. 1889.) 6 b 58 THE VOYAGE OF H.M.S. CHALLENGER. Atlantic and Pacific immediately to the west of the continents, to the west of Australia, and other satellite anticyclones in Australia, South Africa, and South America. The best marked of these is the one in the North Pacific, where the mean pressure is 30*30 inches, and the least in Australia, where the mean is only 30*05 inches; but even in this last case the winds afford a well-defined illustration of the an ticy clonic weather conditions in this part of the globe at this season, inasmuch as they blow outward upon the sea on all coasts. One of the most sharply marked cyclonic areas of low pressure which occurs in this month is in south-western Asia, where pressure falls to a mean of 29 "45 inches, and the barometric gradient from the Straits of Ormuz to the Caspian Sea is one of the steepest mean gradients that occur anywhere at any season. The next best marked cyclonic region is that in North America, and others much less marked appear between Iceland and Labrador, in Scandinavia, Spain, and in the eastern equatorial region of the Pacific. It is also to be noted that the equatorial low pressure between the two anticyclonic regions of the Atlantic is now less marked and greatly contracted in breadth. July. — This is the typical month of the summer of the northern and of the winter of the southern hemisphere. The three regions in Asia, Africa, and North America, enclosed in June with the isothermal of 95°, and marking off the hottest regions of the globe in that month, cover now a wider extent, and include maximum temperatures a few degrees higher, indicating absolutely the highest mean temperatures that occur anywhere or at any season. Among the most interesting features of the climates of restricted regions shown by the isothermals may be enumerated the relatively low temperature of Nova Scotia, the coast of Morocco, Burmah, and Victoria in Australia ; and the relatively high tempera- ture of the eastern division of India sheltered from the summer monsoon, and the inland regions of Scandinavia, Spain, Italy, and Greece. The influence of the Eed Sea in these months is conspicuously seen in maintaining a low temperature, and thereby breaking the continuity between Asia and Africa of the isothermals of 90° and 95°. The crowding together of the lines in California and between the Bay of Biscay to the south of Algiers is very remarkable. The more important changes of the distribution of the pressure are an increase over the southern hemisphere generally, with very slight exceptions in South Africa, New Zealand, and the south of South America ; India, except the north-west ; Japan ; a patch of Europe, extending from the north of Spain to Hungary ; the south-western half of the North Atlantic, and the continental portions of North America from the Gulf of Mexico north-westward to lat. 55°. Elsewhere pressure has diminished, but particu- larly over Asia and Europe, except the regions mentioned above, the northern half of the North Atlantic, and nearly the whole of British America. REPORT ON ATMOSPHERIC CIRCULATION. 59 In this month the pressure of the northern hemisphere, taken as a whole, falls to the annual minimum. If 29-95 inches be accepted as the mean pressure of the atmo- sphere over the globe, then the whole of this hemisphere, excepting the anticyclonic regions of the Atlantic and Pacific, has a mean pressure below the average. This great seasonal depression has its centre marked off by the isobar of 29-40 inches, extending from Mooltan to Muscat, and is absolutely the lowest continental pressure occurring anywhere or at any season. This great depression, which may be roughly regarded as coterminous with the land of the northern hemisphere, may be justly considered as ruling the climate and weather of this half of the globe during the summer months. Subordinate centres of low pressure are to be seen in North America, between South Greenland and Hudson Bay, south of Iceland, in Scandinavia, in Spain, and in the valley of the Po, the last four being, however, comparatively slight. In America the lowest isobar is 29 "75 inches. In Africa the increased heat seems to result in a widen- ing apart of the isobars from the Red Sea to Sierra Leone, rather than in the formation of any distinct cyclonic centre. In this month pressure in equatorial Atlantic, between the anticyclonic regions north and south of it, reaches its annual maximum, not falling as low as 29 '90 inches. In addition to the four anticyclones in the Atlantic and Pacific, anticyclones appear also to the west of Australia, in South Africa, and in Australia, in the last case reaching the maximum for the year. In the southern hemisphere, about lat. 30°, pressure rises over long stretches to or above 30 "20 inches ; and nowhere, except in the comparatively short distance from long. 170° E. to long. 140° W., does it fall below 30'00 inches. It is to this belt of high pressure that the part of the air which has been removed from the continents of the northern hemisphere has been transferred. In January the highest mean pressure in Asia is a little more than 30 '50 inches in the upper valley of the Amur and the region to the south-west of it ; whereas in July the lowest pressure, 29 -40 inches, is at a considerable distance from the above, being located in the valley of the Indus and south-westwards to Muscat. The difference of pressure between these two extreme months is thus fully 1'10 inch, or fully a thirtieth part of the entire barometric pressure, nearly the whole of the difference being occasioned by the difference of temperature of the two months. In North America the difference of pressure of January and July is only 0*45 inch, and in Australia the differ- ence is nearly the same. In the remarks on January it was pointed out that the centres of maximum pres- sure and minimum temperature, which, Antarctic regions being excepted, are respectively these maximum and minimum data for the globe for any season, are far from occupying the same geographical area. But in July the regions of minimum pressure and maxi- mum temperature are virtually coincident. In this region the climate is remarkably dry and rainless, or nearly so, and substantially the same climatic characteristics 60 THE VOYAGE OF H.M.S. CHALLENGER distinguish the more restricted regions of low pressure in the United States, Scandi- navia, Spain, and North Italy. The point is of considerable importance in atmospheric physics, as showing that when the sun's heat is strongest cyclonic areas of low pressure are generated in dry climates ; whereas in winter, in the higher latitudes, cyclonic areas are formed in humid and rainy climates. One of the most remarkable illustrations of the respective influences of land and water on the courses of the isobars is seen at this season in the higher pressure main- tained from the Straits of Gibraltar eastwards to the Sea of Aral by the extensive sheets of water for which this region is so remarkable. The crowding, widening, and deforma- tion of the isobars in the different parts of the region is curious and highly instructive. On the other hand, the diminution of the pressure shown by the isobar of 29*80 inches immediately to the north in eastern Russia, where there are no water surfaces, is equally striking. As Australia is an island sufficiently large to show the climatic features of a continent, it is interesting to note in connection with the anticyclone overspreading it at this time, that on all coasts the winds blow outward from the land seawards. This, therefore, is the dry season of Australia. One striking feature of the oceanic anticyclones deserves attention. The isobars crowd more together on their eastern sides, where they press upon the continents adjoining, than on their western sides, where they are prolonged through their respec- tive oceans. The prevailing winds of continental coasts adjoining anticyclonic regions are usually dry for two reasons ; they advance from higher to lower, and therefore warmer latitudes, and they have traversed the evaporating surface of the ocean but a comparatively short way since their descent from the higher regions of the anticyclones. The dry climates of California, Peru, Morocco, and south-west of Africa at this time may be referred to as illustrations. Quite different is it with the winds which blow through the West Indies, the Gulf of Mexico, and thence northwards through the United States. These winds having traversed a large extent of the ocean, distribute over these islands and States a generous and rarely failing rainfall, thus rendering the United States one of the uniformly best watered regions of the globe. Similarly the valleys of the Amazon and other rivers in the north of South America have a large rainfall. As regards rainfall, southern and eastern Asia is, perhaps, the most remarkable region of the globe. The isobars of July show this at once. If a line be drawn marking the path of highest pressure from Durban in South Africa eastwards through the Indian Ocean and Australia, and thence out through the Pacific by New Caledonia to beyond the Sandwich Islands, then the whole of the Indian and Pacific Oceans between this line and the continent is traversed by winds which blow home on and into Asia during the summer months. Hence the prevailing summer winds arrive on REPORT ON ATMOSPHERIC CIRCULATION. 61 the coasts laden with the moisture of the oceans they have crossed, the result being the large rainfall of southern and eastern Asia. The heaviest of these rains are where mountain ranges lie across the path of the monsoon, and they penetrate farthest inland where the river valleys lie approximately in the course of the monsoon. The July isobars of India are of more than ordinary interest, implying, as they do, the utmost practical advantages to the empire. From Cutch southward pressure is everywhere higher in the west than in the east of the same latitudes, represented by the south-easterly slant of the lines as they cross India. The difference is about half a tenth of an inch, and the same difference also holds good in Ceylon. The consequence of this peculiarity in the distribution of the pressure is that the summer monsoon blows more directly from the ocean than would have been the case if the isobars had lain due west and east. A much more important consequence, however, follows from the location of the region of least pressure in the valley of the Indus, so that in the valley of the Ganges, and in the north of India generally, pressure diminishes steadily from east to west, — from Assam, up the Ganges, and westward to Jacobabad on the Indus. The inevitable result of this inversion in the manner of the distribution of the pressure is that the winds are no longer south-westerly, but they become southerly over the Bay of Bengal, and thereafter deflected into E.S.E. winds blowing up and filling the whole valley of the Ganges, and distributing in their course a generous rainfall over this magnificent region. If winds there had been south-westerly, the rainfall would have been meagre and inadequate, owing to the intervention of the Western Ghauts between the sea and the Ganges. It will be observed that the low-pressure system of Asia and the anticyclonic system of high pressure of the Atlantic are connected by what is virtually an unbroken broad belt of westerly winds over Europe and western Asia, bearing with them much vapour from the Atlantic, to which is due the summer rainfall of this part of the old continent. As they advance farther into Asia they take a northerly direction as they turn towards and blow round upon the region of low pressure in the Punjaub. Since, as they assume a northerly direction they blow into hotter regions, it follows that rain ceases to fall, and the climates are among the driest and hottest anywhere on the earth. It also follows that Japan is one of the more highly favoured regions as regards its rainfall, depending as it does on the large extent of the Pacific to the south-east, over which the summer monsoon must blow before reaching the Japanese coasts. The same principles are illustrated by the direction of the prevailing winds and distribution of the rainfall over and around the more restricted area of low summer pressure in North America. On the west side of this low-pressure area the Pacific anti- cyclone closely presses with its crowded isobars and arid northerly winds ; whilst on the east side lies the higher pressure with its more open isobars and moist southerly 62 THE VOYAGE OF EL M.S. CHALLENGER. winds. The result is a close proximity of widely diverse climates as regards cloud, rainfall, and temperature. The following Table gives the monthly average rainfall from a selected number of places within and contiguous to this low-pressure area : — Mean Rainfall in the Western Divisions of the United States and of Canada. Jan. Feb. March. April. May. June. July. Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec. Year. inches. inches. inches. inches. inches. inches. inches. inches. inches. inches inches inches inches. Fort Yuma, Ariz., •35 •40 •14 •10 •00 •00 ■31 •63 •50 •19 •32 •29 3-20 San Diego, Calif., 2-05 2-36 1-50 •94 ■40 •07 •02 •18 •04 •41 •73 2-09 10-80 Los Angelos, „ . 270 3-50 2-95 2-15 •45 •18 •03 •02 •16 •51 •44 3-33 16-42 San Francisco, ,, . 5-00 3-64 3-04 2-39 •62 •30 •02 •01 •15 1-22 3-00 4-75 24-14 Sacramento, „ . 4-21 3-06 3-27 3-48 •62 •25 •00 •00 •27 •90 2-09 4-04 22-19 Roseburg, Oreg., . 6-20 4-56 3-44 3-02 1-82 •97 •01 ■31 •86 2-83 3-79 6-43 34-84 Mendocino, Calif., . 9-90 8-91 7-36 4-77 1-31 ■39 •05 •03 •47 2-57 5-81 8-26 49-82 Portland, Oreg., . 7-05 7-31 6-36 3-31 2-44 1-71 ■72 •67 1-82 4-53 6-79 8-36 51-07 Astoria, „ 11-17 7-80 3-77 3-54 4-94 1-88 1-16 •72 4-90 4-78 7-01 11-14 62-81 Boise City, Idah., . 2-42 1-28 1-72 1-14 1-34 •69 •17 •18 ■36 •88 1-28 2-18 13-74 Walla Walla, Wash., . 3-45 1-29 1-06 1-66 •67 •73 •02 •12 •06 1-95 •78 3-16 14-95 Tatoosh Is., ,, 14-87 9-87 5-21 3-57 4-45 2-96 2-81 3-44 7-10 7-16 13-08 14-72 89-24 Olyrnpia, „ 8-59 8-80 4-81 3-79 2-53 1-17 •89 •72 3-08 5-05 7-04 9-61 56-08 Victoria, Brit. Col., . 5-69 3-64 2-56 1-20 •91 ■77 •40 •52 2-01 2-86 4-00 4-96 29-53 Fort Simpson, ,, 9-01 9-23 7-65 7-47 4-15 3-90 4-31 7-02 11-96 15-01 13-54 6-25 99-50 New Westminster, ,, 778 8-37 699 3-86 3-27 2-79 3-56 2-03 1-92 6-70 5-05 12-65 64-98 Lillooet, „ 1-75 1-12 1-22 •66 1-34 1-53 1-01 •97 1-18 •98 1-39 2-26 15-41 Spencer Bridge, ,, 1-70 0-28 •37 •16 •52 4-15 3-25 5-30 3-80 2-39 2-33 1-53 25-78 Fort York, P.R.L., . ■59 1-59 •87 •24 •72 •80 ■63 •56 1-06 •01 ■49 •67 8-23 Moose-Factory, ,, 3-00 •93 1-92 1-24 2-22 3-62 3-37 3-09 3-87 2-06 2-08 2-19 29-59 Marten Falls, „ 2-50 1-50 •00 •00 4-37 5-91 3-08 2-58 2-22 3-48 1-17 2-60 29-41 Nepignon, Ont., . 2-32 2-65 1-10 1-30 3-09 2-13 3-76 2-74 1-41 4-00 1-90 1-70 28-00 Winnipeg, Manit., •58 1-00 1-03 1-31 2-05 3-20 2-58 2-51 1-83 1-37 •92 •99 19-37 Chipewyan, Atheb., •89 •63 •74 •31 •45 •98 1-79 •74 1-37 1-35 •52 •81 10-58 Dunvegan, ,, 1-09 1-06 1-90 •76 2 "24 3-07 1-37 2-94 1-65 1-46 1-07 1-40 20-01 Qu' Appelle, Assin., •41 •51 •45 1-05 1-39 2-40 1-90 1-47 •92 •45 ■58 •77 12-30 Medicine Hat., „ •31 •38 •44 •57 •91 3-27 1-33 ■94 •90 ■45 •42 •40 10-32 Edmonton, „ 1-01 •83 •64 •49 2-01 2 -25 2-83 •74 1-01 •93 ■23 •68 11-65 F. Benton, Mont., . ■80 •52 •73 •96 2-39 2-16 1-82 1-08 1-04 •19 ■78 ■64 13-71 F. Buford, Dak., . •69 •52 •43 1-45 1-94 2-88 2-31 1-15 •69 •93 •11 •82 14-22 Cheyenne, Wy., . •28 •26 •61 1-23 2-14 1-51 1-66 1-52 •89 •C4 •31 •21 11-26 Salt Lake City, Utah, . 1-46 1-36 2-00 2-33 2-00 1-04 •54 •83 •96 1-72 1-76 1-49 17-40 Winnenmcea, Nev., 1-01 1-01 •75 1-07 •83 •85 ■18 •09 •31 •70 •93 1-14 8-87 Pike's Peak, Col., 1-72 1-45 2-11 3-71 3-89 1-84 4-29 3-72 1-77 1-48 1-80 1-46 29-24 Santa Fc, N. Mes., •52 •65 •58 •08 •84 1-16 3-09 2-94 1-51 1-03 •87 •82 14-69 El Paso, Tex., •58 •44 •49 •18 •40 •54 2-85 2-23 1-21 1-37 •48 ■67 11-44 F. Gibson, Ind. Ter., . 2-03 2-28 2-52 4-23 4-44 4-13 2-97 2-69 2-56 3-55 2-92 2-16 36-55 North Platte, Nebr., . ■52 •35 •61 1-84 3-16 3-51 2-71 2-48 1-34 1-26 •43 •74 18-95 Omaha, ,, . ■55 •83 1-50 3-55 4-98 6-46 6-17 3-59 3-53 315 1-32 1-01 36-64 REPORT ON ATMOSPHERIC CIRCULATION. 63 The stations are separated into two distinct groups by a line made to pass in a north and south direction through the centre of the low-pressure area. To the west of the line the summer rainfall is either nil or small, whereas to the east of it the rainfall reaches the annual maximum in this season. The influence of this low pressure is to augment the summer rainfall, at least as far eastward as the Mississippi. Farther north on Hudson's Bay and the N.-W. Territories of Canada the summer rainfall is for the same reason also large, the amount being in a great degree to be traced to the large evaporation from Hudson's Bay conveyed by the prevailing winds southwards and distributed over the Territories. The rapid increase of the rainfall on the seaboard from the Columbia River northwards is remarkable, the amounts for July being 1*16 inch at Astoria ; 2'81 inches at Tatoosh Island, near Cape Flattery; 3'56 inches at New "Westminster ; and 4 "3 1 inches at Fort Simpson, to the north-east of Queen Charlotte Island. At all coast stations to the north of San Francisco the winter rain- fall is very large. The greatest falls occur at Tatoosh Island, Fort Simpson, and Astoria, and the heavy rains set in as early as September. August. — The declining influence of the sun is now decidedly felt in the higher latitudes and in the drier continental climates. The temperature of a considerable portion of the Arctic regions has now fallen below the freezing point. At Barnaul, in Siberia, temperature falls from 68°'6 in July to 62°"5 in August, and at Werkojansk, where the greatest known cold is recorded in the winter, the figures are for July 5 8° "6 and August 48°'7. On the other hand, the temperature of the oceans, as well as in many strictly insular situations of the northern hemisphere, rises to the annual maximum in this month. At Astrabad, on the Caspian Sea, the means are for July 81°'7 and August 83°-4, at Nagasaki 77°'7 and 79°-8, and at Bellisle 48°-8 and 50°-9/ The influence of extensive water surfaces in maintaining a higher temperature towards the close of summer is well illustrated by the air temperatures of the Atlantic and Bed Sea. The high temperature of the Atlantic on the one hand, and the upwelling of the cold deep water to the surface off the north-west coast of Morocco on the other, result in the singular positions of the August isothermals of that ocean. Similar low temperatures are also seen in each case where the four great anticyclonic areas of high pressure in the Pacific and Atlantic press on the continents, the lowering influence being increased by the prevailing winds passing into lower latitudes. The changes in the distribution of the pressure are an increase over the whole of Asia and Europe, except the countries in the south-west of the latter continent, the increase being greater in those regions where the most marked fall in the temperature is proceeding ; over North America, except the extreme western and extreme southern regions ; and in South America, to the south of the Argentine Republic. On the other hand, pressure has fallen over France, Italy, Spain, and Portugal ; over the Atlantic, 64 THE VOYAGE OF H.M.S. CHALLENGER. except to eastwards of the New England States as far as long. 45° W. ; and over Australia, and nearly the whole of Africa and South America. The more remarkable of the resulting changes is the reappearance, in the neighbourhood of Spitzbergen and North Greenland, of the high pressure which overspreads nearly the whole of the Arctic regions during the colder half of the year. In Spitzbergen, pressure is now slightly above the general average of 29*95 inches. The high pressure characteristic of continents during the winter months has disappeared from South Africa ; but is still shown in Australia, reduced, however, about half a tenth of an inch. The anticyclone of the North Atlantic covers nearly the same extent as in the previous month ; but as pressure over it is generally half a tenth of an inch less, and as in Asia to the north of the high tableland of the interior it has risen a tenth and a half, the gradient for westerly wdnds is greatly reduced. Climatologically this is, perhaps, the most important change, next to that of the temperature, that occurs in August. The gradient for westerly winds from the Atlantic being reduced, these winds are correspondingly lessened in force, and the amount of the rainfall is diminished to the east of long. 20° E. September. — In this month the low temperature of the Arctic regions spreads and deepens, and in the interior has fallen to 20°. The highest isothermals are now 90° in Asia and Africa, and 85° in North America and the north of Australia. The compara- tively high temperature of the extensive tropical regions of the Pacific and Atlantic, where the difference of temperature is very slight, is still maintained. The other outstanding feature of the temperature is a greatly more rapid fall now in progress over the land as compared with that over the ocean. Thus, while in mid- Atlantic about lat. 52° 30' N. and long. 32° 30' V?., the mean temperature of August is 57° "6, and of September 55°"2, on the continent the means are 64°-9, and 58°7 at Berlin, 62°-5 and 51°"2 at Barnaul, and 48°7 and 32° 7 at Werkojansk. These changes altogether alter the temperature relations of the different regions of the northern hemisphere to each other, and it is these changed relations which bring about the vital change in the peculiar distribution of the pressure which sets in with the autumn months. Over the whole of Asia and Europe, except the British Islands and north-western Norway, pressure has risen, and most largely where temperature has fallen to the greatest degree, unless the region is situated so as to be affected by an extensive low pressure area now being formed ; the whole of North America, except Labrador, and Alaska, and British Columbia ; the northern half of Africa ; and in the south of Australia and south of South America. Everywhere else pressure has fallen, notably so in the north-eastern part of the Pacific and of the Atlantic, and part of the continents adjoining, where the winter cyclonic low pressure of the regions are rapidly forming, the isobars of the North Pacific now showing a pressure of 2970 inches, and of the North Atlantic of 2975 inches. REPORT ON ATMOSPHERIC CIRCULATION. 65 As pressure has still further fallen in the anticyclone of the North Atlantic and risen rapidly in Asia, the difference in pressure is now so small that the westerly winds from the Atlantic towards the centre of the old continent may be considered at an end for the year. But the cyclonic area over the North Atlantic has now extended and deepened to such an extent as to rule the winds of western and northern Europe. With the greater prevalence of these south-westerly winds the rainfall of these regions is largely increased, reaching even to the annual maximum in Denmark and a con- siderable portion of Finland and Sweden. October. — The mean temperature has fallen to -5° in the extreme north of Green, land, and except a portion of the North Atlantic and the north of Scandinavia temperature is now below 32° over the whole of the Arctic regions. This low temperature descends to lat. 54° on the coast of Labrador, and to the same latitude in eastern Siberia. The abnormally high temperatures have now altogether disappeared from Spain, Greece, and Scandinavia, and, as regards the last region, the isothermals show that abnormally low temperatures from the north-east begin to overspread it. The fall of temperature in the interior of Asia is very great, being from 20° to 30° over a wide area. At Werkojansk the fall is from 3 2° '7 to -0o,6, or a fall of 33°-3. On the other hand, in Egypt, Syria, and over the Red Sea it is very small. The highest isothermals are 90° in North and South Africa and in the north of Australia, and 85° in Brazil and Central America. Pressure has fallen over the whole of the southern hemisphere, over the Atlantic, Greenland, and the western half of Europe, to the west of a line drawn from Corfu to Helsinfors, and thence north-eastwards to Franz Josef's Land ; and the cyclonic region of the North Pacific has further extended and deepened. Everywhere else pressure has increased, particularly over Asia, being the maximum monthly increase that occurs in any month anywhere over the globe. In the centre of the continent the increase is from 0-25 to 0-30 inch. Thus, in passing from September to October, pressure diminishes over all those regions where the temperature, relatively to that of immedi- ately surrounding regions, is higher in October than it was in the month previous ; but it increases over those regions where temperature is relatively lower, and most so just over those regions where the temperature is now most strikingly low as compared with adjoining regions. The area in the Arctic regions covered by a pressure exceeding 29 "9 5 inches, the average for the globe, is now largely extended. In addition to the four anti- cyclones in the Atlantic and Pacific, anticyclones appear in Asia, where the isobars show a pressure of 30-20 inches; in the Indian Ocean, with a pressure equally high. There are also less marked ones in the Pacific Ocean midway between South America and Australia ; in the United States to the east of the Mississippi ; and in Spain. The cyclonic areas of low pressure in the north of the Atlantic and Pacific have (PHVS. CHEM. CHALL. EXP. — fART V. — 1889.) 6 C 66 THE VOYAGE OF H.M.S. CHALLENGER. further developed and extended, and in each case the isobars show a pressure of 29 '60 inches. South-westerly winds have increased in frequency and force over western Europe, and in the west of America to the north of the Columbia Eiver ; whilst north- westerly winds have equally increased over Canada and the more northern portion of the United States, and over the east of Asia. In western Europe the rainfall is very largely increased, the maximum monthly fall for the year occurring in Norway, the British Islands, with the exception of the strictly western districts, and over large portions of France and Spain. On the coast stations of British Columbia the rainfall is also heavy, rising to 15 '01 inches at Fort Simpson on a mean of the two years 1887-88, and at Sitka the mean is 1T83 inches. On the other hand, the north- westerly winds have largely increased the cold and dryness of the climates of the eastern regions of Asia and North America. The low summer pressure of India is now represented by a shallow depression, having its centre in the Bay of Bengal, where the lowest isobar indicates a pressure of 29"80 inches. The winds accompanying the depression of this transition month from the summer to the winter monsoon are extremely interesting, and the differences shown by the prevailing winds of the Bay of Bengal and the Arabian Sea are very striking. Low pressure systems also occur in Central Africa, in the north of South America, and thence westward through the Pacific to longitude 140° W. ; and again in the Pacific between New Guinea and the Sandwich Islands. There is also a slight but wide- spread depression over the Mediterranean, and the influence of the higher temperature maintained by the Black and Caspian Seas is well seen in the deformation of the isobars in their neighbourhood. November. — In the central parts of the Arctic regions the isothermal of -15° encloses an extensive area, and the isothermals droop in lower latitudes through eastern Siberia, and in North America in the direction of Lake Winnipeg. In Siberia, a centre of still lower temperature is now formed round Werkojansk, where temperature has fallen to -39°'5, the mean of November being thus 38°"9 lower than that of October. The most southerly position of a mean temperature of 32° is to the south of Wladistok, about lat. 42° N. The protrusion northwards of high temperatures along the west of Norway, and the protrusion southward of low temperatures through the centre of Scandinavia, are among the most striking contrasts in the distribution of the temperature in November. The higher temperature of the Eed Sea, the curves of the isothermals in America from Mexico to the head waters of the Missouri, the irregular courses of the isothermals over the seas of southern Europe, the courses of the isothermals of 45°, 40°, 35°, 30°, and 25° over Europe as compared with the contours of the Continent, and the distribution of temperature in India, are prominent features in the climatologies of the month. The highest isothermals are 95° in the north of Australia, 90° in South Africa, and 85° in South America and Central America. Owing to the distribution of the REPORT ON ATMOSPHERIC CIRCULATION. 67 pressure in Australia the winds of the district where the temperature has risen to 95° blow from the interior of the arid portion of this continent. In this month pressure has continued to fall over the whole of the southern hemisphere. The low pressure in the north of the Pacific remains much as it was in October, except that it has extended over Behring Straits ; the low pressure in the north of the Atlantic is nearly the same as in the previous month, except that it is several degrees of latitude to southward, and a subsidiary satellite depression has appeared to the north of Norway. Pressure has also fallen over the north-eastern half of the Atlantic as far as lat. 60° N. ; but the most remarkable fall is that which occurs over all Europe, except in Spain and Portugal and in the west and south of France. This general fall of pressure over the north-eastern part of the Atlantic, and to the eastward over Europe to long. 45° E., taken in connection with a simultaneous large increase over Iceland and Greenland, gives the explanation of the secondary maximum of easterly and northerly winds which prevails over a large portion of Europe in November, with the reduced rainfall which accompanies them. There are other low-pressure centres in the Indian Ocean from Borneo to Ceylon, in Africa, in the regions of the lower Amazons, and in the north-west of Australia. The peculiarities of the distribution of the pressure over the seas of southern Europe are even more pronounced than in October, showing that distribution is in the strongest manner mainly influenced by the irregular distribution of land and water over the same regions. Of the four anticyclones of the two great oceans, the most pronounced is that to the westward of the heated plains of the Argentine Eepublic, and the least that in the North Atlantic. The anticyclone of Asia indicates a pressure of 30 '40 inches, and its system of isobars and outflowing winds on all sides shows that it has now acquired its strongly marked winter characteristics. The other anticyclones are in the Indian Ocean to the west of Australia, in the Pacific to the north-east of New Zealand, a subsidiary one being also in Spain. The courses of the isobars of 29"95, 29-90, and 29'85 inches from the north-east of Africa to Tonkin illustrate in a remarkable manner the influence of the ocean in lowering, and of the land in augmenting, pressure at this time when temperature is rapidly falling. Over all India the surface winds are northerly, but the different directions in different districts possess great interest in their relations to the undulating courses of the isobars. From the greater prevalence of northerly and easterly winds the maximum rainfall for the year occurs in November nowhere in Europe, except in the Mediterranean region marked out by the isobar of 30*00 inches, and eastward so as to include Greece. December. — The mean temperature of the whole of the earth's surface enclosed by the Arctic Circle is under 32°, and the isothermals of -25° embrace a large portion of this 68 THE VOYAGE OF H.M.S. CHALLENGER. region. The low temperature region in Siberia shows a mean temperature of -55°-5 at Werkojansk, near its centre. In North America, near the magnetic pole, temperature falls a little below -25°. The influence of oceanic currents on the isothermals is strikingly seen through the centre of the Atlantic, and thence round the North Cape into the Arctic Ocean east- wards as far as the Liakov Islands. The influence of Hudson's Bay, the North Seas, and the Baltic with its connected seas, are particularly well illustrated in this month ; and, on the other hand, the influence of the land in lowering the winter temperature is equally well seen along the centre of the unbroken land surface of Europe from Moscow to Lisbon. The observations made in December by various expeditions to Antarctic regions show a mean temperature of 25° between longs. 160° E. and W., and similar low temperatures occur in this zone in the other summer months of the southern hemi- sphere, being in this respect quite different from the Arctic regions in summer where mean temperature does not fall below 35°, even though observations are available from much higher latitudes. The difference is, of course, due to the all but continuous covering of water, ice, or snow within the Antarctic Circle, whereas within the Arctic Circle there is a large proportion of land, and the Arctic Ocean is, besides, nearly altogether landlocked. The Loffoden Isles and Werkojansk are approximately in the same latitude, yet their mean temperatures are respectively 30° and -55°, the difference being 85°. This shows in an impressive manner how the temperature does not fall according to latitude, but according to the distance to which the place is situated eastward and northward in the continent ; where, at the same time, the air is calm, dry, and clear, and seldom reached by winds from any ocean. Another feature of the isothermals is their openness in those regions of Europe and western Asia, where south-westerly winds prevail, and their crowded condition over the higher plateaux to the south to which these winds do not reach, and where the air is drier and calmer. The highest isothermals are 95° in the north of Australia, 90° in South Africa, and 85° in two districts in South America separated by the valley of the Plata. The crowding of the isothermals in South America and South Africa is characteristic of all regions where in summer the air is dry, and where the adjoining coast is swept by winds passing into lower latitudes. Pressure has fallen everywhere over the southern hemisphere, and over Turkey, Russia, Scandinavia, and thence westward across Iceland, Greenland, and Arctic America ; but elsewhere it has risen. A much greater expanse of the Arctic regions is overspread by a high pressure ; the centre of the anticyclone of Asia shows now a pressure of 30-50 inches ; that of North REPORT ON ATMOSPHERIC CIRCULATION. 69 America 30 "20 inches; and those of the Indian Ocean between South Africa and Australia, to the west of South Africa and to the west of South America, are particularly well defined, being separated from each other by pressure under the general average. The result is the transference of a large mass of the earth's atmosphere from the southern to the northern hemisphere, and from the ocean to the land surfaces of the northern hemisphere ; in other words, the transference is from those regions of the globe where temperature is relatively high to where, with respect to immediately surrounding regions, it is relatively low. The cyclonic areas of low pressure in the North Atlantic and Pacific have now virtually acquired their winter extension and depth. In November the difference in pressure between the centres of the North Atlantic anticyclone and cyclone is 0'40 inch, but in December the difference increases to 0"60 inch, or a half more. With this increased gradient, the Atlantic south-westerly winds increase in strength and frequency, and precipitate over western Europe a much heavier rainfall, augmented by meeting land of a relatively lower temperature than in the previous months. Thus the maximum rainfall of the year occurs in this month and January following, when quite similar meteorological conditions prevail over the whole of the strictly western division of the Peninsula, the extreme north-west of France and south-west of England, and the more western districts of Ireland and Scotland. Low-pressure areas also occur in South Africa, the valley of the Amazon, and from the north-west of Australia to Java. A lower pressure now appears in the equatorial region of the Atlantic between the two anticyclones of that ocean than prevails there in any other month. A singular distribution of pressure is well seen this month in the Mediterranean, illustrating the relation of the Italian peninsula to this area of low pressure. This peculiarity is observed through all the winter months ; but as the isobars are drawn only to half-tenths, it does not appear in so pronounced a manner in the other months. The same peculiarity is shown in the relations of India to the isobars of that region as compared with the isobars of the Arabian Sea and Bay of Bengal, — a feature still more decidedly shown in this than in the previous month. Abnormal Pressures and Temperatures. — The isobars, isothermals, and winds detailed are shown in the normal atmospheric conditions of the different months. It not unfrequently happens, however, that the actual weather of individual months differs widely from what these normals indicate. The most important weather changes, as affects human interests, are those which depend on wind, temperature, and rain ; and as these again are most intimately bound up with the actual distribution of pressure at the time, it is the last that really furnishes the key to weather changes. As good an example as could be adduced to show these changes is offered by the weather conditions of December 1878. This month was remarkable for unusually 70 THE VOYAGE OF H.M.S. CHALLENGER. abnormal weather over the whole globe. If a line be drawn from Texas to Newfound- land, across the Atlantic, the north of France and Germany, thence round by south- east through the Black Sea, the Caucasus, India, the East Indian Islands, and Australia, to the south of New Zealand, it will pass through a broad extended region where pressure was throughout considerably below the mean of December, and this prolonged area of abnormally low pressure was still further deepened in various regions along the line. Another line passing through the Philippine Islands, Japan, Manchuria, Behring's Straits, and Alaska marks out another extensive region where pressure was uninterruptedly below the mean. On the other hand, pressure was above the average of the month, and generally largely so, over the United States to west of longitude 90°, over Greenland, Iceland, the Faroes, Shetland, and a large part of the Old Continent, by a line drawn from Finland round by Lake Balkhash, Canton, and Pekin, to the upper region of the Lena. Another area of high pressure extended from Syria through Egypt and East Africa to the Cape ; and part of a third area of high pressure was seen in the North Island of New Zealand. As regards North America, the greatest excess of pressure, about 0'20 inch above the mean, was in the valley of the Columbia, from which it gradually fell on proceeding eastwards to a defect from the mean of 0'15 inch near Lake Champlain and to north- ward, rising again to near the mean in the north of Nova Scotia. To the north and north-east exceedingly high pressures for these regions and for this month prevailed, being 0"635 inch above the mean in Iceland, 0'50 inch in the south of Greenland, the excess diminishing on advancing northwards along West Greenland. West Greenland being thus on the west side of the region of high pressure, which for the time overspread the northern part of the Atlantic, and on the north-east side of the area of low pressure in the United States and Canada, strong south winds set in along that coast, and the temperature at the four Greenland stations, proceeding from south to north, rose to 10,1, 8°'8, 12°"1, and 14°-4 above the means, being in accordance with the relations of the distribution of pressure and temperature everywhere shown to prevail by the mean pressure and temperature charts of the months. Again, as the centre of lowest pressure was about Montreal, strong northerly and westerly winds predominated to westward and southward, and consequently temperature was there below the average, the deficiency at St. Louis and Chicago being 9°-5 ; and the winds being northerly and easterly in California, temperature was there also under the mean. On the other hand, in the New England States, the greater part of the Dominion of Canada and West Greenland, temperature was above the average. Pressure was much higher at St. Michael's, Alaska, than at St. Paul's to south-westward ; and hence while temperature at St. Paul's was 2°-9 below the normal, it was 12°-0 above it at St. Michael's, where strong winds from the south prevailed. REPORT ON ATMOSPHERIC CIRCULATION. 71 As Iceland was on the north-east side of the patch of high pressure overspreading the north of the Atlantic, northerly winds prevailed there, and temperature consequently fell 7°'2 below the mean, presenting thus a marked contrast to the high temperature in West Greenland in the same month. In Europe, the region of lowest pressure occupied the southern shores of the North Sea, thence extending, though in a diminished degree, to south-eastward. It inevitably followed that over all western Europe winds were N.E., N., and in the south-west of Europe, W. ; and everywhere from the North Cape to the north of Italy temperature was below the normal, in some places greatly so, the defect being 10°'4 in the south of Norway and 120,2 in the south of Scotland. On the other hand, on the east side of this area of low pressure winds were southerly, and consequently temperature was high. In some parts of Russia it rose to 15o-0 above the mean, and over the greater part of European Russia the excess exceeded 9°-0. This region of high temperature extended eastwards into Siberia as far as the Irtish, being quite coterminous with the western half of the anticyclonic region of high pressure which covered central Siberia. But over the eastern half of this Siberian anticyclone northerly winds prevailed, with the necessary accompaniment of low temperature over the whole of eastern Asia, the defect being G°-8 at Nertchinsk and 9°'0 at Chabarowka on the lower Amur. Here again, as in America, Greenland, and Iceland, places with the atmospheric pressure equally high presented the strongest contrasts of temperature, just as they happened to be situated on the eastern or western sides of the anticyclones prevailing at the time. Thus at Bogoslovsk, on the Ural Mountains, pressure was 0-210 inch, and at Nertchinsk 0-154 inch, above the normals; but Bogoslovsk, on the west side of this anticyclonic region, had its temperature 15°-0 above, whilst at Nertchinsk, on the east side, it was 6° "8 below the average. At the former place winds were southerly, but at the latter northerly. In this season the mean pressure falls to the annual minimum in Australia, but during December 1878 the usually low pressure was still further diminished. Pressure at this time of the year also falls to the minimum in the North Pacific and in the North Atlantic, and, as has been stated, the low pressure of these regions was also still further diminished. But in the case of the Atlantic, it was accompanied with a most important difference ; the centre of least pressure, usually located to the south- west of Iceland, was removed some hundreds of miles to south-east, and a most unwonted development of extraordinarily high pressure appeared to the northward, overspreading the extensive region of Baffin's Bay, Greenland, Iceland, Faro, and Shetland. Now it was to this region of high pressure, in its relations to the low- pressure region to the south-east of it, that the extreme severity of the weather over the British Islands at the time was due. It is remarkable that with the exception ot the high-pressure area about Greenland, and the displacement of the low-pressure area 72 THE VOYAGE OF H.M.S. CHALLENGER. of the North Atlantic to the south-east, the meteorological peculiarities which rendered the weather of December 1878 memorable over nearly the whole globe arose out of a distribution of the earth's atmosphere which was essentially the same that obtains at this season, but the usual irregularities in the distribution of the pressure appeared in more pronounced characters. Mean Atmospheric Temperature and Pressure for the Year. — The distribution of the mean annual pressure may be regarded as representing the sum of the influences at work, directly and indirectly, throughout the year in increasing and diminishing atmospheric pressure and temperature. The isothermal of -5° surrounds the north pole, and marks off the region where the annual temperature of the globe falls to the minimum, Maps XXV. and XXVI. The regions of highest mean annual temperature marked off by the isothermal of 85° occur in Central Africa, in India, the north of Australia, and Central America ; but, except Central Africa, these areas are very restricted. Temperature is depressed in the greatest degree towards the eastern sides of the land surfaces of the continents as they stretch towards and into the Arctic regions. As regards the ocean, temperatures are low on the eastern coasts of the continents of the northern hemisphere and on the western side of the continents of the southern hemisphere. The effect of the more clouded condition of the atmosphere of intertropical South America as compared with Central Africa is well illustrated by the isotherm als of these two extensive regions. The most conspicuous example of the influence of ocean currents in raising the temperature is seen in the protrusion northwards of the isothermals over western Europe, due to the prevailing winds and widespread currents which there pass from lower to higher latitudes. The contrast the temperature of the east coast of America offers to that of Europe is very striking. A similar result, but in a greatly reduced form, is seen on comparing the east of Asia with the west of North America. As respects land surfaces of tropical and sub-tropical countries, the highest mean annual temperatures are found in those regions where for a considerable portion of the year the climate is dry and practically rainless. The isothermals of Mexico and Brazil show in a striking manner the ♦nfluence of dry and wet climates on the distribution of temperature in low latitudes. In this connection the crowding together of the isothermals in Africa and South America about latitude 30° S. is one of the most striking features of these lines. The chart of mean annual atmospheric pressure shows two regions of high pressure, the one north and the other south of the equator, which pass completely round the globe as broad belts of high pressure. The belt of high pressure in the southern hemisphere lies parallel to the equator, and is of tolerably uniform breadth throughout, widening, however, in the longitudes of the anticyclonic regions of the Pacific, Atlantic, and Indian Oceans, and of the less pronounced anticyclone of Australia, The belt of REPORT ON ATMOSPHERIC CIRCULATION. 73 high pressure north of the equator has a very irregular outline, and exhibits the greatest differences as regards breadth and inclination to the equator. These irregu- larities wholly depend on the peculiar distribution of land and water which obtains in the northern hemisphere. The maximum breadth is reached over the continents of Asia and America ; and, indeed, the area of high pressure may further be regarded as stretching across the Arctic region from the one continent to the other. The highest mean annual pressure, 30*20 inches, is attained in the anticyclonic region in the North Pacific. On the other hand, the belt of high pressure falls to the minimum in the Pacific immediately to the east of Japan, where it is less than 29 '95 inches. It is also to be noted that pressure is nearly equally low in the east of the United States and parts of the Atlantic adjoining. About the same latitudes, both north and south of the equator, pressure is invariably high in the ocean a little to westward of all continents. These two belts of high pressure enclose between them the comparatively low pressure of equatorial regions, through the centre of which runs a narrower belt of still lower pressure, towards which the trade winds on either side blow. This intertropical belt of low pressure exhibits several centres of still lower pressure. The most important and extensive of these includes India, the southern half of Arabia, and a large portion of Central Africa, where pressure falls below 29 '80 inches; and over a considerable part of north-eastern India it falls under 2975 inches. Over the larger proportion of the East India Islands pressure is also under 29-80 inches ; and there are besides two small regions near the mouth of the Amazon and near Panama where pressure does not quite reach 29"85 inches. Perhaps the most remarkable region of low pressure is in the Antarctic regions, which, remaining low throughout the year, plays the principal role in the wind systems bordering on and within the Antarctic Circle, with their heavy snows and rainfall, and in the enormous icebergs which form so striking a feature of the waters of the Southern Ocean. It is probable that over nearly the whole of the Antarctic regions mean pressure is at least less than 29-30 inches. In the north polar regions pressure is lower than over the continents, but higher than over the oceans immediately adjoining. In the temperate and Arctic regions there are two strongly marked depressions — the larger covering the northern portion of the Atlantic and adjoining lands, and the other the corresponding portion of the North Pacific, the mean in each falling in the centre below 2970 inches. Now the whole of these areas of low pressure have the common characteristic of an excessive amount of moisture in the atmosphere. The Arctic and Antarctic zones of low pressure, and the equatorial belt of low pressure generally, are all but wholly occasioned by a comparatively large amount of vapour in the atmosphere. But as regards the region of low pressure in Southern Asia in summer, while the eastern half of the depression overspreading the valley of the Ganges has a moist atmosphere and a (PHYS. CHEM. CHALL. EXP. — rAUT V. — 1889.) C ll 74 THE VOYAGE OF H.M.S. CHALLENGER. large rainfall, the western half of it is singularly dry and practically rainless, and its central portion occupies a region where at the time the climate is one of the driest and hottest found at any season anywhere on the globe. Hence, while observation shows the vapour to be the most important and widespread of the disturbing influences at work in the atmosphere, the temperature also plays no inconspicuous part directly in destroying the equilibrium of the atmosphere ; from which disturbance result winds, storms, and many other atmospheric changes. Annual Range of the Mean Monthly Pressure.— This has been calculated from the sea-level pressures by simply subtracting the lowest mean monthly pressure from the highest, and entering the difference in its place on a map of the globe from which the lines of equal difference were drawn, as shown in the accompanying Fig. 3. Fig. 3. Chart sbowing the annual range of the mean monthly pressure over the globe, expressed in hundredths of an inch. The greatest difference occurs in the interior of Asia, near Urga, to the south- south-west of Lake Baikal, amounting to one inch. Thus in this region a thirtieth part of the whole winter pressure is removed during the summer months. In British America the difference is about 0-40 inch, and this is also the difference in South Africa. In South America and in Central Australia it amounts to 0"30 inch. These all occur in continents, and the largest difference is in the largest continent. On the other hand, in the North Atlantic, between Iceland and the south of Greenland, and again in the North Pacific to the south of Alaska, the difference is 0"40 inch ; but in no other part of the ocean is there so large a difference. In these two cases it is wholly due to the exceptionally low winter pressure of these regions. In the southern hemisphere the two patches of greatest difference occur, one to the east of New Zealand, between 140° and 160° long. W., and the other in the Indian Ocean, to the south-west of Australia, from 80° to 115° long. E. REPORT ON ATMOSPHERIC CIRCULATION. 75 On the other hand, the least difference of the lowest and the highest mean monthly pressures, 0"05 inch, occurs in four isolated patches. These regions, indicat- ing thus the greatest stability of mean pressure throughout the year, occur all in equatorial regions, viz. in the East Indian Archipelago; in the Pacific, from 150° to 105° long. W. ; and again from 95° to 75° long. "W. ; and in the Atlantic to the west of Senegambia, extending only from about 10° of longitude and 6° of latitude. These are all included in a wide area, almost wholly restricted to intertropical regions, bounded by 0"10 inch, and stretching unbroken from the east coast of equatorial Africa east- wards across the whole of the Pacific, the north of South America, the Atlantic, and into Africa, as far as about 5° long. W. Other isolated patches, showing also the small difference of O'lO inch, occur to the south-west of Australia, South Africa, and South America ; in the South Pacific between 40a and 50° lat. S. and 130° and 180° long. W. ; in the North Pacific to west and south-west of California ; to the east of Sagalien and Japan ; and in the Gulf of Bothnia and Finland. This, perhaps, of all the annual phenomena disclosed by meteorology, presents the strongest contrast between the northern and southern hemispheres. The northern hemisphere, with its large masses of land, shows the maximum variability in the mean pressure through the months of the year. Indeed, in extropical regions the difference does not fall so low as O'lO inch except in three insignificant patches. In the southern hemisphere, with its enormous breadths of ocean, the range shows comparatively small variability. It is only by the low pressures of the winter months, when temperature and humidity of the air over the northern portions of the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans are abnormally high, that the ocean may be regarded as contributing to the formation of a range of as much as 0"40 inch to the mean monthly pressures of the year. The Isobaric Maps show, in the clearest and most conclusive manner, that the distribution of the pressure of the earth's atmosphere is determined by the geographical distribution of land and water in their relations to the varying heat of the sun through the months of the year ; and since the relative pressure determines the direction and force of the prevailing winds, and these in their turn the temperature, moisture, rainfall, and in a very great degree the surface currents of the ocean, it is evident that there is here a principle applicable not merely to the present state of the earth, but also to different distributions of land and water in past times. In truth, it is only by the aid of this principle that any rational attempt, based on causes having a purely terrestrial origin, can be made in explanation of those glacial and warm geological epochs through which the climates of Great Britain and other countries have passed. Hence the geologist must familiarize himself with the nature of those climatic changes, which necessarily result from different distributions of land and water, especially those changes which influence most powerfully the life of the globe. INDEX. Air, Diathermancy of, 11. Viscosity of, in relation to wind, 28. Aitken, John, on dust, fogs and clouds, 17. Alps, Wind in valleys in, 27. Annual phenomena, 35. Antarctic regions, Snow, rainfall, and icebergs in, 73. Anticyclones, Air in, 20. High pressure, Areas of, in oceans, 20. Permanent, over oceans, 20. — — Of Europe, with regard to thunder, 33. "Wind out of, 50. Anticy clonic regions, 72. Pressure in, 20. Winds adjoining, 60. Atmosphere, Cloud in a saturated, 29. Heating by sun's rays, 19. Over open sea, 16. Tension of vapour in, 19. Transference of portions of, in December, 69. Atmospheric pressure of year, Mean, 72. Temperature for year, Mean, 72. Aurora, 35. Baillie's isobaric and current charts of the ocean, 52. Isobars for ocean, How used, 37. Barometer, Afternoon minimum of, 19. Cause of diurnal oscillations of, 16. Chart showing diurnal oscillations for July, 21. Corrections for gravity for, 42. Correction for height of, 40. Correction for range of, 36. Observations, reduction, 2. Oscillations, Diurnal, over sea, 16. Barometric diurnal curves, 13, 21, 38. Observations, Difficulties in reducing, to sea level, 41. Eanges for Polar Stations, 24. Tides, how generated, 14. Beaufort's scale of wind, 2, 25. Bergsma, Dr., on rain, 30. Breezes, Land and sea, as distributing aqueous vapour, 10. Brewster, 8. Buchanan, J. Y., 3. Buys Ballot's Law of the Wind, 52. Calms between trades, 33. Over oceans, 20. Climate, Bearing of land and water surfaces on, 5. Changes in, 75. Different in reference to cyclonic areas and sun's heat, 60. Dry and wet, Influence of, on temperature, 72. Influence of land and water, mountains and plains, on, 47. Cloud, 28. Curve for, Challenger and Batavia, 31. Colours of sunset, 17. Currents, Atmospheric, in relation to humidity, 22, 27, 75. Cyclones of Europe with regard to thunderstorms, 33. Cyclonic areas of low pressure in dry and rainy climates, 60. December 1878, Eemarkable character of weather, 69. Dew in relation to dust particles, 18. Dust particles, 11, 17. Evaporation, 8. Fogs, Formation of, 17. Friction in relation to wind velocity, 28. Geology in relation to Meteorology, 75. Gravity, Correction for Barometer, Table of, 42. 78 THE VOYAGE OF H.M.S. CHALLENGER. Hann, Dr. J., 26, 48. Hazen, 41. Heat lightning, 34. Height, Barometric Corrections for, 40. High Level Stations, Time of daily maximum tempera- ture at, 8. Humboldt's Isothermal lines, 49. Humidity, 20. Icebergs, 51. India, Isobars of, for July, 61. Insolation, Wind in relation to, 26. Isobars, Influence of land and water on, 60. With reference to height of stations, 45. Isothennals, Influence of ocean currents on, 68. Lightning, 34. Monsoon, 56, 61. Murray, Dr. J., 50. Phenomena, Diurnal, 4. Monthly, annual, and recurring, 35. Pressure, Annual minimum of, in northern hemi- sphere, 59. Annual range of mean monthly, 74. At High Level Stations, 16. Belts of high, 72. Condition of maximum and minimum of, 18. " Correcting " for daily range of, 24. " Correcting " to daily mean, 24. Curve in interior of continents, 23. Curve with reference to configuration of land, 23. Differences of mean monthly, 74. Diurnal curves of, over ocean and land in high latitudes, 24. Diurnal range of, Challenger observations, 15. In anticyclonic regions, 20. Pressure in relation to distribution of land and water, 73. In valleys, 24, 27. On Peaks, 24. Reducing observations of, to sea level, 40. Radiation, 16. In anticyclonic areas, 20. In deep valleys, 23, 45. Over oceans, 27. Relation of, to barometric tides, 14. Relation of vapour and dust particles to, 7. Rain, Diurnal curves, 31. In United States and Canada, 62. Over open sea and near land, 30. Sun, Heating effect of, 21. Influence of, on cloud amount, 29. Varying heat of, in relation to pressure, 75. Temperature, Decrease with height, 40. Effect of ocean currents on, 72. Influence of ocean currents on, 51. Influence of Red Sea on, 53. In relation to cloud, 29. In relation to wind's velocity, 28. Minimum annual, of globe, 72. Of air on open sea, 7. Where lowest, 50. Thomas, Captain, 5. Thunderstorms, 31. Valleys, Peculiarity of observations in, 24. Viscosity of air in relation to wind's velocity, 28. Werkojansk, Temperature at, in January, 50. Winds, Adjoining anticyclonic region, 60. Diurnal velocity over open sea and land, 25. Prevailing, 35. APPENDICES. APPENDICES. TABLE I. Showing from the Challenger Observations the Deviations each Two Holrs from the Mean Daily Temperature of the Surface of the Sea, 1872-1876. N.B. — The Heavy Figures show a Temperature above the Mean, the Italic Figures below it. A Minus before Latitudes signifies Latitude South, and before Longitudes it signifies Longitude West. 1872. December 22-29 December 30-Jan. 2„ 1873. January 13-17 26-31 February 1-6.. 10-13.. 15-21.. 22-28., March April May June July August 1-5... 5-10... 11-15.. 25-31... 1-4.. 21-25... 26-30... f 2-8., (20-22., 23-30., 14-10.. 20-25.. 26-30.. 1-4.. 10-15.. 18-26.. 10-15.. 16-20.. 21-25.. 26-31.. September 3-8. 9-14.. 26-30., October 1-5. 6-11. 12-16. 17-21.. 22-27., December 17-21. 22-26., 27-31., Lat. 48 4 41 1 37 8 35 51 31 54 28 2 25 47 23 26 21 58 20 19 18 53 23 4 25 56 32 28 35 2 40 37 35 35 34 25 37 16 38 10 38 14 35 2 24 6 12 6 6 2 2 28 0 27 -5 38 -10 36 -17 0 -26 0 -32 32 -36 30 -37 0 -35 5!l -37 2 -45 15 -46 31 LoDg. — 9 0 -9 51 -8 40 -9 55 -15 47 -17 2 -20 3 -32 32 -43 28 -52 7 -61 1 -65 3 -65 6 -65 24 -68 5n —67 9 -63 59 -57 23 —53 45 -33 14 —27 52 -21 20 -21 13 -20 19 — 15 9 -19 46 -L".i 15 -33 49 -36 0 -36 34 -32 35 —25 6 -13 53 -9 8 6 55 20 2 33 45 44 30 2 A.M. 4 A.M. 6 A.M. 8 A.M 10 A.M. 2 4 6 8 10 Mid- ?,**■ P.M. P.M. P.M. P.M. P.M. night M. T. •3 1 0 1 ■2 ■3 •3 52-0 •3 •3 •3 •2 ■1 1 1 56-1 •7 ■6 •5 •2 •2 ■0 ■4 58-2 •6 •4 •2 ■2 0 •1 ■2 58-6 •5 •3 •2 •2 •2 •2 ■1 62-3 •9 10 ■5 •5 ■s ■5 ■7 63-8 •6 ■6 -4 1 ■1 ■4 ■3 65-3 •6 ■4 •4 •4 ■u ■u ■2 68-3 ■3 •2 •2 •2 •3 ■3 ■3 71-7 •3 •3 3 •1 1 ■4 ■3 73-4 •3 ■5 •4 ■1 •2 ■l ■1 75-5 •3 •3 ■2 •2 1 0 ■1 74-7 1 ■3 •5 ■2 ■0 ■1 ■4 69-3 •4 •3 •2 •3 ■a ■1 :! 67-8 •3 ■4 •3 •4 •2 •o ■2 66-0 0 1-3 1-2 •4 •3 •l ■4 46-5 •2 •7 •7 •6 . > ■5 ■4 70-7 ■0 0 0 •3 ■2 ■0 ■0 71-7 •2 •8 •8 •6 •3 ■3 ■5 70-9 1 1 •3 •5 •1 ■0 ■0 70-1 •5 ■3 ■2 •4 0 ■3 ■2 69-8 ■5 •4 ■4 •3 ■2 '2 ■S 70-8 ■4 ■5 ■6 •2 ■0 ■2 ■2 72-6 •3 •3 1 0 ■1 ■1 ■2 78-4 ■5 •4 •2 1 1 ■1 •3 78-6 •3 •4 ■3 •2 1 ■0 ■2 77-8 •4 •3 •2 1 •0 ■0 ■3 77-6 •2 •>. 0 0 .o •2 ■1 778 .•1 •4 •3 •3 •0 ■0 ■1 773 •2 •3 •3 1 ■1 ■V •1 75-8 ■3 •5 •4 •3 ■0 ■2 ■4 68-8 •7 •2 •2 0 ■o ■0 ■1 60-3 •2 •B •3 ■4 ■0 ■1 ■2 540 •2 •2 •1 •3 ■2 ■2 •2 53-7 ■1 ■1 ■1 ■3 ■3 •2 •2 56-5 •7 ■3 ■r ■0 ■0 ■0 •2 66-8 •f, •2 •2 1 •2 '2 •/ 44-5 •6 •8 •7 •6 •2 ■1 •5 41-5 ' (PHYS. CHEM. CHALL. EXP. PART. -1888.) THE VOYAGE OF H.M.S. CHALLENGER. Lat. Long. 1874. February 1-6 7-13 14-18 19-23 24-28 March 1-6 7-11 12-16 April 1-10 June 12-17 „ 18-23 24-29 July 8-12 13-18 19-24 August 11-16 17-22 23-39 September 9-15 23-29 October 1-4 10-14 17-23 26-28 November 1-4 11-15 1875. January 7-11 15-18 25-30 February 6-11 „ ' 12-17 18-23 24-28 March 1-3 11-15 16-20 21-25 26-31 April 1-5 6-10 ^ {!:&::::::;:} June 2-5 16-21 22-26 27-30 July 1-5 6-10 11-16 17-21 22-27 August 11-14 20-25 26-31 September 1-6 7-11 12-18 October 3-8 9-13 -52 14 -59 27 -65 36 —63 56 -62 28 -54 6 -48 21 -41 33 -37 5 -34 16 -37 20 -40 44 —37 32 -27 21 Vicinity of -18 48 -16 29 -13 28 -8 44 -5 24 Vicinity -1 48 3 46 8 39 13 2 17 0 16 54 12 06 8 15 5 30 3 31 0 2 -2 7 -2 2 0 31 4 26 11 22 18 53 24 20 29 56 34 15 34 2 35 14 35 29 35 44 36 30 37 51 37 41 32 43 25 21 20 28 15 24 9 8 3 15 -5 40 -13 17 -21 20 -28 34 71 44 77 24 79 51 89 21 96 16 109 36 128 2 137 13 148 48 153 32 162 25 173 46 178 29 175 49 Tongatabu 175 13 164 12 150 28 137 6 132 13 of Banda 127 19 124 53 122 1 121 52 118 46 118 8 122 21 122 57 125 23 132 46 138 10 142 27 145 23 147 37 145 30 143 17 141 12 138 43 137 40 137 2 137 2 147 16 161 19 171 8 179 27 -169 19 -157 47 -154 43 -155 40 -156 30 -152 53 -150 34 -149 58 -152 32 -150 4 -149 40 -141 39 2 A.M. 4 A.M. 8 A.M. 10 A.M. Noon 2 P.M. 4 P.M. 8 P.M. 10 P.M. Mid- night Day. M. T. ■7 ■1 •3 ■7 1 •4 •4 •6 1 •5 •9 •6 •2 1 10 •7 •3 ■4 •5 •3 •7 •3 ■3 •3 •3 ■5 •8 •7 0 •1 •a •7 ■4 •6 •4 •5 1 •/ -4 6 3 -4 G •s •3 ■0 •1 ■4 0 0 •3 3 •6 ■2 0 •2 •3 ■1 1 •B •1 •1 •2 •3 1 1 ■2 ■3 ■0 0 •5 •3 •0 ■2 •3 1 ■4 •3 •3 •2 1 •5 •5 •7 0 •3 0 ■2 ■2 •J? ■1 ■1 ■1 ■1 ■0 ■1 ■0 ■0 ■0 ■1 •1 ■1 ■0 ■1 ■0 ■1 ■0 ■5 3 •2 •0 ■4 •l ■l ■3 •1 ■1 ■4 ■o ■l ■0 ■2 ■1 •2 •1 ■3 ■3 ■5 ■3 •1 ■0 •6 ■5 ■1 ■1 ■3 37-6 34-2 30-9 32-5 32-9 38-8 49-5 57-2 67-1 66-0 60-7 53-6 58-5 68-7 74-8 78-0 78-3 78-4 79-1 82-0 82-4 82-4 83-7 83-3 83-4 80-1 76-2 79-9 80-7 81-3 81-8 82-2 83-4 83-2 83-3 82-7 80-1 79-2 73-0 67-9 65-3 68-6 69-8 68-9 69-5 72-1 64-5 67-4 73.8 76-1 77-9 77'7 80-1 79-3 79-3 79-3 74-9 67-3 REPORT ON ATMOSPHERIC CIRCULATION. 1875. October 14-19.. 20-25.. 26-31.. November 1-6.. 7-12.. 13-18.. December 12-17.. „ 18-24.. 25-31.. 1876. January 20-23.. February 6-10.. 6-15., 25-29.. March 1-6.. 7-11.. 12-16.. 17-21.. „ 22-27.. April 3-7.. 8-12., 13-18., 26-30.. May 1-6.. 7-12.. 13-17.. 17-22.. Lat. Long. -34 20 -39 34 -38 56 -38 43 -37 31 Vicinity I'Vrnuii -33 14 -37 4 -43 10 -51 41 -48 47 -43 58 -35 31 -36 69 -37 19 -35 9 -25 29 -13 46 -4 19 5 18 13 20 17 56 27 4 38 56 42 27 42 59 133 50 -130 6 -114 38 -98 16 -86 55 of Juan dez —75 53 -83 17 -82 35 -63 36 -56 18 -55 38 -52 9 -43 46 —30 38 -18 33 -13 27 -13 59 -14 32 —16 5 -21 41 -28 9 -34 6 -32 17 -22 45 -11 1 2 4 6 8 A.M. A.M. A.M. A.M. ■3 •4 ■4 ■3 1 ■U ■l •2 ■0 ■0 ■1 ■2 '2 ■2 ■2 ■4 •1 ■3 ■4 ■4 '2 '2 ■1 ■0 ■1 ■3 ■4 ■5 •2 ■4 ■5 ■4 ■2 ■3 ■4 ■2 ■3 ■6 ■6 ■2 ■1 ■3 ■a ■2 ■6 ■7 ■4 ■1 ■9 ■7 ■5 ■5 ■5 •5 ■2 •1 ■3 ■3 ■0 •0 ■5 •4 •1 ■0 ■4 ■2 ■3 ■1 ■1 ■4 ■3 •1 ■4 ■5 ■4 ■1 ■2 ■3 ■2 •s •3 ■5 •3 •1 ■4 ■5 ■4 ■5 ■1 ■3 ■3 ■3 ■3 ■2 •2 •1 ■2 ■1 0 1 ■3 ■5 ■4 •2 10 A.M. Noon 2 P.M. 4 6 P.M. P.M. 8 10 Mid- Day. P.M. P.M. night M. T. 1 ■0 ■0 60-9 0 ■0 ■1 54-4 ■1 ■2 ■2 63-5 1 ■1 •0 56-6 ■0 •2 ■2 58-2 ■1 ■1 ■1 58'6 ■1 ■0 ■1 62-5 •2 1 ■0 69-4 ■u ■1 '2 55-2 1 ■2 ■3 49-0 •2 •3 •2 48-7 •1 ■2 ■5 56-0 1 ■4 ■7 719 ■2 ■4 ■6 69-0 0 •o ■1 64-4 •1 ■5 •5 69-1 1 ■0 •2 76-3 1 ■V ■0 77-9 0 ■0 ■1 81-9 ■0 ■1 .g 82-9 ■1 ■1 •2 73-7 •4 •2 ■3 73-2 ■1 ■1 ■2 70-6 ■1 ■0 •1 63-2 0 ■1 ■1 58-1 ■0 •2 ■2 56-5 THE VOYAGE OF H.M.S. CHALLENGE!; TABLE II, Showing from the Challenger Observations the Deviations each Two Hours from the Mean Daily Temperature of the Air, 1872-1876. N.B. — The Heavy Figures show a Temperature above the Mean, the Italic Figures below it. A Minus before Latitudes signifies Latitude South, and before Longitudes it signifies Longitude West. 1872. December 11-21.. „ 22-29.. 1873. January 4-12.. 13-17.. 18-26.. 27-31.. February 1-6.., 7-14.. 15-21.. 22-28.. March 1-10.. 11-16.. 17-24.. 25-31.. April 1-4.. 5-20.. 21-30.. May 1-8.. 9-19.. 23-30.. June 1-12.. 13-22.. 23-30.. July 1-9.. 10-15.. 16-18.. 19-26.. July 28- Aug. 4.. August 5-9.. 10-15.. 16-20.. „ 21-31.. September 1-8.. 9-14.. 15-25., 26-30.. October 1-7.. 8-14.. 15-22.. 23-27.. L;it. Ports 48 3 Lis 37 8 Gib 35 51 Near Tener 27 46 23 30 20 34 18 45 St. 23 4 30 43 Ber 33 39 39 30 Hali 35 33 Ber 34 48 38 15 Near St. 35 2 Mad 23 16 St, Porto 11 6 6 2 1 14 —4 58 -10 36 Ba 0 -26 58 -35 0 -36 46 -35 59 Long. mouth -8 49 bon -8 40 raltar -9 45 Madeira fe -20 3 -32 32 -47 22 -61 41 Thomas -65 14 —64 55 muda -67 24 -68 59 tax -63 59 muda -34 25 -35 43 Michael's -21 20 eira -21 26 Vincent Praya -20 29 -15 9 -24 23 -33 34 -36 0 hia -36 34 -31 13 -20 6 -8 35 8 29 4 A.M. M ■9 IS ■9 2-0 1-4 1-0 1-2 IS 1-0 1-2 1-7 IS 1-3 ■5 IS 3-4 1-0 1-9 IS ■9 1-2 IS 2-1 ■9 1-4 IS 1-0 t-S 1-2 ■S ■9 1-3 1'2 2-0 ■6 1-0 ■4 1-6 ■7 1-7 1-3 2-2 2-3 1-2 H IS VI 1-2 IS 1-6 H 1-4 1-4 3-9 1-2 1-9 IS ■9 2-0 2-9 U 1-9 IS 1-0 IS IS IS 1-4 IS 1-7 •7 ■7 IS 6 A.M. 1-2 ■9 IS 1-5 2-1 IS IS 1-7 1-1 IS 1-9 1-0 IS 1-1 1-1 2-6 ■9 1-6 S 1-2 2-0 1-9 2-4 1-2 2-5 ■7 1-2 1-7 1-1 1-5 IS 1-7 1-4 ■7 ■6 ■5 1-2 1-0 1-4 S •1 IS ■0 10 A.M. S 1 ■4 S •7 ■3 •7 ■1 ■6 •3 •6 10 •8 1-7 •7 •8 •7 •6 2-2 ■3 1-2 ■9 •8 13 •9 •9 1 1-3 18 •2 ■7 IS 1-4 1-3 ■7 1-2 11 •5 3 •3 Noon 4 P.M. P.M. ■8 •2 •5 •3 1-2 1-6 1-8 20 1-3 2-3 1-2 18 1-9 2-3 1-3 1-7 1-2 •8 3-5 10 20 11 1-4 1-6 2-2 1-5 20 2-6 2-2 1-2 1-8 1-6 11 1-7 1-2 1-9 2-2 11 ■9 •9 1-4 •3 2-3 1-7 2-3 1-5 2-9 30 1-5 1-8 1-7 16 1-7 2-9 20 1-7 1-7 20 3-5 14 21 1-8 1-4 1-7 2-7 3 0 21 2-4 1-9 •9 1-6 12 10 11 1-5 1-6 2-5 •6 1-5 11 1-7 •4 1-8 10 1-9 14 2-3 2-2 10 1-8 1-2 ■8 1-4 2-2 1-6 1-6 •9 2-2 3-6 1-5 20 1-6 1-3 20 1-9 3-2 20 20 1-9 •7 15 10 10 •4 1-7 •9 2-2 •6 1-4 ■7 6 r.M. •2 ■1 •6 •6 •8 •7 10 12 •4 •1 •1 4 ■4 7 13 ■5 •5 0 31 10 14 •9 •7 11 IS 21 •2 •2 •6 •2 •2 •3 •2 0 •6 •5 •0 •1 •3 •1 10 P.M. •3 •2 ■3 ■5 IS ■6 ■G '7 S •7 ■9 1-1 IS •5 ■G 1-1 1-4 ■4 1-1 ■5 1-2 1-2 1-4 s ■G ■6 IS IS ■4 ■4 ■4 Mid- uiyht 1-0 ■6 1-4 1-0 1-1 S ■9 1-5 IS 1-2 •6 1-1 2-5 S 1-5 ■9 1-0 IS 1-4 1-7 S 1-0 ■9 ■4 s ■9 ■7 1-0 IS IS ■4 s Day. M. T. 44-1 52-1 55-2 57-7 65-0 57-0 61-5 61-7 64-7 68-6 72-8 75-2 73-7 75-5 69-7 67-5 65-3 49-2 46-6 71-8 72-4 73-4 70-6 69-2 71-2 70-8 73-0 76-6 78-0 77-6 77-8 77-2 76-9 76-5 75-3 75-7 68-7 53-5 51-4 53-6 REPORT ON ATMOSPHERIC CIRCULATION. 1873. November 1-30 Lat. Long. 2 A.M. 4 A.M. A.M. 8 A.M. In A.M. Noon •> P.M. 4 P.M. 6 P.M. •9 8 P.M. IS 10 P.M. Mid- night Day. M.l'. Simon's Bay 2S 3-4 2-4 .1 1-8 3-3 4-3 4-4 2-1 2S 64-8 17-22 22-31 1874. 7-31 Near Ta -37 55 -45 53 -47 16 Kergu -54 5 — 62 40 Me Bay 21 24 38 59 56 23 ■H IS 1-1 ■2 2-1 3-6 1-9 1-4 1-0 2-0 2-9 1-1 1-1 •5 IS s •G S ■4 ■0 1-9 •9 •6 1 10 3-9 10 1-2 •6 41 IS 1-9 •9 2-7 10 •5 4-3 1-4 11 •/ 1-9 •6 •3 20 ■4 ■7 •3 ri •6 ■■1 ■1 0 •2 2S 1-1 3 s 1-1 2-4 ■9 S ■I 1-7 64-7 66-2 44-0 41-8 43-9 11-28 73 14 85 26 ■4 •3 ■0 ■7 '2 ■0 •2 0 11 •4 •2 •2 ■1 ■1 ■4 ■4 ■2 S 37-6 30-9 March 1-10 7-16 17-31 —51 54 -44 51 Melb 117 47 132 38 ourne ■6 ■6 2-5 ■G ■6 2S S ■4 3-2 ■0 1-5 •7 •4 •8 ■9 ■5 31 •6 •8 3-6 •5 •7 3-6 ■3 •4 1-6 s ■1 •4 s s ■5 ■5 IS 43-4 52-3 63-2 April 1-6 -37 5 Syd 14s 2'J ney 1-0 2-1 1-2 2-7 1-2 3-1 s 2-4 •1 •8 1-4 2-8 1-3 3-3 10 2-9 •7 13 •3 •4 s .1 •s IS 646 66-8 7-30 May 1-31 Syd ney 2-5 3-2 3-8 2-9 10 31 5-2 4-5 16 ■1 IS IS 59-6 12-16 17-28 Syd -34 6 -38 30 Wellin ney 153 8 166 34 gton 2-7 •1 ■4 ■7 3-J ■7 ■7 ■9 !,S ■7 ■4 ■9 3S S s ■7 ■9 •5 •2 S 2-6 •1 •6 •8 6-3 •7 •8 1-4 6-7 •4 •5 1-2 2-7 •8 •1 •4 ■6 ■8 '2 3 IS •1 '2 '2 2-0 1 s •5 55-5 59-0 55-2 492 July 8-12 13-17 18-24 25-31 -37 28 -28 14 Near Ton Near L -179 57 176 15 gatabu evuka ■3 ■2 1-2 1-1 ■7 ■6 1-3 1-5 ■6 1-2 1-5 IS ■1 S ■5 S S •2 •5 •9 •3 ■3 1-6 20 •7 •7 1-9 2-5 •6 •8 14 1-2 •5 •5 •9 ■1 3 •4 ■1 •S ■I ■2 •5 •6 ■1 ■1 ■7 •9 57-3 66-4 70-1 74-3 August 1-11 12-21 22-31 Nga -17 44 — 13 5 loa 109 54 150 0 1-6 •9 S 2-0 •7 1-0 2S ■7 IS 1-1 s •3 •9 •9 1-2 26 •8 1-3 2-6 •8 11 21 •6 ■8 •3 •4 1 S S ■5 S •2 ■5 l-l ■5 ■7 76-8 75-9 76-9 Port -8 59 Dobbo -5 4 Albany 137 40 Barb. 131 55 ■9 1-0 IS 1-2 1-0 IS 1-5 ■7 ■9 1-9 1-9 S ■1 ■9 ■2 10 1-3 1-4 10 1-3 10 2-2 11 •8 11 2-5 1-7 •7 •6 2-4 1-6 •2 ■2 •6 9 •2 S ■4 1 S S '7 ■5 ■5 S IS 1-1 77-3 78-8 79-6 80-8 8-15 16-22 23-30 5-10 11-15 16-20 21-25 -4 9 Amb -0 48 1 30 5 57 10 3 129 17 oina 127 8 126 14 122 53 122 30 ■s .'■..' 1-5 1-5 2-G 2-1 1-2 2-7 IS 2-5 2-5 2-4 •6 2S IS IS 3-2 2-5 •0 ■5 ■1 S ■4 IS ■3 1-7 10 •8 1-9 •8 •7 3-3 2-2 2-2 22 1-6 1-4 3-2 1-8 2-9 3 0 2-5 ■3 2-9 ■9 20 30 26 ■1 •7 ■2 ■2 1-4 11 ■1 S •2 ■~5 •1 •4 •; IS IS s ■7 ■7 ■8 1-7 V4 •9 1-7 IS 79-2 78-7 80-8 81-0 81-5 81-0 26-31 5-11 12-16 13 2 Man 18 26 Hong 121 52 ila 117 25 Kong 1-1 1-5 ■3 2-4 1-2 IS ■7 2-8 IS 2-6 1-0 3S ■7 1-2 ■4 IS •1 •8 1 2-8 13 1-5 •3 3-5 20 2-2 1-3 4-2 2-6 2-5 •8 3-4 11 13 •1 ■3 ■1 •2 ■1 ■9 S S ■2 1-4 IS •7 '2 2-3 81-2 78-8 76-2 65 -4 Hong Kong 2-3 2-7 3-0 1-7 1-5 34 4-5 3-5 C •G 1-4 2-1 65-9 1875. 7-10 12-18 19-24 25-31 Hong 16 56 13 20 Ze 8 0 Kong 118 8 121 53 bu 122 49 3-0 1-1 S 2-6 1-4 3-9 IS 1-0 2-0 1-9 5S IS 1-3 2S 2-1 3S 1-0 s S 1-1 •3 0 ■9 17 •3 3-7 10 2-6 2-9 1-3 6-4 2-3 3-4 3-8 1-3 6-5 21 3-6 40 1-8 2 0 1-2 2-4 2-4 1-5 S S •9 •8 •6 is ■7 ■3 '5 ■1 2-0 S ■4 IS S 61-2 75-5 79-1 78-9 80-0 February 1-5 6-10 11-15 16-2(1 Near Sam 5 42 4 0 1 48 —1 55 boangan 12 1 39 131 18 136 5 141 12 3-2 1-4 ■l S ■4 3-7 IS s ■5 ■G 3-4 1-9 •G ■1 1-1 IS S ■1 •6 ■4 1-3 10 •4 •6 S 2-7 IB 10 11 •3 4-2 2-6 ■9 ■1 14 40 1-9 •7 ■7 1-3 2-8 •1 ■5 ■4 •6 3 ■4 •5 '2 •2 IS ■5 S S ■1 IS s ■1 s ■4 79-5 80-7 78-9 80-2 21-28 March 1-10 11-15 16-20 Near Na 0 XI 4 26 11 22 18 53 24 50 28 09 Toko Yok res' Harb. 147 43 145 27 143 15 141 12 138 43 138 22 hama oska ■1 s ■7 '7 ■9 1-1 S 3-0 2-5 S IS 1-0 s IS IS s 4-4 3-7 1-1 1-2 H is 1-5 1-1 S 5-9 4-1 ■4 S s ■0 ■1 ■6 ■3 2S 1-9 ■1 ■1 ■5 •6 ■6 •7 •3 10 •7 •3 11 11 ■5 1-4 14 •8 3-2 21 1-2 1-9 1-3 1-2 1-8 1-8 10 5-3 4-5 ■5 1-2 10 •6 1-6 1-5 ■9 51 3-6 •2 ■7 •5 1 •4 •2 •6 31 29 •3 ■/ 1 ■4 s s ■II ■7 ■6 ■4 ■•>' . i '5 G ■1 '8 S s ■4 •4 s ■7 S s 2S IS 80-5 81-7 81-5 711-7 78-5 72-2 67-7 57-3 55-4 21-25 26-31 April 1-6 7-11 12 25 April 26-May 3 THE VOYAGE OF H.M.S. CHALLENGER 1875. 12-15 16-24 25 31 6-16 17 24 25-30 Lat. Long. 2 A.M. 4 A.M. 6 A.M. 8 A.M. 10 A.M. tfoon 2 P.M. 4 P.M. 6 P.M. 8 P.M. 10 P.M. Mid- night Day. M. T. Toko 34 15 Ko 34 35 34 13 Toko 35 22 35 37 36 30 37 50 36 23 28 37 Hono Near 15 24 9 8 3 21 -5 40 -13 17 Tab. -23 21 -35 3 -38 7 -38 32 -36 47 Near Juan Valpa Valpa -33 8 -35 22 -38 45 -44 5 -49 0 -51 28 Near San Near Port Near Po -42 15 Monte -35 21 -36 59 -37 23 -34 2 —23 19 -12 35 A seen -4 21 5 18 13 20 Porte 17 56 27 4 38 66 42 27 42 59 50 8 lama 137 1 134 15 136 44 mma 151 28 169 17 179 23 -168 2 -156 12 -155 25 lulu Hilo -152 53 -150 34 -149 0 -152 32 -150 4 iti -147 29 -134 36 -119 5 -96 50 -83 20 Fernandez raiso raiso -75 24 -81 21 —85 35 -80 10 -74 30 -74 4 dy Point Stanley rt Louis -55 18 Video -52 9 -43 46 —30 32 -17 40 -13 45 -13 54 sion -14 30 -15 5 -21 34 Grande -28 10 -34 5 -32 7 —22 44 -11 5 -2 15 3-7 2-7 S-4 ■9 ,'-.; ■2 ■5 1-3 1-2 1-1 1-5 2-1 2-2 ■s ■7 1-2 ■S 1-2 3-4 ■7 1-3 1-0 1-6 n 1-0 4-3 4-9 2-4 1-3 1-0 ■s 2-9 2-0 2-1 2-3 2-2 2-2 3-7 •8 1-3 ■9 ■8 ■9 ■7 2-2 ■6 1-1 1-2 2-0 1-0 1-0 ■9 ■0 :■<; ■9 4-7 2-6 4-2 3-9 1-7 3-1 ■3 ■S 1-2 1-3 1-4 1-6 2-5 2'7 1-4 l-l 1-0 ■9 ■9 3-9 1-4 1-5 1-4 2-2 1-6 1-0 4-7 5-5 1-9 1-5 1-7 1-0 4-0 1-8 2-6 2-3 2-5 1-5 4-3 ■8 1-6 ■9 1-0 ■6 ■5 2-5 ■9 1-4 1-5 2-4 1-2 1-1 1-3 1-1 -•■-; 1-3 4-4 2-1 4-2 4-0 2-5 2-9 ■6 ■9 1-4 ■9 1-1 1-2 2-9 1-9 1-1 1-3 1-0 1-3 1-4 4-5 1-8 1-4 1-0 1-8 1-6 ■7 3-9 5-0 1-6 1-3 1-1 1-2 3-3 1-2 2-0 2-1 1-1 1-3 5-2 ■8 1-3 ■6 ■8 ■3 •6 2-5 1-3 H 1-8 2-3 1-2 10 ■8 1-0 2-2 1-2 1-4 1-0 1-7 1-7 1-6 2-0 ■4 ■5 ■5 •2 •a ■0 1-3 ■7 ■6 •1 ■0 1-0 ■0 ■6 •9 ■s ■8 ■5 1-0 •6 1-3 1-2 ■7 ■8 ■3 •5 ■9 ■2 ■6 •3 •3 ■1 2-4 ■4 ■6 ■0 ■3 •4 1 '2 ■0 •5 ■0 11 ■5 ■2 •6 ■5 ■6 1-4 2-4 •9 •4 1-0 ■2 3 ■0 ■1 ■2 •3 11 •8 11 1-2 1-2 1-2 ■3 1-3 2-4 •9 •2 •3 •9 10 •1 2-6 1-9 1-6 •2 10 0 1-4 •2 ■8 1-8 •9 1-4 30 •2 11 •3 •7 10 •3 21 •4 1-4 1-4 2-5 •3 •5 1-1 •3 •6 1-0 4-5 11 3-2 21 11 2-3 •1 •5 1-2 1-3 1-4 1-6 2-5 1-9 1-5 1-2 1-3 11 1-8 4-2 10 1-4 10 21 1-7 1-6 4-3 3-8 1-9 1-6 1-8 •7 31 1-8 1-6 1-9 20 1-5 3-5 ■7 22 10 1-5 •6 ■8 2-7 ■8 1-6 1-4 2-6 1-5 10 10 10 1-6 •6 4-6 2-2 49 4-1 1-5 3-8 •7 1-3 20 15 1-8 1-3 3-7 3-3 1-6 1-2 1-4 1-7 1-8 4-3 IS 20 1-4 2-8 2-8 1-3 74 5-8 3-4 21 1-7 1-3 41 2-6 2-8 2-3 20 1-6 5-4 ■7 1-6 1-4 1-7 •6 •9 2-3 •7 1-9 1-7 23 21 1-8 11 1-8 3-5 2-2 ,8 31 4-5 48 2-4 3-6 ■9 10 1-6 1-3 1-8 11 3-5 3-2 11 •6 10 1-5 1-6 3-7 •9 1-5 1-3 2-2 20 •8 50 5-6 2-4 1-3 1-2 1-3 30 2-5 2-2 21 22 1-6 4-8 11 1-4 1-5 •9 •5 •9 20 11 1-7 1-3 1-6 1-3 1-5 10 1-3 33 1-5 2-3 1-7 31 3-7 1-8 1-8 •6 10 •9 10 1-2 •9 1-3 1-6 •1 1 •6 •3 •4 2-4 •4 1-5 1-4 1-2 •4 ■3 3'2 4-8 •7 10 ■1 •9 2-2 1-2 2-3 1-8 20 1-6 2-6 •9 •8 •2 •2 ■4 •5 •9 •5 •8 ■4 •2 •4 •4 -2 •6 20 1-7 •1 •7 ■3 •5 10 •0 ■2 •2 0 ■0 ■4 ■G ■5 •2 ■1 ■4 ■4 ■3 ■5 0 •1 ■3 ■3 ■4 ■7 ■3 '2 •1 1-0 ■3 ■5 ■0 ■4 '2 •8 •5 •1 ■1 •1 ■0 ■5 ■3 •5 ■6 ■2 ■3 •2 ■0 ■4 1-0 ■3 ■2 •5 ■3 ■5 ■7 1-4 •7 ■9 1-2 ■1 ■6 •1 ■7 ■3 ■5 ■9 ■7 1-1 1-1 ■6 ■4 ■6 ■3 ■7 1-7 ■0 ■6 ■4 ■9 ■7 ■5 2-1 2-4 1-2 ■G 1-1 ■5 1-6 ■3 1-0 1-7 1-1 1-2 1-6 ■5 1-0 ■7 ■6 ■4 ■4 1-0 ■3 1-0 ■5 H ■8 ■5 ■7 •5 1-4 •l 2-7 1-5 2-1 2-5 ■8 1-6 •2 ■5 ■7 •7 1-0 1-1 1-6 1-8 ■6 ■9 •8 •6 ■8 2-6 ■4 1-0 ■3 1-2 1-2 ■S 3-6 3-7 1-4 10 1-1 ■7 2-6 ■8 1-6 2-4 1-9 1-6 2-5 ■7 ■8 •5 ■6 ■5 ■4 1-4 ■3 ■7 ■9 2-0 ■s ■s ■7 11 2-0 1-1 • 61-3 64-9 67-6 66-2 68-0 69-7 70-3 71-2 71-6 64-9 69-8 75-1 77-9 76-9 77-1 78-1 78-3 78-7 77-9 76-7 70-9 59-3 51-2 68-2 57-9 59-7 63-5 63-2 61-3 59'0 55-9 53-4 54-4 49-0 49-3 49-1 47-8 56-4 71-0 71-3 68-4 64-4 70-6 74-7 77-5 80-5 81-2 81-1 72-0 71-3 71-9 69-6 60-5 56-9 57-3 52-0 ;, 6-11 12-19 20-27 July 28 Aug. 10 20-25 26-31 7-11 13-18 Sept. 19-Oct. 2 October 3-11 12-22 23-31 „ 9-13 „ 14-18 „ 19-30 12-16 17-21 20-26 27-31 1876. 6-12 13-19 20-31... 8-15 16-24 25-29 „ 7-11 12-17 18-22 23-27 March 28-Apr.2 April 3-7 8-12 „ 13-18 „ 19-25 26-30 May 1-6... 7-12 13-17 18-22 „ 23-27 REPORT ON ATMOSPHERIC CIRCULATION. TABLE III. Showing from the Challenger Observations the Deviations each Two Hours from the Mean Daily Atmospheric Pressure, 1872-1876. N.B.— The Heavy Figures show a Pressure above the Mean, the Italic Figures below it, the Differences being expressed in Thousandths of an Inch. A Minus before Latitudes signifies Latitude South, and before Longitudes it signifies Longitude West. 1872. Pecembe 1873. January • 12-21 22-31 4-12 13-17 18-25 Lat. Long. 2 A.M. 4 A.M. 6 A.M. 8 A.M. 10 A.M. Noon 2 P.M. 4 P.M. 6 P.M. 8 P.M. 10 P.M. Mid- night Day. M.P. ° i Ports 48 3 Lis 37 8 Gib 35 51 mouth —8 49 bon -8 40 raltar -9 55 4 u l 8 5 8 8 20 5 17 6 20 2 26 10 19 10 3 5 4 4 21 16 6 5 9 21 48 24 25 1 6 11 20 19 5 4 9 10 ii 91 1 1 1 9 26 22 "7 3 14 13 15 1 13 4 19 1 0 4 3 7 11 5 12 2 25 10 10 2 8 4 2 Inches. 29-672 •523 30135 •299 •183 29-974 27-31 February 1-6 7-14 15-21 22-28 Near Near 27 46 23 30 Madeira Tenerife -20 3 -32 32 2 ~9 13 10 15 U 19 25 17 16 2 10 2 3 12 10 32 12 26 16 12 5 11 4 7 4 25 2 2S 6 22 5 21 4 6 8 20 5 12 6 13 13 21 11 11 3 10 12 30-319 •042 ■156 ■192 March April 1-10 11-16 17-24 25-31 20 34 18 25 St. Th 23 4 30 43 Ber 33 39 -47 22 -61 11 omas -65 14 -64 55 muda -67 21 3 18 7 19 6 8 23 16 : 20 36 S u SI 10 26 11 9 8 7 93 7 17 11 21 8 5 11 12 45 24 26 25 18 5 0 36 8 25 19 14 11 99 1 8 6 6 2 16 31 19 29 12 If) l.i 9 2 12 12 14 16 7 8 12 5 11 3 1 1 23 25 9 21 5 3 6 18 20 1 2 4 1 3 6 •180 •082 •149 •181 •190 •028 29-939 1-1 5-2U 21-30 May 1-8 9-19 23-30 39 30 Hali 35 33 -68 59 fax -63 59 u 4 9 IS 7 13 3 4 0 20 7 14 23 7 16 5 6 14 4 6 8 8 14 9 1 14 6 2 1 5 7 21 2 4 18 2 80-106 29-818 30-120 June July July 28-. 1-12 Ber 34 48 38 15 Near St. 35 2 Mad 23 16 St. Vin muda -54 25 -35 43 Michael's -21 10 eira -21 26 cent 5 12 12 0 14 13 6 0 12 U 18 10 20 17 1G 7 1 8 7 2 9 12 8 7 6 9 7 10 7 2 10 19 11 8 11 10 17 23 26 23 12 15 7 2 14 18 25 15 6 15 6 5 2 5 5 15 6 7 9 10 16 2 10 0 8 11 11 4 33 16 9 6 2 1 9 3 3 10 0 8 12 10 14 2 13 7 2 8 2 13 3 5 11 10 •116 •129 •289 •230 •246 •233 29-999 •962 13-22 23-30 1-9 10-15 16-18 19-26 Vug. 4 August 5-9 10-15 16-20 21-31 Porto 11 6 6 2 1 14 Praya —20 39 -15 9 -24 23 7 18 4 10 n 19 25 H 11 l:i 7 7 17 20 21 22 27 38 36 30 19 14 23 14 8 91 7 11 n 28 36 IS 6 15 11 2 5 1 23 27 18 23 17 24 1 19 •939 •978 80-010 ■038 Septenib i) 51- 1-8 -4 5S -10 36 Ba -17 0 -33 34 -36 0 hia -36 34 9 17 5 10 20 25 20 32 10 4 a 4 17 29 20 16 33 47 33 32 24 29 30 14 11 U m IS S3 4" 34 18 17 96 28 LJ 6 5 4 7 19 16 13 14 7 8 14 17 •035 •041 •mix •101 9-14 15-25 26-30 October 1-7 -26 58 -35 0 -36 46 —35 59 -31 13 —20 6 —8 35 8 29 13 12 20 80' 21 19 3 12 13 5 17 8 8 2 33 25 13 15 14 4 4 12 12 0 21 2 18 13 30 3 12 0 14 3 6 10 19 5 12 12 33 25 14 4 24 10 •259 29-998 •112 8-14 15-22 23-27 THE VOYAGE OF H.M.S. CHALLENGER. 1873. Lat. Long. -> A.M. 4 A.M. 6 A.M. 8 A.M. 10 A.M. NV.oii 2 P.M. 4 P.M. 6 P.M. 8 P.M. 10 P.M. Mid- night Day. M.P. Simon's Bay 3 11 1 14 16 12 12 19 9 1 16 3 Inches. 30-037 17-21 17 26 22-31 Table -37 2 -41 9 -45 63 Bay, etc. 20 1 26 52 38 59 5 21 7 H 19 2 S 12 7 3 3 1 25 15 15 11 8 12 20 11 7 11 21 1 SI 4 9 8 36 5 1 13 34 11 6 4 12 4 5 16 27 3 11 7 30 0 11 29-940 •804 -782 •997 1874. January I-G 8-31 -47 16 Ker £6 26 guelen 52 7 49 6 s 2 10 29 17 41 G 44 0 24 2 14 9 1 14 28 14 40 14 •506 •711 H-28 -54 5 —62 40 73 14 85 26 0 21 7 13 3 6 3 17 10 21 10 18 11 19 0 11 0 4 6 IS 13 31 18 31 •416 28-905 March 1-10 7-16 17-31 -51 54 -44 51 Mel 117 47 132 38 journe 12 19 i 7 25 3 12 2 7 15 18 26 16 18 28 6 9 21 11 8 22 7 9 33 l 2 27 7 10 8 3 11 4 10 4 29-870 •821 30-076 -37 5 Syd Syd 148 29 ney ney 5 2 4 11 7 3 2 6 1 27 21 22 32 29 27 13 10 8 25 17 23 27 21 29 29 21 20 3 3 2 14 7 9 12 9 10 29-856 30-154 29-989 7-30 May 1-31 June 1-11 12 16 17-28 June 28-Julv 7 Syd -34 6 —38 30 Well -37 28 -28 14 Tonga Near ney 153 8 166 34 ington — 179 57 176 15 tabu Levuka 2 9 15 S IS 5 4 5 3 26 25 1 24 IS 21 11 2 12 11 3 17 16 1 0 23 22 17 19 17 18 30 25 39 22 28 34 34 25 28 42 10 10 14 1 11 21 2 20 35 20 14 m G 25 27 23 40 20 11 19 6 17 3S 40 21 5 7 10 3 15 11 32 6 13 2 2 4 6 17 7 12 16 9 8 10 13 21 14 7 16 5 8 3 3 7 15 30-217 29-715 ■880 30-099 29-832 •931 •988 3U-025 July 8-12 13-17 18-24 25-31 12-L'l Near -17 44 —13 5 Ngnloa 169 54 150 0 0 6 11 9 00 S3 3 5 Ci 24 28 29 41 36 30 14 9 11 26 26 22 36 33 32 30 17 15 4 6 19 9 13 26 12 10 15 29-986 ■986 •944 22-31 Port — 8 59 Dobbo -5 4 Albany 137 '40 Harb. 131 55 G S 7 17 22 19 10 24 5 10 13 1 45 40 41 40 46 47 48 44 23 17 14 14 31 27 35 36 40 47 52 49 32 37 49 31 2 3 9 3 13 14 22 31 1 17 18 24 ■920 •888 •847 •871 8-15 16-22 23-30 October 1-4 5-10 11-15 16-20 21-25 -4 9 Amb -0 48 1 30 5 57 10 3 129 17 oina 127 8 126 14 122 53 122 30 17 10 6 U 5 7 24 23 14 27 29 19 8 20 10 5 17 5 35 38 42 30 27 30 44 41 46 43 49 43 11 6 5 10 18 15 36 34 37 IS 36 30 47 50 55 30 56 51 17 32 35 11 36 30 6 6 0 6 6 7 28 25 29 28 40 24 15 21 20 3 32 22 •904 •889 •852 ■824 •835 •834 26-31 5-11 12-16 17-30 13 2 Man 18 26 Hong 121 52 ila 117 25 Kong U g 12 3 21 24 23 9 4 5 10 5 40 33 31 46 48 43 33 52 26 16 16 16 45 28 28 40 49 45 30 4S 24 28 12 38 3 10 14 6 17 25 13 16 14 10 9 8 •890 •829 •959 30-169 December 1-31 1876. 7-11 12-18 19-24 25-31 Hong Hong 16 56 13 20 Ze 8 0 Kong Kong 118 8 121 53 bu 122 49 4 5 9 9 4 u 12 G 16 IS S IS 3 4 o ~1 4 11 40 48 34 41 38 42 53 58 30 49 40 48 18 17 5 23 6 16 32 41 37 36 33 43 44 51 42 50 43 46 30 27 30 26 17 24 3 3 11 2 6 3 7 3 16 18 8 14 10 4 20 9 10 10 ■128 •196 29-959 •861 •832 •872 6-10 11-15 Sambc 5 42 4 0 1 48 -1 65 anirrui 124 39 131 18 136 5 141 12 7 5 24 18 12 9 19 26 26 24 1 3 5 2 12 39 31 40 35 47 40 26 34 43 45 6 1 14 18 13 35 27 21 35 34 45 35 39 43 53 36 11 4 10 28 8 7 14 12 1 24 18 28 32 25 22 13 13 21 12 •853 ■8511 •794 •835 •840 16-20 21-28 March 1-10 11-15 16-20 ,, 21-25 Near Na 0 39 4 26 11 22 18 53 res' Harb. 147 43 ll.r, 27 143 15 141 VI 20 27 25 20 12 32 34 35 20 21 2 3 1 12 9 41 40 36 35 31 49 33 41 40 35 18 2 22 16 10 2S 25 27 36 30 40 4' 46 49 43 22 S 10 16 12 5 8 11 1 4 21 34 39 20 21 14 21 23 23 11 •832 ■772 •848 •888 •965 „ 26-31 April 1-6 7-11 12-25 24 50 31 28 Toko Yok 138 43 138 2 llama oska 19 4 1 10 26 19 a 6 10 6 23 0 20 14 39 20 33 27 28 35 10 14 10 22 16 2 21 7 30 16 45 23 9 12 SS 30 2 10 14 13 14 4 5 4 6 9 11 12 30-062 29-941 •865 ■906 REPORT ON ATMOSPHERIC CIRCULATION. 1875. May 4-11... 12-15... 16-24... 25-31... June 1-5... 6-16... 17-24... 25-30... July 1-5.. 6-11.. 12-19... 20-27.. July 28-Aug. 10.. AugUBt 11-19.. 20-25.. 26-81.. September 1-6.. 7-12.. 1-12.. 18-18.. Sept. 19-Oct. 2.. October 3-11.. „ 12-22.. 23-31.. November 1-8.. 9-13.. 14-18.. 9-18.. 19-30.. December 1-11.. 12-16., 17-21.. 20-27., 27-31. 1876. January 1-6. 0-12. 1-12. 13-19. 20-31. February 1-7. 8-15. 16-24. 25-29. March 1-G. 7-12. 12-17. 18-22. 23-27. Mar. 28-April 2. April 3-7. 8-12. 13-18. 19-25. 26-30. May 1-6, 7-12. 13-17. 18-22, 13-22. 23-27. Lat. Long. 2 A.M. Yoko 34 15 Ko 34 35 34 13 Toko 35 22 35 37 36 30 37 50 36 23 28 37 Hono Near 15 24 1) 8 3 21 —5 40 -1 10 -13 17 Tah -23 21 —35 3 —38 7 -38 32 -36 47 Near Juan -35 21 Valpa Valpa -33 8 —35 22 -39 15 -44 5 —49 0 —51 28 —50 14 Near San Near Port Near Po —42 15 Monte -35 21 -36 59 -37 8 —34 2 —23 19 -12 35 Ascen -4 21 5 18 13 20 Porto 17 56 27 4 38 56 42 27 42 59 42 43 50 8 bama 137 1 be- 134 15 136 44 hama 151 28 169 17 179 23 -168 2 -156 12 -155 25 lulu Hilo —152 53 150 34 -149 0 152 32 150 46 -150 4 iti -147 29 -134 36 -119 5 -96 50 -S3 20 Fernandez —79 40 raiso raieo -75 24 -81 21 -85 26 -80 10 -74 30 -74 4 -74 17 dy Point, Stanley rt Louis -55 18 Video -52 9 -43 46 —29 33 -17 40 -13 45 -13 54 sion -14 30 -15 5 -21 34 Grande -28 10 -34 5 —32 7 -22 44 -11 5 -16 54 -2 15 9 17 16 13 U 13 11 2 11 6 17 22 25 18 26 U 5 5 6 4 6 A.M. A.M. 4 13 30 25 4 8 21 4 10 21 10 2 19 0 17 1 8 12 21 4 18 1 17 6 8 5 18 31 27 SO 17 4 8 6 0 8 15 2 19 U 13 8 A.M. 23 11 31 22 29 23 13 11 22 14 15 17 19 23 25 29 29 23 29 27 27 28 17 11 8 17 2 8 20 18 0 19 11 6 30 9 15 24 6 37 35 11 J6 13 8 ■1 21 12 30 20 21 31 19 18 12 10 18 14 0 10 A.M. Noon 26 33 27 23 18 32 27 10 22 16 17 22 24 28 30 39 31 34 33 39 36 31 18 20 7 13 13 13 27 22 5 25 13 13 19 6 7 27 4 11 26 49 11 23 30 13 18 23 36 41 46 37 37 26 25 13 12 24 18 8 24 21 17 12 13 15 11 6 14 10 15 12 9 15 19 18 6 7 7 8 13 13 13 11 2 10 16 13 25 15 14 17 15 10 17 18 0 12 1 11 6 30 12 20 16 7 19 15 13 29 17 20 16 18 11 13 16 14 8 4 P.M. SO 11 9 11 3 0 1 19 10 19 7 6 P.M. i9 15 21 5 4 11 0 6 0 3 H 15 1 1 39 28 9 8 4 4 j 36 20 20 19 is .m 15 4 2 16 7 10 Mid- P.M. ii!, lii 8 17 22 29 9 9 15 9 7 4 7 0 12 3 12 2 2 6 19 6 22 21 / 3 0 3 12 11 8 24 18 8 24 20 3 18 20 5 9 6 8 10 4 6 15 7 2 13 7 13 14 2 8 14 3 10 2 7 0 16 6 9 10 4 5 3 2 1 1 5 5 16 4 31 SI 17 2 8 7 15 12 5 10 U 6 1 7 9 10 10 23 SB 8 3 20 5 7 14 13 8 1 15 10 S 4 q 10 20 8 10 14 6 2 22 16 1 26 22 4 33 24 4 27 20 6 23 6 4 24 21 2 26 23 2 21 10 8 14 2 11 11 5 B 11 3 3 11 4 10 16 11 Day. M.I'. Inches 3 -076 29-907 •890 •869 ■748 •848 •902 30-156 •388 •050 •328 171 •056 •048 29-9I-2 •941 •931 •925 ■928 •957 30-092 •010 •298 29-96U 30-257 •070 29-93G 80-003 ■022 ■008 •097 •245 ■363 •170 29-963 •871 ■917 •375 •512 •358 •730 •896 •794 ■782 30-102 29-897 30-066 29-921 ■900 •900 •888 •929 30-014 •041 •280 •151 IK •201 •158 29-840 (PHYS. CHEM. CHALL. EXP. PART V. 1888.) TABLE IV. Showing the Mean Diurnal Variation of Atmospheric Pressure, expressed in Thousandths of an Inch, at Different Places over the Globe. N.B. — The Light Type shows a Pressure under the Average, and the Heavy Type above it. 12 THE VOYAGE OF H.M.S. CHAELENGER N ATLANTIC— Ship's Logs. Lat. N. 0°-5°, Long. W. 20°-30°; Height, 0 Feet Lat N. ATLANTIC. - N. 5°-10°, Long. W. 2C -Ship's Logs. •-30° ; Height, 0 Feet. 1 A.M. 2 „ 3 „ d cs © U a a, a © P »-3 "3 1-3 be p < a, © CO O o S5 p N a) i >-3 © Eh a a © a 1-3 . bo p <4 © CO o o 2; © © P u ed © 2 18 28 4 18 26 19 29 C 21 30 2 17 27 2 15 25 1 12 19 1 13 20 2 15 24 4 17 25 1 17 28 l 16 26 2 16 26 2 18 28 4 18 27 3 16 23 6 22 32 4 20 31 3 18 27 0 14 24 4 15 22 4 18 27 5 18 26 4 20 30 5 19 27 4 18 27 4 „ 6 ,, 6 „ 29 21 0 26 16 1 30 22 6 30 22 7 30 23 9 28 23 12 21 15 4 21 14 2 24 17 4 25 18 5 30 22 7 28 20 5 27 19 6 28 18 0 27 18 2 22 13 1 34 26 10 34 27 12 30 23 10 28 23 11 22 16 4 29 22 8 26 18 5 31 23 7 26 15 1 28 20 6 7 „ 8 „ 9 „ 14 29 36 16 31 37 12 28 38 12 29 39 8 25 35 3 18 28 10 23 32 12 26 34 12 26 35 11 24 32 11 27 36 13 27 35 11 26 35 19 34 40 15 28 34 18 31 38 9 27 39 6 24 35 6 21 31 4 19 28 10 23 30 9 24 33 11 25 33 11 27 36 20 34 41 11 26 35 10 ,, 11 „ Noon 34 22 S 35 23 6 38 28 12 40 32 15 37 30 15 32 28 17 34 28 15 35 28 13 35 26 11 31 23 8 36 26 10 34 24 7 35 27 11 35 21 2 30 1 36 24 7 42 35 19 38 31 17 33 27 15 30 24 13 31 24 11 35 28 14 33 24 10 36 27 11 38 26 7 35 26 11 1 P.M. 2 ,, 3 ,, 14 30 39 13 29 38 7 24 35 5 23 30 3 21 33 2 14 25 1 18 30 5 22 35 7 23 34 9 24 33 9 25 36 12 28 38 7 23 34 18 34 43 16 29 35 12 29 39 0 19 32 0 16 28 1 16 26 2 16 25 5 19 28 3 18 29 7 22 31 8 25 36 13 29 39 7 23 33 4 „ 6 „ 6 ,, 39 31 16 39 31 16 38 32 19 40 34 20 37 32 20 30 27 17 35 32 22 39 34 22 37 32 19 35 28 15 39 32 19 39 32 18 37 31 19 42 33 17 34 25 12 41 33 19 37 32 20 32 28 18 30 26 16 29 25 16 31 26 15 32 28 17 33 27 15 38 31 17 40 33 19 35 29 17 7 „ 8 ,, 9 .. 3 20 31 1 17 27 2 15 26 2 15 27 4 13 25 3 11 22 8 6 17 6 9 20 3 12 23 1 16 26 2 15 28 0 17 29 2 14 25 1 19 31 4 19 29 2 14 24 3 13 25 3 12 24 2 12 22 3 11 22 2 11 20 2 12 22 0 14 24 1 18 29 2 14 25 1 14 25 10 ,, 11 n Midt. 35 29 16 30 24 11 30 25 13 30 24 11 30 26 14 26 22 12 22 19 11 24 21 11 27 23 12 28 23 11 32 28 16 33 28 16 29 24 13 35 29 16 31 25 12 28 22 11 29 24 11 29 25 13 26 22 11 27 24 14 23 18 9 26 22 11 26 21 9 33 27 13 28 23 10 28 23 12 ASCENSION.— Two Tea Lat. S. 7° 55', Long. W. 1-1° 25' ; He F.S. GHT, 53 ] "eet. ■ jAT. S. 15 ST. HELENA.— ° 55', Long. W. 5° Fivb Years. 43' ; Height, 1763 Feet. 1 A.M. 2 3 „ a cc Ha © cd a p. a © a p P H3 ti p < © CO o O > o © P a) a cd -a ID a -5* cd a 1-3 "3 P © CO © o > o © © P cd © 5 6 13 6 8 14 3 10 14 7 9 14 6 10 18 2 10 15 1 13 20 3 18 24 2 9 19 6 IK 24 3 11 15 1 11 15 1 11 17 10 22 29 4 18 27 0 14 24 6 10 22 i 10 20 1 12 23 2 10 21 0 13 22 2 16 26 8 22 33 13 26 31 12 24 31 4 16 26 •1 ,i 5 ., 6 „ 12 4 9 13 6 4 13 7 4 X5 t 4 17 11 1 15 10 3 20 16 7 22 15 7 19 11 1 23 12 2 15 7 6 15 6 8 16 9 2 26 18 1 24 20 6 26 19 8 24 'JO 5 21 17 7 24 22 13 25 23 15 26 25 12 30 24 12 31 24 10 28 21 3 30 19 1 26 21 7 7 „ 8 „ 9 M 18 26 28 14 25 32 17 23 32 13 29 35 10 22 32 6 19 30 4 19 31 3 20 33 12 24 34 14 29 33 20 31 36 19 27 30 13 25 32 18 29 35 12 26 36 9 26 37 11 27 38 9 25 38 1 18 33 2 15 31 0 16 31 3 17 28 8 23 32 14 23 36 18 28 34 8 23 34 10 „ 11 „ Noon 24 15 4 29 21 8 27 22 7 35 21 6 32 23 6 31 24 9 34 29 17 36 28 18 33 23 7 28 20 4 29 19 5 25 16 5 30 22 8 35 28 18 37 31 21 39 32 18 44 33 14 41 32 15 36 28 13 35 28 12 37 28 13 32 27 11 31 28 15 36 29 16 33 28 18 36 29 15 1 P.M. 2 ,, 3 „ 11 23 38 12 27 38 10 28 40 14 33 40 11 30 40 9 25 35 1 19 29 1 20 29 12 27 35 15 28 35 13 28 38 10 24 35 10 26 36 6 10 25 4 11 25 2 18 31 4 20 33 4 21 30 5 9 26 4 20 26 4 18 27 4 19 29 2 13 26 2 Id 25 4 10 25 1 15 27 4 >. 5 ,, 6 ,, 43 37 32 44 39 34 43 37 31 47 38 33 39 32 29 35 28 23 31 20 22 31 26 22 35 28 23 35 27 22 40 33 26 37 32 27 38 32 27 34 31 22 33 33 25 36 33 25 34 30 24 31 25 18 26 22 13 24 16 9 26 20 14 29 22 14 29 24 13 31 30 21 34 32 22 30 27 18 7 „ 8 „ 9 ., 9 7 18 13 6 19 4 12 26 9 10 22 4 10 22 5 8 18 0 6 16 4 7 16 1 10 20 2 14 26 7 8 20 7 8 19 G 9 20 10 5 18 14 2 14 12 3 18 12 4 16 8 6 16 4 6 14 1 9 16 2 10 18 0 14 25 1 13 24 8 8 19 9 6 17 7 18 10 ,, 11 ,, Midt. 26 27 19 31 31 22 36 34 24 28 28 20 27 24 18 23 23 16 20 18 13 22 20 14 25 23 11 32 25 10 25 20 1 7 25 21 9 27 25 15 26 22 7 23 23 11 27 23 13 21 20 16 19 17 9 18 14 S 20 17 12 23 21 13 27 25 15 30 23 9 27 20 6 26 21 7 24 20 10 REPORT ON ATMOSPHERIC CIRCULATION. 13 HAVANNAH.— One Year. Lat. N. 23° 8', Long. W. 82° 22'; Height, 66 Feet. 1 A.M 2 „ 10 ,, 11 >i Noon 1 P.M 2 „ 3 ,, 4 ,, 5 ,, 6 ,, 10 ,, 11 „ Midt. ,_$ n 1-3 o Ft 8 u < P 3 1-3 7 3 1 5 i 5 2 0 12 16 6 10 6 K i 23 26 15 19 12 15 8 25 33 22 24 19 18 7 21 24 17 17 15 19 4 2 3 1 4 ' 14 14 17 18 19 15 4 4 29 29 31 24 21 9 4 37 42 39 31 27 14 9 39 45 40 37 30 21 18 26 39 31 27 20 14 16 3 18 12 14 10 8 11 20 11 6 2 1 2 7 33 27 22 14 11 7 3 43 38 33 26 24 15 9 41 40 37 35 31 25 13 36 32 33 35 30 27 16 26 22 20 26 19 17 12 13 6 7 17 6 7 3 3 6 6 6 4 3 5 14 12 18 6 13 15 11 19 22 28 18 21 22 17 23 16 26 24 23 27 23 16 7 11 16 13 15 10 1 2 7 12 16 21 23 27 21 ! 25 12 I 15 > o o £ p 0 2 5 8 9 4 12 18 11 16 21 17 13 15 14 8 6 5 4 7 4 14 19 15 23 30 30 31 37 39 26 28 31 13 10 13 2 9 7 20 22 21 26 28 2SI 28 29 31 26 26 30 17 16 •ji> 8 5 12 2 7 1 14 17 13 19 22 20 19 20 20 13 6 11 BATAVIA.— Sixteen Years. Lat. S. 6° 11', Long. E. 106° 50' ; Height, 23 Feet. 1 A.M. 2 ,, 3 „ 4 ,, 5 .. 6 „ 7 ,, 8 „ 9 ,, 10 „ 11 ii Noon 1 P.M. 2 „ 3 „ 4 „ 6 ti 6 „ 7 „ 8 „ 9 „ 10 „ 11 ., Midt. 13 13 13 10 6 12 13 9 28 25 36 35 32 34 22 25 CHRISTIANSBORG.— Term Days. Lat. N. 5° 24', Long. E. 0° 40'; Height, 60 Feet. 13 1-s s < 15 8 3 2 1 1 (1 32 22 20 17 13 10 11 40 30 29 26 21 17 17 34 25 26 26 21 18 16 25 12 13 16 12 12 8 4 7 6 1 2 1 5 28 28 28 20 21 16 21 •if. 42 44 37 36 31 35 61 48 51 46 45 40 43 45 39 47 44 44 40 42 27 24 31 31 33 32 33 1 1 6 10 14 15 16 25 26 111 14 8 4 4 46 46 40 37 30 23 24 55 56 51 52 45 38 39 52 53 50 56 51 44 52 36 40 39 48 46 41 41 13 17 15 31 31 31 31 13 6 10 8 11 14 15 32 27 31 13 7 2 2 43 39 43 28 22 14 14 40 39 45 33 27 22 20 27 29 36 28 24 21 19 6 11 8 15 14 13 11 48 53 34 36 15 11 28 23 26 44 ' 40 43 60 I 46 50 45 ' 41 | 44 29 25 i 28 14 | 2 5 20 ■i" 49 ia 30 20 23 41 44 53 54 52 51 40 36 21 13 3 12 21 32 33 43 34 43 27 31 11 11 SINGAPORE.— Four Years. Lat. N. 1° 17', Long. E. 103° 61'; Height, 24 Feet. 3 jg 20 37 34 61 47 55 49 '.'1 28 26 14 4 23 40 47 43 30 8 16 38 50 52 42 24 2 17 30 32 25 11 34 32 29 30 16 19 0 13 20 18 7 8 28 44 50 43 26 5 21 42 55 56 45 30 10 10 2b 32 so 18 14 THE VOYAGE OF H.M.S. CHALLENGER. PEKIN.— Fifteen Lat. N. 39° 35', Long. E. 116° 26 Years. ; Height, 123 Feet. Lat. ZI-KA-WEI.— Onb Year. N. 31° 121, Long. E. 121° 20'; Height, 23 Feet. 1 A.M. 2 „ 3 ,, a ci S a. <• at 3 a 'a Ha 02 o o a <3 ID a .a 3 < a be 3 a O > o d P 11 8 4 17 16 14 16 14 10 17 14 12 12 7 5 12 9 6 5 0 3 4 0 0 3 0 2 6 3 0 9 7 3 14 12 9 10 8 5 l 6 13 11 2 5 16 5 6 2 4 16 0 11 16 2 10 14 2 9 14 1 9 14 5 13 18 6 2 8 1 8 11 2 2 2 2 5 11 4 „ 5 „ 6 ,, 3 3 4 11 9 12 9 10 21 13 17 29 8 18 32 11 20 27 1 5 12 1 5 11 0 8 17 0 7 17 0 1 6 5 1 1 5 9 16 18 17 6 13 12 6 12 10 3 14 10 1 13 6 4 13 6 5 17 10 3 15 14 2 19 14 4 12 6 1 15 12 4 8 6 1 14 10 1 7 „ 8 „ 9 „ 14 27 36 19 33 40 33 43 50 41 49 53 42 49 50 32 37 37 19 25 29 18 24 28 24 32 38 29 41 47 17 28 36 8 21 33 26 34 40 8 27 37 9 22 33 9 23 28 14 24 30 17 25 32 15 21 22 16 22 24 9 16 20 8 19 28 13 27 31 12 22 33 10 20 33 12 22 29 10 „ 11 ,, Noon 38 29 4 37 30 7 46 34 17 48 36 17 46 33 15 32 26 15 26 20 12 27 22 13 38 27 11 44 34 15 37 25 4 36 24 1 38 28 11 43 29 4 36 29 10 32 26 12 32 25 14 31 27 17 22 19 12 24 19 11 23 15 8 30 23 10 29 18 2 33 21 2 39 24 3 31 23 8 1 P.BI. 2 „ 3 „ 25 41 45 23 47 52 15 37 50 7 32 49 3 22 40 4 21 38 2 11 21 o 14 25 5 20 35 11 28 38 20 34 40 26 39 45 12 30 40 20 30 34 13 31 37 10 26 36 4 20 30 0 13 25 0 9 17 2 12 20 3 14 23 6 18 28 22 32 33 24 31 32 26 37 39 11 23 30 4 „ 6 ,, 6 ,, 43 35 24 54 49 39 CI 61 51 61 67 63 55 60 58 48 55 53 28 32 32 33 37 35 41 42 39 43 45 40 41 36 25 40 31 21 46 46 40 28 19 8 33 30 20 38 34 22 34 32 25 32 33 26 25 29 25 27 30 26 23 23 16 27 22 12 32 23 18 26 18 8 31 20 7 30 26 18 7 „ 8 „ 9 „ 14 4 7 21 9 2 34 17 5 47 29 13 50 31 14 40 22 7 28 17 3 23 10 0 23 11 0 27 16 5 13 2 6 10 1 9 28 14 2 4 11 14 7 4 12 12 3 12 12 0 13 15 1 8 12 1 12 10 3 12 9 6 18 3 11 21 4 9 15 2 12 17 1 12 11 6 6 14 10 „ 11 „ Midt. 13 13 13 10 15 18 5 10 16 1 9 19 3 5 15 2 7 13 5 8 7 7 11 7 6 10 4 3 8 5 11 15 11 13 15 14 6 11 12 14 8 2 11 11 14 17 15 19 22 17 13 14 9 9 19 12 8 21 20 13 21 20 9 18 15 3 17 13 12 19 17 2 12 11 4 17 14 9 Lat. N. 2 HO 2° 18 NG , Lo KO> rc- ;. U4 Fou • 10' r Ye ; Hi ARS. IGHT, 110 Fee t. Lat CALCUTTA.— . N. 22° 33', Long. E. 88 Six Years. ° 21' ; Height 18 Feet. 1 A.M. 2 „ 3 „ (3 a H} Eh 5 S. < ^ S d a 3 *-3 < m O > o © a Ha a} p. >> o d 3 8 0 10 10 0 10 7 4 19 3 12 25 1 11 19 3 7 13 2 8 15 4 7 15 0 10 17 2 12 19 1 8 13 12 1 7 4 7 15 6 13 23 2 13 23 7 17 25 3 14 20 1 13 19 0 9 14 1 8 19 6 7 17 1 10 20 11 19 26 9 18 21 8 18 26 3 13 21 4 „ 6 ,, 6 „ 15 15 4 15 12 2 25 19 3 26 18 5 19 13 0 14 11 2 17 15 4 16 12 3 18 12 2 21 14 1 14 9 6 10 7 5 18 13 0 22 17 1 21 14 2 27 13 1 13 5 18 11 1 16 14 7 9 17 12 4 18 12 4 22 13 6 23 8 8 26 14 6 26 15 2 20 11 6 7 „ 8 „ 9 „ 13 33 50 21 38 52 16 36 47 13 32 44 16 30 38 13 23 30 6 17 25 9 21 29 13 28 36 17 34 45 25 40 52 21 38 53 15 31 43 20 52 75 24 50 74 28 59 76 36 57 70 35 53 60 23 35 41 25 34 39 19 34 44 25 45 56 38 52 64 28 38 52 23 53 73 27 47 61 10 „ 11 ,. Noon 55 42 15 54 45 22 51 43 24 46 39 25 41 36 25 32 27 18 28 25 15 32 27 16 38 31 16 44 32 12 50 32 7 53 38 7 44 35 17 79 61 31 81 51 40 81 68 44 69 57 37 58 45 28 41 35 20 40 33 26 45 36 21 55 44 23 62 44 20 49 28 18 73 55 24 61 46 28 1 P.M 2 „ 3 „ 18 40 51 8 34 50 4 27 43 2 17 35 5 13 29 2 13 26 2 12 25 1 17 29 25 36 12 32 42 24 43 52 27 47 57 7 27 40 13 28 46 4 26 48 12 20 44 18 22 49 4 25 48 1 21 40 2 10 37 1 24 44 3 33 50 3 33 47 4 35 48 9 33 45 2 26 46 4 „ 5 „ 6 „ 49 39 28 53 46 36 47 44 34 44 ■It 34 41 43 o4 37 39 32 34 36 30 38 39 32 40 37 27 42 35 26 51 40 27 54 43 29 44 40 31 53 49 41 58 57 48 56 60 52 71 72 61 85 71 57 57 54 44 51 51 39 59 58 47 58 56 43 47 44 36 :.i 43 33 51 45 34 59 55 45 7 „ 8 „ 9 „ 13 4 13 24 5 6 21 2 13 20 2 15 23 5 8 21 4 8 16 2 17 19 1 17 15 4 20 21 10 20 10 8 18 11 4 14 18 1 14 24 7 5 36 21 1 35 12 4 40 14 9 34 11 9 24 3 14 21 1 18 29 3 18 23 1 19 16 2 14 14 2 12 17 1 12 26 6 12 10 „ 11 .. Midt. 18 19 16 13 15 12 20 21 15 24 23 15 20 20 9 23 22 12 30 28 18 28 26 19 26 22 14 22 19 13 22 19 13 19 17 13 22 21 14 10 6 4 7 6 5 14 10 4 16 14 8 19 15 10 25 24 13 29 29 15 30 27 18 26 25 12 18 16 2 15 10 1 16 11 6 19 16 6 REPORT ON ATMOSPHERIC CIRCULATION. 15 Lat. N. MADBAS.*— Five Tears. 13° 5', Long. W. 80° 17' ; Height 27 Feet. DODABETTA.— Term Days. Lat. N. 11° 32', Long. E. 76° 50' ; Height, 8640 Feet. 1 A.M. 2 „ 3 ,, P 1-5 J2 © a a. a 6 a P 3 i-s ti p ft © O o CD p •-3 © a <1 a © g ■-3 H5 i < © o > o J5 u 3 © 2 1C 30 1 16 31 3 15 28 4 12 22 7 8 18 9 5 13 9 3 11 9 5 15 6 8 18 4 13 22 2 19 31 2 19 33 4 12 23 4 24 30 19 39 37 22 52 46 27 43 47 18 32 40 7 21 41 12 30 42 0 12 22 5 17 29 10 28 38 26 34 10 22 30 12 28 36 4 „ 6 „ 6 „ 33 26 12 36 28 13 31 21 6 24 14 1 21 12 3 14 6 8 12 7 6 15 9 2 19 9 4 24 16 0 33 24 9 35 26 12 25 17 2 30 38 24 37 33 21 30 20 8 49 47 33 34 26 14 39 35 21 32 14 10 32 24 0 17 9 7 32 28 0 42 28 12 40 24 10 35 27 14 7 „ 8 ,, 9 „ 9 37 60 11 37 60 20 44 62 24 48 62 25 44 55 30 46 56 24 39 49 21 43 53 26 49 62 25 45 69 16 39 57 8 36 65 20 42 57 0 24 24 11 33 60 16 30 52 13 1 22 6 26 32 9 13 27 7 18 34 14 18 32 15 33 45 14 32 40 2 28 39 2 20 41 6 23 37 10 ,, 11 „ Noon 64 52 28 69 58 33 67 65 31 61 49 28 54 41 22 50 42 23 48 37 21 54 41 22 60 46 21 59 42 15 58 42 16 57 46 2 59 46 23 68 32 18 53 51 49 38 34 18 41 35 27 42 38 34 47 35 29 42 36 28 45 47 27 40 32 14 46 24 11 48 40 19 50 42 20 46 37 26 1 P.M. 2 „ 3 „ 2 31 50 4 25 48 0 29 52 1 31 52 4 31 52 2 28 53 1 25 47 4 30 50 11 39 58 13 40 58 10 35 50 6 33 47 4 31 51 9 12 29 33 13 1 2 13 32 13 5 17 24 6 8 8 3 3 12 2 12 17 3 11 7 2 16 12 27 44 4 13 22 3 17 28 10 s 19 4 „ 5 ,, 6 ,, 54 44 33 55 49 38 63 55 44 66 65 53 66 64 50 69 69 56 63 66 52 64 65 52 67 67 52 63 58 43 49 43 29 49 41 28 60 57 44 30 33 30 7 17 19 41 50 38 19 13 13 25 32 26 39 41 31 24 22 16 24 16 8 18 18 6 37 28 18 33 36 24 32 40 16 27 28 20 7 „ 8 ,, 9 „ 16 6 23 22 0 20 27 5 17 33 8 16 30 7 17 36 12 10 33 9 12 33 7 14 29 5 18 21 6 28 8 15 30 10 12 30 25 1 20 22 1 10 1 7 17 35 12 2 11 3 11 10 2 22 3 15 25 6 4 30 4 12 26 0 24 24 0 12 32 8 4 22 2 4 16 9 5 20 10 „ 11 „ Midt. 30 26 16 29 25 16 30 29 19 32 35 22 34 36 24 27 33 25 25 31 22 30 33 26 34 34 23 36 31 19 33 25 12 33 26 14 31 30 20 20 18 0 17 9 1 9 30 2 21 13 16 28 26 0 31 17 11 36 32 2 31 18 8 24 26 14 41 35 6 28 20 12 8 6 2 24 21 2 Lai p. N. BOW 18° 54', L BA1 ONG. r. — Six Years E. 72° 51'; III 1GH1 ,35 1 Feet. LI Lat. N. 26° 51 JCK , Lo NOW.— T. D. Tears, so. E. 80° 55'; Height, ? Feet. 1 A.M. 2 „ 3 ,, a i-s © ft a < a CD a P t*l to p < CD o O > o «5 © =3 © >< p 1-5 9 22 29 ^5 © ft 17 28 32 a a © a p ■p 1-3 to p < © 02 "© O o © R a s 7 18 28 7 21 29 10 19 30 8 20 28 10 21 27 10 23 30 10 23 31 8 23 31 11 24 32 14 24 29 14 25 30 8 20 29 10 22 30 ii 16 22 15 23 24 15 22 18 1 9 7 4 8 12 9 18 22 10 17 14 18 2-1 26 23 30 35 13 19 25 12 20 22 4 ,, 5 „ 6 „ 28 19 3 30 20 2 25 14 6 24 11 9 23 11 8 26 17 1 31 23 7 30 22 30 19 3 24 12 9 26 14 8 27 18 0 27 17 1 31 17 1 28 13 1 17 2 16 13 3 29 8 1 24 2 13 34 8 2 16 18 7 10 8 3 19 20 6 16 29 16 4 24 14 7 17 5 16 7 „ 8 „ 9 ,, 21 48 68 23 48 68 29 51 65 31 64 63 30 46 54 18 31 39 9 23 33 12 28 38 18 38 49 32 51 63 31 54 67 25 50 67 23 44 56 22 46 61 24 50 63 42 66 72 49 66 70 40 65 67 42 52 51 30 35 41 27 42 47 36 47 67 36 51 61 26 60 62 32 60 70 34 61 69 10 „ 11 „ Noon 68 50 19 69 61 21 64 50 25 60 46 25 52 43 28 41 31 21 37 32 21 40 34 22 60 40 19 59 38 12 60 40 11 65 43 12 55 42 20 62 26 12 62 45 17 67 48 20 65 48 26 54 42 21 49 40 22 36 28 16 46 26 17 63 59 21 54 32 9 62 30 22 66 41 7 55 39 18 1 P.M. 2 „ 3 ,, 13 38 50 9 35 50 4 31 47 2 27 46 4 19 37 6 13 30 7 6 20 3 14 29 4 26 40 10 39 51 19 40 50 20 42 53 5 28 42 7 40 49 8 33 45 11 40 54 2 32 51 43 61 3 32 60 5 26 16 1 25 35 11 39 51 11 30 35 6 22 26 20 37 43 8 33 47 4 ,, 5 „ 6 „ 51 45 31 52 45 32 52 48 37 55 54 41 45 47 35 39 39 28 30 30 20 37 32 20 43 35 23 51 41 27 50 39 24 53 42 27 46 41 29 46 38 17 46 36 19 62 51 34 62 57 41 70 72 56 77 72 48 51 46 25 38 38 14 55 45 28 36 2!' 8 19 11 9 43 35 17 50 44 25 7 „ 8 ,, 9 „ 11 6 20 13 8 21 21 3 15 24 6 11 21 5 8 12 5 18 6 7 18 6 10 23 10 25 6 14 22 2 14 22 6 12 25 11 6 19 4 0 4 8 4 9 20 4 14 25 4 5 35 12 5 28 11 7 7 6 15 7 23 36 9 15 4 15 20 19 26 28 1 6 14 9 5 14 10 ,, 11 „ Midt. 22 14 4 23 16 6 21 14 6 19 13 3 16 13 3 28 21 7 24 19 6 29 20 7 26 19 4 20 12 0 21 11 2 24 14 4 23 16 4 4 5 5 6 0 7 9 9 1 6 3 5 10 4 10 10 11 4 16 7 6 35 29 2 13 6 4 19 15 8 23 13 16 9 1 6 13 7 4 The time is 19 minutes earlier than hour specified. 16 THE VOYAGE OF H.MS. CHALLENGER. TRIVANDRUM.*— Lat. N. 8° 31', Lose. E. 77 °0'i Height, 130 Feet. Lat. SIMLA.f- N. 31' 0', Long. E. -Three Years. 77' 11'; Height, 7 487 Feet. 1 A.M. 2 ,, 3 „ p cd a CD p p 1-5 1-3 Dl < CD 03 o O > o (J O u CD a a) l-s j5 CD b- a. a) 3 p p t-3 sb P CD CO o O > o 9 Si CD X 3 10 25 12 1 16 13 5 19 17 1 12 22 7 6 14 0 14 11 1 14 1 15 28 1 13 26 7 6 17 15 1 13 12 5 21 10 4 18 4 9 18 4 15 24 7 18 28 12 23 29 16 23 27 11 19 21 2 10 17 5 13 18 13 20 23 12 20 26 8 17 22 10 16 22 9 17 23 4 „ <> „ 6 ,. 38 33 32 30 19 7 33 24 8 26 16 2 18 8 5 27 17 2 30 18 5 44 36 23 42 35 19 31 22 8 27 21 6 26 23 5 31 21 10 24 21 17 27 26 16 32 26 is 30 24 12 22 15 2 19 12 2 16 11 2 17 12 5 22 14 5 25 19 10 24 19 9 29 25 15 24 18 11 7 „ 9 „ 15 10 29 10 30 49 9 28 44 13 30 45 18 32 46 13 39 40 7 21 35 9 6 21 3 11 28 12 30 45 10 27 44 11 29 47 6 24 39 3 16 32 4 13 28 :; 12 25 2 18 29 11 22 30 9 19 29 9 16 22 6 15 23 8 18 30 5 21 31 7 23 34 0 20 36 4 18 29 10 ,, 11 ,, Noon. 34 25 1 64 52 32 58 52 27 57 50 23 56 47 28 45 38 21 42 34 18 29 19 9 40 29 11 65 45 25 56 41 15 60 45 21 50 40 20 37 30 12 36 33 20 32 31 22 34 31 24 34 33 27 29 28 22 26 23 17 27 24 17 34 30 22 33 26 13 36 25 10 40 32 14 33 29 18 1 P.M. 2 „ 3 „ 23 48 71 4 22 46 3 32 54 3 23 44 9 14 35 6 13 33 0 18 36 10 31 60 11 35 57 1 25 45 13 34 53 6 21 42 4 26 48 2 9 14 6 7 14 8 4 12 13 2 13 17 4 9 13 3 8 7 5 16 6 6 17 8 6 15 1 10 15 3 10 15 0 9 13 6 5 13 4 „ 5 „ 6 ,, 8G 59 39 62 52 36 65 51 34 58 45 29 51 39 24 43 40 25 50 43 29 74 54 44 71 55 38 64 50 34 64 51 34 55 51 35 62 44 33 14 12 6 17 14 9 15 13 7 16 18 12 17 20 10 is 20 15 26 29 21 23 24 18 18 17 :4 14 12 4 17 14 6 15 15 5 18 17 11 8 „ 9 „ 20 1 16 19 0 14 15 2 16 10 5 23 5 13 SO 8 8 22 12 2 18 27 12 4 19 3 15 15 4 20 13 5 23 14 5 24 15 2 19 1 7 12 0 7 11 2 12 16 1 9 13 8 0 5 10 2 4 12 2 8 7 4 12 4 6 7 3 10 12 1 6 9 2 9 13 3 5 10 10 ,, 11 ,, Midt. 31 35 25 29 35 23 26 35 26 34 39 30 41 43 34 35 35 24 30 30 21 21 22 13 26 24 14 33 31 22 39 38 26 39 38 26 32 34 24 10 7 0 11 8 2 17 12 3 12 8 1 4 2 6 7 5 3 12 13 5 15 13 4 6 4 7 10 4 5 8 2 1 12 5 5 10 7 1 Lat N. 12° ii AD EN.* >'G. — Tr E. 45 RM I " 53' 'AYS He IGHT, 199 Feet. Lai \ S. MAt >0°6 IEIT , Lo IDS «5. E — Twelvb Years . 59° 48' ; Height, 181 Feet. 1 A.M. 2 „ 3 „ a >-3 CD < a CD p *"3 Ha feb P < "S. CD to > o c3 CD Q *-4 © a j5 CD u CO CD 1-3 p p < a, (O o O > z a -5 fcb <1 © Q o © Q u ""3 © 5 s 5. *** © -5 ^ bi © CO : 0 J5 6 Zi a i © 4 6 2 8 4 5 5 1 8 3 1 8 2 3 8 2 3 7 2 5 9 0 6 10 4 3 9 3 4 11 2 0 5 2 2 0 3 1 6 3 4 2 6 2 4 8 4 3 1 7 11 2 7 11 2 5 10 1 3 6 2 1 2 6 2 6 10 6 1 6 7 6 2 3 2 3 2 1 6 4 „ 5 „ 6 ,, 4 7 11 9 10 10 7 8 9 14 12 5 11 8 2 8 7 2 10 8 3 15 13 6 11 12 0 13 15 15 9 11 7 3 5 2 10 10 6 3 8 8 11 12 11 7 8 7 14 14 10 14 12 8 11 7 3 n 5 0 9 7 4 12 12 9 :> 9 9 I 3 4 7 12 11 8 9 7 7 „ 8 „ 9 „ 7 3 5 5 2 7 4 2 7 1 6 11 4 8 10 1 6 9 2 9 11 2 8 13 0 6 15 10 1 6 1 7 12 3 9 20 1 5 10 6 2 9 9 1 7 2 5 12 4 2 8 3 2 6 2 9 12 6 11 13 2 7 13 4 12 16 16 13 3 6 12 2 8 9 9 0 9 3 5 10 10 ,, 11 ., Noon 11 8 2 11 13 6 9 7 13 13 12 5 13 13 8 10 9 9 11 11 11 16 14 1 18 15 10 10 8 9 18 15 2 28 24 2 14 12 6 15 14 5 11 15 12 17 17 17 13 17 15 10 13 12 16 17 18 16 17 14 17 19 16 16 16 10 17 16 6 17 15 5 15 17 12 1 P.M. 2 „ 3 „ 9 15 13 6 16 17 5 4 10 2 9 16 3 3 10 4 2 0 4 3 8 2 9 12 2 9 14 1 8 10 9 15 14 13 25 19 2 10 12 7 14 15 2 8 10 6 3 11 11 6 4 10 5 1 11 5 1 11 5 2 11 6 2 5 1 6 0 8 12 1 13 15 4 10 10 5 2 7 4 ., 5 „ 6 „ 11 8 2 17 12 5 14 12 8 20 19 15 13 15 13 G 10 8 15 16 15 15 18 16 16 17 14 14 10 1 15 12 4 18 14 9 14 14 9 13 10 4 12 10 2 17 18 13 8 11 11 5 9 10 7 13 15 9 16 18 8 15 18 in 11 11 14 13 8 17 15 10 8 6 3 11 12 11 7 „ 8 „ 9 „ 6 9 11 2 8 13 4 6 12 8 4 9 7 1 8 6 3 9 9 2 7 9 1 8 4 6 10 7 13 15 2 6 9 4 1 4 3 4 10 0 4 7 2 4 8 7 1 2 '8 2 6 6 0 6 13 9 1 17 13 5 16 8 3 6 2 4 2 2 5 6 3 2 1 4 7 6 2 3 10 „ 11 „ Midt. 13 12 8 13 13 11 11 11 7 11 9 9 8 10 8 10 11 7 10 11 8 9 10 6 11 10 6 15 13 7 11 10 7 7 8 4 11 11 7 9 8 5 9 9 6 4 5 4 7 7 6 8 9 7 2 3 1 0 3 3 1 2 1 8 8 6 9 7 6 4 6 6 10 12 12 6 6 6 TEIESTE.— Two Tbaf Lat. N. 45° 39', Long. E. 13° 46'; Hei s. ght, 151 Feet Lat TDRIN.— Six Ye . N. 45° 4', Long. E. 7° 41' ; AKS. Height, 906 Feet. 1 A.M. 2 „ 3 „ .a © 3 ^ 1 >> © >-5 "3 bb < © 09 © O o Is Q © p s t-3 © S p. < es' 3 © >-3 ^ S3 <1 ©* CO 0 > z © © & 0 1* 12 10 8 14 12 5 12 8 2 16 10 0 4 4 8 8 2 5 10 4 4 17 10 4 10 4 2 9 2 8 12 8 4 6 6 2 11 6 0 2 1 1 10 3 5 7 1 8 8 3 1 4 1 2 4 1 3 4 1 2 4 1 3 6 2 4 6 4 4 3 2 3 5 4 2 5 2 3 4 „ 6 „ 6 ., 6 4 6 0 0 1 4 8 11 8 12 15 16 14 13 10 8 8 7 7 6 5 9 9 8 12 9 13 15 17 4 8 8 4 8 10 6 9 10 6 10 6 8 8 5 12 8 0 2 2 10 2 6 14 0 6 11 1 6 13 3 4 8 6 4 4 7 7 6 6 8 9 3 10 6 5 3 2 7 „ 8 „ 9 ,. 6 5 12 2 6 12 7 2 10 10 2 4 9 0 9 2 6 12 2 4 9 6 4 9 7 4 10 14 1 11 7 2 10 8 2 8 7 3 10 2 11 20 2 7 11 9 16 22 17 22 26 20 24 25 18 23 23 20 24 23 19 24 26 11 17 26 2 14 20 2 6 13 1 9 20 10 16 21 10 „ 11 ., Noon 14 10 1 12 10 6 12 8 5 4 2 2 10 6 2 11 11 6 10 8 6 10 7 5 12 7 0 12 9 7 15 12 6 14 10 0 11 8 2 29 23 9 13 12 4 23 17 6 26 20 4 24 18 7 21 17 11 20 14 7 27 20 6 27 18 6 20 19 6 15 9 7 28 21 4 23 17 4 1 P.M 2 „ 3 ,, 10 26 26 0 10 16 0 9 15 7 12 14 0 5 7 2 8 11 0 9 10 1 6 8 6 10 12 1 8 11 13 25 24 8 18 16 4 12 14 20 24 23 10 19 22 4 17 23 3 20 21 14 25 1 9 15 3 11 14 3 15 23 3 IS 21 18 23 3 11 16 17 21 23 6 17 21 4 „ 5 „ 6 „ 24 22 15 16 14 10 20 20 14 14 13 8 9 11 9 14 12 8 10 11 9 10 11 12 13 12 8 12 10 4 21 17 9 14 13 6 15 14 10 20 13 6 20 17 7 28 23 15 30 34 28 29 34 31 21 26 22 26 30 28 28 31 29 28 2:i 2:! 24 21 12 17 12 3 19 13 7 24 24 18 7 ,, 8 „ 9 „ 7 2 12 4 2 6 2 6 15 2 10 20 6 4 14 4 6 14 4 4 15 6 3 14 0 10 15 3 8 11 1 6 16 2 8 14 3 6 14 1 7 11 1 6 11 6 5 8 20 5 3 22 10 1 17 11 1 22 12 1 22 9 1 15 1 6 3 2 9 2 6 10 0 4 9 10 2 6 10 „ 11 ,, Midt. 12 11 10 9 8 7 18 18 16 22 19 18 16 16 12 18 16 11 19 17 16 16 16 14 15 15 13 11 io 9 16 16 14 14 18 15 16 15 13 11 13 7 14 16 13 11 11 9 7 11 11 6 10 10 10 11 7 8 10 10 6 9 9 9 10 9 13 11 7 10 9 9 10 13 8 10 11 9 (PHTS. CHEM. CHALL. EXP. — PART V. 1888.) 18 THE VOYAGE OF H.M.S. CHALLENGER. MILAN.— Nine Tears. GENEVA.— T en Years. Lat. N. 45" 28', Long. E. 9° 9'; Height, 482 Feet. Lat. N. 46° 12', Long. E. 6° 9'; Height, 1335 Feet 1 A.M a 1"5 < © a 3 »-3 < © O > o © p u © d ai 1-5 2 © 2 i a © a 3 1-5 3 ii 3 < © CO o O o u © 6 5 1 6 6 10 8 5 3 4 1 4 2 2 8 9 9 6 1 1 4 1 2 2 ,, 12 11 5 3 4 9 8 2 1 7 9 12 3 6 6 5 1 4 6 6 2 3 7 9 6 2 3 „ 15 15 9 0 1 9 8 1 4 ii 11 13 5 9 9 6 1 2 4 4 1 5 10 12 11 4 4 ,. 14 14 10 0 0 8 10 1 5 12 13 13 5 11 10 4 1 4 5 6 2 3 10 12 13 4 5 ,, 9 9 5 2 1 10 12 4 3 7 10 10 2 9 7 1 6 8 8 9 6 2 7 8 12 1 6 ,, 1 0 2 7 e 13 17 9 3 1 3 3 4 3 1 5 10 13 12 14 10 9 1 0 6 5 7 „ 7 9 10 13 n 18 22 15 10 7 3 6 11 6 7 11 15 17 15 18 15 15 9 9 3 12 8 ,, 15 16 18 19 16 22 25 21 16 14 10 13 17 14 15 17 19 18 16 19 18 19 17 17 12 17 9 .i 20 22 23 23 20 24 26 24 20 19 15 18 21 20 20 20 20 16 15 18 18 22 21 21 18 19 10 ,, 19 23 24 22 20 23 21 23 21 20 16 19 21 20 21 20 18 13 12 13 15 20 19 19 19 17' 11 ,, 15 17 17 15 16 18 13 20 18 15 13 14 16 14 17 15 12 6 6 8 10 14 13 12 13 12 Noon 9 9 9 6 9 9 9 12 11 7 7 7 9 4 7 7 4 1 0 1 2 5 3 2 4 3 1 P.M. 1 0 3 5 1 3 4 0 1 2 1 2 2 6 3 4 4 9 7 7 6 6 7 8 6 6 2 „ 9 8 13 15 11 14 15 10 9 10 8 9 12 14 14 15 17 15 15 15 16 16 15 13 15 3 „ 15 17 22 24 20 24 26 20 18 17 12 14 19 18 19 22 24 24 21 22 23 24 21 17 16 21 4 „ 16 18 26 29 25 31 32 26 26 19 14 16 23 16 20 25 27 28 26 27 27 27 21 15 13 23 5 „ 14 15 24 30 27 34 34 29 24 17 12 12 23 10 15 22 26 29 27 29 27 26 16 9 8 20 6 „ 4 11 11 24 23 32 31 26 20 12 6 7 17 4 8 15 20 24 24 27 23 19 8 3 2 15 7 ,. 1 . 3 2 16 16 16 25 23 13 4 0 0 10 2 1 6 11 16 17 20 15 10 0 3 4 7 8 ., 9 4 9 7 8 17 17 9 5 4 2 7 2 6 5 3 2 5 8 11 5 1 7 7 7 0 9 „ 11 8 13 2 0 8 8 5 1 9 7 1 3 7 8 9 5 5 2 1 4 7 11 8 9 6 10 „ 11 10 12 7 5 1 1 2 6 12 12 12 7 6 8 10 9 12 9 7 11 10 12 7 9 9 11 „ 4 7 7 11 9 6 4 5 8 11 10 9 8 4 6 8 8 14 12 12 12 10 9 5 7 9 Midt. 0 1 8 9 10 9 7 6 6 5 5 3 6 2 2 4 6 12 12 12 10 6 5 1 4 6 GREAT ST. BERNARD.— Ten Years. BU 3HA REST.— Two Years. Lat. N. 45° 42', Long. E. 7° 7' ; Height, 8127 Feet Lat. N. 44° 25 ,Lo ng. E. 26° 46'; Height, 305 Feet. 1 A.M. a i-s 1-4* 1 1 © 3 •-5 si s < © o O > o 3 © © s P. <1 3 © a 3 1-5 1-5 60 < © O o •A it ■a © 0 4 1 2 1 3 7 4 2 4 0 0 l 7 8 4 9 2 5 4 3 1 4 4 3 4 2 „ 8 6 9 8 8 6 5 2 7 12 6 7 7 4 6 1 5 2 1 2 3 2 2 4 0 2 3 „ 12 12 13 14 12 10 11 7 13 16 10 9 11 0 0 i 4 3 3 2 1 4 3 1 2 1 4 ., 16 15 17 18 14 13 19 12 17 18 12 10 15 4 4 6 0 5 2 2 1 5 3 4 8 3 5 „ 14 13 16 16 12 13 17 14 16 16 11 9 14 7 5 5 1 1 5 2 3 1 2 4 6 2 6 „ 11 11 14 13 10 11 14 11 11 13 9 7 11 9 6 1 5 10 11 8 8 6 1 3 3 2 7 „ 6 G 11 10 6 8 10 7 6 5 4 3 7 2 2 4 13 19 20 12 14 14 4 5 1 9 8 „ 1 1 7 6 3 5 7 4 1 2 1 2 2 2 8 11 18 28 24 16 20 22 15 16 6 16 9 >, 5 1 2 1 0 O 4 2 3 7 3 9 1 11 11 15 22 29 28 IS 22 28 19 20 15 20 10 ,, 10 3 2 2 2 2 2 1 6 10 5 15 4 18 11 14 23 31 27 18 21 29 21 22 21 21 11 ,. 6 S 3 3 3 1 1 0 5 9 2 10 3 17 12 14 20 25 25 18 20 24 20 19 16 19 Noou 2 2 3 3 4 0 0 1 3 6 1 2 2 8 9 4 10 18 14 11 11 15 10 5 6 10 1 P.M. 6 4 1 2 3 1 1 1 1 1 4 4 0 3 3 3 3 6 3 0 2 2 3 6 8 1 2 ,, 8 8 2 1 1 0 1 1 1 3 6 8 3 14 16 14 10 6 10 8 7 12 14 14 14 12 3 „ 6 6 2 0 0 0 1 0 2 4 6 7 o 14 18 18 20 20 20 14 17 20 18 15 16 18 4 „ 2 4 1 1 1 0 1 1 2 3 4 4 2 10 17 21 28 26 25 20 21 26 24 18 14 21 5 ,, 1 0 2 0 2 0 2 0 1 0 0 4 0 8 15 22 30 30 34 23 26 27 20 16 11 22 6 „ 4 4 6 2 1 1 3 1 1 3 4 3 2 4 9 19 29 31 32 23 26 27 14 10 5 19 7 ii 7 7 10 7 3 4 6 6 6 7 8 2 6 1 0 in 23 28 26 18 22 20 8 2 2 13 8 „ 10 10 14 12 7 7 10 11 9 10 11 6 10 3 4 2 8 16 20 15 10 9 3 0 1 6 9 ,, 12 13 16 14 10 11 13 12 11 11 12 8 12 3 10 6 2 5 6 2 3 4 3 1 6 1 10 „ 13 14 17 16 12 14 15 13 12 11 12 9 14 6 12 9 5 2 1 0 1 0 6 6 8 4 11 „ 11 14 16 15 12 15 15 13 13 9 11 8 12 8 12 9 7 2 1 3 4 2 8 5 10 6 Midt. 8 12 11 12 10 13 13 10 10 4 8 6 10 7 10 9 8 3 5 2 4 2 8 4 6 6 REPORT ON ATMOSPHERIC CIRCULATION. 19 KRAKAU . — NlKB Fears. PRAGUE.- -Twenty-Eight Tears, 1842-69. Lat. N. 50° 4', Long. E. 19° 55' ; Height, 708 Feet Lat N. 50° 5' Louo. E . 14° 23'; Height, S60 Feet. 1 A.M. 3 cd fa |4 3, < ca a © 3 •-> to 3 < ft © CO o O o 6 © eg CD a a! •-a ,d CD fa a ft a CD a a >"3 *-3 p < CD © O > 2 o CD P u ea © 4 3 6 5 9 i 5 5 4 8 4 9 2 5 5 4 5 5 5 6 7 4 4 2 1 2 ,, 4 6 4 6 2 4 4 3 6 1 8 2 4 5 2 3 3 4 5 5 3 4 0 1 1 3 3 ,, 4 3 1 4 4 1 2 0 3 2 4 1 1 4 2 1 1 2 3 2 2 2 3 - 2 1 4 ,, 0 2 4 2 6 0 1 1 0 4 1 2 0 1 7 3 1 3 4 3 2 1 6 5 6 1 5 ,, 4 4 6 2 4 2 2 1 2 4 2 5 2 2 9 4 2 7 8 6 4 2 4 6 8 1 6 ,, 5 6 5 4 2 5 6 1 1 4 5 7 1 3 7 1 7 13 12 11 9 6 3 6 8 2 7 ,. 4 5 4 7 5 7 8 i 1 3 4 7 0 0 4 4 13 17 16 14 13 10 5 2 5 7 8 „ 1 3 1 11 11 11 12 7 4 4 0 4 4 6 5 7 15 18 18 17 16 15 12 6 2 11 9 ,, 4 1 3 12 12 13 13 9 6 9 4 1 7 11 6 10 17 18 18 15 17 17 15 9 12 14 10 ,, 7 3 5 13 12 14 13 10 9 11 6 6 9 14 8 13 16 16 15 13 16 17 17 13 14 14 11 n 9 5 6 12 11 12 12 9 7 12 5 6 9 13 9 10 11 13 12 9 12 12 14 10 11 11 Noon 4 4 5 6 8 7 7 5 4 7 1 2 5 2 5 7 4 4 7 4 2 5 6 2 2 4 1 P.M. 2 3 1 2 1 1 2 1 2 0 6 3 1 11 3 2 3 2 1 4 2 3 4 5 6 4 2 ,, 7 9 5 7 5 8 5 6 6 6 13 7 7 13 11 9 11 11 10 11 11 12 11 8 •J 11 3 ,, 6 10 7 9 8 10 7 10 9 8 12 6 9 13 12 14 18 17 18 15 16 19 15 12 9 15 4 ., 5 9 10 12 11 12 10 12 11 11 11 4 10 12 12 17 22 21 20 19 20 22 18 10 G 17 5 ,, 5 7 9 13 13 15 12 13 12 10 9 4 10 10 9 17 22 24 24 22 22 22 15 7 4 17 6 ,, 3 3 6 13 12 15 12 12 10 6 4 2 8 7 2 10 20 23 23 22 22 19 8 3 2 13 7 ,, 2 1 2 9 8 13 10 10 * 3 1 1 5 4 2 4 9 19 19 21 17 13 4 0 1 9 8 >, 1 4 3 3 4 11 5 3 1 1 3 3 1 1 6 2 6 12 14 12 6 6 1 2 4 4 9 i, 2 5 6 1 2 3 1 2 1 2 6 6 2 1 7 4 2 3 6 2 0 1 4 4 5 1 10 ,, 3 7 8 3 3 2 3 4 4 4 7 7 4 2 9 5 4 1 0 3 3 1 6 6 7 4 11 „ 4 8 9 4 4 0 6 7 4 4 8 8 5 2 8 6 9 5 4 9 6 3 6 6 7 6 Midt. 6 7 6 11 2 5 5 4 9 5 11 3 6 6 6 6 6 5 7 7 5 6 3 5 2 5 EG] Sa- ■Four Ti SARS HE] «fNA — Ten Years. Lat n. ; 0° 5', Lo: ra. E . 12° 22'; Heu ;ht, 1517 Feet Lat N. -18° 15 ', Lc NG. E. It, • 20' ; Height, 638 Feot. 1 A.M. a Hca .n © fa 3 ft eg © a 3 ►cj to -3 © o O > o "A o CD u a to p 6 o fa 8 V ft a o a ^2 oh 3 ft CD u O > -J CD o i CD 3 2 1 4 4 4 4 2 2 2 3 0 2 7 9 6 7 6 7 7 3 0 6 6 2 „ 2 0 2 1 1 0 0 0 1 1 4 0 1 6 5 4 5 4 5 5 6 6 0 2 2 4 3 „ 4 3 4 3 2 2 2 1 3 4 7 3 3 4 1 3 2 3 1 3 4 4 6 7 1 0 4 „ 7 4 4 3 2 1 1 1 4 4 8 4 4 0 7 7 3 1 0 4 3 2 8 11 6 3 5 „ 6 4 3 2 2 3 3 8 2 4 7 5 2 5 10 9 3 4 3 9 4 2 9 14 12 3 6 >, 6 3 0 4 9 7 10 7 3 1 4 5 2 8 13 7 4 12 9 13 9 6 10 15 4 1 7 „ 2 1 4 10 11 15 14 11 8 5 0 2 6 4 7 2 11 17 13 19 13 11 2 '.) 11 5 8 ,, 4 6 8 15 17 17 18 16 14 11 7 5 11 7 7 9 16 21 18 21 18 16 13 7 4 12 9 „ 10 12 14 16 17 17 17 18 18 16 15 14 15 15 13 14 19 22 19 22 20 22 18 12 12 17 10 „ 13 14 15 14 15 15 15 17 17 18 15 17 15 18 15 16 21 21 19 20 21 19 20 17 18 19 11 „ 11 12 12 11 11 11 12 12 13 14 12 12 12 13 14 10 13 15 15 14 16 14 17 12 12 3 14 6 Noon 4 4 6 3 3 3 5 5 5 5 3 3 4 2 9 6 5 10 9 6 7 7 10 3 1 r.M. 6 4 2 2 2 3 2 2 1 3 4 6 3 9 2 5 i 0 0 5 2 4 3 5 11 4 2 ,, 11 11 10 11 10 10 9 10 10 10 10 11 10 18 12 15 13 10 s 13 11 15 9 10 14 13 12 17 3 „ 11 14 14 17 16 15 15 15 15 14 12 11 14 20 15 18 21 16 15 19 18 21 12 10 4 „ 10 13 14 21 22 21 21 20 19 16 11 9 16 19 Hi 22 25 22 18 24 2.1 24 15 15 9 5 12 20 21 18 5 „ 6 10 16 21 24 24 24 23 VJ 14 7 5 16 17 16 20 27 28 24 28 27 26 7 6 ,, 0 4 11 18 22 21 22 21 16 10 2 1 12 11 10 14 26 30 26 27 29 25 10 0 6 7 „ 8 „ 9 ,, 6 6 8 3 4 7 2 2 5 12 1 3 17 5 3 18 8 2 18 7 1 16 7 1 10 2 4 5 1 3 2 4 7 4 8 5 1 4 5 2 7 3 2 7 6 4 10 IS 8 4 24 18 14 21 15 3 23 16 5 23 13 4 18 8 1 fi 1 4 5 8 13 2 3 8 12 5 2 10 ,, 7 6 7 4 6 7 7 6 10 6 9 5 7 12 12 14 11 1 2 3 4 6 8 6 7 17 15 3 11 12 12 8 9 8 11 „ 6 6 7 6 7 10 9 7 8 5 6 6 7 12 9 13 14 4 5 9 6 8 8 Midt. 3 3 4 5 6 9 7 5 7 4 4 0 5 11 11 9 11 7 9 6 7 20 THE VOYAGE OF H.M.S. CHALLENGER Lat . N. SANTLS.- 47° 15', Long. -Three E. 9° 20' ; Years. Height, 8094 Fee Lat. KLAGENFUBT. N. 46° 37', Long. E. 14° — 8ix Years. 18'; Height, 1437 Feet 1 A.M. 2 „ 3 ,, a 1-5 ,0 03 ft ^ 1-3 1-3 ti p < •Ji o O o 03 P 03 a 1-3 03 ft so < 03 03 a p ►•31 ti P < 03 33 o O > o C3 03 a u •3 03 e 2 0 2 1 3 1 3 y 2 '■'< HI 5 11 14 1 8 15 2 9 15 2 7 11 3 7 111 4 0 6 6 5 (1 3 3 5 0 3 8 15 13 13 15 14 13 18 16 15 16 16 15 13 13 13 15 16 16 17 18 19 16 16 16 12 11 10 9 8 7 9 8 9 8 6 6 14 13 13 4 ,. 5 „ 6 „ 4 8 6 8 8 13 15 14 13 16 13 20 19 18 19 20 16 17 18 15 16 16 15 15 1(1 13 9 11 13 3 6 7 8 10 10 12 13 12 12 13 15 13 14 16 16 16 20 13 13 16 15 18 22 18 22 23 21 25 30 18 21 25 10 11 14 7 8 8 11 10 10 5 4 6 13 14 17 7 ,, 8 ,, 9 » 7 3 1 5 2 2 10 6 3 9 7 3 11 8 6 11 8 5 12 6 3 12 7 3 1 4 8 4 1 5 1 5 7 2 4 9 4 1 17 17 16 20 20 19 24 25 25 20 20 17 26 25 21 25 23 18 32 30 27 29 29 26 17 19 20 11 13 13 12 18 15 10 12 12 20 21 19 10 „ 11 ,. Noon. 7 7 0 5 7 7 2 2 3 2 4 3 1 0 2 1 4 7 2 4 6 2 4 5 8 8 8 3 6 2 10 8 3 11 8 1 4 5 4 12 2 10 15 6 5 19 10 3 12 5 7 14 4 6 11 2 8 20 10 2 18 8 4 16 9 1 12 9 1 12 5 4 13 6 4 15 6 4 1 P.M. 2 „ 3 „ G 8 7 1 4 5 0 3 3 6 5 4 4 3 3 6 7 6 6 7 7 6 5 5 6 3 1 2 2 3 2 5 5 5 6 5 2 0 0 20 26 27 17 29 33 18 32 40 16 26 32 16 26 33 19 29 35 20 32 41 16 27 37 10 23 29 11 21 24 17 25 29 16 22 24 16 27 32 4 >, 5 „ 6 „ 4 1 2 4 3 1 3 1 3 2 3 3 3 3 5 4 3 4 6 5 4 4 3 3 0 1 1 3 3 2 4 3 1 2 1 1 0 0 2 25 22 15 34 30 22 46 41 34 34 34 29 36 39 34 38 37 32 50 49 43 42 44 41 33 31 28 27 25 20 28 22 16 21 17 11 35 33 27 7 ,, 8 ,. 9 ,, 4 6 7 4 5 7 9 12 14 4 8 10 7 11 16 5 8 14 5 9 12 6 10 12 4 7 8 E 7 9 0 0 1 5 6 7 6 7 9 10 3 3 13 6 3 19 10 4 19 8 5 25 12 4 24 12 4 33 16 1 31 15 0 17 6 3 10 2 6 8 0 6 5 1 7 18 4 10 „ 11 >. Midt. 6 6 3 6 5 3 14 12 10 9 5 3 16 11 10 15 12 7 10 9 2 10 7 4 8 5 2 10 6 3 2 1 0 8 7 4 10 7 4 4 5 6 6 8 10 9 12 15 9 12 15 10 12 17 10 13 15 5 11 15 7 12 15 8 11 13 9 10 11 10 9 10 8 9 9 8 10 13 Lat . N. GE 16° '30', L( [ES.- -Two Ti E. 11° 2(1' :ars. ; He IGHT 958 Feet ] jAT. OBIRGI] N. 46° 30 3FE] , Lo j. — Five «G. E. 14° &NT3 A HALF YEARS. 27' ; Height, 6706 Feet 1 A.M. 2 „ 3 „ a a 1-3 03 ft 03 G "p 1-3 ■5 P. 03 o > 6 03 eo 03 p 03 ^3 03 ft 3 < CO 1-3 l-a ti P < 0Q C3 O > o 8 03 03 n el eg 6 5 7 14 15 14 19 S 21 s 25 23 22 25 25 24 26 25 25 25 28 28 19 20 19 19 19 17 7 6 5 8 7 7 18 18 17 5 4 4 1 1 4 4 0 7 4 3 9 2 8 13 1 7 15 2 6 10 3 1 8 2 2 7 0 3 7 4 1 2 i i 3 2 2 7 4 „ 5 „ 6 >. 2 0 1 9 8 11 13 13 18 17 20 26 21 25 30 28 34 40 28 35 40 32 37 45 19 23 30 15 17 21 1 1 2 3 1 1 16 18 22 1 6 8 10 13 12 12 14 14 12 17 15 18 20 17 18 17 14 12 11 8 10 15 14 12 15 15 10 13 14 6 7 9 5 8 11 13 12 7 „ 8 » 9 „ 6 15 20 15 26 28 25 34 34 32 36 33 35 35 28 40 35 28 42 35 30 47 45 38 35 38 36 25 33 33 8 18 22 5 14 19 26 30 29 7 1 7 11 4 4 11 5 1 13 8 3 13 6 1 9 2 1 3 1 4 9 4 1 10 5 1 10 2 4 6 2 3 7 2 3 9 3 2 10 „ n „ Noon 19 15 4 25 18 5 :26 17 2 23 13 4 17 6 12 15 2 15 16 2 16 23 5 16 24 11 8 25 15 5 20 15 1 19 15 0 21 11 6 11 12 7 6 10 10 7 8 7 2 7 6 5 8 9 6 10 8 7 10 10 6 9 10 7 9 10 9 11 9 9 13 7 11 14 8 7 10 8 1 P.M. 2 „ 3 „ 11 20 29 M 30 38 16 33 44 23 36 47 2S 38 47 35 45 54 35 49 58 36 52 63 27 44 54 23 38 46 16 27 32 14 25 28 23 37 45 3 9 12 5 2 5 5 1 5 7 6 4 9 6 5 10 7 4 9 6 4 8 4 2 8 5 2 5 II 2 0 7 8 0 9 5 1 2 4 „ 5 ,, 6 „ 28 26 17 41 40 27 50 50 41 54 54 45 52 51 43 58 47 62 60 51 69 65 55 58 55 44 48 44 31 31 28 16 26 22 12 48 46 36 10 9 5 6 4 o 6 6 3 1 0 1 2 1 o 1 1 3 1 4 7 0 4 6 1 3 4 3 3 1 5 1 7 5 2 3 4 3 7 „ 8 „ 9 i. 9 1 5 19 8 0 28 13 0 33 14 1 33 13 2 35 14 4 36 13 7 38 16 2 28 11 4 19 8 0 6 1 7 6 1 4 24 9 3 2 1 3 2 5 6 2 7 11 1 7 12 0 4 12 1 1 11 5 1 4 3 2 6 0 4 7 2 5 9 1 3 4 1 3 4 0 3 7 10 „ U .. Midt. 11 12 14 8 10 14 8 13 18 11 17 21 11 18 22 14 21 25 18 25 30 13 19 24 13 18 22 7 9 10 14 11 16 9 10 11 11 15 19 4 4 2 8 8 6 12 12 9 13 10 7 14 15 11 11 10 7 6 6 6 9 9 8 8 8 5 9 8 6 6 6 4 6 6 5 9 9 7 REPORT ON ATMOSPHERIC CIRCULATION. 21 SCHAFBERG.— Two Teaks. SALZBURG.— Six Teaks. Lat. N. 4 7° 46', Long. E. 13° 26'; Height, 5827 Feet Lat. N. 47° 48 , Long. E. 12° 67'; Height, 1362 Feet. 1 A.M. S3 fli J3 ft 2 a 1-3 'a Ha a ft o to o p-' o d u a a Ha 09 2 ft © a a Ha "a Ha ft a CO O > - A a. 1 4 2 2 1 1 0 3 2 4 2 3 2 5 4 10 10 9 1G 14 7 7 7 3 2 7 2 „ 0 0 4 5 8 6 7 4 3 2 2 2 3 4 2 8 S 6 10 10 3 4 5 4 1 6 3 „ 4 7 8 13 14 11 12 11 8 1 0 3 8 4 3 3 3 4 6 6 2 3 0 6 0 2 4 „ 7 11 11 16 16 13 14 14 12 5 3 8 11 1 9 1 1 4 5 5 1 2 1 7 2 0 5 „ 11 12 16 16 15 11 12 13 12 7 7 10 12 3 12 1 2 6 9 6 1 1 1 8 4 0 6 „ 10 12 15 15 12 9 10 10 10 6 5 6 10 2 12 3 6 12 14 9 7 4 0 7 3 3 7 „ 6 8 10 10 7 4 6 6 6 2 1 3 6 3 9 8 11 15 16 12 12 8 4 2 1 7 8 „ 1 2 4 6 4 2 2 2 0 2 3 0 1 8 1 14 12 17 18 13 14 12 12 6 5 11 9 „ 4 2 2 1 0 2 2 3 4 6 5 4 3 13 6 17 12 16 14 11 14 14 14 10 10 13 10 „ 7 6 5 4 4 4 6 7 11 11 10 8 7 14 8 17 11 13 10 9 13 14 13 13 13 12 11 .< 8 9 10 8 8 7 8 9 11 10 9 7 9 14 12 12 6 8 5 5 7 9 11 11 9 9 Noon 6 6 9 8 7 7 7 7 7 5 3 2 7 1 6 5 2 2 2 1 2 4 2 2 1 1 1 P.M. 2 0 6 5 6 6 6 5 5 0 3 7 2 12 3 6 9 9 11 10 5 4 11 7 11 8 2 „ 6 6 2 2 5 3 2 2 1 4 6 10 1 17 10 14 16 16 is 15 13 11 18 12 15 15 3 ,, 6 6 2 1 3 2 2 0 1 6 8 11 3 23 13 19 23 23 24 20 20 18 22 12 14 19 4 „ 4 4 2 1 1 2 2 3 3 7 7 8 4 13 15 22 25 27 29 23 24 20 23 9 11 21 5 ,, 2 2 2 2 2 4 4 5 3 6 4 4 3 10 10 21 23 29 31 27 26 19 18 5 7 19 6 ,, 3 2 2 1 1 4 4 4 2 1 2 1 1 5 1 16 18 25 27 25 23 16 9 2 3 14 7 ,, 4 7 6 6 2 2 2 2 3 3 4 4 3 2 0 7 9 18 19 18 14 8 5 6 0 8 8 ,, 6 8 10 10 8 3 3 4 8 6 6 5 6 0 9 1 2 6 9 8 0 1 3 8 3 0 9 „ 6 8 11 11 11 8 9 8 11 8 8 7 9 3 12 S 9 6 6 5 8 2 8 9 6 6 10 „ 6 8 7 11 9 10 10 9 10 8 9 8 9 3 14 5 11 12 11 8 11 3 12 8 7 9 11 ,. 5 6 6 10 8 10 11 9 8 6 7 6 8 3 13 6 14 16 14 16 14 4 12 6 7 10 Midt. 3 4 4 7 5 7 7 6 6 4 4 6 6 9 7 11 12 12 18 18 10 9 8 2 6 10 E EEMSM dNSTER.— F< )ITR Years. ] ilUN ICH.— Ten Tears. La r.N. 48° 4', Lc NO. E. 14° 8'; Heic .ht, 1260 Feet a si Lat. N. 48° 9' Lo: ■•g. E. 11° 36' ; Height, 1708 Feet 3 1 A.M. a so Ha n C ffl ft J-' ft <3 >. r. © a a bb < ft to a O o u o C 10 6 2 6 2 0 6 2 4 2 ii 7 2 3 2 4 2 2 5 4 3 3 2 0 2 2 „ 7 C 2 1 0 2 0 2 2 4 i 7 1 4 0 0 2 0 2 1 0 0 2 1 2 'i 3 „ 4 8 7 2 2 4 0 3 0 7 3 6 3 3 5 4 4 :; 1 2 3 1 5 4 3 3 4 „ 0 11 8 3 2 3 2 3 0 9 6 8 4 1 8 7 f) 3 1 2 4 6 6 6 5 5 5 „ 4 12 6 2 3 2 6 0 1 8 4 8 3 4 8 6 4 ii 2 0 3 5 6 6 7 4 6 „ 4 6 0 6 14 9 12 6 6 4 1 4 3 4 8 4 2 6 5 2 1 0 5 6 6 1 7 ,, 0 2 8 17 23 18 23 18 17 5 5 1 11 0 4 2 8 12 10 9 6 5 2 2 2 4 8 ,, 4 10 14 22 26 24 25 23 23 12 12 4 17 4 4 6 12 15 12 12 9 10 8 6 4 9 9 „ 8 17 18 26 26 24 24 25 27 18 18 11 20 10 7 11 14 15 12 12 12 12 13 11 11 12 10 „ 16 21 20 26 22 22 19 23 28 19 23 15 21 13 10 11 15 13 11 11 12 14 12 12 15 12 11 ., 14 21 20 19 13 16 14 18 21 16 19 14 17 11 12 10 12 11 8 8 11 12 11 11 11 11 Noon. 1 13 12 7 4 8 3 10 11 6 6 1 7 1 6 6 5 5 4 4 5 6 4 2 2 4 1 P.M. 10 3 2 2 5 0 6 1 3 5 4 9 3 9 2 1 0 2 4 3 0 0 4 4 6 3 g 16 9 8 12 14 !) 14 8 12 12 11 14 12 12 7 7 7 8 in 7 '6 6 9 10 10 8 3 ", 15 12 14 20 21 16 20 16 21 18 14 14 17 9 10 12 15 14 14 12 11 12 12 9 8 10 4 „ 12 14 19 24 26 21 26 22 24 20 13 11 19 8 9 14 18 18 18 16 14 14 12 8 5 12 5 >i 10 14 18 24 27 23 27 24 23 16 10 6 19 5 7 12 18 20 20 19 17 15 10 4 4 13 6 „ 6 8 11 22 26 23 27 24 22 10 7 2 16 3 1 7 15 19 17 17 15 12 3 1 1 9 7 ,, 2 3 8 17 20 20 20 20 16 6 6 2 11 1 3 0 7 12 12 11 9 5 1 3 2 ■1 8 ,, 2 1 2 7 12 13 10 10 10 0 4 3 5 2 4 4 3 4 4 4 0 2 4 4 4 1 9 „ 5 6 S 0 0 0 3 1 1 10 1 11 3 4 6 7 5 4 4 4 4 4 6 5 5 5 10 ,, 4 6 6 2 4 4 5 2 3 11 1 11 5 3 6 8 7 6 9 9 8 6 7 5 6 ' 11 ,, 2 6 5 2 10 6 7 3 4 11 2 10 5 3 6 6 9 9 11 11 9 5 5 4 6 7 Midt. 2 6 3 1 2 10 4 8 4 4 6 2 6 4 0 5 4 8 7 10 10 8 4 4 3 4 6 1 22 THE VOYAGE OF H.M.S. CHALLENGER. BERNE.— Ten Years PARIS. —Six Years. Lai . N. 46° 57', Long. E. 7° 35' ; Height, 1883 Feet Lai . N. 48° 30', Long. E. 2° 20-; Height, 216 Feet. 1 A.M a 03 09 p* a a, S\i "3 »-3 ti ■< ft m o O o © p a 1-3 © 3 a ft < GO 3 © a 3 >-- *3 >-3 3 "a. © o > o p S 1 11 7 9 7 11 9 7 9 7 8 l 7 1 7 2 6 5 0 3 2 0 2 5 0 2 2 „ 1 10 4 6 5 6 7 5 8 6 6 2 6 4 7 0 2 0 4 1 7 4 1 8 5 2 3 ,. 0 6 2 2 4 3 4 2 6 2 2 3 3 10 4 1 1 2 6 4 10 7 6 11 10 5 4 ,, 3 3 2 2 4 3 4 0 4 0 2 6 1 13 0 3 0 1 3 2 10 6 8 11 14 6 5 „ 6 2 4 1 2 3 5 2 2 0 5 5 0 13 4 3 4 4 2 3 3 2 8 10 14 4 6 „ 7 0 3 3 9 5 8 4 5 0 4 4 1 8 5 1 8 9 8 8 5 4 3 4 10 1 7 „ 5 1 1 7 11 7 10 7 7 5 0 1 4 0 2 4 12 13 12 14 13 11 4 3 2 7 8 ,, 1 4 2 9 11 8 11 8 9 9 3 1 6 8 3 11 16 15 14 16 17 16 11 10 6 12 9 ,. 5 7 3 10 8 7 8 8 10 11 7 6 8 13 9 16 17 15 13 15 17 19 16 14 12 15 10 „ 11 11 6 13 7 4 6 7 10 11 12 12 9 14 12 19 15 12 11 13 15 18 15 15 14 14 11 „ 13 11 5 9 5 2 3 3 6 7 11 10 7 11 10 16 10 7 8 8 11 13 10 11 9 10 Noon 5 6 1 1 1 2 1 2 1 2 4 1 1 4 3 8 2 1 5 4 6 6 0 4 2 4 1 P.M. 8 6 7 9 11 7 9 10 13 ■9 8 10 9 4 6 3 7 5 1 2 0 2 9 4 5 4 2 „ 13 14 8 12 15 11 12 11 15 15 14 9 12 8 14 12 15 11 7 8 6 9 17 8 9 10 3 „ 10 15 13 17 18 I 13 14 14 16 17 15 8 15 11 19 20 22 17 14 14 12 15 19 9 111 16 4 ,, 9 14 13 19 19 14 15 16 19 23 19 5 15 10 18 20 26 22 19 20 17 18 17 6 7 17 6 ., 7 12 11 22 19 15 17 16 18 15 5 5 14 7 11 17 24 23 21 23 19 18 12 2 3 15 6 ,, 2 10 7 15 17 13 16 15 14 9 5 2 10 2 3 11 19 19 19 21 17 14 4 2 1 10 7 ., 1 4 1 9 11 9 13 9 5 3 2 1 5 2 2 3 11 12 13 15 11 7 2 5 5 5 8 „ 4 2 4 1 4 4 11 1 2 1 1 4 1 5 5 2 2 4 4 6 2 0 6 6 7 1 9 ., 6 1 8 6 6 5 2 3 3 6 5 6 4 8 6 4 6 6 6 4 6 4 9 5 9 6 10 „ 9 3 11 9 10 11 6 10 6 8 6 8 8 9 5 6 10 10 11 10 11 7 10 2 10 8 11 ., 9 4 12 11 12 12 10 12 6 9 6 9 9 8 5 5 12 11 12 11 12 6 9 0 9 8 Midt. 7 4 11 10 12 12 11 12 7 9 5 7 9 6 6 3 9 8 7 7 7 3 7 2 6 6 VENI >OHE.— Two Yeai is. LY0 NS.- —Two Years, Lai \ N. 47' -17', I oxg. E. 1° 4' ; Heii JHT, 281 I \et. Lat . N. 45° 4 i', Long. E. 4° 49'; Height, 574 Feet. 1 A.M. i 3 a "Eh ft < a a 3 fcb 3 <1 ft © 03 O > o © p © 03 a ft a © 3 3 1-3 "3 1-3 3 ft m CO O > o c5 © R 3 © 5 13 4 6 5 1 5 4 4 4 0 0 2 3 18 13 1 7 13 6 3 5 4 4 2 6 2 „ 7 16 2 4 7 2 8 <; 2 9 1 2 4 1 14 10 7 2 10 5 0 2 1 1 3 3 3 „ 8 17 1 2 7 4 8 5 2 12 2 5 5 0 6 7 8 0 6 4 1 1 3 4 5 0 4 „ 9 16 3 2 5 2 6 4 2 15 4 7 6 4 1 6 10 2 6 4 1 3 6 7 9 2 5 „ 9 15 1 6 2 2 1 2 4 12 6 10 4 6 0 7 7 4 8 9 2 1 3 7 9 0 6 „ 8 13 4 12 4 9 9 4 9 2 0 10 2 4 1 13 1 9 12 14 7 2 2 5 6 3 7 „ 4 6 10 18 9 12 14 9 13 9 4 6 7 2 4 19 10 14 17 20 15 11 6 2 2 10 8 ,, 9 7 15 22 13 16 16 11 18 14 11 4 13 4 8 27 13 17 17 24 17 16 17 11 9 15 9 „ 18 11 20 24 14 16 14 13 20 18 16 11 16 11 11 30 16 15 14 23 16 20 22 17 15 18 10 „ 24 13 20 21 14 15 13 13 19 19 19 20 18 17 13 28 14 13 10 20 15 19 23 22 19 19 11 n 24 18 17 16 9 12 10 8 12 14 10 18 14 17 11 21 13 8 6 15 11 13 20 19 12 14 Noon 11 10 10 6 3 7 6 1 2 2 3 7 5 6 2 10 6 2 0 8 4 10 10 6 0 5 1 P.M. 3 2 3 3 3 2 0 2 7 7 14 3 4 7 11 8 2 5 11 3 4 5 7 9 12 7 2 „ 10 11 16 14 10 7 6 9 16 13 19 10 12 14 21 21 10 11 18 12 12 16 13 18 16 15 3 „ 10 13 24 22 17 12 13 15 21 16 16 12 16 15 26 29 14 17 24 19 17 22 17 20 16 20 4 ,, 8 11 28 28 20 18 19 18 24 16 12 8 18 12 25 35 21 20 29 26 23 25 19 18 15 22 5 „ 8 6 23 27 21 20 22 20 22 14 6 7 16 7 23 35 19 23 29 30 23 22 18 14 9 21 6 >. 4 2 15 24 15 19 22 17 18 6 1 3 12 4 16 29 14 20 26 30 23 18 9 6 3 17 7 „ 3 9 8 16 8 13 14 8 11 3 5 1 5 1 7 20 7 10 20 25 17 9 5 0 2 10 8 „ 3 12 1 7 0 8 6 1 4 4 9 5 1 1 0 11 3 5 10 17 4 2 3 2 5 3 9 >, 2 14 3 2 10 2 3 10 1 11 11 6 6 3 3 5 9 3 5 5 5 6 0 5 7 3 10 „ 1 15 6 1 14 5 6 13 2 13 13 6 8 3 7 0 12 7 13 2 11 8 2 6 10 7 11 >, 1 14 6 1 12 4 7 12 0 13 13 6 7 6 8 2 13 9 15 4 12 9 2 6 12 8 Midt. 4 11 5 0 8 1 5 9 4 10 11 4 6 3 9 5 13 8 17 7 14 9 2 6 12 9 REPORT ON ATMOSPHERIC CIRCULATION. 23 Lat. MADRID.— F N. 40° 24', Long. E. 3° ve Tears. 45' ; Height, 2149 Feet. Lat. COIMBRA.— Sevbn Years. N. 40° 12', Lose. W. 8° 23' ; Height, 462 Feet. •1 A.M. *2 >, 3 „ p 1-3 4 12 17 o ft 3- 10 15 =s 3 a P j>> < p. m O > si n d © S»i a OS © ft a < c? a 6 p >-3 p < p. 03 CO *3 o O > o Z c5 03 u 3 B 1 6 8 2 ' 1 2 8 6 5 9 9 9 9 8 7 6 5 4 1 2 4 3 9 14 2 10 14 4 n 16 2 3 5 1 1 4 4 1 7 10 2 6 0 9 14 0 6 11 1 6 10 3 1 5 6 1 4 1 4 8 1 6 11 2 4 9 1 0 4 2 3 8 *4 „ *5 .. 6 „ 20 15 6 18 9 1 6 1 6 4 9 16 8 13 17 12 18 23 13 19 23 8 15 20 2 4 11 14 6 2 14 8 2 18 15 6 5 4 9 9 10 11 11 8 8 6 2 16 16 9 12 9 2 10 6 1 5 2 3 6 4 1 9 7 2 11 9 7 12 12 10 9 12 7 10 9 5 *7 „ 9 „ 8 17 24 10 22 30 14 24 28 21 30 32 25 28 26 28 30 29 30 35 33 29 34 34 23 30 34 15 26 32 14 25 29 6 15 23 19 26 29 2 9 24 1 10 21 6 14 25 2 3 11 4 9 14 6 10 12 7 11 16 7 12 17 5 15 23 1 12 22 1 10 23 1 9 22 2 10 19 •10 „ '11 „ Noon 25 18 7 32 26 18 26 20 11 28 19 6 22 14 3 23 17 8 25 15 11 27 16 11 31 22 10 29 20 8 28 18 5 26 18 6 27 19 9 29 23 6 26 23 9 27 22 10 14 10 1 15 11 2 13 10 4 17 13 1 19 12 0 24 18 3 23 19 4 26 22 4 29 22 3 22 17 4 •1 P.M. *2 „ 3 „ 5 15 20 8 23 25 3 23 29 6 26 33 8 26 34 6 24 30 5 19 25 5 21 28 C 22 28 5 19 25 6 17 22 3 12 14 6 21 26 11 19 21 10 21 26 6 18 25 4 10 16 8 13 18 6 10 14 8 13 17 11 17 21 12 19 25 10 15 18 9 15 15 12 19 19 9 16 20 M „ *5 „ 6 „ 19 13 6 27 21 17 34 29 21 36 34 30 37 39 34 42 44 .40 39 46 41 40 45 40 32 31 29 25 22 17 20 17 13 12 8 3 31 29 24 18 14 5 24 18 9 27 25 14 19 14 8 19 17 13 1G 15 11 19 20 18 21 20 15 23 19 13 18 14 4 12 7 2 15 11 6 19 16 9 •7 „ *8 „ 9 „ 3 9 11 8 2 4 10 2 4 17 5 1 20 6 3 22 13 4 23 15 9 22 13 4 20 10 1 5 4 6 4 4 6 3 7 9 11 3 2 1 5 8 1 5 9 3 5 11 0 14 22 4 6 16 3 7 21 8 1 15 G 8 19 2 10 16 3 9 11 7 10 14 1 4 8 1 7 14 •10 „ •11 „ Midt. 10 8 7 4 5 6 8 9 9 3 5 6 10 13 11 1 4 6 2 0 2 1 4 5 2 4 6 7 6 5 6 4 3 9 7 5 5 6 6 9 7 3 13 12 9 13 9 5 22 19 12 18 16 10 22 19 11 16 14 9 19 17 11 15 12 8 11 8 3 13 11 7 10 10 4 15 13 8 Lai LIS r. N. 38° 43', L BON.— T ONQ. W. S EN Y •8'; BARS Hei GHT, 312 ] Feet. Lat SAN FEI N. 36° 28', L< iNANDO.— Five Years. )kg. W. 6" 15' ; Hkigiit, 92 Feet. 1 A.M. 2 „ 3 „ p as Hi ft 3 'u d HI ci P p" l-s "p >-3 a < P. m CO O > o (5 p p° CD ha 5 2 0 ft 0 3 6 d a 5. d a 6 a p >-3 p «1 © CO o > o 6 B s 4 4 6 2 3 11 4 5 13 1 7 13 3 9 14 5 11 15 1 7 12 2 9 13 0 7 13 2 7 17 0 3 9 1 3 5 i 6 12 6 2 2 5 0 4 5 1 5 0 5 7 3 0 1 2 2 4 3 2 6 3 1 5 2 2 5 4 6 9 3 2 4 4 „ 5 „ 6 „ 13 17 13 14 13 9 17 14 8 17 13 4 17 12 5 22 9 3 12 8 2 15 11 2 15 11 3 17 13 8 12 11 6 11 14 9 15 12 6 4 5 3 9 9 6 6 5 2 6 5 2 G 5 3 6 3 2 0 4 8 2 0 4 6 4 0 6 4 1 6 0 11 9 6 6 4 1 7 „ 8 „ 9 „ 3 8 25 1 13 24 2 11 20 6 .11 20 3 9 15 6 16 17 6 13 16 7 15 21 6 16 26 1 15 25 4 15 26 1 10 24 3 13 22 4 13 20 2 11 20 3 10 16 3 11 14 1 6 9 7 11 14 12 15 17 10 15 20 6 13 19 9 17 23 9 19 26 2 12 19 6 13 18 10 „ 11 „ Noon 33 27 5 28 28 13 23 20 11 22 17 8 16 13 6 22 17 9 18 16 7 23 19 7 28 21 9 27 20 4 28 21 0 31 26 0 25 20 7 22 17 6 24 20 10 19 15 7 17 15 9 12 12 9 17 17 15 18 16 13 22 21 16 22 19 11 22 17 6 25 17 4 22 18 7 20 17 9 1 P.M. 2 „ 3 „ 10 20 20 4 18 22 2 13 19 1 9 .18 2 6 12 1 6 12 0 7 13 1 8 12 1 11 17 4 16 18 11 20 21 7 15 22 3 12 17 9 21 28 9 17 23 4 15 23 0 11 20 2 6 14 7 3 13 4 6 16 6 6 19 0 12 22 8 19 25 3 22 27 6 14 22 2 13 21 4 ,, 5 „ 6 „ 17 13 6 22 18 10 20 18 11 19 16 14 15 13 11 15 17 13 16 18 16 17 19 18 20 r.» 16 17 13 6 19 15 8 18 14 7 18 1G 11 26 18 9 23 17 7 25 22 15 26 24 18 19 20 16 22 25 22 24 28 27 27 30 26 27 26 19 26 20 13 25 17 8 20 14 3 24 22 15 7 „ 8 „ 9 „ 1 6 10 2 3 8 4 e n 7 6 14 3 4 15 7 0 12 10 2 10 10 2 12 8 4 11 2 8 16 1 2 8 1 4 7 4 3 11 0 6 7 2 8 10 6 4 10 9 1 9 7 2 10 11 5 4 20 10 0 18 7 2 8 2 9 4 3 7 1 4 6 6 10 12 7 1 6 10 „ 11 ., Midt. 12 12 11 10 10 6 13 13 8 14 13 8 15 13 6 13 12 9 12 12 6 12 11 7 10 8 3 14 10 5 9 8 4 9 10 4 12 11 6 7 6 6 8 6 3 13 12 10 13 13 10 14 14 14. 6 9 5 6 8 7 7 8 6 12 11 7 9 9 6 6 5 4 9 5 1 9 9 7 • Hours interpolated. 24 THE VOYAGE OF H.M.S. CHALLENGER VALENTIA.*— Six Years. 1 AIU1AGH.*— Six Years Lat. N. 51* 65', Long. W. 10° 18'; Height, 23 Feet. Lat. N. 54° 21', Long. W. 6° 39' ; Height, 207 Feet 1 A.M a BS . 6 fa 8 c3 4 2, o d a; R CD >"3 CD fa p. < GO CD a 3 ►-a 3*1 >"3 hn 3 "3. CD O > o d CD a u a CD 2 3 1 1 2 2 'J 15 3 2 10 12 5 2 8 7 4 4 0 6 10 5 3 - ., 9 2 0 3 3 7 7 4 1 14 11 1 3 9 7 1 3 3 2 1 2 3 12 7 2 1 3 ,, 10 4 7 7 9 14 13 9 8 19 7 2 8 9 0 3 6 1 2 8 7 8 18 4 2 4 4 „ 15 10 13 11 13 20 16 17 12 20 2 7 13 11 C 9 9 4 5 10 11 12 21 1 2 8 5 ,, 19 7? 13 13 14 19 15 16 16 20 1 12 14 13 7 8 9 4 5 10 12 12 19 0 5 9 6 ,, 21 11 11 8 10 16 12 13 11 17 2 13 12 13 8 7 3 0 4 7 9 8 17 0 6 7 7 18 9 8 5 8 12 8 8 5 13 1 11 9 8 6 4 3 3 0 4 5 o 12 2 4 3 8 ,, 11 2 3 1 3 7 3 3 1 3 6 6 3 3 2 1 7 6 3 0 0 5 3 8 1 2 9 ,, 1 3 0 1 0 3 2 1 6 5 10 0 2 6 2 6 9 7 3 1 2 8 3 13 6 5 10 „ 8 8 5 6 3 1 1 3 10 11 15 7 6 11 5 8 10 4 2 1 4 11 6 15 10 7 11 ,, 14 13 7 8 5 6 3 6 12 13 15 9 9 14 10 8 9 2 1 1 4 10 8 16 11 8 Nona 12 14 7 7 6 7 4 7 10 12 8 4 8 8 6 6 5 0 0 1 4 8 6 7 2 4 1 l> M. 2 „ 3 ,. 4 7 6 6 6 7 3 7 9 8 4 4 4 1 2 0 2 1 2 1 3 5 1 2 7 0 2' 4 0 2 3 4 6 3 7 4 4 12 10 1 5 8 6 3 4 5 1 0 0 3 9 13 5 6 7 1 1 6 1 4 1 1 19 12 3 6 12 10 9 7 7 2 2 4 3 13 13 7 4 „ 5 „ 6 ,. 1 7 9 5 4 4 2 0 4 1 17 6 4 3 12 12 13 10 10 6 6 7 i 13 11 9 1 6 8 5 4 3 3 0 5 1 15 j 4 1 9 10 13 11 10 6 6 8 1 10 7 8 5 0 4 3 4 4 1 1 4 4 10 5 1 3 1 4 12 10 8 6 5 6 7 7 3 4 7 „ 8 „ 9 ,, 7 4 3 1 2 6 2 0 2 10 7 7 2 6 3 2 7 6 4 2 1 1 14 6 1 0 11 4 6 6 3 7 7 5 3 12 4 10 6 8 6 6 2 1 0 4 6 6 16 5 2 4 12 4 11 9 8 9 13 10 5 12 1 12 9 8 7 9 7 8 7 11 10 6 18 5 e 8 10 ,, 11 ., Midt, 13 4 13 9 12 14 17 12 6 13 1 13 11 9 7 9 10 9 11 13 11 6 16 5 6 9 13 1 14 7 10 11 15 7 4 9 0 11 9 9 6 9 11 8 12 14 9 4 14 4 8 8 12 6 7 6 12 -4 3 6 1 9J 6 7 3 7 11 7 10 13 5 1 12 4 8 7 Fi> Lat. N. 50° iLM 3UTH.«— Six Yea BS. OXFOE D. — Eighteen Years. Y, Lr >ng. W. 5° 4' ; Hek JUT, 211 1 ~"eet. Lat. N. 51° 46', Long. W. 1° 16' ; Height, 212 Feet. 1 A.M. d 6 8 •° i Is fa i a p. a a 3 "5 1-3 ha 3 < a. 22 o > d CD fl u CO CD a ea >-5 CD fa co X eg 3 1 3 M •< "8. CD 02 O o d CD R CO CD 7 2 1 i 2 3 3 1 1 4 6 1 1 4 2 3 4 4 3 3 2 1 1 5 2 3 ", 2 3 6 7 10 10 9 5 9 1 8 6 5 0 2 2 0 0 1 2 6 3 3 1 2 9 4 12 11 12 17 17 15 13 17 3 8 12 9 5 6 5 2 2 4 4 9 8 7 3 5 4 „ 14 10 18 15 16 20 18 19 17 21 8 12 16 13 7 9 6 2 2 3 5 11 10 9 6 7 5 „ G „ 19 10 16 16 14 19 17 19 19 22 8 16 17 15 8 9 3 1 1 1 3 10 10 10 7 6 20 10 14 10 9 14 12 13 14 20 8 14 13 13 5 6 1 4 5 3 0 7 7 7 5 3 7 „ 8 „ 9 „ 16 7 1 7 9 4 4 8 5 6 6 14 3 10 8 11 2 1 6 7 10 6 4 2 1 2 0 2 1 6 1 1 1 3 0 0 1 4 6 3 1 1 9 4 10 10 13 8 7 3 5 4 6 6 4 6 3 0 3 4 7 1 11 5 4 2 13 8 12 10 13 9 9 9 8 8 11 9 10 „ 11 „ Noon 9 11 10 8 6 2 6 7 12 7 16 14 9 6 13 11 12 8 11 8 8 10 9 9 11 10 13 18 15 11 10 6 9 10 13 11 19 18 13 7 7 10 8 5 6 5 6 9 7 6 5 7 10 14 13 7 11 7 8 11 12 8 13 9 10 6 0 5 2 1 0 2 2 6 0 0 1 2 1 P.M. 2 „ 3 „ 3 10 7 5 4 10 8 5 8 7 7 10 8 3 3 4 5 1 9 2 5 5 6 2 3 2 6 6 8 4 0 5 1 6 6 6 9 4 1 4 10 0 2 16 9 11 10 12 6 9 5 11 10 13 10 4 1 5 3 5 1 3 8 10 3 3 17 13 16 15 15 10 13 9 12 12 14 12 4 „ 5 ,, 6 ,, 3 1 7 10 8 7 2 6 1 3 0 2 4 3 9 c 4 0 14 14 19 17 i: 11 15 10 10 8 11 12 7 2 7 3 1 2 1 4 1 7 2 3 4 8 11 16 16 16 11 11 9 5 4 6 9 4 4 z 2 3 3 7 5 3 1 7 2 5 11 13 12 7 10 3 1 1 1 5 7 „ 8 „ 9 ., 11 14 16 3 2 0 2 3 0 0 1 11 3 7 3 10 3 2 4 7 8 1 4 3 7 6 3 1 4 6 8 3 6 4 5 8 12 3 10 6 11 7 8 3 1 1 1 4 8 10 9 5 5 4 8 10 10 13 10 8 8 14 o 12 9 10 8 11 8 7 4 5 9 11 12 10 6 8 10 „ 11 ,, Midt. 16 16 12 3 0 2 10 10 10 14 11 9 8 16 3 13 10 8 9 11 11 11 9 9 12 11 11 9 7 10 8 6 10 8 7 5 11 9 9 7 6 3 4 1 14 10 7 9 12 8 7 5 5 3 9 7 10 6 11 8 11 8 10 8 9 7 12 8 I 8 4 9 6 7 5 6 6 9 6 * Greenwich mean time. REPORT ON ATMOSPHERIC CIRCULATION. 25 KEW«. —Six Years. GREENWICH.— Twenty Years ■ Lat. js'. 01° 28', Long. W. 0° 19'; Height, 34 Feet. Lat. Ml 51* 28', Long. 0° ; Height, 159 Feet. 1 A.M. p 03 Ha 4 11 3 a, *3 a 3 Ha §> |.|-g -< CO j O o p (S •-a 2 1 a a. ■«! 2 7 © a 4 Ha 5 to 3 < 4 oj CO 3 © O 6 o "A 5 n C >< 6 2 7 5 4 4 3 1 5 6 3 8 2 2 „ 2 10 2 2 3 2 1 1 0 3 2 6 0 3 2 4 2 4 0 1 1 2 2 2 0 0 3 „ 4 1 4 6 2 2 3 5 5 8 3 8 4 5 6 3 5 1 3 2 4 6 4 2 i 4 4 „ 9 5 6 8 4 1 3 7 0 11 7 10 7 9 li 6 S 2 4 3 7 10 7 6 4 fi 5 „ 14 6 7 7 1 2 1 6 9 10 8 13 7 12 9 6 7 0 2 2 6 11 8 7 i; 6 „ 13 6 3 0 4 6 4 2 2 8 6 10 3 13 9 4 2 3 1 0 1 6 7 7 4 7 n 10 3 2 5 8 10 8 3 4 2 2 7 1 10 4 1 3 6 6 4 3 0 2 3 4 0 8 „ 3 4 8 10 10 12 10 7 10 4 6 2 7 3 3 5 7 7 9 8 8 6 6 4 2 C 9 » 2 8 11 10 8 11 9 8 14 6 10 8 9 4 8 9 11 8 9 9 11 11 9 9 10 9 10 „ 8 10 11 10 7 9 7 7 12 6 15 15 10 10 11 11 12 7 9 8 11 12 10 12 16 11 11 „ 9 13 10 8 4 C 6 6 10 4 13 12 9 11 13 10 10 5 7 7 8 9 8 10 14 9 Noon 2 6 6 2 1 2 2 2 6 2 6 3 3 2 8 7 6 1 3 4 4 6 1 2 3 4 1 P.M. _ • 1 3 2 5 5 2 2 0 9 0 5 3 6 1 0 1 3 1 0 0 1 8 6 7 3 2 , 12 10 12 10 10 10 7 i; 7 13 7 10 10 !) 8 1 4 7 5 3 4 4 12 11 11 7 3 „ 10 13 15 15 14 13 11 10 12 16 8 9 12 5 11 12 11 12 9 7 9 9 14 11 U 10 4 „ 7 14 17 18 17 17 14 13 15 14 6 5 13 2 11 15 18 14 12 11 11 11 14 10 7 11 5 ,, 4 10 15 17 19 20 17 15 14 8 3 3 11 2 8 14 14 16 15 14 14 12 10 6 5 10 « .. 2 3 7 11 15 18 15 12 10 2 1 2 7 6 2 10 12 15 14 14 13 9 3 2 2 8 7 „ 7 0 0 4 9 12 10 5 2 7 1 5 2 8 3 4 7 10 11 11 9 2 2 1 1 3 8 ,. 11 2 5 7 1 4 2 5 4 12 3 10 4 9 5 1 1 3 5 5 0 4 6 2 3 2 9 „ 13 4 7 10 9 6 6 10 6 16 1 12 8 9 8 5 7 6 6 4 6 7 10 5 4 6 10 „ 15 4 8 12 11 11 10 11 7 17 0 12 10 8 9 6 9 9 9 7 9 9 11 4 C 8 11 ., 15 3 7 12 12 12 10 12 6 15 4 12 9 7 9 6 9 10 10 3 10 7 10 4 6 8 Midt, 14 2 6 10 10 10 9 8 2 14 8 9 7 3 3 10 ■ 5 11 7 8 7 7 9 9 1 1 LIVER POO L.—' lhree Tears. ' GELDESTON.— Four Years, Lai r. N. 53° 25', L OXG. W. 2° 59' ; Height, 30 Feet Lat . N. 52° 28', Long. E. 1 ■ 32' ; Height, 38 Feet. 1 A.M. a 1-5 .a S3 ft a, < © a 3 Ha < a, CO O > o rt _ e rt Ha H °h p. « © a 3 Ha 'a >-5 3° ^« *"3 | CO "© o a & © a o 2 14 4 6 6 3 3 3 2 10 4 9 5 9 12 4 1 4 0 1 7 6 5 2 i 1 2 „ 0 12 1 3 2 1 2 1 3 5 2 7 2 9 12 0 2 7 6 4 2 1 8 0 4 :: 3 „ 3 6 5 0 4 1 5 2 7 1 3 7 2 9 15 7 6 11 9 8 3 5 13 5 6 7 4 „ 12 0 12 3 9 2 7 5 7 4 9 2 6 5 18 10 9 14 10 7 7 9 15 10 9 9 5 „ 13 4 13 3 5 2 7 7 9 6 12 1 7 2 15 11 8 11 8 5 6 11 15 10 12 !l 6 „ 21 7 8 1 1 0 4 5 6 7 12 3 6 2 14 9 3 6 5 2 3 9 14 9 11 7 7 „ 13 7 3 7 4 2 0 1 3 2 12 2 3 5 9 5 2 2 1 3 1 5 8 6 10 3 8 >i 4 4 2 10 10 5 3 3 8 6 4 3 3 10 2 1 6 3 2 7 3 1 1 1 O 9 „ 6 4 6 11 9 7 5 5 11 6 2 13 6 18 4 5 10 5 6 8 6 4 6 7 6 7 10 „ 11 4 7 10 8 7 6 5 11 6 0 15 7 21 8 8 12 7 7 7 6 4 10 9 13 9 11 ., 14 4 7 8 7 8 6 5 8 5 1 12 6 20 11 9 10 6 8 7 5 3 10 10 13 10 Noon 8 7 6 4 6 6 6 4 6 0 4 2 3 10 8 7 8 4 7 6 4 1 5 2 7 6 1 P.M. 3 9 2 0 4 4 5 2 5 9 5 i) 1 1 2 3 4 2 5 2 3 2 1 3 2 1 2 „ 0 13 5 7 1 2 1 0 1 11 7 16 5 8 3 2 0 1 3 0 0 4 2 8 6 •> 3 „ 0 14 12 15 5 3 0 4 7 14 T 16 8 9 5 8 6 3 1 4 3 7 4 8 5 5 4 „ 2 13 12 19 9 8 4 7 9 14 5 13 9 11 6 11 8 5 2 7 6 8 3 6 o 6 5 >, 3 7 12 20 13 12 8 10 10 11 1 10 9 11 3 10 10 6 4 10 8 7 0 2 2 C c „ 2 1 6 18 13 13 S 11 9 4 6 7 7 10 3 5 8 6 5 10 8 3 6 1 1 4 7 „ 4 4 1 12 11 11 7 8 5 1 10 4 3 9 7 2 5 2 4 7 5 S 8 3 6 0 8 „ 4 7 7 2 7 9 3 0 1 5 12 2 1 !l 9 6 0 5 1 4 1 8 10 5 7 o 9 „ 3 11 9 6 1 o 3 4 6 8 14 1 5 9 12 9 3 11 5 2 4 11 11 6 9 6 10 „ 3 16 10 10 2 1 6 8 5 10 13 1 7 9 13 9 3 13 6 5 4 11 10 7 9 7 11 7 5 1 *> 0 7 6 10 5 4 6 4 8 2 2 2 4 10 2 5 6 2 3 ',', 6 13 11 13 12 10 2 5 6 11 9 10 9 0 4 2 11 8 5 7 7 14 5 2 5 5 4 „ 2 12 12 15 13 13 4 6 7 8 6 6 9 2 5 1 12 11 9 10 9 16 4 3 4 5 5 ,, 1 9 11 16 15 15 7 10 7 3 3 5 8 4 9 4 10 12 12 13 11 14 1 6 2 4 6 „ 6 2 4 10 12 12 6 7 1 5 1 0 4 6 14 7 6 9 11 11 7 10 3 9 0 1 7 ,, 10 1 1 4 7 8 2 2 5 9 0 2 0 8 19 13 1 2 6 8 2 4 7 10 1 3 8 ,, 14 3 6 7 1 2 4 8 10 13 0 5 6 9 22 15 9 3 4 4 5 1 10 12 2 7 9 „ 14 4 7 11 8 6 10 11 10 15 1 6 8 9 22 15 13 7 1 1 9 2 11 12 4 9 10 „ 15 5 9 13 11 11 11 13 9 16 2 8 10 8 22 16 15 8 1 3 12 3 9 11 5 9 11 „ 14 3 7 13 10 11 10 11 6 15 7 7 8 6 10 15 14 8 1 4 12 1 7 10 4 8 MiJt. 12 2 7 13 9 9 8 9 3 13 9 6 7 2 7 14 4 3 8 6 2 12 1 0 7 1 GLASGOW.*— Six Seai s. A3 JEM )EE] *T.*— Six Tears. Lat N. 55° 53', Long. W. 4 °18' ; He ight, 18J Pee t. Lat . N 57° 1 )', Long. W. 2° 6' ; Height, 88 Feet. 1 A.M. i 1-3 4 ft 3 < II * 3 4 CD 02 CD o o 3 CD o 3 3 CD 3 a c£ ,3 CD ft a CD p p H3 1-5 to p CD *3 CD O > o c5 o o (M 11 13 9 3 8 6 4 6 1 4 10 15 12 9 3 3 4 4 2 2 1 i 1 9 12 10 3 6 5 3 1 1 5 8 1 4 0 9 13 8 13 0 2 1 0 1 7 2 i 1 8 „ 11 3 2 10 1 2 5 5 11 14 3 3 5 11 7 1 16 4 6 6 6 8 13 6 i 6 4 „ 14 2 8 12 0 2 8 9 14 17 5 2 8 12 2 6 20 7 7 7 8 12 15 8 5 9 5 „ 16 4 10 11 2 1 7 9 15 18 4 6 8 15 1 8 19 5 6 6 10 14 16 8 8 10 6 „ 15 5 9 3 5 3 3 G 10 17 3 7 0 15 3 8 12 1 4 3 8 10 14 6 10 8 7 ,, 12 4 5 3 8 6 1 3 3 11 1 6 2 12 2 7 G 2 1 0 5 7 10 2 8 5 8 „ 4 0 0 8 10 8 3 1 2 3 7 1 3 3 2 3 1 5 3 1 2 4 3 6 o II 9 >< 4 4 4 10 9 6 3 2 6 0 14 4 6 3 3 2 2 7 3 1 1 0 0 11 2 3 10 „ 11 5 4 10 7 5 3 2 8 5 17 10 7 3 4 1 4 6 3 1 0 2 3 15 9 5 11 „ 15 8 5 9 4 2 2 1 7 8 18 10 7 10 6 2 5 5 2 0 1 3 7 18 9 6 Noon 9 5 2 4 0 0 1 0 5 5 12 2 4 4 2 0 5 4 2 0 0 2 5 11 3 3 1 r.M. 2 3 2 1 3 3 1 2 3 1 6 5 1 2 5 4 5 2 1 2 2 0 1 5 3 0 2 „ 3 10 7 4 5 6 2 4 0 3 3 10 5 4 12 8 3 0 0 3 2 2 2 0 7 3 3 „ 5 16 11 10 12 10 5 6 4 5 6 13 9 4 15 11 1 4 3 6 4 5 5 3 6 6 4 >i 2 15 11 13 15 14 8 7 7 5 7 11 10 1 14 11 2 6 6 7 6 5 4 2 4 6 5 „ 1 11 9 12 16 16 9 9 6 1 7 8 9 1 11 7 2 9 7 8 6 a 1 1 3 5 c „ 4 3 1 9 14 13 6 7 2 7 4 4 4 5 5 0 1 7 6 5 3 3 5 0 1 1 7 „ 7 0 4 3 11 10 4 2 4 10 5 0 1 8 1 5 7 4 3 1 2 9 9 0 1 3 8 „ 10 3 8 5 3 8 2 7 9 12 5 4 4 12 2 9 14 1 1 5 9 14 10 1 3 7 9 „ 12 5 11 9 2 3 8 9 10 13 6 6 7 12 3 10 15 5 7 10 12 13 11 4 5 8 10 „ 11 6 11 11 6 9 12 11 9 14 7 8 8 13 5 10 14 5 9 13 13 13 11 5 6 9 11 „ 9 6 11 12 6 9 11 9 8 12 9 7 8 12 7 9 13 5 8 11 11 10 8 9 7 8 Midt. 7 6 9 13 5 7 10 8 4 10 10 8 6 10 8 8 11 1 4 9 8 7 8 11 7 6 Greenwich Mean Time. REPORT ON ATMOSPHERIC CIRCULATION. 27 CULLODEN.— Three Years. HEN NEVIS.— Four Years. Lai . N. 57° 29', Long. W. 4 °8'; Height, 104 Feet. Lat. N. 56° 4 s ', Long. W. 5° 8'; Height, 440G Feet. 1 A.M. >-3 J3* 03 u a, < OS 1-5 tb 3 < a. 03 O o 8 P 1* .2 a © a 3 i-s *3 1-3 to 3 a, ID O O «3 2 3 i) 3 3 8 6 5 2 1 3 2 2 6 6 1 3 i 1 1 2 1 1 8 7 1 2 „ 3 2 0 1 0 3 3 1 1 1 5 4 1 1 1 4 8 8 6 7 8 6 8 2 4 4 3 „ G 0 1 0 0 3 1 0 2 2 8 8 2 0 5 8 12 11 12 15 13 11 14 3 2 9 4 •! 6 1 2 1 0 4 0 2 5 5 9 10 3 4 12 10 16 15 14 17 17 1G 17 11 4 18 5 „ G 2 2 1 1 4 0 3 4 7 10 11 3 7 13 12 20 2 II 17 21 19 22 20 15 10 16 6 >, 6 0 3 3 4 5 2 1 1 3 7 10 i 9 14 11 17 15 15 18 17 19 20 14 12 15 ' »» 0 6 8 4 5 5 3 2 2 2 2 5 2 8 11 7 15 11 11 14 12 13 13 14 13 12 8 „ 7 12 12 6 4 5 7 4 6 6 3 1 6 2 7 2 9 7 7 10 8 7 G 7 9 7 9 ,, 10 16 14 6 4 4 6 3 I 6 5 2 2 6 2 5 1 4 4 3 G 3 9 1 4 5 3 10 „ 16 17 14 3 1 0 2 2 4 6 4 6 6 4 1 3 0 1 1 3 1 2 7 2 0 1 11 >, 14 16 11 0 1 1 0 0 2 5 6 8 5 4 4 4 6 5 2 1 3 4 9 2 1 4 Noon 9 10 8 1 3 4 1 1 1 2 4 5 2 1 6 6 8 8 5 5 7 7 10 1 1 5 1 P.M. 5 4 4 3 5 i 2 2 1 2 0 1 1 G 0 4 9 10 7 8 9 9 8 3 G 4 -' „ 3 0 1 6 7 7 4 3 3 4 0 1 3 10 1 4 11 15 9 13 13 11 8 3 3 5 3 „ 3 5 8 10 8 8 5 5 5 6 0 3 5 10 2 2 10 12 7 14 11 7 5 1 3 4 4 „ 5 7 10 13 10 11 8 7 6 6 2 5 6 5 2 1 7 10 8 12 8 4 5 0 0 4 5 „ 4 5 7 9 in 11 9 G 4 1 5 7 4 •1 1 4 2 5 G 8 4 2 2 li 1 1 c „ 7 1 3 4 5 G 4 2 1 1 8 10 0 0 2 1 3 3 5 6 4 2 5 3 3 3 7 >. 5 4 1 0 0 3 1 2 2 2 8 7 1 3 6 2 4 3 6 5 4 5 8 8 3 G 8 „ 5 3 fl 3 4 3 1 3 2 4 8 8 3 7 10 5 9 7 7 9 8 10 11 12 10 8 9 „ 1 4 o 5 6 6 4 6 4 3 6 5 3 10 9 6 10 8 10 10 9 9 9 14 12 9 10 „ 1 6 1 7 9 6 4 5 3 3 5 3 3 9 8 6 7 8 11 9 9 8 8 12 12 9 11 „ 1 6 3 8 10 7 6 5 4 3 5 1 4 12 7 5 4 6 6 5 5 6 6 11 10 7 mat. 3 6 3 9 9 G 4 4 4 2 5 2 3 " 5 3 3 2 4 1 0 3 1 11 9 4 BEU6 SEL S.— 1'en Years. UTRECHT.— Tex Years. Lai \ N. 50° 51', L 3NG. E. 4' 24'; Height, 186 Feet. Lat. N. 52° 5', Long. E. 5° 7'; Height, 44 Feet. *1 A.M. a 08 l-a o Ph Pi <3 a l-a t-3 oil 3 o o o n 1* | >-3 | Ph a si. 6 a 3 »-3 3 -> ■3 t/J O > o |2i 6 a B 3 a 1 6 3 2 i 0 l 2 4 2 i 2 1 2 G 4 5 2 2 5 7 0 1 3 4 3 2 „ 2 3 6 3 2 5 5 4 1 1 2 4 3 1 9 10 10 2 8 11 9 6 G 7 5 7 *3 „ 5 5 13 7 5 9 10 8 5 5 7 5 7 2 11 14 12 4 9 13 11 11 9 10 8 10 4 „ 8 8 14 8 G 9 9 8 7 7 9 7 8 6 11 13 10 2 8 11 10 11 7 8 1" 9 W i. 11 9 11 6 1 5 4 5 5 7 9 8 7 7 9 10 6 2 5 7 7 8 3 6 9 6 „ 12 8 9 1 3 1 1 9 3 6 8 7 5 4 2 3 0 5 1 9 2 4 4 0 4 1 *7 „ 6 2 1 5 11 8 4 5 3 4 2 1 3 2 3 3 6 8 3 1 4 2 12 8 4 4 8 „ 2 6 6 9 12 10 9 8 7 9 5 6 7 5 7 7 7 9 5 4 7 5 15 11 9 8 9 „ 6 9 12 14 14 13 11 12 12 13 10 14 12 10 11 8 9 8 6 5 9 7 16 13 9 9 1° >, 11 12 14 15 13 12 10 13 13 15 14 20 13 8 11 8 9 7 6 6 8 5 16 10 10 9 "11 ,• 7 10 11 12 10 9 8 8 9 12 7 10 9 3 1 10 7 5 3 4 5 6 4 9 5 2 5 Noon 2 6 10 5 6 6 6 4 4 4 2 7 5 4 2 2 2 1 3 4 4 1 2 o 4 1 *1 r.M. 7 2 2 1 2 1 0 1 9 4 5 4 2 8 4 o 9 5 0 2 1 4 5 4 10 8 2 „ 10 10 4 5 5 4 3 5 6 11 10 G 7 9 7 4 6 8 2 0 1 G 9 9 11 <; 3 ,, 7 12 8 12 11 7 C 8 11 13 9 5 9 6 7 5 8 11 4 2 4 9 11 8 8 i 4 ,, 5 13 12 15 14 11 10 11 14 15 10 5 11 G 7 7 9 13 7 4 6 7 11 6 7 8 •5 „ 2 7 8 13 15 13 12 13 14 11 7 3 10 2 2 2 7 13 7 4 6 4 8 «) 5 5 <> •> 2 3 4 12 10 10 10 12 12 2 2 2 7 0 2 3 2 9 4 9 3 2 4 1 9 2 * 7 6 2 3 4 7 6 7 5 3 1 2 0 2 2 4 6 5 3 li 3 1 8 1 2 1 3 8 " 9 6 8 3 3 2 0 2 3 4 5 1 3 4 6 8 9 2 4 7 4 9 1 4 4 5 9 „ 8 6 10 7 4 6 8 6 6 8 7 1 6 6 9 9 11 5 8 8 5 S 2 6 4 7 10 ,, 7 G 10 7 6 9 10 8 7 5 5 1 7 5 7 6 11 6 9 10 6 9 2 6 5 7 11 ,, 5 7 8 8 7 11 11 10 7 5 5 0 7 2 6 2 8 6 7 7 5 8 1 4 4 6 Midt. 3 9 1 6 5 6 5 4 7 5 4 1 5 5 2 1 0 3 4 3 3 4 2 1 2 2 " Hours interpolated. 2S THE VOYAGE OF H.M.S. CHALLENGER. GRONINGEN.— Ten Tears. AMSTERDAM.— Eight Tears. Lat. N. 53° 13', Long. E. 6° 34' ; Height, 49 Foet. Lat. N. 52° 22', Long. E. 4° 53'; Height, 0 Feet. 1 A.M. 9 1-5 ^5 eS a o fl a 1-3 1-3 * 3 03 o O > O 6 P c a 4) a 1-3 ph i a 3, a 1-3 3 1-3 bo 3 < CO o > o P 4 4 8 3 0 2 0 0 1 1 1 7 1 7 5 14 4 0 5 0 1 3 4 4 4 3 2 ,. 3 8 2 2 4 2 5 5 4 4 1 7 3 2 0 9 3 4 3 6 6 5 2 2 4 2 3 „ 1 11 4 5 6 ll 9 10 9 9 5 7 7 1 5 7 9 10 10 10 11 9 7 6 5 7 4 >. 5 14 8 7 12 11 11 14 13 12 8 10 10 4 9 10 13 11 12 11 15 13 9 13 8 11 5 !, 9 14 10 9 8 9 11 l : 13 11 7 12 11 9 11 13 14 10 12 11 15 14 10 17 11 12 6 „ 11 12 7 5 4 a 7 8 9 10 7 12 8 13 11 11 10 G 10 8 12 11 8 20 11 11 7 „ 7 8 3 2 4 l 4 5 5 4 3 8 4 9 7 5 4 2 7 5 7 7 0 17 G 6 « », 3 1 1 1 6 0 0 0 1 1 5 1 1 4 2 0 1 4 3 0 4 2 9 7 6 0 9 „ 4 4 3 3 7 2 2 3 7 6 10 6 4 2 2 3 4 9 0 2 1 2 13 4 9 4 10 „ 9 12 5 G 7 5 3 5 9 10 14 12 3 9 5 9 7 10 3 5 6 5 15 2 15 8 11 ., 11 12 8 5 7 3 4 7 8 11 13 12 8 10 8 7 8 11 4 7 6 5 14 1 IS 8 Noou 4 9 6 3 5 2 3 6 7 8 7 5 e 1 12 6 9 6 9 4 6 9 5 2 7 6 1 P.M. 3 0 0 1 2 0 0 6 4 1 2 1 l 7 6 2 4 5 3 6 6 7 2 2 0 3 2 8 2 C 6 2 3 1 4 0 4 7 5 :i 10 3 3 1 3 6 5 5 6 4 5 4 0 3 ,'! 7 5 8 8 5 4 0 1 3 7 9 3 5 9 7 9 3 .i 4 1 2 1 7 4 4 3 4 >, 5 4 9 10 8 5 1 0 G 7 8 1 5 5 7 9 5 ;, 2 1 1 3. 8 0 2 3 5 „ 3 2 8 8 11 0 3 2 8 4 5 2 5 4 G 8 7 !l 1 2 2 3 ll 3 3 4 6 >. 1 2 2 5 8 4 U 2 3 2 o 3 2 0 2 3 6 S 2 2 2 1 0 7 2 2 7 „ 2 7 3 0 3 1 1 2 3 6 1 6 2 4 1 2 1 4 2 4 0 1 3 12 1 1 8 „ 4 9 8 8 3 4 6 3 8 7 2 8 6 8 3 7 6 0 3 0 5 6 6 14 2 5 '■> ; 5 9 7 10 7 10 10 5 9 8 3 8 8 10 7 9 9 5 9 5 8 8 S 14 3 8 10 „ 5 10 6 11 8 13 11 7 8 7 2 8 E 11 6 11 9 6 11 9 8 8 7 15 3 9 11 ., 4 8 2 10 9 1G 8 5 G 7 1 8 6 11 7 19 9 8 12 9 8 7 7 13 4 10 Midt. 7 2 8 8 3 6 4 5 3 6 5 3 5 10 7 1C 7 4 8 5 6 5 6 10 1 7 HEI DER.— Ten 1 rEAR 3. KEIT UM.— Four Tears. La r. N. 52° 57', I ong. E. 4° 45' ; Hr 1GHT , 14 Feet. Lat. N. 54° 54', Long. E. 8° 22' Height, 30 Feet. 1 A.M. 0 1-3 .a £1 r^ < aS a 3 1-3 1-3 to 3 Q CO O > o ci >-i 3 1-3 ■g i | a, < C3 a . 0) a i^ p 1-3 to 3 a. CD o O > o d a p 3 £ 1 2 0 3 "7 4 5 5 0 1 2 9 3 8 13 I 1 2 4 0 6 1 0 2 2 6 3 2 „ 2 4 5 9 10 11 11 10 7 5 5 8 7 11 10 ! 3 2 1 5 1 5 4 5 1 4 2 a „ 8 10 11 14 14 17 15 15 13 11 11 9 12 13 7 10 7 6 9 6 11 8 8 4 2 6 4 „ 13 14 14 IS l(i 18 16 19 17 13 IS 11 10 16 1 15 11 10 12 11 15 12 10 8 0 10 0 ii 14 15 14 17 13 17 14 18 15 13 19 13 15 19 2 18 14 13 13 14 17 14 11 10 3 12 6 „ 11 14 11 13 8 13 11 14 ;i 11 19 8 13 22 S 18 12 12 12 15 16 13 9 11 5 13 7 „ 6 0 7 11 1 7 5 9 7 4 15 4 7 18 4 15 9 10 9 13 14 10 3 9 4 10 8 „ 4 5 1 4 1 4 3 G 4 2 10 2 2 12 0 11 5 7 7 11 12 6 3 5 2 6 9 „ 9 4 4 3 7 0 3 0 4 7 2 14 4 3 2 4 2 3 4 7 9 1 8 0 2 2 10 „ 9 7 8 7 11 3 6 5 7 10 2 20 8 4 4 2 2 0 1 4 5 2 11 3 6 2 11 ,. 1 11 10 8 12 4 9 7 7 10 1 18 8 9 6 1 7 3 2 4 2 1 3 11 4 7 5 Noon 7 8 10 7 11 4 8 7 7 5 1 12 6 6 6 ; 10 3 2 5 1 4 2 11 0 3 4 1 P.M. 9 2 4 7 7 9 7 7 6 1 2 1 3 2 i 7 1 3 7 3 6 2 8 4 3 3 5 6 0 3 3 11 7 6 3 4 7 4 1 2 G 4 0 2 7 5 9 1 5 10 G 1 3 „ 3 6 4 2 2 7 6 6 2 4 2 3 0 3 10 1 4 2 7 6 8 0 2 11 8 1 4 „ 0 4 5 1 0 5 4 4 0 5 0 2 0 1 10 2 6 2 5 6 7 1 2 10 6 2 5 ii 2 1 4 1 2 3 1 2 1 1 5 1 0 5 8 3 6 1 2 5 5 1 2 7 4 1 6 „ 6 5 2 2 2 2 0 2 1 5 9 1 2 8 4 0 4 i 1 2 4 4 2 0 3 3 0 ' ■) 9 7 C 5 1 4 2 5 6 7 11 1 5 11 1 7 2 ' 2 2 6 6 5 1 0 3 3 8 „ 11 9 8 8 7 5 3 7 6 7 12 2 7 15 u 10 11 5 3 7 10 10 2 3 2 6 9 „ 10 9 9 11 7 11 8 11 9 10 13 2 9 15 1 12 15 10 7 11 12 12 1 7 2 8 lf> * 9 8 8 10 7 10 8 12 9 8 10 1 8 16 1 11 16 11 8 13 13 13 0 10 2 9 11 ., 6 7 6 7 4 7 5 8 6 5 7 II 6 15 2 9 16 10 7 11 12 11 2 9 3 8 Midt 2 S 3 3 0 7 2 2 3 Oi 4 4 2 14 4 7 16 8 4 9 11 10 5 8 4 6 REPORT ON ATMOSPHERIC CIRCULATION. 29 WUSTEOW.— Four Ye»rs. HAMBURG.— Four Years. Lat. N. 54° 24', Long. E. 12" 24' ; Height, 23 Feet. Lat. N. 53° 33', Long. E. 9° 59' ; Height, 85 Feet. 1 A.M. 3 « l"3 .3 fa 3 5" a 3 a >-5 1-3 bb 3 «1 00 3 O > o "A 6 P 3 i1 .3 3 fa u a 3 a. < a © 3 3 l-J 3 1-3 to 3 d > o <3 03 P — i 3 16 1 1 3 2 1 3 4 3 0 5 1 8 8 2 2 6 1 1 0 1 4 0 6 i ; 2 ,, 3 13 2 4 5 7 5 9 7 4 2 4 3 10 4 3 4 2 5 2 4 3 7 2 4 3i 3 „ 4 11 8 0 8 11 9 12 11 13 2 2 i; 11 1 10 7 1 6 G 8 G 10 6 2 ° 4 „ 6 5 li 8 10 11 8 17 14 18 8 1 9 16 2 14 9 3 5 8 10 8 11 11 2 i 8 1 5 „ 7 2 13 9 10 10 6 18 14 19 12 4 10 18 3 14 8 1 2 7 10 7 10 12 5 9 1 6 „ 12 4 14 5 0 6 3 17 13 21 12 4 10 17 6 14 4 3 2 4 6 5 6 12 5 •H 7 „ 10 3 10 1 2 1 3 13 7 15 10 3 6 13 3 8 2 7 6 1 1 1 1 8 4 »i 8 „ 6 2 5 4 4 4 7 11 1 4 5 0 1 6 2 2 6 10 11 2 3 6 8 0 6 3 9 „ 2 5 0 6 6 7 9 6 4 4 0 5 3 2 6 3 9 11 12 6 7 10 14 6 6 8! 10 „ 3 5 1 9 9 10 10 2 7 9 4 10 6 6 8 8 8 10 11 5 8 11 15 9 7 • 11 ., 6 5 2 9 9 11 11 0 8 13 5 10 7 9 9 9 6 6 9 3 6 9 15 8 5 8 ! Noon 1 4 2 8 7 10 10 2 6 12 4 4 6 5 5 8 1 2 5 1 4 6 9 3 1 4 1 P.M. 5 3 1 4 5 7 5 2 4 6 1 3 2 0 2 3 2 o 2 1 1 0 2 2 3 o ! 2 9 10 5 1 2 5 4 2 1 2 6 10 2 2 9 1 8 8 2 3 2 5 3 7 6 5 3 „ 4 10 4 1 2 4 3 3 2 2 5 10 9 3 10 4 12 13 5 4 6 9 7 7 5 7 4 „ 9 9 4 4 5 1 2 4 2 0 4 6 2 1 10 7 15 15 10 6 8 12 9 6 4 8 5 „ 0 9 3 tj 8 1 2 5 2 2 2 3 2 4 7 8 14 16 13 8 9 12 7 2 3 8 6 ,, 1 8 0 5 8 3 4 5 1 5 2 2 1 7 3 3 10 13 li 8 9 8 2 1 3 5 7 , 4 3 6 0 7 4 0 7 4 9 4 9 1 10 0 4 2 7 10 6 5 1 2 6 1 1 8 ,. 7 3 12 2 3 4 4 10 10 10 5 1 4 12 2 9 8 1 6 2 4 6 3 6 2 4 9 „ 9 o 14 6 3 1 3 15 10 9 9 1 6 14 2 12 12 3 1 4 9 7 4 9 3 7 10 ,, 11 2 15 7 4 2 4 18 9 6 12 2 7 14 2 13 14 9 3 6 10 8 2 9 4 8 11 n 12 1 15 6 5 1 5 17 9 4 13 1 7 15 1 10 15 10 4 7 10 8 ;» 8 2 7 Midt. 10 2 14 6 4 2 7 14 _1 i1 14 0 5 12 2 7 14 9 3 6 8 7 4 8 1 6 NEUF AHRWA SSEK.— Four Yeaks. LEIPSIG.— Eight Years. Lat. N. 54° 2 1', Long. E. 18° 40' ; Height, 15 Feet Lat. N. 51° 20', Long. E. 12° 23' ; Ueigut, 390 Feet 1 A.M. a eg ►-3 3 fa a << si. 3 3 >-> "5 1-5 3 * O > o 6 U P 3 3 t-3 4 © fa 7 ~6~ 1 ~, 3 1-3 3 1-3 ti -4 5 ~ u o c3 R >* 7 IS i 1 0 3 0 1 1 9 1 10 3 3 2 1 3 0 3 0 9 4 2 o 7 14 3 1 2 3 e 6 3 ll 2 9 2 4 5 2 1 4 3 1 2 1 2 8 5 0 3 " 9 10 6 7 6 8 10 9 G 13 6 6 5 3 0 2 2 4 5 2 4 2 5 4 7 3 4 ,> 11 4 9 10 8 10 15 12 9 16 9 2 9 5 4 5 4 5 4 2 5 3 7 1 8 •1 5 „ 14 1 10 12 7 10 11 11 9 18 10 4 10 7 4 G 3 2 1 1 3 4 8 2 H 4 c „ 12 3 10 8 2 6 9 8 4 16 9 6 8 9 6 5 2 5 6 6 2 0 7 J 4 15 2 7 „ 12 4 8 4 1 2 4 4 1 14 6 8 5 6 2 0 8 10 11 10 6 5 1 ' 1 13 2 8 .. 6 2 2 H 5 0 2 1 6 5 0 4 1 0 3 6 12 15 14 13 11 11 8 4 7 7 J m 9 „ 1 1 1 6 3 0 2 10 0 2 0 2 7 7 9 16 17 16 15 1 13 17 11 8 0 11 10 „ 0 0 1 2 7 5 1 5 11 2 4 2 3 13 10 11 18 17 16 15 14 18 13 10 6 13 11 Tl 1 2 2 2 6 5 4 6 10 3 4 0 4 15 12 10 15 16 14 13 12 16 12 8 6 12 Noou 1 1 3 0 5 6 3 7 6 2 2 4 3 9 9 8 10 11 11 9 ; 9 12 7 0 2 8 1 P.M 3 •1 2 2 4 4 3 6 2 0 0 6 0 1 3 1 3 5 5 5 4 4 1 6 3 2 9 4 8 5 4 0 2 2 3 4 2 3 8 3 5 5 8 5 1 2 2 2 4 5 12 6 5 3 1, 1 6 5 11 3 0 2 1 6 0 2 6 3 5 9 13 11 7 G 6 7 11 9 13 5 8 4 3 5 5 G 5 1 2 1 8 1 1 2 2 4 10 15 17 13 12 12 12 15 10 12 1 11 ^ H 6 8 3 4 5 7 3 2 4 9 6 2 0 2 3 8 15 19 17 1G 17 15 18 8 10 3 12 0 11 6 ,, 1 3 3 7 3 1 4 5 11 3 2 0 1 5 9 18 18 18 19 1G 17 4 G 5 10 _ 10 o 7 3 3 4 1 9 1 12 4 2 3 1 1 3 14 18 16 17 12 12 1 3 7 7 •* 11 8 ., 10 1 1 12 10 1 1 3 4 4 12 6 3 5 2 0 ! 2 6 11 12 13 6 5 3 ll 11 3 " 1? 9 ,, 12 2 14 12 4 5 7 7 6 14 8 6 8 3 1 G 1 4 4 5 0 "- 4 4 12 1 10 „ 11 ., Midt. 14 14 14 2 3 4 1 1 14 12 9 14 13 I" 3 2 1 5 6 3 8 9 C 8 9 8 4 2 2 12 h 7 5 3 7 5 3 8 7 5 3 2 1 1 0 1 7 7 6 2 4 0 2 3 0 1 0 0 4 4 6 6 1 1 2 4 6 2 5 1 6 I 13 13 12 3 4 4 w THE VOYAGE OF H.M.S. CHALLENGER. HALLE.— ? Years. MAGDEBURG.— Five Years. Lat . N. 51° 30', Long. E. 11 °57' Height, 3G2 Feet. Lat N. 52° 9', Long. E. 11° 37' ; Height, 177 Feet. 1 A.M. a 1 2 "•3 1-5 ti p «( CO o O o o p CO a eg 1-5 o &* 5 a < a Ha 1-3 til p 3 a "3 "3 t-3 &b p .. 2 12 3 7 3 2 0 1 0 1 5 2 1 11 5 2 8 13 16 12 7 5 8 4 0 2 6 „ 1 7 G 11 2 2 0 1 2 5 3 3 1 12 4 0 12 17 18 15 11 8 G 4 4 4 7 (1 4 2 6 12 2 1 2 0 4 7 2 2 9 10 2 5 16 20 20 17 15 13 0 1 4 7 8 ,, 6 3 4 12 4 0 3 2 5 7 1 0 3 4 3 10 13 21 18 17 17 16 6 3 2 11 B ,, 6 4 1 11 7 0 3 3 4 7 1 3 2 4 8 14 16 20 16 15 18 17 10 7 S 13 10 ,, 6 4 2 10 7 0 3 1 ;; i; 1 5 1 8 11 15 14 15 13 11 17 15 10 8 12 12 11 u 5 o 4 10 6 1 1 0 2 6 1 4 1 9 10 15 10 9 8 6 13 11 8 7 9 10 Noou 4 2 1 10 4 2 1 2 0 7 a 1 1 E 7 11 4 3 1 1 G 4 5 1 2 4 1 I-.M. 4 3 3 9 2 1 3 0 II 10 6 4 3 1 1 6 8 4 6 5 2 4 1 4 4 2 2 i. 3 7 8 7 1 1 4 5 1 12 9 8 5 1 8 1 10 11 12 11 8 12 7 9 7 8 3 .. 2 12 12 G 3 4 u 3 1 13 11 11 6 1 13 9 1G 16 17 16 13 18 11 11 8 12 4 „ 2 15 13 4 4 7 6 0 1 12 12 11 7 1 13 14 22 22 23 20 18 22 11 9 8 14 s „ 1 17 11 2 6 9 ii 2 0 8 10 9 7 2 9 15 25 26 27 23 22 23 0 7 9 15 0 „ 1 11 G 1 « 10 G 3 2 3 7 5 5 1 5 12 23 28 20 24 22 21 6 4 8 14 7 0 9 1 3 6 8 G 2 3 3 4 2 a 2 2 7 18 24 2G 21 18 15 1 1 5 10 8 I! 0 3 4 7 5 5 5 0 4 7 0 2 1 2 2 5 11 17 20 15 11 8 3 3 3 6 9 „ 1 2 7 11 2 1 2 2 4 11 2 4 3 4 4 5 4 10 11 7 4 1 6 5 1 2 10 ., 2 6 9 15 0 3 1 3 4 13 4 6 5 5 G 3 1 3 9 (1 0 3 7 5 2 2 11 ,, 4 7 11 19 2 6 5 2 2 14 6 7 7 4 6 1 3 1 5 5 1 5 7 5 5 4 Midi. i 6 9 11 20 4 7 7 1 1 15 7 8 8 2 6 1 5 3 S 7 2 6 5 5 6 5 REPORT ON ATMOSPHERIC CIRCULATION. 31 UPSALA. — Fourteen Years. HELSINFORS.— Two Years. Lat N. 62° 02', Lo.ng. E. 17° 38' ; Height, 77 Feet. Lat. N. 60° 10 ', Long. E. 24 5'; Height, 381 Feet. CO a 1 A.M. a *3 3) a Bfl 0> a 3 Ha 1-3 =b "a, ° l o n 3 o a -° i-s 1 P* 04 >> a £ a 3 3 bo 3 < "a. CO "0 O > 0 to n 1 ■ 7 6 1 4 2 4 S 1 6 2 6 3 5 7 8 6 6 6 4 4 1 0 10 7 5 2 „ 1 5 4 2 2 1 2 2 2 3 1 6 4 1 5 S 1 3 5 3 1 3 4 11 3 1 1 3 „ 2 0 1 3 1 0 1 1 4 1 7 2 1 9 2 2 6 11 4 4 5 6 13 0 2 6 4 „ 4 3 2 5 0 0 1 1 n 4 9 2 3 13 1 6 9 13 3 3 8 11 16 3 4 7 5 ,> 7 5 3 4 1 2 2 1 8 5 11 4 4 17 2 4 9 10 3 0 7 11 15 4 7 7 6 „ 9 7 2 1 4 4 3 1 5 6 11 6 3 19 3 3 6 7 1 4 4 9 15 8 11 7 7 „ 9 C 1 2 6 C 6 2 2 4 8 7 1 20 4 3 5 6 2 6 3 6 12 7 13 6 8 „ G 3 3 4 6 8 6 3 1 1 3 3 1 10 4 2 2 0 6 9 1 2 5 3 8 0 9 „ 1 1 6 6 7 9 6 5 4 5 1 2 4 1 9 5 2 5 7 11 6 6 3 3 *> 4 10 „ 6 4 7 8 6 9 7 G G 6 6 7 7 0 10 6 S 7 9 12 8 9 10 10 6 8 11 ,. 7 5 6 6 4 7 6 5 5 7 6 7 6 1 9 8 6 9 10 13 10 10 13 8 6 9 Noon 2 5 4 4 1 4 2 2 3 4 4 2 3 4 5 9 £ 9 11 13 10 10 9 1 0 7 1 P.M. 2 1 0 1 2 2 1 1 0 0 0 1 0 5 2 5 6 8 8 11 8 9 8 3 2 5 2 2 2 5 2 4 2 4 5 3 4 2 4 3 4 3 2 1 4 3 9 3 5 6 6 4 2 'A ',', 2 . 5 8 6 8 6 9 7 i; 7 2 4 6 6 5 5 2 1 4 6 1 0 3 'J 5 1 4 „ 1 4 10 9 9 8 11 9 7 7 0 o 6 8 7 7 5 2 6 2 4 3 1 12 4 3 5 „ 1 2 0 11 11 11 12 11 7 G 2 2 7 10 8 111 7 4 9 2 6 6 3 10 2 5 6 „ 2 1 5 9 11 13 9 10 4 2 3 1 5 12 9 11 9 6 10 3 7 4 2 8 1 5 7 .. 2 3 1 4 7 11 5 7 1 1 5 1 2 10 9 7 6 4 11 4 G 1 1 7 1 4 1 8 ii 2 2 2 3 2 7 2 1 5 2 6 0 1 6 8 5 2 2 10 6 5 11 0 5 0 3 9 „ 4 1 2 4 2 1 2 3 7 4 7 1 3 7 7 3 ii 0 8 6 1 0 1 2 7 1 10 „ 6 2 2 5 4 2 4 5 7 4 7 2 4 9 2 8 0 8 1 2 1 1 6 5 9 4 11 .i 7 2 3 6 4 2 G 6 7 3 7 3 5 10 7 8 7 10 4 1 3 1 4 5 10 6 Midt. 7 2 3 6 4 2 G 6 7 1 6 3 4 5 9 8 G 9 7 0 2 0 2 5 9 S ST. PETERSBL RG.— Twenti r Ye ARS. MOSCOW.— Five Years. La r. N. 59° 56', Long. E. 30° 16' ; Hi ciGin ', 15 Feet. Lat. N. 5 5° 46 ', Long. E. 3/ 40' Height, 513 .Feet. 1 A.M. .a a g 3 i-s 3 60 3 <1 S3 CO o > o ^3 a < a a 3 ►"3 ■3 •-5 tb 3 0 03 0 O > 0 0 n G 2 1 4 4 2 0 1 0 0 1 1 0 2 2 1 3 2 2 2 4 1 0 3 0 * 1 9 3 3 1 2 2 0 II 1 0 2 0 2 0 3 1 1 2 2 2 0 3 1 3 (1 4 1 3 ii 1 0 2 4 3 0 1 1 2 5 2 1 2 2 0 2 2 1 2 0 3 0 1 1 •1 0 4 1 2 4 6 3 1 1 2 4 7 4 2 3 1 2 5 2 II 2 0 2 2 1 3 3 1 5 3 4 5 6 3 0 1 2 5 9 6 4 4 3 3 8 1 1 2 3 0 4 0 4 1 2 17 » 5 6 6 5 1 0 0 1 4 10 7 0 4 5 5 9 2 3 2 4 1 4 0 3 1 2 _ 7 7 5 3 1 2 1 0 3 9 7 7 4 3 5 11 1 2 4 6 1 2 2 2 1 1 7 4 7 2 2 3 3 2 1 1 6 5 7 2 1 4 11 4 0 6 9 3 1 ] 0 2 i ° 71 9 ,, 5 0 1 6 5 4 3 2 2 2 4 0 2 1 3 C 4 8 10 6 2 0 1 3 3 10 „ 11 „ Noou 2 3 0 4 4 2 4 5 4 G G 7 7 7 7 7 7 5 6 5 4 5 G 4 6 5 3 G G 2 5 4 2 5 3 4 5 6 2 2 0 2 2 | 3 0 2 2 7 7 5 4 4 4 7 7 G 9 7 6 4 4 3 3 4 4 1 1 2 2 2 1 8 7 3 4 4 3 lp.M 2 „ 3 „ 0 0 0 2 1 1 4 3 0 5 4 2 6 4 1 6 2 0 4 2 1 4 2 2 4 2 II 5 3 1 3 2 0 1 0 1 4 2 0 3 6 6 1 0 4 1 0 0 3 0 3 3 1 ■j 4 0 2 4 1 0 1 2 3 5 3 1 2 4 5 5 6 5 2 2 3 1 i 3 4 „ 5 „ 6 » 0 1 0 1 0 1 2 3 2 0 2 2 2 5 6 2 5 7 3 4 5 3 5 6 2 4 4 (I 0 2 0 1 0 2 1 1 1 2 2 5 2 0 3 0 1 0 0 0 11 12 G 10 7 10 11 5 9 11 4 7 8 3 4 5 6 7 3 4 1 4 0 4 2 4 4 7 „ 8 „ 9 „ 2 1 0 1 0 i 2 1 1 > 3 2 1 3 6 1 4 3 7 I 5 4 2 5 . 3 1 2 0 1 2 3 4 0 0 2 0 1 0 1 o 1 1 1 0 4 2 3 4 6 9 10 9 1 1 11 2 2 10 8 4 10 9 7 7 3 1 ° 2 2 2 0 2 3 5 4 4 1 1 2 3 1 1 10 „ 11 ., Midt. 2 4 4 • ! 4 1 4 3 3 3 3 2 1 1 II 0 0 1 0 1 0 1 2 2 2 1 2 4 3 2 3 4 4 2 4 3 2 2 2 6 6 5 2 2 2 9 7 3 0 1 1 1 4 6 6 2 0 ° 4 2 0 2 2 3 1 1 2 5 5 5 3 3 3 2 1 3 2 2 2 ! ~\ ov txOS Ho, J. (CO ' |Uj I LIBRARY ^ >/,/ /IfASS- -; 32 THE VOYAGE OF H.M.S. CHALLENGER. LUGAN — Five Tears ZLALOUSTE— Twenty Years Lat . N. 48° 35', Long. E. 39° 20' Height, 203 Feet. Lat. N. 55° 10', Long. E. 59° 40'; Height, 1362 Feet 1 A.M a •"3 a. ,, 9 4 C 15 17 15 15 19 22 14 12 13 13 6 5 6 9 10 7 5 6 6 4 3 4 6 10 „ 6 2 4 11 13 10 11 15 15 13 11 11 10 5 4 4 6 7 5 4 4 5 4 3 4 5 11 „ 3 1 2 7 7 6 7 10 10 9 8 8 G 4 2 2 4 3 4 3 2 3 3 3 3 3 Noou 0 2 0 2 2 2 2 4 4 4 5 5 2 2 0 0 2 2 3 2 1 1 2 2 2 2 1p.m. 2 4 2 2 3 4 3 2 3 1 2 2 9 n 9 9 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 2 „ 3 4 4 6 8 9 8 9 9 G 2 1 6 2 3 4 3 2 1 1 2 2 1 0 0 2 3 „ 4 4 6 9 13 13 13 14 15 9 4 3 9 2 4 4 4 4 3 3 4 4 9 1 1 3 4 „ 5 3 G 12 17 18 17 1!) 18 11 5 5 11 o 4 4 6 G 5 5 G 5 3 I 1 4 ■r> „ 5 2 G 14 19 18 18 20 19 11 6 6 12 2 2 4 7 8 7 / 7 5 2 0 II 4 6 „ 5 1 5 14 18 17 17 19 17 10 6 7 11 0 1 4 i 9 8 G G a 1 2 1 4 7 4 0 3 12 16 13 13 16 15 7 6 7 y 1 1 9 5 8 7 5 4 2 0 3 2 2 « ,, 3 2 1 y 12 ,s 9 11 9 0 5 6 G 2 2 0 4 6 5 3 3 0 2 4 3 0 9 „ 2 3 1 u 8 5 4 8 0 4 4 5 4 2 2 1 2 4 4 1 1 1 2 3 3 0 1" ., 1 3 2 4 C 3 2 4 4 5 4 4 3 2 2 1 1 3 9 0 1 1 1 2 2 0 It ., 1 2 1 2 4 2 2 4 4 !> 4 4 9 0 0 0 9 a 3 1 1 0 1 0 0 1 Midt. 2 0 0 2 3 3 2 4 4 G 5 5 3 2 2 1 3 4 4 2 2 3 3 9 2 2 KAZAN.- -Three " fEAfi s. CATHERINENBUBG.— Twenty-Two Years. Lai . N. 55° 47', Long. E. 49° 8' ; He GHT, 249 Feet. Lat. N. 50° 49', Long. E. 60° 35' Height 896 Feet a J j-" >> bo 3 o. o d o 1 A.M. 1-3 f=* P. < CO O fc a h 1-3 h s <5 S 1-3 1-3 <) CO O £ U X 0 :; 4 3 2 4 1 8 1 7 4 i 2 0 2 4 5 A 7 3 3 2 2 2 0 3 2 , 1 0 6 0 3 1 ii 9 3 9 6 4 3 0 1 2 4 3 6 2 2 1 tl 0 0 2 3 ,, 1 2 3 1 2 0 1 y 4 y 6 G 3 0 0 1 4 3 5 2 0 0 2 1 0 1 4 „ 2 3 1 1 4 11 12 4 4 7 5 13 1 1 1 0 4 4 5 3 0 0 4 3 1 1 5 ,, 6 3 1 0 6 14 13 3 4 6 8 1G 1 3 2 0 4 4 5 4 0 1 4 4 3 0 6 ,. 9 4 3 5 9 15 16 4 0 4 5 1G 1 4 2 0 4 6 6 5 1 1 0 5 4 0 ' ii 8 0 0 6 13 16 15 6 0 2 6 IS 2 4 9 0 4 8 7 7 2 1 4 5 4 1 « ,, 4 3 3 6 14 15 15 7 0 4 0 y 5 a II 1 5 9 7 7 3 2 2 3 2 2 9 „ 0 7 3 8 14 14 13 7 2 8 6 0 8 1 0 3 0 9 5 6 4 4 0 3 1 3 10 ,, 2 9 S 8 14 14 10 7 2 8 6 G 8 0 0 3 4 7 3 5 2 3 0 2 0 2 11 ,, 3 3 5 6 12 10 10 4 2 6 5 6 6 0 0 2 2 3 0 3 0 1 0 2 1 1 Noou 2 5 1 3 9 9 5 4 0 S 5 7 4 1 1 2 2 1 2 1 2 - 2 3 3 2 1 r.M. 7 4 1 1 G 1 1 4 o 1 3 0 1 4 5 5 4 3 4 1 3 •j 3 5 5 4 2 / 1 3 2 1 3 6 4 0 2 1 2 1 5 t 1 7 6 G 4 5 4 4 5 G G 3 „ 3 5 6 8 g 8 12 2 2 2 4 6 3 4 8 8 9 y 9 G 6 G G 4 4 7 1 ,. 1 4 9 11 12 15 18 3 4 9 4 11 5 0 G 9 11 12 11 9 7 8 5 0 0 6 r. 5 2 8 14 17 17 19 4 2 2 6 9 5 4 3 9 13 14 13 11 9 i 1 4 4 G 6 „ 8 2 7 14 111 18 19 3 2 6 3 9 5 5 3 G 12 14 13 11 t 5 4 6 6 5 4 ,, 8 2 3 8 18 15 14 0 2 6 5 7 3 5 5 0 7 12 11 9 4 1 6 7 5 1 & - 8 0 1 1 11 12 10 1 5 7 2 4 1 5 6 4 1 G G G 1 4 7 7 5 2 9 .. 5 2 2 2 7 G 0 G 6 0 4 0 4 G C 4 0 0 0 G 6 8 6 4 4 10 „ 5 2 6 3 3 4 1 1 5 1 0 3 1 3 6 7 6 4 5 3 7 6 7 5 4 5 11 „ 2 2 6 3 1 4 1 3 4 o 9 2 0 2 5 6 6 5 7 4 7 5 5 5 3 5 Mi.lt. 1 3 4 5 0 G 0 4 2 G 2 ° 1 1 3 5 6 A 7 4 5 4 3 4 O 4 REPORT ON ATMOSPHERIC CIRCULATION. :33 BARNAUL.— Twenty-two Ykars. NUKDSS .— Oke Yeah. Lat. N. 53° 2C ', Long. E. 83 3 47' ; Height, 459 Feet Lat. N. 45 0 27', Long. E .53° 37' ; Height, 216 Feet. 1 A.M. 3 i-a 4 j5 ft 5 4 < CO a- f-3 >-3 < to c O > o R .d 0} ft 3 3. >> to oj a 3 Ha < a. c CO O > o i n 3 6 5 0 2 4 4 4 0 5 4 5 4 10 5 11 3 13 19 14 7 4 ii 7 2 5 6 6 7 6 2 3 5 6 6 2 5 5 11 4 9 2 16 2 15 19 1G 8 4 6 8 3 ,',' 5 7 6 7 C 1 4 5 5 7 4 5 5 6 ' 14 2 13 1 11 17 15 12 5 6 8 4 ,, 7 G 4 7 3 0 3 6 4 5 7 4 5 4 11 13 3 11 3 7 14 10 10 6 13 8 5 „ 7 4 2 3 0 2 0 3 1 4 7 3 3 10 5 11 3 2 11 0 5 2 6 4 13 5 6 ii 7 1 0 0 5 5 2 1 2 1 G 1 0 G 1 5 7 8 20 9 9 10 1 1 g 4 7 „ 5 0 4 3 8 6 4 2 6 0 5 1 2 1 7 2 19 18 26 18 20 21 10 9 l 13 8 „ 2 3 7 5 11 8 6 6 9 5 2 3 5 8 17 15 22 24 , 32 25 27 31 22 24 13 22 9 ,, 2 7 9 7 13 8 7 9 14 9 1 6 8 21 23 20 25 24 31 25 31 37 28 28 24 26 10 „ 5 8 10 9 14 9 8 10 16 12 4 9 10 23 25 20 30 25 29 23 30 37 28 32 31 28 11 ., 5 6 9 9 13 8 8 9 14 11 3 7 9 16 26 19 24 22 24 21 23 26 22 22 22 22 Noon 2 4 6 6 9 4 6 6 8 7 0 4 5 5 11 11 8 9 13 13 15 17 11 5 7 10 1 P.M. 0 1 2 3 6 0 3 2 3 2 4 0 2 15 5 2 0 1 2 5 8 5 6 10 9 2 2 „ 1 2 1 1 2 4 1 2 2 3 4 1 1 17 16 14 10 8 8 3 2 8 13 20 16 11 3 ,, 1 2 3 1 3 6 4 4 6 G 4 0 3 14 19 17 26 19 17 12 12 18 16 19 15 17 4 „ 4 1 4 2 C 8 5 4 7 6 1 0 3 12 18 17 25 21 24 18 19 22 17 17 13 19 5 „ 7 0 4 2 8 9 6 4 8 5 4 3 3 10 18 13 24 26 32 23 22 22 16 13 7 19 6 >. 7 2 2 2 11 8 5 3 7 3 7 2 2 3 9 6 24 25 30 19 24 22 11 7 1 16 7 ,, 6 2 2 2 8 8 4 3 5 0 7 2 1 4 1 2 20 16 25 12 la 14 3 5 4 8 8 ,, 6 2 1 1 6 6 3 1 3 1 7 0 0 3 6 8 4 6 18 7 3 4 1 1 6 '» 9 ,, 4 1 1 0 5 4 2 0 2 2 7 2 0 1 4 11 2 7 G 2 4 1 4 1 6 3 10 ,, 2 0 2 2 4 2 1 1 2 2 6 3 0 1 4 11 2 12 G 3 4 1 4 1 4 3 11 ,, 1 1 2 4 3 0 0 0 2 0 4 4 1 0 1 10 1 12 10 1 2 4 4 1 3 1 Midt. 4 4 3 4 5 0 1 2 3 2 1 4 3 1 3 3 4 13 16 4 3 7 5 4 2 3 Til LIS. — Ti N Tears. NBRTC HIN SK.- -Ten Yeabs, Lat N. 41° 4 y, l< )NG. E.44 ° 47' ; Height, 134 3Fe< it. Lat. 1 T. 51 3 19', Lon G. E 119° 36'; Height, 2080 Feet. 1 A.M. d l-a 03 ft 3 a' — 3 oj >> 4 O en o o 8 O a 10 = 03 l-a 1 .d ft 5 3 < a a 3 A < CO o > o 3 td O 6 9 13 16 14 15 15 14 li~ 15 13 3 11 5 6 4 2 4 1 4 i 4 2 10 9 12 15 13 14 15 15 14 13 10 9 12 2 4 2 10 6 9 3 2 5 1 4 i 4 3 ,; 10 6 8 14 15 15 15 16 15 10 7 9 12 1 2 1 8 7 12 6 3 5 2 1 i 3 4 „ 4 3 7 12 16 18 19 18 15 12 10 9 12 2 1 2 7 10 16 8 5 6 1 2 3 4 5 „ 0 2 9 15 20 21 24 22 17 13 5 1 12 3 1 4 8 14 22 8 10 10 2 4 6 5 6 „ 1 3 12 21 24 25 26 28 22 14 5 3 15 2 0 8 16 18 26 17 17 12 5 4 4 9 7 » 7 7 18 27 27 27 30 31 27 20 11 9 20 1 5 15 22 22 29 20 20 20 10 0 5 13 8 .. 15 16 22 28 28 26 31 37 28 23 18 14 24 6 10 21 23 22 29 20 20 23 16 6 1 16 9 „ 22 20 25 27 24 22 26 32 30 27 20 22 25 11 14 22 21 17 24 17 19 23 19 9 12 17 10 „ 23 20 21 21 19 15 20 20 26 22 19 24 21 13 16 20 16 11 18 14 15 18 16 11 10 15 11 i. 16 4 11 9 8 11 10 13 14 13 12 14 11 8 6 14 12 5 11 7 8 10 8 6 4 8 Noon 1 2 1 6 4 6 2 2 4 5 2 G 3 3 3 4 4 3 1 0 0 1 4 4 5 - 1 P.M. 18 18 15 18 17 20 15 16 18 24 19 21 17 10 13 9 16 12 11 6 7 10 11 11 7 10 2 ., 27 27 29 30 30 36 27 30 34 37 28 28 30 14 19 17 26 20 22 12 14 19 12 14 9 17 3 „ 26 28 34 41 39 39 38 43 44 11 31 27 36 14 21 22 34 26 30 18 20 22 17 13 6 20 4 n 24 28 38 45 43 43 46 49 48 41 29 23 38 11 21 26 36 ' 28 37 20 22 27 li 10 2 21 5 „ 19 24 36 43 44 43 53 50 46 37 24 18 36 7 17 24 38 27 .".7 26 21 28 9 6 2 19 c „ 12 15 26 37 38 34 43 45 38 25 15 12 28 1 8 16 31 21 30 18 18 20 4 2 6 13 7 „ 4 4 13 24 26 24 31 30 23 12 6 4 17 4 8 7 in 15 23 16 15 12 1 5 4 7 8 „ 0 3 1 6 11 10 15 11 6 8 2 1 G 6 12 0 2 5 16 In 7 5 1 6 6 1 9 ii 4 7 7 5 5 6 2 3 4 7 3 4 5 7 13 3 8 3 7 3 2 1 3 7 4 3 in „ 5 9 11 10 11 12 10 8 9 11 6 7 9 6 11 4 10 6 3 1 2 2 3 6 3 4 ii ., 6 11 12 9 14 16 13 12 13 12 13 9 11 4 8 4 11 6 1 2 2 3 2 5 1 2 4 Midt. 5 10 12 17 15 16 15 14 15 12 9 7 12 1 6 4 12 6 4 2 2 2 1 3 3 (PHYS. CHEM. CHALL. EXP. — PART V. 1888.) 11 34 THE VOYAGE OF H.M.S. CHALLENGER. SYDNEY.— Five Years. Lat. S. 35° 51', Long. E. 151° 11' ; Height, 155 Feet. Lat. S. 3 MELBOURNE.- "• 50', Long. E. 144 Five Years. ° 59' ; Height , 121 Feet. 1 A.M. 2 „ 3 „ a 1-5 J2 p. < a 3 t-3 1-5 3 ft m m O > 0 0 O 1-5 J3 u a a. a i 'S to 3 0. - 0 O > 0 0 u d 3 14 18 0 12 19 2 12 19 i 13 19 7 2 6 0 4 8 6 2 5 10 3 5 9 3 12 5 5 7 2 7 13 10 0 4 3 6 11 0 10 14 1 9 13 4 11 16 6 1 10 2 2 8 2 1 6 6 7 14 4 1 9 10 0 10 1 8 12 5 13 16 1 11 14 1 6 11 4 „ 6 „ 6 ,, 15 2 13 20 15 3 19 13 1 19 15 5 9 6 4 10 9 3 7 G 0 8 6 6 13 4 8 5 2 16 13 5 8 0 1 22 12 7 5 12 1 11 12 3 8 16 9 6 11 4 2 10 7 2 10 8 2 15 14 6 13 7 1 10 3 8 13 3 11 13 2 8 9 2 10 11 5 5 7 „ 8 „ 9 ,, 23 28 33 11 20 29 13 24 32 10 25 30 14 27 30 14 26 28 14 27 32 17 30 34 23 30 34 26 31 33 19 24 24 31 34 30 18 27 31 21 25 24 18 24 28 21 30 34 14 26 31 7 19 26 7 17 27 7 17 26 14 24 30 21 28 30 24 29 32 21 30 23 20 25 22 17 26 28 10 „ 11 „ Noon 27 20 10 24 15 6 27 17 4 26 16 3 23 6 11 26 10 7 30 18 4 27 13 12 24 10 8 27 13 5 14 3 19 22 8 5 15 12 5 20 16 3 25 17 5 31 20 1 26 19 2 24 16 3 31 22 1 30 23 2 29 21 3 25 12 2 25 13 1 19 8 3 19 12 2 26 17 1 1p.m. 2 „ 3 „ 4 15 25 6 17 26 13 26 34 20 32 37 24 35 37 29 39 40 29 42 42 34 50 55 29 43 54 25 45 56 31 40 47 16 29 40 22 34 41 7 19 28 6 19 29 9 22 30 17 28 31 19 28 20 18 25 29 15 25 24 16 28 30 20 30 31 10 24 37 13 25 32 10 22 33 13 24 30 4 „ 5 „ 6 „ 34 33 22 34 :::: 23 35 30 22 36 31 19 32 23 9 36 27 14 39 30 16 53 43 25 54 44 28 55 45 30 46 39 24 44 41 25 42 35 21 36 36 27 35 34 23 34 28 17 32 27 14 24 18 6 24 17 8 21 14 5 31 24 12 38 30 17 35 30 18 33 30 15 38 37 20 31 27 14 7 „ 8 „ 9 „ 8 4 14 fi 7 16 9 4 14 5 5 10 7 15 19 2 8 14 4 6 12 8 7 14 8 7 16 12 4 14 6 8 18 8 7 22 6 7 15 8 5 19 6 8 18 5 9 16 5 14 7 10 15 1 8 13 5 11 14 1 7 12 4 5 13 3 12 16 1 13 22 5 6 18 1 9 16 10 „ 11 „ Midt. 19 18 12 18 15 9 17 14 6 13 8 4 20 17 14 14 13 6 16 18 15 16 18 15 22 20 16 18 17 14 22 19 12 27 26 20 19 17 13 19 19 10 16 16 8 19 14 2 1 9 15 10 8 13 13 4 14 12 1 12 4 8 13 9 12 13 10 6 21 18 7 21 18 10 16 13 8 HOBAET TOWN.— Six Years. Lat. S. 42° 52', Long. E. 147° 21'; Height, 37 Feet. Lat. S. 3 CA1 3° 56 ?E TOWN.— ', Long. E. 18 Five Years. 5 27' ; Height , 37 Feet. 1 A.M. 2 „ 3 „ a •-3 J* 3 a 3. <1 a 3 Hi "3 ^5 so 0. 0 O > 0 S3 c Q CD a >-5 .2 a 0. a 3 1-5 *"3 3 a, m 0 O > 0 0 3 3 9 14 14 1 3 12 7 2 1 4 6 4 9 4 11 10 14 8 12 17 1 6 3 3 5 5 7 5 8 3 4 2 5 2 3 2 7 4 4 13 1 8 16 4 15 23 7 18 19 17 28 28 12 22 23 9 22 23 9 22 24 8 18 24 4 16 24 4 13 19 0 9 17 6 16 21 4 „ 5 „ 6 „ 18 2 6 6 3 13 2 0 10 2 7 5 16 11 7 11 7 7 18 20 8 8 5 6 6 3 6 9 1 9 1 1 12 8 2 11 9 3 5 20 21 11 21 22 16 24 21 15 16 15 9 23 17 9 18 12 4 21 17 8 24 16 7 23 17 10 23 16 9 21 18 8 23 23 14 21 18 10 7 „ 8 „ 9 „ 17 21 15 22 29 24 22 27 27 14 26 29 5 15 20 7 11 19 1 10 16 11 21 26 15 22 27 16 20 19 19 16 10 16 16 8 14 20 20 1 10 18 4 7 16 9 4 10 0 7 9 1 6 9 4 9 11 2 4 7 2 8 12 2 9 12 0 16 19 4 14 20 2 8 18 0 9 13 10 „ U „ Noon 8 0 8 16 2 8 26 5 4 22 12 3 19 11 3 23 12 6 19 9 G 22 15 9 14 1 13 9 5 16 0 13 22 1 8 12 15 3 8 21 17 9 17 13 8 8 4 4 12 8 3 10 7 4 14 11 8 8 6 2 12 7 5 10 4 1 15 14 & 19 16 6 23 18 9 14 11 6 1 P.M. 2 „ 3 „ 23 22 25 20 27 33 19 31 37 2G 32 32 17 21 22 19 27 22 23 30 26 26 33 32 30 35 35 27 31 32 26 38 37 21 26 27 23 29 30 3 16 24 1 10 19 1 5 12 3 6 18 2 1 7 7 8 10 0 4 8 0 6 12 0 12 18 5 16 20 7 15 20 5 15 20 2 10 16 4 „ 5 „ 6 „ 28 25 11 35 30 21 36 31 20 31 24 13 17 10 0 16 11 3 22 17 4 30 24 11 32 22 8 28 18 4 31 26 11 29 22 10 28 22 9 23 14 3 21 15 3 14 9 1 21 14 6 11 11 4 17 16 12 is 12 4 15 14 4 18 10 2 19 10 4 20 10 2 18 10 1 18 12 2 7 „ 8 „ 9 „ 8 21 23 5 9 17 5 10 11 3 9 14 6 13 17 9 13 17 4 9 ! 13 2 9 19 7 20 22 15 30 27 2 18 33 4 21 24 4 15 20 9 13 14 9 16 20 12 20 25 4 18 26 6 19 29 5 13 25 7 16 27 8 19 26 14 22 27 14 18 22 11 16 16 12 16 15 9 17 23 10 „ 11 „ Midt. 25 19 4 13 11 12 13 10 16 13 6 11 18 14 1 17 17 2 1 15 ! 19 1 5 18 12 17 24 18 10 25 23 7 28 23 24 22 19 15 19 16 10 14 13. 9 22 16 9 28 21 10 26 21 9 31 25 6 31 ! 33 28 25 6 8 27 22 6 27 21 10 22 10 3 16 11 3 14 14 7 24 19 7 REPORT ON ATMOSPHERIC CIRCULATION. 35 LIBYAN DESERT. 1 OKONTO.— Six Years. Lat. N. 43° 39', Lose. \V. 79° 2' ; Height, 342 Feet. 1 A.M. 2 „ 3 „ REGRNFELD. Jan. 28- Feb. 5. Slneh. Feb. 21-25. ElNSIEDEL. Jan. 19,20, 23, 24. Dachel. Jan. 9-13. I:ii. k Fl: AM A FARAFRAH. Dec. 28, 29. 30- Jan. 2. Average. i -a o 3. * 1 3 ~ ■=. >-3 •5 3, a en O > ! C c cS (0 ii i'i 19 "9 19 13 2 7 5 12 10 10 3 4 y 20 21 20 5 7 5 11 12 11 5 6 6 9 12 12 11 11 11 3 1 1 0 3 2 8 2 2 7 6 7 4 „ 5 „ 6 „ 21 9 6 17 2G 24 14 4 8 ii 16 i 1 5 1 9 7 0 9 2 4 19 11 16 3 9 17 5 8 18 2 9 14 9 3 13 7 1 18 1 6 1 2 0 4 8 9 6 6 0 9 7 „ 8 „ 9 >, 25 63. 13 41 37 32 4' 16 23 11 24 30 15 21 23 28 35 36 24 27 25 25 28 27 21 25 25 21 25 28 25 27 31 14 21 23 12 21 22 11 22 26 18 24 27 10 „ 11 a Noon 47 19 47 23 48 21 50 7 48 23 48 19 25 15 8 29 25 9 22 16 8 35 28 17 25 18 8 26 21 13 24 20 13 29 24 16 29 22 12 21 16 3 26 16 0 30 16 3- 26 21 7 1 P.M. 2 „ 3 „ 19 17 13 38 i'6 19 22 25 19 8 18 18 6 18 22 9 3 13 2 10 19 3 5 12 4 5 13 8 3 14 2 11 19 10 18 20 11 18 16 15 22 18 4 13 17 4 „ 6 „ 27 17 39 40 17 9 40 25 30 29 30 23 14 8 0 18 14 7 22 17 13 17 15 15 25 27 25 19 24 24 19 25 22 18 21 20 22 22 21 20 16 11 14 10 5 11 9 3 18 16 14 7 „ 8 „ 9 „ 3 24 15 3 18 "s 4 5 5 0 2 4 7 0 5 14 5 ■1 21 12 3 21 17 6 20 15 3 19 10 5 15 6 5 7 3 0 4 4 4 1 0 2 10 5 2 10 „ 11 „ Midt. 10 6 3 "2 12 6 17 7 2 "i 7 "a 3 1 0 3 0 12 4 4 3 7 9 13 0 1 3 4 2 9 1 1 3 5 3 5 4 5 10 2 0 0 5 8 0 2 3 6 1 1 5 I Lat. N. 3LTJE HILL, 12° 13', Long. MASS.— One Year. W. 71° 7' ; Height, 640 Fee ,. PHILADELPHIA.— Three Years. Lat. N. 39° 39', Long. W. 75° 11' ; Height, 112 Feet. 1 A.M. 2 ,, 3 „ a .0 © a •-a < W O > o © a 1 7 8 7 3 2 3 3. eg © a »-5 be < "a. d > o a a 14 12 13 8 7 12 0 5 9 0 6 10 2 1 6 1 5 7 1 4 10 5 10 14 1 5 7 7 11 13 3 3 11 7 4 10 4 6 10 2 1 9 1 6 5 3 7 7 7 1(1 7 1 4 3 1 4 5 5 10 9 11 11 11 7 n 16 14 1 3 4 4 ,, 5 „ « „ 16 13 3 8 0 8 7 1 9 3 0 12 4 6 12 3 4 11 1 3 9 12 4 4 6 3 17 6 1 6 8 5 3 17 13 5 8 2 7 3 3 9 3 0 4 9 2 11 2 7 20 3 6 19 7 22 0 10 19 4 5 17 5 6 16 3 12 3 6 12 10 8 15 4 5 15 V „ 8 „ 9 ,. 7 15 32 21 24 38 18 23 26 22 24 29 16 18 17 19 21 19 18 19 16 14 18 23 23 31 34 18 26 28 15 24 28 4 13 25 16 21 26 21 32 40 13 23 26 20 28 28 29 34 35 26 31 28 24 29 27 25 28 27 23 26 33 23 29 31 21 30 29 19 28 34 23 29 30 22 29 31 10 ,, 11 „ Noon 36 21 2 39 33 12 22 17 7 26 18 8 16 9 1 17 14 7 16 9 3 22 15 7 29 20 9 26 21 3 28 14 5 28 9 10 25 16 4 41 23 6 26 19 4 25 16 2 33 23 8 24 18 6 25 19 10 26 19 12 30 22 12 29 21 9 26 14 1 38 17 6 32 11 5 30 18 4 1 P.M. 2 ' „ 3 ,, 16 21 19 5 18 22 10 25 30 2 14 25 11 18 24 4 11 18 5 13 18 1 8 15 5 13 21 10 16 18 15 26 21 20 23 11 9 17 20 28 37 34 17 32 34 14 31 34 6 21 34 5 17 28 0 11 19 0 11 20 0 12 22 5 20 24 6 28 28 23 33 33 24 34 34 11 24 29 4 „ 5 „ 6 „ 8 7 1 34 18 12. 27 22 15 30 28 23 25 25 12 20 21 18 23 26 24 18 17 13 23 21 18 20 14 5 14 8 0 5 1 7 21 17 11 31 24 15 32 24 14 34 25 16 42 36 31 32 34 27 27 30 28 27 28 28 27 29 28 30 27 23 28 21 12 27 18 5 30 2i i 21 31 27 20 7 ,, 8 „ 9 „ 9 11 11 6 6 5 3 3 7 12 2 6 6 4 12 12 C 2 17 11 ■1 9 0 1 11 6 3 3 0 4 2 4 3 10 12 10 5 0 4 3 3 2 6 0 8 7 3 10 22 'J 1 16 2 10 18 111 0 21 14 3 18 8 3 16 1 1 9 13 2 6 7 18 13 12 12 4 3 10 „ 11 ■> Midt. 9 5 7 5 7 0 9 6 2 5 7 8 10 8 7 1 3 1 3 1 6 1 3 5 2 5 0 1 4 5 6 3 2 10 12 1 4 2 0 3 2 2 12 11 9 11 7 7 3 10 4 18 19 2 3 5 3 4 2 7 1 2 3 5 4 2 16 9 7 10 3 3 8 5 10 6 6 2 36 THE VOYAGE OF H.M.S. CHALLENGER WASHINGTON.- —Eight Years. FORT RAE.— Dne Year. Lat. N. 38° 56', Long. W. 76° 58 ; H iight, 103 Feet. Lat. N. 6: •39' Long. W. 115° 44 ; Height, 530 Feet. 1 A.M. p cS >-a 3 'n a- < 3 Ha "p Ha bb 02 o o c3 ID q co- co R Ha £ <-• "in < © P Ha Ha A p < © Z > o n 6 3 7 5 6 2 10 3 1 4 3 2 3 2 3 c G 4 9 1 1 8 6 5 4 2 2 ,, 5 1 3 G 7 4 14 4 2 5 4 2 4 2 3 5 6 3 9 {) 4 11 5 3 7 2 3 ,, 5 2 6 6 3 2 12 3 1 5 4 3 4 4 3 3 4 1 8 1 2 10 5 2 10 1 4 ,. 8 5 1 4 4 2 6 1 3 3 3 6 9 3 3 1 2 3 8 1 1 12 7 3 6 0 5 ,. 9 3 6 1 11 9 3 8 9 2 2 7 2 1 4 2 3 7 8 3 2 11 6 1 5 1 6 „ 2 3 16 11 19 16 13 16 18 10 8 0 10 2 2 4 6 9 10 7 4 4 3 1) 3 3 7 ,, 12 16 24 24 26 21 22 25 27 21 20 13 21 4 0 6 10 11 10 8 7 2 1 0 3 4 8 ,, 30 27 33 36 30 26 27 32 32 31 32 28 30 0 0 8 11 12 11 10 5 1 1 6 3 5 9 „ 40 34 38 42 30 27 29 36 34 35 36 25 35 3 2 11 12 14 9 11 4 3 6 6 4 7 10 „ 38 34 36 38 26 26 29 34 30 32 30 30 32 5 3 13 13 13 6 9 4 4 6 9 3 7 11 ,, 24 22 26 25 18 22 25 27 20 21 15 24 32 8 6 13 11 12 3 8 5 5 7 8 . 1 7 Noon 6 5 9 8 9 13 18 15 7 5 a 5 7 4 2 12 9 10 2 6 6 4 6 8 5 5 1 P.M. 8 12 1 9 0 2 7 1 7 12 8 20 4 2 2 11 8 6 1 4 3 6 3 6 7 3 2 „ 21 25 28 21 10 12 5 14 19 23 16 26 18 2 5 8 5 2 3 3 1 8 2 4 G 2 3 „ 25 31 39 30 20 24 18 26 28 30 29 25 27 4 C 1 1 2 6 1 2 10 3 4 5 0 •1 „ 24 31 41 35 30 32 28 31 33 31 27 20 30 3 5 1 o 6 11 6 4 10 3 2 4 2 5 ,, 21 26 37 35 35 34 31 34 33 27 22 12 29 3 5 4 7 8 13 10 6 13 2 2 3 3 6 „ 14 18 28 29 32 30 28 29 28 19 14 4 23 1 0 8 ID 10 14 11 6 13 2 2 2 4 7 „ 5 10 19 18 22 21 19 21 19 9 4 4 13 3 2 6 10 13 14 12 7 4 0 7 4 G 8 ,, 2 3 10 6 8 11 8 13 10 0 4 8 5 4 2 6 10 14 13 11 6 3 1 8 5 G 9 „ 4 2 3 2 2 2 1 6 2 5 8 8 2 4 1 9 8 12 8 10 2 0 2 9 3 6 10 ., 1 4 4 4 6 3 5 1 3 5 6 4 4 6 1 10 7 11 4 7 1 3 3 9 2 5 11 ,. 4 4 8 2 4 3 3 0 4 2 2 0 2 7 1 11 6 9 1 5 1 3 4 7 2 4 Mult. 7 3 9 2 2 0 3 1 2 1 2 2 1 8 3 11 3 5 1 3 2 8 6 2 3 4 SIT] £A.- -Twi INTY The EE"i EARS. ASTORIA •Years. Lat. N. E 7° 3' , Loj IG. Y r. 13 5° 18 '; h EIGHT, 28 Feet ] _,at. N. 4 >°ir , Long. W. 12 3° 50 ; Height, 53 Feet. 1 A.M. a 1-3 ^5 a CO a P >"5 A p < a. © O > o © a © a at Ha J2 CD h* 3 ce © p Ha >-• "p Ha A p < GO o > o <5 CD R 3 2 5 2 3 1 1 0 1 2 4 2 2 4 12 8 3 3 2 3 2 1 5 7 0 2 ,, 4 3 4 3 1 1 2 2 1 1 1 2 1 8 12 4 4 7 4 i 4 3 3 0 3 3 3 „ 3 0 1 6 2 2 4 3 3 3 2 1 2 11 12 2 10 10 6 2 5 4 6 6 1 6 4 ,. 0 2 2 8 4 5 4 6 5 4 3 5 4 13 10 1 13 11 7 3 6 5 7 5 3 7 o .. 1 2 4 9 6 6 5 7 6 4 4 6 5 7 8 1 8 8 3 2 1 2 4 2 0 3 6 ,, 2 3 6 7 6 6 5 6 6 5 4 7 5 » 3 2 4 2 5 9 5 7 0 4 7 3 7 !. 3 4 8 6 5 6 5 6 5 4 4 7 5 9 7 6 18 7 10 14 11 13 11 8 9 10 8 „ 2 3 8 5 4 6 4 4 3 2 1 6 4 22 16 9 25 10 13 18 14 21 17 16 13 16 9 „ 0 0 6 3 3 6 3 2 1 1 1 0 2 31 19 15 29 11 14 17 16 25 20 18 25 20 10 .. 6 6 2 0 2 4 2 1 2 3 4 6 1 36 21 14 31 14 15 17 17 27 22 20 29 22 11 „ 7 8 2 4 1 1 0 2 4 6 5 8 4 26 23 7 16 10 12 15 15 23 20 17 15 17 Noon 7 9 3 6 4 3 2 4 7 7 4 8 5 12 16 2 12 6 8 11 12 14 9 5 1 9 1 P.M. 4 6 3 7 4 6 4 6 8 6 2 5 5 7 6 14 7 1 3 6 8 8 3 4 17 1 2 „ 0 3 2 8 5 6 6 7 7 4 1 2 4 19 1 23 6 5 5 3 n 3 6 12 23 9 3 „ 2 0 0 6 4 6 6 7 5 2 4 1 2 21 6 23 16 11 12 12 6 12 9 14 27 14 4 „ 3 2 2 3 3 6 5 4 2 1 5 0 1 18 8 23 24 18 19 18 11 20 13 16 23 18 5 „ 4 4 3 1 2 4 3 2 1 4 5 0 1 16 11 20 27 22 23 22 17 24 15 16 20 19 6 „ 6 5 4 1 1 3 1 0 3 4 4 1 2 15 C 15 28 8 16 22 20 25 15 15 12 16 7 ., 6 5 1 1 2 1 0 1 2 3 2 1 2 11 1 6 18 9 5 18 16 18 11 10 9 9 8 ,. 5 4 1 1 2 1 0 0 1 2 0 1 ^ 1 1 6 1 13 2 ■ 9 6 11 7 5 2 2 9 „ 2 2 3 3 1 3 1 1 0 0 2 1 1 1 2 8 4 16 7 1 3 7 4 1 2 2 10 ,, •1 0 5 4 2 3 2 1 1 2 4 0 2 2 6 13 3 12 6 0 2 5 2 4 9 3 11 „ 1 0 6 4 2 4 2 0 1 2 5 1 2 4 9 13 6 4 2 1 1 3 1 7 13 3 Midt. 2 0 6 6 4 2 2 0 0 2 5 2 3 1 11 12 7 0 ° 2 2 1 0 9 16 2 * From Williamson's " On the Use of the Barometer." REPORT ON ATMOSPHERIC CIRCULATION. 37 SAN FRANCISCO.— 'Years. Lat. N. 37° 48', Long. W. 122" 23' ; Height, 22 Feet. 1 A.M. 2 ,, 3 ,, 4 „ 5 ,, fi .. 7 „ 8 „ 9 ,, 10 „ U ,, Noou 1 P.M 2 „ 3 „ 4 „ 5 „ 6 „ 7 „ 8 „ 9 .. in „ ii .. Midt, 0 14 0 9 7 2 11 12 21 j 22 36 29 31 35 20 2 18 25 32 34 30 23 23 15 15 11 7 11 6 17 14 26 16 31 17 26 17 18 13 8 10 4 3 14 0 19 10 22 21 27 21 22 17 8 7 1 2 0 4 1 4 3 3 4 8 9 6 8 1 10 9 11 10 1 3 13 8 22 20 28 26 32 31 34 33 32 29 27 22 16 12 4 3 10 17 25 27 34 32 32 33 FORT CHURCHniLL.— "Years. Lat. N. 39° 18', Long. W. 119° 15'; Height, 4319 Feet. g 7 5 3 ft a 1 A.M. i 22 15 19 14 2 * 11 4 3 24 15 21 16 3 „ 13 9 4 26 15 22 19 4 „ 14 11 4 28 16 25 23 5 „ 11 6 11 33 19 31 28 6 „ 4 3 20 36 24 37 34 7 ,, 8 18 34 38 33 39 39 8 ,, 16 20 35 31 31 32 36 9 „ 24 24 41 31 29 26 32 10 „ 41 25 36 29 15 21 25 11 „ 32 22 31 20 4 11 16 Noon 13 7 18 10 9 1 1 1 P.M. 3 13 5 8 20 13 15 2 „ 19 26 22 30 29 29 31 3 „ 26 29 33 50 38 40 38 4 n 22 33 39 69 42 48 47 5 ,, 18 28 40 73 45 51 o2 6 „ 8 20 33 69 42 47 49 7 1, 5 12 21 50 23 40 39 8 „ 3 1 16 25 8 25 22 9 „ 1 12 10 8 5 10 4 10 „ 5 15 0 8 8 4 4 11 „ 5 16 2 18 11 14 8 Midt. 1 13 1 21 14 17 12 •'h a, < m 14 9 18 13 19 15 22 16 26 21 33 31 41 41 39 40 32 38 24 34 8 23 6 10 16 7 27 24 36 35 11 45 16 47 43 46 32 38 22 27 12 2D 4 U 4 2 9 6 41 35 36 30 8 19 28 o •a 5 1 8 6 9 10 10 12 7 1 0 8 11 22 19 33 28 42 33 43 33 23 16 0 9 13 26 19 35 25 23 27 17 24 7 22 5 is 4 13 3 i 2 1 1 6 3 7 SACBAMENTO.— »Yeabs. Lat. N. 38° 31', Lo.so. W. 121° 19' ; Height, 81 Feet. 41 36 34 31 12 17 7 6 24 26 29 30 < 3 28 | 23 32 I 30 39 ! 32 46 42 32 44 36 32 33 26 24 24 29 30 I 33 35 38 29 36 : 37 29 33 33 26 28 2S 20 13 I 16 24 I 31 33 | 39 28 29 32 32 34 31 33 30 27 23 23 16 15 12 10 10 8 10 3 5 6 6 1 8 22 29 35 39 34 22 7 IK 25 31 31 28 21 14 6 1 1 FORT YUMA-. *Years. Lat. N. 32° 35', Long. W. 114° 36'; Height, 141 Feet. ... i 18 8 2 * From Williamson's "On the Use of the Barometer." 38 THE VOYAGE OF H.M.S. CHALLENGER. MEXICO.— One Year. Lat. N. 19° 20', Long. W. 99° 0' ; Height, 7490 Feel EIC Lat. S. 22° 57 JANEIEO.- , Long. W. 4S -Te> " 7'j Years. Height, 224 Feet. 1 A.M. 2 „ 3 „ a H3 a fa o3 ft < d a »-3 1-3 fcb < GO u O > c5 CD Q J3 O fa < >> 1-3 <1 O O 0 IZi a u O 10 5 1 13 4 2 12 1 4 14 6 1 17 6 2 7 1 4 6 1 5 10 1 4 8 2 2 9 1 3 8 2 0 11 3 1 10 2 2 ... 4 „ 5 „ 6 >, 3 9 18 3 4 17 2 4 18 1 9 21 6 9 21 2 4 13 3 7 19 1 6 20 3 9 19 9 5 19 1 6 21 1 7 17 0 7 19 ' 9 3 12 1 ii 12 i'i 6 2 5 "4 "6 8 7 ,i 8 „ 9 ,, 36 51 60 34 44 50 30 43 52 35 45 48 30 35 36 26 32 35 31 37 39 29 32 39 29 40 44 28 41 47 32 44 54 30 47 54 31 41 47 1 5 11 4 3 10 8 2 13 5 5 15 9 i 15 8 2 14 11 4 16 3 3 15 2 12 20 4 12 20 2 8 16 0 8 12 3 4 15 10 ,, 11 „ Noon 67 35 7 50 37 9 49 30 5 42 24 2 30 15 2 28 18 3 33 20 7 36 25 9 38 25 3 43 27 3 43 23 4 48 31 1 41 26 4 17 18 13 17 17 16 20 20 16 21 19 13 21 19 13 23 21 15 21 23 16 23 22 17 24 22 15 21 21 13 19 16 11 15 15 11 20 20 14 1 P.M. 2 „ 3 „ 25 47 59 21 47 60 26 44 64 27 44 57 22 41 53 13 31 47 34 29 47 10 30 49 17 46 63 21 47 61 29 56 07 28 50 62 ■23 43 57 7 2 9 9 2 9 9 0 9 7 8 12 3 5 11 4 5 10 6 4 8 5 5 15 0 13 18 4 7 14 2 5 11 6 1 8 6 5 11 4 „ 5 „ 6 „ 63 58 50 66 63 51 70 63 50 67 63 52 63 61 41 54 49 35 57 53 40 54 52 38 65 58 44 63 54 38 67 55 42 60 50 40 62 57 43 17 20 19 13 21 19 12 15 16 16 17 18 15 13 10 12 12 14 13 10 11 19 19 21 22 21 18 19 23 21 18 18 19 18 20 20 16 17 16 7 „ 8 „ 9 „ 31 9 8 33 7 11 33 3 19 32 4 20 22 2 19 19 5 11 24 4 10 23 G 8 13 2 23 18 7 21 18 4 23 19 3 17 24 2 16 10 „ 11 ,, Midt. 16 13 11 21 22 18 27 27 20 32 31 27 29 32 23 23 27 17 22 26 22 22 22 15 27 24 17 24 19 16 26 25 20 21 18 16 24 24 19 CORE Lat. S. 31° 25', Lo> OVj G. V L— Five T. 64° 11'; Yeai Hei ts. GHT, 1400 Fee ,. SAN Lat. S. 3! riA( 1-22' JO DE CHILE— Three Years. Long. E, 70* 38' ; Height, 1790 Feet. 1 A.M. 2 „ 3 „ a 1-3 fa ft < aa 3 >-3 < DO o > o n q d »-3 J3 fa s a. < a >> p < ft 0 0 O > 0 [25 cS u S3 18 19 17 24 24 24 23 24 24 18 20 20 26 25 23 19 18 17 27 26 24 33 30 27 31 30 26 33 33 31 28 25 23 26 25 22 26 25 23 "(S 2 22 16 "i "9 a 18 ii 7 "s i'6 ii 4 „ 5 >. 6 „ 18 20 27 23 24 27 23 24 24 19 19 22 22 21 21 15 13 13 21 19 16 24 21 21 23 23 26 30 30 33 23 25 30 22 26 32 22 22 24 8 13 2 4 "i "2 "5 "0 a 3 9 13 4 7 i. 8 ,, 9 ,, 33 39 38 32 36 37 25 27 30 25 29 29 22 25 26 13 15 19 19 20 23 23 28 30 32 40 40 37 39 38 36 39 38 40 45 44 28 31 33 17 23 26 25 25 19 14 18 19 io 14 16 19 10 ,, 11 ,, Noon 34 27 19 32 24 14 26 17 6 27 17 2 26 16 3 22 11 6 26 15 4 31 19 2 36 22 4 32 20 6 30 20 9 38 28 18 30 20 5 i2 ii 6 1 5 "2 4 "s 3 "0 1 5 5 1 P.M. 2 „ 3 „ 5 9 28 0 16 39 7 24 41 15 33 43 23 42 4(i 23 38 43 20 44 49 20 49 61 20 45 60 17 38 60 14 29 50 3 15 42 14 32 47 17 18 22 22 17 i'o 19 18 24 20 .24 20 20 4 ,. 6 >, 47 54 57 54 56 55 52 51 47 47 48 42 50 43 37 42 34 27 47 42 33 61 52 45 63 01 54 08 60 57 62 63 57 60 65 05 54 53 48 23 25 20 ii 8 4 "6 "5 "8 6 14 23 12 7 „ 8 „ 9 „ 55 47 32 50 43 27 38 27 14 33 22 10 27 16 6 17 6 3 22 11 0 33 18 4 43 29 12 48 35 17 51 38 17 61 50 30 40 28 14 7 ii 15 3 6 3 7 13 11 13 14 9 8 10 „ 11 ,, Midi. 13 9 19 7 11 22 1 13 20 2 17 23 5 17 20 14 23 26 11 19 22 10 25 30 5 22 28 0 18 26 ■ 3 20 28 10 9 18 2 17 23 "i 9 "i i 1 4 6 9 1 "i i 6 i REPORT ON ATMOSPHERIC CIRCULATION. 39 BUENOS AYRES.— Years. SOUTH GEORGIA.— One Teak. Lat. S. 34° 39', Long. W. 58° 23' ; Height, 12 Feet. Lat. S. 54° 31', Long. \V. 36° 5' ; Height, 30 Feet. 1 A.M. a >-5 © -3 3 1-3 ^ « o ft i a •-5 © Eh X < 1 1 i-3 ii, a < "5, a; O o © 3J> 2 1 0 2 2 3 11 8 8 3 7 15 5 8 26 1 4 2 „ 7 2 4 7 5 5 4 4 7 5 8 2 14 < 5 20 5 1 3 „ 11 3 6 '9 7 8 11 6 11 5 8 1 8 13 3 19 6 2 4 » 11 1 G 7 G 9 14 9 11 9 15 5 8 13 1 19 6 4 5 „ G 4 ... 1 1 O 14 6 10 3 18 10 9 6 1 21 3 2 6 „ 4 12 8 15 10 2 10 5 4 3 17 17 10 2 6 19 2 2 7 „ 18 20 20 32 22 5 8 1 2 1 13 16 8 10 8 16 3 4 8 » 30 28 :!? 45 33 10 2 1 7 2 7 21 8 14 8 14 9 7 9 n 37 31 37 51 39 12 0 2 19 6 8 35 12 17 8 7 9 11 10 „ 35 28 36 48 37 8 0 1 20 5 15 36 12 14 6 3 6 10 11 ,1 ms 20 28 36 27 • 4 1 6 17 1 14 31 4 13 1 10 1 6 Noon n 7 14 18 13 2 3 9 12 8 6 22 o 9 7 20 1 0 1 P.M. a fi 3 1 4 4 4 12 5 16 0 11 18 5 10 27 1 5 2 „ 17 17 19 17 17 4 B 10 ■) 17 1 4 2/ 3 14 30 9 3 „ 23 24 30 27 26 6 2 11 G 18 1 16 30 t 16 35 4 12 4 „ TO 25 35 31 29 8 1 10 8 13 5 23 29 13 14 35 6 12 5 „ 22 22 33 >.. 29 27 9 2 8 6 8 7 27 24 14 13 30 6 10 6 „ 17 16 2G 25 21 5 6 3 4 5 10 28 14 5 12 19 6 7 „ 11 0 17 19 14 + 8 6 0 12 9 22 4 3 7 9 1 1 8 .. fi 12 7 8 14 15 (1 13 8 20 1 1 7 8 0 4 9 ,i 2 2 0 j ... 6 2 7 9 19 2 12 5 16 7 4 8 10 3 6 10 '„ 3 4 4 I ... 1 2 5 4 17 9 11 6 16 11 6 6 15 3 5 11 » 3 5 6 j ... .., 2 4 IS 2 14 5 3 2 12 12 0 9 23 2 5 Midt. .... ... 1 3 4 j ... 2 3 4 1 14 5 9 0 :> 13 4 11 23 3 5 PORT LOUIS.— Seve Lat. S. 53" 38', Long. W. 70° 54 i Months. ' ; Height, 0 Feet. KERGUELEX.— Six Months. Lat. S. 50° 0', Long. E. 70° 0'; near Sea Level. 1 A.M. i fa l4 S, 1^ a © < ct | 6 o 6 © P 1 O 11 5 4 fa s % 7-.' a 1-5 ©" CO a O > d 12 14 7 27 17 10 5 12 IS 0 32 9q 12 11 7 9 3 4 2 „ 3 „ ... 13 9 15 9 1 2 20 21 13 1 7 6 8 2 0 10 7 32 3 27 4 7 7 i „ 6 8 3 9 1 7 1 4 4 33 30 1 6 18 14 5 0 6 10 9 5 5 „ 9 6 8 6 3 4 7 1 G 'fi T> 1-' 4 16 2 6 „ 15 2 9 •J < 6 8 1 7 „ 8 „ 9 „ 15 17 15 4 7 12 8 9 3 10 11 9 7 5 G 7 3 0 10 8 0. 2 1 1 10 12 13 18 11 0 15 17 19 8 5 5 4 1 6 10 6 7 1 1 4 10 ,, 12 8 1 10 6 0 3 0 19 15 13 7 16 22 15 16 25 11 4 8 3 7 7 11 ,, Noon 7 3 9 0 7 "4 10 1G b 11 12 4 6 0 5 21 2 25 1 20 2 1 P.M. 11 12 40 24 19 13 10 IS 10 1 1 26 ■ 10 18 21 ?4 ... 8 11 12 7 1 2 2 „ 18 18 47 29 22 11 11 23 13 33 14 5 3 3 ,, 19 18 12 22 20 IV 10 1/ ... 4 „ 20 14 4 16 12 14 8 13 1 4 7 24 19 12 I ! 37 32 18 15 3 8 4 3 5 „ 6 ii 18 15 12 9 3 7 0 4 4 3 12 8 6 3 8 3 19 15 19 !! 12 1 3 10 12 ?1 16 11 2 10 0 7 „ 12 8 13 8 8 2 18 11 3 8 8 2 8 „ 9 ,, 9 8 0 4 17 20 9 16 14 19 4 5 0 1 4 7 9 3 16 6 4 1 10 „ 3 4 22 20 21 7 E 8 15 1 4 0 22 .„, 5 8 1 3 1 2 U >, 3 1 21 23 18 9 b 11 11 11 1 36 11 5 4 Mi.lt. 5 4 21 25 21 9 4 12 ' 40 THE VOYAGE OF H.M.S. CHALLENGER. SSEGASTAR, Mouth of the Lena .—Two 1 EARS. KLEIN E KARMAKUL ("NOVA ZEMBLAV -On e Year. Lat. N. 73' 23', L ISO. E. 124° 5' ; Height , 16 Feet. Lat N. ', 2° 22 ', Long. E. 52' 43' Height 23 Feet. 1 A.M. .P O CD a "p 1-5 p Pi CO CD O > o R C3 CD a i-a .a CD ci P. < 3 CD a p >-3 p 1-3 to p Ph CD w O > o CD R u 03 CD 4 1 1 2 1 6 1 4 2 2 3 2 1 12 15 0 1 0 4 0 8 0 5 1 5 2 2 „ 3 1 2 3 0 3 2 2 3 2 1 3 0 9 11 i 1 4 6 0 8 6 4 3 6 1 3 „ 3 2 3 6 3 2 3 0 5 4 0 2 2 10 13 0 4 6 8 3 6 11 1 2 3 1 4 „ 2 2 2 6 3 2 2 2 2 3 1 0 1 5 11 1 4 8 7 2 5 10 K 2 0 7 5 , 5 2 1 5 2 2 0 5 2 2 2 1 1 1 0 6 5 10 10 4 2 9 6 1 2 4 6 ,, 4 1 1 3 2 1 1 6 0 1 0 o 1 3 3 7 6 9 12 2 2 9 10 1 2 5 7 ,, 3 2 1 3 4 0 2 9 1 0 0 6 2 8 6 8 8 8 11 2 4 8 10 4 3 5 8 „ 2 3 II 3 5 1 2 9 2 1 1 4 1 11 10 7 8 3 11 5 6 8 11 4 6 6 9 „ 1 0 II 4 6 4 2 8 2 2 4 5 3 13 17 7 G 3 9 4 10 8 10 3 G 6 10 ,, 1 2 0 3 6 6 2 10 1 4 6 9 4 14 15 6 4 2 8 4 14 8 9 2 4 5 11 ,> 5 4 3 3 6 6 2 11 0 4 7 10 5 23 13 5 2 0 5 3 11 5 5 i 4 2 Noon 7 4 4 2 6 7 2 10 2 6 7 11 6 24 10 3 2 6 4 2 10 3 3 6 1 1 1 P.M. g G 7 o 6 7 3 13 3 6 G 9 6 24 5 1 4 7 6 1 3 2 0 8 6 4 2 „ 6 4 C 1 3 8 3 11 5 4 4 7 5 21 1 3 4 8 8 1 3 6 4 8 7 5 3 n 6 3 5 2 2 8 1 7 5 3 3 1 4 15 2 5 8 12 11 6 0 7 6 5 7 6 * „ 3 2 3 0 1 G 2 2 4 0 1 2 2 10 3 7 8 11 12 3 0 10 7 2 4 6 s i> 0 2 3 4 3 3 2 4 0 4 1 6 2 1 2 6 5 11 13 2 1 8 6 1 3 4 c „ 2 7 7 8 8 0 2 10 5 7 2 7 5 9 2 6 5 9 11 1 3 8 6 5 3 3 7 ,, 3 7 8 10 9 s 5 17 8 8 3 8 8 13 3 5 2 4 7 1 6 10 6 4 2 2 8 .. 3 6 7 10 9 5 6 16 6 8 2 10 7 19 4 4 2 2 6 3 5 10 6 5 1 2 9 „ 2 4 6 7 9 5 4 12 4 6 2 7 6 21 4 4 5 1 2 2 6 10 8 4 1 1 10 „ 1 2 6 5 8 7 4 12 3 3 1 6 5 21 8 5 5 3 3 3 7 5 6 4 1 1 11 ii 0 1 3 1 4 7 4 9 1 1 1 3 3 23 8 6 2 4 2 0 6 5 9 ■> 1 1 Midt. 1 0 3 1 3 5 1 7 0 0 1 3 2 23 7 1 1 2 2 2 5 2 8 2 1 0 SODA> rKY] jJL- -Two Ye AUK, BOSSEKOP.— One Year. Lai '. N. j7°27', L JNG. E. 26 ° 36' ; He IGHT G17 Feet Lat N. < 9° 5' ', Long. E. 23° 15' ; Height , 98 Feet. 1 A.M. l-s eg p. < t^ ^ ■5 CO u O > o ci CD R CD a c3 1-3 ,p CD <1 i>» cd CD P bn p p. CD X CD o >' d R a3 CD 2 1 9 0 4 5 1 4 7 9 2 4 4 2 1 8 0 3 12 8 10 4 4 1 2 6 2 „ 0 1 10 0 7 8 4 4 6 8 2 2 4 1 1 9 1 2 13 9 8 1 2 2 0 4 3 „ 2 2 12 0 7 10 6 5 2 4 0 1 3 1 1 8 0 1 13 10 4 5 3 2 2 2 4 „ o 6 12 2 8 12 6 6 2 1 1 1 3 6 2 8 1 0 11 8 0 7 4 4 . 5 0 5 „ 5 10 13 2 7 12 6 6 4 2 3 4 1 8 5 2 1 3 9 8 2 8 8 4 6 2 6 „ 7 10 11 5 8 12 10 6 4 4 6 9 1 7 6 2 1 3 6 7 4 12 9 5 G 3 ' J! 10 12 10 6 8 12 8 8 1 8 9 11 0 9 7 2 1 3 3 6 G 12 10 7 8 5 8 „ 10 11 5 6 7 12 7 7 1 11 9 9 0 5 11 5 4 2 2 5 4 12 7 6 c 4 9 „ 5 6 1 6 7 11 8 6 5 D 6 6 1 2 10 G 4 1 2 4 2 13 8 1 1 2 10 „ 0 1 1 4 6 8 9 S 5 1 2 1 2 2 10 4 3 0 2 2 2 8 5 6 4 3 11 i, 3 2 ■ 0 4 6 4 5 4 5 1 4 4 3 5 ■1 4 3 4 0 1 0 8 3 10 10 1 Noon 1 1 4 1 3 3 4 2 8 2 4 3 1 6 3 3 2 3 1 4 1 5 2 6 8 1 1 P.M. 2 3 6 1 1 1 0 0 5 4 1 0 1 3 2 2 0 4 2 8 1 3 2 4 4 0 2 ,. 1 4 9 5 3 1 3 4 C 5 1 1 3 2 2 3 0 4 6 10 3 2 1 3 1 1 3 „ 1 6 11 G 8 12 7 8 G 6 2 2 5 1 7 3 2 2 10 11 3 1 2 1 2 2 4 ,. 2 4 12 8 10 15 10 12 3 4 1 3 6 2 9 6 2 2 14 12 4 3 2 0 1 2 6 „ 4 6 12 8 12 18 10 11 0 5 1 3 5 3 7 7 0 4 15 13 3 6 3 1 1 2 c „ 6 6 9 7 14 18 10 11 1 4 1 1 5 3 6 G 1 7 13 11 1 9 5 0 2 2 7 ii E 6 8 4 13 19 13 12 6 0 2 0 4 0 5 4 2 8 11 10 0 13 9 1 4 1 8 , 6 7 8 0 9 16 10 8 9 5 3 2 2 1 3 2 2 4 10 s: 0 16 10 1 3 0 9 „ 3 3 7 0 7 9 6 G 12 5 4 2 1 3 5 3 2 3 6 2 2 14 12 0 1 2 10 „ 3 4 4 1 3 4 2 2 13 7 4 5 2 1 4 7 2 2 0 4 2 13 10 1 4 4 11 „ 4 4 2 1 3 1 0 1 13 7 4 6 3 4 4 8 0 4 6 7 4 12 10 0 5 5 Midt. 2 5 6 0 i 3 1 4 13 8 4 4 • 4 5 2 9 1 5 9 10 6 8 8 1 4 5 REPORT ON ATMOSPHERIC CIRCULATION. 41 JAN MATEN.— One Tear. SABINE ISLANI .— 0 ne Year. Lat . N. 70° 59', Long. W. 8° 28' ; Height , 35 Feet. Lat. N. ' "4° 32', Lose. W. 18° 49 ; Height , 0 Feet. 1 A.M. c3 »-3 o ft 1 CD a 3 1-J 'a 1-3 in a < X o o 5 'J ID R 2 £ a Ha 3 Z? >, © a a i-a Ha DO a "a. a O > 0 a P 12 1 8 7 2 0 1 4 3 2 0 2 „ 10 4 4 6 2 2 1 3 4 7 5 2 1 ii "9 13 2 "0 8 3 "2 "6 ... 12 10 i 3 „ 4 4 2 4 2 5 5 4 8 11 7 5 3 4 n 2 4 0 4 4 8 6 8 13 10 8 7 6 2 5 8 2 11 6 4 1 3 3 12 9 3 5 ,, 9 6 1 2 3 7 8 7 12 10 8 9 5 ... 6 „ 10 3 4 2 2 7 6 2 9 7 6 6 4 6 12 0 7 10 3 "5 i 2 "i "6 6 i 7 „ 5 4 8 1 1 2 3 1 6 2 4 5 1 8 „ 2 4 9 4 0 1 0 1 4 2 0 2 1 "6 12 li 11 "5 i 7 6 0 "4 "2 i i 9 it 0 4 13 2 0 0 2 4 2 5 6 2 3 10 „ 1 3 10 1 2 2 2 4 3 8 9 7 4 14 21 11 9 4 3 8 2 3 17 1 2 1 11 „ 0 3 11 1 3 2 4 9 5 8 9 6 5 Noon 2 4 10 1 2 6 6 11 8 9 7 4 5 14 19 8 9 14 "9 6 4 5 11 i "4 3 1 P.M. 7 3 10 2 0 7 6 7 7 9 6 1 4 2 „ 7 2 9 0 0 5 6 7 6 S 4 3 4 15 15 8 2 12 3 "i 2 4 8 "4 10 6 3 „ 11 1 0 3 1 2 4 3 5 1 3 6 0 4 „ 11 3 4 5 2 1 2 1 2 2 1 2 2 11 2 2 7 11 0 7 9 5 2 1 8 3 5 „ 10 8 6 5 3 2 1 1 2 3 3 0 3 6 „ 4 11 7 6 2 2 1 2 4 6 0 2 2 2 ii 2 7 3 6 S 2 "4 1 10 i "6 7 „ 3 9 8 3 2 0 1 2 8 5 3 2 0 8 „ 9 2 12 0 4 3 1 2 7 2 0 3 0 ii 19 "6 3 2 "i ii 3 2 6 12 3 i 9 ., 10 2 11 1 3 3 1 1 5 1 0 4 1 ... 10 „ 10 2 12 2 1 4 0 1 2 1 1 2 1 16 25 5 3 2 2 6 7 3 9 11 2 3 11 „ 11 3 13 1 4 2 0 0 3 5 3 3 0 ... ... Midt. 9 2 12 3 4 4 0 0 1 9 3 1 1" is 22 6 16 "6 3 "i 9 2 ii 4 3 1 G OD1 'HA AB.— Oni Tear. KI> rGTL V-FJ ORD . — One Yeae. Lat N. 64° 11 ',Lc >NG. W. 51° 46 ; Heigh t, 37 Fee Lat. N. 6 6° 36 , Lo no. W. 67 . Uf ; He igiit 30 Feet. 1 A.M. a »-5 o >> 1 a a Ha Ha < ft to a O > o 93 a' »-3 y 3 'C a. < >> a a a Ha J*. a Ha a ft 0 a O > 0 125 6 0 4 6 6 6 2 4 14 5 6 7 18 9 7 8 8 11 5 6 3 3 3 8 1 6 3 4 2 „ 10 7 6 9 1 4 14 8 6 4 22 10 8 6 6 12 3 4 6 2 4 8 1 4 2 4 3 „ 3 3 2 9 0 5 10 5 8 2 16 7 6 4 7 10 1 3 4 3 5 4 2 3 2 3 4 „ 0 1 4 5 2 3 4 2 9 3 12 6 3 2 1 6 0 3 1 6 8 4 0 0 2 0 5 „ 1 2 11 0 2 0 0 1 7 4 9 4 1 2 0 8 4 6 1 4 8 4 1 3 1 1 6 „ 1 2 12 3 0 0 5 2 7 5 6 3 1 2 0 4 4 7 3 8 8 1 2 3 3 2 7 „ 3 1 12 8 1 1 6 5 8 4 5 <> 1 0 0 0 5 10 5 9 8 8 4 4 3 4 8 „ 1 5 16 11 3 0 8 4 9 10 3 i 3 4 3 3 3 11 5 7 6 4 4 4 3 3 9 „ 0 6 12 9 2 1 10 3 9 8 1 0 3 0 2 3 4 12 5 7 6 7 5 6 1 4 10 „ 0 6 9 9 1 5 11 5 7 7 1 i 3 2 3 7 7 11 4 4 2 7 7 6 0 3 11 ,i 1 5 12 8 1 4 10 0 6 2 4 6 2 5 3 7 3 7 1 1 3 3 12 6 0 0 Noon 6 2 2 4 3 9 9 4 7 6 2 9 2 7 0 5 1 2 5 3 9 2 12 1 2 3 1 P.M. 9 2 2 2 4 6 9 5 6 5 4 10 3 13 4 0 2 1 8 3 11 5 12 0 3 6 2 „ 6 4 4 2 3 6 8 7 4 6 9 6 2 8 4 2 2 2 5 6 9 3 8 2 1 4 3 „ 3 2 6 1 0 2 6 4 0 4 12 2 0 0 1 2 2 3 3 7 8 1 i 2 1 2 4 „ 5 4 9 3 4 0 1 1 8 1 17 9 2 6 5 5 2 2 2 8 10 2 3 3 4 0 5 „ 9 6 5 7 6 2 2 2 10 2 16 15 4 8 8 6 4 4 0 7 9 3 7 5 5 2 6 „ 10 7 5 10 1 3 3 3 13 2 16 15 4 7 8 11 3 4 1 9 8 5 13 6 6 3 7 „ 8 2 10 4 6 8 3 4 14 1 13 14 5 8 8 7 0 5 3 6 6 5 12 4 8 3 8 ii 5 4 1 4 8 14 4 6 20 2 10 12 6 4 7 4 1 5 3 4 2 2 12 2 5 2 9 „ 5 2 3 1 8 16 2 5 20 0 4 8 e 8 4 2 0 0 2 1 1 1 11 0 4 2 10 „ 6 3 6 1 8 18 3 6 12 2 1 4 3 7 2 1 3 5 3 1 3 2 9 7 1 1 11 ii 3 6 9 3 3 9 6 1 6 6 6 3 1 2 5 2 6 9 0 0 4 4 7 10 6 2 Midt. 2 11 11 4 2 0 11 2 2 8 11 8 5 5 8 7 G 9 2 1 4 4 5 11 4 3 (PHYS. CHEM. CHALL. EXP. — PART V. — 1888.) 12 42 THE VOYAGE OF H.M.S. CHALLENGER. UGLAAMIE.— Two Years. Lat. N. 71° 23', Long. W. 156° 40' ; Height, 1' ' Feet. VAN RENSSELAER HARBOUR— 1J Yeaes. Lat. N. 78° 37', Long. W. 70° 35' ; Height, 0 Feet 1 A.M. 2 „ 3 „ <~3 ,0 'to ft < CD 3 H5 0. CD 03 0 0 0 0 CD R ca CD J™ £ ft < da 0 3 t~5 si S <1 ft CD 0 O > 0 e5 CD O CD 8 6 3 11 9 5 9 7 5 6 6 4 : 3 4 3 1 4 2 0 7 6 2 8 5 2 9 5 2 5 2 1 6 4 1 7 5 2 8 9 5 17 18 22 14 9 6 9 6 4 2 2 4 2 3 1 14 10 7 2 i 0 11 7 1 1 3 2 2 3 14 1 6 5 2 0 1 4 „ 6 „ 6 „ 1 0 3 4 1 3 4 3 1 3 2 1 1 0 0 1 1 2 2 3 3 0 1 2 0 2 3 0 2 4 2 3 5 2 3 5 1 1 2 2 2 4 22 8 0 2 0 2 1 O 1 3 4 6 4 5 9 3 0 8 7 3 1 3 3 2 1 13 4 3 9 8 8 1 1 1 9 „ 7 5 5 7 6 3 3 2 2 2 1 0 1 2 1 1 2 2 1 2 3 2 2 3 3 3 3 3 3 2 1 7 5 4 3 3 2 1 7 5 3 7 8 0 5 0 2 0 2 5 2 4 5 7 9 1 O 3 5 1 6 0 4 1 0 5 6 1 4 6 2 7 8 1 3 3 Noon 1 2 3 4 2 0 1 0 2 1 3 4 4 5 5 3 6 5 3 5 5 0 2 2 2 2 0 3 1 0 2 4 4 1 4 5 0 2 3 7 9 8 1 1 6 4 2 0 4 1 1 5 3 4 10 2 4 2 3 1 1 0 2 3 4 4 4 0 4 4 3 5 5 3 5 1 1 2 1 P.M. 3 " 6 » 4 2 1 1 1 0 4 2 1 3 1 0 4 3 1 4 4 2 4 4 2 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 1 2 2 1 2 3 1 1 2 2 0 8 7 7 12 6 7 4 4 5 7 8 4 6 3 3 0 0 O 11 13 12 4 5 8 3 3 1 0 3 3 11 12 11 13 13 10 6 6 4 4 „ 5 „ 6 „ 1 1 1 0 1 2 1 2 4 0 1 5 1 2 7 2 0 3 2 1 3 0 2 3 1 2 2 2 3 0 2 2 1 1 1 1 0 1 2 6 3 1 8 17 17 2 4 5 1 1 3 2 2 6 3 5 6 6 0 3 8 4 5 2 2 7 0 4 3 5 6 2 9 0 5 2 0 2 7 „ 8 „ 9 „ 2 3 3 1 6 3 5 9 6 7 9 9 8 7 6 5 5 9 5 8 6 5 6 3 2 4 4 1 3 0 1 4 2 1 2 1 3 6 4 1 4 9 19 15 14 07 12 8 6 10 8 2 2 2 2 4 2 1 2 4 4 4 1 6 7 7 5 8 6 0 1 2 2 6 4 3 4 5 1?:: Midt. 3 2 4 1 1 9 3 1 7 5 3 5 5 3 3 8 4 3 4 2 4 1 2 7 1 3 9 2 S 8 1 O 3 0 1 4 2 0 6 14 12 11 12 15 12 5 4 7 7 4 3 4 6 10 1 1 2 6 3 2 1 3 0 5 1 2 4 O 1 7 3 2 8 7 12 6 4 3 Lat. N. ( HUDSON ST !6° 32', Long. KAI W. 1 T.— 6° 56 Dne Teak. ' ; Height, 0 Feet. a S3 1-5 La Ot, T.N Board the " FOX."- 72° 5', Long. E. 65° 8', -One Year. Height, 0 Feet. 1 A.M. a >-5 1 0. (i ce CD g i-s 1-3 ti 3 ST 03 0 C > 0 S3 0 CD P u CD .a CD Ph ft < S3 CD a 3 1-5 3 ft 02 0 O 0 «5 CD P ti ce CD 2 „ 3 „ ii io 3' 0 6 3 13 10 4 2 9 13 2 13 13 5 3 11 12 9 15 10 15 21 10 9 4 ,, 5 „ 13 6 2 6 0 1 10 4 2 1 8 11 1 9 17 1 2 18 20 15 27 16 18 22 2 13 6 „ 12 1 1 4 2 4 6 6 2 0 4 16 1 is 24 io 8 14 lis 12 16 13 33 17 ii 16 9 ,, 6 6 i i 5 6 4 4 0 6 "i 19 1 16 29 "9 6 2 10 1 13 "s 26 17 ii 12 10 „ 11 , 9 8 1 1 4 0 1 9 12 3 1 10 3 10 6 6 0 4 4 3 e 3 5 12 0 2 Noon 1 7 0 0 7 5 3 10 i'6 "3 0 15 4 1 10 12 5 8 10 5 3 4 6 ii 6 1 1 P.M. 2 „ 3 „ '» 6 10 4 10 5 3 5 8 0 4 10 5 0 8 1 8 6 9 7 10 7 8 1 7 3 4 „ 5 „ 4 2 4 3 8 2 5 1 4 3 4 6 1 7 15 13 6 4 7 " 19 9 22 21 0 10 G „ 6 9 3 7 4 0 5 1 3 2 0 23 2 12 20 9 3 3 5 9 20 7 20 27 8 11 7 „ 8 „ 9 „ 4 13 5 11 7 3 8 4 8 8 1 25 6 10 20 9 ii 9 14 14 22 5 18 21 8 13 10 „ 11 10 10 4 5 12 3 4 4 10 4 6 24 4 4 10 9 12 7 10 6 16 4 13 14 8 9 Midt. 15 5 1 7 13 2 3 4 io 3 12 20 1 i "e O 8 1 6 ii 3 5 8 6 "2 6 REPORT ON ATMOSPHERIC CIRCULATION. 43 WELLINGTON CHANNEL.— One Year. Lat. N. 75° 31', Long. W. 92° 10' ; Height, 0 Feet. PORT LEOPOLD.— One Year. Lat. N. 73° 50', Long. W. 90° 12'; Height, 0 Feet. 1 A.M. 2 „ 3 „ 4 „ 5 „ 6 „ 7 „ 8 „ 9 „ 10 „ 11 ., Noon 1 P.M. 2 „ 3 „ i " ° ii 6 „ 7 „ 8 „ 9 „ 10 „ 11 -i Midt. a S3 >-3 J3 © ft a < sa a © a a 1-5 1-3 to p -; 0. 0 O 0 0 0 I ft 5 a ■1 3 oi a s >-3 1-3 p a. to 0 O > 0 0 a u a 9 7 is "6 12 i'6 "3 4 ii 13 11 ii 7 3 i 2 2 "2 2 5 5 "4 0 "5 6 6 1 5 3 2 3 9 6 "i 5 i'o 19 14 i "5 2 2 "4 6 ii 8 7 8 "7 4 "5 3 3 i 0 0 i 3 2 "5 i 2 3 0 3 i "2 0 "2 "3 2 "2 2 3 3 "i 5 "i 1 4 "7 5 6 i "3 1 5 4 2 2 3 1 "2 "i 2 "fi 3 1 3 •i 1 "6 3 4 3 "i 6 "8 6 3 4 6 0 "i i 0 0 "4 7 "4 "2 1 2 "i 8 5 0 2 2 4 2 2 ii 11 6 "4 3 "(S "5 2 "i i 7 ii "3 1 "2 i 2 2 "6 3 4, "3 0 "2 22 25 21 7 12 19 14 9 7 2 7 "9 "0 0 3 "5 17 14 7 4 6 i'o 6 8 "0 9 16 "4 4 "(S "i 5 6 "3 7 "3 7 7 ii 8 14 "9 7 0 "i 0 3 5 7 8 9 "2 7 5 i 3 i "3 5 "3 2 S 6 4 3 "s "2 1 i "3 4 "6 2 3 3 i 0 "2 6 1 3 "2 3 "5 3 1 1 O 4 7 "i 3 5 '3 1 "2 3 11 "4 2 11 i'6 "9 4 i 3 1 5 9 14 ii 6 22 26 "5 3 "2 0 0 7 6 6 6 6 15 5 2 5 2 6 8 6 7 3 7 i 10 io "4 9 "3 4 4 "3 4 8 "9 i 9 "9 "3 2 i i 2 "6 GRIFFITH ISLAND.— One Tear. Lat. N. 74° 34', Long. W. 95° 20' ; Height, 0 Feet. PEINCESS ROYAL.— One Year. Lat. N. 72° 50', Long. W. 117° 55'; Height, 0 Feet. 1 A.M. 2 „ 3 „ 4 „ •5 ,, c „ 7 „ 8 „ 9 ., 10 „ 11 „ Noon 1 P.M. ** ii 3 „ 4 „ 5 „ 6 „ 7 „ 8 „ 9 „ 10 „ H „ Midt. a 1-3 © ft eg 3 — < 03 a © a p 1-3 >~3 p © CO 0 0 0 P 1-3 .a ft a < a p 60 P <( 0. CO 0 > 0 6 IS P i 2 "6 i 3 "4 "2 2 "2 8 6 3 5 20 12 10 8 "6 "2 1 "2 9 11 12 i'o 3 i "4 2 0 "4 6 "i 4 8 2 *2 1 2 i 3 i "4 6 3 3 7 7 4 6 5 6 2 3 "4 1 "i i 5 6 "7 4 "2 i 2 i "2 2 i 3 0 i "2 12 i'2 10 6 2 6 9 "8 2 4 "i "4 47 39 33 21 12 8 5 22 27 35 33 35 16 ii 14 10 "3 "i 3 6 7 14 i7 12 4 "3 "i 1 "3 6 6 "i 4 4 2 "i 5 is "5 4 i 6 4 4 6 7 3 "3 6 8 "5 3 5 6 2 3 3 7 ii a 6 "3 4 4 "2 3 2 *2 6 7 5 2 16 10 8 2 5 9 "9 2 4 i 7 ii ii 2 7 "3 1 16 16 5 i 2 6 18 ii 5 14 8 7 2 "5 5 "3 9 11 7 7 9 5 3 6 "j "5 5 "2 "3 7 "9 "2 5 3 "4 2 "2 i 1 2 6 4 ... 3 i 4 6 i 1 i "2 0 "i "4 2 "1 "3 4 0 "i 2 5 "7 4 i "5 8 "8 7 9 9 7 7 5 3 3 10 ii 11 i'o "9 3 3 4 3 6 7 5 3 6 0 6 8 10 ii 6 2 "4 i'o 9 "i "4 5 "6 i'6 8 "3 "5 5 5 "i 3 12 14 0 "5 8 7 8 3 4 iii "3 1 0 i 7 "i 2 4 5 2 0 "2 "2 1 i "2 5 "2 44 THE VOYAGE OF H.M.S. CHALLENGER. MKKCT BAT. —18 Years. 1851-53. CAMISSO ISLAND.— One Year. Lat. N. 74° 6', Long. "W. 117° 55' ; Height, 0 Feet. Lat. N. 66° 13', Long. W. 161° 46' ; Height, 0 Feet. 1 A.M. p a H-3 % EL < r*1 3 0 p Ha 1-5 to 3 < CO O O 0 0 0 - a 1-5 0 3 'fci p. 3 H5 60 < 0. a. CO O 0 55 Hi 1) 5 26 1 9 0 4 9 2 8 21 7 11 7 2 „ io ii 9 7 14 6 9 2 6 "i "6 15 4 5 22 1 10 3 3 8 4 6 17 5 9 6 3 „ 3 17 4 11 4 0 4 5 2 12 4 9 5 4 .< 12 8 9 3 14 5 7 6 9 2 0 14 5 0 11 5 10 6 1 2 4 1 7 4 11 3 5 » 1 9 4 7 8 0 0 6 2 5 1 11 4 6 ,, 12 7 12 5 12 3 5 1 5 '5 "i 12 5 3 9 0 4 6 1 4 7 4 0 0 7 2 V „ 11 2 t 0 4 5 7 12 5 1 4 2 1 8 ,, 7 "8 8 i 9 2 "2 2 i 3 "4 9 2 17 2 11 0 2 3 7 11 6 4 5 7 2 9 ,, 21 2 10 4 12 2 6 17 7 7 10 7 1 10 „ 8 8 5 1 6 1 0 1 3 2 3 1 1 17 4 5 4 11 4 8 15 7 5 5 8 1 11 „ 14 3 2 9 12 4 10 17 7 5 3 7 2 Noon 0 "7 1 "4 2 "5 2 3 2 i "6 6 2 9 3 0 8 11 4 10 11 5 7 3 8 1 1 P.M. 13 3 2 4 6 0 8 4 8 3 3 6 0 2 „ "i 2 2 "5 7 3 3 5 "i "i "5 5 "2 9 5 2 1 3 1 5 2 2 1 4 4 1 3 „ 3 9 2 4 0 2 2 1 0 4 4 6 3 4 „ 3 3 3 5 8 1 7 3 3 1 0 7 1 0 10 4 7 3 3 1 4 6 3 6 9 5 5 „ 6 8 3 11 6 1 4 10 11 14 7 2 6 6 ii 7 2 "i 6 io 2 8 2 "2 6 3 "8 "3 6 9 2 13 6 3 5 15 14 16 6 5 8 7 ,. 10 13 0 15 12 5 11 17 13 13 10 10 9 8 „ io 8 9 6 16 2 5 6 "g "4 "4 "s "4 12 10 4 8 11 5 10 17 12 10 5 9 7 9 „ 16 11 8 3 11 7 12 18 8 1 4 4 4 10 „ 16 13 13 2 9 5 3 11 3 2 1 9 5 17 12 13 ". 10 2 7 13 6 2 9 3 1 11 ., 20 5 15 6 10 1 2 15 4 8 16 9 1 Midt. "8 18 11 7 6 "6 "i 9 "n 4 5 "7 "i 19 5 17 2 8 5 3 15 3 13 20 15 5 PORT PROV [0ENOB.— | Year. PORT CLARENCE— One Year. Lat. N. 64° 26', Long. W. 173° 0' ; Height, 0 Feet. Lat. N. 65° 5', Long. W. 165° 30'; Height, 0 Feet. 1 A.M. p A Pi 6 a D 1-5 1-5 fci) 3 03 0 O > 0 d i ® a \ A 3 <" 1-5 W S P. ee <1 s 6 a s 1-3 *-* fci — e "5 O > 0 n 3 >< 7 13 7 3 11 6 5 2 28 25 17 23 11 3 0 23 5 16 1 3 2 „ 5 11 3 7 12 5 0 3 25 23 12 22 10 7 0 21 9 16 1 1 3 „ 1 8 3 7 13 8 0 C 20 20 8 18 14 4 1 17 7 15 2 1 4 ,, 4 8 2 10 12 9 7 6 14 14 4 18 15 4 4 13 7 14 2 0 5 „ 6 1 3 9 10 7 5 6 7 10 4 14 15 8 4 14 3 16 0 3 6 „ 11 1 2 8 9 7 3 4 1 4 13 9 12 6 4 13 2 15 1 4 ... 7 ,, 9 0 4 3 10 4 1 3 3 1 15 0 7 3 3 9 0 12 1 2 ... 8 „ 16 0 5 0 10 2 4 5 10 8 20 6 4 1 1 6 1 6 7 2 9 „ 15 13 3 4 6 1 7 4 12 9 18 10 11 3 0 2 0 3 13 3 10 „ 1 8 11 2 9 4 12 0 3 9 17 10 3 1 0 3 2 2 10 2 ... 11 „ 2 7 16 2 5 5 111 1 3 7 8 5 2 2 1 7 6 0 11 2 Noon 3 10 12 6 7 4 16 1 1 7 3 5 3 0 1 4 6 4 12 0 1 P.M 0 13 1 4 2 4 17 0 1 8 6 12 6 2 1 6 3 1 10 2 2 1 13 1 1 0 4 1 '" 16 6 6 11 8 9 6 2 1 2 4 7 10 3 3 ., 3 10 1 2 4 6 ... ... 13 6 9 12 8 12 8 1 0 3 6 7 6 3 ... 4 „ 2 8 0 2 4 4 9 0 10 8 3 15 10 2 1 8 7 9 6 3 5 „ 1 8 6 3 7 2 6 4 10 8 2 16 11 4 0 11 10 15 6 5 6 „ 4 6 1 10 14 1 111 2 8 6 1 17 16 9 1 13 15 20 u 4 -> „ 4 2 5 11 17 2 6 1 10 0 2 13 18 8 0 19 10 16 4 3 8 „ 4 7 6 8 21 4 19 4 5 5 12 5 15 7 5 20 9 17 10 0 9 „ 4 8 3 2 20 4 24 10 5 2 18 2 6 6 4 19 2 13 15 0 m „ 10 10 0 17 16 2 24 15 6 0 15 7 6 3 0 17 3 9 20 5 ii ., 10 14 2 28 15 3 29 17 2 1 18 11 14 3 3 13 6 4 ' 28 10 Midt 9 15 0 27 8 4 36 17 6 1 18 12 19 5 1 6 1 15 ... 9 0 32 1G ... ADDENDA TO TABLE IV. ST. MAETIN-DE-HINX.— Twenty Tears. * IKKUTSH.— One Year. Lat . N. 13° 35', Long. W. 1° 36'; Height, 131. Feet Lat. fT. 52° 17', Long. E. 104° 19' ; Height, 1611 Feet. 1 A.M. a eg t-a i Pi «1 d 03 a ►-5 >-5 to o ffl P a 3) -5 o> 3 a a 3 •-a 3 3 < "a. CD CO O > a ~ z : q '- - - 4 5 6 6 7 7 8 7 4 2 2 4 5 0 6 0 21 13 7 8 6 4 3 2 | 11 5 2 „ 0 0 1 1 0 2 2 1 3 4 2 1 1 0 7 4 21 11 11 8 6 0 4 0 1 9 6 3 » 6 8 8 7 5 2 3 6 9 10 7 6 6 2 5 4 21 14 16 8 6 2 1 7 6 ^5 4 ,. 12 13 15 10 6 5 6 9 14 15 12 11 12 1 2 4 19 14 22 16 8 5 1 10 7 6 5 ,. 14 14 12 8 3 2 4 8 12 14 13 13 10 3 1 9 17 20 26 18 i 10 5 2 10 7 6 6 „ 9 9 6 2 1 1 0 2 5 6 7 8 4 2 4 15 25 27 30 25 17 6 6 11 3 11 7 „ 1 2 0 3 4 5 4 3 2 1 1 0 2 9 11 22 28 34 31 29 18 13 15 6 2 17 8 „ 8 7 7 7 8 8 8 7 8 9 9 9 8 18 19 26 36 36 32 31 17 20 21 4 8 22 9 „ 15 14 13 10 9 8 " 9 11 16 17 16 16 13 22 25 27 31 32 26 28 17 26 26 10 16 24 10 „ 17 18 16 11 9 7 8 11 17 18 18 18 14 20 18 21 21 25 19 23 10 26 23 9 18 19 11 „ 11 14 13 8 6 4 4 6 10 11 9 10 10 13 16 11 13 12 13 17 4 17 15 7 12 12 Noon 1 6 6 2 1 0 0 2 3 1 1 1 2 1 5 1 6 2 2 5 5 4 1 1 1 1 lP.M. 8 5 4 4 5 5 5 4 5 8 12 11 6 9 4 11 19 11 11 7 13 7 11 7 10 10 2 „ 15 15 12 11 11 11 10 11 12 16 20 17 13 18 14 22 29 23 22 22 22 19 IK 11 13 19 3 „ 16 21 20 18 17 16 16 17 19 19 19 16 18 17 21 29 39 38 34 32 28 26 17 12 11 26 4 „ 13 18 21 23 22 21 21 22 21 17 13 12 19 12 24 33 46 40 38 38 31 27 13 6 7 26 » >, 7 11 17 21 22 22 21 21 17 10 6 6 15 8 21 32 45 45 44 40 26 23 9 1 3 25 6 „ 2 4 8 13 16 16 15 13 9 2 0 0 8 3 15 23 41 42 36 S3 20 17 1 4 0 19 7 i. 4 2 0 4 7 8 7 5 0 4 6 5 1 0 6 11 33 35 30 22 17 11 7 6 3 12 8 „ 7 7 7 5 4 2 2 4 8 9 9 8 6 3 2 3 10 19 18 16 2 0 9 9 6 4 9 „ 9 11 14 14 13 11 11 12 14 14 11 9 12 0 1 2 1 6 6 1 6 4 7 8 4 2 10 „ 9 14 19 21 19 18 19 20 17 16 12 10 16 0 0 4 2 2 1 2 10 8 9 10 6 4 1 11 ,. 9 13 17 19 20 19 19 19 16 13 10 9 16 2 2 7 6 7 3 4 16 9 8 6 6 6 Midt. 8 9 11 13 14 13 14 14 11 8 7 7 11 6 3 9 8 11 7 1 20 9 6 6 6 6 45 46 THE VOYAGE OF H.MS. CHALLENGER. J A COB ABAC— Lat. N. 28" 19', Long. E. 68 AHHEDNUGGEB.— Lat. N. 19° 6', Long. E 21' ; Jan. and Feb. 74° 16'; April to Aug. M' BOMA. Lai. S. 5° 47', Long. E. 13° 11'; Height, 80 Feet. 1 A.M. 2 „ 3 „ a ■a Ha .0 CD ft 1^. a 3 »-3 Ha fl a CO l-= CD Eh 0 0 13 O ■c CD Ph ... 12 11 1 12 1 1 18 13 2 ... 17 5 2 7 2 7 13 5 1 4 ,, 5 „ 6 „ 40 31 24 13 i'o ... 5 16 28 6 10 20 9 3 12 ... 0 5 13 7 6 24 0 8 19 7 ,, 9 ., 53 77 88 70 87 97 56 77 74 48 62 62 34 46 49 25 37 43 23 36 45 43 61 55 33 41 47 30 60 54 ... 20 57 65 40 51 55 33 50 65 10 „ 11 „ Noon 75 43 2 85 55 8 57 44 25 54 42 19 43 33 18 41 36 16 43 36 14 ... 63 36 10 40 28 18 44 39 3 ... 59 48 16 48 38 17 49 38 13 1 P.M. 2 ,, 3 „ 35 63 72 32 64 86 4 43 60 6 33 57 5 27 47 8 21 39 5 27 42 ... 8 31 64 8 47 68 15 42 75 ... 15 50 58 12 36 48 20 41 63 5 „ 6 ,, 78 69 40 90 76 51 79 80 61 71 68 53 61 48 35 50 47 32 52 45 26 67 56 52 69 53 37 84 69 45 ... 91 89 63 67 GO 52 76 65 50 7 „ 8 ,, 9 „ 7 9 36 24 2 29 45 14 0 31 10 12 11 11 28 10 7 25 5 15 31 44 13 4 21 1 15 24 2 22 ... ... 35 6 10 40 13 7 33 4 12 10 „ 11 ., Midt. ... 17 20 13 16 18 13 26 24 23 ... ... ... 37 35 29 23 31 16 24 26 21 CONSTANTINOPLE— Lat. N. 41° 0', Long. E. 28" 59' One He Year, ight, ? Feet. Lat. N. 6 SENFTENBERG.- 0° 5', Long. E. 16° —Ten Tears. 25'; Height, 1381 Feet. 1 A.M. 2 „ 3 „ s. "A m l-a to 3 < CD CO 0 0 > 0 U P m 3 < 03 0 a 3 1-5 "3 < p. on 0 O > 0 0 CD a ce CD E E ... 5 5 3 7 6 4 0 3 6 0 1 1 0 3 3 2 4 1 4 2 1 1 2 1 4 1 1 4 1 1 1 4 6 9 5 2 2 0 1 4 „ 5 „ 6 „ 12 i'i i'i 'i "3 "6 a "3 "i 3 6 "o "i 5 4 3' 1 3 5 9 11 8 2 0 2 2 3 0 0 2 7 0 0 3 1 1 3 3 4 2 3 2 1 9 9 9 2 5 8 3 3 2 7 „ 8 „ 9 „ 12 14 17 18 12 11 6 9 10 16 15 ii 12 2 7 14 4 1 2 3 0 2 7 8 9 4 6 8 9 10 12 6 5 7 7 8 8 0 1 4 6 10 12 7 3 2 7 5 1 2 4 7 10 „ 11 „ Noon 4 8 "9 "2 "b 4 6 3 4 2 "3 4 16 14 5 2 5 1 6 7 5 10 9 5 9 7 6 12 10 6 8 7 4 9 8 4 10 9 7 14 13 8 5 4 0 4 5 1 9 8 4 1 P.M. 2 „ 3 „ 12 14 i'7 17 12 i'i "5 9 i'6 16 18 i'i 13 3 11 10 7 11 11 3 3 4 0 6 8 1 5 5 1 5 5 1 4 4 1 4 5 2 3 5 2 6 10 5 8 6 4 9 7 1 6 7 4 „ 5 „ 6 „ "4 17 16 18 14 16 *8 i'6 5 i'i "8 "3 i'i 10 11 7 9 7 2 7 6 3 11 12 11 8 12 10 10 12 12 8 11 11 8 10 10 ft 7 G 12 12 9 4 2 2 5 4 1 8 9 7 9 „ 3 i'6 6 "i "(5 "2 4 "5 "4 "2 "3 i "2 4 4 3 3 4 5 2 1 8 2 2 6 1 1 12 9 4 10 7 2 9 4 1 3 1 4 6 4 1 6 8 11 2 3 6 4 1 3 10 „ 11 „ Midt. ... ... ... ... ... ... 1 1 5 7 7 8 11 10 5 3 5 0 5 5 2 2 0 1 0 1 6 4 6 2 5 6 6 4 4 5 14 12 5 7 5 13 4 5 4 REPORT ON ATMOSPHERIC CIRCULATION. 47 Lat N. £ 0°2£ NAMUR.— 6J Years. ', Long, E. 4° 51' ; Height, 491 Feet. DUBLIN.— 3§ Years. Lat. N. 53° 22', Long. W. 6° 21' ; Height 162 Feet 1 A.M. 2 „ 3 >, 4 Hi U a < a 0 a 3 Ha H3 si 3 0Q 0 0 u 5 a Hj .a 3. c oi ii 2 4 "3 2 2 i '4 i "i 0 6 2 11 i'6 2 7 2 i'6 3 12 10 i 3 "7 S "6 4 12 8 16 7 12 1 "6 10 "5 0 7 4 „ 5 >, 6 „ 6 5 "i 5 "2 s "3 2 7 3 2 4 "2 1 5 5 6 ..6 3 5 "5 4 6 4 "i "9 13 "9 13 "2 6 6 "6 i'3 ii 22 i'6 "6 7 „ 8 „ 9 „ i 6 6 8 8 9 3 8 13 13 8 10 8 6 12 11 i'6 12 ... ii 14 i 11 i 6 7 10 6 8 7 ii 4 4 0 3 6 8 7 9 8 "6 6 ii 2 6 7 i'6 12 "2 10 6 1 8 10 „ 11 „ Noon 9 "6 10 e 8 "4 7 "2 12 3 7 6 6 2 8 6 12 4 14 4 13 "i 1 "2 9 2 "6 16 "7 "2 4 6 "3 "7 6 16 6 7 7 1 P.M. 2 „ 3 „ 17 18 i'6 17 7 14 "•i 16 "7 14 "4 11 "4 8 ii 17 "9 15 ii 17 i'6 17 13 12 "9 15 9 14 1 8 3 i'3 1 "7 1 i'6 3 "5 2 i'6 2 "5 3 "4 3 "7 2 "6 0 "6 1 "(i 4 >, 5 „ 6 „ 15 "6 16 "5 16 13 14 "4 21 18 13 16 11 12 18 18 18 13 19 7 15 "3 8 "3 15 i'6 "6 "7 "6 7 ii 12 14 16 "3 "7 "2 "6 "7 7 „ 8 „ 9 „ 4 e 4 11 6 4 8 13 "5 7 "i 12 2 7 "9 3 3 11 6 6 5 12 7 12 i 9 1 "7 6 6 3 14 2 14 12 "2 10 "6 8 "7 7 i'6 7 12 2 2 8 i'6 4 18 1 "6 10 „ 11 „ Midt. 4 12 9 "b 2 io 14 "5 10 9 14 8 10 8 6 ii 10 8 4 6 8 12 12 8 9 8 "i 2 19 i'6 "3 "2 ii 8 ii "6 21 21 6 Lai ( . N. 3hb 58° 8 [STIANSANI 1', Long. W. 8 ).— Two ' 0' ; Hem STeAI HIT, s. ? Feet DOBPAT.— ? Years. Lat. N. 58° 23', Long. E. 26° 43' ; Height, 223 Feet 1 A.M. 1 " a >-3 J2 a a a. >> & a a H5 "3 H5 3 CO 02 0 O > 0 6 0 •A d (H a H5 -0 5 a CD a a hs Ha 60 3 < 43 CO 0 > 0 c3 Si 3 2 3 6 5 4 0 4 7 9 7 4 1 1 3 3 3 2 0 1 1 2 6 7 4 2 7 6 9 10 5 7 9 7 9 8 1 1 2 ■ ■■ ... 4 „ 5 „ e „ 4 6 6 2 1 2 10 11 10 1 2 3 6 9 11 3 4 7 1 0 2 8 7 5 9 9 6 9 7 4 9 8 6 5 1 3 3 3 2 ... ... ... 7 „ 8 „ 9 „ 3 3 V 1 2 6 7 2 2 4 2 1 11 7 4 10 12 13 4 5 6 2 0 4 2 2 e 1 2 4 1 6 11 4 3 2 0 2 5 5 3 0 5 3 0 1 2 3 2 3 s 4 6 6 7 9 9 6 6 8 6 7 8 3 0 3 6 3 1 7 4 0 8 4 0 1 1 4 10 „ 11 „ Noon 10 10 7 9 9 6 5 6 4 0 1 0 1 1 2 12 10 7 7 6 6 7 9 11 6 6 5 6 6 6 15 16 13 1 2 3 6 6 5 3 3 0 1 2 0 4 3 2 6 4 3 7 6 4 8 7 5 8 6 4 8 8 6 5 E 4 3 4 3 3 3 1 3 3 0 6 6 3 1 P.M. 2 „ 3 „ 2 3 6 0 6 11 1 2 3 2 5 7 3 5 7 2 2 7 5 3 0 10 7 3 3 1 2 6 6 5 6 1 6 5 6 4 2 1 4 2 4 3 1 2 3 1 2 3 1 2 4 2 1 4 1 3 6 1 3 6 2 3 6 2 1 4 1 1 3 1 3 5 3 5 3 0 3 4 4 „ 5 „ 6 „ 5 2 2 14 13 9 2 0 3 8 8 6 10 12 11 11 14 16 3 6 8 2 6 7 4 6 6 4 2 1 9 9 5 2 0 2 e 6 5 2 0 0 1 2 6 4 3 0 5 6 4 7 9 9 9 10 11 8 9 8 8 10 9 5 5 3 3 2 1 2 0 1 2 0 0 5 4 3 7 „ 8 ii 9 „ 4 3 1 5 1 2 5 7 8 2 1 4 8 4 0 15 12 8 9 8 5 5 2 1 4 2 3 0 0 1 0 3 4 2 1 3 1 1 2 3 4 8 9 11 4 7 9 0 4 7 6 2 3 9 6 2 6 2 2 6 2 2 0 3 4 2 3 4 1 2 2 0 2 3 1 2 4 10 „ 11 „ Midt. 2 3 7 3 4 5 8 6 4 7 9 9 3 4 2 4 0 2 2 0 0 2 3 1 7 9 7 0 1 3 3 1 2 2 0 4 2 3 2 4 4 12 12 9 8 8 8 6 7 2 4 7 9 4 5 5 5 5 4 3 2 4 4 6 6 48 THE VOYAGE OF H.M.S. CHALLENGER. CAPE BOKDA. Lat. N. 35° 45', Long. E. 136° 35'; Height, 506 Feet. MOUNT WASHINGTON.— One Month Lat. N. 44° 16', Long. W. 71° 18' , Jdne. 1a.m. 2 „ 3 „ 4 „ 26 .0 Em 30 1 <1 a o5 a •-a 1-5 P "8. 03 09 "5 0 > 0 c3 P 03 1 3 6 1 si 4 8 10 4 «1 Oft, ■0 *> 4 8 16 20 17 14 io 4 3 18 13 ::: 32 35 22 19 7 9 14 15 5 „ 6 „ 7 ,. 8 „ "i 7 8 6 i 2 1 6 3 7 7 1 3 9 15 20 21 1 4 10 13 9 6 2 5 17 11 5 1 9 „ 10 „ 11 .. Noon 17 10 24 9 20 6 24 8 15 9 24 4 17 is 20 "2 15 14 20 2 7 4 17 8 18 6 20 19 14 6 15 16 14 9 10 14 13 13 6 13 18 19 1 P.M. 2 „ 3 „ 4 „ "9 9 21 22 17 18 21 18 24 9 7 16 16 1 8 15 18 5 1 5 10 11 8 6 1 17 12 8 3 5 „ 6 „ 7 „ 8 „ 6 2 6 12 i 12 "3 6 3 10 11 2 0 20 18 11 8 14 13 7 3 5 5 2 0 4 3 1 1 9 ,. 10 „ 11 „ Midt. 9 "9 19 7 24 "6 16 4 18 5 2 8 20 7 15 4 25 12 24 5 19 4 13 i 17 6 3 4 5 7 1 0 2 5 3 3 0 6 4 1 1 3 1878 •079 •067 •099 079 •183 •082 •000 •056 •924 •946 •028 •936 •040 VAMDKUP.— Eleven Te Lat. N. 55° 25', Long. E. 9° 18' ; Hei AES. GHT, 131 Feet Lat. WO JAN S. 22° 57 EIRO.— One and a , Long. W. 43° 7' ; Half Years. Height, 224 Feet. 1 A.M. 2 ,, 3 „ a 3 i-s .0 5 a a, &• 1 s a ! £ ^ 3 •§ O 0 0 O I* c 1-5 0 S3 3. < a a 3 1-5 3 < a. 03 to 0 O > 0 a. Q u cs 43 5 8 6 2 2 8 4 5 3 "5 4 6 10 "3 7 4 2 9 2 6 3 4 2 5 3 "5 4 9 10 14 4 15 15 10 17 10 1 10 2 4 17 12 6 5 11 3 9 4 3 12 8 3 17 7 7 16 3 11 15 0 9 11 8 2 13 4 n 5 „ 6 ,, 12 i a 8 1 7 "7 14 13 ii ii "9 18 8 4 17 14 1 23 16 5 12 10 4 21 19 7 9 9 0 14 15 9 14 12 3 19 11 3 19 9 8 11 2 12 11 7 11 16 11 2 7 ,, 8 „ 9 „ 9 2 3 4 5 4 2 5 2 5 2 i 4 0 6 i 9 2 11 3 4 5 8 i 5 2 22 26 41 14 24 28 8 16 32 24 34 38 11 28 37 14 27 38 8 24 44 8 37 40 14 28 38 22 38 48 25 39 38 18 31 33 16 29 38 10 „ 11 „ Noon 8 6 8 5 4 i "i i 5 8 7 7 5 39 21 4 32 24 4 33 20 2 40 22 7 39 24 2 43 32 9 45 35 17 41 36 5 34 22 7 39 24 5 28 13 6 29 20 1 37 24 4 1 P.M. 2 „ 3 ,, 2 4 2 8 5 *4 2 9 0 6 2 "2 2 3 1 "4 3 3 4 4 1 7 1 "e 2 "5 7 24 40 9 ■26 43 17 38 48 26 49 54 23 41 49 21 40 44 13 37 52 13 38 43 26 41 50 22 38 49 21 35 47 12 37 39 18 37 46 4 „ 5 „ 6 „ i 6 6 10 io 7 "7 "5 "i 2 "3 i "5 47 45 34 49 44 32 48 34 24 52 39 26 46 35 26 45 40 31 45 38 27 40 33 28 49 38 21 50 40 25 51 39 26 41 38 29 47 39 27 7 „ 8 „ 9 >l 6 8 1 i 2 8 2 11 4 11 3 7 3 6 1 9 4 11 7 11 3 7 6 8 1 8 18 5 14 17 4 26 10 12 28 13 5 14 7 11 22 20 8 22 11 1 13 14 5 10 3 14 25 9 9 25 7 13 27 11 8 23 12 8 21 10 „ 11 „ Midt. 6 i 7 io 16 9 9 9 ii 8 "3 7 7 24 26 19 37 36 24 36 34 29 22 22 18 28 28 23 30 25 14 21 23 19 22 21 20 26 28 20 31 21 19 38 34 27 35 33 21 29 28 21 TABLE V. for Reducing Observations of the Barometer to Sea-Level (constructed for Latitude 45° and a Sea-Levfl Pressure of 30 Inches). Challenger Reports. (PHYS. CHEW. CHALL. EXP. — PART V. — 1888.) 50 THE VOYAGE OF H.M.S. CHALLENGER. Temperature. Mean of I 'PFER AND Lower Stations. Height IN Feet. -20" -10° °° 10° 20° 30° 40° 50° 60° 70° 80° 00° Inch. Inch. Inch. Inch. Inch. Inch. Inch. Inch. Inch. Inch. Inch. Inch. 10 ■013 •013 •012 •012 ■012 •012 ■Oil •011 ■011 •011 •010 ■010 20 •026 •025 •025 •024 •023 •023 •023 •022 •022 •021 •021 •020 30 ■038 •037 •036 •036 •035 •034 •034 •033 •032 •032 •031 •031 40 ■051 •049 ■048 •047 ■046 •046 •045 •044 ■043 •042 •041 •041 50 •063 •061 •060 •059 •058 ■057 •056 •055 ■054 •053 •1153 ■052 60 •075 •074 •073 ■071 •069 ■068 •067 •066 •065 •063 •063 ■062 70 •088 •086 •084 •083 •081 •080 •078 •077 •076 •075 ■073 •072 80 •101 •099 •096 •095 •093 •092 •090 •088 ■086 •085 •0X3 •082 90 •114 •111 •109 •107 •104 •103 •101 •099 •097 •096 •094 •092 100 •126 •123 •121 ■118 •116 •114 •112 •110 ■108 •106 •104 •103 110 •139 •136 •133 •130 •128 •125 •123 •121 •119 •117 ■114 •113 120 ■151 •148 ■145 ■142 •139 ■137 •134 •132 •130 •128 •125 •123 130 •164 •161 ■157 •154 •151 •148 ■146 •143 •141 •138 ■135 •133 140 •177 ■173 ■16!) •166 •163 •160 ■157 •154 •151 •148 ■146 •144 150 •189 •185 •181 •178 •174 •171 •168 •165 •162 •159 ■156 •154 160 •201 •197 ■194 ■190 •186 •182 •179 ■176 ■173 •169 ■167 •165 170 •214 •210 •206 •201 •197 ■194 •190 •187 ■184 •181 ■178 ■175 180 •227 •222 •218 •213 •209 •205 •202 •198 •195 •191 •188 •185 190 •239 •234 •230 •225 •220 •217 •213 •209 •205 •202 ■199 •195 200 •252 •247 •242 •237 •232 •228 •224 •220 •216 •212 •209 •205 210 •265 •259 •254 •249 •244 •239 •235 •231 •227 •223 •219 •216 220 •277 •272 •266 •261 •255 •251 •246 •242 •237 •233 •230 •226 230 •289 •284 •278 •273 •267 •262 •257 •253 •248 •244 •240 ■236 240 •302 •296 •290 •284 •279 •273 •269 •264 •259 •254 •251 •246 250 •315 •308 •302 •296 •290 •285 •280 ■275 ■270 •265 •261 •257 260 •327 •320 ■314 •307 •301 •296 •291 •285 •280 •276 •271 •267 270 •340 •332 •325 •319 •313 •307 ■302 •296 •291 •287 •281 •277 280 •354 •345 •338 •331 •325 •319 ■314 •307 •302 •297 •292 •288 290 •367 •357 •350 •343 •336 •330 ■325 •318 •313 •308 •303 •298 300 •380 •370 •362 •355 ■348 ■341 ■336 •329 •324 •318 •313 ■308 310 •390 •382 •374 •367 •360 •352 •347 •340 •335 •329 •323 •318 320 •402 •394 •386 •378 ■371 •364 •358 ■351 •345 •339 •333 •328 330 •415 •406 •398 ■390 •383 •375 •368 ■362 •356 •350 •344 ■339 340 •427 •419 •410 ■402 •394 •387 •380 ■373 •367 •360 •354 ■349 350 •440 •431 •422 •114 •406 •398 •391 ■385 ■378 •371 •365 •359 360 •452 •442 •434 •425 •417 •409 •402 ■395 ■388 •381 •375 ■369 370 •465 •454 ■446 •437 •428 •421 •413 •406 •399 •392 •386 ■379 380 •477 •467 •458 •449 •440 •432 •424 •417 •410 •403 ■396 •389 390 •490 •479 •470 ■460 •451 •444 •435 •428 •420 •414 ■406 •399 400 •502 •491 •481 •472 •463 •455 •446 •439 •431 •424 •416 •410 410 •516 •503 •493 •484 •475 •466 •457 ■450 •442 •434 •426 •419 420 •527 •516 •505 •496 ■486 •478 •468 •461 •453 •445 •437 •429 430 •539 •528 •517 •507 •498 •489 •479 ■471 •463 •455 ■447 ■440 440 •552 •540 ■529 •519 ■510 •500 •490 •482 •474 •466 •468 •450 450 •565 •552 •541 •531 •521 •510 ■502 •493 •485 •476 •468 ■460 460 ■577 •564 •553 •542 •532 •522 •513 •504 •496 •487 •478 ■470 470 •589 •577 •565 •554 •543 •533 •524 ■515 •506 •497 •488 •480 480 •602 ■589 •577 •565 •555 •544 ■535 •525 •517 ■507 •499 ■490 490 •614 •601 •588 •577 •566 •555 •546 ■536 •527 •518 •509 •499 500 •626 •613 •600 •589 •577 •567 ■557 •547 •538 •529 ■520 •509 510 •639 •625 •612 •600 •589 •578 •568 •558 •548 •539 •530 •520 520 •651 •637 •624 •612 •601 •590 •579 •569 ■559 •550 •540 •531 530 •663 •650 •636 •623 •612 •601 ■590 •579 •569 •560 •550 •541 540 •675 ■662 •648 •635 •623 •612 •601 •590 •580 •570 •561 •551 550 •688 •674 •660 •647 •635 •623 ■612 •601 •590 •581 •571 •562 560 •700 ■686 •672 •659 •646 •635 •623 ■612 •601 •591 •581 •572 570 •712 •699 •685 ■671 ■658 •647 •634 •622 •612 ■602 •592 •682 580 •724 •711 •697 •683 •671 •658 •645 •633 •623 ■613 •603 •593 590 •736 •722 •708 •694 •682 •669 •656 •644 ■633 •623 •613 •603 600 •749 •734 •719 •705 -692 •679 •667 •655 •644 1 •633 •623 •613 REPORT ON ATMOSPHERIC CIRCULATION. 51 Temperature. M [CAN OF UPI"ER AND Lower S rATIONS.' Height IN Feet. | -20° -10° fl- 10° 20° 30° 4lj° 50° 60° 70- 80° 90° Inch. Inch. inch. Inch. Inch. Inch. Inch. Inch. Inch. Inch. Inch. Inch. 600 •749 •734 •719 •705 ■692 •679 ■667 •655 •644 •633 •623 •613 610 •762 •746 •731 •717 •703 •690 •678 •666 ■654 •643 •633 ■624 620 •774 •759 •743 •729 •715 •701 •689 •676 ■665 •654 •643 •i;:;i 630 •787 •771 •755 •740 •726 •713 •700 •687 •675 ■664 •653 ■644 640 •799 •783 •767 •752 •737 •724 ■711 •698 •686 ■675 •664 •654 650 •811 •795 •779 •763 •748 •735 •722 ■709 •696 •685 •674 •664 660 •823 •807 •791 •775 •759 •746 •733 •720 •707 ■696 •685 ■674 670 •835 ■819 •802 •786 •770 •757 •744 •730 •717 ■706 •696 ■684 680 •848 •831 •814 •798 •782 •7D9 •755 ■711 •728 •717 ■706 ■694 690 •860 •843 ■826 ■810 •794 •780 •766 •751 •738 •726 ■714 ■703 700 •873 ■855 •838 •822 •806 •791 •777 •762 •749 •737 •725 •713 710 •885 ■866 •850 •833 ■817 •802 •788 •772 •759 •748 •735 •723 720 •897 •878 •861 •844 ■828 •813 •799 •783 ■770 •758 •745 •733 730 •909 •891 •873 •856 •840 •825 •810 •794 ■7S1 ■76s •756 •744 740 •921 •903 •885 •868 ■851 •837 •821 •805 •791 •778 •766 •754 750 •933 ■914 •897 •880 •861 •847 •831 •816 •802 •789 -* 1 7 •764 760 •945 •926 •909 •892 •872 •858 •841 •826 ■812 •799 •787 •774 770 •957 •938 •921 •904 •884 •869 •852 •838 •823 •809 •797 •784 780 •969 •951 •933 •915 ■895 •881 •863 •849 •833 •819 •808 •794 790 •982 •963 •944 •926 •907 ■891 •874 •860 •844 •830 •818 •804 800 •995 •975 •955 •937 •919 ■902 •885 •870 •855 •840 •828 •814 810 1-007 •986 •966 •928 •930 •913 •896 •881 •865 •851 •838 •824 820 1-019 •998 •978 •960 •942 •924 •907 •891 •876 •862 •848 •834 830 1-031 1-011 •990 •972 ■953 •935 •Mis •902 •886 •872 •858 ■844 840 1-043 1-023 1-002 •983 •964 •946 ■929. •913 ■897 •882 ■868 ■854 850 1-055 1-034 1-013 •996 •975 •958 •940 •923 ■908 •892 •878 •864 860 1-068 1-046 1-025 1-006 •986 •969 •950 ■934 ■918 •903 •KKS •874 870 1-080 1-058 1-036 1-017 ■998 •980 •961 •945 •929 •913 •898 ■884 •894 •904 880 1-092 1-070 1-048 1-029 1-009 •991 •972 •956 ■939 ■923 ■111 m 890 1-104 1-082 1-060 1-040 1-021 1-002 •983 •966 ■950 ■931 •918 900 1-117 1-094 1-072 1-052 1-032 1-013 •994 •977 •960 •944 ■928 •914 •324 •934 •944 910 1-129 1-106 1-084 1-063 1-043 1-024 1-005 •988 •971 •954 •939 920 1141 1-118 1-095 1-074 1-054 1-035 1-016 •998 •981 •964 •949 930 1-153 1130 1-107 1-086 1-065 1-046 1-027 1-009 •992 •975 •959 940 1-166 1-142 1-119 1-097 1-076 1-057 1-038 1-019 1-002 •985 •969 •954 950 1-180 1-154 1131 1-109 1-088 1-069 1-049 1-030 1-012 •996 •979 •964 •974 •984 •994 1-004 960 1-193 1-165 1-142 1-121 1-100 1-080 1-059 1-040 1-023 1-0115 ■!is9 970 1-205 1-177 1-154 1-132 1-111 1-091 1-070 1-051 1-033 1-016 •999 980 1-216 1-189 1-165 1-143 1121 1-102 1-081 1-062 1-H44 1;026 1*010 990 1-227 1-201 1-177 1-154 1-133 1113 1-092 1-073 1-054 1-036 1*020 1000 1010 1020 1-238 1-250 1-262 1-213 1-225 1-237 1-189 1-200 1-211 1166 1-177 1-188 1-144 1-155 1-166 1-124 1-135 1-145 1-103 1113 1-124 1-083 1-093 1-103 1-065 1-075 1-085 1-047 1-0.07 1-067 1-077 1-087 1-030 1-OlU 1-050 1-060 1-070 1-014 1-024 1-084 1-044 1-054 1030 1040 1-274 1-286 1-249 1-261 1-223 1-235 1-200 1-212 1-177 1-188 1-156 1-167 1-135 1-146 1-114 1-125 1-095 1-106 1050 1060 1070 1080 1090 1-299 1-311 1-323 1-335 1-347 1-273 1-285 1-297 1-309 1-321 1-247 1-259 1-271 1-283 1-294 1-223 1-234 1-245 1-256 1-268 1-200 1-211 1-222 1-233 1-244 1-178 1-189 1-200 1-211 1-222 1-157 1-168 1-179 1-190 1-200 1-136 1-146 1-156 1-167 1-178 1-117 1-127 1-137 1-147 1-158 1-098 l-1(i,s 1-118 1-129 1-139 1-080 1-090 1-100 1-110 1-120 M HM 1-074 t-084 1094 1-103 1100 1110 1120 1130 1140 1-359 1-371 1-383 1-395 1-407 1-332 1-344 1-356 1-367 1-379 1-305 1-317 1-328 1-340 1-352 1-280 1-292 1-302 1-313 1-325 1-256 1-267 1-278 1-289 1-300 1-232 1-243 1-254 1-265 1-276 1-211 1-221 1-232 1-243 1-254 1-189 1-200 1-210 1-221 1-231 1-169 1-179 1-189 1-200 1-210 1-150 1-160 1-170 1-180 1-190 1131 1-141 1-151 1-161 1-171 1113 1-123 L-188 1-113 1-153 1150 1160 1170 1180 1190 1-419 1-431 1-443 1-455 1-467 1-390 1-402 1-414 1-426 1-437 1-363 1-375 1-387 1-399 1-410 1-336 1-348 1-360 1-371 1-383 1-312 1-323 1-334 1-345 1-356 1-287 1-298 1-309 1-320 1-331 1-265 1-276 1-287 1-297 1-307 1-242 1-253 1-263 1-274 1-284 1-221 1-231 1-242 1-252 1-263 1-201 1-211 1-221 1-231 1-242 1-182 1-192 1-202 1-212 122-2 1-163 1-173 lis:; 1-193 1-202 52 THE VOYAGE OF H.M.S. CHALLENGER. Temperature. 11 kan of Upper and Lower Stations. Height IN Feet. i -20° -10° 0° 10° 20° 30° 40° 50° 60° 70° 80° 90° Inch. Inch. Inch. Inch. Inch. Inch. Inch. Inch. Inch. Inch. Inch. Inch. 1190 1467 1-437 1-410 1-383 1-356 1-331 1-307 1-284 1-263 1-242 1-222 1-202 1200 1-480 1-449 1-421 1-394 1-367 1-342 1-318 1-295 1-273 i 1-252 1-232 1-212 1210 1-492 1-461 1-432 1-405 1-378 1-353 1-328 1-306 1-283 | 1-262 1-242 1-222 1220 1-504 1-473 1-443 1-416 1-389 1-364' 1-339 1-316 1-293 1-272 1-252 1-232 1230 1-516 1-485 1-454 1-427 1-400 1-375 1-350 1-326 1-303 1-282 1-262 1-242 1240 1-528 1-496 1-460 1-438 1-411 1-386 1-361 1-337 1-313 1-292 1-272 1-252 1250 1-540 1-508 1-478 1-450 1-423 1-397 1-371 1-348 1-324 1-303 1-282 1-262 1260 1-552 1-520 1-490 1-461 1-434 1-408 1-382 1-359 1-335 1-314 1-292 1-272 1270 1-564 1-532 1-502 1-472 1-445 1-419 1-393 1-370 1-346 1-324 1-302 1-282 1280 1-576 1-544 1-513 1-483 1-456 1-430 1-404 1-381 1-356 1-334 1-312 1-292 1290 1-588 1-556 1-525 1-494 1-467 1-441 1-415 1-391 1-367 1-344 1-322 1-301 1300 1-600 1-567 1-536 1-506 1-478 1-451 1-425 1-401 1-377 1-354 1-332 1-310 1310 1-612 1-579 1-548 1-518 1-489 1-462 1-435 1-411 1-387 1-364 1-342 1-320 1320 1-624 1-591 1-560 1-529 1-500 1-473 1-446 1-421 1-397 1-374 1-352 1-330 1330 1-636 1-603 1-572 1-540 1-511 1-484 1-457 1-431 1-407 1-384 1-362 1-340 1340 1-648 1-615 1-583 1-551 1-522 1-495 1-468 1-442 1-417 1-394 1-372 1-350 1350 1-659 1-626 1-594 1-563 1-534 1-506 1-479 1-453 1-428 1-405 1-382 1-360 1360 1-671 1-637 1-605 1-574 1-545 1-516 1-490 1-464 1-439 1-416 1-392 1-369 1370 1-683 1-649 1-616 1-585 1-556 1-527 1-500 1-475 1-449 1-426 1-402 1-379 1380 1-695 1-661 1-628 1-596 1-567 1-538 1-510 1-485 1-460 1-436 1-412 1-389 1390 1-707 1-673 1-639 1-607 1-578 1-549 1-521 1-496 1-470 1-446 1-422 1-399 1400 1-719 1-684 1-651 1-619 1-589 1-560 1-531 1-506 1-480 1-466 1-432 1-409 1410 1-731 1-695 1-662 1-630 1-600 1-570 1-541 1-517 1-490 1-466 1-442 1-419 1420 1-743 1-707 1-673 1-641 1-611 1-581 1-552 1-528 1-500 1-476 1-452 1-429 1430 1-755 1-719 1-685 1-652 1-622 1-592 1-563 1-538 1-510 1-486 1-462 1-439 1440 1-767 1-730 1-697 1-664 1-633 1-603 1-574 1-548 1-520 1-496 1-472 1-449 1460 1-779 1-742 1-709 1-675 1-644 1-614 1-585 1-558 1-531 1-506 1-483 1-459 1460 1-791 1-753 1-720 1-686 1-655 1-624 1-595 1-568 1-542 1-516 1-492 1-469 1470 1-803 1-765 1-731 1-697 1-666 1-635 1-605 1-578 1-552 1-526 1-501 1-479 1480 1-815 1-776 1-742 1-708 1-677 1-646 1-616 1-588 1-562 1-536 1-511 1-489 1490 1-827 1-788 1-754 1-719 1-688 1-657 1-627 1-599 1-573 1-546 1-521 1-499 1500 1-838 1-800 1-766 1-731 1-699 1-668 1-638 1-610 1-583 1-556 1-531 1-508 1610 1-850 1-812 1-777 1-742 1-710 1-678 1-649 1-620 1-593 1-566 1-541 1-517 1520 1-862 1-824 1-788 1-753 1-721 1-689 1-660 1-630 1-603 1-576 1-551 1-527 1530 1-874 1-836 1-799 1-764 1-732 1-700 1-670 1-640 1-613 1-586 1-561 1-536 1540 1-886 1-848 1-811 1-775 1-743 1-711 1-681 1-651 1-623 1-596 1-571 1-546 1550 1-897 1-859 1-823 1-7x7 1-754 1-722 1-691 1-062 1-634 1-607 1-581 1-556 1560 1-909 1-871 1-835 1-798 1-765 1-733 1-701 1-672 1-644 1-617 1-591 1-566 1570 1-921 1-883 1-847 1-809 1-776 1-744 1-712 1-683 1-654 1-627 1-601 1-576 1580 1-933 1-895 1-859 1-820 1-787 1-755 1-722 1-693 1-664 1-637 1-611 1-586 1590 1-945 1-906 1-870 1-831 1-798 1-766 1-733 1-704 1-674 1-647 1-621 1-596 1600 1-956 1-917 1-881 1-842 1-808 1-776 1-744 1-714 1-685 1-657 1-631 1-605 1610 1-967 1-928 1-892 1-853 1-819 1-786 1-755 1-724 1-695 1-668 1-640 1-615 1620 1-979 1-939 1-903 1-864 1-830 1-797 1-765 1-735 1-705 1-678 1-650 1-625 1630 1-991 1-951 1-914 1-875 1-841 1-807 1-776 1-745 1-716 1-688 1-660 1-635 1640 2-003 1-963 1-925 1-886 1-852 1-818 1-786 1-756 1-726 1-698 1-670 1-645 1650 2-014 1-975 1-937 1-898 1-863 1-829 1-797 1-766 1-737 1-708 1-680 1-655 1660 2-026 1-986 1-949 1-909 1-874 1-839 1-807 1-776 1-747 1-718 1-690 1-664 1670 2-038 1-997 1-961 1-920 1-885 1-850 1-818 1-787 1-757 1-728 1-700 1-674 1680 2-050 2-008 1-972 1-931 1-896 1-861 1-829 1-797 1-767 1-738 1-710 1-684 1690 2-061 2-020 1-983 1-942 1-907 1-872 1-839 1-808 1-777 1-748 1-720 1-694 1700 2-073 2-031 1-994 1-954 1-917 1-883 1-850 1-818 1-787 1-758 1-730 1-704 1710 2-085 2-042 2-005 1-965 1-928 1-894 1-860 1-828 1-298. 1-769 1-739 1-714 1720 2-097 2-054 2-016 1-976 1-939 1-905 1-871 1-839 1-808 1-779 1-749 1-723 • 1730 2-109 2-066 2-027 1-987 1-950 1-916 - 1-881 1-849 1-818 1-789 1-759 1-733 1710 2-121 2-078 2-038 1-998 1-961 1-927 1-892 1-860 1-829 1-799 1-769 1-742 1760 2-132 2-090 2-050 2-010 1-972 1-937 1-903 1-870 1-839 1-809 1-779 1-752 1760 2-143 2-101 2-061 2-021 1-983 1-948 1-913 1-880 1-849 1-819 1-789 1-762 1770 2-155 2-113 2-072 2-032 1-994 1-959 1-924 1-891 1-859 1-829 1-799 1-772 1780 2-167 2-125 2-083 2-043 2-005 1-969 1-935 1-901 1-869 1-839 1-809 1-781 REPORT ON ATMOSPHERIC CIRCULATION 53 Temperature. Mean of Upper and Lower H i-ations. Height IN Feet. -20- —10° 0° 10° 20° 30° 40" 50° 60° 70" 80° 90° Inch. Inch. Inch. Inch. Inch. Inch. Inch. Inch. Inch. Inch. Inch. Inch. 1780 2-167 2-125 2-083 2-043 2-005 1-969 1-935 1-901 1-869 1-839 1-809 1-781 1790 2-179 2-136 2-094 2-054 2-016 1-9S0 1-945 1-912 1-879 1-849 1-819 1-791 1800 2-191 2-147 2-106 2-066 2-027 1-991 1-956 1-922 1-889 1-859 1-829 1-801 1810 2-203 2-158 2-117 2-077 2-038 2-002 1-966 1-932 1-899 1-869 1 -.-:.. ' 1-810 1820 2-215 2-170 2-128 2-088 2-049 2-013 1-977 1-942 1-909 1-879 1-848 1-820 1830 2-227 2-182 2-139 2-099 2-059 2-023 1-987 1-953 1-919 1-889 1-858 1-830 1840 2-238 2-194 2-150 2-110 2-070 2-034 1-998 1-963 1-929 1-899 1-868 1-840 1850 2-250 2-205 2-162 2-120 2-081 2-044 2-008 1-973 t-989 1-909 1-878 1-849 1860 2-262 2-217 2-173 2-131 2-092 2-055 2-019 1-984 1-950 1-919 1-888 1-859 1870 2-274 2-229 2-184 2112 2-103 2-065 2-029 1-994 1-960 1-929 1-898 1-869 1880 2-286 2-241 2-195 2-153 2-114 2-076 2-040 2-004 1-070 1-939 1-907 1-878 1890 2-298 2-252 2-206 2-165 2-125 2-087 2-050 2-015 1-980 1-945 1-917 1-888 1900 2-309 2-263 2-218 2-176 2-136 2-098 2-061 2025 1-9.09 1-927 1-897 1910 2-321 2-275 2-229 2-187 2-147 2-108 2-071 2-035 2-000 1-969 1-937 1-907 1920 2-333 2-286 2-240 2-190 2-158 2-119 2-082 1-046 2-010 1-979 1-947 1-917 1930 2-344 2-297 2-251 2-210 2-168 2-130 2-092 2-056 2-021 1-989 1-956 1-926 1940 2-356 2-309 2-263 2-221 2-179 2-140 2-103 2-067 2-031 1-999 1-966 1-936 1950 2-367 2-320 2-276 2-232 2-190 2-151 2-113 2-077 2-041 2-009 1-976 1-945 1960 2-379 2-332 2-286 2-243 2-200 2-161 2-123 2-087 2-051 2-019 1-986 1-955 1970 2-391 2-344 2-297 2-254 2-211 2-172 2-134 2-097 2-061 2-029 1-995 1-965 1980 2-403 2-356 2-308 2-265 2-222 2-183 2-144 2-108 2-072 2-039 2-005 1-975 1990 2-415 2-367 2-319 2-276 2-233 2-193 2-155 2-118 2-082 2-049 2-015 1-984 2000 2-426 2-378 2-331 2-287 2-244 2-204 2-165 2-128 2-092 2-058 2-024 1-994 2010 2-438 2-390 2-343 2-298 2-255 2-215 2-176 2-138 2-102 2-068 2-034 2-003 2020 2-450 2-402 2-354 2-309 2-266 2-226 2-186 2-148 2-112 2-078 2-044 2-013 2030 2-462 2-413 2-365 2-320 2-277 2-236 2-196 2-158 2-122 2-088 2-054 2-022 2040 2-473 2-424 2-376 2-331 2-388 2-247 2-206 2-169 2-132 2-098 2-063 2-032 2050 2-484 2-435 2-387 2-342 2-299 2-257 2-216 2-179 2-142 2-108 2-073 2-041 2060 2-496 2-447 2-398 2-353 2-310 2-268 2-227 2-189 2-152 2-118 2-083 2-051 2070 2-508 2-459 2-409 2-364 2-321 2-278 2-237 2-199 2-162 2-127 2-093 2-060 2080 2-519 2-470 2-420 2-375 2-331 2-289 2-247 2-210 2-172 2-137 2-102 2-070 2090 2-530 2-481 2431 2-386 2-342 2-299 2-258 2-220 2-182 2-147 2-112 2-079 2100 2-541 2-492 2-442 2-396 2-352 2-310 2-268 2-230 2-192 2-157 2-121 2-089 2110 2-553 2-504 2-454 2-407 2-363 2-320 2-278 2-240 2-202 2-167 2-131 2-098 2120 2-565 2-515 2-465 2-418 2-373 2-330 2-289 2-250 2-212 2-177 2-141 2-108 2130 2-576 2-526 2-476 2-429 2-384 2-341 2-299 2-261 2-222 2-187 2-151 2-117 2140 2-588 2-537 2-487 2-440 2-394 2-351 2-310 2-271 2-232 2-197 2-160 2-127 2150 2-599 2-548 2-498 2-451 2-405 2-362 2-320 2-281 2-242 2-207 2-170 2-136 2160 2-611 2-560 2-509 2-462 2-416 2-372 2-331 2-291 2-217 2-180 2-146 2170 2-623 2-571 2-520 2-473 2-427 2-383 2-341 2-301 2-262 2-227 2-190 2155 2180 2-634 2-583 2-531 2-484 2-437 2-393 2-351 2-311 2-272 2-236 2-165 2190 2-646 2-595 2-542 2-495 2-448 2-404 2-362 2-322 2-283 2-246 2-210 2-175 2200 2-657 2-606 2-553 2-506 2-459 2-414 2-372 2-332 2-293 2-256 2 -21 '.) 2-184 2210 2-669 2-617 2-564 2-517 2-470 2-425 2-382 2-342 2-303 2-266 2-229 2-194 2220 2-681 2-628 2-575 2-528 2-481 2-435 2-393 2-352 2-313 2-276 2-239 2-204 2230 2-692 2-639 2-587 2-539 2-491 2-446 2-403 2-363 2-323 2-286 2-249 2-213 2240 2-703 2-650 2-598 2-550 2-502 2-456 2-413 2-373 2-296 2-268 2-223 2250 2-715 2-661 2-609 2-560 2-512 2-467 2-424 2-383 2-343 2-306 2-268 2-232 2260 2-726 2-672 2-620 2-571 2-523 2-477 2-434 2-393 2-315 2-278 2-212 2270 2-737 2-683 2-631 2-582 2-534 2-488 2-4-14 2-403 2-363 2-325 2-287 2-252 2280 2-748 2-694 2-642 2-592 2-544 2-498 2-455 2-413 2-373 2-335 2-297 2-261 2290 2-760 2-705 2-653 2-603 2-555 2-509 2-465 2-424 2-383 2-345 2-307 2-271 2300 2310 2-771 2-783 2-715 2-726 2-663 2-674 2 -014 2-625 2-566 2-576 2-520 2-530 2-476 2-486 2-434 2-4 1 1 2-393 2-403 2-355 2-364 2-316 2-326 2-280 2-290 2320 2-795 2-738 2-685 2-636 2-587 2-541 2-496 2-454 2-374 2-335 2-300 2330 2340 2350 2360 2370 2-807 2-819 2-831 2-843 2-855 2-750 2-761 2-773 2-784 2-796 2-697 2-708 2-719 2-729 2-740 2-646 2-657 2-668 2-678 2-689 2-598 2-608 2-619 2-630 2-640 2-551 2-562 2-572 2-583 , 2-593 2-507 2-517 2-527 2-538 2-548 2-464 2-474 2-484 2-494 2-504 2-423 2-433 .'•44.'l 2-453 2-463 2-394 2-101 2-413 J- 123 2-345 2-355 2-364 2-:;: i 2-381 2-309 2-319 2-328 2-338 2-3-17 54 THE VOYAGE OF H.M.S. CHALLENGER. Temperature. Mean of Upper and Lower £ tations. Height IN Feet. —20° -10° 0° 10° 20° 30° 40° 50° 60° 70° 80- 90° Inch. Inch. Inch. Inch. Inch. Inch. Inch. Inch. Inch. Inch. Inch. Inch. 2370 2-855 2-796 2-740 2-689 2-640 2-593 2-548 2-504 2-463 2-423 2-384 2-347 2380 2-866 2-807 2-751 2-699 2-651 2-604 2-558 2-514 2-473 2-433 2-393 2-356 2390 2-877 2-818 2-762 2-710 2-662 2-614 2-569 2-524 2-483 2-443 2-403 2-366 2400 2-888 2-829 2-773 2-720 2-673 2-625 2-579 2-534 2-493 2-453 2-413 2-375 2410 2-899 2-840 2-784 2-731 2-683 2-635 2-589 2-544 2-503 2-462 2-423 2-385 2420 2-910 2-851 2-795 2-742 2-694 2-645 2-599 2-554 2-513 2-472 2-432 2-395 2430 2-922 2-862 2-807 2-754 2-704 2-656 2-609 2-564 2-523 2-482 2-442 2-404 2440 2-933 2-873 2-818 2-766 2-715 2-666 2-619 2-574 2-532 2-492 2-452 2-414 2450 2-944 2-884 2-829 2-777 2-725 2-676 2-629 2-584 2-542 2-501 2-461 2-423 2400 2-956 2-896 2-840 2-788 2-736 2-687 2-639 2-595 2-552 2-511 2-471 2-433 2470 2-967 2-907 2-851 2-799 2-746 2-697 2-649 2-605 2-562 2-521 2-481 2-442 2480 2-978 2-918 2-862 2-810 2-757 2-707 -_-6i;o 2-615 2-572 2-531 2-491 2-452 2490 2-989 2-929 2-873 2-821 2-767 2-718 2-670 2-625 2-582 2-541 2-500 2-461 2500 3-001 2-940 2-884 2-831 2-778 2-728 2-680 2-635 2-591 2-560 2-510 2-471 2510 3-013 2-952 2-896 2-842 2-788 2-739 2-690 2-645 2-601 2-560 2-520 2-480 2520 3-024 2-963 2-907 2-853 2-799 2-749 2-700 2-655 2-611 2-570 2-529 2-490 2530 3-035 2-974 2-918 2-863 2-809 2-760 2-711 2-665 2-621 2-579 2-539 2-499 2540 3-047 2-985 2-929 2-871 2-820 2-770 2-721 2-675 2-631 2-589 2-549 2-508 2550 3-058 2-996 2-940 2-885 2-830 2-780 2-731 2-685 2-640 2-599 2-558 2-518 ' 2560 3-070 3-007 2-950 2-895 2-841 2-790 2-741 2-695 2-650 2-609 2-568 2-527 2570 3-081 3-018 2-961 2-906 2-851 2-801 2-751 2-705 2-660 2-618 2-577 2-537 2580 3-093 3-030 2-972 2-917 2-862 2-811 2-762 2-715 2-670 2-628 2-587 2-546 2590 3-104 3-041 2-982 2-928 2-872 2-821 2-772 2-725 2-680 2-638 2-596 2-556 2600 3-115 3-052 2-993 2-938 2-883 2-831 2-782 2-735 2-689 2-647 2-606 2-565 2610 3-127 3-063 3-004 2-949 2-893 2-842 2-792 2-745 2-699 2-657 2-615 2-575 2620 3-138 3-075 3-014 2-959 2-904 2-852 2-802 2-755 2-709 2-666 2-625 2-584 2630 3-150 3-086 3-025 2-970 2-915 2-862 2-813 2-765 2-719 2-676 2-634 2-593 2640 3-161 3-097 3-036 2-980 2-925 2-872 2-823 2-775 2-729 2-686 2-644 2-603 2650 3-172 3-108 3-047 2-991 2-936 2-883 2-833 2-785 2-739 2-695 2-653 2-612 2660 3-183 3-119 3-058 3-002 2-946 2-893 2-843 2-795 2-749 2-705 2-663 2-622 2670 3-194 3-130 3-069 3-013 2-957 2-904 2-853 2-805 2-759 2-715 2-672 2-631 2680 3-206 3-142 3-080 3-023 2-967 2-914 2-864 2-815 2-769 2-724 2-681 2-640 2690 3-217 3-153 3-091 3-034 2-978 2-924 2-874 2-825 2-779 2-734 2-691 2-650 2700 3-228 3-164 3-102 3-045 2-988 2-935 2-884 2-835 2-788 2-743 2-700 2-659 2710 3-240 3-175 3-113 3-055 2-999 2-945 2-894 2-845 2-798 2-753 2-710 2-669 2720 3-251 3-187 3-123 3-066 3-010 2-956 2-904 2-855 2-803 2-763 2-719 2-678 2730 3-263 3-198 3-134 3-077 3-020 2-966 2-915 2-865 2-818 2-772 2-729 2-688 2740 3-274 3-209 3-145 3-087 3-031 2-977 2-925 2-875 2-828 2-782 2-738 2-697 2750 3-285 3-220 3-156 3-098 3-041 2-987 2-935 2-885 2-838 2-792 2-748 2-706 2700 3-297 3-231 3-167 3-109 3-052 2-997 2-945 2-895 2-848 2-801 2-758 2-716 2770 3-308 3-242 3-179 3-119 3-062 3-008 2-955 2-905 2-858 2-811 2-767 2-725 2780 3-319 3-253 3-190 3-130 3-073 3-018 2-966 2-915 2-868 2-821 2-777 2-734 2790 3-330 3-264 3-201 3-141 3-083 3-028 2-976 2-925 2-878 2-830 2-786 2-744 2800 3-341 3-275 3-212 3-152 3-094 3-039 2-986 2-936 2-888 2-840 2-796 2-753 2810 3-353 3-286 3-223 3-162 3-104 3-049 2-996 2-946 2-897 2-850 2-805 2-762 2820 3-364 3-297 3-233 3173 3-115 3-059 3-006 2-955 2-907 2-860 2-815 2-771 2830 3-375 3-308 3-244 3-183 3425 3-069 3-017 2-965 2-917 2-869 2-824 2-781 2840 3-386 3-319 3-255 3-194 3-136 3-080 3-027 2-975 2-927 2-879 2-834 2-790 2850 3-397 3-330 3-266 3-205 3-146 3-090 3-037 2-985 2-936 2-889 2-843 2-799 2860 3-409 3-341 3-277 3-215 3-157 3-100 3-047 2-995 2-946 2-899 2-853 2-808 2870 3-420 3-352 3-287 3-226 3-167 3-110 3-057 3-005 2-956 2-908 2-862 2-817 ■>sn 3-431 3-363 3-298 3-237 3178 312 L 3-068 3-015 2-966 2-918 2-872 2-827 2890 3-442 3-374 3-309 3-248 3-188 3-131 3-078 3-025 2-975 2-927 2-882 2-836 2900 3-453 3-385 3-320 3-259 3-199 3-141 3-088 3-035 2-985 2-937 2-891 2-845 2910 3-465 3-396 3-331 3-269 3-209 3-151 3-098 3-045 2-994 2-947 2-901 2-855 2920 3-476 3-407 3-342 3-280 3-220 3-162 3-108 3-054 3-004 2-956 2-910 2-864 2930 3-487 3-418 3-352 3-230 3-230 3-172 3-119 3-064 3-014 2-966 2-920 2-874 2940 3-498 3-429 3-363 3-300 3-241 3-182 3-129 3-074 3-023 2-976 2-929 2-883 2950 3-509 3-440 3-374 3-310 3-251 3-193 3-139 3-084 3-033 2-985 2-939 2-892 2960 3-521 3-451 3-384 3-321 3-262 3-203 3-149 3-094 3-043 2-995 2-948 2-902 REPORT ON ATMOSPHERIC CIRCULATION. 55 Height IN Feet. Temperature. M KAN OF U PI-ER AND Lower Stations. -20° -10° 0° 10° 20° 30° 40° 50° 60° 70" 80° 90° Inch. Inch. lncb. Inch. Inch. Inch. Inch. Inch. Inch. luch. Inch. Inch. 2960 3-521 3-451 3-384 3-321 3-262 3-203 3-149 3-094 3043 2-995 2-948 2-902 2970 3-532 3-462 3-394 3-332 3-272 3-214 3-159 3-104 3-052 3-004 2-911 2980 3-543 3-473 3-405 3-342 3-2K3 3-224 3-170 3-114 3-062 3-014 2-967 2-921 2990 3-554 3-484 3-415 3-353 3-293 3-235 3-180 3-124 3-072 3-024 2-977 2-931 3000 3-565 3-495 3-425 3-364 3-304 3-245 3-190 3-134 3-081 3-033 2-986 2-940 3100 3-674 3-603 3-532 3-468 3-406 3-346 3-289 3-232 3-178 3-128 3-080 3-033 3200 3-785 3-712 3-638 3-573 3-509 3-447 3-389 :;-:;:;o 3-275 3-224 3-174 3-124 3300 3-895 3-820 3-745 3-678 3-612 3-549 3-488 3-428 3-372 3-319 3-268 3-216 3400 4-005 3-927 3-851 3-783 3-715 3-650 3-587 3-526 3-470 3-415 3-361 3-308 3500 4-115 4-035 3-958 3-887 3-818 3-751 3-686 3-624 3-567 3-509 3-454 3-399 3600 4-222 4-138 4-063 3-991 3-918 3-851 3-784 3-721 3-660 3-603 3-546 3-480 3700 4-330 4-246 4-167 4-092 4-018 3-950 3-ss2 3-816 3-756 3-696 3-638 3-581 3800 4-437 4-353 4-272 4-195 4-119 4-049 3-979 3-913 3-850' 3-790 3-730 3-670 3900 4-545 4-458 4-376 4-297 4-220 4-147 4-077 4-009 3-945 3-883 3-X22 3-761 4000 4-652 4-564 4-480 4-400 4-321 4-246 4-174 4-105 4-039 3-976 3-915 3-852 4100 4-757 4-668 4-582 4-500 1-420 4-342 4-270 4-199 4-131 1-067 4-003 3-942 4200 4-864 4-773 4-683 4-600 4-518 1-441 4-367 4-293 4-224 4-159 4-093 4-028 4300 4-970 4-877 4-785 4-700 4-617 4-538 4-462 4-387 1-317 4-250 4-183 4-119 4400 5-077 4-980 4-887 4-800 4-715 4-633 4-557 4-481 4-409 4-341 4-273 4.208 4500 5-182 5-083 4-990 4-899 4-813 4-730 4-652 4-575 4-502 4-437 4-363 4-296 4600 5-285 5-185 5-089 4-998 4-910 4-827 1-745 4-668 4-593 4-521 4-452 4-384 4700 5-388 5-288 5-189 5-097 5-007 4-922 4-839 4-761 4-685 4-611 4-541 4-473 4800 5-492 5-389 5-289 5-195 5-104 5-017 4-932 4-853 1-776 4-700 4-630 1-560 4900 5-595 5-491 5-389 5-294 5-201 5-113 5-027 4-944 I-X07 4-790 4-718 4-648 5000 5-698 5-592 5-490 5-392 5-297 5-207 5-121 5-037 4-957 4-881 4-808 4-737 5100 5-800 5-692 5-588 5-489 5-393 5-301 5-2 1 1 5-128 5-048 4-969 4-895 4-822 5200 5-900 5-791 5-686 5-586 5-488 5-395 5-306 5-220 5-137 5-058 t-982 4-908 5300 6-001 5-891 5-784 5-682 5-583 5-488 5-399 5-311 5-227 5-147 5-069 4-994 5400 6-102 5-990 5-882 5-778 5-679 5-584 5-491 5-402 5-317 5-235 5-156 5-080 5500 6-203 6-090 5-981 5-875 5-773 5-676 5-583 5-493 5-406 5-324 5-243 5-166 5600 6-302 6-187 6-076 5-970 5-866 5-768 5-673 5-582 5-494 5-410 5-329 5-251 5700 6-401 6-284 6-172 0-065 5-959 5-860 5-763 5-671 5-582 5-497 5-415 5800 6-501 6-381 6-268 6-159 6-052 5-951 5-853 5-760 5-669 5-584 5-501 5-420 5900 6-601 6-479 6-364 6-253 6-145 6-043 5-943 5-849 5-756 5-671 5-586 5-504 6000 6-700 6-677 6-460 6-347 6-239 6-134 6-033 5-937 5-844 5-757 5-671 5-588 6100 6-797 6-673 6-555 6-440 6-330 6-225 6-123 6-025 5-931 5-843 5-756 5-672 6200 6-894 6-769 6-649 6-533 6-421 6-316 6-212 6-113 6-018 5-929 5-840 5-755 6300 6-990 6-865 6-743 6-626 6-513 6-406 6-301 6-203 6-105 6-014 5-924 5-838 6400 7-087 6-961 6-837 6-719 6-605 6-496 6-390 6-289 6-192 6-099 i;-iios 5921 6500 7-185 7-056 6-931 6-811 6-696 6-586 6-479 6-377 6-279 6-184 6-092 6-004 6600 7-281 7-148 7-024 6-902 6-786 6-675 6-567 6-464 6-364 6-268 6-175 6-086 6700 7-377 7-240 7-117 6-993 6-876 6-764 6-655 6-550 6-449 6-352 6-258 6-168 6800 7-472 7-332 7-209 7-084 6-966 6-852 6-742 6-636 6-534 6-435 6-341 6-250 6900 7-567 7-424 7-301 7-175 7-055 6-940 6-829 6-722 6-619 6-518 6-423 6-331 7000 7-662 7-525 7-393 7-266 7-145 7-028 6-916 6-808 6-703 6-602 6-505 6-412 7100 7-756 7-617 7-484 8-356 7-233 7-115 7-002 6-893 6-787 6-685 6-587 6-493 7200 7-849 7-709 7-574 7-445 7-321 7-202 7-i 188 6-977 6-870 6-768 6-669 6-574 6-664 6-734 6-814 7300 7-942 7-801 7-664 7-534 7-409 7-289 7-171 7-061 6-953 6-X50 6-751 7400 7500 8-035 8-128 7-892 7-983 7-754 7-844 7-623 7-712 7-497 7-584 7-376 7-462 7-259 7-344 7-145 7-229 7-036 7-119 6-932 7-014 6-832 6-913 7600 7700 8-219 8-310 8-073 8-163 7-933 8-022 7-800 7-888 7-671 7-758 7-547 7-632 7-428 7-512 7-312 7-395 7-201 7-283 7-095 7-176 6-993 7-073 7-153 7-233 7-312 6-893 6-972 7-051 7130 7-208 7800 8-401 8-253 8-111 7-975 7-844 7-717 7-596 7-478 7-365 7-257 7900 8-492 8-343 8-199 8-062 7-930 7-803 7-680 7-561 7-447 7-338 8000 8-582 8-432 8-287 8-149 8-016 7-887 7-763 7-644 7-529 7-118 TABLE VI. Showing the Mean Monthly and Annual Height op the Barometer, reduced to 32°, in English Inches, at Different Places over the Globe. Note. — Under column of " Hours of Observation " the Hours of the a.m. Observations are placed before the Colon [:], the r.M. after it. In the same column M.P. signifies that the Means have been reduced to the approximate Mean Pressures. A Minus before Latitudes signifies Latitude South, and before Longitudes it signifies Longitude West. The Observations are also reduced to sea-level at those places which are printed in Italics. In the last column are entered the Corrections for Errors which have been made in constructing the Table. (PIIYS. CTIEM. CHALL. EXr. — PART V. — 18SS.) 14 58 THE VOYAGE OF H.M.S. CHALLENGER. Places. Country. No. of Years. Years Specified. Hours of Observation. Latitude. Longitude. Height, Feet. Matin Head, Ireland 15 1870-84 8: O 1 55 23 o / -7 22 230 Greencastle, . do. 15 do. 8 55 12 -7 2 70 Londonderry, do. 15 do. 9 9 55 0 -7 19 93 Mvllaghmore, do. 15 do. 8 54 28 -8 28 40 Markree, do. 15 do. 9 9 54 11 -8 27 131 I.issan, do. 15 do. do. 54 41 -6 45 305 Armagh, do. 15 do. 24 daily 54 21 -6 39 207 Belfast, do. 15 do. M.P. 54 3G — 5 56 66 Aghalee, do. 15 do. 9: 9 54 31 -6 16 130 Donaghadce, . do. 15 do. 8: 54 38 -5 34 SO Jlilltown, do. 15 do. M.P. 54 23 -6 16 200 Dublin, do. 15 do. 9A: 3i 53 22 -6 21 158 Kingstown, . do. 15 do. 8 53 17 -6 8 50 Curragh Camp, . do. 15 do. 9 3 53 9 -6 49 450 Galway, do. 15 do. 11J 53 15 -9 3 32 Belmullet, do. 15 do. 8 54 12 -10 0 40 Parsonstown, do. 15 do. 9 9 53 G -7 55 182 Roche's Point, do. 15 do. 8 51 47 -8 19 32 Killarney, do. 15 do. 9 9 52 4 -9 30 90 Valentia, do. 15 do. hourly 51 55 -10 18 23 North Unst, . Scotland 15 do. 9: 9 60 51 -0 53 230 Bressay, do. 15 do. do. 60 6 -1 8 105 Dunrossness, . . do. 15 do. 8: 59 55 -1 20 126 Start Point, . do. 15 do. 9: 9 59 17 -2 22 83 Sandwick, . do. 15 do. do. 59 2 -3 18 94 Wick, . do. 15 do. 8: 58 27 -3 5 27 Holborn Head, do. 15 do. 9: 9 58 37 -3 32 75 Dunrobin, do. 15 do. do. 57 59 -3 56 16 Lairg, . do. 15 do. do. 58 1 -4 22 458 Cape Wrath, do. 15 do. do. 58 38 -5 0 400 Butt of Lewis, do. 15 do. do. 58 31 -6 16 170 Stornoway, . do. 15 do. do. 58 13 -6 23 70 Monacli, do. 15 do. do. 57 32 -7 14 . 150 Barra Head, . do. 15 do. do. 56 47 -7 39 683 Skerryvore, . do. 15 do. do. 56 19 -7 7 150 Glencarron, . do. 15 do. do. 57 30 -5 14 504 Cullorlen, do. 15 do. do. 57 29 -4 8 104 Fort William, do. •1 1884-87 do. 56 49 -5 7 30 Ben Nevis Observ., do. 4 do. do. 56 49 -5 7 4400 Gordon Castle, do. 15 1870-84 do. 57 37 -3 5 104 New Pitsligo, do. 15 do. do. 57 36 -2 12 495 Braemar, do. 15 do. do. 57 0 -3 24 1114 Aberdeen, . do. 15 do. do. 57 10 -2 6 84 Dundee, do. 15 do. do. 56 28 -2 56 164 Dalnaspidal, do. 15 do. do. 56 50 -4 13 1414 Ochtertyre, . do. 15 do. do. 56 23 -3 53 333 Dollar, . do. 15 do. do. 56 10 -3* 4 178 Bell Rock, . do. 15 do. do. 56 26 — 2 23 93 Ardnamurchan, . do. 15 do. do. 56 44 -6 13 180 Airds, . do. 15 do. do. 56 33 -5 25 15 REPORT OX ATMOSPHERIC CIRCULATION. 59 Jan. Feb. Mar. April. May. June. July. Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec. year. Corrs. Applied Inches. Inches. Inches. Inches. Inches. Inches. Inches. Inches. Inches. Inches. Inches. Inches. Inches. Inch. 29779 29-782 29-858 29-840 29-948 29-900 29-840 29-852 29-850 29-788 29-774 29-796 29-834 29-830 29-825 29-882 29-871 29-969 29 910 29-864 29-872 29-868 29-817 29-795 29-816 29-861 29-855 29-828 29-895 29-870 29-967 29-913 29-867 29-873 29-868 29-X23 29-797 29-845 29-867 -•015 29-812 29-794 29-876 29-852 29-950 29-910 29-866 29-861 29-863 29-810 29-790 29-822 29-851 29-856 29-822 29-900 29-870 29-973 29-920 29-874 29-880 29-889 29-837 29-820 29-849 29-875 29-518 29-504 29-574 29-552 29-646 29-585 29-541 29-563 29-571 29-504 29-484 29-519 23-547 29-643 29-623 29-688 29-658 29-760 29-712 29-666 29-678 29-687 29-622 29-600 29-633 29-665 29-867 29-853 29 915 29-890 29-986 29-932 29-885 29-896 29-910 29-846 29-826 29-852 29-888 29-860 29-843 29-903 29-885 29-992 29-939 29-887 29-898 29-897 29812 29-819 29-850 29-885 -•025 29-875 29-849 29-903 29-882 29-985 29-932 29-877 29-885 29-889 29-834 29-816 29-830 29-879 29-660 29-642 29-685 29-672 29-762 29-713 29-666 29-682 29-678 29-624 29-610 29-637 29-669 + •060 29-911 29-888 29-940 29-896 30-018 29-958 29-926 29-92(1 29-925 29-875 29-859 29-888 29-926 + •015 29-918 29-885 29-947 29-892 30-012 29-956 29-936 29-922 29-928 29-864 29-858 29-892 29-918 29-907 29-864 29-925 29-876 29-996 29-947 29-914 29-908 29-917 29-860 29-850 29-880 29-904 29-822 29-797 29-882 29-822 29-945 29-898 29-869 29-866 29-873 29-814 29-805 29-830 29-852 + ■020 29-802 29-770 29-858 29-836 29-963 29-916 29-807 29-861 29-868 29-826 29-804 29-836 29-850 29-906 29-868 29-943 29-881 29 993 29-945 29-917 29-914 29-921 29-864 29-852 29-895 29-907 29-901 29-873 29-925 29-864 29-994 29-957 29-929 29-929 29-930 29-864 29 ■» 29-896 29-910 29-894 29-870 29-940 29-877 30-002 29-970 29-931 29-926 29-937 29-872 29-877 29-900 29-916 29-851 29-819 29-910 29-832 29-968 29-934 29-918 29-888 29-930 29-833 29-835 29-850 29-880 29-432 29-490 29-500 29-606 29-644 29-619 29-543 29-558 29-536 29-454 29-450 29-413 29-520 29-591 29-646 29-656 29-747 29778 29-756 29-679 29-696 29-675 29-600 29-589 29-577 29-665 29-703 29751 29-765 29-857 29-892 29-860 29-792 29-806 29784 29-700 29-698 29-690 29-772 29-633 29-676 29-703 29-782 29-828 29-793 29-722 29-735 29-715 29-638 29-620 29-617 29-705 29-609 29-654 29-680 29-759 29-812 29-774 29-700 29-718 29708 29-627 29-604 29-598 29-687 29-725 29-769 29-802 29-865 29-919 29-876 29-802 29-820 29-808 29-739 29-717 29-716 29-797 29-637 29-680 29-720 29-782 29-838 29-796 29-726 29-738 29-734 29-666 29-637 29-641 29-716 29749 29-775 29-808 29-863 29-918 29-873 29-810 29-833 29-815 29-760 29-738 29-736 29-806 29-222 29-270 29-313 29-362 29-428 29-390 29-326 29-348 29-329 29-262 29-213 29-240 29-311 29-270 29-310 29-352 29-415 29-486 29-446 29-381 29-390 29-361 29-310 29-282 29-264 29-356 29-506 29-554 29-607 29-665 29-732 29-688 29-625 29-635 29-626 29-542 29-523 29-517 29-602 29-636 29-672 29-730 29-786 29-858 29-806 29-737 29-755 29-748 29-064 29-646 29-642 29-722 29-561 29-590 29-663 29-700 29-784 29-730 29 -672 29-685 29-670 29-591 29-575 29-573 29-650 29-016 29-035 29-102 29-125 29-211 29-101 29-122 29-127 29-110 29-047 29-021 29-025 29-090 29-608 29-625 29-686 29-697 29-791 29-742 29-690 29-690 29-683 29-620 29-594 29-609 29-070 29-183 29-227 29-274 29-323 29-397 29-367 29-306 29-320 29-802 29-237 29-210 29-225 29-281 29-656 29-710 29-725 29-758 29-832 29-780 29715 29-732 29-728 29-658 29-624 29-641 29-713 29-704 29-831 29-917 29-869 29-870 3(1-1 I3fi 29-912 29-889 29-842 29-865 29-827 29-728 29-857 24-104 24-219 24-287 24-278 24-313 24-511 24-429 24-428 24-336 24-299 24-237 24-118 24-296 29-655 29-682 29-718 29-760 29-828 29-774 29-720 29-726 29-726 29-669 29-632 29-654 29-713 29-231 29-253 29-277 29-328 29-390 29-353 29-286 29-300 29-293 29-282 29-199 29-198 29-278 ■ •• 28-574 28-576 28-614 28-664 28726 28-09 ! 28-643 28-654 28-646 28-570 28-532 28-546 28-620 29-710 29724 29754 29-796 29-854 29-808 29-744 29-756 29-758 29-693 L'9-664 29-676 29-745 ... 29-636 29-646 29-680 29702 29-771 29723 29-658 29-672 29-672 29-621 29-590 29-606 29-667 28-250 28-264 28-311 28-346 28-416 28-387 28-332 28-347 28-340 28-266 28-22.-! 28-225 28-309 29-470 29-460 29-491 29-515 29-591 29-540 29-480 29-495 29-503 29-438 29-Kll 29-420 29-484 29-641 29-633 "29-682 29-696 29-774 29-726 29-660 29-682 29-688 29-628 29-604 29-008 29-i;il7 29-732 29-727 29-754 29-780 29-849 29-803 29-739 29-751 29-753 29-700 29-666 29-690 29-746 29-574 29-587 29-647 29-665 29-747 29-705 29-650 29-662 29-654 29-581 29-562 29 574 29-634 29-790 1 29-792 29-833 29-855 29-922 29-868 29-824 29-843 29-833 1 29-780 29-760 29-771 29-821 CO THE VOYAGE OF H.M.S. CHALLENGER. Places. Country. No. of Years. Years Specified. Hours of Observation. Latitude. Longitude. Height, Feet. Callton Mor, Scotland 15 1870-81 9: 9 o t 50 8 O 1 -5 30 135 Mull of Kintyre, . do. 15 do. do. 55 19 -5 48 297 Eallabus, do. 15 do. do. 55 45 -6 18 71 Ardrossan, . do. 15 do. 8: 55 38 -4 49 16 Corsewall, . do. 15 do. 9: 9 55 0 -5 9 112 Glasgow, do. 15 do. hourly 55 53 -4 IS 184 Ridge Park, . do. 15 do. 9: 9 55 41 -3 37 630 Edinburgh, . do. 15 do. do. 55 56 -3 11 162 Smeaton, do. 15 do. do. 56 0 -2 39 100 Marchmont, . do. 15 do. do. 55 44 -2 25 500 Wolf elee, . do. 15 do. do. 55 22 -2 39 601 Drumlanrig, . do. 15 do. do. 55 16 -3 48 191 Cargen, do. 15 do. do. 55 2 -S 37 85 Mull of Galloway, do. 15 do. do. 54 38 -4 15 325 Carlisle, England 15 do. M.P. 54 53 -2 55 114 Barrow-in-Furness, do. 15 do. 8: 54 7 -3 11 CO Sit ields, do. 15 do. do. 55 0 -1 27 124 York, . do. 15 do. do. 53 58 -1 5 50 Spurnhead, . do. 15 do. do. 53 34 0 7 28 Stonyhurst, . do. 15 do. hourly 53 51 -2 28 361 Bidstone Observ., do. 15 do. M.P. 53 23 -3 7 197 Cheadle, do. 15 do. 9: 9 52 28 -1 57 646 Shrewsbury, . do. 15 do. do. 52 45 -2 57 266 Llandudno, . do. 15 do. do. 53 21 -3 50 100 Holyhead, do. 15 do. 8: 53 18 -4 39 44 Lampeter, . do. 15 do. M.P. 52 7 -4 5 420 Cliurclistolct , do. 15 do. 9: 9 52 31 -3 5 548 Pembroke, . • do. 15 do. 8: 51 41 -5 30 150 Carmarthen, . do. 15 do. 9: 9 51 52 -1 18 188 Mansfield, . do. 15 do. do. 53 8 -1 12 349 Oxford, do. 15 do. M.P. 51 46 -1 16 212 Leicester, do. 15 do. 9: 9 52 39 -1 8 237 Hillington, . Holkham, do. 15 do. do. 52 48 0 33 88 do. 15 do. M.P. 52 57 0 46 39 Somerleyton, do. 15 do. 9: 9 52 32 1 37 50 Royston, Greenwicb, . do. 15 do. M.P. 52 2 -0 1 269 do. 15 do. do. 51 29 0 0 159 Kew, • ■ • do. 15 do. hourly 51 28 -0 19 34 Kamsgatc, . Docer, . . . do. 15 do. 9: 9 51 20 1 25 105 do. 15 do. 8: 51 7 1 18 46 Brighton, . . do. 15 do. M.P. 50 49 -0 8 206 Osborne, do. 15 do. do. 50 45 -1 16 172 Truro, . do. 15 do. do. 50 17 -5 4 43 Salisbury, . Babbacombc, do. do. 15 15 do. do. do. 9: 9 51 4 50 29 -1 48 186 293 Barnstaple, . do. 15 do. ji.p. 51 5 -4 3 43 Falmouth, . do. 15 do. hourly 50 9 -5 4 211 Scilhj, . do. 15 do. 8: 49 55 -6 18 100 Guernsey, . Jersey, . do. 15 do. M.P. 49 28 -2 32 204 do. 15 do. 9: 9 49 12 -2 7 50 REPORT ON ATMOSPHERIC CIRCULATION. Gl Jan. Feb. Mar. April. May. June. July. Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec. Year. ClMTS. Applied ' Inches. Indies. Inches. Inches. Inches. Inches. Inches. Indies. Inches. Inches. Indies. Inches. Indies. Inch. 29-676 29-674 29723 29-733 29-810 29-754 29-700 29-715 29717 29-648 29-633 29-653 29-703 29-530 29-509 29-572 29-558 29-646 29-618 29-562 29-567 29-564 29-505 29-476 29-504 29-551 29-722 29-741 29-8(16 29-799 29-jsso 29-837 29-778 29-788 29-790 29-719 29-712 29-724 29-774 29-845 29-834 29-880 29-877 29-966 29-913 29"S59 29-864 29-870 29-803 29-790 29-811 29-859 29-727 29-710 29-704 29-753 29-836 29-803 29-747 29-759 29-567 29-711 29-070 29-700 29-740 ... 29-645 29-632 29-672 29-673 29-756 29-704 29-656 29-663 29-669 29-011 29-592 29-602 29-656 29-156 29-143 29-189 29-187 29-274 29-227 29-177 29-191 29-193 29-131 29-127 29-124 29-176 29-828 29-825 29-868 29-883 29-958 29-912 29-847 29-858 29-859 29-804 29-774 29-78 1 29-850 29-730 29-732 29-766 29-7S3 29-857 29-811 29-749 29-760 29-763 29-705 29-682 29-692 29-752 '.'.'. 29-320 29-315 29-331 29-346 29-427 29-381 29-329 29-334 29-339 29-286 29-253 29-269 29-328 29-213 29-202 29-222 29-237 29-320 29-277 29-222 29-234 29-232 29-18-2 29-148 29-106 29-221 29-667 29-644 29-678 29 -(.ills 29-754 29-702 29-650 29-665 29-667 29-619 29-596 29-626 29-661 29-792 29-772 29-806 29-800 29881 29-830 29-778 29-788 29-792 29-741 29-720 29-7 is 29-787 ... 29-507 29-485 29-540 29-513 29-618 29-585 29-537 29-551 29-547 29-501 29-450 29-481 29-526 29-750 29-738 29-758 29-748 29-833 29-784 29740 29-741 29754 29-699 29-675 29-702 29-744 29-920 29-870 29-910 29-882 29-977 29-932 29-896 29-888 29-893 29-846 29-842 29-853 29-892 29-891 29-897 29-895 29-881 29-973 29-931 29 865 29-879 29-883 29-837 29-810 29-831 29-.HS] 29-933 29-904 29-922 29-9K0 29-990 29-950 29-897 29-916 29-914 29-870 29-852 29-876 29-910 ... 29-939 29-910 29-914 29-890 29-988 29-944 29-9(17 29-912 29-900 29-868 29-837 29-842 29-904 ... 29-508 29 470 29-498 29-470 29-570 29-522 29485 29-471 29-496 29-440 29-414 29-456 29-483 29-715 29-671 29-704 29-667 29-771 29-730, 29-703 29-081 29-689 29-646 29-626 29-662 29-689 29-978 29-933 29-933 | 29-894 30-000 29-962 29-913 29-925 29-922 29-887 29-868 29-908 29-927 29-978 29-940 29-950 29-903 29-998 29-962 29-925 29 930 29-936 29-892 29-878 29-914 29-934 29-822 29-775 29-817 29-778 29-884 29-841 L,;rsUL, 29-788 29-808 29756 29-731 29-777 29-798 29-901 29-868 29-918 29-867 29-990 29-948 29-921 29-909 29-907 29-850 29-824 29-861 29-897 29-537 29-482 29-50(1 29-438 29-554 29-522 29-502 29-500 29-518 29-463 29-445 29-484 29495 -•080 29-986 29-926 29-944 29-882 29-998 29-962 29-930 29-923 29-928 29-890 29-872 29-920 29-930 -•020 28-935 29-897 29946 29-872 29-988 29-968 29-933 29-925 29-925 29-867 29-856 29-899 29-917 29-989 29-928 29-953 29-875 30-000 29-961 29-943 29-935 29-940 29-900 29-880 29-935 29-945 29-982 29-925 29-943 29-880 29-994 29-955 29-916 29-919 29-927 29-885 29-860 29-894 29-924 29-707 29-710 29-723 29-664 29-771 29-733 29-710 29-712 29-713 29-675 29-646 29-Ton 29-710 29-976 29-920 29-944 29-880 29-997 29-955 29-916 29-920 29-930 29-885 29-862 29908 29924 29-980 29-939 29-938 29-898 29-003 29-958 29-913 29-918 29-930 29-898 29-868 29-896 29-928 29-926 29-883 29-877 29-846 29-933 29-900 29-860 29-N05 29-870 29-820 29-807 29-855 29-870 29-933 29-888 29-870 29-822 29-928 29-892 29-848 29-850 29-870 29-837 29-S08 29-830 29-865 29-703 29-044 26-655 29-59S 29-720 29-688 29-650 29-054 29-657 29-605 29571 29-619 29-647 —•020 29-833 29-774 29-776 29-717 29-828 29-795 29-770 29-768 29-776 29-731 29711 29-756 29-770 29-986 29-926 29-929 29-864 29-969 29-930 29-911 29-908 29-917 29-876 29-857 29-904 29-915 30-022 29-960 29-950 29-900 30-006 29-985 29-960 29-960 29-960 29-907 29-890 29-944 29-956 30-022 29-905 29-953 29-893 30-003 29-978 29-958 29961 29-953 29-913 29-890 29940 29-952 29-818 29-747 29-739 29-672 29796 29-748 29-736 29-755 29-739 29-701 29-691 29-734 29740 29-824 29-767 29-774 29-707 29-823 29-793 29-776 29-774 29-773 29-722 29-713 29-761 29-767 29-929 29-898 29-928 29-843 29-907 29-936 29916 29-907 29-902 29-848 29-853 29-900 29 902 29-804 29-743 29-756 29-692 29-810 29-781 29-754 29-750 29-753 29-706 29-676 29-739 29-717 30-016 29-960 29-980 29-901 30-026 30-002 29-984 29-978 29968 29-934 29915 29974 29-971 29-949 29-884 29-912 29-838 29-956 29-928 29-904 29-895 29-895 29-851 29-849 29-888 29-896 29-771 29714 29-747 29-606 29-796 29-776 29-758 29-752 29736 29-686 29-678 29-727 29-734 29-973 29-922 29-957 29-875 30-017 29-993 29-976 29-964 29-951 29-894 29-896 29 940 29-947 29-803 29-744 29-750 29-670 29-796 29-784 29-777 29-767 29-771 29-697 29-0*9 29-759 29-751 29-984 29-926 29-921 29-843 29-958 29-950 29-954 29-935 29-926 29-877 29-864 29 925 29 922 62 THE VOYAGE OF H.M.S. CHALLENGER. Places. Country. No. of Years. Years Specified. Hours of Observation. Latitude. 1 Longitude. Height, Feet. Sydvaranger, Norway 15 1870-84 8 : 2, 8 O 1 69 40 30 11 67 Vardo, do. 15 do. 8: 1, 8 70 22 31 7 33 Gjaesvaer, . do. 15 do. 8 : 2, 8 71 7 25 22 22 Alien, . do. 15 do. do. 69 58 23 17 43 Trorasi.. do. 15 do. do. 69 39 18 58 50 Lbdingen, do. 15 do. do. 68 24 16 1 44 Fagerness, . do. 15 do. do. 68 27 17 28 25 Bodb, . do. 15 do. do. 67 17 14 24 15 Brono, . do. 15 do. do. 65 28 12 12 34 Christiansund, do. 15 do. do. 63 7 7 45 50 Aalesund, do. 15 do. do. 62 29 6 9 47 Florb, . do. 15 do. 7 A : 2, 8 61 36 5 2 26 Leirdal, do. 15 do. 8 : 2, 8 61 6 7 27 16 Bergen, do. 15 do. do. 60 24 5 20 57 Skudesnes, . do. 15 do. do. 59 9 5 16 13 Mandal, do. 15 • do. do. 58 2 7 27 54 Sandbsand, . do. 15 do. do. 59 5 10 28 27 Christiania, . do. 15 do. do. 59 55 10 43 81 Dovre, . do. 15 do. do. 62 5 9 8 2110 Haparanda, . Sweden 15 do. 8 : 2, 9 65 50 24 9 30 Pitea, . do. 15 do. do. 65 19 21 30 34 Stensele, do. 15 do. do. 65 5 17 0 1106 Uraea, . do. 15 do. do. 63 49 20 18 41 Hernbsand, . do. 15 do. do. 62 38 17 58 45 Oestersund, . do. 15 do. do. 63 11 14 38 972 Husa, . do. 15 do. do. 63 32 13 07 1260 Sweg, . do. 15 do. do. 62 2 14 28 1050 Fablun, do. 15 do. do. 60 36 15 37 380 Upsala, do. 15 do. hourly 59 52 17 38 79 Stockholm, . do. 15 do. 8: 2, 9 59 20 18 4 146 Carlstadt, do. 15 do. do. 59 23 13 30 179 Gbteborg, do. 15 do. do. 57 42 11 59 22 Jbnkbping, . do. 15 do. do. 57 47 14 11 321 Wisby, ' . do. 15 do. do. 57 39 18 19 52 Kalmar, do. 15 do. do. 56 40 16 23 31 Carlshainn, . do. 15 do. do. 56 10 14 52 31 Halmstad, do. 15 do. do. 56 40 12 52 34 Skagen, Denmark 15 do. do. 57 44 10 38 10 Vestervig, . do. 15 do. do. 56 47 8 20 82 Fanb, . do. 15 do. do. 55 27 8 24 18 Herning, do. 15 do. do. 56 8 8 58 195 Samsb, do. 15 do. do. 55 50 10 36 66 Copenhagen, do. 15 do. do. 55 41 12 36 44 Bogb, . do. 15 do. do. 54 55 12 4 88 Hammershus, do. 15 do. do. 55 17 14 40 50 Gfoningen, . Holland 15 do. 8 : 2, 8 53 13 6 34 49 Leeuwarden, do. 15 do. do. 53 12 5 47 24 Helder, do. 15 do. do. 52 57 4 40 14 Amsterdam, . do. 15 do. do. 52 22 4 53 0 Utrecht, do. 15 do. 8: 2, 10 52 5 5 7 44 REPORT ON ATMOSPHERIC CIRCULATION. 63 Jan. Feb. Mar. April. May. June. July. Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec. Year. Corrs. Applied Inches. Inches. Inches. Inches. Inches. Inches. Inches. Inches. Inches. Inches. Inches. Inches. Inches. Inch. 29-509 29-644 29-575 29-750 29-808 29-780 29-738 29-729 29-691 29-017 29-622 29-599 29-677 29-536 29-623 29-570 29-756 29-833 29-812 29-776 29-758 29-710 29-622 29-616 29-582 29-683 29-536 29-603 29-576 29-773 29-833 29-841 29-787 29-769 29-687 29-021 29-603 29-541 29-681 29-555 29-640 29-607 29-777 29-8115 29-810 29-751 29-737 29-702 29-018 29-600 29-588 29-683 29-509 29-601 29-555 29-741 29-811 29-806 29-740 29-7-18 29-608 29-043 29-617 29-575 29-668 + •020 29 536 29-647 29-612 29-775 29-789 29-799 29730 29-744 29-683 29-632 29-012 29-509 29-677 29-561 29-677 29-638 29-801 29-809 29-819 29-753 29-708 29-717 29-059 29-642 29-602 29704 29-608 29-695 29-655 29-812 29-818 29-826 29-758 29-770 29-726 29-671 29-061 29-607 29-717 29-637 29-713 29-677 29-816 29-814 29-825 29-750 29-767 29-744 29-674 29-600 29-617 29725 29-650 29-714 29-697 29-811 29-814 29-805 29-731 29-733 29723 29-607 29-053 29-611 29717 29-662 29-717 29-697 29-808 29-819 29-803 29-731 29-739 29-725 29-675 29-650 29-618 29-720 29-737 29-787 29-757 29-852 29-852 29-833 29-761 29-705 29-705 29-717 29-675 29-685 29700 29-765 29-843 29-816 29-896 29-840 29-S19 29-745 29-770 29-775 29-754 29-755 29-769 29-796 29-748 29-783 29-750 29-824 29-830 29-809 29-741 29762 29-750 29-717 29-082 29-1',8-J 29757 29-815 29-830 29-805 29-866 29-875 29-851 29-774 29-787 29-814 29-754 29-730 29-744 29-804 29-838 29-852 29-798 29-842 29-843 29-816 29-756 29-767 29-786 29-766 29-729 29747 29795 29-857 29-889 29-813 29-864 29-842 29-817 29-753 29773 29-794 29-791 29-702 29-770 29-811 29-779 29-820 29-748 29-795 29-757 29-739 29-680 29-701 29-72:; 29-723 29-692 29-709 29-739 27-488 27-538 27-489 27-586 27 -59.". 27-615 27-572 27-578 27-508 27*512 27-472 27-447 27-538 29746 29-839 29734 29-860 29-855 29-839 29-778 29-793 29-807 29-771 29761 29-746 29-795 29-744 29-833 29-763 29-862 29-863 29-826 29-775 29-781 29-810 29-757 29-750 29-715 29793 28-536 28-622 28-570 28-660 28-671 28-060 28-630 28-646 28-613 28-555 28-540 28-51 1 28-804 29-773 29-836 29-763 29-858 29-833 29-822 29-700 29-782 29-794 29743 29-750 29-742 29788 29-793 29-873 29-769 29-856 29-823 29-814 29-752 29-770 29-781 29-776 29-750 29-752 29-793 28-694 28-780 28-725 28-805 28-805 28-779 28-752 28-768 28-737 28701 28-088 28-682 28-743 + •030 28-368 28-410 28-362 28-480 28-494 28-480 28-455 28-400 28-429 28-390 28-349 28-329 28-418 28-565 28-584 28-584 28-563 28-625 28-608 28-573 28-018 28-603 28-575 28-540 28-534 28-581 ... 29-432 29-489 29-412 29-475 29-445 29-431 29-375 29-400 29-415 29-111 29-37] 29-377 29-42H ... 29-817 29-843 29-756 29-815 29-785 29-778 29-720 29-743 29-766 29-771 29725 29-722 29-770 ... 29-739 29-775 29-685 29-751 29721 29-727 29-663 29-695 29714 29-707 29-660 29-651 29707 +•040 29-678 29-734 29-645 29-694 29-674 29-666 29-590 29-008 29-630 29-640 29-598 29-604 29-647 -•055 29-912 29-922 29-847 29-886 29-884 29-854 29-808 29-816 29-845 29-811 29-795 29-809 29-852 29-557 29-595 29-523 29-559 29-547 29-531 29-483 29-505 29-524 29-513 29-458 29-464 29-522 -•025 29-875 29-893 29-803 29-844 29-843 29-820 29-776 29782 29-807 29-829 29-778 29-773 29-819 + •020 29-946 29-934 29-853 29-884 29-901 29-865 29-822 29-822 29-806 29-878 29-812 29-s^'ii 29-867 +•030 29-954 29-953 29-803 29-887 29-897 29-870 29-832 29-860 29-897 29-875 29-817 29-837 29-879 29-878 29-918 29-840 29-860 29-872 29-8.-,:; 29-825 29-820 29-858 29-845 29-792 L.'9-NIIL' 29-847 29-917 29-927 29-862 29-906 29-908 29-870 29-831 29-821 29-852 29-848 29-802 29-813 29-80:; 29-843 29-833 29-772 29-806 29-828 29-806 29-750 29-753 29-776 29-760 29-705 29-783 29-779 29-954 29-930 29-875 29-880 29-930 29-900 29-803 29-851 29-867 29-845 29-802 29-836 29-879 29-753 29721 29-6G2 29-680 29-713 29-093 29-010 29-640 29-662 29-650 29-000 29-630 29-672 29-908 29-890 29-832 29-853 29-870 29-856 29-812 29-814 29-s:;:i 29-817 29-766 29794 29-837 29-936 29-918 29-851 29-871 29-SM-l 29-807 29-831 29-837 29-859 29-843 29-804 29-819 29-860 29-912 29-882 29-820 29-835 29-850 29-828 29-804 29-804 29-825 L'9-SIIG 29-702 29788 29-883 29-956 29-922 29-853 29-804 29-873 29-878 29-847 29-838 29-886 29-873 29-808 29-831 29-8711 29-955 29-928 29-887 29-855 29-942 29-906 29-883 29-876 29-884 29-854 29-822 29-861 L'9-8S8 30-010 29-973 29-931 29-904 29-938 29-926 29-927 29-921 29-937 29-904 29-863 L'9-9(I0 29-928 30-000 29-960 29-930 29-898 29-986 29-953 29-946 29-920 29-920 29-888 29-850 29-895 29-929 29-989 29-966 29-928 29-880 29-977 29-953 29-927 29-919 29-931 29-894 29-862 29-898 29-928 30010 29-956 29-923 29-878 29-960 29-941 29-941 29-910 29-924 29-892 29-862 29-900 29-926 i • •< 51 THE VOYAGE OF H.M.S. C: HALLENGI ]R. i Places. Country. No. of | Y'cars. ' j Years Specified. Hours of Observation. Latitude. Longitude. Height, Feet. Hellevoetsluis, Holland 15 1870-84 8: 2, 8 o / 51 50 0 / 4 7 0 Flushing, Maastricht, . do. 15 do. do. 51 20 3 35 0 do. 15 do. 8 : 2, 7 50 52 5 37 174 Luxemburg, . do. 15 do. 8 : 2, 8 49 37 6 8 1020 Ostend, Belgium 15 do. 9 : :; 51 14 2 55 27 Brussels, do. 15 do. do. 50 51 4 22 ISO Liege, . do. 15 do. do. 50 41 5 33 199 Amiens, France 15 do. M P. 49 54 1 18 102 Nancy, do. 15 do. do. 48 42 0 11 725 Mireeourt, . do. 15 do. do. 48 18 0 8 974 Troves, do. 15 do. do. 48 18 4 5 348 Cbalons-sur-Marne, do. 15 do. do. 48 57 4 21 294 Paris. . do. 15 do. do. 48 48 2 21 250 Versailles, do. 15 do. do. 48 48 2 7 421 Rouen, do. 15 do. do. 49 20 1 5 39 Fecamp, do. 15 do. Noon. 49 40 0 22 61 Caen, . do. 15 do. M.P. 49 11 -0 21 69 S. Honorine-du-Fay. do. 15 do. do. 49 5 -0 30 388 Alencon, do. 15 do. do. 48 20 0 5 475 Le Mans, do. 15 do. do. 48 1 0 12 285 Rennes, do. 15 do. do. 48 7 -1 41 106 Lamballe, do. 15 do. do. 48 28 -2 31 252 Brest, . do. 15 do. do. 48 23 -4 30 I'lll L' Orient, do. 15 do. do. 47 45 -3 21 86 Nantes, do. 15 do. do. 47 13 — 1 33 130 Angers, do. 15 do. do. 47 28 -0 34 153 Poitiers, do. 15 do. do. 40 35 -0 40 384 Orleans, do. 15 do. do. 47 54 1 54 357 Bourges, do. 15 do. do. 47 5 2 24 510 Clermont Ferrand, do. 15 do. do. 45 47 3 5 1296 Limoges, do. 15 do. do. 45 50 1 15 842 Le Roche-sur-Yon, do. 15 do. do. 40 40 -1 20 198 Rocheboune, do. 15 do. do. 40 12 -2 20 0 La Grande-Sauve, do. 15 do. do. 44 40 -0 19 331 St. Martin de Minx, do. 15 do. do. 43 So -1 10 131 Lpscar, do. 15 do. do. 43 20 -0 20 524 Perigueux, . do. 15 do. do. 45 11 ii 4:; 291 Albi, . do. 15 do. do. 43 56 2 8 574 Toulouse, do. 15 do. do. 43 37 1 20 030 Foix, . do. 15 do. do. 42 58 1 30 1421 Perpiguan, . Carcassonne, do. 15 do. do. 42 42 2 53 104 do. 15 do. do. 43 13 2 19 384 Rodez, . do. 15 do. do. 44 21 2 34 2050 Besancou, do. 15 do. do. 47 14 0 2 845 Bourg, . do. 15 do. do. 40 12 5 13 822 Lyons, . Grenoble, do. do. 15 15 do. do. do. do. 45 40 45 12 4 49 5 43 637 714 Privas, do. 15 do. do. 44 44 4 30 997 Montpellier, . do. 15 do. do. 43 37 3 53 121 Avignon, do. 15 do. do. 43 57 4 48 72 REPORT ON ATMOSPHERIC CIRCULATION. GJ Jan. Inches. 30-028 30-030 29-885 28-961 30-016 29-858 29-822 29-976 29-339 29-056 29731 29-811 29-831 29-641 30-052 29-977 29-977 29-654 29-567 29-800 29-982 29-784 30-059 30-086 29-980 29-946 29-701 29-725 29-558 28-720 29-166 29-886 30-098 29-769 30-016 29-567 29-796 29-528 29-449 28607 30-012 29-721 27-934 29-237 29-246 29-450 29-362 29-056 29-985 30-060 Feb. Mar. Inches. 29-984 29-991 29-839 28-926 29-946 29-802 29-765 29-922 29-272 28-997 29-680 29-725 29764 29-566 29-981 29-916 29-898 29-587 29-501 29-741 29-903 29-717 30-009 30-030 29-908 29-895 29-646 29-670 29-507 28-674 29-134 29-843 30-080 29-721 29-956 29-512 29-764 29-468 29-402 28-564 29-969 29-690 27-906 29-174 29-191 29-392 29-298 29-012 29-926 30-000 April. Inches. 29-958 29-950 29-788 28-870 29-942 29-770 29-758 29-894 29-245 28-961 29-629 29-682 29720 29-527 29-950 29-888 29-894 29-590 29-479 29-717 29-879 29717 30-031 30-028 29-875 29-848 29-600 29-630 29-455 28-607 29-103 29-812 30-034 29-658 29-892 29-461 29-705 29-398 29-331 28-508 29-886 29-611 27-835 29-111 29-124 29-313 29-212 28-930 29-867 29-922 May. June. Inches. 29-891 29-906 29-725 28-806 29-886 29710 29-697 29-822 29-115 28-851 29-530 29-587 29-633 29-448 29-876 29-828 29-812 29-489 29-376 29-634 29-789 29-634 29-920 29-923 29770 29-737 29-512 29-512 29-357 28-524 29-000 29-694 29-926 29-564 29-808 29-363 29-611 29-304 29-233 28-406 29-784 29-510 27-756 29-012 29-018 29-218 29-113 28-843 29-760 29-812 Inches. 29-995 29-995 29-812 28-898 29-981 29-806 29-793 29-906 29-245 28-949 29-633 29-676 29-740 29-542 29-970 29-936 29-922 29-603 29-490 29-718 29-907 29-753 30-056 30-066 29-898 29-855 29-611 29-622 29-467 28-630 29-115 29-784 29-994 29-654 29-890 29-441 29-693 29-383 29-323 28-508 29-871 29-591 27-867 29-103 29-112 29-305 29-197 28-934 29-843 29-894 July. Aug. Sept. Inches. 29-972 29-975 29-805 28-910 29-950 29-786 29-777 29-910 29-249 28-965 29-644 29-678 29-739 29-546 29-958 29-926 29-914 29-600 29-497 29-729 29-911 29757 30-045 30-038 29-904 29-875 29-650 29-646 29-499 28-646 29-154 29-827 30-086 29-710 29-938 29-497 29-745 29-438 29-382 28-560 29-918 29-634 27-934 29-134 29-140 29-333 29-245 28-977 29-890 29-930 Inches. 29-947 29-954 29775 28-918 29-961 29-794 29-785 29-906 29-256 28-997 29-656 29-678 29-736 29-554 29-965 29915 29-938 29-603 29-516 29-737 29-918 29-761 30-075 30-080 29-908 29-875 29-670 29-650 29-503 28-682 29-189 29-843 30-086 29-717 29-946 29-516 29-760 29-454 29-402 28-595 29-922 29-658 27-965 29-146 29-170 29-351 29-272 28-997 29-910 29-945 Oct. Nov. Inches. 29-937 29-938 29791 28-902 29-922 29-768 29-755 29-902 29-237 28-985 29-644 29-678 29-724 29-550 29-953 29-928 29-886 29-591 29-493 29-725 29-903 29-749 30-020 30-023 29-892 29-871 29-638 29-630 29-479 28-658 29-142 29-831 30-042 29706 29922 29-469 29-725 29-434 29-378 28-580 29-91S 29-634 27-941 29-142 29-152 29-346 29-252 28-981 29-871 29-926 Inches. 29-952 29-958 29-811 28-928 29-942 29789 29-777 29-902 29-276 28-985 29-633 29-685 29-736 29-542 29-961 29-863 29-878 29-587 29-497 29-721 29-907 29-762 30-033 30-038 29-884 29-867 29-619 29-623 29-463 28-666 29-127 29-839 30-030 29-710 29914 29-488 29-721 29-442 29-394 23-578 29-930 29-650 27-922 29-162 29-170 29-367 29-284 28-981 29-894 29-953 Inches. 29-916 29-920 29-776 28-878 29-886 29-739 29-730 29-878 29-213 28-945 29593 29-665 29-702 29-530 29-918 29-851 29-855 29-532 29-438 29-678 29-871 29-697 29-946 29-958 29-837 29-808 29-571 29-591 29-428 28-603 29-107 29-756 29-965 29-639 29-888 29-441 29-686 29-418 29-339 28-520 29-898 29-607 27-864 29-123 29-128 29-331 29-241 28-949 29*6.-; 29-926 Inches. 29-883 29-.ss.s 29-749 28-847 29-878 29-723 29-714 29-835 29-213 28-926 29-597 29-634 29-G83 29-507 29-900 29-840 29-859 29-532 29-446 29-686 29-840 29-670 29-973 29-995 29-855 29-816 29-580 29-611 29-440 28-615 29-119 29-792 30-026 29-666 29-898 29-465 29-725 29-424 29-351 28-532 29-906 29-632 27-851 29-079 29-112 29-326 29-245 2S-957 29-882 29-942 Dec. Inches. 29-928 29-933 29-792 28-883 29-930 29-775 29-766 29-^86 29-237 29-001 29-620 29-705 29-741 29-556 29-957 29-903 29-898 29-580 29-490 29-733 29-907 29-745 30-018 30-032 29-910 29-863 29-634 29-638 29-487 28-628 29-134 29-828 30-064 29-717 29-953 29-512 29-733 29-438 29-382 28-556 29-930 29-638 27-863 29-127 29-160 29-367 29-292 28-977 29-890 29-969 Year. Corrs. Applied Inches. 29-949 29-953 29-796 28-894 29-936 29-777 29-762 29-895 29-241 28-968 29-633 29-683 29-727 29-542 29-953 29-898 29-894 29-579 29-483 29-718 29-893 29-729 30-015 30-025 29-885 29-855 29-620 29-630 29-470 28-637 29-124 29-811 30-036 29-686 29-918 29-478 29-722 29-427 29-364 28-543 29-912 29-632 27-887 29-129 29-144 29-342 29-241 28-967 29-882 29-940 Inch. -•020 + ■020 +•035 + ■030 - -lOl +•020 -•020 + ■020 - -020 -•030 (PHYS. CHEM. CHALL. EXP. — PAET V. 1S88.) 15 66 THE VOYAGE OF H.M.S. CHALLENGER. Places. Country. No. of Years. Years Specified. Hours of Observation. Latitude. Longitude. Height, Feet. Marseilles, . France 15 1870-84 M.P. o 43 17 o t 5 22 246 Barcelonette, do. 15 do. do. 44 23 6 39 3714 Nice, . do. 15 do. do. 43 42 7 17 89 Ajaccio, do. 15 do. do. 41 55 8 44 60 Cape Corsica, do. 15 do. do. 43 2 9 22 318 San Sebastian, Spain 15 do. do. 43 19 -2 0 82 Bilbao, . do. 15 do. do. 43 15 -2 56 52 Santander, . do. 15 do. do. 43 29 -3 50 130 Oviedo, do. 15 do. do. 43 23 -5 55 738 Corunna, do. 15 do. do. 43 22 -8 25 82 Santiago, do. 15 do. do. 42 53 -8 34 863 Salamanclia, do. 15 do. do. 40 58 -5 41 2671 Valladolid, . do. 15 do. do. 41 39 -4 44 2346 Burgos, do. 15 do. do. 42 20 -3 43 2822 Huesca, do. 15 do. do. 42 7 -0 27 1598 Zaragoza, do. 15 do. do. 41 38 -0 54 656 Barcelona, . do. 15 do. do. 41 23 2 9 69 Valencia, do. 15 do. do. 39 28 -0 23 59 Alicante, do. 15 do. do. 38 21 -0 30 46 Albacete, do. 15 do. do. 39 0 -1 52 2251 Madrid, do. 15 do. do. 40 24 -3 42 2149 Ciudad Real, do. 15 do. do. 38 59 —3 57 2090 Badajoz, do. 15 do. do. 38 54 -6 59 561 Jaeu, . do. 15 do. do. 37 47 -3 36 1926 Granada, do. 15 do. do. 37 11 -3 39 2198 Seville, do. 15 do. do. 37 23 -6 1 98 Tarifa, . do. 15 do. do. 36 0 -5 35 46 San Fernando, do. 15 do. do. 36 28 -6 13 92 Gibraltar, do. 15 do. do. 36 6 -5 20 53 Malaga, do. 15 do. do. 3G 43 -3 57 75 Cartagena, . do. 15 do. do. 37 36 -0 47 20 Murcia, do. 15 do. do. 37 59 -0 39 138 Palma, . do. 15 do. do. 39 33 2 37 66 Lerida, do. 15 do. do. 41 38 0 52 492 Pontevcdra, . do. 15 do. do. 42 26 -8 38 39 La Guardia, . do. 15 do. do. 41 25 -8 49 26 Oporto, Portugal 15 do. do. 41 9 -8 29 279 Coimbra, do. 15 do. do. 40 12 -8 30 463 Campo Maior, do. 15 do. do. 39 2 -6 59 945 Lisbon, do. 15 do. do. 38 42 -9 8 335 Lagos, . do. 15 do. do. 37 6 -8 38 43 Basel, . Switzerland 15 do. 7: 1,9 47 33 7 35 912 Zurich, do. 15 do. do. 47 23 8 33 1575 Berne, . do. 15 do. two-hourly 46 57 7 26 1880 Geneva, do. 15 do. do. 46 12 6 9 1335 Gt. St. Bernard, . do. 15 do. do. 45 52 7 11 8130 Lugano, do. 15 do. 7: 1,9 46 0 8 57 902 Milan, . Italy 15 do. 9: 3, 9 45 28 9 11 482 Turin, . do. 15 do. do. 45 3 7 41 906 Mondovi, do. 15 do. do. 44 23 7 48 1824 REPORT ON ATMOSPHERIC CIRCULATION. 67 Jan. Feb. Mar. Apiil. May. June. July. Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec. v™ Corrs. 1 ear. . , . , Applied Inches. Inches. Inches. Inches. Inches. Inches. Inches. Inches. Inches. Inches. Inches. Inches. Inches. Inch. 29-842 29-798 29-708 29-617 29-712 29-743 29-755 29-747 29-755 29-730 29-743 29-711 29-744 + •030 26-189 26-166 26-079 26-044 26-138 26-213 26-268 26-256 26-268 26-178 26-123 26-115 26-170 30-028 29-980 29-882 29-801 29-886 29-900 29-890 29-890 29-910 29-876 29-894 29-890 29-902 + •035 29-990 29-958 29-886 29-811 29-874 29-938 29-952 29-920 29-920 29-896 29-896 29-917 29-913 29-700 29-678 29-598 29-525 29-587 29-648 29-668 29-652 29-656 29-620 29-620 29-635 29-631 ... 30-058 30-021 29-974 29-869 29-946 30-000 30-005 29-969 29-976 29-950 29-964 30-016 29-979 -•035 30-084 30-050 29-994 29-906 29-970 30-025 30-037 30-004 29-995 29-964 29-996 30-045 30-006 -■030 29-985 29-948 29-908 29-815 29-885 29-939 29-967 29-916 29-927 29-881 29-914 29-959 29-920 29-296 29-257 29-238 29-158 29-253 29-300 29-317 29-295 29-253 29-241 29-227 29-232 29-248 + •060 30-018 29-953 29-950 29-882 29-965 30-000 30-010 29-964 29-953 29-918 29-922 29-969 29-959 29-198 29-103 29-075 29-024 29-071 29-154 29-148 29-130 29-123 29-093 29-099 29-147 29-113 -•035 27-375 27-305 27-256 27-197 27-246 27-317 27-332 27-327 27-312 27-295 27-304 27-321 27-298 -■015 27-705 27-631 27-573 27-524 27-564 27-638 27-652 27-638 27-650 27-592 27-613 27-650 27-620 27-192 27-137 27-078 27-019 27-083 27-164 27-188 27-156 27-152 27-110 27-117 27-113 27-126 +•030 28-423 28-376 28-318 28-242 28-324 28-393 28-407 28-400 28-390 28-362 28-358 28-360 28-363 + •050 29-465 29-416 29-347 29-231 29-297 29-347 29-355 29-350 29-342 29-341 29-377 29-395 29-355 +•070 30-075 30-037 29-950 29-881 29-947 29-983 29-991 29-964 29-985 29-947 29-962 29-985 29-976 30-101 30-038 29-959 29-876 29-924 29-966 29-966 29-945 29-975 29-952 29-983 30-015 29-975 ... 30-100 30-056 29-964 29-895 29-928 29-972 29-976 29-948 29-973 29-966 29-998 30-020 29-983 + •050 27-770 27-746 27-687 27-644 27-601 27-730 27-742 27-732 27-742 27-703 27-718 27-722 27-717 + •025 27-916 27-866 27-770 27-723 27-768 27-827 27-833 27-825 27-839 27-825 27-833 27-851 27-823 27-981 27-953 27-843 27-812 27-847 27-896 27-914 27-916 27-914 27-894 27-926 27-910 27-900 29-633 29-557 29-447 29-407 29-428 29-465 29-440 29-428 29-441 29-440 29-476 29-522 29-474 + •070 28-176 28-104 28-027 28-004 28-010 28-087 28-087 28-071 28-105 28-085 28-084 28-109 28-071 27-868 27-829 27-737 27-715 27-729 27-781 27-797 27-806 27-813 27-781 27-773 27-793 27-785 + •025 30-085 30-045 29-934 29-897 29-916 29-957 29-952 29-935 29-977 29-954 29-977 30-021 29-971 -■020 30-146 30-098 29-983 29-950 29-960 30-019 29-995 29-983 30-019 30-015 30-029 30-060 30-021 30-109 30-063 29-943 29-925 29-922 29-968 29-940 29-92S 29-961 29-966 29-992 30-039 29-980 30-192 30-147 30-042 30-006 30-000 30-034 30-024 30-008 30-043 30-050 3U-H7S 30-122 30-062 30-130 30-078 29-956 29-918 29-927 29-960 29-950 29-918 29-963 29-958 29-992 30-030 29-995 -•020 30-126 30-080 30-005 29-936 29-964 30-015 30-015 30-006 30-030 29-998 30-050 30-076 30-024 + •050 29-997 29-963 29-866 29-794 29-S37 29-870 29-863 29-855 29-908 29-871 29-906 29-936 29-889 30-071 30-018 29-941 29-869 29-921 29-986 30-016 29-988 30-008 29-952 29-964 29-976 29-976 -•040 29-628 29-573 29-491 29-402 29-466 29-519 29-532 29-520 29-632 29-504 29-522 29-572 29-522 + ■080 30-110 30-031 29-964 29-927 29-947 30-030 30-020 30-002 30-005 29-980 29-997 30-060 30-004 -•020 30-126 30-065 29-990 29-945 29-953 30-050 30-038 30-016 30-020 30-000 30-015 30-090 30-027 + •020 29-849 29-789 29-705 29-666 29-686 29-775 29-768 29-749 29-750 29-728 29-741 29-803 29-751 + •030 29-663 29-613 29-513 29-484 29-492 29-579 29-569 29-552 29-557 29-546 29-562 29-006 29-561 29-189 29-118 29-012 28-976 28-992 29-035 29-035 29-027 29-055 29-051 29-067 29-082 29-053 + •015 29-854 29-786 29-676 29-660 29-666 29-728 29-723 29-705 29-727 29-708 29-727 29-783 29-729 30-192 30-126 30-005 30-001 29-993 30-048 30-027 30-021 30-035 30-020 3ll-0.ll 30-112 30-052 29-146 29-079 29-012 28-929 29-022 29-040 i 29-063 29-045 29-079 29-052 29-034 29-040 20-045 -■020 28-421 28-360 28-291 28-256 28-315 28-346 28-374 28-368 28-3x0 28-334 28-303 28-324 2s-:;."n; — •040 28-102 28-042 27-977 27-902 28-000 28-036 28-067 28-056 28-065 28-012 27-996 28-010 28-022 — •020 28-692 28-629 28-549 28-467 28-554 28-595 28-624 28-615 28-626 28-583 28-579 28-602 28-593 22-158 22-112 22-082 22-032 22-210 22-315 22-402 22-381 22-S35 22-225 22-110 22-064 22-202 29-138 29-074 28-982 28-908 28-984 29-006 29-020 29-012 29-050 29030 29-020 29-012 29-020 29-610 29-143 29-548 29-069 29-440 28-983 29-347 28-872 29-422 28-974 29-449 29-001 29-455 29-016 29-453 29-014 29-488 29-047 29-483 29-032 29-483 29-017 29-489 29-029 29-473 29016 +•020 28-166 28-103 28-028 27-955 28-036 28-075 28-103 28-095 28-119 28-089 28-067 28-048 28-074 GS THE VOYAGE OF H.M.S. CHALLENGER. Places. Country. No. of Years. Years Specified. Hours of Observation. Latitude. Longitude. Height, Feet. S. Maurizio, . Italy 15 1870-84 9: 3, 9 O I 43 53 o / 8 3 206 Genoa, . do. 15 do. do. 44 24 8 55 177 Moncalieri, . do. 15 do. do. 44 59 7 41 846 Cremona, do. 15 do. do. 45 8 10 3 223 Udine, . do. 15 do. do. 46 4 13 13 381 Belluno, do. 15 do. do. 46 8 12 14 1325 Venice, do. 15 do. do. 45 32 12 20 69 Padua, . do. 15 do. do. 45 24 11 53 110 Vicenza, do. 15 do. do. 45 33 11 32 182 Rovigo, do. 15 do. do. 45 3 11 47 30 Mantua, do. 15 do. do. 45 10 10 47 131 Modena, do. 15 do. do. 44 39 10 56 211 Leghorn, do. 15 do. do. 43 33 10 18 79 Florence, do. 15 do. do. 43 46 11 15 240 Forli, . do. 15 do. do. 44 13 12 2 160 Pesaro, do. 15 do. do. 43 55 12 53 45 Ancona, do. 15 do. do. 43 37 13 31 99 Perugia, do. 15 do. do. 43 7 12 23 1700 Rome, . do. 15 do. do. 41 54 12 29 163 Aquila, . do. 15 do. do. 42 21 13 £4 2411 Chieti, . do. 15 do. do. 42 22 14 11 1117 Montecasino, do. 15 do. do. 41 31 13 48 1730 Foggio, do. 15 do. do. 41 27 15 31 287 Naples, do. 15 do. do. 40 52 14 15 489 Potenza, do. 15 do. do. 40 39 15 48 2712 Lecce, . do. 15 do. do. 40 22 18 12 236 Tropea, do. 15 do. do. 38 43 15 54 189 Cosenza, do. 15 do. do. 39 19 16 17 840 Reggio, do. 15 do. do. 38 8 15 39 59 Reporto, do. 15 do. do. 37 14 15 14 45 Syracuse, do. 15 do. do. 37 3 15 15 71 Malta, . do. 15 do. do. 35 53 14 30 70 Girgenti, do. 15 do. do. 37 41 15 12 837 Palermo, do. 15 do. do. 38 7 13 21 237 Trapani, do. 15 do. do. 38 43 12 32 88 Cagliari, do. 15 do. do. 39 30 9 0 180 Dolnja Tuzla, Bosnia 15 do. 8: 2, 8 44 46 18 12 909 Sarajevo, do. 15 do. do. 43 56 18 26 1801 Mostar, do. 15 do. do. 42 20 17 49 205 Prisren, Albania 15 do. 7: 2, 9 42 12 20 43 1434 Janina, Turkey 6 1866-73 9: 9 39 47 20 57 1580 Constantinople, do. 17 1857-73 9 41 0 28 59 [0] Sulina . Bulgaria 15 1870-84 8 2, 8 45 9 29 40 6 Sofia, . do. 15 do. do. 42 32 23 23 1764 Bucharest, . do. 15 do. 6: 2, 9 44 25 26 5 305 Rustsehucfc, . do. 15 do. 7: 2, 9 43 15 25 56 132 Corfu, . Greece 15 do. 7 2, 10 39 38 19 33 98 Athens, do. 15 do. 8 2,9 37 58 23 44 337 Candia, do. 5 1880-85 8 2 35 30 24 0 112 Braila, . Hungary 15 1870-84 7 2,9 45 6 27 59 71 REPORT ON ATMOSPHERIC CIRCULATION. 69 Jan. Feb. Mar. April. May. June. July. Au^'. Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec. Tear. Corrs. Applied Inches. Inches. Inches. I nches. Inches. Inches. [nches. inches. inches. Inches Inches. Inches. Inches. Inch. 29-863 29-819 29-756 29-686 29-733 29-764 29-784 29-764 29-792 29-745 2! i-7 25 29745 29-765 29-916 29-851 29-780 29-688 29-760 29-794 29-806 29-786 29-815 29-778 29-760 29-779 29-793 29-219 29-148 29-051 28-956 29-038 29-061 29-072 29-066 29-108 29-091 29-092 29-100 29-084 29-906 29-826 29-736 29-634 29-688 29-709 29-727 29-713 29-772 29-766 29-762 29759 29-749 29-716 29-650 29-567 29-481 29-552 29-563 29-564 29-576 29-613 29-603 29-579 29-591 29-587 28-693 28-627 28-536 28-470 28-556 28-572 28-591 28-599 28-630 28-591 28-575 28-571 28-583 30052 29-993 29-910 29-812 29-871 29-890 29-898 29-878 29-945 29-934 29-926 29-930 29-921 30-028 29-957 29-863 29-741 29-835 29-843 29-843 29-839 29-894 29-890 29-894 29-910 29-878 29-953 29-882 29-784 29-697 29-764 29-764 29-768 29-772 29-824 29-815 29-Sos 29-796 29-802 30-106 30-029 29-936 29-839 29-919 29-908 29-916 29-912 29-963 29-959 29-968 29-978 29-953 +-O30 30-000 29-938 29-827 29-726 29-812 29-815 29-815 29-815 29-867 29-855 29-859 29-875 29-851 29-925 29-851 29-745 29-652 29-715 29-731 29-737 29-733 29-784 29-776 29-780 29-800 29-764 30-006 29-959 29-884 29-793 29-864 29-900 29-904 29-884 29-904 29-884 29-880 29 896 29-872 + •025 29-839 29-796 29-705 29-625 29-701 29-709 29725 29-713 29-753 29-725 29-725 29-725 29-728 ... 29-950 29-886 29-806 29-720 29-792 29-788 29-794 29-800 29-840 29-833 29-845 29 850 29-828 30-060 30-012 29-912 29-829 29-890 29-902 29-910 29-898 29-954 29-940 29-954 29-946 29-934 30-006 29-951 29-837 29-770 29-837 29-857 29-853 29-853 29-900 29-880 29-884 29-872 29-875 28-254 28-218 28-140 28-081 28-163 28-214 28-226 28-238 28-254 28-200 28-180 28-167 28-195 -•030 29-894 29-867 29-784 29-714 29-781 29-817 29-812 29-804 29-843 29-816 '29-812 29-806 29-812 27-513 27-475 27-410 27-375 27-461 27-500 27-538 27-530 27-548 27-497 27-461 27-426 27-479 + •020 28-883 28824 28-726 28-686 28-761 28-800 28-804 28-796 28-830 28-S04 28-792 28-772 28-790 + ■040 28-221 28-189 28-091 28-075 28-151) 28-205 28-215 28-213 28-236 28-189 28-162 28-130 28-191 -•020 29-772 29-725 29-634 29-567 29-627 29-654 29-654 29-648 29-697 29-692 29-682 29-676 29-669 29-544 29-520 29-438 29-378 29-434 29-477 29-474 29-463 29-501 29-477 29-470 29-469 29-470 27-193 27-166 27-107 27-067 27-150 27-217 27-245 27-237 27-252 27-193 27-146 27-120 27-174 ... 29-853 29-790 29-717 29-670 29713 29-733 29-713 29-713 29-768 29-750 29-750 29-754 29744 29-713 29-693 29-627 29-567 29-631 29 646 29-638 29-6:!0 29-662 29-646 29-640 29-650 29-645 29-173 29-134 29-063 29-004 29-066 29-100 29-096 29-087 29-134 29-110 29091 29-080 29-096 - -020 29-997 29-945 29-863 29-827 29-894 29-918 29-906 29-898 29-941 29-922 29-922 29-902 29-911 + •020 30-063 30-037 29-953 29-910 29-960 29-987 29-972 29-962 30-010 29-993 29-987 29-970 29-983 30-016 29-977 29-906 29-855 29-906 29-926 29-902 29-890 29-969 29945 29-930 29-928 29-929 30-076 30-042 29-952 29-910 29-957 29-980 29-972 29-968 30-018 29-990 29-990 29-990 29-987 29-146 29-134 29-067 29-032 29-100 29-120 29-108 29-112 29-150 29120 29-095 29-079 29-105 29-808 29-796 29-717 29-654 29-723 29764 29-756 29-756 29-780 29-750 29-748 29-737 29-749 29-970 29-950 29-876 29-817 29-888 29-923 29-915 29-907 29-950 29911 29-903 29-895 29-909 -•050 29-882 29-860 29-768 29-705 29-780 29-819 29-823 29-819 29-843 29-815 29-800 29-804 29-810 + •040 29-163 29-106 29-008 28-928 28-974 29-004 29-008 29-000 29-046 29-042 29-032 29-038 29-029 28-190 28-138 28-055 28-008 28-067 28-115 28-120 28-108 28-150 28-123 28-103 28-100 28-106 29-863 29-817 29-730 29-646 29-694 29-730 29-705 29-695 29-772 29-770 29-760 29-780 29-747 28-588 28-520 28-446 28-368 28-414 28-456 28-441 28-452 28-484 28-510 28-463 28-472 28-472 28-320 28-436 28-185 28-276 28-336 28-314 28-275 28-320 28-389 28-380 28-342 28-325 28-325 30-071 30-016 29-906 29-938 29-922 29-878 29-867 29-867 29-985 30-060 30-048 30-056 29-972 30-150 30-098 29-992 29-930 29-932 29-894 29-880 29-908 30-010 30-067 30-056 30-020 29-995 28-245 28-176 28-110 28-042 28-078 28-126 28-122 28-138 28-170 28-200 28-142 28136 28-140 29-831 29-768 29-672 29-628 29-641 29-652 29-658 29-674 29-761 29-782 29-751 29-721 29-712 ... 30-065 30-013 29-896 29-780 29-786 29-752 29-760 29-7S0 29-876 29-906 29-915 29-907 '29-870 29-973 29-934 29-842 29-800 29-855 29-844 29-804 29-823 29-883 29-8*6 29-866 29-875 2'.i-*66 29-738 29-694 29-623 29-564 29-587 29-581 29-554 29-552 29-634 29-676 29-6S2 29-658 29-629 29-990 29-965 29-890 29-831 29-859 29-851 29-823 29-825 29-908 29-922 29-985 29-924 29-898 30-150 30-098 29-992 29-930 29-932 29-894 29-880 29-908 30-016 30-067 30-056 30-020 29-995 70 THE VOYAGE OF H.M.S. CHALLENGER. Places. Country. No. of Years. Years Specified. Hours of Observation. Latitude. Longitude. Height, Feet. Hermannstadt, Hungary 15 1870-84 7 : 2, 9 O 1 45 47 O 1 24 9 1381 Klausenburg, do. 15 do. do. 40 45 23 34 1192 Bistritz, do. 15 do. do. 47 7 24 30 1204 Sereth, do. 15 do. do. 47 57 26 4 1140 Ungviir, do. 15 do. do. 48 36 22 18 463 Kesmarkt, . do. 15 do. do. 49 8 20 26 2080 Neusobl, do. 15 do. do. 48 44 19 9 1217 Neutra, do. 15 do. do. 48 19 18 5 564 Pressburg, . do. 15 do. do. 48 9 17 6 505 Papa, . do. 15 do. do. 47 20 17 28 518 Erlau, . do. 15 do. do. 47 54 20 23 564 Budapest, do. 15 do. do. 47 30 19 2 502 Debreczin, . do. 15 do. do. 47 31 21 38 453 Orsova, do. 15 do. do. 44 42 22 25 174 Temesvar, do. 15 do. do. 45 46 21 14 338 Pancsova, do. 15 do. do. 44 52 20 39 259 Szegedin, do. 15 do. do. 46 15 20 9 289 Neusatz, do. 15 do. do. 45 15 19 50 276 Brood, . do. 15 do. do. 45 9 18 1 328 Kalocsa, do. 15 do. do. 46 32 18 58 338 Funfkirchen, do. 15 do. do. 46 6 18 14 853 Gr. Kanizsa, . do. 15 do. do. 46 27 17 0 545 Agram, do. 15 do. do. 45 49 15 59 535 Fiume, . do. 15 do. do. 45 17 14 27 75 Zeng, . do. 15 do. 8: 2, 8 45 0 14 54 118 Gospic, do. 15 do. 7: 2, 9 44 33 15 22 1842 Durazzo, Austria 15 do. do. 41 49 19 28 23 Punta d'Ostro, do. 15 do. do. 42 27 18 34 210 Ragusa, do. 15 do. do. 42 38 18 7 49 Knin, . do. 15 do. do. 44 2 16 11 1161 Zara, . do. 15 do. do. 44 7 15 15 37 Lissa, . do. 15 do. do. 43 5 16 14 79 Semaphor Porer, . do. 15 do. do. 44 45 13 52 23 Lesina, do. 15 do. 7: 2, 10 a 43 11 16 27 62 Lussinpiccolo, do. 15 do. 7: 2, 9 44 42 14 28 34 Pola, . do. 15 do. do. 44 52 13 50 105 Trieste, do. 15 do. do. 45 39 13 46 85 Gorz, . do. 15 do. do. 45 57 13 37 308 Riva, . do. 15 do. 6 : 2, 10 c 45 53 10 50 276 Laibach, do. 15 do. 6: 2, 10 6 46 3 14 30 943 Graz, . do. 15 do. 7: 2, 9 47 4 15 28 1129 Klageufurt, . do. 15 do. do. 46 37 14 18 1437 Obirgipfel, . do. 5 1880-84 do. 46 30 14 27 6706 Salzburg, do. 15 1870-84 do. 47 48 13 3 1430 Kremsmiinster, do. 15 do. C: 2, 10a 48 4 14 8 1260 Vienna, do. 15 do. 7: 2, 9 48 14 16 22 664 Eger, . do. 15 do. 6: 2,10 50 5 12 22 1493 Leipa, . do. 15 do. 7 : 2, 10 50 41 14 32 889 Prague, , do. 15 do. 6 : 2, 10 50 5 14 25 660 Bruno, do. 15 do. 6: 2,10a 49 11 16 36 692 a Changed to 7 : 2, 9 in 1880. 6 Changed to 7 : 2, 9 in 1879. c Changed to 2 : 2, 9 in 1874. REPORT OX ATMOSPHERIC CIRCULATION. 71 Jan. Feb. Mar. April. May. June. July. Aug. Sept. Oct. Not. Dec. Tear. Corrs. Applied Inches. Inches. Inches. Inches. Inches. Inches. Inches. Inches. Inches. Inches. Inches. Inches. Inches. Inch. 28-669 28-610 28-509 28-446 28-499 28-518 28-530 28-540 28-592 28-601 28-579 28-563 28-555 28-855 28-794 28-688 28-613 28-668 28-668 28-690 28-697 28-754 28-770 28-756 28-746 28-725 28-844 28-783 28-674 28-611 28-667 28-671 28-684 28-695 28-747 28-773 28-747 28-731 28-719 28-902 28-859 28-749 28-705 28-736 28-756 28-756 28-784 28-830 28-872 28-822 28-800 28-798 29-670 29-614 29-489 29-399 29-438 29-439 29-453 29-472 29-535 29-545 29-543 29-535 29-511 27-855 27-815 27-737 27-709 27-780 27-792 27-815 27-823 27-863 27-847 27-792 27-764 27-799 28-820 28-763 28-664 28-595 28-655 28-660 28-690 2S-6^1 28-733 28-740 28-714 28-713 28-702 29-545 29-476 29-365 29-290 29-342 29-339 29-372 29-368 29-424 29-439 29.428 29-402 29-610 29-542 29-438 29-344 29-396 29-407 29-422 29-430 29-482 29-477 29-473 29-481 29-458 29-595 29-532 29-426 29-335 29-382 29-398 29-414 29-422 29-476 29-465 29-457 29-465 29-447 29-523 29-482 29-360 29-276 29-317 29-324 29-347 29-360 29-414 29-402 29-410 29-398 29-384 29-611 29-549 29-435 29-345 29-401 29-391 29-422 29-430 29-482 29-492 29-491 29-496 29-462 29-691 29-631 29-518 29-415 29-469 29-466 29-484 29-492 29-561 29-564 29-571 29-578 29-537 30-014 29-963 29-819 29-721 29-731 29-729 29-736 29-755 29-832 29-888 29-894 29-883 29-830 29-819 29-755 29-639 29-530 29-591 29-594 29-590 29-603 29-667 29-690 29-703 29-703 29-657 29-890 29-854 29-719 29-618 29-673 29-677 29-691 29-692 29-747 29-757 29-758 29-783 29-738 29-860 29-803 29-679 29-586 29-644 29-638 29-642 29-661 29-720 29-728 29-740 29-735 29-703 29-871 29-821 29-703 29-594 29-662 29-660 29-667 29-666 29-732 29-744 29-749 29-754 29-719 29-898 29-823 29-654 29-579 29-642 29-634 29-634 29-638 29-698 29-701 29-709 29-729 29-695 — -035 29-804 29-735 29-626 29-520 29-579 29-597 29-598 29-602 29-054 29-678 29-687 29-076 29-646 29-221 29-174 29-071 28-987 29-052 29-063 29-082 29-083 29-130 29-130 29-134 29-111 29-111 29-562 29-496 29-394 29-294 29-361 29-372 29-392 29-390 29-442 29-430 29-437 29-445 29-420 29-580 29-508 29-402 29-317 29-379 29-389 29-404 29-402 29-458 29-447 29-448 29-457 29-433 -•020 30-045 29-996 29-908 29-823 29-890 29-892 29-895 29-885 29-933 29-932 29-932 29-928 29-922 29-999 29-928 29-836 29-759 29-829 29-853 29-852 29-845 29-888 29-877 29-857 29-860 29-865 28-100 28-064 27-978 27-910 27-990 28-043 28-060 28-060 28-090 28-048 28-023 28-015 28-032 30-054 30-009 29-936 29-867 29-904 29-923 29-896 29-898 29-947 29-962 29-948 29-966 29-942 29-830 29-802 29-719 29-655 29-698 29717 29-697 29-693 29-753 29-764 29-736 29-753 29-736 30-024 29-991 29-923 29-833 29-871 29-893 29-870 29-870 29-931 29-952 29-929 29-947 29-920 28-865 28-819 28-764 28-695 28-766 28-765 28-778 28-771 28-778 28-772 28-748 28744 28-772 -•075 30-049 29-995 29-901 29-820 29-879 29-901 29-893 29-893 29-950 29-933 29-927 29-933 29-927 + •015 29-965 29-930 29-838 29-775 29-840 29-856 29-852 29-841 29-903 L'9-.s.s0 29-876 29-858 29-840 + •030 30-074 30-030 29-933 29-850 29-915 29-932 29-934 29-920 29-966 29-957 29-945 29-949 29-952 30-012 29-976 29-885 29-811 29-871 29-886 29-874 29-869 29-930 29-919 29-907 29-891 29-903 30-045 30-005 29-907 29-832 29-899 29-907 29-905 29-887 29-955 29-927 29-931 29-925 29-927 29-997 29-940 29-844 29-763 29-827 29-845 29-848 29-833 29-880 29-873 29-870 29-872 29-866 30-028 29-977 29-872 29-792 29-858 29-867 29-872 29-804 29-922 29-900 29-901 29-905 29-896 29-801 29-743 29-647 29-569 29-632 29-652 29-655 29-649 29-704 29-685 29-675 29-678 29-674 29-829 29-796 29-685 29-569 29-644 29-670 29-668 29-657 29-711 29-702 29-712 29-732 29-698 + •020 29-102 29-030 28-933 28-858 28-931 28-945 28-963 28-960 29-008 28-984 28-967 28-984 28-973 28-898 28-840 28-747 28-683 28-741 28-752 28-782 28-790 28-822 28-805 28-785 28-780 28785 + •020 28-592 28-522 28-397 28-330 28-412 28-442 28-469 28-473 28-497 28-473 28-457 28-461 28-461 23-398 23-386 23-300 23-256 23-438 23-150 23-568 23-536 23-500 23-398 23-402 23-300 23-410 28-566 28-505 28-433 28-351 28-445 2S-467 28-487 28-487 28-505 28-468 28-439 28-454 28-467 - -030 28-751 28-685 28-612 28-535 28-617 28-037 28-665 28-658 28-686 28-645 28-622 28-638 28-646 ... 29-424 29-346 29-255 29-173 29237 29-253 29-260 29-261 29-308 29-287 29-276 29-286 29-280 28-484 28-416 28-360 28-311 28-396 28-404 28-433 28-422 2S-446 28-398 28-366 28-362 28-407 ... 29-148 29-079 29-004 28-951 29-021 29024 29-034 29-033 29-059 29-039 29012 29-024 29-036 29-404 29-340 29-260 29-190 29-259 29-262 29-273 29-271 29-306 29-287 29-252 29-282 29-282 ... 29-391 29-321 29-233 29-165 29-220 29-225 29-238 29-248 29-282 29-271 29-249 29-268 29-259 + •040 72 THE VOYAGE OF H.M.S. CHALLENGER. Places. Country. No. of Years. Years Specified. Hours of Observation. Latitude. Longitude. Height, Feet. Barzdorf, Austria 15 1870-84 6: 2, 10 a O 1 50 25 O 1 17 r> 846 Krakau, • do. 15 do. do. 50 4 19 57 722 Lemberg, Tarnopol, Passau, do. 15 do. 7: 2,9 49 50 24 1 978 do. 15 do. do. 49 36 25 36 1040 Germany 15 do. 8: 2, 8 48 34 13 28 1024 Regensburg, Augsburg, . Munich, do. do. 15 15 do. do. do. do. 49 1 48 22 12 6 10 54 1178 1638 do. 15 do. do. 48 9 11 34 1734 Bayreuth, Bamberg, do. 15 do. do. 49 57 11 35 1132 do. 15 do. do. 49 54 10 54 796 Aschaffenburg, do. 15 do. do. 49 59 9 9 450 Friedrichshafeu, . do. 15 do. 7: 2, 9 47 39 9 25 1336 Stuttgart, do. 15 do. do. 48 47 9 11 881 Mannheim, . do. 15 do. do. 49 29 8 27 368 Freiburg, do. 15 do. do. 48 0 7 51 955 Carlsruhe, . do. 15 do. do. 49 0 8 25 404 Heidelberg, . do. 15 do. do. 49 24 8 42 397 Treves, do. 15 do. C : 2, 10 49 45 6 38 492 Gutersloh, . do. 15 do. do. 51 54 8 23 266 Aachen, do. 15 do. do. 50 47 6 5 581 Trier, . do. 15 do. do. 49 45 6 38 492 Cologne, do. 15 do. do. 50 56 6 57 197 Kassel, . do. 15 do. do. 51 19 9 30 670 Gbttingen, . do. 15 do. do. 51 32 9 56 492 Leipsig, do. 15 do. do. 51 20 12 23 887 Berlin, do. 15 do. do. 52 30 13 23 136 Ratibor, do. 15 do. do. 50 6 18 13 646 Sehneekoppe, do. 5 1881-85 7: 2, 9 50 44 15 43 5246 Breslau, do. 15 1870-84 6 : 2, 10 51 7 17 2 483 Posen, „ do. 15 do. do. 52 25 16 56 268 Bromberg, . do. 15 do. do. 53 8 18 0 162 Hannover, . do. 15 do. do. 52 22 9 44 202 Keitum, do. 15 do. 8: 2, 8 54 54 8 22 30 Borkum, do. 15 do. do. 53 35 6 40 13 Helgoland, . do. 15 do. 6 : 2, 10 54 11 7 51 151 Ottenclorf, . do. 15 do. do. 53 48 8 54 20 Hamburg, do. 15 do. 8: 2, 8 53 33 9 58 64 Kiel, . do. 15 do. 6 : 2, 10 54 20 10 8 15 Lubeck, do. 15 do. do. 53 51 10 41 66 Putbus, do. 15 do. do. 54 21 13 28 174 Stettin, do. 15 do. do. 53 25 14 34 128 Swinemiinde, do. 15 do. 8: 2, 8 53 56 14 16 33 Koslin, do. 15 do. 7: 2, 9 54 11 16 11 153 Klaussen, do. 15 do. 6: 2, 10 53 48 22 7 472 Dantzic, do. 15 do. do. 54 21 18 38 71 Konigsberg, . do. 15 do. 7: 2, 9 54 43 20 30 74 Memel, do. 15 do. 6 : 2, 10 55 43 21 8 32 Tornea, Finland. 15 do. 7: 2, 9 65 51 23 29 170 Uleaborg, do. 15 do. do. 65 1 25 8 30 Kuopia, do. 15 do. do. 62 54 27 20 290 aCh; mged to 7 : 2, 9 in 880. REPORT ON ATMOSPHERIC CIRCULATION. 7:? Jan. Inches. 29-190 29-34-' 29-056 28 983 29-021 28-849 28-343 28-264 28-882 29-260 29-027 28-686 29-213 29747 29-080 29-704 29-092 29573 29-784 29-434 29-573 29-872 29-343 29-7)313 29072 29-945 29-371 24-619 29-585 29-802 29-907 29-850 29-902 30004 29-839 29-904 29-979 29-992 29-907 29-837 29-911 30-01 1 29-933 29-552 29-992 29-971 29-989 29-008 29-781 29-520 Feb. Indies 29-139 29-285 29-009 28-945 28-905 28-790 28-281 28-209 28-815 29-186 29-548 28-023 29-139 29-073 29-012 29-014 29-008 29-501 29-705 29 355 29-502 29-797 29-284 29-473 29-000 29-S90 29-310 24-634 29-52H 29-752 29-802 29-798 29-918 29-954 29-791 29-929 29-936 29-958 29 925 29-797 29-885 29-903 29-901 29-517 29-958 29-933 29-958 29-677 29-800 29-508 Mar. Inches. 29-065 29-194 28-912 2S-943 2.VN7 I 28-720 28-213 28-1 12 28-745 29-134 29-493 28-564 29-087 29-606 28-950 29-55S 29-550 29-443 29-670 29-332 29-443 29-751 29225 29-414 29-544 29 820 29-245 24-520 29-448 29-008 29-787 29-743 29-S94 29-980 29-758 29-872 29-880 29 902 29-871 29-742 29-814 29-901 29-829 29-425 29-885 29-861 29-883 29-588 29-762 29-401 April. May. Inches. 29-014 29-139 28-866 28-814 28-788 29-422 28-473 29-013 29-523 28 870 29-480 29-482 29-304 29-044 29-284 29-305 29-093 29-180 29-371 29-494 29-783 29-180 24-544 29 400 29-034 29-754 29-713 29-91 HI 29-902 29-740 29-803 29-866 29-892 29-8011 29-731 29-786 29-890 29-802 29-412 29-870 29-847 29-889 29-698 29-849 29-551 Inches. 29-070 29-185 28-893 28-830 28-863 28-640 28-718 28-141 I 28-231 28-071 ! 28-162 28-686 28-764 29-007 ! 29142 29-493 28-507 29-087 29-607 28-980 29-566 29-574 29-459 29-708 29-339 29-459 29-785 29-204 29-447 29-505 29-842 29-228 24-683 29-475 29-080 29-787 29-779 29-942 29-973 29-815 29-925 29-910 29-914 29-908 29-770 29-828 29-921 29-847 29-423 29-902 29-800 29-903 29-692 29-835 29-535 June. Inches. 29-071 29-182 28-900 28-833 28-883 28-731 28-249 28-197 28770 29146 29-501 28-003 29-119 29-020 29-010 29-574 29-570 29-403 29-703 29-300 29-403 29-709 29-268 29-441 29-550 29-820 29-221 24-713 29-445 29-003 29-759 29-755 29-900 29-938 29780 29-900 29-ssi; 29-913 29-881 29-752 29-804 29-901 29-814 29-405 29-809 29-832 29-870 29-062 29-820 29-540 July. Aug. Sept. Inches. | Inches. 29-081 . 29-085 29-199 j 29-198 28-908 28-929 28-824 28-860 28-910 28-914 28-751 28-274 28-229 28-792 29-151 29-504 28-627 29-127 29-622 29-025 29-583 29-582 29-475 29-686 29-308 19-171 29-751 29-264 29-430 29-558 29-806 29-23;; 24-792 29-450 29-653 29-750 29-739 29-882 29-922 29-748 29-872 29-860 29-888 29-846 29-731 29-792 29-873 29-808 29-390 29-852 29-823 29-841 29-023 29-782 29-496 28751 28-282 28-220 28-790 29-102 29512 28-015 29-123 29-618 29-020 29-578 29-575 29-468 29-077 29-360 29-468 29-752 29-2511 2:1 130 29557 29-808 29-13 1 24-737 29-159 29-658 29-700 29-745 29-874 29-906 29-750 29-870 29-870 29-876 29-850 29-740 29-791 29-877 29-805 29-396 29-862 29-831 29-874 29-640 29-786 29-501 Inches. 29-125 29-254 L'X-'J.KN L',s-92o 28-934 28-770 28-317 28-229 I'S-.SIS 29-162 29-516 28-623 29-149 29-640 29-032 29-000 29-590 29-485 29-690 29-304 29-484 29-780 29-204 29-453 29-584 29-840 29-301 2 1-703 29-499 29-700 29-808 29-774 29-900 29-922 29-770 29-890 29-890 29-900 29-878 29-751 29-831 29-922 29-849 29-452 29-901 29-881 29-916 29-651 29-808 29-535 Oct. Nov. Inches. 29-100 29-244 29-000 28-988 28-902 28-267 28-182 28-776 29134 29-504 2>v5s;; 29-113 29-010 28-993 29-509 29-554 29-455 29-007 29-328 29-450 29-700 29-241 29-418 29-500 29-823 29-266 24-599 29-478 29-704 29-805 29-777 29-807 29-898 29-722 29-800 29-873 29-875 29-840 29-728 29-810 29-901 29-823 29-407 29-918 29-906 29-932 26-613 29-782 29516 Inches. 29-068 29-222 28-958 28-890 28-894 28-731 28-233 28-150 28-749 29-115 29-485 28-563 29-093 29-5:10 28967 29-550 29-540 29-423 29-617 29-288 29-423 29-720 29-197 29-390 29-533 29-7*2 29-254 24-011 29-449 29-07O 29-770 29-70.1 29 -SI 5 29-847 29-684 29-822 29-839 29-840 29-815 29-083 29-771 29-865 29-783 29-431 29-867 29-847 29-800 29-604 29-780 29-497 Dec Year. Inches. 29-071 29-211 28-982 28-873 28-902 28-740 28-247 28-158 28-764 29-134 29-510 ^^■:,\<:, 29-103 29-634 28-986 29-584 29-580 29-401 29-647 29-343 29-464 29-780 29-237 29-400 29-548 29-812 29-278 24-512 29-465 29-070 29-775 29-735 29-859 29-867 29-714 29-851 29-870 29-808 29-842 29-715 29-782 29-881 29-795 29-440 29-849 29-830 29-803 29-593 29-760 l'H-172 Inches. 29-09.1 1 29-211 28-940, 28-878 28-890 28-741 28-256 28-184 2S-772 29-150 29-5 IS 28-594 29-114 29-625 28-995 29-580 29-570 29-464 29-681 29-345 29-404 29-768 29-252 29-434 29 505 29-832 29-201 24-639 29-473 29-688 29-795 29-759 29-894 29-922 29-759 29-886 29-S89 29-904 29-874 29-749 29-818 29-910 29-882 29-443 29-894 29-869 29-900 29-687 29-801 29-517 < 'oris. Applied [ Inch. a 020 + ■020 + ■050 -•030 + •035 + •020 +•020 • -020 + -02O -•020 +•015 + •020 (l-IIVS. CnEM. CHALL. EXI\ — PART V, 1888.) 1G 74 THE VOYAGE OF H.M.S. CHALLENGER. Places. Country. No. of Fears. Years Specified. Hours of Observation. Latitude. Longitude. Height, Feet. Kasko, . Finland 15 1870-81 7 : 2, 9 o / 62 20 o / 20 51 25 Tammerfors, do. 15 do. do. 61 30 23 25 299 Viborg, do. 15 do. do. 00 43 28 26 IP] Sordavala, . do. 15 do. do. 61 42 30 22 118 Lampis, do. 15 do. do. 61 6 24 43 370 Abo, do. 15 do. do. 60 27 21 52 49 Kola, . Russia 15 do. 7: 1, 9 68 53 33 1 33 Simnjaja Solotiza, Archangel, . do. 15 do. do. 65 41 40 14 28 do. 15 do. do. 64 33 40 32 16 Mesen, . do. 15 do. do. 65 30 44 16 52 Kem, . do. 15 do. do. 64 57 34 39 41 Powenez, do. 15 do. do. 62 51 34 49 160 Petrosawodsk, do. 15 do. do. 61 47 34 23 233 Walaam, do. 15 do. do. 61 23 30 57 149 Schenkursk, . do. 15 do. do. 62 6 42 54 138 Wyetegra, do. 15 do. do. 61 0 36 27 19G Kargopol, do. 15 do. do. 61 30 38 57 440 St. Petersburg, do. 15 do. do. 59 56 30 16 19 L. Hogland, . do. 15 iio. do. 60 6 26 59 37 Baltischport, do. 15 do. do. 59 21 24 3 28 Novgorod, . do. 15 do. do. 58 31 31 18 G2 Dorpat, do. 15 do. do. 58 23 26 43 223 Pernau, do. 15 do. do. 58 23 24 30 32 Riga, . do. 15 do. do. 56 57 24 6 42 Windau, do. 15 do. do. 57 24 21 33 29 Libau, . do. 15 do. do. 56 31 21 1 19 Weliki-Luki, do. 15 do. do. 56 21 30 31 358 Wilna, . do. 15 do. do. 54 41 25 18 387 Belostok, do. 15 do. do. 53 S 23 10 479 Warsaw, do. 15 do. do. 52 13 21 2 392 Pinsk, . do. 15 do. do. 52 7 26 G 459 Gorki, . do. 15 do. do. 54 17 30 59 679 Tschernigov, do. 15 do. do. 51 29 31 20 424 Kiev, . do. 15 do. do. 50 27 30 30 600 Gorodischtsche, . do. 15 do. do. 49 17 31 27 296 Ssochanskoe, do. 15 do. do. 49 34 28 55 920 Elizabethgrad, do. 15 do. do. 48 31 32 17 417 Charkov, do. 15 do. do. 50 4 36 9 413 Gulynki, do. 15 do. do. 54 14 40 (i 354 Moscow, do. 15 do. do. 55 50 37 33 509 Bielosersk, . do. 15 do. do. GO 2 37 47 430 Roschdestwenskoe, do. 15 do. do. 58 9 45 36 413 N. Novgorod, . do. 1 do. 15 do. do. 56 20 44 0 453 Nikolsk, 15 do. do. 59 32 45 27 390 Wjatka, do. 15 do. do. 58 36 49 41 580 Perm, . do. 15 do. do. 58 1 5G 16 328 Blagodat, do. 15 do. do. 58 17 59 47 1250 Kasan, . do. 15 do. do. 55 47 49 8 249 Slatoust, do. 15 do. do. 55 10 59 4 1 1313 Polibiuo, do. 15 do. do. 53 44 52 5G 313 REPORT ON ATMOSPHERIC CIRCULATION. / .> Jan. Feb. Mar. April. May. June. July. Aug. Sept. 1 Oct. Xov. Dec. Y Corrs. Applied Inches. Inches. Inches. Inches. Inches. Inches. Inches. Inches. Inches. Inches. Inches. Inches. Inches. Inch. 29-821 29-885 29-816 29-852 29-839 29-843 29-795 29-811 29-824 29-811 29-788 29780 29-822 29-526 29-587 29-500 29-568 29-530 29-558 29-495 29-498 29-532 29-540 29-497 29-4 79 29-526 29-908 29-952 29-847 29-911 29-872 29-878 29-808 29-833 29-890 29-890 29-870 29-831 29-875 29-730 29-772 29-697 29-767 29-725 29-730 29-660 29-713 29-738 29-746 29-715 29-687 29-728 -■040 29-408 29-513 29-434 29-492 29-458 29-468 29-426 29-429 29-179 29-159 29-436 29-398 29-455 29-908 29-942 29-858 29-921 29-874 29-882 29-816 29-828 29-864 29-872 29-839 29-828 29-869 -•000 29-658 29-700 29-653 29-814 29-836 29-828 29-783 29-781 29-755 29-716 29 724 29-720 29-748 + ■030 29-788 29-815 29-701 29-851 29-N35 29-843 29-780 29-788 29 -SI 5 29-780 29-750 29-746 29-791 29-823 29-843 29-739 29-871 29-829 29-827 29-792 29-801 29-844 29-825 29-802 29792 29-815 29-770 29-806 29-692 29-830 29-800 29-805 29-751 29-767 29-793 29-754 29-738 29-728 29-778 + •050 29-774 29-827 29-712 29-843 29-834 29-823 29-779 29-780 29-815 29-781 29-705 29-749 29-790 29-690 29-714 29-604 29-718 29-075 29-683 29-610 29-624 29'GSO 29-683 29-000 29-626 29-663 -•050 29-634 29-665 29-551 29-646 -9-6H6 29-610 29-555 29-580 29-034 29-650 29-594 29-575 29-608 -•040 ! 29-728 29-760 29-657 29-732 29-701 29-690 29-040 29-677 29-718 29-744 29-685 29-658 29-700 -•040 1 29-774 29-800 29-700 29-794 29-726 29-712 29-055 29-685 29-762 29791 29770 29-698 29-739 1 29-707 29-726 29-620 29-700 29-628 29-644 29-593 29-620 29-684 29-715 29-064 29-630 29-6G1 -•030 29-408 29-431 29-325 29-410 29-392 29-375 29-336 29-301 29-408 29-451 29-398 29-361 29-::ss 29-924 29-955 29-835 29-893 29-849 29-847 29-795 29-819 29-S7 ! 29-901 29-859 29-833 29-805 ... j 29-884 29-912 29-814 29-880 29-850 29-845 29-785 29-803 29-853 29-861 29-821 29-798 29-842 ••• 29-886 29-926 29-835 29-888 29-855 29-849 29-789 29-809 29-858 29-868 29-817 29-800 29-848 ■•■ | 29-908 29-932 29-814 29-877 29-818 29-800 29-775 29-814 29-873 29-916 29-846 29-806 29-849 + •030 29-727 29-747 29-634 29-694 29-653 29-602 29-000 29-027 29-68G 29-709 29-656 29-030 29-009 29-938 29-955 29-860 29-894 29-867 29-851 29-804 29-823 29-882 29-902 29-878 29-N35 29-874 29-960 29-960 29-858 29-884 29-868 29-865 29-823 29-856 29-911 29-916 29-878 29-851 29-SS6 + •030 29-926 29-922 29-827 29-875 29-863 29-847 29-810 29-831 29-875 29-890 29-835 29-833 29-801 29-972 29-960 29-885 29-898 29-896 29-865 29-840 29-876 29-923 29-930 29-888 29-860 29-879 29-622 29-622 29-524 29-560 29-520 29-496 29-441 29-508 29-587 29-614 29-547 29-508 29-546 -•020 29-624 29-602 29-500 29-504 29-500 29-490 29-461 29-485 29-558 29-588 29-532 29-500 29-529 ... 29-544 29-516 29-433 29-403 29-420 29-416 29-413 29-412 29-493 29-507 29-450 29-438 29-454 29-654 29-622 29-508 29-500 29-521 29-518 29-524 29-528 29-588 29-588 29-549 29-540 2! 1-560 + •020 29-595 29-556 29-450 29-406 29-418 29-402 29-382 29-441 29-482 29-529 29-494 29-166 29-408 + •030 29-315 29-297 29-190 29-194 29-1*2 29-162 29-115 29-193 29-200 29-804 29-245 29-194 29-221 29-615 29-591 29-497 29-505 29-457 29-434 29-375 29-430 29-500 29-623 29-505 29-556 29-517 29-441 29-418 29-304 29-272 29-268 29-253 29-221 29-276 29-355 29-424 29-375 29-3:; 1 29-328 29-833 29-766 29-675 29-620 29-612 29-000 29-553 29-576 29-095 29-782 29-738 29-715 29-6S4 -•030 29-123 29-083 28-977 28-930 28-953 28-345 28-930 28-985 29-024 29-095 29-050 29-012 29-010 29-677 29-624 29-522 29-488 29-484 29-460 29-420 29-409 29-592 29-656 29-632 29-591 29-551 --II20 29-668 29-643 29-533 29-490 29-458 29-442 29-395 29-438 29-545 29-077 29-031 29-600 29-543 -■015 29-674 29-682 29-579 29-571 29-520 29-481 29-418 29-489 29-0OO 29-693 29-662 29-608 29-581 ... 29-465 29-473 29-402 29-390 29-343 29-335 29-264 29-320 29-394 29-485 29-115 29-386 29-392 29-433 29-475 29-380 29-464 29-403 29-405 29-357 29-381 29-452 29-477 29-410 29-390 29419 ... 29-473 29-521 29-420 29-403 29-422 29-391 29-324 29-380 29-501 29-513 29-513 29-477 29-440 +■020 29-527 29-523 29-491 29-456 29-410 29-353 29-310 29-301 29-480 29-546 29-532 29-503 29-458 + •030 29-512 29-504 29-438 29-584 29-457 29-450 29-382 29-453 29-524 29-552 29-500 29-526, 29-491 29-319 29-351 29-3H1 29-313 29-268 29-225 29-170 29-229 29-347 29-367 29-313 29-335 29-300 + -055 29-674 29-666 29-600 29-599 29-556 29-469 29-410 29-473 29-587 29-666 29-08G 29-682 29-589 28-630 28-600 28-560 28-595 28-575 28-512 28-465 28-520 28-583 28-642 28-634 28-680 28-579 29-800 29-784 29-701 29-678 29-603 29-532 29-470 29-544 29-658 29-704 29784 29764 29-074 28-590 28-558 28-491 28-503 28-468 28-377 28-318 28-405 2S-4S7 28-594 28-574 28-562 28-478 29-811 29-776 29-690 29-620 29-563 29-111 29-398 29-101 29-591 29-752 29-792 29-776 29-640 -■020 7G THE VOYAGE OF H.M.S. CHALLENGER. I Places. Couutry. Xo. of Years. Years Specified. Hours of Observation. Latitude. Long itude. Height, j Feet. • Simbirsk, Russia 15 1870-84 7: 1, 0 O f 5-4 19 0 48 24 476 Saratow, do. 15 do. do. 51 38 45 27 014 Uralsk, do. 15 do. do. 51 43 50 55 358 Orenburg, . do. 15 do. do. 51 46 55 0 297 Tambov, do. 15 do. do. 52 44 41 28 388 (Trjtipinskaja, do. 15 do. do. 50 48 42 0 270 Kamyscbiu, . do. 15 do. do. 50 5 45 24 69 Lugan, do. 15 do. do. 48 35 39 20 170 TagaDrog, do. 15 do. do. 47 12 38 59 114 Odessa, do. 15 do. do. 40 29 30 44 214 Nikolaev, do. 15 do. do. 46 58 31 58 62 L. Tarchankut, do. 15 do. do. 45 21 32 31 12 Sebastopol, . do. 15 do. do. 44 .",7 33 31 199 Kertseli, do. 15 do. do. 45 21 30 29 18 No\vorossij-k, do. 15 do. do. 44 43 37 46 12 Prischib, do. 15 do. do. 1 5 3 88 55 121 Stawropol, . do. 15 do. do. 45 3 41 59 1919 Pjatigorsk, . do. 15 do. do. 44 3 43 5 1007 Wladikawkas, do. 15 do. do. 43 2 44 41 2244 Petrowsk, do. 15 do. do. 42 59 47 31 -33 Suchum, do. 15 do. do. ■12 58 40 55 28 Poti, . do. 15 do. do. 41 30 42 46 24 Latum,. do. 15 do. do. 41 40 41 38 10 Kutais, do. 15 do. do. 42 1 0 42 42 550 Tiflis, . do. 15 do. do. 41 43 44 47 1343 I.li-sawetpol, do. 15 do. do. 40 41 46 21 1456 Baku, . do. 15 do. do. 40 22 49 50 7 Lenkoran, do. 15 do. do. 38 46 48 51 -70 Astrabad, do. 15 do. do. 30 54 53 55 -79 Krassnowodsk, do. 15 do. do. 40 0 52 59 -70 Fort Alexandrovsk, do. 15 do. do. 44 31 50 16 83 Gurgeu, do. 15 do. do. 47 7 51 5.". -58 Astrachan, . do. 15 do. do. 46 21 48 2 -68 Boasta, . do. 15 do. do. 45 47 47 31 -85 Xukuss, do. 15 do. do. 42 27 59 37 216 Petro Alexandrovsk, do. 15 do. do. 41 28 61 5 326 Samarcand, . do. 15 do. do. 39 39 00 57 2379 Margelan, do. 15 do. do. 40 28 71 43 2000 Taschkent, . do. 15 do. do. 41 19 09 16 1516 Werayj, do. 15 do. do. 43 10 76 53 2440 Karakol, do. 2 1 K.85-86 do. 42 30 77 20 5400 Semipalatinsk, do. 15 1870-84 do. 50 24 80 13 .r94 Barnaul, do. 15 do. do. 53 20 83 47 459 Tomsk, . . do. 15 do. do. 50 30 84 58 254 Omsk, , do. 15 do. do. 54 58 73 20 261 Ssalair, do. 15 do. do. 54 15 85 47 1115 Staro-Ssidorovva, . do. 15 do. do. 55 20 05 10 322 Catliarincuburg, . do. 15 do. do. 50 49 0(1 38 894 libit, . do. 15 do. .1 •. 57 41 03 •> 223 Bogoslowsk, . do. 15 do. do. 59 45 00 1 636 REPORT ON ATMOSPHERIC CIRCULATION. 77 Jan. Feb. Mar. April. May. ' June. 1 July. Aug. Sept. Oct. Xov. Dec. Year. Corrs Applied Inches. ' Inches. Inches. Inches Indies. Indies. Inches. Inches. Inches. Inches. Inches. Indies. Inches. Inch. 29-570 29-552 29-47(1 29-455 29-380 29-821 29-244 29-333 29-444 29-565 29-573 29-528 29-453 --0S0 29-414 29-411 29-311 29-282 29-241 29-169 29-185 29-198 29-318 29-140 29-448 29-390 29-318 -•030 29-762 29-758 29-656 29-604 29-543 29-420 29-360 29-475 29-596 29-760 29-777 29-755 29-627 -•030 29-828 29-816 29-737 29-650 29-595 29-472 21I-102 29-510 29-635 29-788 29-824 2'.l-812 29-672 + •020 29-062 29-690 29-544 29-528 29-151 29-426 29-375 29-430 29-564 29-678 29-662 29-643 29-555 + •020 29-851 29-860 29-705 29-666 29-583 29-552 29-512 29-579 29-698 29-S19 29-827 29-792 29-701 30-091 30-087 29-965 29-870 29-815 29-740 211-681 29-776 29-906 80-088 30-091 30-067 29-931 —•020 29-966 29-954 29-824 29-765 29-724 29-671 29-624 29-690 29-820 29-938 2:1-9:10 29-875 29-816 30-017 30-001 29-880 29-82(1 29-810 29-780 29-693 29-752 29-8; III 29-957 29-968 29-917 29-870 29-940 29900 29-784 29-723 29-723 29-687 29-664 29-7011 29-794 29-875 29849 29-829 29790 ... 30-095 30-068 29-944 29-880 29-867 29-837 29-805 29-853 29-904 30-042 30-031 30-002 29-949 30-165 30-124 30-012 29-946 29-9 is 29 -90S 29-877 29-914 29-998 30-078 30-062 80-060 30-007 -•020 29-922 29-887 29-787 29-739 29755 29 716 29-677 29-704 29-810 29-885 29-875 29-850 29-782 - -050 30-143 30-110 30-010 29-930 29-931 29-884 29-840 29-875 29-972 30-070 30-057 30-047 29-989 30-125 30-114 30-002 29-945 29 961 29-901 29-851 29850 29-989 30-077 30-108 30079 30000 + 0)5 30-035 29 985 29-908 29-812 29-813 29-753 29-729 29-764 29-856 29-950 29-955 2:i-957 29-876 28-037 28-029 27-966 27-934 27-961 27-928 27-908 27-943 28-021 28-094 28-08C 28-022 27 994 28-342 28-.303 28-232 28-207 28-226 28192 28-160 28-197 28-278 28-366 28-366 28-303 28-2ti;, 4- -085 27-682 27-667 27-618 27-574 27-613 27-580 27-561 27-593 27-672 27-750 27-754 27-678 27-645 30-249 30-234 30-094 30-021 29-996 29-902 29-854 29-914 30-050 30-181 30-228 30-182 30-075 30-056 30-040 29-949 29-882 29-890 29-823 29-764 29-7S4 29-890 29-977 30-008 29-977 30-020 + •065 30-119 30-093 30-007 29-941 29-953 29-900 29-858 29-845 29-961 30-053 30-080 30-068 29990 30-158 30-134 30-048 29-973 29-989 29-9:10 29-878 29-882 29-993 30-079 30-107 30-083 29-921 29-587 29-553 29-461 29-390 29-391 29-357 29-303 29-302 29-406 29-509 211-561 29-535 29-446 28-757 28-726 28-629 28-572 28-585 28-525 28-483 28520 28-631 28-742 28-757 28-734 28-636 -•020 28-627 28-583 28-485 28-445 28-449 28-386 28-339 28-390 28-497 28-005 28-602 28-595 28-500 30-206 30-178 30-006 29-984 29-961 29 875 29-821 29-872 -29-987 30-141 30-187 30-150 30037 30-312 30-272 30-151 30-068 30-063 29-951 29-934 29-930 30-110 30-214 30-283 30-255 30-128 30-293 30-268 30-1 65 30081 30050 2'.i-959 29-894 29-917 30-114 80*213 30-269 30-265 30-124 30-308 30-276 30-184 30-080 30-H61 29-966 29878 29-S92 30-115 39-228 3o-28:: 30-268 30-128 ... 30-106 30-100 29-966 29-863 29-834 29-772 29-744 29-786 29-950 30-092 30-138 30-100 29-955 30-301 30-272 30-142 30-062 30-001 29-904 29-845 29-927 30-079 30-217 30-242 30-236 30-106 — •040 30-300 30-273 30-138 30-054 30-018 29-921 29-868 29-945 80-090 30-2:19 30-281 30-246 30-114 — •080 30-339 30-305 30-165 30-079 30-039 29-9 15 29-886 29-960 30-110 30-252 80-287 30-272 30-136 -■040 30-032 29-972 29-836 29-753 29-708 29-608 29-540 29-022 29-780 29-960 30-027 29-983 29-818 29-908 29849 29-737 29-630 29-550 29-469 29-390 29-471 29-646 29845 29-897 29-853 29-687 27-713 27-676 27-619 27-562 27-516 27-41 1 27-300 27-414 27-555 27-718 27-781 27-714 27-587 + •050 28-157 28-113 28-034 27-930 27-896 27-768 27-087 27-760 27-935 28-113 28-190 28-111 27-977 28-642 28-590 28-505 28-424 28-354 28-2:17 28-171 28-233 28-405 28-603 28-672 28-025 28-455 27-567 27-513 27-497 27-442 27-386 27-272 27-200 27-272 27-390 27-570 27-613 27-588 27-445 24-008 24-024 23-961 23-969 21-032 23-985 23-930 23-909 24-067 24-103 21K10 24-115 24-021 29-644 29-617 29-522 29-392 29-248 29-090 28-967 29-088 29-256 29-488 29-626 29-630 29-381 -•015 29-804 29-759 29-679 29-559 29-410 29-240 29-1 19 29-270 29-421 29-604 29-719 29-771 29 535 30-010 29-914 29871 29-741 29-620 29-449 29-378 29-497 29-640 29-761 29-91 1 29-970 29-731 29-958 29-870 29-840 29-720 29-596 29-390 29-350 29-452 29-010 29-735 29-904 29-910 29-695 + •020 28-994 28-957 28-942 28-837 28-720 28-569 28-515 28-017 28-732 28-852 28-971 28-906 28-806 + -01O 29-762 29-705 29-657 29-666 29-564 29-450 29-406 29-449 29-571 29-701 2'.i-7:'.6 29 721 29-61H ... 29-079 29-013 28-966 28-988 28-928 28-843 2S-7DO 28-851 28-941 29-036 29-074 2:1-059 2-8-964 29-826 29-798 29-758 29-745 29-703 29-607 29-535 29-577 29-698 29-779 29-864 2'. 1-821 2H-726 + •010 29-286 29-276 29-221 29-256 29-225 29-170 29-122 29-158 29-233 29-292 29-316 29-290 29-237 -080 7S THE VOYAGE OF H.M.S. CHALLENGER. 1 Places. Country. No. of Years. Y cat's Specified. Hours of Observation. Latitude. Longitude. Height, Feet, i 1 Beresow, Russia 15 1870-84 7 : 1,9 O 1 63 56 o 65 4 120 Obdorsk, do. 15 do. do. G6 31 6G 35 80 1 Turuchansk, . do. 8* 1877-85 do. 65 55 87 38 GO Enisaeisk, do. 15 1870-84 do. 58 27 92 6 275 Krassnojarsk, do. 15 do. do. 56 1 92 49 498 Urga, .. do. 15 do. do. 47 55 106 50 4300 Kjachta, do. 15 do. do. 50 20 106 35 2856 Wercholensk, do. 15 do. do. 54 8 105 30 1550 Irkutsk, do. 15 do. do. 52 16 104 1G 1536 Olekminsk, . do. 15 do. do. GO 22 120 26 400 Yakutsk, do. If ? r> G2 2 129 14 334 Werkojansk, do. 3 1883-86 7: 1,9 67 34 133 51 4G0 Mouth of the Lena, do. 1 1882-83 do. 74 48 126 45 1G Anadyr, do. 4 18GG-G7 6, K.: 6 G4 55 177 19 20 Petropaulovsk, do. 5 1828,1840,1848-50 M.r. 53 0 159 39 50 Bebriug Is., . . do. 4 1882-8G : 11 55 12 165 55 20 P. Okhotsk, . do. 71 1843-50 M.r. 59 20 142 40 12 P. Ayan, do. o 1847-50 7 : 2, 9 56 27 138 11 45 Udsk Vill, . do. 1" 1829-30 '> 54 29 134 :17 35 Nertschinsk, . do. 15 1870-84 7: 1, 9 51 19 119 37 2080 J !1 a goweschtschensk, do. 15 do. do. 50 15 127 38 361 Cbabarowka, do. 15 do. do. 48 26 135 7 60 Alexaudrowka, do. 15 do. do. 51 1 50 14l' 7 53 Nikolaewsk, do. 15 do. do. 53 8 140 45 GO Due, . do. 2 1874,1875 do. 50 50 142 7 330 Kusunai, do. I 18G7-G8 •) 47 49 1 12 20 10 St. Olga, do. 9 1S76-84 do. 43 44 185 20 149 Wladhvostock, do. 9 do. do. 43 7 131 54 57 Askold, do. 9 do. do. 42 44 132 21 84 Nemuro, Japan C 1881-86 G : 2, 10 43 20 145 84 43 Sapporo, do. 6 do. do. 43 4 141 23 60 Hakodate, . do. G do. do. 41 4G 140 44 10 Hakodate, do. 4^ 1 859-63 do. 41 47 140 45 150 Aomori, do. 6 1881-86 do. 40 51 llli 45 33 Akita, . do. 0 do. do. 39 42 140 7 33 Miyako, do. 6 do. do. 39 38 141 59 100 Nobiru, . , do. 6 do. do. 38 23 141 12 15 Niigata, do. G do. do. 37 55 189 3 32 Kauazawa, . do. G do. do. 36 33 136 40 95 Tok'w, . do. G do. do. 35 41 139 45 G9 Do. . do. 17 1870-86 do. 35 41 139 45 G9 Numazu, do. G 1881-86 do. 35 G 138 51 30 Hamamatsu; do. G do. do. 34 42 137 43 92 Gifu, . do. 6 do. do. 35 27 136 4G 49 Kioto, . do. G do. do. 35 1 135 46 1G2 Wakayama, . do. G do. do. 34 14 135 9 49 Osaka', . do. G do. do. 34 42 135 3l I 13 Sakai, . do. G do. do. 35 33 133 13 7 j Hiroshima, . do. 6 do. do. 34 23 132 27 15 Kochi, . do. G do. do. oo Oo 133 34 20 REPORT ON ATMOSPHERIC CIRCULATION. 79 Jan. 1 Fob. Mar. April, j May. June. 1 July. Aug. Sept. Oct, Nov. Dee. Year. ' Corrs. Applied. Inches. Inches, j Inches. Inches. Inches. Inches. Inches. Inches. Inches. Inches. Inches. Inches. Inches. Inch. 29-882 29-831 ' 29-729 29-875 29-804 29-770 29-642 29-070 29-725 29-760 29-784 29-780 29772 29-882 29-835 29-741 29-878 29-S31 29-804 29-097 29-745 29-733 29741 29772 29-750 29-785 30-119 30-020 ! 29-993 30-020 29-886 29-756 29-717 29-788 29-851 29-898 30-048 30-213 29-942 30-025 29-940 29-852 29-707 29-1105 29-467 29-394 29-519 29-657 29-764 29-900 30-008 29-737 - :040 29-796 29-724 29-070 29-493 29-355 29-207 29-154 29-206 29-422 29-552 29-715 29-770 29-511 25-082 25-082 25-597 25-501 25-434 25-418 25-410 25-520 25-544 25-725 25-689 29-058 25-509 27-717 27-080 27-040 27-473 27-394 27-308 27-249 27-347 27-457 27-583 27-054 27-097 27-518 28-595 28-493 28-420 28-284 28-158 28-058 28-006 28-103 28-254 28-410 28-506 28-587 28-323 28-590 28-546 28-480 28-329 28-226 28-103 28044 28-165 28-331 28-444 28-580 28-580 28-365 — :140 29-823 29-800 29-710 29-492 29-327 29-213 29-170 29-272 29-484 29-540 29-646 29-721 29-519 29-895 29-957 29-748 29-020 29-472 29-360 29-383 29-435 29-711 29-670 29-829 30-060 29-679 29-585 29-694 29-532 29-351 29-193 29-007 29-138 29-217 29-323 29-356 29-469 29-458 29-365 ... 29-980 30-115 30-077 30-150 29-750 29-620 29-835 29-782 29-082 29-896 29-874 29-988 29-890 30-143 30089 29-883 29-972 29-917 29-928 ... • •• 29-806 29-879 29-927 295-19 29-632 29-774 29-773 29-701 29-651 29-093 29-810 29-803 29-723 29-624 29-539 29-687 29-470 29-820 29-773 29-745 29-762 29-783 29-790 29-808 29-857 29-673 29-673 29-562 29-720 29-854 29-923 29-902 29-840 29-799 29-772 29-725 29-796 29-850 29-816 29-700 29-710 29-813 29-845 29-957 29-890 29-853 29-753 29-704 29-001 29-795 29-83!) 29-891 29-823 29-824 29-825 29-540 29-460 29-000 ... ... 29 570 29-500 .. . 27-954 27952 27-835 27-683 27-590 27-558 27-507 27;632 27-769 27-816 27-859 27-901 27-762 29-838 29-821 29-700 29-530 29-396 29-398 29-300 29-447 29-008 29-701 29-764 29-821 29-616 30-125 30-11S 30-004 29-876 29-766 29-763 29-727 29-810 29-930 30-044 30-075 30-070 29-943 ... 29-905 29-944 29-890 29-850 29-802 29-810 29-738 29-745 29-840 29-860 29-890 29-831 29-843 29-843 29-873 29-870 29-798 29-748 29-725 29-004 29-070 29-799 29-806 29-849 29-814 29-789 29-530 29-480 29440 29-360 29-370 29-380 29-370 29-380 29-460 29-500 29-410 29-480 29-430 29-090 29-996 29977 29-840 29-903 29-770 29-823 30-007 29-920 29-923 29-847 29-804 29-705 29-690 29-070 29712 29-822 29-851 29898 29-890 29-813 ... 30-142 30-144 29-988 29-896 29-755 29-734 29-698 29-739 29-890 30-000 30-040 30-073 29-920 30-070 30-088 29-938 29-872 29-723 29-710 29-080 29-714 29-840 29-950 30-000 30-023 29-885 29-786 29-858 29-878 29-915 29-823 29-793 29-800 29-820 29-933 29-950 29-881 29-815 29-855 29-836 29-918 29-892 29-888 29-777 29-747 29-750 29-780 29-808 29-952 29-900 29-802 29-848 29-919 30-000 29-966 29-967 29-860 29-832 29-S41 29-H50 29-938 30-026 29-966 29-929 29-925 29-909 29-954 30-032 29-986 29-908 29-801 29-797 29-820 29-928 30-036 .-'.0-032 29-935 29-926 29-924 30-002 29-964 29-950 29-832 29-806 29-810 29-834 29-909 30-008 29-974 29-934 29-913 29-976 30-034 30-000 29-986 29-866 29-810 29-813 29-840 29-903 30-023 30-000 29-9S0 29-936 ... 29-840 29-900 29-893 29-888 29-797 29-750 29-701 29-787 29-866 29-950 29-907 29-800 29-851 ... 29-909 30-028 30-000 29-997 29-891 29-836 29-832 29-805 29-940 30-033 30-002 29-978 29-948 30-008 30-049 30-035 29-988 29-880 29-813 29-812 29-830 29-907 30-023 30-021 30-019 29-949 30-000 30-036 29-989 29-926 29-823 29-753 29-757 29-770 29-855 29-973 29 997 30-000 29-907 30-010 30-050 30-014 30-009 29-915 29-850 29-805 29-897 29-956 30-054 30-046 30-032 29-975 30-044 30-054 30-023 30-014 29-929 29-861 29-850 29-878 29-942 30-057 30-062 30-024 29-977 ... 29-959 29-983 29-975 29-967 29-892 29-837 29-841 29-869 29-920 30-010 29-995 29-9*7 29-936 29-951 29-959 29-943 29-916 29-829 29-778 29-782 29-802 29-857 29-920 29-943 29-963 29-887 30008 30-056 29-989 29-961 29-859 29-808 29-808 29-827 29-886 29-977 30-016 30-032 29-986 29-950 29-953 29-900 29-855 29-741 29-682 29-080 29-706 29-764 29-878 29-930 29-901 29-884 30-071 30-087 30-032 29-961 29-863 29-788 29-800 29-808 29-875 29-985 30-052 30-087 29-951 30-101 30-126 30-059 29-998 29-890 29-820 29-830 29-850 29-918 30-032 30-100 30-120 l".i-9S7 ... 30-11S 30-152 30-093 30-006 29-902 29-826 29-835 29-847 29-934 30-056 80-108 .",0-122 30-000 30-142 30-162 30-088 30-000 29-880 29-812 29-810 29-839 29-898 30-040 30-115 30-154 I'll 990 30-100 1 30-111 30-072 29-992 29-902 29-840 29-850 29-962 29-922 30-012 30-087 50-129 29-980 so THE VOYAGE OF H.M.S. CHALLENGER. Places. Country. No. of J Vears. Years Specified. Hours of Observation. 1 Latitude. | Longitude. Height, Keet. Shimonoseki, Japan 6 1881-86 6 : 2, 10 o 33 58 o 130 » ! 135 i Miyasaki, Kagoshima. . do. (5 do. do. 81 56 131 26 26 | do. 6 do. do. 31 35 130 33 13 Nagasaki. do. 6 do. do. 3 '1 44 129 52 190 i Nagasaki, do. 15 1871-85 various 32 44 129 52 various Nafa, . Pelew 2 1856-58 6: 1, 10 26 13 128 44 Fusan, . Corea - i 1884-86 6: 2, 10 35 6 129 2 32 Newchwang, do. 1 1861-62 daybreak 2-4 40 57 121 27 [0] Sung-shu-chwang, China 1 1882-83 : 7 86 7 103 36 487<) Pekin, . do. 15 1870-84 7: 1, 9 39 57 116 28 123 Tien-Tsin, . do. 2.V 1860-61, 1871-72 9: 3 39 9 117 16 29 Tchang-kia-tchouang do. 4 1882-83 : 8 38 17 116 14 98 Hankow, do. 6 1877-81 M.P. 30 32 114 19 260 Wuhu, . do. 1 1881 do. 31 21 118 21 35 Kiu-kiang, . do. 4 1878-81 do. 29 44 116 8 180 Yarkand, do. 1 1874-75 do. 38 25 77 16 4124 Zi-ki-Wei, . do. 14 1873-86 do. 31 12 121 20 23 Shanghai, do. 2 1867-68 various 30 4 121 27 0 Fooebow, do. H 1886-87 : 8 26 8 119 38 34 Kelitng, do. •j 1867-68 7: 1,9 25 20 121 46 49 South Cape, do. u 1886-87 : 8 21 55 120 51 121 Canton, do. 10 y ? 23 12 113 17 100 Hong Kong, . do. 15 1870-84 9: 3 22 18 114 10 35 Hong Kong. do. 4 1884-87 10: 4 22 18 114 10 110 Victoria Peak, do. 4 do. do. 22 0 114 0 1816 Macao, do. 15 1870-84 M.P. 22 11 113 32 26 Hanoi, Annara i 3 1883 do. 21 1 105 48 45 Hue, . do. C 1881-86 do. 16 33 107 38 20 Saigon, Cochin China G 1874-79 do. 10 47 106 42 [0] Bankok, Siam 6 1863-68 do. 13 3S 100 27 [0] Singapore, . Malay Peninsula 5 1841-45 hourly 1 15 103 51 24 Do. do. 9 1811-45,77,81,85-86 9: 3 1 15 103 51 18 Raffles Light, do. 2 1866-67 Noon 1 9 103 44 65 Peuang, do. ^ 1885-86 9: 3 5 24 100 20 20 Wellcsley, . do. 2 do. do. 5 22 100 30 43 Malacca, do. 2 do. do. 2 10 102 14 12 Kwala Lunipor, . do. 1 1884 do. 3 10 101 50 177 Tuguegaras, Phillipine Islands 2 1881-82 :8 17 37 121 30 125 Manila , do. 2:2 1865-86 M.r. 14 85 120 59 54 Moresby Bay, New Guinea 1 1875-76 9: -9 32 146 10 278 Hatzfeldthafen, . do. 1 1886-87 7 : 2, 9 -4 24 145 14 7 Buitenzorg, . East Indies 12 1841-54 6, 9: 3, 10 -0 37 106 49 889 Batavia, do. 15 1870-84 hourly -6 11 106 50 23 Padang, . . . do. :!* 1850-53 6, 9 : 3, 10 -0 56 100 2 240 Nancovry, . India 15 1870-84 8 0 93 46 81 Port Blair, . do. 15 do. M.P. * 11 41 92 42 61 Mergui, do. 15 do. do. 12 11 98 38 96 Moulmein, . do. 15 do. do. 16 2'J 97 40 94 Rangoon, do. 15 do. do. 16 46 96 12 41 Diamond Island, . do. 15 do. do. 15 52 94 19 41 * Indian Stations at lu : 4, or 4, 10: 4, 10, from which Mean Pressure is deduced. THE REPORT ON ATMOSPHERIC CIRCULATION. SI Jan. Feb. Mar. April. May. June. July- Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec. Year. Corrs. Applied Inches. Inches. Inches. Inches. Inches. Inches. Inches. Inches. Inches. Inches. Inches. Inches. Inches. Inch. 30-024 30-046 29-975 29-882 29-780 29-697 29-701 29-707 29-800 29-930 :;u-i ii.io :;ii-u.-,ii 29-882 30-138 30-143 30077 29-995 29-902 29-837 29-841 29-837 29-894 30-014 30-118 30-164 29-997 30-176 30-178 30-103 30-006 29-920 29-850 29-847 29-842 29-902 30-028 30-134 30-197 30-015 29-988 29-992 29-914 29-812 29-717 29-642 29-646 29-630 29-713 29-851 29-953 : ; 1 1 ■ i n < ; 29-823 30-219 30-178 30-114 30-033 29-906 29-841 29-838 29-832 29-908 30-060 30-156 30-178 30 022 30-087 30-080 30-063 29-991 29-868 29-802 29-780 29-677 29-783 29-918 :: 29-877 29-840 29-806 29-745 29-692 29-686 29-683 29-694 29-720 29-757 29-810 29-859 29-764 29-947 29-908 29-858 29-794 29-740 29-727 29-725 29-746 29-782 29-830 29-895 29-938 29-824 29-964 29-934 29-895 29 830 29-764 29-730 29-726 29-751 29-782 29-839 29-900 29-950 29-839 ... (PHYS. CHEM. CHALL. EXP. PART V. 1888.) 17 S2 THE VOYAGE OF H.M.S. CHALLENGER Places. Country. No. of Years. Years Specified. Hours of Observation. Latitude. Longtitude. Height, Feet. Bassuin, India 15 1870-84 M.P. 1G 47 O 1 94 50 35 Toungoo, do. 15 do. do. 18 57 96 24 169 Tkayetinyo, . do. 15 do. do. 19 22 95 12 134 Akyab, do. 15 do. do. 20 28 92 57 20 Chittagong, . do. 15 do. do. 22 21 91 50 87 Dacca, . do. 15 do. do. 23 43 90 27 35 Silohar, do. 15 do. do. 24 49 92 50 104 Sibsagar, do. 15 do. do. 26 59 94 40 333 Goalpara, do. 15 do. do. 26 11 90 40 395 Darjeeling, . do. 15 do. do. 27 3 88 18 7421 Purneah, do. 15 do. do. 25 50 87 34 125 Patna, . do. 15 do. do. 25 37 85 14 183 Gorakhpur, . do. 15 do. do. 26 46 83 18 256 Benares, do. 15 do. do. 25 20 83 2 267 Allahabad, . do. 15 do. do. 25 26 81 52 307 Lucknow, do. 15 do. do. 26 50 81 0 369 Bareilly, do. 15 do. do. 28 21 79 27 568 Mcerut, do. 15 do. do. 29 0 77 41 737 Rauikhet, do. 15 do. do. 29 38 79 29 6069 Roorkee, do. 15 do. do. 29 52 77 56 887 Chakrata, do. 15 do. do. 30 40 77 55 7052 Delhi, . do. 15 do. do. 28 40 77 16 718 Sirsa, . do. 15 do. do. 29 32 75 6 662 Bikaneer, do. 15 do. do. 27 59 73 14 744 Ajmere, do. 15 do. do. 26 28 74 37 1611 Jeyporo, do. 15 do. do. 26 55 75 50 1431 Agra, . do. 15 do. do. 27 10 78 5 555 Jhansi, . do. 15 do. do. 25 27 78 37 855 Sangor, do. 15 do. do. 23 49 78 48 1769 Gya, . . . do. 15 do. do. 24 42 85 2 375 Hazaribagh, . do. 15 do. do. 24 0 85 24 2007 Berhampore, do. 15 do. do. 24 6 88 17 66 Burdwan, do. 15 do. do. 23 14 87 54 99 Calcutta, do. 15 do. do. 22 32 88 20 21 Saugor Island, do. 15 do. do. 21 39 88 5 25 False Point, do. 15 do. do. 20 20 86 47 21 Cuttack, do. 15 do. do. 20 29 85 54 80 Sambalpur, . do. 15 do. do. 21 31 84 1 463 Raipur, do. 15 do. do. 21 15 81 41 9G0 Nagpur, do. 15 do. do. 21 9 79 11 1025 Akola, do 15 do. do. 20 42 77 4 930 Chanda, do 15 do. do. 19 56 79 19 652 Sironcha, do 15 do. do. 18 51 80 0 401 Vizagapatam, do. 15 do. do. 17 42 83 22 31 Masulipatam, do. 15 do. do. 16 9 81 12 10 Secunderabad, do. 15 do. do. 17 27 78 33 1787 Sholapur, do. 15 do. do. 17 41 75 56 1590 Bellary, do. 15 do. do. 15 9 76 57 1455 Bangalore, . do. 15 do. do. 12 59 77 38 2981 Madras, do. 15 do. do. 13 4 80 14 22 THE REPORT ON ATMOSPHERIC CIRCULATION. 83 Jan. Feb. Mar. April. May. June. July. Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec. Year. Corrs. Applied Inches. Inches. Inches. Inches. Inches. Inches. Inches. Indies. Inches. Inches. Inches. Inches. Inches. Inch. 29-967 29-918 29-875 29-813 29758 29-731 29-725 29-745 29-782 29-838 29-900 29-954 29-834 29-821 29-758 29-687 29-629 29-580 29-566 29-557 29-577 29-623 29-695 29-764 29-810 29-072 29-842 29-780 29-723 29-641 29-598 29-575 29-567 29-591 29-640 29-718 29-800 29-853 29-694 29-998 29-956 29-904 29-830 29-757 29-676 29-665 29-706 29-761 29-818 29-932 29-991 29-835 29-937 29-897 29-823 29-745 29-666 29-566 29-556 29-603 29-677 29-783 29-873 29-935 29-755 29-997 29-944 29-848 29-758 29-685 29-575 29-562 29-622 29-707 29-827 29930 29-000 29-788 29-935 29-888 29-807 29-727 29-648 29-540 29-529 29-579 29-657 29-777 29-878 29-938 29-742 29-730 29-664 29-586 29-502 29-419 29-298 29-280 29-230 29-422 29-558 29-671 29-735 29-516 29-632 29-570 29-475 29-397 29-324 29-215 29-194 29-255 29-842 29-476 29-584 29-643 29-426 22-96-1 22-939 22-943 22-942 22-915 22-862 22-859 22-898 22-955 23-018 23-034 23-007 22-945 29-902 29-837 29-727 29-624 29-549 29-439 29-444 29-491 29-582 29-731 29-841 29-905 29-672 29-867 29-800 29-677 29-556 29-467 29-348 29356 29-422 29-512 29-683 29-810 29-883 29-615 29-773 29-706 29-591 29-465 29-374 29-258 29-265 29-330 29-422 29-599 29-730 29-795 29-526 29-773 29-713 29-601 29-471 29-363 29-251 29-256 29-321 29-416 29-596 29-725 29-785 29-523 29-734 29-670 29-555 29-432 29-319 29-202 29-215 29-278 29-372 29-553 29-683 29752 29-480 29-669 29-606 29-500 29-370 29-260 29-146 29-152 29-220 29-317 29-488 29-623 29-688 29-420 29-447 29-382 29-282 29-156 29-056 28-938 28-946 29-010 29-108 29-275 29-403 29-470 29-206 29-284 29-224 29-124 28-990 28-875 28-748 2S-761 28-828 28-929 29-104 29-232 29-285 29-032 24-110 24-084 24-085 24-061 24-013 23-935 23-934 23-961 24-031 24-106 24-150 24-140 24-051 29-114 29-062 28960 28-849 28-739 28-617 28-629 28-695 28-798 28-964 29-087 29-140 28-888 23-259 23-222 23-247 23-239 23-196 23-132 23-114 23-154 23-229 23-295 23-315 23-300 23-225 29-312 29-254 29-154 29-023 28-906 28-780 28-786 28-854 28-964 29-140 29-274 29-332 29-065 29-380 29-322 29-221 29-082 28-958 28-831 28-830 28-896 29-020 29-193 29-333 29-392 29-122 29-291 29-229 29-119 28-996 28-862 28-749 28-733 28-810 28-926 29-105 29-238 29-298 29-030 28-408 28-364 28-280 28-186 28-074 27-985 27-955 28-026 28-112 28-288 28-400 28-438 28-202 28-576 28-530 28-440 28-345 28-238 28-123 28-113 28195 28-280 28-446 28-556 28-603 28-37U 29-483 29-426 29-324 29-194 29-071 28-963 2S-963 29-036 29-136 29-310 29-444 29-507 29-238 29-158 29-118 29-020 28-897 28-776 28-674 28-668 28-736 28-832 29-002 29-120 29*169 28-931 28-233 28-183 28-110 (28-002) 27-906 27-813 27-798 27-860 27-941 28-108 28-202 28-238 28-032 29-677 29-604 29-498 29-380 29-280 29-165 29-182 29-240 29-331 29-500 29-629 29-689 29-431 27-978 27-936 27 865 27-774 27-680 27-571 27-568 27-627 27-708 27-866 27-960 27;i'.)r. 27-794 29-963 29-902 29-789 29-670 29-605 29-489 29-486 29-553 29-642 29-799 29-911 29-970 29-732 29-933 29-873 29-759 29-645 29-570 29-468 29-447 29-507 29-608 29-765 29-881 29-943 29-700 30018 29-960 29-858 29-760 29-672 29-559 29-548 29-613 29-702 29-841 29-958 30-027 29-793 30-005 29-952 29-855 29-760 29-670 29-553 29-538 29-600 29-687 29-831 29-948 30-016 29-785 30-024 29-973 29-878 29-778 29-686 29-587 29-567 29-623 29-700 29-843 29-974 30-041 29-806 29-951 29-893 29-798 29-696 29-602 29-500 29-498 29-554 29-632 29-777 29-901 29-966 29-731 29-562 29-494 29-396 29-267 29-165 29-068 29-095 29-176 29-217 29-372 29-498 29-567 29-323 29-034 28-987 28-890 28-782 28-680 28-587 28-590 28-684 28-716 28-882 29-003 29 048 28-824 28-964 28-912 28-826 28-723 28-632 28-556 28-560 28-645 28-667 28-822 28938 28.984 28-769 29-057 29-010 28-936 28-838 28-756 28-678 28-686 28-741 28-797 28-931 29-033 £8-879 29-366 29-306 29-216 29-115 29-021 28-960 28-979 29-025 29-079 29-220 29-334 29-390 29-167 29-624 29-586 29-493 29-395 29-302 29-253 29-288 29-301 29-848 29-470 29-581 29-638 29-440 29-996 29-951 29-878 29-787 29-683 29-593 29-591 29-633 29-692 29-813 29-931 29996 29-795 30-009 29-971 29-904 29-814 29-706 29-656 29-674 29-699 29-742 29-839 29-945 ::ui«ii: 29-830 ... 28-183 28-154 28-099 28-024 27-950 27911 27-911 27-942 27-980 28-071 28-145 28-194 28-047 28-387 28-351 28-291 28-203 28-148 28-109 28-115 28-148 28-193 28-272 28-346 28397 28-247 28-499 28-460 28-406 28-335 28-290 28-277 28-293 28-310 28-340 28-397 28-460 28-501 28-381 28-009 27-993 27-961 27-906 27-862 27-847 27-855 27-869 27-896 27-926 27-968 28-005 27-925 29-987 29-965 29-905 29-813 29717 29-692 29-714 29-742 29-765 29-836 29-913 29-978 29-836 84 THE VOYAGE OF H.M.S. CHALLENGER. Places. Country. Xo. of Years. Years Specified. Hours of Observation. Latitude. Longitude.' I Height, Feet. Negapataro, . India 15 1870-84 M.P. 0 / 10 46 O 1 79 53 15 Trichinopoly, do. 15 do. do. 10 50 78 44 275 Coimbatore, . do. 15 do. do. 11 0 77 0 1348 Madura, do. 15 do. do. 9 55 78 10 448 Jaffna, . do. 15 do. do. 9 40 79 56 9 Trineomalee, do. 15 do. do. 8 33 81 15 175 Batticaloa, . do. 15 do. do. 7 43 81 44 26 Kandy, do. 15 do. do. 7 18 80 40 1696 Newera Eliya, do. 15 do. do. 6 46 80 47 6240 Harabantota, do. 15 do. do. 6 7 81 7 40 Galle, . do. 15 do. do. 6 1 80 14 48 Colombo, do. 15 do. do. 6 56 79 52 40 Cochin, do. 15 do. do. 9 58 76 17 11 Mangalore, . do. 15 do. do. 12 52 74 54 52 Karwar, do. 15 do. do. 14 50 74 15 44 Belgaum, do. 15 do. do. 15 52 74 42 2550 Amini Divi, . do. H 1885-86 do. 11 6 72 48 15 Ratnagiri, do. 15" 1870-84 do. 17 6 73 23 110 Poona, . do. 15 do. do. 18 28 74 10 1849 Bombay, do. 15 do. do. 18 54 72 49 37 Surat, . do. 15 do. do. 21 13 72 46 36 Malegaon, do. 15 do. do. 20 34 74 22 1430 Indore, do. 15 do. do. 22 44 75 53 1823 Khandwa, do. 15 do. do. 21 49 76 23 1044 Hoshangabad, do. 15 do. do. 22 45 77 46 1020 Jnbbulpore, . do. 15 do. do. 23 9 79 59 1341 Rajkot, do. 15 do. do. 22 17 70 52 429 Bhuj, . do. 15 do. do. 23 15 69 42 395 Deesa, . do. 15 do. do. 24 16" 72 14 466 Neemucb, do. 15 do. do. 24 25 75 0 1639 Kurrachee, . do. 15 do. do. 24 47 67 4 49 Hyderabad, . do. 15 do. do. 25 25 68 27 134 Jacobabad, . do. 15 do. do. 28 24 68 18 186 Mooltan, do. 15 do. do. 30 10 71 33 420 Lahore, do. 15 do. do. 31 34 74 20 732 Sialkot, do. 15 do. do. 32 29 74 35 829 Rawalpindi, . do. 15 do. do. 33 38 73 5 1652 Murree, do. 10 1875-84 do. 33 54 73 27 6344 Peshawar, do. 15 1870-84 do. 34 2 71 37 1110 Dera Ismail Khan, do. 15 do. do. 32 0 71 5 573 Quetta, Beloochistan G 1879-84 10: 4 30 11 67 3 5500 Bushire, Persia 8J 1878-86 10: 4 28 59 50 49 25 Teheran, do. 3 1884-86 7: 1,9 35 41 51 25 3714 Teheran, do. 3 1884-86 do. 35 41 51 25 4739 Muscat, Arabia 3? 1872-75 M.P. 23 38 58 36 32 Aden, do. 6 1880-86 10: 4 12 45 45 3 94 Djedda, do. 4i 1881-85 9: 2 21 30 39 22 20 Jerusalem, . Syria 18 1864-81 9: 31 47 35 13 2500 Beyrout, do. 12 1875-86 8£: 2£ 35 28 33 54 112 Trebizonde, . do. 15 1870-84 9i: 3£ 41 1 39 45 92 THE REPORT ON ATMOSPHERIC CIRCULATION. 85 Jan. Feb. Inches. 29-966 29-709 28-603 29-495 29-964 29-776 29-943 28-217 24-010 29-853 29-858 29-881 29-930 29-882 29-909 27-431 29-941 29-865 28-125 29-953 29-969 28-519 28-152 28-930 28-993 28-664 29-587 29-634 29-537 28-362 30-011 29-959 29-877 29-640 29-295 29-201 28-333 23-882 28-951 29-483 24-684 30-106 26-302 30087 29-960 29-969 27-469 30-052 30-044 Mar. Inches. 29-951 29-696 28-582 29-483 29-917 29-774 29-939 28-216 24-025 29-850 29-857 29-882 29-924 29-894 29-912 27-412 29-940 29-832 28-084 29-927 29-938 28-505 28-131 28-891 28-951 28-625 29-546 29-590 29-495 28-316 29-973 29-900 29-819 29-580 29-242 29-126 28-285 23-839 28-905 29-429 24-633 30-046 26-235 30-033 29-912 29-953 27-428 30-008 30-020 April. May. June. July. Inches. 29-905 29-654 28-545 29-444 29-907 29-739 29-905 28-198 24-029 29-842 29-845 29-867 29-904 29-866 29-878 27-377 29 906 29-788 28-047 29-878 29-877 28-446 28-066 28-820 28-870 28-544 29-480 29-510 29-423 28-245 29-880 29-776 29-691 29-474 29-142 29-047 28-223 23-856 28-823 29-340 24-628 29-970 26-200 29-913 29-865 29-875 27-377 29-953 29-926 Inches. 29-825 29 570 28-485 29-372 29-832 29-666 29-835 28-155 24-004 29-807 29-800 29-820 29-854 29-814 29-818 27-326 (29-880) 29723 27-991 29-812 29-798 2.s-:;i;i 27-985 28-733 28-768 28-438 29-397 29-419 29-330 28-157 29-788 29-662 29-561 29-343 29-011 28-923 28-124 23-825 28-697 29-205 24-590 29-852 26-141 29-845 29-796 29-825 27373 29-898 29-847 Inches. 29-753 29-521 28-445 29-320 29-778 29-607 29-789 28-136 23-994 29-777 29-789 29-805 29-839 29-780 29-780 27-290 29-871 29078 27-943 29-765 29-727 28-302 27-897 28-639 28-673 28 334 29296 29-311 29 224 28-054 29-646 29-520 29-407 29-189 28876 28-793 28-008 23-789 28-547 29-054 24-547 29-726 20-184 29-685 29-716 29-786 27-388 29-914 29-875 Inches. 29-738 29-499 28-445 29-307 29-767 29-595 29-782 28-151 23-983 29-775 29-799 29-820 29-856 29-774 29-750 27-249 29-802 29-622 27-872 29-676 29-621 28-213 27-802 28-557 28-580 28-231 29-185 29-193 29-129 27-956 29-525 29-387 29-261 29-046 28-745 28-659 27-881 23-721 28-389 28-900 24-439 29-548 25-109 29-480 29-613 29-727 27-353 29-855 29-823 Inches. 29-756 29-513 28-458 29-324 29-784 29-607 29-798 28161 23-982 29-772 29-812 29-833 29-870 29-780 29-765 27-253 29-842 29-632 27-870 29-673 29-599 28-218 27-786 28-552 28-578 28-226 29-167 29-160 29-095 27-934 29-487 29-353 29-237 29-034 28-752 28 667 27872 23-701 28-371 28-893 24-398 29-453 25-046 29-443 29-564 29-711 27-273 29-788 29-778 Ausr. Sept. Inches. 29-775 29-527 28-466 29-336 29-793 29-615 29-803 28-158 23-981 29-787 29-813 29-835 29-873 29-793 29-771 27-276 29-864 29-677 27-913 29-731 29-673 28-265 27-852 28-616 28-644 28-290 29-244 29-243 29-178 28010 29-579 29-448 29--332 29-113 28-821 28-733 27-939 23-746 28-446 28-960 24-451 29-508 25-078 29-550 29-590 29-694 27-299 29-800 29796 Inches. 29-802 29-551 28488 29-361 29-832 29-643 29-830 28-177 23-992 29-808 29-840 29-859 29-897 29-8:18 29-823 27-320 29-896 29-716 27-961 29-780 29-740 28-332 27-916 28-677 28-697 28363 29-327 29-333 29-270 28-088 29-687 29-574 29-462 29-242 28-940 28-851 28-071 23-829 28-590 29-097 24-544 29-690 25-128 29-700 29-085 29-745 27-379 29-886 29-894 Oct. Inches. 29-840 29-589 28-510 29-393 29-848 29-671 29-847 28-180 23-998 29-812 29-835 29-856 29-891 29-836 29-837 27-357 29-895 29-749 28-040 29-842 29-840 28448 28-064 28-822 28-860 28-528 29-455 29-483 29-416 .28-252 29-854 29-750 29'665 29-441 29-120 29-030 28-232 28-918 28-786 29-295 24-089 29-898 26-397 29:933 29-823 29-852 27-454 29-953 29-983 Nov. Inches. 29-897 29-647 28-554 29-442 29-892 29-720 29-877 28-183 24-015 29-834 29-833 29-856 29-895 29-860 29-872 27-400 29-922 2!I-M6 28-100 29-905 29-920 28-540 28-150 28-922 28-971 28-646 29-540 29-5.S.-. 29-512 28-345 29-968 29-900 29-830 29-597 29-258 29-152 28-333 23-924 28914 29445 24-720 30-031 26-382 30 040 29-908 29-922 27-467 29-997 30-000 Dec. Year. Corrs. Applied Inches. Inches. Inch. 29-948 29-846 29*700 29-598 28-594 28-515 29 IS! 29-397 29-934 29-856 29-754 29-681 29-913 29 855 28-204 28-178 24-013 24-002 29-847 29-814 29-847 29-827 29-872 29-849 29-917 29i 38 29-890 29-834 29-910 29-835 27-434 27-344 29-935 29-891 29-839 29-753 28-140 28-007 29-948 29-824 29-968 29-802 28-552 28-392 28-178 27-998 28-955 28-760 29-012 28-800 28-686 28-465 29-586 £9-401 29-639 29-425 29-550 29-347 28>-380 28-175 30 030 29-780 29-973 29 684 -■020 29-900 29-587 29~'658 29-363 29-319 29-043 29-209 28-949 28-371 28-139 23-920 23-829 28-974 28-699 29-513 29-218 24-717 24-588 30-095 29-828 ... 26-316 ... ;.-n;;u +•030 30-080 29-816 -■090 29-958 29783 29-953 29-835 27-467 27-394 ::o-i.i20 29 '.i27 29-980 29-914 8G THE VOYAGE OF H.M.S. CHALLENGER. Places. Country. No. of Years. Years Specified. Hours of Observation. Latitude. Longitude. i Height, Feet. Sainsoun, Svria 15 1870-84 : 3,9 0 41 18 O ' 36 19 26 Scutari, do. 15 do. 9: 3 41 0 29 3 60 Smyrna (not red.to 32°), do. 6i 1864-70 Noon 38 26 27 10 25 Cyprus, do. 7 1866-70, 81-82, 87 9: 9 34 55 33 37 25 Papho, do. ?b 1881-82, 87 do. 34 46 32 25 297 Red Sea,* . ... ... ... 29 0 33 0 [0] Do. ... 27 0 34 20 [0] Do. . . ... ... 25 0 35 40 [0] Do. ... • • 23 0 37 0 [0] Do. ... • • ... 21 0 38 10 [0] Do. ... • • 19 0 39 SO [0] Do. ... • • 17 0 40 40 [0] Do. ... ... •• 15 0 42 0 [0] Do. ... ... 13 0 43 10 [0] Do. ... ... • • 12 40 45 0 [0] Do. ... ... 12 45 47 0 [0] Do. ... ■• 12 50 49 0 [0] Assab, . Africa 1 1882 9: 3 12 59 42 45 41 Massuah, do. & 1831-32 9: 3£ 15 36 39 20 5 Condar, do. A 1832-33 9: 3 15 50 37 32 7422 Kosseir, do. 1 1872-73 M.P. 26 5 34 16 [0] Suez, . do. H 1880-85 8: 2 29 59 32 31 24 Ismailia, do. 5J do. 7 : 24, 6 30 36 • 32 16 29 Said, . do. 5| do. 7 : 24, 5 31 16 32 18 20 Alexandria, . do. 15 1870-84 9: 3 31 12 29 53 62 Cairo, . do. 15 do. three-hourly 30 5 31 17 108 Bengasi, do. 1 1882 9: 3 32 7 20 3 33 Tripoli, Tripoli 4* 1879-84 n. : G 32 53 13 11 98 ! Tunis, . Tunis 15" 1870-84 : 1 36 42 10 13 46 Le Calle, Algeria 15 do. 7: 1,7 36 54 8 26 35 Guelma, do. 15 do. do. 36 28 7 27 917 Constantine, do. 15 do. do. 36 22 6 36 2165 Bougie, do. 15 do. do. 36 47 5 5 219 Algiers, do. 15 do. do. 36 47 3 4 73 Orleansville, . do. 15 do. do. 36 10 1 21 387 Oran, . do. 15 do. do. 35 42 —0 39 173 Cape Falcon, do. 15 do. do. 35 46 —0 47 257 Nemours, do. 15 do. do. 35 6 —1 51 13 Tebessa, do. 15 do. do. 35 24 8 6 2890 Aumale, do. 15 do. do. 36 10 3 41 2972 Biskra, do. 15 do. do. 34 5 5 40 409 Laghouat, . do. 15 do. do. 33 48 2 51 2454 Tlemsen, do. 15 do. do. 34 53 —1 18 2703 Sidi-Bel-Abbes, . do. 15 do. do. 35 2 —0 39 1562 Ghadames, . Sahara l G 1865 9: 3 30 9 9 3 1323 * The small figures in brackets show the number of observations, from ships' logs, from which the means have been deduced. For these Bed Sea means the author is indebted to the courtesy of the Meteorological Council. THE REPORT ON ATMOSPHERIC CIRCULATION. 87 Jan. Feb. Mar. April . May. June. July. Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec. year. Corrs. Applied Inches. Inches. Inches. Inches. Inches. Inches. Inches. Inches. Inches. Inches. Inches. Inches. Inches. Inch. 30-115 30-100 29-997 29-926 29-950 29-898 29-860 29-890 29-985 30-057 30-071 30-044 29-991 30-096 30-083 29-956 29-904 29-915 29-884 29-858 29-870 29-9MI 30-024 30-016 30-017 29-966 30-024 30-008 29-798 29-917 29-888 29-830 29-732 29-727 29-878 29-850 29-987 29-992 29-895 30-098 30-077 29-953 29-916 29-918 29-878 29-754 29-S16 29-907 30-033 30-062 30-047 29-955 30-084 30-053 30-024 29-911 29-933 29-880 29-751 29-784 29-908 30-027 30-053 30-083 29-958 30-105 30-063 29-978 29-904 29-892 29-837 29-779 29-707 29-862 29-930 30-018 30-059 29-940 [154] [196] [253] [205] [231] [212] [237] [163] [182] [215] [232] [212] 30-093 30-038 29-941 29-981 29-846 29-777 29-720 29-712 29-815 29-911 29-988 30-028 29-905 [149] [208] [253] [237] [265] [240] [198] [174] [177] [^1-] [245] [210] 30-075 30-020 29-948 29-861 29-839 29-759 29-720 29-710 29-795 29 -Kit 29-972 30-020 29-885 ... [147] [194] [225] [210] [235] [216] [195] [152] [16S] [210] [252] [203] 30-039 29-998 29-933 29-859 29-824 29-741 29 '727 29-698 29-764 29-897 29-950 30-001 29-869 [150] [191] [224] [235] [214] [215] [iso] [143] [174] [200] [231] [191] 30-013 29-974 29-908 29-847 29-805 29-735 29-721 29-099 29-754 29-891 29-942 29-984 29-856 [150] [101] [229] [243] [203] [222] [196] [143] [167] [194] [251] [222] 29-985 29-960 29-894 29 838 29-807 29-735 29-708 29-699 29-753 29-881 29-92.7 29-965 29 -SI 6 [147] [193] [243] [208] [223] [191] [1S5J [146] [175] [177] [2S5] [241] 29-972 29-944 29-889 29-854 29-807 29-728 29-703 29-708 29-769 29-879 29-941 29-979 29-S48 [147] [210] [331] [220] [199] [181] [ISO] [141] [193] [193] [235] [234] 29-982 29-930 29-881 29-829 29-793 29-729 29-701 29-701 29-766 29-876 29-943 29-986 29-843 [231] [223] [343] [362] [223] [200] [190] [145] [192 [1S5] [2S2] [25S] 30-017 29-958 29-902 29-841 29-809 29-715 29-687 29-707 29-760 29-892 29-970 30-010 29-856 [137] [190] [231] [217] [208] [172] [156] [117] [166] [156] [213] [246] 30-053 30-007 29-927 29-866 29-800 29-706 29-652 29-699 29-770 29-917 29-993 30-038 29-870 [189] [193] [310] [218] [252] [192] [183] [170] [210] [161] [189] [283] 30-047 30-006 29-944 29-897 29-815 29-713 29-660 29-696 29-776 29-919 30-008 30-042 29-877 ... [1M] [191] [259] [1S7] [220] [102] [169] [138] [184] [1S7] [189] [206] 30-062 30-019 29-956 29-894 29-818 29-723 29-669 29-710 29-778 29-932 30-004 30-044 29-884 [162] [198] [202] [165] [238] [167] [168] [157] [177] [156] [195] [203] 29-958 29-956 29-872 29-828 29-769 29-700 29-726 29-722 29-753 29-852 29-950 29-966 29-836 + •060 30-096 30-010 29-955 29-926 29-857 29-956 80-028 30-055 23-338 23-302 23-268 23-267 23-312 23-312 23-315 30-113 30-078 29-960 29-932 29-908 29-798 29-763 29-739 29-790 29-944 29-987 30-046 29-920 -•100 30-066 30-016 29-975 29-869 29-805 29-848 29-770 29-764 29-865 29-957 30-000 30-016 29-918 30-060 30-030 29-958 29-878 29-880 29-862 29-766 29-773 29-880 29-964 30-006 30-045 29-925 30-064 30-030 29-980 29-892 29-900 29-886 29-788 29-787 29-902 29-993 30-020 30-045 29-941 30-056 30-018 29-941 29-910 29-910 29-873 29-786 29-802 29-894 29-965 29-997 30-024 29-931 30-019 29-960 29-882 29-842 29-824 29-782 29-699 29-721 29-820 29-900 29-950 29-985 29-866 30-230 30-187 29-994 29-890 29-963 29-963 29-868 29-911 29-923 30-022 30-045 29-986 29-998 30-020 29-980 29-874 29-843 29-892 29-912 29-920 29-926 29-956 29-950 29-961 29-937 29-931 30-055 30-023 29-950 29-886 29-936 29-970 29-970 29-945 29-984 29-984 29-972 29-990 29-97:; -•050 30-084 30-043 30-000 29-916 29-950 29-982 29-995 29-975 29-996 29-973 29-970 30-010 29-991 29-162 29-080 29-031 28-967 29-004 29-050 29-051 29-038 29-070 29-042 29-048 29-056 29-050 -•020 27-851 27-803 27-710 27-676 27-725 27-770 27-805 27-806 27-814 27-781 27-776 27-770 27-774 29-992 29-858 29-763 29-717 29-755 29-788 29-780 29-765 29-787 29-783 29-790 29-820 29-81 0 30-076 30-130 29-930 29-882 29-914 29-946 29-935 -9-910 29-952 29-950 29-950 29-997 29-956 29-770 29-703 29-595 29-552 29-564 29-581 29-560 29-551 29-594 29-606 29-626 29-687 29-616 + Hill 29-997 29-961 29-855 29-824 29-822 29-836 29-826 29-820 29-845 29-858 29-846 29-905 29-862 + ■030 29-911 29-890 29-781 29-733 29-743 29-775 29-755 29-735 29-771 29-783 29-782 29-843 29-792 30-187 30-134 30-022 30-013 30-011 30-023 29-993 29-993 30-030 30-043 30-038 30-110 30-046 +<060 27-138 27-095 27-020 27-008 27-037 27-111 27-130 27-130 27-140 27-095 27-oi;s 27-060 27-086 -■040 27-056 27-010 26-950 26-940 27-004 27-045 27-060 27-046 27-054 27-021 27-002 26-993 27-015 29-766 29-697 29-591 29-531 29-532 29-553 29-580 29-574 29-600 29-628 29-650 29-671 29-614 + •020 27-550 27-512 27-404 27-387 27-408 27-441 27-475 27-473 27-493 27-470 27-462 27-495 27-464 +-080 27-343 27-315 27-234 27-227 27-254 27-300 27-302 27-304 27-310 27-290 27-253 27-295 27-307 28-512 28-484 28-380 28-372 28-281 28-426 28-421 28-536 28-406 28-601 28-424 28-417 28-407 28-452 28-424 88 THE VOYAGE OF H.M.S. CHALLENGER. Places. Country. No. of Years. Years Specified. Hours of Observation. Latitude. Longitude. Height, Feet, Murzuk, Sahara G 1865-r.fi 9: 3 0 25 54 0 14 12 1560 Mogador, Morocco 7 1806-71, 78-73 51. P. 31 30 —9 44 54 Casa Bianca, do. 1 1867-C8 various. 30 0 —9 30 [0] Cape Juby, . do. 5 1883-88 9: 9 27 58 —12 52 23 Angra do Heroisnia-, Azores 15 1870-84 M.P. 38 36 —27 15 177 Horta de Fayal do. 15 do. 10: 6 38 32 —28 39 208 Ponta Delgada, . do. 15 do. M.P. 37 45 —25 41 20 Funcbal, Madeira 15 do. do. 32 38 —16 55 83 Orotava, Canaries 1 1856-57 9: 28 27 —16 38 70 Laguna-di-Teneriffe, do. C 1877-82 9: 3 28 12 -16 24 1790 S te. Croix de la Palme. do. 5 1878-84 11 : 7 28 4 —17 47 113 Praya, . Cape Verde Is. 5- 1875-79 9: 3 14 54 —23 31 112 St. Nicholas, do. 3 4 1868-69 : 1 16 40 —24 15 2280 St. Louis, Senegambia 5 1874-78 10: 4 16 7 -16 30 10 R. Gambia, . do. 1 9: 3 13 20 —16 40 6 Goree, . do. 10 1856-05 10: 4 14 40 -17 25 20 Kita, . do. 1 1883 6 : 2, 9 13 4 -11 48 1090 Bammaku, . do. 1 1883- £4 do. 11 54 —7 57 940 Abdezenga, . do. 1867 9: 3 8 54 0 48 1467 Nango (Upper Niger; Soudan 1 1880-81 0, 10 : 2, 6 13 0 —6 40 945 Kuka, . do. 1 1866 9: 3 15 52 13 23 1168 Kuka, . do. fi. 1870-71 S-R. 2 : 9 12 52 13 23 920 Chartum, do. H 1852, 78 6 : 3, 8 15 36 32 36 1273 Lado and Goudokoro, do. 8-4 1853-54, 80 7: 2,9 5 2 31 50 1526 Freetown, . Sierra Leone 7 187.7-83 9: 3 8 30 —13 9 224 St. George d'Elmina, Guinea 3 1859-62 0 : 2, 9 5 5 —1 20 59 Christiansborg, do. 7A 1829-40 various. 5 24 0 10 66 Akassa, do. H 1887-88 9: 9 4 20 6 20 21 Lai/os, . do. n 1886-87 8: 2 6 12 3 25 25 Ftrnaudo Po, do. 4 1859-63 M.P. 3 46 8 35 98 St. Thomas, . do. n 1872-84 9: 3 0 20 0 43 16 Gabun, Lower Guinea 3 1882-85 6: 2, 9 0 25 9 35 66 Ponta da Lenha, . do. i 1884 7: 2, 9 —5 57 12 40 30 San Salvador, do. 3* 1883-86 M.P. —0 17 14 53 1860 M'Boina, do. 5 4 1884-85 do. —5 47 13 11 80 Vivi, . do. H 1882-83 7: 2, 9 —4 40 13 49 374 Chinchoxo, . do. H 1874-76 6 : 2, 10 —5 9 12 3 39 St. Paul de Loanda, do. 4 1879-82 9: 3 —8 49 13 7 194 Malange, do. 3 1879-81 7: 2, 9 —9 33 16 38 3850 Walfisehbay, do. 1 1886 7: 1,9 22 56 14 26 10 Ascension, Atlantic 2 1863-66 6, 9, N. : 4 —7 55 14 25 53 St. Helena, . do. 8 1853-61 94 : 3J —15 55 —5 43 40 St. Helena, . do. 31 1844-47 two-hourly —15 55 —5 43 1763 Port Nolloth, Cape Colony tV 1876-77 8: 8 —29 15 10 25 [0] Springbok, . do. 3* 1882-86 do. —29 40 17 53 3150 Sutherland, . do. 15 1870-84 do. —32 24 20 40 4780 Wellington, . do. 15 do. do. —33 38 19 0 430 Worcester, . do. 15 do. do. —33 40 19 27 780 Cape Town, . do. 15 do. M.P. -33 56 18 27 37 Wynberg, do. 15 do. 8: 8 —34 0 18 28 250 REPORT ON ATMOSPHERIC CIRCULATION. 89 Jan. Feb. Mar. April. May. June. July. Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec. Year. Corrs. Applied Inches. Inches. Inches. Inches. Inches. Inches. Inches. Inches. Inches. Inches. Inches. Inches. Indies. Inch. 28-463 28-351 28-252 ... 28-400 js-:;;u 30-126 30-134 30-004 30-016 29-977 30-028 29-977 29-957 30-008 30-004 30-028 30-060 30-010 30-268 30-335 30-001 30-154 30-048 30-060 30-134 30-095 30-123 30-119 30-103 30-099 30-128 30-177 30-146 30-075 30-068 30-092 30-109 30-075 30-029 30-090 30-102 80-085 30-162 30-101 29-935 29-906 29-934 29-880 29-992 30-070 30-088 30-010 29-988 29-957 29-893 29-940 29-904 29-985 29-950 29-985 29-926 30-032 30-127 30-170 30-079 30-040 30-012 29-941 29-993 30-020 30-115 30-072 30-091 30-034 30-132 30-231 30-237 30-158 30-115 30-092 30-054 30-111 30-120 +'•030 30-107 30-084 29-997 30-008 30-010 30-091 30-062 30-020 30-034 30-014 29-990 30-066 30-040 30-290 30-116 30-177 30-110 30-100 30-140 30-094 30-095 30-125 30-121 30-119 30-180 30-144 28-304 28-320 28-262 28-250 28-230 28-300 28-268 28-233 28-256 28-260 28-259 28-292 28-270 30-054 30-054 29-980 29-978 30-002 30-026 30-010 29-990 29-992 29-990 29-958 30-024 30-005 29-908 29-908 29-901 29-897 29-908 29-940 29-905 29-877 29-873 29-877. 29-881 29-897 29-898 +'•030 27-689 27-670 27-654 27-658 27-646 27-646 27-666 27-682 27-717 29-962 29-952 29-906 29-896 29-913 29-918 29-937 29-920 29-916 29-908 29-903 29-953 29-926 +'■070 29-817 29-854 29-793 29-821 29-844 29-884 29-841 29-825 29-840 29-884 29-843 29-849 29-841 29-962 29-947 29-903 29-895 29-910 29-915 29-913 29-888 29-897 29-892 29-891 29-931 29-912 + •080 29-095 29-095 29-056 29-056 29-134 29-095 29-134 29-134 29-134 29-095 29-09.". 29-056 29-098 28-958 28-938 28-520 (28-920) 28-434 (28-920) 28-918 28-938 28-938 28-938 28-977 28-982 28-941 28-977 28-946 28-957 28-871 28-895 28*880 28-900 28-895 28-914 28-697 28-895 28-697 28-923 28-709 28-920 28-642 28-934 28-686 28-977 28-756 28-913 28-985 29-008 28-902 28-969 28-945 28-985 28-993 28-587 28-571 28-540 28-524 28-504 28-484 28-497 28-481 28-493 28-528 28-560 28-575 28-528 28-359 28-308 28-320 28-345 28-390 28-445 28-445 28-449 28-441 28-402 28-402 28-379 2S-:-:0n 29-678 29-673 29-670 29-601 29-701 29-738 29-745 29-744 29-738 29-701 29-688 29-676 29-698 29-870 29-851 29-867 29-851 29-878 29-941 29-986 29-981 29-953 29-902 29-872 29-876 29-902 29-862 29-838 29-829 29-837 29-874 29-939 29-971 29-958 29-920 29-882 29-862 29-849 29-885 29-965 29-932 29-932 29-914 29-923 30-023 30-098 30-043 30-039 29-995 29-948 29-954 29-977 29-910 30-000 29-930 29-960 30-010 29-973 30-013 30-048 30-000 29-950 29-926 29-953 29-977 29-895 29-891 29-903 29-884 29-907 29-927 29-939 29-943 29-923 29-923 29-915 29-895 29-912 29-878 29-870 29-872 29-874 29-906 29-973 30-004 29-984 29-957 29-920 29-882 29-880 29-917 29-823 29-803 29-796 29-795 29-835 29-915 29-968 29-935 29-907 29-848 29-830 29-815 29-856 -'•040 29-895 29-907 29-955 30-033 30-082 30-057 + •080 28-070 28-046 28-034 28-050 28-073 28-133 28-154 28-125 28*125 28-106 28*094 28-086 28*090 29-835 29-808 29-796 29-815 29-835 29-902 29-863 29-859 29-823 ... 29-587 29-548 29-564 29-520 29-595 29-688 29-729 29-713 29-662 29-603 29-556 29-567 29-611 ... 29-922 29-918 29-908 29-922 29-945 30-028 30-059 30-062 30-028 29-981 l-.i-'.i;:.; 29-930 29-970 + •055 29-758 29-743 29-761 29-766 29-797 29-876 29-907 '29-884 29-860 29-796 29-754 29-750 29 -804 + •025 26-032 26-052 26-063 26-091 26-134 26-174 26-146 26-154 26-154 26-107 26-095 26-052 26-104 29-960 29-940 29-968 29-992 30-062 80-114 30-133 30-117 30-094 30-050 30-000 29-998 30-036 +'•050 29-944 29-922 29-912 29-914 29-951 30-038 30-066 30-045 30-025 29-996 29-971 29-940 29-977 29-983 29-999 29-992 29-992 30-034 30-090 30-113 30-113 30-089 30-055 30-031 30-019 30-043 28-241 28-238 28-228 28-249 28-279 28-328 28-351 28-349 28-305 28-286 28-262 28-247 28-280 30-024 30-027 >•• ... 30-241 30-099 30-038 30-075 30-074 27-874 27-862 27-890 27-890 27-902 27-920 27-941 27-918 27-898 27-903 27-863 27-873 27*894 25-276 25-272 25-305 25-333 25-331 25-427 25-431 25-415 25-356 25-308 25-263 25-253 25-331 29-468 29-484 29-520 29-595 29-617 29-724 29-750 29-710 29-692 29-617 29-564 29-534 29-606 29-127 29-152 29-176 29-254 29-260 29-358 29-366 29-335 29-316 29-253 29-208 29-175 29-248 29-910 29-924 29-954 30-027 30-040 30-155 30-165 30-123 30-102 30-034 29-976 29-945 30-030 29-690 29-702 29-720 29-792 29-811 29-918 29-932 29-894 29-875 29-793 29-757 29-730 29-801 (PHYS. CHEM. CHALL. EXP. PART V. 1888.) 18 90 THE VOYAGE OF ELMS. CHALLENGER Places. Country. No. of Years. Years Specified. Hours of Observation. Latitude. Longitude. Height, Feet. Cape Agulhas, Cape Colony 15 1870-84 8: 3 O 1 -34 55 O 1 20 18 66 Mossel Bay, . do. 15 do. 8: 8 -34 11 22 9 105 Cape Francis, do. 15 do. do. -34 10 24 50 25 Port Elizabeth, do. 15 do. do. —33 57 25 37 181 East London, do. 15 do. do. —32 2 27 55 40 1 King William's Town, do. 15 do. do. —32 51 27 22 1334 Graham's Town, . do. 15 do. do. —33 20 26 33 1800 Cradock, do. 15 do. 8: -32 11 25 38 2850 Aliwal, North, do. 15 do. do. —30 43 26 43 4400 Bloemfontein, do. 15 do. do. -28 56 26 19 4550 Kirnberley, . do. 15 do. do. —28 48 25 2 4060 Molepolole, . do. 3 1881-83 8: 8 —24 0 25 0 3750 Fort Napier, Natal 15 1870-84 9: 3 —29 3 30 2 2300 Pietermaritzburg, . do. 8 1858-65 do. —29 30 30 2 2096 Durban, do. 1 1884 do. —29 50 31 0 150 Loureco Marques, Sofala If 1876-78 8, N.: 8 —25 28 32 37 16 Zanzibar, Zanzibar 8 1875-78, 1880-84 10: 4 —6 10 39 11 23 Nossi-Be", Madagascar 1 1879-80 do. —13 14 48 15 [0] Tamatave, . do. j 3 1863 9: 4 —18 3 49 11 0 Reunion, Indian Ocean 3 1883-85 9i: H —20 50 55 15 51 Mauritius, . do. 15 1870-84 M.F. —20 6 57 33 various Rodriguez,' . do. 2 1885-86 9: 3 —19 48 63 10 10 Seychelles, do. 2 do. 9, 10 : 3, 4 —4 0 57 0 [0] Kerguelen, . do. § 1840, 74-75 hourly —49 25 69 54 50 St. Paul's Island, . do. i various M.P. — 35to40 75to88 0 Derby, . West Australia n 1884-85 9, N. : 3 —17 18 123 39 17 Cossack, do. 6" 1880-85 do. —20 40 117 8 19 Carnarvon, . do. 6 1885 do. —24 52 113 39 20 Geraldton, . do. 6 do. do. —28 47 114 26 10 York, . do. 6 do. do. —31 53 116 47 580 Perth, . do. 10 1876-85 do. —31 57 115 52 47 Perth, . do. 6 1880-85 do. —31 57 115 52 47 Frecmantle, . do. 6 do. do. —33 2 115 45 16 Rottnest, do. 6 do. do. —32 0 115 35 47 Bunbury, do. 6 do. do. —33 19 115 39 18 Albany, do. 6 do. do. —35 2 117 54 88 Port Darwin, South Austraha 7 1876-82 9: 3 —12 28 130 51 70 Daly Waters, do. 7 do. do. —16 16 133 '22 750 Alice Springs, do. 5 1878-82 do. —23 38 133 37 2100 Port Augusta, do. 15 1870-84 do. -32 29 137 45 10 Eucla, do. 15 do. do. —31 45 128 58 7 Streaky Bay, do. 15 do. do. —32 48 134 13 43 Cape Borda, do. 15 do. do. —35 45 136 35 506 Kapunda, do. 15 do. do. —34 21 138 55 803 Adelaide, do. 15 do. do. —34 57 138 35 140 Mount Gambler, . do. 15 do. do. —37 50 140 50 130 CapeNorthumberlam do. 15 do. do. —38 5 140 40 117 Portland, Victoria 15 do. 6, 9 : 3, 9 —38 21 141 32 37 Cape Otway, do. 15 do. do. —38 54 143 37 270 Port Albert, do. 15 do. do. —38 40 147 0 10 REPORT ON ATMOSPHERIC CIRCULATION. 91 Jan. Feb. Mar. April. May. June. July- Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec. Year. Corrs. Applied Inches. Inches. Inches. Inches. Inches. Inches. Inches. Inches. Inches. Inches. Inches. Inches. Inches. Inch. 29-880 29-912 29-950 29-992 30-005 30-116 30-128 30-093 30-072 30-000 29-948 29-924 30-000 29-836 29-866 29-.SS6 29-958 29-960 30-072 30-062 30-054 30-016 29-954 29-912 29-874 29-954 29-956 29-990 30-012 30-078 30-095 30-207 30-190 30-125 30-112 30-054 30-000 29-957 30-065 29-782 29-810 29-846 29-915 29-907 30-040 30-019 29-963 29-942 29-890 29-845 29-776 29-895 29-875 29-924 29-957 30-018 30-050 30-200 30-142 30-118 30-102 30-014 29-957 29-890 30-021 28-552 28-588 28-610 28-675 28-690 28-810 28-772 28-724 28-708 28-635 28-578 28-545 28-657 28-038 2,s-os;, 28-126 28-162 28-156 28-276 28-250 28-266 28-201 28-151 28-080 28-040 28-140 27-070 27-068 27-124 27-166 27-193 27-278 27-293 27-228 27-200 27-142 27-081 27-060 27-159 25-601 25-646 25-680 25-749 25-772 25-877 25-868 25-800 25-758 25-696 25-628 25-600 25-723 25-460 25-504 25-540 25-610 25-628 25-734 25-712 25-646 25-600 25-545 25-481 25-460 25-576 25-944 25-975 26-024 26-086 26-108 26-230 26-206 26-136 26-096 26-042 25-970 25-950 26-065 26-298 26-320 26-331 26-416 26-394 26-485 26-471 26-395 26-363 26-325 26-293 L'Cr.'JiiO 26-366 27-574 27-584 27-640 27-683 27-717 27-814 27-797 27-755 27-727 27-674 27-604 27-574 27-679 27-786 27-802 27-844 27-914 27-937 27-994 28-001 27-981 27-905 27-864 27-822 27-795 27-887 29-951 29-931 30-023 30-097 30-117 30-294 30-292 30-288 30-128 30-091 29-993 30-036 30-103 29-888 29-878 29-961 30-020 30-060 30-218 30-174 30-107 29-993 30-022 30-020 29-871 30-018 29-871 29-871 29-870 29-898 29-973 30-054 30-071 30-057 30-033 29-979 29-914 29-889 29-957 29-916 29-942 29-938 29-951 29-971 29-991 30-005 30-045 30-077 30-040 30-016 30-016 30-024 29-981 29-977 30-028 29-985 29-910 29-898 29-941 29-963 30-071 30-142 30-175 30-170 30-176 30-100 30-060 29-992 30-050 29-946 29-932 29-970 30-014 30-088 30-171 30-207 30-216 30-197 30-135 30-067 30-005 30-079 ... 29-966 29-922 29-976 29-980 30-074 30-186 30-210 30-219 30-223 30-151 30-104 30-008 30-085 29-928 29-901 29-905 29-887 29-890 29-930 29-960 29-941 29-983 29-983 29-950 29-938 29-933 29-406 29-610 29-491 29-355 29-575 29-474 29-658 29-462 30-030 ... ... 29-945 29-928 30-057 30-024 30-021 29-784 29-731 29-790 29-929 29-885 29-998 29-986 29-967 29-937 29-926 29-806 29-721 29-874 + •030 29-708 29-718 29-762 29-892 29-955 30-024 30-042 29-997 29-948 29-891 29-800 29-727 29-872 29-816 29-854 29-892 29-987 30-030 30-056 30-116 30-064 30-070 30-000 29-887 29-837 29-992 29-857 29-870 29-910 29-992 30-040 30-084 30-130 30-075 30-085 30-035 29-938 29-897 29-993 29-875 29-898 29-963 30-010 30-041 30-080 30-126 30-046 30-061 30-025 29-910 29-865 29-992 29-917 29-937 29-998 30-088 30-070 30-118 30-143 30-107 30-111 30-076 29-986 29-945 30-041 ... 29-923 29-937 29-977 30-042 30-065 30-101 30-157 30-085 30-114 30-082 29-978 29-941 30-034 29-944 29-954 29-979 30-041 30-072 30-091 30-135 30-088 30-088 30-089 29-980 29-946 30-084 29-915 29-930 29-983 30-020 30-041 30-072 30-122 30-050 30-081 30-055 29-967 29-917 3o-i>13 29-946 29-961 29-998 30-015 30-051 30-070 30-131 30-062 30-101 30-079 29-999 29-943 :;o-n] I 29-969 30-011 30-016 30-015 30-010 30-005 30-064 30-005 30-056 30-058 29-999 29-943 30-013 29-769 29-801 29-815 29-878 29-904 29-966 30-005 29-980 29-949 29-911 29-854 29-807 29-887 + -050 29-742 29-796 29-834 29-943 30-004 30-080 30-120 30-064 29-986 29-908 29-850 2'J-NIIS 29-928 29-813 29-877 29-958 30-093 30-160 30-231 30-240 30-188 30-118 29-998 29-928 29-861 30-039 -•090 29-875 29-900 30-059 30-124 30-106 30-096 30-218 30-066 30-088 30-030 29-975 29-905 30-052 ... 29-886 29-916 30-058 30-130 30-082 30-070 30-192 30-052 30-060 30-020 29-960 29-900 30-012 + •020 29-912 29-950 30-074 30-110 30-083 30-073 30-203 30-057 30-080 30-036 29-982 29-935 3irii 11 ... 29-925 29-966 30-078 30-101 30-040 30-012 30-133 30-000 30-034 30-000 29 -074 29-921 30-015 i 29-901 29-965 30-072 30-145 30-098 30-083 30-200 30-117 30-076 30-035 29-973 29-915 30-049 + •035 ! 29-934 29-974 30-077 30-135 30-100 30-133 30-203 30-103 30-088 30-040 30-000 29-943 30-062 29-960 29-980 30-084 30-108 30-076 30-008 30-120 29-988 30-004 30-018 29-962 29-900 30-013 + •050 29-954 29-990 30-074 30-111 30-073 30-006 30-090 29-960 29-996 30-013 29-951 29-892 30-010 29-917 29-968 30-030 30-064 30-002 30-011 30-081 29-976 29-967 29-954 29-908 29-864 29-978 29-663 29-702 29-764 29-802 29-750 29-740 29-828 29-710 29-698 29-688 29-636 29-616 29-716 — •030 29-911 29-974 30-033 30-069 30-022 30-019 30-091 29-988 29-962 29-952 29-913 29-852 29-982 ... 92 THE VOYAGE OF H.M.S. CHALLENGER. Places. Country. No. of Years. Years Specified. Hours of Observation. Latitude. Longitude. Height, Feet. Wilson's Promontory, Victoria 15 1870-84 6, 9 : 3, 9 —39 8 146 23 300 Gabo Island, do. 15 do. do. —37 35 149 30 50 Melbourne, . do. 15 do. do. —37 50 144 50 91 Ballarat, do. 15 do. do. —37 34 143 53 1438 Sandhurst, . do. 15 do. do. —36 43 144 21 758 Echuca, do. 15 do. do. —36 5 144 48 314 Wentworth . New South Wales 15 do. 9: —34 8 142 0 144 Deniliquin, . do. 15 do. do. —35 32 145 2 410 Albury, do. 15 do. do. —36 6 147 0 572 Eden, . do. 15 do. do. —37 0 149 59 107 Cape St. George, . do. 15 do. do. -35 12 150 45 175 Goidburn, do. 15 do. do. —34 45 149 45 2129 Sydney, do. 15 do. do. —33 52 151 11 155 Windsor, do. 15 do. do. —32 55 151 50 53 Bathurst, do. 15 do. do. —33 24 149 37 2200 Newcastle, . do. 15 do. do. —32 55 151 50 112 Port Macquarie, . do. 15 do. do. —31 25 152 54 53 Armidale do. 15 do. do. —30 34 151 46 3278 Forbes, do. 15 do. do. —33 27 148 5 1120 Bonrke, do. 15 do. do. —30 3 145 58 456 Thergomindal, do. 15 do. do. —28 0 142 30 450 Brisbane, Queensland 15 do. 9: 3 —27 28 153 6 130 JMorcton Bay, do. 15 do. do. —27 1 153 28 320 Toowoomba, . do. 15 do. 8: 2 —27 34 152 10 1960 Somerset, Cape York, do. 2§ 1865-67 9: 3 —10 44 142 36 70 Goodie Island, do. 1 1880 do. —10 33 142 10 300 Sweer's Island, do. n 1806-68 do. —15 0 136 0 [0] Kent's Group, Tasmania 5 1861-66 6, N. : 6 -39 29 147 25 280 Hobart Town, do. 5 do. do. —42 52 147 21 37 Hobart Town. do. 15 1870-84 various —42 52 147 21 37 Port Arthur, do. 5 1861-66 6, N. : 6 —43 9 147 54 55 Mongonui, New Zealand 15 1870-84 9.30: —35 1 173 28 70 Auckland, do. 15 do. do. —36 50 174 51 258 Taranaki, do. 15 do. do. —39 4 174 5 42 Napier, do. 15 do. do. —39 29 176 55 8 Wellington, . do. 15 do. do. —41 16 174 47 140 Nelson, do. 15 do. do. —41 16 173 19 34 Cape Campbell do. 15 do. do. ^1 43 174 18 7 Ohristchurch, do. 15 do. do. —43 43 172 39 21 Hokitika, do. 15 do. do. —42 42 170 59 12 Dunedin, do. 15 do. do. —45 52 170 31 500 Southland, . do. 15 do. do. —46 17 168 20 79 Chatham Islands, . do. 3 1879-81 do. —43 52 176 42 100 Auckland Island, do. 5M. 1874-75 do. —50 32 166 5 10 Port de France, New Caledonia 2 1863-64 6,10: 1,4,10 —22 16 166 36 22 Solomon Islands, . Pacific Ocean n 1882-84 —9 0 160 0 0 Suva Sf Levulca,Fiji, do. 9 1877-85 10 : "i —18 30 179 0 77 Upolu, do. 8 1851-58 6, 9, N. : 3, 8 —13 51 —171 54 20 Apia, . do. 1 1864 6: 4, 8 —13 50 —171 44 0 Tonyatabu, . do. 3 1872-74 4, 8, N. : etc. —21 10 —174 50 0 REPORT ON ATMOSPHERIC CIRCULATION. 93 Jan. Feb. Mar. April. May June. July. Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec. Year. Corrs. Applied Inches. Inches. Inches. Inches. Inches. Inches. Inches. Inches. Inches. Inches. Inches. Inches. Inches. Inch. 29-605 29-675 29-732 29-755 29-715 29-707 29-781 29-668 29-672 29-655 29-604 29-535 29-675 + •085 29-838 29-888 29-936 29-959 29-908 29-918 29-968 29-900 29-902 29-870 29-802 29-754 29-887 + ■020 29-843 29-893 29-968 30-013 29-976 29-977 30-052 29-952 29-928 29-902 29-847 29-800 29-929 28-429 28-481 28-554 28-583 28-540 28-536 28-589 28-508 28-489 28-473 28-429 28-390 28-500 29-120 29-161 29-244 29-305 29-271 29-285 29-353 29-266 29-233 29-202 29-141 29-095 29-223 29-556 29-611 29-703 29-762 29-734 29-760 29-833 29-751 29-715 29-660 29-591 29-552 29-686 + •050 29-923 29-990 30-088 30-140 30-086 30-121 30-213 30-143 30-095 30-078 30-032 29-952 30-072 -•060 29-907 29-956 30-038 30-121 30-101 30-137 30-190 30-129 30-078 30-029 29-984 29-915 30-049 -•025 30-003 30-058 30-128 30-140 30-117 30-130 30-166 30-126 30-058 30-054 29-991 29-945 30-076 29-894 29-998 30-058 30-074 30-040 30-018 30-082 30-008 29-997 29-974 29-924 29-863 29-994 29-931 29-962 30-053 30-072 30-026 30-036 30-096 30-027 30-006 29-988 29-943 29-881 30-004 29-954 30-015 30-102 30-138 30-118 30-160 30-184 30-117 30-056 30-058 29-964 29-905 30-064 29-966 30-010 30-083 30-125 30-086 30-107 30-168 30-122 30-080 30-026 29-951 29-915 30-053 29-904 29-944 30-019 30-064 30-022 30-043 30-102 30-066 30-018 29-978 29-897 29-852 29-992 29-900 29-950 30-044 30-112 30-108 30-130 30-196 30-100 30-046 30-033 29-940 29-880 30-037 29-943 30-002 30-065 30-114 30-078 30-112 30-150 30-104 30-067 30-042 29-956 29-912 30-045 + •030 29-971 30-008 30-072 30-098 80-064 30-060 30-114 30-104 30-058 30-037 29-983 29-928 30-041 29-935 29-987 30-040 30-078 30-068 30-073 30-152 80-122 30-074 30-057 30-000 29-928 30-042 + •020 29-988 30-006 30-076 30-140 30-110 30-123 30-167 30-128 30-071 30-036 29-976 29-924 30-062 29-910 29-956 30-052 30-132 30-118 30-128 30-172 30-126 30-066 30-050 29-948 29-906 30-047 29-940 29-955 30-040 30-120 30-138 30-174 30-198 30-154 30-120 30-100 30-024 29-996 30-080 29-893 29-927 29-987 30-065 30-060 30-113 30-125 30-118 30-074 30-045 29-976 29-912 30-025 29-910 29-937 29-979 30-068 30-058 30-106 30-111 30-116 30-078 30-050 29-994 29-928 30-018 + '•030 29-915 29-930 29-984 30-064 30-046 30-071 30-070 30-062 30-033 30-010 29-989 29-921 30-007 + •090 29-788 29-785 29-847 29-795 29-852 29-914 29-916 29-933 29-907 29-898 29-868 29-780 29-857 ... 29-771 29-824 29-867 29-917 29-960 29-970 29-998 30-012 29-970 29-970 29-938 29-904 29-925 29-748 29-732 29-878 29-933 29-984 30-039 30-047 30-019 30-008 29-960 29-838 29-921 29-925 29-620 29-650 29-766 29-764 29-686 29-776 29-588 29-652 29-600 29-610 29-598 29-564 29-656 ■ •* 29-807 29-849 29-973 29-996 29-927 29-892 29-855 29-912 29-789 29-824 29-788 29-756 29-873 29-876 29-926 29-989 29-998 29-951 29-908 29-970 29-838 29-875 29-848 29-815 29-768 29-897 29-791 29-829 29-865 29-835 29-747 29-823 29-654 29-700 29-647 29-727 29-687 29-719 29-752 29-887 29-941 30-019 30-015 29-913 29-879 29-893 29-924 29-989 29-955 29-930 29-903 29-937 29-657 29-727 29-807 29-803 29-703 29-649 29-656 29-688 29-763 29-739 29-707 29-666 29-713 29-875 29-950 30-040 30-028 29-920 29-885 29-876 29-887 29-950 29-918 29-904 29-884 29-927 29-870 29-984 30-050 30-063 29-943 29-914 29-894 29-907 29-965 29-916 29-914 29-856 29-940 29-725 29-832 29-912 29-914 29-794 29-754 29-732 29-733 29-787 29-752 29-734 29-684 29-780 29-875 29-971 30-058 30-048 29-905 29-867 29-855 29-878 29-930 29-900 29-883 29-825 i".)-:iit; + -055 29-859 29-950 30-045 30-058 29-925 29-910 29-896 29-874 29-927 29-916 29-890 29-866 29-926 -•100 29-825 29-947 30-027 30-040 29-906 29-883 29-883 29-862 29-893 29-845 29-851 29-773 29-895 29-882 29-980 30-072 30-066 29-934 29-892 29-875 29-881 29-945 29-911 29-923 29-854 29-935 29-270 29-407 29-480 29-485 29-344 29-344 29-326 29-334 29-350 29-290 29-303 29-232 29-387 + ■020 29-708 29-833 29-904 29-936 29-781 29-776 29-755 29-764 29-769 29-700 29-710 29-652 i'9-774 29-820 29-830 29-953 29-963 29-835 29-695 29-825 29-837 29-935 29-750 29-713 29-747 29-824 29-532 29-725 ... ... 29-697 29-579 29-764 ... 29-878 29-910 29-973 29-'973 30-072 30-084 30-096 30-045 30-085 29-997 29-973 29-897 30-000 -'•035 30-000 29-993 30-009 29-998 30-023 30-019 30-009 29-982 ... **> 29-852 29-870 29-900 29-947 29-991 30-028 30-013 30-046 30-046 30-040 29-944 29-880 29-963 29-910 29-910 29-940 29-960 29-990 30-010 30-020 30-020 30-030 30-010 29-960 29-920 29-973 + '•030 29-864 29-938 29-925 29-960 30-000 30-031 30-003 30-033 30-022 30-012 29-949 29-909 29-971 + •080 29-920 29-940 29-980 29-980 30-040 30-110 30-070 30-060 30-080 30-020 30-030 29-980 30-000 + •090 94 THE VOYAGE OF H.M.S. CHALLENGER Places. Country. No. of Years. Years Specified. Hours of Observation. Latitude. Longitude. Height, Feet. Tahiti, . Pacific Ocean 5 1855-60 4 daily obs. o -17 32 O 1 -149 34 [0] Papa, . do. li 1867-69 6, 9, N. : 3, 8 -27 36 -144 11 0 Honolulu, do. 2£ 1885-87 10: 4 21 18 -157 50 32 Honolulu, do. 6 1837-38, '69-72 S-E. : 2 21 18 -157 50 [0] Wayprecht and Payer's Exped., Arctic 2 1872-74 M.P. 77 to 79 54 to 65 0 Pitlekij, do. 3 4 1878-79 M.P. 67 5 -173 23 0 Sagaster, do. 2 1882-84 hourly 73 23 124 5 16 Franz Josef's Land, do. 1 1873-74 four hourly 79 38 60 4 0 Mosselbai, do. 1 1872-73 M.P. 79 53 16 4 33 Thorsden do. 1 1882-83 hourly 78 29 15 42 0 Dickson's Haven, . do. 1 ? M.P. 78 48 14 55 0 Karrnakuli, . do. 1 1882-83 hourly 72 23 52 42 23 Sodankyla, . do. 2 1882-84 do. 67 27 26 36 594 Bossekop, do. 1 1882-83 do. G9 57 23 15 98 Jan May en, . do. 1 do. do. 70 59 -8 28 35 Sabine Island, do. 1 1869-70 two hourly 74 32 -18 49 0 Godthaab, . do. 1 1882-83 hourly 64 11 -51 46 86 Ivigtut, Greenland 15 do. 8: 2, 9 61 12 -48 11 16 Frederikshaab, do. 4 1856-60 Noon 62 0 -49 24 [0] Godthaab, . do. 15 1870-84 8: 2, 9 64 11 -51 46 37 Jacobshaven, do. 15 do. do. 69 19 -50 55 41 Upernavik, . do. 15 do. 8: 2, 8 72 47 -55 53 39 Wolstenholrn Sd. . Arctic 1 1849-50 4, 8, 12 : etc. 76 34 -68 45 0 Port Foulke, do. 1 1860-61 hourly 78 18 -73 0 0 Van Rensseller, . do. 2 1853-54 do. 78 37 -70 53 0 Fort Conger, do. 2 1881-83 do. 81 44 -64 45 0 The Discovery, do. 1 1875-76 do. 81 44 -65 3 0 The Alert, . do. 1 do. do. 82 27 -61 22 0 Northumberland Sd., do. 1 1852-53 two hourly 76 52 -97 0 0 Winter Harbour, . do. 1 1819-20 do. 74 47 -110 48 0 Wellington Channel, do. 1 1852-53 do. 75 37 -92 22 0 Griffith Island, do. 1 1850-51 do. 74 34 -95 20 0 Port Leopold, do. 1 1848-49 do. 73 50 -90 12 0 Walker Bay, do. 1 1851-52 4, 8, 12 : etc. 71 35 -117 39 0 Cambridge Bay, . do. 1 1852-53 do. 69 3 -105 12 0 Port Bowen, do. 1 1824-25 two hourly 73 13 -88 55 0 Port Kennedy, do. 1 1858-59 hourly 72 1 -94 14 0 [ Felix Harbour, do. 1 1829-30 do. 69 59 -92 1 0 < Victoria Harbour, do. 1 1830-31 do. 70 00 -91 35 0 (Munday Harbour,. do. 1 1831-32 do. 70 18 -91 40 0 Means of these 3, do. 2A 1829-32 do. 70 6 -91 45 0 Dealy, . do. 1 1852-53 3,9: 3,9 74 56 -108 49 0 Mercy Bay, . do. li 1851-53 two hourly 74 6 -117 55 0 Princess Royal Island, do. l 1850-51 do. 72 47 -117 35 0 Beechy Island, do. 2 1852-54 4, 8, 12 : etc. 74 43 -91 54 0 Winter Island, do. 1 1821-22 two hourly 66 11 -83 10 0 REPORT ON ATMOSPHERIC CIRCULATION. 95 Jan. Feb. Mar. April. May. June. July- Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec. Year. Corrs. Applied Inches. 29-938 29-974 30-028 30-050 Inches. 29-916 29-976 30-007 30-094 Inches. 29-926 29-967 30-086 30-095 Inches. 29-934 30-066 30-088 30-121 Inches. 29-980 30-056 30-102 30-121 Inches. 29-991 29-988 30-085 30-104 Inches. 30-013 29-998 30-083 30-087 Inches. 30-036 29-880 30-026 30-063 Inches. 30-038 29-850 :;<>•( ii'.-i 30-069 Inches. 30-016 30-194 ::n-n:;ii 30-053 Inches. 29-983 30-054 30-098 30-067 Inches. 29-957 29-946 30-090 30-071 Inches. 29-977 29-988 30-062 30-083 Inch. + ■070 + •050 29-548 29-544 29-627 29-898 30-004 29-867 29-886 29-815 29-745 29-749 29-898 29-843 29-788 ... 29-638 29-946 30-237 30-104 29-894 30-124 29-793 30-046 29-912 29-792 29-779 29-668 29-836 29-782 29*0*95 29-837 29-755 29-6 78 29-876 29-960 29-935 29*880 29-134 29-591 29-611 29-690 29-508 29-831 29-863 30-056 30-071 30-130 29-863 29-768 29-819 (29855) 29-784 29-977 29-729 29-808 29-634 29-834 29-729 29-812 29-615 29-855 L'9-097 29-823 ... 29-600 29-828 29-639 29-342 29-520 29-520 29-912 29-705 29-416 29-638 29-890 29-721 29-579 29-416 29-557 29-949 29-304 30-147 29-473 29-958 30-038 30-071 29-958 29-414 29-735 29-922 29-913 29-880 29-435 29-866 29-997 29-810 29-724 29-417 29-741 29-910 29:867 29-438 29-631 29-731 29-884 29-433 29-729 29-928 30-099 30-024 30-427 29-941 29-884 l".i-;i05 29-905 29-408 29-748 30-120 30-174 29-965 29-396 29-788 29-874 29*856 29-418 29-738 29-410 29-784 29-114 29-378 29-288 29-977 29-097 29-402 29-977 30-166 29-745 29-623 29-760 29-867 29-646 29-721 29-784 29-875 29-794 29-788 29-938 29-918 29-737 29-760 29-686 29-709 29-749 29-756 29-686 29-948 29-725 29-729 29-638 29-859 29-563 29-700 29-780 29-867 29-426 29-6^3 29-611 29-704 29-022 29-615 29-890 29-800 29-705 29-488 29-705 29-886 29-577 29-632 29-424 29-410 29-520 29-560 29-845 29-371 29-441 29-579 29-623 29-731 29-652 29-658 29-768 29-808 29-998 29-815 29-760 29-851 29-910 29-716 29-872 29-792 29-835 29-867 29-834 29-850 29-764 29-776 29-792 29-626 29-732 29-756 29-737 29-737 29-599 29-700 29-733 29-737 29-745 29775 29-653 29-686 29-690 29-690 29-766 29-666 29-6i'7 29-686 29-678 29-605 29-640 29-611 L'9-O.SO 29-705 29-828 29-495 29-508 2'.l- I 29-630 29-669 29-656 29-646 29-705 29-729 29-749 29-834 29-778 29-796 29-674 29-607 29-747 29-848 29-672 29-993 29-981 29-816 29-750 29-894 30-099 30-095 30-085 29-903 30-099 30-327 30-300 29-985 29-942 30-066 29-930 29-914 29-678 29719 29-878 29-800 29-804 29-691 29-741 29-790 29-594 29-599 29-662 29-694 29-826 29-709 29-599 29-684 29-658 29-772 29-705 29-082 29-618 29-755 29-897 29-981 29-949 30-087 29-758 29-859 30-193 30-154 30-032 29-753 29-922 29-646 29-615 29-824 29775 29-8*2 29-886 29-867 29-696 30-080 29-614 29-732 29-817 30-050 29-770 29-716 29-832 29-823 30-079 29-800 29-837 29-847 29-906 30-022 29-980 30-005 30-077 29-958 29-910 30-110 29-980 29-994 29-988 29-715 29-820 29-756 29-985 29-838 29-610 29-670 29-638 29-S05 29-671 29-658 29730 29730 29-870 29-680 29-778 29-900 29-741 29-684 29-738 29-939 29-810 29-791 29-946 29-S40 30-047 29-940 29-721 29-911 29-845 29-886 29-860 29-810 29-839 29-093 29-806 29-872 29-778 29-877 29-816 ... 29-902 29-801 29-762 29-972 29-854 29-952 29-887 29-924 30-164 30-056 30-108 30-163 30-027 30-017 30-068 30-170 30-005 30-031 30-051 30-001 29-815 29-807 29-889 29-903 29-756 29-675 29-817 29-695 29-852 29-715 29-683 29-652 29-932 29-947 29-689 30-000 29-863 29-950 29-962 29-793 30-090 30-011 29-899 30-044 30-112 29-929 29-869 29-865 29-948 29-908 29-890 29-932 29-693 30-129 29-644 29-822 29-750 30-117 29-972 29-859 29-983 30-120 30-011 29-903 29-984 29-960 30-100 30-003 29-977 30-004 29-995 30-110 30-242 30-040 30:141 30-065 30-105 29-942 30-6*23 29-825 29-860 29-920 29-890 29-630 29-859 29-856 29:858 29-705 29-834 29-815 29-824 29-840 29-889 30-026 U9-957 29-970 29-683 30-027 30-114 29-940 30-080 29-896 30-083 29-777 29-919 29-940 29*964 29-943 29-928 29-852 30-005 30-138 30-120 30-078 29-816 29-771 29-875 29-859 29-993 30-096 30-042 29-970 29-939 29-832 29-990 30-006 30-022 29-790 30-041 30-133 29-890 30-103 30-214 29-940 30-082 30-199 30-030 29-875 30-009 29-920 29-799 29-870 29-73 0 29-914 29-842 29-900 29-943 30-080 29-925 29-938 29-920 29-813 29-958 30-180 30-040 29-909 29-960 29-957 29-982 29-940 +•200 96 THE VOYAGE OF H.M.S. CHALLENGER. Places. Country. No. of Years. Years Specified. Hours of Observation. Latitude. Longitude. Height, Feet. Igloolik, Arctic 1 1822-23 two hourly o 69 21 o / -81 53 0 Fort Hope, . do. o 1846-47, '53-54 M.P. 66 32 -86 56 10 Hudson's Strait. . do. 1 1836-37 two hourly various various 0 Kingua, do. 1 1**2-83 hourly 66 36 -67 14 53 Ananito, do. 1 1877-78 M.P. 66 20 -66 56 10 Rama, . Labrador n 1882-84 8: 2, 8 58 53 -63 15 11 Hebron, do. H do. do. 58 12 -62 21 49 Nain, . do. n do. do. 56 33 -61 41 14 Okak, . do. n do. do. 57 34 -61 56 25 Do., . do. 4 1881-84 do. 57 34 -61 56 25 Zoar, . do. 2i 1882-84 do. 56 7 -61 22 31 Hoffenthal. . do. n do. do. 55 27 -60 12 25 Chimo, . do. 2 do. lh: 59 0 -68 0 126 Fort York, . Dominion of 8 1877-84 M.P. 57 2 -92 20 55 Fort Rae, . Canada 1 1882-83 hourly 62 39 -115 44 530 Camden Bay, do. 1 1853-54 4, 8, n., etc. 70 8 -145 29 0 Point Barrow, Alaska 2 1852-54 6, 12 : 6, 12 71 21 -156 17 10 Ooglaamie, . do. 2 1881-83 hourly 71 23 -156 40 17 St. Michaels, do. 11 1874-86 M.P. 63 48 -161 0 30 Port Clarence, do. 3 1850-54 hourly 65 17 -166 20 0 Port Providence, . do. 3 1848-49 do. 64 26 -173 0 0 Chamisso, do. l4 1849-50 do. 66 13 -161 46 0 Nulaton, Yukon E. do. 1 2 1866-67 9: 1,8 60 40 -158 13 100 St. PmiVs Island, . do. 5i 1869-76 7 : 2, 9 57 7 -170 18 57 Iliulik, do. 9" 1825-34 7: 1, 9J 53 52 -166 31 15 Kadiak, do. 1 1872-73 Noon 57 47 - 152 20 20 Sitka, . do. 44 1828-85 M.P. 57 3 -135 19 15 Fort Wrangel, do. A 1870 7 : 2, 9 56 16 -132 29 55 Fort Tongass, do. 2* 1868-70 do. 54 46 -130 30 30 Esquimault, . Dominion of 5 1875-79, 87 7: 48 26 -123 27 42 New Westminster, Canada. 2 1860-61 8£: 3J 49 13 -122 53 54 St. John (N.F.), . do. G 1853-59 H- H 47 35 -52 42 130 St. Pierre, do. 15 1870-84 7": 3, 11* 46 47 -56 8 [0] Sydney, do. 15 do. do. 46 8 -60 10 28 Halifax, do. 15 do. do. 44 39 -63 36 122 Yarmouth, do. 15 do. do. 43 50 -66 2 61 St. John (N.B.), . do. 15 do. do. 45 17 -66 3 150 Fredericklown, do. 15 do. do. 45 57 -66 38 59 Chatham, do. 15 do. do. 47 3 -65 29 56 Bathurst, do. 15 do. do. 47 39 -65 42 9 Bird Island, . do. 15 do. do. 47 51 -61 8 85 S. W. P. Anticosti, do. 15 do. do. 49 24 -63 16 20 Charlottetown, do. 15 do. do. 46 14 -63 10 38 Dalhousie, do. 15 do. do. 48 4 -66 22 150 Father Point, do. 15 do. do. 48 31 -68 28 20 Quebec, . do. 15 do. do. 46 48 -71 12 312 Montreal, do. 15 do. do. 45 31 -73 33 187 Brockville, . do. 15 do. do. 44 35 -75 42 273 ' Washington Mean Time. REPORT ON ATMOSPHERIC CIRCULATION. 97 Jan. Feb. Mar. April. May. June. July. Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec. Year. Corrs. Applied. Inches. Inches . Inches. Inches. Inches. Inches. Inches. Inches. Inches. Inches. Inches. Inches. Inches. Inch. 29-750 29-840 30-030 29-970 29-910 29-930 29-530 29-500 29-730 29-s:;u 29-710 29-590 29-776 29-793 30-149 30-174 29-732 29-891 29-860 29-931 80060 29-914 29-739 29-981 29 943 29-819 29-845 29-833 29:569 29-587 29-791 29-793 29-783 29-800 29-558 29-445 29-777 29-863 29-875 29-654 29-701 29-741 29-713 29-739 29-798 29-963 29-736 ... 29-591 29-721 29-827 29-985 29-953 29-768 29-725 29-780 29-564 29-573 29-644 29-750 29-871 29-871 29-681 29-7*79 29-735 29-650 29-730 29-716 29-829 29736 29-542 29-636 29-730 29-846 29-849 29-679 29-777 29-740 29-621 29-741 29-689 29-796 29-720 29-614 29-740 29-769 29-864 29-878 29-735 29-813 29-775 29-691 29-764 29-744 29-826 29768 29-600 29-695 29-760 29-879 29-910 29-714 29-807 29-760 29-668 29-757 29-746 29-833 29761 29-684 29-820 29-769 29-866 29-952 29-750 29779 29-823 29-701 29-744 29-703 29-804 29783 29-626 29-752 29-776 29-863 29-884 29-744 29-817 29-781 29-716 29-779 29-782 29-819 29778 29-608 29-756 29-769 29-838 29-853 29-756 29-814 29-785 29-716 29774 29-754 29-807 29769 29-855 29-930 29-960 30-065 29-995 29-885 29-955 29-915 29-770 29930 29-960 29-970 29-933 ... 29-918 29-988 30-024 29995 29-953 29-898 29-801 29-823 29-870 29-860 29-910 29-930 29-914 -030 29-582 29-520 29-588 29-331 29-408 29-213 29-244 29-250 29-286 29-176 29-267 29-415 29-357 ... 30-120 29-989 29-981 29-866 29-827 29-854 29-836 (29-840) 29-891 29-879 30-301 29-8111 29-832 ... 30-032 30-053 29-978 29-898 29-944 29-849 29-749 29-832 29-908 29-938 30-111 29-980 29-939 29-882 29-953 30032 29-984 29-961 29-894 29-827 29-777 29-793 29-814 29-842 29-967 29-894 29-778 29-859 29-873 29-866 29777 29-828 29-872 29-822 29-693 29-706 29-794 29-750 29-802 30-010 29-777 29-892 29-831 29-702 29-764 29-822 (29-810) 29-756 29-655 29-577 29-705 29-775 ... 29-841 29-896 29-738 30-128 29-884 29-738 29-497 29-570 29-697 30-115 29-585 30-169 29-815 29-914 29-787 29756 29-703 29-631 29-651 29-500 30-102 29-811 30-063 29-986 29-854 29-788 29-782 29-948 ... ... 29-688 ... ... 29-626 29-609 29-794 29-716 29-697 29-759 29-898 29-926 29-747 29-564 29-622 29-587 29712 29-610 29-567 29-618 29-657 29-684 29-732 29-782 29-789 29-634 29-547 29 534 29-636 29-650 29-548 29-504 29-398 29-648 29-647 29-801 29-814 29-783 29-705 29-362 29-576 29-456 29-606 ... 29-618 29-678 29-698 29-767 29-816 29-742 29-848 29-844 29-910 29-855 29-848 29-933 29-763 29-706 29-656 29-575 29-608 29-732 • 29-676 29-778 29-847 29-829 29-836 29-960 29-964 30-016 29-966 29-858 29-644 29-742 29-843 29-989 29-955 29-907 30-007 29-982 30-004 30-007 29-977 29-992 30-009 29-985 30-044 29-988 30-074 30-042 30-022 30-000 29-984 29-962 30-032 30-012 30-029 30-008 29-937 29-928 30-002 29-924 29781 29-690 29-942 29-943 29-934 29-993 29-964 29-971 29-986 29-908 29-842 29-906 29-880 29-846 29-836 29-840 29-930 29-904 29-893 29-938 29-982 29-943 29-888 29-842 29-894 ... 29-938 29-884 29-886 29-850 29-942 29-934 29-922 29-964 30-015 29-970 29-914 29-876 29-924 29-985 29-906 29-862 29-845 29-930 29-918 29-917 29-968 30-020 39-998 29-936 29-923 29-934 30-000 29-948 29-894 29-860 29-946 29-927 29-917 29-980 30-033 30-017 29-968 29-966 29-955 30-016 29-962 29-896 29-872 29-948 29-900 29-923 29-973 30-036 30-015 29-967 29-957 29-956 ... 30-027 29-977 29-925 29-888 29-951 29-919 29-903 29-973 30-031 30-028 29-990 29-974 29-965 ... 29-982 29-926 29-890 29-864 29-930 29-890 29-882 29-941 30-000 29-975 29-935 29-983 29-929 30-014 29-943 29915 29-878 29-926 29-860 29-847 29-920 29-980 29-968 29-917 29-913 29-923 ... 29-886 29-862 29-854 29-860 29-925 29-898 29-894 29-930 29-960 29-922 29-858 29-847 29-891 ... 29-870 29-862 29-824 29-842 29-900 29-S48 29-858 29-883 29-928 29-900 29-848 29-.SC2 29-870 29-957 29-909 29-876 29-849 29-928 29-906 29-896 29-949 30-005 29-970 29-922 29-908 29-923 ... 30-047 29-966 29-904 29-905 29-924 29-875 29-870 29-920 29-997 29-97(i 29-930 29-952 29-937 29-990 29-966 29-928 29-893 29-936 29-878 29-844 29-926 29-987 29-96:: 29-942 29-975 29-935 30-064 30-007 29-966 29-919 29-941 29-890 29-882 29-957 30-021 30-010 30-002 30-020 29-97;; 30-073 30-027 29-955 29-908 29-932 29-893 29-885 29-957 30-023 30-003 30-010 :;n-n;;;; 29-975 30-092 30-056 30-005 29-940 29962 29923 29-909 29-989 30-047 30-036 30-048 30-050 30005 (PHYS. CHEM. CHALL. EXP. — PART V. — 1888.) 19 98 THE VOYAGE OF H.M.S. CHALLENGER Places. Country. No. of Years. Years Specified. Houra of Observation. Latitude. Longitude Height, Feet. Ottawa, Dominion of 15 1870-84 7: 3, 11* o 45 26 -75 41 250 Rockliffc, Canada. 15 do. do. 46 12 -77 55 418 Kingston, do. 15 do. do. 44 14 -76 29 307 Toronto, do. 15 do. do. 43 29 -79 23 350 Port Dover, . do. 15 do. do. 42 47 -80 13 635 Port Stanley, do. 15 do. do. 42 40 -81 13 592 Woodstock, . do. 15 do. do. 43 8 -80 47 980 Stratford, do. 15 do. do. 43 23 -81 0 1182 Goderich, do. 15 do. do. 43 45 -81 43 728 Saugeen, do. 15 do. do. 44 30 -81 21 656 Parry Sound, do. 15 do. do. 45 19 -80 0 641 Port Arthur, do. 15 do. do. 48 27 -89 12 642 Winnipeg Sf F. Garry, do. 14 1874-87 do. 49 53 -97 7 758 Minnedosa, . do. 14 do. 5*: 50 13 -99 48 1665 Qu' Appelle, . do. 14 do. 5: 50 44 -103 42 2115 Medicine Hat, do. 14 do. 4i: 50 1 -110 37 2136 East port, Maine 134 1871-84 7 : 3, 11* 44 54 -66 59 61 Portland, do. 134 do. do. 43 39 -70 15 45 Burlington, . Vermont 134 do. do. 44 29 -73 13 268 Mount Washington, New Hampshire 12 1873-84 do. 44 16 -71 18 6279 Boston, Massachusetts 13* 1871-84 do. 42 21 -71 4 142 Thatcher's Island, . do. 134 do. do. 42 38 -70 34 48 Wood's Holl, do. 134 do. do. 41 33 -70 40 34 Newport, Rhode Island 13* do. do. 41 29 -71 19 44 Newhaven, . Connecticut 13* do. do. 41 17 -72 57 104 New London, do. 13* do. do. 41 21 -72 5 47 Albany, New York 13* do. do. 42 39 -73 45 75 Buffalo, do. 13* do. do. 42 53 -78 53 690 Oswego, do. 13* do. do. 43 29 -76 35 304 Rochester, do. 13* do. do. 43 8 -77 42 621 New York, . do. 13* do. do. 40 43 -74 0 164 Atlantic City, New Jersey 13* do. do. 39 22 -74 25 13 Cape May, . do. 13* do. do. 38 56 -74 58 27 Erie, . Pennsylvania 13* do. do. 42 7 -80 5 681 Philadelphia, do. 13* do. do. 39 57 -75 9 92 Pittsburg, do. 13* do. do. 40 32 -80 2 766 Baltimore, . Maryland 13* do. do. 39 18 -76 37 45 Washington, Dist. Columbia 13* do. do. 38 54 -77 2 106 Morgantown, Virginia 13* do. do. 39 40 -79 52 963 Lynchburg, . do. 13* do. do. 37 25' -79 9 652 Cape Henry, do. 13* do. do. 36 56 -76 0 16 Norfolk, do. 13* do. do. 36 51 -76 17 30 Cape Hatteras, North Carolina 13* do. do. 35 14 -75 30 8 Wilmington,. do. 13* do. do. 34 14 -77 57 52 Charlotte, do. 13* do. do. 35 13 -80 51 808 Charleston, . South Carolina 13* do. do. 32 49 -79 56 52 Savannah, Georgia 13* do. do. 32 5 -81 5 87 Augusta, do. 13* do. do. 33 28 -81 54 183 Atlanta, do. 131 do. do. 33 45 -84 23 1129 Jacksonville, Florida 13* do. do. 30 20 -81 39 43 * Washington Mean Time. REPORT ON ATMOSPHERIC CIRCULATION. 99 Jan. Feb. Mar. April. May. June. July. Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec. Year. Corrs. Applied Inches. Inches. Inches. Inches. Inches. Inches. Inches. Inches. Inches. Inches. Inches. Inches. Inches. Inch. 30-07S 30-046 29-971 29-928 29-947 29-898 29-896 29-975 30-034 30-015 30-016 30-037 29-987 30-086 30-043 29-992 29-924 29-949 29-880 29-890 29-950 30-022 30-023 30-012 30-024 29-984 30-093 30-075 30-000 29-945 29-969 29-943 29-928 29-981 30-046 30-039 30-034 30-044 30-008 30-089 30-068 30-010 29-962 29-979 29-944 29-934 29-987 30-045 30-049 30-049 30051 30-014 30-097 30-077 30-005 29-963 29-984 29-947 29-952 29-989 30045 30-049 30045 30-053 30-017 30-105 30-083 30-013 29-979 29-986 29-949 29-958 29-990 30-043 30-049 30-048 30-056 30-021 30-094 30-062 30-007 29-956 29-966 29-926 29-933 29-976 30-037 30-049 30-041 30-050 30-008 30-086 30-058 30-011 29-952 29-965 29-924 29-943 29-986 30-037 30-040 30-043 30046 30-008 30-091 30-076 30-026 29-978 29-993 29-952 29-947 29-994 30044 30-046 30-040 30054 30-020 30-068 30-048 30-011 29-955 29-966 29-926 29-937 29-974 30016 30007 30-000 30-001 29-993 30-081 30-053 30-008 29-956 29-960 29-923 29-922 29-966 30-020 30-008 30014 30-024 29-995 30-115 30-094 30-052 30-010 29-965 29-890 29-898 29-927 29-952 29-980 30-016 30-068 29-997 30-164 30-163 30-109 30-007 29-923 29-856 29-869 29-905 29-919 29-973 30-088 30139 29-009 30174 30-184 30-100 29-984 29-913 29-846 29-876 29-910 29-927 29-958 30-093 30-131 30-008 30-193 30-181 30-080 29-970 29-890 29-836 29-883 29-901 29-935 29-983 30-088 30143 30-007 30-174 30-175 30-082 29-957 29-883 29-806 29-866 29-895 29-947 29-968 30-088 30-140 29-998 + •040 29-937 29-910 29-832 29-795 29-889 29-851 29-839 29-897 29-971 29-942 29-916 29-911 29-891 29-996 29-957 29-876 29-843 29-905 29-879 29-866 29-934 30-000 29-988 29-969 29-958 29-931 29-804 29-768 29-678 29-636 29-682 29-648 29-650 29-713 29-772 29-773 29-770 29-767 29-722 23-400 23-382 23-406 23-514 23-724 23-822 23-868 23-919 23-877 23-727 23-535 23-435 23-634 ... 29-920 29-879 29-793 29-75C 29-820 29-797 29-797 29-847 29-907 29-905 29-891 29-884 29-850 30-026 29-986 29-902 29-855 29-918 29-905 29-903 29-959 30-022 30-018 29-996 29-998 29-957 30-040 30-003 29-895 29-873 29-946 29-921 29-910 29-951 30-028 30-020 30-020 30-018 29-977 30-035 30-004 29-916 29-874 29-941 29-920 29-918 29-976 30-034 30-030 30011 30-010 29-972 29-993 29-951 29-86S 29-817 29-875 29-852 29-846 29-904 29-957 29-951 29-952 29-962 29911 30061 30-028 29-936 29-890 29-955 29-930 29-926 29-980 30-036 30-032 30-034 30-032 29-987 30056 30-023 29-922 29-876 29-930 29-892 29-878 29-938 30-006 30-011 30-008 30-017 29-963 29-328 29-302 29-236 29-211 29-248 29-228 29-237 29-284 29-322 29-312 29-289 29-295 29-274 29-744 29-729 29-654 29-621 29-653 29-626 29-625 29-669 29-721 29-724 29-716 29-707 29-682 29399 29-384 29-321 29-296 29-332 29-300 29-308 29-356 29-400 29-396 29-374 29-374 29 353 29-960 29-913 29-821 29-774 29-830 29-806 29-805 29-855 29-900 29916 29914 29-917 29-868 30-122 30-075 29-993 29-949 30-000 29-977 29-965 29-998 30-053 30-075 30-088 30-082 30031 30-110 30-062 29-980 29-931 29-970 29-954 29-955 29-986 30-044 30-067 30-078 30091 30019 29-350 29-327 29-252 29-230 29-244 29-251 29-253 29-301 29-335 29-331 29-318 29-326 29-293 30-093 30-050 29-951 29-901 29-948 29-920 29-913 29-960 30-016 30-034 30-047 30-060 29-991 29-293 29-259 29-185 29144 29-189 29-178 29191 29-217 29-267 29-267 29-272 29-263 29-227 + •020 30-129 30-094 29-987 29-933 29-966 29-944 29-939 29-980 30-040' 30-066 30-081 30-090 30-021 30-051 30-000 29-916 29-867 29-913 29-884 29-885 29-918 29-976 29-996 30-018 30-028 29-954 29-089 29-038 28-955 28-938 28-978 28-997 29-012 29-039 29-079 29-094 29-071 29-090 29-031 + 040 29-442 29-387 29-320 29-283 29-329 29-311 29-317 29-344 29-399 29-418 29-422 29-420 29-366 30-131 30-090 30-010 29-966 30-004 29-978 29-977 30-001 30-045 30-078 30-101 80-113 30-119 30-081 29-988 29-943 29-979 29-960 29-960 29-970 30-031 30-064 30-083 30-101 30-134 30-100 30-030 29-971 30-016 30003 30-012 30-010 30-047 30-068 30101 30-109 30-109 30-056 29-984 29-936 29-964 29-960 29-967 29-964 29-995 30-039 30-062 30-096 29-282 29-256 29-170 29-126 29-161 29-184 29-184 29-188 29-236 29-262 29-272 29-217 30-124 30-075 30-011 29-973 29-975 29-973 29-980 29-970 29-998 30042 30-081 30-114 30-026 30-094 30-060 29-991 29-935 29-951 29-950 29-852 29-941 29-981 30010 30-059 30-001 30-006 29-967 29-890 29-833 29-842 29-847 29-852 29-849 29-879 29-942 29-978 30-000 29-907 28-992 28-950 28-885 28-831 28-876 28-876 28-896 28-890 28-915 28-944 28-962 28-970 28-916 30-155 30-114 30-054 30-000 29-994 30-012 30-024 29-998 30-002 30-042 30-092 30-134 30052 100 THE VOYAGE OF H.M.S. CHALLENGER. Places. Country. No. of Years - Years Specified. Hours of Observation. Latitude. Longitude. Height, Feet. Key West, . Florida m 1871-84 7: 3, 11* O 1 24 34 O 1 -81 49 20 Punta Rasa, do. 131 do. do. 26 29 -82 1 14 Cedar Keys, . do. 131 do. do. 29 8 -83 2 22 St. Mark's, . do. 131 do. do. 30 10 -84 12 15 Pensacola, . do. 131 do. do. 30 25 -87 13 30 Mobile, . Alabama 131 do. do. 30 41 -88 2 41 Montgomery, do. 131 do. do. 32 23 -86 18 219 Yicksburg, . Mississippi 131 do. do. 32 22 -90 53 244 Memphis, Tennessee 131 do. do. 35 9 -90 3 321 Knoxville, . do. 131 do. do. 35 56 -83 58 980 Nashville, do. 13! do. do. 36 10 -86 47 549 Chattanooga, do, 131 do. do. 35 4 -85 15 783 Louisville, Kentucky 131 do. do. 38 15 -85 45 530 Cincinnati, . Ohio 131 do. do. 39 6 -84 30 620 Columbus, . do. 131 do. do. 39 58 -83 0 805 Toledo,. do. 13! do. do. 41 40 -83 34 651 Cairo, . do. 131 do. do. 37 0 -89 10 377 Springfield, . Illinois 131 do. do. 39 48 -89 39 644 Cleveland, . do. 131 do. do. 41 30 -81 42 690 Chicago, do. 131 do. do. 41 52 -87 38 661 Indianapolis, Indiana 131 do. do. 39 46 -86 10 753 Grand Haven, Michigan 131 do. do. 43 5 -86 19 620 Detroit, do. 131 do. do. 42 20 -83 3 661 Port Huron, do. 13! do. do. 43 0 -82 26 633 Alpena, do. 131 do. do. 45 5 -83 30 609 Escauaba, do. 131 do. do. 45 48 -87 5 612 Marquette, . do. 131 do. do. 46 34 -87 24 673 La Crosse, . Wisconsin 13! do. do. 43 49 -91 15 725 Milwaukie, . do. 131 do. do. 43 2 -87 54 697 Duluth, Minnesota 131 do. do. 46 48 -92 6 672 St. Paul's, . do. 131 do. do. 44 58 -93 3 801 Pembina, do. 131 do. do. 49 0 -97 5 791 Bismarck, Dakota 13! do. do. 46 47 -100 3G 1694 Buford, do. 131 do. do. 48 0 -103 56 1930 Deadwood, . do. 131 do. do. 44 23 -103 43 4600 Yaukton, do. 131 do. do. 42 54 -97 28 1228 North Platte, Nebraska 131 do. do. 41 8 -100 45 2841 Omaha, do. 13! do. do. 41 16 -95 56 1113 Dubuque, Iowa 13! do. do. 42 30 -90 44 665 Des Moines, . do. 131 do. do. 41 35 -93 37 849 Leavenworth, Kansas 13J do. do. 39 19 -94 57 842 Dodge City, . do. 131 do. do. 37 45 -100 0 2517 Keokuk, Iowa 13! do. do. 40 22 -91 26 618 St. Louis, Missouri 131 do. do. 38 38 -90 12 571 Little Rook, . Arkansas 131 do. do. 34 45 -92 6 298 Fort Smith, . do. 13! do. do. 35 22 -94 24 449 Fort Gibson, Indian Territory 13! do. do. 35 50 -95 20 540 Fort Sill, . do. 131 do. do. 34 40 -98 23 1200 Shreveport, . Louisiana 13! do. do. 32 30 -93 40 227 New Orleans, do. 131 do. do. 29 58 -90 4 52 * Washington Mean Time. REPORT ON ATMOSPHERIC CIRCULATION. 101 Jan. Feb. Mar. April. May. June. July. Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec. Year. Corrs. Applied. Inches. Inches. Inches. Inches. Inches. Inches. Inches. Inches. Inches. Inches. Inches. Inches. Inches. Inch. 30-108 30-083 30-064 30-014 29-988 30-012 30-032 29-984 29-954 29-955 3(1-1127 30-084 30-025 30-160 30-103 30-087 30-030 30-004 30-032 30-051 30-009 29-9MI 29-998 30-064 30-128 30054 30-160 30-122 30-080 30-026 :;o-(M)0 30-021 30-042 30-005 3 8 30-034 30-091 30-133 30-060 30-177 30-125 30-072 30-014 30-003 30-023 30-038 30-015 30-008 30-047 30-103 30-138 30-064 30-186 30-129 30-081 30-022 30-003 30-011 30-027 29-995 30-020 30-066 30-116 30-152 30-067 30-145 30-085 30-038 29-984 29-970 29-975 30-003 29-966 29-986 30-039 30-099 30116 30-034 29-968 29-916 29-849 29-781 29-784 29-796 29-814 29-786 29-821 29-871 29-918 29-950 29-855 29-930 29-875 29-811 29-749 29-756 29-772 29-789 29-777 29-809 29-848 29-902 29-917 29-828 29-851 29-793 29-722 29-648 29-656 29-660 29-700 29-692 29-736 29-782 29-81 IS 29-833 29-740 29-130 29-096 29-018 28-971 29-004 29-016 29-039 29-015 29-078 29-107 29-108 29-123 29-061 29-638 29-576 29-514 29-450 29-471 29-475 29-503 29-493 29-540 29-571 29-586 29-615 29-535 29-347 29-317 29-232 29-173 29-202 29-220 29-239 29-234 29-283 29-308 29-322 39-340 29-268 29-579 29-544 29-478 29-420 29-441 29-432 29-460 29-468 29-516 29-541 29-557 29-579 29-501 + •030 29-474 29-448 29-380 29-326 29-357 29-339 29-353 29-375 29-417 29-463 29-464 29-477 29-4(16 29-255 29-220 29-172 29-116 29-146 29-129 29-154 29-178 29'2 16 29-234 29-238 29-237 29-190 29-391 29-353 29-281 29-253 29-272 29-266 29-290 29-322 29-351 29-356 29-360 29-365 29-322 29-763 29-731 29-661 29-587 29-608 29-600 29-644 29-632 29-677 29-714 29-747 29-768 29-678 29-460 29-414 29-355 29-290 29-315 29-295 29-346 29-358 29-390 29-405 29-424 29-435 29-374 29-354 29-324 29-263 29-231 29-265 29-247 29-252 29-292 29-335 29-334 29-331 29-330 29-296 29-363 29341 29-289 29-248 29-256 29-246 29-279 29-297 29-322 29-331 29-325 29-350 29-304 29-300 29-257 29-198 29-147 29-183 29-172 29-210 29-222 29-258 29-276 29-277 29-291 29-233 29-378 29-367 29-319 29-290 29-306 29-278 29-312 29-336 29-362 29-357 29-360 29-367 29-336 29-364 29-341 29-286 29-254 29-285 29-256 29-279 29-320 29-350 29-343 29-341 29-342 29-311 29-378 29-351 29-299 29-270 29-300 29-268 29-283 29-328 29-358 29-354 29-352 29-350 29-324 29-358 29-358 29-329 29-304 29-316 29-290 29-298 29330 29-349 29-329 29-330 29-330 29-327 ... 29-346 29-351 29-327 29-313 29-300 29-260 29-293 29-320 29-329 29-322 29-328 29-329 29-317 29-284 29-281 29-247 29-256 29-248 29-200 29-221 29-261 29-268 29-252 29-258 29-255 29-253 29-304 29-264 29-246 29-168 29-187 29-170 29-204 29-242 29-230 29-252 29-280 29-305 29-2I18 29-302 29-276 29-250 29-194 29-225 29-197 29-242 29-266 29-282 29-279 29-284 29-290 29-257 29-334 29-319 29-291 29-251 29-235 29-202 29-220 29-253 29-254 29-257 29-281 29-319 29-267 29-209 29-180 29-154 29-083 29-088 29-061 29-112 29-131 29-140 29 143 29-172 29-200 29-140 29-230 29-212 29-187 29-136 29-075 29-014 29-048 29-091 29-088 29-121 29-184 29-206 29-133 28-180 28-187 28-183 28-136 28-099 28-073 28-132 28-146 28-162 28-149 28-192 28-206 28-154 28-007 27-997 27-886 27-938 27-913 27-879 27-922 27-941 27-955 27-943 27-990 28-004 27-956 25-252 25-257 25-278 25-286 25-326 25-339 25-420 25-413 25-416 25-386 25-354 25-277 25-334 28-800 28-771 28-720 28-650 28-624 28-614 28-075 28-700 28-707 28-721 28-755 28-788 28-710 27-079 27-057 27-022 26-997 27-008 27-021 27-076 27-089 27-091 27-096 27-115 27-105 27-063 28-954 28-915 28-857 28-781 28-788 28-786 2S-842 28-853 28-872 28-891 28-923 28-948 2S-SC8 29-376 29-346 29-296 29-242 29-243 29-220 29-266 29-293 29-316 29-337 29-345 29-378 29-305 29-235 29-190 29-122 29-056 29-061 29-067 29-101 29-112 29-156 29-154 29-188 29215 29-138 29-255 29-191 29-125 29-053 29-049 29-048 29-107 29-116 29-149 29-160 29-203 29-237 29-141 27-453 27-425 27-360 27-303 27-320 27-323 27-402 27-419 27-432 27-424 27-454 27 ■420 27-403 29-456 29-414 29-354 29-281 29-282 29-273 29-325 29-334 29-367 29-391 29-427 29-443 29-362 29-567 29-510 29-454 29-376 29-396 29-389 29-430 29-441 29-478 29-496 29-535 29-549 29-468 29-840 29-795 29-733 29-646 29-653 29-665 29-700 29-994 29-740 29-767 29-813 29-830 29-740 29-674 29-633 29-560 29-472 29-476 29-492 29-536 29-530 29-576 29-594 29-650 29-666 29-572 29-589 29-534 29-454 29-361 29-346 29-371 29-420 29-432 29-464 29-5(11 29-524 29-558 29*463 28-888 28-842 28-770 28-705 28-690 28-702 28-750 28-752 28-786 28-810 2S-sf,;; 28-852 28-7 85 29-945 29-874 29-816 29-734 29-760 29-768 29-790 29-778 29-804 29-853 29-900 29-92.-! 29-820 30-106 30-056 30-003 29-958 29-940 29-950 29-977 29-940 29-955 30-017 30-055 30-085 30-004 102 THE VOYAGE OF H.M.S. CHALLENGER. Places. Country. No. of Years. Years Specified. Hours of Observation. Latitude. Longitude. Height, Feet. Corsicana, . Texas 134 1871-84 7: 3, 11* o 32 5 O ' -96 30 445 Denison, do. 184 do. do. 33 48 -96 32 767 Galveston, . do. 134 do. do. 29 18 -94 47 40 Indianola, do. 134 do. do. 28 32 -96 31 26 Brownsville, . do. 18* do. do. 25 53 -97 26 59 Rio Grande City, . do. 184 do. do. 26 22 -98 48 230 Laredo, do. 134 do. do. 27 31 -99 30 460 Eagle Pass, . do. 134 do. do. 28 44 -100 29 780 San Antonio, do. 134 do. do. 29 25 -98 25 673 Concho, do. 134 do. do. 31 25 -100 24 1900 Fort Elliott, do. 134 do. do. 35 30 -100 21 2650 Fort Stockton, do. 134 do. do. 30 53 -102 53 3010 El Paso, do. 134 1872-83 do. 31 47 -106 30 3764 Fort Thomas, Mexico (New) 134 do. do. 33 4 -110 2 2710 Santa Fe, do. 12 do. do. 35 41 -105 57 7106 Tucson, Arizona 134 do. do. 32 14 -110 53 2369 Yuma, . do. 11 1874-84 do. 32 45 -114 36 141 Prescott, do. 11 do. do. 34 33 -112 28 5340 Salt Lake City, . Utah 11 do. do. 40 46 -111 54 4348 Denver, Colorado 11 do. do. 39 45 -105 0 5294 Pike's Peak, . do. 11 do. do. 38 50 -105 2 14134 Cheyenne, . Wyoming 11 do. do. 41 8 -104 48 6105 Fort Custer, . Montana 11 do. do. 45 42 -107 34 3040 Fort Benton, do. 11 do. do. 47 50 -110 40 2694 Assinaboine, do. 11 do. do. 48 32 -109 42 2710 Lewiston, Idaho 11 do. do. 46 8 -117 5 780 Boise City, do. 11 do. do. 43 37 -116 8 2750 Olympia, Washington 134 1871-84 do. 47 3 -122 53 36 Dayton, do. 134 do. do. 46 19 -117 56 1617 Portland, Oregon 184 do. do. 45 32 -122 43 67 Umatilla, do. 134 do. do. 45 55 -119 20 340 Roseburg, do. 134 do. do. 43 13 -123 20 511 Winnemucca, Nevada 134 do. do. 40 59 -117 43 4327 C. Mendocino, California 134 do. 4: 40 26 -124 24 637 Red Bluff, . do. 134 do. 7: 3, 11 40 10 -122 15 332 Sacramento, . do. 134 do. do. 38 35 -121 30 65 San Francisco, do. 134 do. do. 37 48 -122 26 60 Visalia, do. 134 do. do. 36 20 -119 17 848 Los Angeles, do. 134 do. do. 34 3 -118 15 371 San Diego, . do. 134 do. do. 32 43 -117 10 67 Mazatlan, Mexico 5 1880-84 do. 23 11 -106 17 249 Mexico, do. 9 1877-85 do. 19 26 -99 0 7490 Puebla, do. 8 1878-85 do. 19 2 -98 3 7113 Leon, . do. H 1882-86 M.P. 21 7 -101 36 5902 Vera Cruz, . do. 4 ? ? 19 12 -96 9 26 do. do. 3 1863-65 ? 19 11 -96 9 100 Cordova, do. 5 1861-65 9:3 18 51 -96 54 2879 Quatimala, . Guatemala 3 1880-82 7: 2, 9 14 38 -90 31 4856 Belize, . Brit. Honduras 4 1865-69 10: 4 17 30 -88 18 27 Bluefields, . Cent. America 1* 1864-65 6*: 12 8 -83 43 20 * Washington Mean Time. REPORT ON ATMOSPHERIC CIRCULATION. 103 Jan. Feb. Mar. April. May. June. July. Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec. Year. Corrs. Applied. Inches. Inches. Jnches. Inches. Inches. Inches. Inches. Inches. Inches. Inches. Inches. Inches. Inches. Inch. 29-663 29-593 29-528 29-470 29-455 29-485 29-525 29-495 29-538 29-586 29-638 29-627 29-550 29-320 29-284 29-213 29-140 29-157 29-171 29-205 29-206 29-229 29-260 29-311 29-328 29-235 30116 30-059 29-996 29-934 29-926 29-946 29-977 29-949 29-960 30-017 30-064 30-092 30-003 30-114 30-084 30-008 29-948 29-941 29-958 29-998 29-972 29-980 30-032 30-070 30-090 30-016 30056 30-019 29-943 29-869 29-860 29-886 29-928 29-891 29-908 29-958 80-009 30-030 29-947 29-915 29-868 29-786 29-714 29-692 29-727 29-770 29-741 29-766 29-845 29-906 29-900 29-803 29-685 29-631 29-527 29-469 29-451 29465 29-501 29-502 29-531 29-602 29-639 29-672 29-556 29-328 29-292 29-220 29-140 29-130 29-142 29-165 29-174 29-204 29-261 29-317 29-314 29-224 29449 29-392 29-321 29-257 29-252 29-271 29-306 29-299 29-309 29-361 29-415 29-451 29-340 28-178 28-136 28-098 28-028 28-024 28-045 28-072 28-080 28-109 28-145 28-182 28-185 28-107 27-268 27-252 27-218 27-177 27-165 27-173 27-252 27-257 27-282 27-280 27-300 27-276 27-241 27-030 27-006 26-956 26-925 26-908 26-918 26-965 26-962 26-998 27-024 27-040 27-032 26-980 26284 26-232 26-216 26-194 26-162 26-180 26-258 26-257 26-277 26-278 26-308 26300 26-246 27-283 27-232 27-207 27-150 27-124 27-137 27-158 27184 27-195 27-223 27-273 i 27-3U 27-206 23-189 23-156 23-160 23-172 23-204 23-280 23-366 23-349 23-337 23-291 23-248 23-208 23-247 27-628 27-572 27-551 27-537 27-484 27-493 27-527 27-521 27-532 27-567 27-628 27-631 27-526 29-947 29-896 29-827 29-765 29-683 29-637 29-645 29-660 29-678 29-773 29-879 29-903 29-774 24-744 24-726 24-716 24-671 24-703 24-730 24-789 •24-788 24-790 24-766 24-770 24726 24-743 25-673 25-668 25-602 25-568 25-552 25-585 25-622 25-624 25-641 25-664 25-719 25-701 25-635 24-698 24-682 24-690 24-707 24-703 24-763 24-846 24-848 24-831 24-800 24-778 24-718 24-755 17-501 17-511 17-542 17-622 17-769 17-943 18-068 18-070 17-960 17-811 17-670 17-563 17-753 23-916 23-903 23-918 23-939 23-975 24-057 24-130 24-141 24-115 24-057 24-003 23-941 24-008 26-778 26-755 26-748 26-776 26-753 26-751 26-800 26-825 26-841 26-826 26-856 26-826 26-795 27-220 27-198 29-168 27-156 27-156 27-126 27156 27-166 27-213 27-209 27-227 27-214 27-156 27-160 27-128 27-110 27-103 27-124 27-086 27-134 27-144 27-154 27-136 27-165 27-150 27114 29-329 29-271 29-183 29-186 29134 29-100 29-098 29-101 29-144 29-226 29-341 29-350 29-205 27-252 27-210 27-180 27-124 27-112 27-097 27-126 27-118 27-157 27-228 27-276 27-250 27-175 29-986 29-955 29-928 29-974 29-989 29-988 29-987 29-968 29-983 29-996 30-021 29-993 29-981 28-335 28-264 28-240 28-257 28-238 28-216 28-225 28-233 28-256 28-264 28-345 28-358 28-270 30-013 29-977 29-940 29-975 29-978 29-976 29-966 29-946 29-958 29-996 30-035 30013 29-981 29-778 29-726 29-686 29-639 29636 29-592 29-598 29-594 29-638 29-714 29-816 29-782 29-683 29-549 29-517 29-482 29-479 29-499 29-496 29-483 29-464 29-479 29-520 29-570 29-537 29-506 25-670 25-650 25-620 25-575 25-588 25-568' 25-626 25-608 25639 25675 25716 25-688 25635 29-395 29-380 29-363 29-343 29-318 29-296 29-297 29-286 29-302 29-353 29-416 29-410 29-347 29-770 29-713 29-668 29-640 29-581 29-503 29499 29-488 29-528 29-642 29-728 29-742 29-625 + ■020 30-046 30-030 29-978 29-941 29-876 29-817 29-797 29-794 29-827 29-916 30-024 30-030 29-923 30-052 30-031 30-001 29-984 29-932 29-896 29-885 29-876 29-887 29-956 30-036 30-034 29-964 29-760 29-725 29-680 29-633 29-568 29-486 29-478 29-474 29-535 29-632 29734 29746 29-621 29-730 29-709 29-687 29-661 29-614 29-581 29-586 29-562 29-566 29-621 29-688 29-707 29-643 30-031 30-020 29-994 29-961 29-906 29-880 29-884 29-855 29-855 29916 29-980 30-001 29-940 29-758 29-767 29746 29-718 29-669 29-660 29-707 29-672 29-641 29-655 29-710 29745 29-704 23 103 23-091 23-091 23-044 23-075 23-087 23115 23-099 23-095 23103 23-115 23107 23094 23-371 23-355 23-363 23-347 23-355 23 359 23-390 23-375 23-355 23-355 23-371 23-375 23-364 24-348 24-324 24-313 24-284 24-300 24-322 24-350 24-340 24328 24-333 24-356 24-353 24-329 30-103 30-040 29-965 29-961 29-894 29-894 29-969 29-989 29-973 29-981 30-071 30-083 29-993 30020 29-990 29-938 29-914 29-867 29-847 29-926 29-906 29-831 29-847 29-990 29-997 29-922 28-182 28-126 28-099 28-075 28-063 28-087 28-135 28-130 28-118 28-126 28-178 28-197 28-126 25-256 25-292 25-273 25-269 25-225 25-252 25-284 25-256 25-241 25-217 25-252 25-264 25-258 30-052 30-052 30-000 29-989 29-918 29-945 29-989 29-981 29-938 29-930 30-032 30-052 29-989 30-000 29-970 30-000 29-960 29-910 29-925 29-930 29-930 29-905 29-905 30-920 30970 29-944 + •020 104 THE VOYAGE OF H.M.S. CHALLENGER. Places. Country. No. of Years. Years Specified. Hours of Observation. Latitude. Longitude. Height, Feet. San Jose, Cent. America 11 1808-78 7 : 2, 9 o 9 56 o -84 1 0 3756 Port of Anapala, . do. i 4 1857 do. 13 8 -87 34 0 Colon, . do. 5 1881-85 7, 11 : 7 9 22 -79 55 164 Gamboa, do. 5 1882-84, '85 do. 9 10 -79 43 98 Naos, . do. 5 1881-85 do. 8 57 -79 31 46 Bermuda, West Indies 15 1870-84 9: 3 32 17 -64 14 120 Nussau, do. 14 1871-84 9: 3 25 5 -77 21 44 Havanna, do. 19 1858-76 M.P. 23 8 -82 23 62 Navassa, do. 2* 1880-82 do. 19 25 -75 3 77 St. Iago, do. 2* 1880-83 do. 19 55 -75 50 21 Kingston, do. 6 1880-86 7: 3, 11 18 1 -76 48 10 Cinchona Pin., do. 2* 1882-85 7: 3 18 5 -76 44 4850 Up Park Camp, . do. G 1853-59 9£: 3£ 18 0 -76 56 225 St. Juan de Porto Rico, do. 10 1877-86 M.r. 18 30 -66 10 82 La Pointe-a-Pitre, do. 7 1878-84 10: 4 16 14 -61 31 13 St. Croix, Christian- stadt. do. 5 1879, '82-85 8: 2, 9 17 45 -64 42 82 Barbadoes, . do. 15 1870-84 9: 3 13 4 -59 40 25 St. Ann's, Trinidad, do. 18 1862-80 9£ : 3} 10 30 -61 20 130 Caledonia Bay, Colombia i 1854 3, 9 : 3, 9 8 54 -77 45 0 Carthagena, . do. i do. do. 10 22 -75 32 0 Panama, do. 1 ... M.P. 10 Puerto Berrio, do. 4 1880-84 7: 6 32 -74' 28 542 Medillin, do. 5 1875-79 7f: 4! 6 10 -75 45 4951 Bogata, do. 2 1848-50 9: 3 4 35 -74 14 8727 Do. do. H 1880-84 7|: 4 36 -74 14 8655 Quito, . Ecuador H 1878-80 6 : 2, 10 -0 14 -78 45 9350 Antisana, do. l 1845-46 10: 4 -0 21 -78 6 13,320 Carraccas, Venezuela 3 1868-70 10: 4 10 30 -66 55 3043 George Town, Brit. Guiana 11 1846-56 8,9,10: 2,3.4 6 50 -58 8 10 Paramaribo, . Surinam 15 1870-84 8: 2 5 50 —55 13 6 Catherina Sophia,. do. 2 1858-59 6: 2, 6 5 48 -56 47 50 Cayenne, French Guiaua 6 1845-52 9, n. : 3, 9 4 56 -55 39 7 Manaos, Brazil 5 ? 9: 3 3 8 -60 0 121 Para, do. 3 1848, etc. •> -1 30 -48 24 0 Porto do Maranhao, do. H 1886-87 M.P. _2 30 -44 0 14 Ceara, . do. 1 1860 ? — 3 43 -38 35 [0] Pernambuco, do. 8 1876-84 7: 1 -8 4 -34 52 11 Colonia Isabel, do. 6J 1876-84 M.P. -8 45 -35 42 751 Victoria, do. 7 1876-84 do. -8 9 -35 27 528 Bahia, . do. 5i 1881-88 do. -12 58 -38 30 330 St. Bento das Lagos, do. H 1881-84 6: 2, 8 -12 13 -38 40 98 San Antonia da Palmeira, . do. H 1879-80 7: 1, 9 -27 54 -53 26 1896 Queluz, do. 2 1882-83 M.P. -22 36 -44 38 3223 Itabira, do. 1 1882-83 do. -19 40 -4:'. 5 2733 Rio Janeiro, . do. 34 1851-84 4,7,10: 1,7,10 -22 57 -43 7 224 San Paulo, . do. ** 1879-83 M.P. -23 33 -46 37 2393 Passo Fundo, do. 1 1880-81 do. -28 13 -52 12 2060 REPORT ON ATMOSPHERIC CIRCULATION. 105 Jan. Feb. Mar. April. May. June. July. Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov Dec. Year. Corrs. Applied Inches. Inches. Inches. Inches Inches. Inches. Inches. Inches. Inches. Inches. Inches. Inches. Indies. Inch. 26-308 26-316 26-316 26-320 26-308 29-887 26312 29-860 26-312 29-893 26-308 26-304 26-292 26-292 26-300 26-307 ... 29:804 29-840 29:853 29-790 29-776 29-768 29-774 29-772 29-772 29776 29772 29786 29789 -•110 29-N82 29-898 29-904 29-888 29-869 29-869 29-870 29-858 29-862 29-880 29-858 29-873 29-876 ... 29-890 29-902 29-914 29-885 29-872 29-884 29-868 29-880 29-876 29-868 29-848 29-860 29-879 ... 30-172 30-123 30-120 30-070 30-036 30-067 30-078 30-055 38-014 30-000 30-066 30-130 30 075 • •• 30-168 30-110 30-123 30-067 30-036 3(1-116(1 30-080 30-054 :;iioi4 30-000 3(1-065 30-136 30-076 30-062 30-042 29-988 29-964 29-908 29-955 29-990 29-946 29-911 L".i'.in| 29-975 29035 29-973 30-016 29-967 29-967 29-988 29-910 29-950 29-990 29-952 29-920 29-908 29-922 29 973 29-957 + ■070 30-085 30-100 30-060 30-043 29-980 30-050 30-070 30-010 29-975 29-973 30-013 30-055 3U-I.3I + •030 30-076 30-055 30-043 30-007 29-984 30-011 30-045 29-982 29-961 29-947 29-975 30-000 30-007 25 305 25-285 25-278 25-25.S 25-256 25-285 25-312 25-272 25-256 25-221 25-225 25-262 25-268 30-100 30071 30-057 30-038 29-998 30-027 30-046 30-024 30-000 29-990 30-003 30-055 30-030 + ■040 29-936 29-980 29-980 29-965 29-934 29-906 29-957 29-961 29-916 29-888 29-850 29-875 29-929 30-056 30-056 30-044 30-024 30-004 30-044 30-044 29-997 29-989 29-953 29-957 30-008 30-015 30-048 30-028 30-024 29-981 29-970 30-020 30-042 29-977 29-953 29-906 29-910 29-957 29-985 30028 30-045 30-038 30-024 30-024 30-043 30-036 30-010 29-996 29-972 29-965 29-992 30-014 29-857 29-871 29-922 29-853 29-858 29-848 29-848 29-832 29-856 29-869 29-843 29-864 29-838 29-822 29-799 29789 29-817 29-838 29-924 29-947 29-924 29-941 29-934 29-959 29-995 29-965 29-995 29-950 29-955 29-962 29-954 29 390 29-415 29-432 29-442 29-433 29-430 29-410 29-420 29-412 29-418 29-393 29-385 29-415 25-158 25-162 25-166 25-170 25-170 25-185 25-174 25-185 25-178 25-178 25-154 25-158 25-170 ... 22-048 22-060 22-061 22-079 22-060 22-060 22-058 22-062 22-076 22-068 22-049 22-034 22-060 ... 22-010 22-040 22-050 22-050 22-048 22-063 22-052 22-052 22-046 22-032 22-003 22-017 22-039 21-586 21-550 21-566 21-552 21-560 21-564 21-560 21-556 21-552 21-571 21579 21-575 21-564 ... 18-560 18-556 18-576 18-572 18-6(10 18603 18-600 18-587 18-570 18-570 18-562 18-550 18-576 26-937 26-930 26-926 26-922 26-918 26-949 26-945 26-930 26-914 26-886 26-886 26-938 26924 29-943 29-966 29-957 29-945 29-933 29-962 29-966 29-954 29-938 29-914 29-877 29-910 29-939 + ■040 29-923 29-946 29-948 29-941 29-939 29-960 29-964 29-956 29-946 29-914 29-900 29-915 29-938 -■040 29-890 29-900 29-880 29-880 29-870 29-895 29-915 29-890 29-890 29-855 29-.S70 29-870 29-884 29-903 29-932 29-924 29-925 29-916 29-946 29-957 29-961 29 944 29-917 29-8-0 29-889 29-924 29-827 29-823 29-835 29-851 29-847 29-886 29-867 (29-857) (29-844) 29-808 29-784 29737 29-831 29-880 29-920 29-940 29-940 29-940 29-960 29-970 29-980 29-970 29-935 29-900 29-890 29-935 (29-880) 29-914 29-928 29-932 29-950 29-965 30-020 29-970 (29-930) (29-900) 29-855 29-823 29 922 29-923 29-963 29-955 29-931 29-951 29-975 29-998 29-975 30-018 29-791 29-923 29-919 29-959 + •100 29-926 29-914 29-930 29-926 29-956 30-016 30-048 30-052 30-034 29-977 29-922 29-922 29-969 29-158 29-154 29-162 29-170 29-201 29-276 29-300 29-300 29-276 29-209 29-146 29-154 29-211 29 375 29-363 29-375 29-383 29-414 29-481 29-504 29-500 29-492 29-430 29-371 29-375 29-422 ... 29-626 29-606 29-620 29-630 29-696 29-770 29-808 29-817 29-768 29-674 29-620 29-630 29-692 29-878 29-878 29-855 29-918 29-957 29-993 30075 30-095 30-012 29-950 29-875 29-865 29-943 27-886 27-881 27 932 28-060 28-114 28-144 28-123 28-110 28-103 28-028 27-898 27-878 28-013 26-693 26-693 26-731 26-752 26-782 26-850 26-827 26-850 26-817 26-715 26-662 26-664 26753 27-192 27-276 27-319 27-343 27-343 27-260 27-256 27-162 27-130 29-701 29-715 29-743 29-808 29-866 29 934 30-028 29-933 29-8S2 29-793 29-747 29707 29-821 27-514 27-524 27-571 27-626 27-654 27-729 27-737 27-741 27-678 27-603 27-536 27-524 27-619 ... 27-830 27-865 27-913 27-942 27-909 28-019 27-999 28-062 27-956 27-850 27-889 27-869 27-925 + •052 (PHTS. CHEM. CHALL. EXP. PART V. — 1888.) 20 106 THE VOYAGE OF H.M.S. CHALLENGER. Places. Country. No. of Years. Years Specified. Hours of Observation. Latitude. Longitude. Height, Feet. Pelotas, Brazil 8 1875-77 6 : 2, 10 o -31 47 o -52 19 20 Rio Grande do Sul, do. 6 1877-82 M.P. -32 0 -52 15 54 Lima, . Peru 1 1869 9, n. : 6, m. -12 3 -78 0 499 Do. . do. ■j ? do. -12 3 -78 0 499 Arica, . Bolivia H 1854-55 6, n. : 5, 9 -18 25 -70 22 10 Iquique, do. 3 1883-86 M.P. -20 12 -70 11 30 Punta Caldera, Chile 5 1870-71, '83-86 do. -27 5 -70 50 K2 Copiapo, do. 5 1868-72 do. -27 22 -70 23 1296 Serena, do. 6 1852-54, '70-72 do. -29 55 -71- 17 59 Coquimbo, . do. 0 1870-72, '83-86 do. -29 56 -71 21 74 Valparaiso, . do. 7 1869-72, '83-86 do. -33 1 -71 40 151 Santiago de Chile, do. 21 1860-81 7 : 2, 10 -33 27 -70 41 1703 Talca, . do. 3 1869, '71-72 do. — 35 26 -71 46 344 Valdivia, do. 4 1869-72 do. -39 49 -73 17 43 Puerto Mont, do. 3 1870-72 do. -41 30 -72 57 20 Ancud, do. 2 1866-68 8, K. : 4, 8 -41 51 -74 1 134 San Jorge, . Uruguay 5 1882-87 9*: H -32 43 -56 8 400 Matanzas, do. 7 1877-83 7: 2, 9 -34 44 -58 33 69 Monte Video, do. 10 1843-52 s.-n. : 2, s.-s. -34 54 -56 13 39 Colonia, do. 1 1883 7: 2, 7 -34 50 -58 37 109 Salta, . Argentine Rep. 7 1873-76, '79-82 7: 2, 9 -24 46 -65 24 4030 Assuncion, . do. 1 1874 9: 9 -25 16 -57 40 322 Villa Formosa, do. 4i 1879-83 do. -26 13 -58 10 328 Corrientes, . do. (i 1874-80 do. -27 28 -58 49 280 Goya, . do. 11 1*76-86 7: 2, 9 -29 9 -59 15 209 Tucuman, do. 6 1874, '77, '80-82, '85 do. -26 51 -65 12 1522 Rioja, . do. 2i 1875-78 do. -29 20 -67 15 1773 Saladillo, . do. H 1878-82 do. -29 30 -60 33 1773 Mendosa, do. 5 1875-80 do. -32 53 -68 49 2641 San Luis, do. 34 1874-77 do. -33 19 -66 20 2490 Cordova, do. 12 1872-76, '78-82, '84-85 do. -31 25 -64 11 1460 Concordia, . do. 3 1875-78 do. -31 25 -58 4 200 Rosario, do. 6 1875-80 do. -32 57 -60 38 128 Villa Hermandaria, do. 8 1877-82, '83-84 do. -31 15 -59 40 190 Parana, do. 8 1875-82 do. -31 44 -61 1 256 Buenos Ayres, do. 21 1856-76 do. -34 39 -58 23 12 Do. do. 8 1870-77 8: 2, 8 -34 39 -58 23 50 San A n tonia de Areco, do. 3 1879-82 7: 2, 9 -34 13 -59 30 121 Salado, do. 4* 1878-82 7: 2, 9 -35 44 -59 5 49 Dolores, do. H 1878-82 7: 2,9 -36 19 -58 20 33 Tandil, . do. 6 1876-82 do. -37 17 -59 0 651 Bahia Blanca, do. 14 1870-83 do. -38 45 -62 11 49 Do. do. 24 1860-83 do. -38 45 -62 11 49 Punta Arenas, Patagonia 2 1871-72 do. -53 10 -70 52 33 Cape Pembroke, . do. 9 1859-68 4, 9 : 3, 8 -51 41 -57 47 0 Ushnaia, do. n 1876-82 7: 2, 9 -54 53 -68 10 98 Orange Bay, do. i 1882-83 hourly -55 31 -68 5 39 jPort Stanley, I Stanley, Falkland Is. i 1882-83 8: 2, 8 -51 42 --57 48 22 do. 3 1875-77 9: -51 41 -57 51 22 The above two, do. 4 do. various -51 42 -57 50 22 South Georgia, South Atlantic 1 1882-83 hourly -54 31 -36 5 30 REPORT ON ATMOSPHERIC CIRCULATION. 107 Jan. Feb. Mar. April. May. June. July. Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec. Year. Corrs. Applied. Inches. Inches. Inches. Inches. Inches. Inches. Inches. Inches. Inches. Inches. Inches. Inches. Inches. Inch. 29-859 29 867 29-988 30-012 30107 30-237 30-190 30-217 30-123 30030 29-953 29-835 30-032 29-892 29 936 29-985 30-013 30-042 30-107 30-095 30-124 30-030 30-135 30-040 29 958 30-002 29-314 29-331 29-363 29-361 29-402 29-414 29-464 29-495 29-488 29-484 29-465 29-421 29-417 29-873 29-884 29 914 29 917 29-966 29-982 30-027 30-057 30-051 30-046 30-03:; 29-986 29-978 29-922 29 957 29-945 29-977 29-981 30-044 30-020 30-048 30-024 30-020 29-997 29-969 29-993 29-926 29-915 29-926 29-973 29-985 30-035 30-030 29-986 30-024 30-020 29-984 29-940 29-978 + •040 29856 29-851 29-877 29-910 29-938 30 W5 30-950 29-948 30-958 30-942 29-908 29-882 29915 ■ •• 28-628 l'.no.Vi 28-655 28-700 28-736 28-747 28-750 28-739 28-732 28-713 L'N'OSL' 28-658 28-668 29-864 29-870 29-875 29-926 29-954 29-970 29-973 30-008 29-984 29-964 29-932 29-880 29-933 29-922 29-913 29-918 29-953 29-985 30-015 30-013 30-010 30017 29-984 29-948 29-923 29-967 21V806 29-813 29-830 29-850 29-887 29935 29-932 29-924 29-914 29-903 29-843 29-820 29-872 ... 28-169 28-174 28-192 28-229 28-255 28-260 28-278 28-300 28-274 28-254 28-221 28-186 28-233 29-583 29-583 29-626 29-673 29-697 29-728 29-756 29-728 29-748 29-685 29-657 29-634 29-675 -•040 29-941 29-933 29-910 30-008 29-973 29-990 29-970 29-992 30-047 29996 29-984 29-941 29-974 -•020 29-922 29-914 29-860 29-957 29-922 29-945 29-938 29-945 30-048 29-970 30024 29-957 29-945 29-869 29-867 29-756 29-748 29-705 29-741 29-808 29-792 29-878 29-914 29 804 29-815 29-808 ... 29-481 29-505 29-542 29-599 29-665 29-656 29-724 29-644 29-660 29-012 29-522 29-478 29-591 29-823 29-864 29-903 29-960 29-972 30-024 30-022 30-060 30-045 29-900 29-876 29-810 29-943 .. . 29-881 29-916 29-964 30-005 29-999 30-030 30-014 30089 30052 29-980 29-940 29-900 29-978 + ■040 29-774 29-740 29730 29-838 29-880 29-810 29-916 29-985 29-944 29 834 29-732 29-707 29-824 26-008 26-026 26-034 26-067 26-070 26-119 26-115 26-087 26-079 26-056 26-016 20-000 26-056 ... 29-508 29-564 29-684 29-817 29-837 29-843 29-908 29-884 29-703 29-000 29-603 29-556 29-714 29-570 29-627 29-647 29-723 29-765 29-835 29-815 29-836 29-815 29735 29-651 29-592 29-718 29-612 29-658 29705 29-708 29-843 29-890 29-871 29-871 29-831 29-760 29-697 29-638 29 705 ... 29-697 29-729 29764 29 839 29-890 29-946 29-930 29-910 29-886 29-808 29-737 29-692 29 819 28-382 28-402 28-434 28-481 28-497 28-564 28-524 28-512 28-489 28-434 28-382 28-362 28-455 28-162 28-166 28-146 28-174 28-264 28-332 28-288 28-280 28-249 28-182 28-154 28-154 28-213 28-160 28-178 28-264 28-310 28-280 28-300 28-272 28-284 28-340 28-256 28-182 28-134 28-247 27-245 27-258 27-266 27-330 27-338 27-342 27-320 27-358 27-358 27-354 27-270 27-236 27-306 ... 27-390 27-390 27-414 27-457 27-485 27-530 27 500 27530 27-485 27-454 27-410 27-406 27-455 28-399 28 422 28-480 28515 28-532 28-579 28-568 28-567 28-552 28-506 28-440 28-386 28-495 29733 29-741 29-749 29-804 29-906 29-950 29-902 29-965 29-863 29-833 29-784 29-715 29-829 29-808 29 796 29-813 29-922 29-955 30000 29-946 29-954 29-992 29-922 29-840 29-768 29-896 ... 29-713 29753 29-776 29-843 29-886 29 920 29-922 29-926 29-910 29-823 29-753 29-713 29-829 29 616 29-630 29-682 29-708 29-804 29-865 29-827 29-851 29-815 29-717 29-666 29-620 29-738 29-863 29-878 29906 29 957 29-980 30-018 30034 30-014 30-006 29-961 20-922 29-855 29 949 ... 29-823 29-863 29-922 29-905 30-008 30-024 30-024 30H4 1 29-997 29-950 29-906 29-815 29-945 29-717 29-800 29 859 29-918 29910 29-946 29-934 29-938 29-997 29-886 29-704 29710 29-865 ... 29764 29 831 29-910 29-949 29-938 30-004 29-993 30026 30-036 29-934 29-827 29-776 29-916 ... 29-784 2'.fN.-,4 29-945 29-997 29-977 30-024 30-032 30067 30-083 29-965 29-851 29-776 29-946 ... 29-193 29-245 29-268 29 300 29-316 29-347 29332 29-375 29-367 29-296 29-213 29158 29-286 ... 29-708 29-815 29-851 29-880 29-882 29-930 29-922 29 946 29-954 29914 29-831 29-753 29-871 ... 29-808 29-860 29-875 29-894 29-875 29-914 29-910 29-930 29961 29-926 29-847 29772 29-881 ... 29-382 29-340 29-481 29-504 29-560 29-516 29-465 29-510 29-445 29-470 29-394 29414 29 462 ... 29-461 29-562 29-481 29-514 29-507 29-645 29-524 29-511 29-680 29-652 29-516 29-433 29-541 ... 29-343 29-343 29-383 29-406 29-454 29-378 29-377 29-410 29-520 29-376 29-322 29-378 29-396 29-371 29-489 29-162 29378 29-508 29-445 29-485 29-347 29-453 29-280 29-209 29-394 29-378 29-426 29-634 29-272 29-493 29-737 29-630 29-642 29-052 29-843 29-296 29-375 29-477 29-540 29-546 29-494 29-600 29-576 29-503 29-686 29-625 29-055 29-623 29-682 29-711 29-547 29-004 ... 29 506 29-531 29-491 29 555 29563 29-674 29-630 29-054 29-678 29-586 29-022 29-523 29-585 ... 29-154 29-323 29-264 29-245 29-595 29-473 29-504 29-524 29-556 29-386 29-341 29-221 29-380 ... 108 THE VOYAGE OF H.M.S. CHALLENGER. Places. Country. No. of Years. Years Specified. Hours of Observation. Latitude. Longitude. Height, Feet. North Atlantic* . 6 1881-86 o / 12 30 O f -22 30 0 Do. 6 do. 11 -27 30 0 Do. (i do. -32 30 0 Do. (1 do. 11 -37 30 0 Do. 6 do. 11 -42 30 0 Do. 6 do. 1 1 -47 30 0 Do. .£ 6 do. 1) -52 30 0 Do. CO 6 do. 17 30 -22 30 0 Do. "3 6 do. -27 30 0 Do. 6 do. IJ -32 30 0 Do. ""* 6 do. 11 -37 30 0 Do. — (1 do. -42 30 0 Do. o 0 do. -47 30 0 Do. -J3 6 do. „ -52 30 0 Do. 3 6 do. 11 -57 30 0 Do. ^ 6 do. 22 30 -22 30 0 Do. OS 6 do. -27 30 0 Do. P& 6 do. -32 30 0 Do. S H 2 o 6 do. n -37 30 0 Do. 6 do. ii -42 80 0 — GJC Do. 0Q.2 _ .a 6 do. -47 30 0 Do. si « 6 do. -52 30 0 Do. !* ti do. -57 80 0 Do. 6 do. -62 30 0 Do. I? (1 do. n -67 30 0 Do. rl 3 6 do. Jl -72 30 0 Do. *~ OJ (i do. 27 30 - 22 30 0 Do. T2 s (i do. 11 - 27 30 0 Uo. Is "c« 6 do. n -32 80 0 Do. •a a §.2 (i do. ii -37 30 0 Do. 11 6 do. -42 30 0 Do. a 3 6 do. -47 30 0 Do. ra- 6 do. ii - 52 30 0 Do. g's 6 do. ii -57 30 0 Do. 6 do. ii -62 30 0 Do. 02 6 do. ii -67 30 0 Do. CD 6 do. -72 30 0 Do. 5q 6 do. ii -77 30 0 Do. _o 6 do. 32 30 - 12 30 0 Do. 5 6 do. 11 -17 30 0 Do. 5 C do. -22 30 0 Do. CO 6 do. -27 30 0 Do. Do. * 6 6 do. do. 11 -32 30 - 37 30 0 0 Do. e, do. 11 -42 30 0 Do. 6 do. -47 30 0 Do. 6 do. -52 30 0 Do. e do. -57 30 0 Do. 6 do. -62 30 0 Do. 6 do. 11 -67 30 0 REPORT ON ATMOSPHERIC CIRCULATION. 109 Jan. Feb. Mar. April. May. June. July. Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec. Year. Corrs. applied. Inches. Inches. Inches. Inches. Inches. Inches. Inches. Inches. Inches. Inches. Inches. Inches. Inches. Inch. 30-005 29-991 30-000 30-001 30-004 30-017 30-004 29-974 29.98I 29-991 29-987 30-000 29-996 30019 30-015 30-017 30-024 30-024 30-042 30-024 29-992 30-001 30-009 30-002 30-015 30-015 30-011 30-039 30-034 30-044 30-059 30-071 30-056 30-006 30-004 30-019 30-007 30-025 30-034 30-047 30 057 30-061 30-056 30-072 30-087 30-069 30-016 30-016 30-027 30-011 30 033 30-046 30-066 30-054 30-009 30-062 30-074 30-097 30-081 30-027 30-026 30-026 30-011 30032 30-052 30-069 30-067 30-071 30-062 30-077 30-086 30-084 30-034 30-026 30-022 30-007 30-033 30-054 30-066 30-054 30-059 30-054 30-069 30-086 30-076 30-016 30-017 30-014 30-009 30-033 30-046 30-080 30052 30-039 30-046 30-0 42 30-042 30-049 30-000 30-020 30-035 30-030 39-049 30-041 ... 30-077 30-080 30-064 30-067 30-070 30-095 30-072 30-020 30-035 30-047 30-045 30-056 30-060 ... 30-092 30-100 30-079 30-085 30-109 30-117 30-104 30-047 30-045 30-049 30-059 30-069 30-080 30-090 30-109 30-097 30-095 30-129 30-134 30-127 30-064 30-054 30-054 30-068 30-079 30-092 30-11O 30-124 30-102 30-100 30-127 30-140 30-134 30-075 30-057 30-045 30-050 30-088 30096 30-114 30-125 30-110 30-094 30-120 30-134 30-127 30-077 30-055 30-042 30-04 1 30-079 30-094 30-132 30-100 30-087 30-074 30-095 30-110 30-112 30070 30-042 30-027 30-035 30069 30-080 ... 30-125 30-095 30-074 30-059 30-057 30-084 30-085 30-044 30-019 30-000 30-000 30-051 30-058 30-1U 30-104 30-079 30-089 30-092 30-131 30-114 30-052 30-054 30-090 30-081 30-111 30-093 30-119 30-139 30-107 30-107 30-134 30-157 30-134 30-081 30-084 30-094 30-092 30-113 30-117 30-126 30-144 30-122 30-119 30-171 30-174 30-159 .-10-102 30-091 30-094 80-104 : in- 125 30-128 30-136 30-174 30-137 30-119 30-187 30-194 30-184 30-124 30-097 30-082 30-100 30-131 30-139 30-131 30-172 30-137 30-116 30-184 30-194 30-182 30-134 30-097 30-076 30-097 30-140 30-139 30-138 30-162 30-117 30-104 30-169 30-177 30-184 30-134 30-087 30-071 30-087 30-131 30-130 30-144 30-146 30-094 30-084 30-131 30-156 30-166 30-126 30-077 30-049 30-072 30-120 30-114 30-124 30-141 30-100 30-069 30-102 30-129 30-152 30-102 30-057 30-024 30-054 30-111 30-098 30-146 30-137 30-091 30-061 30-082 30-110 30-131 30-086 30-041 30-004 30-042 30-103 30-088 30-147 30-136 30-101 30-062 30-064 30-096 30-122 30-074 30-027 29-991 30-036 30-100 30-080 30-137 30-132 30-096 30-042 30-046 30-081 30-104 30-066 30-021 29-986 30-032 30-098 30-070 30-145 30-163 30-133 30-122 30-145 30-183 30-108 30-123 30-118 30-135 30-112 30-167 30-143 ... 30-148 30-173 30-145 30-137 30-177 30-203 30-197 30-148 30-138 30-143 30-130 30-178 30-159 30-145 30-180 30-146 30-142 30-202 30-210 30-222 30-173 30-148 30-135 30-150 30-175 30-170 30-138 30-197 30-150 30-133 30-222 30-222 30-233 30-185 30-150 30-118 30-148 30-173 30-172 30-137 30-190 30-140 30-117 30-218 30-218 30-245 30-185 30-137 30-112 30-145 30-182 30-169 30-152 30-178 30-108 30-097 30-197 30205 30-225 30-180 30-122 30-098 30-127 30-167 30-154 30-152 30-173 30-088 30-070 30-165 30-185 30-205 30-170 30-110 30-083 30-110 30-157 30-139 30-103 30-154 30-067 30-047 30-140 30-157 30-178 30-138 30-085 30-053 30-102 30-147 30-119 ... 30-168 30-155 30-073 30-050 30-095 30-132 30-158 30-112 30-068 30-027 30-082 30145 30-106 30-173 30-157 30-085 30-060 30-077 30120 30-138 30-090 30-062 30-017 30-073 30-148 30-099 ... 30-173 30-158 30-092 30-055 30-057 30-098 30-117 30-073 30-042 30-027 30-090 30-143 30-094 30-160 30-163 30-110 30-065 30-040 30-072 30-088 30-048 30-038 30-033 30-093 30-142, 30-087 30-178 30-161 30-078 30-049 30-101 30-134 30-121 30-078 30-121 30-130 80111 30-183 30-121 30-159 30-181 30-113 30-093 30-139 30-188 30-176 30-118 30-156 30-163 30-129 30-194 30-151 ... 30-141 30-179 30-133 30-136 30-168 30-219 30-224 30-171 30-168 30-188 30-143 30-206 30-173 ... 30-126 30-168 30-143 30-153 30-198 30-248 30-256 30-204 30-174 30-196 30-161 30-208 30-lsil 30-123 30-168 30-139 30-135 30-214 30-243 30-268 30-221 30-178 30-184 30-171 30-231 30-188 30-116 30-163 30111 30-113 30-224 30-239 30-268 30-224 30-163 30-169 30-161 30-201 30-179 ... 30-126 30-159 30-091 30-089 30-213 30-233 30-248 30-224 30-163 30-146 30-151 30-196 30-170 30-133 30-143 30-054 30-059 30-188 30-194 30-226 30-206 30-148 30-131 30-138 30-169 30-149 30-139 30-144 30-014 30026 30-149 30-173 30-201 30-186 30-124 30-097 30-128 30-153 30-128 ... 30-146 30-124 30-011 30-001 30-108 30-143 30-163 30-144 30-098 30-094 30-100 30-136 30-106 30-141 30-134 30-000 29-986 30061 30-104 30-136 30-101 30 088 30-051 30-081 30-114 30-083 30-153 30-143 30-009 30-016 30-044 30-091 30-104 30-069 30-079 30-051 30-088 30-134 30-081 110 THE VOYAGE OF H.M.S. CHALLENGER. Places. Country. No. of Years. Years Specified. Hours of ( Hi ervation. Latitude. Longitude. Height, Feet. North Atlantic,* . 6 1881-86 32 30 0 / -72 30 0 Do. 6 do. -77 30 0 Do. 6 do. 37 30 -12 30 0 Do. 6 do. -17 30 0 Do. 6 do. 11 -22 30 0 Do. G do. -27 30 0 Do. a 6 do. -32 30 0 Do. 4^ 6 do. -37 30 0 Do. 6 do. -42 30 0 Do. 03 CD 6 do. Ti -47 30 0 Do. -u> 6 do. -52 30 0 Do. 0 6 do. -57 30 I) Do. 6 do. -62 30 0 Do. 03 6 do. -67 30 0 Do. 3 Z3 6 do. It -72 30 0 Do. O, 6 do. 42 30 - 12 30 0 Do. $ 02 6 do. -17 30 0 Do. a& 6 do. -22 30 0 Do. o ~ 6 do. -27 30 0 Do. P 3 !"S> 6 do. 1» -32 30 0 Do. 03 .S 6 do. -37 30 0 Do. §! 6 do. -42 30 0 Do. 6 do. 7 -47 30 0 Do. o - 6 do. -52 30 0 Do. 2 fco ■5,2 o 6 do. It -57 30 0 Do. Do. Is 6 6 do. do. J» -62 30 -67 30 0 0 Do. TS S 6 do. 47 "30 -12 30 0 Do. Do. -t-3 i— < 3 o 6 (I do. do. 11 17 -17 30 -22 30 0 0 Do. o a (i do. -27 30 0 Do. 6 do. -32 30 0 Do. 6 do. -37 30 0 Do. ® *ft- 6 do. -42 30 0 Do. 6 do. 1» -47 30 0 Do. CO a 6 do. 52 30 -12 30 0 Do. Do. 6 6 6 do. do. )1 -17 30 -22 30 0 0 Do. o 6 do. -27 30 0 Do. rS 6 do. it -32 30 0 Do. < 6 do. -37 30 0 Do. 6 do. -42 30 0 Do. J3 6 do. -47 30 0 Do. ■— i 6 do. 57" 30 -12 30 0 Do. 6 do. ... )! -17 30 0 Do. 6 do. -22 30 0 Do. 6 do. -27 30 0 Do. (i do. -32 30 0 Do. 6 do. -37 30 0 Do. 6 do. -42 30 0 Do. 6 do. 'J -47 30 0 REPORT ON ATMOSPHERIC CIRCULATION. Ill Jan. Feb. Mar. April. May. June. July. Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec. Year. Corrs. Applied. Inches. Inches. Inches. Inches. Inches. Inches. Inches. Indies. Inches. Inches. Inches. Inches. Inches. Inch. 30-163 30-156 30-041 30-034 30-039 :;ii-ih;i; 30-073 30056 30-071 30-066 30-104 30-154 :;o-iis6 30-175 30-170 30-067 30-046 30031 30033 30-041 30033 30-066 30-081 30-163 30-174 30-090 30-122 30-144- 30-037 30-027 30-062 30-132 30-115 : so 30-105 30114 30-135 30-183 30-105 ... 30-120 30-129 30-075 30-042 30-117 30-200 30-180 30-147 30-134 30 150 30-126 30- 199 30-135 ... 30-112 30-120 30-107 30-057 30-132 30-247 30-242 30-202 30-174 30-195 30142 30-222 30-163 30-102 30134 30-119 30-084 30-175 30-247 30-284 30-230 30-175 30-202 30-157 30-217 30-176 30-070 30-100 30-095 30-052 30-179 30-235 30-255 30-209 30-164 30-190 30-150 30-195 30-157 30-052 30-072 30-047 30-067 30-180 30-217 :)o-2:i2 30-210 30-154 30-160 30-135 30-177 30-142 ... 30-052 30-070 30-010 30-024 30-169 30-179 30-187 30192 30-135 30 134 30115 30-147 30 117 ... 30-060 30-067 29-965 30-000 30-142 30-149 30-162 30-177 30-125 30-122 30097 30-130 30-099 30-06-1 30-040 29-927 29-965 30-112 30-115 30-130 30-152 30-110 30-085 30-092 30-115 30-074 30-072 30034 29-902 29-930 30-077 30 087 30-090 30-104 30-100 30-070 30-047 30-074 30-046 . . 30-060 30-052 29-905 29-939 30-044 30-050 30-054 30-074 30-087 30-084 30047 :ju-O09 30-039 30-100 30-085 29-942 29-952 30-017 30-035 30-027 30049 30-090 30-082 30-065 30-084 30-044 30-120 30-119 29-977 30-000 30-030 30-015 30-000 30-039 30-085 30-107 30-102 30-124 30-060 ... 30-045 30042 29-982 29-902 30-014 30-104 30-077 30-069 30057 30069 30-094 30-154 30-051 30017 30-020 30-014 29-954 :;o-057 30-165 30-142 30-119 30-072 30-107 .■inn:;; 30-155 30-074 30-0H 30-020 30-029 .■:iMiii,;, 30-052 30-190 30187 30-147 30-100 30-124 30-070 30-160 30-092 ... 29-994 29-980 30-019 30-017 30-080 30-187 30-197 30-145 30-107 30-134 30-064 30-1.-J7 30-088 29-980 29-939 29-994 29-987 30-095 30-172 30-182 30-137 30-100 30-110 30-060 30-114 30-065 29-935 29-915 29-945 29-942 30-089 30-137 30-132 30-127 30-082 30-085 30-035 30-102 30-044 • .. 29-944 29-925 29-910 29-920 30-094 30-110 30-114 30-102 30-079 30-082 30-027 30-080 30032 ... 29-965 29-925 29-865 29-904 30-080 30-080 30-077 30-097 30-090 30-075 30-002 30-045 30-017 29-972 29-940 29-842 29-882 30-059 30-040 30-030 30-070 30-077 30-067 29-991 30-024 30-000 29-984 29-957 29-835 29-681 30-035 30-002 30-004 30-045 30 090 30-059 29-992 29-998 29-990 ... 30-024 29-995 29-860 29-897 30-012 29-987 29-974 30-027 30-085 30075 30-014 30-014 29-997 30-054 30-040 29-902 29-930 29-989 29-964 29-949 30-009 30-082 30-100 30-035 30-050 30-008 29-945 29-925 29-950 29-846 29 986 30-075 30-026 30-028 29-985 29-968 29-958 30-038 29-978 29-901 29-880 29-946 29-870 29-986 30-096 30-031 30-021 29-970 29-991 29-941 30-030 29-972 29-873 29-846 29-943 29-883 29-991 30-105 30-041 30-026 29-961 29-991 29-925 30-018 29-909 29-845 29-806 29-905 29-886 29-998 30-100 30-051 30-013 29-960 29-986 29-896 30-006 29-955 29-805 29-765 29-870 29-875 29-996 30-063 30-026 29-995 29-961 29-973 29-872 29-96:; 29-930 29-786 29-773 29-841 29-841 30-008 30-051 30-025 29-996 29-971 29-958 29-875 29-950 29-922 ... 29-798 29-798 29-808 29-808 30-010 30-003 29-995 29-983 29-983 29-955 29-875 29-930 29-912 29-805 29-813 29-778 29-825 29-993 29-961 29-900 29-975 29-998 29-973 29-878 29-913 29-906 29-851 29-811 29-894 29-824 29-922 30-022 29-906 29-939 29-874 29-872 29-831 29-916 29-889 ... 29-800 29-742 29-882 29-817 29-929 30-001 29-892 29-924 29-849 29-861 29-802 29-898 29-866 29-779 29-701 29 864 29-804 29-921 30-001 29-900 29-901 29-846 29-840 29-774 29-876 29-851 29722 29-669 29-829 29-800 29-922 29-987 29-911 29-889 29-832 29-819 29-757 29--SIS 29-833 29-709 29-661 29-796 29-791 29-928 29-967 29-920 29-891 29-836 29-812 29-730 29-815 29-822 29-704 29-656 29-774 29-792 29-930 29-940 29-906 29-S89 29 824 29-814 29 736 29-795 29-811 29-712 29-679 29-757 29-787 29-932 29-914 29-894 29-876 29-832 29-829 29-754 29-780 27-812 ... 29-746 29-696 29-756 29-781 29-936 29-876 29-861 29-862 29-837 29-849 29-774 29780 29-813 29-670 29-650 29-784 29-817 29-875 29-890 29-787 29-797 29-760 29-744 29-640 29-691 29-759 ... 29-642 29-610 29-767 29-794 29-890 29-880 29-787 29-794 29-730 29-700 29-620 29-666 29-740 ... 29-612 29-577 29755 29-772 29-S97 29-885 29-784 29-779 29-705 29-687 29-600 29-657 29-726 29-592 29-553 29-739 29-774 29-892 29-865 29-809 29-782 29-695 29-692 29-603 29-647 29-720 29-592 29-547 29-727 29-777 29-887 29-857 29-809 29-782 29-692 29-660 29-610 29-651 29-716 29-569 29-554 29-709 29-769 29-880 L'-.i-.s:;;, 29-815 29-774 29-682 29-662 29-637 29-654 29-711 29-600 29-562 29-700 29-764 29-895 29-825 29-822 29-790 29-687 29-672 29-664 29-654 29-720 29-610 29-587 29-700 29-762 29-885 29-810 29-812 29-785 29-700 29-684 29-694 29-646 29-723 ... no* THE VOYAGE OF H.M.S. CHALLENGER. ADDENDA TO TABLE VI. Places. Country. No. of Years. Years Specified. Hours of ( Ibservation. Latitude. Longitude. Height, Feet. Stykkisholm, Iceland 15 1870-84 9: 9 o 65 5 O 1 -22 46 .".7 Reykjavik, . do. 15 do. do. 64 9 -22 0 Ki Grimsey, do. 15 do. 8 : 2, 9 66 34 -18 3 8 Berufiord, do. 15 do. do. 64 40 -14 15 30 Thorshavn, . Faro 15 do. g . g 62 - -6 43 12 Santis, . Switzerland 41 1882-86 7: 1,9 47 15 9 20 8094 Puy de Dome, France 8 1878-85 M.P. 45 47 2 57 4813 Pic-du-Midi, do. 4 1878-81 do. 42 57 0 8 7763 Do. do. 4 1882-85 do. 42 57 0 8 9 .Mont Veutoux, do. 2 1885-87 do. 44 17 5 16 6234 Valdobbia, . Italy 7 1878-84 do. 45 47 7 51 8360 Stelvio, do. 7 do. do. 46 32 10 25 8343 P. Bernardo, do. 7 do. do. 45 4 6 41 7087 Melkerei, Germany 8 1879-86 X: 2 48 25 7 18 3n51 Glatzer Schneeberg, do. 8 1884-86 7 : 2, 9 50 12 10 50 3993 Alexandropol, Russia 12 1854-65 7 : 2, 9 40 48 43 49 5010 Papho, . Cyprus 7 1881-87 9: 9 34 46 32 25 230 Limassol, do. 7 do. do. 34 40 33 1 26 Larnaca, do. 7 do. do. 34 55 33 37 35 Famagusta, . do. 7 do. do. 35 7 33 57 75 Kyrenia, do. 7 do. do. 35 21 33 19 60 Nicosia, do. 7 do. do. 35 11 33 22 509 Beyrout, Syria 7 do. do. 35 28 83 54 112 Alexandria, . Egypt 7 do. do. 31 12 29 53 62 Sant' Anna do Sobradinho, Brazil ■; I 2 1883-86 6: 3 -9 26 -40 47 1053 Sanchez, West Indies 2 1886-87 10: 4 19 13 -69 37 50 Fort Simpson, British America H 1849-51 do. 62 7 -121 38 v Guayaquil, . Ecuador 6 1882 do. -2 10 -79 56 25 Lick Observatory, California 5 1881-85 M.r. 37 20 -121 39 4301 REPORT ON ATMOSPHERIC CIRCULATION. IIP Jan. Feb. Mar. April. May. June. July. Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec. Year. Corrs. Applied- Inches. Inches. Inches. Inches. Inches. Inches. Inches. Inches. Inches. 1 1 10 h es. Inches. Inches. Inches. Inch. 29-370 29-492 29-617 1 29-781! 29-838 29-757 29-726 29-724 29-653 29-572 29-646 29-498 29-662 29-398 29-496 29-627 1 29-800 29-840 29-764 29-746 29-728 29 654 29-596 29-693 29-461 29-650 29-476 29-577 29-696 29-864 29-896 29-798 29-755 29-764 29-720 29-616 29-723 29-585 29-716 29-465 29-560 29-668 29-824 29-857 29-770 29-723 29-734 29-687 29-600 29-638 29-543 29-689 29-582 29-668 29-724 29-855 29-880 29-845 29-765 29-793 29-759 29-651 29-688 29-624 29-736 22-083 22-154 22-056 22-060 22-246 22-296 22-414 22-398 22-335 22-206 22-142 ! s-060 22-204 25-123 25-093 25-057 24-939 25-113 25-182 25-250 25-226 25-190 25-100 25-090 25-090 25-120 22-428 22-391 22-457 22-323 22-485 22-587 22-702 22-662 22-634 22-528 22-398 22-449 22-504 21-205 21-193 21-032 20-981 21-210 21-300 21-402 21-406 21-29(1 21-197 21-162 21-127 21-210 23-614 23-758 23-727 23-717 23-794 23-902 24-016 23-975 23-953 23-811 23-656 23-693 23-802 22-122 22-103 22-050 21-993 22-170 22-242 22-335 22-327 22-268 22-166 22-110 22-040 22-160 22-116 22-091 22-028 21-957 22-142 22-221 22-302 22-284 22-238 22-130 22-083 22-022 22-135 23-067 23-036 22-985 22-890 23-079 23-146 23-237 23-221 23-163 23-083 23-040 22-998 23-079 26-776 26-737 26-741 26-627 26-798 26-810 26-865 26-844 26-838 26-754 26-772 26-753 26-776 25-776 25-874 25-820 25-764 25-890 25-878 26-000 25-980 26-008 25-843 25-867 25-737 25-870 24-938 24-895 24-905 24-874 24-925 24-908 24-871 24-912 24-982 25-060 25-049 24-976 24-941 30-065 30-042 30-000 29-916 29-944 29-884 29-791 29-796 29-934 30-018 30-066 30-082 29-961 30-060 30-048 29-980 29-892 29-935 29-850 29-767 29-774 29-895 30-006 30-042 30-072 29-943 30-067 30-039 29-985 29-906 29-933 29-852 29-756 29-767 29-895 30-016 30-053 30-093 29-947 30-075 30-042 29-980 29-897 29-924 29-864 29-762 29-775 29-902 30021 30-063 30-095 29-950 30-072 30-048 29-980 29-901 29-932 29-864 29-766 29-770 29-888 30-007 30-043 30-076 29-946 30-078 30-032 29-983 29-893 29-932 29-860 29-754 29-770 29-904 30-008 30-040 30-078 29-944 30-080 30-069 30-023 29-950 29-970 29-910 29-810 29-796 29-947 30-025 30-069 30-103 29-980 -■080 30080 30-072 30-022 29-950 29-979 29-930 29-855 29-855 29-954 30-029 30-069 30-084 29-990 28-856 28-852 28-852 28-863 28-891 28-950 28-974 28-962 28-950 28-863 28-836 28-832 28-8! 11 + •170 30-075 30-115 30-067 30-013 30-023 30-040 30-075 29-998 29-982 29-970 29-997 30-066 30-035 27-962 27-835 29-960 27-942 29-945 28-025 27-906 27-733 27-706 27-613 28-015 ■• 25-729 25-717 25-686 25;666 25-678 25-733 27-768 25-745 25721 25-705 25-752 25-697 25-717 (PHYS. CHEM. CHALL. EXP. — PAKT V. 1888.) 20* TABLE VII. Showing the Average Number of Days each Month the Wind has prevailed from "North, North-East, East, etc., at Different Places over the Globe. Note. — As regards " Hours of Observations," the A.M. Observations are placed before the colon [:], the P.M. after it. A Minus sign before Latitudes indicates Latitude South, and before Longitudes, Longitude West. (PHYS. CHEM. CIIALL. EXP. — PAET V. 1888.) 21 114 THE VOYAGE OF H.M.S. CHALLENGER MULLAGHMURE. MAKKREE. ARMAGH. Month. Lat. 54° 28'. Long. —8° 28'. Lat. 54° 11'. Long. -8° 27'. Lat. 54° 21'. Long. -6° 39'. Height 40 ft. Height 131 ft. Height 207 ft. 7 Years, 1879, 1881-86. Hour 8 : 12 Years, 1875-86. Hours 9 : 9. 14 Years, 1870-83. Hour 8 : N. N.E. E. S.E. s. s.w w. N.W CA. N. N.E E. S.E. s. s.w w. N.W CA. N. N.E E. S.E. S. s.w w. N.W CA. Jan. 1 1 5 6 3 9 4 2 0 1 1 1 7 6 5 2 2 6 1 O 2 4 11 8 2 1 Feb. 1 1 4 1 5 9 3 1 0 2 1 1 5 5 4 2 2 6 2 2 2 3 9 7 2 1 March 2 2 5 5 3 8 4 2 0 2 2 2 5 4 4 2 4 6 0 3 3 2 6 8 4 2 April 2 3 9 4 3 4 2 2 1 2 3 3 7 3 3 1 2 6 3 5 4 3 6 5 2 2 May 2 3 6 2 2 7 5 3 1 3 1 2 4 3 4 4 4 6 4 4 3 2 5 6 4 3 June 2 2 4 2 2 6 6 5 1 4 1 2 4 4 3 1 4 7 3 4 2 2 6 7 3 3 July 2 1 2 3 4 9 6 3 1 2 1 1 8 4 4 2 5 9 2 3 1 1 6 10 5 3 Aug. 2 1 4 2 4 7 5 5 1 2 1 2 4 5 3 9 3 9 2 4 3 2 5 8 5 2 Sept. 3 1 5 3 5 6 0 0 3 1 2 1 2 4 5 3 2 3 8 1 3 9 2 7 10 2 3 Oct. 3 2 4 5 4 5 4 4 0 0 1 2 6 4 3 2 2 8 2 3 3 3 8 8 3 1 Nov. 3 2 2 3 4 8 4 4 0 2 1 1 4 4 5 2 3 8 2 2 2 3 9 8 2 2 Dec. 3 2 3 2 3 7 6 4 1 2 1 1 4 4 5 2 3 9 2 2 3 1 9 11 2 1 Year 26 21 53 41 42 85 52 38 7 27 1 15 20 57 51 46 24 37 88 27 I 1 37 30 28 87 96 36 24 ... DONAGHADEE. DUBLIN. PARSONSTOWN. Lat, 54° 38'. Long. -5° 34'. Lat. 53° 22'. Long. —6° 21'. Lat. 53° 6'. Long. —7° 55'. Height 30 ft. Height 158 ft. Height 182 ft. 9 Years, 1876-79, 1881-86. Hour 8 : 15 Years, 1870-84. Hours 9 : 3. 13 Years, 1873, 1875-86. Hours 9 : 9. N. In.E E. S.E. s. s.w w. N.W CA.1 N. N.E E. S.E. s. s.w w. N.W CA. N. N.E E. S.E. S. s.w w. N.W CA. Jan. 1 1 2 4 7 7 6 3 ... 1 0 3 3 4 8 8 1 3 1 1 2 6 6 5 4 1 5 Feb. 1 1 3 3 4 G 7 3 ... 1 1 2 3 3 6 7 2 3 1 1 1 5 5 5 4 2 4 March o 0 1 4 3 4 6 7 3 ... 2 1 4 3 2 6 8 3 2 2 2 2 4 4 6 4 3 4 April 2 5 6 5 4 3 3 2 2 2 6 4 2 3 6 3 2 3 3 3 5 4 3 3 2 4 May 4 4 4 3 4 4 5 3 3 3 5 2 2 5 7 2 2 3 2 2 4 4 4 4 4 4 June 5 4 3 2 5 4 5 2 2 2 4 2 3 5 7 3 2 2 1 1 3 4 5 5 4 5 July 4 3 2 2 3 5 8 4 1 2 2 1 4 8 9 2 2 1 1 1 3 4 6 5 5 5 Aug. 3 ! 4 3 2 4 4 7 4 ... 2 2 3 2 3 5 9 2 3 1 2 1 4 4 6 5 3 5 Sept. 2 3 o 2 4 5 8 3 2 '1 3 2 2 6 8 3 3 2 1 2 4 4 4 4 3 6 Oct, 2 ' 2 3 3 6 5 7 3 ... 2 2 3 3 3 4 10 1 3 2 1 2 4 4 5 3 3 7 Nov. 2 : 2 2 2 4 7 8 3 ... 2 1 2 2 3 5 9 2 4 1 1 2 4 4 5 4 3 r> Dec. 1 3 2 1 3 7 11 3 36 1 21 1 18 2 39 2 29 3 34 6 67 10 98 2 26 4 33 1 20 1 17 1 20 4 50 5 52 6 60 5 50 2 35 6 61 Year 30 33 37 32J52 63 82 CORK. KOCHES POINT. VALENCIA. Lat. 61° 53'. Long. —8° 28'. Lat. 51° 47'. Long. -8° 19'. Lat. 51° 55'. Long. -10° 18'. Height 25 ft. Heieht 32 ft. Height 23 ft. 11 Years, 1857-67. Hour 9 : 10 Years, 1876-79, 1881-86. Hour 8: 15 Years, 1870-84. Hour 8 : N. N.E E. S.E. s. s.w w. N.W CA. N. N.E E. S.E. s. s.w W. N.W CA. N. N.E K. S.E. s. s.w w. N.W CA. Jan. 2 2 1 5 3 8 2 8 ... 4 3 1 4 4 6 6 O , ... 2 3 3 5 6 5 5 2 0 Feb. 1 3 2 5 1 7 3 6 3 2 1 3 3 6 7 3 2 3 3 5 4 4 5 2 0 March 1 4 2 5 1 5 4 9 ... 5 3 2 3 3 4 6 5 3 4 4 3 4 4 5 4 0 April 1 4 3 5 2 6 3 6 ... 5 3 4 5 4 4 2 3 4 4 4 5 3 3 3 3 1 May 2 2 4 V 2 6 3 5 ... 7 2 4 4 3 4 4 3 5 4 3 3 3 5 4 3 1 June 1 2 1 5 3 6 4 8 6 1 2 3 4 5 4 5 3 2 2 3 4 5 5 5 1 July 1 1 1 3 2 7 6 10 6 1 1 2 4 6 5 6 3 2 1 4 5 5 6 5 0 Aug. 1 1 1 4 4 7 0 8 ... 5 2 2 2 3 5 7 5 3 2 2 4 4 5 6 4 1 Sept. 1 1 2 4 3 8 4 7 ... 6 2 2 3 2 5 5 5 3 3 2 4 3 4 5 4 2 Oct. 1 • > 2 6 2 7 2 8 5 3 1 4 4 4 r, 4 3 4 3 4 4 4 5 3 1 Nov. 1 .) 3 5 0 6 1 8 4 2 1 2 4 5 8 4 3 5 3 4 3 3 5 3 i Dec. 1 2 1 5 3 9 3 7 7 63 2 26 1 1 3 41 5 59 7 5 3 3 3 4 5 4 4 4 1 Year 14 28 23 59 29 82 40 90 22 36 67 51 ... 37 39 33 48 48 51 58 42 9 REPORT ON ATMOSPHERIC CIRCULATION. 115 NOKTH UNST. SANDWICK. BUTT OF LEWIS. Month. Lat. 60° 51'. Long. —0° 53'. Height 230 ft. 15 Tears, 1870-84. Hours 9 : 9. Lat. 59° 2'. Long. —3° 18'. Height 94 ft. 15 Tears, 1870-84. Hours 9 : 9. Lat. 58° 31'. Long. —6° 16'. Height 170 ft. 15 Tears, 1870-84. Hours 9 : 9. N. N.E E. S.E. s. 's.w w. N.W CA. N. N.E E. S.E. s. s.w w. N.W CA. N. N.E E. S.E. s. s.w w. N.W CA. Jan. 3 1 2 2 8 6 6 3 1 1 1 5 7 6 5 3 2 2 1 2 4 8 8 3 3 Feb. 4 2 2 2 8 4 4 2 2 1 1 6 4 4 5 3 2 2 2 4 4 6 5 3 2 ... March G 3 2 2 7 4 5 2 ... 2 2 1 7 4 4 5 5 1 4 2 4 4 5 5 4 3 ... April 6 4 3 3 6 3 3 2 3 3 3 7 3 3 3 4 1 3 3 7 4 4 4 2 3 ... May 8 3 2 2 4 4 5 3 3 3 2 G 2 4 5 5 1 4 5 5 2 3 6 4 2 ... June 5 3 3 4 5 4 4 2 3 2 2 7 3 3 4 5 1 3 4 6 3 4 4 3 3 July 5 3 4 3 5 4 5 2 2 1 2 7 3 4 5 5 2 3 3 4 4 4 5 5 3 Aug. 5 3 3 3 5 4 5 3 2 2 3 6 1 4 5 5 3 3 3 5 3 4 5 5 3 Sept. 6 2 2 2 6 5 4 3 ... 3 2 2 5 3 4 5 4 2 4 4 3 3 4 6 3 3 Oct. 4 2 2 3 9 4 5 2 3 1 1 6 5 4 5 4 2 3 2 3 3 7 5 5 3 Nov. 6 4 2 2 6 4 3 3 4 2 1 4 4 4 4 4 3 4 3 3 3 6 5 3 3 Dec. 5 2 2 3 6 4 6 3 3 2 2 3 5 5 5 4 2 3 38 2 3 3 40 7 62 6 64 4 44 3 34 ... Year 63 32 29 31 75! 50 55 30 31 22 21 69 44 49 56 :,i 22 34 49 MOXACH. SKEEETVOEE. TAEBETNESS. Mo.nth. Lat. 57° 32'. Long. -7° 38'. Height 20 ft. 15 Tears, 1870-84. Hours 9 : 9. Lat. 5G° 19'. Long. —7° 7'. Height 150 ft. 15 Tears, 1870-84. Hours 9 : 9. Lat. 57° 52'. Long. -3° 47'. • Height 175 ft. 15 Tears, 1870-84. Hours 9 : 9. N. N.E E. S.E. s. s.w w. N.W CA. N. N.E E. S.E. S. s.w w. !n.w CA. N. N.E E. S.E. s. s.w w. N.W CA. Jan. 2 1 2 2 10 5 6 3 0 2 1 1 5 8 6 6 2 0 1 1 1 4 4 11 6 3 0 Feb. 2 2 3 2 7 5 5 2 0 3 1 2 6 6 5 4 2 0 2 1 2 5 4 6 5 3 0 March 4 2 3 2 7 4 5 3 1 4 2 2 5 5 5 4 4 0 4 2 3 4 3 6 5 4 0 April 4 3 5 3 6 3 3 2 1 4 3 3 7 5 4 2 2 0 3 3 7 4 3 3 3 3 1 May 4 4 3 2 5 4 5 3 1 5 3 2 4 4 5 4 4 0 :; 5 G 2 2 5 4 4 0 June 4 3 3 2 6 5 3 3 1 4 2 2 4 5 5 4 4 0 2 3 7 4 2 4 4 3 1 July 5 2 2 1 6 6 5 3 1 4 2 1 3 5 6 5 5 0 2 3 5 3 3 5 4 5 1 Aug. 4 2 4 2 5 5 4 4 1 4 2 2 4 5 5 5 3 1 ■■ 3 5 4 2 5 4 5 1 Sept. 4 3 3 2 5 5 5 2 1 4 2 1 4 5 6 5 3 0 2 3 3 3 3 6 4 5 1 Oct. 3 2 3 2 6 5 7 3 0 3 2 1 0 6 5 5 3 0 3 1 3 3 4 7 6 4 0 Nov. 5 3 3 2 6 4 5 2 0 4 [ 3 2 4 5 5 4 3 0 4 2 1 4 3 7 5 4 0 Dec. 3 2 3 2 7 4 6 4 0 3 1 2 2 4 6 5 5 4 0 2 30 1 28 1 44 3 4:1 3 36 9 74 7 57 5 48 0 5 Year 44 29 37 24 76 55 59 34 7 44 25 21 55 65 62 53 39 1 BUCHANNESS. BEN NEVIS. ISLE OP MAT. Month. Lat. 57° 28'. Long. -1° 4G'. Height 130 ft. 15 Tears, 1870-84. Hours 9 : 9. Lat. 56° 49'. Long. —5° 7'. Height 4406 ft. 4 Tears, 1884-87. Hours 9 : 9. Lat. 56° 11'. Long. —2° 33'. Height 240 ft. 15 Tears, 1870-84. Hours 9: 9. N. N.E E. S.E. s. s.w w. N.W CA. N. N.E E. S.E. s. s.w w. N.W CA. N. N.E E. S.E. s. s.w w. N.W CA. Jan. 2 1 1 2 6 9 5 5 0 4 4 3 4 4 4 5 3 0 1 1 1 3 4 3 15 2 1 Feb. 3 2 2 3 5 5 4 4 0 3 1 3 4 5 6 3 3 0 1 2 2 3 4 3 11 1 1 March 4 2 2 3 5 6 4 5 0 5 5 3 4 5 :; 3 3 0 2 4 3 4 :'. 2 10 2 1 April 3 4 3 5 4 5 2 4 0 5 3 3 5 4 2 3 3 2 1 3 6 5 2 2 8 1 2 May 6 4 2 2 5 5 3 4 1 4 5 3 5 3 3 4 2 2 1 3 5 4 2 3 10 1 2 June 5 3 1 3 7 5 2 3 1 5 3 2 2 :; 4 5 3 3 1 3 4 5 3 2 8 1 3 July B 2 2 3 6 5 3 4 1 5 1 1 4 5 4 6 3 2 1 2 4 4 3 2 12 1 2 Aug. fi 3 2 3 6 4 3 4 1 5 2 2 4 6 3 4 3 2 1 2 5 4 2 2 11 2 2 Sept, 5 2 2 2 6 4 4 4 1 7 2 2 3 5 3 4 2 2 1 3 3 3 2 3 12 1 2 Oct. 3 1 2 3 5 7 5 5 0 10 3 3 3 3 3 3 2 1 2 2 2 3 3 3 12 3 1 Nov. 4 3 2 2 4 fi 4 5 0 7 3 3 3 4 4 3 3 0 2 4 3 1 3 3 10 3 1 Dec. 3 2 29 2 23 2 33 3 62 8 69 5 44 6 0 9 69 4 36 2 30 2 43 2 49 3 42 5 48 3 33 1 15 1 1 15 3 32 2 40 2 41 2 33 3 31 l."> 134 2 1 19 Year 47 53 5 116 THE VOYAGE OF H.M.S. CHALLENGER. ST. ABB'S HEAD. MULL OF GALLOWAY. POINT OF AYEK. Lat. 55° 55'. Long. -2° 11'. Height 224 ft. Lat. 54° 38'. Long. —4° 15'. Lat. 54° 25. Long. -4° 22'. Month. Ileicht 325 ft. Height 106 ft. 15 Years, 1870-84. Hours 9 : 9 15 Years, 1870-84. Hours 9: 9. 15 Years, 1870-84. Hours 9 : 9. N. K-E l . S.E. s. s.w W. N.W CA. N. >».E E. S.E. s. s.w w. ' \-.\v CA. N. >J.E E. S.E. S. S.W w. S'.W CA . 1 1 1 4 4 10 fi 4 0 2 1 3 4 8 7 4 2 ... 2 1 2 ft 6 4 8 3 0 Feb. '> ^ 9. fi 3 fi ft 3 0 3 1 4 3 6 5 4 2 ... 2 2 3 b 4 3 6 3 0 3 3 3 4 g 6 fi 3 1 4 1 5 3 5 0 4 4 ... 3 2 4 4 4 2 V 4 1 April May June 3 3 4 fi 2 4 4 3 1 3 2 7 4 5 3 3 3 2 3 6 6 3 2 ft 3 1 3 4 2 fi 2 6 ft 3 1 3 2 5 2 6 4 4 ft ... 2 4 3 2 3 3 V ft 2 3 3 2 6 2 4 5 3 2 3 1 3 3 7 5 4 4 2 2 3 3 4 3 7 ft 1 July Aug. ? ?, 2 4 ft 7 4 2 2 1 2 1 8 6 6 5 1 1 2 4 3 3 9 7 1 ? 3 5> ft 3 ft 6 4 i ! 3 2 3 3 6 5 5 4 2 2 3 4 3 3 8 5 1 Sept. Oct. 3 3 '> 4 3 fi ft O i ! 3 2 3 2 6 0 5 4 3 3 2 3 3 3 V a 1 3 2 \> 4 4 7 fi 3 o 3 2 3 4 6 4 5 4 3 2 3 4 4 8 7 4 1 Nov. 4 3 '; 5! 4 fi ft 4 o 4 2 3 3 5 ft ft 3 4 3 3 4 4 3 fi 3 0 Dec. 3 3 2 3 3 8 6 4 0 9 4 37 2 19 :; 44 3 35 5 73 7 61 4 53 3 43 ""I 3 29 3 28 2 35 4 48 4 45 3 35 8 85 4 51 0 9 Year 32 31 26 52 35 73 | 60 41 SILLOTH. STONYHUIIST. LLANDUDNO. Lat 54° 52'. Long. —3° 22'. Lat. 53° 51'. Long. —2° 28'. Lat. 53° 21'. Long. -3° 50'. Month. Height 28 ft. 15 Years, 1870-84. Hours, 9 : 9 Height 361 ft. Height 100 ft. 15 Years, 1870-84. Hours 9 : 9. 15 Years, 1870-84. Hours 9 : 9. N N.F. i E. S.E. S. s.w w. N.W CA. N. N.E E. S.E. s. s.w w. N.W CA. N. N.E E. S.E. s. s.w w. N.W CA. Jan. 2 1 5 3 1 0 ft 3 2 1 5 3 1 5 8 7 1 1 1 3 2 4 6 12 1 1 Feb. 2 3 5 2 2 7 4 2 2 1 4 4 1 4 6 6 2 2 1 t» 2 3 ft 11 1 0 March 3 3 fi 2 1 6 ft 4 1 1 6 4 1 3 6 7 3 ... 2 3 5 2 2 o 12 2 0 April May June 5> 3 0 3 1 4 5 2 1 1 8 5 1 2 5 7 1 ... 2 3 7 2 3 2 8 2 1 1 2 7 3 1 fi 7 2 2 1 7 3 1 2 5 10 2 3 3 7 1 2 3 10 2 0 1 2 5 3 1 7 7 2 2 1 5 4 1 2 fi 9 2 4 2 4 1 2 3 11 3 0 July Aug. Sept. Oct. 1 1 4 1 1 10 10 1 o 1 3 2 0 2 9 12 2 3 2 2 0 2 4 15 3 0 1 1 fi 2 1 7 8 3 2 1 0 2 2 2 7 10 2 2 1 3 2 2 o lfi 2 0 ■> 1 ft ;' 1 fi 7 3 3 2 5 2 1 3 6 8 o ... 3 2 4 1 2 3 12 3 0 ■■> 1 6 3 1 fi 6 3 3 2 5 3 1 3 7 7 3 ... 2 2 4 3 3 ft 10 2 0 Nov. 3 3 4 2 1 fi ft 3 3 2 7 2 1 n O 6 6 3 3 2 3 1 3 4 12 2 0 Dec. 3 4 4 2 1 8 5 2 2 2 16 7 G7 1 35 1 12 3 34 7 78 7 96 3 2 2 3 2 2 4 14 2 0 Year 23 24 (36 28 13 82 74 30 25 27 j ... 29 24 48 19 30 45 143 25 2 GREENWICH. KEW. FALMOUTH. Month. Lat. 51° 29'. Long. 0° 0'. Lat. 51° 28'. Long. -0° 19'. Lat. 50° 9'. Long. -5° 4'. Height. 159 ft. Height 34 ft. Height 211 ft. 20 Years, 1841-60. Hourly. 15 Tears, 1870-84. Hour 8: 15 Years, 1870-84. Hour 8: N. N.E E. S.E. s. s.w w. N.W CA. X. N.E E. S.E. s. s.w w. x.w CA. N. N.E E. S.E. s. S.W w. N.W CA. Jan. 3 3 1 2 4 10 3 •> 3 o 3 3 2 6 8 4 2 4 2 2 3 6 6 ft 3 Feb. 3 4 2 1 3 8 3 2 2 3 3 3 2 5 7 3 2 3 2 2 3 5 ft 6 2 March 4 4 3 2 2 8 o 0 o 2 4 ft 3 1 3 7 5 3 ... 5 2 4 2 4 4 ft ft April May 4 6 3 2 8 fi 3 2 1 4 ft 4 2 4 6 4 2 ... 4 4 5 2 3 3 ft 4 ... 4 7 3 2 3 7 2 1 2 5 6 3 1 3 7 4 2 ... ■1 4 ft 2 4 4 3 ft ... June t> 4 2 2 2 10 4 2 1 4 4 2 1 0 7 5 2 ... 3 1 2 2 0 ft ft V ... July g 4 1 1 3 10 4 2 3 3 2 1 1 5 11 fi 2 ... 2 1 2 2 4 6 8 fi Aug. i) 3 1 1 3 11 4 2 3 3 3 O 1 4 9 6 2 3 1 4 2 3 ft V 6 Sept. 4 5 2 2 2 7 2 2 4 3 4 3 1 3 8 G 2 ... 3 1 3 2 4 4 V 6 ... Oct. 3 3 1 2 3 9 4 2 4 :; 4 • > 1 5 8 4 3 ... 4 2 2 3 ft 4 fi ft Nov. 4 4 2 2 3 8 2 2 3 4 3 2 1 4 8 4 4 ... 4 2 2 2 4 4 V a ... Dec. 3 41 2 | 2 2 21 3 34 9 10? 4 2 4 32 4 Us o 45 2 1 15 4 51 9 94 ft 56 3 29 ... 4 43 2 24 1 34 2 27 4 51 ft 55 V 71 6 60 Year 49 23 38 I24 REPORT ON ATMOSPHERIC CIRCULATION. 117 JERSEY. HAFARANDA. I'MEA. Month. Lat. 49° 12'. Loog. -2° 7'. Lat 05° 50'. Long. 24° 9'. Lat. G3° 49'. Long. 20° 18'. Height 50 ft. Height 30 ft. Height 41 it. 15 Years, 1870-84. Hours 0: 9. 13 Years, 1870-82. Hours 8: 2, 9. 13 Years, 1870-82. Hours 8 : 2, 9. N. N.E E. 3.E. s. 3.W w,| N.W CA. N. N.E E. S.E. s. s.w w. N W CA. N. N.E E. S.E. s. s.w w. N.W CA. Jan. 1 4 2 4 5 6 4 2 3 6 2 1 3 6 6 1 3 3 4 4 1 1 2 6 1 4 8 Feb. 1 4 1 4 4 5 4 2 :; 6 2 1 Q 6 4 1 2 3 4 4 1 0 2 6 1 4 6 March 1 6 3 4 2 4 5 3 3 7 2 1 2 6 6 1 3 3 4 4 1 1 2 7 1 4 7 April 1 6 3 3 3 5 5 3 1 6 3 1 2 7 5 1 2 3 4 5 1 1 3 6 1 4 5 May 2 7 2 2 2 6 5 3 2 7 4 2 o 7 5 1 1 2 4 5 3 1 4 5 1 4 4 June 2 4 1 1 3 7 6 3 3 6 4 1 1 7 6 1 2 2 2 4 3 2 5 6 1 4 3 July 1 3 1 1 2 8 10 2 3 4 4 1 2 9 5 1 1 4 2 4 2 2 5 8 1 3 4 Aug. 1 4 1 1 2 8 9 2 3 5 4 1 2 7 5 1 2 4 3 4 2 1 3 6 1 4 7 Sept. 1 4 2 2 3 7 7 2 2 5 3 2 2 7 5 1 2 3 3 3 2 1 2 6 1 5 7 Oct. 1 4 2 2 5 5 6 2 4 5 o 2 3 5 6 2 2 3 4 2 1 1 3 7 1 4 8 Nov. 2 4 1 4 4 5 5 2 3 7 4 2 n O 4 4 1 2 3 5 3 1 1 3 4 1 4 8 Dec. 1 3 1 4 4 5 5 3 5 6 70 4 39 2 17 4 29 4 75 4 61 1 13 2 24 4 37 5 44 4 46 1 19 1 13 2 36 4 71 1 12 4 9 Year 15 53 20 32 39 71 71 29 35 48 76 HERNOSAND. ■'. CARLSTAD. GOTEBORG. Month. Lat. 62° 38'. Long. 17° 58'. Lat. 59° 23'. Long. 13° 30'. Lat. 57° 42'. Long. 11° 59'. Height 45 ft. Height 179 ft. Height 22 ft. 13 Years, 1870-82. Hours 8 : 2, 9. 13 Years, 1870-82. Hours 8: 2, 9. 13 Years, 1870-82. Hours 8 : 2, 9. N. iN.E E. S.E. s. s.w W. N.W CA. N. N.E E. S.E. s. s.w w. N.W CA. N. N.E E. S.E. s. s.w w. N.W CA. Jan. 5 3 1 1 5 4 2 2 8 1 4 1 2 5 4 1 4 9 1 3 3 3 7 5 4 1 4 Feb. 4 4 1 1 3 3 1' 2 8 1 1 6 1 2 3 3 1 3 8 1 4 5 3 4 3 4 1 3 March o O 4 2 1 5 3 3 3 7 1 1 5 1 3 4 3 1 4 9 2 4 4 2 5 4 5 1 4 April 4 4 2 1 3 3 2 3 8 1 5 1 4 4 2 1 3 9 2 3 5 2 3 4 5 2 4 May 3 6 3 1 5 2 2 3 6 1 5 1 4 6 5 0 2 7 2 3 4 1 4 4 8 3 2 June 2 5 4 2 6 2 2 3 4 1 4 1 5 7 5 0 1 6 1 3 3 2 3 5 9 2 2 July o 4 2 2 7 2 2 3 6 1 2 1 5 8 5 1 2 6 1 1 2 2 4 5 11 2 3 Aug. o O 4 2 1 6 2 2 3 8 1 3 1 5 6 5 1 2 7 1 2 3 2 4 4 8 1 6 Sept. 2 o 2 2 6 2 2 3 8 1 3 1 5 5 4 1 2 8 1 2 4 2 4 4 7 1 5 Oct. 4 2 2 1 6 3 3 3 7 1 5 1 4 6 3 0 4 7 1 3 6 3 6 3 4 1 4 Nov. 5 3 1 2 4 4 2 2 7 1 6 1 3 4 1 4 7 2 3 5 3 5 4 3 0 5 Dec. 5 4 1 2 3 3 2 2 9 2 6 1 3 3 3 0 4 '.i 2 17 4 35 6 50 3 28 5 54 4 49 4 72 0 15 3 45 Year 43 46 23 17 59 '33 26 32 86 13 54 12 45 61 45 8 35 92 WESTERVIK. WISBY. HALMSTAD. ^IONTH. Lat. 57° 46'. Long. 16° 32'. Lat. 57° 39'. Long. 18° 19'. Lat. 56° 40'. Long. 12° 52'. Height 44 ft. H eight 52 ft. Height 34 It. 13 Years, 1870-82. Hours 8 : 2, 9. 13 Years, 1870-82. Hours 8 : 2, 9. 13 Years, 1870-82. Hours 8 : 2, 9. .N. N.E E. S.E s. s.w w. N.W CA. N. N.E E. S.E. s. s.w w. N.W CA. N. N.E E. S.E. s. s.w w. N.W CA. Jan. 2 1 1 1 1 i) 4 4 14 o 2 3 3 4 6 5 3 2 2 2 4 3 4 4 6 3 3 Feb. 1 2 1 2 2 2 3 3 12 3 2 4 3 3 5 4 3 1 1 2 4 4 4 2 5 3 3 March 2 3 1 1 2 3 3 4 12 4 3 3 2 3 5 6 3 2 2 1 4 2 4 3 6 4 5 April 2 3 3 2 1 2 2 8 12 3 4 4 3 3 4 6 2 1 2 2 5 4 3 2 5 4 3 May 2 3 3 2 2 2 3 3 11 4 5 2 2 3 4 6 3 2 3 1 o 3 3 i? 7 6 2 June 2 3 3 3 2 o 4 3 7 4 4 2 2 3 4 7 2 2 2 1 2 2 4 2 7 6 4 July 1 2 2 4 3 4 4 4 7 4 2 1 2 4 4 S 4 2 2 1 1 2 4 2 8 7 4 Aug. 1 2 3 3 2 o 4 4 9 3 3 3 2 3 4 7 4 2 2 1 3 3 4 2 7 5 4 Sept. 2 2 2 2 2 4 3 4 9 3 2 3 3 3 4 6 4 2 2 1 3 3 4 2 6 5 4 Oct. 2 2 2 2 2 4 3 O 11 2 2 4 3 5 6 4 3 2 2 1 5 4 4 3 4 4 4 Nov. 2 3 1 2 2 O 4 O 10 3 3 4 3 4 5 4 3 1 3 2 5 2 4 3 5 3 3 Dee. 2 2 1 2 2 3 3 3 41 13 127 3 39 3 35 4 37 4 32 4 42 4 65 5 68 3 37 1 20 3 26 2 17 7 46 3 05 4 46 2 30 5 71 2 52 3 42 Year I21 28 23 26 23 36 40 118 THE VOYAGE OF H.M.S. CHALLENGER. SYDYAKANGEE. YAKDO. HAMMERFEST. Lat C9° 40' Long. 30° 11'. Lat. 70° 22'. Long. 31° 7'. Lat. 70° 40'. Long. 23° 46'. Month. Height G7 ft. Height 33 ft. Height 21 ft. J 11 Tears, 1874-84. Hours 8: 2, 8. 15 Years, 1870-84. Hours 8: 1,8. 14 Years, 1848-61. Hours 8 : 3, 8. 1 N N T F s E s. S.fl w. N.W CA. N. N.E E. S.E. s. s.w w. N.W CA. N. N.E E. S.E. s. s.w w. N.W CA. Jan. 9 9 0 1 2 8 0 4 12 2 3 (1 2 o 12 3 4 2 2 1 2 11 8 2 2 2 1 Feb. 9 1 0 1 2 4 0 4 14 1 2 1 1 2 11 3 4 3 2 1 3 V 9 2 1 2 1 March 3 9, 0 1 2 5 0 4 14 2 3 1 2 2 9 5 4 3 3 1 3 8 8 2 2 2 2 April May- June 3 9 0 2 2 4 0 5 12 2 3 2 2 3 6 3 6 3 3 1 3 6 6 1 4 3 3 fi 3 1 1 4 2 0 5 10 2 3 3 4 3 3 2 5 6 3 2 5 3 5 2 3 4 4 6 3 2 1 2 2 1 7 6 4 3 2 4 J 2 2 8 3 3 2 4 3 4 1 3 4 6 July Aug. 4 3 3 1 3 2 1 5 9 5 3 2 5 4 1 1 7 3 2 2 4 2 4 2 3 4 8 3 4 2 2 3 1 0 5 11 3 2 2 4 4 3 1 8 4 2 1 4 3 4 1 3 4 9 Sept. 2 2 1 2 3 4 1 4 11 2 2 2 3 5 6 2 6 2 2 1 2 o 8 2 4 4 4 Oct. 9, 2 0 2 1 6 1 .5 12 2 3 1 2 3 8 5 5 2 3 2 3 7 7 2 3 3 1 Nov. 9, 1 1 2 2 4 0 3 15 2 2 2 2 3 9 3 5 2 3 1 3 9 6 2 2 2 2 Dec. 2 1 0 2 8 7 0 o 13 1 3 1 19 2 33 3 37 13 83 2 32 4 66 2 35 : 2 1 16 3 39 9 71 7 76 3 22 3 33 2 36 1 42 Year 36 26 10 18 29 49 4 54 139 28 32 TROMSO. BODO. bkonO. Month. Lat. C9° 39'. Long. 18° 58'. Lat. 67° 17'. Long. 14° 24'. Lat. 65° 28'. Long. 12° 12'. Height 50 ft. Height 15 ft. Height 34 ft. 1-2 Years, 1874-84. Hours 8:2,8. 15 Years, 1870-84. Hours, 8:2, 8. 15 Years, 1870-84. Hours 8 : 2, 8. N. N.F. E. S.K. s. s.w w. N.W CA. N. N.E E. S.E. s. s.w w. N.W CA. N. N.E E. S.E. s. s.w w. N.W CA. Jan. 1 3 2 3 4 12 1 1 4 1 2 13 3 1 5 3 2 1 2 2 3 3 6 6 2 2 5 Feb. 1 9. 1 3 4 11 2 1 3 2 2 14 2 1 3 2 2 0 1 2 4 3 5 4 2 2 5 March 9, 3 2 2 3 12 2 1 4 2 3 13 1 1 4 3 3 1 2 2 3 3 4 6 2 3 6 xVpril 9 4 1 2 3 10 1 1 6 3 3 10 2 1 4 3 2 2 4 3 3 2 3 4 2 3 6 May 2 6 1 1 o o 7 1 1 9 3 3 8 3 1 5 3 2 3 6 2 2 2 3 6 2 3 5 June 2 8 1 1 2 6 3 1 6 4 4 5 2 1 5 4 2 3 8 2 1 1 2 5 3 4 4 July 3 10 0 1 1 4 2 1 9 5 5 5 1 1 4 4 2 4 8 1 1 2 3 4 2 5 5 Aug. 2 6 0 1 1 5 2 2 12 3 3 6 2 1 4 5 2 5 6 2 1 2 3 5 2 3 7 Sept. 1 3 0 1 2 10 2 1 10 1 3 9 2 1 5 4 1 4 3 2 2 3 4 6 2 2 6 Oct. 1 2 1 2 3 11 1 1 9 2 3 13 3 1 4 3 1 1 2 2 3 4 4 4 2 2 8 Nov. 1 9, 2 1 3 11 1 1 8 1 3 14 3 1 3 3 1 1 1 2 4 4 5 4 2 2 6 Dec. 1 3 1 2 3 12 1 1 7 1 28 3 37 16 126 2 26 1 12 3 49 3 40 1 21 1 26 1 44 3 25 5 32 4 33 5 47 4 58 2 25 1 32 6 69 Year 19 52 12 20 32 111 19 13 87 AALESUND. FLOEO. DOVEE. Month. Lat. G2° 29'. Long. 6° 9'. Height 47 ft. ! Lat. Gl° 36'. Long. 5° 2'. Lat. 62° 5'. Long. 9° 8'. 13 Years, 1870-71, 1874-84. Height 26 ft. Height 2110 ft. Hours 8 : 2, 8. 15 Years, 1870-84. Hours 8: 2, 8. 15 Years, 1870-84. Hours 8:2,8. N. N.E E. S.E. s. s.w w. N.W CA. N. N.E E. S.E. s. s w w. N.W CA. N. N E E. S.E. s. i s.w w. N.W CA. Jan. 1 1 5 4 5 6 2 2 5 1 1 8 9 3 2 1 2 4 2 1 1 1 7 1 1 2 15 Feb. 1 1 5 5 4 4 1 ■> 5 1 1 7 7 3 2 1 2 4 2 0 1 1 7 1 0 2 14 March 1 1 5 4 4 5 2 3 6 2 2 7 7 6 1 2 3 4 3 (1 1 1 8 1 0 3 14 April 2 3 4 3 3 3 3 2 7 2 3 6 4 2 1 3 5 4 4 1 1 1 8 1 0 8 11 May 4 4 2 2 3 3 4 3 6 2 •> 3 4 4 3 4 6 3 6 1 0 1 V 1 1 4 10 June 6 4 1 1 2 3 4 4 5 1 1 3 2 o 4 6 7 3 4 1 1 1 8 1 1 5 8 July 6 4 1 1 2 3 3 4 7 1 1 3 3 3 4 6 6 4 3 1 0 1 9 1 1 4 11 Aug. 5 4 2 1 1 o 4 3 8 1 1 3 o 3 4 5 6 5 3 0 1 1 9 1 1 3 12 Sept. 2 o 2 2 3 4 3 3 9 2 2 4 4 3 3 2 5 5 2 0 0 1 8 1 0 2 16 Oct. 1 1 4 4 4 4 3 2 8 1 1 8 7 3 2 2 3 4 2 0 0 1 10 1 0 2 15 Nov. 1 2 6 5 4 3 2 2 5 2 0 9 6 2 2 1 2 4 2 0 0 1 7 1 0 2 17 Dec. 0 1 6 5 4 5 2 2 6 1 17 2 19 9 70 7 63 3 35 2 30 1 34 2 49 4 48 2 35 1 6 0 6 1 12 6 94 1 12 1 6 2 34 17 160 1 Year 30 28 43 37 39 46 33 32 77 REPORT ON ATMOSPHERIC CIRCULATION. 119 MANDAL. SANDOSTJND. SKUDESNES. Month. Lat. 58° 2'. Long. 7° 27'. Lat. 59° 5'. Long. 10° 28'. Lat. 59° 9'. Long. 5° 16'. Height 54 ft. Height 27 ft. Heiirlit 13 ft. 15 Years, 1870-84. Hours 8 : 2, 8. 15 Years, 1870-84. Hours 8 : 2, 8. 15 Years, 1870^84. Hours 8:2.8. N. N.E E. S.E. s s.w w. N.W CA. N. N.E E. S.E. s. s.w \v. N.W CA. N. N.E E. S.E. S. S.W w. N.W1 CA. Jan. 1 8 4 1 1 4 4 1 7 8 3 2 1 3 8 2 2 2 •>, 1 5 9 5 2 3 2 ■> Feb. 1 7 5 1 1 3 3 1 G 7 5 2 2 2 5 2 2 1 9, 2 4 7 4 1 3 3 2 March 1 7 4 1 1 3 4 2 8 7 5 2 1 4 6 2 2 2 3 2 4 6 4 2 3 4 3 April 1 8 4 1 1 3 3 2 7 7 5 1 1 4 G 2 1 3 3 2 5 4 4 1 O 7 1 May 1 5 3 1 3 6 6 2 4 5 4 1 1 5 11 2 1 1 3 1 2 3 5 3 5 8 1 June 0 4 3 1 3 8 6 1 4 5 3 1 1 5 10 2 1 2 2 1 2 4 5 2 5 8 1 July 0 3 3 1 3 8 7 1 5 4 3 2 2 6 10 2 1 1 1 1 2 4 6 2 5 8 2 Aug. 0 5 4 1 2 6 G 1 G 4 4 2 2 5 9 2 1 2 2 1 3 4 4 2 5 8 2 Sept. 1 5 3 1 2 5 4 2 7 5 4 2 2 4 8 2 2 1 2 1 3 5 5 2 4 G 2 Oct. 1 7 4 2 2 4 4 1 6 6 4 2 2 4 7 2 2 2 3 1 4 7 4 3 3 4 2 Nov. 1 7 4 2 2 4 3 1 6 7 4 2 2 3 G 2 3 1 3 2 5 G 4 2 3 :i 2 Dec. 1 8. 4 1 1 4 3 1 8 9 74 4 is 1 20 1 18 3 48 G 92 2 24 3 21 2 20 3 29 3 18 6 45 6 G5 4 54 2 24 3 45 2 63 2 22 Year 9 74 45 14 22 58 53 16 74 CHRISTIANIA. CHK1STIANIA. CHRISTIANSUND. Lat. 59° 55'. Long. 10° 44'. Lat. 59° 55'. Long. 10° 43'. Lat. 63° 7'. Long. 7° 45'. Height 74 ft. Height 81 ft. Height 50 ft. 2V V ears, 1837-63. Hours 7, 0 : 2, 4, 10. 15 Years, 1870-84. Hours 8 : 2, 8. 15 Years, 1870-84. Hours 8 : 2, 8. N. N.E E. S.E. s. s.w w. N.W CA. N. N.E E. S.E. s. s.w w. N.W CA. N. N.E. E. S.E. s. s.w w. N.W CA. Jan. 9 9 2 3 3 1 1 2 1 3 7 4 2 4 3 1 1 6 1 1 5 7 4 7 4 1 1 Feb. 8 7 2 3 3 1 1 2 1 3 7 4 2 3 2 1 1 5 1 1 5 7 2 5 4 2 1 March 8 8 3 3 3 1 2 2 1 3 7 4 2 4 3 1 1 6 1 2 6 5 3 G 4 2 2 April 7 7 2 3 5 2 1 2 1 3 6 4 2 5 4 1 1 4 3 4 4 4 2 4 4 3 2 May 5 5 3 5 9 2 1 1 0 3 4 2 2 8 6 2 2 2 5 4 2 2 2 5 6 3 2 June 4 4 2 5 9 3 1 2 0 2 4 3 2 8 7 1 1 2 5 6 2 1 1 4 6 3 2 July 4 4 2 6 10 2 1 2 0 2 3 3 3 9 6 1 1 3 5 6 2 2 1 3 7 3 2 Aug. 4 6 3 5 8 2 1 1 1 2 5 4 3 7 4 1 1 4 4 5 3 3 1 4 5 3 3 Sept. 6 7 3 3 5 2 1 2 1 :; 6 3 2 5 4 1 1 5 3 3 4 4 2 4 4 3 3 Oct. 8 8 2 3 4 2 1 2 1 3 7 4 2 4 3 2 1 5 1 1 5 7 3 6 3 2 3 Nov. 9 9 1 2 3 1 1 2 2 4 7 4 2 3 2 1 1 6 1 1 5 8 3 6 3 1 2 Dec. 9 10 1 2 3 1 1 2 2 4 10 4 1 3 1 1 14 1 13 6 54 1 31 1 35 5 48 8 58 4 28 7 61 3 53 1 27 1 24 Year 81 84 26 43 65 20 13 22 11 35 73 43 25 63 45 STYKKISHOLM. GRIMSEY. BERUFIORD. Lat. 65° 4'. Long. -22° 43'. Lat. 66° 34'. Long. —18° 3'. Lat. 64° 40'. Long. -14° 15'. Height 37 ft. Height 8 ft. Height 30 ft. 1 5 Years, 1870-84. Hours 9 : 9. 12 Years, 1874-85. Hours 8:2,9. 10 Years, 1876-85. Hours 8: 2, 9. N. N.E E. S.E. s. s.w w. N.W CA. N'. N.E E. S.E. s. s.w w. N.W CA. N. N.E E. S.E. S. s.w w. N.W CA. Jan. 0 7 6 5 6 4 1 0 2 3 O O 7 2 2 4 1 2 9 3 2 2 3 4 1 1 6 Feb. 0 6 6 6 3 4 1 0 2 3 G 4 7 2 1 3 1 1 9 4 3 2 2 2 1 1 4 March 0 6 7 6 4 4 1 0 3 3 5 6 G 1 2 4 2 2 10 3 2 2 1 2 1 2 8 April 0 7 7 6 3 1 2 0 4 2 7 8 4 1 1 2 2 3 7 4 6 3 1 2 1 1 5 May 1 6 7 5 3 2 2 1 4 2 8 8 2 0 1 3 3 4 8 4 5 3 2 3 0 1 5 June 1 4 G 5 3 2 3 2 4 2 5 8 3 1 1 3 3 4 3 2 7 5 3 4 0 0 G July 1 4 7 4 3 1 4 2 5 3 5 8 2 0 1 4 3 5 3 2 7 4 2 4 0 1 8 Aug. 1 5 6 5 4 1 2 2 5 2 4 7 4 1 1 4 3 5 4 2 5 4 2 4 0 1 9 Sept. 1 6 4 5 4 3 2 0 5 2 5 7 6 1 1 3 2 3 5 3 5 2 2 4 1 0 7 Oct. 1 7 6 6 3 3 1 1 3 2 7 6 6 1 1 3 2 3 10 4 3 2 2 2 1 1 6 Nov. 1 10 6 5 2 9 1 0 3 2 9 6 5 1 1 3 1 2 10 5 2 1 1 3 1 1 G Dec. 1 5 7 6 3 5 1 0 3 3 29 5 71 4 77 7 59 2 13 2 15 4 40 2 25 2 36 12 90 4 40 2 49 1 31 1 22 3 37 1 8 2 13 5 75 Year 8 73 75 64 41 32 21 8 43 120 THE VOYAGE OF H.M.S. CHALLENGER. THOESHAVN. SKAGEN. VESTERVIG. Lat. 62° 2'. Long. — 6° 43'. Lat. 57° 44'. Long. 10° 38'. Lat. 56° 47'. Long. 8° 20'. Month. Height 12 ft. Height 10 ft. Height 82 ft. 15 Years, 1870-84. Hours 0:9. 13 Yeirs, 1873-85. Hours, 8:2,9. 12 Years, 1874-85. Hours 8:2,9. N. N.E E. S.E. s. s.w w. N.W CA.1 N. N.E E. S.E. s. s.w w. N.W CA. N. N.E E. S.E. S. S.W w. N.W CA. Jan. 8 3 1 4 4 8 3 3 2 1 4 4 2 o 6 6 3 2 1 3 4 4 4 6 4 2 3 Feb. 3 3 2 5 3 5 3 2 2 1 4 5 3 3 5 4 2 1 1 o O 5 4 4 4 3 2 2 March 5 4 2 ."> 2 5 4 3 1 3 4 4 8 3 4 5 3 2 1 4 4 2 o 5 5 4 3 April May June 5 4 4 2 4 3 2 3 2 5 6 3 2 2 4 3 3 1 5 G 3 2 3 3 5 2 5 5 3 3 2 4 4 2 3 3 4 3 3 3 3 7 4 1 2 3 2 2 G 5 5 3 2 4 4 4 1 5 4 1 5 2 2 2 3 3 9 4 2 1 2 2 2 2 6 G 6 3 July 3 6 o 3 1 4 4 1 6 2 2 2 o 3 4 10 4 1 1 1 2 2 2 G 8 6 3 Aug. 4 5 2 2 3 4 4 1 C 2 2 2 3 3 4 8 4 3 1 2 3 3 2 5 6 5 4 Sept. 5 4 1 3 2 6 4 2 3 1 2 3 3 4 5 7 3 2 1 2 4 o 3 4 5 5 3 Oct. 4 3 2 4 3 5 4 3 3 2 3 4 3 4 G 5 3 1 1 4 4 4 3 4 4 4 3 Nov. 5 4 2 4 3 3 2 4 3 2 4 3 3 3 6 5 2 2 1 4 3 5 4 4 3 2 4 Dec. 5 3 2 4 2 6 4 3 2 2 4 4 3 3 5 6 3 1 1 3 4 4 4 5 4 O 3 Year 47 49 28 45 28 59 43 27 39 23 40 42 35 37 53 76 38 21 13 36 44 38 35 58 56 49 36 FANG. HEBNING. SAMSO. Month. Lat. 55° 27'. Long. 8° 24'. Lat. 56° 8'. Long. S° 58'. Lat. 55° 50'. Long. 10° 36'. Height 18 ft. Height 195 ft. Height 66 ft. 13 Years, 1873-85. Hours 8 : 2, 10. 12 Y'ears, 1874-85. Hours 8: 2, 9. 1 13 Y'ears, 1873-85. Hours 8: 2, 9. N. N.E E. S.E. s. s.w \v. N.W caJ N. N.E E. S.E. s. s.w w. N.W CA. N. N.E E. S.E. S. S.W w. N.W CA. Jan. 2 2 3 3 4 6 8 2 1 1 2 4 3 4 6 o 3 5 2 2 2 2 4 8 5 2 4 Feb. 2 2 4 3 5 4 6 2 0 1 3 4 4 3 5 3 2 3 2 3 3 3 3 6 4 2 2 March 2 2 4 3 2 5 8 4 1 2 2 4 2 2 6 5 4 4 2 3 3 O O 2 7 5 2 4 April 2 4 7 3 2 3 6 3 0 1 4 6 3 2 3 3 5 2 5 5 3 2 4 3 2 4 May o •» 3 3 2 4 8 6 0 1 .'i 3 3 2 5 5 4 5 2 3 3 3 3 6 4 O 4 June 1 1 3 2 2 5 8 7 1 1 1 2 2 2 G 6 5 5 1 2 2 2 5 3 G 3 G July 1 0 2 2 2 6 10 7 1 1 1 1 2 2 7 7 5 5 1 1 2 2 3 7 8 2 5 Aug. 1 1 2 3 3 6 9 5 1 1 1 3 3 2 5 5 4 7 1 2 2 2 4 7 6 2 5 Sept. 1 2 3 3 n O 5 8 4 1 1 2 2 3 4 5 4 Q o 6 1 1 2 3 4 7 5 2 5 Oct. 2 :•> 4 3 4 5 C 3 1 1 4 3 3 4 5 3 3 5 1 3 3 2 4 6 4 2 6 Nov. 3 g 3 3 5 5 5 2 1 2 3 3 4 3 5 3 2 5 2 2 2 3 4 7 4 2 4 Dec. 2 2 4 3 4 5 8 3 0 1 14 3 29 3 38 3 35 4 34 G G4 3 50 2 40 C 61 2 19 2 29 3 32 3 31 3 41 8 76 4 58 2 26 4 53 Year 22 24 42 34 38 59 90 48 8 COPENHAGEN. COPENHAGEN. BOGO. Month. Lat. 55° 41'. Long. 12° 36'. Lat. 55° 41'. Long. 12° 35". Lat. 54° 55'. Long. 12° 4'. Height 43 ft. Height 12 ft. Height 88 ft. 15 YTears, 1870-84. Hours 8 : 2, 9. 78 Years, 1808-85. Hours various. 13 Years, 1873^85. Hours 8: 2, 9. N. N.E E. S.E. s. s.w w. N.W CA. N. N.E E. S.E. s. s.w w. N.W CA. N. N.E E. S.E. s. s.w w. N.W CA. Jan. 2 3 2 4 4 7 4 4 1 2 3 3 4 5 6 4 4 1 3 3 4 3 7 6 3 1 Feb. 2 2 3 5 4 5 3 3 1 2 2 3 4 4 6 4 1 3 4 4 3 5 5 2 1 March 2 3 3 4 4 5 4 5 1 2 3 4 4 4 5 5 4 1 4 5 3 2 5 6 4 1 April 2 3 4 6 3 3 3 '5 1 3 3 4 5 4 3 4 4 1 7 7 3 1 3 5 2 1 May 4 2 2 4 4 4 3 6 2 3 2 4 5 4 4 4 5 1 3 5 3 1 4 8 4 2 June 3 2 2 5 3 3 4 7 1 2 2 2 4 4 5 5 G 1 3 4 2 1 4 8 5 2 July 1 1 1 4 5 5 5 7 2 2 1 2 4 5 5 G G 1 2 3 3 2 5 9 4 2 Aug. 2 2 2 4 4 6 4 6 1 2 2 2 4 4 6 6 5 1 2 4 3 2 6 8 3 2 Sept. 1 1 2 4 4 6 4 5 3 2 2 2 4 4 6 5 5 0 2 4 3 2 7 6 3 3 Oct. 1 2 4 5 4 6 3 5 1 2 2 3 5 4 7 4 4 ... 1 3 4 4 3 7 4 3 2 Nov. 2 3 3 3 4 7 4 3 1 2 3 3 4 5 7 4 2 ... 2 3 2 4 3 7 4 3 2 Dec. 2 3 O 4 4 7 3 4 1 2 126 • > 28 3 35 4 51 4 51 8 G8 4 55 3 51 ... 2 3 4 O 2 7 6 3 1 ! Year 24 27 31 52 47 64 44 CO 1G 13 38 49 39 25 G7 75 39 20 REPORT ON ATMOSPHERIC CIRCULATION. 121 HAMMERSHUS. LEEWAKDEN. LUXEMBURG. Month. Lat. 55° 17'. Long. 14° 40'. Lat, 53° 12'. Long. 5° 47'. Lat. 49" 37'. Ling. 6° 8'. Height 50 ft. Hei; Height 1020 ft. 13 Tears, 1873-85. Hours 8 : 2, 9. Hours A.M., Noon, P.M. 14 Years, 1870-83. Hours 8: 2, 8. N. N.E E. S.E. s. s.w w. N.W CA. N. N.E E. S.E. s. s.w w. N.W CA. N. N.E E. S.E. s. s.w w. SWV CA. Jan. 2 3 3 2 3 10 4 2 2 1 3 4 5 0 8 2 2 1 5 3 4 5 8 3 2 Feb. 1 3 3 3 3 8 3 2 2 1 4 3 3 3 8 3 3 1 4 2 3 4 8 3 3 March 2 4 3 3 2 10 3 2 2 2 4 4 3 3 7 4 4 2 5 3 2 2 8 5 4 ... April 1 7 5 3 1 7 2 1 3 3 5 3 2 2 6 3 6 ... 1 5 3 1 3 9 4 4 May 1 4 ■1 3 1 12 3 1 3 4 6 3 2 2 7 2 5 1 5 2 1 2 9 5 6 June 1 3 3 3 1 12 3 1 3 2 4 2 2 2 9 4 5 1 2 2 1 4 11 4 5 July 1 2 2 3 1 13 4 2 3 2 3 1 2 3 9 5 6 1 2 1 1 3 11 7 5 ... Aug. 1 3 3 3 2 10 4 3 2 2 3 2 3 4 9 3 5 1 2 2 1 4 11 G 4 ... Sept. 1 2 3 3 3 8 4 2 3 2 3 2 4 5 7 3 4 ... 2 3 1 2 5 8 6 3 ... Oct. 1 4 3 3 o 8 3 3 3 1 4 4 5 5 7 2 3 ... 1 4 2 2 5 8 5 4 Not. 2 4 2 3 3 8 3 3 2 1 4 5 4 5 6 2 3 ... 1 3 2 2 4 10 4 4 ... Dec. 2 3 3 3 2 9 4 3 2 1 22 3 46 3 36 4 39 6 46 9 92 3 36 2 48 ... 3 16 4 44 2 25 1 21 4 45 9 110 4 56 4 48 ... Year 16 42 37 35 25 115 40 25 30 BRUSSELS. STRASSBURG. FECAMP. Month. Lat. 50° 51'. Long. 4° 22'. Lat. 48° 36'. Long. 7° 42'. Lat. 49° 46'. Long. 0° 22'. H Bight 180 ft. 10 Years, 1853-62. Height 460 ft. Height 61 ft. Hours, 10 times daily. 15 Years ? Hours ? 30 Years, 1853-82. Hour, Noon. N. N.E E. S.E. s. s.w w. N.W CA. N. N.E E. S.E. S. s.w w. N.W CA. N. N.E E. S.E. s. s.w w. N.W CA Jan. 1 2 2 2 5 12 5 2 ... 2 7 1 2 11 4 1 3 1 2 5 3 5 6 6 3 Feb. 1 3 4 2 3 7 5 3 ... 1 5 1 2 11 5 1 2 2 2 5 2 4 5 5 3 .March 2 3 4 2 3 8 6 3 3 10 1 2 6 5 2 2 • <• 2 3 7 2 4 7 3 April 3 5 4 1 2 6 5 4 ... 4 9 2 2 5 3 1 4 ... 2 4 6 1 3 3 7 4 May 3 4 4 2 2 7 5 4 ... 4 8 2 2 7 3 2 3 • ■• 2 5 6 2 2 2 7 5 June 2 2 1 1 2 11 8 3 5 5 2 2 6 4 2 4 ... 2 3 4 1 2 3 9 6 July 2 2 1 1 2 11 8 4 3 6 2 3 7 4 2 4 2 3 3 1 1 3 12 6 Aug. 3 2 2 2 3 9 7 3 4 5 2 4 7 4 2 3 ■ •■ 2 3 4 1 2 4 10 5 . .. Sept. 2 3 2 2 4 10 5 2 ... 3 8 2 4 6 3 1 3 • •• 1 3 5 1 3 5 8 4 Oct. 0 2 4 3 6 11 4 1 ... 2 9 2 3 9 3 1 2 • •• 2 2 4 4 5 5 6 3 Nov. 1 3 5 3 5 8 4 1 2 7 1 3 10 4 1 2 • •• 2 3 7 3 4 4 4 3 Dec. 1 2 4 2 5 11 5 1 2 35 6 85 1 19 2 31 13 98 4 46 1 17 2 34 2 22 2 35 5 61 3 25 5 38 5 49 5 86 4 49 — Year 21 33 37 23 42 111 67 31 ... PAEIS. S' V. HIPPOLYTE DE CATON. L'ORIENT. ATovttt Lat. 48° 60'. Long. 2° 20'. Lat. 47° 20'. Long. 6° 55'. Lat. 47° 45'. Long. -3° 21'. .T j. ' ' * iii. Height 216 ft. Height 520 ft. Height 86 ft. 30 Tears, 1816-45. Hours various. 13 Years, 1837-49. Hours 9 : 2, 9. 10 Years, 1802-71. Hours 9:3. ! N. N.E E. S.E. s. s.w w. N.W CA. N. N.E E. S.E. s. s.w w. N.W CA. N. N.E E. S.E. s. s.w w. N.W CA. Jan. 4 3 2 3 5 6 4 3 1 13 7 0 0 4 1 1 5 ... 3 4 4 4 3 7 4 2 Feb. 3 3 2 2 5 4 5 3 1 10 7 0 1 6 0 1 3 2 4 2 3 3 6 6 2 March 4 4 2 2 4 5 6 3 1 11 6 1 1 6 0 1 5 5 6 1 3 4 4 4 4 April 5 5 2 2 4 4 4 2 1 12 7 0 1 7 0 0 3 ■ ■> 4 4 2 O 4 5 6 3 ... May 4 4 3 2 4 5 5 3 1 10 5 0 2 10 1 0 3 ■ •■ 5 5 2 3 5 6 4 1 June 4 3 2 1 3 6 7 3 1 14 5 1 1 7 1 0 1 5 5 1 1 3 4 8 3 July 3 3 1 1 3 7 8 4 1 13 3 0 1 8 0 1 5 ... 5 5 1 0 4 7 9 0 ... Aug. 3 3 2 1 3 7 8 3 1 11 5 0 1 7 1 1 5 4 4 1 1 3 7 8 3 Sept. 2 4 2 3 5 6 5 3 0 8 6 1 2 9 2 0 2 3 7 1 1 4 7 5 2 Oct. 2 3 2 3 6 6 5 3 1 10 7 1 1 6 1 1 4 ... 3 5 3 3 4 5 5 3 ... Nov. 2 2 2 3 6 7 5 2 1 9 5 1 1 7 1 2 4 ... 5 6 3 2 3 4 4 3 ... Dec. 2 4 2 3 5 7 5 3 0 11 7 0 1 5 1 1 5 4 48 5 60 3 24 3 26 3 43 6 G8 3 66 4 30 ... Tear 38 41 24 26 53 70 67 36 10 132 70 5 13 82 9 9 45 ... (PHTS. CHEM. CHALL. EXP. — PART V. — 1888.) 22 122 THE VOYAGE OF H.M.S. CHALLENGER. NANTES. AHUN. PUT DE DOME. Lai 47° 13'. Long. —1° 33'. Lat. 46° 6'. Long. 2° 0'. Lat. 45° 46'. Long. 2" 57'. Month. Height 136 ft. Height 1471 ft. Height 4813 ft. 4 Tears, 1881-84. Hours 1, 4, .7, etc. 38 Tears, 1828-65. Hours (?). 7 Tears, 1878-84. Hours 3, 6, 9, etc. N. N.E E. S.E. s. s.w w. N.W CA. N. N.E E. S.E. S. s.w w. N.W CA. N. N.E E. S.E. s. s.w w. N.W CA. Jan. 2 7 4 4 4 5 3 1 1 3 4 3 2 4 9 4 2 ... 4 3 3 3 4 4 7 3 Feb. 2 5 3 4 4 4 3 2 1 3 5 3 1 4 6 3 3 ... 2 2 2 2 5 5 7 3 ... March 5 6 2 2 3 4 4 4 1 4 7 2 1 3 6 5 3 ... 4 4 4 2 4 4 6 3 ... April May- June 6 5 3 2 3 4 4 3 0 4 5 3 1 3 6 5 3 ... 3 4 2 2 4 4 6 5 ... 6 5 3 1 2 5 4 5 0 5 6 1 1 3 6 5 4 ... 2 6 3 3 3 4 7 3 ... 4 2 1 1 2 5 8 7 0 4 5 2 1 2 7 5 4 ... 3 4 2 2 2 4 9 4 ... July 3 2 2 1 3 7 8 5 0 4 6 1 1 1 7 6 5 ... 2 2 2 2 2 6 11 4 ... Aug. 4 3 2 1 2 6 8 5 0 4 5 1 1 2 7 7 4 ... 2 4 2 2 1 4 12 4 Sept. 4 3 2 2 3 5 6 4 1 3 6 3 1 3 8 3 3 ... 2 4 2 2 3 5 8 4 Oct. C 3 3 2 3 5 5 4 0 1 5 2 2 5 10 4 2 ... 2 3 2 3 2 6 9 4 Nov. 2 3 2 3 5 6 5 3 1 3 5 3 2 4 8 3 2 ... 2 2 2 2 3 6 10 3 ... Dec. 3 4 2 3 4 5 6 3 1 3 5 4 3 4 7 3 2 ... 2 4 3 2 2 5 9 4 Year 47 48 ^9 26 38 61 64 46 6 41 64 28 17 38 87 53 37 ... 30 42 29 27 35 57 101 44 i PIO DU MIDI. TOULOUSE. PAU. Month. Lat. 42° 57'. Long. —0° 22'. Lat. 43° 37'. Long. 1° 28'. Lat. 43° 18'. Long. -0° 20'. Height K380 ft. Height 650 ft. Height 700 ft. 7 Tears, 1878-84. Hours, 5 times daily. 22 Tears, 1839-60. Hours9,N.:3, 6, 9. 16 Tears, 1854-69. Hour 9 : N. N.E E. S.E. s. s.w w. N.W CA. N. N.E E. S.E. S. s.w w. N.W CA. N. N.E E. S.E. s. s.w w. N.W CA. Jan. 4 5 2 1 1 4 5 6 3 1 0 0 8 2 3 9 8 ... 2 1 1 14 3 1 7 2 Feb. 2 4 1 1 1 7 5 5 2 1 1 0 9 2 2 7 6 ... 1 1 2 13 2 1 5 3 ... March 4 4 2 1 1 6 3 6 4 2 1 0 9 2 2 6 9 ... 1 1 2 9 2 2 9 5 ... April 3 3 1 1 2 8 4 6 2 1 1 1 11 1 1 7 7 ... 2 1 2 8 1 1 10 5 ... May 2 4 1 1 2 9 5 2 5 2 2 1 9 2 2 6 7 ... 2 1 2 6 3 2 9 6 June 1 3 0 0 2 12 5 4 3 2 1 1 9 2 1 5 9 ... 4 1 5 4 1 0 7 8 July 2 2 0 1 2 12 7 2 3 4 1 0 5 1 1 7 12 ... 2 3 4 3 1 1 10 7 ... Aug. 1 1 0 1 2 9 7 5 5 4 0 1 6 1 2 6 11 ... 2 2 4 6 0 3 9 5 ... Sept. 2 2 1 1 1 9 6 5 3 2 1 0 7 3 3 5 9 ... 1 1 6 10 2 1 6 3 ... Oct. 2 3 1 0 1 9 5 6 4 2 1 1 9 3 2 6 7 ... 2 1 2 12 3 1 7 3 ... Nov. 2 3 1 1 1 6 5 7 4 1 1 1 10 2 3 6 6 ... 2 3 2 12 2 i 6 2 ... Dec. 2 4 2 1 1 3 5 7 61 6 44 1 23 0 10 1 7 11 103 3 24 3 25 6 76 6 97 ... 1 ... 22 1 17 1 33 15 112 4 24 2 16 5 90 2 51 ... Year 27 38 12 10 17 94 62 BORDEAUX. PERPIGNAN. MARSEILLES. Month. Lat. 44° 50'. Long. —0° 31'. Lat. 42° 42'. Long. 2° 64'. Lat. 43° 17'. Long. 5° 22'. Height ? Height 102 ft. Height 246 ft. 7 Tears, 1878-84. 10 Tears, 1837-46. Hours 7,N. : 2, 6, 9. 15 Tears, 1870-84. Hours vario us. Hours 7, 10: 1, 4, 7, 10. N. N.E E. S.E. s. s.w w. N.W CA. N. N.E E. S.E. s. s.w w. N.W CA. N. N.E E. S.E. s. s w w. N.W CA. Jan. 3 1 6 3 4 4 5 5 5 2 3 2 1 2 7 8 1 1 6 6 2 0 1 3 9 3 Feb. 3 1 6 2 3 4 5 4 • .* 4 2 2 3 2 2 6 7 0 1 5 6 4 1 1 3 6 1 March 2 2 6 2 3 4 7 5 ... 4 2 3 3 2 2 5 9 1 1 5 4 3 1 2 4 8 3 April 1 1 6 2 1 3 10 6 ... 4 3 3 3 2 2 5 7 1 0 3 4 4 1 2 6 8 2 May 1 1 4 2 1 4 11 7 ... 4 4 5 3 1 2 5 6 1 1 3 4 3 2 3 6 7 2 June 0 1 5 1 1 4 12 6 4 3 4 3 1 2 5 8 0 0 2 3 2 1 3 9 8 2 July 1 1 3 0 1 4 16 5 4 4 4 3 2 2 4 7 1 0 4 2 2 2 3 7 8 3 Aug. 1 1 4 1 1 4 13 6 ... 3 3 5 3 2 3 5 5 2 0 3 3 1 1 4 8 8 3 Sept. 1 1 6 2 3 5 8 4 ... 4 3 5 3 3 2 4 5 1 0 5 4 2 1 3 6 7 2 Oct. 1 1 7 2 2 4 6 8 ... 3 2 4 3 2 2 5 8 2 0 5 3 2 2 2 4 8 5 Nov. 1 1 6 5 5 5 4 3 ... 3 4 2 2 2 3 5 8 1 0 5 5 2 1 1 3 9 4 Dec. 2 2 7 5 2 4 2 7 ... 4 46 6 38 6 46 3 34 2 22 1 25 3 59 5 83 1 | 1 12 | 5 5 51 4 48 2 29 0 13 1 26 3 62 11 97 4 34 Year 17 14 66 27 27 49 99 66 ... REPORT ON ATMOSPHERIC CIRCULATION. 123 AJACCIO. SANTIS. GENEVA. Month. Lat. 41° 55'. Long. 8° 44'. Lat. 47° 15'. L'ong. -9° 20'. Lat. 46° 12'. Long. 6° 9'. Height CO ft. Height 8094 ft. Height 1335 ft. 35 Tears, 1826-60. 2 Tears, 1880-81. Hours (?). 5 Tears, 1882-87. Hours 7:1,9. Two hourly. N. N.E E. 3.E. s. s.w w. N.W CA. N. N.E E. S.E. s. 3.W w. 2 5 5 1 1 5 6 2 1 2 4 2 5 9 4 0 0 2 March 8 10 0 1 6 4 0 2 ... 1 6 6 1 2 4 6 3 2 8 6 2 2 5 2 1 4 1 April 6 9 0 1 6 6 0 2 ... 2 6 7 2 1 3 4 3 2 4 5 4 4 6 3 1 1 2 May 6 12 0 1 7 4 0 1 ... 2 5 7 2 2 3 5 2 3 4 5 4 5 6 1 1 2 3 June 5 14 0 1 5 3 0 2 ... 3 5 5 2 1 3 6 3 2 4 4 4 4 6 3 1 2 2 July 6 18 0 0 3 2 0 2 3 6 5 2 1 3 5 3 3 6 3 2 5 5 4 2 2 2 Aug. 6 18 0 0 3 2 0 2 4 6 7 1 1 2 4 3 3 5 4 2 6 6 1 1 3 3 Sept. 6 13 0 1 3 3 0 4 3 7 6 2 1 2 5 2 2 4 5 3 5 3 1 0 6 3 Oct. 6 12 0 0 5 6 0 2 3 7 7 1 1 3 5 2 2 3 6 2 4 5 5 0 4 2 Nov. 5 6 0 2 6 9 0 2 ... 2 5 5 1 2 4 6 3 2 3 5 1 3 5 6 0 4 3 Dec. 6 6 1 2 3 11 0 2 ... 2 28 5 69 5 70 1 17 2 17 5 42 7 66 2 30 2 26 6 57 6 59 1 29 4 49 7 67 4 36 1 9 2 35 0 24 Year 77 134 1 13 54 61 0 25 ... HERMANNSTADT. OESOVA. BUDAPEST. Month. Lat. 45° 47' Long. 24° 9'. Lat. 44° 42'. Long. 22" 25'. Lat. 47" 30'. Long. 19° 2'. Height 1381 ft. Height 174 ft. Height 502 ft. 10 Tears, 1875-84. Hours 7 : 2, 9. 10 Tears, 1875-84. Hours 7: 2, 9. 10 Tears, 1875-84. Hours 7 : 2, 9. N. N.E E. S.E. s. s.w w. N.W CA. N. N.E E. S.E. S. s.w w. N.W CA. N. N.E E. S.E. s. s.w w. N.W CA. Jan. 3 0 4 7 3 1 5 7 1 5 1 1 0 2 1 1 4 16 4 2 2 1 1 1 8 3 9 Feb. 3 0 4 5 5 1 3 6 1 3 1 0 0 1 1 1 4 17 3 1 3 1 1 1 8 2 8 March 5 1 3 6 5 1 2 8 0 3 1 1 0 2 1 1 4 18 2 2 2 1 2 2 10 4 6 April 3 1 4 7 5 1 2 6 1 2 2 1 1 2 1 1 3 17 4 2 3 1 2 1 7 3 7 May 4 1 3 5 5 1 3 8 1 2 1 1 1 2 1 1 5 17 4 2 2 1 2 2 8 3 7 June 3 1 3 5 4 2 3 8 1 2 1 0 0 2 1 2 4 18 3 1 2 1 1 2 11 3 6 July 4 1 2 4 4 1 6 8 1 2 0 0 0 2 1 1 6 19 2 1 2 1 1 1 12 4 7 Aug. 4 1 5 4 4 1 6 6 0 2 1 0 0 2 1 1 4 20 3 1 2 0 1 1 10 4 9 Sept. 3 1 3 6 6 1 2 7 1 2 1 1 1 1 0 1 3 20 2 2 2 1 1 1 8 4 9 Oct. 2 1 3 8 5 1 3 7 1 3 2 1 1 1 1 1 2 19 3 2 3 1 1 1 6 5 9 Nov. 2 1 4 6 6 1 4 6 0 3 1 0 0 1 0 1 4 20 2 2 3 1 1 1 6 4 10 Dec. 3 2 3 7 5 1 4 6 0 3 32 1 13 1 7 1 5 1 19 0 9 1 13 3 46 20 221 4 36 2 20 2 28 2 12 1 15 1 15 6 100 3 42 10 97 Year 39 111 41 70 57 13 43 83 8 REPORT ON ATMOSPHERIC CIRCULATION. 127 SZEGEDIN. DEBRECZIN. PBAGUE. Month. Lat. 46° 15'. Long. 20" 9'. Lat. 47" 81'. Long. 21° 38'. Lat. 60° 6'. Long. 14° 25'. Height 289 ft. Height 453 ft. Height 660 ft. 10 Tears, 1875-84. Hours 7 : 2, 9. 10 Tears, 1875-84. Hours 7 : 2, 9, 33 Tears, 1852-84. Hours various. N. N.E E. S.E. s. s.w w. N.W CA. N. N.E E. S.E. s. s.w w. N.W CA. N. N.E E. S.E. S. s.w w. N.W CA. Jan. 3 1 2 2 6 1 2 3 11 6 4 3 1 5 7 2 2 1 2 2 3 2 5 6 7 3 1 Feb. 2 1 1 2 7 2 2 2 9 5 3 2 1 6 6 2 2 1 2 2 2 2 4 6 6 3 1 March 3 1 1 2 7 2 3 3 9 6 4 3 1 6 4 3 2 2 3 2 3 2 4 5 7 4 1 April 2 1 1 2 7 2 2 3 10 7 4 3 2 4 4 2 2 2 4 3 3 2 3 4 6 4 1 May 4 1 1 2 5 2 3 4 9 7 4 4 1 4 5 2 2 2 4 3 3 2 3 4 5 5 2 June 3 1 2 1 5 3 3 2 10 5 3 3 1 5 6 3 2 2 3 2 2 2 2 5 7 5 2 July 4 2 1 1 4 2 3 2 12 6 3 3 1 4 6 4 2 2 2 2 1 2 3 6 8 5 2 Aug. 1 1 1 1 3 2 3 4 15 6 4 2 1 6 5 3 2 2 3 2 2 2 4 6 7 4 1 Sept. 3 0 1 2 6 2 1 2 13 6 4 2 2 6 4 2 2 2 2 2 3 2 4 5 7 4 1 Oct. 2 1 1 2 6 2 3 2 12 5 4 3 1 6 6 3 2 1 2 2 3 2 5 6 7 2 2 Nov. 3 1 1 2 7 2 1 2 11 5 3 3 2 6 6 2 2 1 2 1 3 3 5 6 6 3 1 Dec. 3 0 1 2 7 1 2 2 13 5 4 2 2 5 8 2 2 1 2 31 2 25 3 31 2 25 5 47 6 65 7 80 3 45 1 16 Year 33 11 14 21 70 23 28 31 134 69 44 33 16 63 67 30 24 19 LESINA. POLA. TEIEST. Month. Lat. 43° 11'. Long. 16° 27'. Lat. 44° 52'. Long. 13° 50'. Lat. 45° 39'. Long. 13° 46'. Height 34 ft. Height 105 ft. Height 85 ft. 15 Tears, 1870-84. Hours 7 : 2, 10. 15 Tears, 1870-84. Hours 7:2,9. 15 Tears, 1870-84. Hours 7 : 2, 9. N. N.E E. S.E. s. s.w w. N.W CA. N. N.E E. S.E. s. s.w w. N.W CA. N. N.E E. S.E. s. s.w w. N.W CA. Jan. 7 4 8 5 1 0 1 4 1 4 5 7 3 1 1 2 4 4 0 6 9 2 1 1 1 1 10 Feb. 5 3 7 5 1 1 1 4 1 3 4 7 4 l 1 2 3 3 0 5 6 2 1 1 2 1 10 March 5 4 7 6 2 1 2 3 1 2 4 8 5 3 1 2 3 3 1 6 7 2 1 1 2 2 9 April 3 3 6 7 2 1 2 3 3 1 3 7 7 3 2 2 2 3 1 4 7 2 1 2 3 2 8 May 3 2 5 7 2 1 3 5 3 2 2 7 6 3 2 2 3 4 1 5 7 2 1 2 3 3 7 June 4 1 4 5 3 1 3 6 3 2 2 5 6 3 2 3 3 4 1 3 7 2 1 2 4 3 7 July 5 3 3 4 2 0 4 7 3 2 2 5 5 3 2 3 4 5 1 4 7 2 1 2 4 2 8 Aug. 4 3 3 4 3 0 4 6 4 2 3 7 4 2 2 3 3 5 1 5 7 2 1 2 3 2 8 Sept. 5 3 5 5 2 1 3 4 2 2 3 8 5 2 2 3 2 3 0 4 9 2 1 1 3 2 8 Oct. 5 3 8 7 2 1 1 3 1 2 4 8 5 3 2 2 2 3 1 6 9 3 1 1 1 1 8 Nov. 5 3 7 6 3 1 1 3 1 3 5 7 4 2 2 2 2 3 0 6 9 3 1 1 1 1 8 Dec. 6 4 8 6 2 0 1 3 51 1 24 3 28 6 43 7 83 3 57 2 28 1 20 2 28 3 34 4 44 0 7 7 61 8 92 2 26 1 12 1 17 1 28 1 21 10 101 Year 57 36 71 67 25 8 26 LEMBERG. KRAKAU. PRAGUE. "M"OTWTH Lat, 49° 60'. Long. 24° 1'. Lat. 50° 4'. Long. 19° 67. Lat. 50° 5'. Long. 14° 25'. 111 \J£l lil> Height 978 ft. Height 722 ft. Height 660 ft. 15 Tears, 1870-84. Hours 7 : 2, 9. 15 Tears, 1870-84. Hours 6 : 2, 10. 15 Tears, 1870-84. Hours 6: 2, 10. N. N.E E. S.E. s. s.w w. N.W CA. N. N.E E. S.E. s. s.w w. N.W CA. N. N.E E. S.E. s. s.w w. N.W CA. Jan. 2 3 1 6 5 4 3 7 1 8 1 0 0 3 11 2 5 1 2 2 2 4 6 8 4 2 Feb. 1 3 2 6 4 3 3 6 1 8 2 0 0 2 10 1 4 2 2 2 3 4 5 6 3 1 March 2 4 2 5 5 4 3 6 ... 1 9 3 0 1 2 10 2 3 3 2 3 2 3 5 7 4 2 April 2 5 3 5 5 3 3 4 2 8 3 1 1 2 8 2 3 4 3 3 2 3 4 5 4 2 May 3 5 2 4 4 4 4 5 ... 2 7 2 1 1 3 9 3 3 4 3 2 2 2 4 5 6 3 June 2 5 2 4 5 3 3 6 1 7 2 1 0 3 10 3 3 3 2 2 1 i 5 7 5 3 July 3 5 2 3 4 3 4 7 1 7 1 1 1 3 12 2 3 2 2 1 2 3 6 7 5 3 Aug. 2 5 1 5 4 5 4 5 1 7 2 1 0 3 10 2 5 3 2 2 1 3 6 7 4 3 Sept. 9 4 1 5 5 5 3 5 1 7 3 1 0 2 10 2 4 2 2 2 2 4 6 6 3 3 Oct. 1 4 3 6 5 4 3 5 1 10 2 1 0 3 8 2 4 2 2 3 2 4 6 7 2 3 Nov. 2 2 1 6 5 5 3 6 1 7 1 1 1 3 9 2 5 2 1 2 3 5 6 6 3 2 Dec. 1 2 1 5 5 6 4 7 1 7 92 1 23 0 8 1 6 3 32 11 118 2 25 5 47 2 30 1 24 2 26 2 24 4 41 7 66 7 78 3 46 3 30 Year 23 47 21 60 56 49 40 69 14 128 THE VOYAGE OF H.M.S. CHALLENGER. OBIRGIPFEL. VIENNA. LINZ. Month. Lat. 46° 30'. Long. 14° 27'. Lat. 48" 14'. Long. 16° 22'. Lat. 48° 18'. Long. 14° 16'. Height 6706 ft. Hours, various. Height 664 ft. Height 886 ft. 10 Years, 1870-75, 1879-84. 15 Tears, 1870-84. Hours 7 : 2, 9. 15 Tears, 1870-84. Hours 7 : 2, 9. N. N.E E. S.E. s. s.w w. N.W CA. N. N.E E. S.E. S. s.w w. N.W CA. N. N.E E. S.E s. S.W w. N.W CA. Jan. 5 3 1 2 2 7 4 3 4 2 1 2 4 2 2 8 5 5 1 2 6 3 1 3 8 2 5 Feb. 4 3 2 2 2 6 3 3 3 2 1 1 6 2 1 7 5 3 1 2 5 2 1 3 8 1 5 March 6 2 1 2 2 7 3 5 3 4 2 2 4 2 1 8 6 2 1 3 6 2 1 3 10 1 3 April 4 2 1 3 4 8 3 3 2 5 2 2 3 2 2 6 6 2 1 3 7 2 1 3 7 2 4 May 4 3 2 2 3 7 3 4 3 4 2 1 3 2 1 8 6 4 1 3 5 2 2 4 9 2 3 June 3 2 1 2 2 9 3 4 4 3 2 1 3 2 2 9 6 2 1 3 4 2 1 5 9 2 3 July 3 2 1 2 3 9 3 3 5 3 2 1 2 1 1 10 7 4 1 2 5 2 1 5 10 2 3 Aug. 4 2 1 1 5 7 2 2 7 3 2 1 2 1 2 10 7 3 1 2 5 2 1 3 10 2 4 Sept. 3 2 2 2 4 6 3 4 4 2 1 1 4 2 2 8 6 4 1 4 7 1 1 3 8 2 3 Oct. 4 1 1 2 3 10 3 4 3 2 2 1 5 2 2 9 5 3 1 3 7 2 1 3 8 2 4 Nov. 4 2 1 2 3 9 3 4 2 2 1 1 4 3 2 9 4 4 i 1 3 5 2 2 3 7 2 5 Dec. 5 2 1 2 2 7 4 6 2 2 1 1 4 2 1 10 5 5 1 12 2 32 5 67 2 26 1 14 3 41 9 103 2 6 22 48 Year 49 26 15 24 35 92 37 45 42 34 19 15 44 23 19 102 68 41 EGEB. MUNICH. BATKETJTH. Month. Lat. 50" 6'. Long. 12° 22'. Lat. 48° 8'. Long. 11° 34'. Lat. 49° 57'. Long. 11° 35'. Height 1493 ft. Height 1734 ft. Height 1132 ft. 15 Tears, 1870-84. Hours 6 : 2, 10. 38 Tears, 1843-80. Hours 7 : 2, 9. 18 Tears, 1851-78. Hours 7 : 2, 9. N. N.E E. S.E. s. s.w w. s.w CA. N. N.E E. S.E. s. s.w w. N.W CA. N. N.E E. S.E. S. S.W w. N.W CA. Jan. 2 3 4 1 1 9 4 2 5 1 3 7 2 1 3 10 1 3 3 1 2 7 7 4 5 2 ... Feb. 2 3 5 1 1 6 4 2 4 1 3 6 1 0 4 11 1 1 3 1 2 6 4 4 6 2 ... March 2 4 5 1 2 6 5 2 4 1 3 7 1 1 3 12 2 1 5 1 2 5 4 4 7 3 ... April 4 4 4 1 1 4 4 3 5 1 3 6 1 0 3 12 3 1 6 2 3 4 4 4 4 3 ... May 4 4 3 1 1 4 5 3 6 1 5 7 1 0 3 9 3 2 6 2 3 4 3 4 6 3 ... June 3 3 2 1 1 5 6 3 6 1 5 5 1 0 3 10 3 2 6 2 2 3 3 4 6 4 ... July 3 2 2 1 1 7 6 2 7 1 3 5 1 0 4 11 4 2 5 2 2 3 4 4 7 4 ... Aug. 3 2 2 1 1 7 6 2 7 1 3 5 1 1 4 11 3 2 5 2 2 4 5 4 6 3 ... Sept. 2 2 2 1 2 6 6 2 7 1 4 7 1 0 3 9 3 2 3 3 3 5 5 4 5 2 ... Oct. 2 3 4 2 1 7 5 2 5 1 3 8 2 1 3 8 2 3 3 2 3 6 6 4 5 2 ... Nov. 2 2 4 1 2 8 5 1 5 1 3 7 2 1 4 9 1 2 4 2 2 6 6 4 4 2 ... Dec. 2 2 4 1 1 9 :> 2 5 1 12 3 41 7 77 2 16 1 6 1 38 4 116 10 36 2 23 4 53 1 21 2 28 7 60 6 57 4 48 5 66 2 ... 32 ... Year 31 34 41 13 15 78 61 26 66 MANNHEIM. AIX-LA-CHAPELLE. FEANKFOKT-ON-MAIN. Month. Lat. 49° 29' Long. 8° 27'. Lat. 50° 47'. Long. 6° 5'. Lat. 50° 7'. Long. 8° 41'. Height 368 ft. Height 581 ft. Height 338 ft. Tears, ? Hours 7 : 2, 9. 15 Tears, 1858-72. Hours 7 : 2, 9. 25 Tears, 1857-81. Hours 6 : 2, 10. N. N.E E. S.E. s. s.w w. N.W CA. N. N.E E. S.E. s. s.w w. N.W CA. N. N.E E. S.E. s. S.W w. N.W CA. Jan. 3 2 1 5 7 6 2 5 1 2 2 3 1 15 4 3 1 4 4 2 3 10 3 1 3 Feb. 2 3 1 3 5 6 3 5 1 3 2 2 l 13 4 2 3 3 4 2 2 7 4 1 2 March 2 2 1 4 5 6 4 7 1 5 1 2 1 12 3 6 • •• 3 4 4 1 2 8 6 2 1 April 3 3 1 4 5 5 3 6 2 5 2 2 0 10 3 6 4 5 4 1 2 6 4 3 2 May 4 2 1 4 3 4 4 9 2 6 2 2 1 10 3 5 4 5 4 1 2 6 4 2 3 June 3 2 1 3 5 6 4 6 2 3 1 1 0 12 4 7 4 3 3 1 2 6 5 2 4 July 3 2 1 3 5 6 4 7 ... 2 4 1 1 0 12 5 6 3 2 3 1 2 7 5 2 4 Aug. 3 2 1 4 6 5 4 6 1 3 2 1 1 15 3 5 3 4 2 1 3 7 5 1 5 Sept. 5 2 1 5 5 4 2 6 1 4 1 1 1 16 2 4 • •• 2 3 4 1 3 8 3 1 5 Oct. 3 2 1 4 7 5 3 6 ... 1 4 2 3 1 14 3 3 2 3 4 2 3 8 3 1 5 Nov. 3 2 1 6 7 4 2 5 ... 1 5 3 2 1 12 2 4 • •• 2 4 3 1 3 9 4 1 3 Dec. 4 2 1 5 6 6 2 5 ... 1 16 3 47 2 21 2 22 1 9 10 157 3 39 3 54 • •> 2 33 4 44 3 42 2 16 3 30 11 93 3 50 1 2 18 39 Year 38 26 12 50 66 63 37 73 REPORT ON ATMOSPHERIC CIRCULATION. 129 LEII'SIG. BF.OCKEN. BERLIN. MosTir. Lat. 51° 20'. Long. 12" 33'. Lat. 51° 48'. Long. 10° 37'. Lat. 52° 31'. Long. 13° 23'. Height 387 ft. Hours 6 : 2, 10. Height 3747 ft. Hours fi : 2, 10. Height 159 ft. 30 Years, 1848-77. Hours 0 : 2, 10. 38 Years, 1825-26, 1830-65. 22 Years, 1836-50, 1853-59. N. N.E E. S.E. s. S.W w. N.W CA. N. N.E E. S.E. s. S.w w. N.W CA. N. N.E E. S.E. s. s.w w. N.W CA. Jan. 1 3 o 3 5 9 4 3 1 2 3 4 3 7 7 4 1 2 5 3 5 7 6 2 Feb. 1 3 3 3 4 9 2 3 2 1 3 3 2 G 8 3 2 2 3 2 3 5 8 3 March 2 4 3 3 3 7 4 5 3 2 3 2 3 8 7 3 3 3 5 3 3 4 7 3 April 2 4 3 3 2 G 5 5 ... 3 3 4 2 3 6 5 4 4 2 4 3 2 4 8 3 May 3 5 4 3 2 5 4 5 2 3 3 3 3 5 6 6 3 3 5 2 2 4 7 5 June 2 3 2 3 2 7 5 G 2 2 2 2 3 6 8 5 ... 3 3 3 2 2 3 8 6 July 2 3 2 3 2 7 G G 2 2 1 1 3 10 9 3 Q O 2 2 2 3 5 10 4 Aug. 2 3 2 3 3 8 5 5 2 2 2 2 4 9 6 4 2 2 3 2 3 5 9 5 Sept. 2 3 3 4 3 7 4 4 2 2 3 3 3 7 5 5 2 2 4 2 4 6 7 3 Oct. 1 2 3 4 5 9 4 3 1 2 2 3 s 9 7 4 1 3 4 3 5 6 7 2 Nov. 1 3 3 4 5 9 3 2 .•• 2 2 2 3 3 8 7 3 2 2 5 3 4 5 6 3 Dec. 1 3 3 3 5 9 4 o o 2 2 2 3 3 8 J7_ ^ 2 1 5 3 4 6 7 3 Year 20 39 34 39 41 92 50 50 24 25 30 31 36 89 82 48 28 27 48 30 40 60 90 42 BRESLAU. POSEN. BROMBERG. Month. Lat. 51° 7'. Long. 17° 2'. Lat. 52° 25'. Long. 16° 56'. Lat. 53° 8'. Long. 18° 0'. Height 483 ft. Height 268 ft. Height 154 ft. 51 Tears, 1825-75. Hours 6 : 2, 10. 18 Years, 1848-65. Hours 6 : 2, 10. 32 Years, 1848-79. Hours 6 : 2, 10. N. N.E E. S.E. S. S.W w. N.W CA. N. N.E E. S.E. S. s.w w. N.W CA. N. N.E E. S.E. s. s.w w. N.W CA. Jan. 2 2 4 5 5 3 6 4 1 3 5 5 4 G 5 2 2 2 4 3 5 4 6 5 Feb. 2 2 3 4 4 3 6 4 ... 2 2 4 3 3 5 6 3 2 2 4 2 3 4 6 5 March 2 2 4 4 4 3 6 6 2 2 5 Q o 4 5 G 4 8 3 6 3 4 3 4 5 April 8 3 4 4 3 2 6 5 4 3 4 3 3 4 5 4 3 3 5 3 3 3 4 G May 4 3 4 4 2 2 6 G 4 5 4 3 3 3 4 5 • •> 4 3 5 2 2 3 5 7 June 3 3 3 3 2 2 7 7 3 3 3 3 3 4 G 5 4 3 4 2 3 3 4 7 July 3 2 3 3 2 3 8 7 3 3 2 3 3 4 7 6 3 3 3 2 2 4 7 7 Aug. 3 2 3 4 3 3 7 6 3 2 3 3 3 5 7 5 '■> 3 3 2 3 4 6 7 Sept. 3 3 3 4 3 3 6 5 4 3 2 3 4 5 5 4 2 2 3 2 3 5 6 7 Oct. 2 2 4 5 4 4 6 4 2 3 5 4 5 6 4 2 2 2 5 4 4 5 5 4 Nov. 2 2 4 5 5 3 6 3 2 3 5 5 3 6 4 2 *•• I 2 3 4 4 G 6 4 Dec. 2 2 4 5 4 3 6 5 ... 2 32 2 34 4 46 4 42 5 43 7 60 5 64 2 44 2 31 2 30 5 50 4 33 3 39 4 48 6 65 5 69 Year 31 28 43 50 41 34 76 62 KONIGSBERG. GYDA-VIKEN. KARA SEA. MoxTn. Lat. 54° 43'. Long. 20" 30'. Lt. 72°14'-72°25'. Lg. 76°14'-77°12'. Lt. 70° 10-71° 33'. Lg. 60°5'-64°58'. Height 74 ft. 32 Years, 1848-79. Height 0 ft. Height 0 ft. Hours 6: 2, 10, and 7:2, 9. 1 Year, 1880-81. Hourly. 1 Year, 1882-83. Hourly. N. N.E E. S.E. s. S.W w. N.W CA. N. N.E E. S.E. S. s.w w. N.W CA. N. N.E E. S.E. s. s.w w. N.W CA. Jan. 1 3 4 5 2 7 G 3 0 2 7 8 8 2 0 0 4 4 5 5 3 2 5 3 1 3 Feb. 1 3 3 5 1 6 G 3 4 4 1 5 3 4 1 4 2 3 2 2 3 7 6 2 1 2 March 2 5 4 4 2 5 G 1 2 0 5 8 8 3 2 2 4 3 4 4 7 3 2 1 3 April 4 4 4 1 4 G 4 5 3 2 3 3 7 2 4 1 4 2 2 2 7 6 3 3 1 May 4 4 3 4 1 4 G 5 2 4 1 4 3 8 5 2 2 7 2 4 1 2 2 3 7 3 June 3 3 3 4 1 4 8 4 ... 4 G 2 4 2 2 2 4 4 6 3 2 2 1 3 5 5 3 July • 1 2 3 3 1 4 9 G 4 7 n .1 3 3 2 2 5 2 O 5 7 3 O 4 3 2 1 Aug. 2 8 3 4 2 5 8 4 ... 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 5 5 3 3 3 3 3 0 Sept. 2 3 3 4 1 7 7 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 5 3 3 3 3 4 4 4 1 Oct. 1 2 5 6 3 7 5 2 ... 8 3 4 6 4 1 1 2 2 5 4 1 1 1 4 6 6 3 Nov. 1 3 4 6 2 7 5 2 4 2 1 3 10 4 1 2 3 1 3 4 2 2 6 5 3 4 Dec. 1 3 4 5 2 7 6 3 4 36 1 34 1 22 3 44 11 55 6 44 1 18 28 1 23 2 47 1 38 1 40 1 28 3 41 10 56 7 46 3 39 3 30 Year 24 38 43 54 19 67 78 42 (rilYS. CHEM. CHALL. ESP. — PART V. — 1888.) 23 130 THE VOYAGE OF H.M.S. CHALLENGER KOLA. SHISHGUISKIJ. L. MORSHOWEZ. Lat. 68° 53' Long. 33° 1'. Height 33 ft. 9 Years, 1878-86. Hours 7:1,9. Lat. 65° 12'. Long. 36° 51'. Lat. 66° 46'. Long. 42° 30'. Hon i ii. Height 0 ft. Height 0 ft. 22 Years, 1843-65. Hours various. 13i Years, 1843-65. Hours various. N K F F i.r, s, =1 W w. s-.w CA. N. N.E E. ;.e. s. 5.W w. *.w CA. N. N.E E. i.E. s. s.w w. N.W CA. ? 1 1 ?, ft 7 8 2 3 2 2 2 3 5 9 3 3 2 2 2 2 3 4 8 4 ft 1 Feb. 1 0 1 3 7 7 ft 1 3 1 3 4 3 0 6 2 1 3 2 2 1 2 4 8 ft 2 2 March 9, 2 1 1 ft 6 7 2 5 2 4 3 2 6 8 2 2 -2 3 3 2 2 4 V 6 3 2 April May June 3 ? 9, '} ft J 4 3 ft 3 ft 3 2 4 7 2 2 2 4 4 3 3 3 ft 3 3 2 4 3 4 2 3 3 2 2 8 3 6 4 1 4 6 2 3 2 6 ft 3 3 2 6 2 3 2 5 4 4 2 3 2 2 2 <; .'! 7 6 1 3 5 2 2 1 8 4 3 3 2 4 2 3 1 July Aug. Sept. Oct. 7 4 4 2 3 3 1 1 6 1 8 7 1 4 5 1 2 2 8 4 3 3 2 5 2 2 2 5 3 3 2 4 o 2 2 7 2 5 6 2 4 6 2 2 2 ft 4 2 3 3 7 3 3 1 3 2 2 <> 7 ft 3 1 5 3 3 4 2 5 8 2 2 1 4 3 1 4 3 7 3 4 1 2 1 1 ■> 7 6 ft 2 ft 3 3 2 3 4 8 3 4 1 4 3 2 2 5 ft ft 5 0 Nov. 1 1 1 2 7 8 ft 1 4 2 2 2 3 4 9 4 3 1 2 2 2 2 4 7 6 4 1 Dec. 1 0 1 3 6 8 8 1 3 2 27 2 50 2 45 2 2b 0 53 9 86 4 29 4 30 1 20 2 50 2 38 2 26 2 32 4 40 8 76 6 46 4 41 1 16 Year 36 23 25 25 62 62 52 20 60 r KEM. OKLOV. MEZEN. Month. Lat. 61° 57'. Ltjwg. 34° 30'. Lat. 67° 11'. Long. 41° 22'. Lat. 65° 30'. Long. 44° 16'. Height 41 ft. Height 0 ft. Height 52 ft. 15 Years, 1870-84. Hours 7 : 1, 9. 21 Years, 1843-65. Hours various. 4 Years, 1883-86. Hours 7:1,9. N. NF, F S.K s. S.W w. N.W CA. N. N.E E. S.E. s. s.w w. N.W CA. N. N.E E. S.E. s. s.w w. N.W CA. Jan. 9, 1 1 2 4 7 6 2 6 1 2 2 2 4 9 7 3 1 2 1 3 6 6 3 4 2 4 Feb. Sj 1 1 1 2 ft 8 2 6 1 2 1 2 5 8 5 3 1 1 1 1 ft 7 6 3 1 3 March 3 2 1 2 3 ft 6 3 6 2 3 1 3 3 9 6 3 1 2 1 1 4 8 6 4 2 3 April May June ^ 3 2 2 3 4 4 3 7 4 3 1 2 2 7 5 5 1 3 2 3 3 5 4 3 4 3 4 fi 4 2 2 3 2 2 6 ft 3 1 0 3 5 4 6 2 ft 6 4 o 2 2 3 ft 1 3 5 4 2 2 3 3 2 6 5 2 1 2 3 4 3 8 2 5 ft 3 3 2 1 3 6 2 July 3 5 4 2 :l 3 3 2 6 4 1 1 3 4 4 2 10 2 6 3 3 4 3 2 1 5 4 Aug. Sept. Oct. 3 4 3 2 2 3 4 2 8 3 2 1 2 ft ft 4 8 1 6 6 5 2 1 1 2 6 2 3 2 1 2 4 4 ft 3 6 3 2 1 2 3 6 5 7 : 4 3 3 3 3 3 3 4 4 1 1 1 2 4 6 8 4 4 2 -> 2 2 3 8 7 5 0 2 1 2 4 V 6 4 2 3 Nov. 1 1 9! 2 4 ft 7 3 ft 1 2 1 2 3 10 7 4 0 1 1 2 6 8 6 3 1 2 Dec. 1 1 2 2 4 ft 7 3 6 2 33 2 26 1 14 1 25 3 41 10 85 7 62 4 66 1 13 1 38 2 32 1 31 ft 48 8 60 6 46 3 36 2 40 3 34 Year 28 32 26 23 37 53 63 31 72 AKCHANGEL. PETEOSAAVODSK. NIKOLSK. Month. Lat. 04° 33'. Long. 40° 32'. Lat. 61° 47'. Long. 34° 23'. Lat 59° 32'. Long. 45° 27. Height 16 ft. Heicht 233 ft. Height 390 ft. 15 Years, 1870-84. Hours 7:1,9. 18 Years, 1861-78. Hours various. 5 Years, 1882-86. Hours 7:1,9. N N.F, F. S.F. s. s.w w. N.W CA. N. N.E E. S.E. s. s.w w. N.W CA. N. N.E E. S.E. s. s.w w. N.W CA. Jan. 2 1 4 5 6 5 3 2 3 1 1 2 3 1 6 6 6 ft ft 2 1 6 5 5 2 3 2 Feb. 1 1 3 4 4 5 4 3 3 1 1 2 3 1 6 6 5 Q O 3 2 1 5 6 5 1 2 3 March 2 2 3 4 5 ft 4 4 2 1 2 2 4 1 6 6 6 3 n O 2 2 6 6 4 2 3 3 April 3 2 Q O 3 4 3 4 5 3 2 2 2 4 1 6 4 6 3 4 4 2 6 3 3 1 3 4 May 4 3 4 3 3 2 3 6 3 2 4 4 4 1 4 4 5 3 4 4 3 6 3 3 1 5 2 June 5 3 3 2 2 2 3 7 3 2 3 3 5 1 5 5 o 3 6 6 3 5 2 1 1 3 3 July 5 3 3 3 3 2 n O 5 4 1 4 4 4 1 5 5 4 3 5 4 3 5 3 2 1 4 4 Aug. ft 3 3 3 3 3 3 ft 3 2 3 o 3 2 4 6 5 3 4 5 3 6 3 1 1 4 4 Sept. 4 2 2 4 5 3 3 4 3 2 3 2 3 1 6 6 5 2 5 3 2 6 o 3 1 4 O Oct. 2 9 2 4 6 5 5 3 2 1 2 1 2 2 7 8 6 2 5 2 1 6 ft 4 1 4 3 Nov. 2 2 4 5 6 ft 3 1 2 1 2 1 4 2 6 5 6 3 4 2 1 7 5 5 1 2 8 Dec. 1 2 4 6 6 4 2 2 4 1 17 1 28 1 27 3 42 2 16 6 67 7 68 6 63 4 37 2 50 1 37 1 23 9 73 7 51 5 41 1 14 2 3 Year 36 26 38 46 53 44 40 47 35 39 1 37 i REPORT ON ATMOSPHERIC CIRCULATION. 131 KARGOPOL. WJATKA. ST. PETERSBURG. Month. Lat. 61° 30'. Long. 38° 57'. Lat. 58° 36'. Long. 49° 41'. Lat. 59° 56'. Long. 30° 16'. Height 440 ft. Height 580 ft. Height 19 ft. 4 Tears, 1883-86. Hours 7:1,9. 11 Years, 1874, 18/7-86. Hours7:l, 9. 15 i'ears, 1870-84. Hours 7 : 1, 9. N. N.E E. S.E s. s.w w. s.w CA. N. N.E E. S.E. s. s.w w. N.W CA. N. N.E E. S.E. S. s.w w. N.W CA. Jan. 2 2 1 2 8 4 3 3 6 1 0 1 2 6 4 4 2 11 1 2 2 5 5 5 4 5 2 Feb. 1 1 1 2 9 3 3 1 7 1 0 1 2 3 4 5 2 10 1 2 3 5 4 3 4 4 2 March 3 1 1 3 7 5 3 2 6 1 1 1 3 4 6 4 2 9 2 3 2 4 4 4 5 4 3 April 6 3 2 3 3 8 1 2 7 2 1 1 2 3 4 3 3 11 2 4 3 4 3 3 4 4 3 May 4 2 2 3 4 4 3 3 6 2 2 2 2 o a 3 4 4 9 2 5 3 3 2 2 5 7 2 June 4 4 2 1 2 3 3 3 8 3 3 1 1 2 3 3 3 11 2 5 3 3 2 2 5 6 2 July 6 2 2 2 6 3 1 2 7 4 2 2 2 2 3 3 3 10 4 4 3 3 3 2 4 6 2 Aug. 6 5 4 1 2 2 2 3 6 4 2 2 2 2 3 4 3 9 3 3 2 4 4 3 4 5 3 Sept. 4 2 1 1 4 4 4 4 6 4 2 1 1 2 4 5 4 7 3 2 2 5 4 4 4 4 2 Oct. 2 2 1 1 10 4 3 3 5 2 1 1 1 5 6 6 3 6 2 2 2 5 6 5 4 4 1 Nov. 2 1 1 2 10 5 3 2 4 1 1 1 2 6 5 5 2 7 2 1 3 5 6 5 3 4 1 Dec. 2 2 0 3 10 5 2 2 5 1 26 1 16 1 15 3 23 7 45 4 49 4 50 2 33 8 108 2 26 2 35 3 31 5 51 5 48 4 42 3 49 5 58 2 25 Year 42 27 18 24 75 45 31 30 73 NIJNI-NOVGOKOD. BALTISCHPOKT. HELSINGFORS. Month. Lat. 56° 20'. Long. 44° 0'. Lat. 59° 21'. Long. 24° 3'. Lat. 60" 10'. Long. 24° 37'. Height 453 ft. Height 28 ft. Height 38 ft. 16 Years, 1838-53. Hours 7:1,0. 15 Tears, 1870-84. Hours 7 : 1, 9. 2 Tears, 1882-83. Hourly. N. N.E E. S.E. s. s.w w. N.W CA. N. N.E E. S.E. S. s.w w. N.W CA. N. N.E E. S.E. S. s.w w. N.W CA. Jan. 2 3 2 4 4 5 4 3 4 3 2 3 3 5 8 3 3 1 4 0 1 1 3 8 5 6 3 Feb. 1 2 3 3 4 5 3 2 5 2 3 4 3 4 5 3 3 1 5 1 1 1 2 5 3 6 4 March 1 2 3 4 4 5 3 3 6 3 5 3 2 4 6 3 3 2 7 2 2 1 1 9 4 4 1 April 1 2 2 4 3 5 3 2 8 2 6 3 2 3 5 4 3 2 3 3 6 4 3 6 2 2 1 May 2 4 3 3 3 4 4 4 4 3 6 2 1 2 5 5 5 2 3 2 4 2 2 10 5 2 1 June 2 2 2 3 3 5 4 4 5 2 6 2 1 2 4 6 5 2 1 3 6 3 1 10 4 1 1 July 1 3 2 3 2 5 3 4 8 3 5 2 1 2 4 5 6 3 3 1 5 3 3 9 4 2 1 Aug. 3 3 3 3 1 3 4 4 7 2 5 2 2 2 4 5 5 4 1 1 2 5 4 11 3 3 1 Sept. 2 2 3 3 3 4 3 4 6 2 2 2 4 4 6 4 4 2 3 2 4 3 5 10 1 2 0 Oct. 1 3 2 3 4 6 3 4 5 3 2 3 4 5 7 4 2 1 2 3 3 4 5 6 4 4 0 Nov. 2 2 1 2 3 6 4 5 5 2 3 4 4 5 6 3 2 1 4 4 2 O 6 6 2 2 1 Dec. 2 2 2 3 5 5 3 4 5 3 30 2 47 5 35 4 31 4 7 67 3 48 2 43 1 22 4 40 4 26 3 39 1 31 5 40 6 96 3 40 3 37 2 16 Year 20 30 28 38 39 58 41 43 68 DOKPAT. WINDATJ. WILNA. Month. Lat. 58° 23'. Long. 20° 43'. Lat. 57° 24'. Long. 21° 33'. Lat. 54° 41'. Long. 25° 18'. Height 223 ft. Height 29 ft. Height 387 ft. . 15 Tears, 1870-84. Hours 7:1,9. 15 Tears, 1870-84. Hours 7:1,9. 15 Tears, 1870-84. Hours 7 : 1, 9. N. N.E E. S.E. s. s.w w. N.W CA. N. N.E E. S.E. s. s.w w. N.W CA. N. N.E E. S.E. s. s.w w. N.W CA. Jan. 1 2 2 4 5 6 6 o 2 3 1 2 5 5 5 4 Q O 3 2 1 1 4 5 4 4 3 7 Feb. 1 2 4 4 4 5 4 2 2 2 2 4 4 4 3 3 3 3 2 1 2 4 5 3 3 2 6 March 2 2 3 3 4 6 C 4 1 4 2 3 3 4 5 3 3 4 2 1 2 3 6 4 4 3 6 April May June 2 4 3 4 3 4 5 3 2 4 3 4 2 2 5 3 3 4 3 2 3 3 4 2 3 3 7 3 4 3 2 3 5 6 4 1 5 2 2 2 2 6 4 5 3 3 2 2 2 4 3 5 4 6 2 3 3 3 3 5 6 3 2 5 2 2 2 2 G 4 4 3 2 2 2 2 3 2 4 4 9 July Aug. 3 3 2 2 3 5 6 4 3 4 1 2 2 2 7 6 5 2 3 1 1 2 3 4 5 4 8 3 3 2 3 3 6 6 3 2 4 3 2 2 2 5 5 4 4 2 2 1 2 4 4 4 2 10 Sept. Oct. 2 1 2 4 5 G 5 3 2 3 2 2 4 4 5 4 3 3 2 1 1 3 5 3 4 2 9 1 2 3 4 7 6 5 2 1 2 2 n O 5 5 4 3 4 3 2 1 2 4 7 4 3 1 7 Nov. 1 2 2 5 6 6 4 3 1 2 2 3 5 6 4 3 O 2 1 2 2 3 6 5 3 2 6 Dec. 2 2 3 4 5 6 5 3 1 20 2 40 3 25 3 32 5 41 5 43 3 58 4 46 3 43 3 37 1 25 2 18 3 22 3 35 6 58 3 41 4 46 2 32 7 88 Year 23 30 32 42 51 66 64 37 132 THE VOYAGE OF H.M.S. CHALLENGE!*. WARSAW. GORKI. MOSCOW. Month. I. at. .'.2° 13'. Long. 21° 2'. Lat. 54° 17'. Long. 30° 59. Lat. 55° 50'. Long. 37° 33'. Height 392 ft. Height 679 ft. Height 509 it. 15 Years. 1870-84. Hours 7:1,0. 14 Years, 1871- 84. Hours 7:1,9. 15 Years, 1870-84. Hours 7:1,9. N. N'.E E. SE. s. s.w w. .WW r\. N. N.E E. S.E. s. s.w w. SVW CA. N. N.E E. S.E. s. S.w w. N.W CA. Jan. 2 1 3 6 4 4 6 3 2 2 4 1 4 2 4 4 4 6 2 1 1 3 7 5 6 3 3 Feb. 2 1 4 5 3 4 5 2 2 1 3 2 4 2 4 3 4 5 3 1 1 3 7 3 5 3 2 March 3 3 3 4 ^> 4 5 3 3 2 3 2 4 2 5 4 4 5 2 2 1 3 8 4 5 3 3 April -May June 3 4 8 5 2 3 4 o 3 2 5 2 5 2 3 3 3 5 3 2 2 3 6 4 5 3 2 5 3 3 3 2 3 5 4 3 2 5 ] 4 2 4 3 4 6 3 2 1 2 7 4 5 4 3 4 2 3 4 2 3 5 4 3 2 5 2 3 2 5 2 5 4 3 2 1 3 6 3 4 5 3 July 4 2 2 3 2 3 6 5 4 2 5 2 Q o 2 4 3 6 4 4 1 1 2 6 3 4 6 4 Aug. 4 3 2 3 2 4 6 4 3 2 5 1 3 2 4 4 6 4 3 1 1 2 7 4 5 4 4 Sept. o 2 2 4 4 4 5 3 3 2 6 2 3 2 4 2 4 5 3 1 1 2 7 5 4 4 3 Oct. 2 2 3 7 4 4 5 2 2 2 3 3 5 2 4 3 3 6 3 1 1 2 10 5 5 2 2 Nov. 1 1 2 0 5 5 5 2 3 1 3 2 5 4 5 2 3 5 1 1 1 3 11 5 5 2 1 Dec. 2 2 3 5 -1 5 5 3 2 2 22 2 49 2 22 5 48 4 28 5 51 3 36 4 50 4 59 2 32 1 16 1 13 3 31 9 91 5 50 5 58 3 42 2 32 Year 35 26 33 55 37 46 62 38 33 GULYNKI. KIEV. KISCHINEW. Month. Lat. 54° 14'. Long. 40° 0'. Lat. 50° 27' Long. 30° 30' Lat. 46° 59'. Long. 28° 51'. Height 354 ft. Height BOO ft. Height 300 ft. 14 Years, 1871-84 Hours 7:1,9. 15 Years, 1870-84. Hours 7 : 1, 9. ! 1 1 Years, 1870-80. Hours 7:1,9. N. N.E E. S.E. s. s.w w. N.W CA. N. N.E E. S.E. s. s.w vv. N'.W CA. N. N.E E. S.E. s. S.W w. N.W CA. Jan. 4 1 1 3 8 4 6 2 2 3 2 2 4 3 3 5 6 3 3 5 3 4 1 3 2 10 0 Feb. 5 1 1 2 6 3 5 3 2 3 2 2 6 3 2 3 6 1 2 3 3 4 2 3 2 9 0 March 4 3 1 2 8 3 5 3 2 4 3 2 5 3 3 4 5 2 2 4 3 5 2 4 2 9 0 April 4 3 2 2 5 4 6 2 2 4 4 4 5 3 2 2 4 2 1 4 2 6 4 4 2 7 0 May 3 3 2 2 5 3 6 4 3 4 3 3 4 3 3 3 6 2 2 3 2 6 2 4 2 10 0 June 4 3 3 1 2 3 7 3 4 6 3 2 4 3 1 3 5 3 3 3 2 3 3 3 2 11 0 July 5 2 2 1 2 3 7 4 5 7 3 2 2 2 1 3 8 3 4 3 1 1 2 3 3 14 0 Aug. 4 2 2 1 3 3 7 4 5 5 2 2 3 2 2 4 7 4 3 4 1 3 3 4 2 11 0 Sept. 4 1 3 1 4 3 7 3 4 3 2 2 5 2 2 4 7 3 3 2 1 4 3 4 2 10 1 Oct. 3 2 1 2 7 4 7 2 3 3 3 3 0 3 3 3 4 3 2 3 3 6 4 4 2 7 0 Nov. 3 2 1 2 9 4 6 2 1 2 2 2 7 4 3 4 4 2 2 3 2 5 4 4 2 8 0 Dec. 4 1 1 4 8 3 6 2 2 3 47 2 31 3 29 5 56 3 34 3 28 5 43 5 67 2 30 2 29 3 40 3 26 4 51 3 33 5 45 2 25 9 115 0 1 Year 47 24 20 23 67 40 75 34 35 uni:ss.\. LUGAN. TAGANROG. Month. Lat. 40° 29'. Loog. 30° 44'. Lat. 48° 35'. Long. 39° 20'. Lat. 47° 12'. Long. 38° 59'. Height 214 ft. Height 170 ft. Height 114 ft. 15 Years, 1870-84. Hours 7:1,9. 17 Years, 1840-56. Hourly. 16 Years, 1817-32. Hours 7 : 2, 10. N. N.E E. S.E. s. s.w w. N.W CA. N. N.E E. S.E. s. s.w w. N.W CA. N. N.E E. S.E. s. s.w w. N.W CA. Jan. 7 5 3 2 2 o 3 2 4 ! 1 4 5 2 1 3 3 1 11 3 3 11 2 3 1 3 2 3 Feb. 5 5 3 2 3 2 2 2 4 j 1 2 4 2 2 3 4 1 9 3 3 10 2 3 1 2 2 2 March 5 5 4 2 4 3 2 2 4 2 3 5 1 o O 3 5 2 7 2 4 11 2 3 2 2 1 4 April 3 3 4 4 5 3 1 2 5 2 3 5 2 2 3 5 1 7 1 2 9 3 4 2 4 2 3 May 5 3 3 4 6 3 2 2 3 1 3 6 2 2 3 4 2 8 1 1 8 4 5 3 4 2 3 June 6 3 O 2 4 o 2 3 4 2 2 3 1 1 3 0 2 10 2 1 6 2 4 3 6 3 3 July 8 2 2 2 4 3 2 4 4 2 2 3 1 2 2 5 3 11 2 1 5 2 3 3 9 3 3 Aug. 7 3 3 2 3 3 2 3 5 2 4 5 1 1 1 4 2 11 2 2 8 3 o O 3 4 2 4 Sept. 6 3 2 3 3 2 2 2 7 2 2 5 2 1 2 3 2 11 3 2 10 2 3 1 5 2 2 Oct. 4 5 4 3 4 2 1 2 6 1 2 5 1 2 2 4 1 13 2 2 12 2 3 1 4 1 4 Nov. 5 4 4 2 4 3 1 2 5 1 3 6 1 2 2 o 1 11 2 3 9 2 3 1 3 2 5 Dec. 5 3 4 2 1 3 3 3 4 1 18 3 OO 4 56 1 17 2 21 3 30 5 51 1 19 11 120 2 25 2 26 12 111 3 29 3 40 1 22 2 48 1 23 5 41 Year 60 44 39 30 40 ; i ; ', 23 29 55 REPORT OX ATMOSPHERIC CIRCULATION. 133 POLTAVA. iSEDASTOPOL. SYMPHEROPOL. Month. I.at. 49° 33'. Long. 3-4° 38'. Lat. 44° 37'. Long. 3:1° 31'. Lat. 44° 56'. Long. 34° 5'. Height 547 ft. Hours (?). Height 19!) ft. Height (?). 21 Years, 1824-31, 1836-48. 15 Years. 1870-84. Hours 7: 1,9. 29 Years, 1825-53. Hours (?). N. N.E E. S.E. s. s.w w. N.W CA. N. N.E E. S E. s. s.w w. N.W CA . N. N.E E. S.E. s. s.w w. N.W CA. Jan. 1 8 5 2 3 6 4 2 2 8 4 2 3 3 1 2 5 1 3 6 3 1 1 1 1 14 Feb. 1 5 5 Q O 2 6 5 1 2 6 4 3 3 2 2 3 3 2 2 6 3 1 1 2 1 10 March 1 4 7 O 2 7 5 2 3 5 4 3 3 3 2 4 5 1 3 6 3 1 1 3 4 9 April 3 5 7 2 1 5 4 3 1 4 5 3 4 3 2 3 5 2 2 5 3 2 1 4 5 6 May 1 4 5 3 2 6 7 3 ... 2 2 5 2 3 4 3 4 6 0 1 5 3 1 2 7 3 9 June 1 3 1 4 1 6 9 5 1 2 5 2 3 3 3 5 6 0 1 4 3 1 3 7 2 9 July 1 3 2 2 2 8 8 5 1 2 fi 1 2 3 4 6 6 0 0 5 4 1 3 6 2 10 Aug. 1 5 4 2 1 7 6 5 2 4 8 1 1 2 3 5 5 0 1 8 4 1 1 5 2 9 Sept. 1 7 5 3 1 5 4 4 3 4 8 2 2 2 2 4 3 1 2 7 3 0 1 3 2 11 Oct. 2 4 5 3 1 7 6 3 2 .J 7 3 3 2 2 3 4 1 3 7 3 1 1 2 2 11 Nov. 1 7 6 2 1 4 6 3 ... 2 5 5 4 4 3 2 2 3 1 3 5 3 1 1 2 2 12 Dec. 2 6 6 1 1 5 6 4 1 22 7 54 4 65 4 30 4 35 3 33 2 28 2 43 4 55 1 10 3 24 6 70 2 37 1 12 1 17 2 44 2 28 13 123 Year 16 61 58 30 18 72 70 40 NOWOKOSSIJSK. POTI. ALEXANDROPOL. Month. Lat. 44° 43'. Long. 37° 46'. Lat. 42° 8'. Long. 41° 36. Lat. 40° 48'. Long. 43° 49'. Height 12 ft. Height 24 ft. Height 5010 ft. 13 Tears, 1872-84. Hours 7 : 1, 9. 15 Years, 1870-84. Hours 7:1,9. 8 Years, 1858-65. Hours 7 : 2, 9. N. N.E E. S.E. s. s.w w. N.W CA. N. N.E E. S.E. s. s.w w. N.W CA. N. N.E E. S.E s. s.w w. N.W CA. Jan. 3 6 0 2 4 3 2 6 5 0 1 17 2 1 2 3 2 3 0 2 0 0 0 1 0 1 27 Feb. 2 8 0 3 3 2 2 4 4 0 1 15 1 1 3 3 2 2 1 2 0 0 0 1 0 0 24 March 2 7 1 3 2 2 4 6 1 1 11 1 2 6 4 2 3 1 3 1 0 0 1 0 0 25 April 1 6 2 5 3 1 2 3 7 1 1 8 1 2 7 4 3 3 1 7 0 0 0 4 0 1 17 May 1 4 3 5 3 2 2 3 8 1 1 6 1 2 7 4 4 5 0 7 1 0 0 4 1 1 17 June 2 4 3 4 3 2 2 o 7 0 1 4 2 2 7 5 3 6 1 11 0 0 0 2 0 1 15 July 2 4 2 3 2 2 3 5 8 0 0 3 2 3 9 6 3 5 1 17 1 0 0 1 0 0 11 Aug. 3 7 2 2 1 2 2 6 6 0 0 4 3 3 8 5 3 5 0 18 1 0 0 2 0 0 10 Sept. 2 9 1 2 1 1 4 5 5 0 1 8 2 2 5 5 2 5 0 12 0 0 0 2 0 1 15 Oct. 2 8 1 3 2 2 4 4 5 0 1 13 2 2 4 2 2 5 1 6 0 0 0 2 0 0 22 Nov. 2 6 1 3 3 1 4 5 5 0 1 16 2 1 2 2 1 5 0 3 0 0 0 1 0 0 26 Dec. 3 5 0 3 4 3 2 5 6 0 3 1 10 18 123 2 21 1 22 2 62 2 45 2 29 3 50 1 7 2 90 0 4 0 0 0 0 1 22 0 1 0 5 27 236 Year 25 74 16 39 32 23 31 53 72 TIFLIS. ASTKABAD. ASTRABAD. Month. Lat. 41° 43'. Long. 44° 47'. Lat 36° 54'. Long. 53° 55'. Lat. 36° 52'. Long. 54° 26'. Height 1343 ft. Height —79 ft. Height —73 ft. 15 Years, 1870-84. Hours 7: 1,9. 7 Years, 1873-79. Hours 7:1,9. 5 Years, 1852-56. Hours (?). N. N.E E. S.E. s. s.w w. N.W CA. N. N.E E. S.E. s. s.w w. N.W CA. N. N.E E. S.E. s. s.w w. N.W CA. Jan. 3 1 0 3 1 0 1 6 16 2 3 5 2 1 4 4 1 9 4 5 6 4 1 2 3 2 4 Feb. 3 1 1 3 1 0 0 6 13 4 3 3 1 1 4 3 2 7 5 4 5 1 1 2 5 1 4 March 3 1 1 4 1 1 0 7 13 3 2 3 1 0 3 7 4 8 6 3 3 2 0 3 6 5 3 April 3 1 1 4 2 1 0 6 12 3 1 1 1 0 2 8 5 9 5 2 3 1 0 2 9 4 4 May 4 2 1 3 2 1 1 6 11 2 1 1 0 1 3 9 6 8 4 1 1 0 1 3 10 6 5 June 5 1 1 2 2 1 1 8 9 1 0 1 1 0 4 10 5 8 4 1 1 0 1 4 10 4 5 July 5 2 1 4 2 1 0 7 9 1 0 0 0 0 7 9 6 8 3 0 1 0 1 4 12 6 4 Aug. 4 1 1 4 2 1 0 6 12 0 0 0 0 1 8 8 7 7 2 0 0 1 0 3 15 6 4 Sept. 4 1 1 4 2 1 0 5 12 2 1 1 1 1 6 6 5 7 3 1 1 1 1 5 10 5 3 Oct. 2 1 1 4 2 0 0 4 17 2 2 3 1 1 5 3 4 10 4 2 4 2 2 3 5 4 5 Nov. 2 1 1 3 1 0 0 4 18 2 3 3 2 1 3 3 3 10 3 5 7 2 1 3 2 2 5 Dec. 4 1 0 1 1 0 0 6 18 2 24 4 20 4 25 2 12 1 8 4 53 3 73 1 49 10 101 2 45 5 29 6 38 4 18 1 10 3 37 3 90 2 47 5 51 Year 42 14 10 39 19 7 3 71 160 134 THE VOYAGE OF H.M.S. CHALLENGER. LENKORAN. BAKU. NOVO-PETROVSK. Lat. 38° 46'. Long. 48° 51'. Lat. 40° 22'. Long. 49° 50'. Lat. 44° 27'. Long. 50° 8'. Month. Height -70 ft. Height 7 ft. Height 10 ft. 5 Years, 1882-86. Hours 7 : 1, ). 15 Years, 1870-84. Hours 7:1,9. 7 Years, 1852-58. Hours 6: 2, 10. N. N.E E. S.E. s. s.w w. N.W CA. N. N.E E. S.E. s. s.w w. N.W CA. N. N.E E. S.E. s. S.W w. N.W CA. Jan. 5 3 1 1 1 1 6 9 4 9 3 0 2 2 7 1 4 3 3 6 5 8 3 1 2 3 Feb. 4 4 2 2 2 1 5 6 2 8 3 0 2 3 5 0 5 2 2 3 8 7 2 1 3 2 ... March 2 2 5 6 6 2 3 2 3 8 2 0 4 3 0 0 5 3 4 5 7 7 1 1 3 3 ... April 1 2 4 0 9 1 1 1 2 8 2 0 4 4 5 0 5 2 4 5 5 6 2 1 4 3 May 1 2 3 11 8 1 1 1 3 7 2 0 C 4 4 0 6 2 5 5 7 4 3 1 3 3 ... June 1 1 3 8 7 2 3 1 4 9 2 1 4 2 2 0 8 2 6 3 4 3 2 1 5 5 ... July 1 2 4 6 6 2 3 2 5 10 3 0 5 2 1 0 7 o 6 5 3 3 2 2 5 5 ... Aug. 1 3 4 7 3 2 3 2 6 8 2 1 6 3 2 0 7 2 5 5 4 5 3 1 4 4 ... Sept. 2 2 3 4 5 4 3 2 5 8 2 1 4 3 3 0 6 3 4 5 4 5 1 2 3 6 ... Oct. 2 4 2 o 0 4 2 6 3 5 8 O it 0 4 4 4 0 5 3 3 3 5 7 5 1 3 4 Nov. 5 3 1 0 1 1 8 8 3 7 3 0 4 4 6 0 4 2 2 6 7 9 1 1 1 3 Dec. 5 3 1 l 1 2 8 6 4 8 3 0 3 2 47 3 37 7 52 0 1 5 67 3 30 3 47 4 55 5 01 8 72 2 27 1 14 3 10 5 46 Year 30 31 33 58 53 21 50 43 ■h; 98 30 PETROVSK. NEW ALEXANDRIA. ASTRACHAN. Month. Lat. 42° 59'. Long. 47° 31'. Lat. 51° 25' N. Long. 21° 57'. Lat. 46° 21'. Long. 48° 2'. Height —33 it, Height 472 ft. Height —68 ft. 5 Years, 1882-8G. Hours 7: 1, 9. | 13 Years, 1872-84. Hours 7 : 1, 9. 15 Years, 1870-84. Hours 7:1,9. N. N.E. E. S.E. S. S.W w. N.W CA. N. N.E E. S.E. s. s.w w. N.W CA. N. N.E E. S.E. s. s.w w. N.W CA Jan. 1 0 1 5 1 0 2 15 6 1 5 1 3 2 10 2 6 1 2 5 6 4 2 3 4 2 3 j Feb. 1 1 1 9 2 0 1 9 4 1 4 1 3 4 10 1 3 1 2 4 6 4 1 2 3 3 :; March 1 2 2 12 2 0 1 7 4 1 4 1 2 3 10 2 7 1 2 3 6 5 2 2 5 3 3 April 1 1 3 9 1 0 1 9 5 I 6 2 3 4 7 1 5 1 3 3 6 5 2 2 3 3 3 May 1 1 O 11 1 0 1 8 5 2 5 1 3 3 7 2 6 2 3 3 5 4 2 3 4 3 4 June 1 2 3 8 1 0 3 7 5 1 3 2 3 3 8 2 6 2 3 3 4 3 3 3 4 3 4 July 1 3 4 10 1 0 2 5 5 1 2 1 2 3 10 2 6 4 4 2 3 4 3 4 4 3 4 Aug. 1 3 3 8 1 0 3 0 6 1 2 1 3 3 10 2 5 4 3 4 5 5 2 2 3 3 4 Sept. 1 2 2 10 1 0 3 6 0 1 2 1 3 3 10 1 5 4 3 3 6 5 2 2 3 3 3 Oct. 1 1 2 11 1 0 2 8 5 1 4 1 3 4 9 1 5 3 3 4 7 5 1 2 3 3 3 Nov. 1 1 1 10 1 0 1 10 5 1 4 0 3 4 10 1 5 2 2 4 6 7 2 2 2 2 3 Dec. 1 1 1 9 2 0 0 12 5 1 13 4 45 1 13 3 34 4 40 10 111 2 19 5 64 1 26 2 4 7 5 2 2 3 3 3 Year 12 18 2G 112 15 0 20 102 60 32 42 07 56 24 29 41 34 40 KAMYSCHIN. SARATOW. ORENBURG. Month. Lat. 50° 5'. Long. 45° 24' Lat. 51° 38'. Long. 45° 27'. Lat. 51° 46'. Long. 55° 6'. Height 69 ft. Height 614 ft. Height 297 ft. 7 Years, 1880-86. Hours, 7 : 1, 9. 7 Years, 1873-79. Hours 7: 1, 9. 0 Years, 1870-75. Hours 7:1,9. N. N.E E. S.E. s. s.w w. N.W CA. N. N.E E. S.E. S. s.w W. N.W CA. N. N.E E. S.E. S. s.w w. N.W CA. Jan. 1 4 1 1 2 2 G 3 11 4 4 2 1 2 2 2 4 10 4 5 f) 1 3 2 6 4 ... Feb. 1 4 2 2 1 1 4 2 11 2 3 3 2 3 3 1 4 7 4 3 9 2 3 3 3 1 March 1 5 2 1 1 3 3 2 13 4 2 2 3 2 2 3 3 10 4 4 10 1 3 4 4 1 ... April 2 6 2 1 2 1 2 2 12 4 4 2 2 2 2 2 5 7 4 4 8 2 2 3 5 2 May 2 3 2 1 2 2 3 2 14 3 3 2 3 1 2 3 5 9 6 4 7 1 2 3 6 2 June 2 3 1 1 1 1 4 3 14 5 4 1 1 1 2 2 7 7 6 4 5 1 2 3 8 1 July 2 4 3 1 1 2 4 3 11 3 3 1 1 2 3 3 7 8 7 4 6 0 2 2 8 2 Aug. 2 S 1 1 1 3 4 4 12 4 3 1 1 1 Q o 2 7 9 8 4 5 1 2 3 5 3 Sept. 2 3 1 1 1 2 3 4 13 4 2 1 2 2 2 1 7 9 6 4 6 1 3 3 G 1 Oct. 2 3 2 2 3 2 4 2 11 4 1 1 2 2 2 2 5 12 4 3 4 1 4 6 7 2 Nov. 1 1 2 2 3 2 3 3 13 2 2 1 2 3 4 2 4 10 4 3 6 2 3 5 6 1 Dec. 1 2 2 2 3 2 4 2 13 3 42 2 33 1 3 4 25 3 30 3 6 6 4 61 4 46 7 2 4 33 4 41 5 69 1 21 ... Year 19 41 21 15 21 23 44 32 148 18 123 26 64 104 79 15 REPORT ON ATMOSPHERIC CIRCULATION. 135 KASAN. SLATOUST. TOBOLSK. Month. Lat. 5.j° 47'. Long. 49° 8'. Lat 55° 10'. Loug. 59° 41'. Lat. 53° 12'. Long. 68° 16'. Height 249 ft. Height 1343 ft. Height 355 ft. 15 Tears, 1870-84. Hours 7: 1, 9. 15 Years, 1870-84. Hours 7: 1, 9. 10 Years, 1852-61. Hour 7 : N. N.E E. S.E. s. s.w w. N.W CA. N. N.E E. S.E. s. s.w w. N.W CA. N. N.E E. S.E. S. s.w w. N.W CA. Jan. 2 1 1 3 8 3 4 2 7 0 0 0 5 4 0 4 9 9 1 1 1 11 5 3 3 4 2 Feb. 3 1 1 2 7 4 3 2 5 0 0 0 4 3 1 5 8 7 1 1 2 10 5 2 2 3 2 March 2 2 1 2 9 4 4 2 5 0 0 0 5 4 1 4 7 10 1 1 1 8 6 4 2 4 4 April 4 2 2 2 6 3 4 1 6 0 0 0 5 3 1 5 6 10 1 1 2 7 7 5 2 4 1 May 3 3 2 2 5 3 5 2 6 1 0 1 6 3 1 4 7 8 3 2 3 4 3 3 4 7 2 June 4 3 2 1 4 3 4 3 6 1 0 1 5 3 1 4 7 8 4 2 3 4 2 5 3 6 1 July 5 3 1 2 4 3 4 2 7 1 0 2 5 2 1 4 7 9 4 3 2 5 4 3 2 6 2 Aug. 4 2 1 2 4 3 4 3 8 1 1 1 4 3 1 3 8 9 4 2 1 4 4 4 4 6 2 Sept. 4 2 2 1 4 3 4 3 7 1 1 1 4 2 1 4 9 7 1 2 1 4 4 6 5 5 2 Oct. 2 2 1 2 7 4 6 3 4 0 0 0 4 2 1 5 10 9 2 0 2 4 5 7 5 4 2 Nov. 2 1 1 3 8 5 4 2 4 0 0 0 3 3 1 6 8- 9 1 1 1 5 5 7 5 3 2 Dec. 2 1 1 3 9 3 4 2 6 0 5 0 2 0 6 6 56 5 37 1 11 4 52 7 93 8 103 1 24 1 17 1 20 8 74 7 57 4 53 3 40 3 3 Year 37 23 16 J 25 75 41 50 27 71 55 '25 OBDOESK. BEEESOW. SURGTJT. Month. Lat. 66° 31'. Long. 66° 35'. Lat 63° 56'. Loug. 65° 4'. Lat. 61° 17'. Long. 73° 20'. Height 80 ft Height 120 ft. Height 177 ft. 4 Years, 1883-86. Hours 7:1,9. 8 Years, 1879-86. Hours 7 : 1, 9. 2$ Years, 1884-86. Hours 7 : 1, 9. N. N.E E. S.E. s. s.w W. :N.W CA. N. N.E E. S.E. s. s.w w. N.W CA. N. N.E E. S.E. s. s.w w. N.W CA. Jan. 5 2 1 3 5 2 2 0 11 6 2 0 2 11 4 2 1 3 2 3 3 4 6 2 6 3 2 Feb. 4 1 0 1 4 2 5 1 10 5 2 0 2 7 4 3 2 3 2 4 3 3 4 2 6 1 3 March 3 2 1 1 6 3 3 1 11 4 3 1 3 11 3 3 2 1 2 3 5 4 6 2 4 3 2 April 6 2 0 1 4 3 5 1 8 5 5 2 3 5 3 3 2 2 4 2 3 1 3 3 7 3 4 May 5 4 1 2 2 3 6 2 6 7 7 3 3 4 1 2 3 1 6 3 4 2 4 1 6 4 1 June 6 3 1 1 3 1 7 3 5 8 7 3 4 3 1 1 2 1 6 4 5 2 1 2 4 5 1 July 5 5 2 1 4 1 4 1 8 6 8 3 4 4 2 1 2 1 8 6 4 3 2 1 1 2 4 Aug. 8 5 2 1 2 1 4 1 7 7 6 3 3 3 2 2 4 1 5 4 4 3 1 2 5 6 1 Sept. 5 2 1 1 5 3 6 2 5 7 4 2 2 3 4 4 4 0 3 4 7 5 2 3 3 2 1 Oct. 4 1 1 1 7 3 6 1 7 5 2 1 2 7 5 5 3 1 5 2 3 2 4 3 7 4 1 Nov. 4 1 1 1 6 2 4 1 10 5 2 1 2 9 3 4 1 3 3 3 4 4 3 4 5 2 2 Dec. 4 1 0 1 8 2 1 1 13 3 68 2 50 0 19 2 32 12 79 5 37 4 34 1 27 2 19 2 2 3 4 6 4 6 2 2 Year 59 29 11 15 56 26 53 15 101 48 40 48 37 42 29 60 37 24 BOGOSLOWSK. | IRBIT. IEGIS. Month. Lat. 59° 45'. Long. 60° 1'. Lat. 57° 41'. Long. 63° 2'. Lat. 48° 37'. Long. 61° 16'. Height 636 ft. Height 223 ft. Height 367 ft. 15 Years, 1870-84. Hours 7 : 1,9. in? ears, 1873-78, 80-84. Hours7 : 1, 9. 15 Years, 1870-84. Hours 7:1,9. N. N.E E. S.E. s. s.w w. N.W CA. N. N.E E. S.E. s. s.w w. N.W CA. N. N.E £. S.E. s. s.w w. N.W CA. Jan. 2 1 0 1 1 6 4 1 15 1 0 1 1 3 8 5 2 10 5 2 3 1 4 3 5 3 5 Feb. 2 1 0 1 1 5 5 1 12 1 0 1 1 3 7 6 2 7 5 3 2 1 2 2 6 3 4 March 1 1 1 1 2 7 4 2 12 1 1 1 2 5 8 4 2 7 5 3 4 1 2 3 5 3 5 April 2 2 1 1 1 6 4 2 11 2 1 1 1 3 7 4 3 8 4 4 6 1 3 2 4 3 3 May 3 3 2 1 1 5 5 2 9 2 2 3 2 2 4 5 4 7 4 3 5 2 3 2 5 3 4 June 3 5 1 2 1 4 3 3 8 3 2 2 2 2 3 4 5 7 5 3 3 1 2 2 6 4 4 July 4 4 2 1 1 3 4 3 » 4 2 2 2 1 3 4 4 9 5 2 3 1 2 2 7 5 4 Aug. 3 3 1 1 1 4 4 3 11 3 1 2 2 2 3 4 4 10 5 2 3 1 2 2 6 4 6 Sept. 2 2 1 1 1 5 4 3 11 2 2 1 1 2 5 5 4 8l 4 1 3 1 4 2 6 4 5 Oct. 1 2 1 1 2 7 6 2 9| 2 1 1 1 3 8 6 4 5! 4 1 4 1 3 2 7 3 6 ! Nov. 1 2 1 1 1 7 5 1 111 1 1 1 2 4 8 5 2 6i 4 2 3 1 3 2 6 2 7 Dec. 2 2 0 1 1 4 4 1 16 j 2 1 1 2 2 6 5 2 10 1 4 3 3 1 8 3 5 3 6 Year 26 28 11 13 14 63 52 24 134! 24 14 17 19 32 70 57 38 94! 54 29 42 18 88 27 68 40 59 13G THE VOYAGE OF II. M.S. CHALLENGER. TOMSK. BARNAUL. MINUSSINSK. Month. Lat. 56° 30'. Long. 84° 58'. Lat. 53° 20'. Long. 83° 47'. Lat. 53° 43'. Long. 91° 41'. Height 254 ft. Height 459 ft. Height ft. 8 Years, 1877-84. Hours 7 : 1, 9. 15 Years, 1870-84. Hours 7:1,9. 1J Year, 1885-86. nours 7 : 1,9. N N.E E. S.E. s. S.W w. N.W CA. N. N.E E. S.E. s. S.W w. N.W CA. N. N.E E. 's.E. s. S.W w. N.W CA. Jan. 1 1 2 6 9 7 1 1 4 0 2 0 1 2 13 2 1 10 2 10 0 0 2 7 8 2 Feb. 0 1 1 3 10 6 1 1 5 0 2 0 1 3 10 2 1 9 9 11 0 1 2 3 1 1 ... March II 1 1 4 li) 6 •> 2 5 1 4 0 0 2 11 2 1 10 7 11 0 3 2 6 1 1 ... April 2 2 1 3 6 6 2 6 2 1 0 0 1 2 8 / o 4 1 3 5 9 4 1 ... May 2 2 2 2 3 6 3 8 3 2 4 1 1 3 5 3 5 7 2 8 1 2 G 8 3 6 ... June 2 3 2 3 4 C 2 5 3 2 5 1 1 6 5 2 4 7 4 9 3 2 3 5 3 1 ... July 2 3 3 •> 3 5 2 6 5 3 5 1 o 2 4 1 3 9 O O 5 8 1 0 5 5 4 ... Aug. 2 4 3 3 3 6 2 4 4 2 4 1 3 2 4 1 4 10 l 7 10 1 2 G 3 1 ... Sept. 1 3 2 ■) 3 8 3 4 4 1 3 1 2 3 G 2 3 9 4 6 3 1 3 8 2 3 ... Oct. 1 1 1 3 6 9 3 5 2 1 2 0 1 O 12 2 3 7 2 0 1 1 3 11 3 4 ... Nov. 1 1 1 3 8 s 2 3 3 1 2 0 0 2 14 2 1 8 3 3 0 1 4 10 2 7 ... Dec. 1 2 2 3 8 6 1 1 7 1 15 3 41 0 5 1 15 2 29 11 103 2 24 1 30 10 1113 1 41 2 2 2 18 4 36 12 90 4 39 4 ... 35 ... Year 15 24 21 36 73 79 24 46 47 77 29 KARAKOL. T ASCII KENT. TEHERAN. JIOXTII. Lat. 42° 30'. Long. 77° 2G\ Lat. 41° 19'. Long. 09° 1G'. Lat. 35° 41'. Long. 51° 25'. Height 5400 ft, Height 1516 ft. Height 3741 ft. 4 Tears, 1882, 3, 5, U. Hours 7 : 1, P. 13 Years, 1871-83. Hours 7:1,9. 3 Years, 1884-86. Hours 7: 1,9. N. N.E E. S.E. S. S.W w. N.W CA. N. N.E E. S.E. s. S.W w. N.W CA. N. N.E E. S.E. s. S.W w. N.WCA. Jan. (1 2 2 5 8 1 1 0 12 1 4 2 1 1 1 1 ■> IS 4 4 3 2 2 3 3 1 9 Feb. 0 3 3 3 7 2 1 0 9 2 6 2 1 1 0 1 2 13 5 6 3 2 2 2 2 1 5 March 1 2 2 '> 5 2 3 1 13 3 7 2 1 1 1 1 3 12 4 5 4 1 1 4 4 2 6 April 2 2 3 0 2 3 5 2 11 3 4 1 1 1 1 2 4 13 4 4 3 2 2 4 3 2 6 May 2 3 2 1 4 3 5 3 8 2 4 1 2 1 1 1 2 17 2 2 3 2 3 G 2 3 8 June 2 2 2 1 5 3 4 1 10 2 2 1 1 0 1 1 3 19 1 2 2 3 3 3 2 2 12 July 2 3 2 1 5 3 3 1 11 2 2 1 1 0 0 1 4 20 1 1 1 4 5 2 0 1 16 Aug. 1 2 2 1 4 4 3 2 12 2 1 0 1 1 1 1 4 •J n 1 2 2 4 4 1 1 0 16 Sept. 2 2 2 2 5 4 4 2 7 2 1 1 1 0 0 1 4 20 2 1 0 4 4 2 1 1 15 Oct. 1 o 2 2 1 6 o 0 2 6 2 o 1 1 1 1 1 3 18 1 2 1 3 4 4 1 1 14 Nov. 0 3 2 3 10 3 2 0 7 2 5 1 1 0 1 1 •; 17 5 3 2 1 3 4 2 2 8 Dec. 0 3 2 5 1 10 1 0 0 10 2 25 6 1 1 13 1 8 1 9 1 13 2 35 HI 203 5 35 3 35 3 27 2 Q 3 38 2 23 18 123 Year 13 30 26 26 71 32 37 14(116 45 14 30 36 MERV. NTJKUSS. PEROWSK. Lat. Gl° 47'. Lodit. 37° 35'. Lat. 42° 27'. Long. 59° 37'. Lat. 45° 51'. Long. 05° 27'. Height 2851 ft. Height 216 ft. Height 509 ft. 1 Year, 1885-86. Hours 7 : 1, 9. 9 Years, 1874-83. Hours 7 : 1, 9. 7 Years. 1881-87. Hours 7 : 1, 9. N. N.E E. |s.E. s. S.W W. N.W CA. N. N.E E. S.E. s. S.W w. N.W CA. N. N.E E. S.E. s. S.W w. N.W CA. Jan. 5 4 1 2 2 2 2 5 8 4 9 5 3 2 2 2 2 2 2 7 4 3 5 5 2 1 2 Feb. 3 5 7 2 1 1 1 4 4 3 8 4 2 1 2 2 ■> 4 2 9 5 2 3 3 o 1 1 March 4 4 4 5 2 1 2 4 5 5 7 5 o 2 2 2 •> 3 4 9 4 3 2 3 2 2 2 April 2 4 5 6 1 1 2 2 7 4 8 5 2 1 2 3 8 2 3 7 7 2 2 2 2 2 3 May 0 >* 3 6 0 0 2 9 4 5 8 4 2 1 1 .". 4 3 4 7 5 2 2 3 4 2 2 June 7 7 2 1 1 1 2 5 4 3 7 4 2 1 1 5 4 3 July 7 8 2 1 I' 0 0 6 7 10 8 1 1 0 1 1 5 4 4 6 2 2 1 1 4 7 4 Aug. 9 o 1 0 1 0 1 3 13 10 9 1 1 1 0 1 4 4 4 7 3 1 1 2 4 5 4 Sept. 6 4 4 1 1 1 0 1 12 6 9 3 1 1 1 1 4 4 3 8 1 1 1 3 6 3 4 Oct. G 4 2 1 1 1 3 6 7 4 8 4 2 1 1 2 3 6 3 10 2 2 2 3 3 3 3 Nov. 3 9 5 ') 1 1 2 1 6 3 8 4 2 3 3 3 1 3 Dec. 4 7 7 3 ' 1 1 1 4 3 3 64 8 98 5 44 4 24 2 14 2 16 2 23 2 37 o 45 2 37 9 94 4 I,', 3 25 4 27 3 32 2 39 1 3 32 34 Year | ... ...|... ..J... REPORT ON ATMOSPHERIC CIRCULATION. 137 KASALINSK. ENISSEISK. TURUCHANSK. ItfnvTi. Lat. i:>° *6'. Long. 62° 7'. Lat. 58° 27'. Long. 92° 6'. Lat. 65° 55'. Long. 87° 38'. Height 149 ft. Height 275 ft. Height CO ft. < Tears, 1870-73, 81-83. Hours 7 : 1, 9. 13 Years, 1872-84. Hours 7 : 1,9. 10 Years, 1877-86. Hours 7 : 1, 9. N. N.E K. . i.E. s. J.W \v. : *.w 0A N. ] *.E E. S.E.1 s. s.w w. (f.W CA. N. N.E v.. S.E. s. S.W w. f.W CA. Jan. 4 2 4 2 2 2 3 4 8 1 0 1 4 5 3 4 5 1 8 1 2 4 8 10 2 1 1 2 Feb. 3 3 3 1 1 4 3 3 7 1 0 5 3 3 5 4 1 6 1 2 4 6 9 2 1 1 2 March 4 5 3 2 1 2 4 3 7 1 1 3 3 5 5 5 2 6 2 1 3 5 9 5 2 2 2 April 3 5 4 2 1 2 o 3 7 2 1 2 2 4 5 6 5 3 4 2 2 3 5 3 3 6 2 May 9 fi ■> 1 1 2 4 6 7 o 1 2 2 o 4 6 7 :; 4 2 3 3 4 3 3 7 June 3 4 1 1 0 2 5 7 7 4 1 2 2 3 4 4 7 3 6 3 3 3 5 2 2 5 1 July 2 3 1 1 0 3 6 6 9 2 2 3 3 4 4 5 5 3 5 3 4 4 4 9 2 4 3 Aug. 8 3 2 1 1 I 2 5 6 8 2 2 3 3 3 4 5 4 5 4 2 4 5 5 O 2 3 3 Sept. Oct, 4 3 2 1 1 2 o O 5 9 2 1 4 3 3 5 5 3 4 4 2 3 4 7 4 2 3 1 3 5 1 1 2 3 3 4 9 1 1 3 2 5 6 6 3 4 2 1 2 5 8 4 3 3 3 | Nov. 3 3 3 2 1 3 3 4 8 0 1 4 n O 5 6 5 2 4 2 2 3 6 9 3 1 1 3 Dec. 3 4 3 2 2 3 3 7 1 1 5 3 3 4 5 1 8 1 36 1 23 38 6 58 12 87 3 36 1 23 2 38 2 26 Year 1 37 46 29 17 13 31 45 54 93 19 13 40 34 44 56 61 41 57 IRKUTSK. IRKUTSK. TEOIZKOSSAWSK. Month. Lat. 52° 16'. Long. 104° IS'. Lat. 52° 16'. Long. 104° 16'. Lat. 50° 22'. Long. 106° 27'. Height 1537 ft. Height 1537 ft. Height 2530 ft. 13 Years, 1832-44. Hours 7 : 2, 10. 12 Years, 1873-84. Hours 7:1,9. 2 Years, 1885-86. Hours 7: 1.9. N i N.E E. S.E. R. s.w w. N.W CA. N. N.E E. S.E. s. 1 s.w w. N.W CA. N. IN.F. E. 's.E. s. s.w W. N.W CA. Jan. 8 O 3 0 8 0 0 0 12 1 2 2 3 1 0 1 3 18 2 0 0 0 4 2 2 6 lb Feb. 8 0 1 0 8 0 0 0 11 1 2 2 3 0 0 0 3 17 2 1 0 2 4 4 0 4 11 March 10 0 0 0 12 0 0 1 8 2 3 2 3 0 0 1 4 16 4 0 0 1 3 3 0 0 lo April May June 13 0 0 1 8 0 0 2 6 2 3 1 2 1 1 1 6 13 6 1 1 1 O 3 1 V V 15! 0 0 1 10 0 0 3 5 2 2 1 3 1 1 1 8 12 6 1 0 1 4 3 0 8 8 10 0 0 2 10 0 0 4 4 1 1 1 3 1 1 2 6 14 7 1 0 0 4 1 1 b 11 July Auer. 0 0 0 1 11 1 0 3 6 1 1 2 2 1 1 2 5 16 8 1 1 0 3 1 0 6 11 11 0 0 0 9 0 0 3 8 1 1 1 2 1 1 1 5 18 6 1 1 1 2 2 1 5 12 Sept. Oct. 13 0 0 0 8 n 0 1 8 1 1 1 2 1 1 1 5 17 5 0 0 0 4 2 0 7 12 13 II 0 0 6 0 0 1 11 1 1 2 2 0 1 1 5 18 5 1 0 0 3 2 0 6 14 Nov. 13 0 1 0 6 0 0 1 9 1 1 1 2 0 0 1 4 20 4 0 0 1 4 3 0 3 15 Dec. 1-2 0 2 0 6 0 0 0 11 1 15 1 19 1 17 2 29 0 7 0 7 1 13 3 57 22 201 2 57 0 7 1 1 4 42 3 29 1 i; 3 65 16 147 Year 132 0 7 5 102 l 0 19 99 4 | 8 BANSCHTSCHIKOWO. OLEKMINSK. MARCHINSKOE. Lat. 58° 3'. Long. 108° 35'. Lat. C0° 22'. Long. 120° 2G'. Lat. 62° 10'. Long. 129° 43'. Height 984 ft. Height 719 ft. Height 535 ft. 3 Years, 1884-86. Hours 7 : 1,9. 4 Years, 1883-86. Hours 7 : 1, 9. 2 Years, 1885-86. Hours 7 : 1,9. K, N F E. Is.E.' S. S.fl w. x.w CA. N. N.E E. S.E s. s.w ' W. N.W CA. N. N.E E. S.E s. s.w w. N.W CA. 7 0 2 ! 0 14 1 6 1 0 0 1 1 0 1 6 1 21 5 5 0 1 2 2 1 6 9 Feb. 5 1 2 ?, 13 1 3 1 0 0 0 1 0 2 5 1 19 4 3 1 2 2 1 1 7 V 6 1 3 1 11 2 6 1 1 1 0 0 0 3 8 1 17 6 3 1 2 2 1 1 li 4 April May June 7 1 9, 1 8 1 7 3 1 3 1 0 0 3 9 1 12 7 3 1 3 1 1 2 in 2 8 0 1 13 0 5 1 2 2 1 2 1 4 11 9 6 4 5 3 5 1 1 3 b 4 7 1 i 2 1 12 0 6 1 1 2 9 1 1 5 10 3 5 3 4 3 7 2 0 2 8 1 July 17 0 ! 1 0 6 0 5 2 3 5 2 1 1 4 7 9 6 6 ft O 2 3 3 1 2 9 2 14 0 1 ? 7 1 4 2 2 4 2 1 0 4 6 9 10 4 4 2 2 2 2 2 10 3 Sept. Oct 8 0 1 1 11 1 7 1 1 1 3 1 1 1 3 7 2 11 4 1 1 o 3 1 4 10 3 r> 0 9 9, 14 1 5 1 1 1 2 1 0 0 3 11 2 11 4 2 2 9 2 3 3 11 2 (» 0 4 0 16 0 3 1 1 ° 1 1 0 0 2 8 1 17 7 4 1 1 1 3 3 b b Dec. 5 96 0 4 3 17 1 2 1 o ... n !l2 0 23 2 'l4 1 9 0 .4 0 |34 6 94 1 19 21 156 10 64 1 6 43 0 1" 1 32 2 23 2 J 18 1 25 b '98 1 3 45 Year | 26 14 14? i 1 9 59 15 (PHYS. CHEM. CHALL. EXP. — PART V. — 1838.) 24 138 THE VOYAGE OF H.M.S. CHALLENGER. JAKUTSK. BAEGUSIN. WERCHOJANSK. Month. Lat. 61° 58'. Long. 129° SO'. Lat. 53° 57'. Long. 109° 38'. Lat. 67° 34'. Long. 133° 51'. Height 334 ft. Height 1595 ft. Height 460 ft. 15 Tears, 1829-44. Hour 7 : 1 Year, 1885-86. Hours 7:1,9, 4 Years, 1883-87. Hours 7:1, 9. N. N.E E. S.E. s. s.w w. WW CA. N. N.E E. S.E. s. s.w w. N-.U CA. N. N.E E. S.E. s. s.w w. N W rJ Jan. 9 1 0 0 2 0 1 1 17 1 2 5 1 2 3 3 0 14 0 1 1 2 5 4 4 0 14 Feb. 6 1 1 0 2 0 1 1 16 0 1 1 0 0 1 4 2 19 1 1 2 2 5 4 2 0 11 1 March 5 1 1 0 3 0 2 2 17 1 2 4 2 3 2 1 1 15 April 6 1 1 1 3 1 3 2 12 0 O 1 0 1 11 11 1 5 2 3 3 2 5 3 2 0 10 May 5 1 3 1 3 1 4 2 11 0 1 0 1 0 12 7 2 8 6 5 3 2 4 3 1 i> 5 June 3 1 4 2 3 1 3 1 12 1 0 1 0 0 16 3 1 8 6 5 5 1 5 2 2 1 :; July 3 1 3 2 5 1 3 1 12 1 2 5 0 1 9 7 0 6 5 5 2 2 3 3 1 3 7 Aug. 4 1 3 1 3 1 3 2 13 0 0 2 1 0 14 (i 1 7 5 4 4 1 2 1 2 3 9 Sept. 4 1 2 1 3 1 3 2 13 0 2 3 1 0 7 6 1 10 5 3 1 1 1 3 2 2 1-' Oct. 5 1 1 1 3 1 3 2 14 0 1 3 0 0 12 7 1 7 3 3 1 1 1 ?, 1 1 18 Nov. 8 1 1 0 1 0 1 1 17 0 2 1 1 0 6 3 1 HI 2 3 1 1 1 4 2 1 15 Dec. 9 1 0 0 2 0 1 1 17 1 4 3 1 0 7 4 1 10 1 37 2 37 2 29 2 19 3 38 5 36 3 23 1 15 12 131 Year 67 12 20 9 33 7 28 18 171 KOI SAGASTYB. SKEDNE-KOLYMSK. KLJUTSCHEWS :. Lat. 74° 48'. Long. 126° 45'. Lat. 67° 10'. Long. 157° 10'. Lat. 56° 4'. Long. 160° 31'. Height 16 ft. Height 98 ft. Height 7 ft. 2 Years, 1882-84. Hours 7:1,0. 2 Years, 1886-87. Hours 7 : 1,9. 2 Years, 1885-87. Hours 7: 1, 9. N. N.E E. S.E. s. S.W w. N.W CA. N. N.E E. S.E. s. S.W w. N.W CA. N. N.E E. S.E. s. s.w w. N.W CA. Jan. 0 0 3 8 8 7 4 0 1 1 3 0 0 2 12 8 0 5 1 1 1 0 0 1 6 2 19 Feb. 0 1 4 6 6 4 4 1 2 0 0 0 0 1 13 11 0 3 0 3 8 1 0 1 3 3 9 March 0 2 7 8 5 2 4 1 2 7 1 1 1 1 5 1 3 11 0 3 3 0 0 1 9 4 11 April 1 2 7 4 2 4 6 3 1 7 5 1 2 0 3 2 2 8 1 3 3 1 0 0 6 7 9 May 1 3 7 5 3 3 0 3 1 9 9 2 0 1 1 2 2 5 1 5 3 0 0 1 6 6 9 June 1 3 9 6 2 2 5 2 0 7 7 3 1 1 1 2 4 4 2 5 4 1 0 0 2 2 14 July 5 6 11 6 0 0 0 3 0 7 5 2 1 1 0 5 5 5 0 2 5 1 0 1 3 6 13 Aug. 2 3 9 5 2 3 4 3 0 8 6 2 1 2 1 3 1 7 0 7 7 0 0 1 3 3 10 Sept. 1 1 2 6 4 6 7 3 0 6 6 3 0 1 1 3 1 9 1 2 2 II 0 0 8 7 10 Oct. 1 2 6 4 4 5 5 4 0 2 4 2 0 1 3 4 4 11 2 1 0 0 0 0 8 13 7 Nov. 2 2 1 2 5 6 7 4 1 2 0 1 0 •> 7 6 3 9 1 1 2 0 1 0 7 6 12 Dec. 1 1 1 4 9 6 4 4 1 3 .VI 2 48 0 17 1 7 3 16 15 62 5 52 1 26 1 78 3 12 0 33 2 40 0 4 II 1 1 7 7 68 4 63 14 137 Year 15 26 67 64 50 48 55 31 9 NERTSCHINSK. BLAGOWESCHTSCHEXSK. CHABAKOWKA. Lat. 51° 19'. Loug. 119° 37'. Lat. 50° 15'. Long. 127° 38. Lat. 48° 26'. Long. 135° 7'. Height 2080 ft. Height 361 ft. Height 60 ft. 15 Years, 1870-84. Hours 7 : 1, 9. Ill Years, 1877-86. Hours 7:1,9. 4 Years, 1878-81. Hours 7: L, 9. N. N.E E. S.E. s. s.w w. N.W CA. N. N.E E. S.E. s. s.w w. x.w CA. N. N.E E. S.E. s. s.w w. N.W CA. Jan. 1 2 2 0 0 0 1 3 22 4 1 0 1 2 1 2 8 12 1 1 0 0 1 8 2 2 16 Feb. 1 3 2 0 0 1 1 3 17 5 0 0 1 2 1 1 7 11 0 1 1 0 1 7 4 1 13 March 1 3 2 1 1 1 1 6 15 5 1 1 1 3 2 1 8 9 2 3 1 1 1 6 4 1 12 April 2 2 1 2 1 3 2 8 9 5 2 2 1 4 2 2 6 6 2 5 2 1 2 6 3 1 8 May 3 4 1 2 1 2 2 8 8 6 2 2 3 4 3 2 4 5 2 7 3 1 2 5 3 2 6 June 2 4 2 2 2 2 1 4 11 3 2 2 4 5 3 2 4 5 1 5 3 1 2 5 1 1 11 July 2 4 2 2 1 3 1 3 13 3 2 2 3 7 3 1 4 6 2 5 2 2 2 5 2 1 10 Aug. 2 3 2 2 1 3 1 3 14 5 2 1 3 6 2 1 4 7 1 5 2 2 3 6 3 1 8 Sept. 2 2 1 1 1 2 2 5 14 4 1 1 3 4 2 2 4 9 1 3 2 1 2 6 4 1 10 Oct. 2 2 1 1 1 2 2 6 14 6 1 1 1 3 2 3 7 7 1 2 2 2 2 9 7 1 5 Nov. 1 2 1 1 1 2 2 4 16 5 1 1 1 2 1 2 7 10 1 3 1 1 1 10 5 1 7 Dec. 1 2 2 0 0 1 1 4 20 5 56 1 16 0 13 1 23 2 44 1 23 2 21 8 71 11 98 1 15 3 43 1 20 0 12 1 20 8 81 5 43 1 14 11 117 Year 20 33 10 14 10 22 17 57 173 REPORT ON ATMOSPHERIC CIRCULATION. 139 ; ALEXANDEOWKA. DUE LIGHTHOUSE. POST KOESSAKOWSKIJ. Month, i Lat. 50? 51)'. Long. 142° 7'. Lat. 50° 50'. Long. 142° 7'. Lat. 46" 39'. Long. 142° 48'. Height 53 ft. Height 330 ft. Height 66 ft 6 Years, 1881-86. Hours, 7:1, 9. j3J Years, 1866-68, 74-75. Hours 7: 1,9. 7 Years, 1877-83. Hours 7:1,9. j N. 1.E E. ;.e. s. S.W w. >T.W CA. N. S.E E. 3.E. s. s.w w. ■•t.w CA. N. V.E E. S.E s. s.w w. >J.W CA. Jan. 9 1 0 4 3 1 1 4 8 9 2 5 4 3 1 1 3 3 9 6 1 1 1 1 2 7 3 Feb. 8 1 0 5 3 1 1 4 5 11 4 4 2 3 1 0 2 1 4 4 1 1 2 2 5 6 3 March 7 1 1 6 4 2 1 5 4 9 3 3 5 7 1 1 1 1 5 6 1 0 4 3 3 6 3 April 4 1 1 5 6 4 1 3 5 7 2 4 5 8 1 1 1 1 3 4 1 1 8 4 4 4 1 May- 5 2 1 4 5 4 2 3 5 5 1 4 5 11 1 2 1 1 3 4 2 2 8 4 2 3 3 June 4 2 1 4 4 4 2 4 5 4 1 4 5 12 2 0 1 1 4 5 2 2 8 5 1 1 2 July 4 2 1 3 4 4 2 O o 8 3 1 3 5 12 3 1 0 3 2 4 2 3 9 5 1 1 4 Aug. 3 1 1 5 7 4 2 3 5 5 1 3 9 8 1 1 0 3 1 3 2 2 7 6 1 2 7 Sept. 3 1 1 7 7 4 2 2 3 4 2 3 9 8 1 2 1 0 2 3 3 2 5 4 3 4 4 Oct. 4 1 1 5 7 3 2 5 3 5 3 3 4 9 2 2 2 1 3 3 2 2 4 4 4 4 5 Nov. 5 1 1 4 5 2 2 7 3 5 2 :. 3 4 1 3 6 1 4 4 2 1 2 4 4 4 5 Dec. 8 1 0 4 ■1 1 2 6 5 10 77 4 26 2 43 3 59 2 ST 1 16 2 16 6 24 1 17 8 48 4 50 1 20 1 18 1 59 2 44 3 33 48 5 45 Year i 64 15 9 ;,i; 59 34 20 49 59 NIKOLAEWSK. NIKOLAEWSK. AJANSK. Month. Lat. 53° 8'. Long. 140° 45'. Lat. 53° 8'. Long. 140° 45'. Lat. 56" 27'. Long. 138° 11'. Height 60 ft. Height 65 ft. Height 45 ft. Hours 7 : 2, 9. 13 Tears, 1871-73, 75-84. Hours 7: 1, 9. 6 Years, 1859-64. Hours 6: 2, 10. 2 Years, 1847-49. N. N.E E. S.E. s. s.w w. N.W CA. N. N.E E. S.E. S. s.w w. N.W CA. N. N.E E. S.E. s. s.w w. N.W CA. Jan. 1 1 1 0 0 1 11 6 10 3 1 0 0 0 1 18 8 0 3 3 1 3 5 8 1 1 6 Feb. 1 0 1 0 0 1 10 5 10 3 1 1 0 0 1 12 10 0 3 5 2 1 2 3 2 1 9 March 1 2 3 1 0 1 7 4 12 5 4 4 1 0 1 9 7 0 2 11 1 1 3 3 0 1 9 April 2 3 4 3 0 1 5 2 10 2 4 9 3 0 1 7 4 0 2 9 1 1 5 4 0 1 7 May 1 3 7 8 0 0 3 1 8 2 5 11 5 0 0 6 2 0 3 10 1 0 3 5 1 0 8 June 1 1 6 11 0 1 1 1 8 1 5 13 6 1 0 2 2 0 2 10 1 0 2 8 2 0 5 July 1 1 6 9 0 1 2 2 9 2 3 14 4 0 1 4 3 0 1 10 3 0 1 7 1 1 7 Aug. 1 1 4 6 0 1 3 3 12 2 3 11 3 0 1 4 7 0 2 8 2 0 2 8 1 0 8 Sept. 1 1 3 3 0 1 5 3 13 3 4 6 3 0 0 6 8 0 0 13 2 0 2 5 1 0 7 Oct. 1 1 2 1 0 2 8 4 12 3 4 3 1 0 1 10 9 0 3 6 1 1 2 5 1 2 10 Nov. 0 1 1 1 0 1 11 5 10 2 2 1 1 0 1 11 12 0 3 6 1 2 3 4 3 2 6 Dec. 1 1 0 0 0 0 12 7 10 3 2 1 0 0 2 16 7 0 2 26 8 99 1 17 2 11 3 33 8 68 1 14 2 11 4 86 Year 12 16 38 43 0 11 78 43 124 31 38 74 27 1 10 105 79 0 DOUAI. PETEOPAULOVSK. PITLEKAJ. Month. Lat. 50° 50'. Long. 142° 10'. Lat. 53° 0'. Long. 159° 39'. Lat. 66° 0'. Long. 175° 0'. Height 8 ft. Height 50 ft. Hours 6J, N. : 9J. Height 0 ft. 3* Years, 1863-66. Hours 6 : 2, 10. 5 Years, 1838, 1846, 48-50, old style. Ten Months. Hourly. N. N.E E. S.E s. s.w w. N.W CA, N. N.E E. S.E. s. s.w w. N.W CA. N. N.E E. S.E. s. s.w w. N.W CA. Jan. 9 6 5 4 0 1 1 5 6 4 1 3 1 1 1 5 9 6 4 4 1 1 3 3 5 4 Feb. 6 4 6 7 1 1 1 2 5 5 2 3 1 1 1 4 6 7 0 0 2 4 2 2 8 3 March 6 2 4 10 2 2 2 3 2 3 4 4 2 2 2 3 9 9 2 i 2 4 2 2 7 2 April 5 2 4 10 3 1 2 3 2 4 2 3 2 2 2 5 8 10 2 0 1 2 2 2 9 2 May 5 2 3 9 4 3 2 3 1 2 2 6 4 1 3 4 8 8 6 4 1 3 1 2 6 0 June 6 2 2 6 7 3 2 2 1 3 2 5 6 1 2 3 7 9 2 0 1 4 6 1 5 2 July 7 2 2 8 7 2 2 2 1 3 1 6 4 1 2 4 9 3 5 5 2 5 5 2 3 1 Aug. 4 2 2 10 9 2 1 1 1 2 1 5 3 1 2 7 9 Sept. 3 2 2 9 8 1 2 3 *■• 1 2 2 5 2 0 6 7 5 Oct. 5 2 2 9 6 2 1 4 • •* 2 3 3 3 1 0 5 7 7 12 5 3 0 1 1 1 7 1 Nov. 5 2 2 7 2 3 2 7 ... :: 5 2 2 0 1 3 7 7 18 4 0 0 0 0 0 8 0 Dec. 7 2 3 6 2 1 2 8 3 28 7 43 2 24 2 47 0 26 1 12 2 31 4 60 10 94 14 2 2 1 1 1 0 7 1 Year 68 30 37 95 51 22 20 43 140 THE VOYAGE OF ILM.S. CHALLENGER. OKHOTSK. ANADYE RIVER MOUTH. NEMUKO. Lat. 59° 20'. Long. 142° 40'. Lat. 64° 55'. Long. 177° 19'. Lat. 43° 20'. Long. 145° 31'. Month. Height 12 ft. Hours various. Height 20 ft. Height 43 ft. 7§ Years, 1843-50, old style. f Year, 1866-07. Hours 6, N. : 6. 2 Years, 1884-85. Hours 6:2, 10. N V F K S.E. s. S.W w. N.W CA. N. N.E E. S.E. s. S.W w. N.W CA. N. N.E E. S.E. s. s.w w. N.W CA. Jan. ■<:; 4 1 0 0 0 0 3 0 1 2 4 !) 1 1 2 8 3 2 1 1 1 1 2 2 9 12 Feb. SO 4 1 1 0 0 0 2 0 1 1 1 5 2 0 2 15 1 2 1 0 1 0 1 2 10 11 March 17 4 8 2 1 0 ii 3 1 1 1 4 7 1 1 6 10 0 2 o 2 3 2 2 1 6 10 April May June 10 3 2 5 2 •> 1 4 1 1 1 5 6 2 0 3 11 1 2 1 0 3 G 0 2 4 7 3 3 2 9 4 4 1 3 2 2 1 1 :i 6 1 3 11 1 3 2 3 3 4 4 3 2 7 1 1 3 12 5 4 1 2 1 0 0 2 11 14 0 1 2 0 3 2 3 7 4 3 1 1 6 July 9 0 5 12 5 3 1 2 1 2 3 2 G 4 3 0 0 11 Aug. ft 2 ft 8 4 3 0 3 1 4 2 1 4 4 6 1 0 9 Sept. 11 2 4 4 2 2 0 4 1 4 2 2 7 o 3 1 1 7 Oct. 19 3 2 1 0 0 1 5 0 0 0 3 9 0 0 13 0 6 4 1 2 4 4 3 3 4 6 Nov. 22 ft 1 0 0 0 0 2 0 5 1 6 1 0 0 9 8 0 3 2 1 3 2 ft 4 fi 4 Dec. 25 4 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 1 0 4 1 0 0 7 is 0 3 34 1 21 1 18 1 43 2 36 4 41 6 26 8 51 5 95 Year lfts 35 29 44 23 18 5 35 8 SAPPORO. HAKODATE. NIIGATA. Month. Lat. 43° 4'. Long. 141° 23'. Lat. 41° 46'. Long. 140° 44'. Lat. 37° 55'. Long. 139° 3'. Height 60 ft. Height 10 ft. Height 21 ft. 3 Tears, 1883-85. Hours 6:2,9. 3 Years, 1883-85. Hours 0 : 2, i. 10 Years, 1872-81. Hours 7 : 2, 10. N. N.E E. S.E. s. S.W w. N.W CA. N. N.E E. S.E. s. s.w w. N.W CA. N. N.E E. S.E. s. s.w w. N.W CA. Jan. 3 1 2 3 4 2 2 6 8 8 2 1 0 1 1 9 8 1 5 1 1 0 ft 4 5 9 1 Feb. 3 0 1 o 2 1 1 7 in 11 1 2 1 0 1 4 7 1 5 2 0 1 5 4 3 7 1 March 2 1 1 3 4 1 1 9 9 I 2 4 1 0 2 7 6 2 6 2 0 1 6 1 4 7 4 April 3 1 1 8 4 1 1 6 5 3 1 4 3 2 4 6 1 3 7 2 1 2 6 4 3 4 1 May 2 1 •> 9 4 1 1 6 5 2 1 5 3 2 3 4 4 7 7 2 1 1 4 4 6 4 2 June 2 1 3 12 3 0 0 5 4 1 1 6 5 4 2 2 2 7 11 3 0 1 4 -> 4 2 3 July 2 1 1 12 2 1 0 5 7 1 0 G 7 5 4 1 2 5 7 3 1 1 6 3 6 2 2 Aug. 2 1 2 11 5 1 1 3 5 2 1 6 6 3 2 3 2 6 10 2 0 1 6 4 3 4 1 Sept. 2 1 2 10 4 1 1 o 6 5 1 6 5 1 2 2 o 5 9 3 1 2 6 3 2 3 1 Oct. •j 1 2 fi 4 1 1 5 9 7 1 3 3 1 2 6 ft 3 7 3 1 1 6 4 4 4 1 Nov. 3 1 1 3 ft 3 3 5 6 6 1 2 1 2 1 8 7 2 5 1 1 1 7 5 5 4 1 Dec. 2 1 1 3 6 2 3 6 7 6 59 1 13 1 li: 0 35 1 22 1 25 11 63 8 58 2 44 5 84 2 26 1 8 1 13 6 67 5 43 0 50 6 56 0 18 Year 28 11 19 83 47 15 15 66 81 NIIGATA. MIYAKO. SAKAI. Month. Lat. 37° 55'. Long. 139° 3'. Lat. 39° 38'. Long. 141° 59'. Lat. 35° 33'. Long. 133° 13'. Height 32 ft. 3 Years, 1883-85. Hours 6 : 2, 10. Height 100 ft. Height 7 ft. 3 Years, 1883-85. Hours 6 : 2. 9. 3 Years, 1883-85. Hours 6 : 2, fl. N. N.E E. S.E. S. S.W W. N.W CA. N. N.E E. S.E. s. S.W w. N.W CA. N. N.E E. S.E. s. s.w w. N.W CA. Jan. 3 1 1 6 1 4 8 5 2 1 0 1 0 1 6 10 1 11 2 3 2 1 0 6 11 4 2 Feb. 4 1 1 5 1 3 8 3 2 2 1 1 0 0 4 6 1 13 3 4 4 0 1 4 8 3 1 March 4 2 1 4 0 4 9 2 5 2 2 3 0 1 7 9 1 6 3 6 2 1 1 4 8 ft 1 April ft 2 1 6 1 6 4 1 4 2 2 1 1 3 0 8 0 7 4 8 3 1 1 2 4 4 3 May 6 1 0 6 1 5 4 1 7 2 2 2 0 3 6 6 0 10 4 8 3 0 1 3 4 4 4 June 6 4 0 5 0 4 3 1 7 2 3 2 0 3 2 3 1 14 5 9 3 1 0 2 3 3 4 July 5 2 1 5 1 5 2 2 8 3 3 2 0 1 3 3 1 15 4 8 3 1 1 2 3 4 5 Aug. 6 2 1 8 1 3 3 1 6 1 1 3 0 3 4 ft 0 14 5 s 2 1 0 2 2 .'! 8 Sept. 4 3 1 8 1 3 2 1 7 1 1 2 0 3 4 5 0 14 3 8 3 1 1 1 2 4 7 Oct. 4 3 1 8 2 ■ > 4 2 4 1 1 3 0 2 6 9 1 8 4 6 4 1 1 2 4 4 5 Nov. 3 2 1 6 1 5 5 2 5 2 1 2 0 1 9 11 1 3 3 3 2 2 1 6 8 3 2 Dec. 2 0 0 7 3 5 9 4 1 0 19 0 17 0 22 0 1 2 23 8 65 1 1 89 1 8 6 121 2 42 1 72 1 32 0 10 1 9 8 42 12 69 3 44 3 45 | Year 52 23 9 74 13 50 61 25 58 REPORT ON ATMOSPHERIC CIRCULATION. 141 TOKIO. KANAZAWA. KOOHI. Month. Lat. 35° 4'. Long. 139° 46'. Lat. 36° 33'. Long. 136° 40'. Lat. 33' 33'. Long. 133° 34'. Height 69 ft. Height 95 ft, Height 20 ft. 3 Years, 1X83-85. Hours 6 : 2, < . 3 Years. 1883 80. Hours 6 : 2, 9. 3 Years, IKKt-*,:,. Hours 6:2, 9. N. N.E E. S.K. s. s.w w. N.W CA. N. N.K E. S.E. s. s.w w. N.W CA. N. N.E E. S.E. s. s.w w. N.W CA. Jan. 11 1 1 2 1 0 1 12 2 0 1 6 6 5 4 2 5 2 4 3 2 1 1 1 7 10 2 Feb. 10 2 1 1 1 0 1 9 3 2 2 5 5 3 2 3 3 3 4 3 2 1 1 0 6 10 1 March 8 1 1 2 3 1 1 8 6 2 2 5 4 3 2 3 4 C 4 3 2 2 2 0 6 8 4 April 5 3 3 4 6 2 1 4 2 2 3 7 4 2 o 2 3 4 3 2 3 4 3 1 7 6 1 May 5 3 3 4 7 2 1 5 1 1 .". 5 3 3 3 4 3 6 2 2 3 4 4 0 7 8 1 June 3 4 3 5 7 2 1 2 3 1 3 6 2 1 :; o 4 7 1 2 4 5 5 1 5 6 1 July 2 3 3 5 12 3 0 1 2 1 1 4 3 2 3 3 4 10 1 2 4 6 6 1 4 5 2 Aug. 2 3 4 6 10 1 0 1 4 1 2 5 5 1 2 2 5 8 2 2 3 3 6 0 4 8 3 Sept. 5 5 3 4 5 1 1 4 2 1 2 5 5 1 2 3 1 in 1 2 3 4 5 0 4 6 5 Oct. 8 4 1 1 2 1 1 10 3 1 1 5 8 2 3 1 2 8 3 2 1 1 4 1 5 8 6 Nov. 10 3 1 2 2 1 1 s 2 1 2 5 6 3 4 2 3 4 4 2 2 1 2 1 6 11 1 Dec. 9 1 1 2 2 1 4 III 1 1 14 1 23 4 62 6 57 4 30 6 37 3 31 2 39 4 72 4 33 3 28 1 30 2 34 2 41 1 7 6 67 10 96 2 29 Year 78 33 25 38 58 15 13 74 31 NAGASAKI. WLAD1WOSTOK. KAMEN-RYBOLOW. Month. Lat. 32° 44'. Long. 129° 02'. Lat. 43° 4'. Long. 131° 54'. Lat. 44° 46'. Long. 132° 24. Height 189 ft. Height >»> ft. Height (?) ft. 3 Years, 1883-86. Hours « : 2, 9. 8 Years, 1877-79, 81-85. Hours 7:1,9 2 Years, 1885-86. Hours 7: 1,9. N. N.E E. S.K. s. s.w w. N.W CA. N. N.E E. S.E. s. s.w w. N.W CA. N. N.E E. S.E. s. s.w w. N.W CA. Jan. 9 3 1 2 0 1 2 5 8 10 1 0 1 0 1 0 11 7 2 1 0 0 0 0 1 5 22 Feb. 10 4 1 1 0 1 0 3 8 9 2 1 2 0 0 0 7 7 3 0 0 0 1 2 2 10 10 March 7 4 1 2 0 3 2 3 9 7 3 1 4 1 1 l 6 7 4 1 0 0 5 2 0 5 14 April fi 3 3 2 2 5 2 1 6 4 2 1 9 2 2 l 4 5 1 0 1 0 9 5 3 3 8 May 3 3 2 2 1 8 2 i. 9 3 1 2 12 2 2 l 3 5 2 1 1 1 7 3 2 2 12 June 2 3 2 2 2 11 1 0 7 1 1 2 15 3 1 l 1 5 1 1 0 4 8 4 1 0 11 July 2 1 2 4 5 9 1 0 7 1 1 2 16 2 1 l 1 6 1 0 0 3 8 6 2 5 6 Aug. 1 5 2 2 2 8 1 0 in 4 2 1 11 2 1 l 2 7 1 1 0 0 :; 4 3 2 17 Sept. 4 4 2 1 1 5 1 1 11 7 1 2 7 2 1 i 3 6 5 1 1 1 4 1 1 1 16 Oct. 5 8 2 1 1 3 1 1 9 7 2 2 5 1 1 l 6 6 3 2 0 1 0 6 0 3 13 Nov. 8 5 2 1 1 1 1 4 7 9 8 1 3 0 1 l S 4 3 1 0 0 l 2 2 3 18 Dec. 10 3 1 1 0 1 2 16 5 24 8 99 14 76 2 21 1 16 1 si; 0 15 0 12 l 10 6 58 6 71 3 29 2 11 0 3 1 11 0 49 1 38 1 18 2 41 21 168 Year 67 46 21 21 15 56 NOWOK1EWSKOE. FUSAN. NEWCHWANG. Month. Lat. 42° 48' Long. 130° 44'. Lat. 35° 6'. Long. 129° 2'. Lat. 40° 57'. Long. 121° 27'. Height (?) ft. Height 26 ft. Height (?) ft. 1 Year, 1886. Hours 7: 1,9. 1J Years, 1884-85. Hours 6 : 2, 10. 1 Year, 1861-62. Hours A.M. : p.m. N. N.E E. S.E. s. s.w w. N.W CA. N. N.E E. S.E. s. s.w w. N.W CA. N. N.E E. S.E. s. s.w w. N.W CA. Jan. 2 0 1 4 2 1 0 20 1 12 0 1 0 1 1 11 2 3 9 8 1 0 1 1 0 1 0 Feb. 2 1 1 1 1 0 0 19 3 13 0 0 1 1 2 7 2 2 6 4 0 3 4 4 o 5 0 March 2 1 3 4 2 0 1 15 3 9 0 1 1 3 2 8 3 4 5 6 1 3 3 4 4 5 0 April 2 1 2 7 4 0 1 5 8 7 1 1 0 4 2 6 2 7 4 5 2 1 4 9 3 2 0 May 0 0 3 9 6 0 1 4 8 8 0 0 1 5 3 7 1 6 3 3 1 2 5 9 2 5 1 June 0 1 4 11 3 0 1 4 6 8 1 0 0 6 4 5 0 6 1 3 1 3 4 8 6 1 3 July 1 0 2 12 5 2 0 2 7 6 1 0 1 4 8 6 1 4 2 1 3 6 11 5 1 0 2 Aug. 1 1 8 11 2 1 2 o O 7 7 1 1 1 5 6 3 2 5 4 9 1 11 4 2 0 0 0 Sept. 4 2 1 7 2 2 ■ > 6 3 10 1 0 1 3 2 3 2 8 4 5 1 2 5 8 2 3 0 Oct. 2 1 3 6 3 1 2 8 5 10 0 1 1 3 2 4 1 9 6 6 1 2 4 4 4 2 2 Nov. 1 1 1 8 0 1 1 16 6 7 1 1 1 2 1 9 2 6 7 6 2 4 6 2 0 1 2 Dec. 2 1 1 1 0 0 1 20 5 9 106 0 6 0 6 0 8 1 38 1 34 14 83 1 19 5 65 7 58 8 64 4 18 8 45 2 53 1 57 0 24 1 26 0 10 Year 19 10 25 76 30 8 13 122 62 142 THE VOYAGE OF H.M.S. CHALLENGER. PEK1N. PEKIN. TSCHON-KIANG. Month. Lat. 39° 57'. Long. 116° 28'. Lat. 39° 57'. Long. 11G° 28'. Lat. 32° 21'. Long. 119° 4'. Height 123 ft. Height 123 ft. Height (?) ft. 34 Years, 1841-74. Hours various. 15 Years, 1870-84. Hours 7 : 1, 9. 2 Years, 1879, 81. Hours (?) N. N.E E. S.E. s. s.w w. N.W CA. N. N.E E. S.E. s. s.w w. N.W CA. N. N.E E. S.E. s. S.W w. N.W CA. Jan. 4 2 0 1 2 2 1 8 11 2 2 0 1 1 1 ... 7 17 11 ... 7 ... 3 9 1 Feb. 8 2 1 2 3 3 1 6 7 2 2 0 1 1 2 ... 5 15 ... 12 ... 8 ... 2 ... 6 0 March 8 2 1 2 5 3 1 6 8 2 1 0 2 2 3 5 16 12 ... 11 ... 4 3 1 April 2 2 1 3 5 4 1 5 7 1 1 0 2 3 3 ... 5 15 8 13 ... 4 5 0 May 3 2 1 8 7 3 1 5 6 1 2 0 3 3 4 ... 4 14 6 ... 14 ... 6 ... 4 1 June 3 3 2 4 5 3 0 o 7 1 1 1 3 3 3 3 15 ... 4 ... 14 7 ... 4 1 July 3 3 1 3 5 2 0 3 11 1 2 0 1 2 2 ... 2 21 ... 8 10 7 4 2 Aug. 4 3 1 2 4 2 0 3 12 1 1 0 1 2 2 ... 3 21 11 10 5 ••■ 4 1 Sept. 4 2 1 2 4 3 1 5 8 1 2 0 1 2 2 3 19 13 11 3 ... 3 0 . Oct. o 2 1 2 3 4 1 6 9 1 1 0 1 3 3 5 17 ... 12 13 ... 1 ... 3 2 Nov. 4 2 0 2 2 3 1 7 9 1 1 0 1 0 2 7 18 • •■ 10 9 ... 2 ... 8 1 Dec. 4 2 0 1 2 2 1 8 11 2 16 2 18 0 1 1 18 0 22 1 2.S 8 57 17 205 11 118 ... 5 125 4 48 ... 11 64 0 10 Year 40 27 10 27 47 34 9 65 106 TAKTJ. SUNG-SHU-CHWANG. HANKOW. Lat. 38° 59'. Long. 117° 40'. Lat. 36° 7'. Long. 103° 56'. Lat. 30° 32'. Long. 114° 19'. Height 18 ft. Height 49S7 ft. Height 260 ft. 3 Tears, 1873-75. Hours 7 : 1,0. 7 Months, 1882-83. Hour: 7. 4 Years, 1877-81. Hours 9 : 3. N. N.F. E. S.E. s. s.w w. N.W CA. N. N.E E. S.E. S. s.w w. N.W CA. K. N.E E. S.E. s. s.w w. N.W CA. Jan. 5 ... 3 6 ... 11 6 2 8 4 1 0 0 15 1 0 8 4 9 2 3 0 1 3 1 Feb. 6 ... 4 ... 4 9 5 0 2 2 4 2 0 0 o 15 8 4 6 2 4 1 1 1 1 March ... 5 13 4 ... 7 2 0 1 0 0 0 1 8 2 24 6 3 8 3 5 1 3 1 1 April 6 ... 11 6 ... 4 3 1 4 1 5 2 1 1 2 13 6 5 5 3 6 1 2 1 1 May ... 6 12 5 4 4 4 4 6 4 7 1 2 2 1 June 7 ... 15 3 2 3 2 2 9 3 9 2 1 1 1 July ... 4 17 ... 5 ■ a. 2 3 2 4 6 3 6 4 3* 2 1 Aug. 7 11 4 3 6 4 3 8 3 4 4 3 1 1 Sept. 12 8 4 4 2 5 7 8 3 2 1 1 2 1 Oct. 6 8 9 7 1 4 2 0 2 0 1 5 6 11 10 5 7 2 2 0 1 2 2 Nov. ... 8 5 .. . 8 8 1 3 7 5 2 0 0 3 1 9 8 5 8 2 2 1 2 1 1 Dec 7 3 5 12 4 3 4 1 3 0 3 4 6 7 7 70 8 54 7 87 3 33 2 52 1 17 1 21 2 19 0 12 Year 79 ... 110 63 ... 73 40 SWAToW. AMOY. FOOCHOW. Lat. 23° 22'. Long. 11C° 41'. Lat. 24° 29'. Long. 118° 29'. Lat. 26° 8'. Long. 119° 38'. Height (?) ft. Height (?) ft. Height 34 ft. 3 Years, 1878-80. Hours (?) 2 Years, 1880-81. Hours (?) 1} Years, 1886-87. Hour: 8. N. N.E E. S.E. s. s.w w. N.W CA. N. N.E E. S.E. s. s.w w. N.W CA. N. N.E E. S.E. s. s.w w. N.W CA. Jan. If) ... 5 ... 0 4 3 0 13 3 0 1 2 0 1 11 2 26 1 1 0 0 0 1 0 Feb. 19 ... 4 0 4 1 (1 10 7 3 1 1 0 0 6 0 21 3 1 0 0 2 0 1 March ... 14 ..* 9 1 ... 2 5 0 13 3 1 5 0 0 0 9 April 16 7 ... 1 1 5 1 7 2 8 1 3 1 0 7 0 13 3 11 0 1 0 0 2 May 11 9 ... 7 ... 1 3 0 6 4 5 6 1 1 1 7 1 21 2 3 0 1 1 1 1 June 9 ... 6 ... 13 ... 0 2 0 2 2 5 2 8 1 0 10 0 8 2 6 2 7 1 0 4 July o ... 11 11 1 6 0 3 1 7 4 6 1 0 9 0 4 0 4 0 19 0 1 3 Aug. 2 ... 10 ... 12 ... 3 4 1 4 1 5 4 4 1 0 11 1 7 0 2 0 16 0 4 1 Sept. 14 ... 9 ... 3 ... 1 3 0 11 1 3 2 1 0 1 11 0 28 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 Oct. 25 3 ... 0 1 2 0 21 2 1 1 0 0 0 6 0 30 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 Nov. 20 3 ... 0 3 4 0 16 0 1 1 0 0 0 12 0 25 3 1 0 1 0 0 0 Dec. ... 20 ... 5 ... 0 ... 3 2-1 3 41 0 2 18 124 4 30 0 39 0 28 1 27 1 6 0 3 7 106 0 27 1 1 0 1 0 1 0 Year ... 171 ... 81 48 REPORT ON ATMOSPHERIC CIRCULATION. 143 NINGPO. HONG KONG. MACAO. Lat. 29° 53'. Long. 121° 31'. Lat. 22° 16'. Long. 114° 9'. Lat. 22° 11'. Long. 113° 32'. Height (?) ft. Height 43 ft. Height 26 ft. 1 Tear, 1881. Hours (?) 15 Tears, 18/0-84. Hours 9 : 3. 1 Tear, 1882. Hours 10 : 4, 10. N. «.E E. S.E s. s.w w. ww- CA. N. N.E E. 5.E. s. s.w w. 1.W TA. N. >».E E. S.E. S. 5.W w. OV CA. Jan. 5 2 7 ll 6 2 9 12 0 0 0 2 2 4 7 4 8 6 1 0 0 4 1 Feb. 5 6 ... 6 8 3 2 7 13 1 0 0 1 1 3 11 3 4 3 1 0 0 5 1 March . .. 5 4 ... 6 i:; 3 1 7 14 2 0 1 1 1 4 6 3 7 9 2 1 0 2 1 April 5 9 9 3 4 0 6 13 3 0 2 1 1 ■1 3 2 6 10 5 2 0 1 1 May- 5 • •• 8 9 ... 6 3 0 0 12 4 2 4 2 0 ■' 1 1 7 7 6 6 2 1 0 June 3 9 12 3 3 0 2 7 4 3 7 3 0 ■i " 1 ft 8 10 4 2 0 0 July 1 4 20 2 4 0 1 7 5 3 6 4 1 4 1 2 7 5 6 8 1 1 0 Aug. o 10 ... 11 3 4 0 2 6 3 3 6 4 1 6 1 1 7 4 3 10 3 2 0 Sept. 6 ... 6 5 6 7 1 5 11 2 1 3 2 1 4 2 4 11 5 2 3 1 2 u Oct. 6 4 ... 3 10 8 2 9 14 1 0 0 1 1 3 2 0 12 9 2 0 1 0 0 Nov. 4 3 ... 4 13 6 3 8 13 1 0 0 1 1 .'! 14 9 4 1 0 0 0 2 0 Dec. ... 6 1 3 95 17 95 4 55 3 14 8 69 12 KM 1 27 0 12 0 29 2 24 1 11 4 45 13 61 6 41 5 s:i 2 69 1 39 0 34 0 10 3 23 1 5 Year 54 ... 66 K.ELUNG. TAMSUI. SOUTH CAPE. Month. Lat, 25° 20'. Long. 121c 46'. Lat. 25° 12'. Long. 121° 24'. Lat. 21° 55'. Long. 120° 51'. Height 49 ft. Height (?) ft. Height 121 ft. 2 Tears, 1873-75. Hours 7:1,9. 1 Tear, 1876. Hours (?) H Tears, 1886-87. Hour:*. N. N.E E. S.E. s. s.w \v. N.W CA. N. N.E E. S.E. s. s.w w. N.W CA. N. N.E E. S.E. s. S.W w. N.W CA. Jan. 2 21 3 0 0 1 1 1 2 24 3 0 1 3 2 25 2 0 0 0 0 0 2 Feb. 3 13 2 1 0 3 1 2 3 19 6 ... 0 1 2 1 24 1 0 0 0 0 0 2 March 4 14 1 2 0 3 0 2 5 17 9 1 ... 1 3 April 2 11 3 3 1 4 0 0 6 16 5 0 4 5 1 20 0 0 0 1 2 2 4 May 1 7 3 2 0 7 1 0 10 18 9 1 1 2 4 18 2 1 0 0 ft 0 1 June 2 5 1 1 1 10 0 1 9 5 8 12 ... 2 o 0 11 3 1 3 1 2 3 1 July 1 ft 1 2 2 13 0 1 6 8 17 3 2 1 3 10 1 4 3 1 3 2 4 Aug. 1 ft 1 2 1 11 1 0 9 4 21 4 2 0 1 ft 3 1 5 3 9 2 2 Sept. 2 9 2 4 1 5 0 1 6 17 11 0 0 2 4 17 0 0 1 2 0 3 3 Oct. 1 21 3 1 0 2 0 0 3 16 13 0 1 1 0 30 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 Nov. 0 22 2 1 0 2 0 1 2 19 10 •■• 0 0 1 15 14 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 Dec. 1 1ft 3 2 1 3 0 1 5 23 186 7 119 0 21 0 15 1 24 3 28 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Year 20 148 25 21 7 64 4 10 66 TUGUEGAHAS. MANILA. ILO ILO. Month. Lat. 17° 37'. Long. 121° 30'. Height 125 ft. Lat. 14° 35'. Long. 120° 57'. Height 52 ft. Lat. 10° 50'. Long. 122° 42'. Height (?) ft. 8} Tears (?). Hours (?) 6 Tears, 1866-71. Hours various. 5 Tears, 1868-72. Hours (?) N. N.F. K. S.E. s. s.w w. N.W CA. N. N.E E. S.E. s. s.w w. N.W CA. N. N.E E. S.E. s. s.w w. N.W CA. Jan. 2 0 2 ft 2 0 1 19 0 6 5 5 2 1 2 4 3 3 0 L'S 0 0 0 0 3 Feb. 2 0 1 3 3 0 1 18 0 :: 5 6 3 1 2 4 1 3 0 28 0 0 0 0 0 March 0 0 0 1 2 2 0 26 0 1 5 9 4 1 3 4 2 2 0 27 1 1 0 2 0 April 1 1 0 0 5 1 0 •>■) 0 1 4 8 6 1 2 4 2 2 0 24 1 3 0 2 0 May 1 0 2 3 1 0 2 21 1 2 3 5 6 2 6 4 2 1 0 12 1 13 1 3 1 June 2 ft 0 1 ft 1 3 13 0 2 2 5 0 2 7 3 2 2 0 7 1 22 0 0 0 July 2 0 1 3 4 4 0 17 0 3 3 3 2 3 8 3 3 3 o 4 0 27 0 0 0 Aug. 3 0 0 4 4 0 2 18 0 3 2 2 3 3 11 3 2 2 0 4 ... 0 ... 27 0 0 1 Sept. ft 1 0 1 2 2 2 17 0 2 2 2 2 2 10 4 3 3 0 3 ... 0 ... 26 0 0 1 Oct. 4 1 1 3 ,3 1 0 17 1 5 4 3 2 2 6 3 2 4 5 11 0 13 0 1 1 Nov. 7 0 2 2 1 1 2 13 2 8 5 3 1 1 3 3 ft 1 0 22 0 7 0 0 1 Dec. 7 0 1 3 1 0 3 15 1 5 9 45 5 45 4 55 2 38 1 20 2 62 2 41 3 30 3 29 1 6 22 192 ... 0 4 ... 2 141 0 1 4 12 o 9 Year 36 8 10 29 33 12 16 21( 144 THE VOYAGE OF H.M.S. CHALLENGER. AMBOINA. ANDEI, NEW GUINEA. BISM ARC K- ARC HIPELS. Month. Lat. —3° 45' Long. 128° 15'. Lat. —1" 0'. Long. 131° V. Lat. —4° 20'. Long. 152° 30'. Height 3!) It. Height (?) ft. Height i?)ft. 5 Years, 1850-54. Hours G, 9 : 3, 10. 1 Year, 187 3-74. Hours (?) [2 Years, 1883-84. Hours Thrice daily. j N. NF. F.. S.E. s. s.w w. N.W CA. N. N.E E. S.E. s. s.w w. N.W CA. 1 N. N.E E. S.E. s. s.w vv. N.W CA. Jan. 4 5 2 1 1 2 4 6 6 1 2 0 2 0 14 1 10 1 .i 1 2 4 1 0 2 16 ... Feb. 5 5 1 1 0 2 7 7 0 II II 0 0 0 20 0 2 1 4 1 1 0 0 0 0 22 March -> fi 1 2 1 3 5 9 .1 II • 1 0 11 1 13 1) 3 ii 4 II 1 4 0 0 1 21 April o 3 4 5 2 3 4 2 4 0 7 1 '.* 0 12 0 6 1 3 4 4 10 1 0 0 8 ... May 1 3 11 7 1 1 2 1 4 0 4 17 3 0 2 5 0 0 3 • 1 0 18 0 1 0 1 June 0 5 8 4 0 4 1 1 7 0 2 17 o 0 0 1 0 1 0 1 4 25 0 0 0 0 July 0 5 12 8 1 0 1 1 3 0 0 2:', 1 0 0 1 0 6 1 1 5 22 1 0 0 1 Aug. 1 4 S 14 1 0 0 1 2 II 0 21 :; 0 3 1 0 3 1 0 2 23 4 0 0 1 Sept. 0 1 6 17 2 1 0 0 3 II 5 IS 3 0 2 0 0 2 1 .:> 9 15 0 0 1 1 ... Oct. 1 0 ('. 14 2 2 2 0 4 1 1 11 5 1 4 1 1 3 1 8 2 17 1 0 0 2 ... Nov. 0 0 5 10 2 4 2 3 4 0 1 G 9 1 8 4 1 0 4 9 5 5 0 0 0 7 ... Dec. 3 2 2 4 1 6 4 3 6 0 2 1 2G 1 115 3 51 1 4 12 9IJ 10 24 3 26 0 18 6 4 35 2 42 2 145 0 8 0 1 0 4 17 97 ■■ Year 20 38 GG 87 14 28 32 34 4G BATAVIA. BANKOK. SINGAPORE. Lat. —6° 11'. Long. 100° 50'. Lat. 13° 38'. Long. 100° 27'. Lat. 1° 15'. Long. 103° 51'. Height 23 ft. Height (?) ft. Height 110 ft. 4 Years, 1879-82. Hourly. 11 Years, 1858-K8. Hours (?) 5 Years, 1880-84. Hours 9 : 3. N. N.E E. S.E. s. s.w w. N.W CA. N. N.E E. S.E. S. s.w w. N.W CA. N. N.E E. S.E. S. s.w w. N.W CA. Jan. 2 1 0 0 0 4 9 8 7 9 6 5 2 4 3 1 1 ... 12 1 2 1 1 1 8 5 Feb. 4 1 0 0 1 2 5 8 7 2 3 3 10 6 1 0 11 7 o 1 0 1 4 1 March 3 2 0 0 1 3 5 6 11 1 1 1 3 16 8 1 0 ,. , 7 4 3 1 2 1 11 2 April 5 5 2 1 2 2 2 2 !l 1 1 1 3 13 ■s 2 • •• 6 2 3 2 3 2 9 3 >.. Mav 6 5 2 1 1 ■j •) 2 10 1 1 1 2 12 Ki 3 ... 5 2 1 3 4 2 13 1 Juue 3 4 3 1 2 a 3 2 9 0 0 0 1 9 15 4 1 3 1 3 3 2 17 0 July 6 7 o 1 1 1 2 2 8 1 0 0 1 9 1G 3 1 0 3 1 3 3 2 18 1 Aug. C 9 3 1 1 1 1 1 8 0 0 1 1 7 16 5 1 0 1 2 2 5 19 1 Sept. 7 6 3 2 1 1 1 2 7 2 1 1 1 7 11 5 2 ... 0 0 0 1 3 6 19 1 Oct. 6 0 2 1 1 3 3 2 8 8 5 3 2 3 5 3 2 • •• 2 0 0 1 1 3 21 3 Nov. 5 8 2 1 1 3 3 3 9 16 7 3 1 1 0 0 2 . 3 1 0 0 2 1 20 3 Dec. 2 l 0 0 1 2 7 43 7 45 11 104 17 58 9 34 2 21 1 21 0 91 0 98 0 28 2 14 7 55 3 26 1 16 1 19 1 25 0 26 15 174 3 24 Year 55 49 20 9 13 27 MOSUL. DJEDDA. JERUSALEM. Lat. Sir 22'. Long. 43° 1 1'. Lat. 21° 30'. Long. 39° 22'. Lat 31° 47'. Long. 35° 13. Height 400 ft. Height 20 ft. Height 2500 ft. 2 Years, 1854-65. Hours (?) 4 Years, 1883-86. Hours 9: 2, 9. 18 Years, 18G4-81. Hour 9: N. N.E E. S.E. s. s.w vr. S.W CA. N. N.E E. S.E. S. s.w w. N.W CA. N. N E E. S.E. s. s.w w. N.W CA. Jan. 4 Q O 7 4 3 1 2 5 2 11 3 1 1 4 3 2 6 1 5 6 2 1 6 0 5 ... Feb. 2 3 7 G 2 1 2 5 0 14 2 1 0 2 2 5 •> 1 b 4 2 2 6 4 6 ... March Q o 4 5 o o 3 4 2 7 0 12 L 3 0 •4 1 5 5 1 2 4 4 2 6 6 6 ... April 8 l 1 8 4 0 1 6 1 12 1 1 II 8 2 4 2 2 1 3 5 2 5 5 7 ... May 8 0 2 1 2 1 0 10 2 15 1 0 1 2 1 4 7 4 o o 4 1 2 4 10 June 8 8 0 0 1 4 3 4 2 15 2 0 0 1 0 4 8 ... 4 2 2 2 0 3 5 12 July 5 4 2 0 1 0 6 9 4 12 1 1 l 1 1 7 7 3 1 0 1 0 2 6 18 Aug. 8 4 1 0 2 5 2 9 0 12 1 1) l 1 1 8 7 3 1 0 1 1 2 6 17 ... Sept. 9 3 2 2 0 2 1 10 1 7 1 1 i 0 1 5 14 7 2 1 1 1 1 5 12 Oct. 6 2 0 4 4 4 1 7 3 8 1 2 i 2 3 8 G 5 4 5 3 1 2 2 9 Nov. G 3 2 1 4 2 2 10 0 11 1 1 l 2 1 7 G 2 5 7 2 1 4 4 5 Dec. 5 o 3 5 34 5 31 1 25 3 25 6 88 15 i 136 I 1 16 4 15 l 8 3 30 3 19 7 66 5 75 ... 1 34 4 33 5 40 3 30 2 14 6 45 4 56 6 113 ... Year 72 43 32 REPORT ON ATMOSPHERIC CIRCULATION. 145 BEYEOUT, SYRIA. BEYKODT. TBEBISONDE. Month. Lat. 33° 54'. Long. 35° 29'. Lat. 33° 54'. Long. 35° 29'. Lat. 41° 1'. Long. 39° 45'. Height 160 ft. Height 112 ft. Height 92 ft. Hours 9.20 : 3.20, 9.20. 9 Years, 1846-54. Hours 8, N. : 6. 10 Years, 1877-85. Hours 8 :2, 8. 6J Years, 1879-85. K. N.E E. 3.E. s. S.W w. sr.w CA. N. N.E E. 3.E. S. S.W W. f.W CA. N. N.E E. S.E. S. S.W w. f.W CA. Jan. fi 1 0 0 3 11 9 2 3 3 2 10 3 6 2 2 0 3 1 4 3 6 4 3 6 1 Feb. 4 0 1 0 fi 7 7 4 2 3 2 8 3 6 2 1 1 2 1 6 3 4 3 3 5 1 March 9 1 1 0 3 10 4 3 4 5 2 3 2 9 3 2 1 3 1 8 3 3 3 4 6 1 April 8 1 0 1 2 fi 10 2 4 4 1 2 2 11 3 2 1 4 2 10 3 2 2 2 4 1 May 8 4 0 1 1 7 7 3 4 4 1 1 2 11 4 3 1 4 2 12 2 2 1 1 ti 1 June 5 0 0 0 0 10 10 5 3 1 0 0 1 14 6 3 2 3 2 10 2 2 1 2 ti 2 July 1 1 0 0 1 8 15 5 1 0 0 0 1 18 8 2 1 4 2 6 2 3 2 2 8 2 Aug. 3 0 0 0 1 11 13 3 3 1 0 0 1 13 7 3 3 3 2 6 2 4 3 3 V 1 Sept. 7 0 0 0 3 4 11 5 5 3 0 0 2 10 6 3 1 3 1 6 2 5 3 2 7 1 Oct. 10 3 0 0 1 3 7 7 5 7 1 2 2 8 2 2 2 2 1 6 3 5 4 3 ti 1 Nov. 8 1 1 0 1 3 9 7 3 4 1 7 2 7 3 2 1 2 1 4 3 6 5 4 3 2 Dec. 4 1 0 1 2 8 12 3 2 39 3 38 2 12 9 42 3 24 7 120 3 49 1 26 1 15 1 34 1 17 4 82 4 32 6 48 5 36 5 34 4 67 1 15 Year 72 13 3 3 23 88 114 49 SAMSOTJN. SCUTARI. SMYRNA. Month. Lat. 41° 18'. Long. 36° 19'. Lat. 41° 0'. Long. 29° y. Lat. 38° 26'. Long. 27° 10'. Height 26 ft. 6 Years, 1880-85. Hours : 2.36, 9.9 Height 60 ft. Height 25 ft. 15 Years, 1870-84. Hours 9 : 3. 6J Years, 1864-70. Hours 7 : 2, 10. N. N.E F„ S.E. s. s.w w. N.W CA. N. N.E E. S.E. s. s.w w. N.W CA. N. N.E E. S.E. s. s.w w. N.W CA. Jan. 0 3 0 fi 2 9 0 11 0 6 9 4 2 3 4 1 1 1 Feb. 0 fi 0 2 1 fi 0 13 0 5 8 4 1 3 4 1 1 1 2 13 5 4 3 1 1 1 1 March 1 fi 0 7 2 3 0 12 0 5 8 2 1 5 5 2 1 2 April May 1 8 0 4 2 2 0 13 0 4 9 1 1 5 6 2 0 2 ■ 0 10 0 fi 2 2 0 11 0 5 9 1 0 5 7 2 0 2 1 5 3 6 4 5 3 1 3 June 0 11 1 5 1 0 0 12 0 4 9 1 0 5 9 1 0 1 July Aug. 1 q 1 ?, ?, 1 1 14 0 5 15 2 0 3 4 0 1 1 0 10 1 3 2 0 0 14 1 4 15 3 0 3 4 1 0 1 2 5 1 2 2 V 4 6 5 Sept. 1 8 1 3 1 0 0 15 1 4 12 4 0 2 5 1 1 1 Oct. 1 8 0 fi 2 3 0 11 1 4 10 4 1 2 6 1 0 3 Nov. 1 5 0 fi 1 4 0 13 0 4 8 4 2 3 5 1 1 2 1 6 4 2 3 ti 3 4 Dec. 0 4 0 6 2 9 0 10 149 0 3 5 65 7 119 4 34 2 10 3 42 6 65 1 14 1 7 2 19 Year 6 88 4 55 20 39 1 CHIOS. RED SEA.* BED SEA. Lat. 38° 22'. Long. 26° 6'. Lat. 28° to 30°. Long. 48° to 50°. Height (?) ft. Years, (?) Hours (?) Square 105. Square 68. N N F Fi S F, s. s.w w. N.W f!A. N. N.E E. S.E. s. s.w w. N.W CA. N. N.E E. S.E. S. s.w w. N.W CA. Jan. Feb. 12 2 1 1 2 1 1 10 1 2 11 15 2 0 0 0 0 1 10 <} 0 1 10 3 1 0 3 9 2 0 1 3 2 2 7 2 2 9 15 1 0 0 0 0 1 March April May June 10 2 0 3 3 1 1 8 3 1 9 li, 1 1 0 0 1 2 14 2 0 1 1 0 1 6 3 2 8 15 2 0 0 i 0 2 11 1 1 1 11 3 0 0 3 14 16 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 1 13 10 2 1 2 2 4 1 7 1 3 2 2 3 3 9 3 7 1 2 6 3 July Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec. 13 2 0 1 0 1 0 14 0 1 0 1 1 5 11 8 1 3 18 5 0 0 3 1 0 1 3 16 16 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 13 12 1 0 2 2 2 2 2 4 2 3 4 3 7 6 6 3 2 1 4 6 15 3 0 0 7 2 0 1 3 12 11 11 15- 2 1 1 18 0 0 1 2 1 1 1 10 0 1 2 13 0 1 0 7 1 1 3 12 13 12 10 13J 2 2 3 2 1 1 8 9 11 11 13 17 111 1 2 1 21 0 0 0 18 1 1 0 38 0 0 0 28 1 1 0 10 7 3 1 39 Year 20 1 20 74 . . 7» T errir p to the Red Sea are < .ons ruct edfi -om. the c bsei ■vati ons of s lips log s. 1 ?or these means the author is indebted to the courtesy of the Meteorological Council. (PHYS. CHEM. CHALL. EXP. — PART V. 1888.) 25 146 THE VOYAGE OF H.M.S. CHALLENGER BED SEA. BED SEA. BED SEA. Month. Long. 44° to 4G°. Square 68. Long. 46° to 48°. Square 68. Lat. 14° to 16°. Squares 60 and 68. N. N.F E. S.E. s. s.w w. N.W CA. N. N.E E. S.E. s. s.w W. N.W CA. N. N.E E. S.E. s. s.w w. N.W CA. Jan. 1 4 15 7 1 1 0 0 2 1 7 19 2 1 0 0 0 1 3 1 1 9 8 1 1 5 2 Feb. 0 6 17 4 0 1 0 0 0 1 8 18 1 0 0 0 0 0 3 1 1 8 10 1 0 3 1 March 0 6 17 4 1 1 0 0 2 1 8 17 1 1 1 0 0 2 3 2 2 7 10 2 0 3 2 April 0 6 14 7 1 1 0 0 1 0 9 16 1 1 0 0 1 2 3 1 2 8 8 1 1 3 3 May 1 4 10 4 3 3 2 1 3 1 5 9 3 1 3 2 1 6 5 2 0 5 4 2 2 7 4 June 1 1 3 3 5 7 4 2 4 1 1 1 2 5 10 5 1 4 7 1 1 0 1 2 2 10 6 July 1 1 1 1 5 11 6 1 4 1 0 1 1 4 15 7 0 2 8 1 1 1 1 1 3 12 3 Aug. 1 1 1 3 6 9 5 1 4 2 1 1 2 6 9 7 1 2 5 2 2 3 2 1 1 10 5 Sept. 1 2 6 4 4 5 2 1 5 2 2 3 5 2 5 3 2 6 5 4 1 3 2 2 3 6 4 Oct. 1 6 12 6 2 0 1 0 3 1 7 13 3 1 1 2 0 3 1 1 0 9 10 1 1 2 6 Nov. 1 4 17 5 2 0 0 0 1 1 8 17 3 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 1 11 13 1 0 1 2 Dec. 0 5 18 6 1 0 0 0 1 1 13 7 63 20 135 2 26 0 22 0 44 0 26 0 6 1 30 1 45 0 16 1 i:; 12 76 13 82 1 16 0 14 1 63 2 40 Year 8 46 131 54 31 39 20 6 30 BED SEA. BED SEA. BED SEA. Month. Long. 42° to 44°. Square 68. Lat. 16° to 18°. Squares 69 and 68. Lat. 24° to 26°. Square 105. N. N.E E. S.E. s. s.w w. N.W CA. N. N.E E. S.E. s. s.w w. N.W CA. N. N.E E. S.E. s. s.w w. N.W CA. Jan. 1 1 5 14 9 0 0 1 0 3 1 1 15 5 1 0 3 2 13 4 1 0 0 1 1 10 1 Feb. 2 0 3 10 9 1 1 2 0 4 2 2 8 4 1 0 4 3 9 2 2 2 1 1 1 8 2 March 1 1 2 11 11 2 0 2 1 7 2 3 8 2 0 1 6 2 11 3 1 2 2 1 1 8 2 April 2 0 3 10 10 1 1 2 1 4 3 2 10 1 1 1 4 4 9 1 1 2 2 0 1 11 3 May 2 0 2 8 8 2 3 4 2 5 2 1 7 1 1 3 8 3 9 1 1 0 1 1 1 15 2 June 5 1 1 2 1 2 2 13 3 7 1 1 1 0 1 1 15 3 9 0 0 0 1 0 2 16 2 July 5 1 1 1 1 3 5 12 2 8 1 0 1 0 1 3 13 4 9 1 0 0 1 1 2 13 4 Aug. 5 2 2 3 3 2 4 8 2 6 1 1 1 4 2 1 9 6 9 1 0 0 1 1 1 16 2 Sept. 5 2 3 4 3 2 2 4 5 7 3 2 2 1 2 2 8 3 10 1 0 0 1 0 1 16 1 Oct. 1 0 3 12 13 0 1 0 1 4 1 3 7 5 2 1 2 6 Ki 2 0 1 1 0 1 13 3 Nov. 0 1 3 14 11 0 0 1 0 2 1 3 13 6 1 0 0 4 12 1 1 1 1 0 0 11 3 Dec. 1 0 o O 14 12 0 0 0 1 2 59 1 19 3 22 13 86 6 35 0 13 1 14 1 73 _4_ 44 12 122 2 2 9 2 10 1 13 _0_ 6 1 13 10 147 1 26 Year 30 9 31 103 91 15 19 49 18 BED SEA. BED SEA. BED SEA. Month. Lat 26° to 28°. Square 105. Lat. 22° to 24°. Square 105. Lat. 20° to 22°. Square 105. N. N.E E. S.E. s. s.w w. N.W CA. N. N.E E. S.E. s. s w w. N.W CA. N. N.E E. S.E. s. s.w w. N.W CA. Jan. 12 1 1 1 0 0 1 13 2 14 3 1 1 1 0 1 9 1 16 5 1 2 0 0 0 5 2 Feb. 6 1 1 2 1 1 2 13 1 10 2 2 3 1 0 1 7 2 12 4 1 2 2 0 0 6 1 March 9 1 1 1 1 1 1 14 2 12 2 1 3 1 0 1 10 1 13 4 1 3 2 0 0 7 1 April 9 1 1 2 1 1 1 12 2 10 1 2 1 1 1 1 11 2 11 2 2 2 1 1 1 6 4 May 8 0 1 1 0 0 1 17 3 10 1 1 0 1 1 1 13 3 11 2 0 1 1 1 1 10 4 June 8 0 0 1 0 0 1 19 1 7 2 1 1 0 1 3 11 4 11 1 0 0 0 0 2 14 2 July 9 1 0 0 0 0 2 17 2 8 2 0 1 0 1 3 12 4 7 2 1 1 1 2 3 11 3 Aug. 10 0 1 0 0 0 2 17 1 9 0 0 1 1 1 1 17 1 5 1 1 2 2 3 4 12 1 Sept. 9 0 0 0 1 0 1 19 0 10 1 0 0 0 1 1 17 0 11 1 1 1 0 1 1 13 1 Oct. 9 1 0 0 1 0 1 16 3 11 1 1 2 1 1 1 9 4 9 2 1 3 2 1 1 8 4 Nov. 9 0 1 1 1 0 2 14 2 10 2 3 5 1 0 0 7 2 10 2 3 5 8 1 0 3 3 Dec. 9 1 1 1 1 1 1 15 1 11 122 4 21 2 14 2 20 1 9 1 8 1 15 6 129 3 27 11 127 4 30 3 15 4 26 1 15 0 10 1 14 5 100 2 28 Year 107 7 8 10 7 4 16 186 20 REPORT ON ATMOSPHERIC CIRCULATION. 147 RED SEA. MASSUAH. KOSSEIR. Month. Lat. 18° to 20°. Lat. 15° 36'. Long. 39° 20'. Lat. 26° 5'. Long. 34° 16'. Squares 69 and 68. Height 31 ft. Height (?) ft. lj Tears, 1886-87. Hours 9 : 4. 1 Tear, 1872-73. Hours s.-r., : 1. N. N.E E. S.E. s. s.w w. N.W CA. N. N.E E. S.E. s. s.w w. N.W CA. N. N.E E. S.E. s, s.w w N.W CA. Jan. 8 3 2 8 1 1 0 b 3 10 13 3 0 0 0 0 2 3 10 3 1 0 0 n 13 4 Feb. 11 3 2 4 1 1 0 5 1 13 6 4 0 0 1 1 1 2 7 0 0 ? 0 i 13 5 March 9 2 3 6 1 0 1 6 3 12 16 2 0 0 0 0 1 0 10 0 0 5 0 0 10 6 April 9 3 3 4 2 0 0 7 2 15 10 3 0 0 0 0 1 1 10 3 3 2 0 0 4 8 May- 8 2 2 2 1 1 1 11 3 20 10 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 13 2 0 1 0 0 5 10 June 8 1 0 1 1 1 4 13 1 16 7 2 0 1 0 0 0 4 17 1 0 1 0 0 0 11 July 5 1 0 0 1 3 5 13 3 15 8 3 1 1 0 2 1 0 13 1 1 0 0 0 3 13 Aug. 2 1 0 1 3 4 7 11 2 9 6 4 0 1 0 1 0 0 15 1 0 2 0 1 1 11 Sept. V 1 1 1 1 2 3 12 2 11 18 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 17 1 0 0 0 0 0 19, Oct. 6 2 2 5 3 1 1 4 7 13 17 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 15 1 0 0 0 0 0 15 Nov. 4 3 5 9 4 1 0 1 3 14 15 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 12 2 0 0 0 0 9 7 Dec. 5 3 4 11 3 0 0 2 3 19 167 10 136 1 24 0 1 0 3 0 1 0 4 0 8 1 11 9 148 3 18 2 7 0 13 0 0 0 2 12 70 5 107 ... Year 82 25 24 52 22 15 22 90 33 SUEZ. ISMAILIA. SAID. Lat. 29° 59'. Long. 32° 31'. Lat. 30° 36'. Long. 32° 16'. Lat. 31° 16'. Long. 32° 18'. Height 24 ft. Height 29 ft. Height 20 ft. 5 J Tears, 1880-85. Hours 7, 8, 11 : 2, 5. 5J Tears, 1880-85. Hours 7 : 2, 6. 5% Tears, 1880-85. Hours 7 : 2, 5. N. N.E E. S.E. s. s.w w. N.W ca! N. N.E E. S.E. S. s.w w. N.W CA. N. N.E. E. S.K s. s.w w. \\\Y CA. Jan. 10 2 0 2 7 3 1 4 2 4 3 2 2 1 3 11 3 2 2 3 2 1" 3 6 10 3 1 Feb. 5 1 0 1 5 7 2 6 1 4 3 1 1 2 4 9 3 1 3 2 1 1 2 5 10 4 0 March 11 1 0 1 5 3 1 9 0 8 4 2 2 2 2 5 4 2 6 5 2 1 2 2 5 7 1 April 10 1 0 1 6 3 1 8 0 7 5 3 2 1 1 7 3 1 5 6 2 1 2 2 4 8 0 May 16 1 0 0 2 1 0 10 1 12 6 2 1 1 1 4 4 0 9 6 3 0 1 1 3 7 1 June 15 1 0 0 1 1 0 11 1 14 6 2 1 0 1 2 3 1 9 5 2 0 1 1 2 9 1 July 15 3 0 0 0 1 0 10 2 15 2 1 0 1 1 4 6 1 7 3 2 0 0 1 5 12 1 Aug. 13 2 0 0 0 0 0 12 4 17 3 1 0 0 0 4 5 1 8 3 2 0 0 0 4 13 1 Sept. 17 1 0 0 1 0 0 8 3 17 3 1 0 0 1 3 4 1 7 4 2 0 0 0 3 13 1 Oct. 15 1 1 0 0 1 0 9 4 16 6 2 0 0 0 2 3 2 8 8 3 1 0 1 2 7 1 Nov. 14 1 0 1 1 2 0 7 4 9 5 1 1 1 2 5 5 1 6 4 2 1 1 3 6 6 1 Dec. 9 1 0 1 6 3 1 8 2 6 3 3 1 1 3 8 4 2 73 4 53 1 24 1 7 3 15 6 28 7 61 4 93 2 11 Year 150 16 1 7 34 25 6 102 24 129 49 21 11 10 19 64 47 15 OAIEO. ALEXANDRIA. BENGASI. Lat. 30° 5'. Long. 31° 17'. Lat. 31° 12'. Long. 29° 53'. Lat. 32° T. Long. 20° 3'. Height 94 ft. Height 62 ft. Height 33 ft. (?) Tears. Hours 7 : 2, 9. 9 Tears, 1875-83. Hours 9:3,9. 1 Tear, 1882. Hours 9 : 3. N. N.E E. S.E. s. s.w w. N.W CA. N. N.E E. S.E. s. s.w w. N.W CA. N. N.E E. S.E. s. s.w w. N.W CA. Jan. 4 2 1 1 4 3 5 2 9 4 2 4 2 3 4 4 6 2 4 9 4 5 3 2 1 3 ... Feb. 5 2 0 1 3 2 3 3 9 5 2 3 2 2 2 4 7 1 7 5 1 3 2 3 3 4 March 7 2 1 0 1 1 3 4 12 7 4 3 2 2 1 3 8 1 7 5 1 1 5 3 6 3 ... April 10 3 1 1 1 1 2 4 7 9 4 3 2 1 1 2 7 1 8 3 0 0 5 2 5 7 May 10 3 1 0 1 1 1 9 5 13 3 2 1 1 1 1 8 1 11 9 0 1 2 2 1 5 ... June 9 2 0 0 0 0 2 13 4 13 2 1 0 1 0 1 11 1 16 7 0 0 4 1 1 1 ... July 10 2 0 0 0 0 2 14 3 12 1 0 0 0 0 2 16 0 15 7 0 1 0 1 0 7 • •• Aug. 10 1 0 0 0 0 2 13 5 13 1 0 0 0 0 2 14 1 13 6 0 1 0 1 3 7 Sept. 10 2 0 0 0 0 0 14 4 15 2 1 0 0 0 1 8 3 8 7 2 2 4 3 2 2 ... Oct. 10 3 0 0 0 0 1 11 6 12 5 3 1 1 1 1 5 2 6 7 2 3 4 2 2 5 Nov. 8 1 0 0 2 1 1 7 10 8 4 3 2 2 2 2 5 2 5 4 2 4 7 3 4 1 • ■• Dec. 4 1 0 1 6 2 3 2 12 6 3 3 2 3 4 3 5 2 3 103 1 70 3 15 2 23 9 45 5 28 5 33 3 48 ... Year 97 24 4 4 18 11 25 96 86 117 33 26 14 16 16 26 100 17 148 THE VOYAGE OF H.M.S. CHALLENGER TRIPOLI. LA CALLE. ALGIERS. Lat. 32° 53'. Long. 13° 11'. Lat. 36° 54'. Long. 8° 26'. Lat. 36° 47'. Long. 3° 4'. Month. Height 98 ft. Height 35 ft. Hours 7 : 1, 7. Height 73 ft. 6 Years, 1879-85. Hours various. 6 Years, 1878-79, 81-84. 7 Years, 1878-84. Hours 7: 1,7. N. N.E E. S.E. s. s.w w. N.W CA. N. N.E E. S.E. s. s.w w. N.W CA. N. N.E E. S.E. s. s.w w. N.W CA. Jan. 7 4 2 2 1 1 6 8 0 2 1 2 1 2 7 7 9 0 4 3 2 1 1 5 7 7 1 Feb. 7 4 5 1 1 0 6 4 0 2 2 3 1 3 5 5 7 0 3 2 1 1 1 4 8 8 0 March 6 5 8 2 2 1 4 3 0 2 2 4 0 3 6 6 8 0 3 6 2 2 1 4 5 7 1 April May- 5 4 8 2 2 0 4 5 0 4 2 3 0 2 4 5 10 0 4 2 1 1 0 5 7 10 0 7 5 13 2 0 0 1 2 1 4 5 4 1 2 3 4 8 0 4 7 3 1 1 2 4 8 1 June 6 5 16 1 0 0 1 1 0 6 5 4 1 1 3 3 6 1 5 10 2 2 1 2 2 5 1 July Aug. 5 8 15 1 0 0 1 1 0 6 6 4 1 2 4 3 ■1 1 6 12 3 1 0 2 2 4 1 4 9 12 0 1 0 2 2 1 6 7 4 0 2 4 3 4 1 7 9 2 1 1 3 2 5 1 Sept. 3 9 13 1 1 0 1 2 0 5 4 4 0 2 5 4 6 0 6 6 3 1 1 2 3 7 1 Oct. 7 7 8 1 1 0 3 4 0 5 2 3 1 3 7 4 5 1 4 6 2 1 1 3 5 8 1 Nov. 6 4 6 2 0 1 6 5 0 2 2 2 1 4 8 7 4 0 3 3 2 1 1 7 5 8 0 Dec. 7 3 3 2 1 0 7 8 0 3 47 1 39 2 39 1 8 3 29 7 63 9 60 5 76 0 4 3 52 2 68 1 24 1 14 1 10 8 47 7 57 8 85 0 8 Year 70 67 109 17 10 3 42 45 2 LAGHOUAT. ORAN. NEMOURS. Month. Lat. 33° 48'. Long. 2° 51'. Lat. 35° 42'. Long. - 0° 39'. Lat. 35° 6'. Long. -1° 51'. Height 2454 ft. Height 164 ft. Height 13 ft. 7 Years, 1878-84. Hours 7: 1, 7. 12 Years, 1841-53. Hour : 7. 7 Years, 1878-84. Hours 7: 1, 7. N. N.E E. S.E. s. s.w w. N.W CA. N. N.E E. S.E. s. s.w w. N.W CA. N. N.E E. S.E. s. S.W w. N.W CA. Jan. 4 2 3 2 3 3 5 4 5 4 2 1 2 4 9 2 7 . .. 4 1 4 4 3 1 7 3 4 Feb. 4 3 2 2 3 3 4 4 3 6 6 1 1 2 6 2 4 . ■■ 3 1 3 4 3 2 5 3 4 J larch 4 Q O 5 3 3 3 4 3 3 6 8 1 1 1 7 1 6 4 1 7 3 3 1 6 3 3 April 4 3 2 2 3 2 6 6 2 8 7 1 1 1 4 1 7 3 1 5 4 3 1 7 3 3 May 4 4 5 2 5 1 4 3 3 9 7 0 1 1 4 1 8 4 2 5 4 3 1 4 3 5 June 4 4 8 2 3 1 3 2 3 9 8 0 1 1 2 0 9 ... 6 2 5 2 2 1 2 2 8 July 2 4 7 3 4 2 4 3 2 10 7 0 0 1 0 1 12 6 2 5 2 2 1 2 2 9 Aug. 3 5 6 3 4 2 3 2 3 10 8 0 1 0 1 0 11 6 0 5 3 2 1 2 4 8 Sept. 4 3 4 Q O 4 3 4 2 3 8 7 0 1 0 1 1 12 8 1 6 2 3 1 2 3 4 Oct. 5 3 3 3 4 4 4 2 3 6 7 0 1 2 4 1 10 5 1 6 3 4 1 4 3 4 Nov. 6 4 4 2 3 3 2 4 2 4 7 0 2 2 7 2 6 5 1 5 3 3 2 7 2 2 Dec. 5 4 3 2 3 3 2 6 3 3 83 5 79 0 4 3 15 3 18 10 55 1 13 6 98 6 60 3 16 6 62 2 36 3 34 1 14 5 53 2 33 3 57 Year 49 42 52 29 42 30 45 41 35 TANGIER MOGADOR. ST. MICHAEL, AZORES. Month. Lat. 35° 45'. Long. -5° 47'. Lat. 31° 30'. Long. -9° 44'. Lat. 37° 35'. Long. -25° 30'. Height 200 ft. Height 57 ft. Hours 8 : 2, 10. Height (?) ft. 6 Years, 1880-85. Hours 7, N : 9. 7 Years, 1866-71, 78-79. 10 Years, 1840^9. Hours (?) N. N.E E. S.E. s. s.w w. N.W CA. N. N.E E. S.E. s. s.w w. N.W CA. N. N.E E. S.E. S. s.w w. N.W CA. Jan. 2 2 7 1 0 6 10 3 • •• 1 15 2 0 2 2 3 0 6 1 8 1 4 3 6 1 6 0 Feb. 2 2 7 1 0 5 7 4 0 14 0 1 1 2 3 1 6 1 6 1 4 1 7 1 7 0 March 1 2 8 1 2 6 8 3 • .. 1 16 0 0 0 1 4 0 9 1 7 1 3 2 9 2 6 0 April 1 3 2 1 1 7 11 4 *■■ 1 15 0 1 1 0 3 0 9 1 9 2 2 1 4 2 8 0 May 3 3 6 0 0 4 9 6 ... 1 20 0 0 0 1 2 0 7 2 10 1 3 1 4 2 8 0 June 2 5 5 0 0 4 11 3 1 17 0 0 1 0 3 0 8 1 10 1 3 1 4 2 8 0 July 3 4 8 0 2 3 8 3 0 28 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 2 13 1 3 0 5 2 5 0 Aug. 1 3 10 0 2 3 8 4 0 24 1 0 0 0 0 0 6 0 15 0 5 0 3 2 5 1 Sept. 3 2 8 1 1 4 7 4 0 20 0 0 0 0 1 0 9 1 12 1 5 0 3 1 6 1 Oct. 3 3 4 1 2 6 8 4 ... 0 15 0 0 0 1 1 0 14 2 10 1 4 2 4 1 5 1 Nov. 3 5 5 1 0 4 8 4 0 9 0 0 1 2 3 0 15 3 7 0 4 2 7 1 6 0 Dec. 2 3 4 1 0 9 8 4 2 7 9 202 1 4 0 2 1 7 3 12 2 l'.r, 0 1 I:'. 105 18 8 115 2 12 4 44 2 15 5 61 2 18 7 77 0 5 Year 26 37 74 8 10 61 103| 46 ... REPORT ON ATMOSPHERIC CIRCULATION. 149 LAS PALMAS. CAPE JDBT. PKATA. Lat 27° 28'. Long. -17° 48'. Lat. 27° 58'. Long. —12° 52'. Lat 14° 54'. Lons*. —23° 31'. Height 30 ft. Height 23 ft. Heieht 112 ft 4£ Tears, 1880-84. Hours : 1, 6. 6 Tears, 1883-S8. Hours 9:9. > Tears, 1875-79. Hours 9 : 3. N. N.E E. S.E. s. s.w w. N.W CA. N. N.E E. S.E. s. s.w w. N.W CA. N. N.F, E. S.E, s. s.w w. N,W CA Jan. 2 4 4 9 4 1 1 1 5 6 10 5 5 2 1 1 1 0 3 1ft 11 0 1 0 0 n 1 Feb. 7 4 5 3 2 0 0 4 3 8 10 2 2 1 2 1 2 0 1 11 15 0 0 1 0 0 0 March 10 5 4 3 1 1 1 3 3 9 12 0 1 1 1 2 4 0 1 19 7 0 1 1 0 n ?, April 14 7 2 2 2 1 0 1 1 12 10 1 0 0 1 3 3 0 3 1ft 6 0 1 2 1 1 1 May 12 3 2 1 2 2 1 3 5 13 17 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 4 15 5 1 1 1 0 3 1 June 11 2 1 0 0 1 3 7 5 13 16 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 3 13 7 1 1 2 1 1 1 July 12 3 1 1 2 2 2 6 2 10 21 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 13 4 2 2 2 1 1 3 Aug. 8 4 2 1 2 1 5 6 2 8 21 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 2 10 5 3 3 3 1 1 3 Sept. 6 7 2 0 2 2 2 4 5 8 19 1 0 0 0 0 1 1 3 lo 4 2 1 4 1 2 3 Oct. 11 6 3 2 1 1 1 2 4 6 18 2 1 0 1 1 1 2 2 13 10 2 1 1 0 0 2 Nov. 5 5 6 3 4 3 1 1 2 6 11 3 3 2 3 1 1 0 1 11 13 2 1 0 0 0 2 Dec. 4 3 5 5 5 2 0 1 6 4 11 5 4 2 3 1 1 0 1 10 13 1 1 2 1 1 1 Year 102 53 37 30 27 17 17 39 43 103 176 20 16 8 12 11 16 3 27 155 100 14 14 19 6 10 20 SAINT LOUIS. GOBEE. MTJEZTJK. Lat. 16° 7'. Long -16° 30'. Lat. 14° 40'. Long. —17° 25'. La . 25° 54'. Long. 14° 12'. Height 16 ft. Height 20 ft. Hei ght 156 5 Tears, 1874-78. Hours 10 : 4. 10Tears,1856-65. Hours 6,10 : 1, 4, 10. 6 Months, 1865-66. N. N.E E. S.E. s. s.w w. N.W CA. N. N.E E. S.E. s. s.w w. N.W CA. N. N.E E. S.E. s. s.w w. N W CA. Jan. 10 6 8 0 0 0 0 6 1 6 16 6 0 0 0 0 0 3 2 2 2 0 1 1 3 4 lli Feb. 9 3 8 0 0 0 0 7 1 6 13 7 0 0 0 0 0 2 2 0 1 1 1 3 4 2 14 March 18 2 3 0 0 0 0 8 0 8 16 4 0 0 0 0 1 2 1 1 3 1 4 2 3 1 1ft April 18 1 2 0 0 1 2 6 0 11 12 3 0 0 0 0 1 3 May 17 1 0 0 1 1 5 6 0 12 8 1 0 0 1 2 2 5 June 7 0 0 0 1 3 13 5 1 5 6 1 0 1 2 6 5 4 July 6 0 1 1 1 4 10 7 1 4 3 0 1 2 3 9 5 4 Aug. 5 0 1 1 3 3 9 7 2 2 1 0 1 2 7 10 5 3 Sept. 5 1 2 1 3 3 6 8 1 4 3 1 3 3 5 4 3 4 Oct. 14 1 3 1 1 0 4 6 1 8 7 2 1 1 1 3 4 4 4 1 4 3 7 3 2 1 6 Nov. 17 3 5 0 0 1 1 2 1 9 10 3 0 0 1 1 2 4 4 4 1 1 1 1 2 2 14 Dec. 14 7 6 0 0 0 1 3 0 8 12 6 1 0 0 0 1 3 ft 1 2 0 1 2 6 4 10 Year 140 25 39 4 10 16 51 71 9 83 107 34 7 9 20 35 29 41 SCHIMMEDRU. GHADAMES. KUKA. Lat 18° 57'. Long. 12° 10'. Lat. 30° 9'. Long. 9° 13'. Lat 12° 52'. Long. 13° 23'. Height 1640 ft. Height 1323 ft. Height 1168 ft 3 Months, 1866. Hours s.-r., 9: 3, s.-s. 2 Months, 1865. Hourss.-R., 9: 3. s.-s. 6M onth s, 1866. Hours, S.-R., 9: 3, s.-s. N. N.E E. S.E. s. s.w w. N.W CA. N. N.E E. S.E. s. s.w w. N.W CA. N. N.E E. S.E. s. s.w w. N.W CA. Jan. Feb. March April 6 3 3 2 4 0 0 2 10 May 1 1 3 1 5 1 1 0 18 June 2 2 4 4 3 1 1 1 12 July 2 7 2 3 1 0 1 2 13 1 0 1 0 3 10 3 0 13 Aug. 1 3 5 2 2 0 0 1 17 0 1 0 1 1 6 3 0 19 Sept. 0 1 3 6 2 2 2 1 13 Oct. 5 5 2 2 0 0 0 1 16 Nov. 3 2 10 0 0 0 0 0 15 Dec. — — — — — — 4 8 1 0 0 0 0 4 14 Year 150 THE VOYAGE OF H.M.S. CHALLENGER. BOKE. FREETOWN. AKASSA. Month. Lat. 10° 54'. Long. —14° 14'. Height 600 ft. Lat. 8° 30'. Long. —13° 9'. Height 224 ft. Lat. 4° 20'. Long. 6° 20'. Height 21 ft. 1 Tear, 1878-^79. Hours 6 : 3, 10. 11 Tears, 1874-84. Hours 9 : 3. 1J Tears, 1887-88. Hours 9 : 9. N. NF, B. S.E, s. s.w w. N.W CA. N. N.E E. S.E. S. s.w w. N.W CA. N. N.E E. S.E. S. s.w w. N.W CA. Jan. 1 2 10 8 1 0 13 1 5 4 8 1 1 1 5 3 3 2 4 0 2 1 6 4 4 8 Feb. 1 1 10 1 1 1 13 0 5 2 4 1 2 2 7 3 2 0 2 1 1 1 6 1 1 15 March 1 2 9 1 3 5 9 1 8 2 1 0 3 3 8 5 1 ! 0 1 0 1 6 3 0 1 19 April 1 0 1 1 7 7 11 2 7 2 2 1 2 3 9 3 1 2 2 1 1 3 2 0 0 19 May 3 2 2 3 4 4 9 4 5 2 5 1 2 3 8 3 2 June 1 0 3 0 9 7 9 1 4 1 5 1 3 2 8 3 3 1 0 0 2 9 9 1 0 8 July 0 0 1 0 11 4 13 2 4 1 2 1 3 4 10 2 4 0 0 0 1 10 17 0 1 2 Aug. 0 0 1 0 10 7 11 2 4 1 1 1 3 5 12 1 3 0 0 0 1 5 15 2 1 7 Sept. 1 0 0 0 6 7 13 3 • *. 3 1 2 0 3 4 12 1 4 1 0 0 0 2 12 5 1 9 Oct. 3 1 6 3 3 4 11 0 2 2 4 1 3 4 10 2 3 1 1 0 1 1 6 3 5 13 Nov. 4 5 9 3 4 1 4 0 2 2 6 1 2 2 8 2 5 1 2 1 4 3 8 2 1 8 Dec. 0 2 11 3 5 1 8 1 5 54 3 23 5 45 1 10 2 29 2 35 6 103 3 31 4 35 0 0 1 4 5 14 4 0 3 Year 16 15 63 18 64 48 124 17 ASCENSION. ST. HELENA. ST. THOMAS. Month. Lat. -7° 55'. Long. —14° 25. Lat. -15° 55'. Long. - 5° 43'. Lat. 0° 20'. Long. 6° 43'. Height 53 ft. Height 40 ft. Height 16 ft. 2} 'ears, 1863-66. Hours G, 9, N. :4. 5 Tears, 1855-59. Hours 9J : 3}. 9 Tears, 1872-80. Hours 9 : 3, 9. N. N.E E. S.E. s. s.w w. N.W CA. N. N.E E. S.E. s. s.w w. N.W CA. N. N.E E. S.E. S. s.w w. N.W CA. Jan. 0 0 2 9 17 1 0 0 2 0 0 1 15 10 1 0 0 0 2 0 0 1 11 5 1 0 11 Feb. 0 1 1 11 13 1 1 0 0 1 0 1 14 7 1 1 0 0 2 0 1 0 12 3 1 0 9 March 0 0 3 11 16 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 13 10 2 1 1 0 3 1 1 2 12 3 1 1 7 April 0 0 2 11 16 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 14 8 2 0 0 0 2 1 1 2 11 4 1 1 7 May 0 0 5 15 10 0 0 0 1 1 1 0 13 8 2 0 1 2 1 0 1 1 17 4 1 0 6 June 0 0 3 15 11 0 0 0 1 0 3 0 12 8 2 0 1 1 1 0 0 1 21 5 1 0 1 July 0 0 4 17 10 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 13 11 3 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 21 5 1 0 2 Aug. 0 0 3 18 10 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 14 8 2 1 1 1 1 0 1 1 20 4 0 0 4 Sept. 0 0 3 17 10 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 13 12 1 0 1 1 1 0 0 1 18 4 1 0 5 Oct. 0 1 2 22 6 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 15 9 3 0 0 1 2 0 0 2 13 4 2 1 7 Nov. 0 0 2 12 16 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 14 9 3 0 1 0 2 0 1 1 13 3 2 0 8 Dec. 0 0 1 9 20 0 0 0 1 1 5 1 8 0 3 13 163 10 110 2 24 0 3 0 6 0 6 2 20 0 2 0 6 1 14 12 181 5 49 1 13 0 3 10 77 Year 0 2 31 167 155 2 1 1 6 SAN SALVADOB. CHINCHOXO. VIVI. Month. 2 Lat. -6° 17'. Long. 14° 53'. Height I860 ft. Tears, 1885-86. Hours 9 : 3, £ . Heig Lat. —5° 9'. Long. 12° 3'. ht 39 ft. Hours 6 : 2, 10, and 7 : 2, 9. 2$ Tears, 1874-76. Lat. -4° 40'. Long. 13° 49'. Height 374 ft. 1J Tears, 1882-83. Hours 7 : 2, 9. N. N.E E. S.E. s. s.w w. N.W CA. N. N.E E. S.E. s. s.w w. N.W CA. N. N.E E. S.E. S. s.w w. N.W CA. Jan. 1 1 1 1 4 8 7 2 6 1 4 6 1 4 8 6 0 1 1 1 1 1 0 16 5 1 5 Feb. 1 1 1 2 4 8 7 2 2 1 4 7 0 4 5 6 1 0 2 0 0 0 1 14 4 0 7 March 1 1 0 1 4 7 7 2 8 1 3 5 2 5 8 5 0 2 4 0 1 0 0 13 5 1 7 April 0 2 2 2 4 5 3 2 10 0 4 5 2 4 8 6 1 0 4 1 1 1 0 10 4 0 9 May 1 0 2 1 3 6 6 1 11 1 3 6 2 6 7 4 1 1 3 0 1 1 1 13 7 2 3 June 0 0 0 1 2 2 5 3 17 1 2 6 2 7 8 2 1 1 3 0 0 0 1 11 10 2 3 July 0 0 0 0 2 4 9 2 14 1 3 6 1 4 8 6 1 1 3 0 0 1 1 13 8 4 1 Aug. 0 1 0 1 1 6 8 2 12 1 2 7 1 7 8 3 1 1 4 0 0 0 1 14 10 1 1 Sept. 0 0 0 0 1 4 7 1 17 0 1 5 2 9 8 2 0 3 1 0 0 0 2 17 9 1 0 Oct. 1 0 0 1 1 2 5 2 19 0 1 5 2 10 9 1 1 2 1 0 0 1 1 18 9 0 1 Nov. 1 0 1 0 1 1 3 1 22 1 3 6 2 5 8 3 1 1 2 0 1 2 2 16 3 0 4 Dec. 0 0 1 2 1 1 3 1 21 22 160 0 8 4 34 6 70 4 21 7 72 8 93 1 45 0 8 1 14 1 29 1 3 1 6 1 8 1 11 13 168 5 79 0 12 8 49 Year 6 6 8 12 28 54 70 REPORT ON ATMOSPHERIC CIRCULATION. 151 S. PAUL DE LOANDA. GONDOKORO. TANGANIKA SEA. Lat. —8° 49'. Long. 13° 7'. Lat. 4° 55'. Long. 31° 28'. Lat. -4° 0'. Long. 29° 0'. Height 194 ft. Height 1526 ft. Height 2460 ft. 3 Tears, 1879-81. Hours 9, N. : 3, 9. 3-4 Tears, 1853-54, 80. Hours various 1$ Tears, 1880-82. Hours (?) N. N.E E. S.E. s. s.w w. N.W CA. N. N.E E. S.E. s. s.w w. N.W CA. N. N.E E. S.E. s. S.W w. N.W CA. Jan. 3 1 1 1 3 5 12 4 1 1 1 19 1 2 1 4 2 3 11 11 0 1 0 0 0 4 Feb. 2 1 1 1 2 3 14 3 1 1 1 5 2 11 3 5 0 ... 1 3 9 0 0 0 0 1 5 March 2 1 1 1 3 4 14 4 1 1 2 7 2 11 5 3 0 7 4 0 1 0 2 4 1 12 April 2 1 1 1 4 3 11 4 3 1 2 7 1 13 1 3 2 7 1 1 0 2 2 2 0 15 May 3 1 1 0 4 4 11 3 4 2 3 3 1 18 1 3 0 5 1 1 0 4 0 10 0 10 June 2 1 1 1 3 4 10 4 4 0 1 0 2 23 1 1 2 ... 2 1 2 0 6 1 10 0 8 July 3 1 1 1 3 4 8 4 6 11 1 1 2 10 0 2 4 0 1 1 0 10 1 10 0 8 Aug. 2 1 1 1 4 3 10 4 5 8 7 3 0 8 2 1 2 1 2 1 0 10 1 8 0 8 Sept. 2 0 0 1 3 3 12 4 5 8 -5 8 0 6 0 2 1 ... 5 2 0 1 8 0 7 0 7 Oct. 1 0 0 1 3 3 17 3 3 10 8 1 0 8 1 2 1 Nov. 2 0 1 0 2 4 15 4 2 10 10 3 1 4 0 2 0 Dec. 2 1 0 1 4 6 11 3 3 14 67 11 52 0 57 0 12 6 120 0 15 0 28 0 14 0 1 18 0 1 0 3 3 5 Year 26 9 9 10 38 46 li:< 44 38 KAKOMA AND IGONDA. KUBAGO. MOSLNG. Lat. -5° 40'. Long. 32" 35'. Lat. -5° 24'. Long. 33° 33'. Lat. -20° 58'. Long. 24° 28. Height 3675 f L Height 4265 ft. Height (?) ft. 1 Tear, 1881-82. Hour : 2. 1J Tears, 1880-81. Hours (?) 1 Tear, 1873-74. Hours (?) N. N.E E. S.E. s. s.w w. N.W CA. N. N.E E. S.E. S. s.w w. N.W CA. N. N.E E. S.E. s. s.w w. N.W CA. Jan. 0 11 5 0 0 2 6 0 7 9 1 1 7 8 2 1 1 1 0 0 2 0 0 10 9 10 0 Feb. 1 3 1 0 1 2 3 4 13 2 2 0 0 20 2 1 0 1 0 1 1 0 0 5 5 14 0 March 1 3 2 2 2 3 1 3 14 3 1 0 15 10 1 1 0 0 0 8 3 0 0 4 6 7 0 April 1 1 3 5 5 2 0 0 13 0 1 2 6 15 2 0 1 3 2 3 7 1 0 2 12 3 0 May 1 1 4 8 5 1 0 0 11 1 1 1 4 15 3 1 0 5 1 3 16 2 2 1 2 3 1 June 0 2 3 9 12 3 0 0 1 2 2 0 4 8 3 1 0 10 0 2 20 0 0 2 5 1 0 July 0 1 3 15 3 6 1 0 2 7 1 1 0 2 1 3 0 16 0 5 13 1 0 2 7 2 1 Aug. 0 1 4 12 2 4 0 1 7 6 2 2 2 1 1 0 1 16 0 3 11 3 0 3 8 0 0 Sept. 1 1 4 12 4 3 0 0 5 0 4 7 0 0 5 10 3 1 Oct. 1 1 2 20 2 1 0 0 4 0 5 9 3 0 5 7 1 1 Nov. 0 2 4 14 2 0 3 1 4 3 1 0 2 4 2 3 3 0 4 6 2 1 0 6 3 8 0 Dec. 1 1 3 2 4 1 6 4 9 0 5 2 0 4 10 4 4 2 0 7 1 41 2 93 0 11 0 2 3 48 10 84 10 62 2 6 Year 7 28 38 99 42 28 20 13 90 WALFISCHBAT. PORT NOLLOTH. CAPE TOWN. Lat. —22° 56'. Long. 14° 26'. Lat. —29° 15'. Long. 16° 52'. Lat. -33° 56'. Long. 18° 27'. Height 10 ft. Height (?) ft. Height 37 ft. Hours various. 1 Tear, 1885-86. Hours 7: 1, 9. 5 Months, 1876-77. Hours 8 : 8. 18 Tears, 1842-55, 62-65. N. N.E E. S.E. 8. s.w w. N.W CA. N. N.E E. S.E. s. s.w w. N.W CA. N. N.E. E. S.E. s. s.w w. N.W CA. Jan. 5 2 1 0 1 7 9 3 3 1 0 0 2 21 1 2 4 ... Feb. 6 0 0 0 2 5 10 2 3 1 0 0 2 18 1 2 4 March 4 0 1 0 5 8 7 2 4 1 0 1 2 17 1 3 6 April 1 1 2 0 10 9 1 1 5 2 0 0 3 14 2 3 6 May 1 1 4 2 4 9 4 0 6 3 0 0 2 13 1 3 9 June 0 1 4 0 8 9 4 1 3 5 0 0 1 9 3 4 8 July 1 3 4 0 4 7 4 0 8 5 0 0 1 12 2 4 7 Aug. 3 2 3 0 2 12 3 1 5 1 0 1 10 0 1 1 2 0 3 0 0 2 11 2 5 8 Sept. 8 1 1 0 1 8 3 2 6 0 0 2 16 0 2 1 5 0 2 0 0 2 12 2 5 7 Oct. 7 2 1 1 1 12 2 2 3 0 0 2 9 2 2 2 4 0 2 0 0 1 14 2 6 6 Nov. 8 1 2 0 0 8 3 1 7 0 0 1 2 0 1 1 1 0 2 0 0 2 17 1 3 5 Dec. 5 2 1 0 1 39 11 105 (i 56 0 15 5 58 0 0 0 4 2 2 3 0 1 1 28 0 0 0 1 3 23 20 178 1 19 3 43 3 73 -ILL Year 49 16 24 3 152 THE VOYAGE OF H.M.S. CHALLENGER. CLANWILLIAM. KIMBEELET. ALIWAL NORTH. Month. Lat. —32° 10'. Long. 18° 53'. Lat. —28° 48'. Long. 25° 2'. Lat. —30° 43'. Long. 26° 43'. Height 300 ft. Height 4060 ft. Height 4400 ft. Tear 1876-77. Hours 8 : 8. 2 Tears, 1876, 82. Hours 8 : 8. 4 Tears, 1876-77, 79-82. Hours 8 : 8. N N.F e. S.E. s. s.w w. N.W CA. N. N.E E. S.E. s. s.w w. N.W CA. N. N.E E. S.E. s. s.w w. N.W CA. Jan. 1 5 7 10 2 3 1 2 7 10 2 1 4 1 3 3 0 2 1 0 14 1 0 4 6 3 Feb. 1 3 2 9 6 1 2 4 5 9 6 0 1 1 2 3 1 1 2 0 12 0 0 1 6 6 March 2 2 6 3 5 2 1 10 6 10 7 2 2 2 1 1 0 1 3 1 12 0 1 0 2 11 April 1 2 1 5 5 2 3 11 5 4 6 1 7 2 1 2 2 1 1 1 11 0 0 1 4 11 May 1 1 1 3 6 1 3 15 ... 4 4 7 1 8 2 2 1 2 1 1 0 7 0 1 0 4 17 June 2 1 6 6 7 0 0 8 ... 8 7 3 2 6 1 2 1 0 1 1 0 6 0 0 0 6 16 July 1 1 5 9 3 7 1 4 6 5 11 1 3 1 2 1 1 1 1 0 5 0 1 0 6 17 Aug. 1 1 4 6 7 4 2 6 9 7 3 1 5 2 2 1 1 1 1 0 6 1 0 1 7 14 Sept. 10 5 3 2 4 2 2 2 0 0 1 0 9 0 1 0 7 12 Oct. 0 5 8 5 6 3 1 3 ... 6 3 3 1 5 4 4 3 2 1 1 0 10 1 1 1 9 7 Nov. 0 1 10 3 1 1 8 6 10 4 4 2 2 2 4 1 1 1 2 0 10 1 1 1 6 8 Dec. 2 2 3 8 4 2 3 7 11 87 4 72 2 57 1 15 4 51 4 24 3 28 1 20 1 11 2 13 2 17 1 3 11 113 2 6 1 7 1 10 7 70 4 126 Year PORT ELIZABETH. GRAHAM'S TOWN. FORT NAPIER.' Month. Lat. —33° 57'. Long. 25° 37'. Lat. -33° 20'. Long. 26° 33'. Lat. —29° 3'. Long. 30° 2'. Height 181 ft. Height 1800 ft. Height 2300 ft. 4 Tears, 1876-77, 79-82. Hours 8 : 8. 4j ■ Tears, 1854-59. Hours 9J : 3 J. 15 Tears, 1870-84. Hours 9 : 3. N. N.E E. S.E. s. s.w w. N.W CA. N. N.E E. S.E. s. s.w w. N.W CA. N. N.E E. S.E. s. S.W w. N.W CA. Jan. 0 1 5 5 1 5 11 1 2 0 3 4 9 3 9 2 1 1 8 11 5 1 1 1 1 2 Feb. 0 1 5 4 1 3 9 2 3 1 2 2 8 3 7 2 3 ... 1 6 11 5 1 1 0 1 2 March 1 1 3 5 1 4 10 2 4 1 3 2 8 3 8 1 5 ... 1 6 10 6 1 1 0 1 5 April 1 3 4 2 2 2 9 3 4 1 2 2 4 2 9 3 7 1 6 10 5 1 0 1 1 5 May 2 7 4 2 1 5 5 4 1 1 1 1 2 1 8 3 14 . , 1 5 11 5 1 1 1 1 5 June 2 7 2 2 0 2 8 4 3 1 1 0 1 1 6 5 15 ... 1 5 9 5 2 1 1 1 5 July 2 8 3 3 0 2 6 4 3 1 1 0 1 1 7 6 14 1 5 10 5 2 1 1 1 5 Aug. 3 4 3 3 1 3 9 4 1 0 2 2 2 1 9 5 10 1 5 10 4 1 1 1 2 6 Sept. 2 2 4 4 1 3 10 3 1 1 3 3 3 2 9 4 5 1 6 10 4 2 0 1 2 4 Oct. 1 1 4 6 1 2 11 4 1 1 3 3 5 5 9 2 3 ■ •• 1 7 10 6 1 0 1 2 3 Nov. 1 2 3 5 1 5 10 2 1 0 2 4 8 4 7 3 2 1 6 9 6 1 1 1 2 3 Dec. 1 1 4 4 1 3 12 2 3 1 2 3 8 5 9 1 2 1 12 8 73 11 122 4 60 1 15 0 8 1 10 1 16 4 49 Year 16 38 44 45 11 39 110 35 27 9 25 26 59 31 97 37 81 ... PIETEEMAR1TZBUBG. LODEENgO MARQUES. TAMATAVE. Lat. —29° 30'. Long. 30° 2'. Lat. —25° 28'. Long. 32° 37'. Lat. 18° 3'. Long. 49° 11'. Height 2096 ft. Height 16 ft. Height 0 ft. 6 Tears, 1860-65. Hours 9 : 3. li Tears, 1876-78. Hours 8, N. : 8. 3 Months, 1863. Hours 9 : 4. N. N.E E. S.E. s. s.w w. N.W CA. N. N.E E. S.E. s. s.w w. N.W CA. N. N.E E. S.E. s. s.w w. N.W CA. Jan. 2 3 10 9 4 1 1 1 0 1 5 7 5 6 2 0 2 3 Feb. 2 3 8 10 3 1 0 1 0 2 2 5 5 5 2 0 3 4 March 2 2 10 9 4 2 1 0 1 1 3 4 8 7 2 0 3 3 April 2 3 7 8 4 3 2 1 0 4 3 5 4 5 1 0 1 7 May 1 2 8 6 6 5 3 1 0 6 4 4 3 3 2 1 3 5 June 1 2 7 5 5 5 4 1 0 3 2 5 5 3 2 0 3 7 July 2 2 7 5 6 5 3 1 0 1 2 fi 7 4 1 0 1 9 Aug. 2 2 9 7 5 3 1 2 0 3 4 7 5 2 0 0 2 8 2 0 1 3 15 10 0 0 ... Sept. 2 3 7 8 4 3 1 2 0 4 3 3 6 8 1 0 2 3 2 2 0 2 10 8 2 4 ... Oct. 2 2 9 9 4 1 2 2 0 4 4 5 4 7 2 0 1 4 3 10 1 6 5 6 0 0 ... Nov. 2 2 9 9 5 1 0 2 0 4 5 5 5 6 2 0 1 2 Dec. 2 3 10 10 3 1 1 1 0 3 36 6 43 6 62 5 62 7 63 1 18 0 1 2 24 1 56 Year 22 29 101 95 52 31 20 15 1 REPORT ON ATMOSPHERIC CIRCULATION. 153 REUNION. MAURITIUS. SOMERSET, CAPE YORK. Month. Lat. —20° 50'. Long. 52° 15'. Lat. —20° C. Long. 57° 33'. Lat. —10° -14'. Long. 142° 3G'. Height SI ft. Heieht 30 ft. Height 70 ft. 3 Tears, 1883-85. llonrs 9J : 3}. G Tears, 1853-59. llours 9.J : 3? 2} Tears, 18lio-G7. Hours 9: 3, 9. N. N.E E. S.E. s. s.\v W. x.w CA. N. N.E E. S.E. s. s.w w. N.W CA. N. N.E E. S.E. s. s.w w. N.W CA. Jan. 0 1 G 14 5 1 2 1 1 2 G 12 G 1 1 1 2 0 4 1 2 1 0 1 3 17 2 Feb. 0 1 5 10 3 1 1 0 1 1 3 7 9 0 1 2 5 0 2 2 4 2 1 2 3 8 4 March 0 1 4 15 7 1 2 1 0 1 4 11 9 1 1 1 3 0 1 1 10 7 1 1 1 G 3 April 0 0 5 14 6 1 1 1 2 1 4 12 9 0 1 1 2 0 1 1 10 14 1 1 1 1 0 May- 0 0 4 1G 8 1 1 1 0 1 2 9 13 2 1 1 2 0 0 0 13 17 1 0 0 0 0 June 1 0 4 1G 4 1 2 1 1 1 1 9 12 3 1 1 1 1 0 0 10 17 2 1 0 0 0 July 0 0 4 1G 7 2 2 0 0 1 0 9 1G 2 0 1 1 1 0 0 G 22 2 1 0 0 0 Aug. 1 0 4 l'J 4 1 1 1 0 1 1 10 15 1 0 1 2 0 0 0 7 22 2 0 0 0 0 Sept. 0 0 5 18 6 0 1 0 0 1 2 9 12 2 0 2 2 0 0 0 11 16 1 1 0 1 0 Oct. 0 0 8 13 5 1 2 1 1 1 2 13 11 1 0 1 2 0 1 0 12 1G 1 0 1 0 0 Nov. 1 0 5 1G 5 0 1 1 1 2 4 11 5 1 1 2 4 0 1 3 17 7 0 0 0 2 0 Dec. 1 0 4 15 e GG 2 12 1 17 1 9 1 8 2 15 5 34 13 125 4 121 1 15 0 7 2 1G 3 29 1 o 0 1 11 0 8 8 110 3 11! 1 13 3 11 2 11 9 44 4 13 Year 4 3 58 188 S WEEKS ISLAND. BRISBANE. SYDNEY. ilONTII. Lat. —15° 0'. Lou?. 13'i° 0'. Lat. —27° 28'. Long. 153° G'. Lat. -33° 52'. Long. 151° 11'. Height 33 ft. Height 130 It. Height 155 ft 2} Tears, 1SG8-71. Hours 9 : 3, 9. 8 Tears, 18G7-75. Hours 9:3,9. 9 Tears, 18U7-75. Hourly. N. N.E E. S.E. s. s.w w. N.W CA. N. N.E E. S.E. s. s w w. N.W CA. N. N.E E. S.E. s. s.w w. N.W CA. Jan. 10 G 4 1 1 1 2 6 3 11 5 G 3 1 1 1 2 7 G 4 7 2 2 1 Feb. 9 4 1 3 2 2 2 5 ... 1 8 3 8 5 2 0 1 2 5 5 4 7 2 2 1 March 5 G 4 G 3 3 2 2 ... 1 7 4 8 7 2 1 1 ... 3 6 5 5 5 3 2 2 April 2 7 1 17 0 1 1 1 ■ ■■ 1 4 3 5 9 6 2 0 ■ ■■ 4 3 2 2 o O 4 7 5 May 0 0 5 17 6 2 0 1 1 1 1 3 9 10 4 2 •*. 3 1 1 2 o O 3 11 7 June 4 4 5 8 G 1 1 1 1 2 1 3 8 9 5 1 ... 3 2 1 1 1 3 12 7 ... July 1 2 5 13 8 0 1 1 1 2 1 3 7 10 5 2 2 1 1 1 2 4 13 7 ... Aug. 5 S 7 10 4 0 1 1 1 7 1 2 7 7 5 1 ... 3 2 1 1 2 4 11 7 ... Sept. 10 5 3 2 4 2 2 2 • ** 2 6 2 3 G 5 4 2 3 4 3 2 3 3 7 5 ... Oct. 15 3 3 0 1 1 4 4 6 9 3 3 3 2 2 3 ... 3 G 4 2 G 3 4 3 ... Nov. 12 3 2 2 1 1 3 G 5 10 3 4 3 2 1 2 ... 2 6 5 3 6 3 3 2 Dec. 12 ,5 4 1 1 1 3 4 5 28 12 79 3 30 3 51 3 70 2 58 1 31 2 18 ... 3 33 G 49 5 39 5 32 G 51 2 3G 2 76 2 49 — — Year 85 48 44 80 37 15 22 34 ... WINDSOR. MELBOURNE. EUCLA. Month. Lat, —33° 30'. LoBg. 150° 49'. Lat. —37° 50'. Long. 144° 50'. Lat. —31° 45'. Long. 128° 58'. Height 53 ft. Height 91 ft. Height 7 ft. 14 Tears,18Go-7G. Hours 9 : 3. 8 Tears, (?) Hourly. 3 Tears, 1880-82. Hours 9 : 3. N. N.E E. S.E. s. s.w w. N.W CA. N. N.E E. S.E. s. s.w w. N.W CA. In. N.E E. S.E. s. s.w w. N.W CA. Jan. 1 6 9 2 4 2 2 2 2 1 1 6 11 G 2 2 0 1 1 1 7 10 7 3 1 1 0 Feb. 1 6 2 5 2 7 1 1 3 2 1 2 5 7 G 2 3 0 1 1 6 14 5 1 0 0 0 March 1 5 3 7 2 7 2 1 8 4 1 3 4 7 6 2 4 0 3 1 G 11 5 3 1 1 0 April 1 4 1 3 2 9 2 2 G 5 2 3 4 4 3 1 7 1 G 2 7 G 2 1 2 2 2 May 1 5 1 2 1 8 4 4 5 8 4 6 3 2 2 1 5 0 8 1 3 3 3 5 4 3 1 June 1 6 1 1 1 G 4 5 5 9 4 5 2 2 1 1 G 0 10 1 2 2 3. 2 4 4 2 July 2 6 0 2 1 8 4 4 4 8 4 4 3 2 2 1 G 1 110 1 2 4 3 3 3 4 1 Aug. 2 5 2 2 2 6 5 4 3 7 4 4 4 3 1 1 7 0 1 8 2 3 3 2 5 4 2 2 Sept. 2 G 2 2 1 6 3 G 2 6 4 7 4 3 1 1 4 0 i & 1 4 5 5 G 1 3 0 Oct. 1 8 3 4 2 5 2 3 3 4 3 5 6 C 2 1 3 1 1 3 1 G 8 5 4 3 1 0 Nov. 1 5 4 5 3 5 2 3 2 2 1 4 6 8 4 2 3 0 i 1 1 5 12 3 4 2 1 1 Dec. 1 7 3 8 3 4 1 3 1 2 1 4 7 9 4 2 2 0 ! 2 58 1 14 5 5G 13 91 5 48 3 40 0 25 1 23 1 10 Year 15 G9 25 50 22 75 32 38 39 59 30 4S 54 64 38 17 52 3 (PHYS. CHEM. CHALL. EXP. PART V. 1888.) 26 154 THE VOYAGE OF H.M.S. CHALLENGER. ADKLAIDE. PORT DARWIN. ALICE SPRINGS. Lat 34° 57'. Lone. 138" 35'. Lat. —12° 28'. Long. 130° 51'. Lat. —23° 38'. Long. 133° 37'. Month. Height 140 ft. UoursM.3, fi,9,N.:3,6,9. Height 70 ft. Height 2100 ft. 7 Years, 1S7G-S2. 3 Years, 1880-82. Hours 9: 3. 3 Years, 18S0-82. Hours 9: 3. M V F, S.E s. s\v w. *.w CA. N. N'.E E. S.E. s. S.W w. N.W CA. N. N.E E. S.E. s. S.W \v. N.W CA. 1 ? 3 5 9 7 3 l 1 0 0 9 1 2 1 18 6 1 1 1 6 1 2 0 2 17 Feb. 1 3 3 5 7 5 3 1 0 1 1 2 0 1 0 17 6 0 1 1 17 0 1 0 1 8 9 3 3 ft 8 fi 3 l 0 2 0 1 1 0 3 M 10 0 1 1 16 1 0 0 1 11 April May June 3 5 3 3 ft ft 4 2 0 1 0 13 1 0 1 5 9 0 1 0 15 1 1 0 1 11 7 6 ?, 9 4 4 3 3 0 2 0 22 0 0 0 2 5 1 1 1 13 0 1 1 2 11 8 G 2 1 3 4 4 2 0 0 0 25 1 0 0 1 3 0 0 0 15 0 0 1 1 13 July Aug. 8 7 2 5> 3 3 4 2 1 0 0 24 1 0 0 1 4 0 0 1 16 0 0 0 2 12 7 7 1 1 2 4 5 4 1 3 0 11 0 0 0 5 11 1 1 1 10 0 1 0 2 15 Sept. Oct. 4 4 1 2 ft 6 5 3 3 1 0 9 1 0 1 6 9 0 1 1 14 0 1 0 3 10 3 4 2 2 5 8 5 2 1 1 1 7 1 0 2 6 12 0 2 1 13 1 1 0 G 7 Nov. 9, 2 2 2 6 10 ft 1 3 1 0 5 1 1 2 12 5 1 2 2 11 1 0 0 2 11 Dec. 1 2 3 3 7 10 4 1 2 12 1 13 1 3 7 128 1 9 0 4 2 12 11 98 6 86 1 5 2 13 2 12 16 162 1 5 1 9 1 3 2 25 5 131 Year 47 51 27 33 64 72 48 23 FEEEMANTLE. KENT'S GROUP. HOBART TOWN. Month. Lat. 33° 2'. Long. 115° 45'. Lat. —39° 29'. Long. 147° 25'. Lat. —42° 52'. Long. 147" 21. Height 16 ft. Height 280 ft. Height 37 ft. 3 Years, 1853-5.5. Hours 9} : 3|. 5 Years, 18G1-6G. Hours 6, N.: 6. 5} Years, 1861-G7. Hours 6, N. : 6. N. N.E E. S.E. s. s.w w. N.W CA. N. S.E E. S.E. S. s.w w. N.W CA. N. N.E E. S.E. S. S.W w. N.W CA. Jan. 0 6 5 7 5 8 0 1 2 5 4 1 1 7 10 1 4 2 2 7 2 4 3 7 Feb. 0 3 5 6 2 9 3 1 ■ ■■ 2 4 5 1 0 6 9 1 3 2 1 8 2 3 2 7 March 0 6 3 8 2 8 2 2 3 5 5 1 1 G 8 2 4 1 2 7 3 2 2 10 ... April May 0 4 5 8 4 4 2 3 4 4 3 2 1 4 9 3 3 2 1 5 2 4 2 11 1 6 9 8 1 4 0 2 4 3 2 1 1 5 10 5 4 2 1 2 2 4 2 14 June 1 13 6 4 2 1 1 2 2 4 4 2 1 4 9 4 4 1 1 1 1 3 4 15 July 1 8 2 2 4 5 2 7 3 2 2 3 2 4 11 4 5 1 1 2 2 3 3 14 Aug. 1 8 3 2 1 5 4 7 3 4 2 2 1 6 9 4 4 2 1 3 2 4 2 13 Sept. 1 3 7 2 3 4 8 2 3 3 2 0 1 4 14 3 4 2 1 3 2 3 3 12 ... Oct. 1 4 3 3 7 4 6 3 3 o O 4 2 1 4 12 2 4 2 1 6 2 4 2 10 Nov. 0 1 7 1 4 10 4 3 3 3 3 1 0 5 13 2 3 3 1 G 1 3 3 10 Dec. 0 1 5 2 4 12 ft 2 2 34 4 44 3 39 1 17 1 11 5 60 13 127 2 33 3 45 2 22 3 16 9 59 2 23 2 39 2 30 8 131 Year 6 62 60 52 39 74 37 35 POET ARTHUR. AUCKLAND. SOUTHLAND. Month. Lat. —43° 9'. Long. 147° 54'. Lat. — 3G° 50'. Long. 174° 51'. Lat. — 4G° 17'. Long. 1G8° 20'. Height 55 ft. Height 258 ft. Hours 9i : 3J. Height 79 ft. Hours 9:3,7. 5 Years, 1861-GG. Hours 0, N. : C. 8 Years, 1853-59, 1SGG-G7. 8 Years, 1858-GG, 18GG-G7. N. N.E E. S.E. s. s.w w. N.W CA. N. N.E E. S.E. s. s.w w. N.W CA. N. N.E E. S.E. s. s.w w. N.W CA. Jan. 1 6 1 8 2 6 3 4 2 7 2 2 4 9 3 2 1 0 3 9 0 1 8 9 ... Feb. 1 4 2 7 2 5 3 4 3 6 1 2 3 8 2 3 1 0 2 8 0 0 10 7 March 1 5 1 7 2 5 2 8 :; 6 3 4 3 7 2 3 1 0 2 6 0 1 11 10 ... April 1 4 0 5 2 8 2 8 2 4 9 4 3 10 2 3 1 0 2 4 1 0 11 11 May 2 2 0 3 2 7 3 12 1 3 1 3 4 10 4 5 1 0 4 2 0 0 9 15 June 2 3 1 1 2 6 6 9 1 4 3 4 4 7 4 3 2 0 5 2 0 1 8 12 ... July 0 1 1 2 1 6 6 14 2 5 3 4 5 7 2 3 2 1 7 4 0 0 5 12 . ■• Aug. 4 2 1 2 2 8 5 7 1 5 3 4 3 9 2 4 1 0 4 3 0 1 10 12 Sept. 4 3 0 3 3 6 5 6 2 6 2 2 2 ft 4 7 2 0 6 6 1 1 6 8 Oct. 2 5 1 C 3 6 4 4 2 4 1 1 3 10 6 4 1 0 2 9 0 1 9 9 Nov. 2 3 1 5 3 5 5 6 2 3 2 0 3 10 6 4 1 0 3 8 1 1 8 8 Dec. 1 6 2 10 2 5 2 3 5 26 6 59 1 24 1 31 4 41 7 99 4 41 3 44 1 15 0 1 3 43 9 70 1 4 1 8 9 104 7 120 — Year 21 44 11 59 26 73 46 85 REPORT ON ATMOSPHERIC CIRCULATION. 155 AUCKLAND ISLAND. CHATHAM. HATZFELDTHAFEN. Mourn. Lat. —50° 32'. Long. 16G° 5\ Lat. —43° 52'. Long. 176° 42'. Lat. —4° 54'. Long. 145° 1 1'. Height 10 ft. Height 100 ft. Height 7 ft. 5 Months, 1874-75. Hours various. 2 Tears, 1880-81. Hour 9J: 7 Months, 188G-87. Hours 7:1,9. N. >J.E E. « E. s. s .w W. ' *.w CA. N. k.i: E. i >.E. s. 3.W w. •■i.w CA. N. N.E E. S.E. s. s.w w. 0 4 2 0 0 0 3 6 6 13 1 1 0 1 0 9 8 8 4 1 4 1 2 1 Nov. 3 4 1fi ft 0 1 0 1 3 9 6 8 2 1 0 1 0 5 4 6 2 0 0 5 8 0 Dec. 2 5 18 2 1 0 1 2 3 46 5 8 10 2 2 0 1 0 2 21 7 67 4 87 0 26 0 19 1 30 4 46 12 56 1 13 Year 24 46 192 47 20 6 9 21 93|75 87 j 13 22 1 7 10 12 TONGATABU. HONOLULU. HONOLULU. Lat. —21° 10'. Long. —174° 50'. Lat. 21° 18'. Long. —157° 50'. Lat. 21° 18'. Long. —157° 50'. Height 0 ft. Height 0 ft. Hours s.-k. : 2. Height 52 ft. 3 Tears, 1872-74. Hours 4, 8, N. : etc 6 Tears, 1837-38, and 1869-72. 2 \ Tears, 1885-87. Hours 10 : 4. N N F E. S F s. s\\ w. N.W CA N. N.E E. S.E s. s.w w. N.W CA. N. N.I E. S.E s. S.W w. N.W CA. Jan. 10 1? 9, 2 2 1 0 2 0 3 15 0 1 7 1 1 0 3 3 11 0 3 4 b 3 1 Feb. 7 8 3 9. 3 1 1 3 0 2 17 1 0 6 1 0 0 1 1 16 1 1 3 4 2 0 March 4 8 9 3 2 1 2 2 0 0 20 0 1 5 1 0 0 4 2 16 1 2 4 4 2 0 April May June 7 7 5 2 3 1 1 4 0 1 25 1 1 2 0 0 0 0 1 21 2 1 3 2 0 0 ... 7 q 7 4 2 0 1 1 0 1 28 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 1 26 1 1 1 1 0 0 1 5 4 9 6 1 1 3 0 0 26 1 0 2 0 0 0 1 1 28 0 0 1 0 0 u July Aug. Sept. Oct. fi 3 10 4 ft 1 1 1 0 0 28 1 0 1 0 0 0 1 1 29 1 0 0 0 0 0 4 4 4 4 9 0 1 1 4 0 28 0 0 2 0 0 0 1 0 27 1 1 2 0 0 0 fi 1 11 ft ft 9. 0 0 0 0 29 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 26 1 1 0 0 0 0 4 7 13 4 1 0 0 2 0 1 18 2 1 7 0 0 0 2 3 21 1 1 2 1 0 Nov. 1 19 11 2 ?, 0 0 0 2 1 18 1 1 6 1 0 2 0 1 21 0 1 3 2 1 1 Dec. C 12 7 4 1 0 1 0 0 1 10 17 26! 0 ) 8 0 5 10 50 1 5 1 2 0 2 1 14 4 20 lb 25! 1 i 10 0 12 ft 28 3 24 1 10 1 3 " Year 63 88 86 45 41 8 9 19 6 156 THE VOYAGE OF H.M.S. CHALLENGER EAST OF KOVA ZEMBLA. KARMAKULI. BEAU ISLAND. Month. Lat. 70" 37'. Lone;. 57° 0'. Lat. 72" 23'. Long. 52° 42'. Lat. 74° 52'. Long. 19° 57'. Height 0 ft. Height 23 ft. Height 0 ft. 3J Tears, 1832-35 (irreg). Hour 8 : 1 Tear, 1882-83. Hourly. 1 Tear, 18G5-UU. Hours 8: 2, 8. N tf.E E. S.E s. s.w w. N.W CA. N. N.E E. S.E. s. s.w w. N.W CA. N. N.E E. S.E. s. s.w w. N.W CA. Jan. 7 5 1 3 5 2 3 2 3 2 2 7 8 3 2 0 1 6 1 11 12 4 2 1 0 0 0 Feb. 3 2 6 2 4 2 5 1 3 1 0 3 6 9 3 1 2 3 0 4 12 G 4 1 0 1 0 March 8 3 4 1 3 2 3 2 5 2 2 9 10 3 1 0 1 3 4 9 11 1 1 2 1 1 1 A pril 9 8 2 1 2 2 2 1 3 3 1 3 7 8 3 0 2 3 3 5 6 1 3 2 3 5 2 May 8 3 2 3 1 4 4 2 4 4 1 6 7 3 1 0 4 5 4 7 9 3 1 1 2 2 2 June 6 3 3 3 3 4 4 2 2 5 0 2 o 2 4 2 10 3 1 2 4 4 2 2 2 2 2 July 4 4 2 1 3 7 5 3 2 2 2 G 3 1 2 2 G 7 Aug. 6 n O 1 2 3 3 6 3 4 3 2 6 3 2 3 1 5 6 7 4 1 1 2 1 4 3 4 Sept. 4 1 5 1 2 2 7 4 4 5 2 3 7 3 1 0 4 5 6 2 1 2 5 4 2 G 2 Oct. 4 2 3 5 6 4 4 2 1 3 2 5 9 5 3 1 3 0 3 12 7 2 1 2 2 2 0 Nov. 6 3 7 1 3 1 6 2 1 2 2 6 7 4 3 1 1 4 2 3 2 3 4 5 5 6 0 Dec. 4 2 7 3 G 4 1 1 3 3 35 4 20 3 59 5 74 6 49 4 30 0 8 1 40 5 50 1 11 12 4 2 1 0 0 0 Year 69 39 43 26 41 37 50 25 35 JAN MATEN. SABINE ISLAND. VAN EENSSELLER. Lat. 70° 59'. Long:. — S° 28'. Lat. 74° 32'. Long. —18° 49'. Lat 78° 37'. Long. —70° 53'. Height 35 ft. Hoight 0 ft. Height 0 ft. 1 Tear, 1882-83. Hourly. 1 Tear, 1SG0-70. Hourly. 1$ Tears, 1853-54. Hourly. N. N.E E. S.E. s. s.w w. N'.V CA. N. N.E E. S.E. s. s.w w. N.W CA. N. N.E E. S.E s. s.w w. N.W CA. Jan. G 1 7 8 1 1 1 3 2 7 1 2 0 1 1 3 2 14 0 4 3 3 1 1 1 0 18 Feb. 2 2 8 10 2 u 1 3 0 9 0 1 1 3 2 3 2 7 1 5 3 3 0 1 0 0 15 March 8 1 3 4 2 1 2 8 2 14 0 1 0 <> 1 4 1 8 0 3 5 1 1 1 0 0 20 April 5 4 C 8 1 1 2 3 0 12 0 0 1 3 2 2 3 7 0 3 6 4 0 2 2 0 13 May 8 6 2 5 2 0 1 G 1 5 1 Q 0 2 7 1 3 1 8 0 2 3 4 0 6 3 0 13 June 4 1 0 11 4 1 0 5 1 7 2 4 2 3 1 1 1 9 0 0 0 2 1 7 1 0 19 July C 3 1 12 1 0 1 G 1 3 1 3 3 4 2 1 1 13 0 1 1 2 1 3 1 0 22 Aug. 8 2 2 7 1 1 1 3 G 4 2 0 2 5 2 4 3 9 0 3 3 0 1 o 1 0 20 Sept. 4 1 7 7 3 1 1 G 0 11 1 1 0 1 2 1 3 10 1 2 2 4 1 1 1 1 17 Oct. 4 0 10 11 1 0 1 3 1 8 1 2 1 2 1 3 G 7 1 5 5 4 1 1 0 0 14 Nov. 6 2 G 10 1 0 1 3 1 14 0 1 0 1 0 4 4 G 1 3 2 2 1 1 1 0 19 Dec. 11 2 5 6 1 19 0 G 1 13 4 53 1 16 14 10S 0 9 1 19 1 13 4 3G 0 15 4 33 3 30 4 102 1 5 5 36 2 35 2 31 1 9 1 28 0 11 0 1 19 209 Year 72 25 65 99 UPEUNAVIK. JACOBSHAVEN. GODTHAAB. Moniti. Lat. 72° 47'. Long-. —55° 53'. Lat. C9° 19'. Long. —50° 55'. Lat. 04° 1 1'. L"n s. — 5C° 26'. Height 3D ft. Height 41 ft. Height 37 ft. 12 Tears, 1874-85. Hours 8 : 2, 9. 12 Tear.*, 1874-85. Hours 8 : 2, 9. 12 Tears, 1874-S5. Hours 8 : 2, 9. N. N.E E. S.E s. s.w w. N.W CA. N. N.E E. S.E. s. s.w w. N.W CA N. N.E E. S.E. s. s.w w. N.W CA. Jan. 3 1 11 1 1 4 0 0 10 1 1 10 3 3 2 0 0 11 5 9 4 1 3 2 1 3 3 Feb. 3 2 11 0 1 o 0 0 8 1 1 7 2 4 2 0 0 11 G 7 3 1 3 1 1 4 2 March 2 2 9 1 1 7 1 0 8 1 1 5 O 4 3 0 1 13 0 7 3 1 5 2 1 3 3 April 4 2 7 1 1 4 0 0 11 4 1 3 3 4 2 1 1 11 5 7 3 1 4 2 1 2 5 May 6 2 5 1 1 4 0 1 11 5 1 4 2 2 2 1 1 13 5 7 2 0 6 3 1 2 5 June V 1 3 1 1 5 1 1 10 5 1 2 2 2 3 3 1 11 4 5 1 0 6 4 2 3 5 July 7 1 2 1 0 5 1 13 3 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 15 2 4 1 0 8 5 2 3 G Aug. 7 2 3 1 1 6 1 9 3 0 4 3 2 2 2 2 13 3 5 1 1 9 4 1 2 5 Sept. 4 2 5 2 1 4 1 10 3 1 6 3 2 2 1 1 11 2 7 3 0 8 2 1 1 fi Oct. 3 1 14 2 1 4 1 4 2 1 14 3 2 1 0 0 8 3 8 5 1 6 2 1 1 4 Nov. 3 2 14 1 1 o 1 4 1 1 14 3 2 1 0 0 8 3 9 5 1 G 1 0 1 4 Dec. 3 2 13 1 1 3 1 8 G 104 1 1 13 3 3 2 24 0 10 0 9 8 133 i 4 48 9 84 5 36 1 8 4 6S 1 29 1 13 2 27 4 52 Year 52 20 97 13 11 52 8 30 11 84 32 32 REPORT ON ATMOSPHERIC CIRCULATION. 157 Month. Jan. Feb. March April May Juno July Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec. FREDERIKSHAAB. Lat. G2° 0'. Long. —49° 21'. Height 0 tt. 4 Tears, 1S56-G0. Hour, N. Year n. n.e 7 G 5 2 1 0 121 34 S.E. 3 3 4 4 1 0 2 1 3 2 5 i_ 32 s.w 4 4 5 C 5 9 7 5 10 8 7 3 73 N.W 1 1 1 0 0 2 1 2 3 1 0 0 12 CA. 5 5 5 8 8 1 7 6 0 6 7 5 0;; IVIGTUT. Lat. Gl° 12'. Long. -48° 11'. Height 1G ft. C Tears, 1880-85. Hours 8: 2, 0. 31 S.E 4 4 3 1 0 0 0 0 1 1 2 6 22 5.E. 5 4 5 5 4 3 1 3 4 5 4 ■1 17 s.w 1 1 1 i> 2 2 2 1 1 0 1 J_ 15 N.W 2 2 3 3 5 8 7 5 4 2 2 2 HOFFENTHAL. Lat. 55° 27'. Long. -G0° 12'. Height 25 ft. 3 Tears, 1882-84. Hours 8 : 2, 8. 45 CA. IS 13 11 15 14 9 15 1G 11 17 17 1 I 17;; N.E 0 0 1 2 2 2 7 4 2 1 2 j)_ 23 s.w 5 3 3 2 3 4 2 3 3 5 3 _4_ 40 N.W 6 (1 3 4 3 4 2 4 5 G 5 4 52 14 Month. Jan. Feb. March April May June July Aug. Sept. Oct. Nor. Dec. ZOAR. Lat. 5G°7\ Long. — Gl° 22'. Height 31 ft. 3 Tears, 1882-84. Hours 8 : 2, 8. Year 0 0 1 4 4 3 5 5 2 2 2 2 40 S.E, 0 1 2 .' 2 2 2 3 1 1 1 0^ 17 s.w 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 1 2 2 1 \_ 16 N.W 15 13 9 7 5 10 2 5 8 10 12 ii L09 NAIN. Lat. 50° 33'. Long. — Gl° 41'. Height 14 ft. 3 Toars, 1882-84. Hours 8 : 2, I 38 N. N.E 1 1 11 S.W 2 3 5 2 2 4 3 3 3 2 3 _2_ 34 3 4 8 11 11 K) 10S N.W 5 G 5 5 2 G 2 4 7 G G 6 SO 32 OKAK. Lat. 57" 34'. Long. — 01° 5G'. Height 25 ft. 3 Tears, 1882-84. Hours 8: 2, 8. N'.E 0 0 3 4 5 5 10 7 4 3 2 _2 45 20 22 13 11 7 9 1 3 7 1 i 15 is 140 N.W 3 2 2 2 2 1 1 1 1 2 3 2 22 CA. 2 1 2 2 4 0 3 4 5 2 3 J_ 29 Month. Jan. Feb. March April May Juuc July Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec. Year HEBItON. Lat. 5S° 12'. Long. — G2° 21'. Hoight 49 ft. 3 Tears, 1882-8). Hours 8 : 2, 8. GG S.E 2 1 2 2 3 5 G G 4 1 s.w 5 G G 4 2 3 2 2 3 3 5 6 17 N.W 3 1 1 5 3 3 1 3 5 7 5 9 KINGUA-FIOED. Lat. GG° 3G'. Long. — CG° 5G\ Hoight 53 ft. 1 Tear, 1882-83. Hourly. N'.E 1 2 4 3 2 2 2 1 3 9 4 ji_ 3G S.E. 0 1 4 2 2 3 3 2 2 1 3 J_ 21 S.W 2 2 2 2 8 10 13 10 5 2 3 _8 G2 W. |N.W 1 1 0 1 0 1 1 2 1 1 1 J_ 11 108 ASSISTANCE BAT. Lat 74° 40'. Long. —91° 1G'. Height Oft. 1 Tear, 1850-51. 4-hourly. N. WE E. S.E. S. s.w w. N.W CA. 13 1 0 0 1 1 2 11 2 1? 5 1 1 1 1 0 5 2 10 5 2 2 1 0 1 G 4 5 3 3 G 5 1 0 5 2 5 1 1 5 3 3 4 8 1 4 4 0 0 0 10 9 3 0 1 0 2 7 5 G 5 3 2 4 3 3 2 4 7 1 0 1 2 4 4 2 3 3 5 4 3 9 3 2 O 0 2 1 4 G 1 7 4 4 5 1 2 1 4 2 10 4 1 0 3 1 1 9 2 182 37 23 33 29 3G 33 70 22 158 THE VOYAGE OP H.M.S. CHALLENGER KEPDLSE BAT. FORT KENNEDY. OOGLAAMIE. Month. Lat. 66° 32'. Long. —86° 55'.- Lat. 72° 1'. Long. —94° 14'. Lat. 71° 23'. Long. —156° 40'. Height 0 ft. Hours thrice daily. Height 0 ft. Height 17 ft. 3 Years, 1846-47, 1853-54. 1 Year, 1858-59. 4-hourly. 2 Years, 1881-83. Hourly. N. N.E E. S.E. s. s.w w. N.W CA. N. N.E E. S.E. s. s.w w. N.W CA. N. N.E E. S.E. s. s.w w. N.w' CA. Jan. 12 0 1 1 0 0 2 13 2 2 4 0 0 0 0 2 19 4 4 4 7 2 1 3 0 3 1 Feb. 8 0 0 1 1 1 4 9 4 0 3 1 0 0 0 7 13 4 3 2 2 2 3 7 6 2 1 March 15 1 0 1 1 0 2 9 2 0 9 1 1 0 0 2 8 10 1 3 4 5 4 5 7 2 0 April 9 2 1 5 2 0 3 5 3 4 11 4 0 0 0 3 3 5 3 2 4 5 3 3 6 3 1 May 10 2 4 1 1 1 4 5 3 5 4 1 0 0 0 9 7 5 3 9 7 3 2 4 2 1 0 June 7 2 3 4 1 1 2 6 4 2 7 2 0 0 1 2 12 4 6 8 7 3 0 2 2 2 0 July 9 3 3 2 0 1 3 5 5 1 6 2 1 0 2 4 11 4 4 6 8 3 2 4 3 1 0 Aug. 0 10 2 0 0 1 9 6 3 3 6 9 4 2 3 2 2 0 Sept. 6 1 3 3 1 1 3 7 5 5 6 1 2 2 3 7 3 1 3 5 8 3 3 3 2 3 0 Oct. 7 2 2 2 2 1 0 12 3 2 9 2 2 1 1 3 10 1 2 10 10 3 3 1 0 2 0 Nov. 7 1 2 2 1 0 2 12 3 1 7 2 0 0 0 1 16 3 1 10 9 3 2 1 1 :; 0 Dec. 16 1 1 0 1 1 1 7 3 0 22 4 80 2 20 0 6 0 3 1 9 3 52 16 121 5 49 3 36 6 71 5 80 4 40 3 28 2 88 4 41 2 26 2 5 Year FORT CONFIDENCE. FORT CONFIDENCE. FORT GAURY. Lat. GG° 40'. Long. —119° 0'. Lat. G6° 40'. Long. —119° 0'. Lat. 49° 51'. Lonsr. — 97° 7'. Height (?) ft. Hours 18 times daily. Height (?) ft. Height 754 ft. 7 Months, 1848-49. Oct. 1850— June 1851. Hours 9:1,9. CJ Years, 1881-87. Hour 5i : N. N.E E. S.E. s. s.w w. N.W CA. N. N.E E. S.E. s. s.w w. N.W CA. N. N.E E. S.E. s. s.w w. N.W CA. Jan. 2 4 8 2 1 3 5 3 3 3 1 8 2 2 1 3 3 8 9 1 0 2 6 3 2 6 2 Feb. 1 3 7 1 1 2 6 3 4 2 2 7 2 1 2 3 2 7 7 2 1 3 5 3 2 5 0 March 1 4 11 4 0 1 6 0 4 0 4 14 4 0 1 2 1 5 8 3 1 2 5 3 2 4 3 April 1 2 9 5 0 1 10 2 0 3 2 4 5 2 1 2 4 7 7 2 3 5 4 3 1 3 2 May 3 5 6 6 2 2 2 2 3 7 3 4 3 6 2 3 3 0 June 0 0 1 2 1 0 1 1 1 5 2 2 4 6 4 2 4 1 July 4 2 2 3 6 3 3 7 1 Aug. 5 3 2 3 5 5 2 4 2 Sept. 4 2 3 4 3 4 4 6 0 Oct. 2 11 9 6 0 0 1 0 2 2 4 13 7 1 1 0 1 2 5 3 2 4 5 4 3 5 0 Nov. 2 9 10 5 0 0 2 1 1 1 4 12 4 2 0 3 1 3 8 2 1 3 5 2 3 5 1 Dec. 1 6 16 2 1 1 1 0 3 1 6 12 1 1 0 2 1 7 5 74 2 27 1 22 3 39 5 61 3 39 2 29 8 60 2 14 Year QU' APPELLE. MEDICINE HAT. MINNEDOSA. Lat. 50° 44'. Long. —103° 42'. Lat. 50° I'. Long. —110° 37'. Lat. 50° 13'. Long. —99° 48'. Height 2115 ft. Height 2136 ft. Height 1665 ft. 4 Tears, 1883-87. Hour 5 : 4 Years, 1883-87. Hour U: 4 Years, 1883-87. Hour 5 J : N. N.E E. S.E. s. s.w w. N.W CA. N. N.E E. S.E. s. s.w w. N.W CA. N. N.E E. S.E. s. s.w w. N.W CA. Jan. 1 1 1 0 3 5 3 8 9 3 1 1 1 4 6 2 2 11 5 2 2 2 2 1 4 10 3 Feb. O 1 2 2 3 5 1 6 8 2 3 1 1 3 3 2 3 10 3 4 3 1 1 0 5 8 3 March 1 4 2 2 4 5 2 6 5 1 2 4 2 6 4 3 1 8 2 3 4 1 1 1 4 6 9 April 2 4 1 2 7 2 1 3 8 2 3 4 2 4 2 2 2 9 5 5 3 2 1 2 3 3 6 May a 3 2 3 4 4 3 4 5 2 1 7 1 4 2 5 2 7 4 4 4 2 1 2 4 5 5 June l 2 3 3 6 4 2 4 5 2 2 3 2 2 4 3 1 11 2 6 4 2 1 3 2 3 7 July l 1 2 2 5 5 3 4 8 2 2 4 4 3 3 4 3 6 2 4 5 3 1 1 5 6 4 Aug. 2 1 2 2 6 2 3 3 10 3 1 2 2 2 5 3 2 11 2 3 5 2 1 1 3 4 10 Sept. 1 1 1 1 6 4 6 4 6 3 1 1 1 3 5 2 4 10 1 2 5 2 1 2 4 6 7 Oct. 1 1 2 3 5 6 2 4 7 1 2 1 1 4 4 2 2 14 2 4 5 2 1 2 3 8 4 Nov. 1 1 1 2 5 6 3 5 6 2 1 0 1 3 3 4 2 14 2 3 4 3 1 1 4 9 3 Dec. 0 1 1 1 2 5 5 7 9 3 26 2 21 0 28 0 18 5 43 4 45 4 36 2 26 11 122 2 32 2 42 2 46 2 24 0 12 1 17 5 46 11 79 6 67 Year 14 21 20 23 56 53 34 58 86 REPORT ON ATMOSPHERIC CIRCULATION. L59 SWIFT CUBRENT. FOET EAE. IKOGMET. Moxm Lat 50° 21'- LoD"- -107° 33'- Lat. G2° 39'. Long. —115° 44'. Lat. 61° 47'. Long. — 1G1° 14'. "™u Height 2439 ft. Height 630 ft. Height 75 ft Hours 8, N. : 4, M. 2 Year.-, 1885-8G. Hour 5 : 1 Year, 1882-83. Hours 9 : 3. 2 Years, 1843, 48-50, 53-54. N. 1 *.E E. S .E. s. . i.W w. 1 •I.W CA. N. *I.E E. 5.E. s. s.w w. >J.W CA. N. N.E E. 3.E. S. s.w w. N.W CA. Jan. 1 0 2 3 4 4 6 3 8 7 0 4 4 0 0 0 7 9 1 5 2 1 1 1 2 3 15 : Feb. 1 2 2 5 7 2 5 0 4 7 1 2 2 0 0 3 8 5 3 9 3 1 1 3 1 3 4 March 1 1 5 3 3 5 9 0 4 5 0 6 7 1 0 1 5 6 4 4 3 2 0 2 4 3 9 1 April 3 1 4 2 5 5 3 0 7 5 1 8 10 1 0 0 4 1 2 6 4 1 0 1 0 4 12 May 2 2 2 5 7 4 5 0 4 5 0 7 11 2 0 1 5 0 1 5 5 1 1 3 1 1 13 June 2 3 4 3 3 3 5 3 4 6 3 7 6 2 1 1 4 0 2 2 1 3 1 4 3 3 11 July 1 0 2 5 5 3 3 2 10 4 2 C 8 3 1 2 4 1 4 8 3 0 0 4 5 4 3 Aug. 1 4 1 2 6 4 3 2 8 4 2 7 5 3 1 2 5 2 1 3 3 0 9 7 0 4 4 Sept. 0 0 1 2 10 3 5 5 4 7 3 6 6 1 0 2 5 0 1 7 6 3 1 0 1 2 9 Oct. 1 0 2 1 16 6 0 2 3 4 2 6 6 4 2 1 5 1 1 3 6 1 1 1 1 3 14 Nov. 2 2 0 0 7 7 6 4 2 5 3 3 4 2 2 1 5 5 2 5 1 2 0 1 2 2 15 Dec. 1 2 0 2 71 so ; 4 50, 8 58 3 24 4 62 6 65 1 18 3 65 3 72 2 21 1 8 1 15 6 8 2 24 4 61 3 40 2 17 1 16 3 30 1 21 2 34 13 122 Year 16 17 25 33 63 38 PORT WEANGEL. SITKA. TONGASS. Month. Lat. 50° 16'. Long. —132° 2D'. Lat. 57° 3'. Long. —135° 19'. Lat. 64° 46'. Long. —130° 30'. Heijrht 30 ft. Height 15 ft. Hours various. Height 30 ft. 3J Years, 1869-7G. Hours 7 : 2, 9. 30 Years, 1833-34, 65-G4, G7-76. 2 Years, 1868-70. Hours 7 : 2, 9. N. N.E E. S.E. s. s.w w. N.W CA. N. N.E E. S.E. s. s.w w. N.W CA. N. N.E E. S.E. s. s.w w. N.W CA. Jan. 3 9 9 2 2 0 1 4 1 5 5 6 4 2 1 2 1 5 4 9 4 6 4 1 0 0 3 Feb. 3 12 5 4 0 1 0 3 0 3 5 7 3 2 2 2 1 3 3 6 5 6 4 1 1 0 2 March 3 8 9 4 4 0 1 2 0 3 4 7 3 2 2 2 2 6 6 5 5 6 5 1 0 1 2 April 1 4 6 7 5 1 3 2 1 3 4 5 4 3 3 2 2 4 4 1 4 7 8 1 2 0 3 May 1 3 8 6 4 1 2 2 4 2 2 5 4 5 4 3 3 3 3 3 4 5 7 1 3 1 4 June 1 3 2 3 3 2 4 3 9 1 1 4 3 5 5 5 3 3 2 3 1 5 12 2 1 1 3 July 1 1 3 G 3 1 7 4 5 1 1 2 2 5 6 5 3 6 1 0 0 9 13 2 1 3 2 Aug. 0 2 3 5 5 2 5 2 7 1 1 3 3 4 5 4 3 7 1 1 1 7 16 2 1 1 1 Sept. 2 1 7 6 3 1 4 3 3 2 1 5 4 4 3 3 2 6 4 1 4 4 12 1 1 3 O Oct. 3 6 4 4 3 1 2 6 2 2 2 8 7 3 2 2 1 4 5 4 3 9 6 2 0 1 1 Nov. 4 7 4 1 5 1 1 3 4 3 4 8 5 2 2 2 1 3 4 6 6 6 5 1 0 1 1 Dec. G 7 5 4 4 1 1 2 1 4 30 5 35 8 68 4 46 2 39 1 36 2 34 2 24 3 53 ■ 7 44 3 42 4 41 6 76 5 97 1 16 0 10 3 15 2 24 Year 28 63 65 52 41 12 31 36 37 POET ALEXANDER. UNALASCHKA. ST. MICHAEL'S. Month. Lat. 58° 57'. Long. —158" 18' Lat. 53° 52'. Long. — 1GG° 31'. Lat. 63° 48'. Long. —161° 48'. Height 18 ft. Height 10 ft. Height 30 ft. Hours 7: 3, 11. 5 Months, 188G. Hour 1J : 7 Yenrs, 1825-34. Hours thrice daily. 10 Years, 1874-78, 81-86. N. N.F F.. S.E R. s.w w. N.W CA. N. N.E E. S.E s. s.w w. N.W CA. N. N.E E. S.E s. s.w w. N.W CA. Jan. 0 13 13 0 4 1 0 0 G 1 3 4 4 1 3 3 6 5 10 4 2 5 3 1 0 1 Feb. 1 7 17 0 1 0 1 1 3 1 4 3 4 2 2 3 6 6 7 2 1 4 2 1 1 4 March 0 fi 10 2 3 3 5 2 4 1 2 4 4 3 4 5 4 8 8 3 2 2 4 1 0 3 April 0 9 10 1 1 7 2 0 3 1 3 4 4 4 4 3 4 6 6 4 1 4 4 1 1 3 May 1 5 3 6 6 7 2 1 2 2 4 4 3 3 4 4 5 7 G 3 1 4 4 2 2 2 June 2 2 3 4 5 4 2 2 6 5 5 2 2 4 5 3 2 2 July 1 1 1 4 5 7 4 1 7 5 5 3 2 7 5 2 1 1 Aug. 2 1 1 3 4 4 5 3 8 5 3 3 2 7 6 2 2 1 Sept. 3 1 1 3 3 4 6 3 6 6 5 4 3 5 3 2 2 0 Oct. 2 1 1 3 3 5 4 5 7 6 7 0 3 5 2 2 1 0 Nov. 3 1 2 3 3 3 6 3 6 6 7 3 2 5 3 2 1 1 Dec. 7 38 1 14 2 27 2 41 2 44 3 43 3 47 5 40 6 71 4 j 69 8 77 4 40 2 23 4 56 4 45 1 20 0 13 4 22 Year 1 160 THE VOYAGE OF H.M.S. CHALLENGER. CAMDEN BAT. ST. PAUL, KADIAK IS. ST. PAUL IS., PItUULOFF IS. Month. Lat. 70° 8'. Long. — 145° 29'. Lat. 57° 47'. Long. —152° 20'. Lat. 57° T. Long. —170° 18'. Height 0 ft. Height 20 ft. Hours thrico daily. Height 57 ft. 1 Year, 1853-54. Hours 4, 8, N. : etc. 2} Tears, 1869-70, 72-73. 3 Tears, 1SG9-71, 73-75. Thrico daily. N. N.r E. S.E s. s.w w. N.Tl CA. N. N.E E. S.E. s. s.w w. x.w CA. N. N.E. E. S.E. s. s.w w. N.W CA. Jan. 0 0 3 1 1 2 14 3 7 7 5 1 2 0 o 4 8 1 4 6 G 3 4 2 2 3 1 Feb. 0 2 2 0 0 1 13 2 8 6 1 0 3 2 4 3 7 2 4 5 3 2 4 2 5 0 March 1 3 5 0 0 1 13 3 5 4 5 0 1 0 5 5 8 3 7 4 3 2 3 3 G 0 April 1 3 9 1 0 1 9 2 4 3 7 5 4 2 2 2 4 1 G 5 G 4 2 1 1 5 0 May 1 2 18 1 0 0 3 2 4 3 10 5 5 2 1 2 2 1 7 5 4 3 3 2 3 1 June 2 7 14 1 0 0 2 1 3 1 8 G 8 O 2 1 0 1 3 5 2 3 4 3 4 5 1 July 1 3 9 3 1 2 C 3 3 2 3 4 4 2 7 3 2 4 3 2 0 3 5 G 4 3 2 Aug. 3 6 4 3 2 4 4 2 3 6 3 7 3 7 I 2 2 0 Sept. 0 1 la 0 1 3 4 1 2 3 5 5 7 3 2 1 3 1 8 G 4 4 0 1 3 4 0 Oct. 2 8 4 1 1 2 8 3 2 6 2 2 8 2 2 5 4 0 5 3 4 1 4 1 6 G 1 Not. 0 1 7 2 1 1 12 3 3 3 2 2 6 5 4 3 4 1 5 5 4 4 2 3 O 4 0 Dec. 0 3 11 1 1 0 5 2 8 2 4 2 36 4 55 3 26 2 38 4 37 8 52 2 20 4 G2 5 54 2 48 4 36 4 42 4 31 o O 35 5 51 0 6 Year 43 '58 MELVILLE SOUND. DEALT ISLAND. PRINCESS EOTAL ISLANDS. Lat 74° 42'. Long. —101° 22'. Lat. 74° 50'. Long. —108° 48'. Lat. 72° 47'. Long. —117° 35' Height 0 ft. Height (1 ft. Height 0 ft. 1 Tear, 1853-54. 2-hourly. 1 Tear, 1852-53. Hours 3, 9 : 3, 9. 1 Tear, 1850-51. 2-hourly. N. n.e! e. !s.e. s. s.w w. N.W CA. N. N.E E. S.E. s. s.w w. N.W CA. N. N.E E. S.E. s. s.w w. N.WCA. Jan. 3 0 1 3 1 1 5 13 4 10 3 5 1 0 2 3 4 3 1 3 1 0 1 5 5 8 7 Feb. 3 1 1 1 5 0 2 13 2 14 2 4 2 1 1 0 2 2 1 4 1 0 0 10 3 4 5 March 7 3 2 4 2 1 3 8 1 10 2 5 6 1 1 1 2 3 0 9 0 1 1 n 4 3 4 April I 2 2 7 3 4 4 5 2 12 3 3 2 1 0 0 5 4 1 7 1 1 0 3 3 9 3 May 4 2 3 0 1 0 4 14 3 10 1 1 6 3 0 2 6 2 0 3 1 1 2 8 1 12 3 June 11 3 0 1 i 2 2 9 1 0 11 1 4 0 9 2 2 1 July G 1 3 4 3 4 3 3 4 1 11 1 0 2 8 4 3 1 Aug. 9 2 1 2 1 3 5 4 4 2 4 3 3 1 G 6 4 2 Sept. 4 1 3 1 S 5 4 8 1 9 1 3 o 3 1 4 4 2 2 2 3 3 1 G 3 7 3 Oct. 6 1 1 3 1 3 6 7 3 13 3 1 2 2 2 2 3 3 2 11 4 0 2 2 2 1 7 Nov. 9 1 1 1 1 1 4 8 4 10 7 6 3 1 0 1 1 1 1 10 2 2 0 5 2 1 7 Dec. 7 2 1 3 1 2 2 8 5 17 131 2 30 2 34 3 35 1 18 0 16 1 24 3 46 2 31 0 5 1 0 1 6 4 9 5 Year 11 80 19 15 13 77 39 G3 48 BEEOHET ISLAND. MERCT BAT. CAMBRIDGE BAT. Lat. 74° 43'. Long. —91° 54'. Lat. 74° 6'. Long. —117° 55'. Lat. G9° 3'. Long. —105° 12'. Height 0 ft. Height 0 ft. Height 0 It. 2 Tears, 1852-54. Hours 4, 8, N. : etc. If Tears, 1851-53. 2-hourly. IT sar, 1852-53. Hours 4, 8, N. : etc. N. N.E E. S.E. s. s.w W. N.W CA. N. N.E E. S.E. s. s.w W. N.W CA. N. N.E E. S.E. s. s.w w. N.W CA. Jan. 5 1 2 4 1 1 1 9 7 3 1 0 2 4 12 0 7 2 2 4 1 1 0 3 9 3 8 Feb. 4 1 2 6 3 0 0 6 6 4 3 0 2 3 5 0 G 5 3 4 2 2 0 1 2 8 6 March 1 1 4 7 2 0 2 8 6 4 2 0 2 5 8 0 5 5 1 5 3 6 1 0 4 5 G April 2 1 3 5 2 1 2 7 7 7 2 1 4 5 5 1 1 4 4 7 5 1 1 1 1 fi 2 May 3 1 2 3 2 1 2 11 6 5 3 0 3 1 5 1 9 4 3 3 2 5 3 1 4 7 3 Juue 4 2 2 4 2 1 4 6 5 4 4 1 2 1 6 1 9 2 7 6 1 3 1 2 4 G 0 July 2 2 4 6 3 1 2 5 G 5 1 0 1 2 2 1 15 4 3 5 2 o 2 5 7 4 1 Aug. 2 2 3 5 3 2 4 8 2 8 2 0 1 1 1 2 8 8 3 2 1 3 2 3 R 5 4 Sept. 3 3 3 4 2 2 3 7 3 8 1 0 0 2 4 5 5 5 2 1 1 2 1 2 8 10 2 Oct. 5 3 2 4 2 1 3 5 G 4 2 1 G 3 5 1 5 4 4 10 3 2 1 2 1 4 4 Nov. 4 2 2 6 4 1 0 6 5 4 2 1 3 2 4 1 fi 7 1 5 3 7 1 2 3 5 3 Dee. 4 2 2 5 1 0 1 6 10 5 CI 0 23 0 4 2 28 6 35 G G3 2 15 8 84 2 52 2 35 7 59 1 25 2 36 1 14 1 23 6 57 7 73 4 43 Year 39 21 31 59 27 11 24 84 69 REPORT ON ATMOSPHERIC CIRCULATION. 161 IGLOOLIK. WINTER ISLAND. MELVILLE ISLAND. Lat. G9° 21'. Long. —81° 53'. Lat. 66° 11'. Long. —83° 10'. Lat. 74° 47'. Long. —110° 48'. Height 0 ft. Height 0 ft. Height 0 ft. 1 Tear, 1822-23. 2-bourly. 1 Tear, 1821-22. 2-hourly. 1 Tear, 1819-20. 2-hour]y. N. N.E E. S.E. s. s.w w. N.W CA. N. N.E E. S.E. s. s.w w. N.W CA. N. N.E E. S.E. s. s.w w. N,W CA. Jan. 9 2 2 2 2 1 2 11 0 7 2 2 0 0 0 6 14 0 13 1 3 2 0 0 1 6 5 Feb. V 2 1 0 0 0 3 14 1 9 1 0 0 0 1 1 16 0 12 1 1 1 1 0 9, 7 3 March 8 1 0 0 0 2 7 13 0 7 2 1 0 0 3 5 13 0 18 1 1 1 1 0 3 5 1 April 8 0 0 1 1 2 5 13 0 5 3 3 3 1 4 3 6 2 11 1 3 2 0 0 n 5 8 May 5 3 1 6 4 3 4 6 0 7 5 1 1 0 2 4 10 1 11 1 1 1 4 0 0 8 5 June 10 2 1 1 2 3 3 8 0 4 2 4 5 1 3 3 6 2 7 1 2 3 4 1 6 4 2 July 4 2 2 11 2 0 2 5 3 5 4 2 3 5 0 2 8 2 10 2 0 <> 5 9, 3 4 3 Aug. 3 3 3 2 1 2 6 9 2 3 2 1 2 4 5 7 6 1 2 0 3 1 1 2 10 6 6 Sept. a 2 3 5 1 0 6 11 0 3 3 4 4 5 2 3 5 1 11 4 0 <> 0 5 4 5 1 Oct. 4 6 b 4 3 0 0 8 1 12 5 3 3 0 2 1 5 0 12 0 1 1 1 3 5 7 1 Nov. 4 0 1 i 1 2 8 12 1 9 5 2 1 1 2 4 6 0 18 0 0 1 0 1 1 6 3 Dec. 4 3 1 0 1 1 11 10 0 8 79 0 1 5 27 1 18 0 24 1 40 15 110 0 9 6 131 1 13 6 21 4 19 2 19 1 15 2 37 8 71 1 39 Year 68 26 20 32 18 16 57 120 8 34 24 FORT CONGEE. WOLSTENHOLM SOUND. PORT LEOPOLD. Month. Lat. 81° 20'. Long. —64° 58'. Lat. 76° 34'. Long. —68° 45'. Lat. 73° 50'. Long. —90° 12'. Height 24 ft. Height 0 ft. Height 0 ft. 2 Years, 1881-83. Hour 8: 1 Tear, 1849-50. Hours 4, 8, N. : etc. 1 Tear, 1848-49. 2-hourly. N. N.E E. S.E. s. s.w w. N.W CA. N. N.E E. S.E. S. s.w w. N.W CA. N. N.E E. S.E. s. s.w w. N.W CA. Jan. 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 29 1 2 6 5 3 2 1 1 10 9 1 0 4 5 0 1 9 2 Feb. 0 3 3 0 1 0 0 1 •20 2 2 6 3 2 4 1 1 7 7 1 0 4 4 1 1 8 9, March 1 4 5 2 2 1 1 1 14 1 2 10 3 3 4 3 0 5 7 2 3 4 7 0 0 5 3 April 3 5 8 6 1 0 0 1 6 2 2 8 1 1 4 2 2 8 10 4 1 3 4 0 0 6 2 May 3 5 7 4 4 2 2 2 2 0 2 6 1 3 6 5 2 6 7 3 3 4 5 0 1 5 3 June 1 2 3 4 7 6 4 2 1 6 2 6 1 3 4 1 2 5 7 3 5 5 4 1 0 4 1 July 0 1 1 5 6 11 6 1 0 6 2 4 1 1 3 2 8 4 11 3 1 2 1 0 1 11 1 Aug. 2 0 2 9 2 12 1 2 1 2 3 9 10 2 1 1 2 1 7 1 2 5 4 2 2 6 2 Sept. 5 7 6 2 2 2 0 1 0 2 4 7 8 2 1 2 2 2 4 12 4 2 1 2 1 2 2 Oct. 2 4 5 3 0 1 1 0 15 1 2 3 4 4 6 2 2 7 7 2 3 4 2 1 2 8 2 Nov. 1 3 G 2 0 1 0 0 17 1 1 4 2 2 2 1 1 16 10 2 0 2 3 0 0 12 1 Dec. 1 1 4 1 0 0 0 0 24 3 27 2 5 5 44 3 29 2 39 1 22 1 24 9 80 8 94 3 37 0 22 3 6 1 1 10 7 83 2 23 Year 19 36 50 38 26 36 15 11 134 26 74 42 46 POET BOWEN. WALKER BAT. FORT SIMPSON. Lat. 73° 13'. Long. —88° 55' Lat. 71° 35'. Long. —117° 39'. Lat. 62° 7'. Long. —121° 33'. Height 0 ft. Height 0 ft. Height 400 ft. 1 Tear, 1824-25. 2 -hourly. 1 Tear, 1851-52. 2-hourly. 9 Months, 1849-50-51. Hours various. N. N.E E. S.E. s. s.w w. N.W CA. N. N.E E. S.E. S. s.w w. N.W CA N. N.E E. S.E. s. s.w w. N.W CA. Jan. 3 2 14 6 0 0 0 3 3 2 4 3 2 1 1 2 4 12 1 0 2 3 1 0 7 9 8 Feb. 3 3 15 3 0 0 1 2 1 2 3 3 1 1 1 3 4 10 1 0 4 5 1 1 3 5 8 March 1 0 18 0 0 2 2 7 1 1 4 3 1 1 0 2 3 16 2 0 3 4 1 0 3 7 11 April 2 0 12 8 0 0 4 3 1 1 10 7 1 1 1 1 2 6 2 1 6 5 1 0 2 4 9 May 3 2 8 3 2 2 2 8 1 3 8 5 1 1 0 2 1 10 4 1 4 5 1 1 2 4 9 June 1 1 10 5 2 4 3 4 0 2 2 2 3 1 2 5 5 8 3 0 3 2 4 2 2 5 9 July 4 1 0 5 2 3 12 4 0 3 3 1 1 1 1 C 5 10 Aug. 7 10 1 0 1 4 1 7 0 3 3 5 3 1 2 4 3 7 Sept. 2 •> 3 9 0 4 6 4 0 9 5 6 1 1 0 1 3 4 Oct. 3 4 7 9 1 1 2 4 0 6 9 7 1 1 1 1 1 4 2 0 3 6 1 1 5 5 8 Nov. 2 0 6 10 0 2 2 5 3 1 5 10 3 0 0 0 1 10 ' 1 1 2 6 2 1 5 3 9 Dec. 5 1 9 103 10 68 0 8 2 24 0 35 2 53 2 12 3 36 3 59 4 56 2 20 3 13 2 11 1 28 4 36 9 106 I 1 0 3 4 2 1 5 4 11 Year 36 26 (PHYS. CHEM. CHALL. EXP. PART V. 1888.) 27 162 THE VOYAGE OF H.M.S. CHALLENGER. POINT LEPKEAUX. ANTICOSTI. NEWFOUNDLAND. Lat. 45° 4'. Long. -66° 28'. Lat. 49° 24'. Long. —63° 36'. Lat. 47° 35'. Long. -52° 42'. Height 46 ft. Height 20 ft. Hours thrice daily. Height 13 ft. Hours 9 : 3. 6 Years, 1874-78, 80. Hours 7 : 2, 9. 8 Years, 1872-78, 80. 15 Years, 1853-62, 66, 70. N. N.F K. S.E. s. s.w w. N.W CA. N. N.E E. S.E. s. s.w w. N.W CA. N. N.E E. S.E. S. s.w w. N.W CA. Jan. 3 5 1 3 2 3 2 12 2 1 4 2 1 1 1 19 4 2 1 1 2 4 9 6 2 Feb. 3 4 2 2 2 3 2 10 . . . 3 1 1 4 2 1 1 15 o 2 1 2 2 5 8 4 1 March 3 fl 2 8 2 4 2 10 2 2 6 2 1 1 1 16 5 2 1 2 3 7 7 3 1 April May 8 6 5 3 2 6 1 4 ... 3 3 6 4 0 1 1 12 ... 5 2 1 3 3 5 7 3 1 2 6 4 5 2 6 2 4 ... 2 3 7 4 1 0 1 13 4 4 3 3 4 3 7 2 1 June 0 2 4 5 3 10 2 4 2 1 10 5 1 0 1 10 3 3 1 4 3 7 6 2 1 July 1 3 3 4 5 8 2 5 1 1 5 8 2 1 1 12 2 3 1 3 2 9 9 2 0 Aug. 1 3 4 5 3 6 2 7 2 2 7 4 1 1 2 12 3 2 2 3 3 7 8 2 1 Sept. 2 3 4 4 2 7 2 6 1 1 8 3 1 2 3 11 3 3 2 2 3 5 7 5 0 Oct. 3 4 2 7 2 4 2 7 2 1 5 4 2 1 1 15 4 3 1 2 3 6 7 4 1 Nov. 4 6 0 3 1 4 2 10 3 2 3 3 2 2 2 13 5 3 2 1 2 6 6 4 1 Dec. 4 5 0 3 1 3 2 13 ... 3 26 1 19 1 63 2 45 3 17 2 13 1 16 18 166 4 45 2 31 1 17 2 28 2 32 5 69 9 90 5 42 1 11 Year 29 52 31 47 27 64 23 92 NORWAY HOUSE. YORK FACTORY. FORT CHURCHILL. Month. Lat. 53° 43'. Long. —98° SO'. Lat. 57° 2'. Long. —92° 26'. Lat. 58° 44'. Long. -94° 22'. Height (?) ft. Height 55 ft. Height (?) ft. 7 Years, 1841-47. Hour (?) 6 Years, 1843-48. Hours 9 : 3, 9. 3 Years, 1811-13. Hours 8, N. : 8. N. N.E E. S.E. s. s.w w. N.W CA. N. N.E E. S.E. s. s.w w. N.W CA. N. N.E E. S.E. s. s.w w. N.W CA. Jan. 3 4 1 3 4 3 3 7 3 6 1 2 1 6 5 2 3 5 1 0 0 1 1 2 8 17 1 Feb. 5 5 1 2 5 2 1 4 3 6 1 2 1 4 1 2 4 7 1 0 0 1 2 1 11 11 1 March 8 4 1 2 6 2 1 4 o 10 2 1 1 4 2 1 2 8 2 1 1 1 1 1 13 10 1 April 4 7 1 2 6 2 0 5 3 6 4 3 1 4 1 1 1 9 3 2 3 2 3 1 6 9 1 May 4 6 1 1 9 2 0 3 5 7 6 2 1 3 0 0 2 10 5 4 5 2 4 1 3 5 2 June 4 4 1 1 8 3 0 2 7 3 6 4 1 4 0 1 1 10 6 6 3 2 3 1 2 6 1 July 5 3 1 1 8 2 1 5 5 3 6 6 1 4 0 0 1 10 5 7 6 5 2 0 3 3 0 Aug. 3 2 1 1 7 3 2 7 5 3 5 4 1 3 1 1 1 12 5 3 4 2 4 3 3 4 3 Sept. 5 2 0 o 5 2 3 6 4 4 2 2 1 5 0 2 3 11 5 2 3 2 2 2 6 7 1 Oct. 7 3 2 2 4 2 1 7 3 6 1 3 1 6 1 2 4 7 3 2 1 2 1 1 s 13 0 Nov. 7 3 2 2 6 1 2 4 3 4 1 3 1 8 3 4 3 3 4 1 2 2 2 2 5 11 1 Dec. 4 4 1 2 7 2 2 5 4 3 1 36 4 36 1 12 9 60 4 18 5 21 2 27 2 94 2 42 1 29 3 31 3 25 4 29 1 16 5 73 10 106 2 14 Year 59 47 13 22 75 26 16 59 48 61 RED RIVER SETTLEMENT. PORTLAND, ME. BRUNSWICK, MAINE. Lat. 50° 6'. Long. —97° 0'. Lat. 43° 39'. Long. —70° 15'. Lat. 43° 53'. Long. —69° 55. Height 853 ft. Height 45 ft. Height (?) ft. Hours a.m., N. : p.m. 4 Years, 1855-59. Hours 7 : 2, 9. 12 Years, 1873-84. Hours 7 : 3, 11.* 50 Years, 1809-59. N. N.E E. S.E. s. s.w w. N.W CA. N. N.E E. S.E. s. s.w w. N.W CA. N. N.E E. S.E. s. s.w w. N.W CA. Jan. 6 1 1 0 10 4 3 3 3 7 2 0 1 1 4 6 7 3 2 7 1 1 1 6 2 11 ... Feb. 4 0 ■> 0 5 2 4 5 6 4 2 1 1 2 4 5 7 2 2 5 1 1 0 6 2 11 ... March 8 0 1 1 11 1 1 3 5 5 3 1 2 3 4 4 7 2 1 4 1 2- 1 8 2 12 ... April 8 2 1 2 8 1 1 3 4 4 4 2 2 3 3 4 6 2 1 4 1 3 1 9 1 10 ... May 7 1 1 1 11 3 1 2 4 3 3 3 3 6 4 3 4 2 1 4 2 4 1 11 1 7 ... June 7 2 1 1 7 2 2 3 5 2 2 2 4 6 5 4 3 2 1 2 1 4 1 12 1 8 July 5 1 2 1 10 3 3 2 4 1 2 2 3 6 7 4 4 2 1 2 1 2 2 14 2 7 ... Aug. 5 1 2 1 7 3 4 3 5 3 2 2 3 5 6 3 4 3 1 2 1 3 1 14 2 7 ... Sept. 8 0 1 3 8 3 4 2 1 3 3 2 3 5 5 3 3 3 1 3 1 2 1 12 1 9 ... Oct. 6 1 1 1 11 3 4 3 1 5 2 2 2 3 5 5 5 2 1 4 1 2 1 9 2 11 ... Nov. 4 1 1 1 8 4 3 5 3 5 2 1 1 2 5 5 6 3 2 3 1 2 1 7 2 12 ... Dec. 6 1 1 1 9 3 3 2 5 5 47 2 29 1 19 1 26 1 43 5 57 7 53 6 62 3 29 2 16 7 47 1 13 1 27 0 11 6 114 2 20 12 117 Year 74 11 15 13 105 32 33 36 46 * Washington Mean Time. REPORT ON ATMOSPHERIC CIRCULATION. 163 NEW BEDFORD, MASS. MOUNT WASHINGTON, N.H. NEW YORK CITY, N.Y. Lat. 41° 39'. Long. —70° 56'. Lat. 44" 16'. Long. —71° 18'. Lat. 40° 43'. Long. —74° 0'. Height 90 ft. Height 6279 ft. Height 164 ft. 16 Years, 1818-33. Hours (?) 12 Years, 1873-84. Hours7: 3, 11.* 12 Years, 1873-84. Hours 7 : 3, 11.* N. N.E E. S.E. s. s.w w. N.W CA . N. N.E E. S.E. S. s.w w. N.W CA. N. N.E E. S.E. s. s.w w. N.W CA. Jan. 2 3 3 2 2 5 ^ 12 2 1 0 1 1 3 4 19 0 2 ft 1 1 2 4 8 7 1 Feb. 2 2 2 2 2 5 3 10 1 2 0 1 0 2 4 18 0 2 4 1 1 2 4 6 7 1 March 2 3 3 3 2 <; 3 9 mt 2 1 1 2 1 2 4 17 1 2 4 2 2 2 4 6 8 1 April 1 4 4 3 2 7 :; 6 3 3 1 1 1 2 4 14 1 2 5 2 3 2 3 5 7 1 May 1 3 2 4 3 9 4 5 2 2 1 1 2 2 4 lfi 1 2 4 2 4 4 5 4 5 1 June 1 2 2 3 3 10 5 4 2 1 1 1 2 3 4 15 1 1 3 2 4 5 6 3 5 1 July 1 2 2 3 3 11 5 4 2 1 1 1 1 2 4 18 1 2 3 1 3 5 7 4 ft 1 Aug. 1 3 3 3 3 9 5 4 2 2 1 1 1 2 3 18 1 2 5 2 3 4 7 3 4 1 Sept. 1 3 3 3 3 8 4 5 2 2 1 1 1 9 3 17 1 3 5 3 3 3 5 3 4 1 Oct. 2 3 3 2 2 8 4 7 2 1 1 1 1 3 4 17 1 2 4 2 2 3 6 5 6 1 Nov. 2 2 3 2 2 6 3 10 .. 2 1 1 2 1 2 4 17 0 2 3 1 2 2 0 7 7 1 Dec. 2 3 2 2 2 6 3 11 87 2 24 1 18 1 10 1 14 1 13 2 27 4 46 19 205 0 8 2 24 4 49 1 20 1 29 2 36 5 61 8 62 7 72 1 12 Year 18 33 32 32 29 90 44 WASHINGTON, D.C. ERIE, PA. NORFOLK, VA. Lat. 38° 54'. Long. —77° 2'. Lat. 42° 7'. Long. —80° 05'. Lat. 36° 51'. Long. —76° 17'. Height 106 ft. Height 681 ft. Height 30 ft. 12 Tears, 1873-84. Hours 7:3,11.* 12 Years, 1873-84. Hours 7 : 3, 11.* 13 Years, 1872-84. Hours 7: 3, 11.* N. N.E E. S.E. s. s.w w. N.W CA . N. N.E E. S.E. s. s.w w. N.W CA. N. N.E E. S.E. s. s.w w. N.W CA. Jan. 4 4 2 1 6 2 2 8 3 1 3 1 2 7 8 5 3 1 6 5 2 2 4 4 3 4 1 Feb. 3 3 1 1 5 2 2 8 3 1 3 1 2 6 5 5 3 2 5 5 2 2 4 4 2 3 1 March 4 3 2 2 5 1 3 9 2 2 4 1 2 ft 5 G 4 2 4 4 3 3 5 4 3 4 1 April 3 4 2 2 5 2 9 9 1 2 6 1 2 4 4 6 3 2 4 5 3 3 4 5 2 3 1 May 4 3 2 2 8 2 2 fi 2 1 fi 1 2 5 5 G 3 2 .". fi 3 4 5 6 1 2 1 June 3 2 2 2 7 4 3 5 2 2 4 1 3 6 5 5 2 2 2 3 3 3 6 8 2 2 1 July 4 2 1 2 7 4 3 ft 3 2 4 1 2 5 6 6 3 2 3 3 2 4 6 9 2 1 1 Aug. 4 4 2 2 6 3 2 4 4 3 3 2 4 7 3 5 2 2 9 0 3 4 5 7 1 9 2 Sept. 4 4 2 1 fi 2 2 ft 4 3 4 2 3 8 3 3 3 1 4 fi 4 4 3 4 1 2 2 Oct. 4 3 1 1 7 2 3 g 4 2 3 1 3 9 4 4 4 1 5 6 2 3 5 4 1 :; 2 Nov. 3 3 2 1 fi 2 3 7 3 2 2 1 2 8 6 4 4 1 G 5 2 2 4 5 2 3 1 Dec. 4 3 1 1 6 2 3 8 3 2 2 44 1 14 2 29 7 77 8 62 4 59 4 38 1 19 5 49 5 58 2 31 1 35 3 54 fi 66 3 23 4 33 2 16 Year 44 38 20 18 73 28 30 80 34 23 CAPE HATTEKAS, N.C. CHARLESTON, S.C. AUGUSTA, GA. Month. Lat. 35° 14'. Long. —75° 30'. Lat. 32° 49'. Long. —79° 56'. Lat. 33° 28'. Long. —81° 54'. Height 8 ft. Height 52 ft. Height 183 ft. 11 Years, 1874-84. Hours 7 : 3, 11." • 12 Years, 1873-84. Hours 7: 3, 11.* 12 Years, 1873-84. Hours 7 : 3, 11.* N. N.E F, S.E. s. s.w w. N.W CA . N. N.E E. S.E. S. s.w w. N.W CA. N. N.E E. S.E. s. s.w w. N.W CA. Jan. 3 11 1 2 1 ft 3 4 1 5 5 4 1 3 5 4 3 1 2 4 1 2 2 2 3 5 HI Feb. 2 11 1 2 2 4 3 2 1 4 5 3 1 2 G 3 3 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 4 5 7 March 3 11 2 2 2 ft 3 2 1 3 3 4 2 3 8 5 2 1 2 2 1 3 4 3 4 ft V April 2 10 2 3 3 6 2 2 0 2 3 3 2 4 9 3 3 1 1 3 1 3 4 4 4 4 fi May 2 10 2 3 3 7 2 1 1 2 4 6 3 4 7 2 2 1 2 4 3 ft 3 2 2 4 fi June 0 7 2 4 3 10 2 1 1 1 3 4 3 5 10 3 1 0 1 3 2 4 G 4 2 3 0 July 1 fi 2 3 4 11 2 1 1 1 n 4 2 6 10 3 1 1 1 3 2 6 5 o o 2 2 7 Aug. 9 8 2 3 4 8 2 1 1 2 4 4 3 5 8 3 1 1 2 4 3 3 3 2 2 3 8 Sept. 2 13 2 3 2 4 2 1 1 4 7 5 4 3 3 2 1 1 3 G 3 3 2 1 1 2 9 Oct, 4 13 2 2 1 4 2 2 1 7 8 4 2 2 3 2 2 1 2 5 2 2 2 1 2 4 11 Nov. 5 10 1 2 1 4 3 3 1 6 6 3 1 2 4 4 3 1 3 4 2 2 1 9 3 ft 9 Dec. 5 9 1 1 2 4 4 4 1 4 5 56 3 47 1 25 3 42 0 78 5 39 3 25 2 12 2 23 4 44 1 23 1 36 2 36 4 30 2 31 b 47 10 95 Year 31 119 20 30 28 72 30 24 11 41 * Washington Mean Time. 164 THE VOYAGE OF H.M.S. CHALLENGER. JACKSONVILLE, FLA. PUNTA RASSA, FLA. KEY WEST, FLA. Month. Lat. 30° 20\ Loner. — SI" 39'. Lat. 26° 29'. Lons. —82° 1'. Lat. 24° 34'. Long. —81° 49'. Height 43 ft. Height 14 ft. Height 20 ft. 12 Years, 1873-84. Hours 7: 3, 11.* 12 Years, 1873-84. Hours 7 : 3, 1.* 12 Years, 1873-84. Hours 7 : 3, 11.* In N.F K. S.F. s. s.w w. N.W CA. N. N.E E. S.E. s. s.w w. s.w CA. N. N.E E. S.E. s. s.w w. N.W CA. Jan. 4 7 1 2 3 4 3 4 3 4 8 5 3 4 2 1 3 1 3 11 8 3 2 1 1 1 1 Feb. :: r, 2 2 3 4 2 3 3 3 6 5 3 4 2 2 3 0 5 6 8 4 1 1 1 1 1 March 1 fi 2 3 4 7 4 3 2 3 5 5 3 5 3 3 4 0 4 6 8 6 2 1 1 2 1 April I s 2 5 4 6 3 3 1 2 4 5 Q 5 4 3 4 0 4 3 7 8 2 2 1 2 1 May 1 8 5 4 3 4 2 2 2 2 6 7 2 3 4 4 0 0 3 5 10 5 2 2 1 2 1 June 0 5 4 5 0 8 1 1 1 1 4 8 3 3 4 4 2 1 1 2 11 8 3 2 1 1 1 July 1 5 3 5 5 8 1 1 2 1 5 9 3 2 ft 4 1 1 1 2 12 8 2 9 1 1 2 Aug. 1 7 4 5 4 6 1 1 2 9 6 8 2 3 4 3 2 1 2 o 10 6 3 2 1 2 2 Sept. 2 10 6 3 2 3 1 1 2 1 9 9 2 2 3 o 1 0 1 6 11 5 2 2 1 1 1 Oct. 5 11 3 2 1 2 1 4 2 4 13 5 2 2 2 1 9 0 3 12 8 2 1 1 1 2 1 Nov. 5 7 2 2 2 3 2 5 2 5 9 5 1 2 2 2 3 1 5 12 7 3 1 1 0 1 0 Dec. 5 6 82 1 35 2 40 2 38 4 59 4 25 4 32 3 25 5 9 5 76 8 30 3 38 1 36 2 32 o 31 0 ft 5 37 12 80 6 106 3 61 1 22 1 18 1 11 1 17 1 13 Year 29 33 84 MOBILE, ALA. MEMPHIS, TENN. CINCINNATI, OHIO. Lat. 30° 41'. Long. —88° 2'. Lat. 35° 9'. Long. —90° 3'. Lat. 39° C. Long. —84° 30'. Height 41 ft. Height 321 ft. Height G2I) ft. 12 Years, 1873-84. Hours 7 : 3, 11.* 12 Years, 1873-84. Hours 7 : 3, 11.* 12 Years, 1873-84. Hours 7: 3, 11.* N. N.E E. S.E. s. s.w w. N.W CA. N. N.E E. S.E. s. s.w w. N.W CA. N. N.E E. S.E. s. s.w w. s.w CA. Jan. Ill 3 1 2 8 1 1 3 2 3 4 2 5 3 4 2 ft 3 2 2 3 5 4 5 5 5 0 Feb. 9 2 1 2 6 2 1 2 3 3 4 2 4 3 3 2 4 3 3 3 2 4 3 4 4 5 0 March 6 3 1 3 8 3 1 3 3 2 5 1 5 3 4 3 5 3 4 3 3 5 3 3 4 6 0 April 6 2 1 3 10 3 1 3 1 2 3 2 5 3 5 3 5 2 4 4 o 3 3 4 3 5 1 May 6 3 1 4 Hi 3 1 2 1 1 4 2 6 4 4 3 4 3 3 4 3 5 4 3 3 4 2 June 4 2 2 2 9 5 8 2 1 1 3 1 5 5 6 3 3 3 2 3 3 5 4 6 3 3 1 July 4 2 2 3 8 5 3 2 2 3 3 1 3 4 7 3 4 3 3 4 3 4 4 5 4 3 1 Aug. 5 3 2 3 7 4 2 3 2 3 5 1 3 2 4 2 6 5 4 4 4 5 3 3 3 3 2 Sept. 9 5 3 3 ft 1 1 2 1 4 5 1 3 2 3 2 5 5 4 4 2 5 4 3 3 4 1 Oct. 11 4 2 3 5 1 1 2 2 ■■> 3 2 4 3 4 2 5 5 ;> 3 2 6 4 4 3 4 2 Nov. 10 3 2 o 4 2 1 3 2 3 4 1 5 4 3 3 5 2 2 3 3 5 4 4 4 4 1 Dec. 10 3 2 2 6 1 1 3 3 3 31 4 47 18 4 52 3 39 3 3 6 57 3 40 o 37 3 40 3 34 4 56 3 43 5 49 4 43 5 51 1 12 Year 90 35 20 38 86 31 17 30 23 50 31 MAEIETTA, OHIO. ALPENA, MICH. ST. LOUIS, MO. Lat 39° 25'. LoDg. —81° 29'. Lat. 45° 5'. Long. —83° 30'. Lat. 38° 38'. Long. —90° 12'. Height (?) ft. 22 Years. 1829-50. Height C09 ft. Height 571 ft. Mean of Day Observations. 12 Years, 1873-84. Hours 7 : 3, 11." 13 Years, 1872-84. Hours 7 : 3, 11.* N. N.E E. S.E. s. s.w w. s.w CA. N. S.E E. S E. s. s.w w. s.w CA. N. N.E E. S.E. s. s.w w. N.W CA. Jan. 6 1 1 2 5 7 6 3 1 1 1 3 4 5 8 6 2 4 2 2 3 7 3 4 5 1 Feb. 6 1 1 2 3 6 5 4 2 2 2 3 2 3 7 5 2 4 3 2 3 5 2 3 5 1 March 7 1 1 2 4 7 5 4 2 2 2 5 2 9 5 9 2 6 3 3 4 5 2 3 5 0 April 7 1 2 2 5 6 4 3 ... 3 2 4 5 1 1 4 8 2 4 3 2 5 5 3 3 4 1 May 7 1 1 3 6 6 4 3 ... 2 2 4 7 2 2 3 7 2 4 3 4 4 8 2 2 3 1 June 6 1 1 2 6 8 4 2 2 1 4 7 2 2 4 6 2 3 2 2 4 8 4 3 3 1 July 7 1 2 2 6 8 3 2 '> 1 2 6 3 3 6 6 9 4 3 2 3 8 4 3 3 1 Auj*. 8 1 2 5 7 5 2 1 2 2 3 6 2 2 ft 7 2 5 3 3 4 7 3 2 3 1 Sept. 7 1 2 3 7 5 3 2 9 1 3 ft 3 o ft 6 2 5 3 2 4 9 2 1 3 1 Oct. 8 1 2 2 C 6 4 2 2 2 2 ft 3 4 6 6 1 5 2 9 3 8 3 3 4 1 Nov. 4 1 2 2 4 8 6 3 1 1 1 3 3 6 8 ft 2 4 2 1 3 7 3 4 5 1 Dec. 5 1 2 2 5 6 6 4 2 23 1 18 1 29 2 57 3 30 G 39 8 69 7 78 1 22 4 52 2 31 2 27 4 44 6 83 3 34 4 35 5 48 1 11 Year 78 12 19 29 64 78 52 33 Washington Mean Time REPORT ON ATMOSPHERIC CIRCULATION. 165 MARQUETTE, MICH. DULUTH, MINN. BISMAKCK, DAK. Month. Lat. 46° 34'. Long. —87° 24'. Lat. 40° 48'. Long. -92° 6'. Lat. 46° 47'. Long. -100° 36'. Height 673ft. Height 672 ft. Height 1694 ft. 12 Tears, 1873-84. Hours 7: 3, 11.' 12 Tears, 1873-84. Hours 7: 3, 11.* 11 Years, 1874-84. Hours 7: 3, 11.* N. N.E E. S.E. s. s.w w. N.W CA. N. N.E E. S.E. s. S.W w. N.W CA. :.'. N.E E. S.E. s. S.W w. N.W CA. Jan. 1 1 1 2 4 5 9 6 2 2 4 1 0 1 10 5 5 3 3 2 t 3 2 1 2 10 4 Feb. 3 2 1 2 3 3 6 7 1 1 7 0 0 1 7 4 4 4 4 3 3 3 2 1 2 8 2 March 4 2 2 3 2 2 4 10 2 2 10 0 0 1 5 3 6 4 4 3 4 4 2 2 2 8 2 April 4 3 2 3 2 2 3 9 2 2 14 1 0 0 3 2 4 4 5 4 5 3 2 2 2 6 1 May 3 3 3 3 2 3 2 9 3 1 16 1 0 0 3 2 3 5 4 4 5 5 3 2 2 5 1 June 3 2 3 4 3 2 3 5 5 1 14 1 0 0 :; 3 3 5 3 3 5 5 3 1 3 6 1 July 3 2 3 2 2 4 5 7 3 2 10 1 1 0 4 4 5 4 3 3 4 5 4 2 3 5 2 Aug. 3 3 2 3 3 4 4 6 3 2 12 1 0 0 4 3 5 4 4 3 5 4 3 1 3 5 3 Sept. 2 2 2 3 4 4 6 5 2 2 7 1 1 1 5 :; 6 4 4 3 4 3 3 1 3 6 3 Oct. 3 2 1 3 4 4 7 5 2 3 6 1 2 1 <; 4 5 3 4 3 4 3 3 1 3 7 3 Nov. 2 1 1 3 4 5 8 5 1 3 3 1 1 1 7 5 6 3 4 2 2 3 3 2 2 9 3 Dec. 1 1 1 3 4 4 9 6 2 -' 2 2 0 1 10 4 7 3 3 |45 2 35 3 48 3 44 2 32 1 17 3 30 10 85 4 29 Year 32 24 22 :;i 37 42 66 80 28 23 105 11 5 7 67 42 59 46 FOET BENTON, MONT. SAINT PAUL, MINN. CHICAGO, ILL. Month. Lat. 47° 50'. Long —110° 40'. Lat. 44° 58'. Long. -93° 3'. Lat. 41° 52'. Long. —87° 38'. Height 2700 ft. Height 801 ft. Height 661 ft. 7 Tears,1873-76, 80-82. Hours 7: 3,11.* 12 Tear?, 1873-84. Hours 7: 3, 11.* 12 Tears. 1873-84. Hours 7 : 3, 11.* N. N.E E. S.E. s. s.w w. N.W CA. N. N.E E. S.E. s. s.w w. N.W CA. N. N.E E. S.E. s. S.W w. N.W CA. Jan. 2 4 1 1 0 7 5 2 9 2 1 2 6 3 4 4 6 3 2 2 1 2 4 8 7 4 1 Feb. 2 3 1 0 1 9 3 1 8 3 1 2 5 2 4 4 5 2 2 3 2 2 4 7 5 3 0 March 2 4 2 1 0 7 5 2 8 3 2 2 6 2 3 4 7 2 4 4 3 2 4 5 4 4 1 April 3 3 0 1 1 7 4 2 c 5 2 3 4 2 2 4 6 2 5 5 4 2 3 5 3 2 1 May 2 2 4 2 2 5 5 3 6 5 3 3 7 3 2 2 4 2 5 5 4 4 4 5 2 1 1 June 2 2 3 2 2 6 5 2 6 3 1 3 6 4 3 3 5 2 5 4 3 3 3 7 3 1 1 July 2 3 3 1 1 5 6 2 8 3 1 2 7 4 3 3 5 3 4 6 3 3 3 7 2 2 1 Aug. 2 3 5 1 1 5 4 3 7 3 2 3 7 4 2 3 5 2 3 (i 3 4 4 6 2 2 1 Sept. 2 2 3 1 1 5 4 3 9 3 1 2 7 4 3 2 6 2 3 4 2 3 4 8 2 3 1 Oct. 2 3 1 1 1 7 4 2 10 3 1 2 7 4 3 3 6 2 :; 3 2 2 6 7 3 4 1 Nov. 2 2 1 0 1 9 4 2 9 2 1 2 6 2 3 4 8 2 2 2 1 3 5 7 6 4 0 Dec. 1 2 1 0 1 11 4 1 10 2 1 2 5 3 4 4 7 70 3 27 2 1 1 3 4 7 7 5 1 Year 24 33 28 li 12 83 53 25 96 37 17 28J73 37 36 40 |40 45 29 33 48 79 46 35 10 SALT LAKE CITY, UTAH. PIKE'S PEAK, COLO.* CHETENNE, WTO. Month. Lat. 40° 46'. Long. —111° 54'. Lat. 38° 50'. Long. —105° 2 '. Lat. 41° 8'. Long. —104° 48'. Height 4348 ft. Height 14,134 ft. Height 6105 ft. 11 Tears, 1874-84. Hours 7 : 3, 11.* 11 Tears, 1874-84. Hours 7 : 3, 11.* 12 Tears, 1873-84. Hours 7 : 3, 11.* N. N.E E. S.E. s. s.w w. N.W CA. N. N.E E. S.E. s. s.w w. N.W CA. N. N.E E. S.E. s. S.W w. N.W CA. Jan. 1 1 2 6 3 2 2 6 8 3 2 0 0 1 9 8 7 1 3 1 1 1 2 4 9 9 1 Feb. 1 1 1 6 ei 1 2 5 9 3 1 1 0 1 7 8 6 1 2 1 1 1 2 3 9 8 1 March 4 2 2 6 2 2 1 6 6 2 2 0 0 1 11 7 7 1 4 2 1 1 3 3 7 9 1 April 3 3 2 5 2 1 1 7 6 3 2 0 1 1 11 5 7 0 5 1 1 2 3 2 6 9 1 May 3 3 2 5 1 2 2 8 5 2 2 0 1 2 13 6 4 1 4 2 2 3 5 3 4 6 2 June 4 3 3 5 1 1 1 7 5 2 2 0 1 2 13 6 4 0 4 2 1 3 5 3 5 6 1 July 5 1 2 6 2 1 1 7 6 3 5 1 1 2 9 5 4 1 3 2 2 3 6 4 4 6 1 Aug. 3 4 2 6 2 1 1 6 6 3 5 1 1 3 9 4 4 1 3 2 2 3 6 3 5 6 1 Sept. 2 3 2 6 2 1 1 7 6 3 3 0 1 1 11 5 5 1 4 1 1 2 4 4 6 7 1 Oct. 2 3 3 5 2 1 1 7 7 4 2 1 0 1 10 7 5 1 3 1 1 1 3 3 8 9 2 Nov. 2 1 2 4 2 2 2 6 9 3 4 0 1 1 7 7 6 1 4 1 0 0 2 4 9 9 1 Dec. 2 1 2 4 2 1 3 6 10 4 35 3 33 1 5 1 8 1 17 6 116 7 75 7 66 1 10 4 1 0 1 2 4 8 10 1 Year 1 32 i'i; 25 64 2." 16 18 78 83 43 17 13 21 43 40 80 94 14 Washington Mean Time. 166 THE VOYAGE OF H.M.S. CHALLENGER. YANKTON, DAK. OMAHA, NEBR. LEAVENWORTH, KANS. Month. Lat. 42° 54'. Long. -97° 28'. Lat. 41° 16'. Long. -95° 56'. Lat. 39° 19'. Long. —94° 57'. Height 1228 ft. Height 1113 ft. Height 842 ft. 12 Tears, 1873-84. Hours 7 : 3, 11.* 12 years, 1873-84. Hours 7: 3, 11.* 12 Years, 1873-84. Hours 7: 3, 11.* N. N.K E. S.E. s. s.w w. N.W CA. N. N.E E. S.E. s. s.w w. N.W CA. N. N.E E. S.E. s. s.w w. N.W CA. Jan. 3 2 2 2 2 4 3 9 3 6 1 1 2 7 3 2 7 2 7 1 1 2 9 1 1 6 3 Feb. 4 2 2 3 2 3 3 7 2 6 1 1 3 5 2 2 6 2 6 2 1 2 7 1 1 6 2 March 4 3 3 5 2 2 3 7 2 8 2 1 4 4 2 1 7 2 7 2 2 4 6 1 1 7 1 April 4 4 3 4 2 3 3 6 1 7 3 2 5 3 2 1 5 2 6 3 2 4 6 1 1 5 2 May- 4 3 3 0 5 3 2 5 1 5 2 3 7 6 2 1 3 2 4 2 2 6 9 1 1 O 3 June 2 3 2 5 5 3 3 5 2 4 1 2 6 6 2 2 4 3 4 1 2 4 10 2 0 3 4 July 2 3 3 5 6 3 2 4 3 5 2 1 5 9 3 1 3 2 5 2 2 3 11 2 1 1 4 Aug. 3 3 4 5 5 3 2 3 3 5 2 1 6 9 2 1 2 3 6 1 1 4 9 2 1 2 5 Sept. 3 3 3 4 4 3 2 6 3 6 1 1 5 8 2 1 4 2 5 1 1 4 10 1 0 3 5 Oct. 3 3 2 3 4 3 3 8 2 5 1 1 4 7 2 2 6 3 5 1 1 4 9 1 1 4 5 Nov. 3 3 2 3 2 3 3 9 2 6 1 1 2 7 2 2 7 2 6 1 1 2 8 2 1 6 3 Dec. 3 2 2 2 2 4 3 10 3 6 1 1 3 5 3 2 7 3 6 67 1 18 1 17 3 42 7 101 1 16 1 10 7 53 4 41 Year 38 34 31 46 41 37 32 79 27 69 18 16 52 76 27 18 61 28 DODGE CITY, KANS. SANTA FE, MEX. SHREVEPORT, LA. Lat. 37° 45'. Long. —100° 0'. Lat. 35° 41'. Long. —105° 57'. Lat. 32° 30'. Long. —93° 40'. Height 2517 ft. Height 7106 ft. Height 227 ft. 10 Years, 1875-84. Hours 7: 3, 11.* 11 Years, 1873-83. Hours 7: 3, 11.* 12 Years, 1873-84. Hours 7 : 3, 11.* N. N.E E. S.E. s. s.w w. N.W CA. N. N.E E. S.E. s. s w w. N.W CA. N. N.E E. S.E. s. s.w w. N.W CA. Jan. 8 2 1 3 5 4 3 4 1 8 4 3 3 2 3 1 4 3 4 3 2 3 6 2 2 4 5 Feb. 6 3 1 3 4 3 3 4 1 6 2 3 3 2 3 2 5 2 4 3 3 3 6 1 2 2 4 March 6 4 2 4 4 3 2 0 1 6 3 4 3 2 5 2 4 2 3 3 3 4 7 2 3 3 3 April 7 3 2 4 5 3 2 3 1 3 2 4 4 3 5 3 4 2 3 2 3 4 7 2 3 3 3 May 5 3 2 5 7 3 2 3 1 3 2 5 5 4 6 2 2 2 2 2 4 6 8 2 1 2 4 June 3 3 3 5 9 3 2 1 1 3 3 4 5 3 6 2 2 2 2 1 2 5 9 3 2 2 4 July 2 4 4 7 9 3 1 0 1 3 4 5 5 3 4 2 2 3 3 2 4 5 7 4 2 1 3 Aug. 2 3 3 8 11 2 1 0 1 3 4 6 4 3 4 1 3 3 4 3 4 4 4 2 2 2 6 Sept. 3 4 2 5 10 2 1 2 1 2 3 6 4 3 4 2 2 4 5 4 4 4 4 1 1 1 6 Oct. 6 3 1 4 7 3 2 4 1 4 3 5 4 3 4 2 3 3 4 3 3 5 5 1 1 2 7 Nov. 8 3 1 3 4 3 2 4 2 6 3 2 3 2 4 2 4 .". 5 3 2 3 6 1 2 3 5 Dec. 6 3 1 2 5 3 4 5 2 8 55 4 37 3 51 2 45 2 32 3 51 1 22 4 39 4 33 4 43 3 32 3 37 3 49 6 75 2 23 2 23 3 28 5 55 Year 62 38 23 53 80 35 25 35 14 NEW ORLEANS, LA. GALVESTON, TEX. BROWNSVILLE, TEX. Lat. 29° 58'. Long. —90° 4'. Lat. 29° 18'. Long. —94° 47'. Lat. 25° 53'. Long. —97° 26'. Height 52 ft. Height 40 ft. Height 59 ft. 12 Years, 1873-84. Hours 7 : 3, 11.* 12 Years, 1873-84. Hours 7: 3, 11.* 4 Years, 1881-84. Hours 7: 3, 11.* N. N.E E. S.E. s. s.w w. N.wlcA. N. N.E E. S.E. s. s.w w. N.W CA. N. N.E E. S.E. s. s.w w. N.W CA. Jan. 6 4 4 5 4 2 2 3 1 7 4 4 6 4 1 1 3 1 9 2 2 2 7 1 0 3 5 Feb. 5 3 4 4 3 3 2 3 1 5 3 4 6 6 1 1 2 0 6 2 2 6 8 1 0 1 2 March 4 2 4 7 5 3 2 3 1 3 :; 4 10 7 1 1 2 0 4 2 4 7 8 1 0 2 3 April 4 2 3 7 ;) 3 2 3 1 3 2 2 9 8 2 1 2 1 2 3 4 10 6 1 0 1 3 May 3 3 5 7 5 2 2 2 2 2 2 3 12 8 2 1 1 0 1 2 6 12 6 0 0 1 3 June 2 2 4 6 5 5 3 2 1 1 1 1 9 13 2 1 1 1 1 1 4 11 8 1 0 0 4 July 2 3 4 6 3 4 4 3 2 1 2 2 7 11 5 1 1 1 0 1 2 15 9 1 0 0 3 Aug. 3 3 5 5 3 3 3 3 3 2 2 3 9 8 3 2 1 1 2 1 5 9 6 1 n 0 7 Sept. 5 5 8 5 2 1 1 2 1 4 4 5 8 5 1 1 1 1 4 3 3 6 3 1 1 1 8 Oct. 6 6 7 4 2 1 1 3 1 5 5 5 8 5 1 0 1 1 4 2 3 6 5 1 0 1 9 Nov. 6 5 5 4 2 2 1 4 1 6 5 5 5 5 1 1 2 0 11 2 2 3 5 0 0 2 5 Dec. 6 4 6 4 3 2 1 4 1 6 45 4 37 6 44 5 94 1 84 2 22 1 12 3 20 0 7 9 53 3 24 2 39 2 89 8 79 1 10 0 1 1 13 5 57 Year 52 42 59 64 42 31 24 35 16 • Washington Mean Time. REPORT ON ATMOSPHERIC CIRCULATION. 167 FORT THOMAS, MEX. CONCHO, TEX. PIOCUE, NEV. Month. Lat. 33° 4'. Long. —110° 2'. Lat, 31° 25'. Long. —100° 24'. Lat. 37° 57'. Long. —114° 26'. Height 2710 ft. Height 1900 ft. Height 6110 ft. 4J Tears, 1882-86. Hours 7 : 3, 11.* 4 Years, 1879, 80-83. Hours 7 : 3, 11.* 6 Tears, 1878-83. Hours 7: 3, 11.* N. N.E E. S.E. s. s.w w. N.W CA. N. N.E E. S.E s. s.w w. NT.W OA. N. N.E F,. S.E,. s. s.w w N,W CA Jan. 1 1 2 4 8 3 3 2 7 4 4 0 1 4 6 2 3 7 6 1 0 0 9 3 2 8 2 Feb. 2 1 3 2 4 2 8 1 5 3 4 1 1 5 4 2 3 5 5 1 0 1 9 2 3 6 1 March 3 0 3 2 3 1 9 2 8 2 4 1 2 7 5 3 3 4 6 1 1 1 9 4 9, 5 2 April 2 0 2 1 2 3 8 3 9 2 4 2 3 6 4 3 3 3 5 1 1 1 11 4 9, 4 1 May 2 1 2 2 3 4 8 3 6 2 3 3 4 8 3 2 2 4 fi 1 0 1 11 4 3 3 2 June 1 1 o 1 2 2 6 4 10 0 3 2 7 12 1 1 1 3 4 1 1 1 12 4 1 4 2 July 2 2 2 3 2 2 5 4 9 0 4 4 7 11 1 0 0 4 2 1 0 2 14 5 2 3 2 Aug. 1 1 3 4 i> 2 5 3 7 1 4 4 6 9 2 0 1 4 2 1 1 3 1.'. 3 2 3 1 Sept. 1 1 3 5 li 3 4 1 6 2 5 2 3 10 1 1 2 4 2 1 0 2 12 5 2 4 2 Oct. 1 1 3 0 0 3 4 2 7 2 5 2 3 9 3 1 2 4 5 1 0 1 11 3 2 6 2 Nov. 1 1 2 5 7 3 5 2 4 4 3 1 2 5 4 3 3 5 7 1 1 1 8 2 2 6 2 Dec. 1 1 4 V 5 3 2 3 5 3 25 6 49 1 23 1 40 4 90 6 40 3 21 3 26 4 51 5 55 1 12 0 5 1 15 9 130 3 42 2 25 7 59 3 22 Year 18 11 32 41 52 31 67 30 83 FORT YUMA, ARIZ. SAN DIEGO, CAL. VISALIA, CAL. Month. Lat. 32° 45'. Long. —114° 36'. Lat. 32° 43'. Long. —117° 10'. Lat. 36° 20'. Long. —119° 17'. Height 141 ft. Height 67 ft. Height 348 ft. 4 Tears, 1881-84. Hours 7 : 3, 11.* 12 Tears, 1873-84. Hours 7: 3, 11.* 6 Tears, 1878-83. Hours 7 : 3, 11.* N. N.E E. S.E. s. s.w w. N.W CA. N. N.E E. S.E. s. s.w w. N.W CA. N. N.E E. R.E. R. s.w w N W CA. Jan. 10 6 1 2 2 1 2 4 3 4 7 3 1 2 2 4 5 3 3 1 4 6 .". 2 3 fi 3 Feb. 6 5 1 2 2 3 3 4 2 4 5 2 1 3 2 4 5 2 2 1 2 5 3 9, 3 7 3 March 5 3 1 2 4 4 3 5 4 4 3 2 1 2 3 7 6 3 3 1 2 4 3 8 3 9 4 April 2 2 1 3 3 6 5 5 3 3 2 1 1 2 4 8 6 3 3 1 2 4 ?, 2 ?r 11 3 May 2 2 1 4 4 5 4 6 3 2 1 1 1 4 6 9 5 2 4 1 1 2 1 2 3 15 2 June 1 2 2 5 3 6 5 2 4 2 1 0 1 4 6 8 6 2 3 1 1 2 1 2 4 14 2 July 1 1 1 9 7 6 2 1 3 2 o 1 1 3 4 8 7 3 3 1 1 2 2 3 5 13 1 Aug. 1 1 2 9 5 5 1 2 5 3 1 0 0 3 5 9 7 3 2 0 1 3 3 2 5 13 2 Sept. 2 4 2 3 2 5 3 3 6 3 1 1 0 2 3 7 9 4 2 1 1 5 2 2 3 10 4 Oct. 4 6 2 2 1 4 3 4 5 5 3 1 1 1 3 6 7 4 3 1 2 (i 3 2 3 8 3 Nov. 'J 7 1 1 1 2 2 3 4 4 6 3 1 1 2 5 5 Q O 3 1 3 5 2 3 2 7 4 Dec. 10 7 2 1 1 1 2 4 3 4 40 7 39 3 18 1 10 2 29 2 42 4 79 5 73 3 35 2 33 1 11 3 23 5 49 4 29 2 26 2 38 7 120 5 36 Year 53 46 17 43 35 48 35 43 45 SAN FRANCISCO, CAL. ROSEBURG, OREG. CAPE MENDOCINO, CAL. Month. Lat. 37° 48'. Long. —122° 26'. Lat. 43" 13'. Long. —123° 20'. Lat. 40° 26'. Long. —124° 24'. Height 60 ft. Height 511 ft. Height 637 ft 12 Tears, 1873-84. Hours 7: 3, 11.* 8 Tears, 1877-84. Hours 7: 3, 11.* 4 Tears, 1883-86. Hours 7: 3, 11.* N. N.E E. S.E. s. s.w w. N.W CA. N. N.E E. S.E. s. s.w w. N.W CA. N. N.E E. S.E. s. s.w w. N.W CA. Jan. 6 3 1 5 3 3 3 5 2 1 1 4 2 5 5 2 2 9 8 1 1 10 5 0 0 5 1 Feb. 4 2 1 4 1 4 5 5 2 2 1 2 2 4 4 2 4 7 5 0 1 8 2 0 1 10 1 March 2 1 1 2 2 7 10 4 2 3 2 2 1 3 5 3 4 8 6 1 2 7 2 1 1 10 1 April 1 0 0 1 2 8 13 3 2 3 1 2 1 3 5 2 6 7 5 0 1 8 2 1 0 12 1 May 1 0 0 1 1 10 15 2 1 7 2 1 0 1 3 2 7 8 6 0 0 7 2 1 0 13 2 June O 0 0 1 1 13 13 1 1 11 2 1 0 0 1 2 6 7 10 0 0 3 1 0 0 15 1 July 0 0 0 0 1 16 13 0 1 10 3 1 0 0 1 1 7 8 13 0 0 2 0 0 0 12 2 Aug. 0 0 0 0 1 17 12 0 1 10 2 1 0 0 1 2 7 8 18 0 0 2 1 0 0 9 1 Sept. 0 0 0 1 1 15 10 1 2 6 3 1 1 1 1 2 6 9 16 1 0 3 9 0 0 7 1 Oct. 9 1 0 1 1 10 9 4 3 3 2 2 2 2 3 3 3 11 14 1 0 6 4 0 0 5 1 Nov. 5 2 1 3 2 4 5 5 3 2 2 3 2 2 4 2 3 10 10 2 0 7 5 0 0 5 1 Dec. 7 3 1 3 2 3 3 6 3 2 60 2 23 4 24 2 13 4 25 4 37 2 25 3 58 8 100 6 117 1 7 0 5 13 76 6 34 0 0 2 4 107 1 14 Year 28 12 5 22 18 110 111 30 23 * Washington Mean Time. 168 THE VOYAGE OF H.M.S. CHALLENGER. FORT CANDY, WASH. TATOOSH IS., WASH. WINNEMUCCA, nev. Month. Lat. 46° 16'. Long. -124° 4'. Lat. 48° 23'. Long. —124° 44'. Lat. 41° 0'. Lous. -117° 41'. Height 179 ft. Height 86 ft. Height 4327 ft. 3£ Years, 1883-8G. Hours 7 : 3, 11.* 3} Years, 1883-86. Hours 7 : 3, 11.* C Years, 1878-83. Hours 7 : 3, 11.* N. N.E E. S.E. s. s.w w. N.W CA. N. N.E E. S.E. S. s.w w. N.W CA. N. N.E E. S.E. s. S.W w. N.W CA. Jan. 2 1 8 10 3 2 3 1 1 0 1 17 5 2 3 1 2 0 2 10 1 0 2 13 1 1 1 Feb. 4 1 2 5 7 4 4 1 0 0 1 10 4 3 5 2 3 0 2 8 1 1 2 10 2 1 1 March 4 1 3 3 6 6 .6 1 1 0 2 8 Q O 4 6 2 4 2 3 9 1 0 2 12 2 1 1 April 5 2 1 3 6 3 8 1 1 0 2 7 4 3 7 3 3 1 2 6 1 0 3 12 3 1 2 May 7 1 1 1 6 3 11 1 0 0 2 5 4 3 8 6 3 0 2 6 2 0 2 11 4 2 2 June 6 1 1 1 6 2 11 2 0 0 1 2 3 3 14 4 O 0 3 7 1 1 2 10 2 3 1 July 7 1 1 1 5 2 11 3 0 0 1 2 4 4 13 3 2 2 3 6 1 0 2 12 4 2 1 Aug. 7 2 1 1 5 4 8 3 0 0 2 3 3 6 12 2 2 1 3 6 1 0 3 12 4 1 1 Sept. 4 2 1 3 9 2 7 2 0 0 2 8 4 4 8 2 1 1 3 6 2 1 2 11 '■'> 1 1 Oct. 5 1 2 4 9 2 6 1 1 0 2 12 5 2 5 2 2 1 4 8 1 1 2 10 3 1 1 Nov. 2 1 4 8 7 3 4 1 0 0 0 13 7 2 4 3 1 0 3 11 2 0 2 9 1 1 1 Dec. 2 3 2 10 6 2 3 2 19 1 5 0 0 1 17 12 99 6 52 3 39 4 89 2 32 3 29 0 8 2 32 12 95 2 16 0 4 2 26 9 131 2 31 1 16 1 14 Year 55 17 27 50 75 35 82 BOISE CITY, IDAHO. PORTLAND, OREG. UMATILLA, OEEG. Month. Lat. 43" 37'. Long. -116° 8'. Lat. 45° 32'. Long. -122° 43'. Lat. 45° 55'. Long. —119° 20. Height 2750 ft. Height 67 ft. Height 340 ft. 7 Years, 1878-84. Hours 7: 3, 11. » 12 Years, 1873-84. Hours 7 : 3, 11.* 5 Years, 1878-82. Hours 7 : 3, 11.* N. N.E E. S.E. s. s.w w. N.W CA. N. N.E E. S.E. s. s.w w. s.w CA. N. N.E E. S.E. s. s.w w. N.W CA. Jan. 3 1 2 7 4 1 5 6 2 3 1 4 3 9 3 1 3 4 1 2 5 6 2 4 5 2 4 Feb. 3 2 3 6 2 1 4 5 2 3 1 2 3 8 2 1 4 4 1 2 5 6 1 4 6 2 1 March 2 2 2 8 2 2 6 5 2 2 1 2 3 9 3 1 5 5 1 3 4 4 2 6 8 2 1 April 2 2 2 5 1 2 7 7 2 4 1 1 3 6 3 1 5 6 1 2 4 3 1 6 9 2 2 May 4 2 2 3 1 1 7 10 1 4 1 1 1 7 3 2 7 5 1 2 3 3 1 7 11 2 1 June | 3 2 2 3 1 1 7 9 2 6 1 1 2 5 2 1 8 4 1 2 4 1 0 9 10 2 1 July 8 2 2 3 2 2 5 7 5 8 1 1 1 4 1 1 11 3 1 2 4 1 0 8 10 3 2 Aug. o O 2 2 4 3 2 5 8 2 6 1 1 1 4 1 2 10 5 2 2 3 3 1 6 9 2 3 Sept. ! 3 2 1 5 2 2 5 8 2 4 1 1 1 6 2 2 7 6 1 2 3 6 1 4 8 3 2 Oct. 2 2 2 6 3 1 4 8 3 3 1 1 2 7 3 1 6 7 2 1 2 8 2 5 7 2 2 Nov. 2 1 2 6 3 1 5 8 2 2 1 2 3 9 2 2 3 6 2 2 4 7 2 3 6 1 3 Dec. 3 1 2 6 1 2 6 7 3 3 48 2 13 4 21 3 26 8 82 3 28 1 10 3 72 4 59 1 15 3 25 5 46 5 2 15 4 66 5 94 2 25 4 26 Year 33 21 24 62 25 18 66 88 28 BERING IS. UNALASKA, ALASKA. FAYAL. Month. Lat. 55° 12'. Long. —165° 55'. Lat. 53° 53'. Long. — 106° 32'. Lat. 38° 32'. Long. -30° 59'. Height 20 ft. Height 13 ft. Height 208 ft. 4 Years, 1882-86. Hour 11 : 3 Years,1882-83,85-86. Hours7: 3,11.* 5 Years, 1881-85. Hours 10 : 6. N. N.E E. S.E. s. s.w w. N.W CA. N. N.E E. S.E. s. s.w w. N.W CA. N. N.E. E. S.E. s. s.w w. N.W CA. Jan. 8 11 6 1 2 1 0 1 1 2 1 4 10 6 4 1 2 1 2 3 2 2 2 7 8 5 ... Feb. 3 8 7 4 2 2 1 1 0 8 1 1 3 3 3 1 7 1 3 3 1 2 2 8 5 4 ... March 7 5 8 2 2 3 1 3 0 4 1 2 4 5 6 2 6 1 2 5 2 3 4 7 4 4 ... April 5 4 3 3 5 3 2 5 0 2 2 1 6 2 8 3 6 0 4 5 0 1 2 8 6 4 May 5 6 5 1 6 2 1 5 0 3 3 1 8 4 7 2 3 0 3 6 1 0 2 10 7 2 ... June 5 4 4 2 10 4 0 1 0 3 6 1 Q o 2 7 3 4 1 1 2 1 2 10 6 7 1 July 2 4 4 2 11 6 0 1 1 3 6 2 3 2 10 1 3 1 3 6 2 1 2 6 7 4 ... Aug. 1 3 4 1 14 3 1 2 2 3 6 0 5 2 9 2 3 1 3 11 1 0 3 6 5 2 ... Sept. 5 1 2 1 8 7 2 2 2 2 2 1 5 2 6 4 7 1 3 7 2 2 2 7 4 3 Oct. 6 3 1 2 6 2 0 9 2 2 2 0 5 6 8 2 5 1 3 8 4 5 3 4 3 I ... Nov. 3 2 6 1 4 6 2 6 0 2 1 1 2 7 9 3 5 0 4 4 1 1 2 7 5 6 ... Dec. 5 6 8 2 3 3 1 2 1 9 4 38 1 32 2 16 3 57 6 47 7 84 3 27 4 55 1 9 5 4 2 2 3 s 4 3 ... Year 55 57 58 22 73 42 11 38 36 64 19 21 37 84 65 39 ... * Washington Meau Time. REPORT ON ATMOSPHERIC CIRCULATION. 169 FUNCHAL. PONTA DELGADA. BERMUDA. Month. Lat. 32° 28'. Long. —16° 55'. Lat. 37° 45'. Long. —25° 41'. Lat. 32° 17'. Long. —64° 14'. Height 83 ft. Height 66 ft. Height 120 ft. 5 Tears, 1866-70. Hours 9 : 3, 9. 6 Tears, 1865-70. Hours 9:3,9. 11 Tears, 1852-62. Hours 9 j : 3$. N. N.E E. S.E. s. s.w w. N.W CA. N. WE E. S.E. s. s.w w. N.W CA. N. N.E E. S.E. s. s.w w. N.W CA. Jan. 3 3 3 4 1 6 8 1 2 4 4 2 2 3 7 5 4 0 4 3 1 2 3 8 4 G 0 Feb. 2 2 4 4 1 7 5 1 2 3 .-. 3 3 5 4 3 2 0 4 3 2 2 3 7 3 4 0 March 1 3 2 3 2 10 7 1 2 4 7 3 4 4 2 3 4 0 4 3 1 2 3 7 6 5 0 April 1 2 2 4 3 12 4 1 1 5 5 1 2 5 4 4 4 0 4 3 2 1 4 6 5 5 0 May 1 1 0 8 3 14 6 1 2 6 4 0 1 2 5 7 6 0 2 4 3 3 4 7 4 3 1 June 1 1 1 2 3 17 3 0 2 4 8 1 3 4 3 4 1 2 1 3 2 3 5 8 5 3 0 July 1 0 0 1 5 18 2 1 3 G 9 1 2 2 3 5 2 1 1 1 2 4 7 10 4 2 0 Aug. 1 1 1 1 1 20 2 1 3 5 12 2 2 1 3 3 3 0 1 3 2 3 6 9 5 2 0 Sept, 2 1 1 2 2 16 2 1 3 6 7 1 2 ,> 4 4 3 1 3 7 4 2 5 5 2 2 0 Oct. 2 3 3 3 2 12 2 1 3 4 7 2 4 4 4 3 3 0 3 6 4 4 4 5 2 3 0 Nov. 2 2 2 2 2 8 8 1 3 5 G 2 2 5 4 4 2 0 5 4 3 2 3 5 4 4 0 Dec. 3 .". 3 4 2 6 7 1 2 5 57 6 80 2 20 2 29 3 40 6 49 4 49 3 37 0 4 4 36 5 45 2 28 2 30 3 50 6 83 4 48 5 44 0 1 Year 20 22 22 33 27 14G 56 11 28 NASSAU. MATAMOEAS, MEX. MATANZAS. Lat. 25° 5'. Long. —77° 21. Lat. 25° 56'. Long. — 97° 36'. Lat. 23° 3'. Long. —81° 30'. Height 44 ft. Height (?) ft. Hours, s.-R., 9 : 3, 9. Height (?) ft. 15 Tears, 1870-84. Hours 9 : 3. 1J Tears, 1847-48. 4 Tears, 1832-35. Hours (?) N. N.E E. S.E. s. S.w w. N.W CA N. N.E E. S.E. s. S.W w. N.W CA. N. x.i: E. S.E. s. s.w w. N.W CA. Jan. 2 12 2 7 1 2 0 3 2 K. 0 3 2 9 2 1 1 9 10 3 9 5 0 0 0 2 Feb. 1 12 3 5 1 2 0 4 0 6 5 6 4 3 2 1 1 11 7 5 0 0 0 0 1 4 March 2 10 2 9 2 2 1 3 0 G 1 7 5 9 1 1 1 7 12 5 0 3 0 0 0 4 April 2 9 2 8 2 2 1 4 0 3 2 13* G 3 1 1 1 1 18 1 0 3 0 0 0 7 May 2 9 3 8 2 2 1 3 1 1 2 13 3 10 1 1 0 0 23 2 0 1 0 0 0 5 June 3 7 6 10 2 1 0 1 0 0 3 26 1 0 0 0 0 0 9 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 July 1 8 4 12 2 2 0 1 1 0 1 30 0 0 0 0 0 0 9 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Aug. 1 8 4 11 2 2 (1 9 1 0 0 31 0 0 0 0 0 0 13 2 1 1 0 0 0 0 Sept. 1 10 4 10 1 2 0 1 1 G 5 19 0 0 0 0 0 0 12 0 0 2 2 0 1 0 Oct. 1 15 4 5 1 1 1 •J 1 8 6 15 1 1 0 0 0 10 18 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 Nov. 9 13 4 4 1 2 0 3 1 14 3 8 0 4 0 1 0 4 22 4 0 0 0 0 0 0 Dec. 2 14 3 4 1 2 0 4 31 1 9 16 70 0 31 4 175 1 23 10 49 0 7 0 6 0 4 8 12 4 0 2 0 0 0 0 Year 20 127 41 93 18 22 4 SANTIAGO DE CUBA. HAVANA. NEVASSA. Lat. 19° 55'. Long. —75° 50'. Lat. 23° 8'. Long. -82° 23'. Lat. 19° 25'. Long. —75° 3'. Height 21 ft. Height 62 ft. Height 77 ft. 2J Tears, 1880-83. Hour 7 : 1 Tear, 1875. Hours various. 8 Months, 1882-83. Hour 8 : N. N.E E. S.E. s. s.w w. N.W CA. N. N.E E. S.E. s. S.W w. N.W CA. N. N.E E. S.E. s. s.w w. N.W CA. Jan. 21 4 0 0 0 0 0 1 5 3 G in 4 2 0 0 0 6 0 27 4 0 0 0 0 0 0 Feb. 13 2 0 0 0 0 0 2 11 4 6 7 3 2 1 0 1 4 March 14 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 15 3 5 9 5 4 0 0 1 4 0 20 11 0 0 0 0 0 0 April 10 0 0 0 0 0 0 O 20 G 5 7 3 4 1 1 2 1 May 10 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 20 5 4 7 5 4 1 1 2 2 June 7 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 23 4 G It) 0 2 0 0 0 3 July 8 3 0 0 0 1 0 1 18 r") 6 13 4 i 0 O 0 4- 0 8 23 0 0 0 0 0 0 Aug. 5 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 24 4 5 10 G 2 0 0 1 3 0 12 19 0 0 0 0 0 0 Sept. 10 2 0 1 0 0 0 1 If. :i 5 9 7 3 1 0 II 2 1 14 15 0 0 0 0 (J 0 Oct, 4 4 1 1 0 3 3 3 12 8 7 8 2 1 0 0 2 3 1 15 14 0 0 0 1 0 0 Nov. 18 3 0 0 0 0 0 1 8 9 6 10 7 1 0 0 0 4 0 24 5 0 0 0 0 0 1 Dec. 13 1 0 0 0 0 0 2 15 48 64 II 111 5 56 3 29 1 5 1 3 3 12 1 37 0 27 4 0 0 0 0 0 0 Year 133 21 1 2 0 4 3 14 187 (PHYS. CHEM. CHALL. EXP. — PART V. — 18S8.) 28 170 THE VOYAGE OF H.M.S. CHALLENGER. POINTE-A-PITRE. JAMAICA. UP PARK CAMP, JAMAICA. Month. Lat. 16° 14'. Long. —61° 31'. Lat. 18° 6'. Long. —76° 42'. Lat. 18° 0'. Long. —76° 56'. Height 13 feet. Height 3800 ft. Height 225 ft. 9 Months, 1885. Hours 8 : 4, 9. 15 Tears, 1870-84. Hours 9 : 3. 5 Tears, 1853-59. Hours 9}: 3J. N. N.r E. S.E s. s.w w. X.tt CA N. N.E E. S.E S. s.w w. N.fl CA N. N.E E. S.E s. s.w w. N.W CA. Jan. 1 6 6 4 0 1 1 1 11 7 13 2 8 0 0 0 1 ■ ■• Feb. 1 5 4 4 1 0 0 1 12 6 7 1 10 0 1 0 3 March 1 6 4 3 2 0 1 1 13 4 5 1 14 1 1 1 4 April 1 0 1 9 1 2 0 0 0 1 6 5 4 1 1 1 0 11 2 4 2 17 0 2 1 2 May 1 •j 8 18 1 0 0 1 0 0 5 6 4 1 1 0 0 14 2 8 2 17 0 0 0 2 June 0 14 11 5 0 0 0 0 0 0 6 5 5 1 1 0 0 12 3 6 1 15 1 1 0 3 ... July 0 14 15 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 6 6 5 1 0 1 0 12 4 10 2 11 0 1 1 2 Aug. 0 15 15 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 7 4 5 1 0 1 0 13 5 6 2 15 0 1 1 1 Sept. 2 11 11 2 0 4 0 0 0 1 6 5 6 0 0 0 0 12 2 9 3 13 0 1 1 1 Oct. 1 10 10 7 1 2 0 0 0 1 6 6 5 0 1 0 1 11 -i 10 2 12 0 0 0 3 Nov. 0 13 13 1 3 0 0 0 0 1 5 6 4 0 0 1 1 12 6 14 2 5 1 0 0 2 Dec. 0 12 14 2 1 2 0 0 0 2 9 0 70 5 62 4 53 1 9 0 5 0 6 1 6 12 145 7 52 17 109 2 22 4 141 0 3 0 8 0 5 1 25 ... Year ROSS' VIEW, JAMAICA. PORTO RICO. BARBADOES. Lat. 18° 3'. Long. —76° 44'. Lat. 18° 18'. Long. —66° 30'. Lat. 13° 4'. Long. —59° 40'. Height 951 ft. Height 81 ft. Height 25 ft. 5 Years, 1869-73. Hours 6, N. : 6. 11J Tears, 1874-85. Hours 9: 3. 15 Tears, 1870-84. Hours 9 : 3. N. N.E E. S.E. s. s.w w. N.W CA. N. N.E E. S.E. S. s.w w. N.W CA. N. N.E. E. S.E. s. s.w w. N.W CA. Jan. 1 4 16 5 2 2 0 1 1 7 18 4 1 0 0 0 0 1 28 1 1 0 0 0 0 . .. Feb. 1 4 16 3 2 1 0 1 1 7 14 4 1 0 0 1 0 0 23 2 2 0 0 0 1 ... March 2 6 16 4 1 1 0 1 1 6 15 5 1 1 1 1 0 0 27 3 1 0 0 0 0 April 1 6 16 4 1 1 0 1 1 5 16 4 1 1 0 1 1 0 25 4 1 0 0 0 0 May 0 4 17 4 2 2 1 1 1 3 18 7 1 0 1 0 0 0 23 0 3 0 0 0 0 June 1 3 17 5 2 1 0 1 2 1 18 6 1 1 0 0 1 0 25 2 3 0 0 0 0 July 1 4 17 5 2 1 0 1 0 2 21 6 1 0 1 0 0 0 25 4 2 0 0 0 0 Aug. 1 a 17 3 3 1 0 1 1 3 17 8 1 0 0 1 0 0 23 3 5 0 0 0 0 Sept. 1 4 17 3 2 1 1 1 1 3 15 8 1 0 1 0 1 0 20 4 6 II 0 0 0 Oct. 1 4 16 4 3 1 1 1 1 4 14 8 1 1 0 1 1 0 19 3 9 0 0 0 0 Nov. 1 4 16 3 3 1 1 1 3 7 13 4 1 1 0 1 0 1 23 3 3 0 0 0 0 Dec. 1 5 14 4 3 2 1 1 3 16 8 56 13 192 5 69 1 0 1 5. 0 6 0 4 1 3 26 287 3 37 1 37 0 0 0 0 0 1 ... Year 12 53 195 47 20 15 5 12 12 5 0 0 BELIZE. CORDOVA, MEX. GUATEMALA. Lat. 17° 30'. Long. —88° 18'. Lat. 18° 51'. Long. —96° 54'. Lat. 14° 38'. Long. —90° 31'. Height 27 ft. Height 2879 ft. Height 4856 ft. 5 Tears, 1866-70. Hours 9 : 3. 2 Tears, 1858-59. Hours various. 4 Tears, 1879-82. Hours 7:2,9. N. N.E E. S.E. s. s.w w. s.w :.\. N. N.E E. 3.E. s. s.w w. N.W CA. N. N.E E. >.E. s. s.w w. s.w CA. Jan. 6 7 5 12 0 0 0 1 0 6 9 2 2 1 5 2 4 0 18 6 0 0 1 2 0 0 4 Feb. 7 4 4 11 0 0 1 1 0 3 9 2 1 3 5 1 4 0 17 7 0 0 2 1 0 0 1 March 3 6 8 13 0 0 0 1 0 5 9 3 2 1 5 3 3 0 7 10 1 0 1 6 0 1 5 April 2 4 13 10 0 0 0 1 (1 3 9 2 1 2 7 3 1 2 9 5 0 0 5 5 0 1 5 May 1 3 14 12 0 0 0 1 0 2 8 1 2 1 4 6 5 2 6 6 0 1 5 6 0 1 6 June 1 3 13 10 1 1 0 1 0 3 12 4 2 1 2 2 4 0 6 5 1 1 4 6 1 0 6 July 1 3 15 12 0 0 0 0 II 3 12 2 3 2 3 2 3 1 12 9 0 1 2 2 0 1 4 Aug. 3 5 8 11 3 0 0 1 0 2 11 3 3 1 5 1 4 1 9 6 1 1 4 6 0 1 3 Sept. 3 4 10 11 0 0 0 2 0 6 14 1 1 1 2 2 3 0 8 5 1 1 4 6 1 0 4 Oct. 9 8 4 3 1 0 1 5 0 5 11 2 2 1 2 3 4 1 10 6 0 0 3 4 0 1 7 Nov. 14 5 3 2 0 0 1 5 II 4 10 1 2 2 4 2 5 0 19 8 0 1 0 1 0 0 1 Dec. 4 10 4 6 0 0 1 5 1 5 47 1 1-J 26 1 24 2 23 2 18 4 2 3 43 0 7 J 21 142 6 79 0 4 1 7 1 32 1 46 0 2 0 6 1 47 Year 54 62 101 l:; 5 1 4 24 1 48 29 REPORT ON ATMOSPHERIC CIRCULATION. 171 COLON. GAMBOA. NAOS. Month. Lat. 9° 22'. Long. —79° 55'. Lat. 9" 10'. Long. —79° 43'. Lat. 8° 57'. Long. —79° 31'. Height 164 ft. Height 98 ft. Height 46 ft. 5 Years, 1881-85. Hours 6: 1,9. 3J Years,1881-82,84-85. Hours 7,11 : 7. 4 Years, 1881-85. Hours 7, 11 : 7. N. N.I E. S.E s. s.w w. N.W CA. N. N.I E. S.E s. S.W w. N.W CA. N. N.E E. S.E S. s.w w. n.w CA. Jan. 17 12 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 13 5 1 0 0 0 1 3 8 14 2 1 1 1 0 4 8 0 Feb. 14 14 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 11 4 1 0 0 1 1 3 7 12 2 1 1 0 0 1 11 0 March 16 13 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 14 2 1 0 0 0 0 5 9 11 3 1 2 1 0 1 12 0 April 18 8 0 1 1 0 0 1 1 9 4 1 0 0 0 1 7 8 9 2 1 2 1 0 1 12 2 May 9 4 1 2 6 1 2 5 1 7 7 0 1 1 1 0 6 8 7 2 2 3 1 1 1 12 2 June 4 2 1 2 8 2 3 5 3 2 8 1 2 2 1 1 5 8 8 2 2 3 2 1 4 8 0 July 7 3 1 1 5 2 3 5 4 3 4 0 1 1 2 3 6 11 8 2 1 1 2 0 9 8 0 Aug. 6 2 0 2 4 5 4 4 4 4 5 1 1 0 0 3 7 10 Ki 2 1 1 2 1 6 8 0 Sept. 3 1 1 2 8 5 3 3 4 3 6 1 2 0 2 1 5 10 9 2 2 2 2 1 6 6 0 Oct. 2 0 4 3 11 3 2 3 3 6 3 1 3 2 2 1 3 10 8 2 2 4 5 2 3 5 0 Nov. 4 0 2 2 9 3 5 4 1 5 3 1 1 4 2 4 4 6 7 1 2 2 4 2 5 7 0 Dec. 16 5 1 1 2 1 2 3 0 8 85 5 56 5 14 0 11 0 10 0 11 2 18 4 58 7 102 9 112 2 24 1 17 1 23 1 22 0 8 7 48 10 107 0 4 Year 116 64 11 16 56 22 24 34 22 MAZATLAN. SAN JOSE. HEREDIA. Month. Lat. 23° 11'. Long. —106° 17'. Lat. 9° 56'. Long. —86° 0'. Lat. 9° 59'. Long. —84° 9'. Height 249 ft. Height 3756 ft. Height 3776 ft. 6J Years, 1881-87. Hours 5 : 3. 11 Years,1868-78. Hours 7 : 2,9. (?) Years. Hours 7 : 2, 9. N. N.E E. S.E. s. s.w w. N.W CA. N. N.E E. S.E. S. s.w w. N.W CA. N. N.E E. S.E. s. >.\\ w. N.W CA. Jan. 5 8 6 2 0 0 1 9 1 21 4 1 1 1 0 1 1 0 23 7 0 (i 0 0 1 ... Feb. 2 7 8 2 0 0 0 9 ... 1 22 2 1 0 0 0 1 1 0 18 9 1 0 0 0 0 March 2 6 8 3 0 1 0 11 ... 2 22 2 1 1 1 0 1 1 0 10 17 2 1 1 0 0 ... April 1 6 10 2 0 1 2 8 ... 2 19 4 1 0 0 0 2 2 1 14 11 1 0 1 2 0 May 2 8 14 3 0 0 1 3 3 14 2 1 1 0 1 4 5 1 8 5 3 0 5 6 3 ... June 2 6 10 6 1 1 1 3 ... 1 12 2 2 2 1 1 3 6 1 1 3 10 1 4 7 3 July 2 7 9 5 1 1 2 4 1 17 2 2 1 1 0 3 4 0 3 2 9 3 5 7 2 ... Aug. 3 9 9 5 1 1 0 3 ... 3 12 3 0 2 1 1 2 7 1 4 4 7 3 6 4 2 Sept. 3 11 8 5 0 0 1 2 ... 1 10 3 2 1 1 3 4 5 1 2 4 5 3 8 5 2 Oct. 4 12 10 2 0 1 0 2 ... 1 7 3 1 1 3 3 7 5 0 2 3 2 3 6 9 6 ... Nov. 3 12 7 1 0 0 1 6 ... 1 16 4 2 1 0 0 2 4 0 5 12 2 1 3 6 1 ... Dec. 2 11 8 2 0 0 1 7 ... 2 19 17 189 4 35 2 16 1 12 0 9 0 9 1 31 4 45 1 6 16 106 9 86 1 43 0 15 1 40 3 49 0 20 ... Year 31 103 107 38 3 6 10 67 ... BLDEFIELDS. KIVAS. PUERTO BERRIO. Month, Lat. 12° 8'. Long. -83° 43'. Lat. 11° 26'. Long. —85° 47'. Lat. 6° 32'. Long. -74° 28'. Height 20 ft. Height 120 ft. Height 542 ft. 3 Years, 1884-86. Horn- 6J : 6 Years, 1881-86. Hour 6: 4 Years, 1881-84. Hour 7 : N. N.E E. S.E. s. s.w w. N.W CA.! N. N.E E. S.E. s. s.w w. N.W CA. N. N.E E. S.E. s. s.w w. N.W CA. Jan. 8 8 1 0 0 0 0 14 0 0 27 4 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 1 0 0 4 0 0 1 23 Feb. 8 3 0 1 0 0 1 14 l 0 20 8 0 0 0 0 0 0 4 0 1 1 2 0 0 1 19 March 4 16 0 1 1 2 0 6 i 0 22 8 0 1 0 0 0 0 8 1 0 1 4 0 0 1 16 April 1 8 2 1 0 0 0 18 0 0 19 6 3 1 0 0 1 0 3 1 0 1 2 0 0 1 22 May 3 4 1 2 0 1 1 14 5 2 14 6 3 1 2 1 2 0 3 0 1 0 4 0 0 0 23 June 6 5 0 1 1 1 2 14 0 1 19 3 3 2 1 0 1 0 3 0 1 1 7 0 0 0 18 July 3 9 1 1 0 7 3 7 0 1 24 3 2 0 1 0 0 0 3 1 0 0 9 0 0 0 18 Aug. 4 7 0 0 0 6 2 12 0 0 23 3 2 0 2 1 0 0 4 1 1 1 8 0 0 0 16 Sept. 5 8 2 0 0 0 2 12 1 1 11 3 5 1 3 1 3 2 3 1 0 2 7 1 0 1 15 Oct. 7 3 0 0 1 4 3 13 0 2 9 3 4 1 3 2 4 3 1 2 1 0 1 9 1 0 0 17 Nov. 9 1 0 0 0 0 2 17 1 0 19 5 1 0 1 0 2 2 5 0 1 0 4 1 0 0 19 Dec. 13 3 0 0 0 0 1 14 0 0 7 28 235 2 54 1 24 0 7 0 13 0 5 0 13 0 7 2 42 <) 7 0 5 1 9 2 62 0 3 1 1 0 5 5 25 "31 Year 71 75 7 7 3 21 17 155 9 172 THE VOYAGE OF H.M.S. CHALLENGER. BUENAVENTURA. BOGATA. GEORGE TOWN. Lat. 3° 50'. Long. —76° 55'. Lat. 4° 36'. Long. —74° 14'. Lat. 6° 50'. Long. —58° 8'. Month. Height 18 ft. Height 8655 ft. Height 10 ft. Hours (?) 1 Tear, 1882-83. Hour 7 : 5 Tears, 1881- 84, 86-87. Hour 7 : 5 Tears, 1850-51, 1854-56. N. N.rc E. S.E. s. s.w w. N.W CA. N. N.E E. S.E. s. S.W w. N.W CA. N. N.E E. S.E. s. s.w w. N.W CA. Jan. 1 0 1 6 4 7 0 1 11 2 4 2 II 3 2 1 2 15 0 11 19 0 0 0 0 0 1 Feb. 1 0 0 2 5 4 0 0 16 3 2 1 2 2 3 1 1 13 0 15 13 0 0 0 0 0 0 March 4 2 0 2 14 2 0 0 7 3 2 1 1 3 4 1 2 14 0 17 14 0 0 0 0 0 0 April 9 2 0 0 0 0 0 2 17 3 0 1 2 3 4 2 3 12 0 11 18 1 0 0 0 0 0 May 0 1 0 1 8 1 0 0 20 3 2 2 1 3 3 2 1 14 0 9 18 4 0 0 0 0 0 June 1 0 0 1 9 0 0 0 19 2 3 0 1 3 3 2 1 15 0 6 22 2 0 0 0 0 0 July 3 1 0 1 9 2 0 0 15 2 2 1 2 7 2 2 2 11 0 8 19 4 0 0 0 0 0 Aug. 0 1 0 1 8 1 0 0 20 3 1 1 2 4 2 2 1 15 0 7 21 0 0 0 1 0 2 Sept. 11 1 0 0 0 1 0 5 12 3 1 2 3 4 2 3 4 8 0 9 20 1 0 0 0 0 0 Oct. 0 0 2 2 8 7 2 0 10 1 2 ' 1 1 2 2 1 1 20 0 11 19 1 0 0 0 0 0 Nov. 1 1 0 3 9 11 4 1 0 1 2 1 1 1 2 3 1 18 0 9 20 1 0 0 0 0 0 Dec. 2 2 1 3 6 7 6 0 4 1 27 1 22 1 14 1 17 2 37 2 31 1 21 1 20 21 176 0 0 11 124 19 222 1 15 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 3 Year 33 11 4 22 80 43 12 9 151 CATHERINA SOPHIA. CATENNE. MARANHAO. Lat. 5° 48'. Long. —56° 47'. Lat. 4° 56'. Long. —55" 39'. . Lat. —2° 30'. Long. —44° 0'. Height 50 ft. Hours generally mean of day. Height 14 ft. 4 Tears, 1856-59. Hours 7 : 2,9. 7 Tears, 1846-52. Height 7 ft. 9 Months, 1886-87. Hours (?) N. N.E E. S.E. s. s.w w. s.w CA. N. N.E E. S.E. s. s.w w. N.W CA. N. N.E E. S.E. S. s.w w. N.W CA. Jan. 2 If, 7 5 0 0 1 0 1 23 5 0 0 0 0 0 2 Feb. 1 18 G 3 0 0 0 0 1 23 2 0 0 0 0 0 2 1 8 12 1 0 0 0 0 6 March 2 21 3 4 0 1 0 0 2 24 3 0 0 0 0 0 2 10 10 3 0 0 1 0 1 6 April 2 17 6 4 1 0 0 0 1 19 5 2 0 0 0 0 3 1 10 8 1 0 1 0 2 7 May 1 12 7 7 2 1 0 1 • •• 1 11 13 1 0 0 0 0 5 1 9 10 4 0 1 2 1 3 June 1 10 6 9 2 1 0 1 0 8 18 2 0 0 0 0. 2 0 10 11 5 0 2 0 0 2 July 2 9 5 8 5 1 0 1 0 4 21 o 0 0 0 0 3 0 10 14 4 0 1 0 0 2 Aug. 1 10 6 9 2 2 0 1 0 9 24 4 0 0 0 0 1 0 13 15 2 1 0 0 0 0 Sept. 1 11 5 8 2 1 0 2 0 4 2.") 1 0 0 0 0 0 Oct. 1 13 6 7 3 0 0 1 1 7 21 1 0 0 0 0 1 Nov. 1 12 5 7 4 1 (t 0 1 10 17 1 0 0 0 0. 1 0 15 15 0 0 0 0 0 0 Dec. 1 12 161 7 69 9 80 2 23 0 8 0 1 0 7 (> 8 20 155 9 163 O 15 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 24 0 14 16 1 0 0 0 0 0 Year 16 PEKNAMBUCO. SAN BENTO DAS LAGOS. COLONIA ISABEL. Lat. —8° 4'. Long. —34° 52V Lat. —12° 13'. Long. —38° 40'. Lat. —8° 45'. Long. —35° 42'. Height 11 ft. Height 98 ft. Height 751 ft. 8 Tears, 1876-84. Hours s.-R., N. : 8.-S. 6 Tears, 1879-84. Hours 6 : 2, 8. 7 Months, 1876-77. Hours 6, 10: 2, 6. N. N.E E. S.E. s. s.w w. N.W CA. N. N.E E. S.E. s. s.w w. N.W CA. N. N.E E. S.E. s. s.w w. N.W CA. Jan. 0 9 18 3 1 0 0 0 ... 5 2 2 12 5 0 0 5 ... 5 7 9 3 3 ] 1 2 Feb. 0 0 6 11 11 0 0 0 4 3 2 9 4 1 0 5 ■ •* 5 3 6 4 7 1 1 1 ... March 0 1 14 14 2 0 0 0 ... 5 2 3 11 4 0 0 6 April 1 0 3 15 11 0 0 0 4 2 1 9 8 0 0 6 May 0 1 1 13 16 0 0 0 3 1 2 5 15 0 0 5 June 0 0 6 9 14 1 0 0 3 0 2 7 13 1 0 4 July 0 0 2 16 13 0 0 0 3 1 2 7 14 1 0 3 Aug. 0 0 1 21 9 0 0 0 4 1 1 7 14 1 0 3 0 0 1 3 6 15 5 1 Sept. 0 6 10 10 4 0 0 0 5 2 2 7 9 0 1) 5 3 3 3 3 3 8 4 3 Oct. 0 6 17 7 1 0 0 0 ■ ■■ 6 2 1 8 8 1 0 5 4 6 5 4 2 5 4 1 Nov. 1 16 12 1 0 0 0 0 7 2 ■> 7 6 1 0 5 6 9 8 3 1 1 0 2 Dec. 0 10 21 0 0 0 0 0 ... 7 56 2 20 1 21 8 97 7 107 1 7 0 0 5 57 7 8 9 2 1 1 0 3 Year 2 49 111 12C 82 1 0 0 ... REPORT ON ATMOSPHERIC CIRCULATION. 173 ITAB1RA DO CAMPO. BIO JANEIRO. SANTA CKUZ. Month. Lat. —19° 40'. Long. —43° 5'. Lat. —22° 57'. Long. —43° 7'. Lat. —22° 56'. Long. —41° 39'. Height 2733 ft. Height 224 ft. Height 85 ft. 9 Months, 1882-83. Hours (?) 2 Tears,1881-83. Hours 4,7,10: 1,7,10. 1 Year, 1886-87. Hours (?) N. N.E E. S.E. s. s.w w. N.W CA. N. N.E E. S.E. S. s.w w. N.W CA. N. N.E E. S.E. S. s.w w. N.W CA. Jan. 3 3 1 5 fi 2 1 8 2 1 14 1 2 6 2 0 0 5 Feb. 3 2 0 6 fi 3 1 7 0 0 11 1 3 3 0 0 1 9 March 1 2 23 2 0 1 0 2 3 3 2 6 7 2 1 7 0 1 9 7 4 1 1 1 4 3 April 3 3 1 5 4 3 1 10 0 9 fi 2 1 2 1 0 3 6 May 6 0 23 3 2 1 2 0 3 ."> 1 5 4 2 2 Ki 1 7 10 (I 1 2 3 0 5 3 June 0 0 24 4 1 1 0 0 3 4 2 3 3 1 4 9 1 11 11 0 0 1 3 0 3 1 July 0 0 27 2 0 2 0 0 3 4 1 4 3 •i 1 11 2 12 10 2 0 1 1 0 2 3 Aug. 0 0 25 2 1 2 0 1 9 3 <> 5 5 2 1 10 1 is 7 O 1 2 2 0 1 0 Sept. 0 0 20 0 0 7 0 3 1 2 1 6 fi 2 1 9 2 3 1 0 2 8 5 0 0 11 Oct. 1 3 25 1 0 0 1 0 1 4 1 6 7 2 1 7 2 7 8 0 2 3 3 0 1 7 Nov. 1 0 22 1 0 2 0 4 1 4 1 7 9 2 1 4 1 3 5 1 4 8 3 0 0 r> Dec. 0 0 18 3 1 2 1 3 2 28 4 39 1 14 5 63 7 67 2 25 1 7 2 14 6 78 3 95 1 15 2 22 6 43 2 26 0 1 0 20 n 65 Year 16 99 SAN PAULO. EIO GRANDE DO SUL. COLONIA, MONTE VIDEO. Lat. —23° 33'. Long. — 4( ;° 37'. Lat. —32° 0'. Long. —52° 15'. Lat. —34° 50'. Long. —58° 37'. Height 2393 ft. Height 54 ft. Height 109 ft. 5 Years, 1879-83. Hours (?) li Tears, 1882-83. Hours (?) 2 Years, 1883-84. Hours 7 : 2, 7. - N. N.E E. S.E. s. s.w w. N.W CA. N. N.E E. S.E. s. s.w w. N.W CA. N. N.E E. S. E. s. s.w w. N.W CA. Jan. 1 2 1 2 0 0 0 3 22 2 7 fi 4 7 2 1 1 1 ') 7 5 9 2 3 0 3 0 Feb. 0 1 1 3 1 0 0 3 19 3 10 5 1 4 3 1 1 0 1 fi 2 7 4 4 1 ■> 1 March 1 2 2 2 1 1 0 1 21 1 4 5 3 3 7 6 1 1 2 10 2 fi 3 3 1 3 1 April 0 2 1 2 1 1 0 1 22 3 fi 4 2 4 6 3 1 1 1 3 3 f, 2 7 3 3 2 May 1 2 1 1 0 0 0 1 25 3 fi 4 2 3 6 4 2 1 2 3 2 4 3 8 2 5 2 June 0 2 1 1 1 0 0 1 24 5 8 5 1 2 5 3 1 0 4 5 1 3 2 6 3 4 2 July 1 2 0 1 1 1 1 (i 24 4 9 3 2 2 5 4 2 0 4 8 1 2 1 8 2 3 2 Aug. 0 9 1 4 1 1 1 0 21 3 10 5 2 0 4 1 1 0 3 11 2 5 2 4 0 2 2 Sept. 0 2 2 5 1 1 0 0 19 1 8 6 2 6 4 1 1 1 1 9 3 7 3 5 0 1 1 Oct. 1 2 1 5 1 1 0 >) 18 1 11 6 3 5 4 1 0 0 1 8 3 5 3 5 2 2 2 Nov. 0 1 2 4 1 1 0 2 19 3 10 6 2 5 3 1 0 0 1 7 3 5 2 7 2 2 1 Dec. 0 1 2 3 1 0 0 3 21 2 31 10 99 7 62 2 26 4 50 5 54 1 27 0 11 0 5 2 24 8 85 4 31 5 fi4 3 30 fi Gfi 1 17 2 32 0 16 Year 5 21 15 33 10 7 2 17 255 ASSUKCION. OOKR1ENTES. GOYA. Lat. —25° 1G'. Long. —57 °40'. Lat. —27° 28'. Long. —58° 49'. Lat. —29° 91'. Long. —59° 15' Height 322 ft. Height 280 ft. Height 209 ft. 11 Months, 1854. Hours va nous. 8 Years, 1 873-80. Hours 7 : 2, 9. 9 Years, 18,6-84. Hours 7 : 2, 9. N. N.E E. S.E. s. s.w w. N.W CA. N. N.E E. S.E. s. s.w w. N.W CA. N. N.E E. S.E. s. s.w w. N.W CA. Jan. 2 4 7 7 5 1 0 1 4 7 :; 4 2 13 0 1 0 1 5 5 4 7 6 2 1 1 Feb. 9 4 4 2 9 0 0 0 0 3 3 4 9 6 2 0 1 ... March r> 7 3 8 4 1 1 2 0 9 3 4 3 11 0 0 0 1 6 3 4 9 4 2 1 2 April 5 5 3 6 fi 2 1 2 0 7 2 4 3 13 0 0 0 1 5 4 3 8 5 3 1 1 May <; 5 9 7 3 1 0 0 0 8 4 4 2 12 0 (1 0 1 7 fi 2 5 6 3 1 1 June 4 4 15 3 2 0 J 1 0 11 3 3 1 12 0 0 0 0 7 6 2 8 3 1 1 July 2 4 12 5 5 1 2 0 0 12 0 3 2 11 1 0 0 0 7 G 3 5 7 2 1 0 Aug. 3 5 7 7 3 1 3 0 2 13 :; 2 1 12 0 0 0 0 7 6 3 5 .'> 3 1 1 ... Sept. ■< fi 10 2 fi 2 0 0 2 8 3 3 2 13 1 0 0 0 2 6 4 9 5 3 0 1 Oct. 4 8 7 4 3 4 0 0 1 7 2 4 o 15 0 0 0 0 4 4 5 9 5 2 1 1 Nov. 7 fi 5 4 4 0 2 2 0 6 3 4 3 14 0 0 0 0 0 7 4 .s y 1 1 1 Dec. 4 8 3 5 4 1 1 2 3 9 106 3 35 4 43 3 27 10 145 1 0 1 0 0 1 5 6 62 5 61 4 42 7 83 6 68 1 27 1 10 1 12 ... Year ... 174 THE VOYAGE OF H.M.S. CHALLENGER. ■■ CONCOEDIA. TUCUMAN. SAN LUIS. Month. Lat. —31° 25'. Long. —58° 4'. Lat. —26° 51'. Long. —65° 12'. Lat. —33" 19'. Long. —66° 20'. Height 200 ft. Height 1522 ft. Hours 7 : 2, 9. Height 2490 ft. 3 Tears, 1876-78. Hours 7 : 2, 9. 8 Years, 1873-77, 79-86. 4 Years, 1874-77. Hours 7: 2, 9. N. N.F, v.. S.E. a. s.w w. N.W CA. N. N.E E. S.E. S. S.W w. N.W CA. N. N.E. E. S.E. s. S.W w. N.W CA. Jan. 2 7 6 7 2 4 2 1 ... 6 3 2 3 7 2 4 2 2 2 3 7 3 2 1 1 2 10 Feb. 2 6 fi 7 2 2 2 1 5 4 3 2 4 4 3 2 1 6 2 5 3 0 0 1 3 8 March 7 8 5 5 2 2 2 0 ■ •■ 5 3 2 3 4 5 4 4 1 2 2 6 5 1 0 1 o 10 April 4 8 6 3 2 5 2 0 ... 4 2 2 1 5 7 5 3 1 2 2 6 4 1 0 1 4 10 May 7 8 3 2 2 4 4 1 2 1 2 3 6 8 5 2 2 6 2 4 3 2 0 0 6 8 June 6 6 4 .1 2 4 5 2 ... 2 2 4 2 6 9 3 1 1 4 2 3 2 1 1 0 3 14 July 10 6 4 3 2 3 2 1 ... 2 2 2 3 9 8 2 1 2 3 3 6 2 1 1 1 3 11 Aug. 9 5 4 2 3 4 3 1 2 3 4 3 9 4 3 1 2 4 2 5 2 1 0 2 3 12 Sept, 9 5 3 2 3 4 3 1 ... 3 1 3 4 8 5 3 1 2 2 1 5 4 1 1 1 3 12 Oct, 6 8 4 4 3 3 2 1 2 2 3 5 8 5 3 2 1 4 1 8 7 1 1 1 2 6 Nov. 4 7 5 5 2 4 2 1 2 2 3 3 7 6 4 2 1 4 1 6 7 1 1 1 1 8 Dec. 5 7 4 3 3 5 3 1 3 2 2 3 7 6 4 2 2 4 43 3 24 5 66 6 48 2 14 1 7 1 11 3 36 6 116 Year 71 81 54 44 28 44 32 11 ... 38 27 32 35 80 69 43 23 18 PARANA. VILLA HEENANDAEIA. KOSAEIO. Lat. —31° 44'. Long. —61° 1'. Lat. —31° 15'. Long. —59° 40'. Lat. —32° 57'. Long. —60° 38'. Height 256 ft. Height 190 ft. Height 128 ft. 8 Years, 1875-82. Hours 7 : 2, 9. 8 Years, 1877-84. Hours 7 : 2, 9. 6 Years, 1875-80. Hours 7 : 2, 9. N. N.E E. S.E. S. S.W w. N.W CA. N. N.E E. S.E. s. S.W w. N.W CA. N. N.E E. S.E. s. S.W w. N.W CA. Jan. 7 2 6 2 7 1 4 2 0 5 2 8 3 5 6 1 1 0 3 4 7 5 5 2 1 1 3 Feb. 7 3 5 3 6 1 2 1 0 3 1 8 2 7 6 1 0 0 5 4 5 4 3 1 0 2 4 March 8 2 9 3 6 2 1 0 0 4 1 9 4 6 5 1 1 0 6 4 6 6 4 1 0 0 4 April 7 3 6 2 7 1 1 1 2 4 2 8 3 6 6 1 0 0 6 3 4 3 6 2 1 1 4 May 10 2 4 2 7 1 2 1 2 5 2 8 3 5 6 1 1 0 8 3 3 2 6 2 1 2 4 June 8 2 4 2 8 1 2 1 2 5 1 7 3 5 6 1 1 1 5 4 3 o 6 4 0 3 2 July 7 3 8 3 7 1 1 0 1 6 2 7 3 4 6 1 1 1 6 4 3 4 6 3 1 2 2 Aug. 7 3 7 3 7 1 1 1 1 5 2 8 3 5 6 1 1 0 6 4 4 5 6 2 1 1 2 Sept. 4 3 9 4 6 0 1 0 3 4 2 8 3 7 6 0 0 0 3 4 6 6 5 3 1 1 1 Oct. 5 3 11 4 7 0 1 0 0 4 2 9 3 6 6 1 0 0 3 0 4 7 6 3 0 1 2 Nov. 9 3 6 5 4 1 1 1 0 5 1 9 2 6 6 1 0 0 3 4 6 6 5 2 1 1 2 Dec. 9 3 5 3 6 1 3 1 9 0 11 7 57 1 19 9 98 3 35 5 67 4 69 1 11 0 6 1 3 5 59 4 47 6 57 3 54 5 63 3 28 1 8 2 17 2 32 Year 88 32 80 36 78 11 20 BUENOS AYEES. TANDIL. BAHIA BLANCA. Lat. —34° 39'. Long. —58° 23'. Lat. —37° 17'. Long. —59° 0'. Lat. —38° 45'. Long. —62° 11'. Height 72 ft. Height 651 ft. Height 49 ft. 20 Years, 1857-76. Hours 7 : 2, 9. 6 Years, 1876-82. Hours 7 : 2, 9. 20 Years, 1860-79. Hours various. N. N.E E. S.E. S. S.W w. N.W CA N. N.E E. S.E. s. S.W w. N.W CA. N. N.E E. S.E. s. S.W w. N.W CA. Jan. 7 5 7 4 3 2 1 2 ... 10 2 2 8 2 4 2 6 0 5 3 5 9 1 1 2 5 ... Feb. 4 4 7 4 3 3 1 2 9 3 2 1 2 3 2 5 1 5 3 5 6 2 1 1 5 March 6 5 5 4 4 3 2 2 9 2 3 2 2 4 4 4 1 7 2 4 5 2 1 2 8 April 7 4 3 3 3 4 3 3 ... 5 2 2 2 5 6 3 4 1 7 2 2 4 2 2 3 8 May 6 4 3 3 3 6 3 3 ... 7 2 2 1 7 6 2 4 0 7 1 2 4 2 2 3 10 . .. June 6 4 3 4 3 5 3 2 ... 5 2 1 1 4 9 4 4 0 6 1 1 3 2 2 3 12 ... July 5 4 4 o 4 5 3 3 7 2 1 2 5 5 3 6 0 6 2 1 3 •J 2 4 11 Aug. 5 4 4 5 4 4 2 3 9 2 2 3 4 5 2 4 0 7 2 2 5 2 1 3 9 la. Sept. 5 4 5 5 4 4 1 2 ... 8 2 2 2 5 6 1 3 1 7 3 3 6 2 1 2 6 Oct. 4 4 7 6 4 4 1 1 ... 10 2 1 2 4 5 2 5 0 7 4 4 5 2 1 2 6 Nov. 0 5 6 4 3 4 1 2 8 3 1 3 2 5 3 5 0 6 4 4 6 2 1 2 5 Dec. 5 5 6 4 3 4 2 2 ... 7 94 2 26 2 2 :; 45 5 63 4 32 6 56 0 4 6 76 3 30 4 37 7 63 2 23 1 16 3 :;o 5 90 ... Year 65 52 6049 41 48 23 27 21 24 REPORT ON ATMOSPHERIC CIRCULATION. 175 COPIAPO. Lat. —27° 23'. Long. —70° 7'. Height 1296 ft. 10 Months, 1886. Hours 7J : 1 J, 9. 176 THE VOYAGE OF H.M.S. CHALLENGER. PONTA CORONA. ANCUD. USHUAIA. MOKTII. Lit. —41° 47'. Lon2. —73° 53'. Lat. —41° 51'. Long. —74° 0'. Lat. —54° 53'. Long. —68° 10'. Heisrht 173 ft. Height 66 ft. Height 98 ft. 10 Months, 1886. Hours 7J: H, 9. 2 Years, 1866-68. Hours 8, N. : 4, 10. 9 Tears, 1874-82. Hours 7 : 2, 9. N. N'.F. F. S.E. s. s.w w. N.W CA. N. N.E E. S.E. s. s.w w. N.W CA. N. N.E E. S.E. s. s.w V,'. N.W CA. Jan. 4 0 0 0 1 9 6 11 4 1 0 0 2 13 3 7 1 4 1 1 0 0 6 15 1 3 Feb. 3 3 1 1 1 11 0 6 3 0 0 0 7 8 4 5 1 3 1 1 0 0 1 13 1 5 March 2 3 0 2 2 6 3 13 6 0 0 0 4 6 10 3 2 7 1 1 1 1 3 9 1 7 April May 2 2 2 7 3 6 1 7 6 2 2 1 2 4 4 6 3 4 1 3 1 1 5 7 1 7 5 3 f) 3 2 7 1 11 11 5 3 2 1 0 3 6 0 5 0 2 2 1 4 5 2 10 June 7 4 2 3 1 7 1 5 5 2 1 1 2 2 3 12 2 5 1 1 1 2 5 7 1 7 July 8 5 1 1 2 4 3 7 5 2 O 4 2 4 3 9 2 3 0 3 1 1 1 7 1 11 Aug. 6 1 0 2 2 5 1 14 6 5 0 1 1 1 5 9 3 2 2 2 2 1 11 4 2 5 Sept. 4 2 1 3 1 6 3 10 ... 4 1 0 4 6 3 4 3 5 2 2 4 1 1 3 6 3 8 Oct. 2 0 1 0 1 14 1 12 5 1 0 1 2 9 8 2 3 4 1 4 1 0 5 10 2 4 Nov. 6 0 0 0 1 7 4 6 6 4 1 4 1 1 4 10 2 3 Dec. 6 67 1 20 0 6 0 14 0 30 8 65 2 53 9 77 5 33 2 45 1 12 3 29 1 12 1 5 .12 105 1 18 5 75 Year 10 | 59 STANLEY. ORANGE BAT. SOUTH GEORGIA. Month. Lat. - -51° 41'. Long. —57° 51'. Lat. —55° 31'. Long. —68° 5'. Lat. —54° 31'. Long. —36° 5'. Height 22 ft. Height 39 ft. Height 39 ft. 1 Tear, 1875. Hour 9 : 1 Tear, 1882-83. Hourly. 1 Tear, 1882-83. Hourly. N. N.E K. S.E. s. s.w w. N.W CA. N. N.E E. S.E. s. s.w w x.w CA. N. N.E E. S.E. s. S.W w. N.W CA. Jan. 2 0 0 0 6 8 10 5 0 1 1 1 0 2 13 9 3 1 3 2 3 3 1 6 9 4 Feb. 3 0 0 0 6 3 9 7 0 1 1 0 0 1 9 10 2 4 2 2 1 1 3 6 8 5 March 3 0 1 0 0 7 13 7 0 3 2 1 1 1 4 8 7 4 3 1 2 2 2 4 10 7 April 2 0 1 0 2 4 17 2 2 3 2 0 0 1 5 8 5 6 5 1 1 3 1 5 11 3 May 5 2 6 0 0 0 14 4 0 5 5 1 0 0 5 7 6 2 4 2 1 1 1 8 10 4 June 2 0 3 2 5 0 14 3 1 1 2 3 2 1 6 i 4 4 3 1 4 2 1 5 10 4 July 4 0 0 1 5 4 14 1 2 2 3 2 0 1 5 9 6 3 3 1 0 2 2 7 11 5 Aug. 2 0 0 0 4 1 16 o 3 5 3 1 1 1 3 8 7 2 4 3 1 2 1 b 11 4 ... Sept. 2 0 0 2 1 4 17 3 1 2 6 2 0 0 9 5 3 3 4 2 1 1 3 4 9 6 Oct, 3 0 0 0 7 8 11 1 1 1 0 0 0 X 3 10 15 1 5 2 1 2 3 5 7 6 Nov. 1 1 1 1 12 5 9 0 0 1 1 0 1 0 5 14 6 2 6 3 3 1 1 4 7 5 Dec. 4 3 3 3 5 4 8 1 0 1 26 0 26 0 11 0 5 2 11 10 77 11 3 4 36 4 46 1 21 2 20 1 L'l 1 20 5 64 11 114 6 59 Year 33 6 ,5 9 53 48 152 39 10 106; 67 1 JOETH ATLANTIC. NORTH ATLANTIC. NORTH ATLANTIC. Month. Lat. 12° 30'. Long. —22° 30'. Lat. 12° 30'. Long. —32° 30'. Lat. 12° 30'. Long. —42° 30'. Height 0 ft. Height 0 ft. Height 0 ft. 6| Tears, 1881-86. Hour* 5i Tears, 1881-86. Hour.* 1 5J Tears, 1881-86. Hour.* N. N.E E. S.E. s. s w to. N.W CA. N. N.E E. S.E. s. s.w w. N.W CA. N. N.E E. S.E. s. s.v w. x.w CA. Jan. 1 25 4 1 0 0 0 0 0 | 1 18 11 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 11 19 1 0 0 0 0 0 Feb. 3 20 5 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 17 10 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 7 21 0 0 0 0 0 0 March 2 20 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 21 11) 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 11 19 1 0 0 0 0 0 April 1 26 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 18 11 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 10 is 1 0 0 0 0 0 May 1 27 'j 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 25 6 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 13 17 1 0 0 0 0 0 June 1 20 2 0 0 1 0 0 0 II 20 10 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 5 2b 0 0 0 0 0 0 July 2 23 5 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 19 11 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 4 26 1 0 0 0 0 0 Aug. 4 13 2 1 2 1 4 3 1 4 in 6 1 1 0 1 1 1 1 12 15 1 1 0 0 0 1 Sept. 3 13 5 2 2 0 1 3 1 2 12 10 2 1 1 1 0 1 1 5 is 4 2 0 0 0 0 Oct. 1 23 4 1 2 0 0 0 0 1 12 13 1 9 0 1 0 1 1 6 17 5 1 0 0 1 0 Nov. 2 19 8 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 8 18 4 0 0 0 0 0 0 4 22 3 1 0 0 0 0 Dec. 2 22 7 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 11 6 192 20 136 2 11 1 5 0 1 1 5 0 1 0 3 1 5 7 95 22 239 1 19 0 5 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 Year 23 263 50 6 7 3 5 6 2 * About 1 p.m. Greenwich Mean Time. REPORT ON ATMOSPHERIC CIRCULATION. 177 NORTH ATLANTIC. NORTH ATLANTIC. NORTH ATLANTIC. Month. Lat. 12° 30'. Long. —52° 30'. Lat. 22° 30'. Long. —22° 30'. Lat. 22° 30'. Long. -32° 30'. Height 0 ft. Height 0 ft. Height 0 ft. 5* Tears, 1881-86. Hour.* 5 J Tears, 1881-86. Hour.* 51 Tears, 1881-86. Hour.* N. N.E E. S.E. s. s.w w. N.W C/ i. N. N.E E. S.E. s. s.w w. N.W CA. N. N.E E. S.E. s. s.w w. N.W CA. Jan. 0 8 22 1 0 0 i> 0 2 14 11 2 0 0 1 1 0 2 fi 13 6 1 0 1 2 0 Feb. 1 5 21 1 0 0 0 0 4 11 9 2 0 0 1 1 0 2 8 9 4 1 1 0 2 1 March 1 8 18 4 0 0 0 0 5 20 4 0 0 1 1 0 0 3 12 10 3 2 1 0 0 0 April 1 0 16 7 1 0 0 0 4 19 4 1 0 0 1 1 0 3 10 11 2 1 1 1 1 0 May 0 3 24 4 0 0 0 0 4 19 7 0 1 0 0 0 0 2 17 10 1 1 0 0 0 (i June 0 3 25 2 0 0 0 0 1 22 6 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 12 13 1 1 1 0 1 0 July 0 3 22 0 0 0 0 0 3 21 7 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 17 13 0 0 0 0 0 0 Aug. 0 3 20 6 2 0 0 0 1 23 7 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 19 11 0 0 0 0 0 0 Sept. 1 3 17 7 2 0 0 0 1 17 10 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 9 17 3 1 0 0 0 0 Oct. 1 3 15 9 2 0 1 0 0 17 9 1 1 1 0 1 1 0 9 14 4 1 2 0 1 0 Nov. 0 1 20 8 1 0 0 0 3 16 7 1 1 1 0 1 0 4 8 14 2 0 1 0 1 0 Dec. 1 8 •jo 2 0 0 0 0 2 30 8 207 14 95 3 11 1 6 0 3 1 5 1 6 1 2 3 22 136 13 148 3 29 1 10 1 8 0 2 1 9 0 1 Year 6 53 240 57 8 0 1 0 NORTH ATLANTIC. NOKTH ATLANTIC. NORTH ATLANTIC. Lat. 22° 30'. Long. —42° 30. Lat. 22° 30'. Long. —52° 30'. Lat. 22° 3D'. Long. —62° 30'. Height 0 ft. Height 0 ft. Height 0 ft. 5i Years, 1881-86. Hour.* fij Tears, 1881-86. Hour.* 5J Tears, 1881-86. Hour.* N. N.E E. S.E. s. s.w w. s.w CA N. N.E E. S.E. s. s.w w. x.u CA. N. N.E E. S.E. S. s.w w. N.W CA. Jan. 2 9 12 0 1 1 0 1 0 3 8 14 3 2 0 1 0 0 1 9 13 5 2 0 0 1 0 Feb. 2 9 8 4 3 0 1 1 0 o 7 9 3 2 2 0 •> 0 1 10 8 1 1 2 1 0 1 March 3 8 10 5 2 1 1 1 0 2 4 8 5 7 1 1 2 1 2 8 8 3 4 2 2 2 0 April o 4 11 7 3 1 1 1 0 2 5 7 7 3 2 2 1 1 2 5 9 6 3 2 2 1 0 May T 6 15 7 1 0 1 0 0 9 4 8 10 3 1 1 1 1 1 4 8 12 3 1 1 0 1 June 1 4 14 7 2 1 0 1 0 1 1 8 15 2 1 0 1 1 1 2 12 10 3 2 0 0 0 July 0 3 22 5 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 11 13 4 1 0 0 1 0 1 15 12 2 0 0 0 1 Aug. 1 5 23 2 0 0 0 0 0 1 3 10 12 4 1 0 0 0 0 1 16 9 3 1 0 0 1 Sept. 1 2 20 6 1 0 0 0 0 1 5 10 9 2 1 1 1 0 1 3 12 10 2 1 0 1 0 Oct. 2 7 11 6 2 1 0 1 1 2 6 10 8 2 1 0 1 1 2 6 9 8 2 1 1 1 1 Nov. 1 10 13 4 2 0 0 0 0 3 8 11 4 1 2 0 1 1) 2 8 11 5 1 1 0 1 1 Dec. 3 8 12 6 1 0 0 1 0 4 24 8 60 12 118 5 94 1 33 0 13 0 6 1 11 0 6 2 15 8 65 13 134 4 88 1 27 1 14 1 8 1 8 0 6 Tear 19 75 171 64 18 5 4 8 1 NOKTH ATLANTIC. NORTH ATLANTIC. NORTH ATLANTIC. Lat. 22° 30'. Long. -72° 30'. Lat. 22° 30'. Long. —77° 30'. Lat. 32° 30'. Long. —12° 30'. Height 0 ft. Height 0 ft. Height 0 ft. 5J Tears, 1881-86. Hour.* 61 Vears, 1881-86. Hour.* 5J Tears, 1881-86. Hour.* N. N.E E. S.E. s. s.w w. N.W CA N. N.E E. S.E. s. s.w w. N.W CA. N. N.E E. S.E. S. s.w w. N.W CA. Jan. 2 8 13 5 1 0 1 1 0 5 7 2 2 2 5 4 4 0 4 8 5 6 2 2 2 2 0 Feb. 1 5 10 5 2 1 1 1 2 5 6 2 1 4 3 4 3 0 2 6 5 3 2 4 3 2 0 March 4 5 11 5 2 1 0 2 1 7 4 1 2 4 6 2 5 0 9 8 3 1 2 2 3 2 1 April 2 5 7 7 3 2 2 1 1 5 6 4 2 2 5 2 4 0 8 8 1 0 1 4 4 4 0 May 2 4 8 10 3 1 1 1 1 5 4 1 2 5 8 4 2 0 8 9 2 1 2 4 4 1 0 June 1 1 8 15 2 1 0 1 1 2 5 2 4 4 8 2 2 1 11 14 1 0 1 1 1 1 0 July 0 1 11 13 4 1 0 0 1 3 2 2 2 3 12 5 2 0 14 11 0 0 0 1 2 3 o Aug. 1 3 10 12 4 1 0 O 0 5 6 ■) 2 3 7 4 1 1 10 12 1 0 1 3 2 1 1 Sept. 1 5 10 9 2 1 1 1 0 5 8 5 2 1 4 2 2 1 9 8 2 2 2 4 2 1 0 Oct. 2 6 10 8 2 1 0 1 1 8 9 2 3 2 2 2 3 0 5 12 5 2 1 4 1 1 0 Nov. 3 8 11 4 1 2 0 1 0 9 6 3 2 2 2 1 5 0 4 8 4 4 4 4 1 1 0 Dec. 4 8 12 5 1 0 0 1 0 8 67 5 68 2 28 2 26 3 35 4 66 1 33 5 38 1 4 5 90 9 113 6 35 3 22 2 20 2 35 1 i'i; 3 22 0 2 Year 23 59 121 98 27 12 6 11 8 • About 1 p.m. Greenwich Mean Time. (PHYS. CHEM. CHAIX. EXP. — PART V. 1888.) 29 178 THE VOYAGE OF H.M.S. CHALLENGER. NORTH ATLANTIC. NORTH ATLANTIC. NORTH ATLANTIC. Month. Lat. 32° 30'. Long. -22° 30'. Lat. 32° 30'. Long. —32° 30'. Lat. 32° 30'. Long. -42° 30'. Height 0 ft. Height 0 ft. Height 0 ft. 5| Years, 1881-86. Hour.' 5* Years, 1881-86. Hour.* 51 Years, 1881-86. Hour.* N, N.E E. R.F.. 8. s.w w. N.W CA. N. N.E E. S.E. s. s.w w. N.W CA. N. N.E E. S.E. s. s.w w. N.W CA. Jan. 2 7 4 6 4 2 3 3 0 2 3 4 7 4 3 2 5 1 4 3 2 6 5 3 3 5 0 Feb. 3 3 3 3 4 5 5 2 0 3 3 2 3 3 6 4 4 0 3 3 2 3 2 5 4 6 0 March ft 10 1 3 2 4 2 4 0 4 6 4 4 2 6 2 3 0 2 3 3 5 5 6 3 4 0 April 6 8 4 1 1 3 3 4 0 4 3 5 4 3 6 3 2 0 2 1 3 4 6 7 3 3 1 May 8 7 4 1 *.» 4 2 3 0 6 6 3 2 2 5 2 5 0 4 4 3 5 3 ft 4 2 1 June 5 14 2 3 2 1 1 2 0 3 7 ft 5 4 3 1 2 0 2 3 4 8 6 2 2 3 0 July 5 18 4 1 0 0 1 2 0 4 6 10 4 2 1 2 2 0 2 3 3 6 6 6 3 1 1 Aug. ft 15 3 1 1 2 1 2 1 3 9 8 2 3 1 2 2 1 2 4 8 7 6 2 1 1 0 Sept. ft 13 2 ») 2 4 1 1 0 3 7 6 5 3 3 1 2 0 3 4 6 5 5 3 1 3 0 Oct. •> 11 7 4 1 3 1 1 1 2 6 6 6 6 2 1 2 0 3 6 o 5 6 3 1 2 0 Nov. •> 9 5 2 2 4 3 3 0 3 6 5 5 4 2 1 4 0 3 5 0 4 5 2 3 3 0 Dec. 6 6 •; 5 2 3 0 3 0 5 42 7 69 5 63 5 52 3 39 3 41 1 22 2 35 0 2 3 33 5 44 4 48 4 62 6 61 5 49 1 29 3 36 0 3 Year 54 121 45 32 23 35 23 30 2 NORTH ATLANTIC. NORTH ATLANTIC. NORTH ATLANTIC. Month. Lat. 32° 30'. Long. —52° 30'. Lat. 32" 30'. Long. -62° 30'. Lat. 32° 30'. Long. —72° 30'. Height 0 ft. Height 0 ft. Height 0 ft. 5} Tears, 1881-86. Hour • 5£ Years, 1881-86. Hour.' 5} Years, 1881-86. Hour.* N. N.E E. S.E. s. s.w w. N.W CA. N. N.E E. S.E. s. s.w w. N.W CA. N. N.E E. S.E. S. s.w W. N.W CA. Jan. 3 4 3 3 4 4 4 6 0 4 3 2 2 4 6 5 4 1 O 4 2 2 ft ft 2 6 0 Feb. 3 2 3 2 3 5 4 5 1 3 2 1 3 3 6 4 5 1 4 4 2 2 5 4 3 4 0 March 2 2 1 2 ft 10 4 5 0 3 2 1 2 ft 5 5 8 0 8 2 1 2 3 6 3 6 0 April 3 3 1 4 7 6 4 2 0 3 3 2 2 4 5 4 6 1 6 4 3 1 3 5 3 4 1 May 2 1 2 7 7 6 3 2 1 2 2 1 4 9 7 3 3 0 4 4 1 3 6 8 2 2 1 June 2 1 3 3 10 C 2 3 0 3 1 1 3 10 7 2 2 1 2 2 1 5 8 8 2 1 1 July 1 1 1 7 9 6 4 1 1 1 0 1 3 11 9 5 1 0 2 1 1 2 9 11 3 2 0 Aug. 2 1 3 7 11 ft 1 1 II 1 1 3 6 11 6 1 2 0 2 4 2 2 10 6 2 2 1 Sept. 3 3 4 5 7 3 3 2 II 4 4 4 5 5 3 3 2 0 5 4 5 5 4 3 1 2 1 Oct. 2 6 4 5 7 4 1 2 0 4 6 4 C 3 4 2 2 0 6 10 5 3 2 1 1 3 0 Nov. 3 5 4 4 5 4 2 3 0 ft 4 5 2 4 4 2 4 0 7 6 2 3 2 2 1 6 1 Dec. 3 4 2 4 5 5 04 3 35 5 37 II 3 4 37 5 33 2 27 2 40 ft 74 4 66 3 39 5 44 1 5 6 57 4 49 1 26 3 33 3 60 ft C4 1 24 7 45 1 7 Year 29 33 31 53 80 NOKTH ATLANTIC. NORTH ATLANTIC. NORTH ATLANTIC. Month. Lat. 42° 30'. Long. -12° 30'. Height 0 ft. Lat. 42° 30'. Long. -22° 30'. Height 0 ft. Lat 42° 30'. Long. -32° 30'. Height 0 ft. :>i Years, 1881-86. Hour.* CA. 1 — N. 5* Years, 1881-86. Hour.* 51 Years, 1881-86. Hour.* N. N.E E. S.E. s. s.w w. N.W N.E E. S.E. s. s.w w. N.W CA. N. N.E E. S.E. S. S.WT w. N.W CA. Jan. 3 3 1 2 5 7 4 6 0 ■) 1 1 1 6 8 6 7 0 1 1 1 1 4 9 7 7 0 Feb. •> 3 2 2 3 9 5 2 0 2 1 1 3 3 7 6 5 0 3 0 1 1 4 8 4 7 0 March 3 9 1 1 2 7 4 3 1 4 6 1 1 3 6 5 5 0 3 1 1 2 4 10 6 4 0 April 4 6 1 1 1 4 5 8 0 2 3 2 2 1 4 5 11 0 2 2 2 2 3 9 4 6 0 May 6 4 1 1 1 6 6 5 1 4 3 2 1 2 6 5 8 0 2 5 2 1 2 8 4 7 0 June 7 7 0 0 1 2 3 8 2 4 :; 1 3 4 3 4 8 0 2 2 2 4 2 10 4 4 0 July 6 9 0 1 0 4 5 6 0 3 3 1 1 2 3 5 12 1 2 1 0 2 5 8 C 7 0 Aug. 7 8 0 1 1 3 4 7 0 4 4 1 1 2 6 6 7 0 2 2 1 1 4 8 6 6 1 Sept. 4 5 1 1 3 ft 5 6 0 4 8 5 ft 3 1 1 2 1 3 2 1 2 4 6 7 5 0 Oct. 5 7 2 1 3 3 3 7 0 3 7 ft ft 4 2 2 3 0 1 2 1 3 5 7 3 9 0 Nov. 3 2 3 3 4 7 4 4 0 2 3 2 1 4 7 6 5 0 2 2 1 2 4 8 4 7 0 Dec. 5 6 1 2 3 7 4 3 0 2 36 4 46 2 24 2 26 3 36 7 60 7 58 4 77 0 2 2 |S6 3 23 2 15 2 23 3 44 9 100 5 60 5 74 0 1 Year 55 69 13 16 27 64 52 65 4 * About 1 p.m. Greenwich Mean Time. REPORT ON ATMOSPHERIC CIRCULATION. 179 NORTH ATLANTIC. NORTH ATLANTIC. NORTH ATLANTIC. MONTIT. Lat. 42° 30'. Long. —42° 30'. Lat. 42° 30'. Long. -52° 30'. Lat. 42° 30'. Long. — C2° 30'. Height 0 ft. Height 0 ft. Height 0 ft. 5J Years, 1881-86. Hour.* b\ Years, 1881-86. Hour.* 5| Years, 1881-86. Hour.* N. N.E E. S.E. s. s.w w. N.W CA. N. N.E E. S.E. S. s.w w. N.W CA. N. N.E E. S.E. s. s.w w. N.W CA. Jan. 4 1 1 1 4 6 5 9 0 3 2 1 2 5 6 4 7 1 5 3 1 2 3 4 6 7 0 Feb. 4 1 1 0 3 7 4 8 0 4 1 1 2 4 4 4 8 0 4 3 1 2 3 3 4 8 0 March 4 1 1 2 8 5 4 6 0 3 2 2 3 6 5 4 6 0 6 2 2 2 3 3 3 10 0 April 3 2 2 1 4 8 4 6 0 5 1 1 4 6 3 3 7 0 6 3 2 4 3 2 2 7 1 May 3 2 2 1 4 8 3 7 1 4 2 1 2 8 6 3 5 0 4 3 2 4 5 6 3 4 0 June 2 2 2 2 4 10 4 3 1 3 1 2 2 5 11 4 2 0 3 3 1 3 4 7 5 3 1 July 2 2 1 1 4 9 7 4 1 2 1 2 2 4 13 3 4 0 2 2 1 2 7 8 5 4 0 Aug. 2 0 1 1 5 10 5 6 1 2 1 1 2 7 9 5 3 1 4 2 2 1 6 7 4 5 0 Sept. 5 1 2 2 5 6 4 5 0 5 2 2 4 5 4 3 4 1 4 4 2 3 3 5 4 4 1 Oct. 4 1 1 2 5 7 4 7 0 4 2 2 4 4 6 2 7 0 5 5 1 3 3 5 2 7 0 Nov. 2 1 1 2 4 7 6 7 0 3 2 1 3 4 5 6 6 0 3 4 1 2 4 4 5 7 0 Dec. 3 2 0 2 4 10 4 6 0 4 42 2 19 2 18 3 33 4 62 6 78 3 44 7 66 0 3 5 51 8 42 5 21 4 32 3 47 2 56 1 44 3 69 0 3 Year 38 16 15 17 54 93 54 74 4 NORTH ATLANTIC. NORTH ATLANTIC. NORTH ATLANTIC. Month. Lat. 42° 30'. Long. —67° 30'. Lat. 52° 30'. Long. —12° 3(V. Lat. 52° 30'. Long. -22° 30'. Height 0 ft. Height 0 ft. Height 0 ft. 51 Years, 1881-86. Hour.* 5 J Years, 1881-86. Hour.* 5} Years, 1881-86. Hour.* N. N.E E. S.E. s. s.w w. N.W CA. N. N.E E. S.E. s. s.w w. N.W CA. N. N.E E. S.E. S. s.w w. N.W CA. Jan. 6 2 2 3 2 3 4 8 1 1 2 2 4 6 5 8 3 1 1 1 3 5 7 7 6 Feb. 6 1 2 3 2 4 2 8 0 1 1 1 2 5 8 7 3 i 2 1 2 6 8 2 6 ... March 6 2 2 2 3 2 4 9 1 4 3 1 3 5 6 4 5 ... 3 2 1 3 5 5 5 7 April 7 3 3 2 2 3 3 6 1 3 3 4 4 5 4 4 3 2 4 1 4 5 4 4 6 May 3 3 4 4 3 5 2 6 1 4 5 1 2 4 6 4 5 7 4 2 3 3 5 2 5 June 3 2 2 2 5 6 5 4 1 4 1 1 2 3 5 7 7 2 1 1 1 4 7 7 7 July 3 2 1 2 6 9 3 4 1 2 1 0 1 5 8 7 7 4 1 0 1 3 6 8 8 Aug. 5 3 1 2 6 6 4 3 1 2 1 1 1 5 8 8 5 1 1 2 8 4 8 5 7 Sept. 5 4 2 2 4 4 3 4 2 2 1 2 4 3 7 6 5 4 1 1 3 2 6 7 6 Oct. 8 3 3 3 2 5 2 5 0 3 3 2 3 3 5 6 6 2 1 1 2 4 7 7 7 Nov. 4 2 2 1 4 3 4 9 1 2 0 1 3 6 5 7 6 2 1 1 3 4 6 7 6 Dec. 5 4 2 2 3 5 3 7 0 3 31 2 23 2 18 1 30 5 55 6 73 7 75 5 60 3 32 2 21 1 13 1 29 3 48 7 76 9 70 5 76 Year 61 31 26 ■_>M 42 55 39 73 10 NORTH ATLANTIC. NORTH ATLANTIC. NORTH ATLANTIC. Month. Lat. 52° 30'. Long. —32° 30'. Lat. 52° 30'. Long. —42° 30'. Lat. 52° 30'. Long. —47° 30'. Height 0 ft. Height 0 ft. Height 0 ft. 5} Years, 1881-86. Hour.* 5\ Years, 1881-86. Hour.* 5J Years, 1881-86. Hour.* N. N.E E. S.E. s. s.w w. N.W CA. N. N.E E. S.E. s. s.w w. N.W CA. N. N.E E. S.E. s. s.w w. N.W CA. Jan. 1 2 0 3 3 6 8 7 1 2 2 0 1 2 7 6 11 0 4 1 1 1 2 4 6 12 0 Feb. 3 1 2 2 4 5 5 6 0 1 1 1 2 2 5 4 12 0 2 2 1 1 2 5 4 11 0 March 3 2 1 3 3 8 5 6 0 2 2 0 4 2 8 4 9 0 3 2 1 4 2 7 3 9 0 April 2 2 0 4 6 4 5 7 0 2 2 2 6 3 4 3 8 0 5 3 4 3 1 4 8 7 0 May 4 3 2 3 5 7 2 5 0 4 2 2 4 4 8 3 4 0 3 4 1 5 4 5 2 7 0 June 2 1 1 2 3 11 6 4 0 1 1 0 2 5 11 5 5 0 1 1 1 4 4 9 6 4 0 July 3 2 0 2 3 7 6 8 0 ' 2 1 1 3 8 7 3 6 0 1 2 1 3 6 8 4 6 0 Aug. 2 2 1 1 3 8 6 8 0 3 2 1 2 5 8 4 6 0 4 2 1 2 5 6 4 6 1 Sept. 3 1 1 1 3 7 5 9 0 i 3 1 0 1 4 7 5 8 1 3 1 0 1 5 6 5 9 0 Oct. 2 1 1 1 4 6 6 10 o 3 1 0 2 4 5 5 11 0 2 1 1 1 3 6 6 11 0 Nov. 3 2 0 2 5 5 6 7 0 3 1 1 1 3 5 6 10 0 4 1 0 3 3 5 4 10 0 Dec. 2 2 0 2 2 9 6 8 0 2 28 1 17 0 8 2 30 3 45 8 83 6 54 9 99 0 1 2 34 1 21 2 14 1 29 4 41 5 70 6 53 10 102 0 1 Year 30 21 9 26 44 83 66 85 ll • About 1 p.m. Greenwich Mean Time. 180 THE VOYAGE OF H.M.S. CHALLENGER. NORTH ATLANTIC NORTH ATLANTIC. NORTH ATLANTIC. Month. Lat. 57° 30'. Long:. —12° 30'. Lat. 57° 30'. Long. -22° 30'. Lat. 57° 30'. Long. -32° 30'. Height 0 ft. Height 0 ft. Height 0 ft. 5J Years, 1881-86. Hour.* 5J Years, 1881-86. Hour.' 5J Years, 1881-86. Hour.* N. N F E. S.E. s. s.w w. N.W CA. N. N.E E. S.E. s. s.w w. N.W CA. N. N.E E. S.E. s. s.w N.W w. CA. Jan. 1 2 1 6 2 7 6 6 ... 1 2 2 4 3 6 6 7 0 1 2 2 4 2 4 6 10 0 Feb. 2 3 1 2 5 10 3 2 3 4 2 3 3 8 3 2 0 3 2 2 4 2 4 3 8 0 March 3 4 1 2 5 8 3 5 ... 2 3 2 5 2 6 4 7 0 2 3 1 6 3 4 3 9 0 April 2 5 4 5 5 5 3 1 2 7 2 6 3 4 3 3 0 4 4 2 6 2 4 3 5 0 May 6 6 3 3 3 5 2 3 4 (3 2 3 1 5 3 3 4 3 6 3 5 3 3 2 6 0 June 4 3 1 2 3 7 5 5 ... 3 3 1 2 3 7 6 4 1 2 1 1 1 4 10 6 5 0 July 4 3 2 4 5 6 3 4 4 4 2 2 4 4 6 5 0 5 3 1 3 2 6 5 6 0 ; Aug. 5 2 1 2 4 10 3 4 4 2 2 4 3 6 5 5 0 4 o 2 3 2 5 3 8 1 i Sept. 3 2 2 3 5 8 5 2 3 1 2 2 5 6 6 4 1 3 2 2 1 5 7 3 6 1 Oct. 2 2 3 4 4 6 4 5 2 3 1 3 4 7 5 G 0 3 1 1 3 4 6 4 9 0 1 Nov. 3 1 1 3 4 9 5 5 2 2 2 4 3 6 5 6 0 5 2 1 3 4 3 5 7 0 Dec. 2 3 1 2 2 9 7 5 ... 1 31 2 39 1 21 3 41 3 37 8 73 6 58 7 59 0 6 1 36 2 31 1 19 3 42 3 36 8 64 5 48 8 87 0 2 Year 37 36 21 38 47 90 49 47 ... NORTH ATLANTIC NORTH ATLANTIC. Month. Lat. 57° 30'. Long. -42° Height 0 ft. 30'. Lat. 57° 30'. Long. —47° 30'. Height 0 ft. 54 Years, 1881-86. Hour.* 5i Years, 1881-86. Hour.* N. N.E E. S.E. s. s.w w. N.W CA. N. N.E E. S.E. s. s.w w. N.W CA. Jan. 3 4 1 1 2 6 4 10 0 7 3 1 0 1 3 2 14 0 Feb. 4 3 1 2 1 2 3 12 0 5 4 1 0 1 3 2 12 0 March 4 3 2 3 3 6 2 8 0 5 3 2 2 3 4 2 9 1 April 6 3 2 4 3 2 2 7 1 9 3 2 2 1 1 3 7 2 May 5 6 3 3 4 3 o 4 0 6 5 3 3 3 4 1 5 1 June 2 2 1 2 6 9 4 3 1 2 2 1 2 6 7 6 4 0 July 4 3 3 2 C, 5 3 5 0 5 3 3 4 5 3 4 4 0 Aug. . 4 3 1 4 5 4 4 5 1 5 3 2 3 5 3 3 6 1 Sept. 4 3 1 2 5 5 3 7 0 3 4 1 3 4 o 3 8 1 Oct. 3 2 1 3 4 5 4 9 0 5 1 1 2 3 5 3 11 0 Nov. 5 3 1 4 1 3 4 9 0 6 3 1 3 1 3 3 10 0 Dec. 4 2 1 2 3 6 4 9 0 3 61 3 37 1 19 1 25 4 37 4 43 4 36 11 101 0 6 Year 48 37 18 32 43 56 40 88 3 * Ahout 1 p.m. Greenwich Mean Time. REPORT ON ATMOSPHERIC CIRCULATION. 181 ADDENDA TO TABLE VII. ST. MAHTIN-DE-HINX. PAPHO. f.l.MASSOL. Lat. 43° 35'. Long. —1° 16'. Lat. 34° 46'. Long. 32° 25'. Lat. 34° 40'. Long. 33° 1'. Height 131 ft. Hours 6, 9,N. : 3,C , 'J. Height 230 ft. Height 26 ft. 20 Years, 1867-86. 7 Years, 1881-87. Hours 9 : 9 6 Years, 1882-87. Hours »: 9. N. N.E E. S.E. s. S.W w. N.W CA. N. N.E E. S.E. s. S.W w. N.W CA. N. N.E E. S.E. S. S.W w. N.W, CA. Jan. 3 5 7 3 2 4 4 2 1 5 3 8 2 2 2 4 3 2 3 4 8 5 4 4 >> 1 Feb. 2 3 6 3 2 3 5 3 1 4 2 9 1 1 2 5 3 1 2 0 0 6 6 5 3 2 1 March 4 3 4 2 2 3 6 5 2 3 2 9 1 1 2 8 4 1 2 3 5 4 5 6 4 •} April 2 2 4 2 2 3 7 6 2 5 1 9 1 1 1 8 3 1 1 2 4 4 4 8 6 1 May 3 3 4 2 1 3 7 6 2 4 1 9 1 2 1 10 2 1 2 2 -' 5 6 6 7 1 June 3 2 3 1 1 3 8 7 2 4 1 6 1 2 1 9 4 2 1 1 3 4 5 6 8 2 July 3 2 3 2 1 2 8 7 3 7 0 6 1 3 2 9 O 0 1 2 2 4 6 7 8 1 Aug. 3 2 4 2 1 2 7 6 4 4 1 8 1 2 1 7 3 4 1 2 i 4 5 4 8 3 Sept. 3 2 5 2 2 3 5 5 3 7 1 7 1 2 1 7 3 1 1 1 3 4 5 3 10 O Oct. 3 3 5 3 2 4 5 4 2 4 2 9 0 1 1 0 3 5 1 2 6 7 3 4 7 1 Nov. 3 4 6 3 2 4 4 3 1 1 2 8 2 3 1 5 2 3 1 3 8 9 3 3 -> 1 Dec. 3 4 7 3 2 4 4 2 2 4 55 2 18 11 99 2 14 2 22 1 16 5 83 3 36 1 22 2 18 4 29 9 60 4 60 4 55 5 59 2 66 1 18 Year 35 35 58 28 20 38 70 56 25 LAENACA. PAMAGTJSTA. KYREXIA. Month. Lat. 34° 5ft'. Long. 33° 37'. Height 350 ft. La t. 35° 7'. Long. 33° 57'. Height 75 ft. Lat. 35° 21'. Long. 33° 19'. Height 60 ft. 7 Years, 1881-87. Hours 9 : 9 i Ve ars, 1882-87. Hours 9 : 9 7 Years, 1881-87. Hours 9 : 9. N. N.E E. S.E. s. S.W \v. N.W CA. N. N.E E. S.E. S. S.W w. N.W CA. N. N.E E. S.E. s. S.W w. N.W CA. Jan. 8 5 1 2 5 0 2 0 5 5 3 2 2 7 5 2 0 5 3 8 2 2 1 4 1 .") Feb. 6 3 1 2 4 4 4 4 4 5 1 1 2 5 6 2 2 4 3 7 1 3 1 3 1 5 March 6 4 1 4 5 5 3 3 3 5 2 1 3 8 5 2 2 3 2 8 1 4 1 5 2 5 April 5 4 2 O 7 4 3 2 3 5 3 1 3 6 6 3 0 2 2 6 1 1 1 7 2 8 May 3 2 2 b' 8 4 4 2 ■ >■ 2 4 4 2 8 6 3 2 0 3 1 7 1 2 1 5 3 8 June 3 2 1 4 9 4 0 2 1 3 6 2 6 6 4 1 1 3 1 6 0 2 1 5 4 8 July 3 1 1 6 9 4 5 2 1 5 6 2 5 7 3 1 1 3 1 5 0 2 1 5 4 10 Aug. 4 2 2 4 10 1) 4 2 .. 2 3 5 2 4 8 4 1 2 2 2 4 1 1 0 0 • 1 13 Sept. 2 2 2 4 8 4 r> 3 2 2 2 1 3 10 5 2 3 0 2 4 0 2 1 <; 3 9 Oct. 6 4 1 4 6 .j 3 4 ... 3 2 1 1 1 8 9 3 3 2 2 5 1 2 1 4 3 11 Nov. 6 5 1 2 2 4 5 5 ... 3 0 2 1 2 10 7 2 0 3 2 6 1 4 1 5 2 6 Dec. 7 7 0 3 4 4 3 3 2 31 6 48 3 38 2 18 3 42 7 88 4 61 1 22 3 17 3 36 2 23 7 73 2 11 0 28 1 11 6 60 2 30 5 93 Year 59 ■11 15 44 77 46 46 37 ... 182 THE VOYAGE OF H.M.S. CHALLENGER. NICOSIA. KRASSNOWODSK. GURJEW. Month. Lat. 35° 11'. Long. 33° 22'. Lat. 40° 0'. Long. 52° bV. Lat. 47° 7'. LoDg. 51° 55'. Height 509 ft. Height —70 ft. Height —58 ft. Hours 7 : 1, 9. 7 Tears, 1881-87. Hours 9 : 9. 5 Years. 1883-87. Hours 7 : 1, 9. 4 Years, 1880-81, 83-84. N. N.E E. S.E. s. s.w w. N.W CA. N. N.E E. S.E. s. s.w w. N.W CA. JN. N.E E. S.E. s. s.w w. N.W CA. Jan. 4 1 6 1 4 2 4 1 8 5 2 8 4 1 0 0 2 9 1 2 8 6 1 2 6 2 3 Feb. 5 1 3 1 3 2 4 3 6 4 2 5 -> 1 0 1 3 10 2 4 6 2 1 2 5 3 3 March 4 1 5 2 •'! 1 6 4 5 6 1 3 3 1 1 1 4 11 2 3 9 4 1 3 4 2 3 April 3 1 5 2 3 1 5 5 5 8 1 2 •1 1 1 2 5 8 3 4 8 4 1 1 3 2 4 May 3 2 3 1 2 2 7 6 5 7 1 2 2 2 2 2 4 9 1 3 3 6 3 1 4 4 3 4 June 3 1 1 1 2 1 7 G 5 8 1 2 1 2 3 ."> 6 5 ! 3 2 2 3 2 5 5 3 5 July 3 2 5 1 1 1 8 7 :; 11 2 2 2 1 2 3 5 3 2 1 2 4 2 5 7 3 5 Aug. 4 1 4 1 1 1 7 *; 6 10 2 4 2 1 2 2 5 :; 1 3 1 2 4 2 4 5 3 7 Sept. 3 2 3 1 2 1 6 0 6 7 3 3 1 1 2 •J 4 7 4 4 :; 3 1 3 4 3 5 Oct. 4 1 4 0 2 2 5 4 9 4 1 4 3 1 1 2 5 9 3 3 3 5 2 3 4 3 5 Nov. 4 1 4 1 2 2 5 2 9 4 2 7 4 0 0 1 3 9 3 3 4 5 1 2 4 4 4 Dec. 4 1 5 1 2 2 3 2 11 3 2 7 7 1 0 1 3 7 2 I31 2 32 6 59 5 48 1 16 3 37 5 56 3 34 4 52 Year 44 15 51 13 27 18 67 52 78 77 20 49 33 13 14 20 49 90 URALSK. KISYL-ARWA.T. STARO-SSIDORO WA. Month. Lat, 51° 43'. Long. 55° 55'. Lat. 39° 17'. Long. 56° 10'. Lat, 55° 26'. Long. 65° 10'. Height 358 ft. Height 317 ft. Height 322 ft. 4 Years, 1883-87. Hours 7 : 1, 9. 1 Year, 1880. Hours 7 : 1, 9. U Years, 1882-87. Hours 7 : 1, 9. N. N.E E. 6.E. s. s.w w. N.W CA. N. N.E E. S.E. s. s.w w. N.W CA. N. In.E E. S.E. s. s.w w. N.W CA. Jan. 1 1 2 4 6 5 2 2 8 1 5 13 0 1 1 2 3 5 2 1 1 0 10 4 5 2 6 Feb. 2 2 3 2 3 4 3 2 7 1 2 17 0 0 2 3 0 3 4 1 2 1 4 3 5 2 6 March ■> 4 4 4 4 4 3 1 5 3 6 7 0 1 0 4 3 7 2 1 2 1 7 4 5 2 7 April 3 4 3 5 4 3 2 2 4 1 1 8 0 O 4 O 1 9 3 2 3 1 5 3 4 3 6 May 2 2 3 5 5 4 3 3 4 1 0 11 1 0 4 4 1 9 5 2 2 1 5 3 5 3 5 June 3 3 4 4 3 3 4 4 2 2 0 6 1 3 4 4 1 9 5 2 4 1 4 2 3 3 6 July 4 3 4 3 2 3 4 5 3 1 0 5 0 5 4 6 1 9 8 5 4 0 2 1 3 2 6 Aug. 2 1 3 4 4 5 4 4 4 1 1 11 0 2 2 3 0 11 6 2 3 1 3 2 4 4 6 Sept. 2 2 1 4 5 4 4 4 4 1 1 11 0 1 0 4 0 12 4 1 2 1 4 3 6 4 5 Oct. 2 2 3 5 5 4 3 3 4 3 2 11 0 0 0 2 1 12 4 1 1 1 5 4 6 3 6 Nov. 1 2 2 6 5 4 3 3 4 1 0 18 0 0 0 1 1 9 2 1 2 1 6 5 6 2 5 Dec. 1 1 3 6 8 5 3 1 3 1 17 0 18 15 133 0 2 1 17 0 21 2 38 0 12 12 107 2 47 1 20 1 27 1 10 7 62 6 40 6 58 2 32 5 69 Year 25 27 35 52 54 48 38 34 52 OSCH. AULIE-ATA. KOPAL. Month. Lat. 40° 33'. Long. 72° 47'. Lat. 42° 53'. Long. 71° 23'. Lat. 45° 8'. Long. 79° 3'. Height 3940 ft, Height 2067 ft. Height (?) ft. 3 Years, 1884-86. Hours 7:1,9. 3 Years, 1884-86. Hours 7: 1,9. 2} Years. 1885-87. Hours 7:1,9. N. N.E E. S.E. s. s.w w. N.W CA. N. N.E E. S.E. s. s.w w. N.W CA. N. N.E E. S.E. s. s.w w. N.W CA. Jan. 1 2 1 1 3 1 0 0 22 3 4 1 1 5 3 1 1 12 2 9 0 7 1 1 1 1 3 Feb. 1 1 2 1 2 1 2 0 18 2 2 2 2 4 2 1 1 12 2 6 7 6 1 2 1 1 2 March 1 2 1 1 2 2 1 1 20 4 6 2 2 3 1 1 3 9 3 6 7 5 2 1 2 3 2 April 2 1 1 3 3 1 1 2 16 3 4 3 1 3 1 1 2 12 2 7 5 4 2 3 2 3 2 May 3 2 2 2 1 1 2 2 16 2 4 1 2 3 2 2 1 14 3 7 3 4 3 2 2 3 4 June 2 1 2 2 1 1 i 4 16 2 3 1 2 2 1 1 1 17 2 8 3 4 3 3 2 3 2 July I 1 1 1 1 1 i 2 22 3 2 1 3 4 1 1 2 14 2 6 5 3 2 3 2 4 4 Aug. 1 2 1 2 1 1 i 2 20 4 3 1 2 4 2 1 2 12 3 4 4 2 2 3 3 4 6 Sept. 2 2 2 3 2 0 i 3 15 3 2 1 2 5 2 2 2 11 2 4 4 4 2 4 1 3 6 Oct. 2 1 2 3 2 1 0 4 16 3 2 1 3 7 2 1 2 10 1 3 4 5 1 3 1 4 9 Nov. 1 2 3 2 1 1 1 3 16 2 1 1 4 6 3 1 1 11 1 3 4 4 6 4 1 2 5 Dec. 2 5 2 2 1 1 1 2 15 1 32 2 35 1 16 4 28 7 53 2 22 1 14 1 19 12 146 1 24 6 69 5 57 7 55 1 26 2 31 1 19 1 32 7 52 Year 19 22 20 23 20 12 12 25 212 REPORT ON ATMOSPHERIC CIRCULATION. 183 BLAGOWESCHTSCHENSKIJ-PRIISK. RYKOWSKOE. WONSAN. Month. Lat. 68° 0'. Long. 11-4° 9'. Height 168 ft. Lat 50° 47'. Long. 142° Height 450 ft. 55'. Lat. 39° 10'. Long. 127° Height (?) ft. 25'. 4£ Years, 1883-87. Hours 7:1,9. 2 Years, 1886-87. Hours 7 1, 9. 1 Year, 1887. Hours V : 1 , 9. N. N.E E. S.E. s. s.w W. N.W CA. N. N.E E. S.E. s. s.w W.I N.W CA. N. N.E E. S.E. S. S.W W. N.W CA. Jan. ft 10 9 2 1 1 2 1 0 ft 1 0 0 1 0 0 11 13 1 1 1 1 3 3 11 2 8 Feb. 4 9 9 2 1 1 1 1 0 4 1 0 2 1 0 1 8 11 0 1 2 1 1 4 11 2 b March ft 9 7 2 1 1 3 3 0 4 1 0 4 2 0 1 10 9 1 1 2 4 3 6 8 4 2 April ft 6 6 3 3 1 3 3 0 3 0 1 8 4 1 2 6 5 2 4 4 2 0 2 V ft 4 May ft 5 6 3 3 2 4 3 0 3 1 1 11 4 2 2 4 3 2 6 5 2 1 2 4 3 b June 5 5 4 3 3 1 3 5 1 2 1 2 13 4 0 1 4 3 2 9 8 6 0 0 1 2 July 6 6 6 3 4 1 2 2 1 2 1 2 12 3 1 1 5 4 1 0 8 4 0 1 3 3 5 Aug. 7 6 5 2 4 1 3 2 1 1 0 1 11 2 1 3 5 7 2 3 4 2 1 3 1 3 12 Sept. ft 6 5 3 4 2 3 2 0 1 0 2 7 3 0 1 7 9 1 2 4 ft 1 0 b 3 0 Oct. 7 ft ft 3 3 2 4 2 0 | 1 0 1 5 2 1 3 7 11 0 1 4 5 1 3 4 4 9 Nov. fi 7 7 2 ■> 1 3 2 0 1 l (l 5 2 1 1 6 18 0 1 1 2 1 ft 6 in 4 Dec. 6 8 9 2 1 1 2 2 0 1 2 29 0 7 1 11 2 80 0 28 0 7 1 17 10 83 15! 103 1 13 1 36 0 43 2 36 1 13 2 34 ft 67 14 oft ft 68 Year 66 82 78 30 30 15 33 28 3 SOUL. LIC1 C OBSERVATORY, CAL. POLARIS BAY. Month. Lat. 37° 35'. Long. 127° 7'. Height 656 ft. Lat 37° 20'. Long. —121 Height 4301 ft. ' 39'. Lat. 81° 38'. Long. - Height 0 ft. -61" 44'. 9 Month*, 1887. Hours 7 : 1, 9. 5 Y ears, 1881-85. Houre (?) 10 Months, 1871-72. Hourly. N N.E F. S.F.. s. s.w w. N.W CA. N. N.E E. S.E. s. s.w w. N.W CA. N. N.E E. S.E. s. s.w W. N.W CA. Jan. 4 0 0 6 5 0 0 14 2 1 8 11 3 0 4 0 0 4 Feb. ft 1 0 ft (1 0 0 11 0 1 10 11) 1 1 2 0 1 2 March 4 (I 0 8 4 2 0 12 1 0 11 6 4 0 2 1 1 b April 0 3 2 1 1 8 5 2 8 ft 2 0 3 4 4 0 11 1 0 3 8 5 0 2 1 2 9 May 1 1 3 1 0 6 7 3 9 4 0 II 4 2 4 0 17 0 0 8 1 1 1 10 i 1 ft June 1 1 4 0 1 5 7 2 9 4 0 0 1 2 1 0 19 3 1 6 1 2 3 V ■1 •> b July Aug. 0 2 3 1 0 6 3 2 14 2 1 0 1 0 2 2 17 6 3 6 2 3 2 9 •J 1 3 1 2 4 0 1 4 3 2 14 9 0 0 0 II 0 0 21 1 3 2 0 8 2 6 2 :; b Sept. 1 2 2 1 0 2 ft 0 12 3 0 0 2 1 0 il 19 ft Oct. 1 3 6 0 1 2 2 3 13 3 0 0 0 3 0 0 14 6 Nov. 1 1 ft 1 0 1 ft ft 11 3 1 0 4 2 0 0 19 1 0 1ft 8 1 0 4 0 0 Dec. 1 4 2 0 0 2 2 8 12 2 48 0 ft 0 0 12 51 3 32 0 13 0 2 13 187 1 27 0 9 10 It 1 ft 0 2 4 ■ Year Month. FORT MACPHERSON. Lat. 68° 0'. Long. —135° 0'. Height 0 ft. 10 Months, 1863. Hours 3 times daily. FORT ANDERSON. Lat. 68° 30'. Long. —127° 30'. Height (?) ft. Hours 3 times daily. 11 Months, 1863-64. Jan. Feb. March April May June July Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec. N. 6 7 4 0 15 11 6 24 18 3 N.E (1 0 0 17 1 0 2 0 3 0 E. 15 9 1 1 3 12 12 1 1 20 S.E. 0 0 4 0 4 3 8 0 4 2 s. 4 4 0 2 1 0 3 3 1 s.w 0 0 2 ft 0 1 0 0 0 0 w. 2 4 8 1 3 3 3 0 1 2 N.W 0 7 7 5 1 0 0 1 1 1 CA. 3 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 0 1 N. 9 8 12 12 8 11 12 10 12 9 8 N.E 2 2 1 3 2 2 2 2 2 2 1 E. 6 3 4 4 5 4 2 3 3 2 3 S.E. 1 1 2 1 2 1 2 2 0 1 1 s. 4 4 ft 4 6 6 ft 4 6 6 9 S.W 2 3 1 1 1 1 2 1 2 3 1 w. 5 4 5 4 5 4 5 5 4 5 6 N.W 2 3 1 1 2 1 1 3 2 2 2 CA. Year TABLE VIII. (SUPPLEMENTARY TO TABLE VII.) Showing the prevailing Winds each Month of the Year in Different Parts of the World. (PHYS. CHEM. CHALL. EXP. — PART V. 1888.) 30 186 THE VOYAGE OF H.M.S. CHALLENGER. Places. Country. No. of Years. Years Specified. Hours of Observation. Latitude. Longitude. Height, Feet. Quetta, Beloochistan 8 1878-85 10: 4 o 30 11 o 67 1 3 5500 Lek, . India 10 1875-84 4,10: 4, 10 34 10 77 42 11503 Peshawar, do. 10 1876-85 10: 4 34 2 71 37 1110 Dera Ismail Khau, do. 15 1870-84 do. 32 0 71 5 573 Mooltau, do. 15 do. do. 30 10 71 33 420 Murree, do. 10 1875-84 do. 33 54 73 27 6344 Lahore, do. 15 1870-84 4, 10 : 4, 10 31 34 74 20 732 Simla, . do. 6 1880-85 10: 4 31 6 77 12 7012 Delhi, . do. 10 1875-84 do. 28 40 77 16 718 Agra, . do. 15 1870-84 do. 27 10 78 5 555 Gorakhpur, . do. 15 do. do. 26 46 83 18 256 Jhansi, do. 15 do. do. 25 27 78 37 855 Allahabad, . do. 15 do. 4, 10: 4, 10 25 26 81 52 307 Sibsagar, do. 10 1875-84 10: 4 26 59 94 40 333 Darjeeling, . do. 4 1882-85 do. 27 3 88 18 7421 Dhubri, do. 4 do. 4, 10: 4, 10 26 7 89 50 115 Silchar, do. 15 1870-84 10: 4 24 49 92 50 104 Gya, . . . do. 15 do. do. 24 42 85 2 375 Berhampore, do. 15 do. do. 24 6 88 17 66 Dacca, . do.: 15 do. do. 23 43 90 27 35 Chittagong, . do. 15 do. 4, 10 : 4, 10 22 21 91 50 87 Calcutta, do. 15 do. do. 22 32 88 20 21 Saugor Island, do. 15 do. do. 21 39 88 5 25 False Point, . do. 15 do. 10: 4 20 20 86 47 21 Sambulpur, . do. 15 do. do. 21 31 84 1 463 Nagpur, do. 15 do. 4, 10: 4, 10 21 9 79 11 1025 Jubbalpore, . do. 15 do. 10: 4 23 9 79 59 1341 Hoshangabad, do. 15 do. do. 22 45 77 46 1020 Khandwa, do. 15 do. do. 21 49 76 23 1044 Bikaneer, do. 6-8 1878-85 do. 27 59 73 14 744 Ajmere, do. 15 1870-84 do. 26 28 74 37 1611 Pachpadra, . do. 6 1880-85 do. 25 55 72 18 380 Jacobabad, . do. 8 1878-85 do. 28 24 68 18 186 Hyderabad, . do. 8 do. do. 25 25 68 27 134 Kurrachee, . do. 17 1867-84 do. 24 47 67 4 49 Rajkot, do. 8 1878-85 do. 22 17 70 52 429 Deesa, . do. 17 1868-84 4, 10: 4, 10 24 16 72 14 466 Surat, . do. 8 1878-85 10: 4 21 13 72 46 36 Bombay, do. 16 1869-84 4, 10 : 4, 10 18 54 72 49 37 Ratnagiri, do. 8 1877-84 10: 4 17 6 73 23 110 Karwar, do. 8 1878-85 do. 14 50 74 15 44 Visagapatam, do. 15 1870-84 4, 10 : 4, 10 17 42 83 22 31 Masulipatam, do. 10 1875-84 10: 4 16 9 81 12 10 Secunderabad, do. 10 do. do. 17 27 78 33 1787 Bellary, do. 10 do. do. 15 9 76 57 1455 Madras, do. 15 1870-84 do. 13 4 80 14 22 Coimbatore, . do. 10 1875-84 do. 11 0 77 0 1348 Negapatam, . do. 10 do. do. 10 46 79 53 15 Cochin, do. 10 do. do. 9 58 76 17 11 Jaffna, . do. 10 do. 9|: 3| 9 40 79 56 9 REPORT ON ATMOSPHERIC CIRCULATION. 187 Jan. N 84 TV s 21 tv s 6 E n 7 w n 9 tv 8 68 E N 25 w S 48 TV N 77 tv N 64 TV s 85 tv N 34 E N 34 tv N 62 E s 84 w N 77 E s 29 e n 60 w N 41 W N 53 w N 24 w N 38 W N 1 E N 51 E n 56 W N 72 E N 8 E N 59 E N 20 e N 42 E N 82 E N 58 E N 5 tv N 15 tv N 50 E N 22 E n 3 tv N 20 E N 12 w n 50 w Feb. N 5 s 60 n 69 s 89 s 70 Marcli. N 48 E N 74 E N 47 E S 6 E N 43 E n 83 W S 15 w N 39 W N 4 tv N 5 E S 44 E n 25 w S 38 \v n 66 w N 75 w K 84 w N n 66 w N 61 E s 83 w s 64 e s 33 e N 72 w N 72 tv s 76 w N 38 w s 81 w s 50 w S 12 tv N 42 TV n 55 E N 13 tv N 58 E N 11 W N 9 tv s 77 W N 50 E N 23 E N 31 tv N 61 tv N 4 w N 28 w N 10 W N 14 tv n 66 tv n 52 w s 11 w S 73 E S 74 E s 56 E E N 82 E N 65 E s 74 w N 51 E 8 58 w s 47 tv N 16 E N 40 E N 11 W s 37 E N 10 TV s 50 w N 62 w n 70 w N 81 tv K 80 w n 65 w N 61 E s 77 W s 87 e s 60 e n 79 w s 76 tv s 23 w s 54 tv s 32 tv s 33 w S 38 w s 59 w n 20 w N 69 w N 55 w n 48 w s 74 w s 61 w s 37 W n 62 E N 87 w n 84 w N 41 W n 88 tv n 43 w n 38 tv n 80 tv n 81 W s 45 w S 20 e s 64 E s 27 E S 50 e s 76 e s 61 E w s 69 e April. n 83 w s 48 W N 10 E N 46 E n 26 w S 73 e N 19 w s 49 w n 65 w n 84 W N 67 w s 78 w n 52 w x 61 E s 72 w S 85 e s 86 E N 72 w s 23 w S 4 E s 12 tv s 3 w s 20 w s 38 tv s 65 w n 63 w N 66 TV n 89 w n 52 w May. N 71 s 69 N 25 n 79 June. July. s 77 w s 74 w s 47 w s 86 E s 53 w N 87 \v N 53 w N 89 w N 68 \v N 61 w N 81 w N 85 w S 48 tv S 8 w s 6 w s 51 \v s 40 E s 21 E s 36 E N 89 W s 10 W N 70 TV S 11 E N 7 E w N 49 tv n 72 w S 82 e N 81 w N 8 E N 57 E S 79 W N 64 E N 75 E N 17 E S 36 E S 19 E s S 11 E S 12 w s 31 tv s 78 w n 41 w N 62 w tv n 61 w S 78 tv S 60 tv S 44 w s 64 e s 47 tv S 86 w N 82 w s 55 w s 55 w N 85 W n 76 w n 70 w s 41 w S 19 W N 77 w n 78 w S 15 E s 17 w s 11 w s 84 w s 39 tv n 66 w S 78 TV N 50 e N 87 E s 35 w S 1 E N 19 W s 87 tv n 60 w N 60 W S 74 e s 76 w N 2 E s 83 e S 88 e s 74 e N 58 E N 57 E S 33 e S 16 e s 31 E S 4 E s 15 w S 45 w s 45 tv N 76 w N 80 w s 88 w N 75 w S 51 W s 61 tv s 38 w s 29 e S 37 w s 81 W s 73 tv S 36 TV s 43 w s 57 w s 51 w s 80 w s 58 w s 74 w s 79 tv w s 36 w S 41 W s 45 tv s 72 tv s 43 w N 87 TV s 67 w N 56 E s 79 e s 25 tv s 3 w s 84 e n 87 tv s 45 e n 63 E s 79 e s 49 w N 84 F. S 11 W N 88 E s 70 N 6 S 79 s 41 s 19 s 40 e S 11 E s 24 w s 59 w s 48 w n 88 w n 87 W s 76 w n 83 w s 39 w s 62 w s 35 w s 49 e s 41 w w 77 w 40 w 47 w 65 w 54 w Aug. Sept. s 73 w S 74 w S 81 w S 73 w s 89 w s 46 W S 44 W S 49 w s 78 w s 42 W n 77 w s 68 w N 42 E S 75 e S 19 w s 6 w s 83 e N 73 w s 19 w s 22 e s 62 e s 64 w N 40 E s 57 w N 84 E S 47 E s 63 w s 66 e s 40 e s 14 E s 32 e S 17 E S 17 W s 57 w s 55 \v n 76 W n 84 w S 79 w N 80 w s 37 w s 70 w s 39 w s 55 e s 42 w n 87 w S 81 w s 47 \v s 57 W s 70 w s 70 w s 88 w s 74 w s 84 w s 87 w n 85 w s 40 w s 33 w s 48 w s 85 w s 41 w n 57 W s 51 w N 41 E s ss I. S 32 w n 84 E n 60 E N 68 w N 32 w N 26 w s 70 e n 50 w X -i'J E N 66 E s 72 E s 80 e s 89 w s 86 E S 41 E S 11 E s 29 E S 27 E S 4 w s 25 w N 72 w N 51 W N (ill W N 86 w N 69 w s 55 w s 80 w s 49 w s 40 e s 42 w H 89 w n 80 w s 65 w s 66 w s 84 w S 80 w N 89 w s 60 w s 77 W N 86 W Oct. N 78 w S 36 w S 34 w s 44 w N 89 w s 44 w N 55 \v s 52 w N 61 E N 75 E s 70 w s 13 E N 3 Vf n 53 w n 49 w n 78 W n 83 w n 30 w N 42 w N 66 E S 3 E N 55 E s 56 e N 34 w N 12 w s 55 E N 10 W N 48 w N 10 E N 40 E N 27 E N 37 E N 3 E N 12 E N 24 E s 69 w n 76 w s 39 w S 44 E s 60 w s 88 w N 5 E N 62 w N 16 E N 25 w s 85 w n 83 w s 65 E N 29 E N 30 E N 17 E N 35 E S 8 E s 51 w S 70 w s 49 w Nov. N 34 w s 31 w N 85 E N 51 E s 73 w s 57 e N 47 w n 84 w N 59 w N 81 TV n 79 w N 1 E N 65 TV N 64 E N 61 TV N 59 E s 77 E N 45 TV N 25 TV N 17 w N 20 TV N 17 TV N 5 E N 22 e N 19 E N 60 E N 47 E N 60 E N 70 E s 44 tv N 32 E N 52 E N 11 TV N 22 TV N 42 TV N 45 E N 33 E N 50 E N 4 TV N 11 TV N 25 TV N 75 E N 58 E N 53 E N 84 e N 24 E N 78 E N 34 E s 33 tv N 28 E Dec. n 46 \v S 15 TV s 20 e X 3 E N 14 E s 68 e x 36 w N 62 TV N 67 TV x 64 tv N 86 TV N 26 E x 54 tv K 67 E x 5 1 w X 67 E s 57 E N 68 TV N 26 TV N 36 TV N 23 TV N 26 TV N 7 E N 43 E N 23 E x 64 E N 32 E N 61 E K 66 E N 63 e N 84 E N 52 E N 13 TV N 10 TV N 55 E n 43 i: N 17 E N 51 E N 3 TV X 8 TV N 2 E N 83 E N 58 E N 63 E s 85 e N 24 E N 69 E N 38 E s 29 tv N 34 E 188 THE VOYAGE OF H.M.S. CHALLENGER. Places. Country. No. of Years. Years Specified. Hours of Observation. Latitude. Longitude. Height, Feet. Colombo, India 11 1874-84 9J: 3i o 6 ( 56 O 1 79 52 40 Galle, . do. 11 do. do. " 6 1 80 14 48 Hatobautota, do. 11 do. do. 6 7 81 7 40 Kandy, do. 11 do. do. 7 18 80 40 1696 Newera Eliya, do. 11 do. do. 6 46 80 47 6240 Batticoloa, . do. 11 do. do. 7 43 81 44 26 Trinconialee . do. 11 do. do. 8 33 81 15 175 Akyab, do. 15 1870-84 10: 4 20 28 92 57 20 Thaymetyo, . do. 8 1878-85 do. 19 22 95 12 134 Toungoo, do. 8 do. do. 18 57 96 24 169 Bassein, do. 8 do. do. 16 47 94 50 35 Diamond Island, . do. 8 do. do. 15 52 94 19 41 Rangoon, do. 10 1870-85 4, 10 : 4, 10 16 46 96 12 41 Moulmein, . do. 7 1879-85 10: 4 16 29 97 40 94 Mergui, do. 8 1878-85 do. 12 11 98 38 96 Port Blair, . do. 15 1870-84 do. 11 41 92 42 61 Nancowry, . do. 10 1876-85 do. 8 0 93 46 81 Raffles Lighthouse, do. 2 1866-67 A.M. 1 9 103 44 [0] Bushire, Persia 10 1876-85 10: 4 28 59 50 49 25 Aden, . Arabia 6 1880-85 do. 12 45 45 3 94 Port Moresby, New Guinea If 1875-76 9: -9 32 146 10 278 Goodie Island, Queensland 1 1880 9: 3,9 -10 33 142 10 300 Brisbane, New South Wales 3 1859-61 do. -27 28 153 6 130 Thergomindab, do. H 1874-75 9: -28 0 142 30 450 Bourke. do. 4 1874-76, '85 do. -30 3 145 58 456 Wentwortli, . do. 6 do. do. -34 8 142 0 144 Eden, . do. 6 do. do. -37 0 149 59 107 Derby, . West Australia 1* 1884-85 do. -17 18 123 39 17 Cossack, do. 5 1881-85 do. -20 40 117 8 19 Geraldton, . do. 6 1880-85 do. -28 47 114 26 10 Albany, do. 6 do. do. -35 2 117 54 88 York, . do. 6 do. do. -31 53 116 47 580 Rapa, . Pacific Ocean 4 1867-69 8: -27 36 -114 11 0 do do. H do. : 4 -27 36 -114 11 0 South Cape, . China 1 1885 3, 6, 9, N. : 3, 6, 9, M. }- 55 120 51 121 Victoria Peak, do. 1 do. | 1884-87 7, 10 : 1, 4, 7, 10 },2 22 0 114 10 1816 Hongkong, . do. 4 hourly 18 114 10 110 Banjermassing, East India Is. 9 1850-59 9: 3 — 3 0 114 SO 10 Bangoewangi, do. 8 1850-57 6, 9 : 3, 10 -8 17 114 27 26 Palembang, . do. 7 1850-56 9: 3 _2 50 104 53 20 Kita, . A f rica 2 1882-83 6 : 2, 9 10 0 -13 0 1090 Christiansborg, do. 5 1829-34 6: i> 24 -0 10 66 do., do. 5 do. : 4 do. do. CO Central Africa, do. 1 1801-62 ? 1 37 32 20 ? Zanzibar, do. 5 1880-84 10: 4 -6 10 39 11 23 Nossi-Be, Madagascar 1 1*79-80 various -13 43 48 20 80 Wolstenholm Sound, Arctic Regions 1 1849 -50 four hourly 76 34 -68 45 0 Port Foulke, do. 1 1800-61 two hourly 78 18 - 73 0 0 REPORT ON ATMOSPHERIC CIRCULATION. 189 Jan. Feb. March. April. May. June. July. Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec. o O o o o o o o o o o o N 3 w n 39 w N 85 w s 67 w s 54 w s 73 w s 74 w s 71 w s 73 w s 75 w N 66 w N 1 E N 24 w N 5 w N 53 E n 77 w s 86 w n 62 w n 58 w n 60 w N 59 w N 65 w N 41 w N 22 w N 52 E N 61 E N 77 E s 33 w s 44 w s 49 w s 55 w s 50 w s 49 w s 48 w s 38 E N 59 E s 84 E s 69 E s 53 E s 43 w s 58 w s 67 w s 67 w s 61 w s 63 w s 61 w s 45 w s S6 e s 63 e s 58 E S 56 E s 48 e n 74 w n 57 w n 57 w n 60 w N 60 w n 60 w s 66 e S 63 e N 24 E N 34 E N 66 E N 80 E s 85 e s 7 E S 31 E s 66 e s 69 e N 77 E N 28 E N 23 E N 43 E N 57 E s 78 e s 54 e s 32 w s 51 w s 50 w s 52 w s 51 w s 51 w N 23 E N 28 E N 23 w N 27 w N 58 w s 75 w s 33 w S 2 E S 4 E S 1 E s 9 E s 35 E N 6 w N 15 w N 43 E s 47 e s 27 -e s 1 E s 4 E S 4 E S 1 E S 2 E s 12 E s 33 E N 1G E N 21 E N 24 w N 10 W s 19 E s 22 e s 25 e s 25 e s 22 e S 15 E S 4 E s 87 w N 32 w N 29 w N 2 E n 50 w N 59 w N 69 w s 77 w s 15 w s 27 w s 33 w s 26 w s 64 e N 54 E N 31 E N 11 E n 26 w N 39 w N 57 w s 81 w s 30 w s 43 w s 40 w s 44 w s 56 e N 61 E N 37 E N 25 E s 56 w S 22 w s 19 w s 18 w s 16 w s 29 w s 36 w s 23 w s 46 e N 57 E N 36 E N 25 E N 12 w s 56 w s 58 w s 47 w s 19 w s 33 w s 34 w s 34 w N 69 e N 58 E N 57 E N 10 w n 39 w n 55 w n 59 w s 73 w s 46 w s 61 w s 58 w s 59 w S 75 w N 20 E n 27 e N 39 E N 41 E N 56 E N 84 E s 34 w s 38 w s 44 w s 43 w s 43 w s 5 w N 63 E N 51 E s 87 e N 80 E N 86 E s 56 E s 43 w s 43 w s 44 w s 46 w s 50 w s 39 w S 39 e s 78 E NE NE NE NNE ssw s ssw ssw SW WSW N NE N G w N 16 W n 47 w N 63 w N 56 w N 57 w N 72 w N 71 w N 51 W n 35 w N 9 w N 5 E N 79 E N 76 E N 73 E N 78 E s 79 E S 11 E S 13 E S 13 E s 28 f. n 82 e N 88 e N 83 E NW NW NW var. SE SE SE SE SE SE SE NW NW NW NW sr. SE SE SE SE SE ENE NE var. N 80 E N 76 E N 71 E E 45 s s 43 w s 29 w s 38 w S N Gil E N 44 E N 52 E N 84 E SE ESE E E ESE ESE SE SE WSW ENE ENE ENE E ENE E E SSE SW SSW var. ESE ESE SSW E SSW ssw s ENE var. WNW WNW WNW WSW WSW WSW WSW ESE SSW SW SW SW SW SSW SW SSW SW SW ENE \VNW ESE NW E E E E E E E E WNW wnw WNW NNE NNE NE ENE NE NNW WNW W W WNW S s SE SE SE ESE E var. SE SE SSE s SE E E NNW WNW WNW W WNW WNW W SSE s SE SE SE SE SSE SSE var. var. SSE SE SE SE s 33 E S 58 E N 74 E S 71 E s 77 E n 68 w S 64 e s 88 w S 53 W s 80 e s 86 e s 52 e S 50 E s 63 e N 21 E s 62 e s 70 e n 80 w S 17 E w s 45 w N 85 E S 82 e s 58 e N 44 E N 45 E N 41 E E 23 N n 32 w e 42 s w W 10 N n 26 w N 43 E N 45 E N 43 E E 3 N E 16 N E 14 S b 36 s s 25 e S 15 E s 23 w S 14 E e 25 s E 6 N E 20 N E 7 N E 14 N E 13 N E 4 N E 4 N E 11 S E 51 s e 46 s E 72 s E 12 N E 15 N E 28 N E 26 N s 70 w S 70 W s 76 w N 48 E e 52 s e 59 s e 62 s E 61 s e 60 s e 87 s e 88 s s 59 w E 88 s e 45 s e 29 s E 51 s e 55 s ;e 70 s e 76 s E 72 s e 72 s E 81 s e 72 s e 82 s W 7 N w 20 n w 30 N N 20 E N 79 E N 85 E E 6 s E 21 s E 18 S E L'."> S e 30 w w 4 N NE N ENE E SE s NW NW NW SE NE ENE W 50 N W 45 N w 44 N w 43 n w 42 N w 23 n W 21 N s 79 w W 15 N w 38 n w 43 n w 52 n s 38 w S 44 w s 46 w s 46 w s 44 w s 45 w s 43 w s 45 w s 45 w s 45 w s 43 w s 44 w NE NE E var. E SE src SE var. var. NE NE N 27 E N 25 E N 39 E S 12 w s 17 w s 10 w S 2 w s 6 w s 12 w s 9 w s 6 w N 28 E NE NE NE SW SW SW SW SW sw NE NE NE s 37 E s 13 w s 4 w s 35 w s 45 w s 24 w s 86 w s GO e s 67 e s 27 W S 11 E S 21 E N 46 E N 34 E N 52 E N 53 E N 45 E s 45 w s 43 w N 35 E N 42 E N 18 E N 45 E N 45 E 190 THE VOYAGE OF H.M.S. CHALLENGER. Place. Country. No. of Years. Years Specified. Hours of Observation. Latitude. Longitude. Height, Feet, Van Rensseller, Arctic Regions 1J 1853-55 two hourly o 78 37 -70 53 0 Northumberland Sd., do. 1 1852-53 do. 76 52 -97 0 0 Wellington Channel, do. 1 1852-53 do. 75 37 -92 22 (i Beechy Island, do. 2 1852-54 four hourly 74 48 -91.54 f) Griffith's Island, . do. 1 1850-51 two hourly 74 34 -95 20 0 Port Leopold, do. 1 1848-49 do. 73 50 -90 12 0 Port Kennedy, do. 1 1858-59 do. 72 1 -94 14 0 Gulf of Boothia, . do. 2* 1829-82 hourly 70 6 -91 45 0 Melville Sound, do. § 1853-54 two hourly 74 42 -101 22 (1 Cambridge Bay, . do. 1 1852-53 four hourly 69 0 -105 12 (1 Walker Bay, do. 1 1851-52 do. 71 85 -117 39 0 Princess Royal Is., do. 1 1850-51 do. 72 47 -117 35 II Mercy Bay, . do. If 1851-53 do 74 6 -117 55 0 Dealy Island, do. 1 1852-53 do. 74 56 -108 49 0 Camden Bay, do. 1 1853-54 do. 70 8 -145 29 0 Port Providence, . do. 3 4 1848-49 hourly 64 26 -173 0 0 Chamisso, do. 1 1849-50 do. 66 13 -161 46 0 Port Clarence, do. 3 1850-54 do. 65 17 -166 20 0 Point Barrow, do. 2 1852-54 six hourly 71 21 -156 17 10 Norway House, Dominion of 7 1841-47 ? 54 0 -98 0 700 Sydney, Canada 10 1874-83 * 46 8 -60 10 28 Halifax. do. 10 do. * 44 39 -63 36 122 Parry Sound, do. 9 1875-83 * 45 19 -80 0 641 Fort Garry, . do. 10 1874-83 * 49 53 -97 7 758 Mazatlan, Mexico 6 1880-85 various 23 11 -106 17 2;") Manaos, The Amazon ? ? 9: 3 O 8 -60 0 121 At C.50, 2.50, 10.50, Toronto time. REPORT ON ATMOSPHERIC CIRCULATION. 191 Jan. Feb. March. April. May. June. July. Aug. Sept. Oct. O Nov. o Dec. o O 0 o O o O O o O s 15 w S 9 E SEE s 25 w s 27 w n 48 w s 47 w S 1 E s 40 w s 17 w s 6 w s 18 E S 2 E N 60 E S 44 E N 8 E n 20 w N 4 w s 16 w s 70 e s 10 E N 25 w s 73 e N 68 E s 32 e S 11 E S 38 E S 20' e s 14 w N 75 E s 81 E n 46 e s 28 w S 35 e S 17 E s 37 E N 12 E N 32 E N 52 E N 18 E N 31 w n ,22 w S 88 e n 68 w N 15 E N 12 E N 60 E N 10 E N 46 w n 57 w n 45 w s 51 w N 69 w s 60 w s 53 w N 46 w s 50 w N 53 w s 53 E N 57 w N 26 w N 43 w N 35 E N 13 E N 10 E N 48 E N 20 w N 14 w N 52 E N 18 E n 24 w N N 11 W n 67 w N 23 w N 11 E N 12 w N 12 w N 32 w N 11 E N 12 w N 6 w N 12 w N 45 w N 34 w N 46 w N 49 w N 32 w N 18 w n 66 w N 10 W n 25 w N 18 w N 49 w N n 38 w n 44 w N 46 w N L':i w s 18 w n 35 w N 53 w N 65 w n 34 w n 24 w N 60 W N 6 W N 63 E N 17 E N 29 w N 9 w N 58 w N 69 w N 54 w N 26 e s 40 e N 24 w N 12 E N 1 W N 36 E N 68 E N 49 E N 47 w N 26 w N 20 E N 32 E N 54 e N 78 E s 53 w n 54 w n 83 w n 86 w N 33 w n 88 w N 88 E n 29 w s 77 w s 77 w N 41 E N 70 E N 62 w s 54 w n 57 w S 66 w S 56 E n 46 w N 46 w N 44 w N 46 w n 66 w S 22 w n 43 w n 86 w n 5 w N 6 E N 21 E N N 15 w n 20 w N 7 w N 25 w N 10 W N 13 w N 21 E N 4 E w n 88 w n 77 w N 43 E N 88 E N 75 E s 83 e N 85 E N 20 w n 86 w N 81 E N 84 w s 50 e N 9 w N 8 E N 49 E N 45 E N 24 E N 23 E N 10 E N 74 w s 78 w s 24 w S 50 e n 86 w s 81 w s 40 w N 82 w N 74 E S 67 E N 54 E N 30 E N 68 e N 56 E N 53 E N 50 E N 46 E s 80 w n 74 w N 46 E N 26 e N 43 E N 57 E n 88 w N N 82 E s 88 e N 82 E N 89 E n 60 e N 67 E N 52 E N 66 e s 88 e S 14 E s 81 w N 13 E N 31 E N 65 E s 78 e S 19 E s 48 e s 65 w S 71 W N 3 w N 37 E S 32 W n 89 w n 83 w N 73 w N 67 w s 75 w s 52 w s 47 w s 44 w s 62 w S 70 w s 88 w n 86 w N 76 w N 61 w N 57 w n 67 w N 74 w s 60 w s 62 w s 75 w N 84 w N 77 w n 78 w n 59 W s 21 w s 44 w N 15 E s 18 w s 65 e s 11 w s 85 w s 76 w s 74 w S 51 w s 11 w N 47 w s 82 w N 81 w n 66 w N 22 E N 87 E N 69 E s 56 w s 50 w s 75 w N 72 w N 64 w N 89~ w sw sw sw sw sw E E E SE SE SW sw NW NW NW NW NW SE SE SE SE SE SE NW TABLE IX. Showing the Mean Monthly and Annual Temperature (Fahrenheit) at Different Places over the Globe. Note. — Under Column of "Hours of Observation," the A.M. Observations are placed before the colon [:], the P.M. after it. The means in the Table are the arithmetic means for the times of observation. The expression 7 : 1, 9, 9 signifies that, in striking the means, the observations at 9 P.M. have been taken twice ; and m, 8 : 2, 8 that the means are the averages of the daily Minimum, 8 a.m., and 2 and 8 p.m., &c. In the same column " M.m." signifies that the Mean Temperature is deduced from the Maximum (m) and Minimum (m) Observations, "M.T."that the Means have been reduced to Approximate Mean Temperatures. A Minus sign before Latitudes indicates Latitude South, and before Longitudes, Longitude West. In the last column are entered the corrections which have been applied in constructing the Table. (PHYS. CHEM. CHALL. EXP. — PART V. — 1888.) 31 194 THE VOYAGE OF H.M.S. CHALLENGER. Stations. Country. No. of Years. Years Specified. Hours of Observation. Latitude. Longitude. Height, Feet. Malin Head, . Ireland 15 1870-84 M.m. o r 55 23 O 1 -7 22 230 Greencastle, . do. 15 do. do. 55 12 -7 2 70 Londonderry, do. 15 do. do. 55 0 -7 19 93 Lissan, do 15 do. do. 54 41 -6 45 305 Donaghadee, do. 15 do. do. 54 38 — 5 34 30 Belfast, do. 15 do. do. 54 36 -5 56 66 Agbalee, do. 16 do. do. 54 31 -6 16 130 Milltown, do. 15 do. do. 54 23 -6 16 200 Armagh, do. 15 do. hourly 54 21 -6 39 207 Brooksborough, . do. 15 do. M.m. 54 21 -7 22 239 Mullaghmore, do. 15 do. do. 54 28 -8 28 40 Markree, do. 15 do. do. 54 11 -8 27 131 Belmullet, do. 15 do. do. 54 13 -10 0 40 Edgewoithstown, . do. 15 do. do. 53 42 -7 36 265 Athlone, do. 15 do. do. 53 25 -8 0 304 Parsonstown, do. 15 do. do. 53 G -7 55 182 Curragh Camp, do. 15 do. do. 53 9 -6 49 450 Dublin, do. 15 do. do. 53 22 -6 21 158 Kingstown, . do. 15 do. do. 53 17 -6 8 50 Monkstown, . do. 15 do. do. 53 18 -6 8 110 AVaterford, . do. 15 do. do. 52 15 -7 6 100 Buttevant, . do. 15 do. do. 52 14 -8 40 300 Foynes, do. 15 do. do. 52 37 -9 7 108 Roche's Point, do. 15 do. do. 51 47 -8 19 32 Killarney, do. 15 do. do. 52 4 -9 30 90 Valentia, do. 15 do. do. 51 55 -10 18 23 North Unst, . Scotland 15 do. 9: 9 60 51 -0 53 230 Bressay, do. 15 do. do. 60 6 -1 8 105 Dunrossness . do., 15 do. M.m. 59 55 -1 20 126 Start Point, . do. 15 do. 9: 9 59 17 -2 22 83 Sand wick, . do. 15 do. M.m. 59 2 -3 18 94 Pentland Sk., do. 15 do. 9: 9 58 41 -2 55 170 Wick, . do. 15 do. M.m. 58 27 -3 5 77 Holborn Head, do. 15 do. 9: 9 58 37 -3 32 75 Dunrobin, . do. 15 do. M.m. 57 59 -3 56 16 Lairg, . do. 15 do. do. 58 1 -4 22 458 Cape Wrath, do. 15 do. 9: 9 58 38 -5 0 400 Scourie, do. 15 do. do. 45 Butt of Lewis, do. 15 do. do. 58 31 -6 16 170 Stornoway, . do. 15 do. M.m. 58 13 -6 23 70 Ushinish, do. 15 do. 9: 9 57 18 -7 12 176 Monach, do. 15 do. do. 57 32 -7 14 150 Barra Head, . do. 15 do. do. 56 47 -7 39 683 Skerryvore, . do. 15 do. do. 56 19 -7 7 150 Dhuheartach, do. 15 do. do. 56 8 -6 38 145 Rona, . do. 15 do. do. 57 35 -5 57 222 Glencarron, . do. 15 do. M.m. 57 30 -5 14 504 Culloden, do. 15 do. do. 57 29 -4 8 104 Roy Bridge, . do. 15 do. do. 56 54 -4 48 310 Gordon Castle, do. 15 do. do. 57 37 -3 5 104 REPORT ON ATMOSPHERIC CIRCULATION. 195 Jan. Feb. Mar. April. May. June. July. Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec. Year. Corrs. Applied. o 41-8 O 41-6 42-6 o 45-7 50-2 o 53-9 O 56-8 0 57-9 O 54-3 O 49-4 o 44-0 42-2 o 48-3 o 39-5 40-4 41-9 46-0 50-5 55-5 58-3 58-1 54-3 48-0 42-8 39 3 47-9 40-5 41-8 43-0 46-9 51-0 56-2 58-6 58-8 54-6 48-6 42-8 40'2 48-6 38-0 39-8 40-8 45-2 49-6 55-0 57-4 58-0 53-3 47-4 41-5 38-0 47-0 40-2 413 42-3 46-0 50-1 55 0 57-8 58-1 54-3 49-0 43-5 403 48-2 40-0 41-0 42-4 46'8 50-9 569 59-1 58-9 54-3 47-8 42-8 39-5 48-4 387 40-8 42-0 46-9 51-0 57-0 59-2 59-0 547 48-5 42-3 38-8 48-2 39-4 40-3 42-8 47-2 50-7 56-1 58-7 58-5 54-1 48-2 42-3 39-0 48-1 39-8 41-2 42-2 46-0 50-3 55-5 58-0 58-0 53 6 48-0 42-4 38-8 47-8 39-2 40-6 41-7 46-0 49-8 54-8 57-5 580 533 47 6 42-0 38-6 47-4 42-5 42-6 43 9 47-8 517 566 59-1 59 3 55-8 50-3 45-1 42-0 497 39-7 41-6 42-5 46-6 50-3 55-0 58-3 58-2 54-2 48-6 43-0 390 48-1 43-0 42-8 44-1 47-5 51-2 54-9 57-2 58-0 55-3 49-8 45-1 43-0 49-3 39 3 40-4 42-0 46-0 50-2 55-7 58-2 587 540 47-5 42-4 39-0 47-8 38-4 40-5 42-7 46-7 51-5 57-2 59-4 59-1 54-2 48-3 41-8 38-5 48-2 40-2 41-9 43-2 47-0 51-8 567 59-4 59-4 54-9 48-5 42-8 39-0 48-7 38-1 40-8 41-6 45-8 50-4 56-2 59-0 58-0 54-3 48-0 42-0 38-8 47-8 40-4 42-2 43-1 46-3 51-2 56-1 59 2 59-5 54-8 49-0 43-8 40-0 48-8 42-0 43-5 44-3 46-8 51-6 56-8 60-0 59-8 56-0 502 45-0 42-7 49-9 41-3 42-8 43-9 47-6 52-2 57-4 60-0 59-6 55-6 49 -2 43-9 40-3 49-5 41-8 42-7 43-3 47-4 51-3 57-3 60-0 59-7 55-0 49-5 44-5 41-4 49-5 40-1 42'2 43-9 47-7 52-4 58-2 60-0 59-5 55-0 487 43-1 40-0 49-2 42-0 42-9 45-2 48-2 52 3 56-3 58-3 58-5 55-6 50-2 44-8 420 49-7 43-8 44-1 450 48-4 53 6 58-2 60-7 607 56-8 51-2 46-3 43 5 51-0 43-3 43 6 44-6 47-5 51-6 56-2 59-3 59-5 55-1 49-8 45-7 42-4 49-9 45-3 45-5 46-3 49-0 52-8 56-3 587 59-5 56-6 52-0 47-6 45-4 51-3 39-8 39-4 38-9 42-0 45-3 50-0 52-3 53-0 50-7 46-1 41-8 40-7 450 407 39-9 39-6 42-5 45-5 50-4 54-0 54-6 51-5 47-4 43-2 40-9 45-8 39-6 39-4 39-2 42-3 45-8 50-5 54-0 54-5 51-4 46-6 41-8 395 45-4 40-7 40-2 40-3 43-0 46-6 51-0 547 55-1 52-6 48-2 43-7 40-9 46-4 39-5 39-3 39-7 42-9 46-8 52-1 55-4 55-2 52-1 47-1 41-7 39-2 459 39-8 39-8 39-6 423 45-8 50-8 54-1 54-3 51-9 47-8 42-8 40-1 45-7 38-7 39-5 40-8 44-1 48-3 53 2 56-6 561 52-6 47-2 41-5 38-6 46-4 38-6 39-0 39-8 43-5 47-3 51-9 55-5 55-7 52-5 47-3 42-1 39-0 46-0 38-2 39-5 40-6 44-2 48-4 53-3 56-5 56-4 52-5 47-0 41-4 37-9 463 35-8 36-9 39-1 43-2 48-1 53-4 56-4 55-7 51-5 45-5 38-8 35-6 45-0 38-5 38-4 38-8 42-2 45-4 50-6 53-4 53-6 503 46-0 41-1 39-6 45-6 39-0 389 397 44-3 481 54-1 56-3 56-3 52-0 46-6 41-1 38-8 46-3 40-7 40-4 407 43-7 46-8 51-2 54-3 55-2 521 47-7 43-2 40-9 46-4 38-8 39-7 40-4 44-0 47-6 52-4 55-2 55-2 51-6 46-2 41-5 38-7 45-9 41-6 41-3 41-8 44-9 48-3 52-6 55-3 561 52-9 48-8 44-2 41-9 47-5 43-0 43-0 43-1 46-0 49-4 54-0 56-7 57-4 54-4 50-0 45-5 43-3 48'8 40-4 40-3 40-2 43-5 47-1 51-3 53-6 54-5 51-4 46-9 42-6 40-8 46-1 42-5 42-3 42 3 45-0 48-3 52-7 55-1 56-2 53-7 49-7 43-2 43-0 48-0 42-2 41-8 42-2 45-0 48-2 52-7 55-1 56-3 53-8 49-8 45-2 42-7 47-9 40-7 40-4 40-5 44-2 47-5 52-5 55-1 55-5 52-3 47-7 42-9 40-9 466 36-8 37-8 39 3 43-3 47-8 52-3 55-2 55-7 51-4 45-0 397 36-8 45-1 37-7 39-2 40-6 442 48-9 54-3 57-6 57-0 52-8 46-9 40-3 373 46-4 37-0 38-2 39-5 44-8 49-1 54-6 56-5 56-4 51-5 45-9 39-5 36-8 45-8 37-8 39-2 407 44-5 48-4 54-7 57-9 57-6 53-5 47-1 41-0 37-6 46-7 19(5 THE VOYAGE OF H.M.S. CHALLENGER. Stations. Country. No. of Years. Years Specified. Hours of Observation. Latitude. Longitude. Height, Feet. New Pitsligo, Scotland 15 1870-84 M.m. o 1 57 36 o / -2 12 495 Braeraar, do. 15 do. do. 57 0 -3 24 1114 Aberdeen, . do. 15 do. do. 57 19 -2 6 66 Dundee, do. 15 do. do. 56 28 -2 56 164 Dalnaspidal, . do. 15 do. do. 56 50 -4 13 1414 Ochtertyre, . do. 15 do. do. 56 23 -3 53 333 Stronvar, do. 15 do. do. 56 21 -4 20 422 Dollar, . do. 15 do. do. 56 10 -3 4 178 Bell Rock, . do. 15 do. 9: 9 56 26 -2 23 93 Isle of May, . do. 15 do. do. 56 11 -2 33 240 Ardnamurchan, . do. 15 do. do. 56 44 -6 13 180 Airds, . do. 15 do. do. 56 33 -5 25 15 Rhinns of Islay, . do. 15 do. do. 55 40 -6 31 150 Callton Mor, do. 15 do. M.m. 56 8 -5 30 135 Eallabus, do. 15 do. do. 55 45 -6 18 71 Mull of Kintyre, . do. 15 do. 9: 9 55 19 -5 48 297 Rothesay, do. 15 do. M.m. 55 50 -5 4 116 Ardrossan, . do. 15 do. do. 55 38 -4 49 16 Pinmore, do. 15 do. do. 55 12 -4 49 190 Glasgow, do. 15 do. do. 55 53 -4 18 184 Lanark, do. 15 do. do. 55 41 -3 47 630 Edinburgh, . do. 15 do. do. 55 56 -3 10 270 N. Esk Reservoir, . do. 15 do. do. 55 48 -3 21 1150 East Linton, do. 15 do. do. 55 59 -2 39 90 Marehmont, . do. 15 do. do. 55 44 -2 25 500 Wolfelee, . do. 15 do. do. 55 22 -2 39 601 Drumlanrig, do. 15 do. do. 55 16 -3 48 191 Cargen, do. 15 do. do. 55 2 -3 37 85 Corsewall, . do. 15 do. 9: 9 55 0 -5 9 112 Mull of Galloway, . do. 15 do. do. 54 38 -4 51 325 Point of Ayre, Isle of Man 15 do. do. 54 25 -4 22 106 Langness, do. 15 do. do. 54 3 -4 35 38 Shields, England 15 do. M.m. 55 0 -1 27 124 Durham, do. 15 do. do. 54 46 -1 35 335 Carlisle, do. 15 do. do. 54 53 -2 25 114 Scarborough, do. 15 do. do. 54 18 -0 24 130 Barrow-in-Furness, do. 15 do. do. 54 7 -3 11 60 Leeds, . do. 15 do. do. 53 48 -1 33 137 York, . do. 15 do. do. 53 58 -1 5 50 Hull, . do. 15 do. do. 53 45 -0 20 12 Spnrnhead, . do. 15 do. do. 53 34 0 7 28 Blackpool, . do. 15 do. do. 53 49 -3 3 31 Stonyhurst, . do. 15 do. do. 53 51 -2 28 391 Bidstone Observ., . do. 15 do. do. 53 23 -3 7 197 Cheadle, do. 15 do. do. 52 28 -1 57 646 Chester, do. 15 do. do. 53 12 -2 54 65 Shrewsbury, do. 15 do. do. 52 45 -2 57 266 Llaududno, . do. 15 do. do. 53 21 -3 50 100 Holyhead, do. 15 do. do. 53 18 -4 39 44 Churchstoke, do. 15 do. do. 52 31 -3 5 548 REPORT ON ATMOSPHERIC CIRCULATION. 197 Jan. j Feb. Mar. April. May. June. July. Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec. 1 1 Year. Corrs. Applied. 3 O O 0 0 o O o O O 0 O o ° 35-3 367 38-0 41-9 46-6 52-2 55-8 55-2 51-3 451 39-2 35-2 44-4 33-8 35-2 36-9 41-2 45-8 52-0 551 541 49-5 43-3 36-9 33-6 43-2 37-8 39-3 40-5 45-2 48-8 54-4 581 57-4 53-3 47-2 41-3 37-5 46-7 36-9 377 40-1 44-3 49-4 55-4 58-8 581 53-6 46-8 40-3 36-5 46-5 32-5 33-2 34-4 39-2 44-6 507 54-0 531 481 41-8 35-8 32-6 417 35-6 37-0 38-9 43-5 48-8 ■ 54-9 57-8 571 51-8 45-5 391 35-4 45-5 36-5 37-6 39-0 43-8 48-8 54-7 57-6 56-7 52-0 45-3 39-4 361 45-6 ... 37-2 386 40-1 44-6 49-4 52-2 58-2 57-6 53-0 461 40-6 37-0 46-2 39-4 39 4 40-5 43-2 47-8 53-5 57-2 56-9 53-8 48-7 43-3 397 46-9 387 39-1 39-8 42-9 47-9 53-4 57-0 56-9 53-5 48-2 42-4 391 46-6 41-6 41-2 41-5 44-8 48-3 531 55-5 56-4 53-4 489 44-2 41-8 47-6 39-4 39-7 40-8 45-3 49-3 54-5 56-8 567 531 47-3 42-2 39-8 47-1 ... 42-1 41-6 42-1 45-2 49-0 53-5 557 57-0 54-4 49-7 44-8 42-6 481 38-6 39-3 40-6 447 49-2 551 57-4 57-6 53-3 47-0 41-3 38-3 46-9 40-0 40-5 41-6 45-2 491 54-2 56-6 56-9 53-3 48-2 42-9 397 47-4 ... 4V1 40-9 41-4 44-9 48-8 53-7 56-3 57-3 54-2 491 43-9 41-6 47-8 391 399 41-0 457 501 56-0 58-3 581 53-8 47-9 42-3 39-2 477 39-5 40-6 41-8 45-0 49-2 54-8 57-8 58-0 53-8 48-2 42-9 397 47-6 38-8 40-0 41-0 45-1 497 55-0 581 57-8 53-1 471 41-8 387 47-2 38-0 39-4 40-5 44-9 49-5 55-3 58-1 577 53-4 46-9 40-9 37-8 46-9 35-2 37-1 38-5 431 48-0 54-0 56-7 56-3 52-2 45-5 38-5 34-8 45-0 37-3 39-1 40-2 44-5 48-8 54-9 58-0 57-5 52-9 461 40-2 369 46-4 34-1 35-5 36-4 40-6 45-2 51-5 54-4 54-1 49-9 43-7 37-3 341 431 37-7 39-2 40-8 447 49-4 55-3 58-8 58-0 537 47 3 41-2 37'3 47-0 36-2 37-4 39-4 43-4 48-0 54-0 57-7 57-0 52-5 461 39-8 36-0 45-6 36-0 37-6 39-0 43-9 48-2 54-4 57-8 56-7 51-6 45-0 38-9 35-7 45-4 37-5 39-2 40-6 45-3 49-6 55-5 58-5 58-0 52-9 46-6 40-2 36-9 46-7 38-0 39-7 40-4 45-3 497 55-8 58-5 581 54-0 47-3 41-1 37-9 47-2 40-6 40-9 41-5 45-0 49-0 54-0 56-6 57-3 539 49-4 441 411 47-7 40-3 40-2 40-6 44-4 48-3 53-3 56-3 57-2 54-4 49-2 43-8 41-0 47-4 ... 41-6 41-7 42-0 45-0 49-0 54-3 57-6 58-1 55-4 50-4 45-3 42-3 48-6 42-1 42-1 42-3 45-6 49-2 54-5 58-3 58-0 56-1 51-0 45-8 42-6 49-0 ... 38-6 39-9 41-2 44-7 49-0 55-0 59-0 58-1 54-2 48-3 42-3 38-5 47-4 37 3 39-0 40-5 44-6 48-5 557 60-0 59-3 54-0 47-0 40-9 36-9 47-0 37-7 39-8 41-4 46-2 50-6 56-9 599 591 54-6 47-6 40-6 370 47-6 38-8 40-2 41-5 45-7 50-2 561 60-3 59-7 55-7 49-6 42-8 39-0 48-3 39-4 40-4 42-2 4G-8 51-6 56-9 59-6 597 56-4 49-9 43-6 39-8 48-9 38-7 40-4 42-0 46-3 52-0 58-2 61-8 61-0 56-3 48-9 421 38-2 48-8 377 39-7 41-5 46-2 51-4 57-4 61-3 60-8 56-2 48-6 41-9 377 48-4 ... 37-5 39-6 41-3 46-0 50-6 57-2 61-3 60-5 55-7 48-7 41-8 37-3 48-2 39-0 39-6 41-5 45-4 49-8 561 60-9 60-4 5G-6 50-5 43-3 38-8 48-5 38-7 40-0 41-3 45-4 49-8 55-7 59-0 58'8 55-4 487 42-6 38-9 47-9 37-8 39-6 41-3 4G-3 50-9 56-6 59-8 59-5 54-9 481 41-8 37-7 47-0 393 40-7 42-5 47-2 51-5 57-2 60-4 60-3 56-2 497 43-3 39-4 49-0 .".7-2 38-7 40-4 45-1 491 55-2 59-0 58-4 54-0 47-4 40-6 37-1 4G-9 38-8 41-3 42-7 47-4 52-0 581 61-3 61-0 56-5 49-2 42-7 39-2 49-2 38-6 407 42-6 46-4 51-0 57-2 61-5 60-6 56-0 48-5 42-2 38-2 48-6 +i:o 41-9 42-6 43-9 47-8 52-2 57-7 60-7 61-2 57-1 51 -0 451 41-7 50-2 42-3 42-3 43-5 47-3 51-2 56-7 59-8 59-9 56-4 51-3 457 42-4 49-9 ... 38-5 401 41-4 45-6 501 56-3 59-7 59-4 547 47-9 4l-o 47-8 198 THE VOYAGE OF H.M.S. CHALLENGER. Stations. Country. No. of Years. Years Specified. Hours of Observation. Latitude. Longitude. Height, Feet. Lampeter, England 15 1870-84 M.m. O 1 52 7 O 1 -4 5 420 Pembroke, . do. 15 do. do. 51 41 -5 30 150 Cardiff, do. 15 do. do. 51 23 -3 9 43 Carmarthen, . do. 15 do. do. 51 52 -4 18 188 Ross, . do. 15 do. do. 51 55 -2 35 213 Kelstern, do. 15 do. do. 53 24 -0 7 388 Hodsock, do. 15 do. do. 53 18 -1 8 56 Leicester, do. 15 do. do. 52 39 -1 8 237 Hillington, . do. 15 do. do. 52 48 0 33 88 Holkham, . . do. 15 do. do. 52 57 0 46 39 Somerleyton, . do. 15 do. do. 52 32 1 37 50 Royston, do. 15 do. do. 52 2 -0 1 269 Cardington, . do. 15 do. do. 52 7 -0 29 100 Colchester, . do. 15 do. do. 51 53 0 53 109 Rugby, do. 15 do. do. 52 12 -1 14 289 Oxford, . . do. 15 do. do. 51 46 -1 16 212 Gloucester, . do. 15 do. do. 51 52 -2 14 100 Cheltenham, . do. 15 do. do. 51 54 -2 3 184 Salisbury, do. 15 do. do. 51 4 -1 48 186 Strathfield Turgiss, do. 15 do. do. 51 20 -1 0 197 Greenwich, . do. 15 do. do. 51 29 0 0 159 Ramsgate, . do. 15 do. do. 51 20 1 25 105 CrowboroughBeacon, do. 15 do. do. 51 3 0 8 776 Brighton, do. 15 do. do. 50 49 -0 8 206 Osborne, do. 15 do. do. 50 45 -1 16 172 Clifton, do. 15 do. do. 51 28 -2 36 228 Taunton, do. 15 do. do. 51 1 -3 6 80 Ilfracombc, . do. 15 do. do. 51 4 -4 7 25 Barnstaple, . do. 15 do. do. 51 5 -4 3 43 Columpton, . do. 15 do. do. 50 51 -3 23 202 Exeter, do. 15 do. do. 50 43 -3 31 164 Babbacombe, do. 15 do. do. 50 29 -3 31 293 Prawle Point, do. 15 do. do. 50 13 -3 44 350 Dartmoor, . , do. 15 do. do. 50 33 -3 59 1372 Bude, . do. 15 do. do. 50 50 -4 37 16 Truro, . do. 15 do. do. 50 17 -5 4 43 Falmouth, do. 15 do. do. 50 9 -5 4 211 Helston, do. 15 do. do. 50 7 -5 12 106 Scilly, . do. 15 do. do. 49 55 -6 18 100 Guernsey, Channel Isles 15 do. do. 49 28 -2 32 204 Jersey, . . . do. 15 do. do. 49 12 -2 7 50 Sydvaranger, Norway 15 do. m. 8 : 2, 8 69 40 30 11 67 Karasjok, do. 15 do. do. 69 19 25 55 438 Vardo, . do. 15 do. do. 70 22 31 7 33 Kistrand, do. 15 do. do. 70 25 25 13 32 Gjaesvaer, . do. 15 do. do. 71 7 25 22 22 Alten, . do. 15 do. do. 69 58 23 17 43 Tromso, do. 15 do. do. 69 39 18 58 50 Andenes, do. 15 do. do. 69 20 16 8 4 Lodingen, do. 15 do. do. 68 24 16 1 44 REPORT ON ATMOSPHERIC CIRCULATION. 19!) Jan. Feb. Mar. April. May. June. July. Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec. Year. Corrs. Applied. o o O O 0 o o o o O O o O o 39-6 41-3 42-5 47-2 51-8 57-1 597 59-2 55-4 49-0 42-9 39-3 487 431 42-9 43-4 47-2 51-1 .56-5 59-6 60-1 56-9 51-7 47-0 43-5 50-2 40-0 41-6 43-6 483 53-4 59-3 61-9 61-5 57-0 49-0 43-8 40-5 50-0 41-2 42-2 43-8 47-8 51-8 57-5 60-6 60-1 567 50-5 44-5 40-9 49-8 38-8 41-0 43-0 47-8 52-6 58-8 62-1 62-0 56-6 49-0 427 38-8 49-4 37-4 39-5 41-0 45-3 49-5 56-1 59-7 59-5 55-3 48-8 41-4 37-1 47-6 39-0 41-4 42-6 47-0 52-0 58-3 62-0 61-5 56-8 49-8 42-8 38-5 49-1 +1-3 38-6 40-5 42-3 46-9 51-4 57-8 61-4 60-8 56-2 49-4 42-4 38-3 48-8 37-8 39-9 42-0 46-9 51-4 58-4 62-0 51-1 56-3 49-4 42-1 37-6 48-7 ... 38-1 39-8 41-8 466 51-4 677 62-3 61-3 56-4 49-8 43-0 38-4 48-9 + 1-5 37-8 39-8 41-8 46'3 50-8 57-1 61-9 61-7 57-1 50-5 42-8 37-9 48-8 37-8 39-6 424 47-5 52-4 59-1 62-9 62-5 57-5 49-4 41-8 37-6 49-2 38-2 40-7 431 48-5 53-1 60-3 63-6 62-5 57-1 49-5 42-3 38-0 49-7 38-2 40-0 42-0 47-4 51-7 577 62-6 62-5 57-8 50-4 42-5 38-2 49-3 37-7 397 41-7 406 51-5 58-6 61-7 61-3 56-7 48-6 41-3 37-1 48-5 39-0 40-8 43-0 47-9 52-6 59-0 62-4 61-9 56-8 49-7 43-1 39-0 49-6 ... 39-2 40-7 43-5 49-1 53-9 60-0 63-0 62-9 57-8 50-3 43-3 39-3 50-3 ■"„ 1 39-7 41o 43-0 47-4 52-2 59-0 62-8 61-8 56-6 49-0 42-4 39-3 49-6 + 1-3 38-5 40-8 43-8 48-1 53-2 59-5 62-9 62-5 57-1 49-5 42-4 38-4 49-7 ... 38-5 40-6 43-4 48-1 52-5 59-0 631 62-3 57-4 501 43-0 38-1 49-7 ... 38-8 40-4 42-3 48-2 54-0 60-4 63-6 63-3 58-5 50-9 43-0 39-9 50-3 39-4 40-7 43-2 47-9 52-3 58-2 62-5 62-6 58-6 51-5 43-8 39-6 50-0 36-8 38-4 41-8 45-5 50-3 57-1 61-2 61-0 56-1 48-9 41-6 37-3 48-0 39-8 40-6 42-6 47-7 52-6 59-4 62-8 62-7 58-1 50-8 437 39-6 500 39-8 39-6 43'8 48-5 53-7 59-8 635 63-7 59-0 51-5 44-4 39-9 50-8 39-7 41-3 43-2 48-3 52-8 59-0 62-4 62-0 570 50-0 43-3 39-8 49-9 40-3 41-8 43-6 48-7 53-1 587 63-2 62-8 57-6 51-0 44-3 40-3 50-4 42'6 43-4 44-5 47-6 51-8 56-7 597 606 57-6 52-2 46-7 42-8 50-5 +T-o 40-7 42-5 44-4 48-9 54-1 59-5 620 62-5 58-1 51-5 44-7 40-7 50-8 -1-5 40-6 42-6 44-0 48-3 53 0 58-5 617 61-5 57-3 50-5 44-4 40-8 503 + 10 40-5 42-6 44-3 48-2 53-3 58-9 62-8 62-5 57 '5 50-8 43-8 40-6 50-5 41-8 43-0 43-9 47-2 51-8 57-4 60 9 61-2 57-2 51-3 457 417 503 ... 42-1 43-0 43-7 46-8 51-0 560 59-8 603 57-2 51-5 46-2 42-6 50-0 ... 37-0 38-0 39-5 43-8 47-2 52-9 55-9 56-0 52-4 46-3 40-8 37-3 45-6 42-0 43-3 44-5 48-2 52-5 57-7 60-5 61-2 57-6 52-3 45-8 42-5 50-7 ... 43-4 44-9 45-9 48-8 53-0 58-6 61-6 ■62-1 58-1 52-5 469 42-8 51-4 ... 44-4 44-7 45-0 48-0 52-1 57-3 60 3 60-9 57-6 52-6 47-6 44-4 51-2 44'1 45-0 46-2 49-3 53-4 58-5 61-8 62-2 58-0 52-7 47-2 44-0 519 -io 46-2 46'3 46-2 48-7 52-6 57-6 60-9 61-4 58-5 53-8 49-4 46-4 52-3 43-0 44-6 45-0 48-4 52-4 57-1 60-9 61-7 58-9 53-6 48-4 43-7 51-5 42-1 43-4 45-2 49-5 53-2 58-4 62-3 63-0 59-5 53-7 47-6 43-1 51-8 ... 13-0 10-0 16-1 24-9 34-5 45-3 52-4 50-7 42-4 32-6 20-9 13-2 28-9 2-4 1-0 12-6 24-2 35-5 48-0 54-1 51-8 41-7 29-0 11-9 4-2 26-4 ... 22-8 21-0 23-5 28-4 34-0 41-6 47-1 477 42-6 34-9 27-5 22-8 32-7 ... 20-4 17-5 217 27-8 35-8 46-4 52-2 51-4 43-7 35-0 26-6 21-3 33-3 ... 25-0 23-0 24-1 28-2 35-1 42-9 48-6 48-2 42-8 35-7 27-4 24-6 33-8 ... 19-2 17-0 20-6 28-7 38-1 47-3 53-9 52-0 437 33-1 22-3 16-9 32-8 ... 26-4 24-9 26-2 31-0 88-2 47-0 51-8 50-2 44-0 36-1 291 261 360 ... 300 27-2 28-5 320 38-7 45-4 50-5 51-0 45-8 38-6 326 29-0 37-4 28-0 25-9 27-5 32-2 40-2 49-0 54-8 53 0 46-5 38-3 31-6 27-6 37-9 200 THE VOYAGE OF H.M.S. CHALLENGER. Stations. Country. No. of Years. Years Specified. Hours of Observation. Latitude. Longitude. Height, Feet. Fagernesc. . Norway 15 1870-84 m. 8 : 2, 8 68 27 o / 17 28 25 Rost, do. 15 do. do. 67 31 12 12 27 BodS, . do. 15 do. do. 67 17 14 24 15 Brono, . do. 15 do. do. 65 28 12 12 34 Christiausunii, do. 15 do. do. 63 7 17 45 51 Aalesund, do. 15 do. do. 62 29 6 9 47 Floro, . do. 15 do. do. 61 36 5 2 26 Leirdal, do. 15 do. do. 61 6 7 27 16 Bdros, . . . do. 15 do. do. 62 24 11 23 2064 Dovre, . do. 15 do. do. 62 5 9 8 2110 Touset, do. 15 do. do. 62 17 10 45 1617 Bergen, do. 15 do. do. 60 24 5 20 57 Skudesnes, . do. 15 do. do. 59 9 5 16 13 Mandal, do. 15 do. do. 58 2 7 27 54 Sandbsand. . do. 15 do. do. 59 5 10 28 27 Christiania. . do. 15 do. do. 59 55 10 43 81 Karesmando, Sweden 15 do. M.T. 68 26 22 30 1060 Jockmock, . do. 15 do. do. 66 36 19 51 926 Haparanda, . do. 15 do. do. 65 50 24 9 30 Pitea, . do. 15 do. do. 65 19 21 30 34 Steiisele, do. 15 do. do. 65 5 17 0 1106 Umea, . do. 15 do. do. 63 49 20 18 41 Husa, . do. 15 do. do. 63 32 13 7 1260 Hernbsand. . do. 15 do. do. 62 38 17 58 45 Oestersund, . do. 15 do. do. 63 11 14 38 972 Sweg, . do. 15 do. do. 62 2 14 23 1050 Fablun, do. 15 do. do. 60 36 15 37 380 Upsala. do. 15 do. do. 59 52 17 38 79 Stockholm. . do. 15 do. do. 59 20 18 4 146 Carlstadt, do. 15 do. do. 59 23 13 30 179 Gbteborg, do. 15 do. do. 57 42 12 59 22 Jbnkbping, . do. 15 do. do. 57 47 14 11 321 Wisby, do. 15 do. do. 57 39 18 19 52 Kalmar, do. 15 do. do. 56 40 16 23 31 Carlshamn, . do. 15 do. do. 50 10 14 52 31 Halmstad, do. 15 do. do. 56 40 12 52 34 Grirnsey, Iceland 15 do. do. 66 34 -18 3 8 Akureyri, do. 15 do. do. 65 39 -18 10 8 Siglufjord, . do. 15 do. do. 66 9 -18 57 [0] Skagerstrand, do. 15 do. do. 65 50 -20 20 66 Flatey, . do. 15 do. do. 65 22 -22 56 [0] Stykkisholm, do. 15 do. do. 65 5 -22 46 37 Reykjavik, . do. 15 do. do. 64 9 -22 0 23 Westmanb, . do. 15 do. do. 63 26 -20 18 26 Berufjord, . do. 15 do. do. 64 40 -14 15 59 Gjov, . Myggenaes, . Faro 15 do. do. 62 21 -6 58 [0] do. 15 do. do. 62 9 -7 40 [0] Thorsbavn, . do. 15 do. do. 62 2 -6 43 12 Kvalbb, do. 15 do. do. 61 39 -7 6 [0] Skagen, Denmark 15 do. do. 57 44 10 38 10 REPORT ON ATMOSPHERIC CIRCULATION. 201 Jan. Feb. Mar. April. May. June. July. Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec. Year. Corrs. Applied. o O 0 o O o O O O O o o o o 259 23-3 26-1 32-1 40-4 49-2 54-6 52-6 45-3 37-3 29-3 24-9 367 ... 327 307 31-4 35-5 40-3 46-3 51-3 51-4 47-6 41-5 35-7 31-6 39-7 29-1 26-4 29 '4 34-2 41-7 50-1 55-3 54-1 47-9 39-4 31-8 28-0 39-0 31-5 29-3 32-0 36-6 43-5 51-1 56-0 55'7 50-4 41-9 34-7 30-2 41-0 34-5 337 34-6 391 45-1 52-8 56-5 56-4 50-6 44-3 37-6 34-3 43-3 ... 35-8 34-8 36-0 40-5 45-5 52-9 56-3 56-1 52-1 45-2' 39-0 35-6 44-1 35-1 33-9 34-9 40-3 46-2 53-6 57-4 56-8 51-IS 44-8 38-4 34-4 43-9 29-0 29-1 32-4 41-6 50-0 58-6 61-6 59-0 51-1 41-8 34-0 27-9 43 0 11-0 12-3 18-1 28-5 38-8 50-0 52-6 50-5 42-6 31-8 20-1 10-8 30-6 16-0 16-3 22-1 30-7 40-3 51-3 54-0 51-9 436 33-0 22-4 15-1 33-1 8-8 11-5 19-6 31-1 41-7 52-8 55-0 52-5 44-2 32-0 18-8 8-2 33-0 34-0 32-3 349 41-7 47-8 55-3 58-5 57-6 52-3 44-3 375 33-2 44-2 35-5 34-2 35-4 41-2 46-4 53-5 58-2 58-0 54-0 467 40-2 339 44-7 31-7 30-5 33-6 40-5 48-2 57-0 61-0 59-5 53-6 45-2 37-1 31-3 44-1 • •• 29-3 27-8 31-4 39-2 48-5 579 621 607 54-3 44-5 36-2 29-7 43-5 24-3 23-7 29-3 39-2 49-6 60-1 62-8 60-4 52-2 41-1 32-1 23-7 41-6 7-6 4-0 10-8 23-3 35 0 48-9 55-0 51-4 42-6 28-4 12-5 7-4 27-2 6-6 6-0 17-2 29-4 39-9 53-4 58-2 53 8 43-6 30-4 17-3 67 29-3 11-8 10-5 18-5 27-6 38-5 52-5 58-8 54-7 45-9 34-5 19-5 10-8 32-0 15-8 13-8 21-8 31-0 40-9 53-9 601 56-8 47-6 35-3 21-6 14-0 34-4 11-4 107 20-3 31-0 417 53 4 59-1 54-3 44-4 32-9 18-3 8-8 32-3 17-6 15-8 21-8 31-1 41-5 53-5 58-2 55-4 47-2 36-2 24-8 16-1 35-0 17-3 16-6 22-0 31-3 39-7 50-9 55-4 53-4 4G-G 347 25-9 19-1 34-4 20-5 18-0 26-1 33-5 427 53-8 59-2 57-0 49-5 39-0 291 20-0 37-4 16-3 16-1 22-4 31-5 41-2 53-3 57-1 54-6 46-6 36-0 25-7 15-9 34-8 13 3 12-0 22-5 32-0 43-2 55-6 57-9 54-3 45-9 33-8 228 12-3 33-8 217 20-0 25-7 35-5 46-5 58-4 61-8 58-1 50-4 389 29-7 19-9 38-9 25-0 22-9 27-9 365 46-3 57-2 61-5 58-5 51-1 41-0 31-8 24-0 40-3 27-3 26-1 29-1 36-7 46-3 57-4 62-0 59-5 52-6 42-1 33-6 27-1 41-7 27-2 25-0 29-9 37-6 49-1 59 3 62-9 61-2 53-2 42-6 34-2 25-9 42-4 31-3 29-9 33-3 41-0 50-4 59-0 62'8 61-3 54-9 45 3 37-4 31-0 44-8 28-6 27-3 30-7 38-4 48-2 57'0 62-1 59-9 52-5 42-8 35-4 29-3 42-6 31-5 29-3 31-5 37-4 457 51-9 61-5 60-1 53-3 45-3 38-1 32-2 43-2 30-6 29-3 31-9 38-8 48-0 577 G2-7 615 55-6 46-0 37-4 31-1 44-2 29-8 28-4 31-8 38-5 49-2 59-0 63-0 61-4 55-3 46-1 386 30-1 44-3 31-5 30-0 32-9 40-5 49-8 59-2 61-8 60-7 54-0 44-8 367 30-7 44-4 27-1 26-8 25-8 29-5 35-8 417 45-2 45-6 42-2 37-0 32-6 29-5 34-9 27-3 26-3 25-0 32-1 39-4 46-8 49-8 48-3 44 '0 367 32-4 27-8 36-3 27-5 26-4 24-8 30-0 36-7 44-3 47-4 47-0 42-8 35-6 30-4 281 35-1 25-4 25-3 25-2 30-0 38-4 46-2 48-1 47-0 42-7 36-6 28-8 27-3 351 27-6 27-8 27-5 330 40-4 47-6 51-2 50-2 45-4 38-0 33-2 30-6 37-7 27-8 28-0 27-6 33-4 39-8 46-2 49-4 48-8 44-4 38-0 33-0 29-2 36-8 29-3 29-5 29-4 377 43-6 50-6 53-5 517 463 397 33-5 31-0 39-7 35-0 34-5 36-0 396 44-3 49-4 521 50-9 46-3 41-3 36-8 35-4 41-8 28-8 287 28-8 33-8 39-0 44-4 47-3 47-0 43 9 38-4 33-3 30-2 37-0 38-2 38-4 38-3 42-2 46-0 50-4 52-6 52-9 49-3 45-0 40-0 38-0 44-3 38'8 38-8 38-6 42-1 45-3 49-8 51-6 52-0 48-9 447 40-5 38-6 44-1 38'0 38-3 38-1 41-4 44-7 49-1 51-7 51-8 48-6 44-2 89-6 37-6 43-6 39-9 39-9 40-3 44-2 4G-7 51-1 53-3 53-4 50-2 457 41-3 39-8 45-5 32'8 30-9 34-3 41-9 49-7 57-6 62-6 61-8 55-8 486 40-6 32-7 45-8 ... (PHYS. CHEM. CHALL. EXP. — PART V. — 1888.) 32 202 THE VOYAGE OF H.M.S. CHALLENGER. Stations. Country. No. of Years. Years Specified. Hours of Observation. Latitude. Longitude. Height, Feet. Vestervig, Denmark 15 1870-84 M.T. o / 56 47 8 20 82 Fano, . do. 15 do. do. 55 27 8 24 18 Herning, do. 15 do. do. 56 8 8 58 195 Samso, do. 15 do. do. 55 50 10 36 66 Copenhagen, do. 15 do. do. 55 41 12 36 44 Bogo, . do. 15 do. do. 54 55 12 4 88 Haminershus, do. 15 do. do. 55 17 14 40 50 Groningen, . Holland 15 do. 8: 8 53 13 6 34 49 Leeuwarden, do. 15 do. do. 53 12 5 47 24 Helder, do. 15 do. do. 52 57 4 40 0 Amsterdam, . do. 15 do. do. 52 22 4 53 30 Utrecht, do. 15 do. do. 52 5 5 7 44 Hellevoetsluis, do. 15 do. do. 51 50 4 7 0 Flushing, do. 15 do. do. 51 26 3 35 0 Maastricht, . do. 15 do. do. 50 52 5 37 174 Luxembourg, do. 15 do. do. 49 37 6 8 1020 Ostend, Belgium 15 do. M.m. 51 14 2 55 27 Brussels, do. 15 do. do. 50 51 4 22 186 Liege, . do. 15 do. do. 50 41 5 33 199 Namur, do. 15 do. do. 50 28 4 51 491 Arras, . France 15 do. M.T. 50 18 2 46 239 Amiens, do. 15 do. do. 49 54 1 18 102 Charleville, . do. 15 do. do. 49 46 4 43 476 Nancy, . do. 15 do. do. 48 42 6 11 725 Mirecourt, , do. 15 do. do. 48 18 6 8 974 Epinal, do. 15 do. do. 48 10 6 26 890 Chalons-sur-Marne, do. 15 do. do. 48 57 4 21 294 Troyes, . do. 15 do. do. 48 18 4 5 350 Paris, . do. 15 do. do. 48 48 2 21 256 Versailles, . do. 15 do. do. 48 48 2 7 421 Rouen, . do. 15 do. do. 49 26 1 5 39 Fecamp, do. 15 do. do. 49 46 0 22 61 Caen, . do. 15 do. do. 49 11 -0 21 69 St. Honorine-du- Fay, . . . do. 15 do. do. 49 5 -0 30 388 Alencon, do. 15 do. do. 48 26 0 5 475 Le Mans, do. 15 do. do. 48 1 0 12 285 Rennes, do. 15 do. do. 48 7 -1 41 106 Lamballe, do. 15 do. do. 48 28 -2 31 252 Brest, . do. 15 do. do. 48 23 -4 30 210 L'Orient, do. 15 do. do. 47 45 -3 23 86 Nantes, do. 15 do. do. 47 13 -1 33 136 Angers, do. 15 do. do. 47 28 -0 34 153 Poitiers, do. 15 do. do. 46 35 -0 40 384 Vendome, . do. 15 do. do. 47 47 1 4 291 Orleans, do. 15 do. do. 47 54 1 54 357 Bourges, do. 15 do. do. 47 5 2 24 510 Mouhiis, do. 15 do. do. 46 34 3 20 730 Clermont Ferrand, do. 15 do. do. 45 47 3 5 1296 Puy-de-Ddme, do. 6 1878-83 do. 45 47 2 57 4813 REPORT ON ATMOSPHERIC CIRCULATION. 203 Jan. Feb. Mar. April. May. June. July. Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec. Year. Corrs. Applied. 0 ° O o O o O O O O O O 0 o 32-2 31-6 34-9 41-7 50-2 58-6 62-6 61-5 55-8 47-5 39-0 33-6 45-8 33-0 32-4 35-7 42-8 50-3 57-2 61-5 61-1 55-8 47-3 39-1 33-4 45-8 31-5 30-8 33-8 40-6 487 567 59-7 59-4 53-2 44-8 36-7 31-5 44-0 33-1 31-5 34-9 41-7 50-0 57-9 61-6 61-0 55-2 47-3 39-7 336 45-6 ... 32-1 30-7 34-5 42-1 49-8 58-4 62-1 61-2 55-3 47-2 38-7 32-1 45-4 34-1 32-3 34-8 422 49-4 57-0 607 60-3 55-5 47-4 39-3 34-1 45-6 + 1-0 32-7 32-2 341 39-7 47-5 57-2 62-6 62-1 56-5 48-0 39-7 33-8 45-5 ... 34-5 35-5 38-5 44-9 51-5 59-1 63-0 61-7 56-1 47-8 40-1 35-2 47-3 35-6 35-9 387 45-3 51-8 59-4 63-5 62-0 56-3 47-6 40-2 35-4 47-6 36-3 37-4 39-4 45-3 51-6 57-9 62-2 02-2 58-3 51-0 43-0 38-9 48-6 36-4 37-6 40-4 46-6 52-3 59-5 637 63-2 58-6 50-2 42-3 37-5 49-0 34-3 35-8 39-2 46-5 52-6 59-7 63-1 62-1 56-0 47-5 40-1 35-6 47-7 35-6 37-0 40-5 46-9 53-4 61-0 65-1 G3-5 58-3 49-8 41-7 36-4 49-1 ... 377 38-6 41-3 47-3 53-5 60-8 65-1 64-1 59-0 51-3 43-6 38-5 50-0 ■ •• 36-7 38-4 42'2 49-0 56-0 63-6 67-3 65-0 58-4 49-3 42-1 36-6 50-4 ... 34-2 36-4 39-6 46-2 52-4 59-4 63-5 62-0 56-3 47-3 40-7 34-5 47-7 38-8 40-5 43-1 48-6 54-5 60-4 64-8 64-5 59-9 51-4 44-1 39-6 510 36-9 39-4 43-2 49-5 55-0 61-7 65-7 645 58-8 50-4 43-2 37-2 50-5 ... 37-2 39-5 42-6 49-3 54*7 61-7 66-0 64-6 59-1 51-0 43-2 37-2 50-5 36-6 39-0 42-3 48-7 54-4 62-3 65-5 64-4 58-6 50-2 43-6 36-9 50-3 37-4 39-6 43-0 48-9 54-7 61-0 64-4 64-8 57-0 49-1 42-4 37-9 50-0 + 1-0 37-6 40-3 43-9 50-6 55-2 62-3 67-0 66-4 59-6 49-8 43-7 36-9 51-2 -1-0 35-6 38-7 42-3 49-8 56-8 62-1 65-9 65-1 57-0 49-6 40-3 35-6 49-8 ... 34-7 38-3 43-2 50-2 56-1 62-2 60-6 66-6 60-0 48-6 41-0 34'9 50-2 33-6 37-0 41-9 48-8 55-4 61-9 65-4 65-0 58-5 47-8 40-1 33-9 48-8 ... 32-7 37-5 43-3 49-0 54-6 61-6 66-2 63-8 57-8 49-4 40-2 32-4 49-0 37-4 40-7 44-8 51-1 57'0 63-2 66-6 66-4 59-7 50-6 43-3 37-0 51-6 36-0 40-0 44-6 51-0 57-0 64-6 68-4 67-6 61-0 53-3 43-4 35-8 51-9 ... 37-2 40-2 44-6 50-3 55-4 61-8 66-0 65-0 59-0 50-4 43-2 37-0 50-8 ... 37-2 40-1 43-5 49-8 54-9 61-4 65-7 65'3 58-7 50-4 42-8 36-8 507 39-9 41-9 451 50-7 55-6 61-5 657 65-1 60-1 50-8 44-2 39-5 51-6 40-6 42-8 45-2 49-3 53-1 59-5 63-4 63-6 59-8 52-8 46-5 41-3 51-5 +1-5 39-9 43-7 46-2 51-1 55-4 60-8 63-9 63-3 59-0 51-3 45-7 40-3 51-7 39-6 42-3 44-2 48-9 53-6 59-2 63-6 63-0 58-6 514 45-0 39-9 50-7 37-9 40-3 44-4 49-5 54-5 61-5 65-7 64-8 60-3 50-5 43-7 38-1 50-9 37-4 41-5 45-5 50-0 54-9 Cl-5 65-1 64-9 59-7 51-8 44-4 37-2 51-2 40-5 44-4 47-3 52-2 56-0 60-8 C6-2 65-5 60-4 52-6 47-1 41-0 52-7 ... 38-8 42-8 45-1 49-6 54-0 58-8 61-9 62-6 58-6 51-3 45-7 40-6 50-5 43-5 45-1 46-6 51-1 55-4 59-5 64-1 64-6 61-0 54-3 48-2 43-6 53-1 42-1 44-5 46-6 51-6 55-7 59-8 64-8 64-2 61-3 55-5 48-4 42-8 53-1 ... 39-9 43-7 47-5 52-2 57-0 61-2 65-8 65-4 60-4 53-2 46-0 40-3 52-7 39-0 42-8 46-9 51-S 57-6 61-5 66-2 65-8 61-0 52-5 45-5 39-9 52-5 ... 38-6 42-1 459 50-9 56-7 62-2 66-2 65-3 60-5 52-0 43-7 39-0 51-9 37-6 40-5 44-4 50-7 55-8 61-5 66-9 65-8 60-3 52-7 43-5 37-2 51-3 38-3 41-4 45-7 51-1 57-9 64-4 68-9 667 61-2 53-1 45-7 38-7 52-8 ... 37-8 41-4 46-0 51-3 57-4 63-9 GS-2 07-1 60-8 50-9 43-7 37-4 52-2 36-1 40-5 45-5 50-0 56-8 63-1 67-G 66-6 60-6 51-8 42-8 36-1 51-5 37-4 41-7 44-8 51-1 56-1 62-2 66-6 66-4 59-7 51-6 43-3 37-0 51-5 28-0 30-5 32-0 33-8 39-9 46-0 50-8 51-3 45-6 39-4 32-7 28-4 38-2 \ 204 THE VOYAGE OF H.M.S. CHALLENGER. Stations. Country. No. of Years. Years Specified. Hours of Observation. Latitude. Longitude. Height, 1 Feet. Limoges, France 15 1870-84 M.T. O f 45 50 O 1 1 15 842 Le Roche-sur-Yon, do. 15 do. do. 46 40 -1 26 198 Roehebonne, do. 15 do. do. 46 12 -2 20 0 La Grande-Sauve, do. 15 do. do. 44 46 -0 19 331 Perigueux, . do. 15 do. do. 45 11 0 43 291 Aurillac, do. 15 do. do. 44 56 2 26 2193 St. Martin de Hinx, do. 15 do. do. 43 35 -1 16 131 Lescar, do. 15 do. do. 43 20 -0 26 524 Pic-du-Midi, do. 6 1878-83 do. 42 57 0 8 9380 Montauban, . do. 15 1870-84 do. 44 1 1 21 318 Toulouse, do. 15 do. do. 43 37 1 26 636 Foix, . do. 15 do. do. 42 58 1 36 1421 Perpignan, . do. 15 do. do. 42 42 2 53 104 Carcassonne, do. 15 do. do. 43 13 2 19 384 Albi, . do. 15 do. do. 43 56 2 8 574 Rodez, do. 15 do. do. 44 21 2 34 2050 Besancon, . do. 15 do. do. 47 14 6 2 845 Bourg, do. 15 do. do. 46 12 5 13 822 Lyons, do. 15 do. do. 45 46 4 49 637 Grenoble, do. 15 do. do. 45 12 5 43 714 Privas, do. 15 do. do. 44 44 4 36 997 Montpellier, . do. 15 do. do. 43 37 3 53 121 Avignon, do. 15 do. do. 43 57 4 48 72 Marseilles, . do. 15 do. do. 43 17 5 22 246 Barcelonette, do. 15 do. do. 44 23 6 39 3714 Drnguignan, do. 15 do. do. 43 32 6 28 584 Mice, . do. 15 do. do. 43 42 7 17 89 Ajaccio, do. 15 do. do. 41 55 8 44 60 Faraman, do. 15 do. M.m. 43 18 4 42 20 La Planier, . do. 15 do. do. 43 15 5 15 13 La Ciotat, . do. 15 do. do. 43 12 5 36 7 San Sebasrian, Spain & Portugal 15 do. do. 43 19 -2 0 82 Bilbao, do. 15 do. do. 43 15 -2 56 52 Santander, . do. 15 do. do. 43 29 -3 50 130 Oviedo, do. 15 do. do. 43 23 -5 55 738 Corunna, do. 15 do. do. 43 22 -8 25 82 Santiago, do. 15 do. do. ' 42 53 -8 34 863 Pontevedra, do. 15 do. do. 42 26 -8 38 39 La Guardia, do. 15 do. do. 41 25 -8 49 26 Montalegre, . do. 15 do. do. 41 49 -7 45 3182 Oporto, do. 15 do. do. 41 9 -8 29 279 Salamancha, do. 15 do. do. 40 58 -5 41 2671 Valladolid, . do. 15 do. do. 41 39 -4 44 2346 Moncorvo, . do. 15 do. do. 41 14 -4 58 1362 Huesca, do. 15 do. do. 42 7 -0 27 1598 Saragossa, . do. 15 do. do. 41 38 -0 54 656 Barcelona, . do. 15 do. do. 41 22 2 9 69 Valencia, do. 15 do. do. 39 28 -0 23 59 Alicante, do. 15 do. do. 38 21 -0 30 46 Cartagena, . do. 15 do. do. 37 36 -0 47 20 REPORT ON ATMOSPHERIC CIRCULATION. 205 Jan. Feb. Mar. April. May. June. July. Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec. Year. Corrs. Applied. o O O o O 0 O O o O » O 0 o 37-4 42-6 45-0 50-7 5C-8 62-1 66-6 66-4 59-4 52-4 43-5 37-8 50-9 39-9 43-7 46-4 51-1 56-7 60-8 65-1 64-5 59-5 53-2 45-3 39-6 52-2 47-1 48-9 50-2 53-4 57-9 62-4 67-5 68-2 64-0 59-0 53-0 46-9 56-5 39-4 43-7 47-5 53-1 57-9 63-1 68-2 68-0 62-6 55-0 47-1 39-9 53-8 40-3 44-2 47-5 52-5 58-4 63-9 68-0 67-3 61-0 53-8 45-3 39-8 535 36-3 40-0 42-5 47-0 55-1 58-4 63-2 62-9 56-4 49-0 42-5 37-0 49-2 -1-0 42-7 46-4 49-3 53-4 58-6 63-1 67-5 68-2 63-5 56-5 48-9 41-8 55-0 41-7 45-0 48-0 53-1 58-3 63-3 67-8 667 62-6 55-0 47-5 41-5 54-2 22-5 24-2 24-8 26-2 33-1 39-8 48-2 48-8 40-0 32-5 27-5 21-7 32-4 41-0 44-8 48-7 55-0 62-2 67-5 73-0 72-6 65-1 56-8 47-8 40-6 56-3 41-0 44-2 48-0 53-1 59-0 65-3 71-2 69-8 63-9 55-2 466 40-5 54-8 39-6 43-2 46-2 50-0 56-3 62-2 6G-9 66-5 60-1 53-2 45-0 39-0 52-4 46-4 49-5 52-2 57-0 63-0 69-6 75-0 74-6 687 60-4 52-3 46-0 59-5 41-7 46-0 49-5 54-1 61-2 67-1 725 72-3 66-0 57-0 48-6 41-5 56-4 40'6 44-6 48-4 53-4 597 64-9 72-3 72-5 05-1 54-9 46-0 40-1 56-0 37-4 401 44-6 49-4 55-0 62-2 68-0 67-5 61-0 51-8 42-1 37-0 51-3 35-1 39-2 44-8 50-4 57-2 63-7 68-2 67-3 61-0 51-4 42-6 35-6 51-2 ... 34'7 39-2 45-0 51-1 57-6 64-4 69 -3 67-5 61-0 51-1 42-3 34-9 51-5 35-8 40-5 45-4 52-5 59-2 65-6 70-8 69-4 62-8 53-8 44-1 35-4 52-9 33-8 38-1 45 9 51-1 '58-1 64-2 68-9 67-6 61-3 51-4 417 33-6 51-3 38-5 42-4 48-2 52-7 59-7 687 72-9 723 651 55-0 45-7 39-0 55-0 43-3 47-0 50-2 55-6 61-6 68-4 74-3 74-4 68-0 58-3 50-0 44-0 58-0 40-6 46-0 50-2 55-8 61-5 69-1 73-4 72-7 65-7 56-7 48-4 41-0 56-8 44-2 47-3 50-0 55-8 61-0 68-4 72-0 71-8 65-8 58-6 50-7 44-2 57-5 27-7 32-0 37-4 44-8 52-9 59-4 65-3 64-0 55-2 45-9 35-6 28-8 45-8 41-0 45-3 48-2 54-7 59-9 69-3 74-1 73-7 65-7 56-3 48-6 41-9 56-6 45-4 46-5 50-9 57-1 61-0 68'8 73-8 72-6 67-8 60-8 52-0 46-9 58-6 51-0 51-3 52-5 58-1 63-3 70-8 753 77-2 71-8 63-6 56-8 51-8 62-0 42-8 46-6 49-6 55 6 61-2 69-8 72-9 72-7 66-0 59-0 50-7 43-2 57-5 48-0 49-5 51-6 56-1 60-6 67-6 70-9 71-4 666 60-1 53-6 48-2 587 44-9 47-8 50-8 56'8 63-6 70"5 74-2 74-5 66-3 59-9 52-1 46-0 59-0 -1-5 46-8 49-1 51-0 54-7 59-5 628 66-9 687 65-1 61-2 52-7 48-2 57-2 47-7 51-0 52-9 56-8 611 65-7 70-0 71-6 67-4 60-8 52-9 47-0 58-7 48-4 507 51-1 54-8 58-0 617 656 67 4 64-4 60-5 54-2 49-3 57-2 45-1 48-5 49-2 52-2 55-7 60-2 64-2 65-4 627 569 51-7 45-1 54-7 47-8 49-8 49-9 53-3 57 -0 61-2 64-0 66-1 62-5 57-3 52-9 47-2 55-7 462 48-1 497 52-5 57-3 61-8 65-5 67-1 63-1 565 51-4 45-7 553 47-2 50-4 52-7 56-0 60-9 64-6 68-8 69-4 66-0 58-7 53 '4 47-4 57-9 47-0 50-1 52-7 55-9 60-4 64-0 67-9 68-6 65-5 597 53-7 46-6 57-7 38-0 39-7 43-4 46-5 51-8 57-2 63-6 64-6 58-6 49-4 44-6 38-5 497 49-2 51-2 54-5 57-0 62-1 65-4 69 '4 69-1 667 60-2 54-2 48-5 58-9 39-6 43-5 47-2 52-0 57-7 64-9 71-8 72-2 62-8 55'4 46-7 39-2 54-4 38-0 42-3 45-6 50-3 579 63-7 70-4 713 63-5 54-0 45-2 37-1 53-3 42-0 45-5 50-8 56-0 61-8 68-3 74-8 75-8 68-2 58-5 49-6 41-4 57-7 40-5 44-2 49-1 53-3 60-3 67-1 74-6 74-8 66-2 57-3 47-3 38-5 56'1 42-2 47-6 52-5 56-5 64-0 70-6 77-8 77-0 69-7 59-6 49-3 41-6 59-1 47-7 50-4 52-9 57-0 64-2 69-4 75-7 77-0 71-4 63-7 55-0 47-9 61-0 50-8 53-5 55-2 59-3 64-6 70-5 76-3 78-1 72-4 66-1 57-9 50-4 629 51-5 53-6 55-7 60-9 65-8 71-8 77-5 78-9 74-4 66-5 58-6 51-1 639 52-9 55-4 57-4 63-6 66-0 74-5 79-9 80-3 75-0 67-5 60-6 54-0 65-6 206 THE VOYAGE OF H.M.S. CHALLENGER. Stations. n t No. of Country. YeM& Years Specified. Hours of Observation. Latitude. Jongitude. Height, 1 Feel. Murcia, Spain & Portugal 15 1870-84 M.m. O 1 37 59 O 1 -0 39 138 Albacete, do. 15 do. do. 39 0 -1 52 2251 Madrid, do. 15 do. do. 40 24 -3 42 2149 Coimbra, do. 15 do. do. 40 12 -8 30 463 Guarda, do. 15 do. do. 40 32 -7 14 3409 Lisbon, do. 15 do. do. 38 42 -9 8 335 Lagos, . do. 15 do. do. 37 6 -8 38 43 Campo Maior, do. 15 do. do. 39 2 -6 59 945 Badajcz, do. 15 do. do. 38 54 -6 59 561 Evora, do. 15 do. do. 38 35 -7 52 1027 Ciudad Real, do. 15 do. do. 38 59 -3 57 2090 Jaen, . do. 15 do. do. 37 47 -3 36 1926 Granada, do. 15 do. do. 37 11 --3 39 2198 Seville, do. 15 do. do. 37 23 -6 1 98 San Fernando, do. 15 do. do. 36 28 -6 13 92 Tarifa, . do. 15 do. do. 36 0 -5 35 46 Gibraltar, . do. 15 do. do. 36 8 -5 20 53 Malaga, do. 15 do. do. 36 43 -3 57 75 Palma, do. 15 do. do. 39 33 2 37 66 Basel, . Switzerland 15 do. do. 47 33 7 35 912 Zurich, do. 15 do. do. 47 23 8 33 1575 Berne, . do. 15 do. do. 46 57 7 26 1880 Geneva, do. 15 do. M.T. 46 12 6 8 1335 Lugano, do. 15 do. M.m. 46 0 8 57 902 Great St. Bernard, do. 15 do. M.T. 45 52 7 11 8130 Santis, do. H 1882-86 7: 1, 9, 9 47 15 9 20 8094 Conio, . Italy 15 1870-84 9: 9, M.m. 45 51 9 7 367 Milan, . do. 15 do. do. 45 28 9 11 482 Turin, . do. 15 do. do. 45 3 7 41 906 Moncalieri, . do. 15 do. do. 44 59 7 41 846 Mondovi, do. 15 do. do. 44 23 7 48 1824 Yaldobbia, . do. 7 1878-84 do. 45 47 7 51 8360 Cremona, do. 15 1870-84 do. 45 8 10 3 223 LTdine, do. 15 do. do. 46 4 13 13 381 Belluno, do. 15 do. do. 46 8 12 14 1325 Venice, do. 15 do. do. 45 32 12 20 69 Padua, do. 15 do. do. 45 24 11 53 IK) Vicenza, do. 15 do. do. 45 33 11 32 182 Mantua, do. 15 do. do. 45 10 10 47 131 Modena, do. 15 do. do. 44 39 10 56 211 Rovigo, do. 15 do. do. 45 3 11 47 so San Maurizio, do. 15 do. do. 43 53 8 3 206 Genoa, do. 15 do. do. 44 24 8 55 177 Leghorn, do. 15 do. do. 43 33 10 18 79 Porto Ferraio, do. 15 do. do. 42 49 10 18 230 Florence, do. 15 do. do. 43 46 11 15 240 Forli, . do. 15 do. do. 44 13 12 2 160 Pesaro, do. 15 do. do. 43 55 12 53 45 Ancona, do. 15 do. do. 43 37 13 31 99 Siena, . do. 15 do. do. 43 19 11 19 1145 REPORT ON ATMOSPHERIC CIRCULATION. 207 Jan. Feb. Mar. April. May. June. July. Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec. Year. Corrs. Applied. o O o 0 o o O O O O O D o 0 50-7 53-4 56-5 61-6 666 73-1 79-3 80-7 75-2 66-3 57-9 50-1 CA-2 40-6 44-8 47-8 53-4 59-7 67-7 76-1 76-4 67-6 57-6 47-9 40-1 56-6 40-1 43-7 48-2 53-3 60-5 68-9 77-4 76-8 67-1 55-9 46-9 39 3 56-5 497 516 54-6 57-7 62-9 66-1 70-5 71-2 677 61-4 54-8 486 59-8 37-7 39-9 43-1 46-8 53-3 59-6 67-2 67-7 61-0 51-3 44-4 36-8 50-2 50-8 52-3 54-3 57-7 61-5 64-3 70-0 707 67-8 62-0 566 50-5 59'9 53-3 54-8 57-8 61-8 67-0 71-8 76-6 77-0 72-6 66-5 59-0 53-2 64-3 47-6 50-4 54-0 57-4 64-0 70-5 77-4 77-3 71-6 62-5 54-4 47-0 61-2 46-2 50-5 54-9 59-5 65-2 71-8 79-6 797 73-6 64-3 55-0 46-4 61-4 49-7 52-0 553 58-5 63-0 68-4 74-6 75-4 . 70-6 63-1 56-5 49-2 61-4 43-7 477 52-1 55-9 62-6 71-2 792 78-8 70-2 59 5 510 44-2 59-7 45-1 49-3 52-5 57'4 64-3 72-3 81-7 81-5 73-0 62-6 54-0 45-5 61-6 43-0 46-8 51-9 57-0 621 691 76-7 77-0 69 6 59 0 50-2 42-8 58-7 52-2 55-8 59-9 64-8 70-5 77-9 84-9 85-2 79-0 69-4 59-9 52-5 67-7 52-5 54-2 56-7 60-1 64-9 69-6 746 75-2 71-6 65-1 58-6 52-4 62-9 ... 53-6 55-5 57-4 60-3 64-2 68-9 72'5 74-1 71-6 65-8 60-0 54-3 63-1 56-5 57-2 58-4 63-0 66-1 71-8 76-2 77-5 73-2 670 61-3 557 65-2 54-0 57-2 59-3 65-4 68-2 76-1 80-7 81-3 75-2 67-6 61-3 55 '4 66-9 51-5 53 0 55-6 60-1 65-5 72-2 78-5 79-8 75-2 669 58-4 51-1 64-0 32-8 36-8 417 50-5 55-2 62-4 667 64-8 590 486 40-5 31-9 49-3 30-2 33-5 39-9 47-3 54-7 61-7 657 63-6 570 47 '5 38-1 30-7 47-5 29-4 33-7 39-8 46-7 53-3 60-2 64-8 63-0 567 46-8 37-6 29-5 46-8 32-5 36-3 41-8 48-2 55-1 617 667 65-3 58-8 491 40-6 34-0 49-2 35-6 39-2 45-2 52-5 59-8 65-9 71-6 699 62-8 53-5 43-2 363 53-0 17-4 18-1 21-4 26-2 33-3 394 453 44-6 399 31-3 22-6 17-4 29-7 169 20-3 19-6 26-8 331 367 42-0 417 38-1 30-1 23-0 17-8 28'9 33-4 38-0 44-4 52-9 59-2 66-8 72-3 70-3 62-4 53-1 41-7 33-8 52-4 +2:0 34-7 40-8 47-3 55-6 62-8 707 77-0 74-7 66-7 56-0 43-5 35-6 55-4 33-6 39-2 46-8 54-1 61-5 68-2 73-8 72-1 65-1 54-9 43-2 35-1 54-0 33-6 38-5 46-0 54-0 61-4 68-4 74-5 72-5 648 54-2 42-4 34-5 53-7 34-3 38-1 43-5 50-2 579 65-3 71-2 69-6 62-4 52-5 41-4 35-4 51-8 19-4 22-1 24-4 29-1 36-1 40-8 47-8 48-2 40-8 32-7 24-3 19-6 32-1 34-0 40-4 47-5 55-0 64-4 71-2 76-5 74-5 67-8 554 42-3 347 55-3 +1-0 37-6 41-0 46-0 54-9 62-2 68-5 75-2 73-6 65-0 56-1 45-5 39-0 55-4 299 360 42-8 50-2 57-2 63-1 69-8 687 60-8 51-3 40-0 31-8 50-1 37-4 41-0 46-6 55-4 62-4 70-3 76-5 74-8 672 57-4 46-0 38-7 56-1 35-4 40-3 45-5 55-0 61-9 69-8 75-4 73-6 66-2 561 41-4 37-0 55-1 35-1 39-4 45-5 54-5 62-6 69-3 75-4 73-0 66-4 56-0 44-4 36-0 54-8 34-5 40-0 47-3 56-0 64-4 71-8 792 76-8 68-4 57-2 44-8 36-1 56-4 33-8 39-7 46-8 54-9 62-1 69-8 75-7 74-7 671 565 44 -2 36-0 55-2 34-3 39-6 46-6 55-4 63-7 70-5 76-1 74-5 67-3 565 43-9 35-6 55'3 47-8 49-3 51-8 56-7 63-0 69-4 74-8 74-8 68-9 62-4 54-3 48-4 60-1 -l'-0 45-5 48-6 51-6 56-7 63-5 69-6 75-4 75-4 69-8 63-0 53-4 47-5 60-0 ... 45-3 48-0 51-1 57-4 63-9 70-3 75-9 76-1 70-3 62-4 53-6 46-8 60-1 48-3 483 51-8 56-5 62-0 707 74-9 746 69-8 63-0 55-6 48-7 60-4 ... 40-6 44-6 48-6 56-7 62-6 70-2 76-3 75-6 68-5 592 48'9 42-4 57-9 35-6 41-2 46-8 55-6 631 71-1 77-7 75-6 68-0 57-7 45-7 36-7 562 39-4 43-2 48-1 55-8 63-0 70-4 76-3 75-8 69-0 59-8 48-6 41-1 57-5 +T-5 41-9 44-8 49-1 56-8 64-2 71-6 78-8 77-4 70-5 61-0 51-3 44-2 59-3 40-4 43-6 46-1 54-2 60-4 68-0 74-7 74-2 671 57-8 48-0 42-0 56-4 208 THE VOYAGE OF H.M.S. CHALLENGER. Stations. Country. No. of Years. Years Specified. Hours of Observation. Latitude. longitude. Height, Feet. Perugia, Orvieto, Italy 15 1870-84 9 : 9, M.m. O I 43 7 o / 12 23 1706 do. 15 do. do. 42 42 12 6 971 Chieta, . • do. 15 do. do. 42 22 14 11 1117 Aquila, Rome, . do. 15 do. do. 42 21 13 21 2411 do. 15 do. do. 41 54 12 29 163 Montecasino, do. 15 do. do. 41 31 13 48 1730 Naples, Foggio, Potenza, do. 15 do. do. 40 52 14 15 489 do. 15 do. do. 41 27 15 31 287 do. 15 do. do. 40 39 15 48 2712 Lecce, . do. 15 do. do. 40 22 18 12 236 Tropea, Cosenza, . do. 15 do. do. 38 13 15 54 189 do. 15 do. do. 39 19 16 17 840 Keggio, . • do. 15 do. do. 38 8 15 39 59 Messina, do. 15 do. do. 38 12 15 39 176 Syracuse, do. 15 do. do. 37 3 15 15 71 Malta, . do. 15 do. do. 35 53 14 30 70 Do. . do. 15 do. M.m. 35 53 14 30 70 Girgenti, Palermo, do. 15 do. 9 : 9, M.m. 37 41 15 12 837 do. 15 do. do. 38 7 13 21 237 Trapani, do. 15 do. do. 38 43 12 32 88 Cagliari, Sassari, do. 15 do. do. 39 30 9 0 180 do. 15 do. do. 40 40 8 35 718 Dolnja Tuzla, Bosnia 15 do. 8: 8 44 46 18 12 909 Sarajevo, do. 15 do. do. 43 56 18 26 1801 Mostar, do. 15 do. do. 42 20 17 49 205 Prisren, Albania 2 1885-86 7 : 2, 9, 9 42 12 20 43 1434 Janina, Turkey 6 1866-72 M.m. 39 47 20 57 1580 Constantinople, do. 15 1870-84 do. 41 0 28 59 [0] Sulina, Bulgaria 15 do. do. 45 9 29 40 6 Sofia, . do. 15 do. M.T. 42 32 23 23 1764 Rustschuck, . do. 15 do. do. 43 15 25 56 132 Bucharest, . Roumania 15 do. do. 44 25 26 5 305 Corfu, . Greece 15 do. 7 : 2, 10 39 38 19 33 98 Athens, do. 24 1859-S2 M.T. 37 58 23 44 337 Candia, do. 6 1879-84 8 : 9, M.m. 35 30 24 0 112 Hermannstadt, Hungary 15 1870-84 7: 2, 9 45 47 24 9 1381 Medgyes, do. 15 do. do. 46 7 24 22 1115 Bistritz, do. 15 do. do. 47 7 24 30 1204 Ungvar, do. 15 do. do. 48 36 22 18 463 Kesmarkt, do. 15 do. do. 49 8 20 26 2080 Neusohl, do. 15 do. do. 48 44 19 9 1217 Neutra, do. 15 do. do. 48 19 18 5 564 Presburg, do. 15 do. do. 48 9 17 6 505 Papa, . do. 15 do. do. 47 20 17 28 518 Nagy-banga, do. 15 do. do. 47 38 23 35 745 Erlau, . do. 15 do. do. 47 54 20 23 564 Budapesth, . do. 15 do. do. 47 30 19 2 502 Debreczin, . do. 15 do. do. 47 31 21 38 453 Orsova, do. 15 do. do. 44 42 22 25 174 Temesyar, do. 15 do. do. 45 46 21 14 338 REPORT ON ATMOSPHERIC CIRCULATION. 209 Jan. Feb. March. April. May. June. July. Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec. Tear. Corrs. Applied o O o o o o O O 0 O o 0 o o 39-4 41-5 46-0 52-2 59-5 67-0 73-8 72-7 65-0 55-4 46-6 41-4 55-9 41-4 44-3 47-7 55-2 62-4 69-8 75-6 74-7 68-0 58-2 48-0 42-1 57-3 41-0 42-4 46-2 52-5 60-1 68-4 74-8 73-4 66-6 58-3 48-6 431 563 34-9 38-3 43-2 50-2 58-6 65-1 72-7 70-9 63-0 53-8 43-2 35-4 52-4 44-8 47-0 50-9 57-6 64-0 70-5 76-6 76-1 70-2 61-9 52-5 46-4 59-7 43 '0 44-2 47-5 .53-2 61-2 65-3 75-0 73-8 66-7 58-1 50-5 44-4 56-9 47-7 48-9 51-6 57-7 64-4 71-2 76-5 76-4 71-2 63-5 55-0 49-5 61-1 43-3 45-0 50-0 57-0 646 73-2 79-9 78-8 72-0 62-6 52-2 46-4 60-5 37-8 396 43-3 49-1 57-4 64-8 70-9 69-8 63-3 54-5 45-7 39-8 53-0 48-9 49-1 52-2 58-5 65-8 73-6 78-7 77-5 72-3 650 56-3 50-7 624 52-8 53-0 54-4 59-4 65-7 727 77-4 78-1 74-0 67-4 60-8 54-0 64-1 43-7 46-0 50-9 55-0 63-7 72-7 79-2 77-2 69-8 60-6 52-0 45-8 59-7 54-0 54-2 55-6 (ii)-l 65-8 71-2 76-3 77-4 74-3 68-0 60-8 55-0 64-4 53-2 54-5 56-1 61-2 67-5 74-3 8(1-4 80-6 76-3 68-9 60-8 550 65-7 52-7 53-1 54-9 59-4 655 73-2 79-5 79-8 75-2 68-2 60-1 56-1 64-8 56-3 56-3 57-5 61-3 66-6 73-3 78-8 79-7 76-8 70-8 64-1 57-8 66-6 56-3 563 57-5 61-3 66-6 73-3 78-8 79-7 76-8 70-8 64-1 57-9 66-6 507 50-5 53-2 57-4 64-2 73-6 78-4 77-9 72-0 64-8 56-3 51-4 62-5 52-2 52-5 54-9 59-2 65-0 71-2 76-5 77-0 73-8 67-1 59-4 54-0 63-6 56-0 56-4 58-3 61-2 65-8 72-0 77-4 78-1 76-3 69-8 61-9 57-7 65-9 51-3 52-3 54-5 58-5 64-8 71-2 77-2 77-7 73-6 65-5 58-1 52-2 63-1 49-4 50-0 51-6 5fi-0 62-7 69-6 77-0 75-2 71-2 62-1 55-8 50-3 60-9 28-1 30-1 38-3 50-8 57-0 63-8 68-0 64-8 59-8 49-3 39-4 30-5 48-3 27-1 28-2 36-0 47-0 54-5 61-0 65-3 63-2 58-3 48-2 37-3 28-0 46-2 41-1 41-2 46-7 54-6 624 69-6 765 75-4 670 57-8 47-8 41-2 56-8 340 36-7 42-3 54-0 60-1 6fi-6 71-1 72-1 648 55-8 44-6 36-0 53-2 41-5 44-8 471 55-3 68-8 70-2 74-9 74-3 69-2 59-6 48-5 41-9 58-2 417 41-0 45-3 54-0 619 70-0 73-9 73-8 68-0 614 53-4 47-0 57-6 29-0 31-3 39-6 49-8 61-0 70-2 73-0 72-0 64-4 55-0 45-3 33-8 52 0 28 8 30-2 37-8 53-6 60-3 60-4 73-0 71-4 64-6 51-8 42-4 29-6 50-8 29-5 30-9 43-3 577 65-0 73-0 76-3 74-8 68-2 57-2 44-6 33-4 54-5 26-4 28-2 39-8 52-0 617 69-3 73-6 71-2 63-6 52-8 41-3 31-8 51-0 50-8 50-9 53-1 62-0 67-5 74-9 80'0 79-7 74-7 67-6 59-5 53-6 64-5 46-4 47-8 52-4 59-1 67-9 76-0 80-6 80-0 74-0 65-8 57-3 49-9 63-1 51-8 51-1 53-8 59-1 67-0 74-5 79-0 77-8 74-2 62-5 61-3 55-6 64-4 23-8 27-3 37-5 49-5 57-2 63-8 67-2 65-9 58-4 49-3 38-2 28-6 47-1 23-7 26-3 36-9 49-5 58-2 64-0 68-4 66-2 58-1 48-9 36-9 26-8 47-0 23-7 27-6 37-1 49-4 57-1 64-0 67-6 65-8 58-6 49-3 37-5 28-0 47-1 26-4 29-1 37-7 50-8 58-8 65-3 69-0 66-9 59-5 51-6 38-7 29-0 48-6 23-7 27-4 34-2 44-6 52-9 61-2 63-5 62-fi 55-4 46-0 34-5 25-2 44-3 25-5 28-6 36-8 49-1 57-0 64-5 68-2 65-3 577 48-4 37-1 277 47-2 28-3 30-8 39-8 50-8 58-9 67-0 70-5 66-9 59-7 50-5 39-4 29-2 49-4 301 32-7 40-5 50'8 58-4 66-3 71-0 68-7 61-3 51-1 39-4 31-3 50-1 30-9 33-8 41-0 52-0 60-8 68-4 73-0 70-3 62-6 52-2 40-6 32-0 51-5 260 29-2 38-0 49-3 58-7 65-5 691 67-0 58-8 50-4 39-3 30-0 48-6 26-1 28-4 38-5 50-9 58-0 669 70-5 67-6 59-3 50-4 39-4 29-5 48-9 29-4 31-6 40-6 51-2 59'1 6G-7 71-1 68-5 60-6 50-7 39-2 31-0 49-8 27-4 28-9 39-3 50-9 59-5 67-2 71-0 68-4 60-6 50-9 :;:i-n 29-3 49 3 30-5 32-4 42-1 53-7 61-0 68-6 73-5 71-6 64-7 53-4 421 330 52-7 28-8 32-6 42-0 537 01-2 68-9 73-6 70-4 02-6 52-2 40-6 32-4 51-7 (PHYS. CHEM. CHALL. EXP. — PART V. — 1888.) 33 210 THE VOYAGE OF H.M.S. CHALLENGER. Stations. Country. No. of Years. Years Specified. Hours of Observation. Latitude. Longitude. Height, Feet. Pancsova, Hungary 15 1870-84 7: 2,9 O 1 44 52 O 1 20 39 259 Szegedin, do. 15 do. do. 46 15 20 9 289 Neusatz, do. 15 do. do. 45 15 19 50 276 Esseg, do. 15 do. do. 45 33 18 40 387 Brood, do. 15 do. do. 45 9 18 1 312 Kalocsa, do. 15 do. do. 46 32 18 58 338 Fiinfkirchen, do. 15 do. do. 46 6 18 14 853 Gr. Kanizsa,. do. 15 do. do. 46 27 17 0 545 Agram, do. 15 do. do. 45 49 15 59 535 Fiume, do. 15 do. do. 45 17 14 27 75 Zeng, . do. 15 do. do. 45 0 14 54 118 Durazzo, Austria 15 do. do. 41 49 19 28 23 Funta d'Ostro, do. 15 do. do. 42 27 18 34 210 Ragusa, do. 15 do. do. 42 38 18 7 49 Knin, . do. 15 do. do. 44 2 16 11 1161 Gospic, do. 15 do. do. 44 33 15 22 1842 Lissa, . do. 15 do. do. 43 5 16 14 79 Lussinpiccolo, do. 15 do. do. 44 42 14 28 34 Lesina, do. 15 do. 7: 2, 10* 43 11 16 27 62 Pola, . do. 15 do. 7: 2, 9 44 52 13 50 105 Trieste, do. 15 do. do. 45 39 13 46 85 Gorz, . do. 15 do. do. 45 57 13 37 308 Riva, . do. 15 do. 6: 2, 10t 45 53 10 50 276 Laibacli, do. 15 do. 6: 2, 10f 46 3 14 30 943 Graz, . do. 15 do. 7: 2, 9 47 4 15 28 1129 Obirgipfel, . do. 8 1879-86 do. 46 30 14 17 6706 Klagenfurt, . do. 15 1870-84 do. 46 37 14 18 1437 Salzburg, do. 15 do. do. 47 48 13 3 1430 Kremsniunster, do. 15 do. 6: 2, 10* 48 4 14 8 1260 Vienna, do. 15 do. 7: 2, 9 48 14 16 22 664 Eger, . do. 15 do. do. 50 5 12 22 1493 Leipa, . do. 15 do. do. 50 41 14 32 830 Prague, do. 15 do. do. 50 5 14 25 660 Briinn, do. 15 do. do. 49 11 16 36 692 Barzdorf, do. 15 do. 6 : 2, 10 * 50 25 17 6 846 Krakau, do. 15 do. 6 : 2, 10 50 4 19 57 722 Lemberg, do. 15 do. 7: 2, 9 49 50 24 1 978 Tarnopol, do. 15 do. do. 49 36 25 36 1040 Sereth, do. 15 do. do. 47 57 26 4 1247 Passau, Germany 15 do. M.T. 48 34 13 28 1024 Regensburg, do. 15 do. do. 49 1 12 6 1178 Augsburg, . do. 15 do. do. 48 22 10 54 1638 Munich, do. 15 do. do. 48 9 11 34 1734 Bayreuth, do. 15 do. do. 49 57 11 35 1132 Bamberg, do. 15 do. do. 49 54 10 54 796 Aschaffenburg, do. 15 do. do. 49 59 9 9 450 Friedrichshafen, . do. 15 do. 7: 2, 9 47 39 9 25 1336 Stuttgart, do. 15 do. do. 48 47 9 11 881 Freiburg, do. 15 do. do. 48 0 7 51 955 Carlsruhe, . do. 15 do. do. 49 0 8 25 404 * Changed to 7 : 2, 9 in 1886. t« tanged to 7 : 2, 9 in 18 74. J Changed t o 7 : 2, 9 in 1 879. REPORT ON ATMOSPHERIC CIRCULATION. 211 Jan. Feb. March. April. May. June. July. Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec. Year. Corrs. Applied. 0 O o o o o O O o O 0 o o o 30-4 33-0 43-1 55-9 61-6 69-2 74-0 71-5 64-0 53-6 41-5 32-4 52-6 29-0 32-3 41-G 53-0 60-8 68-2 72-1 69-7 62-2 52-4 40-7 31-7 51-1 31-2 35-5 44-2 54-6 60-7 681 72-5 70-2 63-1 53-9 42-9 34-7 52-6 28-8 32-7 43-0 52-5 60-1 69-8 72-3 70-3 63-3 531 41-0 30-7 51-5 29-8 33-4 43-3 54-0 60-6 68-5 71-8 70-0 62-6 53-0 42-0 34-0 52-0 28-9 33-3 39-9 53-4 61-2 69-3 73-2 71-4 62-8 527 41-0 32-0 51-6 29-2 33-1 415 52-0 58-9 66-1 70-7 69-1 61-9 51-4 40-2 32-4 51-4 29-4 31-9 40-6 50-7 58-3 66-7 70-9 68-2 59-7 50-3 39-6 30-4 49-7 31-3 34-8 43-4 52-7 59-8 66-6 71-7 69-3 62-0 51-6 41-7 32-9 51-5 42-8 44-1 48-1 507 61-9 687 74-5 72-9 669 587 49-8 442 57-3 417 44-5 48-G 55-7 629 71-5 76-6 74-8 68-2 58-7 49-4 439 58-0 464 48-4 52-2 58-6 65-4 71-8 77-0 76-1 70-2 63-3 55-0 49-8 61-2 48-7 49-2 52-5 58-5 65'4 72-7 77-8 77-0 71-4 64-0 55-7 50-2 61-9 47-7 48-6 513 57-9 63-9 71-4 77-2 76-6 72-0 630 554 49-8 61-2 39-2 42-3 45-0 54-0 60-3 69-7 74-5 72-7 65-8 56-7 45-8 39-7 55-5 276 31-0 38-4 48-0 55-5 63-5 69-0 66-8 58-4 49-3 38-2 30-8 48-0 49-6 50-0 521 58-2 63-8 71-4 76-6 75-8 71-1 64-3 56-8 51-5 61-8 453 46-0 48-8 56-4 63-3 71-0 76-6 75-0 69-6 60-7 52-8 47-5 59-4 47-3 48-2 51-2 57-6 64-8 71-7 77-3 76-0 70-6 62-9 55-1 49-6 61-1 41-5 42-9 467 54-3 61-5 69-4 75-0 73-4 66-6 58-6 49-4 43-7 56-9 40-5 42-3 47 0 55-6 62-5 70-3 76-3 74-5 67-5 58-3 48-4 42-2 57-1 38-0 40-5 46-2 55-1 61-4 68-7 74-2 72-5 64-6 55-6 45-3 38-9 55-3 38-2 41-7 47-6 54-8 61-6 68-5 73-7 72-7 65-8 56-7 45-8 39-0 55-5 27-8 31-9 39-5 49-0 56-4 63-4 68-0 65-6 58-1 49-6 38-3 30-6 48-2 290 31-7 39-6 49-8 59-4 64-0 67-8 65-8 58-9 49-9 37-8 29-8 48-6 19-2 22-7 23-2 29 0 346 42-2 48-4 47-1 42-7 34-2 26-8 21-2 32-6 21-6 271 361 47-7 56-0 G2-9 66-9 64-4 56-5 47-0 34-5 23-9 45-4 28-3 30-9 38-9 47-5 54-1 61-6 65-2 63-3 57-0 48-1 37-6 28-4 46-8 27-6 30-3 38-0 46-2 536 60-6 65-3 63-1 56-2 46-6 36-0 28-5 46-0 29-6 32-4 40-3 49-1 56-6 64-2 68-5 66-0 59-1 50-0 38-7 311 48-8 27-6 29-7 35-1 43-8 51-2 59-4 63-4 61-3 54-7 45-0 35-8 27-9 44-3 28-2 299 360 45-3 53-1 60-6 64-5 62-7 562 46-4 37-0 28-6 45-7 30-2 33-4 383 47-0 55-0 631 67-1 65-5 58-7 48-4 38-3 31-1 48-0 28-6 30-9 38-4 49-4 56-2 63-9 68-4 66-0 58-6 48.7 38'0 29-7 48-0 29-9 31-0 36-9 455 53-7 62-3 66-0 64-1 57-7 48-0 38-8 30-1 47-0 26-0 27-6 35-7 46-4 53-2 62-3 65-5 63-0 56-8 46-8 36-6 26-9 45-7 24-4 25-6 31-7 44-7 539 62-4 65-4 62-8 55-1 45-5 36-1 26-9 44-6 -'i:o 22-9 23-8 31-4 45-2 54-8 64-1 66-7 63-8 55-0 45-1 35-3 25-1 44-4 + 1-0 23-9 26-2 34-2 46-6 56-7 64-4 67-5 64-8 57-7 47-3 35-0 25-3 45-8 27-2 30-8 36-6 46-7 54-1 60-7 64-8 62-8 56-7 46-9 36-0 28-8 46-0 28-1 30-1 37-8 47-5 55-6 61-9 65-8 64-0 56-8 46-7 36-3 28-6 46-6 27-9 30-7 36-7 44-8 51-9 59-2 64-0 62-2 55-8 45-5 35-2 27-8 45-1 27-6 30-5 36-7 45-2 51-9 59-3 63-7 619 55-0 45-3 35-4 27-5 45-0 27-7 30-5 36-1 44-6 51-9 59-6 63-1 611 54-4 45-1 35-9 28-6 44-9 ... 28-9 31-3 37-7 46-0 53-6 613 64-8 63-5 56-5 46-8 37-4 29-5 46-4 30-2 34-2 395 48-0 54-9 61-6 65-1 63-5 57-3 47-5 39-2 31-8 477 30-4 33-4 39-4 47-5 53-6 61-5 65-5 64-2 57-4 48-0 38-8 311 47-6 32-5 36-3 42-1 49-1 55-8 63-3 66-9 65-5 59-0 48-2 40-5 32-4 49-2 326 373 423 49-8 55-9 62-7 67-6 65-6 59-0 48-6 41-4 32-4 49-6 33-4 363 419 49-3 55-9 63-1 67-0 64-5 58-3 48-4 40-8 33-0 49-3 212 THE VOYAGE OF H.M.S. CHALLENGER. Stations. Country. No. of Years. Years Specified. Hours of Observation. Latitude. Longitude. Height, Feet. Heidelberg, . Germany 15 1870-84 7 : 2, 9 o 1 49 24 8 42 397 Trier, . do. 15 do. 6 : 2, 10 49 45 6 38 492 Aachen, do. 15 do. do. 50 47 6 5 581 Cologne, do. 15 do. do. 50 56 6 57 197 Giitersloh, . do. 15 do. do. 51 54 8 23 266 Gbttingen, . do. 15 do. do. 51 32 9 56 492 Kassel, do. 15 do. do. 51 19 9 30 670 Leipsig, do. 15 do. do. 51 20 12 23 387 Berlin, do. 15 do. do. 52 30 13 23 136 Eatibor, do. 15 do. do. 50 6 18 13 646 Breslau, do. 15 do. do. 51 7 17 2 483 Bromberg, . do. 15 do. do. 53 8 18 0 162 Hannover, . do. 15 do. do. 52 22 9 44 202 Emden, do. 15 do. do. 53 22 7 13 28 Helgoland, . do. 15 do. do. 54 20 7 51 153 Ottendorf, . do. 15 do. do. 53 48 8 54 24 Borkum, do. 15 do. 8: 8 53 35 6 40 13 Keitum, do. 15 do. do. 54 54 8 22 30 Hamburg, . do. 15 do. various 53 33 9 58 64 Kiel, . do. 15 do. 6 : 2, 10 54 20 10 8 15 Liibeck, do. 15 do. do. 53 51 10 41 66 Putbus, do. 15 do. do. 54 21 13 28 174 Stettin, do. 15 do. do. 53 25 14 34 128 Kbslin, do. 15 do. 7 : 2, 9 54 11 16 11 153 Posen, do. 15 do. 6: 2,10 52 25 16 56 268 Klaussen, do. 15 do. do. 53 48 22 7 472 Dantzic, do. 15 do. do. 54 21 18 38 71 Kbnigsberg, . do. 15 do. 7: 2, 9 54 43 20 30 74 Memel, do. 15 do. 6: 2,10 55 43 21 8 32 Tornea, Finland 15 do. 9: 2, 9 65 51 23 29 170 Sodankyla, . do. 15 do. do. 67 24 26 16 594 Uleaborg, do. 15 do. do. 65 1 25 8 30 Kuopia, do. 15 do. do. 62 54 27 20 290 Kaskb, do. 15 do. do. 62 20 20 51 25 Taminerfors, do. 15 do. do. 61 30 23 25 299 Viborg, do. 15 do. do. 60 43 28 26 0 Sordavala, . do. 15 do. do. 61 42 30 22 118 Lampis, do. 15 do. do. 61 6 24 43 370 Abo, . do. 15 do. do. 60 27 21 52 49 Kola, . Russia 15 do. 7: 1, 9 68 53 33 1 33 Mesen, do. 15 do. do. 65 30 44 16 52 Simn jaja- Solotiza, do. 15 do. do. 65 41 40 14 28 Archangel, . do. 15 do. do. 64 33 40 32 16 Kem, . do. 15 do. do. 64 57 34 39 41 Powenez, do. 15 do. do. 62 51 34 49 160 Petrosawodsk, do. 15 do. do. 61 47 34 23 233 Walaam, do. 15 do. do. 61 23 30 57 149 Ustssyssolsk, do. 51 1817-67 M.T. 61 40 50 51 328 Wytegra, . do. 15 1870-84 7: 1,9 61 0 36 27 196 Kargopol, do. 15 do. do. 61 30 38 57 440 REPORT ON ATMOSPHERIC CIRCULATION. 213 Jan. Feb. March. April . May. June. July. Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec. Year. Corrs. Applied. o O o o O o O O O O o o o o 34-4 37-0 42-3 49-8 55-7 62-7 66-7 64-3 59-0 49-2 41-4 34-0 49-7 34-7 37-5 42-2 49-0 55-6 62-6 66-6 644 58-3 49-2 41-8 35-0 49-8 36-3 39-4 43-0 49-3 55-0 61-7 65-7 64-4 58-6 50-2 42-6 36-7 50-2 ... 35-9 38-5 42-7 49-3 55-0 62-3 65-8 64-6 59-1 50-5 42-7 36-8 50-2 34-3 35-8 39-9 47-0 53-8 61-3 64-5 62-8 57-0 48-5 40-7 34-5 48-3 31-6 33-6 38-3 45-8 52-9 60-4 64-0 62-2 55-9 47-1 39-0 32-2 47-0 31-6 34-3 38-8 4G-4 53-1 59-9 64-0 62-0 56-1 47-3 39-0 32-5 47-1 30-6 32-4 37-5 45-3 53-2 61-2 65-0 63-2 56-4 46-5 37-8 31-2 46-7 32-8 33-6 39-0 47-1 54-7 62-9 66-7 64-9 58-7 48-9 39-9 32-8 48-5 29-2 30-0 37-0 46-3 54-3 62-7 66-2 63-9 57-4 47-8 38-1 29-9 46-9 29'4 30-0 36-5 45-5 539 62-1 65-8 63-9 57-6 47-6 38-3 30-1 46-7 27-9 28-8 34-6 43-7 52-0 62-2 65-1 62-8 55-8 45-7 37-0 29-2 45-3 34-2 35-8 39-6 46-5 53-7 61-3 65-4 63-5 57-5 48-5 40-4 34-5 48-5 32-9 34-2 38-5 45-1 51-3 58-8 63-3 623 565 47-8 39 8 34-2 47-1 34-8 34'4 39-3 43-0 49-2 56-5 61-2 61-7 57-9 50-6 42-5 37-0 47-4 33-4 34-0 37-8 44-6 51-4 59-4 63-0 61-9 56-4 47-8 39-4 33-4 46-9 35-4 35-0 38-7 44-8 50-4 58-3 63-0 62-0 57-7 49-G 41-4 36-1 47-6 33-1 32-4 35-2 42-8 48-7 58-1 62-0 60-8 5G-1 47-8 38-7 34-7 45-9 331 341 38-4 45-2 52-1 59-8 63-4 62-4 5G-6 47-7 39-2 33-2 47-1 33-6 34-1 37-1 43-6 50-7 59-1 62-8 61-7 56-3 47-8 39-8 34-4 46-9 ... 32-1 32-6 36-9 43-6 51-2 59-9 63-5 61-5 55-7 46-9 38-4 32-8 46-3 30-8 30-9 34-8 42-1 50-2 59-1 62-9 61-5 56-3 46-6 37-8 31-9 45-4 31-0 32-0 35-4 44-8 53-2 61-6 65-7 63-7 56-8 47-3 38-6 31-7 46-9 29-2 29-9 34-9 42-4 50-1 59 '0 G2-9 61-2 55-2 46-0 37-4 29-5 44-8 ... 29-3 30-4 35-4 45-1 53-1 G2-5 66-0 63-7 57-2 46-8 37-9 30-2 47-3 23-4 24-1 30-5 41-9 52-2 , 61-6 64-5 62-1 54-9 43-2 34-2 24-7 43-1 27-6 28-7 34-9 42-3 50-3 60-0 63-8 62-2 56-2 45-6 36-8 29-6 44-9 25-5 26-3 32-3 41-3 49-8 59-7 63-4 61-5 55-3 44-3 35-5 27-1 43-5 2G-6 26-2 31-4 40-3 48-6 59-4 63-3 61-8 55-4 44-5 36-0 27-7 43-4 13-0 10-9 17-4 29-6 41-5 54-0 60-6 56-2 47-2 37-0 21-0 12-1 33-4 6-0 4-8 13-7 27-3 40-7 55-0 60-8 54-3 43-5 28-7 14-6 4-6 29-5 15-0 13-8 20-8 31-2 43-0 56-5 61-8 57-4 48-2 :\r,-r, 23-7 15-3 35-3 14-2 13-5 20-6 31-1 43-5 57-8 61-5 57-0 47-8 36-7 25-8 14-3 35-3 21-9 20-0 25-2 30-7 40-3 52-7 58-4 56-1 50-4 40-8 31-8 22-1 37-5 19-4 187 25-7 34-9 45-9 58-0 62-8 59-0 50-6 39-4 30'0 20-0 38-7 17-8 17-9 24-6 34-7 47-0 54-4 61-3 55-9 51-1 40-8 30-6 19-4 S8-0 14-7 14-8 22-4 32-8 45-0 58-5 635 59-4 50-G 39-1 28-5 16-9 37-2 20-0 18-4 25-4 35-8 4G-7 59-2 6V5 57-3 50-0 38-7 29-3 20-5 38-6 21-9 20-8 25-9 36-0 46-2 59-0 63-3 59-0 51-5 40-8 31-4 21-9 39-8 13-0 10-8 195 28-3 376 49-3 55-8 53-4 43-0 ■31-5 17-9 126 31-1 4-2 4-5 17-4 25-4 36-3 49-4 56-6 52'8 42-0 32-0 17-7 6-0 28-7 11-0 10-2 195 28-2 36-2 47-3 54-1 52-2 44-8 35-7 23-6 12-8 31-3 ... 7-7 8-3 17-8 27-8 40-5 54-7 GO-8 56-9 46-2 34-9 20-5 9-2 32-1 13-3 12-6 19-2 28-9 38-8 .52-3 58-5 55-7 4G-8 34-9 227 13-1 33-1 10-8 10-5 19-6 31-6 43-4 58-8 62-7 58-6 47-4 36-5 25-1 12-9 34-8 14-6 13-0 21-4 32-0 43-1 57-6 61-8 58-6 49-5 37-5 26-0 16-4 36-0 18-8 160 22-6 336 44-1 57-0 61-8 60-4 51-8 40-6 30-5 21-2 38-2 ... 4-6 9-0 20-0 32-5 43-9 56-0 61-G 56-9 46-0 33-0 19-5 7-1 32-5 12-0 13-3 22-4 34-8 47-0 59-3 62-8 59-2 49-5 37-1 24-8 15-8 36-5 ... 8-2 10-4 18-5 32-4 457 58-5 63-1 56-5 47-5 35-6 22-0 12-4- 34-2 214 THE VOYAGE OF H.M.S. CHALLENGER. Stations. Country. No. of Years. Years Specified. Hours of Observation. Latitude. Longitude Height, Feet. St. Petersburg, Russia 15 1870-84 7: 1,9 a / 59 56 o J 30 16 19 Welikij -Usting, . do. 13 1840-52 M.T. 60 46 46 18 262 L. Hogland, do. 15 1870-84 7: 1,9 60 6 26 59 37 Baltischport, do. 15 do. do. 59 21 24 3 28 Pernau, do. 15 do. do. 58 23 24 30 32 Novgorod, . do. 15 do. do. 58 31 31 18 62 Dorpat, do. 15 do. do. 58 23 26 43 223 Riga, . do. 15 do. do. 56 57 24 6 42 Windau, do. 15 do. do. 57 24 21 33 29 Libau, do. 15 do. do. 56 31 21 1 19 Weliki-Luki, do. 15 do. do. 56 21 30 31 358 Wilna, do. 15 do. do. 54 41 25 18 387 Belostok, do. 15 do. do. 53 8 23 10 479 Warsaw, do. 15 do. bo. 52 13 21 2 392 Pinsk, do. 15 do. do. 52 7 26 6 459 Gorki, do. 15 do. do. 54 17 30 59 679 Tschernigov, do. 15 do. do. 51 29 31 20 424 Kiev, . do. 15 do. do. 50 27 30 30 600 Gorodischtsche, do. 15 do. do. 49 17 31 27 296 Ssoschanskoe, do. 15 do. do. 49 34 28 55 920 Kischinew, . do. 15 do. do. 46 59 28 51 286 Elizabethgrad, do. 15 do. do. 48 31 32 17 417 Poltawa, do. 15 do. M.T. 49 33 34 38 460 Charkov, do. 15 do. 7: 1,9 50 4 36 9 413 Kurak, do. 28 1833-7,'40-59,'65-68 M.T. 51 45 36 0 689 Orel, . do. 28 do. do. 52 57 36 7 558 Woronesh, . do. 15 1870-84 7: 1,9 51 44 39 13 573 Seniettschino, do. 15 do. do. 53 30 42 37 378 Tambov, do. 15 do. do. 52 44 41 28 388 Gulynki, do. 15 do. do. 54 14 40 0 354 Moscow, do. 15 do. do. 55 50 37 33 509 Bielosersk, . do. 15 do. do. 60 2 37 47 430 Wologda, do. 15 do. do. 59 14 39 53 374 Kostroma, . do. 26 1842-47, '49-69 do. 57 46 40 56 361 Nikolsk, do. 15 1870-84 do. 59 32 45 27 390 Blagodat, do. 15 do. do. 58 17 59 47 1250 Perm, do. 15 do. do. 58 1 56 16 328 Slatoust, do. 15 do. do. 55 10 59 41 1343 Wjatka, do. 15 do. do. 58 36 49 41 580 Roschdestwenskoe, do. 15 do. do. 58 9 45 36 443 Nijni-Novgorod, . do. 15 do. do. 56 20 44 0 453 Kasan, do. 15 do. do. 55 47 49 8 249 Polibino, do. 15 do. do. 53 44 52 56 313 Simbirsk, do. 15 do. do. 54 19 48 24 476 Samara, do. 15 do. do. 54 19 48 0 197 Orenburg, . do. 15 do. do. 51 46 55 6 297 Uralsk, do. 15 do. do. 51 43 50 55 358 Saratow, do. 15 do. do. 51 38 45 27 614 Urjupinskaja, do. 15 do. do. 50 48 42 0 270 Kamyschin, do. 15 do. do. 50 5 45 24 69 REPORT ON ATMOSPHERIC CIRCULATION. 215 Jan. Feb. March. April. May. June. July. Aug. Sept. Oct, Nov. Dec. Year. Corrs. Applied. o O o o O 0 O ° o O O O o o 17-2 16-5 24-2 35-1 46-9 59-9 63-7 60-4 51-6 40-2 30-1 19-1 38-7 ... 4-7 9-2 17-5 30-2 46-2 59-2 66-0 61-2 48-9 34-5 21-8 10-9 34-4 2-2-5 19-9 25-3 333 42-5 55-7 62-1 60-9 53-8 43-8 34-6 25-9 40-0 24-2 22-6 27-0 36-4 45-7 5G-8 62-2 59-9 53-6 43-1 34-0 25-3 40-9 22-5 21-8 26-3 36-0 47-7 59-8 64-0 60-9 54-6 42-1 33-3 23-7 41-1 17-0 18-3 247 377 50-2 62-0 64-8 61-2 51-8 39-8 28-8 19-5 39-6 20-1 19-3 26-1 37-2 49-1 61-5 64-0 59-9 52-0 40-6 29-8 21-4 40-1 23G 23-6 29-4 40-0 50-5 62-4 65-7 61-9 55-2 42-6 34-3 25-9 42-9 263 25-3 29-7 37-6 46-4 57-6 62-3 60-6 54-8 44-0 35-5 27-4 42-3 27-0 26-3 31-5 393 47-2 58-6 63-0 61-9 55-8 44-8 35-8 28-3 43-6 ... 18-0 19-4 26-0 39-8 52-0 62-4 G5-6 61-4 52-0 40-0 29-5 20-9 40-6 23-0 23-6 30-6 43-4 53-4 63-5 65.9 62-2 54-6 43-2 33-8 24-8 435 24-0 25-2 31-2 44-2 54-7 63-7 66-2 63-5 56-5 44-6 35-8 25-8 44-6 ... 26-0 26-9 33-9 44-5 54-1 63-7 66-7 636 56-3 45-0 35-9 271 45-3 23-3 23-9 33-0 46-0 55-4 64-8 66-8 64-0 55-0 43-4 34-6 24-0 44-5 17-0 161 26-1 39-3 52-7 62-8 64-8 61-3 52-0 40-1 30-4 20-9 40-3 21-0 21-6 29-5 44-7 57-5 66-4 69-4 66-7 56-6 43-9 34-0 23-4 44-6 20-6 21-2 29-8 45-0 57-6 66-0 68-5 65-6 56-5 44-2 35-7 22-6 44-5 21-8 24-4 32-6 49-1 59-7 67-5 69-8 68-5 59-8 48-6 38-5 26-2 47-2 ... 20-8 21-0 30-2 44-2 558 64-2 67-0 64-8 55-0 43-7 34-2 23-5 43-7 ... 25-8 26-6 365 49-5 60-0 68-4 72-5 70-0 61-0 49-3 39-4 31-0 49-2 20-3 21-6 33-0 47-6 59-3 67-6 71-2 68-6 58-1 46-8 360 24-3 46-2 176 171 29-7 453 58-4 66-2 70-2 67-1 57-4 43-6 34-9 23-3 44-2 ••« 18-5 20-0 307 45-6 58-3 66-8 70-3 6G-9 55-2 45-0 35-1 24-0 44-7 14-0 16-3 25-3 40-4 55-5 63-4 66-7 65-0 54-9 41-6 29-7 20-4 41-2 13-4 15-1 23-2 40-9 55-6 63-2 66-8 63-8 53-3 40-2 30-2 18-7 40-4 14-5 14-8 25-0 42-5 58-5 G6-4 69-0 66-0 55-2 42-4 32-2 20-6 42-3 9-7 11-5 22-0 38-2 55-5 64-4 68-5 64-1 52-3 40-0 28-4 16-6 39-3 10-5 13-2 23-4 39-8 57-1 65-5 69-8 65-0 53-4 39-0 29-8 16-9 40-3 • •• 123 11-6 22-3 38-0 54-3 63-8 66-6 63-3 51-8 39-5 28-8 16-9 391 131 13-5 23-7 37-2 52-9 63-2 66-2 61-5 50-8 39-6 29-5 17-2 39-0 12-6 12-8 21-6 33-2 46-0 GO-0 64-1 59-5 49-8 37-0 24-0 15-6 36-3 10-7 14-8 21-9 35-2 49-6 02-2 66-6 61-7 51-3 37-3 27-3 16-8 38-0 10-9 11-7 20-8 35-3 51-3 61-8 66-2 62-0 51-1 38-9 25-0 15-4 37-5 6-2 11-0 23-2 34-7 50-0 60-7 64-5 58-6 45-2 360 24-2 103 35-4 ... 2-6 5-7 19-2 32-0 46-8 56-7 62-0 56-9 44-7 320 10-6 5-3 31-7 2-3 38 20-1 32-9 49-2 GO-0 65-3 59-1 46-2 35-5 22-3 9-7 33-9 2-3 4-3 19-3 34-2 51-0 58-0 61-5 57-8 46-0 33-4 21-5 6-5 33-0 • •• 5-3 G-9 20-1 331 48-6 60-4 G5-0 59-3 46-4 36-0 22-2 9-6 34-4 >•< 7-8 11-0 22-3 38-1 51-3 GO-4 650 59-0 47-7 38-4 22-8 12-0 36-3 • 11-6 11-4 21-2 37-4 55-0 63-2 68-5 63-6 50-8 38-8 27-5 14-8 38-7 7-0 8-8 20-0 37-2 54-2 63-9 67-8 62-8 50-5 38-3 25-9 13-0 37-4 * .. 6-0 5-5 20-2 37-6 55-7 64-0 66-3 63-5 49-8 37-4 26-3 14-0 37-2 • •• 9-2 8-6 20-6 38-8 55-7 64-6 68-6 64-2 50-8 38-8 25-4 14-6 38-3 G-9. 7-7 19-1 38-7 566 64-8 68-2 64-4 52-4 39-4 26-9 14-4 38-3 ... 4-1 3-3 17-6 42-0 58'6 67-4 70-8 G7-1 54-2 39-4 26-2 14-0 387 6-4 4-8 16-0 37-4 58-8 66-9 69-G 68-0 52-0 39-6 25-6 13-6 38-2 ... 11-3 11-5 22-5 41-4 59 9 68-9 71-4 68-9 57-2 42-1 31-5 18-0 42-1 12-6' 14-3 25 5 44-2 59'0 67-3 71-6 68'0 55-4 44-4 32-5 19-4 42-8 14-5' 13-6 250 42-8 62-4' 69-7 76-1 72-2 58-3 45-8 32-6 19-0 44-3 ... 216 THE VOYAGE OF H.M.S. CHALLENGER. Stations. Country. No. of Years. Years Specified. Hours of Observation. Latitude, Longitude. Height, Feet. Malyj-Usen,. Lugan, Russia 15 1870-84 7: 1,9 o / 50 31 O 1 47 37 95 do. 15 do. do. 48 35 39 l'n 170 Taganrog, . do. 15 do. do. 47 12 38 59 114 Nikolaev, do. 15 do. do. 46 58 31 58 62 Odessa, do. 15 do. do. 46 29 30 44 214 L. Tarchankut, do. 15 do. do. 45 21 32 31 12 Sevastopol, . do. 15 do. do. 44 37 33 31 199 Simferopol. . do. 37 1821-53, '66-72 M.T. 44 56 34 5 853 Theodossija, . do. 15 1870-84 7 : 1, 9 45 2 35 23 [0] Kertsch, do. 15 do. do. 45 21 36 29 18 Prischib, do. 15 do. do. 45 3 38 55 121 Noworossijsk, do. 15 do. do. 44 43 37 46 12 Suchum, do. 15 do. do. 42 58 40 55 28 Poti, . do. 15 do. do. 41 36 42 46 24 Batum, do. 15 do. do. 41 40 41 38 10 Eriwan, do. 15 do. do. 40 10 44 30 3230 Alexandropol, do. 20 1849, :51-70 do. 40 48 43 49 4823 Kutais, do. 15 1870-84 do. 42 16 42 42 550 Tiflis, do. 15 do. do. 41 43 44 47 1343 Elissawetpol, do. 15 do. do. 40 41 46 21 1456 Wladikawkas, do. 15 do. do. 43 2 44 41 2244 Pjatigorsk, . do. 15 do. do. 44 3 43 5 1667 Stawropol, . do. 15 do. do. 45 3 41 59 1919 Astrachan, . do. 15 do. do. 46 21 48 2 -68 Gurjew, do. 15 do. do. 47 7 51 55 -58 Boasta, do. 15 do. do. 45 47 47 31 -85 Petrovsk, do. 15 do. do. 42 59 47 31 -33 Port Alexandrowsky, do. 15 do. do. 44 31 50 15 -83 Krassnowodsk, do. 15 do. 00. 40 0 52 59 -70 Baku, . do. 15 do. do. 40 22 49 50 7 Lenkoran, . do. 15 do. do. 38 46 48 51 -70 Aschur-Ade, do. 15 do. do. 36 54 53 35 -79 Mery, . do. 1 1885-86 do. 37 36 61 47 936 Samarcand, . do. 15 1870-84 do. 39 39 66 57 2379 Taschkent, . do. 15 do. do. 41 19 69 16 1516 Margelan, do. 15 do. do. 40 28 71 43 2000 Aulie-ata, do. G 1870-75 do. 42 53 71 23 1620 Karakol, do. 4* 1881-83, '85-86 do. 42 30 77 26 5400 Wernyj, do. 15 1870-84 do. 43 16 76 53 2440 Kuldscha, . do. 4 1853-54, '56-60 do. 43 56 80 56 1706 Petro-Alexandrovsk, do. 15 1870-84 do. 41 28 61 5 326 Nukuss, do. 15 do. do. 42 27 59 37 216 Perowsk, do. 15 do. do. 44 51 394 Kasalinsk (Fort), do. 15 do. do. 45 46 62" 7 149 Irgis, . do. 15 do. do. 48 37 61 16 367 Staro Ssidorowa, . do. 15 do. do. 55 26 65 10 322 Akmolinsk, . do. 15 do. do. 51 12 71 23 1004 Semipalatinsk, do. 15 do. do. 50 24 80 13 594 Ulala, . do. 15 do. do. 51 59 86 2 1300 Barnaul, do 15 do. do. 53 20 83 47 459 REPORT ON ATMOSPHERIC CIRCULATION. 217 Jan. Feb. March. April. May. June. July. Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec. ,, COITS. Year- Applied. o 10-7 o 10-9 o 21-6 40-2 61-8 69-0 75-2 707 o 56-2 O 43-3 30-6 a 16-5 O 42-2 0 18-7 18-2 30-9 47-6 til -J. 68-9 721 70-0 58-8 46-7 37 5 25-8 46-4 ... 20-6 21-4 319 48-6 62-2 70-3 73-D 72-4 61-3 49-2 36-9 28-3 48-0 24-9 25-4 353 49-0 61-7 70-2 71-2 71-9 62-4 50-4 41-1 30-0 49-7 ... 26-4 26-6 35T> 47-9 60-4 69-4 73-3 71-2 62-:; 516 42-4 32-4 50-0 339 33-4 38-7 47-9 58-9 68-9 74-2 73-0 65-3 55-1 47-7 40-0 53-1 35-8 349 41-5 50-5 60-8 69-2 74-0 72-7 65-3 563 49-8 42 -2 54-4 31-0 32-0 38-9 48-0 58-3 65-2 69-3 69-1 61-0 51-6 43-4 34-2 50-2 31-7 31-5 40-0 50-4 61-5 711 76-0 74-3 66-2 56-5 4S-0 37-8 53-7 30-0 30-6 38-0 49-2 61-2 7(i-:; 75-0 73-8 656 55-4 47-3 37-0 528 27-2 29-0 39-4 50-6 624 69-6 74-8 73-0 63-1 53-1 44-4 33-6 51-7 85-8 35-5 42-4 520 C2-4 69-1 75-5 745 65-0 56"5 48-2 41-7 54-8 43-7 43-0 46-2 55-8 64-3 68-5 74-4 75-2 69-0 63-0 57-2 48-7 59-1 ... 42-3 42-6 47-7 54-3 62 7 69-3 74-1 751 r.'.i i 62-4 55-2 47-9 58-6 ... 42-8 42-8 47-0 54-0 631 70-4 75-0 76-0 69-S 62-6 56-3 50-0 59-2 ... 16-6 23-0 36-4 51-6 65-4 72-0 77-7 79-0 68-5 57-2 46-8 29-6 52-0 ll'-l 15:! 28-6 41-1 53-1 59-5 65-2 6.r7 57-4 46-7 351 21-2 41-8 38-4 41-5 47-8 5G-7 65-6 69-7 74-0 75-3 67-3 612 53-4 45-5 58-0 34-3 35-6 44-1 52-0 65-2 714 76-9 77-3 67-4 57-7 47-7 39-2 55-7 34-5 353 44-4 54-9 64-6 72-0 78-0 77-2 67'5 58-2 47-5 39-2 56-1 244 25-3 34-7 47-5 58-5 640 68-3 67-9 59-5 49-0 40-8 31-5 47-6 ... 24-7 241 35-6 48-1 59-7 66-9 71-6 70-8 60-8 51-5 40-7 31-3 48-8 ... 25-2 26-5 34-2 46-1 57-4 64-2 CS-N 68-2 58-2 48-4 41-0 32-2 47-5 20-6 21-2 327 49-C 65-1 74-3 78-1 750 63-5 50-6 38-8 28-2 49-8 15-5 16-9 29-3 50-0 65-2 73-4 77-3 75-2 62-6 47-0 35-4 20-8 47-5 ... 220 22-5 326 49-0 63-2 71-8 76-8 74-8 63-3 52-11 41-9 27-8 49-8 30-8 32-6 39-0 50-8 62-6 72-0 77-0 765 68-6 58-5 47-6 36-0 54-4 26-0 26-5 37-8 51-2 65-0 74-1 79-3 77-4 66-5 53-7 41-5 3 1-6 52-6 36-5 37-7 47-4 58-7 69-7 78-0 83-3 84'0 74-4 63-0 52-6 43-6 60-7 392 390 44-4 53-7 60-4 74-6 79-8 80-2 72-4 62-8 543 45-1 59 3 39-0 40-4 46-7 56-4 67-6 75-9 79-6 80-6 73-0 63-3 55-2 45-8 60-3 45-2 45-8 51-6 62-0 70-0 77-6 81-7 83-4 78-2 69-0 60-3 51-4 63-0 ... 33-3 24-1 50-0 61-2 71-8 (81 -{J) 88-0 85-6 72-7 60-1 50-0 37-0 59-G ... 30-8 34-5 4S-2 58-0 71-0 78-0 81-9 77-2 66-0 56-3 46-7 40-2 57-4 29-6 32-7 48-0 59-5 72-3 78-3 81-6 77-0 63-6 52-9 43-6 37-4 56-4 29-0 31-2 46-4 60-4 71-7 80-0 83-8 81-0 68-0 55-2 43-3 85-1 56-9 24-8 26-7 39-7 55-3 66-5 70-4 73-4 70-3 63-0 49-9 39-2 35-2 51-5 22-8 20-2 35-2 46"2 53-4 60-9 62-4 62-1 54-1 42'4 31-8 25-7 43-1 134 16-8 30-8 52-2 65-5 72-7 75-6 72-7 620 44-4 32-9 19-6 46-6 16-3 20-6 364 54.3 66-2 73-6 767 73-1 64-6 48-1 32-9 257 48-0 23-2 26-4 44-5 59-8 78-6 79-5 83-0 80-4 67-0 51-6 38-2 29-6 54-8 22-0 24-2 41-7 51-7 7M 76-8 80-0 76-8 6.V7 47-8 37-1 27-8 52 4 147 163 34-6 51-7 70-6 75-3 77-8 74-6 62-4 45-0 32-2 21-5 48-1 12-0 12-8 306 49-5 66-7 74-8 77-9 74 -It 62-7 44-6 30-9 19-5 46-4 2-3 3-1 20-7 44-2 64-5 73-0 76-8 73-4 59-3 41-7 26-0 122 41-4 -3-3 -0-6 16-7 40-5 56-5 64-8 68-0 64-3 49-:', 32-7 20-0 6-4 33-8 -1-5 2-3 14-5 35-0 56-3 65-0 69-8 65-0 51-6 355 17-3 5-2 84-6 ... -0-4 2-8 18-1 37-3 58'8 68-5 73-8 68-4 55-4 381 19-0 4-8 :;:i 1-0 1-6 15-3 34-5 53-3 63-5 68-6 62-3 50-6 36-0 18-6 4-3 34-2 -0-9 ,4 16-2 33'4 53-1 63-1 68-6 62-5 51-2 35-5 16-7 2-6 33-7 (P IIYS. I'll :m. chai X. EXP.- —PART 1 r. — 1886 <■) 3 1 218 THE VOYAGE OF H.M.S. CHALLENGER. Stations. Country. Xo. of Years. Years Specified. Hours of Observation. Latitude. Longitude. Height. Feet. Tomsk, Russia 15 1870-84 7: 1,9 0 56 30 O 1 84 58 254 Narym, do. 15 do. do. 59 21 80 16 197 Omsk, . do. 15 do. do. 54 58 73 20 261 Catharinenburg, . do. 15 do. do. 56 49 60 38 894 Tobolsk, do. 15 do. M.T. 58 12 68 16 355 Dalmatow, . do. 15 do. do. 56 13 63 0 330 Irbit, • do. 15 do. 7: 1, 9 57 41 63 2 223 Bogoslowsk, do. 15 do. do. 59 45 60 1 636 Beresow, do. 15 do. do. 63 56 65 4 120 Obdorsk, do. 15 do. do. 66 31 DG 35 80 GyJaviken, . do. 1 1880-81 4, 8, n. : etc. 72 20 76 42 [0] Turueliansk, do. 10^ 1877-87 7: 1,9 65 55 K7 38 60 Euisseisk, do. 15 1870-84 do. 58 27 92 6 275 Krassnojarsk, do. 15 do. do. 56 1 92 49 498 Irkutsk, do. 15 do. 7: 1,9 52 16 104 16 1536 Udinsk, do. 4 ? do. 51 49 107 44 2100 Selenjinsk, . do. 15 1870-84 do. 51 6 106 53 1870 Kjachta, do. 15 do. do. 50 20 1()6 35 2356 Urga, . do. 15 do. do. 47 55 106 50 4300 "Wercholensk, do. 15 do. do. 54 8 105 30 1550 Banschtschikowa, . do. 15 do. do. 58 3 108 35 984 Olekminsk, . do. 15 do. do. 60 22 120 26 400 Yakutsk, do. 35 1829-54, '62-73 M.T. 62 2 129 45 334 Marchinskoe, do. 15 1870-84 7: 1,9 62 10 129 43 535 Werkojansk, do. 5 1869-72, '83-87 do. 67 34 133 51 460 Sagastyr. do. 2 1882-84 do. 73 23 126 35 16 Tolstoj Noss, do. 1 1866-67 M.T. 70 10 82 52 32 Kasatsche, . do. 3 4 1885-86 do. 70 45 135 58 32 Ljacliow Island, . do. 1 1886 do. 73 30 142 0 32 Kotelnyj aud Fa- deew Island, do. 2 1886 do. 75 0 138 148 32 Ssiedne-Kolymsk, do. H 1862, 75-7, '86-7 7: 1,9 67 10 157 10 98 N. Kolyrnsk, do. 2 1820-23 M.T. 68 32 160 56 32 Port Providence, . do. 1848-49 hourly 64 30 -173 6 0 Anadyr River, do. 4 1866-67 6, N. : 8 64 55 177 19 20 Kljutschewskoe, . do. 2 1885-87 7: 1,9 56 4 160 31 [0] Petropaulovsk, do. 7 1828, '46, '48-53 M.T. 53 0 158 39 49 Bering Island, do. 4 1882-86 do. 55 12 165 55 20 P. Okhotsk, do. 9i 1843-52 do. 59 20 142 40 12 P. Ayan, . do. 5| 1843-45, '47-50 7: 2, 9 56 27 138 11 45 Udskoj, do. 1 1844-45 thrice daily 54 29 134 37 262 P. Karoosakowsky, do. 2i 1853-54, '68-69 7: 1,9 46 39 142 48 66 Nertschinsk, do. 15 1870-84 do. 51 19 119 37 2165 Blajoweschtscheusk, do. 15 do. do. 50 15 127 38 361 Chabarowka, do. 15 do. do. 48 26 135 7 60 Nikolaewsk, do. 15 do. do. 53 8 140 45 60 Due, . do. 15 1864-66, '68, 74-75 M.T. 50 50 142 7 330 Kussunai, do. 2i 1860-61, '67-69 6: 2,10 47 49 142 20 10 Olga, . do. 10 1875-85 7: 1,9 43 44 135 20 149 Wladiwostock, do. 10 do. do. 43 7 131 54 57 REPORT ON ATMOSPHERIC CIRCULATION. 219 Jan. Feb. March . April. May. June. July. Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec. Year. Corrs. Applied. o O ° o O o o O o o 0 •> a o -3-5 -0-5 16-1 29-9 477 59-8 67-5 60-4 48-6 33-1 134 -1-1 31-0 ... -7-4 -2-0 12-6 30-3 45-5 59-5 67-5 59-1 47-4 30-0 9-5 -■1-1 29-2 -3-1 o-o 15-8 320 50-7 61-6 68-8 62-4 509 33-6 15-6 -0-7 32-8 2-4 5-7 19-7 33-6 50-2 59-1 63-8 59-4 46-8 34-5 21-4 6-6 33-5 -1-9 3-5 18-:; 32-8 507 61-3 67-8 63-5 48-5 34-0 17-8 3-0 33-3 2-6 5-9 18-6 35-1 54-4 62-7 67-2 63-3 49-6 36-3 22-9 8-2 35-6 2-4 4-6 20-3 32-0 52-0 59-9 64-0 60-2 48-1 35-0 20-4 5-8 33-7' -2-4 3-0 17-8 30-6 46-2 57-7 62-8 57-5 44-7 321 15-6 -0-3 30-3 -10-8 -4-6 10-2 22-8 35-6 50-3 59-6 55-6 39-7 25-9 8-6 -7-0 239 -14-8 -10-8 4-6 15-2 26-1 42-6 560 52-0 35-6 22-3 4-8 -10-6 18-5 -23-1 -29-0 -4-7 0-3 16-5 29-3 34-3 (33-0) (27-0) 11-1 0-3 -8-3 7-2 -19-3 -9-7 5-6 1 2-8 28-3 45-8 60-4 53-2 38-G 18-1 -2-8 -12-6 16-6 -10-3 0.0 17-1 29-5 45-5 60-8 68-0 60'8 4G-5 30-2 8'4 -7-6 29-0 -4-7 2-0 17-6 34-6 50-0 G2-5 68-6 61-8 48-3 35-0 13-0 -0o 32-5 • • . -6-8 -1-5 17-0 34-3 48-2 60-8 65-9 60-5 47-6 32-0 12-1 -3-5 30-3 -7-2 -2-4 19-0 35-1 48-4 61-9 68-6 64-G 49-6 31-5 11-1 -2-0 30-0 -14-2 -7-8 13-9 37-8 50-8 64-0 71-7 66-8 52-2 345 109 -8-1 31-0 -12-0 -5-8 15-8 350 48-7 63-0 66-9 61-6 48-6 31-2 9-8 -6-6 29-7 • ■ • -17-2 -5-1 14-4 34-5 46-8 59-9 64-5 60-1 49-1 28-9 8-4 -8'0 29-0 -19-3 -11-0 11-3 29-0 45-8 58-6 64-4 58-2 45-0 26-4 o-o -15-9 24-0 -22-6 -13-3 9-6 26-5 43-5 60-0 66-6 59-2 44-8 24-8 -0-8 -17-4 23-4 -33-0 -19-4 1-7 21-7 42-3 59-5 CG-6 58-3 44-4 23-4 -9-3 -29-8 18-9 -45-0 - 35-2 -11-7 14-7 40-1 58-3 65-8 59-8 42-0 15-6 -21-6 -41-0 11-9 -47-5 -29-0 -4-8 17-8 41-6 60-4 67-1 58-5 41-8 17-4 -24-0 -42-3 13-1 -61-2 -51-9 -29-8 40 32-4 51-4 58-6 48-7 32-7 -0-6 -39-5 — 55-5 -1-3 -33-7 -36-4 -29-8 -7-0 14-8 32-0 40-8 38-3 32-4 5-7 -16-2 -28-3 1-0 -28-8 -20-0 -25-1 6-8 20-7 31-3 45-7 47-8 33-3 11-7 -4-7 -20-9 8-1 -35-7 -31-2 -25-1 -35 10-6 10-8 31-5 30-4 38-3 37-6 43-0 33-6 34-2 32-5 27-7 2G-G 1-6 1-0 1-4 -31-2 -35-7 -29-7 -28-3 -10-3 15-3 29-3 50-2 55-2 51-1 38-0 11-1 -6-3 -25-6 12-5 -33-5 -24-3 -12-5 12-9 30-6 47-5 (51-3) (45-5) 42-8 6-1 -8-2 -21-8 11-4 20-5 16-0 16-2 21-5 28-4 38-0 44-4 42-8 25-5 175 -11-2 -28-8 -4-0 1-7 31-6 42-6 13-8 -8-0 -21:6 -1-4 6-6 18-4 29-4 397 53-8 61-7 55-2 45-7 29-8 15-3 9-4 30-3 17-4 16-0 25-0 32-0 40-8 52-8 58-6 55-4 47-6 36-6 25-0 20-0 35-6 26-4 27-8 27-6 29-6 36-0 41-8 46-6 51-0 4G-7 37-7 30-2 27-6 35-8 -11-8 -9-3 73 20-8 36-1 46-8 55-5 56-3 47-1 26-0 5-6 -10-2 22-5 -8-5 -0-9 13-4 24-2 34-9 44-7 54-2 52-3 44-4 24-5 8-0 -30 24-0 -18-3 -14-8 12-4 28-9 39-6 56-7 61-3 60-3 49 3 29-4 0-7 -22-0 23-6 99 11-1 22-8 35-4 42-8 511 57-9 62-4 55-7 46-0 30-0 16-7 36-9 -20-9 -10-3 10-2 32-2 47-3 61-0 6G-7 60-8 48-2 30-0 4-8 -14-G 26-3 -13-4 -1-2 15-0 35-8 50-9 65-9 72-8 671 55-1 33-8 9-9 -8-7 32-1 -12-4 — 2-2 14-6 362 50-7 64-8 71-2 68-5 55-9 35-8 12-0 -6-8 32-5 -9-2 -3-6 9-8 26-6 38-9 55-6 63-6 62-7 53-0 34-9 12-7 -51 28-2 4-6 8-8 18-3 30-5 42-3 520 60-0 61-6 53-3 40-4 21-2 8-0 33-4 7-2 9-0 19-7 30-6 42-7 50-8 57-6 66-4 53-9 43-5 28-0 14-5 35-6 10-0 16-2 28-3 38-7 47-8 56-7 65-8 68-4 59-0 44-8 276 11-8 39-6 7-4 13-4 27-3 38-6 49-3 58-3 66-8 70-0 61-5 48-6 29-1 12-4 40-2 ... 220 THE VOYAGE OF H.M.S. CHALLENGER. Stations. Country. No. of Years. Years Specified. Hours of Observation. Latitude. Longitude. Height, Feet. Askold, Russia 10 1875-85 7: 1.9 42 44 0 / 132 21 84 Nemuro, Japan 6 1881-86 6: 2,10 43 20 145 34 43 Sapporo, Hakodate, . do. 6 do. do. 43 4 141 23 60 do. 6 do. do. 41 46 140 44 10 do. do. 14 1859-63, '77-86 do. 41 46 140 44 10 Aomori, do. 6 1881-86 do. 40 51 140 4."> 33 Akits, . do. 6 do. do. 39 42 140 7 33 Miyako, do. 6 do. do. 39 38 141 59 1(10 Nobiru, do. (1 do. do. 38 23 141 12 15 Niigata, do. 6 do. do. 37 55 139 3 32 Kanazawa, . do. 6 do. do. 36 33 136 40 95 Tokio, . do. 0 do. do. 35 41 139 45 69 do. . do. 14 1872-86 do. 35 41 139 45 69 Numazu, do. 6 1881-86 do. 35 6 138 51 30 Haiuamatsu, do. G do. do. 34 42 137 43 92 Gifu, . do. 6 do. do. 35 27 136 46 49 Kioto, . do. 6 do. do. 35 1 135 40 162 Wakayama, . do. 6 do. do. 34 14 135 9 49 Osaka, . do. 6 do. do. 34 42 135 no 13 Sakai, . do. G do. do. 35 33 133 13 7 Hiroshima, . do. 6 do. do. 34 23 132 27 15 Kochi, do. 6 do. do. 33 33 133 34 20 Shimonoseki, : do. 6 do. do. 33 58 130 57 L35 Miyasaki, do. G do. do. 31 56 131 21; 26 Kagoshiraa, . do. 6 do. do. 31 35 130 33 13 Nagasaki, do. 6 do. do. 32 44 129 52 190 do. do. 13 1871-78, "81-86 do. 32 44 129 52 190 Nafa, . Pelevr 2 1856-58 6: 1,10 26 13 128 43 33 Wbnsan, Corea 2 1884, '87 6: 2,10 39 10 127 25 33 Fusan, do. 2* 1884-86 do. 35 6 129 2 32 Chemulpho, do. U 1884, '87 do. 87 29 126 33 290 Newchwaug, Manchuria 2 1861-62, '72 M.T. 40 57 122 13 [0] Si-wau-tse, . China 2 1873-75 do. 40 59 115 18 3904 Pekin, . do. 15 1870-84 do. 39 57 116 28 123 Tien-Tsin, . do. 15 do. do. 39 9 117 16 29 Taku, . do. 15 do. do. 38 59 117 40 18 Tchang - kia- Tchouang, do. 3 4 1882-83 : S 38 17 116 14 98 Sung-shu-ehwang, do. 1 1882-83 : 7 36 7 103 36 4870 I-tschaiig, . do. 1 1880 M.m. 30 39 111 10 500 Hankow, do. 5 1877-81 do. 30 32 114 19 260 Kiu-kiang, . do. 4 1. ST 8-81 do. 29 44 116 8 180 Wuhu, do. 3 1878-79, '81 do. 31 21 118 21 3.-, Shanghai, do. 18 1.S47-64 do. 31 14 121 28 [0] Zei-ki-wei, . do. 12 1873-84 M.T. 31 12 121 26 23 Foochow, do. u 1886-87 do. 26 1 119 38 34 Kelung, do. 2 1873-75 7: 1,9,9 25 20 121 46 49 South Cape, do. 1* 1886-87 M.T. 21 55 120 51 121 Hai-fung, do. 22 53 115 15 Canton, do. "i 1829-31, '76 do. 23 12 113 17 39 REPORT ON ATMOSPHERIC CIRCULATION. 221 Jan. Feb. March April. May. June. July. Aug. Sept, Oct. Nov. Dec. Years. Corrs Applied. o O o o O 0 O o O O O O o o 10-3 16-3 28-4 37-4 483 •F»7-7 GO-0 69-0 01-1 48-0 28-8 12-5 40-2 23-6 21-1 26-4 36-0 43-6 51-0 60-5 65-0 59-2 50-0 39-9 28-6 42-1 20-5 21-8 27-8 ■411-0 50-2 58-8 07-2 09-9 00-9 48-6 30-2 24-2 43-8 27-9 27-2 31-8 42-2 49-6 57-7 65-7 70-4 03-n 52-1 39-7 30-0 40-5 27-4 28-7 34-3 43-7 51-8 58-9 06-7 70-1 64-1 53-0 41-3 31-8 47-0 27-6 26-9 32-1 43-4 51-9 01-3 69-4 72-9 64-8 52-6 40-5 30-2 47-8 30-7 30-0 34-8 46-6 55-5 04-0 72-5 74-8 07-2 54-3 42-8 33-8 50-6 31-8 31-2 35-0 45-1 53-0 59-8 07-4 71-8 04-9 53-6 43-5 33-8 49-2 32-5 32-8 36-7 47-0 55-3 03-2 72-0 7/V8 69-2 50-2 45-5 35-9 51-8 34-8 34-4 38-1 49-1 57-2 04-9 74-1 77-3 70-0 58-9 47-8 37-7 53-7 :;;,-:; 34-9 39-9 50-6 58-6 07-1 74-0 77-5 70-3 59-5 48-4 40-3 54-8 36-7 37-4 42-3 53-3 60-5 68-2 74-7 77-4 70-8 00-3 49-2 40-2 55-9 36-4 37-8 43-8 53-0 62-0 08-4 76-1 77-6 70-9 59-3 48-0 410 50-3 40-4 40-4 45-3 55-3 021 09-1 75-4 77-4 72-4 63-3 52-5 ■ 43-3 581 39-8 40-4 45-2 55-8 02-7 09-3 76-0 78-1 72-8 64-0 52-5 43-0 58-3 36-0 37-3 42-6 53-9 02-1 09-8 77-5 78-9 72-1 62-1 49-2 39-5 50-8 35-9 365 41-4 53-1 01-0 70-2 77-2 79-0 72-3 61-5 48-4 38-8 56-3 39-7 39-4 44-7 56-1 03-0 70-9 77-9 80-1 74-3 63-3 52-0 43-9 58-8 37-9 37-9 43-0 54-5 02-0 70-5 78-4 80-2 73-4 02-6 .r)(l-4 41-4 57-7 38-3 37-6 43-0 52-5 001 08-0 70-0 78-8 71-2 01-5 50-3 41-7 56-6 38-0 38-5 43-5 54-0 62-2 09-5 77-5 79-7 73-0 62-6 .",0-4 41-2 57-6 41-2 43-3 47-6 58-3 04-0 70-8 70-6 78-1 74-5 05-1 53-1 43-3 59-7 40-8 40-3 453 53-8 01-5 08-2 76-0 78-8 73-0 040 53-1 444 58-3 43-3 435 49-7 59-4 05-4 72-3 77-8 79-0 74-0 05-4 53-6 45-0 60-7 43-6 43-8 510 60-3 65-7 72-1 786 79-7 75-0 06-0 55-2 45-6 60-8 41-8 41-4 47-3 57-6 03-8 70-4 77-7 79-8 74-3 04-8 53-4 44-4 59-8 42-0 43-1 49-5 58-9 05-7 71-8 80-5 80-3 75-2 06-0 54-5 40-0 61-1 61-0 60-3 64-2 68-7 75-4 79-3 83 ■;, 81-9 80-6 77-9 69-8 04-9 72-3 28-3 31-6 40-6 51-2 ei-o 65-1 03 3 73-5 07-4 56-8 44-2 33-0 50-2 33-0 33-8 43-5 .52-6 60-4 00-6 73-4 76-8 70-8 00-3 40-9 30-1 54-5 23-9 28-0 30-5 50-0 61-9 05-7 76-3 78-1 08-1 59-2 40-9 29-1 51-5 10-4 18-5 31-8 47-5 00-3 71-5 77-7 75-4 05-4 50-5 376 19-4 47-2 2-5 11-7 27-1 38-1 52-9 03-0 05-2 05-2 52-9 39-0 20-1 12-6 37-5 23-4 28-6 41-5 56-9 08-7 77-3 79-3 70-9 07 0 54-7 37-7 20-7 53-3 26-9 30-0 440 56-2 68-0 77-7 81-2 78-5 70-0 58-4 40-6 297 552 23 4 311-2 40-8 57-7 08-3 77-0 77-4 77-4 07-8 54-0 38-7 28-:; 53-4 26-2 28-0 41-0 56-5 08-5 79-7 57-4 38-1 24-4 17-8 23-3 39-6 5.V8 40-0 36-9 21-7 39-6 41-9 55-6 62-1 73-9 78-4 80-4 79-0 75-0 70-0 56-0 43-5 63-0 37-9 41-0 50-0 01 -7 71-4 78-4 84-0 83-5 77-2 65-3 54-3 42-4 • 02-2 37-4 42-6 50-5 61-9 72-7 77-9 85-3 84-7 77-5 00-7 55-0 43-3 63-1 39-0 44-8 49 1 .r)8-5 08 -5 75-2 82-0 82-8 70-1 03-9 53-4 423 61-3 38-3 39-4 46-5 .r>0-6 05-6 73-7 82-3 81-9 74-3 04-6 51 -4 42-3 59-7 36-9 39-7 46-6 57-0 06-4 73-8 81-1 80-2 73-8 03-7 51-1 41-4 59-4 50-6 48-8 (58'0) 62-7 67-5 70-11 80-4 80-8 74-7 08-8 02-1 52-4 05-5 57-9 58-6 C2-0 66-4 74-0 81-0 82-9 81-9 79-8 74-0 66-6 02-8 70-8 09-0 68-3 (69-8) 71-9 70-2 79-5 79-9 78-2 77-2 77-3 72-2 09-0 74-0 61-7 63-9 667 74-7 82-0 84-7 84 -f) 84-0 83-3 79-2 73-0 69-1 75-6 54-6 57-6 64-5 70-4 70-5 82-8 82-3 81-2 79-0 73-8 64-0 56-6 70-3 '2-2-2 THE VOYAGE OF H.M.S. CHALLENGER. Stations. Country. No. of Years. Years Specified. Hours of Observation. Latitude. Longitude. Height, Feet. Hong Kong, China 15 1870-84 M.m. o 22 IS O i 114 10 4:; Victoria Peak, do. 15 do. do. 22 0 114 0 1816 Cape Aguilar. do. 15 do. do. 22 12 114 18 170 Macao, do. 15 do. 51. T. 22 11 113 32 26 Hanoi, . Tonquin If 1877-79 6 : 3, 10 21 1 105 48 4;. Hue, . do. 6 l.ssl-86 M.T. 16 .>.> 107 38 20 Tugucgaras, Philippine Islands -> lssi-82 do. 17 37 121 30 12.". Manila, do. 15 1870-84 do. 14 35 120 .".9 54 Ilo Ilo, do. H 1863-65 do. 9 30 123 30 0 Hatzfeldthafen, East Indies l" 1886-87 do. -4 24 145 14 10 Moresby Bay, do. 1| 1875-76 do. -9 32 146 10 278 Solomon Island, . do. g 1882-84 do. -6 ii 156 0 0 Bismarck Island, . do. 2 1883-84 thrice dailv -4 20 152 30 [0] Amboina, do. 5 1850-54 6, 9 : 3, 10 — >i 45 128 15 39 Bandjermassing. . do. S 1851-58 do. -3 0 111 30 10 Banjoewangi, do. 8 1850-57 do. — 8 17 114 27 26 Buitenzorg, . do. 8 1848-55 do. -6 37 106 49 910 Batavia, do. 15 1870-84 hourly -6 11 106 50 23 Samarang, . do. H ? 8, N. : 4, 8 -6 57 110 :ili 20 Bogodjampie, do. ~6 •> 9 -8 24 114 24 279 Palembang, . do. G 1850-53, '55-56 6, 9 : 3, 10 _2 50 104 53 20 Padang, do. 4 1850-53 do. -0 56 100 2 240 Laliat, . do. 8 1 8 1 5-52 6, N. : 7 -3 12 104 36 82:: Saigon, Cochin China 6 LS74-79 M.m. 10 47 L06 42 10 Bankok, Siam 10 1858-67 M.T. 1.", 38 100 27 [0] Singapore, . Malay Peninsula 15 1870-84 M.m. 1 15 103 31 24 Karnes Lighthouse, do. 2 1866-67 do. 1 9 103 44 65 Malacca, do. 2 1885-86 do. 2 10 102 14 12 Kwala Lumpor, . do. 1 1884 9: 9 3 10 101 51 177 Wellesley, do. 2 1885-86 M.m. 5 22 100 30 43 Penang, do. 2 1885-86 do. 5 24 100 20 20 Nancowry, . India 15 1870-84 M.T. S 0 93 46 81 Port Blair, . do. 15 do. do. 11 41 92 42 61 Mergui, do. 15 do. do. 12 11 98 38 96 Moulmein, . do. 15 do. do. 16 29 97 40 94 Diamond Island, . do. 15 do. do. 15 52 94 19 41 Bassein, do. 15 do. do. 16 4 94 50 35 Rangoon, do. 15 do. do. 16 46 96 12 41 Toungoo, do. 15 do. do. 18 57 96 24 169 Thayetmyo, . do. 15 do. do. 19 22 95 12 134 Akyab, do. 15 do. do. 20 28 92 57 20 Chittagong, . do. 15 do. do. 22 21 91 50 87 Saugor Island, do. 15 do. do. 21 39 88 5 25 Calcutta, do. 15 do. do. 22 32 88 20 21 Berhamporc. do. 15 do. do. 24 6 88 17 66 Dacca, do. 15 do. do. 23 43 90 27 35 Silchar, do. 15 do. do. 24 49 92 50 104 Sibsagar, do. 15 do. do. 26 59 94 40 333 Goalpara, do. 15 do. do. 26 11 90 40 395 Darjeeling, . do. 17 1868-84 do. 27 3 88 18 7421 REPORT ON ATMOSPHERIC CIRCULATION. 223 Jan. 0 Feb. March. April. May. JUIR'. Juiy. Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec. Year. Corrs. Applied. O 0 o O o O O O o o 0 O ° 59-6 59-8 64-3 73-0 79-6 83-5 si-;, 83-8 82-3 78-3 70-2 62-7 73-5 53-0 53-6 60-0 67-9 73-2 760 7 7 -8 77-4 75-0 72-0 63-8 56-5 67-2 58-6 59-6 63-6 70-7 77-1 81-4 83-2 83-2 81-2 77-8 69-8 62-5 72-4 61-4 60-6 65-2 73-3 81-0 84-5 X.V2 85-0 83-9 80-8 70-4 63-7 74-0 60-1 623 06-2 76-1 83-8 88-5 87-6 85-1 80-8 782 72-1 66-9 75-6 67-1 67-5 71-6 75.4 84-0 83-8 83-1 83-5 79-7 79-3 72-1 67-0 76-2 72-6 73-9 75-3 77-7 S 1-.I 82-3 81-9 81-1 80-0 77-7 76-1 73-6 77-8 ... 76-9 78-2 80-6 831 84-0 SL'i 80-2 80-0 79-8 79-6 78-8 77-0 80-0 ... 77-0 7(5-1 77-2 79-3 80-1 80-6 79-3 79-0 80-2 78-3 79 0 77-9 78-7 80-0 80-2 797 79-4 79-0 78-3 78-9 79-6 79-7 79-4 79-5 79-4 79-4 82-3 83-6 82-1 81-9 81-2 80-4 79-0 78-8 79-2 80-9 82-8 82-8 81-3 83-0 84-6 82-6 81-9 81-9 81-9 82-0 81-5 ... 76-6 78-2 76-7 75-2 77-7 77-2 76-2 75-9 75-7 76-2 77-0 77-5 76-6 80-5 80-7 80-5 79-5 79-0 78-0 77-1 77-3 77-7 79-0 80-5 80-7 792 80-2 80-4 80-8 81-3 81-5 80-9 79-4 80-0 80-8 81-3 80-9 79-9 80-G 80-1 79-8 80-6 81-1 80-0 80-0 78-5 78-4 79-1 SO-4 80-4 80-3 79-9 76-4 75-5 76-5 77-3 77-4 76-7 757 76-7 77-7 78-0 77-4 78-9 76-9 77-5 77-6 78-5 79-3 79-4 78-6 78-1 78-5 79-2 79-1 79-2 78-1 78-6 78-6 79-3 78-8 80-8 80-4 79-2 78-4 80-1 80-8 81-9 81-3 79-7 79-9 79-2 78-8 78-8 78-4 77-5 74-8 72-3 75-0 77-9 79-3 79-3 79-5 77-5 79-7 80-0 80-7 80-7 81-1 80-3 80-0 79-9 81-0 80-8 80-fi 79-8 80-4 79-6 79-7 80-0 80-2 80-8 80-2 797 79-3 79-6 79-1 79-1 79-3 79-7 ... 79-3 80-1 81-0 81-5 81-1 80-8 80-6 80-2 80-2 81-1 so-:! 79-5 80-5 77-5 SI 1-1 83-3 83-7 84-9 81-5 81-5 81-0 80-6 80-6 79-2 77-7 81-0 7(3-1 791 82-5 83-4 82-3 82-3 81-4 81-4 80-3 80-1 76-8 74-8 80-1 ... 80-1 82-6 84-4 83-6 S2-4 82-4 81-6 80-4 82-4 82-6 81-3 79-5 82-0 79-8 78-7 80-3 80-8 81-1 80-9 si i-4 80-3 80-3 80-0 81-3 79-6 80-3 -8-0 81-7 82-2 s:;-i 82-8 82-2 82-0 82-4 81-6 82-1 81-8 81-8 80-6 82-1 76-5 77-9 78-9 78-5 79-7 79-0 78-2 78-6 78-3 77-9 77-4 76-2 78-1 83-6 83-9 85-0 86-0 84-2 83-2 82-8 82-5 81-8 82-4 81-7 81-8 83-1 82-6 83-5 85-1 85-0 83-6 82-8 82-6 81-4 80-0 80-9 80-6 80-9 82-5 79-4 80-8 81-1 82-6 81-2 80-6 80-2 79-5 79-6 78-8 79-0 78-8 80-1 79-4 80-1 81-9 83-5 81-1 80-3 80-0 79-7 79-5 79-6 80-0 79-4 80-4 76-6 78-4 80-2 80-0 S0-4 77-1 76-3 77-1 76-3 771 76-8 76-1 77.71 75-2 77-7 81-6 82-9 81-8 78-3 77-2 77-4 78-0 79-6 78-4 7I;-:. 78-7 75-6 77-0 79-7 81-6 82-0 80-2 78-7 79-0 78-5 79-7 78-5 77-8 79-0 71-8 74-8 80-1 82-0 82-0 79-4 78-2 78-4 78-0 78-5 77-2 74-1 77-9 75-1 77-6 81-4 83-6 82-5 79-2 78-2 78-1 78-5 79-7 78-2 70-0 79-0 70-5 73-7 80-1 84-2 83-1 79-2 78-1 78-3 79-8 80-0 77-1 727 78-1 68-6 72-8 82-0 87-0 86-5 81-2 80-6 80-5 81-0 80-3 76-1 71-5 79-0 69-6 72-8 78-9 83-4 841 81-4 80-6 80-9 81-9 81-4 77-5 71-9 78-7 67-5 7n-7 77-5 81-6 82-0 81-0 80-8 81-0 81-1 79-8 74-;; CS-0 77-1 ... 67-4 72-9 80-0 83-8 85-0 85-0 82-9 82-8 82-8 80-2 73-7 GG-8 78-6 ... 66-G 72-0 79-6 84-2 84-6 84-2 82-8 82-5 82-6 80-4 73-8 GG-9 78-3 G4-6 69-2 78-3 85-3 84.7 84-0 83-3 82-0 83-0 80-4 73-0 65-8 77-8 ... 66-6 71-5 79-4 83-0 83-3 83-7 83-7 83-6 83-6 81-8 75-0 68-3 78-6 63-5 67-0 73-4 78-0 79-5 81-7 82-4 81-9 81-7 79-7 73-0 65-8 75-6 ... 58-9 62-6 68-2 74-0 78-2 82-8 83-8 83-4 82-4 77-4 68-4 60-6 73-4 62-8 67-2 74-2 77-5 78-5 80-2 81-5 81-7 80-8 77-9 71-5 64-5 74-9 39-5 40-9 47-9 53-8 55-8 59-6 60-9 60-7 58-6 54-4 47-8 41-8 51-8 ... 224 THE VOYAGE OF H.M.S. CHALLENGER. Stations. Country. No. of Years Years Specified. Hours of Observation. Latitude. Longitude. Height, Feet. Purneah, India 15 1870-84 M.T. O 1 25 50 O 1 87 34 125 Gya, . Hazaribagb, do. 15 do. do. 24 42 85 2 375 do. 15 do. do. 24 0 85 24 2007 Patna. do. 15 do. do. 25 37 85 14 183 Gorakhpur. . do. 15 do. do. 26 46 83 18 256 Benares, do. 15 do. do. 25 20 83 2 267 Allahabad, . do. 15 do. do. 25 26 81 52 307 Lucknow, do. 15 do. do. 26 50 81 0 369 Bareilly, do. 15 do. do. 28 21 79 27 568 Ludhiana. . do. 15 do. do. 30 55 75 54 812 Sirsa, . do. 15 do. do. 29 32 75 6 662 Chakrata, do. 17 1868-84 do. .".ii 40 77 55 7(i.r.-' Roorkee, do. 15 1870-84 do. 29 52 77 56 887 Delhi, . do. 15 do. do. 28 40 77 16 718 Jeypore, do. 15 do. do. 26 55 75 50 1431 Ajmere, do. 15 do. do. 26 28 74 37 1611 Neemuch, do. 15 do. do. 24 25 75 0 1639 Agra. . do. 15 do. do. 27 10 78 5 555 Jhansi, do. 15 do. do. 25 27 78 37 855 Raipur, do. 15 do. do. 21 15 81 41 960 Sambalpur, . do. 15 do. do. 21 31 84 1 463 ('attack, do. 15 do. do. 20 9 85 54 80 False Point. . do. 15 do. do. 20 0 86 47 21 Visagapatam, do. 15 • do. do. 17 42 83 22 31 Sironcha, do. 15 do. do. 18 51 80 0 401 Chauda, do. 15 do. do. 19 56 79 19 652 Nagpur, do. 15 do. do. 21 9 79 11 1025 Akola, . do. 15 do. do. 20 42 77 4 930 Secunderabad, do. 15 do. do. 17 27 78 33 1787 Masulipatam, do. 15 do. do. 16 9 81 12 10 Sholapur, do. 15 do. do. 17 41 75 56 1590 Bellary, do. 15 do. do. 15 9 76 57 1455 Bangalore, . do. 15 do. do. 12 59 77 38 2981 Madras, do. 15 do. do. 18 4 80 14 22 Salem, . do. 15 do. do. 11 39 78 12 940 Negapatarn, . do. 15 do. do. 10 46 79 53 15 Trichinopoly, do. 15 do. do. 10 50 78 44 275 Madura, do. 15 do. do. 9 55 78 10 448 Jaffna, . do. 15 do. do. 9 40 79 56 9 Trincomalee, do. 15 do. do. 8 33 81 15 175 Batticaloa, . do. 15 do. do. 7 43 81 44 26 Hambantota, do. 15 do. do. 6 7 81 7 4(1 Galle, . do. 15 do. do. 6 1 80 14 48 Colombo, do. 15 do. do. 6 56 79 52 40 Putaleru, do. 15 do. do. 8 0 80 5 [0] Kandy, do. 15 do. do. 7 18 80 40 1696 Newera Eliya, do. 15 do. do. 6 46 80 47 6240 Amina Divi, do. H 1885-86 do. 11 6 72 48 15 Cochin, do. 15 1870-84 do. 9 58 76 17 11 Coimbatore, . do. 15 do. do. 11 0 77 0 1348 REPORT ON ATMOSPHERIC CIRCULATION. 225 Jan. Feb. Mar. April. May. June. July. Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec. Year. Corrs. Applied. o O 0 o o o O O O a o O o 0 62-3 66-7 76-1 84-0 83-7 84-7 84-0 84-0 83-3 79-6 71-2 63-4 76-2 ... 64-3 696 80-5 89-5 91-8 89-3 84-5 83-9 84-2 80-2 71-5 64-5 79-5 ... 61-0 65-2 74-8 83-5 85-3 82-4 78-4 77-7 77-7 74-0 67-0 61-0 74-0 ... 61-0 66-0 77-6 86-8 88-5 88-0 84-8 84-1 84-0 79-6 70-2 62-4 77-7 60-3 65-2 76-2 85-8 87-8 87-9 84-1 83-7 83-8 79-0 69-0 61-7 77-0 61-0 66-2 77-3 87-0 91-3 91-3 85-0 84-3 83-3 78-0 68-3 60-8 78-0 60-6 65-6 78-2 87-8 92-3 91-2 85-0 83-8 83-0 77-6 67-6 60-6 77-8 ... 60-5 66-2 76-9 87-4 91-8 91-9 86-3 85-4 84-5 78-7 68-5 CO-8 78-2 57-2 62-3 72-5 83-2 88-0 89-0 84-7 83-3 82-3 76-0 65-3 57-7 75-1 52-0 57-4 67-8 78-2 85-5 90-5 86-7 85-8 82-6 74-8 62-3 54-1 73-1 ... 55-8 60-0 71-3 82-3 89-2 93-6 88-8 88-3 85-0 78-0 64-4 568 76-1 ... 42-4 43-3 51-1 59-9 64-6 673 64-2 64-1 63-0 57-7 51-2 46-3 56-3 56-4 60-6 70-5 81-9 87-8 90-0 84-5 83-7 82-4 75-0 64-0 56-9 74-5 58-3 62-5 74-4 84-6 89-7 93-5 8G-8 8C-1 84-1 78-3 67-8 60-1 77-2 60-8 63-6 76-0 85-3 90-2 90-6 84-1 82-0 82-5 77-5 69-1 61-8 77-0 ... 57-8 61-5 72-3 83-4 89-2 87-5 82-2 79-7 80-8 74-6 66-0 58-8 74-5 62-2 65-3 75-7 84-0 88-8 86-8 79-0 78-2 77-7 75-8 67-2 62-8 75-3 ... 60-2 65-3 76-7 88-1 93-9 94-4 87-0 85-3 84-3 79-6 69-5 61-8 78-8 63-2 68-0 78-8 89-0 94-9 93-1 83-8 82-7 82-4 80-5 72-8 C4-6 79-5 66-8 71-9 79-9 88-9 92-4 85-5 78-8 79-1 79-5 77-0 7O0 65-8 78-0 67-3 72-6 80-6 89-2 92-9 87-5 80-5 80-5 81-6 79-2 71-6 66-2 79-2 71-5 76-0 83-0 87-4 88-6 86-2 83-2 83-2 83-1 81-3 75-0 70-0 80-7 ... 67-0 72-3 78-0 81-8 83-5 83-6 81-5 81-3 81-4 79-2 72-2 ' 66-0 77-3 75-8 78-8 83-3 86-3 87-8 87-7 85-2 85-3 84-7 83-3 79-3 75-2 82-7 71-0 77-8 85-4 91-8 93-9 87-3 80-8 80-2 80-6 79-2 72-8 69-3 80-8 68-5 74-2 82-2 89-6 93-2 86-7 80-0 79-7 79-3 76-7 69-9 66-0 78-8 68-4 73-6 82-0 88-8 93-0 85-8 79-1 79-3 79-0 77-1 70-6 67-0 78-G 68-4 73-1 81-6 89-0 93-1 85-5 79-4 79-1 78-3 76-3 70-4 66-3 78-4 70-0 75-7 82-1 87-1 88-8 82-0 77-2 77-2 76-3 76-0 71-8 69-0 77-8 74-7 76-8 80-8 84-7 88-0 87-2 84-0 83-6 82-6 81-0 77-4 74-3 81-3 71-6 76-8 83-4 86-2 89-0 81-2 78-6 77-8 77-0 77-2 73-6 70-0 78-5 73-1 78-5 85-4 89-1 88-0 83-2 80-7 80-8 79-9 78-9 75-2 72-2 80-4 67-3 71-8 70 -8 80-1 78-5 74-2 72-2 72-1 71-0 71-8 69-7 67-3 72-8 75-9 76-3 81-3 84-6 87-2 87-2 85-2 84-4 83-5 80-8 77-7 75-9 81-7 75-5 78-8 83-8 86-6 85-2 82-7 81-2 80-5 80-3 78-9 76-8 75-0 80-4 76-4 78-0 81-8 84-8 85-9 85-6 84-3 83-2 82-6 81-0 78-3 76-3 81-5 75-7 78-5 83-2 87-3 87-7 8G-3 85-2 83-9 83-1 80-5 77-7 75-5 82-1 77-1 79-2 82-8 85-7 85-6 85-0 84-5 83-4 82-9 80-8 78-7 76-9 8V9 78-0 79-5 83-2 85-8 85-5 84-2 83-2 82-9 82-8 82-0 79-8 78-0 82-1 78-4 79-8 81-9 84-5 85-2 85-0 84-9 84-4 83-4 81-6 79-2 78-3 82-1' 78-0 79-0 81-2 83-C 84-6 85-1 84-7 83'9 83-4 81-9 79-6 78-2 81-9 78-8 79-7 81-0 82-7 82-0 81-6 81-2 80-8 80-7 80-6 79-7 79 -1 80-7 78-2 79-6 81-2 82-0 81-8 80-6 79-9 80-0 80-1 79-8 79-2 7S-.r) 80-1 79-5 80-5 82-0 83-2 82-9 81-6 81-1 80-9 81-8 80-7 80-2 79-8 81-1 77-2 78-4 81-3 82-9 82-7 81-3 81-0 80-8 81-0 80-4 78-8 77-4 80-3 74-1 76-1 78-7 79-1 78-9 76-5 75-7 75-8 75-9 75-9 75-4 74-5 76-4 57-4 57-3 58-9 60-0 61-2 59-3 58-4 58-8 58-7 59-0 58-7 58-0 58-8 ... 79-6 80-3 82-2 (83-0) 84-1 81-6 79-4 80-3 80-4 80-3 80-1 79-3 80-9 ... 78-7 80-2 82-5 83-8 81-9 78-4 77-3 77-7 78-1 78-8 79-4 78-8 79-6 ... 73-8 77-0 81-2 83-2 81-3 78-1 76-8 76-9 77-2 77-0 75-6 73-8 77-6 (PHYS. CHEM. CHALL. EXP. PART V. 1889.) 35 226 THE VOYAGE OF H.M.S. CHALLENGER. Stations. Country. No. of Years. Years Specified. Hours of Observation. Latitude. Longitude. Height, Feet. Mangalore, . India 15 1870-84 M.T. O 1 12 52 O ' 74 54 52 Karwar, do. 15 do. do. 14 50 74 15 44 Goa, do. 15 do. do. 15 21 73 56 23 Belgaum, do. 15 do. do. 15 52 74 42 2550 Ratnagiri, do. 15 do. do. 17 6 73 23 110 Poorja, . do. 15 do. do. 18 28 74 10 1849 Bombay, do. 15 do. do. 18 54 72 49 37 Surat, . do. 15 do. do. 21 13 72 46 36 Malegaon, do. 15 do. do. 20 34 74 22 1430 Khandwa. do. 15 do. do. 21 49 76 23 1024 Hoshangabad, do. 15 do. do. 22 45 77 46 1020 Jubbulpore, . do. 15 do. do. 23 9 71) 59 1341 Indore, do. 15 do. do. 22 40 75 53 1825 Deesa, . do. 15 do. do. 24 16 72 14 466 Rajkot, do. 15 do. do. 22 17 70 52 429 Bhuj, . do. 15 do. do. 23 15 69 42 395 Kurrachee, . do. 15 do. do. 24 47 67 4 49 Hyderabad, . do. 15 do. do. 25 25 68 27 134 Pachpadra, . do. 15 do. do. 25 55 72 18 380 Jacobabad, . do. 15 do. do. 28 24 68 18 186 Bikaneer, do. 15 do. do. 27 59 73 14 744 Mooltan, do. 15 do. do. 30 10 71 420 Lahore, do. 15 do. do. 31 34 74 20 732 Ludhiana, . do. 15 do. do. 30 55 75 54 812 Sialkot, do. 15 do. do. 32 29 74 35 829 Rawalpindi, . do. 35 do. do. 33 38 73 5 1652 Peshawar, . do. 15 do. do. 34 2 71 37 1110 Murree, do. 15 do. do. 33 54 73 27 6344 Dera Ismail Khan, do. 15 do. do. 32 0 71 5 573 Quetta, Beloochistan 8 18G8-85 do. 30 11 67 3 5500 Kaschgar, Turkestan 1 1886-87 do. 39 25 76 7 4000 Yarkand, do. 1 1874-75 do. 3.8 25 77 16 4124 Bushire, Persia 9 1878-86 do. 28 59 50 49 25 Shiraz, do. 1 1884-85 M.m. 29 39 52 40 4500 Teheran, do. 3 1884-86 7: 1, 9 51 25 35 41 3714 Do. do. 3 dp. do. 51 25 35 41 4739 Mosul, . Turkey in Asia 2 1854-55 M.m. 36 22 43 14 400 Bagdad, do. 1 1861-62 do. 33 21 44 26 40 Pawana, do. i do. do. 31 10 45 15 [0] Muscat, Arabia 3| 1872-75, '84, '85 M.T. 23 38 58 36 32 Aden, . do. H 1880-84 do. 12 45 45 3 94 Djedda, do. 6 1881-86 do. 21 30 39 22 20 Jerusalem, . Syria 19 1863-81 M.m. 31 47 35 13 2400 Damascus, . do. 1 ? do. 33 32 36 20 2352 Beyrout, do. 11 1876-86 do. 35 28 33 54 112 Larnaca, Cyprus 4 1863-67 do. 34 55 33 39 25 Do. do. 4 do. do. 34 55 33 39 300 ■ Trebizonde, . Asia Minor 15 1870-84 do. 44 1 39 45 92 Do. . do. 3 1843-44, '48, '49 do. 44 1 39 45 108 Samsoun, do. H 1880-82 do. 41 18 36 21 26 REPORT ON ATMOSPHERIC CIRCULATION. 227 Jan. Feb. Mar. April. May. June. July. Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec. Year. Corrs. Applied. o O o o o 0 O O Q O 0 O o o 76-5 77-7 81-0 83-2 82-6 78-2 76-8 76-8 77-0 77-8 78-6 77-2 78-6 ... 75-4 75-8 80-6 81-7 83-2 78-7 77-8 77-0 76-9 77-7 77-0 75-9 78-1 ... 79-4 81-6 83-2 85-0 86-1 82-4 80-0 79-3 79-3 80-7 82-8 82-1 81-8 ... 71-9 76-3 79-9 80-8 79-8 73-7 70-8 70-2 70-7 74-1 73-6 71-6 74-4 ... 74-9 75-3 78-7 82-1 83-7 80-2 78-7 78-1 77-9 78-8 77-3 75-1 78-4 ... 71-8 76-7 82-8 85-7 85-0 79-2 75-1 74-8 75-0 77-7 75-6 71-8 77-6 73-8 751 79-0 82-1 84-3 83-0 80-6 79-9 79-6 80-4 78-6 76-0 79-4 69-8 72-7 79-4 84-5 85-7 84-2 81-0 80-8 79-8 79-7 74-5 70-4 78-5 67-4 72-1 79-8 85-3 87-8 82-7 78-2 77-4 76-5 76-0 70-1 66-0 76-6 67-0 71-4 80-1 87-5 92-2 87-0 79-4 78-7 78-5 76-7 69-8 65-5 77-8 65-8 70-2 79-5 87-8 92-6 87-5 79-1 78-5 79-3 77-0 70-2 65-9 77-8 61-8 66-3 75-9 84-8 90-6 86-4 78-8 78-2 78-5 74-0 65-5 60-9 75-1 63-7 67-0 75-5 82-7 87-8 83-3 76-4 76-0 75-4 73-9 65-8 61-7 74-1 67-1 71-5 81-3 87-8 92-4 90-0 83-0 81-5 81-6 80-3 73-7 69-3 80-0 ... 66-3 70-4 77-9 84-0 88-3 86-3 81-6 80-4 79-6 80-0 72-3 67-1 77-8 667 69-2 78-8 83-4 87-1 86-0 82-4 81-0 81-1 81-7 73-6 67-9 78-2 65-2 68-8 76-4 80-2 85-7 86-6 83-6 81-7 81-8 79-8 72-5 67-9 77-5 63-2 67-1 77-3 85-8 91-4 90-7 87-2 85-0 84-9 82-9 72-5 63-8 79-3 60-3 63-6 74-4 85-4 92-0 92-3 87-5 83-4 84-3 80-2 68-4 61-8 77-8 57-3 62-8 733 83-4 92-0 96-2 930 90-0 87-1 78-8 66-5 58-6 78-2 60-6 61-2 76-4 87-6 94-0 95-4 89-3 86-8 86-5 83-9 72-1 62-5 79-7 54-6 586 70-4- 79-9 88-7 94-4 91-5 88-7 86-4 77-0 66-0 56-4 76-1 54-6 58-7 70-1 81-5 88-5 93-5 89-3 87-6 84-9 76-9 65-0 55-4 75-5 52-3 57-1 67-7 78 4 85-6 90-7 86-0 85-7 82-8 74-8 62-4 54-1 73-1 52 3 56-2 06-0 77-4 85-0 90-8 86-6 84-8 83-2 74-6 62-4 53-0 72-7 49-1 51-8 61-9 71-8 81-2 89-1 86-8 83-6 80-5 69-7 57 -5 503 69-4 ... 50-6 52-6 62-1 71-3 81-8 89-4 88-7 87-3 81-5 71-0 580 50-6 70-4 39-0 39 4 48-7 57-6 65-2 71-7 68-2 66-5 65-5 59-0 49-4 43-4 56-1 52-3 56-4 66-4 77-3 87-1 93-0 91-2 89-5 85-9 75-0 61-7 53-7 74-1 41-2 40-9 50-4 58-1 67-2 740 77-2 74-8 67-6 55-8 44-8 41-3 57-8 19-2 29-7 44-2 64-4 66-0 72-9 80-4 55-2 37-8 26-4 21-2 31-6 40-8 64-0 69-8 75-7 81-7 747 66-6 56-1 38-8 24-3 54-i 57-5 57-5 62-8 71-4 80-9 84-3 88-6 88-8 84-6 77-7 69-0 61-2 73-6 ... 42 6 44-5 52-5 60-G 70-5 78-0 83-5 80-0 75-0 65-0 54-5 47-0 62-8 36-0 38-7 49-1 57-4 66-3 70-6 74-5 73-9 67-0 63-7 54-3" 52-6 43-6 45-2 50-8 53-0 61 -6 7C-4 88-6 93-2 930 80-8 72-2 56-4 52-i 68-6 49-5 565 62-0 73-6 87-3 91-0 94-8 934 86-2 76-6 64-8 51-8 73-9 52-2 54-5 85-8 78-8 66-4 64-0 ... 68-6 69-8 75-0 80-8 89V9 91-8 88-3 86-9 85-3 84-0 77-1 70-2 80-6 75-2 75-9 78-4 817 85-2 86-5 84-9 84-8 86-2 81-8 77-5 75-6 81-2 71-1 69-3 73-2 77-7 81-1 '83-8 85-6 86-5 84-4 81-5 78-3 75-2 790 47-8 48-4 54-3 60-5 68-4 73-0 741 75-5 72-7 69-3 601 51-8 63 0 45-5 46-9 55-7 59-2 72 '2 78-1 808 78-5 72-0 67-7 55-6 50-8 64-0 56-7 55-4 59-4 64-4 69-4 75-6 78-7 79-0 80-5 80-8 81-5 78-8 77-9 73-4 65-8 60-4 68-3 53-V 52-8 58-0 60-9 71-2 68-1 Cil-'.l 54-4 ... ... 41-4 43-9 46-4 52-7 64-8 68-2 74-8 71-7 66-9 64-0 55-0 49-3 58-3 44-2 46-8 48-6 54-0 61-8 70-0 74-8 75-6 09-6 65-3 58-8 48-0 59-9 45-2 43-9 46-4 51-8 57-4 67-3 73-0 73-4 71-4 62-6 54-7 46-4 57-8 228 THE VOYAGE OF H.M.S. CHALLENGER. Stations. Country. No. of Years. Years Specified. Hours of Observation. Latitude. Longitude. Height, Feet. 60 25 0 1000 112 Scutari, Smyrna, Tarsus, Brousse, La Canee, . Asia Minor do. do. do. Crete 15 7 4 H «4 1870-84 1864-70 1841-42, '49,'54-'55 ? 1879-85 M.m. do. ? S.R. : 2, 9 M.m. o 41 38 36 40 35 0 26 46 5 30 O 1 29 3 27 10 34 44 29 1 24 0 Red Sea* . ... ... 29 0 33 0 Do. 27 0 34 20 Do. ... 25 0 35 40 Do. ... ... 23 0 37 0 Do. ... 21 0 38 10 Do. ... ... 19 0 39 30 Do. ... 17 0 40 40 ... Do. ... ... 15 0 42 0 ... Do. ... 13 0 43 10 Do. 12 40 45 0 Do. ... 12 45 47 0 Do. 12 50 49 0 Assab, Massuah, Condar, Keneh, Kosseir, Abyssinia do. do. Egypt do. l 02 ~2 2 1 1 1882 1885-87 1832-33 ? 1872-73 9: 9 9 : 9, M.m. 7: 3* ? M.T. 12 15 12 2G 26 59 36 36 0 5 42 45 37 26 37 32 ■ 33 40 34 16 41 31 7422 100 [0] Suez, . Ismailia, Port Said, . Alexandria, . Cairo, . do. do. • do. do. do. 5* »2- 15 14 1880-85 do. do. 1870-84 1868-81 M.m. do. do. 9 : 9, M.m. three hourly 29 30 31 31 30 59 36 16 12 5 32 31 32 16 32 18 29 53 31 17 24 29 20 62 108 Bengasi, Tripoli, Aigila, Tunis, Le Calle, Barca Tripoli do. Tunis Algeria 1 4 A f 15 1882 1819-21, '55 ? 1883-84 1870-84 9: 9 M.T. S.R. : 3 M.T. do. 32 32 29 36 36 7 53 0 42 54 20 3 13 11 22 5 10 i:; 8 26 33 98 130 46 35 Gulema, Constantine, Bougie, Algiers, Orleansville, do. do. do. do. do. 15 15 15 15 15 do. do. do. do. do. do. do. do. do. do. 36 36 36 36 36 28 22 47 47 10 7 27 6 36 5 5 3 4 1 21 917 2165 219 73 387 * The small figures in brackets show the number of observations, from ships' logs, from which the means have been deduced. For these Red Sea means, the author is indebted to the courtesy of the Meteorological Council. REPORT ON ATMOSPHERIC CIRCULATION. 229 Jan. Feb. Mar. April. May. June. July. Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec. Year. Corrs. \pplied o 41-9 O 42-0 O 46-0 o 54-8 O 62-8 o 70-6 757 76-0 O 69-9 O 626 0 541 O 47-0 58-6 ° 47-4 48-8 55-4 58-0 69 3 75'8 79-9 79-2 72-8 663 56-5 50-0 63-3 ... 52-9 G0-6 64-0 70-7 77-0 82-8 84-7 84-6 81-7 633 GO-4 58-6 70-0 39-2 48-0 51-4 54-3 66-0 72-1 79-7 73-8 68-4 61-3 54-9 396 59-1 ... 51-8 51-1 55-8 59-1 67-0 746 790 77-7 74-3 67-5 61-3 55-6 64-6 [159] 61-5 [198] 62-8 [269] 65-8 [202] 69-9 [231] 74-6 [212] 78-7 [250] 81-2 [166] 82-2 [187] 80-7 [214] 779 [245] 71-4 [219] 66-8 72-8 [153] 66-6 [214] 67-8 [269] 71-0 [235] 73-7 [264] 77-7 [240] 80-7 [214] 82-8 [185] 84-2 [184] 82-3 [218] 79-8 [256] 76-2 [216] 716 76-2 [151] 697 [199] 70-2 [234] 73-4 [210] 75-8 [231] 78-2 [216] 82-0 [208] 84-1 [161] 857 [174] 84-4 [214] 82-1 [267] 780 [209] 74-7 78-2 ... [153] 731 [198] 72-8 [244] 753 [234] 77-9 [214] 81-0 [218] 83-0 [193] 859 [150] 87-6 [179] 8G-0 [205] 84-2 [241] 80-9 [202] 77-3 80-4 [149] 75-4 [197] 75-0 [257] 76-9 [244] 797 [203] 82-7 [224] 84-4 [208] 87-2 [151] 887 [171] 87-5 [202] 85-5 [265] 82-8 [233] 78-8 82-0 [147] 77-4 [221] 76-7 [268] 7'.) '2 [228] 81-3 [223] 84-2 [193] 86-1 [200] 881 [152] 89 3 [178] 88-4 [186] 87-2 [296] 84-3 [250] 80-8 83-6 ... [150] 77-8 [232] 78-0 [397] 79-8 [336] 82-8 [239] 85-2 [185] 87'6 [201] 89-8 [145] 89-7 [195] 89-2 [203] 87-3 [246] 83-4 [242] 79-8 84-2 [229] 777 [234] 78-3 [373] 801 [372] 82-1 [225] 85-6 [203] 88-6 [198] 89-5 [152] 89-8 [197] 89-G [192] 86-6 [289] 82 '0 [263] 78-9 84-1 [134] 77-3 [189] 77-7 [243] 79-8 [220] 82-5 [205] 85-5 [175] 87-5 [166] 87-4 [120] 873 [167] 87-7 [165] 84-5 [222] 80-8 [252] 78-4 83-0 [186] 76-4 [229] 77-5 [310] 79-3 [220] 82-3 [246] 85-2 [201] 87-4 [198] 84-2 [173] 841 [214] 85-9 [177] 83-5 [199] 79-9 [315] 77-7 82-0 [156] 763 [181] 76-8 [269] 78-9 [186] 81-7 [214] 84-9 [175] 86-9 [178] 866 [139] 85-4 [194] 86-2 [197] 82 '7 [197] 79-2 [249] 77-7 82-0 ... [162] 76-1 [176] 76-7 [273] 78-6 [165] 81-5 [228] 84-7 [178] 87-3 [180] 86-9 [151] 85-1 [209] 86-2 [163] 81-3 [204] 78-9 [241] 77-1 817 79-3 79-9 795 85-5 88-9 91-4 93-0 93-4 92-0 87-8 82-2 80-2 86-1 77-5 77-3 79-3 83-1 87-6 91-4 93-9 94-3 91-4 89-2 84-2 80-6 85-8 ... 66-9 68-0 71-8 72-9 (69-3) (66-0) 62-4 62-6 66-9 66-2 65-5 63-7 66-9 62-4 67-5 80-4 81-8 92-2 90-5 94-4 911 86-6 81-5 69-1 61-8 79-9 ... 64-9 66-6 711 75-9 79 2 83-8 84-6 85-0 83-8 79-2 74-1 68-0 76-3 53-1 53-4 59-5 66-5 72-0 77-4 80-6 80-0 76-6 74-3 63-3 56-3 67-7 55-0 55-6 613 68-5 72-0 781 81-1 81-7 74-8 72-7 63-5 57-4 68-5 54-0 54-0 58-8 63-2 67-3 721 77-0 77-7 75-2 71-9 64-6 57-5 66-1 58-0 58-3 61-2 GG-0 70-1 75-0 77-5 78-9 77-4 74-4 68-5 628 69-0 54-2 56-4 62-4 71-4 78-7 83-8 85-0 84-4 79-4 73-5 66-2 58-7 71-2 54-7 55'0 62-2 65-0 71-4 76-3 79-2 80-4 81-7 74-1 66-4 62-2 690 57-6 59-1 61-3 65-4 700 76-5 74-4 79-1 80-8 79-6 75-1 669 603 69-1 56-8 565 80-8 84-9 80*2 7i-i 65-8 57-4 69-0 .riV! 55-4 570 60-8 66-7 71-4 781 78-7 75-1 689 61-2 55-7 65-4 49-5 501 53-1 58-1 65-3 73-4 80-7 80'0 72-8 64-7 56-0 49-8 62-8 45-6 46-1 49-8 65-0 62-0 71-5 80-4 79-0 72-2 60-9 51-8 45-8 60-0 55-2 55-0 57-6 61-2 66-7 72-3 79-0 79-4 74-G 68-0 61-6 55-0 65-5 54-0 55-0 56-1 61-2 64-8 70-7 76-6 78-1 73-4 67-6 59-5 54-7 64-3 ... 49-8 517 55-4 606 69-3 77-4 8C-0 84-6 767 67-0 56-5 49-6 65-4 230 THE VOYAGE OF H.M.S. CHALLENGER. Stations. Country. No. of Years. Years Specified. 1 Hours of Observation. Latitude. Longitude. Height, Feet. Oran, . Algeria 15 1870-84 M.T. 35 42 o ' -0 39 173 Cape Falcon, do. 15 do. do. 35 46 -0 47 257 Nemours, do. 15 do. do. 35 6 -1 51 13 T^bessa, do. 15 do. do. 35 24 8 6 2890 Aumale, do. 15 do. do. 36 10 3 41 2972 Biskra, do. . 15 do. do. 34 5 5 40 409 Laghouat, . do. 15 do. do. 33 48 2 51 2454 Tlemsen, do. 15 do. do. 34 53 -1 18 2703 Sidi-bel-Abbes, . do. 15 do. do. 35 2 -0 39 1562 Tangier, Morocco 6 1879-85 7, N. : 9, 9 35 45 -5 47 200 Mogador, do. VI 1866-71, '78-79 M.m. 31 30 -9 M 54 Cape Juby, . Sahara 4| 1883-88 do. 27 58 -12 52 23 Laguna di Tenerife, Canaries 6 1876-82 do. 28 12 -16 24 1790 Ste. Croix delaPalme, do. 5 1880-84 do. 28 4 -17 47 113 Las Palmas, . do. 5 do. do. 27 28 -17 '48 30 Praya, . Cape Verde Islands 5 1875-79 do. 14 5 1 -23 31 112 St. Nicholas, do. 3 4 1868-69 M.T. 16 33 -24 13 2280 St. Louis, . Senegambia H 1873-78 do. 16 7 -16 30 16 Dagana, do. i 1862 6: 2, 9 16 30 -15 31 22 Bakel, . do. l 1860-61 M.m. 14 83 -12 29 92 Bammaku, . do. l 1883-84 6: 2, 9 11 54 -7 57 940 Bafoulabe, . do. 2 1882-84 do. 10 0 -11 0 ? Kita, . do. 2 do. do. 13 4 -11 48 1090 Bok<5, . do. 1^- A6 1878-79 6: 3,10 10 54 -14 14 600 Freetown, . Sierra Leone 9 1875-83 M.m. 8 30 -13 9 224 Grand Bassam. Guinea 2 1858-59, '63 0: 1 5 11 -3 57 0 xVssinie, do. 3 1847-48. '57-58, '63 do. 5 8 — 3 0 St. George d'Elmina, do. 3 1859-62 6: 2, 9 5 5 -1 20 59 Christiansborg, do. n 1829-40 various 5 24 -0 10 66 Lagos, . do. H 1886-87 M.T. 6 12 3 25 25 Akassa, do. 2 1887-88 9: 9 4 20 6 20 21 Sokna, Fezzan A 1865 S.B. : 3 28 55 15 44 1096 Mourzuk, do. 5 T2~ 1865-66 do. 25 54 14 12 1650 Ghadames, Sahara J. 6 1865 do. 30 10 9 14 1323 Kufra, . do. i 6 1866 do. 24 30 22 0 1614 Abdezenga, . do. 1 6 1867 do. 8 54 6 48 1467 Schimmerdru, do. 1 Q 1866 do. 18 57 12 10 1640 Khartum, do. 2 1852, 1878 M.T. 15 36 32 36 1273 Kobbe, do. 1 ? ? 14 11 28 8 1800 Ankober, do. 1 ■- M.m. 9 35 39 20 8739 Gondokoro, . do. u 1853-54 M.T. 4 55 31 28 1526 Lado, . do. 4 1880-83 do. 5 2 31 50 1526 Rubaga, do. 3 1877-81 do. -5 24 33 33 4265 Tanganika Sea do. 2 1880-82 do. -4 0 29 0 2460 Kakomaandli do. 1 1881-82 7 : 2, 9, 9 -5 40 32 35 3675 Kavala Island, do. 5 12 1888 M.m. ? ? 2910 Kuka, . do. 2£ 1870-72 s.R. : 2, 9 12 52 13 23 920 Kano, . do. ? ? 9 12 0 9 20 1758 Soccatu, do. ? ? ? 13 5 6 12 639 Nango, do. i 1880-81 M.T. 13 0 11 20 960 On the Niger, do. l ? 3, 9: 3, 9 8 9 4 40 100 REPORT ON ATMOSPHERIC CIRCULATION. 231 Jan. Feb. Mar. j April. May. June. July. Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec. Year. Corrs. Applied. o 53'6 O 54-8 O 57-0 61-7 o 66-8 o 72-3 o 76-7 77-0 73-6 O 66-6 59-9 54-0 64-5 ° 55-6 56-3 58-1 61-7 65-8 71-8 77-1 77-5 74-3 67-8 61-3 56-3 653 54-0 55-0 56-7 610 65-5 716 77-3 76-7 72-8 66-1 59-4 55-1 64-3 44-3 45-4 49-5 55-2 63-6 73-6 79-5 78-4 70-8 607 50-6 44-2 59-6 43-5 45-8 49-5 54-7 63-4 75-0 82-5 79-7 71-8 61-8 51-4 43-8 60-2 52-0 54-5 60-0 67-6 74-8 84-1 90-0 887 81-4 70-8 59-2 52-7 69-6 46-2 49-6 53-2 61-3 69-4 80-5 86-3 83-3 75-3 64-1 53-0 46-6 64-1 47-6 48-5 50-4 55-2 61-8 68-5 77-3 77-0 70-6 62-0 55-2 47-9 60-2 45-1 48-3 51-3 55-6 62-8 70-1 78-4 76-8 69-2 607 52-2 46-1 59-7 55-4 56-8 58-3 60-4 65-5 70-6 74-8 75-6 711 65"5 60-4 54-8 64-1 ... 61-3 61-8 637 66-4 68-5 70-5 70-8 71-3 703 68-7 65-9 61-8 66-8 61-2 61 -2 62-5 64-5 65-3 67-1 67-8 69-4 69-7 67-6 65-5 61-9 65-3 55-8 55-6 57-0 601 62-3 64-8 69-6 72-3 69-8 66-4 61-4 57-5 62-7 61-6 61-8 62-8 64-2 65-0 68-2 71-6 723 72-8 69-8 66-7 63-9 66-7 65-3 65-0 65-3 66-3 69-4 71-5 73-0 74-6 73-6 74-7 70-6 653 69-6 72-0 72-0 729 73-9 75-2 76-6 77-9 79-7 79-6 79-3 77-9 75-2 76-0 58-8 (59-0) (600) (61-5) 63-3 65-5 68-4 68-7 72-0 66-9 64-8 61-9 64-2 70-3 71-8 71-4 70-5 714 777 81-0 82-0 83-1 82-2 78-1 72-9 76-0 70-5 74-0 77-0 79-0 80-2 81-3 83-3 82-8 82-6 85-1 76-0 70-3 78-5 77-7 80-8 85-1 91-0 92-3 88-2 82-0 80-2 80-2 81-3 81-9 77-4 83-0 79-7 84-5 (85-0) (86-0) 85-1 83-5 79-3 79-3 81-5 82-6 80-8 81-5 ■ 82-4 74-6 80-5 85-7 90-7 90-9 85-5 80-4 79'6 80-2 81-5 76-6 74-0 81-7 78-9 78-0 85-3 87-9 89-8 85-2 79-5 77-4 78-3 80-7 79-3 77-4 81-5 75-9 80-6 83-1 85-5 84-9 81-3 790 77-5 78-3 78-6 80-6 78-8 80'2 82-0 82-9 83-6 83-8 83-6 82-0 80-2 797 79-5 80-6 81-4 81-8 81-8 82-0 81-8 83-6 83-2 83-4 81-9 80-3 80-2 81-8 82-8 83-1 82-8 82-2 82-3 82-1 83-4 84-5 84-5 80-9 79-2 79-5 78-6 81-1 82-9 82-8 82-8 79-6 80-8 817 81-6 80-6 79-2 76-8 75-0 75-6 78-8 80-8 80 4 79-3 80-6 81-7 82-8 83-1 82-6 79-2 77 0 75-6 77-9 80-6 81-9 81-1 80-3 79-3 81-0 82-2 82-5 81-2 77-2 76-6 77-0 77-7 80-0 81-2 81-0 79-8 ... 79-0 79-4 63-3 79-9 80-1 79-2 77-5 76-3 75-2 76-6 77-0 77-8 78-5 78-0 49-3 56-8 86-9 72*9 90-1 91-6 97-9 89-2 90-3 86 0 84-4 62-1 51-1 ... 67 ;5 77V4 83-'5 86-4 91-8 91-3 9r<5 85-6 847 84-5 8r-5 74-5 83-3 671 67 '3 80-6 86-5 87-5 87-1 87-8 87-0 86-7 83-1 78-1 72-7 81-0 51-9 54-4 57-2 55-2 59-7 62-1 58-1 55-9 55-3 52-2 51-8 51-8 55-5 83-3 86-5 86-0 80-8 79-0 76-6 75-7 75-7. 76-3 783 79-0 80-2 797 824 85-5 85-1 81-3 79-3 77-5 76-8 76-6 77-0 78-4 792 80-6 80-0 70-2 70-4 71-4 71-2 70-6 70-0 69-0 68-0 68-5 70-5 70-9 70-5 70-1 745 76-3 75-7 75-0 76-5 76-7 76-1 76-5 79-0 81-7 77-9 74-1 76-6 734 687 70-9 70-6 69-5 64-6 657 78-5 71-1 79-0 78-3 78-5 80-2 78-3 78-6 76-9 73-5 72-1 75-4 78-6 88-9 92-3 91-0 89-6 83-8 79-4 82-0 84 9 79-5 74-0 83-5 76-5 78-4 >** 78-6 82-0 80-2 80-8 77-5 85-3 85-4 89-1 • ■■ ... 72-3 79-9 83-8 (86-0) (86-0) 83-8 79-0 76-6 78-8 80-4 75-2 725 79-2 86-0 86-0 87-1 88-0 88-0 89-1 80-2 81-2 88-1 84-0 801 80-1 85-8 232 THE VOYAGE OF H.M.S. CHALLENGER. Stations. Country. No. of Years. Years Specified. Hours of Observation. Latitude. Longitude. Height, Feet. Fernando Po, Atlantic 4* 1859-63 M.T. o 3 46 0 8 36 98 Ascension, . do. 2 1863-65 6: 2, 10 -7 55 -14 25 53 St. Helena, . do. 6 1856-62 M.m. -15 55 -5 43 40 St. Thomas, . do. 11 1870-82 do. 0 20 6 43 16 Lope, . Lower Guinea j. 6 1875 M.T. • 11 40 1212 Gabun, do. 4 1880-85 M.m. 0 25 9 35 66 Chinchoxo, . do. 6 do. 7 : 2, 9, 9 -5 9 12 3 39 M'Boma, do. 1 1884-85 M.T. -5 47 13 11 80 Ponta de Lenha, . do. 2 1883-85 do. -5 57 12 40 30 San Salvador, do. 3* 1883-86 9 : 9, M.m. -6 17 14 53 1860 Vivi, . do. li 1882-83 M.T. -4 40 13 49 374 St. Paul de Loanda, do. 5 1878-82 9: 9 -8 49 13 7 194 Malange, do. 1 1879-80 M.T. -9 33 16 38 3850 Pungo Andongo, . do. 5 1879 do. -9 43 15 50 3898 Omaruru, Damaraland 1 1883 7: 1, 9, 9 -22 0 14 45 100 Walfischbay, do. 9 1885-87 do. -22 56 14 26 10 Port Nolloth, Cape Colony A 1876-77 do. -29 15 16 52 [°] Springbok, . do. 4 1882-86 8: 8 -29 40 17 53 3200 Clan William, do. 10 1869-74,76,77,83,84 M.m. -32 10 18 53 300 Sutherland, J. do. 15 1870-84 do. -32 24 20 40 4780 Cape Town, . do. 15 do. do. -33 56 18 27 37 Wynberg, do. 15 do. do. -34 0 18 28 250 Somerset, West, . do. 4 1861-64 do. -34 5 18 52 100 Wellington, . do. 15 1870-84 do. -33 38 19 0 430 Worcester, . do. 15 do. do. -33 40 19 27 780 Mossel Bay, . do. 15 'do. do. -34 11 22 9 105 Cape St. Francis, . do. 15 do. do. -34 10 24 50 25 Port Elizabeth, . do. 15 do. do. -33 57 25 37 181 Graff-Reinet, do. 15 do. do. -32 16 24 34 2500 Nels Poort, . do. 15 do. do. -32 14 23 4 3100 Brakfontein, do. 15 do. do. -31 52 23 0 41(H) Somerset, East, do. 15 do. do. -32 44 25 35 2400 Cradock, do. 15 do. do. -32 11 25 38 2850 Graham's Town, . do. 6 1854-59 do. -33 20 26 33 1800 King William's Town. do. 15 1870-84 do. -32 51 27 22 1334 East London, do. 15 do. do. -33 2 27 55 40 Colesberg, . do. 15 do. do. -30 34 25 33 V Aliwal, North, do. 15 do. do. -30 43 26 43 4400 Bloemfontein, do. 15 do. do. -28 56 26 19 4550 Durban, Natal 5 1876-80 do. -29 50 31 0 150 Fort Napier, do. 15 1870-84 do. -29 3 30 2 2300 Pietermaritzburg, . do. 10 1858-67 do. -29 30 30 20 2093 Kimberley, . do. 15 1870-84 do. -28 48 25 2 4060 Lorenco Marques, . Sofala If 1876-78 8: 8 -25 28 32 37 16 Monopolole, . Bechuana 4 1880-83 do. -24 0 25 0 3750 Pretoria, Transvaal H 1875-78 M.T. -25 45 28 50 4462 Basutoland, . Basutoland l 1882-83 7: 1,10 -29 46 27 40 5578 Tete, . Zambezi l ? do. -16 9 33 30 250 Zauzibar, Zanzibar n 1874-84 do. -6 10 39 11 23 Soeotra, Indian Ocean s T5 ? ? 12 30 54 0 570 REPORT ON ATMOSPHERIC CIRCULATION. 233 Jan. Feb. Mar. April. May. June. July. Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec. Year. Corrs. A.pplied. o O o o O o O 0 O O 0 O 0 - 81-9 81-7 80-4 79-2 76-6 75-4 76-4 76-1 74-5 76-4 78-3 80-4 781 77-4 79-8 80-3 80-2 790 78-0 76-5 75-6 74-0 74-4 75-3 76-0 77-2 73-5 74-6 756 745 72-0 69-8 68-0 67-9 68-2 69-2 70-3 71-6 71-3 78-4 78-8 78-8 78-6 78-2 76-6 75-0 79-0 75-2 79-0 77-0 77-4 77-6 78-4 77-5 ... 79-5 79-9 79-7 80-0 79-4 75-5 74-3 75-6 78-0 78-3 78-4 79-0 78-1 77-4 793 79-3 777 75-7 72-3 71-2 71-3 73-8 765 78-3 78-3 75-9 80-1 80-8 81-5 79-9 79-1 74-5 73-0 (73-0) (75-0) 77-4 I 77-4 79-0 77-6 80-0 81-0 81-0 80-8 78-8 74-5 7l"2 72-6 74-2 77-0 78-5 80-0 77-6 74-8 75-9 75-9 75-2 74-0 70-3 67-8 68-8 70-9 73-3 73-5 73-9 72-9 78-4 79-5 79-0 78-6 77-5 72-7 70-9 70-5 75-2 77-4 78-6 77-9 76-4 76-6 78-4 78-0 77'2 74-4 69-5 66-0 iX.n 69-2 73-0 77-2 77-2 73-4 69-8 69-1 70-3 69-4 71-1 C8-9 71-8 651 69-1 64-2 67-3 64-9 67-6 69-1 69-8 69-8 68-9 68-1 74-5 76-6 72-1 68-0 61-3 56-5 54-1 55V6 687 70-5 77-1) 777 67-6 64-6 65-7 66-5 64-6 65-0 61-8 57-9 56-4 59-1 59-5 60-1 630 62-0 65-1 64-3 55-6 57-6 62-1 64-5 65-5 69-5 69-4 66V5 62-3 58-0 50-6 49-6 51-0 557 60-1 64-0 68-8 60'5 74-6 73-8 70-7 64-5 58-4 52-8 51-6 53-4 59-0 65-0 68-6 72-5 637 66-0 65-4 60-3 53-7 46-3 42-0 40-7 42-6 50'0 54-6 58-8 63-0 53-6 69-9 69-3 67-0 63-3 58-7 56-2 55-1 55-8 58-1 61-6 65-0 67-8 62-3 69-6 69-5 67-2 639 58-8 56-5 55-3 56-6 58-3 62-0 64-6 .67-4 62-5 71-0 71-9 67-5 63-0 59-0 55-1 54-3 54-4 56-4 60-6 637 70-6 62-3 73-0 72-8 69-2 63-5 57-3 53-6 52-4 54-2 57-0 637 67-6 68-8 62-8 72-0 71-8 690 63-8 57-0 53-9 52-8 54-4 58-1 62-8 67-0 69-6 627 70-7 70-5 67-4 65-1 60-8 59-2 57-2 58-0 59-8 62-5 64-5 68-0 63-6 69-0 67-6 65-3 62-8 60-7 52-2 57-1 57-4 587 59-9 63-4 66-3 62-3 70-8 70-2 68-2 64-8 61-3 58-9 57-3 58-5 60-4 627 65-3 68-5 63-8 73-7 74-0 68-7 64-0 59-0 54-9 62-3 54-8 59-5 65-3 68-8 72-6 64-0 73-6 73-0 67-8 62-8 57-6 51-8 51-6 55-3 60-8 64-8 66-8 71-6 63-1 73-0 72-0 65-8 59-3 51-5 47-2 45-8 50-5 557 627 67-3 71-5 60-2 71-5 70-5 67-2 62-6 57-8 53-6 53-0 55-0 58-6 62-8 65-2 69-9 62-3 73-7 74-0 67-8 62-9 56-4 52-7 50-2 53-5 59-2 64-8 68-8 72-4 63-0 70-3 70-8 68-4 63-5 59-5 55-9 53-1 56-0 58-5 61 '9 66-4 68-0 627 70-9 70-5 66-8 63-2 57-5 54-0 53-5 54-7 59-8 62-4 65-0 69-3 62-3 70-5 70-0 68-7 6G-2 62-6 59-9 58-4 59-9 62-2 64-0 66-8 69-6 64-9 75-4 74-2 66-8 61-8 54-1 40-8 45-8 50-6 58-0 63-6 68-2 71-4 61-4 72-8 71-6 66-0 58-5 51-2 44-0 43-5 48-4 57-3 63-3 67-9 72-5 59-8 73-5 72-5 67-3 61-4 53-3 47-5 46-6 51-6 59-8 65-2 68-4 72-8 61-6 74-8 75-1 73-8 68-9 67-9 64-5 63-1 65-8 65-6 67 5 71 -1 74-6 69-4 71-8 72-4 70-8 06-7 62-4 57-9 57-3 61-4 64-4 67-1 68-2 70-0 65-9 71-6 71-8 69-7 65-0 58-8 55-1 55-7 60-3 64-8 66-1 69-4 70-3 64-9 78-8 77-8 72-0 60-0 58-3, 52-7 51-8 55-0 64-5 70-4 73-5 77-3 66-4 80-5 81-6 79-3 75-4 72-5 66-0 66-0 68-9 69-6 72-3 76-0 79-2 73-8 77-3 77-4 74-1 67-0 61-8 57-7 56-0 61-8 69-4 73-5 76-5 76-5 69-1 73-6 73-4 70-0 07-1 64-9 59-7 58-8 59-9 66-9 68-0 70-0 70-0 66-9 64-8 70-2 62-4 54-0 51-5 48-2 47-8 52-3 58-0 59-2 64-4 64-5 58-1 85-0 83-0 82-0 81-0 79-0 75-0 73-0 7G-0 81-0 83-0 84-0 84-0 80-0 82-0 82-2 82-7 80-6 79-1 78-5 77-0 77-0 77-8 79-0 80'4 81-6 79-8 78-0 77-8 78-2 88-2 85-1 (PHTS. CHEM. CHALL. EXP. PART V. 1889.) 36 234 THE VOYAGE OF H.M.S. CHALLENGER. Stations. Country. No. of Years. Years Specified. Hours of Observation. Latitude. Longitude. Height, Feet. Nosse-be, Indian Ocean 1 1879-80 6, 10 : 6, 10 o -13 1 23 0 48 20 80 Seychelles, . do. H 1883-84 M.m. -4 0 57 0 8 Rodriguez, . do. 11 1876-86 do. -19 48 63 10 10 St. Denis, Eeunion, do. 3 1883-85 do. -20 50 55 15 51 R.A. Oby., Mauritius, do. 15 1870-84 M.T. -20 6 57 33 178 Beau Sejour, do. do. 15 do. do. ? 5 970 Colmar, do. do. 15 do. do. ? ? 800 Kerguelen, . do. A 1840, '74-75 do. -49' 29 69 54 50 Derby, West Australia H 1884-85 M.m. -17 18 123 39 17 Cossack, do. H 1881-85 do. -20 40 117 8 19 Geraldton, . do. 6 1880-85 do. -28 47 114 26 5 York, . do. 6 do do. -31 53 116 47 580 Perth, . do. 10 1876-85 do. -31 57 115 52 47 Do. . do. 6 1880-85 do. -31 57 115 52 47 Rottnest Island, . do. 6 do. do. -32 0 115 35 47 Freemantle, . do. 6 do. do. -32 3 115 45 40 Bunbury, do. 6 do. do. -33 19 115 39 18 Albany, do. 6 do. do. -35 2 117 54 88 Port Darwin, South Australia 5 1878-82 do. -12 28 130 51 70 Daly Waters, do. 5 do. 9: 9 -16 16 133 22 750 Alice Springs, do. 5 do. M.m. -23 38 133 37 2100 Port Augusta, do. 15 1870-84 do. -32 29 137 45 10 Clare, . do. 15 do. do. -33 50 138 37 1350 Eucla, . do. 15 do. do. -31 45 128 58 7 Cape Borda, . do. 15 do. three hourly -35 45 136 35 506 Kapunda, do. 15 do. M.m. -34 21 138 55 803 Adelaide, do. 15 do. do. -34 57 138 35 140 Mount Barker, do. 15 do. do. -35 4 138 0 1300 Strathalbyn, do. 15 do. do. —35 16 138 55 220 Mount Gainbier, . do. 15 do. do. -37 50 140 50 130 C. Northumberland, do. _ 15 do. three hourly -38 5 140 40 117 Portland, Victoria 15 do. M.T. -38 21 141 32 37 Cape Otway, do. 15 do. do. -38 54 143 37 270 Wilson's Promontory, do. 15 do. do. -39 8 146 23 300 Gabo Island, do. 15 do. do. -37 35 149 30 50 Melbourne, . do. 15 do. do. -37 50 144 50 91 Ballarat, do. 15 do. do. -37 34 143 53 1438 Sandhurst, . do. 15 do. do. -36 43 144 21 758 Echuca, do. 15 do. do. -36 5 144 48 314 Beechworth, do. 15 do. do. -36 17 146 42 1800 Omeo, . do. 15 do. do. -36 58 147 46 2108 Stratford, do. 15 do. do. -37 57 147 8 105 Eden, . New South Wales 15 do. M.m. -37 0 149 59 107 Cape St. George, . do. 15 do. do. -35 12 150 45 175 Albury, do. 15 do. do. -36 6 147 0 572 Deniliquin, . do. 15 do. do. -35 32 145 2 320 Wenhvorth, . do. 15 do. do. -34 8 142 0 144 Goulburn, do. 15 do. do. -34 45 149 45 2129 Sydney, do. 15 do. do. -33 52 151 11 155 Windsor, do. 15 do. do. -33 36 151 50 53 REPORT ON ATMOSPHERIC CIRCULATION. 235 Jan. Feb. Mar. April. May. June. July. Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec. Year. Corrs. Applied. o O O o O o o O 0 o o o o 0 79-1 80-3 80-9 81-2 77-7 76-3 75-0 75-1 76-6 77-9 79-6 79-8 78-3 ... 79-0 80-6 81-3 81-4 80-3 78-4 77-4 77-8 80-4 80-4 797 79-4 79-7 80-9 80-7 80-3 78-9 75-5 7l'-4 71-1 70-9 72-6 74-3 76-6 79-6 76-2 ... 78-4 79-1 78-6 77-1 73-4 70-0 70-0 69-7 71-2 73-1 75-7 77-8 74-5 • . . 79-0 78-7 78-0 76-7 73-4 70-4 68-9 69-1 70-3 72-4 75-3 77-6 74-2 76-3 70-4 76-3 75-0 71-6 68-4 67-2 67-5 68-3 70-8 72-3 75-5 72-1 77-8 77-4 77-3 75-1 72-6 69-8 67-4 67-4 69-6 72-3 74-6 76-7 73-2 44-2 45-7 36-0 35-4 35-2 . .. 40-5 43-9 88-0 84-0 85-0 80-0 76-0 73-0 70-0 75-0 80-0 86-0 89-0 88-0 81-2 88-5 89-6 85-0 78-5 74-8 66-0 65-6 70-0 75-0 79-8 82-6 87-6 78-6 73-2 74-6 71-3 66-9 62-6 58-9 57-5 58-1 60-5 63-6 68-3 70-8 65-5 76-4 76-0 70-7 63-3 56-1 52-8 51-6 52-4 55-8 61-5 68-9 73-4 63-2 76-0 76-3 72-2 66-1 60-1 56-0 55-0 56-5 59-7 63-8 68-9 71-4 65-1 75-8 75-6 71-4 65-3 59-5 55-5 54-6 56-1 59-2 63-2 68-9 71-5 64-7 72-0 72-2 70-0 65-8 61-6 58-2 57-6 57-6 59-4 61-7 66-3 69-2 64-3 73-4 72-5 69-4 64-5 59-6 55-6 55-0 55-6 57-0 59-7 66-0 70-6 63-2 69-5 69-8 65-6 62-6 58-1 55-1 54-8 54-8 57-3 59-5 64-6 67-2 61-5 64-7 66-1 63-3 607 56-8 53-6 52-6 53-0 54-7 56-5 60-3 63-5 58-6 84-7 84-5 85-3 86-0 82-4 78-6 78-0 80-6 84-2 86-3 87-3 85-9 83-7 91-0 88-6 88-2 86-2 82-6 77-2 74-8 80-2 86-5 90-8 93-7 93-2 86-1 85-4 82-5 78-6 69-8 61-5 53-8 53-0 59-4 65-0 73-0 80-2 84-6 70-6 79-7 78-3 74-6 67-4 60-6 55-8 54-3 61-0 63-6 66-2 71-5 75-0 67-3 72-6 72-0 66-0 59-4 52-8 48-0 47-2 50-3 52-4 58-6 62-6 68-4 59-2 G9-8 69-6 69-5 65-3 60-0 56-1 54-2 56-8 58-5 62-2 65-0 68-8 63-0 65-0 64-8 62-7 59-4 57-1 55-0 51-9 52-9 53-6 56-4 57-8 61-8 58-2 72-8 72-5 66-2 61-5 54-8 49-2 48-6 51-4 54-8 59-8 64-4 70-1 60-7 74-G 73-9 70-3 63-8 57-2 53-2 51-0 54-2 56-4 61-5 65-3 70-5 62-7 ... 68-1 66-6 64-3 57-6 53-2 48-6 46-6 50-3 51-8 56-8 59-4 65-0 57-4 71-0 71-0 67-6 62-2 57-0 52-5 51-5 53-8 56-2 60-0 63-6 68-6 61-3 65-4 65-8 64-4 58-8 54-8 51-3 49-0 51-3 52-9 56-3 58-5 62-6 57-6 61-4 61-0 60-2 58-0 53-8 50-6 49-3 50-8 52-9 54-4 56-5 59-4 55-7 + 1-0 63-1 63-2 62-0 59-2 53-9 51-2 49-5 51-1 52-9 55-2 57-4 60-2 56-6 60-7 61-5 60-5 57-1 53-7 50-8 49-2 50-6 51-3 53-0 555 58-0 55-2 62-0 63-2 62-4 59-0 54-9 51-5 49-9 50-6 527 54-6 56-4 59-3 56-4 ... 64-6 65-5 64-7 61-2 55-9 52-2 49-8 51-8 53/7 567 58-9 62-0 58-1 65-9 66-0 63-5 58-6 53-1 49-6 47-2 50-4 53-2 56-5 59-5 63-2 57-2 • . • 66-7 66-5 62-6 55-5 49-8 45-6 43-5 47-2 49-9 54-4 58-1 62-6 55-2 72-3 71-1 66-8 58-6 52-6 47-5 46-1 49-8 52-0 57-3 62-7 67-6 58-7 71-6 70-6 67-0 59-2 51-6 47-0 44-7 48-5 53-0 58-7 63-5 67-7 58-6 +2:0 69-7 69-2 65-0 56-5 48-0 42-3 41-0 44-9 49-1 53-8 58-5 64-8 55-2 ... 66-4 65-8 61-3 57-4 48-5 42-7 40-2 43-2 47-8 53-0 58-4 62-6 54-0 66 -0 66-5 63-4 58-5 50-8 47-2 45-3 48-6 52-7 55-8 60-0 62-6 56-5 68-2 68-2 66-6 62-3 56-9 53-2 51-0 52-2 55-3 60-0 62-7 66-3 60-2 70-7 69-8 68-0 63-4 58-5 53-8 51-8 54-5 57-5 60-8 64-7 68-6 61-8 75-2 74-5 69-6 59-7 51-5 46-5 45-4 48-6 52-8 58-0 62-8 70-2 59-6 76-4 76-4 70-6 63-1 54-5 49-8 47-8 50-5 54-9 60-5 66-8 71-8 61-9 78-8 77-6 71-0 65-1 56-5 51-2 50-5 63-8 58-0 65-5 69-5 76-3 64-5 70-3 68-9 64-9 57-4 50-2 44-5 43-5 46-2 51-3 56-8 61-2 66-5 56-8 71-5 71-0 69-2 64-7 58-7 54-0 52-5 55-5 58-8 63-0 66-4 70-3 63-0 75-3 74-1 71-4 65-3 57-7 52-3 51-1 54-9 59-5 65-1 68-5 73-4 64-0 236 THE VOYAGE OF H.M.S. CHALLENGER Stations. Country. No. of Years. Years Specified. Hours of Observation. Latitude. Longitude. Height, Feet. Bathurst, New South Wales 15 1870-84 M.m. -33 24 o 1 149 37 2200 Newcastle, . do. 15 do. do. -32 55 151 50 112 Port Macquarie, . do. 15 do. do. -31 25 152 54 53 Dubbo, do. 15 do. do. -32 18 148 35 1200 Armidale, do. 15 do. do. -30 34 151 46 3278 Tenterfield, . do. 15 do. do. -29 5 152 4 2800 Forbes, do. 15 do. do. -33 27 148 5 1120 Bourke, do. 15 do. do. -30 3 145 58 456 Narrabi, do. 15 do. do. -30 20 149 46 460 Thergoniindal, do. 15 do. do. -28 0 142 30 450 Brisbane, Queensland 15 do. do. -27 28 153 6 130 Moreton Bay, do. 15 do. do. -27 1 153 28 320 Warwick, do. 15 do. do. -28 12 152 16 1521 Toowoomba, do. 15 do. do. -27 34 152 10 1960 Hollow Mackay, . do. 4 1876-79 do. -21 10 149 11 200 Bavenswood, do. ■2i 1870-73 9: 9 -20 20 146 50 600 Somerset, Cape York, do. H 1865-67 M.m. -10 44 142 36 70 Sweer's Island, do. 2* 1868-71 9: 9 -15 0 136 0 33 Mongonui, . New Zealand 15 1870-84 M.T. -35 1 173 28 70 Auckland, . do. 15 do. do. -36 50 174 51 258 Taranaki, do. 15 do. do. -39 4 174 5 42 Napier, do. 15 do. do. -39 29 176 55 8 Wanganui, . do. 15 do. do. -39 57 175 6 80 Wellington, . do. 15 do. do. -41 16 174 47 140 Nelson, do. 15 do. do. -41 16 173 19 34 Cape Campbell, . do. 15 do. do. -41 43 174 18 7 Christckurch, do. 15 do. do. -43 32 172 39 21 Hokitika, do. 15 do. do. -42 42 170 59 12 Dunedin, do. 15 do. do. -45 52 170 31 500 Queenstown, do. 15 do. do. -45 2 168 39 1070 Southland, . do. 15 do. do. -46 17 168 20 79 Chatham Island, . do. 15 do. do. -43 52 176 42 100 Kent's Group, Tasmania 5 1861-66 do. -39 29 147 35 280 King's Island, do. 5 do. do. -39 35 144 5 135 Goose Island, do. 5 do. . do. -40 18 148 5 26 Swan Island, do. 5 do. do. -40 44 148 10 104 Hobart Town, do. 5 do. do. -42 52 147 21 37 Do. do. 15 1870-84 do. -42 52 147 21 37 Port Arthur, do. 5 1861-66 do. -43 9 147 54 55 Swansea, do. 5 do. do. -42 8 148 7 18 South Brum, do. 5 do. do. -43 30 147 22 250 Auckland Island, . do. s 1 1 1874-75 M.m. -50 30 166 5 10 Port de France, . New Caledonia 2 1863-64 M.T. -22 16 166 26 22 Napoleonville, do. 2 do. do. -21 30 166 0 22 Levuka, Pacific 11 1875-85 8: 2, 10 -18 13 179 3 77 Delanasau, . do. 5 1876-80 M.m. -16 88 178 37 75 Apia, . do. 1 1864 M.T. -13 50 -171 44 [0] Tahiti, . do. 5 1855-60 6: 1 -17 32 -149 34 0 Rapa, . do. 1* 1867-69 M.T. -27 36 -144 11 [0] Honolulu, do. H 1885-87 do. 21 18 -157 50 32 REPORT ON ATMOSPHERIC CIRCULATION. 237 Jan. Feb. Mar. April. May. June. July. Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. Dee. Year. Corrs. Applied. o O O O O o O O o O O O o o 72-6 71-4 65-2 57-3 50-6 44-0 43-3 46-1 51-9 56-8 627 69-3 57-6 72-8 72-2 70-8 66-0 59-6 54-8 53-6 56-2 60-4 64-4 67-7 71-6 64-2 73-0 73-1 70-5 G5-8 60-7 55-8 54-5 56-8 60-3 63-8 67-8 71-2 64-4 78-6 77-7 71-7 05-0 56-6 51-6 49-7 50-5 57-7 64-2 69-5 75-9 64-1 70-3 69-0 64-8 57-5 50-8 45-2 44-0 47-2 52-3 58-0 64-5 69-1 577 70-2 68-6 63-8 58-2 52-0 47-7 46-6 49-0 54-8 60-0 64-2 69-0 58-7 78-6 7G'0 69-7 62-2 55-6 50-6 47-3 49-6 55-2 61-0 66-4 74-4 62-2 84-2 82-6 77-5 68-5 58-4 54-1 51-5 56-0 61-8 70-0 75-8 82-3 68-6 85-5 82-6 78-6 69-8 59-3 53 '8 51-8 55-0 61-6 70-0 74-7 81-8 68-7 85-3 84-2 80-5 70-0 62-6 55-5 52-6 58-0 65-4 72-7 80-0 83-2 70-8 78-0 76-6 75-0 707 65-2 60-8 58-8 CO -9 64-5 69-1 73-7 77-1 G9-2 78-0 77-5 75-6 71-8 66-9 62-7 60-0 63-1 66-7 697 73-4 76-7 70-2 1-1-1 72-1 68-3 62-8 57-2 50-8 48-0 52-7 58-3 63-0 68-5 72-5 62-2 71-6 70-0 66-1 60-8 55-5 50-4 48-2 51-5 57-1 62-0 67-7 71-4 61-0 81-4 80-6 77-9 73-6 68-6 63-4 61-6 65-8 71-3 74-8 81-3 83-6 73-7 79-0 80-8 78-3 75-6 69-6 65-7 64-6 66-9 70-5 73-8 77-5 80-2 73-5 80-6 80-9 80-3 80-2 80-0 77-5 76-8 76-2 77-0 79-5 81-1 81-7 79-3 83-5 81*9 83-7 82-6 75-0 71-8 70-2 73-6 76-8 81-0 84-2 84-2 79-0 68-8 69-4 67-9 63-5 58-9 56-6 54-5 54-2 57-5 59-4 62-8 GG-6 61-7 66-6 67-3 65-6 61-3 57-0 53-8 51-9 51-9 54-5 57-0 60-5 54-3 59-3 64-0 64-7 63-4 60-0 55-4 52-3 50-2 50-7 53-3 55-2 57-8 618 57-4 66-5 66-2 64-4 60-2 56-0 52-3 50-1 51-2 54-6 57-8 61-4 64-8 58-8 63-1 64-0 61-4 57-5 53-1 49-3 47-2 48-2 51-6 54-5 58-4 61-9 55-8 62-5 62-3 60-9 57-4 52-8 49-6 47-4 48-5 51-1 54-0 56-8 60-8 55-3 64 3 63-8 60-8 57-4 51-4 48-4 45-8 47-8 51-6 54-8 58-5 62-0 55-6 64-1 65-0 62-8 59-8 55-4 51-2 49-4 50-7 53-7 56-7 59-3 62-4 57-5 -2-0 61-7 ' 60-9 58-5 53-0 48-4 43-8 42-5 43-8 48-6 52-7 56-4 60-8 52-6 60-2 60-0 58-5 55-1 50-7 47-4 44-8 46-1 49-6 52-2 54-3 58-4 53-1 57-7 57-3 55-4 51-5 47-3 44-0 42-5 44-1 46-8 50-8 53-3 56-3 50-6 59-8 59-6 56-6 51-5 # 44-3 40-4 37-7 39-9 46-8 49-5 53-4 58-0 49-8 -2-5 57-3 56-6 55-0 51-3 46-8 42-4 41-0 42-7 47-8 50-2 53-4 56-3 50-1 57-2 57-3 56-4 52-3 50-6 47-3 45-5 45-6 47-5 50-6 52-8 . 55-6 51-6 61-7 62-0 61-2 58-4 53-1 50-2 48-7 49-8 51-6 53-0 57-6 587 55-5 61-4 62-1 60-5 57-7 52-4 49-0 49-5 49-8 51-6 54-2 57-7 59-3 55-4 62-5 62-2 60-8 58-0 53-8 50-6 50-0 49-4 52-0 54-3 57-8 59-3 559 ... 62-1 61-7 59-8 56-5 52-6 49-3 48-4 48-0 51-3 53-3 57-4 59-4 55-0 60-7 60'7 59-0 54-6 50-1 46-7 46-7 47-3 50-6 53-4 56-2 58-5 53-6 60-3 60-9 58-6 55-0 49-6 47-1 45-7 48-1 50-6 53-0 55-6 58-7 53-6 59-8 60-4 59-0 55-6 52-2 48-0 47-4 47-0 50-1 52-7 55-4 58-0 53-8 60-6 60-8 59-3 56-7 52-0 48-8 47-4 47-6 51-1 52-8 56-0 58-3 54-4 58-8 59-1 58-3 55-0 50-1 47-5 46-8 46-9 50-0 52-1 55-4 57-5 53-1 50-2 49-5 % 45-1 46-8 49-3 77-0 81-0 78V4 74-5 72--3 70-2 08-2 67;6 69-4 73-0 74-7 77-5 73-6 79-0 79-3 78-1 76-1 71-4 69-3 66-7 G8-0 70-0 74-1 76-1 76-3 73-8 81-8 81-6 81-5 80-1 78-8 76-9 75-2 74-3 75-6 77-1 79-3 80-4 786 81-0 80-9 80-9 80-2 79-2 77-9 76-7 77-1 77-5 79-0 79-8 81-7 79-3 79-0 77-4 78-3 78-7 77-7 77-0 75p4 77-6 78-8 78-4 79-9 80-1 78-3 78-0 79-1 79-9 79-5 78-0 76-3 74-6 74-5 75-2 76-4 77-6 78-7 77-3 70-2 71-4 73-8 70-5 70-2 68-0 66-9 66-4 64-0 G6-7 69-1 69-6 68-9 69-5 70-2 70-2 72-2 1-1-1 74-9' 75-8 76-0 76-3 75-6 72-8 (59-2 • 73-0 238 THE VOYAGE OF H.M.S. CHALLENGER. Stations. Country. No. of Years. Years Specified. Hours of Observation. Latitude. Longitude. Height, Feet. Eajatea, Pacific 1 ? thrice daily o 16 40 o ; 156 12 0 Solomon Group, . do. 3 1882-84 M.T. -5 -12 154-163 0 Kara Sea, Arctic 1 1882-83 hourly 70 -71 64-65 0 Franz Josef's Land, do. 2 1872-74 M.T. 77 -79 54-65 0 Mosselbai, do. 1 1872-73 do. 79 53 16 4 33 Torsden, do. 1 1882-83 hourly 78 28 15 43 0 Wayprecht and Payer Exp. do. 2 1872-74 M.T. 76 -80 59-72 0 Kurmakuli, . do. I 1882-83 hourly 72 23 52 42 23 Sodankyla, . do. 2 1882-84 do. 67 27 26 36 594 Bossekop, do. 1 1882-83 do. 69 57 23 15 98 Bear Island, . do. 1 1865-66 8: 8 74 39 18 48 0 Jan Mayen, . do. 1 1882-83 hourly 70 59 -8 28 35 Sabine Island, do. 1 1869-70 do. 74 32 -18 49 0 Ivigtut, Greenland 11 1874-84 M.T. 61 12 -48 11 16 Julianehaab, do. 11 do. do. 60 44 -45 59 26 Frederikshaab, do. 4 1856-60 7: 6 62 0 -49 24 [0] Kornok, do. 11 1874-84 do. 64 26 -51 0 10 Godthaab, . do. 11 do. do. 64 11 -51 45 37 Sukkertoppen, do. 11 do. do. 65 24 -55 14 [0] Egedesmunde, do. 11 do. do. 68 43 -52 44 12 Jacobshavn, . do. 11 do. do. 69 13 -50 55 41 Upernivik, . do. 11 do. do. 72 47 -55 53 39 Wolstenholm Sound, Arctic 1 1849-50 4, 8, n., etc. 76 34 -68 45 0 Port Foulke, do. 1 1860-61 hourly 78 18 -73 0 0 Van Rensseller, . do. 2 1853-55 do. 78 37 -70 53 0 Fort Conger, do. 2 1881-83 do. 81 44 -64 45 0 The Discovery, do. 1 1875-76 do. 81 44 -65 3 0 The Alert, . do. 1 do. do. 82 27 -61 22 0 Port Kennedy, do. 1 1858-59 four hourly 72 1 -94 14 0 Northumberland Sd., do. 1 1852-53 two hourly 76 52 -97 0 0 Dealy Island, do. 1 do. do. 74 56 -108 49 0 Winter Harbour, Melville Island, . do. 1 1819-20 do. 74 47 -110 48 0 Mercy Bay, . do. If 1851-53 do. 74 6 -117 55 0 Wellington Channel, do. i^ 1852-53 do. 75 37 -92 22 0 Assistance Bay, . do. 1 1850-51 3, 6, 9, N., etc. 74 40 -94 16 0 Griffith's Island, . do. 1 do. two hourly 74 34 -95 20 0 Port Leopold, do. 1 1848-49 do. 73 50 -90 12 0 Batty Bay, . do. § 1851-52 8: 8 73 12 -91 10 0 Walker Bay, do. 1 do. 4, 8, n., etc. 71 35 -117 39 0 Princess Boyal ' Island, do. 1 1850-51 two hourly 72 47 -117 35 0 Cambridge Bay, . do. 1 1852-53 4, 8, N., etc. 69 3 -105 12 0 Port Bowen, do. 1 1824-25 two hourly 73 13 -88 55 0 Beechy Island, do. 2 1852-54 4, 8, N., etc. 74 43 -91 54 0 Gulf of Boothia, . do. n 1829-32 hourly 70 6 -91 45 0 Igloolik, do. i 1822-23 two hourly 69 21 -81 53 0 Fort Hope (Repulse Bay), . . do. 2 1846-47, '53-54 M.T. 66 32 -86 56 10 REPORT ON ATMOSPHERIC CIRCULATION. 239 Jan. Feb. Mar. April. May. June. July. Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec. Year Corrs- lear- Applied. o O O o o o O O O O o O O O 78-7 80-6 80'9 79-4 77-7 78-4 75-7 77-8 77-5 77-9 77-6 79-2 78-5 82-9 84-5 82-6 81-9 81-9 81-9 81-9 81-5 (82-4) -19-1 -1-8 -2-7 9-7 14-9 81-1 35-1 35-0 29-7 12-0 -1-8 -1-5 11-7 -11-2 -22-0 -13-6 0-9 14-3 30-5 35-2 32-6 22-6 1-3 -14-8 -20-8 4-6 14-2 -8-9 0-3 -0-6 17-1 31-6 36-8 35-0 25-0 10-0 17-4 6-1 15-3 3-6 17-1 3-9 22-6 23-9 36-7 41-4 41-4 30-4 25-9 16-5 -1-1 23-5 -10-3 -25-0 -17-6 -1-9 15-4 30-7 34-7 32-6 19-8 1-0 -14-7 -21-5 3-6 -6-7 14-6 5-1 20-4 22-8 34-3 42-3 41-9 31-4 20-2 10-4 4-4 20-3 8-8 16-0 18-7 28-1 39-0 54-6 55-1 50-6 41-5 32-3 20-6 9-3 31-2 20-2 22-9 23-5 34-5 41-8 52-8 53-3 53-7 46-7 38-1 16-4 12-8 34-7 4-0 16-3 6-0 13-5 23-7 33-4 (39-0) 36-8 33-1 27-3 21-8 16-5 22-4 18-9 24-1 13-5 27-1 24-8 35-4 38-3 37-6 35-4 35-8 28-6 14-7 27-8 -11-4 -11-0 -10-1 2-3 22-3 36-1 38-8 33-3 24-3 7-0 -1-1 1-2 10-9 18-3 17-4 23-0 33-6 40-6 46-8 49-5 47-0 41-4 34-2 27-3 23-0 33-5 18-5 18-3 23-0 33-5 40-0 45-6 46-7 46-8 42-6 36-2 28-2 24-4 33-7 15-6 17-2 21-3 30-4 37-0 42-0 44-0 42-6 38-6 30-6 27-3 20-6 30-7 + 1-5 14-3 14-0 17-6 27-8 36-5 43-7 47-4 48-0 37-6 29-1 24-8 18-5 29-8 14-5 14-0 17-1 26-6 .",:(•* 40-3 44-2 43-0 37-6 29-5 25-2 19-0 28-7 13-2~ 12-6 16-6 29-4 37-7 45-8 49-3 47-8 39-8 30-2 25-1 18-2 30-5 3-2 -1-0 5-0 20-0 30-5 40-0 44-2 42-0 35-8 26-4 21-3 14-5 23-5 3-6 o-o 3-8 18-7 31-6 40-5 45-5 43-0 35-4 25-2 18-7 12-0 23-2 -5-8 -10-3 -5-8 10-0 25-2 34-9 40-5 39-4 34-0 24-4 17-1 5-7 17-4 ... -22-3 -30-6 -15-2 -3-0 25-6 39-4 39-8 33-8 27-0 12-6 -16-3 -24-] 5-6 -26-0 -24-9 -22-3 -11-0 23-8 33-8 40-5 (34-1) 22-6 7-6 2-8 -12-8 5-7 -28-2 -26-4 -34-9 -10-3 13-4 30-1 38-2 31-8 13-4 -3-6 -22-0 -31-2 -2-5 -37-4 -42-7 -25-0 -12-7 156 32-3 36-5 34-2 14-2 -8-0 -26-7 -29-8 -3-8 -40-7 -35-0 -37-1 -17-3 10-0 32-5 37-2 33-3 18-5 -9-8 -18-4 -24-5 -4-2 -33-0 -38-0 -39-8 -18-0 11-1 32-4 38-3 32-7 15-6 -5-1 -16-8 -22-2 -3-6 -34-7 -37-3 -18-3 -3-5 14-7 35-3 40-1 38-0 25-7 6-6 -11-9 -34-0 1-7 -38-6 -28-2 -17-5 -9-2 15-0 31-9 36-7 34-2 18-5 -1-3 -4-8 -30-1 0-6 -37-1 -31-5 -20-4 -4-3 14-8 33-4 35-7 34-8 (19-0) (-1-0) -10-2 -26-0 0-6 -31-3 -32-5 -18-2 -8-2 16-8 36-2 42-4 32-6 22-5 -2-8 -20-9 -21-6 1-3 -35-6 -32-2 -27-0 -2-7 12-7 31-4 36-7 33-2 201 -1-2 -15-5 -231 -0-3 -17-6 — 22 -4 -19-5 3-2 12-5 30-4 38-1 36-0 17-1 9-6 -7-5 -13-4 5-5 -29-0 -30-2 — 22 '1 -33 12-3 34-6 37-9 35-5 21-4 1-5 -G-8 -21-5 2-5 -31-0 -32-5 -25-6 -7-0 93 32-2 36-5 35-0 15-7 -0-6 -7-5 -23-0 0-1 -31-7 -31-0 -19-9 -5'3 18-1 32-3 36-2 33-4 24-0 12-0 -11-1 -32-4 2-1 -20-9 -19-2 -18-0 2-2 ... ... ... 22-6 8-5 -5-9 -16-5 ... - 18-1 -16-3 -22-6 9-9 16-0 32-5 41-3 37-1 30-2 14-1 -5-0 -16-9 8 '5 -32-4 -37-7 -28-8 -4-8 18-9 36-1 37-5 37-5 24-6 0-2 -10-2 -23-4 1-5 -36-2 -29-3 -17-0 -2-9 171 32-5 39-8 38-5 20-1 4-4 -7-2 -29-9 2-5 -28-9 -27-3 -28-4 -6-5 17-6 36-1 38-9 35-8 25-9 10-8 -5-0 -19-0 4-2 -33-5 -25-8 -18-2 1-3 18-2 34-8 39-0 35-2 20-4 6-2 -9-3 -24-1 3-8 -25-8 -31-2 -28-3 -1-9 15-8 34-3 41-3 38-5 26-9 9-4 -6-0 -22-2 4-2 -16-1 -19-6 -19-0 -0-8 25-1 32-2 39-1 33-9 25-1 13-7 -18-6 -28-2 5-7 ... -29-6 -31-6 -23-1 -2-2 18-9 33-4 41-0 (35-0) 25-3 11-2 -9-0 -25-4 3-7 ... 240 THE VOYAGE OF H.M.S. CHALLENGER. Stations. Country. No of Years. Years Specified. Hours of Observation. Latitude. Longitude. Height, Feet. Hudson's Strait, . Arctic 1 1836-37 two hourly O 1 various O 1 various 0 Kingawa, do. 1 1882-83 hourly 66 36 -67 14 53 Ananito, do. 1 1877-78 M.T. 66 20 -66 56 0 Winter Island, do. 1 1821-22 two hourly 66 11 -83 10 0 Fort Chirno, do. 2 1882-84 M.T. 59 0 -68 0 126 Fort York, . do. 10 1875-84 do. 57 2 -92 20 55 Fort Simpson, do. 2 1849-51 do. 62 7 -121 33 1830 Camden Bay, do. 1 1853-54 4, 8, N., etc. 70 8 -145 29 0 Fort Franklin, do. n ? do. 65 12 -123 13 500 Fort Confidence, . do. 2 1837-39 M.T. 66 40 -119 0 500 Do. do. i 4 1850-51 9: 9 66 40 -119 0 500 The above 2 stations, do. H 1837-39, '50-51 M.T. 66 40 -119 0 500 Fort Yukon, . do. i ? do. 66 34 -145 18 412 Nulato, do. i 1843, 66-67 do. 60 40 -158 13 100 Pt. Barrow, . do. 2 1852-54 24 obs. 71 21 -156 16 10 Ooglaamie, . do. 2 1881-83 do. 71 23 -156 40 17 The above 2 stations, do. 4 1852-54, '81-83 do. 71 22 -156 28 14 Choris Peninsula, . do. 1 1849-50 do. 66 58 -165 17 10 Port Clarence, do. 2 1850-52 do. 65 17 -166 20 10 St. Michael's, do. 14 1872-86 M.T. 63 48 -161 0 30 Ikogmut, do. 2i 1843, '48-50, '53-4 da- f.l 47 -161 14 75 Mdllen Island, do. T 3 1877-78 do. 66 1 -160 47 12 St. Paul's Island, Bering Sea, do. 6 1869-76 do. 57 7 -170 18 57 Ilinlink Harbour, . do. 9 1827-34, '67, '71-73 do. 53 52 -166 31 15 Unalaska, do. 3 1883-86 do. 53 52 -166 31 13 St. Paul, Kadiak Island, do. 2f 1869-70, '72-73 do. 57 47 -152 20 25 Cook's Inlet, do. 6 1870 7: 2,9,9 60 32 -151 19 80 Sitka, . do. 43 1832-45, '47-76 M.T. 57 3 -135 19 15 Fort Wrangel, do. 5 1868-70, '75-77 do. 56 17 -132 29 55 Fort Tbngass, do. 2A 1868-70 7 : 2, 9, 9 54 46 -130 30 25 Fort Simpson, Dom. of Canada 2+ 1886-89 M.T. 54 37 -130 23 [0] Ladner's Landing, do. 2* 1879-81 M.m. 45 50 -120- 0 350 Vancouver Island,*' do. 0 Victoria, do. "s 1881-88 7 : 2,9, 9 48'"25 -12323 83 New Westminster, do. 6 1874-80 do. 49 13 -122 53 54 Fort Moody, do. 8 1881-88 do. 49 11 -123 0 [0] Esquimault, . do. 6* 1874-79 do. 48 26 -123 27 42 Quamichau, . do. 8 1881-88 M.T. 48 46 -123 24 [0] Lillooet, do. 4 1880-83 M.m. 50 42 — 122 2 650 Soda Creek, . do. 3* 1882-85 7: 2,9,9 52 20 -122 19 1430 Spence's Bridge, . do. 9 1872-79, '83-84 do. 50 25 -121 30 760 Stuart's Lodge, . do. H 1878-79 do. 54 11 -124 4 1800 Chipewyan, . do. 2 1884-85 do. 58 43 -111 19 700 Calgary, do. 4 various do. 50 55 -114 4 3550 Fort Dunvegan, . do. 4 1880-84 do. 56 0 -119 0 1800 Fort Edmonton, . do. H 1880-85 do. 53 14 -113 38 2388 Battleford, . do. 3 1876-78, '81-82 do. 52 41 -108 30 1615 Off tlie coast. REPORT ON ATMOSPHERIC CIRCULATION. 241 Jan. Feb. Mar. April. May. June. July. Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec. Year. Corrs. Applied. o O O o O o 0 O O O O O o o —18-2 —25-0 —10-4 14-2 28-8 35-0 37"5 31-6 26-9 1(1-1 —4-3 —22-7 91 —22-5 — 32-0 —6-7 4-2 30-1 36-3 42-8 45.4 32-5 12-2 —0-8 —7-2 11-2 —177 —17-1 —12-6 11-1 26-2 35-2 42-1 39-6 36-2 29-0 7-3 —12-3 13-9 —23-2 —24-0 —10-7 6-5 23-3 33-2 36-0 36-9 31-6 13-2 7-9 —14-2 9-9 —17-8 —17-7 —8-0 15-5 35-5 42-2 55'4 47-7 40-4 29-2 15-9 —13-3 18-8 —22-6 —19-3 —9-7 13-8 35-0 52-5 59-2 53-2 43-d 21-4 4-1 —13-6 18-1 —26-0 —8-3 1-6 26-4 45-8 60-0 24-6 9-6 -12-0 —15-2 —30-0 —18-8 —1-2 22-4 32-4 37:7 36-0 20-4 —0-8 —9-5 —24-9 4:0 ... —22-3 —107 —5-4 12-3 35-2 48-0 52-1 50-6 41-0 22-4 —0-2 —10-9 17-2 —29-3 —19-2 —18-3 9-0 27-6 47-8 54-8 48-4 36-0 20-5 —0-9 —14-8 13-4 ... —32-3 —37-5 —18-2 7-5 25-9 42-1 13-7 5-8 —21-4 —30-3 —25-3 —18-3 8-4 27-1 45-9 54-8 48-4 36-0 18-1 1-3 —17-0 12-4 -26-8 —26-4 — 11-2 12-7 41-2 53-5 65-8 59-9 38-7 21-6 —8-3 —18-4 16-8 ... —21-0 — 7*5 18-0 24-2 41-7 64-2 ... —10-7 ... —18-7 —22-5 —14-7 1-1 20-1 32-3 36-5 38-4 26-0 2V2 —8-5 —18-2 6-9 —16-3 —14-8 —9-0 0-8 22-6 33-4 39-7 37-5 31-6 14-2 —3-6 —17-6 9-8 -17-5 -18-6 -11-8 1-0 21-4 32-8 38-1 38-0 28-8 8-2 -6-0 -17-8 8-4 ... —12-0 —15-5 —6-0 14-5 30-0 (43-0) (47-5) 45-0 42-8 25-0 1-2 5-2 19-2 —11-2 0-7 4-5 11-5 32-8 40-5 49-8 45-7 40-7 22-6 0-7 0-3 19-9 5-2 o-o 7-0 20-2 34-6 45-6 53-8 52-4 44-0 31-0 18-0 7-8 26-6 1-6 —5-8 2-5 24-0 33-8 48-3 51-0 47-6 44-4 27-4 12-6 5-4 24-4 25-2 16-7 25-o 22-7 28-2 24-4 23-3 29-0 34-6 41-9 45-7 47-2 45-0 38-4 34-1 28-6 35-0 29-3 31-2 31-9 36-3 41-2 46-5 50-2 51-0 44-7 37-4 33-1 30-0 38-5 33-8 31-2 33 0 35-2 41-2 45-8 497 50-8 46-0 41-0 34-9 32-5 39-6 28-7 28-0 30-2 38-2 43-3 50-3 56-5 58-1 56-6 58-8 51-7 43-3 37-7 33-0 41-5 31-4 32-9 35-6 40-8 47-0 52-4 55-5 55-9 51-5 44-9 38-1 33-3 43-3 26-3 30-6 31-6 42-1 48-2 55-0 58-1 56-4 51-9 45-9 39-4 32-1 43-1 33-9 36-0 38-4 44-4 49-9 56-1 58-3 58-6 52-9 48-4 40-9 38-0 46-3 31-7 32-9 39-6 43-4 48-3 52-4 55-0 56-0 53-2 47-0 39-8 37-8 44-8 32-4 35-7 42-0 47-1 52-1 58-3 59-6 58-9 54-7 47-2 38-7 32-8 46-6 39-9 39-9 42-6 47-7 52-2 57-6 59-4 59-4 55-8 49-6 42-8 39-4 48-7 36-4 37-4 43-5 47-4 52-5 56-4 58-5 58-4 54-5 48-1 43-5 40-3 481 33-9 35-9 42-1 47-4 52-8 57-9 60-9 60-4 54-9 47-0 39-8 36-2 47-4 32-4 35-5 42-0 48-0 55-8 60-3 63-3 64-0 56-5 48-5 40-8 36-0 47-8 37-5 40-7 43-0 48-1 52-3 56-6 59-6 58-3 536 49-0 44-4 41-8 487 ... 33-1 33-6 42-1 45-8 55-3 59-6 63-8 62-0 54-8 48-0 40-3 37-5 48-0 21-5 24-6 38-2 46-3 55-6 63-0 68-3 66-4 56-6 45-1 32-7 26-3 45-4 12-4 11-3 32-4 43-0 54-1 61-5 70-8 66-8 50-6 41-0 32-8 21-0 41-4 20-1 21-4 39-5 51-4 59-6 65-5 70-7 69-8 59-8 49-1 31-2 28-1 47-7 12-7 11-5 28-0 38-0 49-3 53-2 57-3 58-2 47-1 33-5 30-8 18-2 36-5 —15-5 —96 5-3 26-3 42-5 56-3 60-6 55-9 45-6 29-4 19-4 -3-7 27-1 4-4 19-4 25-8 38-8 48-8 55-6 59-4 58-0 48-2 39-7 29-3 8-7 34-5 —12-0 2-6 15-2 35-6 50-1 56-0 60-5 57-3 45-7 31-6 16-5 —4-6 31-2 1-6 5-5 24-5 38-8 49-8 57-3 59-5 58-4 48-0 36-2 20-7 5-9 33-6 —1-3 11-3 21-0 38-6 51-0 59-1 65-0 62-8 49-9 34-6 22-0 7-2 34-2 (PHYS. CHBM. CHALL. EXP. PART V. 1889.) 242 THE VOYAGE OF H.M.S. CHALLENGER. Stations. Country. No. of Years. Years Specified. Hours of Observation. Latitude. Longitude. Height, Feet. Medicine Hat, Dom. of Canada 5| 1883-88 7 : 2, 9, 9 o 50 1 1 o / -110 37 2136 Fort M'Leod, do. ±h 1875-79 do. 49 89 -113 12 2400 Qu'Appelle, . do. 5* 1883-88 do. 50 44 -103 42 2115 Swan R. Barracks, do. 2 1875-77 do. 51 52 -101 57 2160 Miimedosa, . do. 7 1881-88 M.m. 50 13 -99 48 1796 Fort Rae, . do. 1 1882-83 hourly 62 39 -115 44 530 Do. do. 2A 1875-77, '82-83 M.T. 62 39 -115 44 530 Norway House, do. 7" ? M.m. 54 0 -98 0 700 Stony Mountain, . do. 10 1879-88 7: 2,9,9 50 22 -91 40 740 St. Andrews, do. 4 1882-85 do. 50 5 -97 0 1300 Winnipeg, . do. 14 1871-84 three hourly 49 55 -97 7 740 Gimli, . do. 3 1877-80 7 : 2, 9, 9 50 37 -96 58 730 Rockwood, . do. 5 1878-82 do. 50 5 -97 12 V Poplar Heights, . do. 5 do. do. 50 4 -97 47 •} Fort Churchill, . do. H 1811-13, '84-85 M.T. 58 44 -94 22 20 York Factory, do. 10 1875-84 do. 57 0 -92 28 55 Albany, do. 3 1878-81 do. 52 32 -94 4 1300 Martin Falls, do. 3 do. do. 51 30 -86 30 1000 Moose Factory, do. 24 1857-80 do. 51 15 -80 45 33 Rama, . do. 3* 1882-85 8: 8 58 53 -62 21 49 Hebron, do. H do. do. 58 12 -63 15 11 Okak, . do. H do. do. 57 34 -61 56 25 Nain, . do. 3* do. do. 56 33 -61 41 14 Zoar, . do. H do. do. 56 7 -61 22 31 Hoffenthal, . do. H do. do. 55 27 -60 12 25 Fort Churchill, do. i* 1884-85 3,7,11:3,7,11 58 43 -94 10 20 Port Laperrierre, . do. H do. do. 62 34 -78 1 250 P. de Boucherville, do. 4 do. do. 63 12 -77 28 120 Asher's Inlet, do. li do. do. 62 33 -70 35 250 Stupart's Bay, do. 1J do. do. Gl 35 -71 32 350 P. Burwell, . do. li do. do. 60 22 -64 46 27 Skinner's Cove, . do. H do. do. 59 6 -63 37 90 Bellisle, do. H 1882-84 2*, 8J : 41 51 53 -55 22 405 St. John's, N.F., . do. 15 1870-84 7": 2, 9, 9" 47 34 -52 42 150 Fogo, . do. 15 do. do. 49 44 -54 11 28 Channel, do. 15 do. 8: 2, 9 47 34 -59 7 30 Bay St. George, . do. 15 do. 7 : 2, 9, 9 48 26 -58 30 8 Harbour Grace, . do. 15 do. do. 47 22 -55 25 [0] Sydney, do. 15 do. three hourly 46 8 -60 10 28 Truro, . do. 15 do. 7 : 2, 9, 9 45 22 -63 18 77 Windsor, do. 15 do. do. 44 59 -64 6 87 Digby, . do. 15 do. do. 44 38 -66 46 150 Charlottetown, do. 15 do. * 46 14 -63 10 38 Kilmahumaig, do. 15 do. 7 : 2, 9, 9 46 48 -64 2 20 Halifax, do. 15 do. three hourly 44 39 -63 36 122 Yarmouth, . do. 15 do. # 43 50 -66 2 61 St. John's, N.B. . do. 15 do. two hourly 45 17 -66 3 150 Fredericton, do. 15 do. three hourly 45 57 -66 38 59 Chatham, do. 15 do. * 47 3 -65 29 56 Bathurst, do. 15 do. 7 : 2, 9, 9 47 39 -65 42 9 Dalhousie, . do. 15 do. do. 48 4 -66 22 150 Bird Rocks, . do. 15 do. do. 47 51 -61 8 85 * At 6.50 : 2.50, 10.50 Toronto Time-. REPORT ON ATMOSPHERIC CIRCULATION. 243 Jan. Feb. Mar. April. May. June. July. Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec. Year. Corrs. Applied. o O o o O o O O o O o O o o 1-4 11-9 28-8 44-0 56-2 63-6 68-3 65-3 54-6 42-6 29-4 140 40O ... 14-4 23-5 !>.VS 42-6 53-7 6V0 67-4 64-7 55-0 43-0 32-0 260 420 —10-2 —2-6 12-6 36-1 50-8 60-6 62-6 59-2 50-0 37-0 20-4 2-3 310 ... —10-5 —13-8 2-6 33-4 51-6 55-3 62-1 61-4 50-5 38-4 —0-2 —0-7 27-5 ... —11-0 —3-6 9-4 33 '0 48-6 59-0 62-2 58-5 480 35-1 18-0 2-5 30-2 —26-8 —10-4 —7-7 19-3 37-2 51-5 614 56-5 44-4 32-6 9-3 —15-1 21-2 —23 0 —21-4 —16-4 11-4 37-5 52-3 62-9 56-5 44-4 27-8 —2-7 — 23 O 17-1 —7-2 —2-4 6-9 27-4 44-6 55-0 63-5 61-2 46-5 81-1 12-2 —1-8 29-8 —7-3 —0-2 13-2 35-8 50-3 62-2 66-0 64-2 51-0 38-1 20-0 0-2 32-8 —13-2 —8-8 G-7 34-0 49-3 60-8 62-4 61-2 51-9 39-5 19-3 —2-3 30-1 ... —5-2 0-7 11-6 33-8 52-4 62-0 66-1 64-1 51-7 38-3 16-7 0-4 32-7 —3-6 2-8 9-1 31-1 49-6 59-9 64-0 61-8 50-4 38-6 20-9 3-1 32-3 —1-5 3-3 17-3 35 8 52-3 62-8 67-6 65-4 52-6 38-4 19-0 10 340 —1-0 4-3 15"5 343 52-6 62-8 67-5 64-8 52-4 38-4 18-4 10 34-2 —26-9 —23-4 —7-8 6-2 27-1 38-8 51-0 51-5 40-8 20-5 4-2 —11-3 14-2 ... —22-0 —16-5 —7-8 16-8 35-5 53-0 61-3 53-2 42-3 27-4 6-6 —13-4 19-7 —77 —8-9 7-1 19-4 38-0 50-6 59-0 (55-2) (48-0) 38-1 16-8 —2-1 260 —7-7 —7-5 7-4 23-7 43-9 54-0 60-3 57-4 47-6 37-7 15-8 —5-4 27-2 —4-5 —1-8 11-0 25-0 41-2 52-2 60-1 58-0 48-6 38-8 21-4 0-5 29-1 —9-8 —7-4 —1-6 19-2 33-2 40-6 46-9 45-0 38-8 30-0 19-3 10 210 —10-0 —8-0 —1-6 18-7 32-3 41-0 46-3 44-8 38-8 29-1 18-7 0-8 21-7 —11-4 —8-0 —1-1 19-4 32-6 41-8 47-5 46-7 40-0 29-6 17-8 —0-4 21-2 —11-2 —7-8 o-o 20-6 32-4 42-3 47-8 46-9 40-8 30-2 18-6 -0-3 21-7 —13-0 —7-6 o-o 21-0 34-0 43-5 50-0 48-0 41-0 31-4 17-8 —10 220 —10-1 —4-5 3-0 23-0 34 5 43-9 51-3 49-2 42-3 32-6 20-4 2-5 240 —24-8 —16-5 —14-3 9-0 22-5 40-5 56-0 49-8 38-4 24-1 10-8 —12-4 15-2 —27-4 —6-0 —19-2 6-1 23-8 35-2 40-2 39-6 . 32-8 22-5 110 —9-8 12-4 —26-3 —5-4 —187 6-7 24-7 33-1 391 37-7 31-7 19-5 9-8 —11-1 11-7 —19-2 1-6 —12-6 10-4 26-7 33-8 40-2 39-2 32-6 22-9 11-4 —50 15-2 —22-6 —3-9 —15-5 9-1 25-2 33-9 42-6 42-7 32-7 22-5 10-3 —7-4 14-1 —177 2-3 —7-3 16-2 28-0 33-4 41-9 417 34-2 28-2 16-2 —20 17-7 —10-6 0-9 —2-8 19-2 31-1 387 46-2 46-0 36-6 28-2 180 10 210 6-4 17-8 15-7 28-0 34-1 40-5 52-5 54-5 45-4 35-7 250 11-5 30-7 23-8 23-6 27-5 34-6 43-7 52-8 597 60-5 54-4 45-4 36-5 28-4 40O 18-6 16-3 23-5 33-0 41-8 53-4 59-7 61-3 54-6 44-4 33-2 25-3 38-7 —20 20-4 19-6 26-2 32-0 40-5 48-6 56-2 58-8 54-4 45-5 34-2 27-7 38-5 + 2-0 19-4 19-0 24-6 35-1 43-8 53-3 61-4 61-6 55-0 46-0 36-1 260 40-1 ... 22-6 21-9 26-6 35-0 43-0 52-5 59-6 59-6 54-4 45-8 86-3 28-2 40-4 ... 20-5 20-3 25-8 34-0 41-1 55-0 61-6 62-8 55-8 46-8 36-5 27-2 40O 18-0 19-6 26-4 38-8 48-7 58-4 63-4 63-1 55-8 46-3 34-4 230 41-3 21-3 22-2 28-9 38-5 49-4 58-8 65-0 63-2 57-0 47-5 350 25-8 42-7 23-8 24-6 30-0 39-0 49-0 57-6 63-3 . 62-8 57-3 48-4 37-2 270 43-4 16-3 17-7 25-0 34-9 46-3 57-6 64-1 64-7 57-7 47-0 34-4 230 40-7 14-4 16-0 23 -5 34-0 45-2 57-8 63-8 63-5 57-2 45-9 33-2 210 390 ... 22-1 23-1 28-8 374 47-4 57-1 63-0 63-8 57-4 47-8 36-5 265 420 ... 26-0 26-6 31-0 38-8 47-7 55-2 59-7 60-5 55-7 48-5 380 30O 43-3 ... 18-5 20-5 27-5 37-0 46-0 55-0 59-9 60-3 55-2 46-3 340 23-5 40-4 11-4 16-4 24-5 37-3 49-7 60-6 65-7 64-4 56-2 44-4 310 17-3 40O ... 10-7 15-3 22-4 36-1 48-0 59-3 64-8 64-2 55-5 43-7 31-1 16-3 39-8 10-6 14-8 23-4 35-7 47-0 60-6 65-9 64-8 56-8 44-4 31-1 17-5 39-4 5-8 10-2 19-4 32-2 44-9 57-5 63-2 62-0 52-8 39-6 27-8 150 350 18-2 17-5 23-0 32-0 39-3 48-7 57-1 61-3 56-4 46-1 350 240 38-3 ••* 244 THE VOYAGE OF H.M.S. C] 1ALLENGE R. Stations. Country. No. of Years. Years Specified. Hours of Observation. Latitude. Longitude. Height, Feet. Anticosti, S.-W. Pt. Dom. of Canada 15 1870-84 7 : 2, 9, 9 o 49 24 -63 16 20 Anticosti, W. Pt. . do. 15 do. do. 49 52 -64 30 [0] Bellisle, do. -1 1877-78, '83-85 do. 51 53 — 55 •1-1 405 Point Rich, . do. 15 1870-84 do. 50 38 -57 20 [0] Father Point, do. 15 do. * 4« 31 -68 28 20 Cape Magdalen, . do. 5 1882-88 7 : 2, 9, 9 49 14 -65 15 [0] Point Lewis, do. 15 1870-84 do. 46 48 -71 11 300 Quebec, do. 15 do. * 46 48 -71 12 312 Montreal, do. 15 do. three hourly 45 31 -73 33 187 Sherbrooke, . do. 15 do. 7 : 2, 9, 9 45 25 -71 57 270 Cranbourne, . do. 15 do. do. 46 22 -70 37 ? Huntingdon, do. 15 do. do. 45 5 -74 10 400 Chieoutimi, . do. 15 do. do. 48 25 -71 5 159 Cornwall, do. 15 do. 7: 1, 9 45 1 -74 43 176 Kingston, do. 15 do. M.T. 44 14 -76 29 307 Fitz Roy Harbour, do. 15 do. 7 : 2, 9, 9 45 30 -76 10 200 Pembroke, . do. 15 do. 7: 1, 9 45 50 -77 7 389 Rockliffe, do. 15 do. * 46 12 -77 55 418 Simcoe, do. 15 do. 7: 1, 9 42 50 -80 21 700 Toronto, do. 15 do. M.T. 43 2:1 -79 23 350 Hamilton, do. 15 do. 7: 1, 9 43 16 -79 53 332 Port Stanley, do. 15 do. * 42 40 -81 13 592 Windsor, do. 15 do. 7: 1, 9 42 19 -83 2 604 Port Dover, . do. 15 do. * 42 47 -80 13 635 Woodstock, . do. 15 do. 7 : 2, 9, 9 43 8 -80 47 980 Stratford, . do. 15 do. 7: 1, 9 43 23 -81 0 1182 Goderich, do. 15 do. do. 43 45 -81 43 728 Point Clark, do. 15 do. do. 44 4 -si 51 ? Kincardine, . . . do. 15 do. 7 : 2, 9, 9 44 11 -81 37 684 Saugeen, do. 15 do. # 44 30 -81 21 656 Parry Sound, do. 15 do. * 45 19 -80 0 641 Gravenhurst, do. 15 do. 7 : 2, 9, 9 44 54 -79 20 700 Little Current, do. 15 do. do. 45 57 -81 54 608 Port Arthur, do. 15 do. 7 : 2, 10 48 27 -89 12 642 Savanne, do. 4 1885-89 7 : 2, 9, 9 49 48 -90 4 750 Nepigon, do. 2 1886-88 do. 50 0 -88 40 750 White River, do. 2i 1886-89 do. 46 0 -91 0 ? Eastport, Maine 15" 1870-84 7 : 3, lit 44 54 -66 59 61 Portland, do. 15 do. do. 43 39 -70 15 45 Mt. Washington, . New Hampshire 13 1872-84 do. 44 16 -71 18 6279 Burlington, . Vermont 15 1870-84 do. 44 29 -73 13 268 Boston, Massachusetts 15 do. do. 42 21 -71 4 142 Springfield, . do. 15 do. do. 42 6 -72 36 120 Thatcher's Island, . do. 15 do. do. 42 36 -70 38 48 Wood's Hole, do. 15 do. do. 41 33 -70 40 34 Newport, Rhode Island 15 do. do. 41 29 -71 19 44 New Haven, . Connecticut 15 do. do. 41 17 -72 57 104 New London, do. 15 do. do. 41 21 -72 5 47 Albany, New York 15 do. do. 42 39 -73 45 75 Buffalo, do. 15 do. do. 42 53 -78 53 696 At 6.50 : 2.50, 10.50 Toronto Time. f Wellington Mean Time. REPORT ON ATMOSPHERIC CIRCULATION. 245 Jan. Feb. Mar. April. May. June. July. Aug. Sept. Oct. Xov. Dec. Year. Cons. Applied. □ O O o O o O O o o o O o 11-7 127 207 32-4 40-4 50-1 57-2 58-0 51-4 41-0 30-0 19-1 35-4 10-5 11-8 20-2 32-7 41-0 51-8 58-5 58-8 51-6 41-0 29-1 17-5 35-4 4-9 9-0 15-5 28-8 33-6 42-6 4s -8 50-9 45-8 34-8 25-8 13-0 29-4 11-8 12-0 28-8 30-8 38-6 47-:! 54-9 57-5 52-5 42-0 307 21-3 32-6 8-5 12-5 20-0 32-2 41-5 52-4 56-8 55-6 49-2 39-G 28-3 13-8 34-2 7-8 11-8 19-4 32-7 42-8 55-0 59-2 (53 6) 49-1 40-0 29-9 17-5 34-9 10-0 11-8 18-9 33-4 47-G GOO 66-2 G5-0 56-2 44-1 29-3 15-0 38-1 9-1 13-5 21-6 35-3 49-5 61-8 66-5 64-7 56-3 43-7 28-4 14-5 38-7 13-4 17-5 25-5 40-4 55-4 65-6 69-8 68-7 59-8 4G-9 31-7 18-6 42-8 9-6 15-5 23-0 36-7 49-6 62-0 66-8 64-3 56-2 43-9 29-0 16-2 39-4 8-2 11-6 20-0 34-1 45-2 59-5 62-4 61-3 52-6 39-4 25-4 13-0 36-1 11-7 15-8 24-5 39-7 54-0 64-1 68 '0 66-6 57-9 4G-0 30-4 18-2 41-4 ... 3-4 10-5 19-5 34-4 48-8 60-4 652 63-7 53-3 40-6 27-2 8-5 36-3 ... 13-3 16-8 24-5 40-6 55-1 65-4 69-2 68-0 59-0 46-8 31-8 19-0 42-5 17-3 19-6 27-4 40-5 53-5 64-1 68-7 69-2 61-4 48-7 33-8 23-0 44-0 10-2 14-1 25-6 41-0 55-1 65-7 70-0 67-8 58-3 45-7 29-3 15-6 41-5 10-4 14-0 22 -8 38-8 53-8 64-8 68-3 67-0 57-0 44-9 29-6 16-2 40-6 9-2 12-8- 20-2 35-7 51-2 61-0 65-6 63-9 54-8 43-3 30-0 14-3 38-5 21-1 23-2 29-2 42-3 55-6 65-5 70-2 68-6 60-4 49-8 34-7 26-7 45-6 21-6 22-6 27-9 40-5 53-2 63-1 68-2 67-4 59-7 47-6 33-4 25-6 43-8 23-3 25-0 30-0 42-7 56-1 66-3 71-9 70-7 617 50-7 36-1 27-6i 46-8 21-6 23-7 29-2 40-1 53-8 63-8 68-4 67-4 61-1 50-2 36-3 27-8 45-3 23-4 25-7 32-0 45-6 59-0 68-3 72-6 71-4 63-8 61-1 36-5 27-3 48-1 22-0 23-2 29-1 41-0 53-6 64-4 68-9 68-4 61-4 50-0 35-0 27-3 45-4 19-0 20-6 267 39-6 53-7 63-6 67-2 66-0 58-0 47-0 33-5 24-0 43-2 18-8 20-4 25-7 39-8 54-2 63-4 67-5 66-3 58-0 47-0 31-2 23'2 43-0 22-2 22-9 27-7 41-0 54-4 64-0 68-4 68 '0 60-6 49-3 35-6 26-9 45-1 22-1 21-8 26-0 38-1 50-7 59-4 C6-1 65-8 .59-2 49-1 35-5 26-1 43-4 21-5 21-8 27-7 40-0 52-8 63-3 67-3 66-8 59-8 49-1 35-2 26-7 44-3 20-3 20-9 26-0 38-0 49-7 59-8 64-8 65-2 58-7 47-7 34-5 25-3 42-6 14-2 15-6 21-6 37-5 50-8 61-0 65-8 64-8 57-0 45-2 30-4 19-0 40-3 14-3 15-9 23-2 36-5 527 62-4 G6-0 64-8 55-5 44 2 30-8 19-2 40-5 15-0 15-6 23-0 38-0 49-6 60-6 66-8 65-2 58-6 46-8 33-0 19-3 41-0 6-0 10-8 20-6 33-5 47-0 56-3 62-8 60-6 521 41-6 23-6 11-0 35-5 -9-8 -0-6 10-6 34-2 49-1 60-0 64-5 58-3 48-0 357 18-1 3-0 31-0 -9-0 -0-8 9-0 29-9 46-5 57-6 61-8 55-4 47-9 36-5 18-8 3-7 29-8 -6-9 -4-6 9-0 26-2 50-0 58-5 60-8 54 3 46-2 34-2 13-6 3-7 28-0 20-5 23-0 29-0 38-4 47-2 55-0 60-3 604 65-0 46-5 34-8 23-8 41-2 24-0 26-6 33-2 437 54-6 63-9 69-4 67-4 60-8 50-5 38-2 27-9 46-7 5-4 6-4 10-7 20-6 33-5 44-0 47-8 47-3 41-0 30-2 16-4 9-2 25-9 19-2 21-6 28-3 41-6 55-8 66-2 707 68-9 59-8 49-4 34-9 23-9 45-1 27-4 28-8 34-0 44-0 56-0 66-1 71-3 69-0 62-4 52-2 39-8 302 48-4 L'fr'.l 29-2 34-5 47-0 59-3 68-8 74-0 71-6 63-8 52-7 39-9 30-3 49-8 ., 28-4 29-2 341 43-0 52-7 62-7 66-8 66-3 607 52-2 4G"9 31-8 47-4 ... 30-9 31-3 35-5 43'2 53-1 63-3 69-1 68-9 631 54-5 42-9 33-8 .49-1 ... 29-8 31-3 358 44-7 547 65-2 70-8 69-4 63-5 54-9 42-9 33-6 .49-7 28-9 30-5 35-5 46-2 58-0 68-4 72-9 70-9 63-8 53-8 40-7 32-0 .50-1 29-3 30-3 35-6 45-4 56-4 65-7 71-4 69-9 63-6 537 41-2 32-2 49-6 23-6 25-5 32-4 45-9 59-4 68-6 72-8. 71-3 63-3 51-1 38-6 27-2 48-3 24-4 25-0 30-4 41-6 54-3 65-3 70-0 69-6 G2-0 50-9 37-5 29-0 46-7 246 THE VOYAGE OF H.M.S. CHALLENGER. Stations. Country. No. of Years. Years Specified. Hours of Observation. Latitude. Longitude. Height, Feet. New York, . New York 15 1870-84 7: 3, 11* o / 40 43 o / -74 0 164 Oswego, do. 15 do. do. 43 29 -76 35 304 Rochester, . do. 15 do. do. 43 8 -77 42 621 Erie, . Pennsylvania 15 do. do. 42 7 -80 5 681 Philadelphia, do. 15 do. do. 39 57 -75 9 92 Pittsburg, do. 15 do. do. . 40 32 -80 2 762 Atlantic City, New Jersey 15 do. do. 39 22 -74 25 13 Barnegat, do. 15 do. do. 39 46 -74 6 20 Cape May, . do. 15 do. do. 38 56 -74 58 27 Sandy Hook, do. 15 do. do. 40 28 -74 1 28 Baltimore, . Maryland 15 do. do. 39 18 -76 37 45 Washington, Dist. Columbia 15 do. do. 38 54 -77 2 106 Morgantown, Virginia 15 do. do. 39 40 -79 52 963 Cape Henry, do. 15 do. do. 36 56 -76 0 16 Wytheville, . do. 15 do. do. 36 58 -81 5 2293 Lynchburgh, do. 15 do. do. 37 25 -79 2 652 Norfolk, do. 15 do. do. 36 51 -76 17 30 Cape Hatteras, North Carolina 15 do. do. 35 14 -75 30 7 Cape Lookout, do. 15 do. do. 34 36 -76 36 18 Kittyhawk, . do. 15 do. do. 36 0 -75 42 22 Smithville, . do. 15 do. do. 33 55 -78 1 34 Wilmington, do. 15 do. do. 34 14 -77 57 52 Charleston, . South Carolina 15 do. do. 32 49 -79 56 52 Augusta, Georgia 15 do. do. 33 28 -81 54 183 Savannah, . do. 15 do. do. 32 5 -81 5 87 Tybee Island, do. 15 do. do. 32 0 -80 52 29 Jacksonville, Florida 15 do. do. 30 20 -81 39 43 Key West, . do. 15 do. do. 24 34 -81 49 20 Cedar Keys, . do. 15 do. do. 29 8 -83 2 22 Punta Raasa. do. 15 do. do. 26 29 -82 1 14 St. Marks, . do. 15 do. do. 30 10 -84 12 15 Mobile, Alabama 15 do. do. 30 41 -88 2 41 Montgomery, do. 15 do. do. 32 23 -•86 18 219 Vicksburg, . Mississippi 15 do. do. 32 22 -90 53 244 Knosville, . Tennessee 15 do. do. 35 56 -83 58 980 Memphis, do. 15 do. do. 35 9 -90 3 321 Nashville, do. 15 do. do. 36 10 -86 47 549 Louisville, . Kentucky 15 do. do. 38 15 -85 45 530 Cincinnati, . Ohio 15 do. do. 39 6 -84 30 620 Cleveland, . do. 15 do. do. 41 30 -81 42 690 Toledo, do. 15 do. do. 41 40 -83 84 651 Columbus, . do. 15 do. do. 39 58 -83 0 805 Sandusky, . do. 15 do. do. 41 27 -82 40 639 Indianapolis, Indiana 15 do. do. 39 46 -86 10 753 Cairo, . Illinois 15 do. do. 37 0 -89 10 377 Chicago, do. 15 do. do. 41 52 -87 38 661 Alpena, Michigan 15 do. do. 45 5 -83 30 609 Detroit, do. 15 do. do. 42 20 -83 3 601 Escanaba, do. 15 do. do. 45 48 -87 5 612 Grand Haven, do. 15 do. do. 43 5 -86 19 620 ' Washington Mean Time. REPORT ON ATMOSPHERIC CIRCULATION. 247 Jan. Feb. Mar. April. May. June. July. Aug. Sept. Oct. J\OV. Dec. Year. Corrs. Applied. o O ° c ° o O o O O 0 O o o 30-3 31-7 36-6 47-2 59-2 68-9 73-6 72-3 65-6 55-7 42-8 33-2 51-4 26-2 267 32-0 43-0 54-5 64-9 70-4 69-3 62-1 51-6 39-0 29 '3 47-5 24-6 25-6 30-8 43-6 57-0 66-6 70-7 69-3 62-5 50-3 36-6 281 47-1 27-5 27-8 33-5 45-0 58-0 68-0 71-8 70-8 64-0 53-8 40-0 31-2 49-3 32-1 34-3 39-6 50-0 62-2 72-0 76-4 73-9 67-2 56-5 44-0 34'9 53-6 31-1 33-5 38-8 50-9 62-6 70-9 74-3 72-4 65-7 55-1 41-0 33-3 52-5 32-5 33-6 38-2 47-2 57-1 6(r6 72-2 72-3 67-2 57'2 44-1 35-4 51-9 32-2 33-2 38-2 46-5 56-8 663 72-0 71-7 66-4 56-6 43-4 34-6 51-5 34-7 36-4 41 '0 48-1 59-0 68-0 73-5 72-'.) 68-1 59-0 46-7 38-2 53-9 31-2 32-3 37-4 47-4 59-4 68-6 73-8 73-2 67-0 569 44-5 34-6 52-2 35-4 37-4 42-6 537 64-8 74-0 78-5 75-4 68-3 58-3 45-1 36-1 55-8 33-8 36-3 42-2 52-7 64-2 73-9 78-9 75-1 68-2 58-0 44-3 36-6 55-3 35-2 37-6 41-8 52-0 63-0 70-8 74-2 71-5 64-8 549 43-6 36-8 53-8 40-6 42-1 45-8 54-0 (14-2 73-3 78-1 76-4 72-0 61-8 51-4 43-1 58-6 35-0 38-4 42-0 52-5 64-4 68-0 71-8 70-2 67-0 54-8 41-7 35-8 53-5 ... 37-4 41-3 45-8 56-3 66'6 74-7 79-0 75-9 69-2 58-9 4G-5 38-9 57-7 407 43-4 48-0 56-1 66-0 75-5 79-G 76-9 71-1 61-3 50-0 42-1 59-2 457 46-5 50-3 56-4 64-9 74-2 78-1 77-5 73-2 64-3 55-1 47-4 611 47-2 48-3 53-0 59-0 67-0 75-7 80-0 79-0 75-3 66-0 55-5 48-1 62-8 42-5 43-9 47-4 54-2 G2-8 73-0 79-8 77-2 72-6 63-4 52-6 44-2 59-5 ... 46-6 48-8 53-8 60-4 69-6 77-2 81-0 79-3 74-2 64-6 54-0 47-5 631 47-7 50-2 54-7 61-4 69-3 76-6 80-3 78-6 73-7 64-3 55-0 48-0 63 3 50-8 53-3 57-8 647 72-5 79-4 82-8 80-9 76-G 67-5 57-9 51-5 66-3 48-3 51-3 56-6 64-2 72-7 79-1 82-0 80-2 74-8 6.V1 .">:>-."> 48-2 64-8 52-2 54-9 60-0 66-3 73-7 80-1 83-1 81-5 76 3 67-4 58-3 52-9 G7-2 497 53-0 58-5 63-8 71-0 77-9 80-2 80-0 76-2 67-7 58-5 51-1 65-7 56-1 58-2 62-8 69-6 75-7 80-6 82-9 81-5 78-0 71-2 62-1 56-3 69-6 70-8 71-9 74-0 76-7 79-6 83-0 83-9 84-4 83-1 79-1 74-9 70-9 777 56-9 60-3 633 70-2 76-3 80-6 83-2 81-8 79-3 72-3 63-6 58-3 70-5 647 65-6 69-5 73-1 76-9 80-4 81-6 81-4 80-1 76-5 70-0 65-4 73-8 53-2 56-0 60-8 66-4 73-6 78-5 81-3 79-9 77-1 68-1 59-5 53-9 67-4 51-1 54-6 59-9 66-9 74-6 80-5 82-2 81-0 77-0 68-2 58-0 52-0 67-2 49-0 52-9 58-1 65-4 73-2 79-5 82-5 80-1 75-5 66-5 54-9 49-3 65-5 ... 48-3 53-5 59-6 66-0 74-0 80-0 82-2 81-3 755 66-5 55-4 50-4 66-1 38-0 42-1 47-7 57-3 07-4 73-5 76-4 75-2 68-6 58-5 46-3 39-2 57-4 40-4 45-2 51-9 61-3 70-7 78-0 80-9 78-9 71-6 63-3 49-5 42-4 61-2 39-1 43 '8 49-7 59-2 69-6 77-0 80-0 78-2 70-8 60-9 48-1 41-5 60-0 35-2 39-2 45-1 56-0 G7-2 75-0 78-9 76-8 69-0 59-2 45-3 37-6 57-0 34-2 38-1 43'6 547 66-4 74-4 78-0 76-0 68-5 58-7 45-1 36-8 56-2 26-7 28-6 34-0 45-4 58-3 67-3 72-0 70-3 64-2 53-8 39-2 30-2 49-2 28-0 30-3 36-2 48-8 61-6 7G"6 74-2 72-1 64-6 54-0 397 31-0 51-0 30-6 36-8 39-6 51-8 63-9 71-2 74-6 73-6 68-6 58-6 42-6 337 53-8 28-0 33-0 35-0 45-5 61-3 68-6 72-0 71-3 67-4 563 41-4 31-9 51-0 29-8 344 40-2 52-8 647 73-0 77-0 741 66 -8 55-8 41-1 32-5 53-5 34-4 40-8 46-7 58-0 67-5 757 79-2 77-5 70-3 58-9 45-8 39-2 57-8 ... 25-5 29-3 35-4 463 57-5 67-7 72-9 72-2 64-4 53-4 38'8 29-0 49-4 19-1 19-5 25-0 37-0 49-5 59-3 661 64-8 57-2 46-6 32-7 23-7 41-7 24-6 27-2 33-0 45-3 587 68-0 72-0 70-5 623 52-3 36-9 29-2 48-4 15-4 169 227 36-3 50-4 61-2 67-1 66-5 56-5 45-0 31-0 20-6 40-8 25-6 26-5 32-0 43-7 55-9 64-6 69-7 68-7 61-3 51-0 37-6 29-0 47-1 248 THE VOYAGE OF H.M.S. CHALLENGER. Stations. Country. No. of Years. Years Specified. Hours of Observation. Latitude. Longitude. Height, Feet. Marquette, . Michigan 15 1870-84 7 : 3, 11* o 46 34 o / -87 24 673 Port Huron, . do. 15 do. do. 43 0 -82 26 633 La Crosse, . Wisconsin 15 do. do. 43 49 -91 15 725 Milwaukee, . do. 15 do. do. 43 2 -87 54 697 Breckeuridge, Minnesota 15 do. do. 46 11 -96 17 968 Duluth, do. 15 do. do. 46 48 -92 6 672 St. Paul's, . do. 15 do. do. 44 58 -93 3 801 Bismarck, Dacota 10J 1874-84 do. 46 47 -100 36 1694 Fort Buford, do. 15 1870-84 do. 48 0 -103 56 1930 Fort Sully, . do. 15 do. do. 44 89 -100 40 1678 Saint Vincent, do. 15 do. do. 48 56 -97 14 804 Pembina, do. 15 do. do. 49 0 -97 5 791 Deadwood, . do. 15 do. do. 44 23 -103 43 4600 Yankton, do. 15 do. do. 42 54 -97 28 1228 Virginia City, Montana 9 1872-80 do. 45 20 -112 3 5480 Boise City, . Wyoming 15 1870-84 do. 43 37 -116 8 2750 Lewiston, do. 15 do. do. 46 8 -117 5 780 Cheyenne, . do. 15 do. do. 41 12 -104 42 6105 Fort Benton, do. 5 1880-84 do. 47 50 -110 40 2694 North Platte, Nebraska 15 1870-84 do. 41 8 -100 45 2841 Omaha, do. 15 do. do. 41 16 -95 56 1113 Davenport, . Iowa 15 do. do. 41 32 -90 38 603 Dubuque, do. 15 do. do. 42 30 -90 44 665 Keokuk, do. 15 do. do. 40 22 -91 26 618 St. Louis, do. 15 do. do. 38 37 -90 12 571 Dodge City, . Kansas 10* 1874-84 do. 37 45 -100 0 2517 Leavenworth, do. 15 1870-84 do. 39 19 -94 57 842 Denver, Colorado 15 do. do. 39 45 -105 0 5294 Pike's Peak, . do. 11* 1873-84 do. 38 50 -105 2 14134 Salt Lake City, Utah 10| 1874-84 do. 40 46 -111 54 4348 Fort Smith, . Arkansas 15 1870-84 do. 35 22 -94 24 449 Little Rock, . do. 15 do. do. 34 45 -92 6 298 Corsicana, do. 15 do. do. 32 5 -96 30 445 Denison, do. 15 do. do. 33 48 -96 32 767 Fort Gibson, Indian Territory 15 do. do. 35 50 -95 20 540 New Orleans, Louisiana 15 do. do. 29 58 -90 4 52 Port Eads, . do. 15 do. do. 29 9 -89 15 7 Shreveport, . do. 15 do. do. 32 30 -93 40 227 Galveston, . Texas 15 do. do. 29 18 -94 47 40 Indianola, do. 15 do. do. 28 32 -96 31 26 Palestine, do. 15 do. do. 31 45 -95 40 533 Brownsville, . do. 15 do. do. 25 53 -97 26 59 Rio Grande City. . do. 15 do. do. 26 22 -98 48 230 Eagle Pass, . do. 15 do. do. 31 47 -106 30 780 San Antonio, do. 15 do. do. 29 25 -98 25 678 Concho, do. 15 do. do. 31 25 -100 24 1900 Stockton, do. 15 do. do. 30 53 -102 53 3010 Jacksonburgh, do. 15 do. do. 32 12 -98 10 1120 El Paso, New Mexico 15 do. do. 31 •35 -106 26 3764 Santa Fe, do. 13 1870-82 do. 35 41 -105 57 7106 * Washington Mean Time. REPORT ON ATMOSPHERIC CIRCULATION. 249 Jan. Feb. Mar. April. May. Jane. July. Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec. Year. Corrs. Applied. o 18'0 19-2 o 24-4 0 37-3 O 49-4 o 58-7 O 65-2 O 64-6 O 56-5 O 46-4 o 31-3 o 224 o 41-4 0 21-4 23-4 29-0 397 52-6 63-5 68-3 68-0 60-9 49-0 35-3 26-8 44-9 16-7 22-0 31-2 47-4 61-2 69-2 72-9 71-2 61-8 50-3 33-7 22-4 46-6 20-6 25-0 30-8 42-5 52-6 63-8 69-4 68-8 61-5 50-0 34-6 24-6 45-3 2-8 8-1 18-fi 39-0 56-3 64-4 68-7 66-8 55-5 43-0 23-9 10-3 38-1 11-9 16-6 24-8 38-6 48-9 58-1 66-7 65-0 57-3 45-4 28-8 16-2 39-9 12-0 18-4 28-3 45-2 59-3 68-0 71-8 69-4 59-3 47-5 30-2 17-3 44-0 5-8 11-4 21-7 40-0 55-0 63-8 69-4 68-1 55-8 42-3 25-0 13-4 39'3 4-4 10-7 22-7 40-4 54-2 63-3 68-3 67-0 54-0 40-7 24-1 10-2 38-4 ... 12-8 19-7 26-7 42-7 59-0 69-3 74-7 73-0 61-6 48-2 30-7 20-3 44-9 -5-0 3-7 13-5 34-5 51-3 61-4 64-7 63-6 52-4 40-0 19-3 5-7 33-4 -3-0 3-8 18-8 34-8 53-6 63-8 66-6 64-6 52-3 39-5 18-7 3-4 35-2 20-4 24-8 303 39-0 49-7 60-0 64-7 62-8 53-0 42-8 30-5 23-7 41-8 ... 15-1 21-3 29-8 46-1 59-9 69-7 73-9 72-5 61-6 49-2 32-1 19-4 45-9 18-5 23-5 29-3 37-4 46-2 55-8 64-4 63-0 52-3 42-5 28-5 21-3 40-2 29-5 33-8 41-4 48-1 56-9 66-4 73-6 71-6 59-9 48'0 36-9 31-2 48-9 31-8 34-0 43-7 50-6 58-6 67-5 73-5 72-8 61-2 49-7 38-6 31-6 50-3 25-0 27-8 33-2 40-6 52-6 62-6 68-0 66-1 55-8 41-3 33-0 27-0 44-8 13-8 18-2 30-5 42-7 54-8 63-5 69-8 68-6 55-8 44-4 28-6 17-0 42-3 19-5 26-6 35-0 47-0 59-2 69-8 74-5 72-6 61-7 49-7 34-4 24-5 47-9 21-1 27-6 35-5 50-1 62-6 72-2 7C-2 74-4 63-7 52-9 36-5 24-9 49-8 22-2 28-2 35-4 49-6 61-9 71-2 75-8 73-3 64-6 52-6 37-4 27-4 49-2 19-1 25-2 32-8 47-8 60-8 69-8 75-0 73-0 63-4 50-8 34-5 26-3 48-2 25-4 81-3 39-6 52-0 64-1 73-0 77-7 75-6 66-9 55-1 39-7 29-8 52-5 31-1 36-0 43-1 55 '5 661 74-7 78-4 76-8 69-2 58-2 43-4 34-2 55-6 26-0 33-2 42-0 52-7 62-6 73-3 77-5 74-8 66-6 54-3 37-2 30-0 52-5 26-0 32-6 41-0 53-8 64-9 74-0 77-9 76-4 67-0 56-3 40-4 30-0 53-3 27-8 33-2 39-8 46-6 57-8 68-0 73-2 70-6 61-4 49-5 36-8 29-2 49-5 2-8 3-6 7-8 12-7 22 '2 33-3 40-3 38-8 31-3 21-5 10-8 6-0 19-3 287 32-8 41-6 49-3 58-2 68-7 76-3 74-9 64-2 51-6 38-8 32-6 51 '3 36-8 42-1 51-5 60-4 69-5 76-0 80-2 77-3 72-3 63-2 49-0 40-0 59-8 41-2 48-0 54-0 62-3 70-7 78-1 81-0 79-4 72-5 63-8 50-7 45-1 62-2 44-8 51-8 58-4 65-7 73-3 79-7 83-9 83-2 76-1 67-7 53-9 47-8 65-4 42-9 48-8 56-5 63-8 71-9 78-8 83-0 82-4 75-0 64-8 50-3 43-8 63-5 37-8 43-0 51-3 59-4 69-6 77-3 81-5 79-4 72-3 60-6 47-5 38-5 59-8 54-1 58-4 62-6 68-5 74-8 80-7 82-5 81-9 78-0 70-8 61-5 56-0 69-1 55-4 57-4 61-8 68-4 74-0 78-6 81-5 81-7 79-2 72-5 64-6 58-0 69-4 46-0 52-1 58-8 65-8 73-9 80-6 83-3 82-4 75-6 66-6 54-0 48-5 65-6 52-8 57-3 C3-6 69-1 76-0 82-2 83-8 83-4 78-9 72-9 61-9 56-2 69-9 53-0 58-2 65-0 70-0 76-1 82-3 83-8 83-5 79-3 73-0 62-3 56-4 70-2 46-7 52-6 59-6 65-2 72-4 79-1 81-7 81-3 75-4 66-6 55-4 49-0 65-4 ... 58-5 62-8 68-9 74-4 79-4 83-0 84-6 83-2 79-8 75-2 65-3 60-4 73-0 58-5 63-3 70-2 76-5 80-8 85-2 8G-4 83-1 81-8 74-0 64-0 59-6 73-6 51-5 57-5 65-7 73-2 79-1 85-2 87-0 84-4 80-3 72-7 59-4 53-2 70-8 51-0 56-3 63-5 70-0 75-7 81-8 83-3 82-2 78-0 71-6 59-0 53-7 69-0 43-5 48-3 58-6 64-5 72-4 80-2 83-8 80-2 73-6 65-4 51-2 44-8 64-1 43-8 48-5 57-8 64-0 71-7 79-4 82-3 78-0 71-6 64-0 50-4 45-0 63-0 ... 43-0 48-7 58-4 65-2 73-3 80-5 83-7 82-0 74-6 67-8 52-5 44-4 64-5 ... 46-9 50-6 57-4 64-6 73-3 81-0 81-8 78-6 72-8 64-3 50-5 46-3 64-0 ... 28-2 31-7 39-8 46-6 57-4 66-8 68-8 66-8 59-9 49-9 36-3 30-0 48-5 (PHYS. CHEM. CHALL. EXP. PART V. — 1889.) 38 250 THE VOYAGE OF H.M.S. CHALLENGER. Stations. Country. No. of Years. Years Specified. Hours of Observation. Latitude. Longitude. Height, Feet. Tucsod, Arizona 15 1870-84 7: 3, 11* 0 32 14 O 1 -110 53 2369 Yuma, . do. 14 1871-84 do. 32 45 -114 36 141 Prescott, do. 14 do. do. 34 33 -112 28 5340 Tatoosh, do. 15 1870-84 do. 48 23 -121 44 sr, Olympia, do. 15 do. do. 47 3 ^122 53 36 Canby, . Oregon 15 do. do. 46 16 -124 4 179 Portland, do. 15 do. do. 45 32 -122 43 67 Umatilla, do. 15 do. do. 45 55 -119 20 310 Cape Mendocino, . California 15 do. do. 40 26 -124 24 637 Roseburg, do. 15 do. do. 43 13 -123 20 511 Red Bluff, . do. 15 do. do. 40 10 -122 15 332 Sacramento, . do. 15 do. do. 38 35 -121 30 65 San Francisco, do. 15 do. do. 37 48 -122 26 60 Visalia, do! J.', do. do. 36 20 -119 17 318 Los Angelos, do. 15 do. do. 34 3 -118 15 371 San Diego, . do. 15 do. do. 32 43 -117 10 67 Wimieiuucca, Neva la 15 do. do. 40 59 -117 43 1327 Mexico, Mexico 9 1877-85 hourly 19 26 -99 0 7490 Puebla, do. 8 1878-85 7: 2, 9 19 3 -98 3 7113 Oolima, do. 11 1869-80 do. 19 12 -103 33 270 Mazatlan, do. 6 1880-85 M.m. 29 11 -106 17 249 Vera Cruz, . do. 3 1863-65 M.T. 19 12 -96 9 26 Cordova, do. 5 1861-65 9: 9 18 51 -96 54 2879 Guatemala, . Guatemala 4 1879-82 7 : 2, 9 14 38 -90 31 4856 Belize, . B. Honduras 5 1865-69 M.m. 17 30 -88 IS 27 Rivas, . Nicaragua 7 1880-86 M.T. 11 26 -85 47 150 Bluefields, . do. 3 1883-86 do. 12 8 -83 43 20 San Jose, Costa Rico 11 1868-78 7 : 2, 9, 9 9 56 -84 0 3756 Colon, . Panama 5 1881-85 M.m. !) 22 -79 55 164 Kaos, . do. 3 1883-85 do. 8 57 -79 31 46 Gamboa, do. 4* 1881-82, '84-85 do. '.) 10 -79 43 98 Bermuda, West Indies L5 1870-84 M.T. 32 17 -64 14 120 Nassau, do. 15 do. M.m. 25 5 -77 21 44 Havana, do. 19 1858-76 4, 10: 4, Id 23 8 -82 2.'! 62 Matanzas, di ,. 2 V S.R.:2,S.s.,M.m. 23 2 -81 38 117 Santiago, do. 3 1881-83 M.T. 19 55 -75 50 21 Up Park Camp, . do. 5 1853-59 M.m. 18 0 -76 56 225 Ross's View, . do. 5 1869-73 6: 6 18 3 -76 44 951 Kingston, do. 8 1880-87 M.ni. 18 1 -76 48 10 Cinchona Plain, . do. 3 1882-85 do. 18 5 -76 44 4850 Navassa, do. 2* 1880-82 M.T. 19 25 -75 3 77 St. Croix, Christian- stadt, do. 9 1877-85 M.m. 17 45 -64 42 81 S. Juan dePortoRico, do. 12 1874-85 do. 18 18 -66 30 82 Sanchez, do. 2 1886-87 do. 19 13 -69 37 50 La Pointe-a-Pitre, do. 7 1878-84 do. 16 14 -61 31 13 Barbadoes, . do. 15 1870-84 do. 13 4 -59 40 25 St. Ann's, Trinidad, do. 18 1862-80 M.T. 10 30 -61 20 130 Maracaibo, . Venezuela 1 0 7: 3 10 43 -71 52 [0] La Guayra, . do. ? •p 6, 10 : 4, 9 10 37 -67 7 [0] " Washington Mean Time. REPORT ON ATMOSPHERIC CIRCULATION. 251 Corrs. Jan. Feb. Mar. April. May. June. July. Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec. Year. Applied. o o O o 0 O o O O O O o O O 48-6 52-8 58-6 64-2 73-0 82-9 86-2 83-7 79-0 69-6 57-0 50-7 67-1 53-2 56-5 63-5 68-6 77-3 86-0 92-0 91-3 84-8 72-3 GO-8 55-8 72-0 34-8 36-6 43-6 49-6 58-5 68-8 72-8 71 -1 65-0 53-8 41-5 37-2 52-8 41-0 41-8 43-4 47-2 49-8 .53-8 56-0 55-6 55-0 50-8 46-6 43-0 48'6 37-8 40-8 43-8- 48-2 53-6 59-5 62-8 62-2 56-4 50-0 43-6 38-3 49-7 41-3 43-8 45-5 49-2 52-5 56-0 58-2 59-2 57-5 53-6 48-3 43-8 50-7 39-5 41-7 46-7 51-8 56-9 62-4 67-2 66-0 60-8 53-2 45-5 40-5 52-7 32-3 36'4 47-7 53-6 59-9 68-1 74-0 72-8 63-9 51-7 40-9 33-4 52-9 48-5 48-0 48-6 49 -8 61 -7 54-8 56-6 56-8 56-0 55-4 52-3 50-0 52-4 40-8 44-2 46-9 51-1 55-5 62-7 66-5 65-6 60-4 50-6 44-4 41-4 52-4 46-2 49-4 54-3 59-0 67-0 78-0 83-2 80-5 73-7 62-8 52-9 4G-8 62-9 46-5 50-3 54-6- 58-4 64-4 70-8 73-3 72-2 69-0 60-8 52-8 47-1 60-0 50-4 51-9 53-4 54-5 56-5 58-6 58-5 58-4 59-4 59-2 556 51-7 55-7 45-8 50-4 55-3 59 -6 67-3 76-5 81-1 79-4 71-4 61-6 50-3 46-8 62-1 52-2 53-8 55-6 58-0 61-8 65-4 68-5 G9-G 67-2 63-0 58-3 54-5 60-7 53-2 54-0 56-0 57-8 61-4 64-5 67-7 68-8 665 63-0 57-8 55-0 60-5 30-6 34-7 39-5 47-5 54-4 66-5 74-1 72-0 61-2 47-0 35-5 32-2 49-6 53-8 56-7 61-0 65-1 64-8 .63-9 62-4 62-2 61-0 59-2 5G-5 54-0 60-1 53-4 55-8 60-8 65-0 65-0 64-6 63-3 62-8 62-1 60-8 57-6 54-3 60-4 76-1 73-4 78-8 80-8 81-0 82-8 83-3 78-8 79-2 78-6 77-9 77-0 79-0 G6-0 65-3 67-1 69-6 74-4 80-0 80-5 79-7 79-7 78-3 73-8 70-3 73-7 70-4 74-0 77-4 80-1 84-5 85-8 82-9 82-5 81-7 80-4 74-8 72-3 78-9 63-9 65-8 G8-7 71-8 73-6 72-:; 71-2 71-6 70-7 69-0 65-3 C4-0 68-9 61-9 62-1 66-8 68-6 69-6 67-6 66-7 66-6 66-4 C5-6 63-5 62-0 65-6 76-1 77-0 79-3 80-8 82-6 82-8 82-4 83-0 82-8 80-2 77-0 76-3 80-1 80-0 80-0 79-6 81-2 81-4 80-1 79-4 79-6 80-0 79-:. 80-5 80-2 80-2 79-1 78-6 81-6 83-4 81-7 80-n 80-3 80-2 80-0 80-5 80-0 79-4 80-4 69-8 72-7 72-9 74-3 72-7 71-2 70-9 70-3 70-5 69-6 69-3 08-5 71-1 . 79-0 78-8 78-9 79-3 80-1 79-7 79-2 78-6 78-0 78-7 79-6 79-6 79-1 79-2 78-6 78-4 80-2 81-9 80-2 80-1 81-8 81-4 80-2 79-6 79-5 80-2 76-3 75-8 76-3 77 -5 79-3 80-0 79-1 79-0 79-6 79-1 79-3 77-7 78-3 62-9 62-6 62-5 65-4 CO -9 75-9 79-8 80-4 78-7 73-8 68-8 64-2 70-4 7242 72-6 73-5 75-8 77-8 80-G 81-8 82-2 81-6 79-2 76-0 72-9 77-2 72-6 73-0 75-7 77 -S 80-8 83-4 83-7 83-3 82-0 79-5 76-8 72-6 78-5 73-5 72-1 75-8 80-2 80-7 82-1 81-5 80-6 82-2 78-8 77-7 74-7 79-2 75-6 74-1 75-3 79-4 80-6 82-8 82-9 83-1 81-8 79-5 78-0 7G-3 79-1 77-8 76-0 7(i-8 77-3 79-0 80-6 79-9 81-6 81-0 80-4 80-6 78-3 79-1 68-4 68-7 69-6 71-4 72-7 74-8 75-0 74-1 73-8 72-1 71-1 G8-9 71-8 76-5 76-3 76-5 77-7 79-4 80-5 81-6 81-1 81-5 80-5 79-4 77-7 79-1 59-9 59-2 59-6 61-9 62-6 64-8 65-7 65-6 65-1 63-1 62-1 61-3 62-6 75-4 74-1 75-8 77-0 81-0 82-7 82-7 82-8 82-2 81-2 78-7 75-8 79-1 78-0 77-9 78-fi 80-3 82-0 83-1 83-2 83-8 83-5 82-2 80-3 78-3 80-9 76-8 76-3 78-0 80-2 81-6 83-2 83-0 83-5 82-5 82-8 81-0 77-8 80-7 73-9 74-0 75-6 77-3 78-5 79-3 79-9 80-6 81-0 79-5 77-5 74-2 77-6 75-0 74-8 76-1 78-4 81-0 82-0 81-8 81-8 81-3 80-1 78-4 75 -0 78-8 ... 78-9 79-0 79-8 80-8 81-9 81-9 81-6 81-8 81-8 81-4 80-8 79-G 80-7 ... 78-1 78-0 78-G 80-1 81-3 80-6 80-2 80-4 81-0 81-0 80-3 Xll-N 79-9 + 2'0 81-2 83-4 82-9 80-4 85-8 86-6 86-6 8R-9 86-5 85-0 84-0 81-9 84-8 76-6 76-5 77-5 78-4 79-4 79-8 79-3 80-7 81-1 80-7 79-7 77-0 78-9 252 THE VOYAGE OF H.M.S. CHALLENGER. StatioDS. Country. No. of Years. Years Specified. Hours of Observation. Latitude. Longitude. Height, Feet. CaraccM, Venezuela 3 1808-70 M.T. o 10 30 O 1 -60 55 3043 Colonia Tovar, do. 1* 1854-56 7 : 2, 9 10 26 -07 20 5649 Medillin, Colombia 5 1875-79 M.m. 6 10 -75 45 4951 Buenaventura, do. 1 1881-82 M.T. 3 50 -75 55 18 Bogota, do. 2 1823-24 6: 1, 9 4 35 -74 14 8727 Puerto Berrio, do. 5 1880-85 M.T. 6 22 -74 28 542 Quito, . Ecuador H 1878-79 6: 2, 10 -0 14 -78 45 9350 Do. . do. 5 1858-59 9: 9 -0 14 -78 45 9350 Iquitos, do. ? ? M.T. -3 44 -73 8 312 Antisana, do. 1 1845-46 M.m. -0 21 -78 6 13320 George Town, British Guiana 8 1846-56 do. 6 50 -5S 8 10 Paramaribo, Surinam 15 1870-84 8: 8 5 50 -55 13 6 Catheiina Sophia, do. 4 1852-56 6: 6 5 48 -50 47 50 Cayenne, French Guiana 7 1846-52 M.T. 4 50 -55 39 7 Manaos, Brazil 5 5 1866, '68-69 do. -3 8 -60 0 121 Para, . do. 3 1848, etc. S.R., N. : 8 -1 30 -48 24 [0] Ceara, . do. 1 1860 7: 2, 6 -3 43 -38 35 [°] Porto do Maranhao, do. 1* 1886-87 M.m. _g 30 -44 0 14 Parnahylu . do. 1 1883 do. -6 13 -42 45 [0] 11 Pernambuco, do. 8 1876-84 7: 1 -8 4 -34 52 Do. do. 2i ? M.m. -8 4 -34 52 11 Colonia Isobel, do. 6 1876-84 do. -8 45 -35 42 751 Victoria, do. 7 do. do. -8 9 -35 27 528 Bahia, . do. :H 1881-84 M.T. -12 58 -38 30 330 St. Bento das Lagas, do. 10 1872-81 do. -12 37 -38 40 98 Nova Friburgo, do. 4 1882-86 M.m. — 22 19 -42 30 2874 Kio de Janeiro, do. 35 1851-85 do. — 22 57 -43 7 224 San Paulo, . do. 5 1879-83 9: 9 -23 33 -46 37 2393 Queluz, do. 2* 1882-83, '87 M.T. -20 40 -44 38 3285 Taquara, do. 1* 1869-71 do. -29 40 -50 47 ? Sao Leopoldo and Santa Cruz, do. 5 1869-73 do. -29 35 -52 30 361 Passo Fundo, do. 1 1880-81 7: 1, 9 -28 13 -52 12 2000 Pelotas, do. 3 1875-77 M.m. -31 47 -52 19 20 Rio Grande do Sul, do. 9 1877-79, '82-87 M.T. -:;2 0 -52 15 54 S.AntoniodePalrneira do. 1§ 1879-80 7: 1, 9, 9 -27 54 -53 26 1896 Joinville, do. 8 1867-75 6 : 2, 10 -26 19 -53 48 ? Lima, . Peru 1 1869 9, N. : 6, M. -12 3 -77 6 499 Do. . do. 2 ? noon -12 o O -77 6 565 Callao, . do. ? 1857-70 ? -12 4 -77 14 [0] Arica, . do. u 1854-55 M.T. -18 25 -70 22 10 Cochabamba, Bolivia H 1883-84 do. -17 21 -65 52 724i Iquique, do. 3 1883-86 do. -20 12 -70 11 30 Punta Caldera, Chili 3 do. do. -27 5 -70 50 82 Copiapo, do. 5 1868-72 9: 9 -27 22 -70 23 1296 Serena, Coquinibo, . do. 4 1869-72 do. -29 55 -71 17 115 do. 4 do. do. -29 56 -71 21 74 Valparaiso, . do. 5 1868-72 do. -33 1 -71 40 151 Do. do. 10 1863-72 M.T. -33 1 -71 40 151 Santiago de Chili, . dr>. 21 1860-81 M.m. -33 27 -70 41 1703 REPORT ON ATMOSPHERIC CIRCULATION. 253 Jan. Feb. Mar. April. May. June. July. Aug. Sept. Oct, Nov. Dec. Year. Corrs. Applied. o o O O O o O O o O o O o 0 68-5 68-9 69-3 72-5 73-9 73-0 72-0 72-6 72-5 71-4 71-2 68-9 71-2 55-2 57-1 58-4 60-3 59-7 58-4 58-5 60-7 59-8 59-5 58-3 56-7 58-G ... 70-9 71-6 70-9 70-7 70-9 70-7 70-5 70-7 70-5 69-4 69-1 69-8 70-5 80-0 80-0 79-5 (78-3) 78-9 79-7 79-7 79-6 (78-4) 77-6 78-0 .78-6 79-0 ... 57-0 58-1 59-2 58-5 58-3 57-6 56-3 56-1 57-0 58'5 59-0 58-6 57-9 ... 79-4 79-4 78-4 78-0 78-8 . 79-0 78-5 78-3 78-7 78-3 79-0 79-2 78-7 56-5 57-0 55-2 53-6 56-1 54-9 54-5 55-8 55-4 55-9 56-5 56-1 55-6 57-4 58-8 57-4 56-5 54-7 57-6 . .. 57-8 57-2 56-3 57-4 ... 77-5 78-5 76-3 77-0 75-6 74-3 74-1 76-3 76-3 77-2 78-4 77-9 76-6 ... 43-2 41-2 42-1 42-0 41-9 40-1 37-4 37-4 39-2 41-0 41-9 42-8 • 40-8 78-9 78-6 79-1 79-8 79-5 78-9 78-6 79-9 80-8 80-8 80-3 78-9 79-5 79-3 79-6 80-4 81-1 81-5 82-0 83-0 83-7 83-7 83-5 82-2 80-0 81-7 77-2 77-6 77'7 78-0 78-3 77-5 77-6 78-5 78-0 78-7 78-0 77-0 77-9 79-1 79-0 79-4 80-0 79-9 79-9 80-5 81-4 81-8 82-0 81-4 79-1 80-3 78-4 79-3 78-8 77-5 78-6 78-6 78-6 (79-5) (80-0) 80-4 80-6 80-2 79-2 ... 80-1 78-9 78-9 79-3 80-6 80-6 81-5 81-5 81-2 81-5 81-9 81-3 80-6 81-3 79-7 79-9 79-9 78-8 77-4 77-4 79-2 79-4 80-2 81-5 81-1 79-5 (82-0) 81-8 81-6 80-1 81-2 81-1 81-3 82-2 (83-0) (83-0) 82-6 82-0 81-8 77-7 80-1 78-3 79-7 81-5 79-5 81-0 82-2 84-6 84-4 81-1 79-3 80-8 82-2 82-4 81-5 79-3 77-7 76-1 74-3 75-6 77-5 80-2 81-3 82-0 79-2 ... 80-5 80-5 79-7 78-3 77-3 75-6 75-0 75-2 76-8 78-8 80-0 80-2 78-2 77-0 75-9 77-4 76-1 74-1 72-1 70-5 70-3 72-0 74-5 76-6 77-2 74-7 79-6 80-1 79-0 78-4 76-8 75-0 73-4 73-8 74-5 76-6 78-8 79-2 77-2 82-8 82-5 82-4 80-2 78-4 76-1 74-8 75-2 77-0 79-1 79-9 82-0 79-2 ... 79-7 80-1 79-7 78-3 75-7 73-8 72-3 72-5 74-0 76-6 78-8 79-7 76-6 68-5 68-6 67-8 66-9 62-3 57-0 57-8 58-2 61-4 63-8 65-6 68-1 63-8 79-0 79-1 79-3 76-8 73-1 71-5 70-1 70-1 70-5 72-9 75-0 77-5 74-3 70-9 70-3 68-7 64-8 59-9 57-2 56-7 58-1 61-7 64-8 67-5 69-1 64-0 ... 72-1 73-0 72-8 68-4 62-8 60-2 59-6 62-2 66-8 68-5 71-4 71-6 67-5 75-7 75-2 74-7 65-7 60-4 61-7 55-3 55-1 58-8 64-4 68-9 73-0 65-7 76-6 77-5 74-8 667 60-8 58-8 54-7 57-9 62-2 64-0 70-9 75-0 66-7 73-4 71-6 70-3 60-8 56-7 56-0 50-5 51-8 57-9 60-3 71-4 (72-5) 62-8 ... 75-6 74-4 72-G 65-9 58-8 53-2 53-5, 56-2 59-0 61-9 66-4 71-7 64-0 75-9 74-8 73-0 67-3 60-8 57-3 56-3 58-8 61-0 64-5 69-9 72-8 66-0 ... 73-7 71-6 70-2 65-8 57-7 54-9 59-0 59-3 61-2 67-5 71-4 73-2 64-7 77-0 76-1 73-8 707 64-9 62-4 60-3 63-1 651 68-7 71-6 75-2 69-0 74-3 75-0 73-4 69-4 63-8 59-8 57-6 58-5 59-9 62-0 631 67-5 65-3 78-1 79-9 80-0 77-3 77-9 68-4 68-5 67-3 66-2 69-2 72-0 74-9 73-3 ... 70-9 707 71-6 68-0 671 61-7 60-8 60-5 60-8 65-3 68-9 70-7 66-4 71-6 71-4 70-3 68-0 66-0 '64-8 63-7 63-1 63-0 66-0 69-1 71-6 67-5 65-8 66-2 64-8 65-7 62-2 57-8 59-4 62-2 64-0 68-0 66-2 04-2 63-9 ...* 70-6 G9-5 67-2 64-3 62-2 60-5 59-5 59-8 62-6 63-9 66-2 69-8 64-6 68-1 67-8 66-5 63-7 58-8 57-3 55-5 56-8 58-0 60-3 62-5 66-3 61-8 687 667 64-2 59-0 55-2 51-6 50-7 53-6 56-5 59-5 62-2 657 59-5 64-0 64-6 61-9 58-5 56-1 53-2 52-5 54-3 55-4 577 60-1 62-2 58-5 65-1 64-7 62-6 60-3 57-9 54-7 54-5 55-6 56-7 60-1 63-1 65-7 60-1 631 62-7 60-3 56-3 54-3 52-9 52-5 53-2 54-0 57-4 59-7 C2-4 57-4 ... 63-0 63-0 60-5 57-4 55-1 53-3 52-8 52-8 54-1 57-1 59-3 62-7 57-6 ... 68-7 667 63-3 577 52-6 48-0 47-8 49-6 54-1 58-1 63-5 66-7 58-1 ... * Either temperature or height is too great. 254 THE VOYAGE OF H.M.S. CHALLENGER. Stations. Country. No. of Yeats. Years Specified. Hours of Observation. Latitude. Longitude. Height, Feet. Santiago de Chili, Chili 5 1868-72 M.T. 0 / -33 27 o -70 41 1703 Quinquina, . do. 3 1883-86 do. -36 37 -73 3 189 Talca, . do. •j 1871-72 9: 9 -35 26 -71 40 344 Valdivia, do. 4 1869-72 do. -39 49 -73 17 43 Do. do. 15 18 ? -75 6 : 2, 10 -39 49 -73 17 43 Corral, do. .". 1870-72 ' do. -39 52 -73 17 105 Ancud, do. H 1869-71, '86 M.T. -41 51 -74 1 J. 134 Puerta Mont, do. 4" 1869-72 6 : 2, 10 -41 30 -72 57 20 Punta Arenas, do. 8 1 853-61 M.m. -53 8 -70 52 33 San Jorge, . Uruguay 8 1880-87 do. -32 43 -56 8 400 Monte Video, do. 10 1843-52 S.E. : 2, S.S. -34 54 -56 13 39 Salta, . Argentine Rep. 7 1873-76, 79-82 7: 2, 9 -24 46 -65 24 4030 Assuncion, . do. :; 1855-57 6, N. : 6, M. -25 10 -57 40 322 Do. do. H 1874-75 9 : 9, M.m. -25 16 -57 40 322 Villa Formosa, do. 4" 1879-82 7 : 2, 9 -26 13 -58 10 328 Corrientes, . do. 7 1873-80 do. -27 28 -58 49 280 Goya, . do. 10 1876-86 do. - 29 0 -59 15 209 Tucuman, do. 7 1873-85 do. -26 51 -65 12 1522 Rioja, . do. 4 1875-78 do. -29 20 -67 15 1773 Mendosa, do. 6 1875-80 do. -32 53 -08 49 2641 San Luis, do. 3i 1874-77 do. -33 19 -66 20 2490 Cordova, do. i; 1872-76 do. -31 25 -04 11 1400 Concordia, . do. 3 1876-78 do. -31 25 -58 4 200 S. Antonio de Areco, do. 3 1879-82 do. -34 13 -59 30 121 Eosario, do. 6 1875-80 do. -32 57 -60 38 128 Villa Hermandarius, do. 8 1877-84 do. -31 15 -59 40 195 Parana, do. 8 1875-82 do. -31 44 -61 1 256 Buenos AyreSj do. 21 1856-76 do. -34 39 -58 23 12 Do. do. 8 1870-77 8: 8 -34 39 -58 23 50 Tandil, do. 6 187G-82 , 7 : 2, 9 -37 17 -59 8 650 Bahia Blanca. do. 14 1870-S3 do. —38 45 —62 11 49 Carmen, Patagonia 2 1883-85 M.T. —40 49 —02 48 [0] Chubut, do. H 1880-83 7 : 2, 9, —43 18 —65 15 98 Ushuaia, do. 7j 1876-82 7 : 2, 9, 9 —54 53 —68 10 98 Do. . do. 1 1882-83 do. — 54 53 -68 10 98 Cape Pembroke, . do. 9 1859-68 4, 9 : 3, 8 —51 41 —57 47 [0] Orange Bay, do. 1 1882-83 hourly —53 31 —70 1'5 39 South Georgia, do. I do. do. —54 31 -36 5 30 Port Stanley, do. *h 1881-83, '85, '87. M.m. —51 42 —57 48 22 North Atlantic,* . °i 1881-86 12 30 — 22 30 0 Do. 5§ do. do. -27 30 0 Do. * Calculated from 5f do. do. -32 30 0 Do. data published 5f do. do. -37 30 0 Do. in the United States Interna- 5* do. ... do. -42 30 0 Do. tional Meteoro- 5f do. do. -47 3n 0 Do. logical Observa- 5$ do. do. -52 30 0 Do. tions. 5f do. ... 17 30 -22 30 0 Do. 5§ do. . .. do. -27 30 0 Do. of do. ... do. -32 30 0 REPORT ON ATMOSPHERIC CIRCULATION. 255 Jan. Feb. Mar. April. May. June. July. Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec. Year. Corrs. Applied. o 68-2 O 65-3 0 61-2 53-4 O 48-4 o 45-0 O 44-2 O 48-2 507 O 56-5 61-9 O 66-0 o 55-8 o 67-1 667 61-6 59-1 54-5 51-1 49 -6 52-0 54-0 58-8 61-6 65-4 58-5 70-2 68-2 63-8 55-5 48-4 44-1 43-3 47-5 50-9 58-6 62-1 66-9 565 59-0 58-5 55-4 49-5 48-0 43-2 43-7 441 46-4 51-3 55-0 56-8 50-9 61-6 60-8 57-2 52-8 49-6 46-2 45-0 46-2 48-6 52-3 55-9 58-8 52-9 57-9 57-5 55-9 511 48-4 47 5 45-1 44-4 47-7 50-9 55-2 56-8 51-4 56-4 5G-7 54-6 51-3 49-0 47-0 46-0 45-8 47-9 50-4 52-3 54-7 51-0 57-7 59-0 55-2 51-3 48-9 45-9 45-9 457 47-8 51-8 54-5 56-5 51-6 51 -5 50-4 47-1 38-8 36-8 34-6 36-0 39-7 43-9 46-8 49-6 43-0 ... 73-2 71-4 G9-7 59-3 54-(i 507 48-4 53-9 560 59-7 66-0 70-2 61-0 73-0 72-1 68-7 64-0 ' 57-6 53-1 51-8 51-6 56-3 61-2 65-5 70-3 62-2 . .. 71-8 71-1 67-3 62-8 58-5 52-9 53-3 57'9 62-0 66-0 70-2 72-0 63-8 85-6 82-5 79-0 724 66-4 63-2 64 3 67 3 68-8 76-1 79-8 799 73-8 82-3 82-2 70 J 72-7 Go -4 63-0 64-0 68-5 73-0 78-3 80-1 80-3 74-1 ... 80-8 80-4 777 70-0 65-5 63-7 63-3 65-8 67-1 73-4 76-1 79-7 72-0 79-3 79-5 77 -5 71-1 65-3 60-8 61-0 62-8 662 70-2 75-0 78-6 70-6 77-4 77-0 75-6 66-9 61-0 58-3 58-0 61-3 63-3 67-8 72-1 7G-3 67-9 77-7 75-2 72-5 67-1 59-4 54-5 54-0 58-8 64-6 691 73-6 76-1 6G-9 81-5 79-0 77-2 66-6 59-2 53-8 56-3 59-4 67-3 73-4 76-6 80-8 69-3 7:; -4 74-2 67-8 58-8 50-2 457 46-4 49-6 55-2 62-2 69 6 74-1 60-6 76-5 74-1 68-4 59-2 52-5 46-2 48-6 51-8 58-1 64-6 68-0 72-1 617 73-0 72-2 65-8 60-1 55-7 48-3 50-4 53-5 60-3 63-8 67-G 72-6 61-9 76-8 75-2 74-3 64-6 55-9 53-1 54-3 55-8 59-5 63-5 69-1 73-2 64-6 73-2 73-9 69-6 60-3 54-1 50-0 48-9 52-3 54-3 60-8 68-5 74-1 61-7 74-3 73-8 70-2 62-8 56-3 50-9 52-3 54 '0 57-2 62-8 67-8 71-2 62-8 78-9 77-4 75 '4 65-3 58-6 55-3 55-6 58-3 61-7 67-5 73-1 77-2 67-0 75-9 76-7 73-2 64-8 57-9 53-2 55-0 56-7 60-3 65-5 70-9 743 65-4 75-6 74-3 70-3 62-8 56-5 52-4 50-0 53-6 57-0 62-3 68-6 72-8 63-0 75-6 74-8 69-6 G3-1 55-7 51-1 50-6 53 1 57-6 62-2 68-9 71-4 63-6 70-2 70-0 66-4 58-1 52-5 46-4 46-6 48-9 51-4 56-3 03-3 66-7 58-1 73-2 721 G6'6 57-9 52-0 46-2 46-8 49-3 53-8 59-4 66-9 70-2 59-5 ■ .. 67-3 67-3 .53-9 48-1 44-2 44-2 46-3 52-5 60-4 66-3 69 -6 57-6 70-0 69-8 637 53-5 45-5 40-3 42-4 4G-2 50-9 58-8 65-0 GS-2 56-2 52-2 49-6 45-5 42-0 38-5 33-3 30-8 32-4 39-4 42-0 47-6 48-3 42-0 ... 49-3 51-6 47-5 41-7 40-5 34-9 37-6 40-3 40-3 417 45-5 49-3 43-3 49-1 48-6 49-3 43-3 42-3 38-5 37-0 38-7 41-5 43-3 46-2 45-9 43-7 48-0 42-6 40-8 39-9 36-1 37-8 37-4 (42-4) 42-8 44-2 46-2 417 ... tO-8 42-2 39-2 33-4 3T6 27-3 28-3 34-2 31-6 34-0 37-8 39-9 34-9 18-9 49-5 45-8 41-4 39-8 36;0 36-6 37-2 38-6 43-0 46-2 48-0 42-6 ... 76-6 75-9 76-6 77-3 78-1 79-2 79-8 80-5 81-4 81-7 81-0 79-1 78-9 76-7 7G-2 76-3 77'3 77-7 78-9 79-7 80-9 82-1 81-7 80-9 78-3 78-9 76-7 76-8 76-9 77-8 78-1 79-0 79-9 81-2 82-6 81-7 80-4 78-4 79-1 77-0 77-0 77-1 77-8 78-5 78-8 80-1 81-7 82-6 81-9 80-9 78-8 79-4 ... 77-4 77-3 77-5 78-1 78-8 79-3 80-4 82-5 83-3 82-4 80-3 78-9 79-7 77-6 77-3 77vi 78-3 79-1 79-5 80-7 83-1 83-5 82-4 80-4 78-5 79-8 78-2 77-8 77-8 78-7 79-3 80-0 81-1 83-2 83-7 82-7 80-G 78-7 80-1 73-3 72-8 73-2 74-5 74-5 77-3 787 79-4 80-0 79-8 78-9 76-0 76-5 73-6 73-2 73 -4 74-5 75-1 77-0 78-6 80-0 80-7 80-2 78-9 75-9 76-8 72-5 73-6 74-3 74-9 75-9 77-5 78-8 80-3 81-1 80-1 78-3 76-2 77-0 ... 256 THE VOYAGE OF H.M.S. CHALLENGER. Stations. Country. No. of Years. Years Specified. Hours of Observation. Latitude. Longitude. Height, Feet. North Atlantic * of 1881-86 0 / 17 30 o / -37 30 0 Do. 5f do. do. ~42 30 0 Do. 5§ do. do. -47 30 0 Do. 5f do. do. ~52 30 0 Do. 5| do. do. -57 30 0 Do. 5§ do. 22 30 -22 30 0 Do. 5§ do. do. -27 30 0 Do. 51 do. do. -32 30 0 Do. 5f do. do. -37 30 0 Do. do. do. -42 30 0 Do. _H 5f do. do. "47 30 0 Do. o 5f do. do. -52 30 0 Do. 1 5| do. do. ~57 30 0 Do. 5f do. do. "62 30 0 Do. o 5§ do. do. "67 30 0 Do. of do. do. -72 30 0 Do. "3 5f do. 27 30 -22 30 0 Do. o 5f do. do. -27 30 0 Do. C3 5§ do. do. -32 30 0 Do. p u 5| do. do. -37 30 0 Do. a 5f do. do. -42 30 0 Do. .13 of do. do. ~47 30 0 Do. £ of do. do. -52 30 0 Do. 02 w 5f do. do. ~57 30 0 Do. '5 d of do. do. - 62 30 0 Do. of do. do. ~67 30 0 Do. a cc of do. do. -72 30 0 Do. .1° of do. do. -77 30 0 Do. of do. 32 30 ~12 30 0 Do. o 1 of do. do. -17 30 0 Do. 1 5f do. do. ~22 30 0 Do. of do. do. -27 30 0 Do. of do. do. -32 30 0 Do. •3 5f do. do. -37 30 0 Do. S o 5f do. do. -42 3D 0 Do. of do. do. -47 30 0 Do. a of do. do. -52 30 0 Do. 15 of do. do. -57 30 0 Do. s of do. do. ~62 30 0 Do. C3 51 do. do. -67 80 0 Do. of do. do. " 72 30 0 Do. 5f do. do. -77 30 0 Do. 5f do. 37 30 -12 30 0 Do. 51 do. do. -17 30 0 Do. 5§ do. do. ~22 30 0 Do. of do. do. ~27 30 0 Do. 5f do. do. -32 30 0 Do. 5f do. do. -37 30 0 Do. 5f do. do. -42 30 0 Do. 5f do. do. •"47 30 0 REPORT ON ATMOSPHERIC CIRCULATION. 257 Jan. Feb. Mar. April. May. June. July. Aug. Sept. Oct, Nov. Dec. ,, Corrs. Year- Applied. 74-2 O 74-6 o 74-5 0 75-1 O 76-4 o 77-6 O 79-2 O 80-9 O 81-6 80-3 0 78-1 76-4 77-4 o 74-5 74-9 75-1 75-7 77-5 78-2 79-7 81-8 82-0 80-8 78-3 76-2 77-9 ... 74-8 75-1 75-3 75-9 77-5 78-8 80-6 82-6 82-3 81-0 78-8 76-5 78-3 ... 75-7 75-4 75-8 77-2 78-2 80-0 81-1 83-0 82-7 81-4 79-6 76-6 78-9 76-8 76-4 76-8 78-7 80-5 81-3 82-3 83-6 83-0 81-7 79-4 78-3 79-9 ... 70-3 697 69-8 71-5 72-4 74-8 76-9 77-8 78-4 77-6 75-7 73-3 74-0 70-6 70-4 70-3 71-7 72-5 751 77 3 78-6 79-0 78-0 75-9 73-2 74-4 71-3 71-4 71-0 72-3 73-6 75-7 77-9 79-2 79-8 78-3 76-1 73-5 75-0 72-0 72-1 71-8 72-1 74-3 76-0 78-5 80-1 80-5 78-8 76-3 74-2 75-6 722 72-5 72-1 73-3 74-9 76-9 79-2 81-2 81-0 78-8 76-6 74-2 76-1 ... 72-5 72-7 72-5 73-5 75-7 77-7 80-0 82-0 81-1 79-3 76-8 74-6 76-5 72-8 72-9 72-8 75-0 76-6 78-9 80-8 82-7 81-4 79-7 77-5 75-0 77-2 73'0 73-2 73-1 75-1 777 79-6 81-6 83-0 82-0 80-1 78-0 75-3 77-6 73-5 73-3 73 3 75-5 78-0 80-2 82-0 82-7 82-2 80-2 78-2 75-3 77-9 ... 73-7 73-5 73-4 75-7 78-3 80-9 82-5 82-5 82-2 80-1 77-9 75-1 78-0 73-4 73-5 74-1 75-3 79-3 82-1 83-4 83-1 83-0 80-6 77-4 74-5 78-3 ... 67-0 66-2 66-8 68-6 69-8 72-8 75-7 76-6 76-7 74-7 72-5 68-9 71-4 67-5 67-4 67-5 69-2 70-6 73-6 76-0 77-4 76-9 75-3 72-4 69-8 72-0 68-1 68-0 68-1 69-6 71-4 74-1 76-7 78-3 77-7 75-6 72-9 70-4 72-6 68-8 68-5 68-3 70-0 72-0 74-6 77'7 79-4 78-5 76-0 73-5 71-1 73-2 68-9 687 68-6 70-3 72-3 74-8 78-3 80-4 78-9 76-1 73-2 71-3 73-5 69-5 68-7 68-8 70-7 72-9 75-4 79-0 80-9 79-2 76-4 73-8 71-7 73 9 69-6 69-1 69-0 70-6 73-9 76-5 79-7 81-5 79-8 76-7 74-3 72-2 74-4 70-1 69-0 69-1 71-4 741 77-5 80-2 81-7 80-0 77-1 74-4 71-6 747 69-7 691 69-0 71-7 74-2 78-2 81-0 81-8 80-7 77-3 74-4 70-7 74-8 69-9 69-4 68-9 72-0 74-8 78-9 81-4 821 81-1 77-5 75-1 71-1 75-2 69-0 69-0 69-2 71-8 75-9 80-0 82-0 82-2 8i -r, 77-7 73-3 70-7 75-2 65-7 65-8 67 4 71-7 76-7 81-2 83-1 82-7 80-9 76-3 70-9 67-1 74-1 62-8 62-4 63-0 64-6 67-7 70-6 73-6 75-7 74-1 71-2 68-0 62-8 68-0 63-2 62-5 63-0 64-6 669 70-0 73-0 74-8 74-2 71-4 67-5 64-3 68-0 63-9 63-4 63-7 65-1 67-2 707 73-9 76-2 74-5 72-6 68-5 65-9 68-8 64-3 63-9 64-2 66-1 67-8 71-7 75-0 76-5 75-1 72-9 69-0 66-8 69-4 64-4 64-2 64-8 66-4 68-4 721 75-4 77-6 76-0 73-4 69-6 67-1 70-0 64-2 64-3 644 66-4 68-8 73-0 75-9 78-5 76-6 73-4 701 67-6 70-3 64-2 63-8 64-2 65-9 69-0 72-8 766 79-1 77-0 73-7 70-2 67-5 703 64-7 63-2 63-7 65-6 69-2 73-0 76-9 79-6 77-1 73-1 70-6 67-5 70-4 64-4 63-2 63-6 65-8 69-4 74'0 77-4 79-9 77-5 73-2 70-7 67-2 70-5 64-4 62-9 62-4 66-2 70-2 74-4 78-7 80-0 77-9 73-1 70-5 66-3 70-6 63-2 62-7 617 66-4 70-5 75-1 78-8 79-8 78-4 73-4 69-9 66-4 70-5 62-3 61-5 61-3 65-8 70-7 76-2 79-4 80-1 78-5 73-3 68-9 65-2 70-3 59-8 59-4 60-3 64-8 70-3 75-9 79-6 80-2 78-5 72-7 67-1 63-3 69-3 50-7 53-2 54-6 61-8 69-7 76-2 79-5 78-4 75-2 67-7 58-4 53-9 64-9 57-2 57-7 59-3 61-1 64-4 68-0 71-9 737 70-4 66-5 62-7 57-3 64-2 59-3 58-7 59 9 61-4 63-9 67-3 70-6 72-6 70-6 67-8 63-9 60-3 64-7 60-1 59-3 60-0 62-1 64-2 68-9 72-2 73-5 71-0 689 64-8 61-4 65-5 60-2 59-6 60-7 62-6 64-4 69 3 73-1 74-3 717 G9-4 64-2 61-8 65-9 60-0 59-6 60-5 62-6 64-4 69-5 73-2 74-8 72-7 697 64-9 624 66-2 59-3 58-7 60-2 62-1 65-4 69-8 73-3 75-4 72-7 69-6 64-f) 62-4 66-1 58-4 57-1 58-8 61-1 639 69-6 73-0 75-6 72-3 69-2 63-2 61-1 65-3 56-8 55-6 57-0 59-4 63-4 69-0 72-7 75-7 72-0 68-4 63 5 59-9 64-5 ■ (pi [YS. CHE M. CHALl j. EXP.— -PART V. —1889. ) 3 9 258 THE VOYAGE OF H.M.S. CHALLENGER. Stations. Country. No. of Years. Years Specified. Hours of Observation. Latitude. Longitude. Height, Feet. North Atlantic,* 5§ ' 1881-86 O I 37 30 O 1 -52 30 0 Do. 5f do. do. -57 80 0 Do. 5§ do. do. -62 30 0 Do. 5§ do. do. -67 30 0 Do. 5§ do. do. -72 30 0 Do. 1 5f do. 42 30 -12 30 0 Do. 5f do. do. -17 30 0 Do. JO "1 do. do. -22 30 0 Do. o 5f do. do. -27 30 0 Do. 5§ do. do. -32 30 0 Do. 5| do. do. -37 30 0 Do. 5S do. do. -42 30 0 Do. .2 5f do. do. -47 30 0 Do. a 5| do. do. -52 30 0 Do. 3 5« do. do. -57 30 0 Do. m 5f do. do. -62 30 0 Do. 5f do. do. -67 30 0 Do. 5f do. 47 30 -12 30 0 Do. T3 m 5| do. do. -17 30 0 Do. 0) -3 +a o 5§ do. do. -22 30 0 Do. £'1 5f do. do. -27 30 0 Do. ■P ^Q 5! do. do. - 32 30 0 Do. .9° 5* do. do. -37 30 0 Do. T3 H do. do. -42 30 0 Do. o -a .2 5f do. do. -47 30 0 Do. 3 3 53 do. 52 30 -12 30 0 Do. &, Stf do. do. -17 30 0 Do. -t-3 5* do. do. -22 30 0 Do. T3 °5 do. do. -27 30 0 Do. a o oii do. do. -32 30 0 Do. 5S do. do. -37 30 0 Do. e5 5* do. do. -42 30 0 Do. *3 do. do. -47 30 0 Do. ""3 do. 57 30 - 12 30 0 Do. * o?; do. do. -17 30' 0 Do. 5f do. do. -22 30 0 Do. 5s do. do. -27 30 0 Do. 5* do. do. - 32 30 0 Do. do. do. -37 30 0 Do. 5f do. do. -42 30 0 Do. o| do. do. -47 30 0 REPORT ON ATMOSPHERIC CIRCULATION. 259 Jan. Feb. Mar. April. May. June. July. Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec. Year. Com. Applied. o O o o O o O O O O 0 O ° o 55-9 54-4 55-7 59-0 63-5 69-9 73-4 75-9 72-0 68-0 63-4- 59-0 64-2 55-1 53-2 54-6 58-9 64-0 70-4 73-8 76-0 72-4 67-5 62-7 57-7 63-9 53-0 51-9 52-4 57-7 63-4 69-8 73-6 75-3 72-3 66-8 61-0 55-9 62-8 50-2 48-8 49 '6 56-3 62-4 68-8 73-4 74-3 71-7 65-3 59-1 53-4 61-1 42-8 43-4 45-3 52-2 60-8 68-5 74-0 73-5 70-6 63-4 53-8 47-4 58-0 53-8 54-9 56-8 57-5 61-7 65-8 70-3 71-0 67-4 62-8 59-5 54-7 61-4 55-7 557 56-7 57-4 60-7 64-6 69-0 69-6 66-9 63-8 60-3 57-0 61-5 ... 56-2 55-6 567 58-4 60-7 65-1 68-3 70-3 67-6 65-4 60-4 57-3 61-8 ... 55-9 55-1 56-8 58-6 60-8 65'2 69-1 70-6 67-8 64-9 59-8 58-0 61-9 ... 55-2 54-3 56-4 58-5 60-5 65-3 69-4 70-8 68-1 65-0 59-3 57-8 61-7 53-2 52-0 551 57-8 59-2 65-2 69-1 70-7 68-0 64-0 58-6 56-8 60-8 ... 50-2 48-3 52-3 55-3 58-1 64-6 69-4 70-2 67-1 62-7 56-8 54-0 59-1 45-4 42-4 40-6 49-6 54-2 61-6 66-7 67-7 65-5 59-7 53-8 49-5 55-2 ... 42-4 39-4 43-1 46-8 52-1 613 66-6 68-6 64-9 58-6 52-2 47-1 53-6 ... 39-6 36-3 41-2 46-5 53-3 62-0 67-6 69-3 64-6 57-7 51-2 45-0 52-9 35-3 33-9 37-0 43-8 51-6 61-0 66-1 67-9 63-1 55-2 48-7 41-6 50-4 ... 29-4 30-0 33-0 41-7 49-9 58-6 63-7 65-2 61-1 52-3 44-5 36-5 47-2 ... 51-3 51-6 52-8 54-1 57-3 61-3 64-4 65-6 62-2 58-4 55-2 52-3 57-2 52-0 51-8 52-7 54-1 56-7 60-7 63-0 64-7 61-8 58-9 55-4 53-4 57-1 ... 519 50-3 52-4 54-1 56-0 60-2 62-8 64-4 61 '8 58-9 54-8 53-2 56-7 507 49-9 51-6 53-7 55-8 60-1 62-7 63-9 61-0 58'6 54-0 52-5 56-2 49-1 48-4 50-6 52-9 55-3 60-4 62-8 64-3 61-1 57-5 53-1 51-4 556 ... 46-1 45-3 48-9 51-6 54-3 58-9 62-4 63-6 60-2 56-5 50-9 49-6 54-0 40-3 39-6 44-0 48-1 50-8 56-3 60-0 61-0 57-9 52-5 47-2 43-7 50-1 ... 33-1 31-8 36-3 41-8 45-8 51-7 56-7 58-1 54-9 48-5 41-9 36-9 44-8 ... 46-3 47-6 48-3 509 54-2 58-2 60-0 60-6 58-3 547 50-5 47-4 53-1 47-2 47-0 48-3 51-0 52-7 56-9 59-2 59-7 57-4 54-2 50-8 48-4 52-7 40-4 457 47-4 497 51-5 56-1 58-7 59-1 56-7 53-4 501 48-0 51-9 44-4 43-8 45-9 48-9 50-7 55-0 57-5 58-3 55-9 52-6 48-5 46-5 50-7 41-9 41-7 44-4 47-5 49-8 53-5 56-6 57-6 55-2 51-3 46-6 44-5 49-3 ... 38-5 38-0 42-4 45-1 48-5 52-0 55-7 56-8 53-8 49-5 44-3 41-8 47-2 33-4 33-0 37-4 41-5 45-9 50-4 53-8 55-0 53-0 46-7 41-2 37-7 44-1 • .. 27-3 26-4 30-2 37-9 42-3 48-1 51-3 52-6 49-5 43-1 36-8 32-0 39-8 42-1 42-1 43-1 46-3 49-4 53-9 56'2 56-0 54-1 49-0 44-7 42-2 48-3 ... 41-2 40-6 41-5 45-3 48-2 52-6 54-9 55-0 53-0 48-4 43-9 41-4 47-2 39-7 38-8 39-9 44-0 46 '8 51-2 53-2 54-0 51-6 47-2 42-7 40-3 45-8 36-9 36-6 38-5 42-9 45'4 50-1 52-3 52-9 50-4 45'6 41-1 38-8 44-3 33-7 33-7 36-3 41-5 43-9 489 50-9 517 49-2 43-4 39-0 36-5 42-4 31-1 30-6 33-1 38-9 42-6 47-6 49-9 50-4 47-1 41-8 36-6 34-6 40-4 27-5 27-3 30-5 36-0 40-8 46-5 48-9 49-3 46-0 40-1 34-4 30-7 38-2 22-7 22-8 267 34-0 39-2 45-0 48-4 47-7 44-3 38-0 30-7 26-9 35-5 ... INDEX TO APPENDICES. Barometer, reducing to sea level, 49. Pressure, Mean diurnal variations : ■ — Africa, 1 3 ; Alaska, 3G, 42, 44; Arabia, 16; Arctic, 40-44; Argentine Eepublic, 38, 39 ; Arizona, 37 ; Ascen- sion, 12; Australia, 34, 48; Austria, 17-21, 46; Belgium, 27, 47; Brazil, 38, 48; California, 37; Cape Colony, 34 ; Challenger observations, 7 ; Chile, 38 ; China, 14; Denmark, 28, 48; Doin. of Canada, 35, 37 ; East Indies, 13 ; England, 24, 25, 26 ; Finland, 31; France, 22, 45; Germany, 21, 29, 30; Greenland, 41; Holland, 27, 28; India, 14-16, 46; Indian Ocean, 39 ; Ireland, 24, 47 ; Italy, 17, 18 ; Libyan Desert, 35 ; Lower Guinea, 46 ; Malay Peninsula, 13; Mauritius, 16; Mexico, 38; N. Atlantic, 12 ; Norway, 30, 47 ; Patagonia, 39 ; Port Louis, 39 ; Portugal, 23 ; Prussia, 29, 30 ; Koumania, IS ; Russia, 31-33, 45, 47; St. Helena, 12; Scotland, 26, 27 ; Spain, 23 ; Sweden, 31 ; Switzerland, 18, 20, 22 ; Tasmania, 34 ; Turkey, 46 ; United States, 35-37, 48 ; Van Rensselaer Harbour, 42 ; West Indies, 13. Pressure, Mean, monthly, and annual : — Africa, 86, 90 ; Alabama, 100; Alaska, 96; Albania, 68; Algeria, 86; Annam, 80 ; Arabia, 84 ; Arctic, 94, 96 ; Argentine Republic, 106 ; Arizona, 102 ; Arkansas, 100 ; At- lantic, 88 ; Austria, 70, 72 ; Azores, 66, 88 ; Belgium, 64 ; Beloochistan, S4 ; Bolivia, 106 ; Bosnia, 68 Brazil, 104-106, 110*; British America, 110*; British Guiana, 104 ; British Honduras, 102 ; Bulgaria, 68 California, 102, 110*; Canaries, 88; Cape Colony. 88, 90 ; Cape Verde Islands, 88 ; Central America. 102, 104 ; Chile, 106 ; China, 80 ; Cochin China, 80; Colombia, 104; Colorado, 102; Connecticut, 98 Corea, 80; Cyprus, 110; Dakota, 100; Denmark 62 ; Dist. Columbia, 98 ; Dominion of Canada, 96, 98 (PHYS. CHEM. CHALL. EXP. PART V. 1889.) East Indies, 80 ; Ecuador, 104, 110* ; Egypt, 110* ; England, 60; Falkland Islands, 106; Faro, 110*; Fin- land, 72, 74; Florida, 98, 100; France, 64, 66, 110*; French Guiana, 104 ; Georgia, 98 ; Germany, 72, 110*; Greece, 68 ; Greenland, 94, 95 ; Guatemala, 102 ; Holland, 62, 64; Hungary, 68, 70; Iceland, 110*; Idaho, 102; Illinois, 100; India, 80-84; Indiana, 100; Indian Ocean, 90; Indian Territory, 100 ; Iowa, 100; Ireland, 58; Italy, 66, 68, 110*; Japan, 78, 80 ; Kansas, 100 ; Kentucky, 100 ; Labrador, 96 ; ' Louisiana, 100; Lower Guinea, 88; Madagascar, 90 ; Madeira, 66, 88 ; Maine, 98 ; Malay Peninsula, 80 ; Maryland, 98 ; Massachusetts, 98 ; Mexico (New), 102; Mexico, 102 ; Michigan, 100 ; Minne- sota, 100; Mississippi, 100; Missouri, 100; Mon- tana, 102 ; Morocco, 88 ; Natal, 90 ; Nebraska, 100; Nevada, 102; New Guinea, 80; New Caledonia, 92 ; New Hampshire, 98 ; New Jersey, 98 ; New South Wales, 92 ; New York, 98 ; New Zealand, 92; North Atlantic, 108, 110; North Carolina, 98 ; Norway, 62 ; Ohio, 100 ; Oregon, 102; Pacific Ocean, 92, 94; Patagonia, 106; Pelew, SO ; Pennsylvania, 98 ; Persia, 84 ; Peru, 106 ; Philippine Islands, 80 ; Portugal, 66 ; Queensland, 92 ; Red Sea, 86 ; Rhode Island, 98 ; Russia, 74,76,78,110*; Sahara, 86, 88; Scot- land, 58, 60 ; Senegambia, 88 ; Siam, 80 ; Sierra Leone, 88 ; Sofala, 90 ; Soudan, 88 ; South Atlantic, 106; South Australia, 90; South Caro- lina, 98 ; Spain, 66 ; Surinam, 104 ; Sweden, 62 ; Switzerland, 66, 110*; Syria, 84, 86, 110*; Tas- mania, 92 ; Tennessee, 100 ; Texas, 102 ; Tripoli, 86 ; Tuinea, 88 ; Tunis, 86 ; Turkey, 68 ; Uruguay, 106; Utah, 102; Venezuela, 104; Vermont, 98; Victoria, 90, 92 ; Virginia, 98 ; Washington, 102 ; 40 262 THE VOYAGE OF H.M.S. CHALLENGER, West Australia, 90; West Indies, 104, 110*; Wisconsin, 100; Wyoming, 102; Zanzibar, 90. Temperature, Mean daily, of air, deviations (Challenger observations), 4. Temperature, Mean daily, of surface of sea, devia- tions (Challenger observations), 1. Temperature, Table showing mean monthly and annual : — Abyssinia, 228 ; Alabama, 246 ; Albania, 208 ; Algeria, 228, 230 ; Arabia, 226 ; Arctic, 238, 240 ; Argentine Rep., 254 ; Arizona, 250 ; Arkansas, 248 ; Asia Minor, 226, 228 ; Atlantic, 232 ; Austria, 210 ; Barca, 228 ; Basutoland, 232 ; Bechuana, 232 ; Belgium, 202 ; Beloochistan, 226 ; Bolivia, 252 ; Bosnia, 208 ; Brazil, 252 ; British Guiana, 252 ; Brit. Honduras, 250 ; Bulgaria, 208 ; California, 250; Canaries, 230; Cape Colony, 232; Cape Verde Islands, 230; Channel Islands, 198; Chile, 252, 254; China, 220, 222; Cochin China, 222; Colombia, 252 ; Colorado, 248 ; Connecticut, 244 ; Corea, 220 ; Costa Rico, 250 ; Crete, 228 ; Cyprus, 226; Dacota, 248; Damaraland, 232; Denmark, 200, 202; Dist. Columbia, 246; Dominion of Canada, 240, 242, 244 ; East Indies, 222 ; Ecuador, 252; Egypt, 228; England, 196, 198 ; Fezzan, 230; Finland, 212; Florida, 246; France, 202, 204; French Guiana, 252 ; Georgia, 246 ; Germany, 210, 212; Greece, 208; Greenland, 238; Guatemala, 250 ; Guinea, 230 ; Holland, 202 ; Hungary, 208, 210 ; Iceland, 200 ; Illinois, 246 ; India, 222-226 ; Indiana, 246; Indian Ocean, 232, 234; Indian Territory, 248; Iowa, 248; Ireland, 194; Isle of Man, 196; Italy, 206, 208; Japan, 220; Kansas, 248 ; Kentucky, 246 ; Louisiana, 248 ; Lower Guinea, 232; Maine, 244; Malay Peninsula, 222; Manchuria, 220; Maryland, 246 ; Massachusetts, 244; Mexico, 250 ; Michigan, 246, 248 ; Minnesota, 248 ; Mississippi, 246; Montana, 248; Morocco, 230; Natal, 232; Nebraska, 248; Nevada, 250; New Caledonia, 236 ; New Hampshire, 244 ; New Jersey, 246 ; New Mexico, 248 ; New South Wales, 234, 236 ; New York, 244, 246 ; New Zealand, 236 ; Nicaragua, 250 ; North Atlantic, 254-258 ; North Carolina, 246; Norway, 198, 200; Ohio, 246; Oregon, 250; Pacific, 236, 238; Panama, 250; Patagonia, 254; Pelew, 220; Pennsylvania, 246; Persia, 226 ; Peru, 252 ; Philippine Islands, 222 ; Queensland, 236; Red Sea, 228; Rhode Island, 244; Roumania, 208; Russia, 212-220; Sahara, 230; Scotland, 194, 196; Senegambia, 230; Siam, 222; Sierra Leone, 230; Sofala, 232; South Australia, 234 ; South Carolina, 246 ; Spain and Portugal, 204, 206 ; Surinam, 252 ; Sweden, 200 ; Switzerland, 206; Syria, 226; Tasmania, 236; Tennessee, 245 ; Texas, 248 ; Tonquin, 222 ; Trans- vaal, 232 ; Tripoli, 228 ; Tunis, 228; Turkestan, 226; Turkey, 208 ; Turkey in Asia, 226 ; Uruguay, 254 ; Venezuela, 250, 252 ; Vermont, 244 ; Victoria, 234 ; Virginia, 246 ; Utah, 248 ; Washington, 244 ; West Australia, 234 ; West Indies, 250; Wisconsin, 248 ; Wyoming, 248 ; Zambezi, 232 ; Zanzibar, 232. Wind, Average number of days each month it has prevailed from north, north-east, east, etc. : — Abyssinia, 147; Africa, 149, 151, 188; Alabama, 164; Alaska, 159, 160, 168; Algeria, 148; Arabia 144, 188; Arctic, 129, 156-161, 183, 188, 190 Argentine Republic, 173, 174; Arizona, 167 Atlantic, 150, 167-180 ; Austria, 127, 128; Azores 148, 168, 169; Belgium, 121; Behring's Strait, 168 Beloochistan, 186; Bolivia, 175; Brazil, 172, 173 190; British Guiana, 172; British Honduras, 170 Burmah, 188; California, 167, 183; Canaries, 149 Cape Colony, 151, 152; Cape Verde Islands, 149 Central America, 171; Channel Isles, 117; Chile. 175, 176; China, 142, 143, 188; Chios, 145 Colorado, 165; Columbia, 172; Corea, 141, 183 Cyprus, 125, 181, 182; Dacota, 165, 166; Damara- land, 151 ; Denmark, 120, 121 ; Dominion of Canada, 158, 159, 162, 190; East Indies, 144, 188; East of Nova Zembla, 156; Egypt, 147; England, 116; Falkland Islands, 176; Faro, 120; Florida, 164; France, 121, 122, 123, 125, 181; French Guiana, 172; Georgia, 163; Germany, 121, 128, 129; Greece, 125, 126; Greenland, 156, 157, 161, 188; Guatemala, 170; Guinea, 150; Holland, 121; Hungary, 126, 127; Iceland, 119; Idaho, 168; Illinois, 165; India, 186, 188; Indian Ocean, 153; Ireland, 114; Italy, 125; Jamaica, 170; Japan, 140, 141; Kansas, 166; Labrador, 157; Louisiana, 166; Lower Guinea, 150, 151 ; Madagascar, 152, 188; Madeira, 169; Maine, 162; Malay Peninsula, 144, 188; Manchuria, 141; Massachusetts, 163 ; Mexico, 167, INDEX TO APPENDICES. 263 169-171, 190; Michigan, 164, 165; Minnesota, 165; Misscrari, 164; Montana, 165; Morocco, 148; Natal, 152; Nebraska, 166; Nevada, 167, 168; Newfoundland, 162; New Guinea, 144, 155, 188; New Hampshire, 163; New South Wales, 153, 188; New York, 163; New Zealand, 154, 155; Nicaragua, 171; North Atlantic, 176-180; North Carolina, 163; Norway, 118, 119; Ohio, 164; Oregon, 167, 168; Pacific Ocean, 155, 188; Panama, 171; Persia, 133, 188; Philippine Islands, 143; Portugal, 123; Prussia, 129; Queens- land, 153, 188 ; Red Sea, 145-147 ; Roumania, 126 ; Russian Empire, 129-141, 182, 183; Sahara, 149, 151; Scotland, 115, 116; Senegambia, 149, 150; Siam, 144 ; Sierra Leone, 150; Sofala, 152 ; Soudan, 151 ; South Atlantic, 176; South Australia, 153, 154; South Carolina, 163; Spain, 123, 124; Surinam, 172; Sweden, 117 ; Switzerland, 123; Syria, 144, 145; Tasmania, 154, 155; Tennessee, 164; Texas, 168; Tripoli, 148; Turkey, 125, 126; Turkey in Asia, 144, 145; Uruguay, 173; Utah, 165; Victoria, 153; Virginia, 163; Washington Territory, 168; West Australia, 154, 18s ; West Indies, 169, 170 : Wyoming, 165. The Voyage of H.M.SXhallenger" Atmospheric Circulation. PI, I Curves showing Deviations at Different Hours of the Day, from the Mean Daily Temperature and Pressure. Temp, of Bea, Surface. Temp, of Air over Sea. Elastio Force of vapour, (open Sea). Elastio Force of Vapour, (near Land). Relative Humidity. Barometer Batavia. Barometer Pacific. - 1° 10' Lat. - 1500 4' Long. Barometer Helder. -** a co CD 0> a 0 0 ■A S ti CD a i '■a 3 - mean. [=-. ~4° 4° 0 -2° -40 • " s ^ — .040 ,, 2 ^ S Mean. .040 ,, ■' v, \ / \ / ~\ .020 ,, 1 \ 1 v \ / \ f \ ' / \ / \ 1 ■• — s \ \ \ \ / .040 inrh. \ / .020 „ / / \ Mean. \ \ ( \ / / *■ / ' \ j \ / \ J t K. • 020 - \ v. ■^ «" - .040 „ Fig. 1. Fig. 2. Fig. 3. Fig. 4. Fig. 6. . Fig. 6. Fig. 7. Fig. 8. "3 a CO a co Barometer Valentia. .020 inch. Mean. >, Barometer °2° mcn Amsterdam. Mean. Barometer Pola. .020 inch. Mean. - .020,, .020 inch. Barometer Helsinfors. Mean. Barometer -°2° inck Hamburg. Mean. Barometer Kew. .020 inch. Mean. „ .020 inch. Barometer Culloden. Mean. Barometer Fort Rae. .020 inch Mean. - .020 ,, -^ J^Fig. 9. Fig. 10. Fig. 11. Fig. 12. Fig. IS. Fig. 14. Fig. 16. Fig. 16. The Voyage of H.M.S.Thallenger" Atmospheric Circulation. PI. II Curves showing Deviations at Different Hours of the Day, from the Mean Daily Pressure, Wind Velocity, sl - Mount Washington. ^ 4059 ,, Meau. — ' -v V Mount Washington. ^ = 5533 .1 Mean. s 020 -- - Mount Washington. y 6285 ,, Mean. ^ / S ■s -' " .040 inch. ^ •' s S \ .'- Gries. \ (Summer). Mean. \ \ \ - .040,, .040 inch. 1 Ben Nevis. 1 | (Summer). Mean. 1 I j 1 1 | 1 Bain, '5° Hours of occurrence. 7 ^ " v 1 .X --• — - 50 0 1 i Big. 20. Fig. 17. Fig. 18. Fig. 19. Fig. Bl. Fig. 22. Fig. 23. ■4^ 3 CO CD Q d 0 0 Z CD 0 1 - Wind 3.00 Velooity. Open Sea. ^ "*. s- -~» s. SI K 2 00 \ \ Near Land. - ■ - 8 6 Thunderst orme , : - on open Sea. 4 k 1 '.III m- I— 1 ' 1 1 ■ Thunderstorms, , .- 1 ~~ -4~i- (in August). 1 Tf: TV' o 1 | 1 | ] . 1., lT1 fp is : 20 — ""V - •4- 4-- J~4" 4.4X 15 33 ! ~ ..t~ ... ,,,!■, Lightning only, jo i ; 1 (in August). . 5 - L Fig. 24. Fig. 25. Fig. 26. Fig. 27. Fig. 28. The Voyage of HMS Challenger '"*?''"'" ct;. .,. ,, M. ! '.,!„. LUnl-1 (1 ■ , * ... ii M S 'Clmlleii ■' > Al I11"'"' ''in iil.tlnm M.ip 2 I SOTHERMAL LINES SHOWING THE MEAN TEMPERATURE iFAH") OF THE NORTH POLAB REGIONS TOR JAN UARY. ,\ Bui li.in Ii. ,,■,■■ The V..y.i>ii- ■■' HMS ''''■■l'1 "£-' : J ■ - I ■ ■ ,,, Mm 3 ,1,. y ya .. ..: B M ^ ' ''li.ill. "y Atmospheric Circiilfllinn Mtm4 ISOTHERMAL LINES BOWING THE MEAN TEMPERATURE (FAR' OF THE NORTH POLAR REGIONS FOR FEBRUARY. :. ThuVgyago "' H.MS '''■■'"' "S" 100 uo IX) ''■"""M'1"-' ■ ''■■ A I SOTHERMAL LINES SHOWINIi THE MEAN TEMPEBATUBE t'.MI" OF THE GLOBE FOB MARCH. \ hiiiJimi Otis 140 ltt> MO : . sen* A Co Wm i:1 v-'. age ol II M S "rii. ill. ii _^___ ■!■ M.ip 6 ISOTHERMAL LINES SHOWING THE MEAN TEMPERATURE iKAl! OF THE NORTH I'.il.AH REOIOHS COB MARCH. A Kin km l>. Ii The Voyage nl" HM.S "Chulleng. JtlnBariholamew i r., elm' J ,.i H.M S r}i.,ll,-r]:^r) r'"'i' ('u, iii.iu,,,, M |K ISOTHERMAL LINES SHOWING THE MEAN TEMI'EUATl'Ht t All' OF THE SOUTH POLAJt KIGIOITS FOB APRIL. A Hml Doll Th. Voy»« of HMS Clmllsager" '■J> ,. , . V~t ■-> I SOTHERMAL LINES SHOWING THE MEAN TEMPERATl'Rl. K.UI" OF THE GLOBE FOH MAY. EXPLANATION DF COLOURING - - fa BanhoIonuK l ' <" ' Hub v,,y,ix.- ..I HMS ''L.dli nv-] Aiiuos^lienc r.|imlnuon Map In I SOTH ER SHOWUTG llll' Ml AN UK Tin; Mlirni I'. M Th* Voyage "r RM-5 "Challwng' UD II* J" ' ' lm ul.-mnri Al.-ip II ±=Z I SOTHERMAL LINES SHOWIKli THE MIAN TEMI'EBATITRE !^AH OF THE GLOBE FOE JUNE. tXPlANATION Of COLOURING K Budum ii.l -^^-(«&— P ■awn v ■ ■ ft TV Voy„s.- ..1 H M S I'll.!!!.' AljuoH|ihenc Cuciikuuii M-qj 1 1 I SOTHERM BHOWIKO Til! Mi \\ OF Tin. NORTH I'iii J U ThcVoya^.- ut H.M.S "I'hallenijVi " -■''■• !'■" < ■ ■'.:■■ ii: i ' n.n Map 13 I SOTHERMAL LINES SHOWHTG THE MEAN TEMi'EUAirKE FAH? OF THE til. QBE FOR J U LY. ,ti, Buthalamsi I SOTHERM SHO'W 5 N . . TIM \u A^ or THE SOUTH mi J u :;,, '■•■■v.. i I M .'■!■•■■ ,f,'i . i , . ■■■■ i E '■■ ' Tli* Voyage of ttKS "n, - i ■-'■'■" : li' i u CirridatioD ^l.ipK; ISOTHERMA BHOWHG nn in v\ i i „ ' HORTH POL Mi AU G U A Bud TI.'It The Vqya)j<- "' H.K-S ^I.^IrD^- f,,hi. Baflhel a ■ Tli- Vqyage oJ H U S ' ChaHi a::j ..■-; -Ij^i r < u,nlaUon MaplK ISOTHERMAL SFIllKIN.. TIIK MKAN T(J| OF THE NORTH POLAB SEPTEM \ Bui hull I" I' Th* Voyage at H->tS "qialloiig. Aiun^|iliHf m f'tfi-iiUiUon M.ifiJQ gin ButOioloin— * Co Hta* The Voyage of H.MS "CtutTleagi ISOTHERMAL LINES WDTG THE mean TEMPEBATDHE Kill THE KOHT1I POLiB RXGIOHS p0J) OCTOBER. ■■ ..-■.. The Voyage of EMS " Challenger' AtiuM^plifj i- rLirnlaJ-ioD Map-'l I SOTHERMAL LINES SHOWIBG THE MILAN TEMPERATUHE FAH OF THE GLOBE FOR NOVEMBER. EXPLANATION of COLOURING 2^: nu 100 no no 100 Julin Bsftlmlumm A Cn-. Eirui" ., ,.: ii M :■; ChaH A" ['Ii'-ri' f'n, nl, iimn M,,p jj I SOTHERM SHOWING THE MEAN OF THE NORTB PO] IN O V E ;.,- \..: i,-.- ' MM S Vti..)l.-li;o i ](K> UP 1*0 "° Aiiiin.-,]i||Hl-ir r „, ,,;.,.,,„, M..J, j ; ISOTHERMAL LINES SHOWING TEE MEAN TEMPERATURE |FAH»I OF THE 1.1,11 II K FOR DECEMBER. EXPLANATION or COLOURING - -, — .<-,,-; [oil B*ftk 1 '■■■ The Voyage of ftM-S "Qmllongt A" ■I'limi. ' ' U ,,,!;,. ,.,,; M.,|,J|. ISOTHERM S1IOWIBG THE MEAN HE THE NMHTIl PI DECE i I Map 2-, ISOTHERMAL LINES SHOWUTG THE MEAN TEMI'EHATl'RE 1FAHB) nr THE GLOBE FOB THE YEAR EXPLANATION Of COLOURING i ■: • ■ ■ - ■ Map 26 I SOTHER SHOWING l in Mi \ OT THE NORTH 1 THE A Budum n.'it .', . I] llo 14(1 ■ I " I''-:: i::.,;,..,. M.,|. ;7 i ] ' ~o / i \ ■r ^-*l s__ U ■ - . ■ v v -. i . _ . . . . > ^ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ A \ I s.. :■ / • ' : ^-- '• ■ ; • " ■ • J \ \ \ N. \ \ \<. — > \ \ \ \ . N \\\\x\\ • . ■■■ ISOBARIC LINES AND PREVAI LING WINDS 01 I II I G LOB E FOB JAN U A R Y. * Variable Wind« - EXPLANATION Of COLOURING ™ "•— I,.:,., I,., i-.],- -1. ISOBAR AND PREVA F THE Niii. i ti i JAN * V.„, .,1,1, u Aih.ms^Im-i „ r!;, ,,;.,: , . m.,,, 39 4- f- • ■ ISOBARIC LINES AND PR EVAI LING WINDS 1 1 11 1 GLOB] FOB FEBRUARY. * v„,,.,u, Winds • I «!■»' l*PHN*riON OF COLOURING i!^E in' 1 ■" ■ ' <■;. o -i i A')MM-,[,l,,.n, Cin n ] . i r \|,,|, .,, ISOB AND PR E "l THI SORT] FE B * Voriobl A I'.H.IlHJ, I >. ■!• 'olu. Bwdnflnu , ■ ■ '■ . ■ii,, Voyage ol H M S n i Alu^.sj,)M.| k fin nl.ii,,,), \|,,(, ■.' IS0BAR1C LINES AND PR EVAI LING WINDS ' 1 HE NORTH POL \l< REGIONS FOB MARCH. * Variable Winii © Calms A Budum Hi'.li " ! i I, .ill, .,■: •St.. , ISOBARIC LINES AND PREVAILI NG WINDS OF Till) GLOBE FOB APRIL * Variable Winds © Calms tXPLANATION Or COLOURING i , ITii Voyage ol H M 5 "Cualli nger" A" ■i'1"'11' ''"■' nl.iii..ii Map 34- ISOBAR IC LINES AND PR EVAI LING WINDS '1 THE NORTH POLAR REGIONS FOR APRIL * Variable Winds • Calms A I'.'i'- ill Th, , .v.lv .-■ HilS ••<'l,..il.'iiS.r "<"^[>i>- i ■■ ' ■ . ■ . Map 35 loo no iao ISOBARIC LINES AND PREVAI LING WINDS OF THE GLOBE FOH MAY * Variable Winds • ' alms EXPLANATION Of COLOURING — Tli. Voyage of H H S 'Challenge] A i im ■ ■-■^■N .- 1 ii rn., ,ii„i;i,fi \\,v ;,, A Bn£hnn H»lt . i :■' M s ■■ u..ii.-nV-i ■ ■ ■' ■ ■ ■ l ■■ Kan 37 CI .1!- ngei ^" - |'l' ■■ ■ i' ' -im nl..ii-in Map :ta * Variable Win, ■\ J'.m. I I' IoLb Bu&aloi ■ v - I ;'■■'■ I II M S "Challengi Ai im > , j >!■ .-t i ■ Ciri ni.iiimi Map $o ISOBAR u PREVAI UK KOBTH P( J u * Variable W a Buduro n.ii ■ ■;|„ \ny.,..l ■-> f ■ ■ d □ Man 41 iao uo ■ ■■ ' The Vbyagi oJ H M S "Ch illi rigi i Ahim^jii,,.! i. rLf , iii.itiin, m.([i \2 ■ ;,„ Voyage of KMS "ChJlangi Auiosph.Ti. Circu] m .; Mjm43 -\ B»id ■!! ■ ■ The Voyagi oi H.M ludli ■ mo spheric Circulation Map 44 A Kudirtii Tnl' u ''■ 'I'1" ' ■ ■ ■ -M.i|i +5 ■l. ISOBARIC LINES AND PREVAILING WINOS OF THE GL OCTOBER * Variable Winds ■ ' '1m1 EXPLANATION OF COLOURING LBO MO 100 Ho MO Thj Voyagi ■■' " M s "<"»'■'"■ ":-;■ losphei Li Cum iilaj Lon Map Hi 1M ■_■ Circulation Man 47 'u'un Earth oluaw» A Ca.&lin' [Tie Voyage of HJLS "l 'L"'-.|.h.T |. ( in n| ni Map 48 A-flinJmii Dal : M ■■■■■■ | I Man 4-5 Thi Voyage of KM A 1 1 1 l i . --. j > I ■ ■ - j n Tp in!,,!!,,,, m™ 50 ISOBARIC LINES AND PR EVAI LING WINDS 01 nil NORTH POLAB REGIONS FOI O EC EMBER * Variable Winds • ClIjus I Bui !■■■'" Dell . ■ ..r HMS -CI.. .Jl.'i,;-. . :'..:y n ON OF COLOUI ISOBARIC LINES IV THE gLobi foh THE YEAR = ■ 'ih, Vctyng H MS "Qiallengi ■ '■' I"" ' ■■ nl i ,\!,i|, "_' ISOBA 01 I HI KORTH I THE A.»u.luu> Dftlt- THE VOYAGE OF H.M.S. CHALLENGER. PHYSICS AND CHEMISTRY. REPORT on the Magnetical Results obtained by H.M.S. Challenger during the years 1873-1876. By Staff-Commander E. W. Creak, R.N., F.R.S. Since the year 1700, when Halley published his map of equal curves of magnetic declination for the Atlantic and Indian Oceans, that method of representing the values of the magnetic elements for frequent reference seems to have found general favour, probably from the facility with which the information they contain can be utilised. Thus since Halley's day the following authors have published maps of the declination : — Mountaine andDodson in 1756, Churchman in 1794, Yeatesin 1817, and Barlow in 1833. Again, in 1819, Hansteen 1 added maps of the inclination to those of the declination for different epochs between the years 1600 and 1787, and although the angular direction of the freely suspended needle was thus known for a considerable portion of the earth's surface, it was not until the present century that the intensity of the earth's directive force was observed and known as well as the other elements. In the year 1826 he published a chart of " Isodynamic Lines," which he revised in 1832, both editions beino- based partly upon his own observations, combined with those from other available sources. Following Hansteen there appeared in 1840 Gauss and Weber's Atlas, the result of calculation from about eighty-four observations distributed over the world. Considering the comparatively slender basis of observation upon which they had to rely for the application of their mathematical investigations, it is remarkable, even when regarding their work in the light of the results of the present activity amongst magnetic observers, how nearly they approached the truth. It may be added that, in view of the extended knowledge now possessed of the distribution of the earth's magnetism, there remains 1 Magnetismus der Erde. (PHYS. CHEM. CHALL. EXP. PART VI. 1888.) 1 2 THE VOYAGE OF H.M.S. CHALLENGER. but one obstacle to a re-calculation of the Gaussian constants promising important results — the necessity for a fresh magnetic survey of the regions south of the parallel of 40°. The observations made by the memorable Antarctic Expedition under Ross in 1839-43 were of immense importance when taken in connection with those made in other portions of the world about the same date, and at different epochs where the secular change was known ; but enough has since been ascertained to show that con- siderable changes have been going on in Antarctic regions, and until these changes are accurately known by means of extended observation the data for calculation must remain imperfect. In 1868 Sir Edward Sabine read No. XL of his "Contributions to Magnetism" before the Royal Society, being the first of four papers on the Magnetic Survey of the Globe for the epoch 1842-45, the last of these being read in June 1876, just as the Challenger had completed her voyage. As Sabine's maps accompanying these con- tributions serve as a point of departure with which subsequent maps may be compared, it seems proper to recall here some of the details of the observations upon which they were founded. From all that is now known of the secular change of the magnetic elements, the mean epoch 1842-45 was wisely chosen by Sabine for his magnetic survey. As already remarked, it was about this time that the magnetic survey of the Antarctic region was undertaken by Ross, and others subsequently completed much that he was unable to do, and therefore the question of correction for secular change might, without serious error, be neglected for that part of the world. But in the Arctic regions and temperate zones observations had been so multiplied for different epochs that those made several years before and after the mean epoch could be reduced thereto by the known secular change, and therefore utilized. A glance at Sabine's maps shows that for Europe he was well supplied with data for his lines of equal value, in North and South America and some parts of Asia fairly so, whilst Africa presents almost a blank as regards inclination and intensity, although the collected observations range over the years 1818-71. These lines give normal values; for Sabine, knowing full well the uncertain distribution of local magnetic disturbance on land, always placed a high value on sea observations. He found observers had done ample work for the North and South Atlantic Oceans, and in a less degree in other seas except the North and South Pacific Oceans, for which his maps are almost blank, the lines being only given for certain j)arts. One object in recalling these facts is to show that, valuable as is Sabine's Magnetic Survey of the Globe as the first of its kind in which the intensity is included for so large a portion of its navigable seas as well as the land, the whole forming a standard of comparison for succeeding surveys, there remained a large field for observations in parts of the world hitherto unvisited for magnetic purposes ; and further, to show how the Challenger Expedition not only filled up these gaps but added largely to our REPORT ON THE MAGNETICAL RESULTS. 3 knowledge of the changes going on in the magnetic elements in the regions of previous observation. In presenting the accompanying charts of the magnetic elements for 1880, numbered I. to IV., it is thought that they will not only be acceptable to magneticians as showing the distribution of magnetic force and direction for that year, but, when compared with Sabine's, to indicate the general tendency of the secular change for the previous forty years. But before comparing these later charts with their predecessors, and before their value or otherwise can be duly determined, it seems necessary that the various steps in their construction should be given in detail. Let the large share of data contributed by the Challenger be first considered. An ideal vessel for carrying out a magnetic survey at sea is one in which there is no iron used in her construction, or at least with the iron so distributed as to have little or no effect at the position of the magnetical instruments used for the observations, and further that she should be an easy vessel at sea under ordinary circumstances. The Challenger can hardly be said to have come up to this ideal in either respect, for she was seldom at rest from pitching or rolling motion at sea, and although north of the magnetic equator the errors of the compass and Fox dip and intensity apparatus were moderate and could be eliminated by occasional " swinging " of the ship, the errors caused by the vertical component of her magnetism were large, and, although quite manageable, necessitated a frequent comparison with normal values on land. This magnetic condition of the ship was not without its compensation, for south of the magnetic equator the hard and soft iron which had previously combined to produce errors in the observed values of the magnetic elements, had now opposite signs, and when near the Antarctic circle and far from a point of comparison on land, had but small effect. It may be urged that the differences observed between the results on board the ship and those on land might not be a true measure of the effects of the iron of the ship on account of possible local magnetic disturbance at the land station selected. In some places this was no doubt true, but from a lengthened discussion of observations made in numerous places in both hemispheres, where no traces of such disturbance could be found, the magnetic condition of the ship could be ascertained at any period of the voyage. This knowledge was not only fruitful as a means of reducing the observations made at sea to normal values, but during the visits of the vessel to the neighbourhood of places either known to be or suspected of being affected by local magnetic disturbance, the amount of such disturbance could be measured with considerable accuracy. Local magnetic disturbance in the solitary islands of the great oceans was especially open to this method of detection, for the vessel could be brought sufficiently near them to avoid errors due to difference of geographical position, and yet in sufficiently deep water to be free from magnetic effects in the land. To illustrate this, some results 4 THE VOYAGE OF H.M.S. CHALLENGER. obtained in the neighbourhood of the more important islands visited by the Challenger may be enumerated. Madeira and Tenerife were the first islands visited in the Atlantic, and the differ- ences between the observations on their shores and the normal results on board were of a nature to invite closer inquiry in other islands as time permitted. Thus at Madeira observations of the inclination were made at a distance of one foot and 3 \ feet from the ground, with a difference of 7-g° in the result ; whilst at Santa Cruz, Tenerife, the inclination was 2^° in excess of the normal on board the ship. Bermuda. — Here the local disturbance was such as to invite particular examination, especially as during the two visits of the Challenger time permitted many observa- tions to be made. Previously to these visits observers in positions at short distances apart differed considerably in their results. Our men-of-war, too, in the process of swinging for the deviation of their compasses at the different anchorages, noticed constant errors for all directions of the ship's head, which were confined to Bermuda alone, and evidently proceeded from some local magnetic disturbance, the character of which required to be definitely examined by means of instruments with which they were unprovided. This was therefore an opportunity for doing immediate practical service whilst instituting scientific inquiry by means of the excellent equipment of instruments furnished to the Challenger both for absolute and relative determinations. With these objects in view, the declination was observed at seventeen stations on land, the inclination at ten, and the intensity at seven. The ship was swung at sea 1 5' south of the green outside the dockyard, and normal values of the three magnetic elements for the green deduced therefrom. Comparing the observed values with their respective normals, it was found that the greatest differences in the declination were + 2° 39' at Clarence Cove, and —3° 5' at Barge Island ; in the inclination, + 1° 47' at Spanish Point and Mount Langton, and in vertical force at Spanish Point, +0"314 (British Units). Combining the observations taken in the western portion of the group with eleven others of declination taken at different stations in previous years, plotting the differences from the normal on a chart and drawing curves of equal value, as shown on Plate I., it was found that between the Governor's House at Mount Langton and the lighthouse on Gibb's Hill, there is a disturbing magnetic focus attracting the north- seeking end of the needle with a force considerably in excess of that due to the position of Bermuda on the earth considered as a mas-net. O Magnetic disturbance was also found at three other stations in the eastern parts of this group of islands, but the observations made were too few in number to determine any distinct source for it. It is satisfactory, however, to be able to point out to vessels visiting the usual anchorage in Grassy Bay that there is little or no disturbance, whilst at two positions half a mile on either side of it there may be as much as 2° difference in the observed magnetic bearing of an object the true bearing of which is common to The Voyage of H M.S "Challenger" Magnelical Results, Plate 1. N?- I Bermuda Islands Western Portion. UprllTiafion I The Figures m this plan are observed, differ ermes from, the iiormaL. \ The. dotted luxe shows assumed, position, of mjcu/rieizc focus. The blajclc curves dervote equal vcduu&s of aUsturba/Lce in the. D ecHn-a.tion. .. N?- 2. Inclmat-iou J The Figures iru thje. plcut, are observed differences fronv the norma t. Vextical Force. ( The dotted. Tirue shows assicmed posxiioTV of rnxxgixitkLc. fociLS The hlajJc curves denote equal values vf disturbance in the IrLclinatLon. 0 Seal* ofNautuz Miles. Malby*Sons,LitlL REPORT ON THE MAGNETICAL RESULTS. 5 both. It is not intended to enter into any further discussion of these Bermuda results until those obtained at other islands have been considered. Taking the other islands in the order visited, they are as follows : — St. Vincent, Cape Verde Islands. — Here the declination on the west side of the island was 3° in defect of the normal, but the inclination and force were but little affected. St. Paul's Rocks. — There was little or no disturbance. Tristan da Cunha. — The westerly declination on the west side of some high cliffs was increased if. Kerguelen Island. — At Christmas Harbour, Accessible Bay, and Betsy Cove the declination was 1° above the normal, there being high land to the westward of all three stations, and at two positions where the inclination and intensity were observed they were in excess of the normal, all three elements showing marked effects of a force repelling the north-seeking end of the needle. Sandwich Islands. — At Honolulu, on the west side of some high land in the island of Oahu, the easterly declination was f ° in excess of the normal value, whilst at Hilo, on the east side of the island of Hawaii, it was f ° in defect. It has been reported by a careful navigator of one of our vessels of war, that, sailing in the neighbourhood of the islands, he obtained anomalous results of the declination, attributing them to the effects of the visible land. Reasons will hereafter be given for believing in this report as regards the disturbance of the compass, whilst giving other reasons for the cause. Juan Fernandez. — -The declination was not observed here, but, like Kerguelen Island, the inclination and force were affected by a magnetic force repelling the north- seeking end of the needle. Ascension. — On the coast at Georgetown the observations showed but little local disturbance, whilst at the Green Mountain Station the inclination exceeded the normal by 2i°, the total force by 0'12 (B.U.). Applying the same test of obtaining normal values of the magnetic elements at sea, and comparing those observed on adjacent islands or other solitary mountains standing out of the sea, such as St. Helena, similar effects result, and the following general conclusions seem to be supported by the facts enumerated with regard to local magnetic disturbance : — (1) That in islands north of the magnetic equator the north-seeking end of the needle is generally attracted vertically downwards, and horizontally towards the higher parts of the land. (2) South of the magnetic equator the opposite effects are observed, the north- seeking end of the needle being repelled. In both cases by an amount above that due to the position of the island on the earth considered as a magnet. But beyond any points of interest to science which may be drawn from these 6 THE VOYAGE OF H.M.S. CHALLENGER. conclusions, there is another aspect of them which is of great importance to practical navigation. It has been frequently reported that vessels navigating the coasts of certain islands, as well as the mainland, have found their compasses disturbed, such disturbance being imputed to the effects of the visible land. The desirability of either confirming or refuting this impression on the part of seamen by reliable investigation can hardly fail to be appreciated. It has been shown, with instruments placed on land within five feet of the soil, that the effect of the local magnetic disturbance in localities visited by the Challenger did not exceed at the most more than 2° or 3° in the declination, and 2ij° in the inclination ; then, remembering the law of magnetic attraction and repulsion, it is impossible that a vessel's compass in such case could be affected at the ordinary distances of such vessel's passing a coast. The question, however, is not finally answered by any means by these results, reassuring as they are as far as they go. Thus, near a station on the summit of the bluff,' — Bluff Harbour, in the south island of New Zealand, — an observer found the declination to be as follows: when 30 feet north of it, 9° 36' W., and 30 feet east of it, 46° 44' E. Now supposing the bluff to be submerged some 30 or 40 feet at three miles from the coast, it is not difficult to conceive that a vessel passing near the spot would find her compass considerably disturbed. In point of fact, there is a remarkable instance, among others, of magnetic disturbance proceeding from submerged magnetic land, namely, at Cossack in North Australia. Here H.M. surveying vessel " Meda," when sailing on the line of transit of two objects on the land, in 8 fathoms of water and three miles from the nearest visible land, suddenly observed a deflection of the standard compass amounting to 30°. This remarkable deflection of the needle remained constant for a quarter of an hour, just time enough for the vessel to sail over about a mile in one direction, when immediately after the compass returned to the original point. Bearings of points of land were taken to confirm these results, as previously to this occasion the anomalous behaviour of the compass in the " Meda," and other vessels navigating in the vicinity, had been noticed. The question, therefore, with regard to local magnetic disturbance of the compass in ships sailing in the neighbourhood of the land stands thus. That such disturbance undoubtedly exists, that the number of positions where its presence has been proved are comparatively few ; but that it behoves the navigator to be on his guard for such a formidable danger, and, when found, to report all particulars as he would that of a newly-found rock or shoal. Before leaving this part of the subject, it may be remarked that the lines of equal value on the accompanying magnetic charts are normal, the disturbances from local effects being confined to such limits as to be too small to be accurately drawn. Large as was the Challenger's contribution to these magnetic charts, it will be REPORT ON THE MAGNETICAL RESULTS. 7 readily understood that it required considerable reinforcement from other sources before they could be efficiently constructed, especially as they are dependent upon observation alone. For this purpose every available observation chiefly obtained between the years 1865-87 has been utilised, a large number being furnished by our vessels of war, as well as many others from foreign publications. It is presumed that magneticians are already sufficiently acquainted with the published sources of information on this subject as not to require any special mention of them, but there are others the enumera- tion of which may tend to add value to the charts. Thus, in the years 1874-76, a series of observations of the inclination and force were made on the east coast of Africa by the officers of H.M.S. "Nassau" with a Fox circle, and in 1885-86 a valuable series, com- prising all three elements, was obtained with absolute instruments at certain stations on the west coast of Australia, from Cape Leeuwin to Cossack inclusive, by H.M. surveying vessel " Meda." That wild waste of waters, too, traversed by ships making their voyages from Australia and New Zealand to Magellan Strait or Cape Horn, has not been neglected. Observations of the declination made in H.M.S. "Esk" in 1867, and "Pearl," 1871 — both being wooden ships— and lately, in 1885-86, in the New Zealand Steam Shipping Company's iron ships, have added considerably to our knowledge of its distribution in those seas. The results from the iron ships have been confirmed by those from H.M.S. " Thalia," in 1887, a wooden vessel with but small errors affecting the compass. To combine this twenty years' observations usefully, a somewhat extended know- ledge of the distribution and amount of secular change became a necessity. For certain portions of the earth largely frequented this element of terrestrial magnetism has been approximately determined — at fixed observatories with considerable precision ; and, generally speaking, it is only there that its exact and variable value can be obtained, for, as already shown, a distance of a few feet between two observers is quite enough to considerably affect their results. Amongst other contributions to our knowledge of the secular change may be mentioned those by Mr. C. A. Schott for the United States and Canada, and a few other stations in Europe. This valuable series, which is the outcome of considerable research, is treated both mathematically and graphically, and may be considered as authoritative for North America as regards the secular change of the declination. The work carried out during the Voyage of the Challenger was of too world-wide a character for any extended magnetic survey of the countries visited, such as that of the United States, one great object being to visit certain positions in unfrequented and widely different parts of the earth where previous observers had been, rather than the beaten tracks. During the outward part of the voyage in 1873, St. Paul's Rocks, in the Atlantic, were visited, and Ross's position when he landed in 1840 occupied as nearly as possible. The position being apparently free from local magnetic disturbance, the 8 THE VOYAGE OF H.M.S. CHALLENGER. secular change of the elements deduced from the observations made after this interval of thirty-three years may be considered as approximately correct. Then Tristan da Cunha. Since H.M.S. " Herald "■ touched at this island in 1852, and observed the declination, no British observer seems to have made magnetic observations until the Challenger called there in 1873, and obtained values of all three elements. H.M.S. "Sapphire" called here in 1883, and obtained a good value of the declination in the process of swinging near the same position as the Challenger. The change in this element may therefore be considered fairly established, whilst for that of the inclination and intensity one is obliged to rely on Sabine's lines for 1842-45, based on observations made in the neighbourhood as a means of comparison with the Challenger's results. Situated in mid-ocean and rarely visited, results obtained at this island form an important link for the purposes of terrestrial magnetism. Not long after leaving the well-known Cape of Good Hope, the ship anchored in Christmas Harbour, Kerguelen Island, and here another of Ross's positions on land was visited. Unfortunately for our immediate purpose, the stations occupied during the transit of Venus by the Rev. Father Perry were situated in quite a different part of the island, and his otherwise valuable magnetical observations cannot strictly be compared with those of Eoss and the Challenger, so that the secular change now adopted dejDends upon the two latter authorities. At Cape Town and in the Indian Ocean north of the parallel of 30°, as well as on the coasts of Australia, the secular change of the declination for many years past has been found to be very small, rarely exceeding 1' annually ; it was therefore desirable to know how far to the southward this slight movement of the needle extended. The results from Christmas Harbour show that the north-seeking end of the needle is moving westward at the rate of 5' annually at least. It was, however, from two positions on the homeward voyage that the most novel and remarkable values of the secular change were obtained. These were Sandy Point, Magellan Strait, and the island of Ascension with its adjacent waters. The United States monitor " Monadnock " visited Sandy Point in the year 1866, and took what were probably the first observations with absolute instruments of the three magnetic elements. Subsequently the declination was observed by different vessels, and the absolute horizontal force by H.M.S. "Nassau" in 1868-69. But the secular change of those elements at this station is so moderate, — the horizontal force being nearly stationary and the declination decreasing 3' annually, — that but little was suspected of the large change which was going on in the inclination until the visit of the Challenger in 1876 disclosed the fact that the latter element was apparently decreasing about 1 1' annually. The results obtained by the observers of the French Expedition to Orange Bay in 1882-83, who visited Sandy Point, somewhat modify this REPORT ON THE MAGNETICAL RESULTS. 9 amount of 11', but quite confirm the general result that a remarkable movement of the needle in a vertical direction is going on there. To estimate, however, the full value of what has just been said, it is necessary to follow further the voyage of the Challenger as far as the island of Ascension. With the marked local mag-netic disturbance found on this island it has not been considered a trustworthy method to compare land observations of different epochs not made exactly in the same position. Sabine's lines for 1842-45, however, are well supported by observation in and near the island, and may be considered a near approximation to exact values. Comparing the Challenger's results by swinging near the island with Sabine's, the following values of the secular change are obtained. The declination is increasing 8' annually, the south inclination increasing 14', and the horizontal force decreasing 0'013 (B.U.). There has been therefore not only considerable annual change going on at the two positions, but the notable fact is made evident that the north-seeking end of the needle is found to be moving in opposite directions, downwards at Sandy Point, and more strongly upwards at Ascension. It was hardly to be expected that such large and opposite movements of the needle should be confined to the spots where they were discovered, and investigations in the surrounding countries and seas prove such to be the case. If therefore the Challenger's observations in the North and South Atlantic Oceans and seaboard were to be utilised satisfactorily for any given epoch, in conjunction with those from various sources, and observed at different times, some means must be adopted of gaining a fairly approximate knowledge of the secular change. Although these remarks apply with special force to the Atlantic, there are sufficient grounds for applying them to all parts of the world. For this purpose the author of this Report made a collection of a large number of observations of the magnetic elements for all parts of the world — in many cases extend- ing over a long number of years — and these have been discussed, and approximate values of their secular change obtained. The several values were entered on maps against the positions where the observations were made, and their relative accuracy noted. Thus results from fixed observatories, if taken for a period of fifteen or twenty years, would be accepted as of full weight ; whilst others at minor stations, where two or three observations only had been made, and the exact positions of the observers were imperfectly known, one half or one quarter weight would be allotted. This premised, lines of equal value of the secular change were then drawn, and the following general results, as regards the annual angular movement of the north-seeking end of the freely suspended needle during the epoch 1840-80, were found clearly marked out. Commencing with the map showing equal lines of annual change of the declination, it was found that there are two principal lines of little or no change. The first took the following course — Starting from St. John's, Newfoundland, it crossed the Atlantic in a south-easterly direction, striking the west coast of Africa (PHYS. CHEM. CHALL. EXP. PART VI. — 1888.) 2 10 THE VOYAGE OF H.M.S. CHALLENGER. near Cape de Verde, emerging near Cape Palmas, and passing on to Cape Town ; leaving Cape Town, it curved upwards into the Indian Ocean near Mauritius, then downwards south of Cape Leeuwin in Western Australia, again upwards through Australia by Adel- aide and Cape York to the vicinity of Hong Kong, and terminating in Siberia in about 60° N. and 120° E. for want of data to trace it further. The second line passed from Sitka through the western portion of the North American continent, quitting the coast near the meridian of 100° W., then on to the South American coast near Callao, and afterwards following the trend of that coast, reaching the meridian of 80° W. near the entrance to Magellan Strait. A third line, much less clearly defined, passed from Sitka in a southerly direction to the equator, and then in a south-westerly direction to New Zealand. The next prominent feature in this map of the secular change were the foci of maximum value. The principal focus was found to be approximately situated between the east coast of Scotland and the west coast of Norway, with a value of about 9' annual change, needle moving eastward. A second focus appeared on the east coast of Brazil, extending to about the meridian of 20° west longitude, with a value of 8' in the annual change, needle moving westward. Two minor foci, with a value of 5', were also shown to exist — one in about 45° S. and 130° W., needle moving eastward; the other near Kerguelen Island, needle moving westward. It may be remarked, however, in passing, that for regions south of 50° S. considerable changes are probably proceeding in the earth's magnetism, for which observation has done but little to elucidate. Another focus apparently exists in the western parts of Alaska, but as yet indeterminate in position and value of change, although probably large in the latter respect, the needle moving westward. The general tendency was for the values of the change to decrease gradually from the foci to the lines of no change. Now let the results of the map showing equal lines of the secular change of the inclination be considered. Similarly to that of the declination, there are Unes of no change, two principal foci of maximum secular change, but only one minor focus. The lines of no change in the inclination, however, were less clearly defined than those of the declination, in a great measure from want of data ; but that separating the two principal foci of change may be traced as follows : — Passing through Callao in Peru across the South American continent, emerging between Eio de Janeiro and Bahia, touching the focus of maximum change in the declination off the Brazilian coast, and then taking a south-easterly direction. The principal focus of change in the inclination was found near the Gulf of Guinea, between Ascension and St. Thome, and for the sake of distinction may be called the Guinea focus ; here the inclination was changing about 15' annually, the north-seeking end of the needle being repelled upwards. The second focus occurred about the 80th meridian of west longitude and the latitude of Cape Horn, and may be called the Cape The Voyage of HM.S "ClLallerLger." Plate II MAP SHOWING the APPROXIMATE DISTRIBUTION of the SECULAR CHANGEinthk DECIINATION. >r VARIATION.- EPOCH 1840 1880. CompiledVE^C^ The arrows defected to the right of the true meruliaJi indicate Hie Hlacli ctwi' EXPLANATION. mn.-.ra m wluch tile North seeking endof the needle Is moling Eastward Arrows deflected to. the left that it IS movuu, Westward 11 Liu? BLack curves pass through regions of no Secular change in t/te Declination \_) Indicate foot of majzmum. Secular change, the figures giving the annual value. The arrow on tlie circle the directum in which the needle is moving @Arefoct ofmoiimum Secular cluing.. „, the Inclination., I + *■•""*•■* that >!'" *»** scelang end of the needle moved downwards, the figures giving the annual value. ) - Signijies that the north seeking end ot the needle moved upwards . Engraved- ty Malty & Sons REPORT ON THE MAGNETICAL RESULTS. 11 Horn focus. Here the needle was being drawn downwards at an annual rate of 1 1'. The minor focus, showing a value of 4' in the annual change, the needle being drawn downwards, was found in China, near Hong Kong. It must, however, be distinctly understood that the positions thus described, with the values of change given, have only an approximate value, and that only the general features of the distribution of change in the angular direction of the freely suspended needle are to be accepted as clearly shown by this investigation. If we may j udge by analogy of the changes going on in the Atlantic and its sea- boards, there should be a focus of considerable decrease in the vertical force in the neighbourhood of the assigned position of the north magnetic pole between the focus of declination change in the German Ocean and that in Alaska ; but the suggestion will not be followed further at present. The small map (Plate II.), showing the general direction of the changes which were in progress during the years 1840-80, may perhaps be consulted with advantage in illustration of the preceding remarks. In this map the regions of no secular change in the declination are shown by continuous lines, and the peculiar trend of the line from Sitka to Magellan Strait, following so nearly the general direction of the coast, is remarkable. The foci of maximum change are marked by circles containing a number giving the amount, and the attached arrow shows the direction, i.e. when the arrow is shown as deflected to the right of the true meridian, the north-seeking end of the needle is moving to the eastward, and when deflected to left, to the westward. The other arrows similarly show the general direction in which the needle is moving. The foci of maximum change in the inclination are marked by circles containing a number showing the amount, the sign + signifying that the north end of the needle is moving downwards, and the sign — the contrary movement. With regard to the maps of secular change in the earth's magnetic intensity, although some remarkable points of interest are shown, they fall short in their value as an approximation to the truth as compared with the other elements, — the declina- tion values having been much longer and generally observed, and next to it the inclination. In the horizontal force the more remarkable features were, the small annual change near Cape Horn, about — 0"002 (B.U.), the focus of greatest change amounting to — 0 '01 7 between Valparaiso and Monte Video, and the gradually diminishing values on the American continent until a zero line is met, starting from the great North American lakes, across the Atlantic south of Bermuda, to the Cape de Verde Islands. This decreasing annual change apparently extended across the Pacific Ocean in diminishing value to Tahiti, over the South Atlantic to Southern Africa, and across that continent to the east coast. To the northward and eastward of this zero the annual change showed signs of 12 THE VOYAGE OF H.M.S. CHALLENGER. increasing in amount until a focus of + 0'009 was found on the west coast of Portugal, gradually diminishing again towards the Atlantic seaboard of North America on the west, and towards the Aral Sea on the east. In China, also, there appears to be a minor focus of increasing annual change. But the changes going on in the horizontal component of the earth's intensity were far exceeded by those in the vertical component. Commencing at the Cape Horn focus there was found an annual change in the vertical force of 0"055 (B.U.), drawing the north-seeking end of the needle doivnwards, the change diminishing in value until the zero line, extending from Callao across the American continent to the west coast between Bahia and Rio de Janeiro, and then taking a south-easterly course north of Tristan da Cunha, was reached. To the northward and eastward of this zero line, there were found increasing values in the annual change in the upward vertical force acting on the north-seeking end of the needle, until the Guinea focus was reached, where its full value was increasing 0-025 annually. From the Guinea focus to Northern Europe, Asia, and the Atlantic seaboard, the change gradually decreased in amount. In China a minor focus of change in this element was found, the north-seeking end of the needle being drawn downwards. Apparently there was no great change going on in the Indian and Pacific Oceans, but there were signs of increase in the vertical force on the west coast of Mexico and the United States as far as San Francisco. From these remarks upon the means adopted for obtaining the corrections for observations taken at different epochs, it may be fairly accepted that the possibilities of error in reducing them to the common epoch of 1880 have been brought within satisfactory limits, especially as one of the chief factors in the compilation of the maps of the three elements — the observations taken in the Challenger — were separated from it by only a mean number of five years. Hitherto only the special points of interest in the Challenger's results have been reviewed in their order of time, but the ship's track may now be usefully followed as marked out by magnetic observations. These were begun late in 1872; when starting from England the ship went to Lisbon, and on to Gibraltar, where the first swinging abroad took place, and shore observations were made. These were valuable, as little had been done for terrestrial magnetism at the latter place since the visit of the Austrian frigate " Novara " in 1 857. Proceeding on the voyage by Madeira and Tenerife, and westward near the parallel of 20° N., the island of St. Thomas was reached ; thence northward to Bermuda and Halifax, N.S., back to Bermuda, and on to the Azores, and a second time to Madeira. A large portion of this division of the voyage was over entirely new ground. Sailing south by way of St. Vincent, Cape de Verde Islands, and St. Paul's Rocks, Bahia, near the magnetic equator, was reached. Complete sets of observations having "been made there, the voyage was continued by Tristan da Cunha to Cape Town. It may be remarked that on account of the moderate time REPORT ON THE MAGNETIC AL RESULTS. 13 generally occupied, and on account of the large range of magnetic latitude embraced, a voyage from England to the Cape is one of the most useful for testing the magnetic condition of a ship. Full advantage was taken of the visit to Table Bay for ascertain- ing the various constants of the deviation of the compass, and the relative magnetic instruments, and tables of weight equivalents, observed in order to test the magnetic stability of the deflectors in the Fox circles. Leaving the Cape, the track now lay by Prince Edward Island and the Crozets to Kerguelen Island ; thence southward to near the Antarctic Circle, the vessel being swung in lat. 63° 30' S., long. 90° 47' E., for observations of the magnetic elements, and thus in probably the most southerly position since the days of Ross in the "Erebus" and "Terror," and very near the track of the " Pagoda" in the year 1845. During this short trip into the Antarctic regions, and the subsequent north-easterly track followed to Melbourne, evidence was obtained of decided change going on in the declination and inclination, but nothing of the remarkable character observed near Cape Horn as regards the inclination. Having made observations at the well-known stations of Melbourne and Sydney, the ship now traversed portions of the Western Pacific, which are almost blank in Sabine's maps. These were from Sydney, N.S.W., to Wellington, N.Z., northward to the Friendly and Fiji groups of islands, then southward of the New Hebrides to Cape York —one of the stations visited by H.M.S. " Rattlesnake" in 1848 and H.M.S. " Hecate" in 1863 — and amongst the islands of the Eastern Archipelago to Manila and Hong Kong. Returning southward by way of Samboangan to the Admiralty Islands and then north- ward to Yokohama, the North Pacific was crossed about the parallel of 36° N. to 38° N. till the meridian of 155° W. was approached, when a southerly course brought the vessel to the Sandwich Islands, and on to Tahiti. Near these islands the ship was swung with the object of observing the ship's magnetic constants, which were liable to modification, due to the large change of magnetic latitude. From Tahiti to the parallel of 40° S., a south-easterly course was followed, and along that parallel until the time arrived for turning more directly towards Valparaiso. After obtaining base observations at Valparaiso, and swinging, the route now lay towards the island of Juan Fernandez, where the inclination and force were observed, and then by way of the Gulf of Penas and the Patagonian Channels to Sandy Point, Magellan Strait. Reviewing the route traversed by the Challenger in the North and South Pacific Oceans, it may be remarked that the observations there made formed one of the most valuable parts of the contribution to terrestrial magnetism obtained in her ; for, follow- ing a line drawn along the east coast of Australia to Cape York and then across to Hong Kong, other observers had already done good work. Similarly, the lines of equal magnetic value for the west coasts of North and South America were well known. But the novel and valuable parts of the work consisted of the lines of observation from Wellington to Tongatabu, and Fiji— from the Admiralty Islands to Japan, and the mid- 14 THE VOYAGE OF H.M.S. CHALLENGER. ocean lines passing from nearly 40° N. through the Sandwich Islands and Tahiti to 40° S., nearly at right angles to the curves of equal magnetic inclination. Having cleared the Magellan Strait, the voyage was continued to the Falkland Islands and Monte Video, thence in an easterly direction until the outward track was crossed, about 300 miles to the westward of Tristan da Cunha, turning in a northerly direction by Ascension until the outward bound track was again crossed to the north- ward of the terrestrial equator. From the Cape de Verde Islands the last part of the voyage covered new regions westward of the Azores, and then on to England. At Sheerness this voyage of three and a half years' duration was completed, and the final observations made on board the ship as before starting. The instruments were then transferred to Kew for examination and re-determination of the constants. Of the portability and working of the absolute instruments used during the voyage, there is little to be added to wdiat is generally well known concerning them, as they were of the Kew pattern. Of the three Fox circles used at different times during so long a voyage with the ship so much at sea, subjecting the instruments to the jarring effects of a steamship's screw, it may be well to record here the results of the experience gained. On referring to the numerical results in Narrative, Vol. II., it will be found that index errors of the needles used in these circles became very large ; this probably arose from the axles and the jewelled holes in which they worked losing their circular form. These errors would be principally apparent in the observations of the inclination, and point to the necessity of frequent comparisons on land with the Kew dip circle. With the intensity observations, less dependence upon comparisons with the Unifilar magnetometer on land was required, for although the deflectors lost a certain amount of magnetism during the voyage, as shown by the tables of weight equivalents taken at different intervals, the observations with weights were so often taken at the same time as the deflectors, that by a simple calculation the period when the change took place in the magnetic moment of the deflectors could be nearly found. This was important, for the method of observing the intensity with deflectors was more largely adopted than that by weights ; besides, in cold and damp weather, there is, in addition to the object of keeping the needle as little exposed as possible, a greater facility in the manipulation. Again, if deflectors are made of proper steel and carefully preserved from touching, either when in use or packed in the travelling box, there should be little difficulty in ensuring the permanence of their magnetic moment. With regard to the jarring effects of the screw, much experience has been gained in late years in overcoming it in the case of compasses placed on board ships with engines of very large power and driven at high rates of speed. There seems to be no difficulty in applying such experience to the suspension of the gimbal table on which the Fox REPORT ON THE MAGNETICAL RESULTS. 15 circles are mounted on board ship, especially as it is necessary that the ship should not cover much distance during the time of observation, and consequently the engines be moving slowly. Having thus followed in detail the various steps which have been taken to produce the representation of the elements of terrestrial magnetism contained in the accompanying charts, a few remarks on the degree of dependence to be placed upon them seem desirable. The most reliable portion will be found in the zone contained between the parallels of 70° N. and 50° S.— the weakest portions of that zone being the interior of Africa and South America, and even on the coasts of the former there is a large space not yet examined for magnetical purposes. In portions of North America, other than the United States where an extensive magnetic survey is in progress, observations are much wanted, especially in the higher latitudes of British America, In the southern hemisphere the regions south of the parallel of 50° S. are largely dependent upon Eoss's survey, corrected only by the results obtained in the Challenger, and more recently by those of the International Polar Expedition of 1882-83. Although on the general question of the secular change of the magnetic elements much has been already written in this Report, there yet remain some important points which demand further discussion. Referring to the familiar hypothesis of Halley, announced in the early part of the last century, it will be found that its main features were that of a solid globe or terella, with two poles or foci of intensity rotating within and independently of the outer shell of the earth, which also possessed two poles or foci of intensity, the axes of the two globes being inclined one to the other, but having a common centre, the variable rela- tions of these poles causing the secular change. Again, Hansteen in the early part of the present century, with better materials at hand, came to a conclusion similar to that of Halley, as to there being four poles of attraction. Hansteen " computed both the geographical positions and the probable period of the revolution of this dual system of poles or points of attraction round the terrestrial pole. From computation he found that the North American point or pole required 1740 years to complete its grand circle round the terrestrial pole, the Siberian 860 years, the -pole in the Antarctic regions south of Australia 4609 years, and a secondary pole near Cape Horn 1304 years." In later years Sabine added his opinion, that the secular change is caused by the progressive translation of the point of attraction at present in Northern Siberia, such point of attraction resulting from magnetism induced in the earth by cosmical action. The hypothesis, therefore, of the translation of one or more of the points of greatest attraction or foci of intensity was clearly held by these magneticians. A later contributor1 to terrestrial magnetism writes thus: "Sabine and Walker 1 The late Balfour Stewart. 16 THE VOYAGE OF H.M.S. CHALLENGER. are agreed in regarding this variation as cosmical in its origin, and they are apparently of opinion that it is caused by some change in the condition of the sun. It seems difficult, if not impossible, to attribute it to anything else, since the terella of Halley cannot be longer regarded as having a physical existence." He then proceeds to give reasons for attributing the secular variation to the result of solar influence of a cumu- lative nature — (l) an influence on a supposed hard iron system of the earth, and (2) a long continued variation of solar power acting cumulatively on the large ice fields round the poles of the earth — the changes in the ice fields acting cumulatively so as to alter the convection currents of the earth, and these again " might in their turn per- ceptibly alter the earth's magnetic system." Keeping in view the hypotheses which have thus been advanced, and recalling the chief results of observation during comparatively recent years which have already been discussed, an inquiry may now be made as to how far they accord. Observation generally points to the fixity of the magnetic poles — or two limited areas in the earth where the needle is vertical — with respect to the geographical poles ; and accepting this conclusion, the proposition of the revolution of one round the other as the cause of the secular change must be dismissed. Again, observation during the present century tends to show that in Northern Siberia very little change in the magnetic elements can be traced, and therefore there is little or no apparent translation of the point of greatest attraction in that region. Similarly the North American focus of intensity is probably at rest. Thus the results are not satisfactory when a comparison is made between the hypothesis of translation either of the magnetic poles of verticity or of the foci of magnetic intensity with the results of observation in recent years. To avoid repetition of terms, let Airy's well-known terms of blue and red magnet- ism be adopted, and also let the movements of the red or north-seeking end of the needle alone be considered. Now, if a line be traced on a globe from the North Cape of Norway across the Atlantic to Cape Horn, it will pass near some of the foci of greatest known secular change ; and what information does observation give concerning those foci 1 That at the Cape Horn focus of change in the vertical force the needle was moving downwards, or there was the equivalent to a blue pole of increasing power of attraction, the freely suspended needle being attracted towards it over an extended region around. Whilst at the Guinea focus of change in the vertical force the needle was moving upwards, or there was the equivalent to a red pole of increasing power of repulsion, the freely suspended needle being repelled over an extended region of undefined limits. The action of these two poles appears to be strongly marked in the South Atlantic near Brazil, where they apparently combine to produce a focus of considerable angular movement in the horizontal needle. REPORT ON THE MAGNETICAL RESULTS. 17 In like manner, in China there is a minor blue pole of increasing power attracting the freely suspended needle over a large area. As there does not appear to be any secular change of importance found in Siberia, and the horizontal needle is moving somewhat rapidly to the eastward at, and in the regions surrounding, the focus of change in the declination situated in the German Ocean and similarly to the westward in Alaska, a decrease in the vertical force in the high latitudes of North America, or the equivalent to a red pole of increasing power repelling the freely suspended needle for a large area around it, may by analogy be looked for. Data of sufficient precision are still wanting for the determination of how far the vertical force of the earth at and about these poles or foci of attraction and repul- sion varies at different epochs ; yet if the hypothesis of their translation be given up or only accepted as existing over small areas, it is not unreasonable to suppose that the vertical force at these poles has a distinct variation, and that the phenomena of the angular movements of the freely suspended needle, as shown by the secular changes in the declination and inclination, are chiefly dependent upon changes in the relative power of these poles. It must further be remembered that the move- ments of the horizontal needle are also modified by changes in the horizontal component of the earth's force, increasing force retarding and decreasing force accelerating them. If the case be thus, the cpiestion arises : What are the causes of these remarkable changes in the earth's magnetic force as measured on its surface ? No satisfactory explanation has yet been given, and in the present instance only suggestions can be made based on the far from complete facts available. The voyage of the Challenger has shown that, in addition to the remarkable local magnetic disturbances which have been found on the great continents, in the sobtary islands of the sea surrounded by apparently normal conditions similar local disturbance is found. It has also been suggested that the magnetic portions of these islands causing the disturbance may possibly " have been raised to the earth's surface from the magnetised portion of the earth forming the source of its magnetism," and tending to prove Airy's conclusion, " that the source of magnetism lies deep." Considering, therefore, the changes which are in progress and have taken place in ages past in the distribution of land in the world, it may fairly be conceived, not only that large changes have likewise occurred in the distribution of its magnetic portions appearing here and there on the surface and producing local magnetic disturbance, but that there are others of a more progressive character below the earth's surface which are only made manifest by the secular change observed in the magnetic elements. Although prominence is thus given to the conception that the secular change is chiefly due to continuous redistribution of magnetised matter in the interior of the (PHYS. CHEM. CHALL. EXP. PAET VI. 1888.) 3 18 THE VOYAGE OF H.M.S. CHALLENGER earth, it is not intended to exclude the view that solar influence may have a small share in producing the observed phenomena. In concluding this Eeport it may be remarked that however subsequent research may add to, qualify, or reverse, the conclusions drawn from the observations made during the voyage of the Challenger, substantial gains have been won for the science of terrestrial magnetism, forming a sound basis for future magneticians to build upon. The labours of those who planned and started the system of magnetic observations of this voyage, as well as of those who so zealously carried it out, have borne good fruit, of which it may be reserved to others to reap the full benefit. I TLM.S. "ChaUenger CURVES OF Kgi'AL MAGNETIC DECLINATION OH VARIATION. IRBO. Leal Results, Chart N"I Now Ike continuous lines indicate UV.w.vJy Declination The pecked lines I ■ - rf H31S Th CURVKS OF KQTAI, MAGNETIC INCLINATION OK OIIV IBRD. Ma^m-ucal Results. Chai-t N'll Noit Th* ,-onUi,„oi■• nxedlm •,< fotum downward* The peeked, luiej .tenot* Ourt the Worth tceJdhg "ij of thr needle l» r.;;-ll.;l upward* CURVES OK EQUAL MAGNETIC HORIZONTAL FORCE 1BBO tical Results, Chart N"I11 '■■ ■ dw ,■' the HiTiii-nfu/ Terra are oxpretttd m Pniuh Unit* rURVES OF EQUAL MAGNETIC VERTICAL FORCE. IHiui Ugnetiw ^*jy txtntinu&uj Ui ■<■ v, .,.;,-,, ,,, end of tha i Ujj ■ ,l,-t,ntc that ihe WortA retkmg ,-»irf ._>' tHa n« (U« JTn* i.ii. • ■■■• :..'. (3 > a dark brown yellow brown pale yellow The sections perpendicular to the axis c are very rare and ill-defined, as may be expected from the very prismatic form of hornblende in this rock. Augite is more plentiful than hornblende ; it is elongated like the latter, and often shows twinning according to the usual law ; sometimes the sections are polysynthetically twinned, symmetrical extinctions on both sides of the twinned lamellae measured 38°. This augite is not pleochroic ; yellowish spots are seen in the interior of the section, indicating incipient decomposition. Like the hornblende, this mineral often shows fractures and crevices caused by mechanical action. Numerous grains and crystals of magnetite are often accumulated in certain points. The ground-mass is composed of an aggregation of small elongated felspar crystals, interwoven in all directions, and very small augitic sections are wedged between them. The felspar microliths ought to be ascribed, like the microporphyritic individuals, to sanidine or to a plagioclase with small extinctions, twinned according to the Carlsbad law and that of albite. The small felspars of the ground-mass, which we also ascribe to sanidine, show the Carlsbad twinning without any trace of plagioclastic striae. The features of the (PHYS. CHEM. CHALL. EXP. PART VII. — 1889.) 2 10 THE VOYAGE OF H.M.S. CHALLENGER small sections of augite in the ground-mass ought to be mentioned. We have already stated that both this mineral and hornblende show traces of deformation by mechanical action. The augitic microliths have been crushed, they have become somewhat fibrous, and taken the appearance of uralite ; this fibrous structure may be nearly always connected with the bends and fractures which are observed in the mass. The little augite prisms are often bent and broken at the top of the curve. The broken portions have become displaced, and the space between the two fragments is filled with fibres which connect the disjointed portions. The greenish substance scattered in filaments between the felspathic microliths of the ground-mass is probably nothing but crushed and stretched out augite. Under the high powers of the microscope, very small scales with extremely sharp hexagonal outlines are observed ; these lamellae have a certain thickness so as to enable the edges of the prismatic zone and of the pinacoid to be seen. In other cases they are more irregular and scattered all through the mass of the rock. At first sight they might be taken for red hematite, but their colour is rather greyish violet than red. This colour recalls that of lamellae of titaniferous iron as observed in some phyllites of the Ardennes. We consider these small hexagonal sections to be the same mineral ; it can be ascertained that they are monaxial. The rock which we have just been describing ought to be referred to augite-andesite, but the presence of hornblende and sanidine make it a transition form to the trachytes. On the path to the Peak, another rock was collected with a massive ground-mass, black in colour, of basaltic appearance, containing large vesicles, some of which have a thin coating of a zeolitic or siliceous substance. This rock ought to be classed as a dolerite. Under the microscope the ground-mass is seen to be formed of small plagioclase lamellae, between which are scattered microscopical crystals of augite. In the ground-mass are crystals of augite and olivine 'of the first generation. Generally the felspar is less developed in large crystals ; the olivine often shows sections very well defined on a part of the outlines, which at other parts are broken up and corroded. It does not seem probable, if we are to judge by the fluidal structure of the ground-mass around the crystals, that this corrosion has been produced by the action of the magma ; possibly the olivine was already in a fragmentary state before the last movements of the magma, which preceded the sohdification of the rock. The olivine is rather altered, and is bordered by a yellowish zone which penetrates the interior of the sections. The smallest crystals of this mineral are quite decomposed ; they appear as yellowish grains, and their nature can only be made out by following all the phases of alteration between the larger sections, with corroded outlines, and these microscopical individuals. The olivine, as also the altered augite, contains trichitic skeletons and crystals of magnetite. Another somewhat common mode of decom- position has been observed in this mineral ; it is shown by a fibrous structure, the REPORT ON THE PETROLOGY OF OCEANIC ISLANDS. 11 fibres lying parallel to the axis c. The felspars belong to two types ; one of these is lamellar, the other occurs in short prisms. The latter, generally, have less numerous plagioclastic lamellae than the former, and the angles of extinction are large. These plagioclase sections generally show a large individual, in which are one or two hemitropic lamellae, the thickness of which is very small compared to the size of the section. Some crystals of albite and of anorthite have the same peculiarity, and in this case the extinctions seem to indicate that the felspar may be anorthite. The lamellar felspar, on the other hand, judging by the extinctions, seems rather to be labradorite. These plagioclases do not kaolinise ; when altered they appear of a milky colour and slightly granular. With polarised light they remain dark or assume a very faint bluish tint. Perhaps this modification is a transition to a zeolitic substance, the nature of which it is difficult, if not impossible, to ascertain. The augite has the ordinary characters of that mineral in doleritic basalts. The grains are generally wedged into the triangular space formed by the inter-crossing of the lamellae of plagioclase. When decomposed, its violet colour is weakened. The vitreous base, rather distinct patches of which are found around the augitic microliths, sometimes forms a narrow and colourless zone, surrounded in turn by an isotropic rim of a light brownish colour, filled with a blackish globulitic granulation. The existence of these zones may be explained if we bear in mind that when the augite crystallised the surrounding parts of the magma gave up their metallic pigment to the crystal that was being formed, and so the first zone was necessarily discoloured. The darker external vitreous zone may be considered as a residuum of crystallisation richer in metallic oxides ; these have often become isolated, assuming the globulitic form. As we have already stated, this rock belongs to the felspathic dolerites with a vitreous base. Below Casa Blanca a brownish rock was collected ; it is earthy, with an altered appearance, has an irregular fracture, is fine grained, and contains tabular crystals of sanidine measuring 3 to 5 mm. Microscopic sections show a ground-mass composed of lamellae of tridymite with a faint yellow colour. Bather large sections of felspar and augite can be distinguished in it ; this latter mineral is frequent in small sections embedded in a tridymite mass. Two kinds of felspar are to be seen ; some lamellae have small extinctions like those of oligoclase, which is known to occur in the older rocks containing orthoclase and quartz. The other felspathic sections are those of a monoclinic felspar ; they have irregular and indistinct outlines, and never show poly- synthetic striation, but they are twinned and composed of two individuals. The outlines of these sections and their extinction show that this felspar is twinned according to the law of Manebach ; these sections show, like sanidine twinned according to the Carlsbad law, two halves joined together, but, whereas in a Carlsbad twin, the direction of 12 THE VOYAGE OF H.M.S. CHALLENGER. Fig. 5. — Altered rock below Casa Blanca. Section of sanidine twinned according to the Manebach law. cleavage remains the same for both individuals in the section, with the twin of Mane- bach each individual has its cleavages, ending at the line of the composition plane, forming an angle of about 66° with one another. One of the two better marked lines of cleavage belongs to the trace of P (composition plane). The other, less marked, is the prismatic cleavage. The two halves of the sections extinguish symmetrically at an angle of about 7° {A A'), the extinction being positive (see fig. 5). These details show that this mineral is sanidine. In some cases it has crystallised according to the Carlsbad law. The augitic sections are greenish, and they are not very common. The ground-mass con- tains augite microliths embedded in lamellae of tridymite. Under low magnifying powers it might be fancied that the rock possesses perlitic structure or contains trichites, but under higher powers it is ascertained that these indistinct forms and lines are extremely thin lamellae, superposed one upon the other or imbricated as in the case of tridymite. The hexagonal outlines of these lamellae are shown by rather distinct traces, rendered slightly more apparent by a brownish coloration due to limonite. This fact is analogous to what is often observed for tridymite in other eruptive rocks, and in some meteorites. Generally the scales in cpiestion are well outlined ; in other cases they are, as it were, slightly notched. Their optical properties cannot be studied on account of their extreme thinness and their superposition. All that can be said is that the colours of polarisation are faint, and similar to those of quartz in sections of the same thickness as that of the tridymite. Other specimens collected on the same excursion to the Peak are augite-andesites, more or less scoriaceous, and felspathic basalts with or without vitreous base, often globulitically devitrified. These rocks do not present any character which was not mentioned in the basalts described above. Several specimens of obsidian were also collected, with alternate black and greyish bands, often more or less fibrous, on account of the elongation of the pores. A striped and fibrous obsidian exactly resembles pumice, except that in the former there are massive portions. These obsidians are rich in trichites of various forms, which are more numerous the fewer minerals the rock contains. Among the latter may be noticed plagioclase, hornblende, augite, and magnetite. Small felspar lamellae are seen in the vitreous mass, straight or slightly crescent shaped, indented at the two ends. The pumice collected does not show any difference from the obsidian except in structure. It has a light greenish tint, and a silky appearance. No minerals can be distinguished by the naked eye, but with the microscope felspar, hornblende, augite, and magnetite can be seen. REPORT ON THE PETROLOGY OF OCEANIC ISLANDS. 13 II.— ROCKS OF THE CAPE VERDE ISLANDS. A. Rocks of St. Vincent. The archipelago of Cape Verde consists of eight large islands, two of which, St. Iago and St. Vincent, were visited by the explorers of the Challenger ; they also landed at Bird Island, one of the islets of the group situated near St. Vincent. We shall examine first the rocks collected on the last-mentioned island, which is essentially of a volcanic character, presenting an arid and desert aspect. The hills around Porto Grande are formed of igneous rocks, of which each of the superposed beds do not attain a metre in thickness. These sheets are slightly inclined, their dip increasing as they recede from the port. They are frequently traversed by vertical dykes of basalt, of which the general directions are N.-S. and E.-W. These injected basalts show a columnar structure perpendicular to the sides of the rocks traversed. This prismatic structure is also found in the beds of the rock constituting the principal mass of the hill. At the contact of the intrusive rocks with the beds which they traverse, both are much decomposed and disintegrated, — the latter being partially converted into a substance resembling kaolin. As these veins traverse the hill from base to summit, and offer more resistance to denuding agencies, they remain as walls of rock crowning the heights with a jagged outline which is very characteristic.1 According to Professor Doelter,2 the history of this volcano may be sketched as follows. St. Vincent is the ruin of a strata- volcano of which the height was considerably greater than the crest of that part of the crater now remaining. It is difficult to determine the exact dimensions and the position of this ancient crater ; it appears, however, probable that it must have been situated within an area at present comprising the port, the undulating ground, and the plains which extend behind Porto Grande. Erosion and the action of the waves have produced such profound modifications of the surface, that it is scarcely possible to indicate exactly the original form of the volcano. It appears to have been formed on a land surface of considerably greater extent than the present island, as indicated by the hills formed of eruptive rocks of ancient type (diabases, syenites), the age of which it is difficult to determine with precision. On the south-west side of this great volcano, which is characterised by sheets of lava, and occasionally by tufas traversed by numerous dykes, a consider- able number of secondary craters have been formed, that do not appear to be of ancient date. The presence of somewhat recent calcareous beds, which are spread out on the slopes of Monte Viana and at other points, especially on the north shore, 1 Buchanan, On geological work done on board H.M.S. Challenger, Proc. Roy. Soc, vol. xxiv. p. 612, 1876. 2 Doelter, Die Vulkane der Capverden und ihre Produkte, p. 44, Gratz, 1882. 14 THE VOYAGE OF H.M.S. CHALLENGER. indicate that the volcano has been affected by a movement of elevation since its formation. In the specimens which we have examined we have not found any of the rocks of ancient type mentioned by Professor Doelter in the passage above alluded to. All those collected by the Challenger belong to recent volcanic rocks, which we shall now describe ; they come from localities not far from Porto Grande. We shall first describe the specimens from the dykes, which traverse sheets of lava. They are basalts presenting the microscopic characters of that lithological type. One of the specimens is a dolerite ; under the microscope sections of olivine of small size and lamellae of felspar are seen enclosing grains and crystals of augite. The sections of plagioclase show the characters of the felspar of the basaltic rocks. The same may be said of the augite. Generally the latter mineral is in sections with irregular outlines, in other cases it is seen in the form of intercrossed groups. The augitic sections showing these groupings in our preparations were not cut so as to allow of estimating exactly the angle at which the twinned crystals were joined, or of determining the law of twinning ; but their aspect resembled sufficiently that of the twin of augite according to an acute pyramid, which has been observed macroscopically by Vrba, and of which Professor Becke has indicated the presence in microscopical specimens. These augitic sections are also twinned, following the ordinary law parallel to oo Poo . The olivine is not microporphyritic ; it is seen in small sections often lozenge-shaped, with a centre of the same form of which the sides are parallel to the outlines of the section. It is often yellow by decomposition ; and disposed in the mass of the rock so as to contribute to its doleritic structure. Small scales of biotite are occasionally seen ; sections of magnetite, on the other hand, are numerous. Finally, a small quantity of a yellowish fibrous matter is found amongst these minerals, which, it appears very probable, was originally a vitreous substance. Another basaltic rock, forming a dyke and covered with zeolitic incrustations in which may be observed isolated crystals of chabasite, must, like the last mentioned, be referred to the felspathic basalts ; it contains crystals of augite visible to the naked eye. In the ground-mass, formed of a colourless base with microliths of augite and felspar, crystals of the same minerals but of a larger size are seen associated with olivine and magnetite. The augite is generally perfectly crystallised ; the pleochroism and absorption are — y and ft purplish > a pale yellow. With respect to the plagioclase, the extinctions on the face M are negative and about 27° ; for two adjacent hemitropic lamellae symmetrical extinctions are seen with the maximum value 34°, which brings this felspar very near to anorthite. These plagioclases have often crystallised according to the albite law, and at the same time show the Carlsbad twinning. The presence of the latter twin may even be recognised REPORT ON THE PETROLOGY OF OCEANIC ISLANDS. 15 on the sections more or less parallel to M. These sections are then divided in two parts, and show two series of cleavages, which join each other at an angle of about 52° ; a third cleavage parallel to the junction may also be observed. It is probable that the crossed cleavages correspond to the traces of P, and those of the less perfect cleavage to the traces of the prism. These facts would seem to prove that the two twinned crystals are joined parallel to a face of the zone P:k. The oh vine shows sections which are entirely transformed into red hematite, but in which the form of the outlines and the cleavages are clear. The latter are observed in the greater number of sections to run parallel to the base ; they are traversed at right angles by less distinct lines, which would correspond to the prismatic cleavage. In symmetrical hexagonal sections the acute angles are about 80°, which would correspond to the faces of the dome k. It is observed that sometimes these sections are surrounded by a very distinct zone of a quite colourless glass. A rock corning from a dyke at the south-west of the island is an augitic andesite, rather rough to the touch, vesicular, in which may be seen with the naked eye plagioclases and altered crystals of augite ; zeolites have formed in the cavities. The rock is altered like most of those collected in this island. The mineral which plays the part of microporphyritic element is the plagioclase ; it is always rather rare, occurring as large isolated crystals, in which case its outlines are deficient in sharpness ; they might be said to have been blunted by the action of the magma. This mineral has crystallised according to the Carlsbad and albite laws ; it contains numerous vitreous inclusions. The ground-mass is composed of small lamellae of plagioclase and very numerous microliths of augite having a peculiar colour ; these have a slightly bluish tint, and are very decidedly pleochroic ; this property is observed principally in the sections parallel to cog co : in these the rays vibrating perpendicularly to the length are the darkest. Considering the minuteness of these microliths, often very thin, and their pleochroism as well as their peculiar tint, they might be considered at first sight as allied to hornblende ; but we have observed extinc- tions which exceed 40°. In transverse sections, more or less perpendicular to the axis c, it is seen that they are tabular in the direction of one of the vertical pinacoids. This rock is silicified ; the silica penetrates into all the interstices, and covers the crystals of augite and felspar with a layer of chalcedony. This substance is distin- guished from the zeolites, rather common in these rocks, by a more intense chromatic polarisation, by more decided concentric zones, somewhat similar to the zonary structure of the agates, and by the radiating fibres, which are very sharp, fine, and acicular. Some specimens were collected on the road which leads to the summit of Green Mountain, an eminence of volcanic origin 2482 feet in height. One of these rocks is a tufa in which rather numerous small scales of black mica are seen by the naked eye. 16 THE VOYAGE OF H.M.S. CHALLENGER. Under the microscope these scales show two optical axes of a very small angle ; the sections where the lamellae are seen superposed are pleochroic, showing a yellow tint for the rays parallel to the scales, and a brownish one for those perpendicular to them. Irregular cracks appear on the scales parallel to OP. In general this mineral is much altered. It is associated in the same rock with pretty large fragments of augite and olivine ; the former are cracked and of a greenish colour. These different minerals are grouped in an irregular manner and mingled with microscopic lapilli. The mica often forms small groups. This heterogeneous assemblage of minerals leaves the impression that the rock is of clastic origin. A reddish brown spongy lava of basaltic nature containing zeolites is nearly allied to the tufa of which a short description has just been given. This lava, like the tufa, contains black mica and augite ; the latter mineral is granular ; more rarely its sections possess regular outlines with traces of twinning. This is almost the only microporphy- ritic mineral. The alteration of the rock is seen by the little lamellae of biotite which take a reddish colour from the deposit of ferric oxide. These micaceous sections are pleochroic, and present, with regard to their physical properties, some analogy with those of the preceding rock. The ground-mass is formed of a vitreous base, in which there are to be observed numerous plagioclastic lamellae of rather small size, entirely transformed into zeolitic matter. With these plagioclases are associated small crystals of augite. In certain cavities between the crystals just mentioned a layer of greenish substance lias been deposited ; it is more or less mammillated on the surface, resembling delessite, and is probably derived from the decomposition of a bisilicate. Amongst the minerals of secondary origin may be mentioned zeolitic masses which fill the small cavities of the rock with fine fibro-radiated needles. These zeolites are often covered with or accompanied by a deposit of ferric oxide. The tufts of zeolites are formed of small very elongated prisms with straight extinctions, often thinning at their point of insertion, and thickening towards the summit which advances to the opening of the little drusy cavity. This summit is often terminated by an obtuse pyramid, or else it has the pinacoid OP. The sharpness of these little prisms, their aspect, their localisation, and their clearly marked character of rhombic minerals, can leave no doubt as to their identification with the minerals of the zeolite group, and they might, from their crystallographic characters, be placed with natrolite or brevicite. Finally, we have to mention a blackish rock, studded with more or less circular zeolitic points and with large crystals of augite. Under the microscope its aspect resembles kersantite in a striking manner ; lamellae of plagioclase, associated with a mineral which might be taken for biotite, are seen. But in observing the extinctions of these brown lamellar sections it is perceived that they do not extinguish parallel to the length, but at an angle which attains on an average 10°. This mineral must therefore be hornblende ; hexagonal transverse sections are seen. In the very elongated sections, REPORT ON THE PETROLOGY OF OCEANIC ISLANDS. 17 which are common, the pleochroism is strongly marked ; the brown tint is darker for the rays parallel to c, it is yellowish brown for those perpendicular to that direction. The larger felspar crystals are generally much altered ; the hemitropic lamellae are scarcely visible. In certain cases these crystals are filled with secondary products, amongst which calcite may be distinguished ; perhaps this mineral is associated with scales of mica, or of quartz, or secondary felspar. The felspathic crystals of secondary formation, which are scattered throughout the mass, are much more decomposed than those of the first generation. They extinguish at rather small angles, which would seem to refer them to oligoclase. These small plagioclase crystals occur rather often in the form of a cross ; probably we have here to do with a twin analogous to that of Baveno. The sections of augite are large and rather rare ; this mineral is here seen with the ordinary characters which it presents in basalt. It is difficult to determine the ground-mass, as it has been invaded by products of decomposition ; calcite has been developed in certain cavities. If we take into consideration its mineralogical com- position, and if we set aside its structure, which is exceptional, this altered rock might be classed with the amphibolic andesites. The harbour of St. Vincent is surrounded by a circle of heights formed of eruptive rocks ; at its entrance there are isolated rocks, which may be considered as having been formerly attached to the chain of hillocks terminating at the coast. These rocks are called Bird Island ; they are covered up to high-tide mark by a wide border of calcareous incrustations consisting of coralhnes. We have examined a specimen coming from this islet ; it is a somewhat fibrous lava, which may be classed with the pyroxenites,1 and is very closely allied to the basalts. It has the appearance of a basaltic rock ; the very elongated crystals of augite visible to the naked eye are ranged parallel to each other. This disposition determines an almost fibrous structure in the rock, all the vesicles being stretched in the direction of the elongation of the pyroxenic crystals. With the microscope it is ascertained that the felspathic element is not present, and that this lava is essentially formed of augite. Some crystals of that species are por- phyritic, as has just been said, others are microbthic. The large crystals of pyroxene present remarkable pecubarities, as is shown by their microscopical examination. They assume a lengthening quite unusual for this species ; they may attain a length of 7 to 8 millimetres, with a breadth of O'l mm. On following one of these sections of augite in all its length under polarised light, it is seen that it extinguishes simultaneously between crossed nicols ; it is therefore a single crystal which extends from one end of the section to the other. 1 Doelter, loc. cit, p. 187. (PHYB. CHBM. CHALL. EXP. PART VII. 1889.) 3 18 THE VOYAGE OF H.M.S. CHALLENGER B. Rocks of St. Iago. St. Iago is one of the most remarkable islands of the Cape Verde archipelago. It was explored by Darwin l during the voyage of the " Beagle," and more recently by Professor Doelter.2 Our observations having been confined to a few specimens collected near Porto Praya, we shall restrict ourselves to the description of these rocks, referring for further information to the works of Darwin and Doelter. We shall merely state that the part of the island where the rocks were collected of which we are about to give the analysis, constitutes a natural division of St. Iago,3 — a plateau which stretches from Pico d'Antonio to the sea. This plain is formed of lavas slightly inclined, and pierced by more recent eruptions. The thickness of the lava varies from 300 to 900 feet, each sheet having a thickness of 30 to 45 feet; the layers are separated by rather thin intercalations of tufa. In this part of the island a bed of limestone may be observed ; it is of recent formation, for it contains shells now living in the surrounding sea. The ancient lavas of Pico d'Antonio are anterior to this limestone, which contains fragments of them. Amongst the rocks collected near Porto Praya are to be mentioned, in the first place, specimens which may be referred to limburgite. They are of a reddish grey colour, with numerous vesicles in which natrolite has crystallised. Under the micro- scope it is seen that this rock contains an abundant, brownish, vitreous base, and is transformed, along the veins and fissures, into a reddish substance which may be observed in rocks of the basaltic series undergoing modification into palagonite. In this base are observed pretty large and remarkably well outlined sections of olivine. This mineral is little if at all altered, and the only inclusions observed in it are crystals of magnetite. Several crystals are frequently joined with parallel axes ; the sections in this case show outlines with re-entering angles ; but in many cases it may be ascer- tained with polarised light that these crystals are not twinned, but simply juxta- posed. There are others, however, in which the phenomena of polarisation show that the axes of elasticity are oriented so as to render the existence of a twin highly probable. The two crystals are joined at an angle of about 45° or 50°, but the irregularity of the contours does not allow it to be measured with precision. If these crystals are examined with convergent light, there may be observed on one of them a bissectrix, indicating the plane of an optical axis perpendicular to the long edge. On the other may be already observed the lemniscates, and an arm of the hyperbola oriented in the same way. The observations make it sufficiently probable that the two crystals may be twinned, with a dome as composition plane. 1 Darwin, Geological Observations on Volcanic Islands, pp. 1-22, ed. i., London, 1844. 3 Doelter, Die Vulkane der Capverden. 3 Doelter, loc. cit., p. 44. REPORT ON THE PETROLOGY OF OCEANIC ISLAND& 19 In the brownish vitreous mass there are numerous small microliths of augite, almost colourless, or of slightly purplish tint ; these crystals are often grouped in the form of a cross or star, but it was not possible to ascertain the law of this intercrossing. The zeolites, as is generally the case with the rocks of this type, have been formed in drusy cavities, lining them with a rather thin layer, which is almost colourless or only slightly bluish between crossed nicols. A rock with an enamelled calcareous coating, found on the coast, must also be classed with limburgite. It is black, more massive than the preceding, slightly vesicular, and has the macroscopic characters of basalt. Examined with the micro- scope it is seen that all the constituent elements are the same as in the rock just described ; its base is, however, less developed, and all the microporphyritic crystals, especially those of augite, are of a larger size. The olivine shows its cleavages in a more distinct manner, and it is penetrated and corroded by the magma. The vitreous mass is less homogeneous, and less transparent than in the rock last described ; in some places it is filled with trichites, and irregular granules of magnetite. A rock specimen broken from a steep cliff near the slaughter-house of Porto Praya is of a greyish dark-blue colour, compact, and with an even fracture. No mineral is discernible by the naked eye. With the microscope it seems to be allied to felspathic basalt. Grains and crystals of olivine, already changed into a yellow substance on the edges, are, with magnetite, the most conspicuous elements ; they are enclosed in a network of minute crystals of plagioclase and augite. Small veins, lined or filled with zeolites, traverse the rock. In this locality other basaltic rocks were collected which must be classed with the dolerites. They are remarkable for the large dimensions attained by the crystals of augite, which often measure more than a centimetre. Under the microscope the outlines of the sections of augite are very distinct, and show that this mineral is perfectly developed on all its faces. It is often twinned according to the ordinary law oo Poo ; at other times the crystals cross each other in such a way that the traces of the faces r rr' form an angle of about 80° ; in this case all would seem to indicate that the crystal is twinned following the dome -Poo. Some crystals of pyroxene are zonary, and possess the hour-glass structure ; some of these have an internal structure which only shows itself with polarised light. A section with irregular outlines shows strise in connection with the zones of growth ; this section is traversed by a series of parallel lines corresponding to the prismatic cleavage. It may be seen between crossed nicols that it is traversed by three series of lamellae, of which one is almost perpendicular to the direction of the cleavage, the two others being perpendicular to one another, and making an angle of about 45° with the first. The pleochroism is — /3 > y > a reddish. violet. yellowish. 20 THE VOYAGE OF H.M.S. CHALLENGER Between these large crystals of augite may be seen grains of olivine often partially serpentinised, and pretty common lamellae of biotite and magnetite ; the plagioclase is partially transformed into saussurite, and almost always presents itself in the form of elongated lamellae with large extinctions similar to those of labradorite. These felspars, which are generally small, form almost alone the ground-mass enclosing the other crystals. A lava from the same locahty is slightly scoriaceous, of a reddish grey colour, with an irregular fracture. Olivine reddened by oxide of iron may be seen with the lens. Amongst the microporphyritic minerals, which are perceived under the microscope, may be specially mentioned olivine and magnetite with subordinate felspar. These larger minerals are enclosed in a ground-mass formed of a base, devitrified by globulites, microliths of augite, and of felspar and secondary minerals, such as hematite, etc. The large sections of olivine, perfectly crystallised, are magnificent examples of pseudomorphs of hematite. This last mineral appears opaque with transmitted light ; with reflected light its dark-red colour is clearly seen. In this nearly perfect transformation of the hyalosiderite into hematite, certain parts of the primitive crystal have preserved their transparency and all their optical properties. This apparent anomaly is explained if it be remembered that this alteration of the mass of olivine does not take place in a uniform manner ; the trichites or the small veins of hematite advance in directions determined by microscopical cracks ; they afterwards enlarge, sometimes leaving small patches where the alteration has not yet commenced, and these preserve all their properties. By the form of these pseudomorphosed sections, it seems that it is really obvine which formerly occupied all the space invaded by the hematoid substance. When the little colourless patches of these sections are examined in polarised light, they all darken at the same time ; this in its turn proves that they form the last remains of a single crystal. The felspars show themselves in an abnormal manner. Usually, in the basalts, plagioclase presents itself with a considerable clearness of outline. Here, on the contrary, they have the appearance of an intercalated mass of which the crystallisa- tion has been impeded by the surrounding minerals. They are grains without regular outlines, and the strise of the plagioclase are scarcely marked ; they present in places an undulating extinction, produced perhaps by alteration. If an analogy to these felspathic grains were to be sought for in other rocks, they might be compared with the plagioclases as they exist in meteorites of the type of chrondrites. Small augites, yellow by alteration, form almost the whole of the ground-mass ; they are found together with grains of magnetite, and transparent reddish brown sections extinguishing parallel to the edges. This mineral cannot be precisely determined. If the form, almost always quadratic, which it presents be taken into account, it might perhaps be classed with perowskite, but the colour is too. red, it is not sufficiently REPORT ON THE PETROLOGY OF OCEANIC ISLANDS. 21 purplish. On the other hand, this mineral is found with the form of parallelogrammic sections which have in their aspect a great analogy to bronzite ; the optical properties of the mineral under parallel light might agree with this opinion, although the great number of quadratic sections seems unfavourable to it. The minute size of this mineral prevents its examination in convergent light, and we therefore leave it undetermined. As stated before, the base has undergone globulitic devitrification. One of the specimens collected near Porto Praya belongs to the phonolites. This rock is greenish grey, with waxy lustre, compact, with shining macroscopical felspathic lamellae, which can be seen with the naked eye in the ground-mass. Under the micro- scope this rock shows the structure and composition of phonolite. Rather large hexagonal and quadratic sections must be ascribed to nepheline ; they are colourless, crossed in the quadratic section with rectangular lines of cleavage ; the hexagonal sections remain dark when rotated between crossed nicols ; the quadratic, on the other hand, extinguish parallel to the sides. The polarisation colours are of a bluish shade, and rather pale. The hexagonal sections show, with convergent light, a very indistinct black cross ; the double refraction is negative. The lines of cleavage are very marked, and are parallel to the base of the prism ; twinning is never observed in them ; but the optical phenomena show certain anomalies which must be due to mechanical action. This rock also contains large crystals of sanidine, twinned according to the Carlsbad law ; they show the characteristic fractures and extinction of this mineral. These peculiarities, but specially the optical phenomena in convergent light, prevent these sanidine sections being mistaken for nepheline. These sections show the arms of the hyperbola of biaxial crystals ; and, moreover, a section twinned according to the Carlsbad law sometimes shows on the left individual, for example, a bissectrix indicating that the plane of the optical axis is parallel to the composition plane, whilst the other individual presents phenomena very analogous in aspect to those of the monaxial crystals. Here, no arm of hyperbola is to be seen, but as it were a very eccentric cross, whose arms are perpendicular and parallel to the length. To observe these phenomena it is not necessary that the section should be twinned : we see, indeed, single crystals, prismatic like those in question, some of them showing the bissectrix, the others the pseudo-black cross. Rather numerous crystals of titanite and lamellae of biotite are found in the microscopic preparations. It is difficult to ascertain the true nature of small dichroic needles, with vague outlines and slightly fibrous at both ends, which are embedded in the rather altered ground-mass. Some of these needles give straight extinctions, others extinguish at about 20° ; it seems probable that they belong to augite. We have examined some specimens of calcareous rocks found near the coast at the south of St. Iago, to which Darwin devoted a very detailed description. 22 THE VOYAGE OF H.M.S. CHALLENGER. Among our specimens there were fragments of the limestone taken from the raised beach he describes.1 We refer to his book on Volcanic Islands for the details relating to the changes which have affected this calcareous rock in contact with the overlying volcanic products. Doelter 2 remarks that he was able to trace this altera- tion only on a layer of 10 inches, at the contact of the Limestone and lava. The limestone has become granular, and some of its grains are rather large. These are the only phenomena of contact observed by Professor Doelter at San Jago. Other observa- tions on the same subject made by Darwin must, according to Doelter, be explained in another way. A specimen of limestone from this raised beach has been collected at the contact of the lava. This calcareous rock is massive ; the layer near the lava is opal blue, and the grains are somewhat larger ; the other part of the specimen is brownish. Calcareous grains and small fragments of volcanic material are cemented by infiltrated calcite. Near the zone of contact the grains are of a deeper blue, but the saccharoid structure is not clearly shown. The calcite of this thin zone of contact effervesces with hydrochloric acid, leaving a residue composed of organic matter ; it yields only a trace of magnesia. The white and bluish grains are fragments of organisms, as can be ascertained by microscopic examination. Under the microscope it is seen that the organic structure is not entirely destroyed ; the sections showing this are less transparent than those of infiltrated calcite, and they are speckled with brown and bordered by a yellowish zone. The secondary calcite is clear and crystalline, showing the rhombohedral cleavage characteristic of this species. The small volcanic fragments embedded in this limestone are splinters of basalt, palagonite, augite, olivine, hornblende, and biotite. They are isolated and entirely surrounded by infiltrated limestone. Microscopic concretions of iron and manganese oxide are also to be seen. Another specimen from this raised beach is very like that we have just described, but it contains more volcanic fragments ; among these are found all the rocks and minerals above mentioned. Augite is specially abundant. As in the former case, saccharoid structure cannot be observed. The details of the organic structure are not washed out, and the hemitropic striae following — ^ R are never seen. We shall mention, in conclusion, a specimen of Limestone which covers the lava on the coast near Porto Praya, and which ought to be considered as a stalactitic deposit. This specimen is brownish yellow, and is formed by the superposition of more or less folded and slightly adherent lamellae. Calcite has crystallised in the cavities, and some small elongated scalenohedric crystals can be recognised. This coating contains compact black volcanic splinters two or three centimetres in length ; these are glassy fragments passing to palagonite. Darwin observed these inclusions, and compared them rightly to the palagonite found by him in the Galapogos Islands. Under the microscope no 1 Darwin, loc. cit., p. 3. » Doelter, loc. cit., pp. 45, 191. REPORT ON THE PETROLOGY OF OCEANIC ISLANDS. 23 organic remains can be detected in the specimen, all the calcite sections showing that this mineral has a stalactitic origin. The rock is almost entirely composed of sharply defined crystalline grains often giving triangular sections ; by their juxtaposition they present a serrated appearance. The centre of these sections is generally of a brownish yellow colour, surrounded by a clearer zone ; in form they can be derived from an acute rhombohedron or from a scalenohedron. This incrustation is thus essentially formed of very small acicular crystals of calcite closely packed against each other, the interspaces having been filled later by a calcareous deposit to which the rock owes its compact and shining appearance. III.— ROCKS OF ST. THOMAS (WEST INDIES). The specimens we have examined are fragments, concerning the original situation of which there is no information, some of them being rolled pebbles. It is consequently necessary, in the absence of stratigraphical details, to confine ourselves to a description of lithological and mineralogical features. One of the rock specimens has a porphyritic structure with large crystals of hornblende (three to four millimetres in diameter), imbedded in an essentially felspathic ground- mass. Examination under the microscope shows it to be a much altered cpiartziferous diorite. The fine-grained ground-mass presents rather distinct crystals of hornblende and quartz, patches of little prisms and grains of epidote and titaniferous iron, and aggregations of decomposition products. Hornblende is the best developed and least altered of the minerals of the first generation. The maximum angle of extinction was found to be about 19°, and the characteristic cleavages are sharply marked. The pleochroism is shown in the following manner : for a pale yellow ; for /8 yellowish brown; and for 7 pale green; the absorption being /3> 7> a. These sections often show a zonary structure, the special colours of each layer being sometimes sharply defined. They are frequently twinned polysynthetically according to the law : plane of twinning 00 Poo in sections parallel to 00 £ 00, in which symmetrical extinctions of 19° are obtained on both sides of the lamellae. Although the hornblende is relatively little altered, it is seen to be traversed by fissures which have become filled by secondary quartz, probably derived from the associated minerals. Quartz takes otherwise a very important place in the composition of this rock. The sections show, instead of the common irregular fractures of this mineral, a series of fissures which follow the cleavages of the rhombohedron. These quartz grains touch along straight fines, which gives them a strong resemblance to Carlsbad twins such as 24 THE VOYAGE OF H.M.S. CHALLENGER. are shown by sanidine. On the other hand, the abundance of liquid inclusions with moving bubbles, and, in certain cases, the outlines and their relation to the direction of cleavage, the smooth surface of the sections, and the optical characters, leave no doubt as to the true determination. Some sections, in fact, show the black cross and that the mineral is positive. Epidote is also well developed in the rock, this secondary product appearing in the form of grains, often grouped or scattered uniformly between the crystals of hornblende. The epidote is distinguished in this case by the brilliancy of its polarisation colours, and a very feeble pleochroism, citron- yellow or an almost colourless shade of green. This mineral is sometimes crystal- lised in fibro-radial bundles. Titaniferous iron is also somewhat common, and is decomposed into leucoxene. Crystals of grey titanite, probably derived from the decomposition of ilmenite, may also be detected. The last-mentioned mineral has sometimes left hexagonal hollows where leucoxene and epidote have subsequently developed. The ground-mass is chiefly formed of quartzose grains, epidote, and the remains of a few indistinct crystals of plagioclase. The microscopical structure shows that this rock is a diorite, and this conclusion is confirmed by the examination of the sections of hornblende. The completeness of these crystals as to their external form, and their freshness, clearly show, it seems to us, that this mineral is prim- ordial, and does not take its origin from the paramorphosis of augite into hornblende, as frequently happens in altered diabases. The presence of quartz also indicates that the rock may be related to the quartziferous diorites, but in order to establish this determination one element — plagioclase felspar — seems to be wanting. Still, on taking into consideration certain other specimens of similar rocks from the same place, which show sections of plagioclase associated with quartz and epidote, it is easy to believe that, in the rock under consideration, the plagioclase has undergone alteration into epidote. It is necessary to mention the fact that for the classification of the rock as diorite there is no other ground than the mineralogical composition and structure, all stratigraphical data being wanting. Another rock presenting considerable analogy with the preceding is finer grained, massive, greyish in colour, and breaks with a slightly conchoidal fracture. It also may be classed as a diorite. The naked eye detects in the mass very small crystals of felspar, and more rarely of hornblende. The microscope shows a ground-mass containing rather large sections of hornblende, the crystallographic and optical characters of which are like those of the same mineral in the rock just described, only it is more decomposed, and the zonary structure does not appear. On the other hand, plagioclase, of which only traces were perceptible in the former rock, is here much less altered, and it is possible to determine the species. The lamellar sections of this plagioclase gave an average extinction of about 6° on the trace of M. The symmetrical angles of extinction on the two sides of the polysynthetic lamellse gave as an average 5°. Sections of REPORT ON THE PETROLOGY OF OCEANIC ISLANDS. 25 plagioclase are sometimes observed which are quadratic and show the striation of albite and pericline. In these sections, which are in the zone P:k, the extinction takes place almost parallel to the trace of M ; hexagonal sections extinguish at an angle, the mean value of which does not exceed 6°. These measurements and the nature of the rock appear to show that the plagioclase in question is oligoclase. All the steps in the transition may be observed from rather large crystals of plagioclase to the small entangled felspathic lamellae which form almost the entire ground-mass of the rock. These microliths are polysynthetic and extinguish at very small angles, showing that, from the point of view of the plagioclastic mixture, they are akin to the larger individuals which belong to an earlier stage of consolidation. It is perhaps not without interest to point out this analogy of the microliths of the base and the microporphyritic crystals. The microscopic preparations are sprinkled with black grains of magnetite or titaniferous iron. In addition epidote, and in particular calcite, may be mentioned as rather common secondary products. Calcite occurs in somewhat large sections traversed by polysynthetic lamellae following — ^ R. Finally, quartzose veinules were observed penetrated by small colourless lamellae, which appear iridescent in polarised light, and are very probably scales of white mica. On taking account of the facts that no trace of calcite appears in the quartz veins, and no quartz in the sections of calcite, one is led to conclude that the infiltration of quartz and of calcite occurred at different stages in the series of secondary modifications to which this diorite has been subjected. In the two rocks just described the specimens were referred to diorite, and we remarked the profound alteration which had attacked the hornblende in one case and the plagioclase in the other. The difficulties in the way of exact determinations may readily be understood when decomposition has to so great an extent veiled the true nature of the rock, and when so many of the specimens are rolled pebbles picked up on the shore. We incline to believe, however, that they belong to the ancient type, and these general remarks apply equally well to the specimens from the same locality which remain to be described. The next to consider is a fine-grained greenish rock, dotted with felspar, and breaking with an irregular fracture. Microscopical examination shows the rock to be greatly altered. The felspar is associated with secondary minerals, epidote, calcite, and chlorite ; sections which might belong to bisilicates are not detected with certainty, but everything goes to show that these were present in the rock before it was decomposed. It is remarkable that the felspar should not have been more altered, the polysynthetic lamellae being still perfectly apparent. These crystals are somewhat large, and appear enclosed in a mass which is composed principally of minute lamellar sections of plagioclase. These microporphyritic crystals sometimes present sections in the form of an octagon with two long sides. This would indicate that the crystals have pyramidal faces in the zone P : M (n) or in the zone x : M (o). The sections extinguish at a (PHTS. CHEM. CHALL. EXP. — PART VII. — 1889.) 4 26 THE VOYAGE OF H.M.S. CHALLENGER. rather small angle, which leads one to believe that the plagioclase is akin to oligoclase or andesine. Some individuals are found extinguishing parallel to the lengthened sides, and showing no plagioclastic lamellae, which would seem to indicate that they are orthoclase. It is difficult to decide this question, but the hypothesis is not without some basis, since the rock presents the association of quartz and felspar, which is known as micropegmatite. Now it is well known that no plagioclase intergrows in this manner with quartz. We lay no stress on the secondary minerals ; the epidote appears as in the diorites already described, quartz of secondary formation is abundant, and also lamellae of chlorite united and entangled with epidote. These minerals either penetrate the entire ground-mass, or have crystallised in microscopic geodes and fissures. The specimen examined is not homogeneous, and everything points to the conclusion that it is a volcanic tufa of ancient tjTpe, but decomposition has proceeded so far that no definite opinion can be arrived at on this point. The rock just noticed may be described as related to the diorite type, to which it shows special affinities in the small angle of extinction of the felspar. Another one now to be described departs altogether from this type. It is fine-grained and crystalline, with numerous small crystals of plagioclase and augite, and greenish black brilliant scales of a chloritic mineral. It contains a black mass which seems to have been enclosed ; the fracture is almost plane. The augite crystals and the very high angle of extinction of the plagioclase distinguish this rock from the preceding. Plagioclase plays an important part in it, appearing in the form of large crystals or aggregations, and being twinned according to the albite and pericline laws. In the sections in which hemitropic striae appear (those following the albite law crossing those of pericline at right angles), the symmetrical angle of extinction for the polysynthetic lamellae may rise above 30°, which seems to indicate that this felspar is not far removed from bytownite or anorthite. Pyroxene appears in the form of rather large rounded crystals often twinned polysynthetically according to the ordinary law. Its colour is not dark, sometimes indeed a very pale yellow tint. This mineral has undergone mechanical changes which have given its sections a fragmentary appearance ; they are decomposed on the surface, and calcite has crystallised along the edges. The augite contains cavities that may have been originally vitreous, but they have been modified by decomposition, which has also altered the base, probably vitreous at its origin, and transformed it in great part into secondary quartz and matter resembling chlorite. Although it is extremely difficult to give a decided opinion on the nomenclature to apply to rocks collected in isolated fragments and which have undergone great alteration, still, by taking account of the texture, the mineral association, and the special characters of the augite and plagioclase, one may venture to class the specimen under consideration with the diabases. A greenish pebble with irregular fracture, sprinkled with large, more or less circular, patches of calcite, contains only one macroscopical mineral, greenish in colour, probably REPORT ON THE PETROLOGY OF OCEANIC ISLANDS. 27 augite or epidote. Microscopical examination shows that this rock may be considered as forming a transition between the series of diorites and of diabases. Although much altered, we can class it amongst the Diabas Mandel stein of the German lithologists. The ground-mass is formed almost entirely of felspar associated with numerous grains of epidote and other decomposition products, while a glimpse is sometimes caught of small vague prisms of augite. Crystals of felspar of the first generation are rather well developed ; they occur as thick shortened prisms, several being sometimes grouped together. They are twinned according to the albite law. The angles of symmetrical extinction on the two sides of the hemitropic lamellae, and of that following the trace of M, are generally somewhat small, seldom exceeding the average value of 7° or 8°. Augite is the best represented mineral of first generation ; it appears as grains, and shows the characteristics wTe recognise in amphibolic rocks such as diorite. There would be no hesitation in classing this rock as a diorite, if the hornblende were better characterised, but only doubtful traces of this mineral are to be found in the form of hexagonal sections which might have been amphibolic originally, but are now only pseudomorphs. These sections are almost as large as those of felspar, the contours being sometimes clearly defined ; in other cases they merge into the surrounding ground- mass. With polarised light the mineral in question behaves like an aggregate ; some indistinct patches take a bluish tint or remain unaffected, and these might possibly be nepheline or apatite. Secondary cpiartz is developed, but not to such an extent as epidote, which appears to penetrate the whole mass ; its grains, although often very small, are recognisable by a slight citron-yellow pleochroism, brilliant colours of polarisation, and an irregular surface. It is abundant in the cavities, where it has crystallised in the form of a fan, and is associated with calcite. Sometimes the nearly circular vesicles, which give the rock the appearance of a Diabas Mandelstein, are filled with these two minerals often associated with chlorite. A rolled pebble, reddish brown in colour with dark green grains of augite and white grains of altered felspar, is a clastic rock. This tufa contains all the minerals mentioned in the rocks already described. The ground-mass is made up of small, more or less abundant, crystals of plagioclase, and of lapilli, which are distinctly separated from each other and cemented by a coating of ferric hydrate. The large fragments of felspar, which are seen scattered sporadically through the preparations, have the same optical and crystallographic properties as those described above. These sections are usually rounded, and are partly altered, not however by kaolinisation, but rather by zeolitisation ; instead of small micaceous lamellae with iridescent tints in polarised light, these sections are seen showing a blue colour which extends over pretty large surfaces separated by colourless intervals. Numerous crystals of zeolites are also to be seen in the vesicles of the rock. Epidote has crystallised in the interior of the felspar ; with calcite and chlorite they occasionally entirely fill the 28 THE VOYAGE OF H.M.S. CHALLENGER place of the primary plagioclase. The sections of augite show the fragmentary nature of the mineral even better than those of felspar by their notched and cracked outlines. This pyroxene is almost colourless, as was the case also in the other rocks from this locality which have been described. It is recognised by its vivid colours of polarisation and by its characteristic cleavage. Although epidote appears for the most part to have been formed where it is found, there are sections of it which bear unmistake- able traces of having belonged to an original crystalline rock. We have said that epidote has crystallised in the vesicles of the diabases from St. Thomas, where it assumes the form of almost colourless fibro-radial groups, more or less spherical or ellipsoidal in shape ; now, in the specimen just described fragments of this amygdaloidal epidote are found. This mineral is characterised by its brilliant polarisation colours, its pale tint in ordinary light, absorption, and the citron yellow pleochroism it exhibits, as well as by a slightly rough appearance of the surface of the sections. Like the felspar, this epidote appears to show vague polarisation phenomena, resulting from the stress to which the rock was subjected. Aggregations of epidote, chlorite, and quartz, which are sometimes seen as yellowish green or almost colourless patches, may very well be derived from the decomposition of a bisilicate, all further traces of which have vanished through alteration. Besides zeolites resulting from the transformation of part of the felspathic substance, these secondary minerals are found in all the vesicles of the rock, where they appear as a coating or as small colourless crystals sometimes prismatic. Occasionally they all appear to be chabasite, twinned crystals of which are recognisable. To summarise briefly the leading features characterising the descriptions given above, we may say that, taking account of all the transitions which have been shown, the specimens from St. Thomas represent an uninterrupted series, from amphibolic rocks with acid plagioclase (oligoclase) to augitic rocks containing a plagio- clase approaching anorthite. REPORT ON THE PETROLOGY OF OCEANIC ISLANDS. 29 IV.— ROCKS OF FERNANDO NORONHA. The group of small islands called, from the principal islet, by the name of Fernando Noronha, is situated in the Atlantic, about 3° 50' S. lat. and 350 miles off the coast of Peak of Fernando Noronha, sketched from the deck of H.M.S. Challenger. South America. The soundings made by the Challenger in the neighbourhood of these islands show that they rise somewhat abruptly from the bottom of the sea. 30 THE VOYAGE OF H.M.S. CHALLENGER. Darwin, in his work on Volcanic Islands,1 reports that he visited Fernando Noronha during the voyage of the " Beagle," but his stay there was of short duration. He states that these islands are of volcanic origin, but that he did not observe any crater. According to Darwin, one of the most salient features of the topography is a hill about 1000 feet high, forming an escarpment, and crowned by a summit, 400 feet high, of a phonolithic rock ; this rock contains, he says, numerous crystals of felspar and some prisms of hornblende. From the highest point of this hill he was able to observe that the other islands of the group had conical summits of the same nature. He recalls the fact that at St. Helena, also, great phonolithic masses occur, rising vertically to 1000 feet; these have evidently been injected into crevices while fluid. If this hill of Fernando Noronha, he adds, owes its origin to the same cause, as seems probable on other accounts, we are forced to admit that denudation has occurred here on a great scale. Near the base of this eminence Darwin observed some beds of whitish tufa, traversed by numerous dykes, some of amygdaloidal basalt, others of trachyte. He noticed, also, some beds of fissile phonolite, in which the planes of schistosity ran N.W. and S.E. Certain parts of this rock, where the crystals are less numerous, resemble slate altered by contact with a trap dyke. The lamination of the rock, which at first had incontestably been in a state of igneous fusion, seemed to him an important subject for investigation. Darwin concludes his brief description by adding that he found on the shore numerous fragments of compact basalt ; they appear to come from a columnar rock which is seen in the neighbourhood. The craggy phonolithic mass, to which Darwin alludes, is St. Michael's Mount. Mr. Buchanan a remarks that at the foot of the eminence the rock is columnar, while towards the summit it assumes a massive structure. On the west side of Fernando Noronha the columns are inclined at an angle of about 30° to the horizon. Their section is almost square, but the angles are greatly rounded off, and the columns are not very thick. He adds that the rock is greenish, and that crystals of sanidine occur in it, lying with their broad faces in a plane perpendicular to the length of the columns. The slopes of St. Michael's Mount are covered with blocks of massive phonolite, often decomposed, and thus exhibiting the sanidine crystals in relief. This rock possesses the characteristic properties of the phonolites : it rings under the hammer. The specimens which we have examined are less schistose or fissile than many of the rocks of the same type, but both the naked-eye and the microscopical characters confirm the determination of Darwin and of Buchanan. One specimen, taken from a columnar block, appears compact to the eye, is greenish grey in colour, dotted with white, has an irregular scaly fracture, and a 1 Darwin, Geological Observations on Volcanic Islands, p. 23. See also Wyville Thomson, The Voyage of the Challenger, The Atlantic, vol. ii. p. 109, London, 1877 ; Moseley, Notes of a Naturalist on the Challenger, London, 1879. 3 J. Y. Buchanan, Proc. Roy. Soc, vol. xxiv. p. 613, 1876. REPORT ON THE PETROLOGY OF OCEANIC ISLANDS. 31 slightly waxy lustre. With the naked eye only some crystals of sanidine, from 2 to 3 millimetres in length on the average, can be made out among the constituent minerals ; cleavage lainellse parallel to M are seen gleaming. The rock yields some water on heating in the closed tube ; when attacked by acids it gelatinises readily. Its specific gravity is 2 "635. The specimens of massive phonolite from the summit of the mountain do not differ in any essential manner from that of which the macroscopical characters have just been given. When examined with the microscope, this phonolite shows a microporphyritic texture ; embedded in a very close-grained ground-mass, in which one notices only small, somewhat irregular microliths of augite showing fluidal structure, there are seen, as minerals of the first generation, sections of nepheline, sanidine, augite, horn- blende, magnetite, titanite, and nosean. We shall now consider the characters of these minerals of first generation. Sections of nepheline are very common ; they are distinguished at a glance from the other constituent minerals by the sharpness of their contours, and by their com- pleteness. Comparison of the form of sections, cut in various directions, show that the nepheline in this rock takes the form of crystals slightly tabular, parallel to OP, with the faces of the prism somewhat shortened. The commonest sections are equilateral hexagons with an angle of 1 20" ; they are remarkably limpid, and very slightly blue or almost colourless in tint. This mineral has no inclusions except titanite ; it is perfectly homogeneous. The lines of cleavage which traverse it are distinct ; they have the appearance of regular blackish strokes, parallel to three alternate sides of the hexagonal sections. In parallel polarised light these sections remain constantly obscured throughout a complete rotation ; in convergent light it is rather rare to be able to observe the usual black cross of monaxial crystals. This mineral also presents rectangular sections with a similar physical aspect. They show two cleavages : the more distinct of the two is indicated by streaks parallel to the traces of the prism ; the other, perpendicular to the first, is less marked, and is parallel to the pinacoid OP. These sections always extinguish parallel to the sides. Nepheline often occurs in this phonolite in aggregates of several crystals grouped parallel to the vertical axis ; these aggregates are recognised by the outlines forming reentrant angles, and, between crossed nicols, these adherent crystals are distinguished one from another by different shades of the same tint. The tints of chromatic polarisation are feeble, and generally clear blue. An alteration is sometimes seen between crossed nicols, which has akeady been pointed out as occurring in nepheline ; we refer to a more or less complete zeolitisation. In polarised light several sections assume a darker tint than usual, at the same time they look as if stumped ; but sometimes certain patches are almost colourless, and a kind of marbling is produced by this want of homogeneity. On examining these sections 32 THE VOYAGE OF H.M.S. CHALLENGER. more closely, one sees that this appearance is due to the presence of tufts, filaments, and lamellae intertwined in all directions. Their aspect and their polarisation tint recall precisely the appearance of certain zeolites. The nepheline has been but slightly subjected either to the corrosive action of the magma or to mechanical deformations. It is this that distinguishes it at a glance from the sanidine, with which, but for the twins, and the peculiarities that are to be described in the latter, it might perhaps be confounded. The relief of the contours and the phenomena of polarisation, so far as colour is concerned, give us little help in differentiating these two minerals at first sight. But they can be distinguished by the irregular breaks of the sanidine, the elongation of its sections, and by its Carlsbad twins. The sanidine occurs, as we have just indicated, in lamellae elongated parallel to the edge PjM; indeed it can be observed that certain sections, in which the Carlsbad twinning does not appear, and which are therefore almost parallel to M, have elongated rhomboidal forms, in which are seen the outlines of the faces of the prism and of P or x. This mineral is almost always cracked by more or less irregular fissures, which seem in sections parallel to P to be perpendicular to the greatest length, while in those taken parallel to M they are sensibly parallel to the vertical axis. The action of the magma has often been exerted along these fissures, which are filled by the ground-mass ; this action is also shown by the corrosion of the outlines of the mineral, so much so that no rectilinear outlines are now to be found ; they are scooped out more or less deeply, serrated and sometimes rounded off. Besides these corrosions there are other pheno- mena in the sanidine that are to be attributed to the fluidity of the magma : the sections appear dislocated and twisted ; the various fragments of a crystal are scattered and overlap one another, and it is rare to see a section of sanidine in which one cannot make out displacements and ruptures. In parallel light sections showing the composi- tion plane of the Carlsbad twin distinctly exhibit straight extinction, which occurs parallel to their greatest length. In convergent light sections cut perpendicularly to the prismatic zone show in each of the two individuals one of the two axes situated along the length of the section at opposite sides of the plane of vision. This seems to indicate that in this sanidine the optical axes are in the plane of symmetry. Augite is one of the most widely distributed minerals in this rock. It occurs firstly in large individuals, then microporphyritically, and lastly as immense numbers of microliths in the ground-mass. We have here to describe the large augites of first generation. The character which at once distinguishes them is their green tint; these sections are very dichroic. The forms usual in this augite are octahedral sections, with the sides that represent the traces of the prisms more developed than those corresponding to the traces of the pinacoids. The prismatic cleavage is not well marked, — on the contrary, lines of cleavage more distinct than these are to be seen running parallel to the pinacoid ooPoo. Sections of the vertical zone are REPORT ON THE PETROLOGY OF OCEANIC ISLANDS. 33 furrowed by rather indistinct cleavages parallel to the axis c, and by fractures more or less nearly parallel to the pinacoid OP. It is somewhat rare to find the outlines well shown in these various sections : they are usually bordered by a rim of small augite prisms, which belong to the second phase of consolidation. In the sections more or less parallel to the clinopinacoid, extinctions are observed that exceed 20° and some- times amount to 30°. The pleochroism and absorption are — a > j3 > y yellowish brown. greenish yellow. green. In exceptional cases it is found that the green tint of this augite changes to the reddish coloration so common in the pyroxene of basalt. The inclusions seen in these augite sections are microscopic prisms of apatite, and a few granules of magnetite. The hornblende of this phonolite ought to be regarded as an accessory mineral ; it occurs only in some few individual crystals, these being for the greater part trans- formed into magnetite. It has the shape of very deformed hexagonal sections, at the centre of which are brown patches markedly dichroic in brownish shades, the differ- ences, however, arising generally from differences of absorption. These sections are bordered by a broad zone of magnetite, which tends to encroach upon the centre of the crystal, where nothing but a round nucleus usually remains. The black opaque girdle which surrounds it is homogeneous, and is not formed of an aggregation of isolated grains as is often the case, — in the amphibolic andesites, for example. This zone of magnetite is frequently larger than the amphibolic centre ; in some instances the hornblende is entirely displaced, the contours of the section being the only indications of the pseudomorphosis. We always find around these sections of hornblende bordered by magnetite a second zone made up of small augite microliths crowded one over another, indeed, such a girdle of small green augite crystals is almost always found round all the microporphyritic crystals of this rock. Of the accessory minerals titanite is that which next to hornblende is best repre- sented in this phonolite. Its sections are in general smaller than those of the latter mineral, descending even to the dimensions of the microliths in the ground-mass. This mineral has crystallised most perfectly, and has best preserved the entirety of its forms. Sections with rhombic outlines are the commonest, — they can be set down as sections of the zone Px, for the extinctions are parallel to the diagonals, and the angular values correspond to those of the prism (129°-133°). One might conclude from the abundance of these sections that titanite has crystallised in this rock in the tabular form, and that the dominant face is more or less nearly perpendicular to the zone of the prisms. Besides these sections we find some of the same mineral that are more elongated, and, finally, others that have reentrant angles and appear twinned in polarised light. The surface of the sections is fretted ; they show a very pronounced (PHYS. CHEM. CHALL. EXP. — PART VII. — 1889.) 5 34 THE VOYAGE OF H.M.S. CHALLENGER. relief; their dicroscopism is slightly marked, — the rhombic sections just mentioned exhibiting variations of tint from slightly greyish to brownish yellow. The colours of polarisation, without being conspicuously vivid, present a peculiar appearance which may be termed irisation. Nosean is also one of the microporphyritic elements ; its sections are square- shaped, hexagonal, or octagonal ; the reentrant angles indicate multiple groupings. The individuals of this mineral are not homogeneous, the interior of the sections being- riddled with inclusions often disposed in a network. The peripheral zone is not so dark in tint as the nucleus, being often greyish, or inclining to clear blue, or coloured by hydrated ferric oxide. Polarised light fails to reveal the strise characteristic of certain noseans, — the sections are perfectly isotropic. Besides magnetite found round the crystals of hornblende, as mentioned above, that mineral occurs also in grains, as an element of the first generation, as inclusions in certain constituent minerals, — in augite, for instance. The ground-mass is characterised by fluidal structure. The constituent minerals are, hornblende excepted, precisely those that have already been recognised in the form of microporphyritic individuals. This ground-mass consists almost entirely of small lamellar felspars, which extinguish very often in directions parallel to the long edges, and exhibit, in most cases, the Carlsbad twinning. These small crystals of sanidine are associated and often combined with some sections of the same tint and appearance, which sections, however, are broader, better defined, and are never twinned ; the outlines of these sections and their optical properties enable us to recognise them as nepheliae. The most conspicuous mineral in the ground-mass is a microlithic pyroxene ; it has a green tint analogous to that of the large crystals of the same species that occur in this rock. In general the outlines of these small augites are indistinct ; they are rather of the shape of elongated grains than prismatic, and where they are found to have a prismatic appearance, the outlines are indented. They are twinned according to the usual law of augitic pyroxene ; they are pleochroic like the microporphyritic augites, and in some instances one can make out in vertical sections extinctions that exceed 30°. It seems very probable that titanite is represented in the ground-mass by some very small crystals. It remains to refer to one more mineral, namely, apatite. It always occurs in very small individuals, the sections being frequently parallel to the vertical axis ; they show traces of the pyramid, and not merely the pinacoid as is usually the case. They extinguish parallel to the line of their length; sometimes a slight dichroism is noticed, the rays vibrating parallel to the vertical axis being bluish, those which vibrate in a plane perpendicular to the greatest length almost colourless. Mr. Buchanan collected in the fissures which in two places scored St. Michael's Mount from summit to base, a substance having the appearance and hardness of quartz. REPORT ON THE PETROLOGY OF OCEANIC ISLANDS. 35 This mineral is concretionary, and is sometimes foliated into thin plates ; it is whitish, yellowish, or yellowish brown. It scratches glass readily, and does not effervesce when treated with acids. Slices, 2 to 3 millimetres thick, are translucent. When heated in the lamp, it becomes white without melting, and the residue after this operation crumbles between the fingers. In the closed tube it yields water with an alkaline reaction, and gives off an empyreumatic smell. Qualitative analysis shows in it phosphate of aluminium and of iron, silica, and sulphate of lime.1 Analysis gives the following composition : — Silica, Si02, .... . 0-27 Sulphuric acid, S03, 1-40 Phosphoric acid, P203, . . 50-72 Alumina, A1203, . . 37-03 Ferric Oxide, Fe203, . 5-42 Lime, CaO, .... . 0-98 Loss on ignition, . . 4-54 100-36 The explorers of the Challenger landed afterwards at Eat Island, the most important islet of the group after Fernando Noronha. Mr. Buchanan observed on the west of Rat Island a massive basaltic rock, which we shall describe, and on the east a granular calcareous rock. "It is probable," he adds, " that this calcareous grit overlies the basalt ; its structure seems to indicate that it has been laid down as drift. This consolidated sand is calcareous, and contains a large number of shells. On our way to Eat Island, in passing alongside of Booby Island, we saw that it also is almost entirely formed of this calcareous grit. No old igneous rock is to be seen in it ; and seeing, from the ripple marks, that the stratification may continue under the sea-level, there is some reason to think that Booby Island is subsiding, or that it has subsided at some previous time." We shall shortly return to the calcareous grit just mentioned, but will first describe the basalt of Rat Island. Examined macroscopically this rock is black, massive, perfectly homogeneous, and has a sub-conchoidal fracture. In the very fine-grained ground-mass some yellow granules of olivine are visible, and some very small prisms, which ought to be identified as nepheline. When reduced to powder, this rock gelatinises markedly with acids. Its specific gravity is 2-957. Microscopical examination places it among the nepheline basalts. At first sight, what strikes one is the absence of polysynthetic felspathic lamellae. The very fine-grained ground-mass is seen under high powers to be composed essentially of nepheline and augite, without interposition of vitreous matter. These two minerals have in general vague outlines, still there can be distinguished some colourless hexagonal sections that remain dark during a complete rotation between 1 J. Y. Buchanan, he. cit., pp. 013, Gil. 36 THE VOYAGE OF H.M.S. CHALLENGER. crossed nicols, and some rectangular sections, slightly elongated parallelograms, that extinguish in directions parallel to the sides. It is not difficult in this case to recognise nepheline, though in other cases it is disguised in the mass under the form of rounded grains, but these are connected by a complete series of transitions with the distinct sections just described. The granular shape prevents this mineral from being con- founded with felspar, which never has this appearance except where, as in granitoidal rocks, it is associated with quartz. With these microliths and grains of nepheline are associated small prisms of augite, slightly yellowish or brownish and with vague out- lines, some of which have large extinctions. Owing to the difference of refractive index between nepheline and augite, the latter is sharply separated from its neigh- bouring mineral. An interesting feature of this rock is the presence of large olivine crystals, almost always fragmentary ; it is the only microporphyritic mineral present, and is much larger than the two species just mentioned. The sections of olivine are rugose, almost colourless ; they are bounded by the traces of the dome and of the prismatic faces ; they extinguish parallel to the line of their length. Often they suggest by their shape a well-developed crystal of olivine ; at other times we see that they are only fragments of a single individual, which can be readily restored with the help of the corresponding pieces to be found in neighbouring sections. It is apparent that these olivine crystals, belonging to the very first phase of consolidation, have been subjected to dislocation and to the corrosive action of the magma. They are broken at the edges, and sometimes the ground-mass has penetrated the interior of the crystal. All the olivine sections are altered to yellow on the sides ; when the sections are small this zone of hydrated ferric oxide is so much developed that nothing may remain but a small colourless area at the centre of the section. A tendency to assume a fibrous structure is noticeable in the sections of this mineral. Several sections of olivine are often seen grouped and joined together ; in polarised light these clusters sometimes exhibit phenomena that vividly recall those observed in twins, but here the planes of junction are too vaguely indicated to allow a positive statement ; nevertheless there are such sections showing two individuals laid together and having a shape perfectly recon- cilable with that of well-known twins of the rhombic system. Amongst the accessory minerals we must note black mica, occurring in irregular scales strongly pleochroic, and giving straight extinction ; this mica is often intimately associated with the decom- posed olivine ; it sometimes even occurs as an inclusion in that mineral, which contains also some particles of secondary calcite. This carbonate is present also in very fine filaments in the ground-mass ; it is recognised by its irisation, by the twins parallel to — tjr R, and by its cleavage. Worthy of interest is the presence of very numerous minute grains of perowskite distributed throughout the ground-mass, where they play a part almost as important as that of magnetite. Perowskite is hardly ever found in well crystallised individuals, though sometimes traces of octohedra can be made out. REPORT ON THE PETROLOGY OF OCEANIC ISLANDS. 37 Usually it takes the form of grains with rugose surface, sometimes broken, transparent, with a blue tint inclining a little to violet, and with very decided relief ; in general these sections are isotropic. Magnetic iron in the shape of grains or of microscopic crystals is tolerably abundant, and is distributed throughout the mass. Lastly, there are still to be noted some small prisms of apatite. The limestone mentioned above, which was collected by Mr. Buchanan in the south- east of Rat Island, shows on a freshly-fractured surface a compact rosy or yellowish mass, with small white crystalline specks and yellow or blackish grains less than a millimetre in diameter. The white specks are shells, the yellow and black grains are fragments of rocks and of volcanic minerals. This rock is moderately hard ; it often presents on its surface a scoriaceous aspect, and sometimes also cavities are seen in the interior. When treated with hydrochloric acid it leaves a residue of about 30 per cent, of its mass. Under the microscope this rock resolves itself into crystallised colourless limestone, devoid of any trace of organic structure, and forming, one may say, the paste or cement of the clastic grains of organic or mineral origin. These grains of calcite are of two sizes : some are very large, while others, smaller and probably of secondary formation, occupy the intervals left between their larger neighbours. Car- bonate of lime also occurs, in microscopic acicular crystals. The mineral and organic particles are all clastic and worn, each being surrounded by a narrow zone of calcite. Among the minerals olivine is frequently visible, coloured red by decomposition ; other grains consist of small splinters of basaltic rock,— among them being some particles of basaltic glass changed into palagonitic matter. A rock almost identical with this limestone of Eat Island was found by Mr. Buchanan overlying the basalt of Platform Island, of which we are about to speak. The islet of this group that goes by the name of Platform Island is composed of columnar basalt, on which lies an extensive and uniform bed of calcareous rock, the specimens of which are, as we have said, analogous to the limestone of Rat Island. The basalt of Platform Island is sbghtly more granular than the nepheline basalt described above. It is black, and slightly vesicular, while to the naked eye only some crystals of augite are visible, embedded in the ground-mass. Under the microscope this rock proves to be felspathic basalt. In a ground -mass, in which from their number certain small felspathic lamellae predominate, we find large microporphyritic crystals of augite, and sections of olivine of smaller size ; the plagioclase as well as the magnetite are always microlithic. The augite sections are not very prismatic; the crystals are more shortened than those usually observed in basaltic rocks. Sections parallel to oopoo are often unsymmetrical hexagons, whose outlines represent the traces of faces of the zone n and t, and of those of the prisms. Octagonal sections also 38 THE VOYAGE OF H.M.S. CHALLENGER. occur, unsynimetrical like the former ; these are perpendicular to the plane of symmetry, and extinguish parallel to the line of their length. The extinctions measured on the face oo J? oo exceed 40°. Sections more or less perpendicular to the axis c are fairly regular octagons, in which the traces of the pinacoids are more developed than those of the prisms. The augite is filled with vitreous inclusions, which are accumulated at the centre of the crystals ; round this non - homogeneous nucleus is a zone of slightly reddish tint, the nucleus being usually not so dark. The optical phenomena are disturbed by an incipient alteration, which shows itself in the formation of chloritic material. The prismatic cleavages are not distinct ; they are, rather, irregular cracks ; the cause of this anomaly lies in the presence of so great a quantity of vitreous inclusions. Besides the twin following the ordinary law, some sections of augite seem to be twinned with a composition plane parallel to a face of a pyramid, as has already been observed in augite. The vitreous inclusions are irregularly shaped ; their colour is generally faint, but sometimes they assume the colour of the augite which contains them. One is led to suppose that there might have been a partial refusion of the pyroxenic element, but what renders this interpretation hypothetical is that the external zone which surrounds these nuclei, and which is entirely homogeneous, has not been altered at all. This fact appears to dispel all idea of a later caustic action exerting itself on the crystal. Besides the vitreous inclusions, some are to be seen consisting of grains of magnetite or of greenish patches of secondary origin, and probably of a chloritic matter. The olivine shows under the microscope some interesting peculiarities in regard to its decomposition. This mineral occurs in grains or in sections of the ordinary form, and with the trace of the pinacoid OP, hence some sections have octagonal forms. When the olivine is not altered it is colourless, its surface rugose, its chromatic j)olari- sation vivid ; still, it is somewhat rare to see this mineral undecomposed. Sections are often observed having the outlines of olivine, but showing that this mineral is invaded by alteration products. At first the olivine is changed into a yellow pleochroic substance possessing the characters of biotite. It shows a lamellar cleavage, along the traces of which absorption is more marked. The colour is brownish yellow along this direction, yellowish in the line perpendicular to these lamellas. They extinguish follow- ing the direction of the joined lamellae. The sections parallel to the lamellae remain dark during a complete rotation between crossed nicols ; with convergent light these latter sections exhibit a black cross. The double refraction is negative. All these characters completely justify the determination as biotite. In certain cases the olivine presents a less advanced decomposition. The yellowish matter which tends to encroach upon it bears less distinctly the characters of black mica ; it is not lamellar, and it is difficult, even when it is possible, to detect any absorption ; perhaps this is mica in the course of formation. In some cases one sees around the biotite certain more or less capillary accumulations, presenting sometimes a vaguely radial arrangement, and probably REPORT ON THE PETROLOGY OF OCEANIC ISLANDS. 39 arising in their turn from the decomposition of the biotite. Without insisting too strongly on this point, these accumulations, to judge from their form, bear a resemblance to those of hornblende called pilite by Dr. Becke, a product which he has pointed out as the result of the decomposition of olivine in certain kersantites of the Waldviertel. In some cases the product of decomposition of the olivine is a greenish substance, the absorption of which is less marked than that of the biotite ; it is more finely fibrous than the latter mineral, and the fibres are more interlaced and less continuous than are the lamellae of black mica ; we regard this green substance as serpentine. Amongst the inclusions of the olivine, we must mention magnetite and some chestnut-brown grains belonging probably, judging from their transparency, to a spinel. The ground-mass contains a large number of augite sections which are generally more prismatic than the microporphyritic crystals of this species. The plagioclases, which occur only in the ground-mass and as microliths, yield very elongated sections with polysynthetic striae. The extinctions observed in the sections of the zone P : M are moderately large, and they are included between the angles 5° and 26° ; it is therefore likely enough that this mineral is allied to labradorite. Among the microlithic crystals of the ground-mass one notices very small patches of a vitreous colourless substance. Sometimes this base is coloured slightly yellow, but this tint is secondary, arising from the decomposition of the ferruginous minerals that constitute the rock. To this same decomposition is to be attributed small nests of greenish chlorite which line certain cavities wherein this mineral has crystallised in interwoven lamellae. We may remark, in conclusion, that this basalt approaches the doleritic type in its texture. V.— EOCKS OF ASCENSION. Darwin in his book on Volcanic Islands has given a very detailed description of the rocks of Ascension;1 but during the time (almost half a century) which has elapsed since the appearance of that work, no one has, to our knowledge, published any special paper on the petrography of this island.2 We are now able, in some measure, to fill this gap, thanks to the materials collected during the stay of the Challenger, and by Dr. Maclean, E.N., one of the Challenger officers, who lived for some time on the island. Dr. Maclean has placed at our disposal specimens of the principal rocks that he collected, and also some local information, of which we have availed ourselves in the following notice. We have arranged our material very much in the order adopted in Darwin's Geological Observations, and have recapitulated a good many of his local details. It 1 Darwin, toe. cit., pp. 34-72. 2 Murdoch has analysed the well-known obsidian of Ascension (Phil. Mag., 1844, p. 495). Vom Rath described the crystals of hematite of this island, associated with magnoferrite (Zcitschr. d. deutsch.geol. Gesdlsch., Bd. xxv. p. 108, 1870). Ehrenberg has shown the nature of certain siliceous deposits of the " crater of an old volcano" (see p. 68 of this Report). 40 THE VOYAGE OF H.M.S. CHALLENGER. is worth while noting that, although he wrote at a time when our knowledge of crystalline rocks was in its infancy, the main features of his system remain unaltered. It is right to add that Darwin had been preceded at Ascension by Lesson, who had already given pretty precise indications of the nature of the rocks of this island. The Island of Ascension is situated in the South Atlantic Ocean, in latitude 8° S., and longitude 14° W. ; according to observations made by the officers of the Challenger, the central summit is in latitude 7° 56' 58" S., and longitude 14° 20' W. The form of the island is an irregular triangle, each side measuring about 6 miles ; it is 7\ miles long and 6 miles wide. The surface is very irregular, and on a general view appears sterile and miserable in the extreme, presenting an expanse of black, burnt rocks, unrelieved by the least vestige of soil. The highest point of Green Mountain, situated The Green Mountain and Extinct Craters, Ascension Island. in the east of the island, rises to 2870 feet above the sea, and from the summit one sees forty or more little peaks scattered about in all directions. The accompanying woodcut will give some idea of the appearance of the island, which is entirely volcanic,1 and in 1 Lesson, in bis description of Ascension, states his belief that the island is formed of a single volcano, the dejecta from which built up Green Mountain. "All the other eminences which rise to the north and on the plateau of the island without regular order, either as isolated cones or in groups, are more recent volcanic openings, the craters of which, symmetrically formed as a rule, are directed towards the principal volcano, Green Hill, on the side of the prevailing wind, producing a steep declivity in this direction. These fire - breathing mouths are very regularly characterised in the secondary mountains of Ascension, but less so in those of Cross Hill, Red Hill, Zebra Hill, etc. ; the greater number present craters in a state of perfect completeness. Green Hill derives its name from the verdure of a vigorous growth of plants upon its summit. The vegetation ceases at the lower third of the mountain, which is composed of naked rock piled up confusedly according to the fractures it has undergone. All the other mountains are quite bare, covered with ferruginous scoriae of a prevailing red colour. The surface of the island is composed of a detritus of trap and trachyte pulverised and deposited here and there in beds of small extent, bordered everywhere REPORT ON THE PETROLOGY OF OCEANIC ISLANDS. 41 the absence of proofs to the contrary Darwin considered it as of subgerial origin. Like most volcanic islands in the course of prevailing winds, Ascension has steep precipices on the exposed side, where landing is very dangerous ; the west coast is less abrupt, and there the British Eesidence is established. The influence of the prevailing winds appears not only on the exposed coasts, but cinders and lapilli have been carried from the centre of action in a westerly direction, and these have even been blown into the sea, where the accumulation of incoherent volcanic products forms a bottom which affords good anchorage. No traces are anywhere to be found of the island being at present in a state of volcanic activity, but the cones of tufa are so little altered, their contours are so sharp, and their brown and red colours so fresh, that they produce an irresistible impression that the island has been quite recently formed by an accumulation of cinders and scoriae, and that the fire still smoulders under the crust. The fundamental rock is everywhere of a pale grey colour, and belongs to the trachytic series. These masses of trachyte are best seen in the south-east part of the island. Almost the entire surface is covered by streams of black scoriaceous lava of a basaltic nature. These beds are dominated in certain places by hills, or isolated trachytic rocks. From the Challenger's anchorage no trace of vegetation was visible except the light greenish tint near the summit of Green Mountain, 6 miles from the coast ; all else was lava, black and grey cinders, and volcanic peaks and cones. We might refer for geographical details to Campbell's map,1 in Darwin's Geological Observations, but it does not present an exact and complete view of the island. It is now advantageously superseded by that of C. A. Bedford, of H.M.S. "Raven," published by the Hydrographic Office in 1838, a copy of which accompanies this Report (Map II.). Bedford's map shows the limits of the scoriaceous rocks sufficiently clearly ; they stretch along almost the whole coast-line on the north and south, dipping towards the sea, and are cut through by the channels of the streams. The layers of scoriaceous lava are less apparent on the east and west ; they only appear here and there, or form a belt along the shore. To the north of the island these beds crop out again to a great extent, and send out branches which surround the isolated hills of East Crater, Sister's Peak (1459 feet), and Bear's Back. In the central and most disturbed part of the island lava is less common ; it is, projjerly speaking, the region of trachytic rocks. In this central region, a little to the east, the with heaps of the fragments of black lava called ' clappers' by the English. . . . The shore is also composed of black, trachytic, and porous lava, the surface being vesicular. . . . High sharp rocks shoot up from the sand. Elsewhere, at the west point of Sandy Bay, the rocks are of black basalt, or covered with a thin greyish-white layer of obsidian like a varnish." Lesson also notes calcareous deposits on the coast. We have cited this passage from the naturalist of the " Coquille," because it is, we believe, the first work iu which the geology of the island is sketched. These few lines give the gist of his description. We shall return farther on to some of the details he pointed out. We may refer for the history of Ascension, and an account of its fauna and flora, to Sir Wyville Thomson's work, The Atlantic, vol. ii. p. 262, etc. ; t > Moseley's Notes of a Naturalist on the Challenger, p. 561 ; and to the Narrative of the Cruise of H.M.S. Challenger, vol. i. p. 927. 1 A Plan of the Island of Ascension, by Lieut, Robert Campbell, 1819; frontispiece of Darwin's Geological Observations. (PHYS. CHEM. CHALL. EXP. — PART VII.— 1889.) 6 42 THE VOYAGE OF H.M.S. CHALLENGER. most important mass in the island occurs, Green Mountain, of which we have already- spoken. It includes, besides the peak to which allusion has just been made, several pretty high summits. Weather Post Hill (1965 feet) is situated towards the east, and a little farther south there is a large depression in the form of an elongated ellipse which bears the name of Cricket Valley. Booby Hill1 (1790 feet), to the south of the valley which borders the central heights of Green Mountain, is also associated with that mass. In the same central region, but more to the west, is Riding School Crater, and still farther west Red Hill. Cross Hill is situated near the village of Georgetown. We have now enumerated and stated the position of the principal hills which will be referred to in this Report. Augitic Trachytes. We have said that trachytic rock forms the fundamental mass of the island, and we shall commence the description of the rocks by that of the trachytic type, giving first, according to Darwin,2 the macroscopic characters. They occupy the highest and most central part of the island, and also occur in the south-east region. This trachyte is usually of a pale brown colour, speckled with black spots ; it contains folded and broken crystals of glassy felspar, grains of hematite, and black microscopic particles which Darwin referred, doubtfully, to hornblende. The greater number of the eminences are formed of a white friable rock.3 Obsidian, hornstone, and several other zonary felspathic rocks are associated with the trachyte. The last-named is never stratified, nor are crater-formed orifices ever found on the eminences. The trachytic region must have been violently dislocated ; the fissures are still open, or partially filled with loose fragments. The space occupied by these trachyte masses is bounded by a line which surrounds Green Mountain and joins the hills of " Weather Post Signal " and " Crater of an old volcano." Trachyte predominates in the region thus circumscribed ; it is traversed by some veins of basalt, and near the summit of Green Mountain there is a stratum of vesicular basalt enclosing crystals of glassy felspar with rounded outlines. The soft white rock mentioned above bears a close resemblance to a sedimentary tufa when seen in the mass. Darwin hesitated for some time, as many other geologists have done in analogous cases, before he rejected this theory of its origin. He observed, on two separate occasions, that the white earthy rock formed isolated hills ; in another 1 Dr. Maclean points out in a manuscript correction of Bedford's chart, of -which we avail ourselves, that the name "Booby Hill" should be substituted for "Red Hill." The latter name should be given, as I say in the text, to the hill west of Riding School Crater. The rocks described in this Report as coming from Red Hill were collected by Dr. Maclean, and were obtained from the hill situated in the position which he has marked on the map. 2 Darwin, Geological Observations, pp. 42-44. In summarising passages we have preserved as much as possible the mineralogical and petrographical nomenclature, and the interpretation of facts given by the author. One might, in some cases, be able to modify them, but this would involve the risk of making more or less arbitrary changes, since we have not the specimens Darwin employed to refer to. 3 It may be that in certain cases the rock spoken of by Darwin as whitish trachytic tufa is siliceous earth, as in the case of the whitish deposits of Riding School Crater. REPORT ON THE PETROLOGY OF OCEANIC ISLANDS. 43 place it was associated with a columnar and zonary trachyte, but he could not make out the contact. The white rock which he studied contained numerous crystals of vitreous felspar, and black microscopic points. It is speckled, like the surrounding trachyte, with dark grains. On examining the ground-mass with a lens, Darwin found it to be earthy ; sometimes, however, it possesses a crystalline structure. On the eminence called " the crater of an old volcano," it passes into a greyish green variety, which only differs in colour and by being more compact. Here an insensible transition between the two rocks is observable. Another variety is made up of numerous round and angular fragments of the greenish rock embedded in the white matrix. Both these varieties of trachyte are traversed by irregular veins which do not at all resemble intruded dykes, and Darwin states that he never saw the like elsewhere. Both kinds of trachyte contain isolated fragments, varying in size, of a dark scoriaceous rock, the vesicles of which are filled by the white mass. This trachyte also includes large blocks of dark cellular porphyry, containing many crystals of opaque white felspar and altered crystals of oxide of iron. The cavities are encrusted with capillary crystals. These fragments project from the decomposed rock in which they are embedded, and exactly resemble the nodules of sedimentary rocks. But, adds Darwin, we know many cases of pieces of cellular rock being shut up in trachytes and phonolites, and therefore cannot draw as a conclusion from the facts described that these rocks were of sedimen- tary origin. The insensible passage of the greenish into the whitish variety in some cases, and the isolated nodules in others, may result from a greater or less difference in composition. The rounded form of the blocks may be due to corrosion by the fused mass in which they were stuck. He considers the veins to be due to the infiltration of silica. The principal reason Darwin brings forward for believing that these earthy and friable rocks are not sedimentary is, that it is extremely unlikely that crystals of felspar and grains of mineral should occur to precisely the same extent in a sedimentary mass as in a trachyte with which the former was associated. Besides, he observed that the rock matrix showed a crystalline structure when magnified. After giving these details from Darwin of the appearance and occurrence of the trachytes of Ascension, we shall describe the specimens of this type which we have studied. As Darwin's account shows, trachytic rocks play a considerable part in the island. It would not be easy to devote a special description to the specimens of each locality, especially since very often — not to say always — we have no information as to the definite part of the bed from which the rocks were taken, the label only bearing the name of the hill. We may add that all the rocks of this kind, from whatever part of the island they come, are very like each other. We shall accordingly describe them together, grouping the rocks according to their Hthological affinities, but, in the case of those meriting special attention, mentioning the locality from which the specimen came. 44 THE VOYAGE OF H.M.S. CHALLENGER. The rocks under consideration may be described under the general name of Augitic trachytes, and are characterised by the association of three constituents in greater or less amount : monoclinic felspar, augite, and a vitreous ground-mass. Their minera- logical composition is very constant, and the characters well defined, — the slight varia- tions being due to differences of texture, and to the more or less important part played by the vitreous matrix. All stages of transition are to be found between holocrystalline varieties showing an aggregate of augitic and felspathic microliths, with some micro- porphyritic crystals of sanidine, and vitreous varieties, in which there occur a few extremely minute crystals of sanidine and augite. Finally, the vitreous element becomes supreme, and the rock passes into obsidian. The trachytes properly so called are whitish grey in colour, sometimes bluish grey, with a rough granular structure. The ground-mass is homogeneous, rarely slightly schistoid. Sometimes they are slightly vesicular, and pass into pumice ; or are more compact, and, according to the predominance of the vitreous element, darker in colour and with a somewhat glossy sheen. The fracture is usually irregular. In some cases the trachytes are friable, in others they are rough to the touch and coherent. Some specimens which have commenced to alter, and are marked with round brownish stains, are impregnated with oxide of iron, which gives them a red or brown colour. These trachytes, when examined with the lens, are found generally to be composed of crystalline grains, but the species could not be made out, except in the case of sanidine, crystals of which are sometimes visible to the naked eye. Microscopic examination shows that all the trachytes of Ascension have an almost identical microtexture. They possess a ground- mass chiefly composed of confused microliths of sanidine and augite, to which large sections of felspar give a microporphyritic structure ; the sec- tions of augite are less numerous. Sometimes a base is interposed between the microliths of the ground-mass ; the latter is seldom devitrified in spherulites or trichites. A peculiarity of the minerals in the ground-mass is that they are always comparatively small ; this minuteness, and the confused setting of the microliths, makes their determination difficult. The sanidine appears in large crystals with the distinguishing peculiarities of this species. These large individuals are always corroded, their outlines are blunted, they are furrowed by Hues of fracture which sometimes correspond to traces of cleavages oo P, and almost always twinned according to the Fio. 6.— Trachyte of Weather Post Hill. Section of sanidine cut almost parallel to P/ilf, Carlsbad twin. The composition plane is 37, and another face probably cc S 3. j'5 crossed nicols. REPORT ON THE PETROLOGY OF OCEANIC ISLANDS. 45 Carlsbad law. We may point out, in speaking of these twins, that the plane of union may vary in one and the same crystal. Fig. 6 shows a section of the mineral twinned according to this law. It is cut almost parallel to the edge PjM; and it may be observed that the plane of composition is now M, traces of which appear on the two long sides of the section ; and again another plane, which may correspond to a prism, perhaps to oo g 3, a face known to occur in sanidine. These large sections have frequently an undulated extinction. The felspathic microliths of the ground-mass are referable to the same species. The striae of plagioclase are never observed. One form predominates — it is that of extremely thin lamellae, which, when seen on the face M, appear almost always twinned. Two of the individuals are regularly superimposed, but one does not entirely cover the other. Fig. 7 gives an example of one of these twinned crystals : it shows two tabular individuals of sanidine super- imposed on the face M, and twinned according to the Carlsbad law ; traces of P and y are discernible, and the internal zones give an indication of x. Extinction takes place with an angle of + 5°, the angle P P' is 127° ; it is thus equal to that which the same faces of sanidine twinned according to the Carlsbad law form. The aspect of this twin may vary to infinity, but the fundamental form is so constant that it is certain to occur in each preparation ; it is produced even when the crystals become infinitesimal, as in the case of the very vitreous varieties of this rock (see fig. 8). Fig. 7.— Trachyte of Red Hill. Small twinned crystals of sani- dine, two tabular individuals superimposed on the face il/, the traces of P y, and, in the internal zones, the trace of x can he seen ; the angle P P' is about 127°. h crossed nicols. Flo. 8. — Trachyte of Red Hilh Large section of sanidine in a vitreous ground-mass is surrounded by small lamellar crystals superimposed and twinned, embedded in the base. The cracks traversing the large section are almost perpendicular to M. Js crossed nicols. Plagioclases, sharply distinguished by hemitropic striation, occur very rarely. Fels- pathic sections may sometimes be observed showing some appearance of polysynthetic lamellae, which are, however, indistinct compared with those of plagioclastic felspars. The 46 THE VOYAGE OF H.M.S. CHALLENGER. sections showing these striae have almost always undulated extinction, and are grooved by fissures ; they are sometimes broken in several pieces and cemented together by the matrix. These facts clearly show that the felspars exhibiting those striae have been subjected to mechanical strain, which has induced a more or less pronounced lamellated structure, and this, under the microscope, has an appearance resembling that of a plagio- clase. These sections, then, are nothing else than sanidine modified by mechanical action. But there is another kind of alteration in this felspar to which attention must be drawn. We have said above that the large sections of sanidine almost always appear corroded at the edges. This action of the magma is not confined to the border of the crystal, but in some cases has affected the whole mass, softening it and transforming it almost beyond recognition. The facts, as they were observed in a great number of specimens of trachyte from Ascension, were as follows : — Certain sections, which were naturally supposed to be ground-mass, so crammed were they with microliths of irregular outline, extinguished polarised light as if they formed one crystalline indi- vidual. "What seems to go against this interpretation is, that these sections are filled with the same felspathic microliths composing the ground-mass. On examining them more closely, however, one can find all stages of transition represented, from the perfect crystal of sanidine downwards, and the conclusion must be that they are nothing else than large crystals of sanidine attacked by the action of the magma. In fact, some of these patches, with half-effaced contours, are surrounded by little crystals of sanidine forming an external zone, and encroaching on the primitive crystal, sometimes to the centre. The magma, in which these crystals of sanidine floated, may be admitted to have penetrated them in some way, and to have given rise to the microliths. The influence of the fused mass had not been sufficient to make the crystals lose their indi- viduality completely ; their outlines were effaced, and they were invaded by microliths, but they did not mix entirely with the magma, and hence did not lose their molecular structure. Augite is the second essential element of these trachytes. We have said that it never attains the dimensions of the sanidine ; it always occurs in the prismatic, almost acicular, form, and is confined in the ground-mass with the little lamellae of sanidine. In most cases augite is associated with a vitreous base. The small crystals are greenish, slightly dichroic ; the octagonal form of sections perpendicular to the vertical axis is rarely seen ; the angle of extinction is often greater than 45°. The microliths of augite are sometimes reduced to mere lines, especially in those specimens where the vitreous matter predominates. These fine needles are nearly always altered, as can be seen from the yellow tint they assume, the colour changing from green to yellow or brownish red. In some rather rare cases they become fibrous, as if they had been subjected to uralitisation. Sometimes microliths belonging to a second generation are observed ; the comparatively large crystals are surrounded by an outer zone of REPORT ON THE PETROLOGY OF OCEANIC ISLANDS. 47 minute green needles of the same nature. In very vitreous varieties it is not uncommon to see the microliths grouping themselves in a manner resembling the arborescent forms which certain pitchstones exhibit. Accidental constituents play a very small part in the rocks we have just described. Magnetite occurs pretty frequently, titanite and apatite more rarely, and sometimes sections of quartz ; but these are probably of secondary origin, as are also the grains and veins of hematite and limonite. ■ We give below an analysis by Dr. Klement of one of the trachytic rocks ; the specimen came from Weather Post Hill, and its characters correspond with those described above. I. 1*0401 grammes of the substance, dried at 110°C and fused with carbonates of soda and potash, gave 0'7384 gramme of silica, 0*1543 gramme of alumina, 0*0430 gramme of ferric oxide, 0'0062 gramme of lime, 0*041 gramme of magnesium p3Tro- phosphate, and traces of manganese. II. 0*8480 gramme of substance treated with hydrofluoric acid gave 0*1871 gramme of sodium and potassium chlorides, and 0*1048 gramme of potassium chloroplatinate. III. 1*0950 grammes of substance treated in a sealed tube with hydrofluoric and sulphuric acids was titrated by potassium permanganate. 0*7 cubic centimetre of solution (1 c.c. = 0*005405 gramme of ferrous oxide) was required to oxidise the ferrous oxide. IV. 1*0370 grammes of substance fused with sodium-potassium carbonate, according to the method of Sipocz, gave 0*0041 gramme of water. Percentage Composition of the Specimen. Silica, Si02, . 70-99 Alumina, A1203, . 14-84 Ferric Oxide, Fe203, 3-76 Ferrous Oxide, FeO, 0-35 Manganese, . traces Lime, CaO, . 0-60 Magnesia, MgO, . 0-14 Soda, Na20, 5-94 Potash, K20, 2-40 Water, H20, . 0-40 99-42 The percentage of silica given by this analysis is too high for normal trachyte ; in fact in unaltered specimens it only amounts to 65 per cent, which corresponds to the amount of silica in sanidine. In exceptional cases certain trachytes may contain as 48 THE VOYAGE OF H.M.S. CHALLENGER. much as 71 per cent, of silica (the tridymite trachyte of New Zealand, for example), but this large proportion is due in great part to the infiltration of siliceous matter subsequent to the consolidation of the rock. To infiltration of this kind we have recourse in order to explain the anomaly in the present case. We have already said that the trachytes of Ascension contain little veins of quartz of secondary origin, and the ground-mass is sometimes penetrated by silica. Darwin remarked the frequency with which siliceous veins occur in the whole region, and infiltration of silica of secondary origin accounts for the divergence in the analysis before us. The small proportion of ferrous oxide, magnesia, and lime clearly shows that pyroxene is a very subordinate constituent of the rock. We see besides, as analyses of trachytes often show, that soda predominates over potash in a marked degree. Perhaps we have here a monoclinic felspar which would approach those described by Forstner (2-l mol. Na2 AP Sie O'6 , with 1 mol. K2 A1G Si6 O16). Vom Rath showed that in the sanidines of Laacher-See soda may lie present in larger amount than potash ; perhaps small plagio- clases are hidden in the ground-mass, which may itself contain a glass more or less rich in soda. We have considered the pyroxenic trachytes, and now turn to the specimens which show a transition to obsidian. The ever-increasing predominance of base over crystalline elements is shown very well in a specimen from Red Hill (?). The external appearance is still quite that of ordinary trachyte ; to the naked eye it shows a rather pronounced schistoid appearance. The colour is grey, darker than the ordinary trachytes of the island ; it is still slightly rugose, and has not assumed a vitreous texture. Crystals of sanidine from 3 to 4 millimetres long determine a porphyritic structure in the rock. When a thin section is examined, the large share which the vitreous mass has in its constitution becomes apparent. The schistose appearance is also found in the preparation, — it is produced by lines of vesicles, which, like those of pumice, are due to the liberation of gases during cooling. Well-developed felspar and augite microliths are ranged in the same direction as the vesicles. It is without doubt to its fluidal structure that the lamina- tion of this rock must be attributed. Large sections of sanidine and augite, but mostly the former, detach themselves from the vitreous ground-mass, which is light brown in colour with slightly darker bands. The sanidine is sometimes found crystallised as a Carlsbad twin. Plagioclase is occasionally detected. Besides the minerals already mentioned, the ground-mass is filled with little bundles of crystals extremely minute and only appearing under the highest powers. Relying on microscopic analyses only, these obsidians could not be separated from the augitic trachytes. In fact, one sees that the latter rock is related through all its transitions with the former, and that the constituent minerals are the same in both ; only the vitreous element tends gradually to take the place of the minerals, which grow smaller as the trachyte approaches the vitreous REPORT ON THE PETROLOGY OF OCEANIC ISLANDS. 49 variety. Obsidian is simply the last term of this series, and its external characters are then sharply defined. We shall describe here some of the more or less vitreous varieties of trachyte, but as the texture and the mineralogical composition are always fundamentally the same, it is unnecessary to follow all the stages of transition. We shall accordingly say a few words about the highly vitreous trachytic rocks, and afterwards enlarge upon the well-characterised obsidian of Ascension. Vitreous augitic trachyte sometimes appears as a greyish mass, soft and very friable, somewhat scoriaceous and passing into pumice, but more homogeneous in the fracture. Its macroscopic characters are like those of a tufa, but microscopically the ground-mass is seen to contain no heterogeneous fragments, being composed of microliths and a vitreous mass. In this matrix microporphyritic crystals of sanidine appear ; the crystals of augite are always smaller than those of the felspar with which they are associated. Obsidian. All the obsidians of Ascension are closely related to the trachytic rocks which have just been described. Before discussing the mineralogical characters of these volcanic glasses, it will be well to give a resume of Darwin's very detailed observations1 upon them. He first describes the transition of the rocks into zonary2 beds between which the obsidian is intercalated. These outcrops of the beds of obsidian in the middle of the trachytic region west of Green Mountain are highly inclined, and partially covered by more recent eruptions ; for this reason Darwin could not observe their contact with the trachyte, nor satisfy himself as to whether they had been poured out like lava, or injected like the veins in the adjacent rocks. At the point explored by the author three beds of obsidian appeared, the largest at the base of the section. These alternating rocks attracted the particular attention of Darwin, and he described five varieties which passed into each other by all gradations. We refer the reader for particulars regarding these varieties to the complete description given in the chapter of Darwin's book dealing with the subject. The transition of these zonary rocks to beds of true obsidian takes place in several ways. At first angulo-nodular masses of obsidian of varying size appear isolated in a schistoid or massive felspathic rock of a light colour and conchoidal fracture. Then irregular nodules of obsidian are seen, isolated, or grouped in layers not more than the tenth of an inch thick, which alternate repeatedly with thin strata of a zonary felspathic 1 Darwin, Geol. Observ., pp. 54-C2. 2 We employ "zonary" instead of Darwin's term "laminated" in this description. He explains his meaning of the latter word in a note at the foot of p. 54 loc. cit. : " This term might be misunderstood ; it is applied to rocks which divide into thin leaves of the same composition, or are formed of closely united layers of different mineral species without a tendency to split up, but distinguished by special colours. The term laminated is employed here in the latter sense. When a homogeneous rock has a cleavage plane along which it may be readily split, like slate, I apply the term^ssife." (PHYS. CHEM. CHAIX. EXP. — PART VII. — 1889.) 7 50 THE VOYAGE OF H.M.S. CHALLENGER. rock resembling agate, and sometimes passing into pitclistone. A white substance resembling pumiceous cinders fills the interstices between the nodules of obsidian. Finally, the substance, which previously was spread through the rock, becomes an angulo- concretionary mass of obsidian of a pale grey colour, and often traversed by coloured bands parallel to those of the enclosing rock. Darwin then describes the rocks which usually occur as stages in the transition to obsidian, and treats in a specially detailed manner of the linear arrangement of spherulites. He explains the nodular form of some specimens of obsidian by viewing them as concretionary masses like spherulites. After discussing the chemical composition of these obsidian spherules, as known at that time, he attributes the nodular and spherulitic forms to a process of segregation in the fused mass which led to the separation of the parts richest in silica. He pointed out the similarity between the phenomena exhibited by volcanic glasses and the devitrification of artificial glass. Finally, Darwin compares his observations on the obsidian of Ascension with those of Beudant in Hungary, of Von Humboldt in Mexico and Peru, and with the descriptions by other geologists who had brought analogous facts to light in various volcanic regions. Having recalled Darwin's work on the obsidians of Ascension, we shall proceed to give a lithological description of the specimens of this rock which we have examined ; these came from Green Mountain. When the specimens are not weathered, they present all the ordinary characters of obsidian, being black, vitreous, with a brilliant lustre, conchoidal fracture, and transparent at the edges. They are often cracked, the margins of the fissures appearing as white fines, and sometimes they are slightly scoriaceous with a more irregular fracture. When weathered the surface becomes greyish and earthy in appearance, and when the rocks decompose they sometimes assume a waxy lustre like retinite. They are often veined with greenish or greyish lines, and at other times finely zonary ; in this case they are seen by the naked eye to be furrowed with little undulating parallel veins that stand out grey against the black background of the rock. When zonary obsidian weathers, its conchoidal fracture is obscured, and the fragments break along the zones. The only macroscopic constituent is sanidine, which stands out from the ground-mass in vitreous grains, sometimes of considerable size. Microscopic examination shows that all the obsidians of Ascension are made up of a light brown vitreous matter, the colour of which becomes darker in bands where microliths accumulate. Microporphyritic structure is somewhat rare, and when seen it is always brought about by sections of sanidine. The glass is, however, never homogeneous ; besides the elongated vesicles, often arranged in bands, there are little lamellae of sanidine and minute prisms of augite1 scattered through the base. 1 Darwin points out (p. 55 he. cit.) that Miller determined as augite some fine green needles in the rocks of Ascension associated with obsidian. The rocks yielding these microliths also contain, according to Miller, crystals of quartz, which he measured and found possessed of the faces P, z, m, without a trace of r. REPORT ON THE PETROLOGY OF OCEANIC ISLANDS. 51 These crystals are often infinitesimal, appearing as mere lines, which it would be impossible to identify were it not that they merge by insensible gradations into well- characterised crystals of these species. It is only by following the gradually diminishing size of these minerals, step by step, from the augitic trachytes, in which they are easily recognised, to the obsidians, that they can be determined in the latter rocks. Sanidine is, as we have said, the only constituent attaining any size. Sections of this felspar cut parallel to the face M, and showing the traces of P, y, T, give positive extinction. Carlsbad twins are sometimes seen, but never hemitropic striae ; the latter observation holds good of the large crystals as well as of the numerous microscopic sections of felspar in the ground-mass. These very minute colourless microliths are probably also sanidine ; the mode of their development, their form, and their twinning relate them to the larger crystals of these species. Only the faces P, y are usually to be seen ; but in certain cases x is also represented. Like the larger specimens of sanidine, these are tabular, extremely thin, and elongated following PJM. They are often twinned according to the Carlsbad law, as we have already described in the case of trachytic rocks. Two of these thin lamellse are often superimposed with oblique axes, and this mode of composition recurs so persistently that there is no doubt of its being a twin, although the extreme minuteness of the crystals makes it impossible to ascertain the law. The felspathic crystals grow smaller as the vitreous ground-mass becomes more developed, but they are always distinguishable from augite, being colourless, and generally rather larger than those of pyroxene. The augite crystals never attain the proportions of those of sanidine ; they are always prismatic, but with ill-defined margins ; the colour is greenish, and the angle of extinction rises from 35° to 40°. This is also the angle of extinction of the little microliths, but when these assume the form of capillary lines, their optical properties cannot be observed, and their identity is only arrived at by considering the transitional forms. The obsidians are sometimes devitrified, and exhibit a finely granular texture ; some of the vitreous rocks of the obsidian series show perlitic structure, and have the shining appearance of pitchstone. The following is an analysis of a specimen from Green Mountain, which presented all the appearances of an unaltered volcanic glass. An early analysis by Murdoch ' is given for comparison. I. 1-0752 grammes of substance dried at 110°, and fused with sodium-potassium carbonate, gave 07818 gramme of silica, 0'1376 of alumina, 0-0461 of ferric oxide, 0'0062 of lime, 0'0029 of magnesium pyrophosphate and traces of manganese. II. 0-7699 gramme of substance treated with hydrofluoric acid gave 0"1415 gramme of sodium and potassium chlorides, and 0-1538 of potassium chloroplatinate. 1 Murdoch, Mil May., 1844, p. 495. 52 THE VOYAGE OF H.M.S. CHALLENGER. III. 1"5307 grammes of substance, treated in a sealed tube with, hydrofluoric and sulphuric acids, was titrated by a solution of potassium permanganate (1 c.c. = 0'005405 gramme ferrous oxide), of which 4-2 c.c. were required for oxidation. IV. 1*2723 grammes of substance fused, by Sipocz' method, with sodium-potassium carbonate, gave 0-0061 gramme of water. Percentage Composition of the Specimen. Silica, Si02, . Alumina, A1203, Ferric Oxide, Fe203, Ferrous Oxide, FeO, Manganese, . Lime, CaO, Magnesia, MgO, Soda, Na20, . Potash, K20, . Water, H20, . Element. Murdoch. 72-71 70-97 12-80 6-77 2-64 6-24 1-48 ... traces . • • 0-58 2-84 o-io 1-77 6-50 ) 3-87 J 11-41 0-48 ... 101-16 100-00 Transitions of Augitic Trachyte into Amphibolic Trachyte, Andesite, and Ehyolite. The Green Mountain contains a great many rocks transitional between augitic trachyte and neighbouring lithological types. We shall first consider amphibolic trachyte. This is a compact greenish grey rock, in which crystals of sanidine may be discerned by the naked eye ; the surface is partly covered with brilliant crystals of hornblende, to which reference will be made later. The microscope reveals hornblende also amongst the essential constituents, which are otherwise similar to those of augitic trachyte. The sections of hornblende show decided pleochroism, the absorption being almost as intense as for biotite ; they are characterised by the cleavage, but the planes of separation are not sharp ; on account of a slight deviation in their direction, they appear as curved lines. Titanite may be noticed in the form of inclusions in the amphibole. It seems very probable that free silica in the form of quartz is a constituent of the ground-mass ; but, perhaps, this mineral is a secondary product, as is very frequently the case in the rocks of Ascension, a great number of which are silicified. This rock shows a very interesting peculiarity which has been already observed, particularly by Vom Eath, on some blocks ejected from Vesuvius. The whitened and softened appearance of the specimen indicates that it has been subjected to the action REPORT ON THE PETROLOGY OF OCEANIC ISLANDS. 53 of fumaroles. The altered surfaces are sown with extremely brilliant little black crystals, standing out in relief, and never forming a part of the ground-mass on which they are set. They are found in every hollow, but never on a freshly broken surface. These crystals are never more than 1 or 2 millimetres long ; several individuals are often united with the axes parallel ; often also they are hollow or present a skeleton-like appearance. Microscopic examination shows that the dominant faces are oo P, which are usually relatively well developed ; indications of oo P oo , co 5 oo , P, OP are also seen. The angle of the prism mm measures 124° 30'. With the microscope a well-marked cleavage following the faces of the prism may be made out, and when the crystals are broken the very elongated prismatic solids of cleavage present the same angle of 124° ; these little prisms have a maximum angle of extinction of about 15°. Although only slightly transparent, the crystals show a perceptible pleochroism ; the light ray vibrating parallel to c is of a more or less deep green, that perpendicular to this direction being reddish green. These details prove beyond doubt that the crystals are hornblende, and that they must have been formed by sublimation like their congeners of Vesuvius, which, as described by Vom Path,1 are in every way similar. No true amphibolic trachyte has been found amongst the specimens from Ascension. The rock just described is only a transitional type, and the same may be said for the next speci- men to be considered. This rock, from a quarry near Georgetown, is an augitic trachyte passing into amphibolic andesite. To the naked eye it hardly differs from the common trachyte of the island ; it has the same greyish colour, but is perhaps a little more scoriaceous, as indicated by a certain roughness to the touch. The microscope shows a ground-mass composed of microliths of felspar and minute corroded crystals of hornblende, showing the characteristic cleavage, brownish green in colour and dichroic. Small augites, extinguishing under a high angle, and with the usual appearance of this mineral in the trachytes of the island, also occur, and magnetite is a somewhat frequent constituent. Sanidine in large sections is the principal mineral constituent ; the crystals, which have an undulating extinction and are corroded, occur in groups and twins as described in the case of augitic trachytes. Finally, there are some finely striated fragments of plagioclase, occasionally twinned according to the Carlsbad or Baveno law. The presence of plagioclase indicates a transition from the series of trachytes to that of andesites. Pyroxenic trachyte passes in some cases into rocks in which the siliceous element is isolated, and this forms a transition to rhyolite. A specimen from Red Hill (?) is an example of this transition. It is bluish grey, spotted with black, and contains lamellae of sanidine 3 or 4 millimetres long amongst a compact crystalline ground -mass. ' This mineral appears arranged in parallel lines ; indeed, only the large shining face of a cleavage plane, parallel to M, is to be seen there. 1 Miueralogische MittheiluDgen (JPogg. Ann., Ergiinzungsband vi., p. 198, 1871 ) 54 THE VOYAGE OF H.M.S. CHALLENGER. Thiii slices show a magma impregnated with quartz (perhaps of secondary origin), and containing sections of felspar, augite, quartz, and biotite. The felspars are both sani- dine and plagioclase ; these two felspars are to be seen in the same section, as is often the case in transitional rocks such as that under consideration. The centre is, in these cases, finely striated like an oligoclase or andesine, and surrounded by a zone in which plagioclastic lamellae no longer appear. These lamella? in the nucleus extinguish at a very low angle, which confirms the determination as a triclinic felspar approaching the oligoclase series. The felspatnic microliths of the ground-mass are often Carlsbad twins, and frequently appear almost rectangular in section. This leads to the con- clusion that their prevailing form is determined by the lengthening of the edge PjM. The crystals of augite present only indistinct or irregular outlines ; this mineral is little, if at all, pleochroic. The biotite is in the form of corroded lamellae, which some- times take a greenish tint, indicating an incipient alteration into chlorite. Some colourless sections show the properties of quartz, giving the cross of monaxial crystals in convergent light. This mineral is, very probably, also represented in the ground- mass of the rock. It is noteworthy that all the older constituents, especially the felspars, have been very much corroded, as if they had been subjected to the energetic solvent action of an acid magma. More distinctly rhyolitic rocks occur in Ascension, especially in the interior of the crater-like orifice of Eiding School. A specimen of this type is compact — in some places a little scoriaceous — with a nearly plane fracture, and of a brick-red colour. The naked eye can only detect some crystals of felspar. The microscope shows that the red colour is due to an amorphous powder of hematite, which has penetrated all the fissures and vesicles of the rock. The colourless ground-mass is spherulitic and impregnated with quartz ; large sections of sanidine appear in it. This mineral is crystallised in a tabular form, sometimes in shortened prisms, and the Carlsbad twin is common. A section in the zone P : M, in which cleavages corresponding to P and to the prism with traces of T or I are clearly shown, has made it possible to measure the angle of extinc- tion on M. It was found to be positive and 10°, which confirms the determination of the felspar as sanidine. Some colourless homogeneous sections with irregular outlines must be referred to quartz, as in convergent light they show the cross of monaxial crystals and the usual properties of thin slices of that mineral. The presence of quartz as a microporphyritic constituent leads us to refer to the same species certain much smaller sections, which present the same appearance and the usual optical properties of this mineral in parallel polarised light. These little sections are, as it were, drowned in the ground-mass ; they are associated with numerous sharply defined felspathic microliths. The ground-mass is thus essentially quartzose, and is characterised besides by the presence of spherulites, which resemble pseudo-spherulites, the cross being vaguely indicated, and its arms not at right angles. Probably this is a fibro-radial REPORT ON THE PETROLOGY OF OCEANIC ISLANDS. 55 mixture of small microliths of felspar and quartz, such as is often observed in certain porphyries and rhyolites. The pseudo-spherulites have a black opacpae centre, com- posed of a reddish or greenish non-transparent material, which assumes a more or less starlike form, and underlines the fibres of colourless minerals forming the radiated aggregate. The dark substance of the spherulites may be related to certain rather rare small pleochroic sections which possess some of the properties of hornblende or of biotite. Perhaps hornblende, now decomposed, formed at one time an integral part of the rock. Rhyolitic tufas also occur in the island, but amongst the specimens of rocks from Ascension which we have examined, only one belongs to this type. To the naked eye it exhibits a number of bluish grey, zonary, slightly schistoid splinters, embedded in a pretty homogeneous mass. Under the microscope the rock appears like a breccia of volcanic fragments cemented by chalcedony, or, in some cases, by hyaline quartz. The fragments are angular and irregular in form, as if crushed ; they are essentially vitreous, and contain felspathic microliths, which are so minute that the species cannot be established except in rare cases when microlithic plagioclases are observable. The spherulitic structure, to be seen in certain cases, also confirms the reference of these fragments to rhyolite. In the centre of the spherulites, or following the radii, there is a black opaque substance like magnetite, trichitic rods of which may be seen scattered through the whole ground-mass, and giving it a blackish tint. Like a great many of the rocks of Ascension, this tufa contains scales of hematite. The cement uniting the fragments is siliceous ; in polarised light one sees that the quartz forms a brilliant mass of grains bordering and planted on the sides of the lapilli. These grains fill up the gaps, and when the space is not quite filled up by them, it forms a geode, in which crystals of quartz, with faces of the prism and pyramid, may be distinguished. Finally, we shall consider a tufaceous rock from Dry Water-Course. This tufa is shown by the microscope to be composed of fragments of different kinds of rock, all belonging, however, to types which are represented at Ascension. These splinters, or lapilli, have been embedded in a more acid vitreous mass, showing fluidal structure and of a yellowish colour, which, penetrating the interstices between the fragments, corroded them. The large crystals of sanidine are rounded at the edges ; the augite seems to have been entirely fused. Spherulites are visible in the vitreous substance ; the silica has been subsequently infiltrated. There is enough quartz in the ground- mass to justify the name of rhyolitic tufa which we apply to this rock, but there is also silica of secondary origin, which has penetrated the crystals of felspar ; they appear in polarised light as a mosaic of quartzose grains. 56 THE VOYAGE OF H.M.S. CHALLENGER. Basaltic Rocks. "VVe have said that almost the entire surface of Ascension is covered by streams of black, scoriaceous, basaltic lava, through which the trachytic escarpments crop out. According to Darwin,1 this lava is sometimes vesicular and at other times massive. It is black in colour, and sometimes contains many crystals of felspar, olivine predomi- nating in rare cases. The streams appear to have been not very fluid ; the lateral walls are extremely steep, and attain a height of 20 or 30 feet. The surface is very scoriaceous, and from a little distance it appears covered with small craters. These mounds are heaps of scoriaceous lava of the same kind as that forming the mass of the stream ; their form is more or less regularly conical, and they are traversed by fissures, which give them a columnar appearance. These hillocks rise to 10 or 20 feet above the stream, and Darwin attributes their formation to the accumulation of viscous lava at points where some obstacle presented itself to the flow. At the base of these conical heaps, and at other points on the stream, blocks of lava are to be seen, resembling arches in appearance. Fantastic masses of scorise rise up over the whole surface, occasionally, according to Darwin, presenting such an extraordinary appearance as hardly to be distinguished from trunks of trees. Some of these lava-flows may be traced to their point of origin at the base of the great trachytic mass, or to the isolated conical hills of reddish rock situated in the north and west of the island. Darwin counted twenty or thirty of these cones of eruption from the central eminence. Most of them have their summits truncated obliquely, the steepest slope being on the south- east side facing the prevailing wind, as Lesson2 points out. Hennah remarks, in addi- tion,3 that in Ascension the most extensive beds of ashes are always found in the lee of the wind. This arrangement of the volcanic hillocks may be explained by taking account of the fact, that during eruptions the incoherent products would be carried in the direction to which the prevailing winds blew. The basalts collected by the Challenger Expedition at Ascension are almost always of the felspathic variety ; dolerites rarely occur. Amongst the rocks of the type of ordinary basalt we may describe the specimens from Eed Hill. They are completely penetrated with oxide of iron, and present a porphyritic structure by reason of crystals and grains of plagioclase — attaining a maximum diameter of a centimetre — embedded in a slightly vesicular ground-mass. Olivine is very rarely seen, and augite more rarely still. Microscopically the rock is formed of a ground-mass in which plagioclase microliths predominate, almost always twinned according to the Carlsbad law, and associated with little crystals of augite. Larger sections of magnetite, augite, 1 Darwin, Geol. Obs., p. 3-4. 2 Lesson, Voyage de la " Coquille," p. 490. 3 Hennah, Proc. Geul. Soc. Zond., vol. ii., p. 189, 1835 ; cited by Darwin, he. cit., p. 35. REPORT ON THE PETROLOGY OF OCEANIC ISLANDS. 57 Fio. 9. — Basalt of Red Hill. Section of plagioclase perpendicular to the edge P/M, with the traces of two cleavages parallel P and M; on the right, remains a part of an indi- vidual twinned following the albite law. A crossed nicols. olivine, and triclinic felspar appear in this mass. The triclinic felspars are prismatic, relatively very thick, and zonary. The zones are not numerous, as in the case of andesine, for example, but usually consist only of a nucleus and an outer coating. Extinctions of about 37° have been measured on sections parallel to h, which indicate a plagioclastic mixture approaching bytownite. The cut (fig. 9) shows a section of one of these felspars perpendicular to the edge PjM. The traces of two cleavages parallel to P and M are visible, and on the right there are the remains of a twinned individual following the albite law, and almost entirely removed by the process of polishing. The two individuals extinguish symmetrically at 40°, which again establishes the very basic nature of this plagioclase. This section is instructive in exhibiting clearly the form of the large felspars in the rock under consideration. The felspar is often corroded or broken, and the fragments scattered at a little distance from one another, separated by the ground-mass. It is also apparent that certain sections have been subjected to pressure ; they present traces of undulating extinction, which is particularly the case in the plagioclase represented in the figure, where this extinction is indicated by the shade in the middle towards the right margin. In other specimens of basalt the plagioclases have quite a simple structure — as in the case just spoken of : they show the Carlsbad twin and one or two hemitropic lamellae interposed, the somewhat small angles of extinction making them approach labradorite. Olivine appears in sharply defined sections. The decomposition of this mineral is somewhat remarkable, as it changes into hematite with the simultaneous development of trichites. Such an altered crystal with the curved and parallel lines of the trichites invading the mineral is shown in fig. 10. Some- times the little olivines of the ground-mass have a quite pronounced prismatic form, which makes it difficult to distinguish them from microlithic augite. The augitic microliths are colourless like olivine, but the sections of the latter are edged with a zone of limonite which serves to distinguish the species. There is little to say about the large crystals of augite, which appear less often in these specimens than is usual in basalts, the commonest form in this case being microlithic. These rocks have often a vesicular appearance when in thin slices, although they seem perfectly massive when looked at with a lens. The vacuoles are generally due to (PHTS. CHEM. CHALL. EXP. — PART VII. — 1889.) 8 Fig. 10.— Basalt of Bed Hill. Section of olivine decomposed into hematite and filled with trichites. jrj crossed nicols. 58 THE VOYAGE OF H.M.S. CHALLENGER. the disappearance of sections of peridotite, which crumble and are swept away during the polishing. The basalts of the island are often scoriaceous ; a basaltic lava from Biding School which we have examined is particularly so : it is a reddish scoriae, very alveolar and rough, and containing heterogeneous half-fused fragments. The microscope shows a ground-mass of a very fine grain and pitted with pores. Olivine and plagioclase appear in microporphyritic sections ; the former predominates and is often fragmentary, although when the crystals are very small they are sharply defined. Augite is found in the form of microliths in the ground-mass, which contains very little vitreous matter. Little granules of hematite occur throughout the mass, penetrating all the felspathic sections where they appear in zones. Finally, there are basaltic rocks of the dolerite type. These are greyish, almost saccharoid in texture, with pretty large grains ; plagioclase crystals are visible to the naked eye, and the lens shows grains of augite between them. With the microscope it is seen that these basalts do not possess what can, properly speaking, be termed a ground-mass. The lamellae of plagioclase felspar are twinned according to the Carlsbad and albite laws ; they are comparatively little striated, and thus resemble the felspars of those basalts we have just described. The extinctions show that the plagioclase approaches labradorite. The augite intercalated in the felspar lamellae occurs as greenish violet grains associated with magnetite, the sections of which, generally irregular, are surrounded with hematite. The olivine has corroded outlines, and is coloured red or green by alteration. The greenish secondary matter is sometimes more or less fibrous ; it is dichroic, and to a certain point resembles hornblende. This transformation into amphibole would explain the oblique extinction which has been observed in olivine sections that have undergone the same alteration. Akdesites. Certain rocks, much resembling basalts, which may be classed as andesites, are met with in various parts of the island, particularly on Red Mountain. Some specimens of andesite from Eed Mountain are bluish black or iron-grey in colour, pretty compact, breaking with a plane fracture, and resembling basalt externally. No constituent minerals can be detected by the naked eye. Other specimens of andesite are more earthy ; they have a reddish colour, are impregnated with oxide of iron, and surrounded by a rather thick crust of sublimed specular iron, which is often covered with beautiful little crystals of the same mineral.1 Microscopic examination shows that this rock must be classed with the pyroxenic 1 The Island of Ascension is a well-known locality for fine crystals of hematite, which probably come from Red Hill. Vom Rath found octahedral crystals of magnoferrite on a specimen of Ascension hematite. This association indicates a formation by fumaroles (see Vom Rath, Zeitschr. d. dtutsch. geol. Geselkch., Bd. xxv\ p. 108, 1873). REPORT ON THE PETROLOGY OF OCEANIC ISLANDS. 59 andesites ; but the pyroxenic mineral is bronzite. Plagioclastic microliths and little reddish crystals of bronzite make up the ground-mass, and a good number of rather large crystals of felspar also appear in it. At first sight these seem to be sanidine, as they have the glassy appearance and the lines of fracture which one is accustomed to consider as characteristic of this felspar ; but the homogeneity disappears with polarised light, and the crystals are seen to be striated like plagioclase by the inter- calation of a very large number of polysynthetic lamellae. Sometimes this felspar is crystallised simultaneously according to the albite and Carlsbad laws. In certain cases some individuals show a zonary structure. These extremely close striae recall similar observations in sections of oligoclase and andesine, and this resemblance is confirmed by the fact that the extinction in the felspar of this rock takes place at a very low angle. The mineral identified as bronzite is always altered, and the decomposition shows itself by the deep red tint which clothes the sections. Sometimes crystals cut perpendicular to the prism, show an octagonal form like that of augite sections. This form is, however, equally characteristic of bronzite, to which the optical properties in parallel light plainly refer the crystals, but their small size and the alteration of the mineral makes an examination by convergent light impracticable. These prismatic sections always extinguish following the length, and never show pleochroism. The alteration of this mineral not only changed the colour, but in some sections part of the substance has been eliminated, and greenish matter deposited in the hollows. The red colour produced by alteration makes these little prisms resemble certain olivines, but the outlines of the sections and the elongated form of the prism do not confirm this supposition. This bronzite is rarely found in sufficiently large crystals to induce micro- porphyritic structure, but occasionally some are of such a size, and in this case they are often deeply indented. A very pronounced fluidal structure appears round the larger crystals of bronzite. The mineral may be traced from the large sections, on which its determination is based, to extremely small microliths in the ground-mass. It is by analogy also that the minute crystals of plagioclase in the ground-mass are related to the larger individuals of the same species, the microliths being sometimes so minute that the polysynthetic lamellae can hardly be discerned. Finally, we majr mention amongst the constituent minerals of this andesite large and irregular sections of magnetic iron, which usually appear as skeleton crystals. To andesite must be referred also the rock forming veins in the trachyte of the hill known as " Crater of an old volcano." Darwin * thus describes the very numerous veins in the earthy trachyte exposed on the sides of this mountain. The rock forming them contains crystals of glassy felspar, some black microscopic grains, and small stains of a dark tint. The ground-mass is very hard and compact, and the rock is more 1 Darwin, Geol. Obs., pp. 44-45. 60 THE VOYAGE OF H.M.S. CHALLENGER. brittle and less fusible than the trachyte which encloses it. The veins vary much in thickness, measuring sometimes only a tenth of an inch, at others exceeding an inch. The surface is rough, and the veins are either horizontal or inclined at any angle ; they are generally curvilinear, and cut each other. Being hard and compact, the veins do not weather so quickly as the surrounding rock, and they frequently project for one or two feet above the surface of the ground for several yards at a time. The rock com- posing them is very sonorous, and vibrates when struck ; the fragments lying on the ground clink like iron when thrown against each other. The shapes assumed are sometimes singular ; Darwin observed a pedestal of earthy trachyte covered with the veiny rock so as to resemble a parasol large enough to shade two persons. He points out, in order to explain these facts, that the hill in question shows numerous jasperoid and siliceous veins, indicating that in this region there is an abundant deposit of silica. He admits that the rock differs from trachyte only in its greater hardness and brittleness and its less fusibility, and that probably the veins originated from the infiltration or segregation of silica much as oxide of iron accumulates in certain parts of sedimentary rocks. Amongst the specimens collected by Dr. Maclean there is a fragment labelled " Piece of Clinkers," 1 of which the name and all the characters correspond to Darwin's description of the veins of sonorous rock of the " Crater of an old volcano." This rock is entirely penetrated with limonite ; it breaks in little plates 2 centimetres in diameter, with an unequal surface, which scales off, is fusible with difficulty, and resounds when struck. None of the constituents can be detected by the naked eye on account of the complete impregnation with iron oxide. Under the microscope the rock presents certain analogies to the basalts from its structure, but the mineralogical composition shows it to belong to the pyroxenic andesites. The ground-mass is made up of little entangled crystals of augite of a nearly violet colour, with microliths of felspar and grains of magnetic iron. Embedded in this there are pretty large crystals of felspar and augite. The vitreous base, so common in andesites, is wanting ; but, on the other hand, there is no trace of olivine, so that in spite of the basaltic appearance when under the microscope the rock is rather a transition to andesite. An examination of the felspar contained in it leads to the same conclusion. This mineral is twinned according to the albite and pericline laws, and sometimes after the Baveno type. Sections cut parallel to M show a more basic central nucleus, which extinguishes at —7°. They are bounded by a colourless zone, hence the plagioclase is probably -an andesine, not a labradorite or bytownite. We know that andesine is almost never the felspar of basalt, and recent optical researches go to con- firm the opinion of the older lithologists, who considered it characteristic of andesites. Some sections twinned according to the albite law have extinctions of which the 1 AccordiDg to the label this specimen comes from Southwest Bay. REPORT ON THE PETROLOGY OF OCEANIC ISLANDS. 61 double angle hardly exceeds 10° as a mean. We have just said that several of the plagioclase crystals showed a zonary arrangement : the interior zones have more faces than those on the periphery. This fact seems to indicate that the plagioclastic mixture was modified during the growth of the crystal. The largest crystals of augite are greenish, as is generally the case in pyroxenic andesites ; they are sometimes twinned according to the ordinary law, and the mineral here presents a very pronounced prismatic form. The augite is generally altered and coloured brownish yellow by iron. The little microliths of plagioclase in the ground-mass are, like their larger congeners, usually twinned according to the aibite law, and related by their extinction — which takes place at very small angles — to the microporphyritic plagioclases. The examination of another specimen of pyroxenic andesite has enabled us to make observations which confirm what has just been said. As in the preceding specimen, the microscope showed the ground-mass to be composed of an accumulation of plagio- clastic and augitic microliths and small sections of magnetite. In this mass there were large plagioclases, some of which gave good opportunities for studying their characters ; others, on the other hand, formed irregular grains composed of colourless granules, as if the crystals had been crushed ; and others were much corroded by the action of the magma, presenting curves and sinuosities in outline in place of the right lines of crystalline faces. This corrosion has been followed by a deposit of inclusions, surround- ing the nucleus which has resisted solution. After the corrosion and deposit of inclusions a fresh deposit of plagioclastic substance, of a more basic character than that Fig. 11.— Andesite of Ascension. Sections of plagioclase corroded by the magma, with a zone of small scales of hematite ; the external felspathic zone is labradorite, the internal part of the plagioclase is more acid, the extinctions of which are those of andesine. JB crossed nicols. forming the nucleus, took place. Indeed this very thin external zone, which closely follows all the contours of the primitive crystal, extinguishes at an angle of about 16° 62 THE VOYAGE OF H.M.S. CHALLENGER. (the angle of some labradorites) in sections parallel to M, and the internal part at an angle of 10°. Sections perpendicular to the edge PjM extinguish at 20° for the central part, and at 30° for the outer zone. These observations confirm our previous statements, that the central crystal is andesine, the enveloping pellicle labradorite (see fig. 11). We may add that many of the crystals, even the microliths of the ground-mass, show the Carlsbad twin. The smallest plagioclastic microliths have the extinction of labradorite, the second generation of felspar is then more basic than the first. Ejected Fragments of Amphibolic Granite, Granitite, Diabase, and Gabbro. Darwin 1 observed heterogeneous fragments of rocks included in the scoriaceous volcanic masses of Green Mountain, and his description of these may be recalled here. Nearly all the specimens had a granitic structure ; they crumbled readily, were rough to the touch, and their original colour was altered. Darwin classed these fragments, and grouped them as follows : — 1. A whitish syenitic rock, striped and spotted with red markings. Felspar is well cr3Tstallised, and numerous small brilliant grains and crystals of quartz are visible. The felspar and hornblende were determined by means of the reflecting goniometer, and the former mineral appeared from its cleavages to belong to a potash felspar. The quartz was determined by the blowpipe. 2. A fragment of a brick-red colour, composed of felspar, quartz, and dark particles of an altered mineral, which appears from its cleavages to be hornblende. 3. A mass of whitish felspar crystallised in a confused manner and containing small cavities filled with a decayed mineral, dark in colour, with rounded edges, shining fracture, but no definite cleavage plane. Comparison with the preceding specimen justifies the conclusion that it is fused hornblende. 4. A rock which appears like an aggregation of large crystals of dark-coloured labradorite, amongst which granules of whitish felspar, numerous micaceous lamellae, and altered hornblende are found, but quartz is absent. Darwin states also that he picked up at another point a conglomerate containing small fragments of granite, of cellular or jasper-like rocks, and of porphyry, enclosed in a wacke traversed by many fine threads of concretionary pitchstone passing into obsidian. These beds are parallel, gently undulating ; they continue for only a short distance, thinning out at the extremities like the lenticular enclosures of quartz in gneiss. He adds that it is possible that these fragments were not thrown out separately by the volcano, but that they were brought to light enclosed in a fluid mass resembling liquid obsidian. Amongst the specimens we have examined there are several which may be referred 1 Darwin, Geol. Obs., pp. 40-42. REPORT ON THE PETROLOGY OF OCEANIC ISLANDS. 63 to crystalline rocks of the ancient type, and which have, as Darwin states, been torn up from the depths by eruptions of basalt or trachyte. We shall describe them in detail, commencing with those from Green Mountain, the locality of Darwin's specimens just described. Amphibolic granites occur amongst the fragments brought to light by recent volcanic masses. They resemble the granitic rocks we shall describe as enclosed in the augitic andesites of Camiguin. The specimens are rather brittle, and are composed of vitreous- looking grains. The felspathic mass is milk-white, dotted with the projecting black points of little crystals of hornblende, which also line the walls of small geodes. To the naked eye the rock presents the fritted appearance we will describe in speaking of the granitic inclusions in the volcanic rocks of Camiguin. Under the microscope the texture is distinctly granitoid ; numerous felspathic sections may be observed, and a few of hornblende and quartz. The sections of felspar are often twinned according to the Carlsbad law. The intercalation of plagioclastic lamellae, which do not fail to appear in triclinic felspars, is not observable. The sections, however, do not show the homogeneity of ordinary sections of orthoclase ; those parallel to the face M are furrowed with little veins slightly expanded in the middle. These short veinules are ranged in lines in the direction of the prismatic cleavage. On measuring the angles of extinction on a section parallel to M, it is found that the principal individual (that in which the veinules are imbedded) extinguishes at + 5°, the value of extinction for orthoclase on this face. The spindle-shaped veinules, on the contrary, have an extinction of the same sign, but much greater, the angle attaining 18°, the extinction of albite. We may conclude that this fel- spar is orthoclase, including fine lamellae of albite (see fig. 12). This determination as micro- perthite is again confirmed by the fact that we have never been able to detect in any of the felspathic sections the intercrossed lamellae of microcline. The innumerable gas enclosures with which the sections are riddled, giving a scorified appearance to the mineral, seem to characterise this felspar, and perhaps to indicate the high temperature to which it was exposed during its transport by the molten lava. With the excep- tion of this the sections of felspar show only very slight traces of modification. Hornblende presents itself in irregular sections are very pleochroic : Fig. 12. — Amphibolic granite. Section of orthoclase with veinules of albite ranged in lines following the prismatic cleavage (microperthite). fe crossed nicols. They almost black. y > dark green. brownish yellow. 64 THE VOYAGE OF H.M.S. CHALLENGER. Were it not that there are certain sections showing the characteristic cleavages of horn- blende to guide us, we might hesitate in some cases to classify these green sections with this species. Sometimes they may almost be mistaken for indented plates of mica ; in other cases, when they are not lamellated, they are more like a mineral of the clintonite group ; but the cleavages are certainly those of hornblende. Quartz has crystallised last. The sections of this mineral are cracked in a remarkable way, each forming a true breccia, the fragments of which are surrounded by a black border. The cracking conveys the idea that the mineral has been splintered by the action of heat. Another peculiarity of the quartz in this granite is the number and size of its inclusions. They are relatively very large, often presenting the form of a negative crystal, containing gas-bubbles and a liquid ; sometimes they contain some small well-known cubic crystals. In this respect we may compare the inclusions with those of quartz in the rocks of Laurwig. Enclosed minerals are rarely found in these quartz sections ; we may, how- ever, mention fine needles of schorl occurring as inclusions. Finally, amongst the constituent minerals there are small sections of somewhat irregular form which, from the index of refraction, the colours with polarised light, and extinction, seem to be zircon. Another fragment from the same locality is referable to granitite ; it appears to the naked eye with the texture of a porphyritic granite, and the shining crystals of orthoclase may attain 2 or 3 centimetres in diameter. Black mica appears scattered through the ground-mass, giving it a slightly gneissose structure. As in the case previously given, the large felspathic sections are microperthite ; sections of micropegmatite are occasion- ally found, and more rarely the felspathic element is plagioclase, which presents at the same time the twin of albite and that of pericline. The black mica is very dark biotite, which often forms little nests, or the lamellae are intercalated between the various constituents. Zircon sometimes occurs included in quartz, the crystals being compara- tively large. We shall now describe another rock resembling that last treated of in some respects, although the black mica is not so abundant. The texture is granitic, but the specimen is much altered, being entirely penetrated by iron oxide, which gives it a reddish colour. The naked eye can only distinguish felspar with rather bright cleavage faces. The rock, so far as one can examine it with the microscope, is impregnated with hematite, which has infiltrated into all the interstices and cleavages, and appears in isolated scales of indistinctly hexagonal outline. Felspar is represented by orthoclase and plagioclase. The orthoclase has often crystallised as a Carlsbad twin, but the plane of composition seems to be h in place of M. The plagioclases present no feature which is not common to the monoclinic felspar with which they are associated ; the sections are riddled with gaseous and vitreous inclusions. The constancy with which these inclusions occur in the felspar of all those rocks that have been carried along by REPORT ON THE PETROLOGY OF OCEANIC ISLANDS. 65 lava, seems to show that igneous action has had something to do with the development of the inclusions. The form of the grains into which the quartz sections are divided shows clearly that the parts belong to one large individual. The cause just invoked to account for what may perhaps be termed the scorification of the felspar probably produced this cracking of the quartz. Sections of micropegmatite are less common than in the granitite previously described, but they sometimes appear. Besides the rare scales of biotite, there are some small crystals of hornblende ; these are almost colour- less, but some sections with the characteristic cleavage show incontestably that they are amphibolic. Other specimens of older rocks from Green Mountain must be classed with diabase, although, as we shall see, the micro-structure is not altogether identical with that of rocks of this type. These fragments are very much altered, and easily crumble down. The naked eye distinguishes felspar, biotite, and a granitoid structure. The microscope shows that the rock is formed of an aggregate of plagioclastic lamella?, augite, and biotite, with hornblende as an accidental constituent. The triclinic felspar shows extinctions which lead one to believe it to be labradorite. The auaite shows itself in excessively broken-up sections, formed of an accumulation of irregular granules. The grains of augite do not appear to result from fractures along the lines of cleavage ; the mass rather resembles a crushed crystal. Fibrous hornblende appears between the grains, and shows itself most clearly at the extremities of the pyroxenic sections, where it may be seen to pass into black mica. The augite is greenish in colour, and more like that of diorite than of diabase. The lamellae of biotite are often twinned, the limit of the twin being parallel to the lamellae ; the composition plane is probably the pinacoid OP. Grains of augite sometimes appear associated with biotite ; in this case it is not uncommon for the former to be oriented with the vertical axis parallel to the lamellae of this mica. Hornblende, which is rather rare in the preparations, is only distinguish- able from biotite in ordinary Ught by its structure, and by a decided prismatic cleavage. Sometimes, when this mineral borders augite, it is fibrous. Finally, we note the transparent prismatic crystals of a mineral which appears grey from the number of inclusions it contains. It would be classed as cordierite if its colours with polarised light were a little more vivid ; perhaps it is an altered felspar. At Eed Hill, as at Green Mountain, fragments of old rocks are found which have been brought up by recent eruptions. The specimens from Red Hill may be classed with the gabbros, and microscopic examination shows them to be olivine gabbros. The rock has to the naked eye a granitoid texture ; in colour it is reddish, being impregnated with limonite. Triclinic felspar is distributed through the mass in the form of grains, and is intimately associated with a pyroxenic mineral. The elements of this rock measure about 5 millimetres in diameter. (FHYS. CHEJI. CHALL. EXP. — PART VII. — 1889.) 9 66 THE VOYAGE OF H.M.S. CHALLENGER. Under the microscope the structure of olivine gabbro is brought out. Elongated lamellse of plagioclase, containing between them sections of augite moulded on the associated elements, do not appear here ; the felspar is in large sections of irregular outline, in very rare cases assuming a form more or less resembling a parallelogram. The symmetrical extinctions, measured on sections more or less nearly parallel to the face h, give values of from 36° to 40° on each side of the albitic lamellse. These extinctions have been measured on sections showing at the same time lamellse of albite and of pericline crossing at an angle of about 80°, the sections being thus sensibly parallel to k For sections of the zone P : k, which give symmetrical extinction, the ano-le only varies from 12° to 20° on the average. These values indicate in each case a very basic felspar, almost a mixture of bytownite and anorthite. This determination ao-rees both with the form this felspar assumes here and with the nature of the rock in which it occurs. It is known that the plagioclase of the Neurode gabbro, for instance, is anorthite. Plagioclase isolated from the rock has been analysed by Dr. Element, with the following result : — I. T2166 grammes of the substance dried at 110°C, and fused with the carbonates of soda and potash, gave 0'6203 gramme of silica, 0'3708 of alumina, 0'0134 of ferric oxide, 0'1751 of lime, and 0-0030 of magnesium pyrophosphate. II. 0-5398 gramme of the substance treated with hydrofluoric acid gave 0-0405 gramme of potassium and sodium chlorides, and 0-0058 of potassium chloroplatinate. Percentage Composition. Silica, SiO„, . . 50-99 Alumina, A1203, . . 30-48 Ferric oxide, Fe203, 1-10 Lime, CaO, . . 14-39 Magnesia, MgO, . 0-09 Soda, Na20, . 3-80 Potash, K20, 0-21 101-06 The results of analysis given above confirm the optical determination. The mixture, in fact, corresponds in composition to 30 per cent, of albite and 70 per cent, of anorthite, which is — Silica, Si02, 50-68 Alumina, A1203, 31-73 Lime, CaO, 14-05 Soda, Na20, 3-54 100-00 REPORT ON THE PETROLOGY OF OCEANIC ISLANDS. 67 The sections of olivine are much altered on the edges ; they are sometimes trans- formed into red hematite, and trichites penetrate them in every direction. That the trichites are of secondary formation is made evident by the fact that they are developed in the interstices between fissures, and sometimes follow the curves marked out by the latter. Augite is often lamellated as it appears in some diabases. The lamella? are pro- duced by the repetition of twinned individuals interposed parallel to the pinacoid oo P oo . The nature of this mineral confirms our determination of the rock. The absence of cleavage in these pyroxene sections is striking — they are rarely furrowed by the regular fractures so common in this species, but this peculiarity may be due to the unusual thickness of the microscopic preparation submitted to examination. Another specimen of a similar rock contains a very basic plagioclase, as in the preceding case, and also greenish augite, but there is no olivine, its place being taken by some rare sections of a rhombic mineral. These might be mistaken for olivine by ordinary and by parallel polarised light. The sections are colourless, but brilliantly coloured in polarised light ; they stand out in high relief, the outlines being blunted and the surface shagreened. They are, however, distinguishable from olivine by the presence of extremely fine black linear inclusions, running parallel to each other and to the length of the sections, and sometimes assuming the form of negative crystals. Extinction takes place parallel and perpendicular to these inclusions and to the traces of faces of the zone of the prisms. In convergent light it becomes apparent that this mineral should be classed with the rhombic pyroxenes, such as enstatite. The deter- mination as enstatite is confirmed by the use of the condenser, which enables one to distinguish an eccentric optical axis so situated as to show that the plane of the axes is parallel to oo P . Veins and Siliceous Infiltrations. In his geological description of Ascension, Darwin ' calls attention to the numerous veins of siliceous material which cut through the rocks of the " Crater of an old volcano." These veins he described as white, composed of a material with low specific gravity and conchoidal fracture. The colour sometimes becomes reddish ; in other cases it is yellowish white and the fracture angular, while a whitish powder fills the cavities. Both varieties occur as amorphous masses in the altered trachyte, or as wide irregular veins coloured red and running vertically or in a tortuous manner. This rock, which resembles sandstone in appearance, is nothing but an altered trachyte. Jasper of an ochreous colour is found in large masses, and occasionally in the form of veins enclosed in altered trachyte, or in scoriaceous basalt. The cavities of the latter rock are lined 1 DarwiD, Geol. Obs., p. 45. G8 THE VOYAGE OF H.M.S. CHALLENGER. or entirely filled by concentric layers of chalcedony coloured red by ferric oxide. Irregular angular grains of red jasper, with an outline gradually becoming less definite and passing into the surrounding mass, are found in the most compact parts of the same rock ; there are also other grains which hold a position intermediate between jasper and decomposed iron-coloured basalt. The jasperoid portions contain circular cavities of exactly the same form as those occurring in scoriaceous basalt. Darwin explains these facts by supposing a siliceous solution to have penetrated the rock after the elimination of certain altered constituents. This interpretation appears very natural, but with the specimens at our disposal, it would be rather difficult to judge of its applicability ; we would require to see many more specimens than those we have studied. With reference to these siliceous deposits, Darwin recalled the frequency with which a similar action occurred amongst the altered trachytic tufas. Amongst the specimens collected by the Challenger, we have only found a few fragments showing the siliceous infiltration to which reference has been made. Some rocks from Riding School, and from the plain at the foot of Red Hill, show silicifica- tion well. In proportion as silica develops in the rocks, the characters of the con- stituent minerals become obscured, and various modifications of silicic acid invade the ground-mass. One of the rocks from Red Hill is a true siliceous tufa, in which the original constituents can hardly be distinguished. The rock is yellowish white to the naked eye, decayed, so hard that steel will not scratch it, and milky fragments of quartz break off from the mass. Under the microscope the ground-mass is seen to be nothing but an aggregate of minute quartzy grains firmly compacted together. They are angular and colourless, and behave between crossed nicols like the basis of certain quartziferous porphyries. A volcanic glass almost entirely converted into silica is found at Riding School. This rock is like a eurite, whitish in colour, very hard, homogeneous in texture, and has a slightly scaly fracture. Microscopic preparations show a slightly vesicular vitreous ground-mass. Chalcedony has formed in the pores and interstices of this glass, and in some places the rock seems impregnated with imbricated crystals of tridymite. Siliceous Deposits of Organic Origin. The wide circular hollow, about half a mile in diameter, which surmounts the " Crater of an old volcano," is not a crater according to Darwin.1 The hollow is almost filled with many-coloured layers of scoriae, cinders, and incoherent volcanic products. The general appearance of the beds is saucer-shaped. They are all visible at the edge of the hollow, where they show as a succession of variously-tinted rings, giving a 1 Geol. Obs., pp. 47-49. REPORT ON THE PETROLOGY OF OCEANIC ISLANDS. 69 singular character to this eminence. The outer ring is large, distinguished by its white colour and its resemblance to a racecourse, — hence the name of Devil's Eiding School. According to Darwin these beds of ashes must have covered the whole region formerly, but they have been dispersed by wind — those which had fallen into the hollow on the summit were sheltered, and became to a certain extent cemented and consolidated by rain. One of the beds has a rosy colour, and is formed essentially of small frag- ments of pumice. It contains numerous concretions, which are spherical and vary from half an inch to three inches in diameter ; sometimes they are cylindrical, like the concretions of pyrites in the chalk. These concretions are formed of six or eight clearly-defined concentric layers, separated by colourless zones, and surrounding a nucleus which appears to be homogeneous. The central part is often traversed by fissures bike those of septaria ; these are bordered by black veinules, which sometimes assume a metallic aspect, or by white patches. Amongst the largest concretions, some were found which simply formed a spherical shell full of incoherent volcanic ashes. These concretions contain only a small proportion of calcium carbonate. Before the blow-pipe a fragment crepitates, whitens, fuses into a frothy enamel, but does not become caustic. The mass enclosing the nodules contains no trace of calcium carbonate. Darwin adds that he never met with a description of similar nodules, and what rendered them the more remarkable, in his estimation, was their hardness and com- pactness, which must have been acquired under the influence of atmospheric water alone. So far, with regard to these concretions, we have only cited Darwin, whose descrip- tion corresponds very exactly with the facts he observed. At the time of publishing his book on Volcanic Islands, he considered these spheroidal concretions, and the material with which they were associated, as exclusively made up of incoherent volcanic products. After his voyage he submitted a specimen of the concretions to Ehrenberg. Microscopic examination showed that it did not present the characters of ordinary volcanic ashes, but that the rock was only an accumulation of particles of organic origin. According to Ehrenberg, these particles are not very much modified, although they no longer contain any compounds of carbon. He attributed the elimination of these bodies to the action of heat. He did not admit that these organisms periodically accumulated in the hollow, as it would be necessary to suppose if they lived where their remains were discovered. The whole mass was apparently formed of organic debris, and Ehrenberg observed 30 species of siliceous organisms in the deposit. He even considered the more or less amorphous matter which is associated with the particles as being exclusively composed of this siliceous debris in a state of dust. These organisms all belong to fresh-water forms, the greater number of small siliceous particles being derived from grasses. It is very remark- able that no marine forms have been discovered on this island. In concluding his 70 THE VOYAGE OF H.M.S. CHALLENGER. paper, Ehrenberg rejects the idea that this deposit is the residue of the vegetation of the island.1 Darwin in his Voyage of a Naturalist modified his first explanation of this deposit, and stated the results of Ehrenberg's examination. After mentioning that Ehrenberg considers this siliceous matter to have been ejected in its present state from the volcano, he states that the appearance of the layers has led him to believe that they were deposited under water, and considering the extreme dryness of the climate, he has been compelled to suppose that torrents of rain had probably accompanied some great eruption, and that a temporary lake was thus formed in which the ashes were laid down. Perhaps one might now be justified in supposing that the lake was not temporary. Although it were so, we may be quite sure that at some earlier period the climate and productions of Ascension were quite different from what they are now. The specimens of white earth and the concretions from the Devil's Eiding School, which we have examined, correspond with Darwin's macroscopic description, and, in general, with what Ehrenberg said of their microscopic constitution. Amongst the specimens we have studied three varieties occur ; two of these are concretionary, and both pass into the third by insensible gradations. The common variety is a pul- verulent earthy rock, soiling the fingers, and to the touch resembling mealy diatomace- ous earth ; the colour is yellowish white, inclining to pink. This variety is associated with the spherical concretions of which Darwin speaks ; these are embedded in the mealy mass. The nodules we have examined are from 1 to 3 centimetres in diameter. They are built up of concentric zones sometimes with radial fissures ; spherical coat- ings easily peel off, but the central part is more compact. Two nodules are sometimes joined ; in other cases they bear the marks of small depressions. Except for their rather large size, analogies are not wanting with certain pisoliths or globular forms sometimes assumed by volcanic ashes. These globules are not generally very coherent, but the third variety differs in this respect. In it the concretions are more irregular, assuming discoidal, cylindrical, even coral-like forms ; the surface alone is earthy, the internal part being compact, and so hard that steel will hardly scratch it. All the particles which make up the interior zones are strongly cemented, and coloured brown by iron. We may add that some of these nodules bear a great resemblance to some flint concretions of the chalk. A summary analysis showed that the material contained about 87 per cent, of silica, and that the loss by heating was 6 per cent. The various forms of this siliceous substance have the same microscopic composi- 1 Ehrenberg, Ueber eineu bedeutenden Infusorien haltenden vulkanischen Aschen Tuff (Pyrobiolith) auf der Insel Ascension (Bcrichte d. k. Akad. d. Wiss. Berlin, 1845, p. 140). Taking account of the name (Pyrobiolith) which Ehrenberg gives to the deposit, and the conclusions he expresses in his memoir on the infusorian volcanic tufas of the Rhenan country (Joe. cit., Bd. vi. p. 133), it is evident that he considers these deposits as of internal origin, and brought to their present position by eruptions. REPORT ON THE PETROLOGY OF OCEANIC ISLANDS. 71 tion. The dust of the earthy variety, and the slices of the concretionary, are filled with elongated colourless forms, more or less rounded, and slightly curved ; these are undoubtedly organic and siliceous ; they are the debris of the organisms which Ehren- berg discovered and determined. These particles are enclosed in a pale yellowish isotropic matrix without definite outline. When this opaline ground-mass is more coherent, one sees that the rods and colourless organic forms appear as partly dis- solved ; the ground-mass is more homogeneous, and the interstices are lined with microscopic grains of quartz. Splinters of glass, lapilli, or minerals of volcanic origin are rarely seen. Ehrenberg's explanation does not seem to apply here ; there is nothing to indicate an eruptive origin for the siliceous earth and its nodules. It seems more reasonable and more probable to admit that the cavity containing the deposit in question was formerly a crater-lake, in which the remains of fresh-water organisms accumulated ; part of the constituent silica was dissolved, perhaps under the influence of thermal springs, and cemented the particles which in aggregating took in some cases the form of nodules. Calcareous Eocks Forming on the Coasts. Darwin describes calcareous rocks in process of formation at several points on the coast of the island.1 The shore is covered with immense numbers of minute rounded particles of shells and coral, white, yellow, and red in colour, mixed with rounded volcanic minerals and splinters. At a depth of some feet the particles are cemented, and form a compact rock, the softest kind of which is used for building, while some varieties are too hard for this purpose. One of these calcareous masses was observed divided into horizontal layers half an inch thick ; it gave a ringing sound like flint under the hammer. The people of the island believe that one year suffices to cement the calcareous sand into stone. The sand is united by a calcareous cement, and one can always observe, even in the most compact varieties, a zone of crystalline calcite around every fragment of shell and each volcanic grain. Lyell 2 states that turtles' eggs deposited in this calcareous and volcanic sand are sometimes subjected to the same process, and are found enclosed in the mass. He has figured some eggs contain- ing the bones of young turtles that were included in this way in these recent calcareous rocks. Darwin treated a specimen of the rock of specific gravity 2'63 with acid, and found that it dissolved entirely with the exception of a little flocculent organic matter. A great accumulation of calcareous particles takes place annually on the shore near 1 Darwin, Geol. Obs., pp. 49, 50. 2 Lyell, Principles of Geology, Book III. chap, xvii., as cited by Darwin ; in Lyell's edition of 1872, see vol. ii. chap, xlyiii p. 581. 72 THE VOYAGE OF H.M.S. CHALLENGER. the Residence in the beginning of October, the sand being driven towards the south- west. According to Lieutenant Evans, this is accounted for by a change in the pre- vailing direction of the currents. During this period the rocks exposed to the tide on the south-west are gradually covered by a calcareous incrustation, the thickness of which may attain half an inch. This coating adheres strongly to the rock, is white in colour, and at some points laminated, but after the lapse of a certain time it dis- appears ; perhaps it is re-dissolved by the sea water, perhaps worn away by the waves. Lieutenant Evans, who communicated these observations to Darwin, had had oppor- tunities of studying the phenomena during six years which he spent at Ascension. The thickness of the layer varied from year to year; in 1831 it was exceptionally great. When Darwin landed in June 1839, he could only see it at one point above a basaltic rock from which the quarrymen had raised a block of limestone. On taking into account the position of the rocks exposed to the tide, and the period at which they are covered with the calcareous coating, one comes to the conclusion that the sea water, continuously in contact with the particles of broken shells on the beach, takes up an excess of calcium carbonate, and then on evaporation deposits it upon the rocks over which the waves wash. According to information given to Darwin by Lieutenant Holland, this incrustation is found on the rocks of the coast in several parts of the island.1 The formation of this deposit must be explained by the solvent action of sea water on the shelly formations of the shore, and the rapid evaporation of the water. The specimens of these oolitic rocks which we have examined come from the west coast, and vary greatly in coherence. Some are scarcely compact, the fragments of shells and minerals being simply brought together without the aid of calcareous cement ; others are massive, very coherent, and hard, showing a compact ground-mass in which the naked eye can detect the pink or white organic particles mixed with black volcanic grains. Microscopic observation shows that the fragments cemented together by calcareous matter are all perfectly rounded, the elliptical form sometimes prevailing. They are composed of the remains of shells and other organic debris, and are distinguished from 1 Besides this deposit and the rocks formed of shell fragments, Darwin describes a calcareous incrustation presenting a special structure. It also covers volcanic rocks exposed to the tide. We have found nothing amongst the specimens to correspond to the description and figure he gives in his book on Volcanic Islands, p. 51. We refer to the passage where the author enters into very precise details on the subject of this layer, the form of which closely resembled an organic structure. He considers it due to the same cause as the cemented limestone and incrustations of the coast. In the analysis he made of the concrelionary inciustation of Ascension, calcium sulphate was found ; this might come from evaporated sea water. He adverts to Dr. Webster's description (Voyage of the " Chanticleer," vol. ii. p. 319) of beds of gypsum and salt, 2 feet thick, on rocks exposed to the prevailing wind. Fine gypsum stalactites, resembling those of carbonate of lime, may be seen there. In the caves of the centre of the island amorphous masses of gypsum are found, and in an old crater on Cross Hill the salt appears traversing the scorise. In this case Darwin considers the sea salt and gypsum as of volcanic origin (see Darwin, Geol. Obs., p. 53, footnote). REPORT ON THE PETROLOGY OF OCEANIC ISLANDS. 73 the calcite cementing them, by their internal structure, semi-opacity, and greyish tint. The internal structure of the fragments is generally well preserved ; sometimes they present a spathic cleavage, and at others the calcium carbonate composing them is very fibrous. Yet, as examination in convergent light shows, it is impossible to refer these fibrous sections to aragonite. With the condenser, one arm of the cross of monaxial crystals may be seen. The rolled fragments of inorganic origin cemented together with the shell sand are the debris of volcanic minerals or rocks. The latter are most frequently represented by rounded spangles of plagioclastic felspar, often by grains of olivine, but augite is rather rare. The lapilli, or rolled fragments of rocks, belong generally to the family of basalts. They are scoriaceous, often vitreous, and trans- formed into palagonite with vesicles lined with zeolites. Boiled fragments of traehytic rocks rarely occur in this limestone ; this may be accounted for by the fact that basalt chiefly occurs on this side of Ascension. The rocks and minerals enclosed in the calcite are all somewhat profoundly altered. The substance cementing these heterogenous frag- ments is always calcium carbonate, perfectly transparent and fibrous ; this distinguishes it at the first glance from the included shell-particles. The fibres are so fine that it is impossible by optical means to determine whether they are calcite or aragonite ; the polarisation colours and the irisation are the same as for calcite. The calcareous coat which envelops each of the rolled grains is sometimes fibro-radiated, the fibres spread- ing from one grain to the sides of the zone surrounding the contiguous fragments. The calcareous matter sometimes does not fill all the interstices, and the resulting little geodes, sometimes of triangular form, bristle with a fine lacework of rod-shaped crystals of calcium carbonate. In conclusion, something must be said about a shining coating of calcium phos- phate which clothes some of the rocks of Ascension. In his description of the rocks of St. Paul, Darwin drew attention to an enamel coating which covered the cliffs of that islet. We have described and analysed the material which Darwin found at St. Paul's Rocks, and compared it with the substance coating the rocks of Ascension. Darwin, describing this glossy incrustation, says : " Extensive portions of these rocks are coated by a layer of a glossy polished substance, with a pearly lustre and of a greyish - white colour ; it follows all the inequalities of the surface, to which it is firmly attached. When examined with a lens, it is found to consist of numerous exceedingly thin layers, their aggregate thickness being about the tenth of an inch. It is considerably harder than calcareous spar, but can be scratched with a knife ; under the blowpipe it scales off, decrepitates, slightly blackens, emits a fetid odour, and becomes strongly alkaline : it does not effervesce in acids. I presume this substance has been deposited by water, draining from the birds' dung with which the rocks are covered. At Ascension, near a cavity in the rocks, which was filled with a laminated mass of infiltrated birds' dung, I found some irregularly-formed stalactitical masses of (PHYS. CHEM. CHALL. EXP. — PART VII. — 1889.) 10 74 THE VOYAGE OF H.M.S. CHALLENGER. apparently the same nature. These masses when broken had an earthy texture, but on their outsides, and especially at their extremities, they were formed of a pearly substance, generally in little globules, like the enamel of teeth, but more translucent, and so hard as just to scratch plate-glass. This substance slightly blackens under the blowpipe, emits a bad smell, then becomes quite white, swelling a little, and fuses into a dull white enamel ; it does not become alkaline ; nor does it effervesce in acids. The whole mass had a collapsed appearance, as if in the formation of the hard glossy crust, the whole had shrunk much." * Darwin states in a note that when he described this substance in his Journal he viewed it as an impure calcium phosphate.2 We have tested some small fragments of the incrustation collected at Ascension ; there remains no doubt as to this being the true interpretation. The coating gives the reactions of phosphoric and sulphuric acids, and the microscopical characters resemble those of the incrustations on St. Paul's Rocks.3 It may therefore be admitted that it was formed, like the latter, by the decomposition of the excrement of birds. In his description of Ascension, Lesson was the first to lay stress on the accumulation of birds' droppings which covered the rocks of the island. The insoluble residue exposed to the rays of the sun and the action of waves has hardened, and forms the coating which clothes the rocks of the coast.4 VL— NOTES ON THE ROCKS OF THE TRISTAN DA CUNHA GROUP OF ISLANDS. Until the Challenger Expedition explored these islands, we had only very uncertain notions of the nature of the rocks that constitute the group of Tristan da Cunha. We have borrowed from the Narrative, vol. i., and the works of Sir Wyville Thomson5 and Moseley,6 and especially from Buchanan's report,7 the local details that accompany these lithological researches. The following observations do not form a complete geological monograph of the Tristan da Cunha group ; in general, they have reference only to the 1 Darwin, Geol. Obs., pp. 32, 33. 2 Ibid., p. 33. 3 See A. Renard, Report on the Petrology of the Rocks of St. Paul, p. 18 {Nan: Chall. Exp. vol. ii. Appendix B). We give there a micrographic description and analysis of these layers and veinules of calcium phosphate. The incrusta- tion Darwin saw at St. Paul's, which he compares to that at Ascension, is described on p. 21 of our memoir. On analysing a specimen we found phosphoric acid (P2O5), 33 -61, and lime (CaO), 5051, besides traces of iron, manganese, and sulphuric acid. This incrustation can thus be viewed as tribasic calcium phosphate with calcium sulphate, and perhaps carbonates of lime, magnesia, and iron (see Darwin, Voyage of the Beagle, chap. i. p. 8 ; Buchanan in Thomson, The Atlantic, vol. ii. pp. 107, 108.) For phosphates very like those we describe, see also Phipson, Amcr. Jorum. Sci. vol. xxxvi. p. 423 ; Julien, ib. p. 242 ; Piggott, ib. 2nd Ser. 1856, No. 22. 4 Lesson bad observed this shining layer, but mistook its nature ; he says, " a grey enamel-like obsidian clothes the rocks of the coast," he. cit. p. 492. 5 Wyville Thomson, The Atlantic, vol. ii. p. 152. c Moseley, Notes of a Naturalist on the Challenger, p. 108. 7 Buchanan, Proc. Hoy. Soc, vol. xxiv. p. 593. REPORT ON THE PETROLOGY OF OCEANIC ISLANDS. 75 rocks that crop out on the coasts. The difficulties of exploration prevented the naturalists from rambling out of sight of the ship. On considering the nature of the rocks collected, everything leads to the belief that similar conditions would have been observed in the central part of the island. The group of Tristan da Cunha comprises the Islands of Tristan, Nightingale, and Inaccessible. On the strength of the relations of the flora, there ought to be added to the same group the small Island of Gough, lying 200 miles to the south. These islands form the summits of a great submarine chain, which traverses the middle of the Atlantic from north to south, and on which, in the southern part of that ocean, rest the St. Paul's Rocks and the Islands of Ascension and St. Helena.1 A. Rocks of Tristan Island. Tristan, the most important of these islands, lies in the north of the group ;■ it is situated in lat. 37° 2' 45" S., long. 12° 18' 20" W. (Herald Point); it is 1550 miles distant from the Cape of Good Hope, 2000 miles from Cape Horn, and nearly 1320 south of St. Helena. The area is about 1 6 square miles. The Island of Tristan is almost circular, an elevated peak occupying the centre. If a circle of 3^ miles radius be described with this mountain as centre, it will touch all the salient points of the coast, except those in the eastern quarter, where the shore projects about half a mile beyond the circumference. This island rises almost vertically from the bottom of the sea, the 100 fathom line occurring close to the coast ; it is bordered by craggy cliffs, which render landing very difficult. The perpendicular rocks that encircle the island attain a height of 1000 to 2000 feet, and form a terrace or plateau, on which stands a conical peak, reminding one of the peak of Tenerife ; its summit, covered with snow for nearly the whole year, attains a height of 7640 feet. According to the inhabitants of Tristan, the peak is a cone of black and red scoriae, with a crater-lake on the top ; the diameter of the crater is about a quarter of a mile. From the coast other eminences of less height are visible on the plateau that forms the centre of the island. These hills are very probably also secondary cones of eruption ; several of them, like the central peak, have crater-lakes. The cliffs are formed of nearly horizontal beds of basalt, alternately compact and scoriaceous, with intercalated layers of reddish volcanic tufa. The whole system of beds slopes slightly towards the shore, as can be seen to the east and west of the harbour. These beds are traversed by dykes, generally vertical and of no great thickness. 1 Starting from the meridian of 35° W., and a little to the south of the parallel of 35° S., the bottom of the sea begins to rise gradually, till it reaches the culminating point of the submarine chain of the South Atlantic. The ground rises to the height of the Islands of Gough and Tristan da Cunha, around which soundings of 1100 fathoms and upwards have been made. To the east of the islands the bottom sinks to 2200 fathoms, between long. 10° W and 15° E., and from lat. 30° to 50° S. 76 THE VOYAGE OF H.M.S. CHALLENGER. Torrents and atmospheric erosion have worn gullies in these walls of rock, and heaped together piles of debris, which have accumulated to a height of 100 feet at the foot of the cliffs. This circle of volcanic fragments is, in its turn, edged by a belt of gravel of the same nature, which is spread out on the narrow shore of the island. There is perhaps no region in the world where atmospheric agencies exert their destructive action in so energetic a manner as here. For nine months in the year terrible tempests run riot on the island, and when the season of rains has ended, and the snow that has accumulated on the top of the peak begins to melt, the water rushes The Island of Tristan da Cunha. down in cascades, carrying an immense quantity of debris. These streams vigorously attack and demolish the less coherent and homogeneous of the layers that form the horizontal strata ; they lay bare the rocks of the dykes, and cut deep indentations in the ledge of the terrace. The transverse dykes alone resist the erosion, and stand up like walls. Mr. Buchanan observes that at Tristan, as at Nightingale Island, the dykes have, at their contact, made the volcanic breccia which they traverse more alterable ; whence it results that denudation acts by preference along their sides. These dykes of massive injected rocks also form the axis along which the coves and bends of the REPORT ON THE PETROLOGY OF OCEANIC ISLANDS. 77 shore are hollowed out. On the Island of Tristan the gully lying behind the settlement, in the centre of which the spring rises that supplies the village brook, is formed in a similar way. It is banked by a vertical dyke, the thickness of which is nearly 180 feet ; this injected rock has altered the encasing beds, which have become schistose and break down readily. A large number of similar dykes can be seen in the cliffs, but their thickness does not generally exceed one or two feet. The rocks of the coast, presenting as they do good natural sections of the island, have enabled Mr. Buchanan to establish at two points the existence of old vents, occupied now by volcanic materials, which seemed to him products of subaerial eruption, slowly deposited under water. This interpretation leads to the further admission, that certain parts of the Island of Tristan have, like several islands of the Atlantic, been subjected to upheaval. In first describing the rocks that have been poured out as lavas, or projected as incoherent volcanic materials, and now constitute the nearly horizontal beds, we must point out, as one of the most important, a reddish yellow rock with large crystals of augite. According to the observations of Mr. Buchanan, it has undergone profound alteration under the inn uence of the dykes that traverse it. Some of the specimens of it are almost completely disintegrated ; the augite crystals alone have resisted decom- position, and they can be extracted with ease from the almost earthy mass that encloses them. 78 THE VOYAGE OF H.M.S. CHALLENGER. Fig. 13.— Felspathic basalt of Tristan da Cunha. I. and II. twin of Baveno, the other twins follow- ing the pericline type, or some other analogous twinning. The plane of twinning (n or e) is at the same time the plane of composition. Thin sections of certain less decomposed portions of this rock show that it ought to he referred to the felspathic basalts, passing, in some cases, to the augitic andesites. The follow- ing minerals — plagioclase, augite, mica, titanic or magnetic iron, and, in certain cases, olivine — give the rock a microporphyritic structure. The crystals of felspar give sections showing plagio- clastic lamellae following the albite type ; some- times they are twinned on the Carlsbad, the pericline, or the Baveno type. Fig. 13 shows a section of plagioclase observed in the rock in question. The crystals of augite present no striking peculiarity. Those of olivine, which at first sight somewhat resemble pyroxene, are enclosed in a setting of small augitic crystals. The black mica plays a very subordinate part, but the ilmenite or hematite is, on the contrary, represented by large dark brown or almost opaque sections, furrowed by well-marked lines of cleavage intersecting at angles of 120° ; these lines run throughout the whole extent of the section, and are often parallel to its outlines (see fig. 14). It is somewhat rare to find hematite with such clearly marked cleavage. Something analogous may be found in sections of ilmenite, but then, generally, there are needles of rutile, intercalated at constant angles. In the mineral we are describing, we have not been able to make out any inclusions of rutile. The. ground-mass is formed of microliths of the same species, especially of felspar and augite ; between these small crystals lies a vitreous base, which plays a wholly subordinate part. At certain points a yellowish limonitic matter has been deposited as concretionary masses in the pores. Some of these decomposed specimens pass almost without gradation into a more compact and harder rock. These compact zones are black with glassy lustre and brilliant fracture ; they exhibit the vitreous modification observed on the contact faces of the dykes in the same island. These black bands resemble- obsidian ; they are only 2 centi- metres thick, and may be looked on as the more quickly cooled surface of the basaltic sheet. This glass shows under the microscope a blackish brown and sometimes nearly opaque isotropic base ; at certain points it passes into the reddish modification, with the resinoid appearance of the palagonitic tufas. In this base crystals of plagioclase are seen, some sections of which give extinctions of 42°, and consist of anorthite ; as usual, Fig. 14.— Felspathic basalt of Tristan da Cunha. Opaque section of ilmenite or hematite with cleavages intersecting at 120°. REPORT ON THE PETROLOGY OF OCEANIC ISLANDS. 79 this felspar is traversed by few hemitropic lamellae. The augite sometimes contains granules of olivine, magnetite, and apatite as inclusions. The beds formed by this altered felspathic basalt are overlaid by a basaltic tufa. The transition is effected through rocks that are richer in glassy materials, but belong, nevertheless, to the same lithological type. The tufa covering the sheet in question is formed of fragments in which the vitreous element predominates ; they appear, under the microscope, to consist of a vesicular yellowish or brownish glass, passing occasionally into the hydrated, reddish, resinoid product of decomposition of certain basic volcanic glasses. The crystals that separate out from these vitreous fragments belong chiefly to greenish pleochroic augite, and are generally irregular in contour. The prepara- tions show, besides, sections of the same mineral and of plagioclase of smaller size, with clean cut outlines embedded in the glassy matrix, and belonging to a secondary period of consolidation. Olivine and magnetite are relatively rare. Frequently the large crystals of augite and plagioclase are partly lined or entirely surrounded by a vitreous substance more opaque and blacker than the glass that forms the ground-mass. This tufa is overlaid in its turn by a rock of the same kind, but of a coarser grain. It consists of lapilli, 2 to 3 centimetres in diameter, and is full of augite crystals visible to the naked eye. There also occur in it fragmentary crystals of olivine, which show their clastic origin very clearly under the micro- scope. The same remark applies also to some of the augites in this tufa. As is shown by fig. 15, the sections of these clastic minerals exhibit certain outlines which represent the crystallographic contours. These traces of faces are distinct and straight (a), and are bordered by black glass of varying thickness ; but wherever this section shows fractures, this coating of black glass is absent. This furnishes evidence that the crystals in question were once entirely embedded in a dark or almost opaque glassy magma, from which they were projected as loose material; they must have been partially crushed, and wherever fracture occurred the glass was carried away, while where they remained unbroken the vitreous mass protected the faces of the crystal. The augite of the tufa we are describing has a great tendency to form twin-crystals as polysynthetic as those of some plagioclases. These lamellar individuals, intercalated in the principal crystal, are ex- tremely distinct and remarkably regular ; when large enough, they betray their presence by sections with reentrant angles (see fig. 16) formed by the alternating faces of two adjacent individuals. Sometimes, too, the Fig. 15.— Tufa of Tristan da Canha. Clastic grain of olivine crystal, certain outlines (a) exhibiting crystallographic contours bordered by black glass. Fig. 16.— Tufa of Tristan da Cunha. Polysynthetic twinning of augite ; re- entrant angles at the upper part of the section by the alternation of the faces of two adjacent individuals. 80 THE VOYAGE OF H.M.S. CHALLENGER. Fig. 17.— Tufa of Tristan da C'unha. Section of a polysynthetic crystal of augite with straight outline corre- sponding with Pec of one individual. outlines of these reentrant angles are replaced by a straight face, which restores these broken lines, as is to be seen in fig. 17, showing a polysynthetic augite from this tufa. In the upper, most clearly developed, part of fig. 17, we ought, considering the size of the polysynthetic lamellae, to recognise the successive traces of the angles formed by the juxtaposition of the twinned individuals; but we find only one straight line whose direction corresponds to Poo of one of the individuals. We often observe intercrystallisations of augite and plagioclase ; sometimes the two minerals, embedded the one in the other, have their vertical axes parallel. The crystals of plagioclase, augite, olivine, and magnetite are often of somewhat large dimensions. Those of augite and plagioclase are corroded, and show the effects of the action of the base which surrounds them. In this matrix we find the same minerals, but of much smaller dimensions ; the small plagioclastic crystals sometimes assume the shape of rhombic tables, often observed for the bytownite of recent eruptive rocks. As we have just seen, the superposed rocks that form the horizontal beds all belong to the felspathic basalts, with vitreous matrix. Among the specimens which we have examined, and which, according to Mr. Buchanan's notes, are to be regarded as lavas, we find some that show certain peculiarities of structure. They are more scoriaceous, but their mineralogical composition is the same. Among the scoriaceous rocks there are some of dark-greyish colour, having their vesicles studded with zeolites ; they contain crystals of augite measuring a centimetre. Under the microscope large lamellar sections of plagioclase are seen, often twinned on the Carlsbad type ; two simple twinned individuals give very different extinctions, 35° for one individual and 24° for the other, so that very probably we are dealing with a section parallel at once to both P and x. In the thin sections the augite is dark green, with a yellowish tint produced by incipient alteration ; apatite sometimes occurs as an inclusion in the augite ; the preparations also show olivine, magnetite somewhat rarely, and scales of hematite. These various minerals stand in a ground-mass in which are gathered very minute microliths of plagioclase, augite, and magnetite, with almost no intervening matrix. Other specimens of lava exhibit transition towards the pyroxenic andesites. These rocks are compact, like the basaltic lavas described above ; their microscopic appearance is identical, only we find no olivine in the preparation ; the constituent minerals are plagioclase, augite, and magnetite, with the addition of biotite in small brownish lamella?. These small crystals are all set in a matrix formed of faintly-coloured glass. Hornblende is rare in the lavas of Tristan, only one rock having been found to yield it. This rock closely resembles the andesitic lavas in microscopical characters ; REPORT ON THE PETROLOGY OF OCEANIC ISLANDS. 81 it is slightly more schistose, less compact, and not so dark in tint. Under the micro- scope it is found to be composed of the following minerals of the first generation : large crystals of plagioclase, angite, and hornblende. The sections of this last species are encircled by a zone of magnetite. These sections stand out from an almost colourless glassy matrix, containing microliths of plagioclase, augite, and magnetite. Another specimen belonging to the bedded rocks consists of a fragment taken from a layer of loose volcanic products, overlaid by a sheet of lava. From the structure of the specimen, it is evident that it is composed of two layers, indicating successive deposits. The one has the composition and texture we have recognised in all the basaltic lavas of the island ; the other is an agglomeration of glassy splinters, plagio- clase, augite, and magnetic iron ; all these minerals are fragmentary, and the layer in cmestion ought to be regarded as a basaltic tufa. We have given the lithological characters of the lava-streams and tufa that constitute the greater part of the rocks cropping out on the coast ; it remains to indicate the nature of the transverse dykes injected into these superposed layers. The specimens procured from these dykes look to the naked eye like compact basalts of blackish tint, giving slight indications, also, of a columnar structure. One fragment which was contiguous to the encasing rock exhibits, to a depth of about a centimetre, the black vitreous modification with brilliant lustre, well known in basaltic rocks that have been subjected to sudden cooling. To judge from the specimens we have examined, these dykes are felspathic basalts, presenting sometimes a transition into augitic andesites. The minerals of first genera- tion are magnetite, olivine, and plagioclase. The last-named crystals are lamellar ; the extinc- tions, measured symmetrically on two adjacent hemitropic lamellae, are about 36°. This felspar, therefore, approaches labradorite. The ground- mass of this rock is somewhat remarkable (see fig. 18). It is almost entirely composed of augitic microliths, which are grouped in rosettes or twinned crosswise, and sometimes planted almost perpendicularly on the plagioclastic lamellae or between the small prisms of augite, forming a fibro - radiating aggregate. Crystals of olivine with hexagonal or rhombic contours are frequent, and they enclose a nucleus of glassy substance. Magnetite, in more or less irregular grains, fills up the interstices between the various minerals that constitute the matrix. The other specimens from the injected dykes have the same mineralogical composition and the same texture. (PHYS. CHEM. CHALL. EXP. — PART VII. 1889.) 11 Fig. 18. — Dyke of felspathic basalt, Tristan da Cunha. Ground-mass composed of augite microliths in rosettes or planted perpendicularly on the plagioclastic lamella?, and crystals of olivine with vitreous inclusions. 82 THE VOYAGE OF H.M.S. CHALLENGER. Among the specimens of rock from the Island of Tristan, there is a vitreous frag- ment, very compact, and with a slight reddish reflection, which the inhabitants use for striking fire. This rock when examined under the microscope is seen to have a very dark vitreous matrix ; in some parts it is slightly transparent and brown. The minerals developed in it are augite and plagioclase. This latter mineral is present in lamellar sections, somewhat large at times, and sometimes riddled with vitreous in- clusions ; the large plagioclase crystals are even visible with the lens ; we observe also much smaller lamellae of triclinic felspar, scattered sporadically in the ground-mass. The dimensions of the crystals of augite with magnetite inclusions are the same as those of the large plagioclase crystals ; their forms are well marked, and a certain number among them are twinned like those previously described in the lavas of the island. There are also to be seen in the base a great many small sections of augite, as well as some microscopical sections of olivine. This rock, which one would at first sight place alongside of obsidian, ought to be referred to the felspathic basalts ; it constitutes a very vitreous variety of that type. The soundings of the Challenger around the Island of Tristan brought up samples of the sediments that are deposited near the island. The mineral particles that occur in these deposits are exclusively of volcanic origin. The fragments that enter into their composition are microscopical fragments of the rocks which we have just described, or of the minerals that form these rocks. One dredging (18th October 1873) brought up a fragment of hard, black, massive rock, weathered on the surface ; microscopical examination showed that it belonged to the basalts ; it greatly resembled the rocks forming the dykes in Tristan. We find in it microliths of plagio- clase elongated in a direction parallel to P\M, and giving extinctions of about 30° ; and, still further, small sections of olivine and apatite. The black pigment of the ground-mass is concentrated at certain points. All the characters of this rock go to show that it came originally from the Island of Tristan. The same statement does not hold good of the fragments of pumice collected in the same dredging. The ubiquity of pumice in pelagic deposits is a well-known fact, and Mr. Murray has shown how these volcanic products may come to be deposited at points far removed from their place of origin. We are thus led to regard these fragments of pumice as in no way appertaining to the rocks of Tristan. Macroscopic examination shows the presence of sanidine in this pumice ; under the microscope the same mineral is seen in splintered crystals, without either regular outlines or hemitropic striae. Plagioclase, with the twinnings of albite and pericline, is also present. B. — Rocks of Inaccessible Island. Inaccessible belongs to the same group as Tristan da Cunha. It lies to the west of the other islands, and is a little smaller than Tristan, from the summit of which its REPORT ON THE PETROLOGY OF OCEANIC ISLANDS. 83 centre is about twenty- three miles distant.1 Abrupt cliffs, fringed with a line of breakers girdling the island, appear at first sight to make landing impossible, but there is a narrow beach at the base of the vertical rocks. Inaccessible Island is nearly Waterfall, Inaccessible Island (from a Photograph). quadrilateral in outline, the angles being directed towards the cardinal points. The highest part of the island is towards the west, where the cliffs rise to the height of 1 For the physical description of Inaccessible see Wyville Thomson, The Atlantic, vol. ii. p. 156; Moseley, Notes of a Naturalist etc., p. 115 ; Karr. Chall. Exp., vol. i. p. 254. Buchanan has given geological details on this island in k'roc. Roy. Soc, vol. xxiv. p. 614. 84 THE VOYAGE OF H.M.S. CHALLENGER. 1840 feet above the sea level, the average elevation of the rocky wall being about 1100 feet. A crag 1140 feet high occupies the southern angle, and a conical mound of 700 feet rises on the south-west, the two heights being separated by a V-shaped ravine, probably produced by atmospheric erosion. The geological structure of Inaccessible is identical with that of Tristan, and the appearance of the two islands is consequently similar. The vertical cbffs present a series of good sections, which show the island to be built up of successive horizontal beds of eruptive rocks, traversed by oblique or vertical dykes. As at Tristan, the coast cliffs terminate in a plateau. Boulders, broken off by the waterfalls from the lava- beds and dykes, have collected at the base of the rocks, passing on the seaward side into a belt of rounded basaltic pebbles. The rocks dip almost vertically into the sea, and there are very few places where they can be climbed in order to reach the central plateau. Soundings of from fifty to ninety fathoms occur a few yards from the cliffs. Sir Wyville Thomson was so struck by similarities in the physical geography of Tristan and Inaccessible as to hazard the opinion that these eruptive masses, now separated by twenty miles of water, had once been united. According to the descrip- tion of the naturalists of the Challenger, the rocks of Inaccessible very closely resemble those of Tristan, and they have the same arrangement. We will first describe the rocks forming the lava sheets and the tufa. Almost all the specimens from Inaccessible are felspathic basalts ; the differences between them are chiefly in texture, and sometimes in the development of a vitreous base. A porphyritic basalt, which appears to take an important place in the structure of the island, has given rise by decomposition to a yellowish earthy substance, to be described further on. This basalt is a black scoriaceous rock containing many crystals of augite, sometimes a centimetre in length, olivine, and felspar. Felspar is the least abundant constituent, and its crystals are the smallest. Microscopic preparations show that the ground-mass in which these porphyritic crystals are embedded is formed by a yellowish or altered base, which penetrates all the fissures of the larger minerals. This ground-mass contains small augite sections, some of them star-shaped, showing penetration twins ; these microliths are associated with minute plagioclase sections and with magnetite. The large porphyritic crystals of augite are zonary, and have a somewhat pale pink colour ; the regular sections of olivine are a little smaller, and have been slightly altered at the edges ; a yellowish zone surrounding this mineral shows that it is being decomposed into hematite. It contains numerous inclusions of magnetite, and shows traces of twinning. If there were no small crystals of plagioclase in the base this rock would be classed with limburgite, which it resembles rnacro- scopically in several ways. This basalt decomposes into a yellowish earthy substance, from which crystals of REPORT ON THE PETROLOGY OF OCEANIC ISLANDS. 85 augite may be easily separated. The following analysis of these crystals was made by Dr. Klement ; it shows that this pyroxene is akin to chromiferous diopside. I. 1*2557 grammes of substance dried at 110° C. and fused with sodium and potassium carbonate gave 0'6504 gramme of silica, 0"0485 of alumina, 0'0071 of chromic oxide, 0'0888 of ferric oxide, 0'2815 of lime, 0'5476 of magnesium pyro- phosphate and traces of manganese. II. 1*1195 grammes of substance treated in a sealed tube with sulphuric and hydrofluoric acids required 7 '2 cubic centimetres of potassium permanganate solution to oxidise the ferrous oxide (1 c.c. = 0'005439 gramme FeO) — Silica, Si02, .... 51-80 Alumina, A1203, 3-86 Chromic oxide, Cr203, 0-57 Ferric oxide, Fe203, . 3-19 Ferrous oxide, FeO, . 3-50 Manganese, .... traces Lime, CaO, . . . • . 22-42 Magnesia, MgO, 15-72 101-06 Another rock, which was labelled as a lava, and must have been poured out in sheets, closely resembles that just described. It contains rather large crystals of augite and laniellse of plagioclase, which sometimes measure two or three millimetres, but olivine is not common. The rock is vesicular, and has a bluish grey ground-mass. Microscopic examination shows that the fine-grained paste is formed of small aggregated plagio- clastic lamellse, with augite and magnetite, but free from any vitreous constituent. Sharply crystallised olivines stand out from the ground-mass; some of them are twinned, most probably following a dome. There are also zonary crystals of augite, each of the zones extinguishing at different angles ; these are twinned, following the orthopinacoid, and the twins are frequently repeated polysynthetically. The lamellae of microporphyritic plagioclase are often twinned according to the Carlsbad, pericline, and albite laws. Sections almost perpendicular to P/M, showing very thin and sharp periclinic strias, extinguish at angles between 35° and 39°; this felspar, therefore, approaches anorthite. Other basaltic lavas show no porphyritic structure, the only element visible to the naked eye being lamella of plagioclase of three or four millimetres in size, which have lost their glassy sheen. The mass is bluish grey and scoriaceous ; augite and grains of olivine may be distinguished by the lens. Under the microscope the ground-mass is seen to be devitrified by trichites, and to contain augite and magnetite microliths, as well as very slender crystals of plagioclase, sometimes assuming a stellate form. Olivine is 86 THE VOYAGE OF H.M.S. CHALLENGER. one of those first-generation minerals which determine the microporphyritic structure. This mineral occurs in rather large sections with sharp crystallographic outlines ; sometimes the form is hexagonal ; two of the sides belong to the vertical zone, and are perpendicular to the plane of the optical axes. Others form an angle nearly of 77°, these being thus traces of the face Poo (d). These sections show cleavages per- pendicular and parallel to the vertical axis, and a third rather indistinct cleavage parallel to d. This olivine has a light greenish colour, but is transformed into a red hematite-like matter along the cleavage planes and fractures, and on the edges of the sections. It may also be penetrated by a network of dendritic oxide of iron. This formation of hematite may be connected with the accumulation of grains of magnetite on the edges of the olivine. This mineral has been subjected to corrosion and dislocation, and is often enclosed in augite. The large zonary crystals of plagioclase have been deformed by mechanical strain, and exhibit undulating extinction. They are much lengthened and lamellar, being twinned according to the Carlsbad, albite, and pericline laws. Extinction takes place at a large angle, sections more or less parallel to M extinguishing at 43° ; the plagioclase is thus to be grouped with anorthite. Augite is the third microporphyritic element, but its sections show few noteworthy peculiarities ; they are feebly pleochroic, the differences in absorption being scarcely perceptible. Sometimes these sections are twinned and exhibit a zonary structure, the inner part approaching to violet in tint, while the outer layers remain almost colour- less. This augite is filled with vitreous inclusions, magnetite, and sometimes patches of olivine. In the vesicles are seen groups of small acicular crystals, probably some zeolite. Judging by the specimens at our disposal, doleritic basalts are not common in Inaccessible, only one instance of a dolerite occurring in the collection, and its characters appear most plainly when the rock is examined microscopically. To the naked eye it is scoriaceous, with large vesicles ; the ground mass is bluish grey, speckled with irregular white spots of altered felspar. The microscope shows that all the minerals are approximately of equal size. In this rock also olivine has crystallised first, and it exhibits several of the peculiarities already described, being coloured yellowish by alteration, and often surrounded by a zone of delessite. Lamellae of felspar, somewhat drawn out, surround grains of augite. Sometimes these two minerals are oriented with their axes parallel, at other times they cross each other at various angles ; both belong to a secondary stage of consolidation. Another rock, resembling in structure the dolerite just described, differs from it by the absence of olivine and the presence of a base, in which the minerals giving the rock a doleritic structure are embedded. The base, which is devitrified by trichites, surrounds crystals of augite, appearing to play an unimportant part, and large zonary sections of plagioclase. These felspar sections are more basic at the centre than in the REPORT ON THE PETROLOGY OF OCEANIC ISLANDS. 87 outer zones. Sections of the zone P :h give symmetrical extinctions of 28°-27° for the inner, and of 21°-17° for the external zones. The central parts thus approach anorthite, while the outside comes nearer to labradorite. Notwithstanding the absence of olivine in the microscopical preparations, this rock cannot be classed with the augite andesites, and its structure presents fewer resemblances to that type than to the dolerites. We may note in passing some slightly vesicular rocks, the ground-mass of which is close-grained, and contains no macroscopic minerals except a few whitish grains of altered felspar. The specimens resemble ordinary basalt in every respect, and show no microscopic features meriting special attention. Related to these rocks there are some vitreous masses altered into palagonite. They are scoriaceous like pumice, and are coloured yellowish by bmonite, but do not show well the resinoid aspect of palagonitic rock. They contain small hetero- geneous fragments, indicating the tufaceous origin of the deposit. Under the microscope this substance shows, between crossed nicols, in certain parts of the preparation, phenomena of polarisation like those of altered sideromelane ; the vitreous mass is, however, isotropic. The base contains numerous small crystals of augite, which are sometimes capillary and of a green or brown tint. Plagioclase microliths are neither abundant nor well formed ; they are often hollowed out on both extremities, and are usually present as skeleton crystals. Olivine is rare or altogether absent. Some patches seem to be made up of heterogeneous fragments ; these lapilli are characterised by an obvious difference in the texture and by their mineralogical com- position, as they are formed of rather large crystals of plagioclase mixed with grains of augite. The vesicles scattered through the rock contain no zeolites, remaining vacant in the centre although their walls are lined with a light transparent green layer of a secondary mineral. Having dealt with the lavas and tufa of the island, we have now to describe the transversal dykes. The rocks forming these dykes are generally massive or finely alveolar. The porphyritic basalt with large augite crystals, described above, is traversed by a vein composed of a compact, bluish grey, slightly vesicular mass, con- taining macroscopic crystals of augite and olivine. This basalt when examined microscopically presents a microporphyritic appearance, produced by rather large zonary crystals of augite and olivine. The ground-mass is an aggregate of minute crystals of three minerals, plagioclase, augite, and magnetite, without interposition of any base. Another dyke, resembling the first in colour and microscopic structure, differs from it in being perfectly compact. Here also augite and olivine can be seen by the naked eye, but under the microscope the ground-mass appears composed of minute plagioclase and augite crystals, and contains a little vitreous matter. Large 88 THE VOYAGE OF H.M.S. CHALLENGER. sections of augite and olivine stand out from the paste ; the former are zonary and pleochroic : — v > pink. P > yellowish pink. yellowish green. As at Tristan, some of the dykes of Inacessible show the alteration well known in massive basalt when suddenly cooled : at the contact with the encasing rock it is altered into a brilliant black vitreous coating a centimetre thick. This glassy modifica- tion affords a beautiful example of devitrification by trichites of ilmenite, and shows a tendency to perlitic structure. The glass itself is yellowish, and depolarises light at certain points, usually near the edge of the small crystals or in the outer zone of the vesicles, a phenomenon due to molecular tension. Small skeleton crystals of plagioclase and augite microliths are abundant, but black dendritic structures pre- dominate, resembling those described by Zirkel in tachylite. The following analysis of the black vitreous coating of one of these dykes produced at the contact of the encasing rock has been made by Dr. Klement : — I. 1"0648 grammes of substance, dried at 110° C, and fused by Sipocz's method with alkaline carbonates, gave 0-007l gramme of water, 0'5120 of silica, 0-2028 of alumina, 0 "102 8 of ferric oxide, 0 "1003 of lime, and 0-1035 of magnesium pyrophosphate. II. 1*1578 grammes of substance treated with hydrofluoric acid gave 0'1621 gramme of sodium and potassium chlorides and 0-l718 gramme of potassium chloroplatinate. III. T0733 grammes of substance treated in a sealed tube with hydrofluoric and sulphuric acid required 111 c.c. of potassium permanganate solution (1 c.c. =0-005405 gramme FeO) to oxidise the ferrous oxide. IV. 1'6478 grammes of substance treated with hydrofluoric acid gave 0-0722 gramme of titanic acid. Silica, Si02, . 48-09 Titanic acid, Ti02) 4-38 Alumina, A1203, 10-05 Ferric oxide, Fe.,03, 344 Ferrous oxide, FeO, 5-59 Manganese, traces Lime, CaO, 9-42 Magnesia, MgO, 3-50 Soda, Na20, . 5'OG Potash, K20, . 2-8S Water, H20, . 0-67 Total, 102-08 The non-altered basaltic mass adjacent to these vitreous black bands is filled with arborescent trichites of ilmenite, which appear slightly brownish in transmitted light ; REPORT ON THE PETROLOGY OF OCEANIC ISLANDS. 89 most of them are grouped round a perfectly colourless prismatic crystal of plagioclase, to which they are attached. Many crystals of magnetite and ilmenite are to be seen, and plagioclase is more abundant than in the vitreous zone, although the crystalline form is embryonic ; augite occurs in rosettes of little crystals. The shining black part of the vein is perfectly compact, but the internal portion is slightly vesicular, the pores being lined with a transparent coating of green secondary matter which also penetrates the microscopic fissures of the rock. The whole mass of the dyke must have been cooled rapidly. Olivine is scarcely to be found in this rock. All the rocks from Inaccessible dealt with so far conform more or less strictly to the basaltic type. A rounded pebble picked up on the shore is a bronzite and biotite andesite. This specimen shows that eruptive masses different in composition from those of the coast must exist in the interior of the island. The appearance of the pebble shows at once that it differs from the ordinary rocks such as those described above. It is much lighter in colour, being whitish grey. The texture is fine-grained, the fracture nearly plane, and no constituent minerals appear to the naked eye. Under the micro- scope a colourless ground-mass is seen, formed chiefly of curved and twisted crystals of plagioclase of indefinite outline, and all matted together. Mixed with these there are some violet-coloured augite microliths, with irregular outlines, but evidently of the same stage of consolidation. Some scales of biotite also appear. All these minerals are of approximately uniform size, and have crystallised simultaneously. Small yellowish crystals appear in the paste as isolated short prisms, with flattened summits, and worn on the angles. Sometimes these occur as irregular grains with fractures, but they are too minute to permit their forms to be definitely ascertained. These small sections give straight extinction, and so far as they could be examined by convergent light it has been proved that the plane of the optical axes is parallel to the brachy- pinacoid. These crystals ought to be considered as bronzite, and the rock as a bronzite andesite. C. — Rocks of Nightingale Island. Nightingale is the smallest island of the Tristan da Cunha group, lying towards the south. It is surrounded by rocks, amongst which are two islets measuring one-half by one-sixth of a mile. One of these, Middle Island, 150 feet high, with an undulating summit, is situated in lat. 37° 25' 50" S., and long. 12° 29' 45" W. The second islet, which also lies to the north of Nightingale, is Stoltenkoff Island, and has a height of 325 feet. Nightingale Island is a mile long from east to west, and about three-quarters of a mile broad.1 A channel ten miles wide, and over 465 fathoms deep, 1 For the natural history of tliia little group, see Thomson, The Atlantic, vol. i. p. 185 (with a map) ; Moseley, Notes of a Naturalist on the Challenger, p. 126 ; Karr. Chall. Exp., vol. i., pp. 262 et seq. For its geology, see Buchanan, Proc. Roy. Soc, vol. xxiv. pp. 614, 615. (PHYS. CHEM. CHALL. EXP. — PART VII. — 1889.) 12 90 THE VOYAGE OF H.M.S. CHALLENGER. separates Nightingale from Inaccessible, while depths beyond 1000 fathoms occur in some places between Nightingale and Tristan. On account of the weather and the difficulty of gaining access to the interior of Nightingale, the Challenger naturalists had to limit their geological collections to the rocks which cropped out near the shore. Nightingale differs greatly in appearance from the other islands of the group, being more varied in outline and surrounded by cliffs only thirty or forty feet high, and often less. The southern part of the island is more Nightingale Island, from the North. picturesque, the ground rising by successive crests to a peak 1105 feet high, one side of which is almost vertical for half its height. Mr. Buchanan was unable to ascend this hill, but he describes the rock as being greyish in colour, and of a sub-columnar structure. The rest of Nightingale is undulating, and the rocks, except at a few isolated points, are covered with verdure. No traces of recent volcanic activity are to be seen. The rocks of the coast are chiefly a conglomerate or breccia of doleritic fragments embedded in a whitish felspathic mass. Here and there the conglomerate is surrounded by beds of volcanic rock probably of more ancient origin. Marine erosion has hollowed the cliffs girdling the island into innumerable caves, formerly the refuge of seals, which REPORT ON THE PETROLOGY OF OCEANIC ISLANDS. 91 have now been driven elsewhere by indiscriminate slaughter. The fact that the caves are situated a little above sea-level, proves that the island has been recently elevated. A raised beach on the top of the cliffs confirms this supposition.1 The stratum of volcanic conglomerate at the base of the shore cliffs is, so far as can be determined from the specimens examined, a phonolitic tufa. The bluish grey rock is speckled with white kaolinised patches ; the ground-mass is waxy and considerably altered, and is impregnated with limonite in some places. Under the microscope, the Nightingale Island, from the South. mass is composed of minute sections of nepheline, usually as grains, but frequently in the form of parallelograms or hexagons. The nature of this mineral is also proved by the microchemical reaction of sodium. These crystals are arranged in line, and like the other mineral constituents show well-marked fluidal structure. Microliths of augite are associated with the nepheline ; these are brownish, show no evident pleochroism, and extinguish at angles large enough to prevent confusion with hornblende. Small sections of sanidine are also present. Several minerals give the rock a microporphyritic appear- ance, plagioclase being the most important, The felspar crystals are often twinned 1 The above is a summary of Mr. Buchanan's geological observations at Nightingale (loc. cit., pp. 614, 615) 92 THE VOYAGE OF EL M.S. CHALLENGER. according to the Carlsbad law, and at the same time traversed by polysynthetic lamella? after the albite law. Hornblende occurs associated with the plagioclase ; the crystals of both species are deeply hollowed and corroded. Rather large brownish hornblende sections are seen surrounded by a zone composed of little green grains of augite with granules of magnetite, biotite, and titanite. In this phonolitic mass are embedded heterogeneous clastic fragments, which prove the tufaceous origin of the rocks forming almost the entire explored portion of the island. Dr. Klement has obtained the following results from an analysis of this tufa : — I. 1'0G76 grammes of substance dried at 110° C. and fused with alkaline carbonates, by Sipocz's method, gave 0*0116 gramme of water, 0'6102 of silica, 0*0285 of titanic acid, 0*2142 of alumina, 0,0535 of ferric oxide, 0*0421 of lime, and 0*0459 of magnesium pyrophosphate. II. 1'0339 grammes of substance treated with hydrofluoric acid gave 0*1875 gramme of sodium and potassium chlorides, and 0'241 of potassium chloroplatinate. III. 1*1143 grammes of substance treated in a sealed tube with hydrofluoric and sulphuric acids required 4*0 c.c. of potassium permanganate solution (1 c.c. =0*005439 gramme FeO) to oxidise the ferrous oxide. Silica, Si02, 57-16 Titanic acid, Ti02, 2-67 Alumina, AI203, 20-06 Ferric oxide, Fe„03, 2-84 Ferrous oxide, FeO, 1-95 Manganese, traces Lime, CaO, 4-41 Magnesia, MgO, 1-55 Soda, Na20, 5-84 Potash, K20, 4-52 Water, H20, 1-09 102-09 Some specimens collected by Mr. Buchanan in a gully prove the presence of eruptive masses of the andesite type at Nightingale. The rock in question is black and massive, with a plane fracture and rather schistose. Crystals of felspar, about three or four millimetres in diameter, and of hornblende of nearly equal dimensions, shine out from the mass. Microscopically there is a glassy ground-mass containing por- phyritic minerals of the first generation. Plagioclase is the most noticeable, and its sections are remarkable in that instead of the usual lengthening along the edge PjM, they show a great extension following yM ; in fact many sections take the form of disymmetric hexagons (sections nearly parallel to M) in which the shortest sides correspond to the edge PjM; this is confirmed by examining the best-marked lines of REPORT ON THE PETROLOGY OF OCEANIC ISLANDS. 93 cleavage which run parallel to the short sides of the hexagon. The trace of TjM is indicated by its parallelism with the prismatic cleavage, which is rather less distinct than that just spoken of. It frequently happens that all the outlines of these sections are not equally distinct, or only appear clearly for part of the section, the rest being terminated by a fracture nearly parallel to the prism. These hexagonal sections show that the plagioclase is zonary, and that the extinction is negative. The angular value is greater for the centre than for the outer zone, being from 14° to 10° for the former, and 10° to 3° for the latter. This felspar is thus probably composed of mixtures intermediate between oligoclase and labradorite. Sections following M show the lamellae after the pericline law almost parallel to the edge PjM; this, according to M. Schuster, is the case for plagioclases approaching andesine. These sections are full of vitreous inclusions, which have no definite arrangement, but are specially numerous near the centre of the crystal, and sometimes follow the external outline and planes of cohesion. The included vitreous matter, which also occurs in the large crystals of augite and hornblende, is of a less deep brown colour, and sometimes contains microliths similar to those of the ground-mass. This fact, taken together with the corrosion of the crystals containing these inclusions, proves that they have been penetrated by the magma in which they were immersed. Hornblende plays an important part in this rock. Its crystals are prismatic, much elongated, corroded, and fragmentary; this mineral is generally decomposed, its cleavages being as a rule indistinct. Magnetite often encircles the sections as an external zone ; probably these small opaque crystals were attracted around the hornblende even before alteration commenced. Inclusions of apatite sometimes occur. The pleochroism is — a < /8 < y yellow. brown. dark brown. Augite of the first generation appears in corroded crystals of the ordinary form and pleochroic — /3, bright yellow; a and 7, green. The polarisation colours are whitish yellow, and the tints are brilliant in sections more or less perpendicular to the vertical axes. The mineral is often twinned following the orthopinacoid. It is zonary, and gives larger extinctions for the central parts than for the peripheral layers (34° for the former, 30° for the latter). Patches of augite formed of agglomerated grains are also sometimes seen. Biotite is not common in the rock, but small crystals of magnetic iron are extremely abundant. The ground-mass embedding the minerals described above is composed of an almost colourless base containing minute lamellse of plagioclase extinguishing at very small angles, and nearly colourless augite microliths distinguished sharply from the felspar by their more brilliant polarisation colours. Some specimens of rock forming the floor of " Bromley's Cave " — one of the cliff- 94 THE VOYAGE OF H.M.S. CHALLENGER. caverns on the coast examined by the Challenger naturalists — were collected. This rock, an augite-andesite, is black and massive like a compact basalt ; the fracture is plane. No constituent minerals can be detected either by the naked eye or with a lens, but the microscope shows some microporphyritic sections. Amongst these there are a very few plagioclastic lamellae giving large extinctions, and some sections which, from the absence of polysynthetic twins may be referred to sanidine ; the latter are traversed by two cleavages at right angles, and give straight extinction. The augite of this rock is of a light violet colour, its outlines are irregular, and large crystals seldom occur. Corroded hornblende sections are also found as microporphyritic elements, sometimes twinned according to the ordinary law ; they show the pleochroism — a, yellow ; /3, brown ; 7, brown. This mineral is sometimes quite decomposed, being invaded by augite microliths and magnetite. The ground-mass of the rock resembles that of basalt in some respects ; it contains numerous plagioclastic lamella? and micro- liths of several minerals. Those of augite are almost always twinned, the sections appearing to be divided in two longitudinally ; the summit is terminated by a low dome, and transverse sections appear as irregular, slightly-coloured grains. Hornblende is present in small pleochroic fibrous prisms which might be taken for biotite, but the extinction is oblique. The rock has been slightly altered with formation of delessite. An intrusive vein of amphibolic andesite crops out on the floor of Bromley's Cave. It is a black rock with a plane, more or less schistoid, fracture. A very few drawn out vesicles are to be seen, and to the naked eye only some fine needles of hornblende appear, while the lens shows a mass composed of crystalline grains. Microscopical preparations show that microporphyritic crystals of plagioclase, hornblende, augite, and magnetite are embedded in the ground-mass. Under a low power the paste appears brownish and homogeneous, but when more highly magnified it is seen to be made up of an aggregation of plagioclase, augite, and hornblende microliths, the last named being present in greatest number. The crystals of the first generation which produce microporphyritic structure are generally corroded. Large sections of plagioclase are sometimes lengthened following the edge PjM, sometimes flattened parallel to M ; this mineral also occurs as grains. The felspar is related to anorthite, the maximum angle of extinction in the zone P : k being about 39°; two adjacent hemitropic lamella? gave a maximum extinction of 31°. The structure is usually homogeneous, but when the sections are zonary the centre is more basic than the outer layers. There is nothing remarkable about the large ill-defined sections of augite which are identified by their pale greenish colour, characteristic cleavages, crystallographic outlines, and the angles of extinction. Hornblende is more important, and often appears in irregular corroded grains, although the form is sometimes fusiform, or that of a much-lengthened prism. The sections are almost always twinned according REPORT ON THE PETROLOGY OF OCEANIC ISLANDS. 95 to the ordinary law, and this twinning is shown in the most slender crystals, where it appears in the sections as two extremely thin lamellae that give the mineral a fibrous aspect. The colour is brown, and the pleochroism is very well marked — y > /3 > a deep brown. yellowish brown. pale yellow. These crystals extinguish at a less angle than is usual for hornblende. Magnetite occurs in the preparations as irregular grains or sections of octohedra. The ground-mass is composed of crystals of secondary consolidation showing distinct fluidal structure. When examined under very high powers the paste is seen to contain sections of plagioclase usually much lengthened following the edge PjM, and twinned according to the albite law; the little crystals are often grouped in rosettes. A series of extinctions measured from the trace of M gave values between 16° and 32°, the polysynthetic lamellae giving for one side 20°, for the other 30°, 26°-30°, 13"-! 6°, 36°-44°. These crystals accordingly differ little in composition from the felspar of first generation. Microliths of augite are also present in the form of greatly lengthened prisms, sometimes broken in several pieces and of a very pale green colour ; 40° is the maximum angle of extinction. The part played by hornblende in the ground-mass ought to be noted here. From the minute dimensions and brownish colour of its crystals this mineral might be taken for a glassy base devitrified by microliths, and interposed between the larger sections of plagioclase and augite. A high power, however, brings out the individual crystals as small, fibrous, brownish prisms, some- times lying in parallel lines or grouped in bundles, sometimes interwinned so as to form a network. They often show distinct pleochroism and extinguish at small angles, while their fibrous structure and elongated form complete their analogy with the larger individuals of the same species. Magnetite appears in very definite sections of octahedra. A network of trichites is occasionally observed closely resembling that of hornblende crystals referred to above ; the trichites may perhaps be magnetite, but more probably they are altered hornblende. All the rocks seen on the coast of Middle Island, which lies a little to the north of Nightingale, are composed of the tufaceous mass now to be described, and according to Mr. Buchanan's observations the entire islet is probably an accumulation of the same formation. The rock is a yellowish, pumiceous, almost earthy, substance, enclosing lapilli and very distinct hornblende crystals. Microscopic examination shows that it is formed of cemented fragments. The most important rock occurring in this tufa will be briefly described. Under the microscope it shows a very compact ground- mass surrounding fragmentary microporphyritic crystals of hornblende, plagioclase, sanidine, and augite, the splinters of the last-named mineral being smaller than those 96 THE VOYAGE OF H.M.S. CHALLENGER. of the others. The largest crystals of plagioclase are corroded ; they are sometimes zonary, and show the twins of albite and pericline ; from its extinctions the felspar may be classed as labradorite. Sanidine, which is frequently associated with the former, is distinguished by the absence of hemitropic lamellae, and by the very small angles of extinction in almost all the sections examined. These are sometimes twinned according to the Carlsbad law, and in one case that of Baveno was observed ; the extinction is almost always undulating. The grains of augite are corroded like the felspar, and when little altered their colour is green without pleochroism ; their structure is zonary ; the centre, which is darker in tint, extinguishes at 36°, the outer zone only at about 45°. Augite is sometimes entangled in brown hornblende sections, the two uniting with parallel axes, and it often forms irregular inclusions in the hornblende along with apatite. Hornblende is a much more important constituent than augite ; its sections, which are always brown and strongly pleochroic, are surrounded by an altered zone where magnetite has accumulated. The only other constituent of any size appears in irregular, dirty-brown patches, scarcely transparent, and standing out in marked relief ; it is evidently titanite, and is sometimes transformed into calcite. The paste enclosing the minerals mentioned above is formed of a network of nearly colourless microliths showing fluidal structure. Amongst these may be seen very minute sections of sanidine with indistinct outlines fibrous in appearance, and with straight extinction ; they exhibit the Carlsbad twinning, and in ordinary light appear almost as a homogeneous mass. Equally minute microliths of augite occur amongst the foregoing, and may be distinguished by their colour, the chromatic polarisation, and the angles of extinction. Magnetite is present in the ground-mass, but to a very unim- portant extent. Finally, there are small, clear, colourless splinters of quartz. The preparation is traversed by veins in which ferric oxide has been deposited. Thin slices of this tufa show the true characters of a microscopic breccia. Along- side the fragments of the trachytic rock just described, and the splinters of which play the most important part in this tufa, there are small lapilli of an entirely different lithological nature, rich in plagioclase and similar to basalt. Other fragments of rock related to vitreous masses of the same family are frequently changed into palagonite. REPORT ON THE PETROLOGY OF OCEANIC ISLANDS. 97 VII.— EOCKS OF THE FALKLAND ISLANDS. A. Rocks of the "Fivers of Stones." The Falkland Islands are connected by their geological character with the American Continent, thus presenting a marked contrast to the oceanic islands of the Atlantic, most of which are formed exclusively of volcanic rocks. The Falklands, on the con- trary, are made up of sedimentary strata — schists, sandstones, and quartzite of Silurian and Devonian age — and archasan rocks. We shall here limit ourselves to the con- sideration of those remarkable " stone rivers " which form one of the most interesting features of these islands, and we propose to describe the lithological nature of some of the rocks of these " streams." Both Darwin and Wyville Thomson examined them with close attention, and described them. Combining their descriptions,1 we may obtain an idea of the origin of these stony accumulations. At the east end of the principal island in the Falkland group the valleys present a most striking appearance, being filled with masses of pale grey rocks, which glitter in the sun, and form tracks of from a few hundred to more than a thousand metres in breadth. From a little distance the effect is that of a gigantic glacier, descending from the neighbouring heights and gradually increasing in volume, as if it were fed by lateral streams up to the point where the main " river " reaches the coast. The stones, which vary in size from 30 centimetres to 7 metres, are not piled up irregularly, but extend in great level beds varying from 100 to 1900 metres in width. Thomson showed that the width of the stream is always in relation to that of the shelves of rock which crown the hills. Deposits of peat are constantly encroaching on the flows, and even form islands, when the fragments are near enough to afford a basis. Immense masses of rock on the hills seem to have been stopped in their course, and frag- ments, bending over like arches, are piled upon each other like the ruins of an ancient cathedral. All those who have visited the Falklands agree in saying that the stones in ques- tion are not water-borne, but are angular, like the fragments of a breccia, and piled up irregularly one above another. They are not decomposed, except to such an extent as might be due to ordinary atmospheric agencies ; the angles are generally worn, with a shining, slightly-polished surface. A thin coating of whitish lichen covers the stones, giving them quite the appearance of ice from a little distance. The thickness of the layer of stones is not easily determined, but the sound of running water may be heard evidently a few feet beneath the surface. At the mouth of the valley the sec- 1 Darwin, Voyage of a Naturalist ; Thomson, The Atlantic, vol. ii., p. 216. See also Karr. Chall. Exp., vol. i., p. 89-'. (PHTS. CHEM. CHALL. EXP.— PART VII. — 1889.) 13 98 THE VOYAGE OF H.M.S. CHALLENGER. tion of the mass, as shown on the shore, exhibits an enormous accumulation of stones, and the river flows out from beneath an archway of piled-up blocks. As we have said, the interstices of the heaps are carpeted with moss. The inhabitants view these " stone-rivers " as one of the marvels of their island, and explain their formation by the most improbable hypotheses. Darwin seems to have accounted for them by great earthquakes in the region, but does not consider this a sufficient interpretation. Thomson suggests another explanation. The blocks of quartzite filling the valleys may come from the shelves of rock which appear on the surrounding hills (Darwin remarked that they might come laterally from the nearer slopes as well), and these piled-up blocks certainly show great lithological analogies with the higher beds. The difficulty of the problem comes in when we try to explain how the stones should descend in a close mass along a valley, the slope of which, according to Darwin, is not steep enough to hinder the passage of a coach. The slope in fact does not exceed 6° or 8° ; usually it is only 2° or 3°, and it is never great enough to allow the stones to roll, or even slide, down. According to Thomson, the quartzite shelves of the hill-tops do not all resist disintegration equally, the softer parts weather into sand, and the harder, being left without support, break off into irregular blocks. This explanation is equally applicable to the crystalline rocks, the presence of which we are about to show amongst the ddbris. When the fragments break off vegetation rapidly covers them up, and many of the little mossy heaps are only stones covered by a thin layer of vegetation. Once enclosed in this mass they are, as it were, pushed over the slope. We may mention, amongst other causes that act as well as gravitation, the expansion and contraction of the moss as it takes up more or less water. The dilatation of the moss moves the blocks, and the superficial layer of stones is in some degree drawn towards the declivity. Rain washes off the sandy debris ; this erosion prepares the way for the larger blocks, while on the other hand the adjacent vegetable matter decomposes and is washed away. It is to the slow removal of vegetable and mineral matter, and to the movement of the superficial layers — of which Thomson gave numerous examples observed by him in Scotland — that he attributes the accumulation of stones in the valleys. Neither Thomson nor Darwin have called in ice-action as a means of trans- port, although it has been alleged that the Falkland Islands were covered by glaciers at an epoch not very far removed from our own. No certain proofs of glaciation are to be seen in the islands, and the stones of these streams bear no marks of glacial striae. Only a detailed study of local conditions would enable us to say whether Thomson's theory gives an adequate explanation of all the facts. None the less is it true that this theory seems preferable by its simplicity to that which Darwin demanded, when he wrote, forty years ago, on the subject of REPORT ON THE PETROLOGY OF OCEANIC ISLANDS. 99 "stone rivers:" — "The progress of knowledge will probably some day give a simple explanation of this phenomenon, as it already has of the so long thought inexplicable transport of the erratic boulders which are strewed over the plains of Europe." ' The specimens collected by Thomson show lithological characters of some interest. One of these blocks is in the form of a quadratic prism, measuring about 40 centi- metres by 10 ; the fracture is regular and polyhedric ; the edges hardly show a trace of weathering, but the surface is covered by a less coherent layer of slight thickness. Beneath this thin altered surface the rock remains remarkably fresh. To the naked eye it appears to possess a granitoid structure with grains of medium size ; with the lens a plagioclastic felspar can be seen, associated with a black mineral of the amphibolic or pyroxenic group. This rock belongs to the type occurring in the eruptive masses often embedded or injected amongst palaeozoic strata, such as those of the Falkland Islands. Microscopic examination shows that the fragment in question must be classed as a diabase, and it also reveals that the rock possesses peculiarities of some interest, and of a kind to which the attention of lithologists is specially directed. This diabase is composed of plagioclase, augite, hornblende, biotite, and magnetite. Of all these minerals, that which at present plays the most important part is unquestionably hornblende ; but this constituent is of secondary origin, and can only take a subordinate place in classifying the rock lithologically. The sections of felspar are remarkable on account of the very great number of fine plagioclastic striae which they present. In exceptional cases only the Carlsbad twin is apparent, but in others the section shows, at the same time, lamella? twinned according to the albite and pericline laws. These plagioclase sections do not present definite crystallograjjhic outlines, but microscopic examination shows that they are generally elongated following on the edge PjM. It is somewhat rare to find a section parallel to M which would suffice to determine the sign and the angle of extinction. This was possible only in one case : a section presenting two cleavages, parallel to P and to T, crossing at an angle of more than G0°, gave a negative extinction of about 30°. This observation shows that the plagioclase in question approaches closely to a mixture analogous to that of bytownite. These sections of plagioclase are remarkably clear, and the phenomena of chromatic polarisation are sharp and brilliant ; the decomposition, so often found in the felspars of granitoid rocks, has, as yet, only affected the plagioclase lightly. This mineral has been subjected to mechanical deformation ; some of the lamellae are laminated, showing an undulating extinction ; they are strained, curved, and split up into numerous slices. The augite of this rock presents some noteworthy features. Like the felspar it has no definite crystallographic outline. In the sections perpendicular to the axis c a net- 1 Darwin, Journal of Researches, 1879, pp. 198, 199. 100 THE VOYAGE OF H.M.S. CHALLENGER. work of cleavages appears, crossing at angles of about 87° ; the extinction on the face oogoo is more than 35°. The position of the optic axis being in the plane of symmetry, this mineral cannot be mistaken for a rhombic pyroxene ; while, if the phenomena of pleochroism only were to be taken into account, there would be no hesitation in viewing these sections as allied to hypersthene, all the more because, like the latter mineral, they have a certain fibrous structure. It is very probable that this monoclinic pyroxene has often been confounded with hypersthene, but in the present case, the angle of extinction, and the phenomena in convergent light, make the determination as augite craite certain. The intense pleochroism is — /S > y = a reddish. sea-green. Hornblende in large greenish sections is much more widely diffused through the rock than augite, and it is only formed at the expense of the latter. In examining more minutely the relations connecting these two minerals, we observe phenomena of alteration and pseudomorphism, more magnificent examples of which than those of the Falkland Islands it would be hard to find. Augite grains can rarely be seen without a surrounding zone of greenish amphibolic matter. Decomposition commences in the microscopic fissures which furrow the surface of the augite ; these become covered with a yellowish coating, making them clearly visible. If the optical properties were not taken into account, one might confound the augite, altered in this way and surrounded by the secondary product, with some sections of decomposed olivine. The colour and relief are the same, and the roughened surface and products of alteration present the same microscopic appearances in the two minerals. At a more advanced stage of decomposition the fissures appear wider, the secondary product spreads out, sometimes entirely surrounding a nucleus of nearly unaltered augite. The mineral formed in this way at the expense of the augite passes from its yellowish colour to green, takes on a finely fibrous texture at the place of contact with augite, becomes filled with opaque, blackish, ferruginous grains, and unites laterally with patches of clearly characterised hornblende. These, as we have said, always surround a fragment of augite, which remains as a nucleus in the middle of the hornblende. The hornblende appears in large yellowish brown sections, with the optical characters and cleavage of this species, but never surrounded by crystallographic contours. The large amphibolic patches are moulded on the neighbouring minerals, and do not present the more or less prismatic form which augite preserves in spite of the granular texture of the rock. In a word, the characters of the hornblende mark it out as having been formed after all the other minerals in the rock, and its relation to augite shows that it has developed from the latter. "We have thus a perfectly clear case of amphibolisation of pyroxene. It is interesting, besides, to note that REPORT ON THE PETROLOGY OF OCEANIC ISLANDS. 101 although no uralitisation can be strictly said to be observed, there exists, none the less, an orientation of the hornblende upon the augite nucleus. In fact, it is noticeable that a section of hornblende enclosing several nuclei of augite differently oriented (which could not therefore be parts of one individual) is a unique crystalloid. The cleavages are common, and so are the optical properties for each point of the section. It is thus possible to follow one of the crystalloids of hornblende a long distance from the augite nuclei which gave rise to it. The pleochroism of this hornblende is — y > P = a yellowish brown. yellowish. Biotite must also be mentioned as a constituent mineral of the rock. It is often enclosed in hornblende, and may be considered as a secondary product. Rather large sections of magnetite also occur. The grains of magnetite are also surrounded by a very narrow greenish zone of hornblende, as if the matter which gave origin to the latter had permeated the entire rock. From the foregoing description it appears that some of the rocks from the " stone rivers " of the Falkland Islands are amphibolised diabases, of which they present a very remarkable type. B. — Notes on some other Rocks from the Falkland Islands. The following description relates to other crystalline or clastic rocks collected at the Falkland Islands. One of the most remarkable displays large scales of hornblende, which may measure as much as a centimetre, and between them grains of felspar and quartz occur. In structure and mineralogical composition it is a diorite. It contains large patches of felspar, which appear under the microscope as sections of irregular outline. In some cases no trace of twinning is perceptible, and then the felspar resembles orthoclase ; but other examples, where decomposition has also reached a more or less advanced stage, show polysynthetic lamellae, although usually not many. This characteristic would serve to class the felspar with albite ; it is always difficult to determine the magnitude of the angle of extinction, on account of the small number of sections presenting hemitropic lamellse, still, by measuring the double angle, values of about 6° to 10° were found. These large felspar patches are altered into kaolin, and penetrated by rows of epidote grains along the lines of cleavage. The hornblende, the large crystals of which are irregular in outline, shows the characteristic extinctions of this species. The pleochroism is — y > /? > a yellowish brown dirty green yellowish Black mica occurs as inclusions in the hornblende, and grains of epidote also appear 102 THE VOYAGE OF H.M.S. CHALLENGER. in the interior of these sections. Titanite presents whitish grey sections ; these are very sharp rhomboids with traces of a cleavage parallel to two sides of the figure. These cleavage lines should be parallel to the face r (Soo) or I ( co P) ; the two other sides may be, in the first case, P (OP), in the second y (Pco). There are also large sections of magnetite often surrounded by a slight zone of chloritic matter, which also penetrates to the interior of the hornblende. A specimen, which may be viewed as related to the preceding rock, is essentially composed of pyroxene and hornblende. It is granular in texture, with rather large grains, and shows biotite as an accessory element. In spite of the analogy with the diorite just described, there is no felspar in the specimen in hand, and it may be viewed as resulting from a more basic concretion such as often occurs in the ancient massive rocks. Hornblende exhibits the same characteristics as in the preceding rock, but is intercalated amongst the minerals ; at other times it is enclosed in augite, and oriented like the latter. The crystals of augite generally show a better preservation of the crystalline form than the hornblende, and have more or less prismatic outlines in the sections, contrasting with the more irregular appearance of the amphibole. This mineral appears to be secondary, resulting from the decomposition of augite. It contains lamellae of biotite, and besides these minerals magnetite is also to be found. Some fragments of rock belonging to the series of crystalline schists were collected at Port Sussex. One of these, which to the eye appears covered with ferric oxide, is fine- grained, breaking with a plane fracture pierced with perforations. The ground-mass, when viewed microscopically, is seen to be formed of lamellae of mica — apparently altered biotite— lying in all directions and associated with an amorphous mass. Some sections with indistinct outlines are visible as a microporphyritic mineral ; these sometimes resemble hexagons, and we may have to deal here with altered garnets ; in other cases the sections are prismatic, and they may then be classed as felspar. These sections are often filled with a light greenish secondary material resembling chlorite. Little quartz is to be seen, and finally there are rhombic sections which represent an altered rhombohedric carbonate. We may mention amongst the clastic rocks of Port Sussex, a specimen formed of a greenish fine-grained mass, in which no crystalline elements are visible, and enclosing a granitic fragment, of which we shall speak later. The microscope shows this rock to consist of clastic fragments cemented by a ferruginous argillaceous mass. The broken crystals which are to be seen come from the disaggregation of ancient eruptive or schistose rocks. Amongst these minerals, quartz, plagioclase, microcline, orthoclase, and some splinters of almandine garnet are particularly visible. This rock agrees very well with the composition of an arkose, although we have not ascertained the presence of mica. REPORT ON THE PETROLOGY OF OCEANIC ISLANDS. 103 The fragment of included granite is a rolled pebble, large grained and very micaceous. Grains of plagioclase, orthoclase, quartz, and mica are to be seen in it. The felspathic sections are altered into micaceous matter. From the smallness of the angle of extinction of this plagioclase it may be classed as oligoclase. Alteration has, one might say, effaced the original characteristics of the mica which is transformed into a greenish matter filled with secondary products. It also happens that fibro-radiated chloritic plates have taken the place of the micaceous mineral. Colourless sections polarising with blue tints are also observed ; these are lengthened and coated with mica, and are perhaps cordierite. The quartz has the characters of that mineral in granitic rocks. Another clastic rock from the same locality presents the appearance of a fine- grained felspathic sandstone, penetrated by oxide of iron, and breaking with a plane fracture. Microscopically it is an aggregation of grains of felspar and quartz with heterogeneous particles of rock. Some of the last named are mica schist, formed of grains of quartz ranged in lines with lamellae of muscovite between. Other fragments are of a vitreous nature, the glass being altered, having been originally vesicular. In this base there are numerous plagioclase microliths ; no bisilicates are to be seen. These splinters may, all things considered, be referred to porphyrites ; sometimes a glance is obtained of micaceous lamellse. Finally, there are found amongst this debris of ancient rocks some grains which seem to be splinters of the paste of a red porphyry. The broken felspars are principally jdagioclase ; some of the sections being very finely striated, and giving small extinctions, are probably oligoclase ; others have few hemi- tropic strige, and by this character may be taken as albite ; finally, there are others presenting considerable resemblances to microcline. The titanite occurs as an inclusion in a grain of felspar, the latter being perhaps albite. This idea is suggested on taking account of the frequent association of both minerals in the more or less schistose ancient rocks. Orthoclase only plays a subordinate part, sections of felspar being, in fact, rarely seen without hemitropic lamella?. Titanite is, on the contrary, somewhat common, and it tends to show that the original rock, the disaggregation of which furnished the constituents of that we are considering, contained probably hornblende. The quartz is in irregular fragments, which occasionally, though not often, show undulating polarisation. Their crystalline outlines, which are discovered in certain cases in the form of the sections, or in the arrangement of the inclusions, seem to indicate that this mineral is more likely derived from a porphyritic rock than from a granite. Amongst the minerals formed in situ, and developed in the interstices, we may mention certain small greenish scales resembling chlorite. Some schistose rocks from Port Sussex are of an earthy grey-blue colour, with a homogeneous ground-mass with darker blackish bands, recalling the appearance of an 104 THE VOYAGE OF H.M.S. CHALLENGER. argillaceous schist. The microscope shows that these are formed of white or reddish mica in lamellae or fibres having the structure of sericite. Numerous grains of quartz may also be seen, and some ddbris of monoclinic and triclinic felspars. The colouring matter is iron, in the state of limonite, or a graphitic material. Other schistose rocks resemble true slates ; the slabs are slightly shining and blackish. In the microscopic preparations only small groups or threads of quartz, and an opaque graphitic or carbonaceous mass, can be distinguished, all the other elements being concealed by these. From the same locality we may also mention a black fine-grained quartzite, with a subconchoidal fracture, resembling basalt in appearance. The rock is composed in greater part of small grains of quartz with irregular outlines, fragments of granite, and particles of ancient volcanic rock. Besides the quartz, calcite and decomposed mica are to be seen, also some grains of felspar, and very rarely epidote. Finally, we have to mention a grey schistoid rock in which a few felspathic grains can be made out with a lens. The microscope shows the clastic origin of the specimen, the cement which unites the constituent minerals being chloritic. In this rock fragments of diabase with epidote, grains of plagioclase, of microline, and of quartz, have been noticed. VIIL— ROCKS OF MARION ISLAND. Marion Island ' and Prince Edward Island belong to the same group. They were discovered in 1772 by the French navigator Marion du Fresne, who named Marion Island " lTle de l'Espe'rance," in the hope that this island should prove an outlying sentinel of the Antarctic continent. In 1776 Cook sailed between the two islands, and, not knowing the names given by du Fresne, called them " Prince Edward Islands," which designation is still retained for the northern and the smaller of the two. From that time to the present both islands have been much frequented by whalers and sealers. Sir James Ross, in his Antarctic voyage, passed in view of these rocky islands, and described the black volcanic peaks of Prince Edward Island. Marion Island, the larger of the two, and on which alone an opportunity of landing was afforded to the naturalists of the Challenger, is 33 miles round ; its shape is an irregular parallelogram, about 1 1 miles in length, 8 in extreme breadth, and about 80 square miles in area. The highest point is about 4,250 feet above the sea level. It 1 For the natural history of this group, see Moscley, Notes of a Naturalist, p. 1GP> ; Narr. Chall. Exp., vol. i. ; Buchanan, Proc. Roy. Soc, vol. xxiv. p. 388. REPORT ON THE PETROLOGY OF OCEANIC ISLANDS. 105 lies between the parallels of 46° 48' and 46° 56' S. latitude, and the meridians of 37° 35' and 37° 54' E. longitude. The island seems to be entirely volcanic. The highest land is in the centre, and irregular slopes lead down to the sea on all sides. These slopes are of very moderate inclinations, and are broken in numerous places by shallow valleys bounded by cliffs where the more ancient flows of lava have suffered denudation. These valleys are now occupied by more recent lava-flows, which still retain their rough pinnacled upper surface. Further, all over the slopes and summits are scattered irregularly numerous small cones, formed mostly of conspicuously red scoriae. The lava presents in many places in the cliffs a columnar structure. Some sand gathered on the shores of a small fresh-water lake near the sea was full of augite and olivine crystals.1 In attempting to reach the actual upper limit of vegetation, Mr. Buchanan made some geological observations, and collected some specimens of the rocks which will be hereafter described. The ascent was up the bed of a small stream, which lay at the verge of one of the modern lava-flows, where it abutted on a low cliff exposing a more ancient flow in section. The more recent flow had a very gradual inclination of not more than 8°. The stream was found to flow over an apparently very recent stream of black cellular lava, the ripples and eddies in which were still perfectly fresh, except in the very centre, where they had suffered some slight abrasion. This lava was basaltic and contained much olivine. Close by the bed of the stream rose several red conical hills. One of these, the highest within reach, consisted of a heap of loose scoriae dis- posed in layers, dipping away on all sides at a regular and very steep angle. Few of these pieces of scoriae were more than six inches in diameter. At the top was a perfectly conical pit, and slightly below the summit, on the north side, were three smaller and similar pits. The scoriae of which the hill is made up consisted of a highly cellular red ground-mass, with indications of augite, without, however, any perfect crystals being discernible. Besides the red scoriae, there were some of a chocolate- brown colour, with frothy exterior and compact kernel, resembling almond-shaped volcanic bombs. Besides this hill, there were five or six others precisely similar in appearance and rising out of the same valley. From the top of the hills this valley or depression could be seen to be bounded, towards the interior, by a semi-circular cliff of rocks, in some parts columnar, and open to the sea. Above this cliff rose the snow- covered cones and peaks of the interior, which seemed to be similarly formed to those of the lower ground. On leaving the stream-bed and returning to the eastward over the spur of the mountain, the cliff was found to consist of a light-grey compact doleritic rock.2 All the rocks which were collected at Marion Island by Mr. Buchanan, and which 1 Moseley, Notes of a Naturalist, p. 164. 2 Narr. Cball. Exp., vol. i. pp. 300, 301. (PHYS. CHEM. CHALL. EXP. — PART VII.— 1889.) 14 106 THE VOYAGE OF H.M.S. CHALLENGER. we have examined, belong to the felspathic basalts ; the various specimens differ only in colour, or in the more or less vesicular texture. We will describe first the rocks formina- the volcanic cones near the small stream already mentioned. Amongst these, red or black scorise are the most frequent. Their surface is very vesicular, the interior part more compact, and having a somewhat waxy lustre. With the naked eye, crystals and grains of olivine are seen scattered through the rock. Microscopical examination shows a vitreous fundamental mass, with lamellae of plagioclase, the extinctions of which are about 40°, indicating a mixture near anorthite. There are large sections of olivine without any noteworthy peculiarity, the characteristics of this mineral being those which it generally presents in the basaltic rocks. These sections show a perfect cleavage following the base, and are often crowded with trichites. What seems to characterise the crystals of augite is that they very often occur in groups of several individuals, joined with their vertical axes ; this is one of the most striking peculiarities of this mineral in the rock under description. Magnetite is present here as in all the specimens from Marion Island. The base is speckled with globulites and trichites ; this vitreous matter is often partially decomposed into a brownish palagonitic matter. The black lava forming the bed of the little stream explored by Mr. Buchanan is generally compact in some places, however vesicular ; its grain is that of dolerite. This rock is spotted with white points, and contains macroscopic olivine. Under the microscope it shows the structure and the composition of a felspathic basalt, and resembles in every particular the rocks already described. Augite is present only in very small grains, which are not always easily distinguished from olivine. However, the crystals of this last mineral, even when very small, contain almost always vitreous inclusions of hexagonal or rhombic shape, their outhnes being parallel to those of the section ; these regular inclusions are not to be observed in the small sections of augite. A rock labelled "recent lava" has the same macroscopic characters as that just described, but contains even less augite than the preceding specimen. There must be some augitic microliths in the ground-mass, but it is difficult to give any definite determination on account of the opacity of the base. The plagioclases are lamellar, and extinguish under large angles. Very often these plagioclase crystals surround the olivine sections, and are parallel to the outlines of the latter. Olivine does not show the prismatic faces ; the sections are always rhombic. A volcanic bomb collected near the conical hills already mentioned is 10 centimetres by 5, its shape being elliptical ; this bomb is reddish brown, rather compact. With the naked eye crystals of olivine and augite are seen embedded in the ground-mass. Microscopical examination shows that this rock is a felspathic basalt. In a brownish base are embedded crystals of plagioclase, olivine, and augite. These minerals are almost always porphyritic; microliths of felspar and of augite are hidden in the ground- REPORT ON THE PETROLOGY OF OCEANIC ISLANDS. 107 mass. Some crystals of plagioclase are Carlsbad twins : two individuals, tabular following M, are elongated following the edge PjM, the outlines of these sections being the traces of the faces of p and x. The two individuals are joined on the face M, the trace of p of one of the individuals coinciding with the trace of x of the other. Other sections show at the same time twinning following the albite, Carlsbad, and Baveno laws. The extinction, measured from the trace of the polysynthetic lamellae, is about 45°, — thus this felspar is a mixture very near anorthite. Large sections of augite are slightly greenish ; they do not present any noteworthy peculiarity. Olivine has rarely crystallographic outlines ; in some cases the sections of this mineral show the traces of a very obtuse and large dome, and the outlines are very like regular hexagons, but generally the sections present a very corroded aspect. IX.— NOTES ON THE ROCKS OF KERGUELEN ISLAND. These notes on the rocks of Kerguelen Island are intended to be essentially litho- logical, but geological and topographical features will require notice in so far as they throw light upon the lithological description of this volcanic island. We do not require to touch upon the history of early explorations of the island, a history centring round the name of the illustrious navigator Cook, to whom we owe the most exact, but by no means complete, data regarding the island up to the visit of Sir James C. Ross in 1840. The numerous visits of the South Sea whalers added nothing to definite knowledge, and to Ross we owe the first geological observations on the island. MacCormick at the same time devoted himself to the natural history of the region, while the flora was studied by Hooker. Sir James Ross landed at Christmas Harbour, explored the neighbouring region, and greatly increased our knowledge of it. On the north-west coast also Hooker and MacCormick made their observations. After this memorable cruise many years passed away before another expedition landed on the island. The Challenger touched there in 1874 in order to make arrangements for the British astronomers who were to establish themselves in that locality to observe the transit of Venus. Almost at the same time the " Gazelle " landed the German observing party, who were stationed there for three and a half months for the same purpose. Shortly afterwards the " Volage " arrived with the party of British astronomers under the charge of Father S. J. Perry. To this party we owe some observations on the south coast, but to the present day the west coast is unexplored, and the centre of the island almost unknown. This ignorance is due to the difficulties of exploration in the marshes and peat-bogs of the interior, amongst the fogs and snows, the torrents and ice-fields, and the terrible storms 108 THE VOYAGE OF H.M.S. CHALLENGER. which burst upon the western coast. Add to these the extremely rigorous climate, and some idea may be formed of the difficulties opposed to the scientific investigation of a land the climatological conditions of which have justly earned for it the name of " Isle of Desolation." In addition to the early geological work of MacCormick and Hooker, already incidentally alluded to, we only possess a very few contributions to the lithological constitution of Kerguelen. The rocks collected by the German expedition have been made the subject of a detailed description by Professor J. Roth.1 The topography of the peninsula on which the German observatory was erected has been studied by Dr. Th. Studer,2 and he has given geological details of the rocks described by Professor Roth. Mr. Buchanan 3 published his geological notes, taken during the Challenger's visit, and Mr. Moseley4 described the natural history of the island. The chapter devoted to Kerguelen in the Narrative of the Cruise 5 may be held as reasonably complete with regard to the fauna and flora of the island, and the geology of those parts visited by the Challenger's staff. These notes are specially devoted to the description of the numerous rock-specimens collected by Mr. Buchanan and others at various points in the island. We have also thought it advisable to condense here all the more important statements regarding the geology of Kerguelen scattered through the writings cited above. Like most oceanic islands, Kerguelen is essentially of volcanic formation. Sedi- mentary strata, properly so called, are hardly represented at all. The accumulation of erupted material forms, one might almost say, the entire mass of the island. Before proceeding to the description of the rocks, we will sketch out those physical features of the island which have a bearing on the facts to be considered. The Kerguelen group is composed of 130 large and small islands, and 160 rocks. They are grouped round the central island, and are situated in the centre of the South Indian Ocean, nearly half-way between Africa and Australia, and some hundreds of miles south of the route of the clippers which round the Cape of Good Hope on the Australian passage. Its position is approximately 50° S. and 70° E., thus corresponding 1 J. Roth, Ueber die Gesteine von Kerguelenland, Monatsber. d. k: preuss. Alcad. d. Wiss. Berlin, 1875, pp. 723-735. 2 Th. Studer, Geologische Beobachtungen aiif Kerguelenland, Zcitsch: d. deulsclt. geol. Gesellsch., 1878, pp. 327-350. 3 J. Y. Buchanan, On Chemical and Geological Work done on board H.M.S. Challenger, Proc. Eoy. Sue, vol. xxiv. pp. 617-622, 1876. 4 H. N. Moseley, Notes of a Naturalist on the Challenger, pp. 184-215. The author cites several memoirs on the natural history of Kerguelen. 6 Narr. Chall. Exp., vol. i. pp. 332-360. See also Relation de deux voyages dans les mers australes, par M. de Kerguelen, Paris, 1782; J. C. Ross, Voyage in the Southern and Antarctic Regions, vol. i. chap, iv., 1847; Die Vermessungsarbeiten S.M.S. "Gazelle" an die Kiisten der Kerguelen Inselgruppe (Ann. des Hydrogr. und Marit. Meteor., 1875, pp. 354-365) ; Rev. S. J. Perry, Report on the Meteorology of Kerguelen Island, 1879 ; Account of the Penological, Botanical, and Zoological Collections made in Kergueleu's Land and Rodriguez during the Transit of Venus Expedition, Loudon, 1879, Phil. Trans., vol. clxviii. I,7r!l, 111 111! IPIEiillliiiS11'1'1 ii'imii 110 THE VOYAGE OF H.M.S. CHALLENGER. closely in longitude with the island of Rodriguez, the Maldives, and Bombay. The greatest length of the island is about 85 miles, its maximum breadth 79, but its area does not exceed 2,050 square miles. This small extent of area may be understood on taking into account the deep indentations of the coast ; there is perhaps no other place on the globe where the coast-line is so extended compared with the area. Fifteen great peninsulas run out from the main portion of the island, and numerous deep gulfs penetrate it, cutting the coast-line into long narrow fjords. These are similar in all essentials to those of Norway ; they are bounded by cliffs rising perpendicularly, and shutting in an arm of the sea often narrowed at its opening. Royal Sound and Rhodes Bay present classic examples of these extraordinary sinuosities of coast-line. The actual island is only the skeleton, one might say, of a great region on which the phenomena of oscillation and denudation have left a profound imprint. The deep-sea soundings in the neighbourhood of the land lead inevitably to this conclusion, as they show the portion above water to be the summit of a great submarine plateau. Sir J. C. Ross got soundings of 70 to 80 fathoms for a distance of over 100 miles to the north-east of Cape Francis ; the Challenger found no depths exceeding 50 or 60 fathoms for 45 miles to the north of Cape Digby ; and between Kerguelen and Heard Island the depth ranges between 80 and 150 fathoms. The "Gazelle" obtained 125 fathoms 40 miles west of Cape Bligh and also 80 miles north of Swain Island. From the results of soundings, it seems probable that Heard Island is the terminal peak, situated at the southern extremity of the chain of submarine table-lands which connects it with Kerguelen. A glance at the chart also shows that the mountain chains of this land are directed north-west and south-east, and that the lofty summit of Heard Island is 260 miles south-east of Mount Ross, the culminating point of the lines of hills which traverse Kerguelen. Taking all these details into account, we must conclude that the two islands belong to the same topographical system, the connecting links being hidden by the waters. The erosion, which has left its traces everywhere ; the glacial phe- nomena, marking their destructive action on the rocks ; the oscillations of the ground, testified abundantly by the strata ; the action of atmospheric agencies, and even biological facts, combine to give support to the view which presents Kerguelen as the relic of a great land. A chain of mountains with elevated plateaux traverses Kerguelen from north-west to south-east, and at its southern extremity Mount Ross, the highest peak in the island, rises near the sea. The terraces in the centre, rising to 1500 or 2000 feet, are covered with snow-fields, and glaciers, of less extent now than formerly, are found in several parts of the island. At Mount Richards, for instance, both slopes are covered with them ; here the glaciers come right down to the sea, while at other places they do not reach the water, showing rather a tendency to recede. This is the case at Whale Bay and also at Deutsches Bucht, but on the west coast there are several which come down REPORT ON THE PETROLOGY OF OCEANIC ISLANDS. Ill to the shore. The volcanic manifestations, which gave birth to Kerguelen Island, have now entered on a stage of repose. According to the fishermen, an active volcano still exists on the west coast, and in this region also mineral oils and thermal springs are found. Low plains are absent, as in all volcanic islands, and valleys with a flat bottom are uncommon. The heights run in lines forming chains, and the small extent of plain is also covered with rocks or mounds connected together. The tabular form is most common for the eminences with which Kerguelen is, in a certain sense, covered. These heights are cut into perpendicular-walled terraces. This arrangement is almost always observed in the case of ranges of hills not exceeding 1000 feet in height. The mountains are sometimes formed by the superposition of five or ten terraces, in other places as many as twenty have been counted. The terminal plateau and the terraces are covered with the debris and alteration-products of the volcanic masses, geodes from amygdaloidal rocks, and nodules of olivine, such as are found in basalt. What has been said applies particularly to the mountains near the coast. The less explored heights of the interior attain an altitude of about 1500 feet, and are composed of solid rocks carved and terraced like those of the coast. Mount Ross, with its double peak, and Mount Crozier belong to the mountains of the interior. According to Professor Eoth, these jagged summits are formed of two kinds of rock, — dolerite and trachyte. We shall now proceed to describe the different localities of the island from which specimens have been collected, indicating at the same time their principal topographical features and the local observations relating specially to the rocks under description. As we stated before, the north-east coast is the only one which has hitherto been explored. In the descriptions we shall follow the coasts, from Christmas Harbour at the northern extremity to Greenland Harbour on the south-east of the island. Describing in succession the rocks of each locality, we will specially lay stress on those parts of the island where the Challenger collected specimens. These localities are designated in our description by the names adopted in the chart of Kerguelen, accompanying this Report (Map V.). Starting from the northern extremity and going eastwards, Christmas Harbour is the first place we meet with. This bay was named by Cook, who anchored there on Christmas Day, 1776. It is a fine example of a Kerguelen fjord on a small scale, a deep indentation surrounded by mountains with perpendicular cliffs. On each side the land runs out in narrow precipitous promontories. At the northern part of the bay the ground falls more gradually, so that it is possible to land from a boat. At the point of the southern tongue of land stands the well-known Arch Rock, which was formerly united to the island. Now the waves have perforated the central part of this wall of rock, while its base and summit remain connected with the land, forming a natural arch leading to a pile of rocks surrounded by the waves. Above the 112 THE VOYAGE OF H.M.S. CHALLENGER. precipitous cliffs of the southern side of the bay an enormous mass of black basalt rises with perpendicular walls. As one can judge from the frontispiece to the Narrative of the Cruise, Christmas Harbour as a whole is a magnificent spectacle. The appearance is made particularly remarkable by the imposing mass of the rocks, and still more by the sharp contrast of the straight black cliff and the yellowish green vegetation covering the lower slopes.1 Christmas Harbour was examined by Eoss and the naturalists who accompanied him on his Antarctic expedition. The well-known fossil woods of Kerguelen were discovered here in an excavation named " Fossil Wood Cave," where Eoss found a tree trunk 7 feet in circumference. The fossil wood is silicified or calcified, and appears in the form of splinters or blocks, varying in colour from yellowish white to chocolate-brown and black. They are found in beds forming nearly horizontal layers of only a few feet thick, and composed of a soft, whitish, clayey matter filled with black particles resulting from the decomposition of vegetable matter. The fossil wood is sometimes found in trunks measuring a foot and a half in diameter. It occurs in different states of fossilisation ; sometimes it is silicified, at other times the bark is transformed into a brownish mass of greasy appearance, but crystalline in structure and effervescing with acids. Crystals of pyrites are sometimes found in the fossil wood. Tree trunks have also been observed, the interior of which is penetrated by the eruptive rocks with which this vegetable debris is associated, but the exterior preserves a fibrous appearance as in silicified wood, although the layer is very thin. With this clearly characterised vegetable debris, the genera of which can readily be determined,2 layers of vegetable origin are found transformed so completely into carbonaceous matter that it becomes difficult to recognise the vegetable tissue ; at the utmost some forms resembling Chara can be made out. According to Moseley, the intimate structure does not even appear with the microscope. These carbonaceous deposits are unsuited for burning, being mixed with a great deal of earthy matter, and often found associated with clayey deposits. Hooker stated long ago that these vegetable remains at Christmas Harbour did not belong to the modern epoch. We shall refer again to the geological conclusions to which the facts observed with regard to these deposits lead, and may mention here some other localities where they were found. Professor Eoth speaks of their presence on the slopes of the basaltic terraces of Mount Havergal which closes Christmas Bay. Above the doleritic basalt a rock of the same nature is found altered into a reddish argillaceous matter, and a layer of palagonitic tufa. This is overlaid by layers of one to two yards of schistoid material, decomposed into a whitish substance. These are formed of a matter resembling lignite and of fine grains of palagonite ; they are not 1 For the very interesting vegetation of Kerguelen, see the works of Hooker, and for that of Christmas Harbour and Table Mountain, in particular, Moseley 's Notes of a Naturalist, pp. 193 el seq. - According to Professor Carnoy, who has been good enough to examine the microscopic preparations, the fossil woods are certaiuly coniferous. REPORT ON THE PETROLOGY OF OCEANIC ISLANDS. 113 calcareous, and contain fossil wood enclosing crystals of calcite and analcime. Professor Both, following Bunsen,1 explains the presence of calcite by the decomposition into palagonite of the volcanic materials associated with these fossil plants. Another layer rests on this, formed also of palagonitic tufa, and containing fragments of fossil coniferous wood. In the zeolitic basalt, forming a cliff toward the south of Christmas Harbour, two beds of lignite occur at a height of 30 or 40 feet above sea level ; they are several feet thick, and stretch towards Arch Bock. Silicified tree trunks were seen, according to MacCormick, in the interior of this natural bridge. The lignite is schistoid, of a brownish black colour, and varies much in composition. In some places it is earthy and brittle, but in others it resembles the lignite of the Alps both in colour and fracture. According to Captain von Schleinitz, quoted by Professor Both, quite similar lignite is found in Breakwater Bay to the south of Cumberland Bay. To return now to the volcanic rocks of Christmas Harbour. From the position of the Challenger's anchorage the naturalists could easily make themselves acquainted with the disposition of the eruptive masses that border the bay. These form horizontal layers and beds that may be followed along the whole extent of the vertical cliffs which wall the fjord. Here, as in almost all the other parts of the island, the eminences are terraces with flat summits. The plateau extending to north and south of Christmas Harbour is broken by two mountains which rise above it ; to the north there is Table Mountain, to the south a hill not yet possessed of a special name ; it appears like an enormous block resting on the plateau. A part of these heights has been named Mount Havergal, but it is evident that they are all formed of super- imposed layers of basalt. The rocks rising above the horizontal beds of basalt and forming the highest points of the series of mountains, are of phonolitic nature, and similar to those which we shall describe in detail when speaking of Greenland Harbour. They traverse the horizontal beds of basalt, from which they differ in mineralogical character. Their eruption does not seem to have modified the arrange- ment of the beds which surround them. The latter, forming the principal massif of the region, are basaltic, and the beds are from 10 to 20 feet thick. These basalts are massive, but by climbing the heights one comes to certain layers, the rocks of which are vesicular and filled with zeolites (analcime and prismatic zeolites). These zeolitic minerals are very common in this part of the island, where they are often found as rounded grains in volcanic sand, with which their white colour affords a marked contrast. From base to summit a regular alternation may be traced of beds of compact sub-columnar basalt, and layers of the same material of a vesicular structure. These amygdaloidal rocks appear in two chief forms : one has very small and numerous vesicles, now completely filled with zeolites, the other has large cavities only lined by 1 Ann. Chein. Ph., 1862, p. 53. (PHYS. CHEM. CHALL. EXP. — FART VII. — 1889.) 1« 114 THE VOYAGE OF H.M.S. CHALLENGER. crystals. These zeolites are also frequently found in small veins in the rock. "We may say that generally the vesicles are filled with analcime, while a prismatic zeolite predominates in the fissures. The chain of hills on the south side of Christmas Harbour is higher than that to the north, and as the southern coast is much indented the stratification is clearly shown, and the superposition of basaltic layers in successive terraces becomes very apparent, especially in the promontories. It is noticeable that all the hills are about the same height, and the general impression left is that the whole formerly consisted of a great plateau which has been deeply trenched by valleys descending towards the sea. This plateau is surmounted by high peaks, so closely resembling recent volcanoes in form that Mr. Buchanan thought they were volcanic cones until a closer examination showed them to be formed of horizontal strata like the plateau on which they stand. This seems to indicate that these peaks are nothing but portions of a higher plateau which have escaped the erosive action of the ice. The greater number of basaltic rock specimens from Christmas Harbour are characterised by a doleritic structure. To the naked eye they are black, with crystalline grains, homogeneous in appearance, and with a plane fracture. The lens shows felspar. Sometimes they are a little scoriaceous, and show a tendency to assume an amygdaloidal texture, half-formed crystals of olivine and augite standing out. When the vesicular texture is more pronounced, the ground-mass retains the same appearance, its very numerous geodes being filled entirely with compact zeolitic matter of which the species cannot be clearly distinguished. The globules of zeolites generally vary from some millimetres to half a centimetre ; they sometimes attain the size of 1 or 2 centimetres, but in this case they form true geodes, and the crystals lining the cavity are generally fibro-radial or prismatic. Microscopic examination shows that these dolerites are formed of plagioclase and olivine enclosed in grains of augite, which are moulded upon the other constituent elements. These rather large crystals of olivine are often serpentinised, and sometimes give rise to a microporphyritic structure. The crystals of plagioclase are twinned according to the albite law, less often to that of pericline, and more rarely still they show the twin of Baveno. Extinctions of about 30° have been measured on sections which clearly present the strise of the pericline and albite twins. The augite sections interposed between the felspathic lamellae are large, but very seldom bounded by crystallographic contours, and usually very pleochroic. When the colour is less deep, the augite at first sight is difficult to distinguish from olivine, but as the latter mineral is usually altered, it is easy to distinguish it from the intact augite. Magnetic iron is represented by small sections derived from the octohedron, or by little rods. REPORT ON THE PETROLOGY OF OCEANIC ISLANDS. 115 These dolerites are rarely free from alteration ; microscopic sections show that they are almost always penetrated by delessite, which even invades the crystals of plagioclase, and they are further often covered with hydrate of iron ; grains of red hematite, also, are often seen. As we said when speaking of the macroscopic characters of these rocks, they are often amygdaloidal and filled with zeolites ; chabasite is the most important of these, either completely filling the vesicles or lining their walls. Fine-grained felspathic basalts were also collected at Christmas Harbour. The specimens examined were taken from a bed above sea-level in the northern part of this locality. Viewed by the naked eye these rocks are black, very compact, breaking with a plane fracture, and sometimes presenting large crystals of felspar and olivine. In some cases the rocks are altered, and take a greyish tint ; the olivine decomposes into a greenish substance like steatite, and the felspar into kaolin. These altered rocks are often clothed with a thick coating of fibrous zeolite. Under the microscope these rocks are seen to be felspathic basalts ; olivine is the only microporphyritic constituent. The larger sections of this mineral are transformed internally into a fibrous greenish dichroic matter, which is perhaps chlorite, possibly even a mica ; a brownish frame surrounds the olivine crystals. The ground-mass, in which quadratic sections of magnetite abound, is formed of small grains of augite and opalised felspar microliths. The microscopic vesicles are bordered with fibro-radial delessite, the centre being filled with analcime, and in certain cases by a fibro-radial zeolite. The olivine of a fine-grained basalt from the same place, and closely resembling that just described, presents interesting peculiarities. It appears in grouped granules, imitating to some extent the peridotic chondres of meteoric rocks. Fig. 19 represents these groupings of F'?- ™-" °f "^ Harb™r- ° ■■■ o j. o Grouped granules of olivine, lmitat- olivine grains, which are numerous enough in this rock ing the form of this mineral in the o o chondres or meteorites, ^u crossed to form a characteristic feature. mcols- Another basaltic rock, from a bed 400 feet above the coast, shows some noteworthy peculiarities. The ground-mass is black and compact ; large crystals of felspar and olivine appear in it, and the fracture is irregular. Microscopic examination shows that it is a felspathic basalt like those already described, but while in the former case it was olivine which gave these rocks a microporphyritic structure, here large sections of plagio- clase produce this feature. They stand out from a ground-mass of grains of augite, felspathic microliths, and granules of olivine. These large crystals of plagioclase present a character sometimes shown by anorthite and certain albites ; their sections appeal- almost free from hemitropic striae. It is well known that the felspars which form the beginning and the end of the plagioclastic series have generally less numerous stria? 116 THE VOYAGE OF H.M.S. CHALLENGER. than the intermediate links. In the present case we cannot explain this rarity of polysynthetic twins by the fact of the sections being cut parallel to the face M ; they are usually cut, on the contrary, perpendicular to the edge P/k, for cleavages following P and M may be observed. In some sections following P extiuctions have been measured, their value varying from 38° to 42° ; this felspar is thus akin to anorthite. The microliths of the ground-mass, on the contrary, must be referred to labradorite. It is unnecessary to do more than allude to some partly decomposed basaltic rocks which exhibit the usual alteration of basalts ; it may simply be noticed that the formation of zeolites often goes on simultaneously with a considerable deposition of siliceous matter, and that the latter, in some cases, takes the place of the plagioclase. A volcanic conglomerate from the summit of a hill at the south of Christmas Harbour is formed of palagonitic tufa. The black, compact, shining splinters of basalt, varying from 1 to 2 centimetres in diameter, are enclosed in a brownish mass ; small whitish layers of zeolites have formed around the lapilli. The brown material has the well-known resinoid character of palagonitic tufas. Opal is sometimes deposited on the rock, and often passes into cascholong. Microscopic examination shows that this tufa is formed of an aggregation of brown vitreous granules. These fragments frequently change to a yellow colour at the edges, without showing any alteration to red, or the characteristic fractures and the phenomena of polarisation, which often accompany the most advanced decomposition of the vitreous matter of these tufas. These amorphous patches are always isotropic. Plagioclase and olivine have crystallised from the magma ; no augite is to be seen, the rapid cooling of the paste accounting for the absence of this mineral. The sections of felspar are often prismatic, showing the striae of the albite twin, but usually this mineral crystallises in little lamellae with rhombic outlines, and so thin that several of them are superimposed in the thickness of the preparation. These small rhombic tables show traces of the faces P and x ; sometimes they appear as disymmetric hexagons ; in this case the face y is added to the preceding. Olivine is generally well crystallised, and its sections usually appear wTith rhombic out- lines and inclusions of vitreous matter at the centre. This species sometimes shows crystals joined with parallel axes so as to form groups of several individuals. Magnetite is rather rare, appearing as inclusion in olivine. Vesicles in the vitreous mass contain delessite. The zeolitic substance, cementing the lapilli, forms fibro-radiating layers, which might be classed as natrolite, but the brightness of the polarisation colours seems to indicate the presence of chalcedony penetrating this zeolite. The rocks forming hills about Christmas Harbour are traversed by dykes, from which Mr. Buchanan collected several specimens. One of these represents a compact basalt in which the naked eye can only distinguish olivine in a blackish shining crystalline mass. Near its contact with the adjoining rock the texture becomes closer, and the basalt passes into the vitreous variety ; to this portion of the rock are joined REPORT ON THE PETROLOGY OF OCEANIC ISLANDS. 117 basaltic lapilli cemented by a palagouitic matter. The microscope shows that this zone of contact, which resembles tachylite, is essentially composed of a vitreous base containing olivine and small rhombic tables of plagioclase, similar to those just referred to as occurring in the palagonitic tufas. The vitreous part, resulting from the rapid cooling of the eruptive rock in contact with the surrounding mass, can be observed in the microscopic preparations joined to the rock forming the central part of the vein. This more crystalline zone is composed of the same minerals ; the plagioclase crystals, however, take another form : instead of the tabular sections just referred to, they are prismatic, and often in the shape of skeletons forked at two extremities. Augite is not developed in it, but the brownish glass is darker, and it is filled with trichites and spherulites. Olivine often occurs in twinned crystals, which are sometimes sharply outlined by crystallographic lines in one part of the section, and in the other part shade off into worn and irregular forms. The large sections of olivine in this rock are often enclosed in felspathic lamellae. On the other hand, the felspathic microliths are surrounded by sections of olivine, which, from this point of view, seems to play the same part as augite does in many basalts. To return for a moment to the rhombic tables of plagioclase, which are confined to the vitreous zone in contact with the surrounding rock. It is natural to suppose that the development of these tabular crystals is in relation with a particular state of consistence of the lava where they were formed. These tabular crystals of plagioclase show the faces P and x, and sometimes those of y. The angle of extinction measured on the face M is negative, and about 32°. This observation suffices to show that this felspar is allied to bytownite. The coal-beds of this part of the island are associated with schistoid rocks, which resemble certain slaty rocks. At first sight one would mistake them for slates of slight fissility. Their colour is purplish, and the surface shines like some clays, but they are harder, and the streak is not lustrous. No constituents can be discerned by the naked eye. The microscope proves their volcanic nature, and that they belong to the eruptions which poured out trachytic lavas. In ordinary light small prisms of augite and grains of magnetite are seen in a colourless and homogeneous ground-mass. With polarised light a rather large number of sanidine sections are seen in the prepara- tion. They sometimes assume the form of elongated lamellae, but they are generally placed with their widest faces parallel to the cleavage of the rock. Sections parallel to M often show the Carlsbad twin with k as the plane of composition ; sometimes the two twinned individuals are not entirely superposed over the whole extent of the face M. The crystals are generally broken up, and present undulating extinction, induced by the mechanical strain to which the schistose character of the rock is also due. The whole mass seems to have been penetrated by chalcedony. The hills situated to the north of Christmas Harbour, and reaching an altitude of 118 THE VOYAGE OF H.M.S. CHALLENGER. 1200 feet, are designated Table Mountain. Eoss discovered at the top an oval crater- like depression, the long axis of which measured about 100 feet. These heights are formed, like the others already described, of horizontal basaltic layers, but in this case they do not make up the whole mass. Pre-existing hillocks of pale grey rock were surrounded by the lava-flows, contrasting in colour with the black encasing rock. When speaking of Greenland Harbour we shall describe with greater detail the relations and the aspect of these masses surrounded by the basalt, as in both localities the same state of things occurs, and the observations recorded by Mr. Buchanan in that region are more explicit from the present point of view than those available for Table Mountain. Here we limit ourselves to the consideration of the most interesting rocks of the latter region. According to Mr. Buchanan, the basalt assumes a columnar structure and contains great nodules of olivine. The summit of the hill is covered with fragments of basalt which are broken prisms. All the specimens which we have examined from Table Mountain belong to the basaltic series. We will describe them in the order in which they were collected by Mr. Buchanan when he climbed the hill. A doleritic rock is first found at the height of about 500 feet above the sea. This appears compact to the naked eye, but crystalline grains may be distinguished. Very small vesicles are scattered through the mass, which is furrowed by long cavities from one to two centimetres in diameter lined with clearly defined crystals of chabasite. Red oxide of iron penetrates the rock in certain points. Microscopic examination shows that this dolerite is entirely impregnated with a greenish secondary mineral. The crystals of olivine which formerly existed are now only recognisable by the outlines of the sections ; the interior is entirely converted into this green matter. The plagioclase also is so much altered that it no longer shows polysynthetic striation between crossed nicols ; it is so penetrated by delessite that only a very narrow frame of felspar surrounds the sections. The augite appears to have resisted decom- position better, as a rule ; reddish sections of it, giving the optical reactions of this pyroxene, are to be seen enclosed between the plagioclastic lamella?. It is sometimes partly covered by an opaque brownish matter which surrounds and accentuates the crystalline outlines. This opaque matter is formed of elongated or slightly-curved black filaments resembling trichites or crystallites of magnetite. At the height of 1000 feet, about 10 feet below the terminal plateau, Mr. Buchanan found a specimen of a granular rock, in which crystals of felspar could be distinguished by the unaided eye ; its colour is light green by alteration, and its fracture irregular. Microscopically it appears to be a much altered dolerite. As in the preceding rock, olivine has almost entirely disappeared, but plagioclase in large lamelke and augite have better resisted decomposition. Spherules of chalcedony and chabasite are developed in the pores. Silica has also penetrated the felspar, and the plagioclase thus assumes REPORT ON THE PETROLOGY OF OCEANIC ISLANDS. 119 brilliant colours of polarisation. A greenish secondary product covering a considerable part of the preparation appears, and sometimes assumes a vermicular form very like that of helminth. Two specimens of basalt were collected on the summit of Table Mountain. One of these was taken from a bed the rocks of which showed columnar structure. It is a very compact bluish black basalt, with a plane fracture, and contains large inclusions of olivine. Under the microscope the rock is very fine-grained, and in the ground-mass greenish brown augite crystalloids predominate, embedded in plagioclastic lamellae. Fragments of olivine detached from a large inclusion of a peridotic rock are also to be seen. Rather large patches, composed exclusively of augite grains, are sometimes to be observed. The bottle-green nodules of olivine, enclosed in this basalt, are formed by an aggregation of minerals which corres- ponds to lherzolite (see fig. 20). Olivine forms the principal mass of this inclusion, its grains appearing irregular, colourless, and split up without a trace of definite cleavage (a). A lamellar rhombic pyroxene is associated with this mineral; its colour is light green, and it is probably en- statite (b). Finally, transparent brown isotropic sections of picotite and greenish augite (c) are embedded without crystalline outlines amongst the minerals already mentioned, moulding themselves upon them Another preparation from one of the peridotic nodules of the Table Mountain basalt shows a slightly different composition. In this case the rock appears to be formed only of olivine, the aggregated grains of which have experienced a slight serpentinisation along the cracks. The second specimen from the upper part of the mountain is, like that briefly described above, an ordinary black, compact, fine-grained basalt, in which the eye can detect nothing but grains of olivine. The ground-mass is formed of small plagioclastic lamellae, not much lengthened, and of brownish granules of augite with which magnetite is associated. Large fragments of olivine without crystalline outlines give the rock a microporphyritic structure. One cannot help recognising these fragments of olivine as foreign inclusions, and similarly a like origin must be admitted for the large sections of chromite which the rock contains. These may be as much as two to three millimetres in diameter ; they are very irregular in outline, and often surrounded by a zone of magnetite. FlO. 20.— Basalt of Table Mountain. Microscopic section of an inclusion in this rock. The inclusion is formed {«) of olivine in cracked, colourless, irregular grains ; (6) rhombic pyroxene, lamellated, and light green in colour ; (c) greenish grains of augite. The inclusion also contains brownish sections of chromite or picotite, which are not figured. 5'5 crossed nicols. 120 THE VOYAGE OF H.M.S. CHALLENGER. A volcanic bomb from Table Mountain is formed of a medium-grained, greenish black rock, reddened on the surface, and furrowed with long hollows full of large crystals of chabasite. Under the microscope it is seen to be formed of a slightly transparent greyish mass speckled with grains of magnetite. This ground-mass, which cannot well be analysed even under the highest powers, has an indistinct structure which may be compared to marbling. Skeletons of felspar forked at both extremities appear in this ground-mass. These plagioclastic sections are sometimes larger, and in that case are almost always cracked in every direction, and appear in parts converted into chalcedony. The olivine is decomposed into serpentine, and augite does not appear to be present. A fragment of altered vitreous basalt may be mentioned, finally, amongst the specimens from this locality. The rock has a reddish brown colour, is scoriaceous, and very much decomposed, some parts passing into palagonite, others being almost earthy. The rock is entirely impregnated with iron, and is transformed into palagonitic matter in the last stage of decomposition. The ground-mass is brownish and opaque, filled with colourless microliths of felspar which are aggregated in star-like groups. Like the larger crystals to be described, the microliths are entirely converted into zeolites. The larger sections of plagioclase have retained their form only, and give the optical reactions of zeolites. Some small and very distinct sections of olivine also appear, filled with zeolitic crystals, and the latter are developed in the cracks of the rock as well. Other sections of olivine are less profoundly decomposed, being only impregnated by ferruginous matter and products of alteration along the fissures. If augite exist in this rock, it must be entirely disguised by the products of its alteration. A few crystals of apatite have been observed. A specimen from Arch Rock may be described before considering the rocks of Cumberland Bay. This natural arcade forms the extremity of the southern headland enclosing Christmas Harbour. The specimen examined is a black dolerite, coloured greenish by alteration, of moderately fine grain, and breaking with an unequal fracture. Its microscopic structure is that of a characteristic dolerite ; lamellas of plagioclase are enclosed in reddish grains of augite, which constitute, so to speak, the cement of the rock. Large crystals of olivine, retaining their crystallographic form, but largely altered into serpentine, are observable. Delessite has been developed at many points ; its sections appear generally triangular, or with straight lines, the outlines of this green secondary matter being usually defined by the intercrossed lamellas of plagioclase, which themselves are more or less penetrated by delessite. The latter mineral also lines the geodes, in the centre of which calcite has crystallised. Arch Rock has also yielded amygdaloidal specimens with fibre-radial zeolites closely resembling those of Christmas Harbour. REPORT ON THE PETROLOGY OF OCEANIC ISLANDS. 121 Cumberland Bay is the first important indentation of the coast to the south-west of Christmas Harbour, but as neither the Challenger nor the "Gazelle" Expeditions collected rock specimens from this deep and narrow fjord, our geological knowledge of it is limited to the observations of Ross. He states that a hill 300 to 400 feet in height, formed of a basaltic conglomerate and terminating in a crater, stands at the head of the bay. Veins of an amphibolic rock are injected through the mass. On the south there is a bed of carbonaceous matter 1 0 feet wide and 1 foot thick, covered by an amygdaloidal rock. A little farther south another bed of coal, two feet thick, appears. The schistoid rocks at the north of Cumberland Bay show impressions oifucus. Ross describes the rocks of the bay as " trap," an expression which may apply to basalt or to more or less amygdaloidal dolerite. Buchanan observed that, although geodiferous rocks are very common in this part of the island, the nature of the geodes differs in various localities. At Cumber- land Bay the cavities are filled with quartz crystals ; at Howe's Island, of which we shall speak presently, chalcedony and agate predominate ; on the other hand, the amygdaloidal cavities of the basalt are lined or filled chiefly with zeolites. To sum up, quartz crystals seem to be confined to Cumberland Bay ; zeolites are chiefly found at Christmas Harbour, while Mr. Buchanan observed none at Howe's Island or Betsy Cove. The bay of Rhodes is shut in between Bismarck Peninsula and the large island of Prince Adalbert, and there amygdaloidal basalts occur, some specimens of which we have examined. The cavities are filled with chabasite, the rocks themselves much altered, of a greyish colour, and entirely impregnated with zeolites, the constituent minerals not being apparent to the naked eye. Microscopic examination shows that these fine-grained rocks are composed of plagioclastic lamella?, augite, magnetite, and several black opaque elements ; but they contain little or no olivine. The microscopic vesicles are filled with closely-packed grains of chabasite. Professor Roth mentions the occurrence at Port Marie in Rhodes Bay, Prince Adalbert Island, of some amygdaloidal dolerites with nodules of quartz and chalcedony with coatings of the same minerals showing impressions of the rhombohedron of calcite — \ R. Calcite and zeolites are also observed in these rocks. At a height of 500 feet a doleritic basalt decomposing into a ferruginous red clay is found. To the north, and almost at the entrance of Rhodes Bay, is Howe's Island, long supposed to be a peninsula. It was visited by the Challenger naturalists, who found amygdaloidal rocks in the north-east, the geodes of which were exclusively filled with agate. The hill summits were strewn with these nodules, which remained in their places after the containing rock had decomposed. Amongst the rocks of this island, those may be described which form the top of (PHTS. CHEM. CHALL. EXP. — PART VII. — 1889.) 16 122 THE VOYAGE OF H.M.S. CHALLENGER. the chain of hills visible from the Challenger's anchorage. The specimens which we examined must have been collected as fragments, as their contours are rounded. They are greyish in colour, somewhat coarse-grained, contain augite and felspar visible to the naked eye, also many zeolites, and greenish specks of a secondary substance, probably delessite. Microscopical examination confirms the macroscopical determination of this rock as a coarse-grained dolerite. The plagioclase is transformed into chalcedony and micaceous matter. The augite is purplish and without crystallographic outlines. Titaniferous iron is very abundant, appearing in the preparations as elongated or irregular rods. Olivine seems to have almost entirely disappeared, hardly any trace of it remaining. In the cracks of the rock colourless patches are to be seen which give scarcely sensible chromatic polarisation, and are obviously of zeolitic nature. These zeolites are usually framed by a zone of delessite which lines the cavities with a mammillated coating. Hematite is also a somewhat common mineral. Fine-grained basalts were also found on the summits of these hills. These are black and compact, and crystals of augite, plagioclase, and olivine may be distinguished by the lens. Microscopically the rock appears to be a felspathic basalt, the ground-mass being made up of microliths of felspar, grains of augite, and magnetite. In this there appear large sections of olivine and augite, and broad lamellae of much altered plagioclase. A second specimen of fine-grained basalt from the crest of the hills of Howe's Island shows a composition analagous to that described, only the microporphyritic element is almost exclusively plagioclase. The basalts just enumerated are traversed by a dyke of bluish black rock, in parts vesicular, and of medium grain. Examined with a lens it shows augite, plagioclase, and olivine entirely transformed into an almost earthy serpentinous mass with a slightly greasy lustre. The microscope shows the dyke to be composed of a felspathic basalt, resembling all those of the island which we have examined. The ground-mass is made up of small plagioclastic lamellae, microliths of augite, and crystallites of magnetite. Large sections of plagioclase, giving the extinctions of anorthite, appear in the mass. This plagioclase is finely striated, and is sometimes twinned according to the Baveno or pericline law ; at other times it is zonary, and very rich in brownish vitreous inclusions. The sections of magnetite sometimes attain pretty large dimensions, and, with the augite, determine the microporphyritic structure. We have mentioned that the summits of the hills of Howe's Island are strewed with geodes of agate. Mr. Buchanan observed that these nodules, derived from decomposed amygdaloidal rocks, are often worn on a part of their surface, as if they had been planed, while in other cases they are covered with very sharp striae. The planing of part of the surface may be looked upon as the result of glacial action. As we shall see farther on, this action must have been formerly exerted at Kerguelen on a far larger scale than is the case at present. REPORT ON THE PETROLOGY OF OCEANIC ISLANDS. 123 Proceeding towards the south-east we meet Bismarck Peninsula, which runs out, indented by numerous fjords, between Rhodes Bay and Whale Bay. The rocks collected here by the German expedition were examined by Professor Roth. He speaks of a mountain formed of doleritic rock on a very narrow headland at the western extremity. This hill has the terraced structure so often to be seen in Kerguelen. Other specimens from this locality are altered doleritic basalts of a greyish colour, and fine grained. In these the microscope shows crystals of augite, magnetite, and olivine embedded in a vitreous ground-mass. The eastern coast is deeply cut into by the bays of Sontags Harbour, Successful Harbour, and Port Palliser. Mount Palliser rises to the north of Sontags Harbour, and its terraces incline gradually towards the north-west as far as Cape Neumayer. These heights and those situated between Sonntags Harbour and Port Palliser are composed of amygdaloidal dolerites with chabasite, calcite, analcime on calcite, heulandite, geodes of chalcedony, and crystals of quartz. The great peninsula of Bismarck is bounded on the south by Whale Bay, at the head of which — named Kaiserbassin by the Germans — a river enters from the Lindenberg glacier. The bed of this watercourse is full of flat pebbles. The glacier terminates about six nautical miles from the shore in a wall of ice 75 feet high, the base being at an elevation of 350 feet above sea level. The whole valley was probably filled by this glacier at one time. Professor Roth enumerates amongst the stones of the valley, more or less altered doleritic basalts and amygdaloidal rocks, with brownish silica and geodes of zeolites, the latter being covered by a thin coating of delessite. Among the secondary minerals he mentions quartz, probably replacing natrolite, and also agate, calcite, and geodes of quartz. A trachytic rock, containing sanidine, augite, and magnetic iron, crops out at the mouth of the river, and at another place the same rock traverses doleritic basalt as a dyke from 180 to 250 feet thick. The Roon peninsula runs out between Irish Bay and Winterhafen. The rocks of the hills on this promontory are doleritic, and contain geodes of quartz and agate with a little calcite. The same rocks with identical secondary minerals appear again at Winter- hafen, and according to Professor Roth, a greyish sanidine rock also occurs. The hills of the extremity of Uebungs Bay — which is only the eastern extension of Winterhafen — are crowned with lakes, and the rocks are similar to those described above, yet one rock seems to contrast strongly with all others found in Kerguelen. Professor Roth says that in this locality the basalt traverses a greyish pyritiferous mass, which effervesces with acids, and contains much quartz and little felspar. The appearance of this rock recalled that of the dolomite of the schisto-crystalline series, but he acknowledged that there was difficulty in pronouncing as to its age. Professor Roth gives some details of the rocks of this part of Winterhafen, which enable us to recognise the same uniformity 124 THE VOYAGE OF H.M.S. CHALLENGER. of lithological constitution as we have already had occasion to notice at other parts of the island. A little farther along the coast to the west is Irish Bay ; it receives the river descending from the Naumann glacier, which stops at a distance of five nautical miles from the end of the bay. At the foot of the glacier doleritic basalts are found in situ ; these are sometimes amygdaloidal, and marked with glacial striae ; a trachytic rock enclosed in the basalt may also be observed. Foundry Bay succeeds that last mentioned. It is a fjord barely two-thirds of a mile wide at the entrance, with Gazelle Basin situated in its western angle, and Schonwetter Harbour at its eastern extremity. The rocks from the shores of this bay are doleritic basalts, with olivine and geodes of chabasite, quartz, and agate. Amygdaloidal dolerites, containing fine geodes of heulandite, quartz, and chalcedony, are found at Schonwetter Harbour. There are also fine-grained basalts, and tufas of the same lithological nature. Continuing towards the east we reach the most thoroughly known peninsula in Kerguelen, that named Observations Halbinsel by the German explorers, and made the object of a detailed topographical survey by Captain von Schleinitz, who commanded the " Gazelle." ' Dr. Th. Studer, naturalist to the German expedition, published a memoir full of facts regarding this part of the island. He remained for more than three months in the neighbourhood of Betsy Cove, and his work comprises a most complete set of observations on the topography and geological conditions. The latter are treated with special detail, comprehending the study of the basaltic and trachytic eruptive masses, the deposits formed by running water, glacial phenomena, erosion by sea and rivers, and recent oscillations of the ground. It is impossible to give an abstract of this work here, the reader must therefore refer to the original paper. We may, however, state the principal features of the physical geography of this peninsula, and summarise the chief varieties of rocks collected by Dr. Studer and determined by Professor Both. The Strauch hills, attaining a height of 1150 feet, and Castle Mount, with an eleva- tion of 1550 feet, stretch towards the west, and farther in the same direction lies the valley of Cascade Biver, one tributary of which flows from Lake Margot, another having its source a little farther north. Mount Crozier rises to 3000 feet at the south of Lake Margot. The peninsula on the north and east is simply a plain about 30 feet above sea level, covered with rolled pebbles, and diversified by lakes and marshes. On this plain, to the south of Accessible Bay, are situated the Tafelberg (275 feet), and three isolated summits — Mount Campbell (about 460 feet) lying farthest north, Mount Peeper (650 feet) next it, and to the south of these the crater-shaped Mount Bungary. In what follows we shall give special prominence to the observations of the British naturalists, which -only refer to the special point of Betsy Cove, where the Challenger 1 See Annakn der Hydrographie, Bd. ii. No. 19, p. 220, 1875. REPORT ON THE PETROLOGY OF OCEANIC ISLANDS. 125 anchored, and on the shores of which the explorers collected specimens. Mr. Buchanan observed that the hills here have the same structure as in the north, the eruptive sheets appearing in the form of horizontal layers. The hills, however, are farther from the coast, and a plain, broken only by Mount Campbell, extends from their base to Cape Digby. Mr. Moseley has drawn attention to the glacial phenomena in the neigh- bourhood of Betsy Cove. A series of roches moutonnees appeared to the north of the port where the Challenger anchored. Betsy Cove and the neighbouring fjord of Cascade Beach are two deep indentions opening into the great basin marked on the Admiralty chart as Accessible Bay. Here there also opens a large valley, running far into the country between two lofty chains of hills. The hills near this valley are rounded on the summit, probably by glacial action. According to Moseley, the whole region has been subjected to great denudation since it was glaciated, and the striaa and moraines must consequently have been obliterated to a great extent. Everything seems to show that the hills were cut out of a continuous sheet of volcanic rock, which formerly spread over the whole region ; the summits are capped with basalt, showing columnar structure in their sections. We shall first describe the compact coarser-grained specimens of basalt from Betsy Cove. They are black, with an unequal fracture, formed by an aggregation of crystal- line grains, amongst which yellowish patches of olivine, measuring half a centimetre, plagioclase, and augite may be detected by the unaided eye. Under the microscope large and sometimes very elongated microporphyritic sections of olivine appear. This mineral is decomposed into a yellowish matter, not showing the usual green tint of serpentine. The augite is transformed into a green substance, delessite or grengesite, which also tends to replace the felspar ; it is found in every hollow, and surrounds all the constituent minerals. The plagioclase crystals show an angle of extinction, which classes them as anorthite or some very basic felspar. Large sections sometimes show at the same time the albite and Carlsbad twins. The larger minerals are embedded in a network of small plagioclase crystals, augitic microliths, and decomposed grains of olivine. Other specimens from the same locality are finer grained, and also distinguished by a cellular structure. They are all greatly altered, some specimens so much so that they appear earthy, are covered with oxide of iron, and are frequently red, with whitish markings. The vesicles, from half a centimetre to a centimetre in diameter, are usually lined with well -formed crystals of chabasite. Doleritic structure does not appear when slices are examined microscopically ; microporphyritic structure is very rarely seen, and, when observed, is due to a larger development of crystals of plagioclase. These large sections of felspar are traversed by cracks, pervaded by a light-brown substance, presenting the characters of silica in the state of chalcedony or opal. The silica sometimes partly penetrates the mass of the felspar, but it is not found in this mineral only, as it occurs in all the holes, where it assumes a purplish or brownish 126 THE VOYAGE OF H.M.S. CHALLENGER. colour. The concretionary structure and brilliant polarisation colours distinguish it clearly from chabasite. Felspar alone is usually found retaining its natural colour ; augite is transformed into delessite or grengesite, and the olivine is covered with oxide of iron, or even filled with hematite, or else serpentinised. Chabasite, the rhombohedric forms of which are visible to the naked eye, fills all the vesicles with closely-packed grains. These react feebly between crossed nicols ; they show striations and twinnings, and the other phenomena which have been particularly studied by Professor Becke. Professor Roth's lithological observations on the rocks of Betsy Cove go to show what a large part doleritic basalts containing zeolites play in the whole peninsula. We need refer to a few only of the rocks of another nature which he has determined from specimens collected by the German expedition. A rolled pebble of red porphyry was found at the foot of Mount Peeper, and this, according to our author, seems to prove the existence of ancient rocks in Kerguelen. We shall refer to this point again. The specimens from the eastern part of Mount Peeper have been found to contain half-fused fragments of sanidine rock. This clearly proves that the trachytic masses existed prior to the basaltic eruption. This conclusion will be confirmed by considering the relation between the sanidine rocks and the basalts of Royal Sound and Greenland Harbour. Professor Roth records from the neighbourhood of Mount Crozier, besides the usual eruptive rocks of Kerguelen, fragments of a bluish grey sedimentary rock, the age of which cannot be determined. It is related to a labradorite-porphyry coming from the south-western extremity of Lake Margot. This rock is compact, and the greyish blue ground-mass contains triclinic felspar and grains of pyrites, its appearance recalling the rocks of ancient type. The specimen effervesced strongly with cold acids, and after treat- ment with hydrochloric acid the ground-mass appears lighter in colour, while the felspar crystals are much corroded. Microscopic preparations show that the ground-mass is much decomposed, and contains triclinic felspar, a chloritic mineral probably derived from augite, altered olivine, and magnetic iron. Another rock, coming from the series of hills in the Studerthal, to the north-east of Mount Crozier, has a granular structure, and contains chiefly triclinic felspar, plates of black mica, and an altered mineral pos- sibly derived from hornblende. The rock effervesces slightly in acids. It appears to contain some crystals of orthoclase, and Professor Roth was led to class it with the ancient eruptive rocks such as micaceous diorites. The great peninsula, the rocks of which have now been described, is bounded on the south by a large bay, Royal Sound, occupying the south-eastern extremity of Kerguelen. Here the British and American stations1 were situated in 1874. Before 1 The American transit of Venus mission was established at Royal Sound, near Molloy Point. Dr. Kidder, the medical man of the party, has published his botanical and zoological observations in Nos. 2 and 3 of the Bulletin of the United States National Museum, Washington, 187C. REPORT ON THE PETROLOGY OF OCEANIC ISLANDS. 127 describing the rocks of tins fjord, we may consider those from Prince of Wales Foreland, a long and mountainous promontory which stretches from the peninsula already de- scribed towards the entrance of Royal Sound ; the northern boundary is Shoal Water Bay. According to Mr. Buchanan this high promontory is formed of columnar basalt, in some places weathering into spheroids. The rock contains large nodules of olivine. Flat-topped hills extend into the interior beyond this tongue of land with its serrated rocks. They in turn are of basaltic nature, and contain much olivine, but the columnar structure gives place to a bedded arrangement, which in some cases is schistoid. Besides the basalts reported by Mr. Buchanan, we have found amongst the speci- mens from this locality a limburgite, a lithological type we have not yet noticed as occurring in the island. Externally it resembles a basalt, but the mass is more shining and bluish black in colour. Bottle-green grains of olivine are visible to the unaided eye ; with the lens smaller crystals of augite become visible. Large sections of brownish olivine appear in the homogeneous vitreous ground-mass. As a rule they have sharp crystallographic outlines, sometimes, however, they are corroded ; they present no peculiarity, except for some large transparent inclusions of chestnut-brown chromite. Augite occurs as well-developed light green crystals, showing distinct outlines, and often twinned polysynthetically. Numerous augite microliths, usually very elongated, occur in the ground-mass. Magnetite is abundant in the form of regular sections, but no felspar is to be seen. The cavities of the rock are lined with fibro-radial zeolites. On doubling Prince of Wales Foreland one enters the great bay of Royal Sound, studded with islands and reefs to the number of more than a hundred. The gulf is wide and deep. All the islets and the hills of the neighbouring land terminate in tabular summits. The rocks forming islands in this fjord are strewn with erratic blocks, the number of these ice-borne fragments seeming to increase as we approach the bottom of the bay. The hills are the same as those of Betsy Cove ; in fact, if the great valley there were filled by the sea, the numerous hills of the northern part would appear as islets, and give to the bay the appearance of Royal Sound in miniature. It is almost certain that all the islets and reefs were connected to begin with, forming part of a sheet of lava which descended with a slight slope from the land to the sea. The slope was covered by a great glacier shut in by the hills which now border the sound on the south and north. After having planed down the whole surface over which it flowed, the glacier hollowed out the deep channels between the harder rocks, that now form islands in the bay. During this glacial period, or at some subsequent time, all these islands were covered by the sea in consequence of subsidence ; the icebergs, broken off from the glacier as it entered the sea, deposited the erratic blocks upon the summits of the islets of the Sound. At this time, also, moraines must have been carried away. Hog Island is the only one in Royal Sound the rocks of which are known. Specimens 128 THE VOYAGE OF H.M.S. CHALLENGER. were collected by the German expedition and examined by Professor Roth. He reports amygdaloidal doleritic basalts with geodes of quartz as the chief rocks of this island, which rises about 400 feet above the sea. Trachytic rocks covered with a brownish altered layer occur on the summit. In the ground-mass of this trachyte there are crystals of sanidine reaching 1 5 millimetres in diameter ; crystals of a shining triclinic felspar also occur, but these are rarer, and, finally, there is augite, without crystallographic outlines. The microscope also shows magnetic iron and some lamellae of mica. A trachyte resembling that of Kiihlsbrunn is found in the same island. It is a greyish rock, of a scaly grain and slightly slaty. Under the microscope, isolated brown crystals of hornblende appear. Professor Roth could not recognise with certainty the presence of triclinic felspar. Mr. Buchanan collected from the rocks cropping out near the shores of Royal Sound several specimens of amygdaloidal dolerites, the vesicles being filled with zeolites. One of these much altered rocks has large crystalline grains, and is penetrated with a great number of fibro-radial zeolites, and with limonite. Microscopically it shows the doleritic structure, but this is not developed here in a very characteristic manner. The crystals of olivine have too sharp crystallographic outlines ; they lead rather to a transi- tion of the doleritic structure to that of the basalts, properly so called. In thin slices of this rock the microscope shows large plagioclastic lamellae, between which grains of augite are embedded. The olivine is impregnated with hematite, and sometimes trans- formed in the interior into a fibrous matter like serpentine. In certain cases the augite appears in large sections, generally much altered and charged with iron. There are numerous rods of magnetite or ilmenite, and calcite is much developed in the vesicles, where it is associated with zeolites. Other rocks from the same district are identical with the preceding. We may, however, add to the foregoing description that microscopic examination shows the regular association of plagioclase and augite, the former being united to the pyroxene parallel to one of the pinacoids. Small yellowish transparent rods also appear, some- times arranged in parallel series, and recalling the form and grouping of magnetite trichites. These little rods are entirely transformed into limonite, but the larger sections of magnetic iron have not been affected in this way except a little on the edges. Finally, at Royal Sound greenish yellow light scoriaceous rocks are found, almost earthy from alteration. The only mineral to be seen is augite in large black crystals, which stand out from the decomposed rock. Thin slices show that it is formed of a green basaltic glass full of bubbles and partly decomposed into palagonite. This vitreous matter is stretched out in filaments, and passes in some places from brown to yellow. Its structure is sometimes as fibrous as that of pumice. The vesicles are not filled with zeolites, but limonite is found almost everywhere in the pre- parations. Besides the very numerous crystals of magnetite, there are sections of REPORT ON THE PETROLOGY OF OCEANIC ISLANDS. 129 brown hornblende well characterised by their contours, their cleavages, and their extinction. Augite is present as greenish sections. These two minerals are rather uncommon as large crystals in the rock just described. They bear traces of fusion or corrosion, their outline being rounded by the action of the vitreous magma. By the use of the highest powers little microliths of augite are seen in great abundance ; felspar is extremely rare. There remain to be described some rocks collected in the bed of Charmer River which flows into Eoyal Sound. The specimens are flat - rolled pebbles of augitic trachyte, which contrast by their grey colour with all the other rocks that have been described. Crystals of sanidine visible to the naked eye appear in a greenish grey ground-mass ; small prisms of augite may be distinguished with the lens. These stones have an indistinct schistoid structure, and microscopic examination of thin slices shows them to be microporphyritic. This structure is determined by large sections of sanidine of irregular outline, and by an aggregation of little green crystals of augite, which imitate by their general appearance crystals of hornblende whose place they take. These augitic pseudomorphs of hornblende are accompanied by numerous grains of mag- netite. The hornblende has, as a rule, entirely disappeared, and zeolites fill the spaces between the microliths of augite (fig. 21). Sometimes, however, at the centre of the aggregation there remains a brownish, very pleochroic remnant of hornblende. The ground -mass is composed of rather elongated lamellae of sanidine, twinned according to the Carlsbad law, pressed against each other, but still exhibiting a certain linear arrangement suggestive of fluidal structure. The lamellae are sometimes less regularly disposed, forming a network ; the forms of the felspar microliths in the ground-mass are less distinct. Almost all the constituent minerals are surrounded by a zone of green microlithic augite. Titanite is often present. A fibro-radial zeolite, showing the black cross of spherulites, lines the hollows and penetrates the spaces between the minerals. Mr. Buchanan describes a peculiar hill at the other entrance to the Sound, almost Fig. 21. — Augitic trachyte from Royal Sound. Small grouped crystals of augite, imitating as a whole the form of a hornblende crystal, whose place they fill. This replacement of hornblende by augite has been accompanied by the formation of numerous grains of magnetite, and in the centre of the group of augites a small brownish pleo- chroic remnant of hornblende may be seen. Usually, as in the drawing, this mineral baB quite gone, zeolites filling the interstices between the augite microliths. Js crossed nicols. (PHTS. CHEJI. C'HALL. EXP. — PART VII. — 1889.) 17 130 THE VOYAGE OF H.M.S. CHALLENGER. opposite Prince of Wales Foreland, which has a very similar structure to that of certain hills at Christmas Harbour. It has an embattled appearance like a castle, and is known by the name of " Cat's Ears." The rocks at the summit look like ruins ; they are greyish, and contain fragments of scoriaceous lava, which 'also forms a layer immediately beneath the battlemented crags. The rock contains large crystals of augite, with sharp outlines, but they are always broken and rounded when observed in the volcanic sand formed by the decomposing rocks. The sand has been sorted out by the wind, the white grains, which are lightest, being carried away and only the black particles left. These crystals and the rocks themselves clearly show the erosive action of the wind, the former having lost all regularity, the latter being deeply cut into on the side facing the prevailing winds. Here, as in Heard Island, where the same thing can be observed in even greater perfection, the wind constantly blowing from the west carries along the sand and drives it with great force against the rocks, cutting and carving them in a characteristic manner. From this hill Mr. Buchanan, from whom we borrow these facts, could see another very similar at the base of the Sugar Loaf. From a distance it resembled a druidical circle, but the short time at his disposal prevented him from examining it more closely or visiting the Sugar Loaf. Amongst the rocks we have examined, there were no specimens from " Cat's Ears," nor from any other hillock of this part of the Sound, except Coronet Hill, near the south-western entrance. These rocks may be classed as augitic trachytes, trachytic tufas, and basalts. The specimens of trachyte are greyish, rather com- pact, with an irregular fracture ; only small crystals of sanidine can be detected with the lens. Thin slices, when examined, show that the rock is composed of an isotropic mass containing small crystals of sanidine, twinned according to the Carlsbad law, and also larger individuals of the same mineral. The latter are always much broken up, and exhibit undulating extinc- tion (see fig. 22), as if they had been submitted to section of corroded sanidine with undulating strain, a supposition which is strengthened by the linear extinction. ^o crossed nicols. Polarised -t IT o J llght- arrangement of the augite microliths. These small prismatic crystals extinguish at nearly 40°, and are invariably bedded with their vertical axis in the plane of the preparation. Many sections of magnetite are to be seen ; these are usually collected in the place occupied formerly by hornblende crystals, of which scarcely a trace remains. These crystals of hornblende are always surrounded by small green crystals of augite. Fig. 22. -Trachyte from Coronet Hill, Royal Sound. REPORT ON THE PETROLOGY OF OCEANIC ISLANDS. 131 Other specimens of much-altered whitish trachyte readily fall into powder. They are as light as pumice, but of closer texture ; they greatly resemble the preceding rock, except that the light vesicular vitreous matter, passing into a pumiceous structure, plays a more considerable part. Crystals of plagioclase, intimately associated with sanidine and apatite, may be mentioned as accidental elements. These trachytes are accompanied by reddish pumiceous trachytic tufas. Irregular fragments may be seen by the naked eye embedded in a slightly scoriaceous paste. Thin slices show that these tufaceous rocks are composed of a greyish mass, which is isotropic in some places, and almost everywhere impregnated with iron. The little fragments of rock enclosed in this grey mass are trachytic ; sanidine is the principal constituent in them, associated with green microliths of augite. There are also large splinters of very clear sanidine, which might be taken for cpiartz if they were not biaxial ; finally, one observes large cracked crystals of green augite. As everywhere else in Kerguelen, basaltic rocks occur at Coronet Hill, but here they are not very distinctly characterised. The specimens we class as basalts are scoriaceous, very vesicular, with drawn-out pores ; in colour they are deep red, and nothing except lamellae of black mica can be seen by the naked eye. Under the microscope the ground-mass appears almost opaque from the interposition of a black pigment, with numerous small green crystals of augite, and regular sections of olivine altered into hematite. Large fragments of augite, sometimes enclosing hornblende, also appear. We have now to describe the rocks of Greenland Harbour. This fjord is situated to the south of Royal Sound, from which it is only separated by a narrow tongue of land. We may first recall the observations made by Mr. Buchanan in this part of the island. On entering Greenland Harbour he was struck by the appearance of the masses of grey rock which rise up boldly from the horizontal beds of basalt. The chain of hills near this fjord is composed of basalt, the greatest mass of grey rock being found on the summits in the western part of Greenland Harbour, and appearing from a distance like a heap of ruins. He was able to examine this rock in two places, at the summit of the hills west of the bay, and near the creek where he landed. He found the rock to be the same on both sides ; it is a phonolite of a light greyish green colour, surrounded by basalt. The masses of phonolite are cylindrical and columnar on the outside, the columns being horizontal, and showing a radial arrangement. They do not penetrate the rock, but form a zone some feet thick around the central part, which remains massive. The prisms have been largely disintegrated by weathering, and lie broken up into a great number of blocks around the phonolite masses. The outer portion of the rock, in which the columns are horizontal, resembles a cyclopean wall, and resists atmospheric agencies much better than the solid centre. Were it not for these natural walls binding the whole mass together, the central part would form a 132 THE VOYAGE OF H.M.S. CHALLENGER. talus of debris as it disintegrated ; this the columnar arrangement effectually prevents. The upper part of the most remote phonolitic eminence, which crowns the summit of this chain of hills, rises to more than 50 feet. An accumulation of blocks covering the lower wall is scattered over the steeply inclined slope. The basaltic rocks, which form the principal mass of the hills, and extend in horizontal layers at Greenland Harbour, as in all other parts of the island, will be described first. The rocks where the Challenger made a landing are altered felspathic basalts, black and massive, displaying no mineral's to the unaided eye. The fracture is almost plane. With the lens one sees that they are formed of crystalline grains, amongst which triclinic felspars appear. In the ground-mass composed of microliths of plagio- clase and augite are embedded larger crystals of plagioclase, and olivine which has been completely decomposed, only the form remaining ; this mineral is replaced by limonite, which also penetrates the whole rock. The horizontal beds extending to the south-west of Greenland Harbour are formed of a basaltic rock, the porphyritic structure of which is caused by the presence of large crystals of augite, felspar, and olivine. The mass is compact, but the whole rock is penetrated by oxide of iron. Large sections of plagioclase, cracked in all direc- tions, are seen under the microscope. The cracks are filled with opal, and the whole appearance of these felspars resembles those we shall describe in the augite-andesites of Kandavu. Sections of augite and some small crystals of olivine are also seen, the larger ones being so much altered that they are destroyed in polishing the preparations. The ground-mass is formed of a network of small microliths of plagioclase and augite, with some magnetite. The rock forming the greater part of the hills west of the bay is also spread out in horizontal beds, and, like the preceding, is a basalt, possess- ing the usual macroscopical character of this rock. Under the microscope this basalt appears with a ground-mass made up of small crystals of plagioclase and augite, and numerous grains of olivine. The most striking feature in these pre- parations is the great number of large crystals of olivine, which usually are formed of several individuals by direct grouping. These sections are sometimes bounded by curved lines showing the corrosive action of the magma. The olivine is usually decomposed on the edges, where the alteration is indicated by a slightly fibrous yellow border. Augite is less common than olivine, and shows as irregular colourless or fig. 23. -Basalt of Greenland Harbour, pj^ secti0ns in the preparation. On the edges it takes the Section of augite showing the external __ , - - 1 same green colour as the small augites ot the ground-mass green zone. 3*5 crossed nicols. 23). These microliths surrounding the microporphyritic sections of augite (see fig, REPORT ON THE PETROLOGY OF OCEANIC ISLANDS. 133 give rise to this greenish zone. There is no plagioclase to be seen except the microliths of the ground-mass. Other rocks of a reddish colour and much altered, which were collected by Mr. Buchanan at Greenland Harbour, are also basalts. Microscopic examination shows them to be fine-grained, with a ground-mass of microliths of plagioclase, and grains of augite and magnetic iron. In this are embedded large sections of triclinic felspar, traversed by cracks and in part opalised, like those we shall describe in detail in the notes on Kandavu Island. Augite and olivine also appear as micro- porphyritic elements ; the latter mineral particularly is more or less penetrated with oxide of iron. The horizontally-bedded basalts of which we have been speaking surround grey masses of trachyte and phonolite, projecting above the basalt and having a columnar structure. Their geological disposition and aspect have already been described from Mr. Buchanan's data. These rocks are hard and compact, their colour is greyish green, and although they present marked resemblances to many phonolites, they do not ring, as rocks of this type generally do. Specimens broken off the prisms are finer grained than those from the central mass, and have a distinct cleavage perpendicular to the length of the columns. This rock partially gelatinises in hydrochloric acid ; the solution contains much soda and traces of sulphuric acid. From this reaction Mr. Buchanan concluded that these rocks contained at the same time nepheline and nosean. They may be classed as augitic trachytes ; in some cases, by the addition of nepheline, they pass into phonolites, and then, finally, when sanidine is absent, pass into nephelinic rocks containing acmite. We shall first describe the specimens taken from the wall of rock on the summit of the hills lying west of Greenland Harbour. These rocks, projecting above the masses of basalt, are phonolites. They are greenish grey, compact, with a slightly shining fracture and a rather indistinct schistosity. They are sometimes spotted with more or less circular black markings ; large crystals of sanidine are to be seen, and sometimes milk-white microscopic sections of nepheline. Microscopic examination shows that the rock is essentially composed of numerous small crystals of nepheline closely packed together, but still preserving the general sharpness of their outlines. This mineral is sometimes seen in larger hexagonal or quadratic sections with zonary structure, standing out from the ground-mass formed by microliths of the same species. Sani- dine is comparatively rare, and occurs in elongated lamellae twinned according to the Carlsbad law. The green mineral is of quite small dimensions, and its outlines are vague ; the angle of extinction measured for a great many crystals hardly ever exceeds 15° or 20°, hence the crystals are very probably hornblende. Titanite is 134 THE VOYAGE OF H.M.S. CHALLENGER. rather common. Fibro -radiated zeolites often occur in the vesicles, and are also disseminated throughout the rock. A specimen of this phonolite has been analysed by Dr. Klement, with the following results : — I. 1'0730 grammes of substance, dried at 110° C. and fused with the carbonates of soda and potash, gave 0'0387 gramme of water, 0#5887 of silica, 0"2322 of alumina, 0"0461 of ferric oxide, 0"0175 of lime, 0"0110 of magnesium pyrophosphate, and traces of manganese. II. L0285 grammes of substance, treated with hydrofluoric acid, gave 0'2448 gramme of potassium and sodium chlorides, and 0"2130 of potassium chloroplatinate. III. 1*2168 grammes of substance, treated with hydrofluoric and sulphuric acids in a sealed tube, was titrated with potassium permanganate and recpiired for oxidising the ferrous oxide 2 c.c. of solution (l c.c. = 0"005405 gramme ferrous oxide). Percentage Composition. Silica, Si02, 54-87 Alumina, A1203, 21-64 Ferric oxide, Fe203, 3-31 Ferrous oxide, FeO, 0-89 Manganese, traces Lime, CaO, 1-63 Magnesia. MgO, 0-37 Soda, Na20, 9-26 Potash, K20, 4-02 Water, H20, 3-61 99-60 This analysis confirms the determination of the rock as phonolite, the large percentage of soda corresponding well with the important part taken by nepheline. The water present proves the alteration of the rock, which is also indicated by the zeolites disseminated throughout the whole mass. Another nepheline rock picked up in the centre of the same creek differs con- siderably in mineralogical composition from the preceding. It is darker coloured, coarser in grain, marked with opaline points, less schistoid in structure, spotted with small deep green prisms, and sometimes speckled like the phonolite described above. A paler grey-green specimen is very massive, and no mineral can be distinguished by the naked eye ; it has a very distinct prismatic fracture. The greyish ground- mass is formed exclusively of little crystals of nepheline. In this there appear distinct green lamellar sections which are pleochroic, as it were corroded, and including nepheline crystals. The mineral might be taken for hornblende were it not for its REPORT ON THE PETROLOGY OF OCEANIC ISLANDS. 135 Fig. 24. — Nepheline rock with acmite from Greenland Harbour- The ground-mass is entirely composed of nepheline, numerous hexagonal or quadratic sections of which appear in the figure. In this there are greenish lamellar sections of acmite. ^5 crossed nicols. extinction. Almost all the sections extinguish parallel to their length, and in the case of an oblique extinction it never exceeds 3° or 4°. We consider this mineral to be acmite, the presence of which has been ascertained in rocks analogous to those now described. The outlines of the pris- matic zone are fairly clear, but the crystals are corroded, and almost fibrous at the extremities. Terminal faces are never seen, except a rather low dome which is very rare. The pleochroism, as shown by these crystals, is dark green for rays vibrating parallel to c, and yellowish for those per- pendicular to that direction (see fig. 24). Like the rocks encircling the creek, this nephelinic mass contains numerous patches of fibro-radiated zeolites. A specimen taken at the contact of the phonolite and the encasing basalt shows both rocks in juxtaposition, but quite distinct from each other. There is no gradual transition, but a sudden passage from one to the other : on one side the reddish almost spongy basalt, on the other the greenish grey compact phonolite. The latter is brecciated, as if the eruption of the basalt had produced a friction-breccia. The specimens of basalt taken at the contact are in some cases black compact tufas con- taining lapilli, which are identical in structure and mineralogical constitution with the basalt of Greenland Harbour. Fragments of phonolite are also seen, and sometimes vitreous lapilli altered into palagonite. Amongst the fragments of minerals in this tufa, olivine, augite, triclinic felspars, and large broken crystals of sanidine may be seen. Some of these, especially the plagic- clases, are entirely penetrated by silica, which has converted them into pseudo- morphs. A group of triclinic felspars is here figured (fig. 25), which shows that they are replaced in the upper part by opal, in the lower by chalcedony. The mass uniting the clastic elements of this tufa seems to be of a vitreous nature, but its characters are vague, and veiled by in- numerable opaque grains, most probably of magnetite, which are scattered throughout the substance. The phonolite part of this specimen which is joined to the basalt does not present, from the point of view of micro-structure, anything to distinguish it from FlG. 25. — Basalt in contact with phonolite from Greenland Harbour. Group of plagioclase epigeuised into opal on the upper part, transformed into chalcedony on the lower. 5*5 crossed nicols. Polarised light. 136 THE VOYAGE OF H.M.S. CHALLENGER. the normal phonolites already described, except, perhaps, that the sections of sanidine are somewhat larger. Another hill situated at this part of Greenland Harbour is formed of a trachytic rock. It is a rounded eminence crowned by a mass of angular blocks, scattered about like the ruins of masonry. The rocks collected here by Mr. Buchanan are augitic trachytes, identically similar to those already described ; they were obtained from the bed of a river entering Eoyal Sound. The rocks are compact, with a slightly greasy lustre, and a subconchoidal fracture. They are bluish grey in colour, sometimes with macroscopic sections of sanidine, sometimes marked with circular black spots, either extended in a zone or combined to form more or less continuous bands. The microscope shows broken crystals of sanidine and microliths of augite grouped round hornblende sections, only traces of which now remain. These augitic microliths combined with grains of magnetite tend to replace the amphibolic mineral, and in some cases do so completely. The sections of these minerals are embedded in a ground-mass formed principally of small lamellse of sanidine. A specimen of these trachytic rocks from Greenland Harbour has been analysed by Dr. Klement with the following result: — I. ri738 grammes of substance, dried at 110°C. and fused with carbonates of potassium and sodium, gave 0-0188 gramme of water, 0-6835 of silica, 0"2453 of alumina, 0"0065 of ferric oxide, 0-0380 of lime, 0'0126 of magnesium pyrophosphate and traces of manganese. II. 0'9893 gramme of substance, treated with hydrofluoric acid, gave 0-2069 gramme of chlorides of sodium and potassium, yielding 0'2998 of potassium chloroplatinate. III. l-0507 grammes of substance, treated in a sealed tube with hydrofluoric and sulphuric acids, was titrated with potassium permanganate and 3 '4 c.c. of solution were required to oxidise the ferrous oxide (1 c.c. = 0'005405 gramme FeO). Percentage Composition. Silica, Si02, 58-23 Alumina, A1203, 20-90 Ferric oxide, Fe203, 3-21 Ferrous oxide, FeO, 1-75 Manganese, traces Lime, CaO, 3-24 Magnesia, MgO, 0-39 Soda, Na20, . 6-16 Potash, K20, . 5-88 Water, H20, . 1-60 101-36 This analysis corresponds closely with the average composition of trachytes. The REPORT ON THE PETROLOGY OF OCEANIC ISLANDS. 137 high proportion of soda may be explained by supposing the sanidine to contain that alkali ; 1 possibly also there may be amongst the microliths of the ground-mass little crystals of plagioclase, the determination of which is impossible on account of their small size and their confused arrangement. Let us now consider what are the stratigraphical relations between these phonolitic masses and the surrounding basalt. According to Mr. Buchanan, no derangement of the beds was found in any case at the contact of the two rocks. He was able to follow the line of contact easily to the highest mass and procure specimens of it. The basalt is much modified for some feet from the line of junction, the large crystals of augite and olivine disappearing near the contact with the phonolite. The line of contact is generally sharp, and many fragments of phonolite are seen enclosed in the immediately bordering basalt, which is very fine grained. The grain grows gradually coarser, until at a distance of 10 feet from the phonolite it reassumes the porphyritic structure which this rock shows in other parts of the island. These two facts seem to show that the phonolite rocks are the most ancient, and that the basalt has been poured out all round them. There is no evidence, on the other hand, that the phonolite has been erupted through the basalt mass. We shall now describe some rocks from " Foul House Bay," and as this name is not on the chart we cannot follow geographical order in this case. They are coarser grained than the other specimens from the island, dark coloured, with a blackish tinge, and broken surfaces are shining and show a crystalline saccharoid texture. Macroscopical greenish yellow granules of olivine, augite, and plagioclase are seen in it. These rocks present obvious resemblances to certain peridotic diabases or coarse-grained dolerites ; their microscopic characters also show the structure and com- position of these lithological types. There is no distinct ground-mass, the crystals being entangled. Sections of plagioclase show that this mineral is elongated following the edge PjM, as is usual in the felspars of diabase and dolerite. This plagioclase shows extinctions of 44°, and is thus probably anorthite. Olivine occurs in large sections, rarely with crystallographic outlines, and is sometimes twinned, the two individuals seeming to be united parallel to a pinacoid. This mineral is altered, as is shown by the fissures being lined with an opaque black matter, and the sections penetrated by delessite ; no serpentinisation, properly so called, is apparent. Delessite is largely developed in other parts of the rock in question. Large, reddish, zonary patches of augite fill the space between the other minerals. Magnetite or titaniferous iron is very common. Besides delessite, some grains of calcite occur as products of secondary formation. Another specimen, more decomposed, shows the same structure and composition, except that olivine has almost entirely disappeared, its place being 1 See Roth, Chem. Geol., vol. ii. p. 240. (PHTS. CHEM. CHALL. EXP. — PART VII. — 1889.) 18 138 THE VOYAGE OF H.M.S. CHALLENGER. taken by delessite with the addition of chalcedony, as is often seen in the volcanic products of Kerguelen. Without knowing the stratigraphic relations of the rocks of Foul House Bay, a summary of the lithological characters of which has just been given, they might be equally well classed as peridotic diabases or recent dolerites, but the probabilities are in favour of the latter supposition. Taking a summary view of the general observations given in the preceding pages, and those made at Kerguelen by the various naturalists who have explored the island, we see that the physical geography, the disposition, and the nature of the rocks all show the island to be of volcanic origin, and that the eruptive masses of basalt and trachyte belong to recent periods. The basalt formerly spread in vast continuous sheets far beyond the present limits of the land. The oscillations of the land, the erosive action of the atmosphere, of glaciers, and of the waves, have eaten into and carved out the coasts of Kerguelen, thus giving it its actual relief and remarkable outlines. If we take into account all the observations of British and German naturalists, par- ticularly those of Dr. Studer, it must be admitted that Kerguelen Island has been, in the main, built up by successive eruptions of basaltic masses spread out in wide outflows. At some points as many as twenty of these sheets can be counted one above another. All these basaltic rocks are felspathic, and are associated in a subsidiary way with palagonitic tufas and limburgite ; they present great uniformity in structure and composition in all parts of the island. Dolerites appear to predominate, and amygdaloidal rocks with zeolites and geodes of quartz and chalcedony are very common amongst them. All the rocks of this series are connected together by their composition, and the different modes of structure they present may easily be explained. In fact, it is observed that the numerous basalt sheets are fine grained at the bottom and centre, but alveolar or even scoriaceous in the upper part, i.e., the original surface of the stream. This surface is in its turn covered by a more massive rock. It must be admitted that, as in the case of lava - streams, the scoriaceous or amygdaloidal portion corresponds to the upper surface of the lava. Here the expansion of imprisoned gases was not counterbalanced by the pressure of the overlaying rocks, as was the case in the lower parts of the bed. The eruptions have been subaerial, at least in most cases. These facts, so far as they are exhibited in the neighbourhood of the German station, were observed in detail by Dr. Studer, and may be generalised for all other parts of the island ; they are shown well at Christmas Harbour. The terraced structure of these volcanic hills is due to the manner in which the masses composing them were erupted. One might suppose that the successive outflows were superimposed on beds of a former eruption without covering their whole surface, REPORT ON THE PETROLOGY OF OCEANIC ISLANDS. 139 but it is much more probable that denudation has taken a leading part in the formation of these terraces, the limits of the erosion being determined by the alternations of massive and vesicular structure. We shall see that the surfaces of many of the super- imposed layers have been directly exposed to atmospheric agencies, the influence of which has been most powerful on their scoriaceous parts. The sheets of basalt contain masses of trachyte and phonolite, which are often associated, and form the escarpments crowning the heights of the island. These crests of trachyte or phonolite are shown in Table Mountain, in the region of Betsy Cove, at Koyal Sound, and, above all, at Greenland Harbour. The stratigraphic relations of the basalts and trachytes, on which we have insisted in describing Mr. Buchanan's observations as confirmed by Dr. Studer, undoubtedly go to show that the phonolitie and trachytic masses were erupted before the outflow of the basalt sheets. In this con- nection we may recall an observation of Professor Both which establishes this order of succession. He found that a trachytic rock from the neighbourhood of Mount Peeper had been exposed to the caustic action of basalt. On the other hand, we have stated that at Greenland Harbour, where basalt and phonolite are found in contact, it is the latter rock that has undergone the mechanical effects of the intrusion, which has formed a true friction-breccia. This necessarily implies the pre-existence of the phonolite. Taking account, then, of all these observations, it is necessary to admit that in Kerguelen trachyte and phonolite have preceded the basaltic eruptions. There is also sufficient reason for the statement, based on the structure and composition of the trachyte and basaltic series as shown in the island, that their eruption is comprised within the recent volcanic period. We may also recall the fact that all these rocks, generally altered, are filled with minerals of secondary formation, such as delessite, zeolites, quartz, chalcedony, agate, &c. This greatly complicates the question which must now be put, viz., Are there erupted rocks in Kerguelen which belong to more remote geological periods ? Professor Roth and Dr. Studer were inclined to think so. The reasons which led the former to suppose that paleo-volcanic rocks were found there are as follows : — Amongst the specimens from near Mount Crozier he found a micaceous diorite and a fragment of red porphyry, from Lake Margot a labradorite porphyry, and at Winterhafen a rock was picked up which resembled certain dolomites of the crystalline schists. The existence of ancient crystalline rocks in oceanic islands appears incontestable, and we have shown their presence in many of them. Still, in the present state of our knowledge, we think it premature to state positively that outcrops of these ancient rocks exist in Kerguelen.1 While freely admitting the correctness of Professor Roth's determinations, one may reasonably inquire whether the specimens he examined have not been con- 1 Mr. Eton says that limestone has been found near Foundry Branch ; he adds that Mr. Stone of H.M.S. " Supply " showed hiui the cast of a fossil shell which a sailor picked up near Thumb Peak ; Phil. Trans., vol. clxviii. p. 2. 140 THE VOYAGE OF H.M.S. CHALLENGER. veyed to the place where they were found, by icebergs, or brought up from great depths as enclosures by neo-volcanic eruptive masses. The former hypothesis seems very probable, and is confirmed by taking into account the changes of level which the land has undergone. During the periods of submergence the ice-packs detached from the Antarctic continent and driven towards the north, as at present, may have dropped the rock fragments which they carried. This is not a mere supposition ; the Challenger dredgings between Kerguelen and Heard Island have brought up blocks of consider- able size, which belong to the crystalline and schisto-crystalline series : granite, diorite, gneiss, &c. No one can doubt that these rocks have been carried by floating ice to the place where they were found, and we may add parenthetically, that they prove the existence of an Antarctic mass of continental land, to which Mr. John Murray has recently directed the attention of geographers. It may possibly be, however, that the fragments viewed as ancient rocks have been carried up by the trachyte and basaltic masses in their passage through the underlying strata. The typical volcanic outflows show many examples of similar facts, but nothing in Professor Eoth's description enables one to decide this question. While fully recognising the care which he has taken to establish his diagnoses of the rocks in question, we may yet insist upon the great difficulties in the way of precise differentiation between the ancient and modern crystalline series. These difficulties increase with the amount of alteration of the rocks, and very often it becomes impossible to solve all doubts even with the microscope. Of this no further proof is required than the discussion still going on as to the true basis for a classification of eruptive rocks. This is not the place to carry ou a contro- versy, but, confining ourselves to the subject in hand, we may remark that it is just in the case of rocks like those of Kerguelen, classed as of the ancient series, that the difficulties are greatest. In this way certain granular eruptive masses, which we have described, from Foul House Bay may be equally well classed as peridotic diabases or as dolerites, but their association with basalts gives greater probability to the deter- mination we have thought it right to adopt. However it may be, we must acknowledge that in all the specimens from Kerguelen we have examined, there is not one which can be certainly referred to massive rocks of the ancient type.1 The superposition of basalt sheets and their scoriaceous surfaces show plainly that they have accumulated like lava in successive flows. They must have been spread one over another at intervals, this periodicity of the eruptions being shown by the alveolar structure of the surface of the beds. It is evident that if these basalts 1 Amongst the rocks from Kerguelen submitted to us there was one without any indication of locality, collected by Mr. Moseley. This at first sight resembles those of the ancient type. The microscope shows a greyish ground-mass very like that of porphyries. Silica predominates in irregular grains, and some sections are similar to altered felspar. It cannot, however, be classed with porphyry, for microscopic examination shows a section of vegetable origin filled with quartz and micaceous substance. Hence we believe this to be a trachytic tufa, the constituent elements of which were bound up with vegetable remains by an infiltration of silica, such as the amygdaloidal rocks of Kerguelen and the fossil woods exhibit so abundantly. REPORT ON THE PETROLOGY OF OCEANIC ISLANDS. 141 belonged to the same outflow, we should not see an alternation of compact and amygdaloidal rocks. The intercalation of beds of lignite and fossil wood also proves and gives precision to this interpretation. The beds prove that the upper layers of the sheets have been exposed to meteoric agencies, and that, thanks to their scoriaceous structure, they were readily disintegrated and transformed into argillaceous matter, on which vegetation could take root and develop. The growth of large trees proves that there were long intervals of rest between the eruption of the two basalt sheets which enclose these vegetable remains. Accepting this view of the original arrangement of the basalt sheets, we must consider that Kerguelen formerly presented the aspect of wide basaltic plateaux broken only by escarpments of trachyte and phonolite. It is principally to meteoric agencies that the island owes its present shape. We have said that all the heights of one region come to about the same elevation, and that on both sides of the valleys the various strata occur at the same level. These topographical features show that the hills belonged at one time to a plateau extending over the whole region, and that these hills have been left when the valleys, which cut up and furrow the island, were carved out of the original plateau by running streams, glaciers, and atmospheric agencies. These agents, joining their powers with that of the sea, have formed the fjords and bays which everywhere run into the central mass. These ragged coasts, these cliffs and perpendicular crags and terraced mountains, in a word, the deeply trenched form of Kerguelen, are all explained by the extreme abundance of the atmospheric pre- cipitation which beats on those barren rocks, almost destitute of vegetation. On the other hand, we have seen that glacial phenomena have left their mark everywhere, and added their action to that of running water and of the sea. The oscillations of the land, frequent elevation and subsidence, have also contributed to modify the shape of the island. Everything indicates that these great topographical movements and the epoch of the extension of glaciers have been subsequent to the last outflow of basalt. Finally, we must admit that the causes which have produced the vertical relief and outline of Kerguelen have extended their action beyond the present limits of the island and encircling rocks, and that the central mass is but the remains of a great denuded land. The present configuration shows this, and so does the development of vegetation in earlier periods. As Dr. Studer observes, even if we admit a higher mean temperature in order to explain biological facts, it does not suffice to explain the existence of a flora, for which a much larger land is required, in order to afford protection against the storms that now carry devastation to every part of the island. "We are thus led to admit that in times anterior to our epoch Kerguelen was a vast mass of land. The topographical features that we mentioned at the beginning, and the results of soundings made by Ross, and on the "Gazelle" and Challenger, confirm this view, and point to a probable extension towards the south-west. 142 THE VOYAGE OF H.M.S. CHALLENGER. X.— ROCKS OF HEARD ISLAND. After completing the exploration of Kerguelen's Land, the Challenger Expedition turned to McDonald and Heard Islands. The sea-bottom between these groups is very- irregular and rocky. On the way to Heard Island the Challenger, on February 5, 1873, passed to the north of the almost inaccessible islands of McDonald. A landing was made on Heard Island, and Mr. Buchanan examined the coast and the rocks descending to the sea. This island, remarkable for its glacial and volcanic phenomena, was discovered in November 1855 by Captain Heard, in command of the United States ship-" Oriental." According to the Challenger observations, Cape Laurens, the north- west point of the island, is situated in latitude 53° 2' 45" S., longitude 73° 15' 30" E. Glacier, Corinthian Bay, Heard Island, as seen from H.M.S. Challenger. The greatest length from north-west to south-east is 25 miles, its greatest breadth 9 miles, and its area about 100 square miles. The southern extremity, rising towards the east, forms a long and narrow promontory. The naturalists from the Challenger landed at the north of the island, in a bay designated on the chart as Whisky or Corinthian Bay. On approaching the place to the south-east of the ship the island was surrounded by great glaciers coming down close to the shore ; the interior was veiled in clouds, entirely concealing the great mountain of Ben Big, about 7000 feet high, which crowns the island. The shore of Corinthian Bay is flat, and is covered with black volcanic sand, largely composed of magnetite ; this sandy strip stretches for about half a mile from the sea to the head of the glaciers. The western side of the bay is formed of a continuous wall of magnificent glaciers. The island here is not wide, and a sandy plain extends across it from east to west. The volcanic sand, blown against the rocks by constant strong winds, gives rise by its mechanical action to remarkable phenomena of disintegration. Mr. Buchanan observed that the fragments of isolated rock, and REPORT ON THE PETROLOGY OF OCEANIC ISLANDS. 143 glacier-borne erratics, lying on the sand of the shore, were so cleanly sliced by the particles of magnetite and augite, that they seemed to have been chiselled. The largest faces of the blocks on which the erosion has been greatest are always turned to the west, the direction from which the winds are most continuous and strongest. From a sketch by Mr. Buchanan, representing a rock embedded in the black sand. The side towards the west, with the high light on the woodcut, is being rapidly worn down by the sharp sand blown against it, which has cut an irregularly fluted pattern in it. At the point where a landing was made, two promontories run out ; that towards the west is formed of a high mountain rising up from the sea and cleft at the summit into two peaks, from between which a glacier descends to the cliffs on the north-west. Blocks of ice, breaking off, fall into the sea with an echoing roar. The other peninsula is covered with recent lava, the scoriaceous surface of which appears not to have been affected yet by erosive action. The flow extends from the base of a recent but greatly denuded crater, which is worn by wave action into three fantastic peaks, whose vertical walls show the successive lava-flows inclining from the centre outwards. This lava- layer spreads over the whole peninsula, and forms a row of cliffs cut out by wave-action along the northern part of Corinthian Bay. The glaciers covering the southern part have been stopped in their descent to the sea by a conical mound of scoriae. When account is taken of the slight alteration of its surface, the lava appears relatively recent, and this fact, taken in conjunction with the great energy of denuding agencies at Heard Island, agrees well with the view of an eruption at no distant date. All the rocks collected in the island are volcanic, and belong to the felspathic basalts. Some are massive, others vesicular ; all may be viewed as derived from the lava-sheets which have spread over the island. "We shall first describe those specimens collected to the south-west of the solitary group of houses on the islands. Iu this place the rocks are spread out in beds, and present to the naked eye all the appearance of basalt, being black and fine-grained, with only olivine perceptible amongst the constituent minerals. Microscopically the rock is at once classed as a felspathic basalt, the minerals of the first generation being plagioclase, 144 THE VOYAGE OF H.M.S. CHALLENGER. olivine, augite, and rather large grains of magnetite, embedded in a ground-mass of minute plagioclase and augite microliths and a vitreous base. The plagioclase sections have very sharp outlines, and can thus be determined with a precision rarely attained in the study of rocks of this nature. It is at once apparent that the plagioclase crystals occur habitually in groups of several, united more or less regularly, often parallel to M, and presenting all the peculiarities of certain macroscopic crystals of albite, those of Schmirn, for example, and of some crystals of labradorite. In many cases the sections of plagioclase have the form of a nearly rectangular parallelogram, with polysynthetic twins and symmetrical extinction ; these sections are thus in the zone P :h, and, since From a sketch by Mr. Buchanan, representing the mountainous promontory forming the north-western end of the island. The top of the mountain was enveloped in cloud, below which the greater part of its sides were covered by a glacier descending to the edge of the precipitous rock cliffs, over which the ice-masses fell thundering. The sketch was taken from the shoulder of a red conical hill, against which the ice, descending from the main mountain of the island to the sea, splits and passes on both sides of it. they are approximately at right angles, we may conclude that the crystals are tabular, and terminated only by the faces of this zone. Sometimes, but more rarely, plagioclase sections are observed bounded on one side by angles of about 90°, and on the other by more or less obtuse angles formed by the trace of two edges, which may correspond to T and I, and are in general but slightly developed. The sections parallel to M enable the form of the crystals to be ascertained, and the optical properties determined. Sections parallel to this face appear as sharply outlined disymmetrical hexagons, which REPORT ON THE PETROLOGY OF OCEANIC ISLANDS. 145 are bounded by traces of the faces PyT. That this is the case, is ascertained by the measurement of the angles and the direction of the cleavages, the latter exhibiting a line of cleavage parallel to P, and another, but less pronounced system, parallel to the prism. The angle of intersection of the trace of P and of the trace of the adjacent face is about 100°; this face is therefore y. The other side of the section makes an angle of about 64° with the trace of P, and is therefore T. The extinction for the section in question is negative, and takes place at 27°. The felspar accordingly approaches to bytownite. These observations have been made on a great number of sections of the rock, and each time the angular values were approximately the same. The symmetrical extinction of the sections showing albitic twins was about 40° ; this value is another proof of the exactness of our determinations. The plagio- clase has almost always crystallised according to the albite law, sometimes associated with that of the Carlsbad type. In some cases, also, this plagioclase is twinned according to the Baveno law. Thus two crystals of plagioclase, both twinned according to the albite law, can be observed grouped in such a way that the traces of M in the two individuals make an angle of about 90°. The extinction of the albitic striae is the same for the two crystals, being about 40°, from which we may conclude that the section has been cut for both of the adjacent individuals in the zone P : k, and the fact that the extinction of the albitic lamellae is the same in both confirms the sup- position that they have a plane of this zone in common. The angular value of the extinction seems also to indicate that the section is approximately perpendicular to the edge P/M. The facts we have just mentioned thus prove the existence of the Baveno twin in some crystals of this rock, and that of pericline has also been demonstrated. Many of the plagioclastic sections show a zonary structure, especially those cut parallel to M, on which are observed a series of concentric zones, the inner ones being disym- metric hexagons, the outer cpiadrangular, representing traces of the faces Py. Thus the internal hexagonal zones show supplementary traces of T. At the beginning of then* growth the plagioclases crystallised with the faces of the prism, which became smaller in proportion as the crystals formed, and finally disappeared when the last layers were deposited on the nucleus. This fact may be generalised and applied to all the plagio- clases in the rock, as the prismatic faces are wanting in the greater number of crystals, or, if they are present, they play a very subordinate part. In this basalt the felspar sections often show alterations due to the action of the magma; the angles are rounded off, the crystals often corroded, and penetrated by the vitreous mass in which they are embedded. AVe cannot, however, explain, by subsequent modifications, certain optical phenomena resembling the undulating extinc- tion. At first sight one is tempted to ascribe these to the result of strain exerted on crystals already formed. But they are explained by the manner in which the hemitropic lamellae are entangled. When observed in polarised light, a good many sections are (PHYS. CHEM. CHALL. EST. PAIiT VII. 1S89.) 19 146 THE VOYAGE OF H.M.S. CHALLENGER. seen to be traversed by black lines, with shaded borders, showing a certain parallelism. In other cases, when the section is turned round between crossed nicols, shadows are seen sweeping across. The difference between this appearance and that of undulating extinction does not appear at first, but, as we have just said, pressure cannot be called in, in this case. These phenomena are never seen in sections which show hemitropic striae with great sharpness, nor in sections parallel to M. Sections of an intermediate zone, approaching M, show this peculiar extinction ; on the other hand, when the sections are more in the zone P : k, the parallel black lines with shadowy borders appear. These observations lead us to conclude that this extinction is due to the fine lamellation of this plagioclase, the sections of which, cut more or less obliquely to the plane of twinning, must in polarised light show these undulations, or these traces of albitic lamellae with indistinct borders. Olivine is somewhat uncommon in this basalt ; it usually appears in grains, but occasionally the sections present crystallographic outlines. Amongst the latter there is one form which is hexagonal, with two parallel sides longer than the others. In ordinary light it appears quite homogeneous, but in polarised light it is seen to be divided into halves by a straight line perpendicular to the longer sides. The two halves in certain positions between crossed nicols show sharply different colours, although these are not very intense on account of the section being cut perpendicular to an optical axis. In convergent light this axis is shown to have the same position for the two halves, and to be eccentric. Everything indicates, however, that the plane of the optical axes is perpendicular to the direction indicated in the section by the trace of oo P} which corresponds to the longer sides of the hexagon. The shorter sides should be traces of flattened domes. This section shows two cleavages : one parallel to the base, the other parallel to a pinacoid of the prismatic zone, and perpendicular to the former. More or less irregular fractures may also be observed parallel to the short sides of the hexagon, indicating a less distinct cleavage following the faces of flattened domes. The sections of olivine, sometimes little altered, are crowded with inclusions of magnetite. The augite presents no noteworthy peculiarity, except that the crystals are often grouped. They are sometimes twinned in the ordinary way, or intercrossed with con- siderable regularity, although not clearly enough to show a law of twinning. The ground-mass is chiefly composed of microliths of augite and plagioclase — the latter lamellar and giving great extinctions — and of a vitreous base, which surrounds all the minerals of the rock. Another specimen from the same place closely resembles that just described, except that the colour is greyish, and rather large crystals of augite are visible to the naked eye. The microscope shows that it also is a felspathic basalt. Finally, rocks from the same locality have a scoriaceous structure ; they are black, and contain somewhat large vesicles. The ground-mass appears compact and fine- REPORT ON THE PETROLOGY OF OCEANIC ISLANDS. 147 grained, but is sometimes altered on the surface, assuming a reddish colour, and is impregnated with limonite. Microscopic examination shows that, like the other rocks, it is a felspathic basalt. Eather large sections of augite and olivine predominate in the ground-mass, which also contains small microliths of plagioclase and of augite, with magnetite, and a vitreous base. The felspars do not attain the dimensions of porphy- ritic elements, and this rock presents few noteworthy peculiarities, except those due to the alteration of olivine. The sections of this mineral are, as a rule, partly filled with trichites ; the spots not yet occupied by this secondary product appear clear and bmpid, but in polarised light these apparently unaltered portions hardly show the colours of chromatic polarisation. We remark also that not only is the mineral full of trichites, but that while its external form remained unchanged, it was permeated by a secondary product, part of the original substance being removed. The mineral which has formed in the interior of the sections appears as groups of prismatic crystals, the summits directed towards the centre and the bases attached to the outer margins. These microliths are arranged in parallel bundles, and appear at first sight to be felspar, especially considering that we can detect in the same rock small plagioclases of undoubted secondary origin filling up cracks. Still it seems impossible to reconcile this inter- pretation with the crystalline forms and with the absence of polysynthetic twins, no traces of which are to be found in the prisms included in the olivine sections. The microliths in question present flattened angles at the summit, which may even appear like a terminal pinacoid. From this form, and the fact that extinction takes place almost parallel to the length, the microliths resemble certain zeolites, such as desmine and natrolite. They cannot be ascribed to the zeolites, however, for their outlines stand out too clearly, and the polarisation colours are identical, we may say, with those of the felspar microliths of the ground-mass. They might be identified perhaps with pilite. Olivine often forms in this rock very elongated crystals, which have sometimes been broken by movements of the magma. A rock which is also scoriaceous, but contains better developed crystalline con- stituents, approximates in its texture to dolerite. Microscopic examination shows certain details in the structure of the plagioclase crystals which are worth noting. The sections not showing polysynthetic lamellae are never perfectly homogeneous. They are speckled with more or less rectangular points, all of which extinguish simultaneously, and are similarly oriented. These inclusions are not isolated, as they seem, but must be united by a layer of slight thickness extending under the plane of the section. This is proved by the examination of sections of the zone P : k, in which polysynthetic twins appear. The polysynthetic lamella? are not continuous, but interrupted at a certain distance, and the space left free is filled by the principal individual. Thus a section parallel to M ought to show these lamellae in the form of quadratic inclusions ; they ought to present different extinctions from the felspathic mass formed of the principal 148 THE VOYAGE OF H.M.S. CHALLENGER. individual, and show themselves in the manner we have described. The sections of augite and olivine are in no way remarkable, except in being often corroded by the magma. Augite frequently occurs as inclusion in plagioclase. We may also mention, amongst the constituents of the rock, grains and crystals of magnetite, and a rounded fragment of hornblende surrounded by a large zone of magnetite. Layers of volcanic conglomerate were observed near the fishermen's huts. The microscope showed this rock to be made up of basaltic lapilli, and more or less frag- mentary minerals, with rather vague outlines, embedded in a light greenish mass. In the yellowish vitreous lapilli there are microliths of augite and small crystals of olivine. Plagioclase is not so common as the former minerals, but appears sometimes in the form of skeletons forked at both extremities. A limburgite coming from the bed of a river in Corinthian Bay deserves description. This rock is greyish black, and the constituents are large enough to be recognised by the naked eye as crystalline grains of olivine and augite. The micro- scope proves the absence of felspar, and shows the ground-mass to be a brownish glass, enclosing crystals of olivine and augite. The forms assumed by olivine in this rock may be deduced from the microscopic sections. The hexagonal sections prove the existence of faces of the prismatic zone surmounted by a face of a sharply pointed dome. The angle between the traces of the dome is from 79° to 80°, and the value of kjk is 80° 53'. The sections are grooved with cleavages at right angles, parallel to the outlines of traces of the prism and to the base. The form of sections with a reentrant angle shows that the olivine is often formed by juxtaposition of a certain number of crystals with parallel axes. They are often corroded by the magma. The examination of this rock tends to confirm an observation often made before in lim- burgites, that the best developed element in this lithological type is olivine ; the augite is often in the form of microliths embedded in the vitreous mass. Another specimen of limburgite from Corinthian Bay, identical in composition and texture with the preceding, is somewhat rich in zeolites, as this kind of rock nearly always is. The cliffs of the island contain layers of more ancient eruption. We have examined some specimens of these ; they are greyer in colour and less scoriaceous in appearance than the rock last described. In one fine-grained mass the lens showed the fel- spathic element to predominate over the other constituents, and this was confirmed by microscopic examination. This rock is a basalt like all those of Marion Island. Microscopic preparations show large irregular or rounded sections of olivine and very numerous lamellar plagioclases, between which are embedded small irregular grains of augite. Magnetite occurs between the other constituents, and there are also a few small scales of biotite. REPORT OX THE PETROLOGY OF OCEANIC ISLANDS. 149 XL— ROCKS OF KANDAVU, FIJI ISLANDS. A paper by Professor Wiclimann * has already made known a good many rocks collected in the Fiji archipelago by the naturalists of the Godeffroy Museum in Hamburg. He has shown that the whole series of paleo-volcanic rocks are present in these islands.2 The more recent are especially represented by basalts and andesites. The latter, associated with fossiliferous volcanic tufas of tertiary age, compose by them- selves almost all the small islands of the archipelago. According to the same author, the volcanic products of Kandavu are andesites. Professor Wichmann described some specimens taken from Mount Washington or Buke-Levu, which rises at the western extremity of Kandavu. Those about to be described came from a point to the north of the port of the island, where they were collected in August 1874 by the staff of the Challenger. All that is known about the geological nature of Kandavu is that the greater part of the island is a volcanic conglomerate of coarse structure, in which large blocks of lava are embedded. The island is covered with rounded hillocks, rising tier above tier. Mr. Moseley explains the regularity in form to the action of denudation. We may add that in Ovalau, the nearest island to Kandavu, the appearance is similar, and the rocks seem to be of the same nature.3 According to Mr. Buchanan, all the rocks we are about to describe crop out near the port of Kandavu, and show a columnar structure. We shall first describe those belonging to the amphibolic andesites. The naked eye distinguishes in a greyish ground-mass rather large, whitish, vitreous sections of plagioclase, and black specks of hornblende or biotite. The rock is rough to the 1 Beitrag zur Petrographie des Viti Archipels, Min. pet. Mitth., Bd. v. pp. 1-60. 2 It seems advisable to poiut out here, in connection with Professor Wichmann's paper, such geological details of the archipelago as we are acquainted with. Meinicke (Die Inseln des Stillen Oceans, p. 2, Leipzig, 1876) has summarised the mineralogical observations made on the Fiji Islands by Graffe, Macdonald, Seemann, &c, and we may refer also to Home (A Year in Fiji, pp. 163-170, London, 1881). According to these authors, the most abundant rocks are argillaceous and calcareous, also breccias and conglomerates, and in some places sandstone and clay slates, while basalts and trachytes form the highest summits, and more recent sedimentary rocks are deposited on the slopes. The island of Taviuni is the only one in the group which is exclusively volcanic, and this, according to Home, is the only one of subaerial formation. But Professor Wichmann observes that the absence of tufas or of other rocks on the declivities of Buke-Levu in Kandavu seem to show that this island is not altogether of submarine origin. The rocks collected in Fiji by Graffe (1862 and 1865), and by Kleinschmidt (1876-1878), showed that crystalline and schisto-crystalline rocks of the ancient series played a considerable part in Buke-Levu. The fossiliferous rocks there are of tertiary age. All the other islands visited by the explorers were found to be composed of andesites and basalts, and of tufas of these two lithological types. In some of them coral limestone, sometimes silicified, has been found. All these observations lead to the opinion that in the palaeozoic and mesozoic epochs this archipelago formed a continent which became submerged about the middle of the tertiary period. Professor Wichmann made it evident that the data furnished by the study of the rocks of the Fiji archipelago present a great analogy from this point of view with those resulting from the examination of other Pacific islands. Contrary to the general opinion, held until very recently, that all the Pacific islands were of volcanic formation, it is now proved that several of them are built up of ancient crystalline and sedimentary rock3. In his paper on the rocks of the Fiji archipelago, Professor Wichmann has established very clearly the facts on which he founds this interpretation (see he. cit., pp. 1-8). 3 Moseley, Notes of a Naturalist on board the Challenger, p. 301. 150 THE VOYAGE OF H.M.S. CHALLENGER. touch, and has a very irregular fracture. The microscope shows the ground-mass to be composed of a light yellowish or almost colourless base containing numerous felspathic and augitic microliths, and granules of magnetite. Brownish transparent scales of biotite are sometimes found. The crystals of plagioclase are usually zonary, and twinned according to the albite and Carlsbad laws ; they are generally formed of two large individuals enclosing a few extremely thin hemitropic lamellae. In some cases one of the principal components, twinned following the Carlsbad law, is polysynthetic, while the other is simple, and presents traces of cleavages crossing at 90°. The outlines of those crystals, which are characterised by the rarity of hemitropic lamellae, exhibit a face equally inclined to the traces of P and of M, which may correspond to a dome of the zone P : M (n or c). Its trace makes an angle of about 45° with the traces of M and of P. That this plagioclase is a Carlsbad twin may be proved by the fact that in those sections where only the two principal individuals are seen, the projection of the vertical faces appears in an opposite direction in the two crystals ; these twinned individuals have asymmetrical extinctions : one darkens at about 40° from the trace of M, and the other at 22°. The latter observation also proves that the plagioclase is a Carlsbad twin and is allied to labradorite. In the zone P : Ic the angle of extinction for two adjacent plagioclastic lamellae has been found to be from 17° to 20°, which confirms that this plagioclase is a mixture allied to labradorite. The sections of plagioclase often exhibit reentrant angles, which in ordinary light are apt to be mistaken for indications of twinning, but examination between crossed nicols shows that the crystals are simply grouped without hemitropy, being united wuth parallel axes. Hornblende plays an important part in this andesite. It has not only crystallised with the faces of the prism, but the two vertical pinacoids are often represented, and one of them even rather well developed. This mineral is frequently altered and surrounded by a black zone of magnetite ; in other cases it is bordered by an aggregation of small prisms, which are also contained in the centre of the sections. This bacillary aggregate must be considered of secondary formation ; the small prisms composing it are united parallel to their length, tbey are crossed by cracks parallel to the base, and are almost colourless, or exhibit a greenish tint. It is not easy to measure the extinction, but when this could be done it was found to be about 40°. Possibly this aggregation may be made up of small prisms of augite. They are arranged in such a way as to show a parallelism between their long axis and that of hornblende, and seem to behave almost like the fibrous hornblende which surrounds augite passing to uralite ; here this paramorphosis appears to be reversed. The alteration of hornblende becomes visible not only by the zone of magnetite, or the surrounding groups of augite microliths just described, but it is accompanied by a development of biotite in the heart of the mineral. The manner in which this REPORT ON THE PETROLOGY OF OCEANIC ISLANDS. 151 pseudomorphism is effected is as follows. The hornblende becomes darker in colour, the pleochroism more intense, the polarisation tints approach to dark-red tones, and the sections assume a lamellar texture, the lamella? appearing undulated on the surface in polarised light. In fact we see all the characters of hornblende being exchanged for those we are accustomed to associate with black mica, but the form of the sections is unaltered. We shall show immediately, that biotite exists as a primary mineral in the rocks of Kandavu, and must point out the peculiarities which make it possible to distinguish this from the secondary product just described. In some cases the form of the sections gives no assistance, because both hornblende and black mica may appear in thin slices as hexagonal sections. Yet it is possible to demonstrate the secondary origin of the biotite, for, when this is the case, its hexagonal sections show lamellae parallel to one of the sides of the hexagon; an observation sufficient to prove that the biotite is of secondary formation. A hexagonal section of biotite could not present this appearance ; the lamellae would not show themselves, and the section would appear uniform. Those lines which appear in the sections, and are caused by the union of lamellae of biotite, cannot be mistaken for the cleavages of hornblende. Even if the characters of the mica were not so clear, this supposition could not be reconciled either with the outlines or with the direction of the supposed cleavages. The observations tend to prove that the lamellae of biotite are piled up parallel to one of the pinacoids of the hornblende. There is little to say of biotite as a primary mineral. At first sight it closely resembles hornblende, being surrounded, like the latter, by a black opaque zone ; but its pleochroism, its pronounced lamellar structure, its reddish polarisation colours, its brilliant tints between crossed nicols, and the characteristic undulating shades on the surface of the section, prevent one from confounding this mica with anything else. It is recognised as a primary mineral by its sharp outlines, either hexagonal or in the form of a parallelogram, and by its always appearing isolated in the ground-mass. Augite is rather uncommon ; some microporphyritic sections of the mineral are of a green colour, such as it often assumes in andesites. Bronzite is of more common occurrence than monoclinic pyroxene. Olivine appears only in one of the specimens from Kandavu which were examined, where it is an accessory element. Its sections were of the usual rhombic or hexagonal form with worn outlines. It is a hyalosiderite converted into hematite, and full of trichites. One of the specimens from Kandavu is an augite-andesite. It is a coarse-grained rock, showing to the naked eye a greyish paste, enclosing crystals of plagioclase, from 2 to 3 millimetres in diameter, and small grains of greenish augite, with a few points of black hornblende. Under the microscope this rock differs from that previously described by the predominance of a vitreous base and the presence of microporphyritic crystals larger than those of the amphibolic andesite just mentioned. Hornblende 152 THE VOYAGE OF H.M.S. CHALLENGER. plays only a subordinate part, being substituted by augite. The microliths in the glassy base are not so numerous, but of the same species as in the preceding rocks. Numerous and well - defined plagioclase sections are full of vitreous inclusions. Some of them show simultaneously the twinnings of pericline and of Baveno ; that of albite is subordinate. The two series of polysynthetic lamellae, which correspond in the principal individuals, cross at an angle of about 90°. The albitic striae extinguish at 30°, a fact which indicates that we have to do with a mixture approximating to labradorite. When the sections present the lamellae of pericline clearly defined, the extinctions for the latter are a little smaller than for the principal individual, being about 27° for the lamellae in question and 30° to 31° for the polysynthetic lamellae twinned following the albite law (see fig. 26). Fig. 26.— Augite-andesite of Kandavu. Section of twinned plagioclase. I. II. ... Pericline twin. I.' II." ... do. (I. II.) (I.' II.") Baveno twin. III. I. . . . Pericline twin. IV. V. . . . Twinned with I. and II. having the face P common. The augite presents its usual characters in augitic andesites. It is sometimes twinned polysynthetically ; in other cases the sections show a fibrous structure causing them to resemble diallage. Augite contains felspar and magnetite as inclusions. Horn- blende, which has a very small part to play in this rock, is represented by sections often twinned, with worn angles and surrounded by magnetite. The plcochroism of this hornblende is — yellow-brown. /3 brownish yellow. > pale yellow. REPORT ON THE PETROLOGY OF OCEANIC ISLANDS. 153 XII.— THE VOLCANO OF GOONONG API (BANDA ISLANDS). The whole Banda group, comprising twelve islands, with a total area of about 18 square miles, is of igneous origin. Volcanic activity is now concentrated in one of the two islets which protect the port of Great Banda on the north-west of the island. This volcano, Goonong Api (Malay = Fire Mountain), has been long known. The first recorded eruption took place as far back as 1629 ; another followed in 1690, when Goonong Api entered on a state of activity which lasted five years ; and then followed the eruptions of 1765, 1775, 1816, 1820, and 1825. In November 1825 the eruptions were accompanied by earthquakes which ruined Great Banda and the islet of Pulo Neira. 9 The naturalists of the Challenger explored Goonong Api towards the end of September 1874, and observed a great number of facts, which will be summarised before commencing the description of the eruptive products collected up to the very summit of the volcano.1 The mountain rises in a conical form to 1860 feet above sea-level. Neither the Dutch residents nor the native Malays attempt to scale the rugged heights save on rare occasions. M. Bickmore, one of the first to climb the mountain, has described his expedition, probably exaggerating the dangers of the ascent; the Challenger's staff, in order to study volcanic activity in the crater itself, climbed the volcano by the eastern slope. Up to within 700 or 800 feet of the summit the ground was covered with brushwood, which gave something to hold on by, and rendered the ascent, if not easy, at least practicable. On passing the upper limit of vegetation the naturalists came upon a vast accumulation of loose blocks, which rose up like a wall before them, and gave way when stepped upon. Above these heaps of broken stones the ground was firmer, the blocks of lava and volcanic ashes forming a solid foothold, but sharp angular pieces of lava piercing the bed of ashes made even this part of the cone troublesome to climb. Exhalations of acid vapours escaped from all the cracks on the summit, and acted energetically on the lava, which was in some places entirely transformed superficially into a white substance looking like chalk. This action of the fumaroles is frequently confined to the outside of the rock, the interior preserving its fresh appearance almost unimpaired. The escaping vapours had a temperature of 121° C. ; they were acid, and had a strong sulphurous smell.2 1 See Moseley, Notes of a Naturalist &c., p. 382 ; and JYarr. Chall. Exp., vol. i. p. 561. 2 Reference will be made, in describing the yoloano of Camiguin, to the high temperature at which algae live in warm springs escaping from crevices in the lava. Analogous observations were made on Goonong Api ; gelatinous masses made up of algas were found attached round the mouths from which jets of vapour escaped. The vapour had a temperature of 121° C., and the plants were fixed to the rock where the thermometer marked C0° C. In a crack of the lava whence a sulphurous emanation escaped a plant was growing in a soil at a temperature of 38° ; a foot and a half from this point the temperature of the rock was 104° C. (PHTS. CHEM. CIIALL. EXP. — PART VII. — 1889.) 20 154 THE VOYAGE OF H.M.S. CHALLENGER On the shore of the island, at the foot of the volcano, there is a girdle of coral easily accessible at low tide. The polyps are fixed to the volcanic rock, and the top of the bank rises a foot above sea-level. The island has thus at a comparatively recent period been subject to oscillations such as may be expected in a volcanic region. After these brief remarks on the geological phenomena of Goonong Api we shall describe the lithological characters of the eruptive products collected on the top of the volcano. We shall begin with the less decomposed lavas, and afterwards deal with those which show in their altered appearance traces of the action of the acid vapours to which they have been exposed. All these rocks belong to the type of augitic andesites. Some very slightly decomposed lavas are black, very lustrous, slightly scoriaceous, and spotted with felspathic grains. Microscopically they are formed of a yellowish base crowded with micro] iths of plagioclase and augite, and in this ground-mass are seen rather large sections of plagioclase, augite, magnetite, and, as an accessory mineral, olivine. The microporphyritic crystals of plagioclase, which are vitreous, like sanidine, are sharply outlined, and are elongated following the edge, PjM, but in other cases they are less tabular, assuming the prismatic form. The most common types of twinning of these plagioclases are those of Baveno and of albite, but the hemitropic lamellae are not numerous in the sections. The felspar sections often present the appearance of two halves joined together, resembling at first glance a Carlsbad twin, but closer examination almost always shows one or two hemitropic lamellse — sometimes excessively thin — enclosed in one or other of the principal individuals. These striae prove that this felspar is plagioclase. Fig. 27 shows a section of plagioclase from the rock we are describing. The section is parallel to the face M of one individual (I) and more or less parallel to the face P (zone P:k) of the other (II). It can be seen that (I) is traversed by cleavages parallel to P, which are parallel to the plane of union and to the plagioclastic stria? of (II). Cleavages The angle of extinction approaches 40°. The indi- vidual (II) exhibits less regular fractures, resembling those usually seen in sanidine. It is noticeable that, as is almost always the case, only one of the cleavages following the prism is to be seen. The angle of extinction for the principal individual, measured from the intercalated polysynthetic lamellse, is about 30°. The extinctions on M and P exceed those of bytownite, and are nearer to those of anorthite. The extinctions Fig. 27. — Decomposed lava of Goonong Api. Section of plagioclase. parallel to T can also be seen. REPORT ON THE PETROLOGY OF OCEANIC ISLANDS. 155 observed between two hemitropic lamellae in the zone P :k are 32°, 21*, 19°, but in some cases they exceed 35°. These values agree with the determination just given. We see another confirmation of this in the fact mentioned above, of the rarity of hemitropic plagioclastic striae ; it is well known that the extremes of the plagioclastic mixtures, albite and anorthite, are to a certain extent characterised by the rarity of these interpositions, or by the relative thickness of the hemitropic lamellae. The augite presents no very special characters ; it exhibits a tendency to form more or less irregular groups or nests, and is often twinned. The very rare sections of olivine, often occurring as inclusions in the plagioclase, are decomposed into red hematite. Magnetite is somewhat abundant. The microliths of the ground-mass, as observed above, are small crystals of plagioclase and augite, the former being often split up at the extremities. The remaining rocks from the summit of Goonong Api have been altered by the action of fumaroles, as in the case of certain lavas from Ternate, but in those from Goonong Api decomposition is further advanced, and presents some phenomena worth describing. These lavas have the same aspect and the same lithological constitution as those just described, only they are much more friable, and covered in some places by a floury coating. One sees with the lens that the felspar crystals have lost their glassy lustre and appear porcellanous. Under the microscope the large sections of felspar show hardly any remaining trace of the original twinning, but their outlines are maintained notwithstanding the alteration that has destroyed the internal structure of the mineral. The sections are furrowed with a lacework of cracks lined with a colourless substance, in the same way as serpentinisation penetrates olivine. A few patches of the original mineral remain unaltered, but as a rule the entire section behaves between crossed nicols like an isotropic substance. The plagioclastic sections invaded by this secondary product rarely show the twins of plagioclase, one can only detect certain remains that react feebly with polarised light. These crystals often appear cracked (see fig. 28). The first explana- tion that offers itself to account for this strange phenomenon of decomposition is that the rock, being formed of anorthite — a plagioclase which lends itself very readdy to the formation of zeolites — the alteration of the felspar would be due to a modification of this kind ; but chemical analysis proves that the substance penetrating the felspar is silica. In fact, the undecomposed augite-andesites of Goonong Api contain from 55 to 59 per cent, of silica, and when they exhibit the alteration which has been described the percentage of silica rises to 80 per cent., and, in the specimens trans- Fig. 28. — Lava of Goonong Api. Decomposed plagioclase partly replaced by silica. 156 THE VOYAGE OP H.M.S. CHALLENGER. formed into white material, it may even amount to 90 per cent. The substance which fills the crystals of plagioclase in this rock is thus silica. The augite sections even have not escaped this alteration : their margins appear corroded ; a zone of silica, like that which we have observed in the felspars, surrounds them as with a frame, and sends ramifications through the crystals until, in many cases, the augite is transformed into a greyish isotropic mass. The augite can only be recognised by its external form, which is generally preserved, or by greenish or brownish fragments entirely embedded in silica. The vitreous ground-mass itself is subject to a similar modification in some cases, its usual yellow colour passing into grey. The outlines of the microliths are made indistinguishable, except perhaps in the case of magnetite, and all the constituent minerals seem to be embedded in the opaline mass. The siliceous matter rarely assumes the form of quartz, but here, as at Ternate, granules are sometimes seen possessing the optical properties of that mineral, or of tridymite. Quartz or tridymite is detected most fre- quently in the fragments covered with a coating of more or less powdery white material. The alteration and displacement of these minerals by siliceous matter must be caused by the action of gaseous volcanic emanations, by jets of steam, and by high temperature. Amongst the vapours which attack silicates most energetically are those of hydrochloric and sulphuric acid. The latter, detected in the fumaroles of Goonong Api, can easily remove all the bases of this lava as soluble sulphates, which would readily be washed away. This is the case with the alumina and iron, while the silica, with which they were combined in the eruptive rocks, remains alone in the form of hydrate. The alteration of felspar and augite into a substance resembling opal is a fact observed elsewhere. We may refer, for instance, to the investigations of Eammelsberg 1 on the pyroxene of Vesuvius in the lava of 1852, in which the amount of silica reached 85"34 per cent. ; water was present to the extent of 5'47 per cent. ; the mineral which had been altered by the action of fumaroles contained only traces of bases. Morawski and Schinnerer2 showed that the sanidine of the trachyte from a solfatara near Pouzzolie contained 90'19 per cent, of silica and 4"19 per cent, of water. According to Blum,3 the sanidine of Furnas is similarly changed into opal, the surface of the crystals remaining hard, while the interior is cellular and porous. Finally, Fritsch and Eeiss * found the same modification in the felspar of a phonolitic rock of Pico de Teyde. These facts bear the most perfect analogy to those we have been describing, and they should be attributed to the same cause. The presence of quartz and tridymite, which were detected in some of the altered rocks, may be explained by their formation as products of sublimation, a mode of origin for these minerals too well known to require to be discussed here. 1 Rammelsberg, Pogg. Ann., Bd. xlix. p. 388. - Morawski and Schinnerer, Verh. geol. Reichsansta.lt, p. 161, 1872. 3 Blum, Die Pseudomorphosen des Mineralreichs, Bd. iii. p. 52. * Von Fritsch und Reiss, Geologische Beschreibung der Insel Teneriffe, p. 423, 1868. REPORT ON THE PETROLOGY OF OCEANIC ISLANDS. 157 XIIL— ROCKS FROM THE VOLCANO OF TERNATE. The magnificent view at the entrance of Molucca Pass is well calculated to exhibit the great share which volcanic forces have had in building up the archipelago. The naturalists of the Challenger Expedition who explored these islands were greatly struck by the scene ; when fairly in the straits they saw before them on the east coast alone ten volcanic cones, several being in an active state.1 The volcano of Ternate was then in eruption, and is one of the most important in the group. It has been described in detail by Mr. Moseley, who made the ascent along with Mr. Balfour in October 1874. The rocks they collected on the summit are now to be described. The island of Ternate, situated close to the equator, in latitude 0° 48' 30" N. and longitude 127° 19' E., is separated by a narrow sound from the island of Tidore. It might be described as a huge volcanic mountain rising from the bottom of the sea and attaining an elevation of 5600 feet above its level, as determined by the Challenger Expedition. The ascent of this volcano is rarely attempted, and the nature of it was hardly known before Mr. Moseley's expedition, the results of which may be summarised thus : — The island is formed of three superimposed cones, the highest, at the summit of which the actual crater is found, being surrounded by the second, which is in turn planted in the ancient crater that crowns the great basal cone of the mountain. After traversing the cultivated fields and woods which spread over the flanks of the mountain, one reaches the ridge of the ancient crater, at a height of 4800 feet. This crater is about 100 feet deep, and from it rises a second cone to a height of about 4850 feet, from which the cone of eruption springs. The second crater, which may be termed the intermediate, is encumbered with masses of lava thrown out by the crater of the superior cone. The solidified streams are formed of reddish lava cracked in all directions by contraction. The superior cone planted in the intermediate crater is destitute of vegetation. Its height from base to summit is 350 feet ; the cliff-like slope rises at an angle of about 30°, and at the summit of the cone descends by a similar slope of 30° into the upper crater. The superior cone is not formed of volcanic ash, but of masses of basaltic lava ; the blocks scattered over the surface appear very fresh, as if they had been recently ejected. Messrs. Moseley and Balfour vainly endeavoured 1 Amongst the volcanoes of the Moluccas we may mention, besides that of Ternate, the little cone of Hieri, an island situated iu the north of the group. The cone is about 2200 feet high, circular, aud about three-quarters of a mile in diameter at the base. The island of Tidore has the highest and most perfect cone (see Narr. Chall. Exp., vol. i. fig. 199, p. 594, for a view of this volcano). Its height is 5900 feet, and it is situated in latitude 0° 39' N., longitude 127° 23' E. The volcano of Mareb, from 700 to 800 feet in height, is formed by two peaks. The volcanic cone of Metir, in latitude 0° 28' N., longitude 127° 23' E., is 2800 feet high. The island of Mitara is also surmounted by a small cone, the form of which is remarkably regular. For the natural history and geographical details of these islands, see Narr. Chall. Exp., vol. i. pp. 592-000. 158 THE VOYAGE OF H.M.S. CHALLENGER. to explore this crater. They could only descend it to a depth of 60 feet, for the suffocating acid vapour which enshrouded them, and the difficulties of the ground, compelled them to return. They found deposits of sulphur in the crevices, and saw everywhere rocks profoundly modified in structure by the action of vapours exhaled from the volcano. The rocks about to be described were collected from the summit of this cone. The rocks of Ternate belong to the augite-andesites, but in some cases, from the presence of olivine, they ought to be classed amongst the basalts. We shall first describe the andesitic lavas. The most characteristic specimens are slightly scoriaceous, and of a dark colour ; the naked eye and the lens only show some vitreous or white points which are crystals of plagioclase. Microscopically the rock is vesicular; the matrix, chiefly formed of vitreous matter, is devitrified here and there by spherulites, and numerous plagioclase microliths are scattered through the brownish class. The large sections of plagioclase are zonary, and full of vitreous inclusions ; they exhibit at the same time the twins of the albite and pericline law. Sections, where the lamellae are twinned following the albite and the pericline laws, appear clearly defined and intercrossing each other at right angles (also parallel to k), and give symmetrical extinctions of from 20° to 16°. These values show that we are dealing with a plagioclastic mixture which approaches labradorite. Most of the augite sections are twinned polysynthetically. The lamellae, often resembling those of plagioclase, are sometimes very numerous and closely packed, giving some sections of this mineral a fibrous appearance. The central part of the augite is often the most lamellated. Twinned lamellae are sometimes noticed in the form of two triangles meeting at the apex, and thus resembling the well-known clepsydra structure which occurs in this species. A rather long augite crystal cut nearly parallel to oo P co showed these lamellae closely packed in bundles at the centre, but spreading out by the addition of more lamellae towards the extremities of the section. They thus present an appearance like a sheaf bound tightly in the middle, and show considerable analogy to the internal structure of augite just referred to. The pleochroism = 7 greenish, @ yellowish. This pyroxene has a great angle of extinction ; the hemitropic lamellae intercalated in the principal individual extinguish at 50°, and the large crystal itself at 44°. The cleavage is not well marked, doubtless because the slices cut off this somewhat scoriaceous rock are not so thin as those obtained by polishing a more compact mass. Magnetite, presentiug no noteworthy peculiarity, is also an essential constituent of this andesite. Some other specimens, which must also be classed with the andesites, resemble that just described very closely in their microscopic characters, only the ground-mass is darker, more iridescent, and less vesicular. There are some minor differences also REPORT ON THE PETROLOGY OF OCEANIC ISLANDS. 159 which must be referred to in detail. Fig. 29 shows a section of plagioclase with hemitropic lamellae, following the albite law. These belong to two principal individuals, which mutually penetrate each other, and present, each in its turn, a larger development in the different parts of the section. The two principal individual crystals, which sometimes form the groundwork and sometimes the lamellae, are twinned in the following manner : — Fig. 29.— Andesite of Ternate. Section of plagioclases, albite, pericline, and Carlsbad twin. I. II. . . . Albite twin. I. 1/ . . . Pericline do. II. II'. ... do. do. III. (I. II.) . Carlsbad do. Cleavage parallel to the face P is noticeable in both individuals. This is shown in the figure by lines sensibly perpendicular to the albitic lamellae. Extinction takes place at 33° to 34° from on the trace of M. The polysynthetic lamellae following the pericline law (I'. IF), extinguishing at 27°, meet at an angle corresponding exactly to the trace of PP', which is clearly indicated at the lower jtart of the figure. The third individual (III), joined to the preceding group in the plane M, must be considered as forming a Carlsbad twin with (I. II) ; in fact, this individual gives an asymmetric extinction at 20°. The augitic sections in this rock show strong pleochroism, recalling hypersthene by the tints observed. We have : — /? greenish. reddish yellow. The form of the augite crystals is not that usually found in andesites, the sections being terminated by an obtuse summit very like those of bronzite. This mineral is sometimes twinned, and the value of its extinction never allows any doubt regarding its correct description as monoclinic pyroxene. The rock we describe has the general characters of an augite-andesite ; it contains, however, small hexagonal or rhombic sections of olivine. The ground-mass is a base, enclosing a great number of felspathic microliths, appearing like belonites, and magnetite, which also occurs as inclusions in the constituent minerals. 160 THE VOYAGE OF H.M.S. CHALLENGER. Another specimen of augite-andesite contains zonary sections of felspar, parallel to M, which allow the extinction to be measured accurately. They show that the plagio- clase is labradorite (extinction 23°) at the centre, and bytownite (extinction 29°) on the edges. The rock is altered on the surface, and covered with a whitish layer, to which we shall return presently; the undecomposed portion contains 55 per cent, of silica. A specimen, which must be classed as basalt, presents just the same kind of surface alteration into whitish material ; it has been so much decomposed by the action of fumaroles that only felspar and a few grains of olivine can be distinguished. Microscopical examination shows a number of large and sharply defined crystals of olivine with the angles of this mineral and cleavages oo P co , OP. Augite has a reddish tint, more common for this mineral in basalt than in augite-andesites, where the colour is usually green. It occurs in large microporphyritic crystals, and is often found as microliths in the ground -mass, frequently in small prisms forming a zone round larger crystals of the same kind. The plagioclase crystals are twinned according to the albite law, and sometimes according to that of pericline. Sections showing both systems of lamellae very clearly, and almost parallel to h, give extinctions from 30° to 35°, measured from the trace of M. This extinction angle classes this felspar near labradorite. The ground-mass is that of an ordinary felspathic basalt. The action of fumaroles has so penetrated the specimen we are about to describe, that, were it not for its density and structure, one might take it at first sight for a fragment of pumice. Microscopically the alteration appears in the following manner : the ground-mass is composed almost entirely of a quartzose aggregate, in which no well- formed crystals are to be seen, but only grains of plagioclase and augite traversed in every direction by cracks, the augite especially. Some remains of olivine crystals may sometimes be seen. The rock is sprinkled with little brownish patches of a substance occurring also crystallised in small prisms, the appearance and arrangement of which strongly resemble sagenite ; but they are so small, so opaque, and so entirely surrounded by the ground-mass, that it is impossible to determine their nature with certainty. XIV.— ROCKS OF THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS. A. Rocks from the Volcano of Camiguin. The island of Camiguin, on which the volcano about to be described is situated, belongs to the Philippine archipelago, one of the most remarkable centres of eruption on the globe. These islands form a link in the great volcanic chain, which, embracing the Kuriles, Japan and Formosa, passes through Mindanao and Sangir, and runs out REPORT ON THE PETROLOGY OF OCEANIC ISLANDS. 161 towards the Moluccas, dividing there into two branches, one of which trends towards Java while the other stretches eastward to meet New Zealand.1 Several of the Philippine Islands have lately been the subject of important geological observations, and to these we shall have occasion to recur. Professor Roth has given an account of the geology of the archipelago in an Appendix to the narrative of the explorer Jagor.2 This work exemplifies the great erudition and precise knowledge which distinguish this geologist. I wish to mention very specially the results obtained by Von Drasche during his scientific voyage among the Philippines ; 3 and, finally, the New Volcano, Camiguin Island. excellent monograph, published by Professor Oebbeke, on the rock specimens collected on these islands by Professor Semper.4 In spite of the peculiar interest which ought 1 In considering in more detail the relations of the Philippine archipelago to the neighbouring lands, it can be connected with a chain of islands which commences at Formosa, passes through the somewhat scattered groups of the Batan and Babuyan Islauds, and runs on to Luzon. At this point the great chain breaks up into a series of secondary- chains, which lead to the Sunda Islands. The group of Busuanga and the island of Palawan trend towards the north point of Borneo ; the western portion of the peninsula of Mindanao and the Sulu Islands seem to link themselves to the north-east end of Borneo ; Luzon, Samar, and Mindanao lie on a curve, the convexity of which is towards the Pacific Ocean. To the south of Mindanao comes the chain of the Sangir Islands, which advances towards the Celebes and the Talant Islands. These latter stretch towards Halmahera. See F. S. Hahn, Insel Studien, p. 49, Leipzig 1883. 2 Fr. Jagor, Reisen in den Philippines Berlin 1873 ; appendix, p. 333 : Ueber die geologische Beschaffenheit der Philippinen. In this notice by Professor Roth are condensed all the observations on the geology of this archipelago which had appeared before the publication of Jagor's book ; it contains, besides, a large number of personal observations on the lithology and mineralogy of these islands. 3 R. von Drasche, Fragmente zu einer Geologie der Insel Luzon, Wien, 1878. 4 K. Oebekke, Beitrage zur Petrographie der Philippinen und der Palau-Inseln, Stuttgart, 1881. (PHYS. CHEM. CHALL. EXP. PART VII. — 1889.) 21 102 THE VOYAGE OF H.M.S. CHALLENGER. to attach to the volcanoes of this archipelago, and the somewhat advanced state of our knowledge concerning the geology of the great islands constituting it, scarcely any precise details were known of the lithological nature of the island and volcano of Camiguin. The specimens collected by the Challenger naturalists make it possible in a certain measure to fill up this blank. The study of the products of the volcano of Camiguin is, as will be seen, very closely related to the study of the substratum on which it has been formed, accordingly it will not be useless to give a short sketch of the geological constitution of the archipelago. As we have just said, some recent volcanic rocks of this group have been worked out by various able geologists, but the examination of the rocks of the subsoil and of the sedimentary formation have not been the object of such detailed researches. It has nevertheless been established that the greater part of the underlying rocks of the Philippines belongs to the schisto-crystalline series ; on these the sedimentary beds are deposited, and the latter, which are partly to be referred to the eocene period, are in their turn covered over by more recent deposits. There are, besides, to be observed some raised coral reefs, sometimes containing mollusca belonging to a species still living in the Pacific. Finally, certain eruptive products, which are, according to von Richtofen,1 later than the nummulitic limestone, iire overlaid by deposits that must be referred to the present period. Some of the rocks found at Luzon and Zebu contain fossils of an older period.2 When describing the rocks of Zebu, it will be shown that certain eruptive rocks of that island ought to be referred to the pre-tertiary series. The existence of granite in the archipelago is a fact of very great importance, and must be taken into account in explaining the origin of the material ejected by the volcano of Camiguin. Von Humboldt 3 points to the north of Luzon as containing masses of that rock. In the same region Jagor collected rocks of the granitic type, but he did not see them in situ, his specimens consisting of rounded pebbles. In other parts euphotide, serpentine, diorite, spilites, and epidotiferous rocks have been observed. Crystalline schists, gneiss, mica schists, amphibolites, and chloritic rocks, associated with the older eruptive series, play a more conspicuous part in the geological constitution of the island than do the recent volcanic formations. It is to these ancient schisto- crystalline rocks that certain well-known metalliferous deposits in the Philippines belon.a'. 4 1 In Roth, loc. cit., p. 334. 2 Ibid., p. 333. 3 See Humboldt, Kosmos, vol. vi. p. 405. 4 Roth, loc. cit., p. 334. The existence of ancient crystalline rocks in the Philippine Islands is pointed out in several passages in Professor Roth's memoir. R. von Drasche in his geology of Luzon admits that the gneissose rocks, the diabases, and the gabbros form to some extent the framework of the southern part of the island. luj I LIBRA! REPORT ON THE PETROLOGY OF OCEANIC ISLANDS. 163 These general remarks on the geological nature of this archipelago will suffice as an introduction to the description of the volcano of Camiguin. This small island is situated between Siquijor and Mindanao, to the north of the latter island, and 80 miles east of Zebu. The volcano of Camiguin, which stands hard by the village of Catarman, was still in an active state when the Challenger Expedition explored it in 1875. It was then re-entering upon a period of repose, after the terrible eruption of 1871. According to the account of that catastrophe, which we borrow from Professor Eoth,1 the islands of Bagol, Zebu, and Camiguin had for some months been suffering severely from earthquakes, until, on the 1st of May 1871, about five o'clock, a mountain near Catarman was rent open ; a central cavity appeared, from which ashes and stones were projected amid explosions and clouds of smoke. An elliptical crater was formed, which measured 1500 feet along the major axis, 150 along the minor, and attained a depth of 27 feet. At seven o'clock a second eruption occurred ; but, like the first, it sent out no lava streams. After this catastrophe almost all the inhabitants, to the number of 11,000, deserted the island. According to the details furnished by J. G. Gray of the Eoyal Navy,2 eruptions took place only in July, and the phenomena of internal activity continued for nearly two months. The hill was entirely formed during this eruption, and according to Mr. Gray it was about two-thirds of a mile in diameter, and 450 feet high. When, in 1875, the naturalists of the Challenger touched at Camiguin with the intention of studying this volcano, its summit rose to a height of 1950 feet. The volcano is situated close to the shore. Its form is that of a dome, resembling, according to Mr. Buchanan, some of the small volcanoes in the Auvergne. When it was explored all traces of a crater had dis- appeared, neither pumice nor scoriae were found ; the rocks were still incandescent at a dull red heat, and, by night, the mountain was seen crowned with glimmering light. Hot springs gushed from all the crevices at the foot of the volcano,3 and fumaroles were to be seen everywhere. The vapours which escaped from these had effected profound changes in the neighbouring rocks. According to the observations of Buchanan and Moseley, who collected the specimens we are about to describe, the volcano is situated 1 Roth, he. cit., p. 335. This note on the eruption of the volcano of Camiguin appeared in the Spenersche Zeilung, No. 167, 1871. 2 Hydrographic Notices, No. 8, London, 1872. 3 It is not within the scope of this description to report the very interesting observations which were made at the volcano of Camiguin on the temperature conditions under which certain low plants live. For this point we refer the reader to Narr. Chall. Exp., vol. i. p. G54 ; but the interest which, from a geological point of view, arises from these questions induces us here to recapitulate the results. At places where the temperature of the hot springs reaches 65° C. , the presence of algae was not observed, but on some blocks that were bathed by the hot water, and rose above the level of the current, greenish spots were noticed. A little below the source algae were found abundantly in a small pool into which the water fell, and still retained a temperature as high as 38° C. Still lower they were seen growing in the middle of a brook, whose waters reached 45°3 C, the highest temperature at which these plants were observed to exist at Camiguin. The resistance which these organisms offer to high temperature is the more interesting, since thermal waters are almost saturated with the various salts that result from the decomposition of the rocks they traverse. 164 THE VOYAGE OF H.M.S. CHALLENGER. on slightly undulating and greatly denuded strata, formed, as can be seen on the shore, of beds resembling trachyte. We shall now describe the lithological nature of the eruptive products that constitute the volcano. The rocks collected at Camiguin belong to the andesite type ; sometimes, as we shall show, augite predominates in them ; in other instances hornblende seems to play the leading part, but, in all cases, these two bisilicates are present, and the transition between the amphibolic and pyroxenic andesites is gradual. We shall therefore describe both types together. In general, these rocks are very close grained ; the constituent minerals are readily detached from the mass ; the colour is greyish passing into reddish on alteration ; when the rock is more massive, it is a little darker. With the naked eye or the lens it is possible to distinguish only some whitish glassy grains, which are plagioclases ; blunted crystals of black hornblende, or patches of augite approaching a greenish tint, are sometimes seen. Microscopical examination shows that these rocks belong to two types of andesites, the amphibolic and the pyroxenic, passing from the one to the other through all stages ; in some instances, by the presence of olivine, they are allied to the basalts. In all, however, the microtexture and mineralogical composition remain much the same. In a ground-mass, composed chiefly of small prismatic crystals of plagioclase and augite, united nearly always with a colourless glassy base, are embedded large fragments of plagioclase, augite, generally in greenish grains, hornblende without any crystallo- graphic outlines and of a yellowish brown hue ; and, lastly, biotite, bronzite, and especially magnetite, which is scattered in small sections everywhere, both in what we call the paste and in the sections of the above-named minerals. Having now indicated the microscopical texture and the constituent minerals, we shall describe the characters which each of them presents under the micro- scope. Plagioclase is incontestably the most important and interesting mineral in the andesites of Camiguin. The adjoining figures represent some of the sections of these felspars. The group represented in fig. 30 shows two individuals twinned according to the albite law. The principal indi- viduals are joined following M; one observes the repetition of I and II reciprocally intercalated in each of the two individuals. In the lower part of the figure, the reentrant angle a is formed by the traces of P of I and II. In the _, on , . ." ,„ . . upper part the obtuse angle is 7° 50'. The double angle Fig. 30.— Andesite of Camiguin. £ 7 . . „ ° , section of plagioclase, albite of extinction is 70° (32°-38°) ; 7 indicates intercalation of lamellae following the pericline law. The intercala- tion of these lamellae shows that the section is very nearly perpendicular to the edge P/k. REPORT ON THE PETROLOGY OF OCEANIC ISLANDS. 165 Another mode of grouping is seen in fig. 31 ; the face il/of II is superposed on the face P of I. This section is nearly perpendicular to the edge P/3I of I ; other forms of twinning and different groupings can be seen, such as are represented in fig. 32. Fig. 31. — Andesite of Camiguin. Section of plagioclase, nearly perpendicular to PjM. j^ crossed nicols. Fio. 32. — Andesite of Oamiguin. Section of plagioclase, Baveno, albite, and pericline twins. i's crossed nicols. This (fig. 32) shows I, Baveno twin ; II, twin crystals of albite ; I and III, twin crystals of pericline ; I, IV, Baveno twin. Fig. 33 shows I and II Carlsbad twin and one of albite ; the extinctions for I are 35° on the average (32° to 38° for a, and 32° for b). The section then approaches the face a; for this individual. The individual II extinguishes at 10° for a and 6° for b ; therefore the section for II approaches the face P. I prr' Fig. 33.— Andesite of Camiguin. Section of plagioclase, albite and Carlsbad twin. ij'g crossed nicols. Fig. 34. — Andesite of Camiguin. Section of plagioclase following M, pericline twin. sV crossed nicols. The section shown in fig. 34 is parallel to M, and shows a pericline twin. The 166 THE VOYAGE OF H.M.S. CHALLENGER. two individuals are joined in the plane of the rhombic section ; as the figure shows, this plane is visibly inclined towards the face P' in the same direction as the extinction, which is negative and of 39° for one individual, for the other 20°. The principal characters of the plagioclase in the rocks of Camiguin may be sum- marised as follows. The optical properties of this mineral, its structure, groupings, and twinnings, indicate that it represents a plagioclastic mixture intermediate between oligoclase and labradorite. One of the most interesting features of this felspar is, that this mineral has crystallised in these rocks with numerous and very well-developed faces ; the traces of M P T I x y can be seen in the sections. This abundance of faces is a somewhat rare occurrence, and one to be noticed. The zonary structure is no less remarkable ; it manifests itself in all the sections, one may say. For the external and internal zones there are found extinctions of very different values — which point to variations in the chemical composition of the magma at various stages in the growth of the mineral in question. Generally speaking, the extinctions for the internal zones occur at less angles than for the external. We have therefore to admit that the acidity of the magma has been decreasing in proportion as the felspar has gone on developing. In certain cases the various layers of which the crystal is formed have extinctions whose values gradually rise from the central zones to the periphery ; in these cases the section presents undulating extinction. This zonary structure is, moreover, characteristic of the intermediate felspars— oligoclase, labradorite, and above all of andesine. No less conspicuous are the twins and groups of which our figures furnish some examples. These plagioclastic sections are almost always striated, follow- ing the albite law ; often the hemitropic lamellae are very thin, and appear as simple lines. Twins following the pericline and albite laws are often seen in the same section, sometimes that of albite only. In this latter case the plane of union between the two individuals often appears indistinct. The form of the sections is very variable ; some are seen to be symmetrical, with two opposite angles blunted ; they are more or less parallel to the face P ; the more or less rounded lines are the traces of I and of T. The sections with asymmetrical contours are generally cut in a plane very nearly parallel to M ; nevertheless, thanks to the crystalline faces of this plagioclase, we sometimes also notice sections that are parallel to M, and have a symmetrical appear- ance. They can always be distinguished from the first (sections parallel to P), because the cleavages are not equal, nor are they equally inclined to one another, as is the case with prismatic cleavage. Moreover, the trace of a face may be observed, which makes with one side, alternate or adjacent, an angle approaching a right angle. The face h not being known, one may say, in the felspar in question, the conclusion ought to be that we are here dealing with y, which again proves that the crystal has been cut in a direction coinciding with M, or approaching that plane. The felspathic REPORT ON THE PETROLOGY OF OCEANIC ISLANDS. 167 microliths of the ground-mass yield extinctions that appear to refer the felspar to labradorite. Augite is one of the most constant minerals in these rocks ; it is found in the pyroxenic andesites, and it is also, although subordinate, always present in the amphibolic andesites. The description we are about to give applies to the augite of both types of andesite. This mineral occurs in microporphyritic sections and in microliths in the ground-mass. The augite of the first generation usually takes the shape of grains without definite crystallographic contours ; often these crystalloids are found grouped at one point, where four or five may be seen together. They are traversed by fissures, which sometimes assume the direction of the cleavages ; most frequently their direction is irregular. These fissures are marked out by a black coating, which might be considered as due to incipient decomposition ; the outer outlines are themselves strongly marked in black, the cleavages being less pronounced ; but the most striking feature is the pleochroism which gives a = 7, green ; /S, reddish or flesh coloured. The structure is zonary, and the sections often show twinnings of the ordi- nary type, or twinned groups of two individuals, referable to the type + Pi. Magnetite may be mentioned as a pretty common inclusion in this mineral. In certain cases the augite shows also inclusions of plagioclase, but, on the whole, it is in the interspaces of the large crystals of pyroxene that we can observe these felspathic inclusions. Augite itself sometimes occurs as an inclusion within sections of olivine. We have just remarked that the decomposition of the augite betrays itself by a network of black lines, and by strongly marked outlines ; when the mineral is more weathered a black nucleus is found at its centre. But another kind of decomposition occurs in the microliths of the paste, and in some large microporphyritic grains ; they take on a reddish tint, due to hydroxide of iron, which sometimes makes them almost opaque. The small crystals of augite in the ground - mass belong, without doubt, to a second generation. They are prismatic, much better formed, slightly rounded at the extremities, and, in ordinary light, almost colourless or with a greenish tinge. They are not easily distinguishable from the plagioclastic microliths, except that, when decom- posed, they are charged with red ferric oxide. Augite and hornblende are frequently intimately associated in the augitic andesites of Camiguin, especially when the latter mineral shows decided indications of alteration. For instance, a prismatic section of hornblende may be seen terminated at both ends, and edged along the prismatic faces, by greenish microliths arranged parallel to the vertical axis of the crystal they surround. While the yellow amphibolic nucleus extinguishes between crossed nicols at an angle of about 15°, the small crystals of the outer zone sometimes extinguish at 40°, clearly establishing their nature as augite. In other cases no nucleus is found, only some outlines remaining to indicate the previous presence of a hornblende crystal, parallel to the vertical axis of which the small green augite prisms, by which it was 168 THE VOYAGE OF H.M.S. CHALLENGER. replaced, are arranged. These facts, showing a phenomenon quite the reverse of an uralitisation, are more common and also more distinct as the hornblende is more altered. We may observe that small green crystals of augite also occur bordering sections of olivine, but even although this is the case the olivine is not appreciably decomposed. Hornblende is represented in all the preparations of the volcanic rocks of Camiguin, and is at once distinguished by its yellow-brown colour, which is sometimes rather dark. Unlike augite, it is never found in the form of microliths, and it always belongs to the first phase of consolidation. The sections rarely present a sharp crystallographic outline ; they are always rounded and bordered with a black aureole of magnetite interlaced with pale-green augite microliths. The crystals are often deeply indented and broken, some portions lying at a little distance. The sections show in some cases cleavages of about 124°, and hexagonal outlines corresponding to traces of the prism and of the face cofoo, Sections parallel to the vertical axis are frequently laminated and broken at the edges, thus acquiring a close resemblence to biotite. Pleochroism is clearly marked, /3>a being observed. This hornblende is often twinned according to the ordinary law. It is unnecessary to discuss the alteration into magnetite and the zone of augitic microliths, still the rock presents the finest examples of this decomposition. It may be followed from one section bordered with some grains of magnetite to another completely impregnated by this opaque oxide or little crystals of almost colourless pyroxene. The hornblende is sometimes zonary, and alteration has not taken place equally throughout the crystal. In such cases a sort of frame of perfectly fresh hornblende may be observed surrounding an opaque nucleus in which magnetite is accumulated. Sometimes large crystalloids of horn- blende are joined, without the interposition of a matrix, to sections of plagioclase ; this association, one might say this interpenetration, of the two minerals is common enough to be worth pointing out. Sometimes small prisms of hornblende are enclosed in felspathic sections, and the mineral also occurs associated with olivine. The last- named mineral does not always occur in the rock ; when it appears it assumes the form of sporadic grains, sometimes grouped in threes or fours, and frequently of considerable size. Olivine does not exhibit crystallographic outlines, but it may be distinguished at a glance from augite, as it is almost colourless or of a pale pink tinge, and from felspar by the fissures which furrow its surface. Some lines of this network of fissures are clearly denned and parallel; examination in convergent light shows them to be arranged following the plane of the optical axes, the cleavage being thus parallel to the pinacoid OP. This mineral is quite undecomposed, being perfectly colourless, except at the edges of the sections, which assume a reddish tint, and it contains inclusions of magnetite and bubbles of gas. Some comparatively rare but characteristic sections occurring in the rock should be classed with bronzite. Although very small, they are easily distinguished from augite REPORT ON THE PETROLOGY OF OCEANIC ISLANDS. 169 and hornblende. They present a fibrous structure such as the two minerals just named do not possess in this rock ; the colour also is rather greyish, with a scarcely perceptible red tinge. The sections are prismatic, with angular or rounded outlines, often very irregular ; they give straight extinction, and some hexagonal sections remain dark during a complete rotation between crossed nicols. The basal sections show polar rings in convergent light. Pleochroism is not very pronounced, in fact one can hardly detect any difference in tint. Magnetite is shown generally in octohedral crystals or in somewhat large grains, but when these grains are without crystalline form it becomes difficult to say whether the mineral is primary or whether the irregular sections were hornblende now replaced by magnetite. Amongst the most interesting specimens collected at Camiguin we may mention, in the first place, some fragments the mineralogical composition and texture of which are altogether different from the andesitic volcanic products just described. The rocks now under consideration are undoubtedly granitic, and they must be viewed as portions of the underlying masses torn up and thrown out by the volcano. These inclusions are instructive, because they show the deep modifications produced by the intense caustic action of the volcanic magma in which they were embedded. To the naked eye the specimens appear milky white, speckled with brilliant scales of black mica. The white minerals have a vitreous aspect ; the constituent quartz and felspar which compose this granular mass are not easily made out even with the lens. The rock looks as if it were fritted, and crumbles readily into a powder of irregular grains like those of pulverised glass or quartz. Microscopical examination reveals such decided differences of composition and structure, between this rock and those of the volcano, that it must be viewed as not belonging to the same formation as the andesites of the Camiguin volcano, but should be classed with the rocks of granitic type. Thin slices show a distinct granitoid structure in which monoclinic and triclinic felspars, quartz, biotite, titaniferous iron, and minute augitic microliths take part. At the first glance it is seen that some of the principal elements have not the microscopic appearance of the minerals of a normal granite. They are corroded, cracked, full of gaseous inclusions, and, what is in accordance with the principal features, a colourless amorphous material is found infiltrated between the constituent minerals. This substance is perfectly isotropic at the points where it is isolated, and it contains the characteristic crystals which occur in the glassy cement of sandstones vitrified by contact with eruptive rocks. In certain cases this glass appears to be cracked, and to be derived probably from the fusion of the felspar. As the elements are almost never outlined by crystallographic contours, and as they are deeply altered, specific determination is very difficult, especially in the case of the plagioclases. Sections of these felspars are widely dis- (PHYS. CHEM. CHALL. EXP. — PART VII. — 1889.) 22 170 THE VOYAGE OF H.M.S. CHALLENGER. tributed in the rock ; they are zonary, and almost always show numerous fine lamellae twinned according to the albite law ; periclinic lamellae are also sometimes seen. Other sections of triclinic felspar appear to belong to microcline or microperthite ; they are slightly milky plates, in which some more or less lenticular intercalations of another felspar appear, resembling the inclusions of albite in microcline. Orthoclase appears in nearly opacpie milky sections, rarely twinned according to the Carlsbad law, but, on the contrary, almost always forming a single crystalloid without interpositions of hemitropic lamellae. The two cleavages at right angles, which characterise this species, are apparent in some cases. This felspar, which seems more altered than the plagioclase, shows yet no trace of decomposition into micaceous matter, nor of saussuritisation. The sections extinguish uniformly. It appears probable that this mode of decomposition is due to an action of a special nature. The orthoclase is often seen bordered with a vitreous zone due to the fusion of the felspathic matter. Although no vitreous inclusions are to be seen, the sections of felspar are riddled with air-bubbles. Quartz in irregular grains is recognised by its brilliant colours in polarised light, and the arms of the cross of monaxial crystals appear in convergent light. This mineral is remark- ably fissured and split, being also filled with gaseous inclusions such as are observed when quartz is fused in fulgurites for instance. No liquid inclusions are to be seen, but some fine vitreous ones have been observed ; these are in all probability of second- ary origin. This mineral is represented in the microscopic preparations by numerous sections showing clearly all the characters of the species. Biotite appears in the form of dark -brown strongly pleochroic sections. The outlines are irregular and black, but not opaque at the edges, as is common to the hornblende of the andesites and of the basaltic lavas. This mica presents no noteworthy peculiarities, except that a number of excessively minute microliths of a very pale greenish colour are attached to the broken edges. Some of these little prisms extinguish at angles which may rise to as much as 40° ; they should be classed as augite. It is also to be remarked that their long axes are arranged in directions more or less parallel to the pinacoid of the mica they surround. Augite has also crystallised as inclusions in the interior of the biotite. Here we have facts which bear a close analogy to what has been observed in the case of the hornblende of the andesites. Everything leads to the conclusion that, in the embedded as well as in the eruptive rock, the formation of the little crystals around mica or hornblende must be due to the same caustic action. Irregular granules of titaniferous iron, sometimes surrounded by a zone of rutile, are found in the altered granitic rock. Finally, we may mention amongst the ejected rocks fragments of quartzose rocks which were embedded in the eruptive mass. These are milk-white in colour, and extremely fine grained in texture ; they have a fritted appearance like the granite just described, and they are furrowed by fissures of contraction. This appearance of the specimens plainly shows that they have been submitted to intense heat. A zone of REPORT ON THE PETROLOGY OF OCEANIC ISLANDS. 171 fusion marks the place where they are united to the eruptive rock ; the quartzite, assuming a darker colour, passes insensibly into andesite. The alkalies present in the andesite doubtless acted upon the silica of the quartzite to produce this zone of fusion. The embedded fragments measure 4 or 5 centimetres ; some smaller specimens were seen, but they have almost entirely fused, assuming an opaline appearance. Microscopic examination shows that, except in the zone of fusion, these quartzites are made up of irregular grains of quartz, without any amorphous matter. Very small greenish crystallites grouped in gerbs or fans, and imbricated scales of tridymite, are observed in the quartzites. B. Racks of Zebu and Malanipa Islands. The few specimens from these two islands of the Philippine group which we will describe were collected by Mr. Buchanan in the course of a hurried exploration, and they represent some only of the lithological types which are characteristic of these islands. The specimens deserve attention, because these localities are rarely visited by geologists, and because the rocks allow us to extend to these islands, with great probability, the interpretation admitted for the larger islands of the group, regarding the schisto-crystalline nature of the archipelago, and the presence of ancient eruptive rocks.1 These researches also allow us to generalise another order of phenomena, which has been observed in other islands of the group, viz. the alteration of volcanic rocks by the action of sulphurous emanations. It is well known that no fumaroles containing hydrochloric acid have been observed in the larger of the Philippine Islands, while sulphurous fumaroles play a considerable part in the decomposition of rocks in that locality. We shall see that the massive eruptive rocks of Zebu have undergone the action of sulphurous vapours like those of all other parts of the archipelago. The island of Zebu, famous for the death of Magellan, has been long known to naturalists, since it is almost the only locality where the beautiful siliceous sponge Euplectella aspergillum was formerly dredged. Zebu is 120 miles long, from 10 to 17 miles in breadth, and has an area of about 1200 square miles. It is traversed from north to south by a chain of mountains, and contains deposits of lignite which are being worked.2 The rocks to be described were collected in the neighbourhood of the town of Zebu, where they are exposed in the bed of a river. One of them is a greenish black fine-grained specimen ; little lamellae of plagioclase are seen sparkling, with the naked 1 Mr. T. E. Tenison-Woods has published a resume of his researches on the geology of Malaysia, the south of China, &c. (see Nature, vol. xxxiii. p. 231, 1886). His conclusions with regard to the nature of the geology of Malaysia and the Philippines agree closely with those put forward by Professor Roth in the appendix to Jagor's work, and with those derived from researches on some rocks from the island of Camiguin. The vast region examined by Mr. Tenison-Woods presents a remarkable uniformity in geological structure. Granites and intrusive rocks form the lower masses, and are covered by palieozoic schists and slates. In some places beds of limestone, probably carboniferous, appear, and finally deposits of coal belonging to different formations. Marine deposits of miocene and pliocene age were also observed. 2 For the age of the coal and lignite beds of the Philippine Islands, see Tenison-Woods, loc. cit. 172 THE VOYAGE OF H.M.S. CHALLENGER. eye, in the ground - mass, and with the lens some grains of olivine may be detected. These minerals are enclosed in a dark-coloured matrix. The rock has a plane fracture. The microscopic texture is microporphyritic, and felspar and augite are present as large crystals or as microliths. The latter, grouped in the ground -mass, belong to a second generation. Olivine often appears in rather well -formed crystals. The felspathic sections exhibit the interesting peculiarity of being sometimes twinned according to the Baveno law ; two individuals with plagioclastic stria? are joined at right angles, and extinguish simultaneously. These hemitropic lamellae give sym- metrical extinction at 17°. Hence the felspar may be classed as labradorite or bytownite. The twin of pericline is rarely seen, and the crystals of plagioclase are generally broken and corroded by the action of the magma. They preserve their freshness only in certain parts of the section. They are usually covered with a network of viridite, which also penetrates the larger constituents of the rock. Augite appears as a rule in patches without regular outlines, and this mineral is even more corroded and broken up than the felspar. Crystals of augite are often seen broken into a number of fragments which are piled up one on the other, yet they may readily be reconstructed, for the corresponding pieces bear the form of the primitive octagon of sections perpendicular to the vertical axis. The cleavage and optical properties leave no doubt as to the determination of this mineral. It is some- times twinned according to the ordinary law, and its pleochroism is very slight. One can hardly see any difference in the absorption of rays vibrating parallel to a and to 7; both are green. The augitic sections are penetrated by the same greenish substance which forms veins in the felspars, and they are also surrounded by a zone of pyroxenic microliths similar to those of the ground-mass. The olivine is entirely altered, and only pseudomorphs of it by serpentine are to be found, but these furnish exact models of the primitive crystals. The pseudomorph polarises in blue tones ; this homogeneous tint is not that usual in this alteration product of olivine. Its sections are traversed by threads of opaque black granules arranged parallel to the cleavage. These dotted lines trace out blunt-angled squares. In the interspaces of the crystal, which sometimes correspond to the cleavages, calcite has crystallised, and from these it extends in somewhat thick veinules, which subdivide into fine ramifications, penetrating the serpentinous matter. Minute patches of calcite are also seen in the ground-mass. Magnetite occurs in rather large sections, but in this case it is never bounded by crystallographic outlines, and like most of the minerals composing this rock it shows traces of corrosion. The ground-mass, in which fluidal structure is distinctly marked, is made up, with the exception of olivine, of the minerals which have just been described. Felspar and augite assume the form of microliths, and viridite penetrates all the interstices between them. REPORT ON THE PETROLOGY OF OCEANIC ISLANDS. 173 Another rock from the same locality showed on examination a composition and structure identical with that just described. The one detad to note is that epidote was found in yellowish grains included in the felspar. Although this mineral plays a purely accessory part, its presence has a certain significance, in relation to the determination of the age of the rock in question. At first sight one is tempted to refer these rocks to basalt, for they have the same composition and structure, but on taking their mode of decomposition and the presence of epidote into account, it seems more natural to class them with the rnela- phyres and peridotic diabases. It is known besides, as pointed out in speaking of the rocks of Camiguin, that palseo-volcanic masses are represented in the Philippines. There is nothing surprising, therefore, in finding rocks of the diabase family on this island. We must, however, add that this determination as palseo-volcanic rock cannot be established with certainty in the case under consideration so long as there are no stratigraphical data to found upon. We shall now describe the altered specimens and the secondary products formed by the action of fumaroles. One of these decomposed rocks is formed of a mass of whitish grey clay with a greenish tinge ; it is friable, and may be scratched by the nad. The naked eye distinguishes small bright crystals of pyrites, and sometimes milky grains of felspar. The specimen is covered in some places with a coating of limonite, and gives out a strong argillaceous smell. Microscopic examination shows that the alteration has principally affected the ground-mass and the bisilicate, which must formerly have been a constituent, and has now entirely disappeared, giving rise to chlorite surrounding all the elements. The felspar is sometimes transformed into saussurite, granules and characteristic needles of which are found in the plagioclastic sections. The plagioclase is still fresh enough in some cases to show hemitropic lamellae according to the albite law, and the primitive outline of this mineral may sometimes be traced out. In a section parallel to M traces of the faces PyT are seen, and the cleavage parallel to P, and also those of the prisms less marked. It is thus possible to estimate the angle of extinction accurately enough, and the mean of observations gave + 20° for the plagioclase. This felspar thus approximates a mixture of oligoclase and albite. The rock may be classed with diorites rich in felspar, if we admit, as is probable, that the bisilicate was formerly represented by hornblende. It is well known that the presence of oligoclase has often been proved in rocks of this type, and even albite has been observed in diorites. Epidote, of which some grains are occasionally found, also leads to this determination.1 Numerous sections of pyrites, also a secondary mineral, are frequently observed. 1 We must note that epidote is found in recent eruptive rocks, for example, in amphibolic andesite (compare J. Roth, Chem. Geol., p. 351), but it is no less true that this mineral is comparatively rare in the crystalline masses of that age, whilst it abounds in the older amphibolic plagioclastic rocks. 174 THE VOYAGE OF H.M.S. CHALLENGER. We ascribe the decomposition of this rock chiefly to the action of fumaroles. The same explanation must also be given for the presence of gypsum associated with pyrites at Zebu. Specimens of this mineral collected in that island show a compact and whitish mass, sometimes laminated, and enclosed by a crystalline coating of pyrites ; some of these crystals have the form of cubes, others of pentagonal dodecahedra. Under the microscope the mass of gypsum appears as an aggregate of entangled crystalline lamellae, which assume brilliant colours in polarised light. Some of the sections show rectangular cleavages, and ought perhaps to be classed as anhydrite. Colourless hexagonal sections with one optical axis, and presenting all the characters of quartz, are to be seen in the microscopic preparations. These little crystals of quartz, which are often associated with gypsum, are microscopic, perfectly colourless, and contain liquid inclusions. We have attributed the alteration of these rocks and the formation of the secondary products described above to the action of fumaroles. The effects of these emanations are generally observed in volcanic regions, and in the Philippines they occur on a large scale, for although, as stated above, there are no fumaroles of hydrochloric acid, those charged with sulphuric acid are very numerous, and perfectly explain the products of alteration we have described at Zebu. The action of sulphuric acid fumaroles on eruptive siliceous rocks should produce gypsum, alum, hydrated aluminium, sulphate, and bianchetto, and according to the intensity and duration of the action, the alumina is eliminated or converted into sul- phate. The deposits of gypsum are here explained by the decomposition of minerals of which lime is the base — hornblende, augite, and felspar, the presence of which in the rocks of the island we have pointed out. The formation of pyrites is similarly explained by the alteration of the iron-bearing minerals of the crystalline rocks. Analogous phenomena are common in many other parts of the Philippine archipelago. It suffices to recall that Mr. Semper has observed them at the sulphurous spring near Maquilin, and Professor Roth cites a great number of localities where Dr. Jagor has observed facts similar to those we have mentioned. The little island of Malanipa, where the few rocks about to be described were collected by the naturalists of the Challenger, like Zebu, belongs to the Philippine archipelago. It lies near Samboagan, bearing N. 66° W. from that island, and has an altitude of 360 feet above sea-level.1 The specimens examined are serpentinous rocks derived from the decomposition of peridotites. One fragment of serpentine is traversed by veins of chrysolite ; the rock itself is black and shining, spotted with green. Dark particles 3 to 4 millimetres in diameter, 1 Narr. Chall. Exp., vol. i. p. 605. REPORT ON THE PETROLOGY OF OCEANIC ISLANDS. 175 and presenting a metallic lustre like bastite, stand out from the ground - mass. Microscopic examination shows that this serpentine is an alteration product of pyroxenic peridotite, with granitoid texture. The olivine sections are often found altered, the mineral being almost always invaded by pale yellow or colourless serpentinous matter. The alteration has not affected enstatite so seriously ; some fibrous sections of this mineral are to be seen, and the optical properties, although already somewhat uncertain, indicate a non-pleochroic rhombic pyroxene. The serpentine in another specimen is clothed with a coating of chalcedony ; the yellowish green serpentinous matter is brecciated, and the fragments cemented together by filaments of chalcedony. Under the microscope sharp angular splinters of serpentine are seen presenting the usual characteristics of this substance. There is no trace of a primary mineral remaining. The chalcedony appears either as a fibro-radial aggregate, showing the black cross of spherulites, or as a fibrous structure, composed of extremely fine needles. The association of these veins of chalcedony with serpentine may be explained by the silica eliminated, when the latter mineral was formed from the original rock. Serpentine is not the only substance formed by the decomposition of magnesium silicates ; another mineral produced in a similar way appears at Malanipa in a state of remarkable purity. The fragments in question are white and close grained, hardly to be scratched by steel, and breaking with a sub-conchoidal fracture. The surface is covered with irregular mammillations showing its concretionary nature. Chemical analysis shows that this substance is almost exclusively carbonate of magnesia, and the specimens represent a type, which is remarkable for its purity, and which possesses the mineralogical characters of magnesite. This mineral is frequently associated with altered rocks containing silicate of magnesia. Thin slices of magnesite when examined by the microscope are found to be made up of an aggregate of very small crystalline grains melting into each other, and not defined by crystallographic outlines. This greyish basis is grooved by microscopic fissures, along which larger grains of magnesite appear, with more distinct contours, and even surrounded by a slight irisation like the calcite grains in limestone. The fissures are lined by a yellowish brown fibrous coating of serpentine. Finally, one of the specimens from Malanipa is a piece of calcareous tufa, similar to that found on many other islands, and described particularly when speaking of Fer- nando Noronha. The naked eye only distinguishes greenish black rounded grains of serpentine amongst the constituents of this pale yellow tufa, but the microscope shows the rock to consist almost entirely of fragments of the shells of calcareous organisms, the interiors being often lined with fibro-radial calcite. Little crystals of calcite, formed in situ and of indefinite outline, may be seen sparkling on the edges of fragments of shell. 176 THE VOYAGE OF H.M.S. CHALLENGER XV.— EOCKS OF THE ISLAND OF JUAN FEENANDEZ. The coasts of Chili, like all those of Western South America, have relatively very few large and profound indentations, and there are few islands in the adjoining ocean. With the exception of the Galapagos Islands, well known from Darwin's description, and those of Juan Fernandez, the only islets to be found along this coast are those of the Fjords, situated southward of the continent, and which belong to the older formations of Patagonia. The group of Juan Fernandez ' is composed of several islands, the most important of which, bearing the name of Juan Fernandez or Mas-a-tierra, is famous from the sojourn of Alexander Selkirk, hero of Defoe's "Eobinson Crusoe." With regard to natural history, Juan Fernandez has most interesting characteristics, which have long ago attracted the notice of zoologists and botanists. This islet, only a few miles in extent, is inhabited by birds and terrestrial molluscs, and covered by trees and ferns, which are not to be found on any other part of the globe, except perhaps at Mas- a-fuera, a little neighbouring islet. As just remarked, the fauna and flora of this group of islands have been already closely studied, but such is not the case with its geology, which is as yet but vaguely known. The group is composed of Juan Fernandez, Mas-a-fuera, Santa Clara, and the little Goat Island ; they are surrounded by numerous rocks, which rise to the surface at a short distance from the shore. Juan Fernandez, where the rocks that we shall presently describe were collected, is situated in lat. 33° 37' 45" S., long. 78° 53' W. (Fort Juan Baptista) ; it measures 13 English miles by 4, with an area of 28 square miles. From the monument erected to Selkirk's memory by Commodore Powell and the officers of the " Topaze," the whole island may be seen ; it is crescent-shaped, curved from E. to W. ; a channel, 1 mile in width and 19 fathoms deep, divides Juan Fernandez from the islet of Santa Clara. The island rises into a peak, and is surrounded by high black cliffs intersected by deep gullies, where the most splendid vegetation is to be found. A mountain, called the Anvil (El Yunque) from its remarkable shape, surmounts the cbfis. The rocks collected show (as already indicated by the shape of the island) that Juan Fernandez is composed of volcanic materials, but no crater nor recent flow of lava is to be seen. The shape of the island, the nature of its rocks, must cause Juan Fernandez to be classed, with regard to physiography, amongst the oceanic islands formed by the remains of ancient volcanoes, which do not any longer show the complete volcanic 1 For the physical and political geography of these islands, see Wappaus, Panama, New Grenada, Venezuela, Guyana, Ecuador, Bolivia, Chili, geographisch und statistisch dargestellt, p. 850, Leipzig. The natural history of Juan Fernandez, and the questions relating to the fauna and flora, are summed up in Narr. Chall. Exp., vol. i. pp. 818 et seq. A bibliography, almost complete, of the works on this group of islands is to be found there. See also Hahn, Jnsel Studien, p. 108. REPORT ON THE PETROLOGY OF OCEANIC ISLANDS. 177 superstructure, but from which the crater and accumulation of tufa have disappeared. It is therefore probable that Juan Fernandez, the other islands composing the group, and the reefs which surround them, belonged formerly to a volcano whose lighter products have been disaggregated and carried away by mechanical agencies. These islands being situated at a relatively short distance off an essentially volcanic region, it is quite possible that the former eruptions of Juan Fernandez were related to those of Chili. It has been ascertained that, when the latter country was devastated by great earthquakes, phenomena connected with those on the Chilian coast were observed in Juan Fernandez Islands. In the year 1855 thick columns of vapour, rising from the sea, were observed at the distance of an English mile from the western island, and the close proximity of a volcanic centre seems therefore to be implied. Cumberland Bay, Juan Fernandez. Amongst the rocks collected at Juan Fernandez by the Challenger Expedition in 1875, we have not, however, found any specimens which might belong to very recent eruptions ; no tufas, no volcanic ashes are to be found, and everything seems to prove that they have been washed away by the waves and the atmospheric denuding agencies. The rocks which have been submitted to examination all belong to the basaltic type, and it seems probable that the whole island is made up of those that we are about to describe. The rocks which form the central mass of the island appear in the specimens as dolerites or as common basalts. They have a tolerably fresh appearance, their colour is bluish grey, the fracture is even, the grain is compact, very few vesicles are seen. (PHYS. CHEM. CHALL. EXP. — PART VII. — 1889.) 23 178 THE VOYAGE OF H.M.S. CHALLENGER. With the lens some glassy white felspathic grains are to be seen ; others are dark and ought to be ascribed to olivine, augite, or magnetite ; the rock is slightly stained with little spots of limonite. Under the microscope these rocks appear to be entirely composed of crystalline elements, the structure is that of dolerites ; between the felspathic lamellae the augite has crystallised ; little sections of magnetite and some skeleton crystals of olivine are scattered amongst these minerals. The lengthened sections of plagioclase are twinned according to the albite law. It has been possible in one case to measure the extinction on a section almost parallel to the face M, clearly ended by the traces of the faces x and P; the value of the extinction was —17°. This plagioclase is consequently very closely related to labradorite. The olivine is to be seen, like the augite, in the shape of grains without distinct crystallographic outlines ; it is rather difficult at first to distinguish these two minerals, but, besides the optical properties, it is observed that whilst olivine is colourless, the augite is slightly tinged with pink. The cleavages of the latter mineral are also more distinct, the olivine being more decomposed, and its grains often rounder than those of augite. The sections of olivine offer no noteworthy characteristics. We will only mention that the alteration undergone by the olivine is shown by a certain fibrosity, and that the grains of this mineral are often surrounded by a zone of small augitic microliths belonging, most probably, to a second generation. The pyroxenic element of this dolerite is, as we have just said, generally granular ; more or less lengthened sections are sometimes visible, as also sections perpendicular to the vertical axis, showing the characteristic cleavage of augite. The colour of this mineral is here light pink, without perceptible pleochroism ; sections parallel to oo P oo divided in four parts, showing the hour-glass structure, are to be observed. Some of the augite is twinned, the two individuals having for composition-plane the dome —Poo. This mineral is also to be found in small granulations scattered between all the con- stituent elements. The magnetite occupies an important place in this dolerite ; its sections are often lengthened, it frequently presents groups of small crystals, and it is found, as inclusions, in plagioclase and olivine. Other specimens of the rocks which, together with those just described, form the central mass of the island, are not of doleritic structure ; they are common felspathic basalts. They are not so dark in colour as the dolerite, their grain is finer, and the fracture is large and even ; with the naked eye or with the lens, olivine alone is seen in large crystals 3 to 5 mm. in diameter. This mineral gives the rock a porphyritic structure, and is embedded in a fundamental mass of homogeneous appearance. The altered specimens show on the surface projecting peridotic crystals ; the rock weathers into balls with concentric layers. The microscopic preparations show that this rock possesses the common basaltic texture ; fine plagioclastic lamellae with few polysynthetic twins are interwoven with grains of augite with indistinct outlines. Quantities of small REPORT ON THE PETROLOGY OF OCEANIC ISLANDS. 179 sections of olivine are to be found in this fundamental mass, among which no glassy matter is seen. This mineral plays an important part as a porphyritic element ; it is found in the microscopic preparations in large sections with usually rounded angles, bordered by a zone coloured yellow with hydroxide of iron ; this zone follows exactly the outlines of the crystals, and lines all their crevices. Sometimes three or four crystals of olivine are grouped together, often several individuals are coupled with their vertical axes parallel. A striking characteristic of these sections is that they present two equal rectangular cleavages, which, at first sight, makes them look like sections of augite ; the cleavage parallel to the face ooPoo is generally observed, but the cleavage parallel to coPoo is here as clearly marked. Several sections of olivine, with hexagonal outlines, are ended by an obtuse dome of about 103° ; these sections must be parallel to a face of the prism, for an optic is seen exactly in the centre of the field. The long sides of such a section are traces of the faces of the prismatic zone (prism or pinacoid). The angle of the summit does not correspond with the dome P oo nor with P oo ; it must be therefore ascribed to a pyramid. This face of a pyramid more lowered than the aforesaid domes forms the obtuse angle so often observed in the olivine of basaltic rocks. The rocks near the monument erected to Selkirk's memory are of the same character as the dolerites and basalts just spoken of. These specimens have the same appearance as the basalts with large crystals of olivine, but this mineral is not visible with the naked eye, the rock is more vesicular ; with the microscope it is seen that the texture of this rock is more like that of a dolerite. The lamellae of plagioclase are very narrow as in the former case, symmetrical extinctions have given almost an angle of 30°. The augite is moulded on the other constituent minerals ; sometimes it is to be observed with the clepshydron structure ; it appears in the fundamental mass in the shape of grains. Sometimes the augite is macroscopic, and seems to take the place of olivine. The latter is again to be observed in sections with an obtuse top ; this mineral is bordered by a zone of hydroxide of iron. A vein of limonite runs through the whole of the microscopic slides. Viridite has been deposited in some spots. Among the specimens collected on the coast of Juan Fernandez it is necessary to mention a greyish very scoriaceous rock, from which stand out large crystals of plagio- clase, of waxy and milky appearance, lengthened following the edge PjM. This rock is a dolerite with large vesicles, the only difference between it and the formerly described rocks being in its structure. Under the microscope the fundamental mass, in which the plagioclase crystals are embedded, has a doleritic structure. The felspathic crystals, with multiple polysynthetic twins according to the albite law, show large extinctions (38° to 41°), which may be compared with those of bytownite ; often two large individuals cross each other. The sections of this mineral are cracked and pervaded with zeolitic matter, which forms an irregular network. This matter, which 180 THE VOYAGE OF H.M.S. CHALLENGER. looks slightly grey when seen by ordinary light, remains obscured between crossed nicols. The augite is seen in roughly formed grains embedded between the felspathic sections. The olivine, of which large sections are seen, is uniformly changed into red hematite ; these sections, however, still show extinctions like those of unaltered olivine. In this rock, as in all the other rocks of Juan Fernandez, magnetite is often observed in elongated sections. In addition to the products of decomposition of plagioclase and olivine, small patches of olivine are to be seen. Some other specimens collected on the shore differ neither in structure nor in mineralogical composition from those just described. 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