I JACOB'S REPORT ON THE TRADE IN FOREIGN CORN, <3fc. #c. 4"c> Ho.M REPORT ON THE TRADE IN FOREIGN CORN, AND ON THE BY MR. WILLIAM JACOB. (ORDERED TO BE PRINTED BY THE HOUSE OF COMMONS.) TO WHICH IS ADDED, AN APPENDIX OF OFFICIAL DOCUMENTS, AVERAGES OF PRICES, SHIPMENTS, STOCKS ON HAND IN THE VARIOUS EXPORTING COUNTRIES, <5-c. tfc. 4'c. SECOND EDITION, i O-* LONDON: JAMES RIDGWAY, PICCADILLY MDCCCXXVI. LONDON : PRINTED BY T. BHETTELL, RUPERT STREET, HAYMARKET, INSTRUCTIONS TO MR. JACOB, RESPECTING THE PRICES OF FOREIGN CORN. (COPY.) Office of Committee of Pricy Council for Trade, I25t/i June, 1825. SIR, IT being the desire of the Lords of the Committee of His Majesty's Privy Council for Trade, to obtain the most correct information on every subject con- nected with the supply of Foreign Corn, I have been directed by their Lordships to acquaint you with their intention to avail themselves of your services for the examination of the state of those countries, the productions of which find an outlet by the Eiver Vistula into the Baltic. You icill, therefore, be pleased to proceed with as much expedition as you can make convenient to commence the examination, beginning at the city of Dantzic where the Vistula enters the Sea. Though you will direct your chief attention to that division of ancient Poland now comprehended in the Austrian province ofGallicia, situated between the River Bug towards Leniberg and the River Wisla towards Cracow, yet, in your route towards that district, the province of West Prussia, belonging to Prussia, and of Masovia, which now, under the government of Russia, forms a part of the Vice- royalty of Poland, will require your examination. At Graudente or Thorn, in the Prussian part, it is understood that a toll is collected on wares in their passage down the Vistula ; and you may, therefore, jwobably ascertain the quantities of Corn which, in a series of years, have been annually conveyed down that river to Dantzic. In the Russian Provinces you will endeavour to make yourself acquainted with the nature of the transit trade in Corn, with the state of the magazines of this article at Warsaw. Praga, and other places, and the modes in which, and the description of persons by whom it is collected, for the purpose of transmission to Dantzic. It will indeed be desirable to learn, with as much accuracy as possible, the quantity in Warehouse, not only at the places you visit but at other places, and especially at Hambiirg,Konigsberg, Memel, Elbing, and Riga. In the Austrian province of Gallicia, as well as ir the territories of Prussia and Austria, which will precede it in your route, you will obtain all the information in your power, regarding the condition 'jfthe soil ; the manner of its cultivation ; the aver- age increase of the several kinds of Grain ; the proportion of ploughed land to that in pasture, in woods, or in waste ; the relative numbers which the other inhabitants bear to those employed in agri- culture; the descriptions of Grain or other food u'hich supply the icants of the inhabitants ; the rate of the u'ages of Labourers in agriculture, in handi- craft, and in manufacturing; the coudiiion of the Farmers and Labourers, as regards their dwellings, their clothing, their utensils, their furniture, and their food i the hours devoted to labour ; the assiduity and sliill with which labour is performed; the number of days abstracted from labour by the fes- tivals of the Catholic church; the extent of the military service or conscriptions imposed on the rural inhabitants; the pecuniary and personal demands for the repairs of roads, bridges, the poor, and other local purposes ; the rate of rent, whether tolerably paid, and in what proportion (if any) it has been reduced since the peace ; the average price at which the present extent of Bread Corn could continue to be grown ; how far the price of Corn has been reduced since the peace; what increase in price would stimulate to more extensive cultivation ; and what proportion of Bread, Corn, or JPJicat is con- sumed in the country, and by ichat classes. With respect to the higher classes, it will be desirable to obtain as much information as possible ; how far they have advanced in thut knowledge which is applicable to the impr 'r domains ; what zeal is felt for such improvement, and unemployed capital is to be found, which, in case of an increased demand for Corn, would be likely to be applied to the advancement of agriculture and the increase of its productions. It will lye important to ascertain the prices of the several descriptions of Corn at the places of their growth, as well as the expenses of conveying it to Dantzic ; or to Eib'nig, when it is carried to that port. This should not onli/ comprehend the past and present period, but should be viewed prospectively, so as to estimate what would be the effect, if a con- stant sale could be found for the surplus Corn of the country in the English markets. You will endeavour to learn what the actual sur- plus of Gram has been in a series of years, by ascer- taining, with all possible accuracy, what quantities of each kind of Corn have been sent out of the country by land, and what quantities have been brought in from the neighbouring territories of Silesia,, Bohemia, and Moravia, on one side, and from the Russian dominions on the other. Besides acquiring information on the present condition of Poland, including the dominions of the three great Powers, their Lordships tcould wish your attention to be turned towards all facts that bear on the subject of the changes that might be produced in that country, if such an alteration were made in our laws as would leave our markets at all times accessible to the Corn grown in Poland. You will consider, from the view you take of the country, what increase of cidtivation would be likely to take place in consequence of such a stimulus being constantly in action ; what effect the extension of cultivation to poorer lands would have on the general prices ; endeavouring by even/ means in your power to arrive at some estimate of the additional quantities which, in years of medium productiveness, might be ti/tported into this kingdom from Poland. As it may be necessary to assume some given price in this country, in forming such an estimate as that to which I have now referred, it is thoughi desirable that you should proceed upon a supposition of an average price of Wheat at home of from 60*. to 64s. a quarter. Although I have not noticed the several hinds of animals in the country you are about to visit, their Lordships would be pleased to know what proportion the food supplied by them, bears to that supplied by Corn, and other vegetable substances; and also if the quantity of live stock is such as, upon a more extended system of tillage, icould be likely to afford the means of renovating the fertility of the soil, in a degree equal to the exhaustion which would be occasioned by a greater growth of Corn. There are other subjects ichich will present them- selves to your observation and engage your attention, which, in an immediate or indirect degree, may bear on the subject which has induced their Lordships to employ you on this business ; and these they trust you uill report with all the exactness and accuracy in your power. In every part of your journey you will bear in mind, and direct your inquiries towards the influence which the price of food in general, and of Corn in particular, has had on the rates of labour in Manu- factures, and learn in what proportion the wages of 10 * that description of labour have been lowered, as compared with the decline in the price of Corn. In the Report you may prepare for the notice of their Lordships, when you have completed your examination, you will reduce all the monies, weights, and measures, of the different districts you examine, into those of this country ; having reference, as far as regards the first, to the actual value of the paper currencies of Russia and Austria, circulating in the territories of those Sovereigns ; and to that of the metallic money circulated in the dominions of Prussia, as well as to the fluctuations in the rates of exchange. I am, 8te. <|c. (Signed) THOMAS LACK. WILLIAM JACOB, Esq. MR. JACOB'S AND OX THE AGRICULTURE OF THE NORTH OF EUROPE. Dated 21st February, 1826. TO THE RIGHT HONOURABLE THE LORDS OF THE COMMITTEE OF HIS MAJESTY'S PRIVY COUNCIL FOR TRADE. MY LORDS, IN pursuance of the Instructions communicated by Your Lordships on the 25th June last, I proceeded to the Continent, passing through the Netherlands, the Prussian provinces on the Rhine, and the dominions of Saxony, to Berlin, and from thence by Stettin to Dantzic. From Dantzic I travelled through the kingdom of Poland, visiting Thorn, Wai-saw, and Cracow ; devi- ating in several directions from the main road, returned through Gallicia, Moravia, Austria, Bavaria, and Wirtemburg, to Strasburgh, where I entered France, and by way of Paris reached England. I was induced by my instructions, to direct my principal attention to the supplies of Grain and the nature of the Commerce in it, within the districts whose surplus finds a vent through the mouths of the Vistula; and also to collect information on the subject in the other parts of the Continent through which I passed. I heard every where among Landowners, Farmers, and Corn merchants, complaints of the distress in which they were involved ; and their complaints were far too general to leave room for the suspicion, that they were not founded on the existing state of their respective circumstances. The prices of pro- duce of all kinds within the last three or four years, when compared with the period which had preceded them, or indeed with any past period, in which prices are accurately recorded, confirmed the conviction, that their complaints were justified by the losses they had sustained. It appeared of some importance to collect, where it could be done with any assurance of accuracy, the prices of Corn for a series of years. The wars of which these countries have been the theatre, gave a degree of uncertainty to some of the accounts before the year 1815, and that uncertainty was, in several places, increased by the variations in the value of the circulating medium, which had taken place during the continuance of hostilities. Except at Dantzic, where a register had been kept for near two centu- ries; at Berlin, where, from the minister of the interior, I received the prices for 50 years ; and at Warsaw, where I obtained them from the Stadthouse, for 30 years, I confined my inquiries to the last 10 years. The several accounts which were collected,, form a part of the APPENDIX to this Report. As the facts collected, and the remarks made during my journey, are of very various kinds, and were committed to writing as they occurred, it may be more satisfactory to your Lordships if, after shortly describing the nature of the Corn trade, is as carried on by the Vistula, which, as tar as concerns Wheat, is the most important ; and after recounting, according to my instructions, the quantity of Wheat accumulated in the several exporting places, I state whatever relates to the raising of Corn, to the cost of its production, and the supplies yielded in the dif- ferent divisions of Europe, which have hitherto con- veyed their Grain to our markets, in the order in which I viewed the several countries. The commerce of Corn, generally, in the countries whose connection with the Sea is maintained by the River -Vistula, has been extensive during a long series of years. The shipment to foreign countries was, during a long period, almost exclusively confined to the city of Dantzic. The government of Prussia viewed with some jealousy the trade of that city, which was then one of the independent Hanse Towns ; and having the land on both sides the river, from the boundaries of Poland to those of Dantzic, endeavoured, by forming the city of Elbing into a free mart, to draw the trade through that place and its port of Pillau. Some success attended this plan, and the trade was carried on through the two rival channels, with a competition which has been continued to the present time ; for thpugh Dantzic has been since added to the Prussian territories, and the preference given to Elbing consequently withdrawn, the latter city seems to have retained its proportionate share of the export of Corn. Attempts are at this time making by Russia, to divert the Corn trade of Poland, but especially of the provinces of that country, which have been separated from it, and are now comprehended in Russia, to the port of Riga as the place of shipment. For this purpose canals are now constructing, which nre intended to facilitate the conveyance of goods to the river Duna. It is not however probable, that a very c 14 great proportion of the trade will be drawn into that channel. The port of Riga is closed by frost a much longer time than that of Dantzic ; the passage from it to the countries where Corn is wanted is longer ; the climate is less favourable for drying the Grain after removing it from the barges, preparatory to shipment ; and it, at present, has not those spacious and well-adapted warehouses, for the secure deposit of Corn, by which Dantzic is eminently distinguished. Some portion of the Corn is at present brought down to the sea shore, by the river Neimen, and after paying a transit duty to Prussia, at the town of Schmaleningken, is conveyed to Memel. This branch of the trade is, however, but small, as it appears (see Appendix, No. 1.) that in the three years 1816, 1817, and 1818, a period when the general trade was the greatest, the whole quantity that paid the transit duty was only 49,596 quarters of Wheat, 21,830 quarters of Barley, 185,292 quarters of Rye, and 108,482 quarters of Oats. From the southern provinces of Poland, viz. San- domir and Cracow, in which the greatest quantity of the best Wheat is produced, a portion is annually sent into the neighbouring Prussian province of Silesia, by land, where a part of it is consumed by the few inhabitants of Breslaw, and the other cities who eat wheaten bread. The greater part is, however, con- veyed by the river Odo, and then by the canal which unites that river with the Havel, to the city of Berlin. It forms an article in the weekly returns of the Corn market of that capital ; and, by the whiteness of its flour, is preferred for pastry and confectionary. In those years when the prices of Grain have been the most raised in England, some of it has been sent here from Stettin, whilst those of the inhabitants of that neighbourhood who used Wheat, were sup- plied with an inferior kind of their own growth. Those other channels, by which the surplus C 15 of Poland is distributed, bear, however, but a small proportion to that which passes by the mouths of the Vistula, at Dantzic and Elbing ; and the manner in which the trade by these places is carried on, may deserve detailed notices. The cultivators of that Corn which is supplied to trade, are almost universally both owners and occupiers of the soil on which it grows. They culti- vate it by the labour of their tenants or subjects, who raise sufficient for their own support, but have scarcely any surplus. It does not, as in most other countries, come to the several markets in small parcels. As Wheat particularly can scarcely be there considered an article of food, it would scarcely ever find purchasers among the inhabitants of the countries in which it is growrn, if it were brought to the weekly or other markets in their own towrns. It is almost exclusively an article for foreign con- sumption. The whole of the internal commerce of Poland is in the hands of the Jews, who are very numerous, comprehending nearly one seventh of the whole popu- lation, and not being engaged in cultivation, nor inhabiting villages, forming the majority in most of the market towns. They are acute, temperate, eco- nomical, rather active than industrious, and are said to be possessors of the far larger proportion of the floating capital of the country. Almost every trans- action passes through their hands, and few persons can either buy or sell, borrow or lend, without the aid of some individuals of that race. Though not allowed by the law to call themselves brokers or factors, they are effectually such to the whole of the nation. They are accused of nourishing a most implacable hatred towards all other people, and of deeming it no moral crime to deceive and cheat Christians. What- ever of truth there may be in these charges, these 16 supposed feelings of the Jews are met, on the part of the majority of the other inhabitants, by a degree of contempt and degrading treatment, of the most aggravating nature; a treatment so remote from what is exercised towards that people in England, Germany, France, and Holland, that it may have perhaps mainly contributed to form the character which they are accused of bearing. It will not appear surprising, on referring to the changes that Poland has undergone, — the ravages she has suffered from wars, — the demands for the per- sonal services of her proprietors in the armies, of the successive masters that have ruled the country, — the exclusion from all foreign trade, and, till of late, the total absence of all manufactories, that there should be now great individual distress, even whilst the country, as a whole, may be advancing in prosperity. The individuals who most suffer are the Landed Proprietors, and they have, with a few exceptions, become dependent, in a greater or less degree, on the more monied Jews. There is every reason to believe, that few Landed Proprietors are wholly free from incumbrances, and that many of them are involved to such an extent, that they are compelled to deliver to their creditors the whole surplus produce of their estates, as soon as it can be prepared for removal. The Jews, by their universal connection with others of their nation in distant places, have far better opportunities of know- ing what prices they are likely to obtain for Corn, than the gentlemen who raise it ; and the latter, from their situation, must take that as the price which their creditors may determine. On the banks of the Vistula there are many ware- houses well adapted for preserving Corn at the places whence it is most convenient to embark it. The crops are generally removed from the farms of the proprie- tors as speedily as possible, and remain there in the 17 power of the creditor, who either allows for it a. stipu- lated price, or undertakes to convey it to Dantzic, to be sold at the risk of the debtor; but with the pro- ceeds to be received by the creditor. The charges for warehousing, shipping, freight, tolls, commission, and other demands, have been lately so high, in proportion to the prices, that very small sums have been carried to the credit of the landholder; and where estates are mortgaged, they have been generally insufficient in amount to keep under the growing interest. There are two modes of conveying Wheat to Dantzic by the Vistula. That which grows near the lower parts of the river, comprehending Polish Prussia, and part of the province of Plock, and of Masovia, in the kingdom of Poland, which is gene- rally of an inferior quality, is conveyed in covered boats, with shifting boards that protect the cargo from the rain, but not from pilfering. These vessels are long, and draw about fifteen inches water, and bring about 150 quarters of Wheat. They are not, however, so well calculated for the upper parts of the river. From Cracow, where the Vistula first be- comes navigable, to below the junction of the Bug with that stream, the Wheat is mostly conveyed to Dantzic in open flats. These are constructed on the banks, in seasons of leisure, on spots far from the ordinary reach of the water, but which, when the rains of autumn, or the melted snow of the Carpa- thian mountains, in the spring, fill and overflow the river, are easily floated. Barges of this description are about 75 feet long, and 20 broad, with a depth of two feet and a half. They are made of fir, rudely put together, fastened with wooden treenails, the corners dovetailed and secured with slight iron clamps, the only iron em- ployed in the construction. A large tree, the length of the vessel, runs along the bottom, to which the timbers are secured. This 18 roughly cut keelson rises nine or ten inches from the floor, and hurdles are laid on it, which extend to the sides. They are covered with mats made of Rye straw, arid serve the purpose of dunnage ; leaving below a space in which the water that leaks through the sides and bottom is received. The bulk is kept from the sides and ends of the barge by a similar plan. The water, which these ill-constructed and imperfectly caulked vessels receive, is dipped out at the end and sides of the bulk of Wheat. Vessels of this description draw from ten to twelve inches of water, and yet they frequently get aground, in descending the river. The cargoes usually consist of from 180 to 200 quarters of Wheat. The Wheat is thrown on the mats, piled as high as the gunwale, and left uncovered, exposed to all the inclemencies of the weather, and to the pilfering of the crew. During the passage, the barge is carried along by the force of the stream, oars being merely used at the head and stern, to steer clear of the sand banks, which are numerous and shifting ; and to direct the vessel in passing under the several bridges. These vessels are conducted by six or seven men. A small boat precedes with a man in it, who is employed in sounding, in order to avoid the shifting shoals. This mode of navigating is necessarily very slow ; and during the progress of it, which lasts several weeks, and even months, the rain, if any falls, soon causes the Wheat to grow, and the vessel assumes the ap- pearance of a floating meadow. The shooting of the fibres soon forms a thick mat, and prevents the rain from penetrating more than an inch or two. The main bulk is protected by this kind of covering, and when that is thrown aside, is found in tolerable con- dition. The vessels are broken up at Dantzic, and usually sell for about two thirds of their original cost. The men who conduct them return on foot. When the cargoc arrives at Dantzic or Elbing, all 19 but the grown surface is thrown on the land, s; abroad, exposed to the sun and air, and frequently turned over till any slight moisture that it may have imbibed, is dried. If a shower of rain falls, as well as during the night, the heaps of Wheat on the shore are thrown together, in the form of the steep roof of a house, that the rain may run off, and are covered with a linen cloth. It is thus frequently a long time after the Wheat has reached Dantzic, before it is fit to be placed in the warehouses. The warehouses are very well adapted for storing Corn. They consist, generally, of seven stories, three of which are in the roof. The floors are about nine feet asunder. Each of them are divided by perpen- dicular partitions, the whole length about four feet high, by which different parcels are kept distinct from each other. Thus the floors have two divisions, each of them capable of storing from 150 to 200 quarters of Wheat, and leaving sufficient space for turning or screening it. There are abundance of windows in each floor, which are always thrown open in dry weather, to ventilate the corn. It is usually turned over three times a week. The men who perform the operation, throw it with their shovels as high as they can, and thus the grains are separated from each other, and exposed to the drying influence of the air. The whole of the Corn warehouses now left (for many were burnt during the siege of 1814) are capable of storing 500,000 quarters of Wheat, sup- posing the parcels to be large enough to fill each of the two divisions of the floors, with a separate heap ; but as, of late years, it has come down from Poland in smaller parcels than formerly, and of more various qualities, which must of necessity be kept distinct, the present stock of about 280,000 quarters is found to oc- cupy nearly the whole of those warehouses which are in repair, or are advantageously situated for loading the ships. Ships are loaded by gangs of porters with great dispatch, who will complete a cargoe of 500 quarters in about three or four hours. It is seen by Table, No. 19, in the Appendix, that within the last five or six years the whole quantity that has been brought down has been diminishing; but I was told that no sensible decrease had been observed in the number of the separate bulks, only that each bulk, or the growth of each estate, or of each consignor, was smaller. The trade in Wheat from Poland and Prussia, through Dantzic, is said to have been attended with most ruinous losses to all the persons who have been engaged in it. The growers asserted that none for the last eight or nine years had yielded sufficient to cover the expenses of cultivation, and that it has been regularly getting worse and worse ever since the year 1818. The Jews, who have taken the crops from the growers, have found the decline of the prices such, that if they sold on their arrival at Dantzic, it was attended with loss ; and if they were in a condition to withhold from selling, and placed it in warehouses, the loss was eventually much greater. The trade of Dantzic, which is chiefly confined to Corn, has been for several years in a very distressed state. The commodity in which the traders have dealt, has of late so vastly declined in value, that what was purchased cheap at one period, became in a short time dear ; the advances they made on what was consigned to them for sale, with the expense of conveyance, and of storing and preserving, soon amounted to more than the value of the Wheat ; and the consignors, in Poland, seldom united the ability and the disposition to make payments to indemnify them. The Corn now in the warehouses has cost the merchants much more than the present value. The royal bank of Prussia, which has branches in the 21 different cities of the kingdom, has advanced, on the security of the Wheat now in store, half of what was the value at the time the several advances were made ; and as the price has declined, has required additional security. In calculating the Stocks of Wheat in the several ports of the Baltic, as I did not visit the whole of them, I was under the necessity of relying on the accounts that I could procure. His Majesty's consuls offered their assistance, and furnished me with the following list, vouching for their accuracy to the best of their judgment. Mr. Leutze, the consul at Stettin, gives the following as the Stocks in Pomerania. Quarters. Stettin 24,265 Anclam 10,586 Demmin 4,799 Stralsund 15,495 Griefswald 6,691 Wolgast ------ 5,289 67,103 Mr. Gibson, consul at Dantzic, to whom I am obliged for much other useful information, gave me the exact quantity at Dantzic and Elbing ; viz. Quarter*. Dantzic* 288,000 Elbing 73,500 361,500 'By an account taken the 31st December, 1825, since received, the stock appeared to be about 20,000 quarters less than when I was there. D Accounts of the quantities of Corn in store at Memel could not be procured ; and in the ahsence of better means of forming an opinion, I have compared the trade of exporting Corn at Memel, with that at Elbing, and find that in a series of years the exports of Wheat and Rye together, from the latter port, have been about double that at the former. I scarcely know if it be fair to infer, that the accumu- lated stock bears the same proportion to the annual returns. If so the stock on hand must be but small. I can only judge of the stocks accumulated in Riga and Petersburgh, by comparing their trade in Wheat, for a series of years, with that of Dantzic and Elbing. The exports have not been larger than those of Elbing, and it is probable their stocks together do not exceed those of that port. In the absence of all definite information, and trusting to the reports I received, I should be disposed to think, that in the three ports of Memel, Riga, and Peters- burgh, there were not 100,000 quarters of Wheat, in August, when I was at Dantzic. The state of the stock of Corn at Lubeck, with the Prices for the last Eleven Years, are shown in the Appendix, No. 33. It appears that the Wheat in store there was 29,900 quarters. Some small stocks may have been collected from the territories of the Duke of Mecklenburg Schwerin, and accumulated in the ports of Rostock and Wismar. I have no information of the quantity, but should not be disposed to judge, from the general trade of those places, that more than a few thousand quarters were to be found in them. The greater part of the surplus Corn of Mecklenburg finds a vent by Hamburgh, and is included in the Imports, from the interior, of that city. The access to the Elbe from all the southern ports of the Duchy, is easier than to the Baltic ; the freights from thence to foreign markets is lower, and the passage shorter. It is, in fact, only from the 23 northern division of the Duchy, that the Wheat finds a vent through its o\vri ports. Although not within the Baltic, nor within the limits of my late journey, yet the Wheat which descends by the rivers Weser and Elbe has too much influence on the general Corn trade to be overlooked in this estimate of the stocks on hand. The Wheat stored at Bremen comes by the Weser, chiefly out of the Duchy of Brunswick, though some of it is grown in Hanover ; and when the prices are very high, supplies are conveyed from Hesse Cassel, and even from some of the western districts of the Saxon duchies through Mu'nden. That from Bruns- wick is of a moderate quality, but much of the other is very bad, and only fit for the English market in times of very great scarcity. The stock in the granaries at Bremen, in the latter end of December last, co&isted of 27,972 quarters of Wheat and other Corn, as is shown in Appendix, Xo. 34. Hamburgh is an important depot for Corn, of some that is brought from Russian and other ports in the Baltic, as well as for the surplus of the several countries through which the Elbe in its long course is directed. Prussia, especially near Magdeburg, is a great Corn country ; but the chief Grain cultivated in that division is Rye. In the kingdom of Saxony, as well as in the Prussian province of that name, the quantity of Rye very far exceeds the Wheat, both in quality and quantity. In the years when prices are very high, the Wheat of Bohemia comes down the river to Hamburgh ; but the expense of conveyance, the length of the navigation, and the loss to which it is subject, act as a prohibition, except in seasons of great scarcity. The freight from Prague to Ham- burgh is 12s. per quarter, and the tolls to the several sovereigns through whose dominions the river runs, is 3*. 6d. The commissions, and other charges, amount to near Is. Qd. more. 24 From the shipping places below Prague the freight is lower ; but the Wheat grown near them is said not to be of so good a quality as that from the vicinity of that city, and the districts to the south of it. The export trade in Wheat of Hamburgh by sea, appears during the last 10 years to have reached an annual average of 48,263 quarters ; the greater part of the Corn imported there being for the consumption of the city, and the surrounding territory belonging to it. In the Appendix, No. 32, is seen the course of the Trade ; the prices of all Corn for the last 10 years, the prices of Wheat from 1791 to 1822, and the stock about 100,000 quarters, as taken at two periods in the last year. Although the price of Wheat as well as of other Grain is very low in Denmark, yet the surplus quantity is very small ; and the depressed prices may be in a great measure attributed to the restric- tions upon Danish Corn in the dominions of Prussia, its nearest and most populous neighbour. The Wheat exported from the whole kingdom, in the six months which followed the abundant harvest of 1824, is seen in the Appendix, No. 35, to have been 57,561 Quarters. By that Account, it appears, that more than half the Wheat was from the provinces of Holstein and Sleswick, which are in close contact with Hamburgh. In the market return of prices from that city, the Wheat of Holstein forms one of the quotations ; it is then fair to conclude, that a portion of the Wheat exported from Holstein, if not from Sleswick, is that which subsequently becomes a part of what is included in the exports and stock of Hamburgh. I should much doubt if the whole quantity of Wheat in store in October last, in the kingdom of Denmark, amounted to 20,000 quarters. These are the Returns of the several places mentioned in the months of August or September, before the Corn of the last harvest had made its appearance in the markets. I had reason, from all 2.5 my inquiries, both among cultivators and merchants, to conclude that very little Corn remained in the hands of the growers, except in the very rare cases, where in the same person was united a confident expectation of an advance in the prices, with a sufficiency of capital to enable him to withhold from making sales. The circumstances of far the greater number of the occupiers of land were too much embarrassed to allow of their keeping Corn, when the importunities of claimants upon them were urgent for the discharge of their demands. The general accounts were, that all which could be sold had, from necessity, been turned into money. In some of the small towns in Prussia, when movements of the troops were making, and a squadron of cavalry on a march was quartered on them for a day, so little horse Com was to be found in the granaries, that the standing Oats were cut and given to the horses, as they were taken from the fields. When in Berlin, I was told by Baron Von Bulow, Minister of the Interior, that the Government had recently instituted inquiries into the stocks of Corn in the country ; and the result of those inquiries showed, that the quantity in the whole cf Prussia was much smaller than usual. A very intelligent writer, a part of \\hose Memoir (sec Appendix, No. 9) I have translated, states the whole quantity of Corn in the different countries of Europe, at 3,680,000 quarters. He includes in his estimate, Rye, Oats, and Barley, as well as Wheat, noticing the portions of each, which make up his total. Without attaching any great credit to the calculation, I allude to it because his views are those which I found commonly entertained among: the more * o intelligent cultivators, of whom, though writing ano- nymously, he was said to be one. I made it my particular business to enquire into the state of the stocks at the warehouses on the banks of the Vistula, where Corn is collected, until a suffici- 26 ency of one quality is accumulated to load a vessel. In former times, as I was informed, these stores used to have a large quantity placed in them when the water was low, to be ready to take advantage of the first autumnal rains. The water was low when J was in Poland, from the long drought and great heat of the season ; few or no vessels were navigating on the upper part of the river, and yet the storehouses on the banks were empty. At Warsaw there are large warehouses, but in them there were not 200 quarters of Wheat. At Pulaway is a large magazine, capable of storing, and adapted for keeping in good order, 6,000 quarters of Wheat ; but it did not contain a single bushel. At Cassimir there are several large warehouses, some of them, from having had no business of any ex- tent during the last four years, seemed to be in need of repairs. Others were, however, in good condition. The whole are capable of storing 80,000 quarters of corn. In none of them was any Wheat, though they con- tained some Rye belonging to the Government, which its agents had received for rent and taxes, from cul- tivators who could not pay money. Rachow has warehouses for storing 14,000 quar- ters, but in them was neither Wheat, nor any other Corn, to be found. At Cracow the case was the same ; the warehouses, which are extensive, were empty. The places I have noticed are the chief, where there are ferries over the river, and to which the roads from the surrounding districts lead. They are the most convenient for shipping goods, and most of the trade is dispatched from them. There are a few others of smaller moment, which I did not visit, and only, on hearsay, know that they are alike without Wheat. From the view I have thus taken, I am led to the conviction, that neither in the sea ports, from which Wheat is usually shipped, nor in the interior of the 27 countries where it is grown, was there a stock which, if removed to the sea ports, would increase the amount of what is collected there to any sensible extent. There is an accumulation in the Russian provinces of Podolia and Volhynia, which was reported to me to have been stored in caves under ground, containing four or five years' growth. Owing to the situation of those provinces and the difficulties and expenses of conveyance, it is more likely to perish in the depots than to be conveyed to any places from which it can interfere with the trade of this country. The cost of conveying it to Dantzic would be equal to the price for which it would sell ; and the shorter but more hazardous distance to Odessa would lead to a market there, lower than even that of Dantzic. The produce of these two provinces was never large, and has only found its way to the sea-shore, when very high prices have enabled it to bear the expense and risk of conveying it thither. The whole stock of Wheat may be now brought into one point ; and appear as follows : Quarters. Pomerania --------- 67,103 Dantzic and Elbing ----- -361,500 Lubeck -_.___ 29,900 458,503 Conjectural : Denmark -- 25,000 Rostock and Wismar ----- 25,000 Petersburgh, Riga, and Memel - - - 100,000 608,503 In ports in the North Sea, as ascertained : Hamburgh - - - - 105,000 Bremen - - - - 27,970 Total - - 741,473 28 Of the wheat to which we have referred, as accu- mulated in the several ports, I was assured nearly one-fourth part is of so bad a quality, as to find no market in this country, except in seasons of uncom- mon dearth. If, then, out of the whole 741,473 quarters, 556,330 quarters were to be sent to England, it would not be more than the consumption of ten days. THE Provinces, forming, since the adjustment of territory at the termination of the late war, a part of the Prussian monarchy, which have access to the Bal- tic Sea, comprehend East Prussia, West Prussia, and Pomerania. They appear by the Official Accounts (see Appendix, No. 10), to have exported 447,183 quarters of Wheat, and 1,218,916 quarters of -Rye, Barley, and Oats, beyond their own growth, in the last nine years, up to the end of 1824; exclusive of the year 1818, the returns of which, for East Prussia, are wanting, but which probably were 350,000 quar- ters of Wheat, and 340,000 quarters of the other Grains. It is possible that some portion of this quantity may have been produced in the internal contiguous provinces of Posen, Silesia, and Brandenburg. As the trade in Corn, between one province and another, is free in Prussia, there are no official accounts by which we can ascertain whether what is exported by sea, is the produce of the province from which it is shipped, or of some inland district. As the special object of attention pointed out by my instructions, was the state of the countries from which Corn had been exported to England, I shall, therefore, in representing the state of the Agriculture, confine my observations chiefly to the three maritime provinces before mentioned, but including, in some degree, the province of Brandenburg. 29 Before the year 1807, the landed estates in Prussia, as in most other parts of Europe, were in the posses- sion of large proprietors. Many of them could only be held by such as were of noble birth ; and the mer- chant, the manufacturer, or the artisan, however much money he might have accumulated, could not invest it in such land until he had obtained a patent of nobility. These restrictions were removed by the king, about the year 1807, when the French had over- run the country. A Tenantry in our sense of the term was then, as it still is, almost unknown. The land was worked by a class of persons in some respects slaves ; and in most respects but little removed from that condition. In many cases they had an hereditary kind of right to some use of the land, such as to grow one crop of Corn according to a prescribed course, whilst the lord had the right of pasture between the crops. These peasants were sold with the land, or descended to the heir, and were bound to perform certain labour or services for the lord. They could not, on the other hand, be dismissed from their holdings, nor had their superior any power over the property they might happen to be able to accumulate. The conditions upon which the peasants held their portions of land, were very various, some having a greater, and others a less share of the use of them ; some doing greater, and others less service for them. By a series of legislative measures, marked by a character of peculiar boldness, which were enacted from 1807 to 1811, the whole of the enslaved pea- sants have become converted into freemen and free- holders. In some cases the holdings have been equally divided, and the peasant has his moiety in perpetuity. In cases where the lord's claims for personal services were more extensive, the peasant had a smaller share in the land. In some instances, compensations in money were settled by compact between the lords 30 and the peasants, sometimes by the payment of a fixed sum, or by a security on the land allotted in perpetuity to the peasant, for the payment of such sum. Sometimes the peasant retained the whole of the land he had before used, paying to the lord the value of that portion which might otherwise have been given up to him. The successive measures by which the peasants were raised to the rank of freemen, were not received by all with equal readiness. The lords were com- pelled, but the peasants were allowed to decline com- pliance ; and even to the presept day, some few prefer the ancient mode of their holdings, to that which the laws have allowed. Although the foundation is laid for a new and better order of things, yet its effects on the agricul- ture of the country have not hitherto been fully realised. The abolition of personal services, and of hereditary ownership of such services, has been too recent for the full operation of the change of the parties from the relation of master and slave, to that of employer and employed, to produce the effect which is its natural tendency. It is obvious, that all the operations of agriculture are still performed by the labourers, with a listlessness and slovenly indolence which was natural to their former character, and which their new condition has not yet had time to remove. The land in the three maritime provinces, as indeed in almost the whole of Prussia, may be considered as either in very large portions belonging to the nobility, or to the new class of proprietors ; or as very small portions, such as under the ancient sys- tem were deemed sufficient for half the maintenance of the family of a peasant. There are but very few of that middle class of capitalists, resembling our farmers, who can hire land to that extent, which one able man can most advantageously manage, and after stocking and working it, pay for the hire to the pro- ^rietor. 31 With some few exceptions, and those very tew, no rent is paid ; but each occupier, whether a large or a small one, is his own landlord. The deviations from this general view are to be found, for the most part, on the banks of the great rivers, where meadows, either for the purpose of fat- tening cattle, or of saving hay, for the supply of large towns near the mouths of these rivers, are let to tenants for money rents. On the banks of the Oder, near Stettin, I saw some meadows let from 10*. to 12s. per acre, the landlords paying land-tax. They are said to yield about one ton and a half annually, of hay, when mowed. The after-feed is worth little, from the early floods in autumn, and the deep snows and severe frosts in winter. The hay is not very good, which is attributed to the great quickness of the growth after the frosts disappear. Land of this description is of less relative value than with us, from the severe cold, and its long duration ; from there being scarcely any of the interval of spring, and from the great drought and excessive heat of the short summer. I was informed, that similar land, higher on the Oder, near the cities of Schwet, Custrin, and Frankfort, was let at nearly the same rate. Lands in the vicinity of the large towns, and in other si- tuations, from local convenience may be sometimes let for money rent, but these are exceptions to the general plan, and the whole of such land bears but a very small proportion to that which is cultivated by its owners. The domains of the Crown are differently circum- stanced from other land, and are let to Farmers. The greatest part is in the occupation of persons whose ancestors had long held them at low rents, without their being charged to the land-tax or Grand Steuer. When by new laws the taxation on land was extended to the estates of nobles, those of the Crown were included, and charged with the tax. At first the high prices which Corn bore, enabled the occupiers to pay the trifling rent, as well as the tax ; but as Corn declined in price, they became un- able to pay both. The taxes were in most instances paid, but the rent was suffered to run in arrear, from the impossibility of extracting it from the tenants. I was informed by a very intelligent gentleman, who had sufficient means of information, that most of the occupiers of the Royal domains whose rent was ten years in arrears, had been forgiven the whole, on pro- mising to make the payments regularly in future ; a promise they are in general unable to fulfil, from the great additional fall in the price of Corn which has since taken place. These national domains are of such various qua- lities, and in such different localities, that it is difficult to find what is the average rent of them per acre. Some of them are let as high as 3s. Sd. per acre, a much larger proportion at Is. 2d. and a larger still from 6d. to Qd. As far as my means of information can enable me to form a judgment, I should not esti- mate the average rent to exceed, if it reaches Is. 3d. per acre. The farm of Subbowitz, whose produce is noticed in the Appendix, No. 11, which is considered fair average land, consists of about 1,720 acres, and is let for 158/. 12s. Id. sterling per year. That of Subkau, also noticed in the same statement, consist- ing of 3,054 acres, is some of the best land, the rent of which is about 552/. 11s. 8d. sterling per annum. These two farms, with the others, noticed in the same paper, are occupied by some of the most skilful cultivators of the district ; and yet the accounts show, that small as the rent is, and judicious as the ma- nagement may be, the produce falls short of the cost of production, even though the rent should be given up. Although the Royal domains are here noticed, they bear a small proportion to the whole land, in 33 the province of West Prussia, where they are situated, not exceeding one-sixtietli part of the whole. The Value of Land generally is low, as may be in- ferred from the low price of produce, and of rents for what little is rented. An estate of medium soil was put up to auction, and not producing an offer, equal to the sum for which it was mortgaged, was taken by the mortgagee. The extent is about 6,000 morgens, or about 4,200 acres. It is chiefly a thin sandy soil, in some fewr parts approaching to loam. The principal and interest due to the mortgagee was 3,000/. for which sum he took the estate. The barns, and other tenements, were in need of some repairs, and the land far from being in a clean state. On taking possession, as he could not let it, he had, and calculated to expend, as he told me, betwixt 2,200/. and 2,320/. to repair the tenements, and to stock it with 1,500 merino sheep, 40 cows, and with bullocks, horses, and the requisite implements. This gentle- man, who had acquired his money by trade, and knew how to calculate, hoped by the fleeces of his fine- wooled sheep to draw some interest for the invest- ment he had been compelled to make in land. In the same part of Prussia, another estate, one of the best in the district, with a good house, with all the buildings in good repair, and the land in a high state of cultivation, was offered for sale ; and though when I was there, the sale was not completed, I had reason to believe an agreement for it would speedily be concluded. The soil is good sandy loam, chiefly arable, with some pasture, the extent 2,800 acres. The price, at which I believe the contract to have been since made, was between 5,200/. and 5,400/. If these two instances may be taken, as nearly the highest and the lowest price of the average arable land of the maritime provinces of Prussia, the highest limit will be somewhat less than 40«s. the acre, and the lowest not quite 155. per acre. This estimation 34 of the value of land, if correct, in the maritime pro- vinces, cannot be extended to the other parts of the Prussian dominions, where both the soil and climate are far more favourable to production. It is well known in England, that under a great depression in the price of Corn, the poorer lands suffer a much greater proportionate depreciation, in their sale price, than the more fertile soils. It is not then extraordi- nary, that the landed property of these maritime pro- vinces should be reduced to the low value which is here represented. This tract of land forming the maritime provinces of Prussia, is a portion of that vast sandy plain which extends from the shores of Holland to the extremity of Asiatic Russia. It has scarcely any elevations that merit the title of hills, and, where not covered with woods, spreads out in open fields of great extent. The soil in some places is barren sand, occasionally with no appearance of vegetation ; in many parts with no attempt at cultivation, and what is culti- vated appearing to yield but scanty returns. The land is too poor to yield even middling crops, with- out manure ; and the portion of cattle of all kinds is too small to create such a quantity of that necessary ingredient in husbandry, as to keep the land up to its present low standard of fertility. According to the official documents, which I col- lected, it appears that the three maritime provinces of East Prussia, West Prussia, and Pomerania, in- cluding in the latter the late Swedish territory,' con- tain about 25,500,000 acres, or more than half the extent of England. By an official account, made up in 1821, the Stock of Cattle appeared to be as fol- lows, at the latter end of the year 1819 ; viz. 556,839 Horses and Colts. 1,171,434 Oxen, Cows, and Calves. 2,049,801 Sheep and Lambs, — and, 617,310 Swine. The lowest estimate of the stock of cattle in England, which I have ever met with, gives three times this number of horses, and more than four times the number of cows and sheep, to the same extent of land ; and most of those who have calculated on the subject, have carried the proportion of cattle to sur- face in England, much higher. I had reason to be- lieve, though not from official sources, that the num- ber of sheep, between 1819 and 1824, had increased at the rate of from 20 to 25 per cent., and that the proportion of fine-wooled sheep, to those of coarse wool, had been augmented beyond that proportion. From this deficient stock of the animals, from which manure is derived, it will naturally be inferred, that the increase of Grain must be very small. I was satisfied, from my own observations, and it was confirmed by the opinion of intelligent natives, that much of the land in cultivation could not yield on the average more than three times as much Corn as the seed that had been sown. The calculations made by the most intelligent statistical inquirers, and the most observing culti- vators, have not estimated the Average Increase of the four kinds of Grain, viz. Wheat, Rye, Barley, and Oats, taken together, to be more than four times the seed. The general Course of Cultivation is to fallow every third year, by ploughing three times, when designed for Rye, or five times if intended for Wheat, and allowing the land to rest without any crop during the whole of the year, from one Autumn to the next. Most of the land is deemed to be unfit for the growth of Wheat, under any circumstances. Where it is deemed adapted to that Grain, as much as can be manured, from their scanty supply of that article, is sown with Wheat, and the remainder of the fallow ground with Rye. The portion which is destined for Wheat, even in the best farms, is thus 36 very small ; and as on many none is sown, the whole of the land devoted to Wheat does not amount to one-tenth of that on which Rye is grown. I have reason to believe, that of late years the proportion of Rye to Wheat has been increasing. The first is an article of domestic consumption and of universal demand ; the far greater number of the inhabitants eat only Bread made from it from neces- sity, arid those who can afford Wheaten Bread, eat commonly that of Rye from choice. At the tables of the first families, both in Germany and Poland, though wheaten bread was always to be seen, I remarked that the natives scarcely ever tasted it ; and I have met many Englishmen, who, after a long residence in those countries, have given the pre- ference to bread of Rye. From the time I left the Netherlands, through Saxony, Prussia, Poland, Austria, Bavaria, and Wur- temberg, till I entered France, I never saw, either in the bakers' shops, in the hotels, or private houses, a loaf of wheaten bread. In every large town, small rolls, made of wheaten flour, could be purchased, and they were to be seen at the tables at which foreigners were seated. In the small towns and villages only Rye bread can be obtained ; and travellers commonly take in their carriages sufficient wheaten rolls to supply them from one large town to the next. Wheat is only used by the natives for making, what our English bakers would call fancy bread, or in pastry and confectionary. If there be no foreign demand for Wheat, the difficulty of selling it, at any price, is great; and that little, which the very limited demand of other countries of late years has required, has been confined to Wheat of the best quality ; for Rye, on the other hand, sales may be always made at a market price ; and the price of that Grain has not been depressed in the same proportion as the price of Wheat. .07 Although the increase of Wheat is greater than that of Rye, vet, as it absorbs all the manure of the farm, and requires the land to be ploughed twice more, it is now deemed to be the least profitable of the two crops by many of the farmers. As the Rye receives the full benefit of the fallow, its increase is greater than that of the spring crops which follow it. Barley and Oats are sown in the spring whicli follows the harvesting the Wheat and Rye, and these complete the course, which is again followed by a whole year's fallow. By this rotation of crops, the land bears Corn only two years out of every three ; and the crop of the last year scarcely produces three times the quantity of the seed that was sown. This opinion, formed by my own observations, strengthened by the reports of the most intelligent persons with whom I conversed, who were connected with practical agriculture, receives some confirmation from a Paper furnished to me by Mr. Leutze, His Majesty's consul at Stettin ; according to which, in 1805, the year previous to that in winch the country was over-run by the French, the quantities of Corn sowed and harvested in the province of Pomerania, when the Swedish part was not incorporated with it, are as follow Bushels. Bushels. Wheat - sown 155,936 - produced - 996,224 Rye do. - 1,254,960 - do. - - 4,383,584- Barley - do. 619,992 - do. - - x'. 757,688 Oats do. - 1,345,704 - do. - - 2,975,680 This view of the low rate of increase is further confirmed by the Official Accounts of the produce of several farms in West Prussia (see Appendix, No. 11, B.) by which it appears, that on six farms, on which 4,864 acres are cultivated with Corn, the produce was only taken at 10,000 quarters in 1824, which is represented to be a favourable year. F Though some few of the large proprietors may, by the increase of their flocks of sheep, and by the' assiduous attention to every branch of cultivation, have improved their land and raised the increase of their seed, I see no reason to believe that to be the case to an extent which can have a sensible influ- ence on the average of the whole mass of production. If we consider the calamities which Prussia en- dured, and the strenuous exertions she made to ter- minate them, we shall scarcely suppose that the interval from 1815 to 1825 has been sufficient to regain what she had lost, in the eight years which preceded that period, more especially as up to the present time the market prices of her chief produc- tions have been suffering a regular decline. I should not deem the other maritime provinces of Prussia to be much more productive than Pomera-* nia, as a whole, though in East and in West Prussia there is rather a larger proportion of the land that is capable of producing cpops of Wheat and Oats. If will happen to a traveller, in pursuit of Agricultural information, even in England, and much more in countries where the business of cultivation is con- ducted in a much lower manner, that his attention will be invited to those properties which are best managed, where the several processes of husbandry are most sedulously performed, and where the pro- duce is the greatest. Hence almost every writer on agricultural subjects has been led to over-rate the actual average produce of land, in the several coun- tries which he may have visited. Like others, I was prevailed upon to pay the closest attention to the details and face of the land of the most skilful, the most affluent, and most pro- ductive proprietors. I visited several noblemen, whose knowledge of and attention to agriculture, was fully equal to that of a»y men in this or any other country ; and if the produce of the land was not equal to that raised by our best farmers, the dif- ference must be attributed rather to the soil and climate, than to any deficiency either of capital, of skill, or of assiduity. On such property the Wheat sown was very insig- nificant, and the proportion of that grain to Rye had gradually declined of late years. One nobleman, who Tanned his estate of 36,000 acres, of which two thirds was tillage, and one third woodland, grew but a few- acres of Wheat, and of late had sold no Corn of any kind. From the ports of England being shut against Corn, he had turned his attention to the production of vine wool. On this estate there is a flock of 15,000 merino sheep, yielding on an average two and a half pounds of fine wool, the annual sales of which amount to one half more than the value of the sheep. Through the five winter months, the sheep are fed with Corn, chiefly Rye, at the rate of one pound per day, which is estimated to be equal to three pounds of hay. The proprietor calculated, that sheep thus kept yielded nearly as much more wool as, added to the benefit which the manure of the animals received from that kind of food, was equal to the price he should have received for the Corn, if he had sold it ; and that the profit on this system was the value of the whole of ihe hay, which would have been otherwise consumed. Instead of selling, he finds it more profitable to buy Corn. On the same property, the extent of land planted with Potatoes, was upwards of 1,500 morgens, or about 1,000 acres, the chief part of which were used in the distillery, which seems an indispensable adjunct to everv well-managed farm. The calculation made i * there, was that two bushels of Potatoes yielded as much ardent spirit as one of Bariey ; and that the residuum, after extracting the spirit, was equal in alimentary power, for the draft bullocks, which are fed with it, to two thirds of its value before the wort was ex* tracted from it. By the process on this estate, nino bushels of Potatoes are mixed with one of Malt, to draw the wort, which is afterwards distilled, so as to produce a spirit containing 80 per cent, of Alcohol, in which state it pays a duty (much complained of) of sixpence per gallon. It is reduced, before it is sold, till it retains 50 per cent, of Alcohol; and the price charged to the retailers is about iburteen-pence per gallon. Another person, of the same rank, who had turned his attention to the improvement of his property, boasted that his Corn land already yielded near six- fold for the seed that was sown, and could be further increased. He, too, cultivated Potatoes very ex- tensively, and, by converting them into starch arid treacle, made that land yield a profit, which, had it been devoted to Corn, would have produced a loss. He had tried to make sugar from Potatoes, and found it not advantageous ; but he assured me that treacle paid him well, and he could afford to sell it 18*. per cwt. whilst that from the West Indies cost 24s. I could perceive no difference between the sweetness of this treacle and that from the tropics, but it has less consistency. A nobleman whom I had before known, to whose hospitality I am much indebted, and whose estate I viewed in detail, took the trouble to furnish me with the course of Cultivation he pursued on the property on which he resides, (see Appendix, No. 12.) Though cultivated with care, and though fairly productive, I readily give credit to what he assured me, — that the whole benefit which he derived from the estate of 6,300 acres, in his joint capacity of landlord and cul- tivator, had not exceeded the amount for which he had sold his annual clip of the wool of his flock of 4,000 sheep. On the several other estates that I viewed, the recurrence of Corn crops was equally distant; the 41 superior portion of land devoted to green crops, and pasture, the same ; and the stock of cattle !>ore nearly a like proportion. These, however, were exceptions, few in number and confined in extent, when compared with the general condition of the estates of the three provinces. A number of Proprietors, residing on their lands, de- voting their time and attention to their improvement, and acquiring the practical and economical habits which their affairs render necessary, must have a teneficial influence on the cultivators around them. In this view, perhaps, the distress which lias been occasioned by the depressed prices of agricultural produce, may, at some future time, under happier auspices, be highly advantageous to the community. But, in the mean time, the influence of the best spe- cimens of cultivation have been very limited. Few of the Proprietors have any capital to buy sheep or other stock, or to enable them to wait for those returns of their outlays which come in with the most dilatory pace where the management of land is the best. He who has to answer the demands of the labourers, the tax collectors, and, where it occurs, of the gatherer of rent, or of interest on mortgages, must sell his Cora, at any price that is offered for it, without waiting to convert it into wool, as the nobleman to whom I have alluded is enabled to do. It is more the state of em- barrassment, in which almost all the Proprietors are placed, than the want of knowledge or of assiduity, that prevents the Agriculture of the Prussian domi- nions from making more considerable advances. Formerly, the majority of the Estates, as belonging to Nobles, and only capable of being held by that class, were nearly inalienable; but the necessity of relieving the most harassed of that body, induced the Government to form a plan by which money might be borrowed on the security of land. At first this power was confined to the lands of the nobles, but was after- wards extended to all others. 42 The Landschaft, or States, a local assembly of the principal proprietors, were authorised to make a valua- tion of such estates as were to he mortgaged, and to issue writings denominated Pfandbriefe, or Mortgage Debentures, which bore interest, and were transfer- able with little trouble and expense, on which one half, and in some instances six-tenths of the Lands- chaft's valuation was easily borrowed. As the valua- tions of the estates were made upon a low scale of the prices of produce, and on a low estimate of the annual quantum of such produce, they were deemed the best security that could be offered. In a country where no Government funds were in existence, or none in which the public had much confidence, these kind of securities became the natural deposits of such accumulations of money as were not intended to be exposed to any risks. Hence the fortunes of widows and orphans, the capital of churches, schools, hospitals, and charitable institutions of various descriptions, were invested in such securities. From 1794, when the valuations were made, the gradual rise of the prices of the produce made the payment of the interests on the debts very slightly burdensome ; and such was the regularity with which the interest was paid, and such the confidence in the security, that those Pfandbriefe became worth a premium of ten per cent., and some- times even of more. At the time of the valuation, the system of duty work, as known in France by the name of Corvees, was granted. The taxes on the land, for the families who fell in defence of their country in the late war, and for such as were disabled, were not imposed; and those for the local purposes of roads, bridges, the poor, and other objects, were much lower than they are at pre- sent. Whilst by gradual steps, for the last ten years, the price of all kinds of Corn, except of Wheat, which is the smallest portion, has fallen below those at which the valuations were calculated in the year 1794, the increase of taxes and of the prices of labour have been advancing. Thus many of the estates, which for tire first twenty years could easily discharge the demands upon them, are now become utterly unable to meet those demands. I had heard so many tales of the dis- tress occasioned by this course of events, that I wished to ascertain the extent of it as accurately as possible. Having found in Mr. Rothe, the President of West Prussia, as well a disposition to communicate in- formation of every kind, as the qualities of accuracy and discrimination, I was induced to submit to him, in writing, some Queries on this, as well as on some other subjects, which he very politely and speedily answered. The replies in Appendix, Xo. 11, (A.) show, that of 262 estates, within the limits of the Landschaft's authority, 195 are encumbered with mortgages, and only 67 (about a quarter) are free from those incum- brances. Of the 195 estates so incumbered, 71 were already in a state of sequestration, a remedy to which none of the mortgagees would have recourse but in cases of extremity. I was more than once told, with what truth I would hesitate to say, that most of the (J7 large estates not appearing in the Hypothecation books to be incumbered, had been prevented by testamentary, or other family settlements, from being brought within the circle of the Landschaft's valua- tion. I was informed by an intelligent man, who is a member of the States, that many estates have been suffered to remain in the possession of the nominal proprietors, because the interest of the money lent on them ceases as soon as a process is com- menced, and because they cannot be sold for so much as has been advanced on them ; besides which, when in a state of sequestration, they are so carelessly managed by officers of the Government, that they become from bad to worse. The mortgagees are thus induced to leave them in the hands of the apparent owners in the hope of a 44 change of times, and from the fear of diminishing1, still more, the value of their slight security. Besides' these mortgages, which are registered in the Hypo- thecation books of the Landschaft, many of these large estates, when the value of the produce was very high, were enabled to borrow on subsequent mortgages, which, as they are of no validity till those registered are liberated, have in many instances been attended with a total loss to the lenders. It is obvious, that when that which for a long period has been deemed the most secure, if not the only secure investment for money, becomes of no avail, the consequence must be highly distressing \ and peculiarly so, because the principal suffering must, of necessity, fall on those least able to contend with the adverse circumstances in which they are placed. The new Proprietors, who have been raised to that condition by the abolition of the ancient Feudal Tenures, though they can scarcely ever want the bare necessaries of life, have very little beyond them. If they happen to be both industrious and economical, their own labour, on the small portion of land which they possess, will supply them Avith potatoes and some little Bread Corn, as well as provision for their two oxen. They all grow n small patch of Flax, and some contrive to keep five or six sheep. If disposed to labour beyond the time required for their own land, there is a difficulty in obtaining employment ; and in the winter months, which are long and severely cold, no agricultural work can be performed. The flax and the wool spun in their cottages must supply the clothing of the family ; and the fat of the animals they kill must be converted into soap and candles. Meat of any kind can be rarely afforded to be, eaten by such families ; and only the few who are more prosperous than their neighbours can keep a cow to supply them with milk. 4.3 They consume nearly all they produce, and are con- sidered happy if they have a sufficient surplus for sale to meet the demands of a few shillings annually for the payment of their trifling; taxes and local assessments, it was the universal opinion of all with whom I had any conversation on the topic, that this description of peasants were hitherto in a worse condition than under the old tenures ; and as this was attributed to the depression of Agriculture, and the want of capital, and of incitement to the large Occupiers to employ their spare time, it was not considered .to be an impeachment of the wisdom which had planned and executed their emancipation. Though the rate of Wages is very low (see Appendix, No. 11), not averaging more than five- pence per day, yet the day labourers who have constant employment, with a cottage, potatoe ground, and flax patch, are said to be somewhat better circumstanced than those persons who have been recently raised from the Feudal ranks to that of Freehold proprietors. Those labourers who are boarded in the houses of their employers, have a sufficiency of food, consisting of rye bread, potatoes, of buck-wheat made into soups of various kinds ; and in many instances are provided with meat, commonly bacon, twice a week. The aged and infirm Poor have demanded con- sideration only since the abolition of the feudal tenures. Before that period, each lord considered himself bound to assist in their support, and generally attended to that duty, where the deficiency of means in the power of the relations of the aged and infirm made it requisite. A regular system of taxation for the poor has not yet been introduced, though the first steps towards it have been taken. The assessments for the widows and orphans of those who fell in the late conflicts, and for such as were disabled in the service, has been already noticed. It is kept distinct G 46 from all other levies, and is of course gradually diminishing in amount, as the persons entitled to receive it are removed by death. The money re- quisite for the other poor is supplied from local funds, arising from general assessments, made for the maintenance of bridges, for repair of roads, drains, and embankments, for the support of schools, and for some other similar purposes. The practice of supporting the indigent is of very recent date, and has not hitherto produced the effect of lessening the sympathy which the needy feel for each other, or the charity which the more affluent exercise towards their distressed neighbours ; and the sense of shame yet remains as a bar against application to the communal taxes, except in the greatest extre- mity. A very intelligent and benevolent Nobleman, at whose house I spent a few days, assured me, that in the extensive, but thinly peopled district where he had a share in the directing the assessments, and expenditure of the local taxes, there was but one family which subsisted wholly on those taxes ; and that others depended on the kindness of relatives and friends, with some occasional assistance from the local fund. In general the Soil of the Maritime Provinces of Prussia is so light, that it may be easily ploughed with Two Oxen, and those of diminished size, and no great strength. I have not unfrequently seen, on the smaller portions of Land, a single cow drawing the plough ; and whilst the plough was guided by the owner, the cow was led by his wife. The more tenacious soils, on the banks of the streams, are commonly but of small extent. There is indeed a large portion of land in the Delta, formed by the separation of the Nogat from the Vistula, between Derschau and Marienburg, which, under a good sys- tem of management, would be highly productive, and 47 which requires greater strength to plough. There are some others, especially near Tilsit, of less extent ; but the whole of them, if compared with the great extent of the surface of the country, are merely sufficient to form exceptions to the general classifica- tion which may be made of the soil. The various Implements of Husbandry are quite of as low a description as the working cattle. The ploughs are ill constructed, with very little iron in them. The harrows are made of wood, without any iron, even for the tines or teeth. The waggons are mere planks, laid on the frame loose, and resting against upright stakes, fixed into its sides. The cattle are attached to these implements by ropes, without leather in any part of the harness. The use of the roller is scarcely known ; and the clods, in preparing the fallow ground, are commonly broken to pieces by hand with wooden mallets. In sowing, the seed is carried in the apron, or the skirts of the frock of the man who scatters it on the ground. The monied value of the Live Stock on the farms is low. The best flocks of Merino Sheep, exclusive of the wool, are averaged to be worth about 65. or 6s. 8c/. per head. Cows are worth from 30*-. to 65s. A dairy which I saw, of the best description, was let to a dairyman at 36-v. per year. The owner told ir.e, he valued them at 75s. per head, and thought the average weight of the butter from each, the calf being taken from the mother when ten days old, was about \'2Q(bt>. each year. The variation in the price of cows is much greater than in that of sheep, according to their race, to the soil on which they are pastured, and to the distance from large towns requiring sup- plies of milk and butter. The price of hay varies, according to the situation and quality, from 14y. to 20*. the ton. The general burdens of the State in Prussia are the subject of -complaints among all classes ; and 48 although they may appear to us to amount to a very small sum, rated by the number of persons, they must be considered heavy in a country so destitute of little other capital than that of land, now vastly depreciated in value. The whole taxes in Prussia amount to about 10$. per head; but the effective value of money, in exchange for commodities, may be considered to be double what it is with us. Those Taxes pressing peculiarly on the land are, first, the Grund Steuer or Land-tax. This is not, however, imposed in each province, but only in those where it existed before they were united to the Prussian monarchy. This is not levied in Branden- burg, though it is collected in each of the three maritime provinces, which are the subjects of more immediate consideration. This tax was designed to be 25 per cent, on the nett value, or annual rent of the land, and when imposed was an equable burden. In process of time, from the improvement of some estates, and the neglect of others, and from a variety of other causes, that rate, which was originally equal, has become in practice at the present day very un- equal. The land is divided into six classes, the rent of the lowest of which is estimated to be about Id. per acre, and that of the highest about 4 quarters more than they exported. This quantity may probably have been added to the former accumu- lation ; but. if so, it is still evidence of a decline in the actual produce of Wheat in the Prussian territories. Those Prussian provinces to which my chief atten- tion was directed, have never been manufacturing districts, although they have, during a long series of years, made both linen and woollen cloths for their own use. They have had rather domestic labour, than any establishment for the purpose ; of late, however, attempts have commenced upon a larger scale, and projects were in agitation of various kinds, for making woollens and cottons in manufactories where the aid of machinery was to be applied. The chief inducement to these attempts was the low price of provisions, and the consequent expectation of a low rate of labour. They were, however, but attempts, and were not viewed with any very pro- mising expectations by the persons I had any oppor- tunity of conversing with on the subject. They seem to be rather the creations of the Government, H 54 than the spontaneous issue of the deliberate calcula- tions of capitalists, seeking for beneficial modes of employing their money. The only kind of goods that I heard of, cal- culated for distant markets, are some made of the native coarse wool, dyed deep blue,, trials to introduce which have been made in England. These are made by some small farmers who were employed in the summer on the land. They are made out of 181bs. or 201bs. of wool, worth about six-pence per pound. The spinning is performed by the females of the family, whilst the father weaves them. It employs him three days to weave a piece, which is about six- teen yards in length, and 42 inches wide. The value of his day's work was stated to be nine-pence, thus making that part of the labour which he executed, to be 2«v. 3d. The fulling is performed at a public mill, and the finishing and dying is executed in Ber- lin, by persons who send their agents to the farm houses to collect the cloths in their rough state. I was told that these kind of cloths might be afforded in London, at little more than 2*. per yard, and were calculated for negro clothing. As the spinning is the most ma- terial part of the labour, and that is performed at leisure time, the maker's gain is the whole of that, as the time would be otherwise unemployed. Manu- factures of this kind are useful in the state of society which exists where these goods are fabricated, but the limits to their extension are necessarily very confined. I have no reason to think that hitherto the low price of Corn has had the effect of lowering the price of manufacturing labour, in any degree approaching to the depression which the products of the soil have experienced. In the building of Ships, which is in- deed the chief manufactory of the maritime provinces, the rates of wages have very considerably fallen ; not, indeed, so much as bread, but to an extent that has increased the building; of vessels, and induced sonic English houses to contract for the building of Prussian vessels to be employed in distant voyages. The effect, however, of the low prices of agricul- tural produce, is more experienced in the Provisions for the Crew, than in the cost of the constructions of the ships. This may be seen in the cost of the food for a Prussian ship in the Appendix, No. 13. It is true that our seamen are accustomed to better food than the Prussians, but their superior professional skill makes up for the difference. Besides, as the Baltic is frozen several months in the year, the loss of time seems to lie more than a compensation for the differences in the price of food. In pursuance of the instructions that were given to me by your Lordships, I made every attempt in my power to ascertain the actual cost of the Wheat to the growers of that Grain in Prussia. Whoever has made similar attempts in this country, however well he may have been acquainted with all the practical details, even if he could obtain, with most scrupulous -accuracy, the amount of seed sown and harvested, has found them attended with such difficulties, as to afford no great degree of confidence in the results obtained. Thus, for instance, in our common four years' course of Turnips, Barley, Clover, and Wheat, though it may be easy to ascertain the whole expenditure in rent, taxes, labour, manure, interest of capital, and deterioration in the working cattle and utensils during the four years, yet scarcely any two persons will agree in the apportioning that expenditure to each of the four crops. The relative value of those crops to one another, will vary in every year ; one will be good, another indifferent, another very bad. The value of the feed to the cattle fed on the' produce of the first and third years, will be very differently estimated by different persons. The proportions of the expense of fallowing and manuring, will be distributed among the several crops, according to the arbitrary rules of adjustment, which the individual making the calcula- tion has formed in his own mind from his own local and particular observation. It is an easy task, if farming accounts are regularly kept, to ascertain, at the end of the four years, how much has been gained or lost during the rotation ; but the distribution of that loss or gain is subject to so many variations of opinion, and so many vicissitudes depending on situation, soil, and weather, as to pre- vent reliance from being placed on any estimate of the real cost of either one of the descriptions of Grain. The same obstacles will present themselves to the attainment of accuracy, where any other rotation of crops is adopted. If the difficulty is thus great in attaining, or even approximating to certainty in the cost price of any particular description of Corn in this country, it may well be deemed much more bold to hazard an opinion on that subject, in a foreign country, where many circumstances which can be but imperfectly known to a stranger and temporary visitor, may have a power- ful influence. I received many statements from the different per- sons with whom I conversed on the subject, as to what they considered to be the actual cost, in a num- ber of years, of Wheat and other Corn. These, as may be supposed, widely varied from each other. Although I was fully convinced that for several years the loss on the mass of agricultural products through- out the maritime provinces of Prussia, has been very great ; and that, instead of leaving any thing for rent, that has been much more than absorbed, yet I could place no reliance on the accuracy of any statements which attempted to define the exact limits of the loss on each kind of Corn. In founding a calculation on the answers of Presi- 57 ilent Rothe, though I give to that gentleman'* facts the most implicit confidence, yet I should hesitate, if he had stated what was the cost price of Wheat and Rye, to yield to him the same assent. I have no doubt, however, he is accurate in stating, that the loss on the corn grown in the year 1824, without allowing any tiling for rent, was 20 per cent. According to the paper in Appendix, No. 11, the price at which the wheat on the estate described was sold, in the year 1824 when the crops were good, was one thaler and a half per scheffel, or three shillings per bushel, by which a loss of 20 per cent, was incurred, besides the whole of the rent, according to which the cost price to the farmer would be about 28$. 9^ quarter on the spot. s. d. Sale price 3s. per bushel, or per quarter 24 - Loss, estimated at 20 per cent. - - - 49 28 9 Allowance for Rent, calculated at ^ of) o Q the gross proceeds - - - - - j Which would make the cost - 31 - If to this be added, Shipping charge, and merchant's com-^ 0 _ mission or profit ------ j Freight, primage, and insurance to London 8 - Lighterage, landing charge, and com- ) i *» mission in England - - - - ) The costs of Wheat may be in some degree approxi- mated to, by ascertaining the selling prices for a series of years. If that series be short, it may be affected by various intervening events, such as war, invasion, or deficient harvests ; but, by being spread 58 over a long series, the effect of adventitious circum- stances became lessened. It is reasonable to calculate, that in a long series, the profit on Corn cannot be much above that on other branches of industry in the same country. If the profits on raising Corn are much above those of other occupations, an increased quantity, to the production of which the augmented capital might contribute, would cause the price to fall ; if those profits were much lower, a diminution of supply, to which the loss of capital would contribute, would tend to raise the prices. Although, from the fluctuation in the productive- ness of different years, Corn is less subject to the general abstract principles by which supply and demand, as regards other commodities, are regulated, in a short period, yet in a long period, such as thirty or forty years, or longer, it also must be governed by them. Without going back to the long List of Prices for the last hundred and sixty years, (for which, see Ap- pendix, No. 24.) we may adopt that which begins in 1791, and ends in 1825, (Appendix, No. 13) ; for five of those years no prices are given, because the ports were shut. The Average of the whole of these Years, taking the lowest and highest price of each year, and disregarding the difference of the quantities sold in the several years, gives the Price at 45,9. lid. per quarter. The largest quantity was sold in the years when the price was highest, being probably the stocks which had accumulated during the years of low prices. The price of those years may there- fore be considered as speculating prices. If the years 1800, 1801, 1805, 1817, and 1818 be struck out, the average price of the thirty remaining years will be 33*. 6d. If we suppose a profit to be made of ten per cent, by the dealers in Corn, these thirty years will give, as the cost price to the grower, after paying rent, a price nearly approaching to that which 59 is "given before, as calculated on the data furnished by President Rothe. Without placing much reliance on it, yet some corroboration is received, by the market prices of Berlin, for the last eleven years, where the average price of the best Polish Wheat has been 36,$. 6d. or about ten per cent, higher than the average of Dantzic, for the thirty years to which we have re- ferred. This may be accounted for, partly by the quality of the Wheat, and partly from the additional conveyance, and consequent expenses. The Returns from Berlin, taken on St. Martin's day, in each year from 1774 to 1824, (for which, see Appendix, No. 17,) give, as the average price for the fifty years, 34s. 6V/. As the best of the Wheat is probably brought to the capital, some allowance must be made for the superior quality, and also something for the profit of the dealers through whose hands it has passed. This will bring it sufficiently near to the price here assumed, to give probability to the calculation. Although, since the return of peace, no alleviation of the public contributions has been applied, and no diminution of the other subjects of expenditure which compose the cost of growing Corn, has been experienced, yet the contrast between the first and last five years since that event took place, in the prices of Corn, is so striking, that it deserves to be noticed. In Dantzic, the average of the five years, from 1816 to 1820 inclusive, gives for Wheat 54s. 5d. per quarter, and that for the years 1821 to 1825 inclusive, 26s. 2d. In Berlin the average for the first five years, is 46s. 4d. and for the second 26s. 7d. THE far greater part of that division of ancient Poland, which is now comprehended in the viceregal kingdom of that name, is a level country, with scarcely an ascent or descent, except where the 60 Bourses of the rivers have formed channels below the general level of the country. As these rivers, though in summer they appear small streams, are swollen by the rains of autumn, and the melting of the snow on the Carpathian mountains in the spring, they form large channels, extending on both sides to a great distance ; and their deposit, in many parts, enriches the land, and it presents, in the summer, the aspect of verdant and luxuriant meadows. In other parts the periodical swellings of the streams have formed morasses, which in their present state are not appli- cable to any agricultural purposes. The plains which extend from the borders of one river to another, are open fields, with scarcely any perceptible division of the land, and showing scarcely any trees even around the villages. The portion of woodland on these plains is very extensive ; but they are in large masses, with great intervals of arable land between them. The Soil is mostly sandy, \vith occasional mixture of a sandy loam ; it is very thin, resting chiefly on a bed of granite, through which the heavy rains gra- dually percolate. Such a soil is easily ploughed ; sometimes two horses or two oxen, and not unfre- quently two cows, perform this and the other opera- tions of husbandry. This representation of the kingdom of Poland is strictly applicable to six of the eight waiwoodships or provinces into which it is now divided. To the south of the river Pilica, which compre- hends the two provinces of Sandomir and Cracow, the appearance of the land, and the face of the coun- try, improve ; and in proceeding south to the banks of the Vistula, there is to be seen a more undulating district and a more tenacious and fruitful soil. Much of the land is a clayey loam, requiring three or four horses to plough it, yielding, when tolerably managed, crops of excellent Wheat and Oats ; and where the husbandry is so good as to have adopted the practice ol .»t -owing Clover between the two Corn crops, the produce is very abundant. The southern point of this district, forming now an independent Republic, called from the name of its capital, Cracow, is very fertile. It extends along the Vistula about 20 miles, and contains, in 500 square miles or 320,000 acres, about 100,000 inhabitants. Some of the Estates in Poland, belonging to the nobility of the highest rank, are of enormous extent ; but owing to the system of dividing the land among all the children, unless a special entail secures a majorat to the eldest son, which is in some few instances the case, much of it is possessed in allot- ments, which we should deem large ; but which, on account of their low value, and when compared with those of a few others, are not so. Of these secondary classes of estates, 5 or 6,000 acres would be deemed small, and 30 or 40,000 acres large. There are, besides these, numerous small properties, some of a few acres, which, by frequent subdivisions, have descended to younger branches of noble fami- lies. The present owners are commonly poor, but too proud to follow any profession but that of a soldier, and prefer to labour in the fields with their own hands rather than to engage in trade of any kind. As titles descended to every son, and are continued through all the successors, the nobility have naturally become very numerous ; but since the Emperor of Russia has gained the dominion over Poland, the use of titles has been restricted. Xo one can assume that of baron, unless his clear income from his estates exceed 1,000 gulden or 2.5/. ; none that of count, whose rents are less than 3,000 gulden or 75/. ; and none that of prince, who has less than 5,000 gulden or 125£ The whole of the lands are made alienable, and may now be purchased by persons of any rank, and are actually held by some who are burghers or i peasants ; the Jews alone are prohibited from becom- ing proprietors of the soil, though they have very numerous mortgages upon it. When they foreclose, the lands must consequently be sold ; and as these Jews, the monied capitalists, cannot become pur- chasers, the prices they yield are very trifling. The most numerous class of Cultivators are Pea- sants; they have a limited property in the lands which they occupy, and the cottages in which they live, under the condition of working a stipulated number of days in each week, on their lord's demesne, and paying specified quantities of produce, such as poultry, eggs, yarn, and other things, in conformity with ancient usage. The extent of these holdings vary, according to the quality of the land, and the quantity of duty work, or of payments in kind, which are to be fulfilled. On a large property which I examined, the pea- sants had about forty-eight acres of land each, for which they were bound to work for two days in every week with two oxen. If their labour was farther required, they were paid three-pence per day for two other days, and if beyond that number, six- pence per day. On another property, I found the peasants had about thirty-six acres, for which they worked two days in each week, with two oxen ; when called upon for extra labour, they are paid six- pence a day for themselves and oxen for the next two days, or if they work without their oxen, threepence. If their labour is demanded the remaining two days in the week, the sum to be paid is made the subject of a special agreement; on one estate, the peasants had but twenty-four acres, and did one day's work themselves, with one horse ; the rest of their labour was paid for in money, by agreement made at the time it was required. Another pro- prietor, on land somewhat exhausted, granted to each of his peasants more than fifty acres of land, ft for which they worked with two horses, three days in a week. It would be easy to give instances of more various rates of duty work, and of the quantity of land which is appropriated for its performance. Some are of a luxurious and of a ludicrous kind. I was told that the inhabitants of two whole villages, near a princely domain, hold their lands on condition of employing a certain number of days in each week, in cleaning the walks, and keeping in good order the pleasure grounds, which surround the vast castle of their benevolent and hospitable lord. In general, this Peasantry is in a condition of great distress, and involved in debt to their lord. They are no longer slaves, or adstricti gleb lation of Poland is too poor to allow of their using animal food ; the want of it is scarcely felt by per- sons always accustomed to live, with very little variation of diet, on Rye Bread. The labouring classes, too, being assured of a sup- ply of the bare necessaries of life, are little disposed to any great changes in their mode of work, or any exertion of strength or skill beyond that to which, they have been accustomed. They have been, perhaps not without some reason, always represented as indolent, unskilful, filthy, and drunken, and averse to the improvement which their wiser and better superiors have attempted to intro- duce. Whilst the present low price of Corn continues, and the corresponding low rate of wages, and the, markets of Russia are open to the woollen cloths of Poland without duty, the profit of capital employed 115 in that branch of industry must offer to it temp- tations that agriculture does not present. But if by any alterations the cloths of Poland should in the Russian custom-houses be placed on the footing of the cloths of other countries, or if a rise of Corn and of Wages should take place to such an extent as to make the Polish cloths dearer than those which are charged with duty, the effects might be to drive the capital from the cloth trade to the business of culti- vation. The present want of capital may possibly be supplied by influx from other countries, but this must depend in a great measure on the internal govern- ment and political regulations of the country. The increase of manufactories in Poland, and the aug- mented population which they usually induce, might produce such a number of internal consumers as to leave much less surplus Corn to export to other coun- tries. It is true that Wheat would be but little eaten by the manufacturers, but the increased demand for Rye might make that kind of Grain the most profit- able to the grower ; and he would then devote to the cultivation of it some portions of the land which, under different circumstances, would have been ap- propriated to the growth of Wheat. The Manufacturers in Poland are however of too little importance, at present, to make it desirable to hazard any conjectures on what the effects of their increase or diminution would be on the surplus quan- tity of exportable Grain. A view of the past Exportation from the Vistula, at different periods, and under different circumstances, will perhaps give some assistance in forming an idea of what may be the result of future changes. It is worthy of remark, that in the long period of 166 years, of which the Returns are given (see Appendix, No. 24), there has been but little variation m the actual quantities of Corn exported from 116 Dantzic, when taken by periods of 25 years. At the' commencement it is seen, that the quantity of Rye far exceeded that of Wheat ; that they gradually approached each other, till the produce of Wheat exceeded that of Rye, and constantly so up to the present time. The physical circumstances of the country are as they were during that long period. The course of the several streams that convey their supplies of Corn into the Vistula, has been without alteration ; and the facilities of internal conveyance have been scarcely improved by any new or better Roads. There is no ground to suppose that any material, certainly not any observable or recorded increase of population has taken place, except the recent emigration of Germans. The whole period of 166 years (Returns of which, as extracted from the City Records of Dantzic, are in the Appendix, No. 24), when divided into periods of about 25 years, exhibits the following Annual Expor- tation of Wheat and Rye from that port. WHEAT. RYE. TOTAL. YEARS. 1651 to 1675 Quarters. 81,775 Quarters. 225,312 Quarters. 307,087 1676 to 1700 124,897 227,482 352,379 1701 to 1725 59,795 170,100 229,895 1726 to 1750 80,624 119,771 200,395 1751 to 1775 141,080 208,140 349,220 1776 to 1800 150,299 103,045 253,344 1801 to 1825 200,530 67,511 267,841 The average of the whole period gives an annual quantity of Wheat and Rye, of 279,794 quarters ; and this surplus may be fairly considered as the nearest approach that can be made, with existing materials, to what is the usual excess of the produc- 117 tion of Bread Cora, above the consumption of the inhabitants, when no extraordinary circumstances occur to excite or check cultivation. In some of the early periods of this series, there have been great variations in the quantity exported, but not so considerable as within the last 36 years ; we have too from 1791, the returns of Exports from the rival ports of Dantzic and Elbing since that- date, and thus, from both outlets of the Vistula, can trace the advance or decline of the surplus produce of Corn, from the countries bordering on that stream. Exports of Wheat and Rye from the Cities of Dattfeic and Elbing : TNT T*l i r- V P A P S WHEAT. RYE. TOTAL. Quarters. Quarters. Quarters. 17S1 - 256;680 25,714 282,394 1792 - 224,49? 259,402 43S.894 1793 - 303,597 3J6.660 640,257 1794 - 269,545 180,757 450,002 1745 - 247,842 24,517 .,359 1,30.5,156 827,050 2,129,206 Average of the five years 260,431 165,410 425,841 This considerable advance beyond former periods, was the commencement of a still greater progress in the five next years : — WHEAT. RYE. TOTAL. YF4RS J. I—.~\ l*.Jt Quarters. Quarters. Quarters. 1796 - 416,235 111,720 527,95.5 1797 - 348,705 177,796 526,501 1798 - 885,862 29,011 414,873 1799 - 542,940 164,660 503,600 1300 554,202 26,617 580,819 2,047,944 505.804 2,553.748 Average of the five years 409,588; 10J,16.0l 510.748 Q iis •In the next five years, the quantity still increasing, reached its greatest height, and more Corn was then exported than in the following twenty years. WHKAT RYF. TOTAL. Quarters. Quarters. Quarters. 1801 - •184,150 138,085s 622,255 1 802 - 663,222 345,8201,009,042 1803 - 460,047 444,537, 904,584 1804 - 544,267 134,400 678,667 1805 - 595,129 17,700 612,829 Average of the five years 2,746,815 1,080,5423,827,357 549,365 216,108 765,471 Of these 2,740,815 quarters of Wheat, exported in the last noted five years, 1,754,7.14, being a yearly quantity of 850,820 quarters, was consigned to Eng- land, and the greater part of the remainder to France. The year 1806 was the unfortunate time when the war, first with England, and afterwards, or rather before its close, with France, reduced Prussia to alow ebb, and for several years put a stop to the Corn trade from the Vistula. The state of the exportation for the last five years forms a striking Contrast with the corresponding term in the periods here seen. Export from Dantzic and Elb'ing : WHEAT. RYE. TOTAL. VITA PS Quarters. Quarters. Quarters. 1821 - 126,136 16,1 -.'8 142,264 1822 - 44,352 111 44,463 1823 - 68,450 74,370 132,820 -1824 - 59,996 5,943 65,939 1825 - 116,681 15,414 134,095 417,615 111,966 519,581 Average Of the five years 83,523 22,933 101,916 119 The circum&tances which produced that great Ex- portation of Corn, from 1801 to 1805, are of much importance in the consideration of the prospects of future expoi tations ; and the causes by which, in the space of the previous years, they were enabled to attain to that height, deserve to be traced. Under the Act 31 Geo. III. cap. SO, (1791,) t-e ports of England had been constantly open for Un years, for the importation of Wheat. If the averse price of Wheat was below 50.?. the quarter, it was charged with a duty of 24.9. 3d. ; if above 50,?. and below 54.9. a duty of 2s. 6cl. ; and if above 54.?. with a duty of only Qd. From th§ year 17.il. when that Act was passed, the price of Wheat, with the excep- tion of a short period in 1798, was constantly ;•' 54-v. ; and what was imported was therefore charged with only the duty of tid. per quarter. During; two he ten years, Wheat in Enp-lantl had been ai •er quarter, and in the last of them ro^e a; >7*. Our laws at that ti:ne !.::1-J restraints en il; of Corn from Ireland, and that part of the e; ' Made the progress it has since done in the culti- vation of Corn. The ports of England were not : ,; during this term; but by the Act of 3-J Q< •. c. 21, premiums were given on Corn inv •: to secure the rters, whether in British or :•»; ' vessel-::, certain prices, till 500.000 quarters should have been imported, after which the premiums were to be reduced. This Act, passed in 179^ for a year, continued by another Act in 1797 ; and, with different intermediate modifications, pren iums to i the importers of Corn and Flour vrcre established till 1801. During the ten years, from 1791 to 1801, there was a constant demand in France for foreign Corrv ; several deficient harvests had been experienced at the beginning of the Revolution. The agents of France were employed, both in Europe and America, in pur- chasing Corn and hiring neutral vessels to convey ii to France ; paying but little regard to the price they gave for it, or to the rate of freight at which it could be transported. Holland, which scarcely has ever grown Corn sufficient for its own consumption, felt a great want, owing to its internal sources of supply from Germany and Flanders being diverted from tlie usual channels by the circumstances of the war. Sweden for many years had looked for some supply from Prussia, not, indeed, of Wheat to any extent. but chiefly of Rye. During the period we are now considering, that country had been afflicted with several successive deficient harvests ; and such was.' the distress from want of Corn, that a large part of the population had been compelled to use the Bark of Trees as a substitute for Rye. That kingdom thus became a market which could take as much as her poverty could find the means of paying for. In addi- tion to these external circumstances, the land in Poland was less burthened with taxes than it is at present. The tenth Groschen war-tax was not then enacted. Some other taxes, then imposed, have not been since abandoned. In Prussia, likewise, taxation is higher now than from 1801 to 1805. These combined circumstances gave to the agricul- ture of Poland and Prussia a portion of capital and motives to exertion, which produced the vast surplus that was exported from 1801 to 1805. Ten years of unexampled prosperity were, however, needed to reach the point which those years exhibit, and it was only by gradual steps that it was attained. The impulse given by the open markets, and by the high prices which had opened them, acted with accumulated force in the next five years, and raised the surplus, as we have seen, somewhat higher. If the same powerful stimulus could now be applied 121 to excite the cultivators, in Poland and in Prussia, to inert5 supplies of Corn, as were experk- from ! iaUl, it would be ru-sonable to elude that the result might be the same as is exhl in the quantities of Wheat exported from 1801 to. It mi^ht produce, with ten years' increased, Ion, and with the ition of the capital •d in thvse ten years of prosperity, a quantity ! to that which was exported in the years of tae prem . told, when in Poland, th-.t durii; . prosperous years, Wheat was brought Ly land car: the Vistula, from distances far too great to be xpenses without the enor, price.s v\ i. re in the markets of Eng: France. It ' '.. not only from the fait hcst parts of G'dlicia, b from the vicinity of Lrunn and, tz, in ?.L:;ravia. It \vas said, that some r-; . . at of Hungary was con Y| rtheCarpr.: -, to Cracow, and there shipped in flats f jr Dantzic and I£l --ilst Volhynia a were emptied of their stores. ether these reports are true, or to what extent they are true, it is natural to suppose that the v<_.y price which "Whc-at had reached in the years unde: .ration, must li limits of the circle from which it would be collected, and wot.-.' Li ;e the inhabitants to dijpatcri t high . i-ed by the excr- . By th€ i)t application of all these pow stimuli, which were in operation during ten years, we have seen that at length the surplus. of Wheat, which the Vistula and its borders, extended to unusual dimensions, could yield, amounted to 550,000 quar- ters annually, or about sufficient, supposing the whole to be sent here for the consumption of tliis kr.ig with its present population, during the space of twelve days. 122 It is scarcely to be calculated that the same recur- rence of circumstances, propitious to the Agricul- tural prosperity of the lands on the border of t<;c> Vistula, should again present itself. Neither t< >„• demands of France or England are likely to be vv great, or to continue for so loiig a period, as at that time. It is scarcely to be calculated upon, that future wars will be so long in duration, or spread over so extensive a field of operations, as those which re. > out of the Revolution of France; and it is thereiV..v not likely that the quantity exported will ever ris so great an amount. Whatever stimulus may be applied to excite the agricultural improvement of the banks of the Vistula, its effect must be weak ar.d powerless, when compared with the excitement it received from 1791 to 1805. If wTe suppose the Cost of Wheat to the grower in the vicinity of Warsaw, to be about 28.?. per quarter, and all the Expenses of Conveyance to our markets to be 20,9. more, and that it could be sold here for 6'0.9. or 64--S'. we may presume that such a stimulus would produce great exertions, and a correspondent increase of supply ; some abatement in the force of that stimulus would be probably felt in an increase of freight, and other charges, but the prospect of a profit of 12s. or 14*. would give a powerful impulse to cul- tivation. What is here stated, is upon the supposi- tion, of course a mere supposition, that no duty would be imposed on Foreign Wheat on its introduction hi to this kingdom. Supposing a duty should be imposed, it will of course weaken the force of the stimulus ; and if it should be so high, as, when added to the costs and charges, to raise it above the price at which it could be sold in our markets, it would become a repellant instead of a stimulus, especially if it should be viewed as a permanent enactment. If a Duty in this country of 10*. or 12-y. per quarter was imposed, it would not allow of such a profit, on 123 the supposition of the price being from 60s. to as to induce any great exertions to increase cul- tivation in the bordering districts on the Vistula. The chance of a rise occasioned by war, by a winter so severe as to injure vegetation, or by a rainy har- vest season, might induce those of a speculative turn to increase their growth of Wheat; but those who have that turn, and have the means of indulging it, are so few, that they would produce no sensible in- crease in the general surplus. I see no reason to believe, that with such a Duty as I have mentioned for England, and a Price from 60s. to 64.v. and with some similar Regulation in France, that the Surplus Corn produced in Poland, including all the countries near enough to the Vistula to send their Corn to that stream, would materially increase in common seasons, or very much, if at all, exceed the Average produce of that country; the greater part of this might probably be Wheat, and if the duty were alike on all the various qualities of that Grain, none would be sent here but that part which is the driest, heaviest, and whitest. The inferior de- scriptions would not pay for importation, unless the Average in England was much more than 64-y. WILLIAM JACOB. Corn Returns Office, 9,\st February, 1826. APPENDIX. K LIST OF APPENDIX. No. 1. — Returns from the Custom-houses of Thorn and Schmal- leninken - p. 131 No. 2. — A Paper drann up by Mr. Consul Gibson, at Dantzic 132 No. 3. — Communication from Mr. Consul Gibson, of Dantzic 133—137 No. 4. — General Statement of the Stock of Grain in Old and New Pomerania, in August 1825, and of the Market Prices - - - 138, 139 No. .5. — Stocks of Wheat and Rye at Elbing, at the end of Years 1814—1825 140 No. 6.— List of Ships that departed from Pillau, 1814—1825 ; and of Grain, 1817—1824 141, 142 No. 7.— List of Ships dispatched from Memel, 1814 — 1825 143 No. 8.— Wheat and Rye exported from Riga, 1814—1825 144 No. 9. — Translation of parts of a Memoir circulated among the Landowners in Brandenburgh, Pomerania, and West Prussia 145—148 No. 10. — An Account of the quantities of Wheat, Rye, Barley, Oats, Beans, Peas, and Tares, exported from East Prussia, West Prussia, and Pomerania, in the Years 1816 to 1824 inclusive 148 — 151 No. 11. (A.) — Report of Mr. Rothe, President of Government of Dantzic ; nith Prussian Measures and Monies cal- culated in English denominations - 152 — 157 No. ll.(B.)_ Agricultural Notices - - 158,159 128 No. 11. (C.) — Mr. Rothe's Letter in explanation of some parts of his Answers to the Questions proposed to him p. 160 No. 12. — Cultivation of an Estate belonging to Baron , divided into four Farms 161, 162 No. 13.— The Costs of Ship-building in Prussia 162, 163 No. 13a. — Accounts of Corn exported from Dantzic and Elbing, from the Year 1791 to 1825 164—166 [Nos. 14 and 15 have been withdrawn, being only duplicates.^ No. 16. — Berlin Prices of Grain, in the Months of March and September, from 1815 to 1825 167, 168 No. 17. — Average Prices of Corn at Berlin, from the Year 1 774 to the Year 1 824 169 No. 18. — Statistical Account of the Lordship of Pulawy and Konskorvola, in the province of Lublin in Poland 170—172 No. 19. — An Account of the quantities of Grain shipped down the Vistula, through the city of Thorn, from Russia and Poland to Dantzic and Elbing, in the Years 1816 to 1825, inclusive 173 — 175 No. 20. — An Account of the quantities of Grain imported into Silesia, and the Grand Duchy of Posen, from Poland and Austria, in the Years 1819 to 1824 inclusive 176 No. 21. — List of Prices in Warsaw and Prag, of the last ten Years, 1815 to 1824, of Rye, Wheat, Field Pease, Garden Pease, French Beans, Buck Wheat, Barley, and Oats. — The same, reduced from Polish to English Money and Measures 177 No. 22. — Market Prices per Korzec of Rye and Wheat in Warsaw, from the 24l. 6s. per cent, interest and charges), or their debts generally ; and the consequence too often is, that their estates are put under sequestration by their creditors. Did grain of any other kind pay a remunerating price, less Wheat would of course be grown, but it is much the same with every species of Corn, as is evident from so many of the Farmers and Landholders being insolvent. The Regency could give the best information on this head, as they must know how many estates in the province are under sequestration, and how many farmers don't pay the public burthens. In the same view could the Re- gency show, what Revenue the Royal Domains yield, compared with that of former times. It may generally be said, that the only solvent Landholders or Farmers, in these parts, are those who produce something more profitable than Grain. The breeding of sheep, being profitable, is at present much attended to. For sheep, indeed, a certain quantity of straw must be provided, and thence of Wheat or Rye grown ; but the regular production of these for sale must ultimately depend upon the demand for the Grain. Regarding the price at which Wheat could be produced, this is a question of a very relative nature. It depends much upon the rate of rent the Landlord ought to receive, and upon the expenses of the Growers, as they ought to live, according to their situation in life. At present, the rent of land for growing Wheat, or other Corn, is, in most cases, little or nothing ; and the cul- tivators of Corn, if they have not other means of subsistence, are obliged to submit to many privations, if not reduced to absolute want. A fair remunerating price for the Landlords and Culti- vators must certainly be higher than the present rate ; and it might be best estimated by taking the average price for a number of years back, excepting years of dearth, when provisions were unusually high. The quantity of Wheat likely to be produced at the present prices, to answer foreign demand, is assuredly small, and tends to decrease, excepting perhaps with those Cultivators who are enabled, by Sheep-breeding or otherwise, to keep their estates in cultivation, with no profit, or even with loss. At a fair remu- nerating price, the quantity produced would naturally be increased ; but it would always be regulated by the profit it yielded compared with that on other productions of the soil, — at present by the profit yielded by wool. To insure an increased quantity, the price must yield greater profit than other agricultural productions. The supplies of Grain for a course of years, at Dantzic, Elbing, Konigsburg, and Memel, compared with the prices, may probably 135 give the most correct ideas, how much could be brought to mar- ket, if required, making, perhaps, some little addition for improved knowledge in agricultural matters. Yet it should not be overlooked, that a fair remunerating price, upon which the quantity brought to market must ultimately de- pend, is also a point of relative estimation. \\ hat might be thought remunerating at present, would not probably be so con- sidered, if the prices advanced, and continued so for some time, for rents would tend to rise, and the expense of living and of production to increase accordingly ; and at the time when the Cultivators have received 40s. to 50s. per quarter, or more, for their Wheat, they assuredly would not have thought 30s. or 35*. a remunerating price, as they might do at this moment, when rents have decreased, and their wants have, from necessity, been cur- tailed greatly. The higher price of one production of the soil naturally tends to raise that of other productions : the greater expenses tend to have a like effect on all ; and these circum- stances operate on each other reciprocally. Did the price of Wheat in Prussia and Poland bear a fair proportion to the price in England, the want of the Cultivators, in the respectivecountries, would increase in like proportion ; all the attendant expenses in these parts would rise, and it needed not be feared, that the Prussian and Polish Cultivators would undersell the English, in their own market, to a great extent. The more free the« Corn trade was, the less would this need to be apprehended in the long run, as by prices in Prussia and Poland rising more on a level with those in England, it would become a greater consideration, whether the speculation might answer, which would operate as a control ; and were an import duty, for the first, imposed in England, importation would be checked the more, unless in dear times. Such duty might tend to confine the importation to the finer qualities, and in some degree to exclude the inferior from Prussia and other parts ; thus diminishing the quantity imported. The subjoined Tables of the quantity of Wheat exported from Dantaic and Elbing, during a series of years, and the average price at Dantzic (at Elbing they are much the same), will show the little fear there is of an inundating quantity from this quarter, even if the cultivators received Like prices. In fact, it was only an increase of price, or the prospect of it, that produced an increase of quantity, and which again became smaller as the price declined. It is to be observed, that the supplies during that period were greater than in former times, as will be seen from a table of the Exports, for nearly two hundred years back, from Dantzic, which had too in early times a much greater portion of the Polish trade than latterly. But it would evidently be for the advantage of Britain, as a mercantile country, to enable the people of Poland and Pi 136 to improve their condition, because that would create in them more wants, which, to a certain extent, would be supplied by British industry. The imports to Prussia and Poland have de- creased much of late years, from the diminished means of the people to buy ; so much so, that consignments of goods for sale here are almost always attended with loss, and are with much difficulty to be disposed of. By a more free Corn trade, Britain and Prussia, with Poland, would become more reciprocally beneficial. It merits consideration, that the people in these parts are enabled to eat cheaper bread than those in England, not merely in pro- portion to the difference in the price of Wheat in the two countries, but to the difference between the price of Wheat in England, and Rye in these parts, which is the Bread Corn of their population ; and that bears generally only from one-half to two-thirds the price of Wheat here. What encouragement does not this give the people of these parts, to compete in various branches of industry. The machinery and capital of England may at present counterbalance the advantage of cheaper food, and thence of cheaper labour, but will it always remain so ? May not ma- chinery and capital be created in, or be removed even from England to other countries ? England may indeed prevent injurious competition within the bounds of her dominion, but will she be able to make head against competitors in their own coun- try, or in other countries, particularly if, by being involved in a maritime war, she has higher premiums of insurance to pay? \Vould it not be more beneficial to England, as a mercantile country, to induce agricultural nations to remain so as long as profitable, rather than to force them to become manufacturers ? The advantages other countries have over England, in a fair com- petition, from provisions being so much cheaper, are, at present, very evident, with respect to the expense of navigating ships, as the Prussian ship-owners have the crews at half the wages, and can maintain them at less than half the expense, that English ship- owners can do, independently of the smaller cost of the ships, partly from the heavy duties in England on timber, and partly from the higher wages. The Prussian shipping must gradually supersede the English, wherever their rights are equal. The Prussian ship-owners indeed labour under a disadvantage, from their seamen being subject to a conscription, which takes away all the best men ; but the press in time of war is equally injurious to the British owner. It is true the latter has the advantage of a wider field for his undertakings, of having better ships, and being able to sail them all the year, while the Prussian owner cannot navigate his vessels in the winter, at least to or from Prussia. Agriculture, trade, and commerce being means for supplying men's wants, must extend as these wants increase. But the wants 137 of a man increase accordingly as he is able to satisfy them ; and his moral means to do so, depend upon the freedom of action and of intercourse he enjoys. With that eternal spur to action, and with a free scope to his exertions, must the wants and the powers of man be continually developed ; hence agriculture, trade, and commerce be continually extended ; and the prosperity of every man must increase with, and be dependent on, that of his fellow- creatures. It is the .same as with intelligence, which ever increases with the free communication of ideas. The true prin- ciples on which all branches of industry prosper, rest on the two golden rules of life (exactly reversed by the restrictive system), " Love thy neighbour as thyself," and " Do as thou wouldst be done by." Dantzic, (Signed) ALEX. GIBSOK. 17 th August, 1825. Dantzic, the 2nd January, 1826. My dear Sir, I did myself the honour to address you, on the 29th past, under cover of Mr. Lack, when I sent a note of the quantity of Grain exported in 1825, from hence andElbing, with the present stocks here. The present stocks at Elbing cannot be exactly ascertained, as the holders keep them private ; but the brokers compute them, by what I since learn, at About 7,000 Lasts of Wheat, - - 1,200 - - Rye, 150 - - Barley, And - - 700 - - Oats. I hope it will not be disagreeable that I trouble you with these particulars ; and am, very respectfully, Dear Sir, your most obedient humble servant, ALEX. GIBSON. Wm. Jacob, Esq. 00 GO «^ o ~ O 525 > O •^ I-H oo oo 00 co c •^ Gi co b» iO O? OO co • t»r co* *o" CO* •^ cT co" od" io" CO i rH rH I-H &} ? H 0 O 00 Tjl ^ O CO O CO 10 c "33 O ^ l^» G*i G-J I-H O co MS ~ it: •*3< •*?< o* r—( CO Oi O >o 0 0 ~ 06" cTtC ^ ^}t G-J O j>T co K u CO G< CM oo t^ »O CM •^ eo co I-H 0* e CO CO Oi oo C* '0 ^ I-H Oi V CO lO O G1? CO CO rH i—\ co C5 ^ O ^ »O G^ OO r— 1 "5, . 3 s CO G^ «T G^ I-H G*i pMf co" r-H G? W O 3 PS H s 2 O CO 00 CO G^ G^ S 00 O O o co o 00 CO S "u » ^O Oi s CO O •* oo •*— i Q^ ^H ^—1 Ci u CO CO O5 ^o ^ o^co_ 1— 1 co 2 co" co" ^ ^ G? >O GJ cT Tj< a I-H >-H co rH Oi kS W cs _: O oo co •* 10 00 O c-o J^ .5 (t« C^ TJ< G-Z Js.. 00 - o -^ •rh oo o oo co ^? co •S "o "*" co" ^o" t-T GO *o co co" I-H co oo co o< I-H CO ©* rH o rH 00 . VOCOC, OO >O rH Oi co E ao oo i^ co Oi ^* OO Gi co •2* ^.^ i^j JN^, co ^J< CO Gi •^4 ^^ E 1 •*-•< >O "^ cT *O CO *-O j ^. }>• 3 G? I-H eo r-K c< co H 0 EC 1 si S| O O «5 10 co co" Oi Oi O CO 10 O CO I-H G«J OO I-H co co oo H CJ oz ^o o^ o i>» CO G3 •^ M| VI I-H 1— 1 co III 1 ill 1 I-JJ o III 1 III 1 r~. • • CS I"H C3 *"^ ^H p— < CO S5 C H •311 & 'S *O *7l ' f^ ^ S3 i-1 *J Ce^-w ti *" ce c .3 O rtS^co O 3> S.S 1 S H S JcB & H g r- 4— > F— ^ c r^ ^2 flj ^"^ -»-ta || § | 1 I'C'o & S 525 05 CO PS O 02 w o s PH W H ffl & fa ^ ? H W H CO » 88 J821 - - - 1,560 1,459 39£ 44 ?» » 1822 - - - 592 100 »» » >j u 1823 - - - 428 1,030 5> 201 »> 7 1824 - - - 1,002 393 H s> 1 8 The quantities exported from 1814 to 1816 inclusive, could not be obtained, nor the stocks at the end of each year. (Signed) ALEX. GIBSON. Dantzic, the 24-th November ; 1825. tf O • tl ^ I s: = o x — C S cc CO j r> -f ~ -r •X. — ~ '- 3C ?> 30 O O -r^ac^^'Ctosooo O *5 O •«*< O? ,_> 1-1 ^« F-I W O 00 -r — C5 O oc r; ac c*. o? •«• 1-1 00 i--: L-i -^ r; c; -o — '-C •*«5«oi^«CiC — ?>r;-r>--: — — — — « — i — •Jt o< ococ3C3Coox;QOooooococ3o - "rt <- T3 o e -2^ c '£ o r* *-> O ~ •5 3 "c « c£ O .§• 's X i - CD v-4 •• ^1 J < o g. 3 55 144 Appendix, No. 8. EXPORTED FROM RIGA: r IN 1814 - - - - 1815 - - 1816 1817 - - - WHEAT. RYE. — ^asts - 307 ., - 967 2,854 „ - 8,529 Lasts - 13,897 „ - 8,154 „ - 16,274 „ - 66,490 / -c 13 o 0 8 6 M 1818 - - - „ - 5,119 „ - 18,874 bushels of Rye would by this means yield an increase in the produce of Wool, of 71 pounds weight at least. By this system the bushel of Rye will realise the following prices ; namelv, 148 1*. Ik/, -if Wool fetches 4.v. 2\il. the pound weight. Is. 3±d. 2s. IQirf. - - - - And 1*. Orf. ----- 2s. 2d. To this must be added the profits arising from fattening the animal itself, and which are by no means inconsiderable. They may be estimated at three shillings upon each sheep ; and as those destined for the meat market generally form the fourth part of the flock, the bushel of Corn will by this means realise still sixpence more. The number of fine-wooled sheep in Germany amounts to between 8 and 10 millions, — Prussia alone containing 4 millions at least ; and if only half that number be fed with Corn, all the surplus Corn which is complained of as being an incumbrance will be annihilated, and a considerable rise in the price of Grain must finally take place. This measure will perhaps have its influence upon foreign countries, as our surplus quantity will then be no more an object of consideration with them. Under analogous circumstances the English were feeding their cattle during the continental^ system (and the present prohibition is in some respects a fac simile) with Muscovado sugar, in order to raise the prices of this article ; why then should we not do the same ? It is not to be apprehended that this substantial food would lower the price of wool ; the increase of wool would not amount to more than two or three million pounds weight, while the consumption of England and France is actually 40 million pounds weight at least. Besides, the higher price of Corn being a consequence of this system, would then counterbalance the deficit in the prices of Wool, which might arise from the increasing production of that article. Appendix, No. 10. — Translation. An Account, showing the Importation and Exportation of Corn, viz. of Wheat and of Rye, Barley, Oats, Beans, Pease, and Tares, from 1816 to 1824, inclusive, in the Provinces of East Prussia, West Prussia, and Pomerania. The Importation into East Prussia is partly from Poland, partly from Russia. The Importation into West Prussia is solely from Poland. The Importation into Pomerania is partly from Russia, and partly from Mecklenburgh. (See following Table.) 15* Translation qf Appendix, No. 11. (A.) WITH PRUSSIA* MEASURES AND MONIES CALCULATED IN DENOMINATION. MR. ROTHE. PRESIDENT OF GOVERNMENT OF DANTZIC. 1. — \\~Jiat are the prices of the different descriptions of Grain which verejixed by the Landschaft, and in zzhat year were they so fixed ? The prices of Corn regulated by the Landschaft were fixed on the 22nd July, in the year 1 794, at the following rates : Wheat, 2*. Qd. to 3*. 6rf. per lf£ bushel ; Rye, from Is. 6rf. to 2*. 9eL ; Barley, from Is. 3d. to Is. 9d. ; Oats, from 9d. to If. 3d. ; and Pease, from Is. fid. to 2*. 6d. It was ordained, that the higher or lower prices between these limits should be determined according to the greater or less distance of the several estates from the sea ports, which were considered as the chief markets for Corn. It must be observed, that at the time these prices were taken as a guide, the duty-work system was still in existence, and could be made available in the management of the estates. The estates valued in conformity with these prices of Grain, were then in a prosperous state ; and they were enabled, without difficulty, to fulfil the engagements that might be contracted, as long as the market prices were obviously higher than the valuations assumed. As the prices began and continued to decline, embarrassment and insolvency have been produced, where no peculiar circumstances favourable to the proprietors interposed to assist them. In this distressing state of affairs, the Government has resolved, in a constitutional way, with the concurrence of the Deputies of the Landschaft, to reform the principles of the valuation, the result of which may be shortly expected. 2. — What proportion did the amount to be advanced upon the estates, bear to the valuation ? The sum advanced upon the estates was determined to be half the amount of their valuations ; however, under peculiar circum- stances, a tenth part more than half their value might be borrowed, with the consent of the Landschaft. 8. — On what class of estates, and on what number, in the province of West Prussia, ha* money been borrowed by U means of the Landschaft, and how many of them are at present unencumbered by such mortgages ? At first, only such estates as were of noble or knightly tenure were inscribed on the Hypothecation books, but afterwards all other lands held in absolute property were admitted. The divisions of the Landschaft do not exactly correspond with the political divisions of the provinces, and hence the answer cannot be given, confined to the exact limits in which it is put to the question, " On what number in West Prussia has money been borrowed by means of the Landschaft, and how many are at present encumbered?" It is hoped that the inquiry may be satisfied by stating, that within a district of about 150 square leagues (3,200 English square miles, or 2,048,000 acres), one hundred and ninety-five estates are encumbered with mortgage deeds, and sixty-seven remain without such encumbrances. 4. — How many of these estates are actually under seques- tration^ or are itkely soon to be so ? Of those hundred and ninety-five encumbered estates, seventy- one are under sequestration ; the remaining part endeavour to maintain themselves in a state of solvency, by the breeding of fine-wooled sheep, and by giving a different direction to their farming capital. Every possible support is given to them. 5. — What was the nett revenue of the royal domains in the year o/"l815? How much do they yield now? Are the rents paid regularly ? Are many of the smaller landholders or farmers in arrears ? According to the budget of 1815, the nett revenue of the royal domains amounted to 173,600 Ds 8 Sg5 9 Pf. (or £.26,044. 105. 9rf. sterling), but in the year 1824, was stated to be (170D* HSg* 7Pf. or (£.25,584. IGs. sterling.) Of the latter sum, 6,506D» 10 Sg8 3Pf. (or £.975. 19*. sterling,) has been abated to the farmers in the last year, in consideration of the unfavourable circum- stances. But though ii) strictness this rent should be received, yet of those of the last year only there are arrears, amounting to the considerable sum of 31,713D» 2Sg* 4 Pf. or (£.4,756. 19*. 2d. sterling,) and no reliance can be placed on their being discharged. The greatest part is due from the smaller farmers. 6. — Are m,any seizures made of the effects of those indi- viduals, to get the taxes paid ? As to the taxes, the Government facilitates their discharge, by allowing them to be paid in small instalments, and at such periods as are the least inconvenient to the. contributors. It occurs therefore but very seldom that seizures are made for arrears of 154 that nature. This is, however, not the case with regard to the rents ; and whereas they were formerly paid without proceedings being instituted, and even generally without any previous notice being given, yet compulsory means must now very frequently be had recourse to for securing payment, and even these prove often unavailing, as is shown by the former answer. 7. — What is the estimate of the cost of production of the different descriptions of Grain, as Wheat, Rye, Barley, and Oats, exclusive of rent? The results vary extremely, from the quality of the soil, its greater or less fertility, the quantity of labour which each of the estates may command, and even from the influence of the season on one and the same estate. It is therefore necessary to refer to individual estates, and to particular years. It appears, from the first Table of a statement produced under the title of " Agricultural Notices," by a conscientious individual, that the expenses of production on the estate of Kopitkowo, exceeded in the year 1824 (when the market price was, for Wheat, from 4s. to 4.?. 6rf. ; Rye, Is. 6d.; Barley, 1*. 2|rf. ; and Oats, lid. per 1^4 bushel) 472 D» (or £.70. 16s. sterling) the amount for which the Grains were sold. Another Agriculturist calculates in his statement, his loss upon the farm of Subkaw to be still greater, namely 25l'B$ 2.5Sg$ (or £.38. ids. 6d. sterling) on a sale of 9G9D* 4Sg» (or £.145. 7*. 3d. sterling*). In both calculations no notice has been taken of rent ; in the former it is brought forward separately, amounting to 3,605 D* (or £.540. 5s. sterling), according to the cost of the land originally. Hence the result, that the cost of production proves to be higher than the above-mentioned prices of 4*. or -l-s. 6d. for Wheat ; Rye, Is. 6d.; Barley, 1*. 2{r/.; and Oats. lid. per If & bushel. But it cannot be ascertained, with sufficient accuracy, how much the expenses may be higher than the market price. The result of both calculations leaves an average loss of 20 per.cent. It is material to remark, that 1824 was a year extremely favourable, and remunerated agriculture with a rich harvest in a peculiar degree. A less plentiful crop will therefore prove still more prejudicial to the interests of the grower. That in such a case higher prices might counterbalance the deficiency of produce, cannot be generally maintained ; and still less with regard to a district in which the production of Corn, even in years of less abundance, exceeds the consumption, and into which Grain is imported from the neighbouring country. It would then require * In the latter calculations the prices were laid down somewhat lower, and also the expenses of transport were added to it, to which however no be made. 155 very complicated comparisons and combinations to answer this question with accuracy, or even to collect together the requisite materials. To effect this, more time will be necessary than is allowed for giving the requisite answers. But to what purpose will such a calculation serve, since it is certain that the market is not governed by the cost of production, but that the demand has a far more decided influence in raising prices ; and that, on the other hand, the grower will not be induced to continue production for the mere cost of cultivation, but will endeavour speedily to turn his land to other purposes ? A great many intelligent agriculturists indeed have already effected this change, by intro- ducing a system of husbandry that tends to diminish tillage. The author of the above-mentioned Statement presents sub. No. I. a valuable document relative to the proportionate alterations which rural economy has already undergone ; and by which it appears, that of 6,927 acres of tillage land that were formerly under the plough in his neighbourhood, only 4,865 acres are at this time occupied with the cultivation of Grain, and the remaining £,062 acres are applied to other purposes. The breeding of Sheep offers, by the propagation inherent in that branch of rural economy, a substitute no less remunerating than susceptible of extension. 8. — What w? the amount of the Wages of Agricultural labour ? Are they paid in money \ or in kind ? The Wages of agricultural labour in the greater part of the district, on an average amount to 4 Sg* (near five pence) a day, and which is generally paid in money ; payment in kind is but seldom given, and it is rather customary that the labouring families who engage themselves on an estate, obtain tenements, garden ground, and, in some cases, fuel ; they generally pay tent for these, which is deducted at the settlement, or quarter- day, from the wages they have earned. This price of labour, or amount of 30 dollars (£.4. 10s. sterling) a-head annually, yielding no more than what a person wants for bread, salt, clothing, taxes, and minor objects, cannot be diminished without lessening the power of labour and its usefulness. Besides this description of labour, a number of servants, males ahd females, of different degrees, are employed in each farm, about other work of husbandry, and to attend to the agricultural and grazing Cattle ; they receive wages from 30 down to 10 dollars (£.4. 10s. tof.l. 10s. sterling.) On a considerable estate, consisting of several farms, and where husbandry is still vigorously kept up, these wages amount as high as 800 to 1000 dollars (£.120 to £.150 sterling), besides free board. The duty work hitherto in use has been entirely abolished in the R oval Domains, and also for the greater part in 156 the estates of noble «nd knightly tenure. It does not therefore come here into consideration. 9. — What proportion does the nett surplus of produce bear to the whole production ? This question does not admit of a general answer. Some information is however given by the author of the Agricultural Notices, in his Statement, No. 11, by which he shows, that out of a lot of estates, comprehending about 12,600 acres, with about ?,000 souls, a stock of 10,000 Sheep, with a proportionate number of agricultural and grazing Cattle : the produce of Grain to have been 10,000 quarters, the quantity sold 3,040, of which 1,820 quarters remained, consequently, as the surplus quantity for the markets. It must be observt-d : — 1 . — That the quantity of Grain mentioned in this Statement, as being brought in, was supplied to the breweries and distilleries, and refers therefore only to those estates where that branch is still cultivated. 2. — That this surplus cannot be considered as the nett surplus growth of the district, but that the towns first provide their own supply out of it. 1 0. — What proportion do the public taxes of every des- cription bear to the surplus production ? The public taxes, under which denomination is probably meant, not only those that are paid to the Government, but also for churches, schools, the poor, repair of roads, and other similar institutions of public utility, have no determinate relation to the production. Even of such as are levied upon the land itself, the taxation was made in former times, and so far rendered permanent upon public grounds, that no subsequent changes had produced any alteration on it. The other taxes extend partly to trade and industry, partly to luxury, and even to the good-will of the individual, and cannot therefore be estimated. Thus much however can be asserted as obvious, that when once a more open intercourse connected the nations together, and reciprocal assistance from the various productions raised and promoted each other's activity, yielding to it in unrestrained course an encouraging remuneration, all those taxes, so far from having been found oppressive, allowed even to the lower classes the means of providing themselves with the produce and manu- factures of nearer and remoter countries, It is also obvious, that as an individual, from whom his former commercial connections withdraw, will retire more and more within himself, and rely more upon his own means, so a nation 157 with whom intellect, intensely as well as extensively, is advancing from year to year with considerable strides, and which moreover possesses in abundance all the necessaries for subsistence, will not despair, but will know how, by means of reducing her enjoyments, and by improving on her exertions and experience, to restore the balance disturbed by unfavourable external cir- cumstances, and learn to rely upon her own resources. 11. — What quantities of the different kinds of Grain have been shipped down the Vistula, from the year 1815 to the year 1825, that paid the duty at the custom-house at Thorn ? This question can only be answered here as far as it regards the importation into Dantzic. The quantities imported are as follows : Qrs. of Wheat. Qis. of Rye. 1815 - - 36,793 - - - 32,666 1816 - - 172,724 - - 15,403 1817 - 258,307 - 173,329 1818 - - 369,698 - - - 59,485 1819 - 388,404 - - - 50,906 1820 - - 322,256 - - - 65,762 1821 - - 103,555 - - - 47,360 1822 - - 40,775 - - - 13,043 1823 - - 75,275 - - 17,228 1824 - - 134,617 - - 49,755 12. — How much of these quantities that paid duty has been imported from the Russian, and how much from the Austrian dominions ? Detailed accounts from Thorn have been requested, and may be shortly expected. ROTHE, President of Government. Dantzic, 22nd August, 1825. 158 Translation of Appendix, No. ll.(B.) AGRICULTURAL NOTICES. Kopitkan-o, 16th June, 1825. — Jruvs PREHX. I. — Account of the Expenses of Production, and of the proportion they bear to the Produce of Grain, during the agricultural Year of ISj-y. °n the Estate of Kopitkowo, containing about 2,018 acres of arable Land, and 504 acres of Pasturage, of which about 1,040 acres were cultivated with Grains of every description. The Grains sold in the market fetched the following prices ; viz. Wheat, 4s. 6d. ; Rye, from 1*. 3{d. to Is. 5d. ; Peas, 2s. ; and Barley, Is. 5d. per scheffel of 1,55 bushels. Sterling. Money entered in the year ISfy, for different kinds ? £. s. d. of Grain sold, M° 2,553 Dollars - - - - - f 382 9 0 Amount of all the expenses of Ma- ? « ,, . . „ nagement, 3,408 Dollars - - - J Discharge : To the account of the Flock, Corn } consumed, and Wages to the shep- > 57 19 0 herds, 383 D* 3 Cost of production - - 453 5 0 Loss on Corn -------- 70 160 Forlnterest on the purchase capital, originally, 3,000 D*450 0 0 Taxes levied upon the land, 255 D8 - - - - 38 5 0 Interest on the husbandry capital employed, 350 D* - 52 10 0 The cultivation of Grain alone would bring a loss of? 4,077 Df, or - - - -i 611 11 0 159 II. — ACCOUNT of the approximate Production of Grain of the following neighbouring Estates, and of the Quantities they bring to market. ESTATES. Their Produce of Grain. Of which they brought to Market. Bought in for their Distilleries. In Quarters. Quarters. Quarters. Ostrowitt - - 2,330 465 190 Kopitkowo - - 1,940 775 _ Alt Jahn - - 1,550 735 Borkau - - - 1,360 155 700 Bielsk - - - 1,550 620 — Brodden - - 1,270 290 390 10,000 qu. 3,040 qu. 1,280 qu. ESTIMATE of the Decrease in the Cultivation of Grain, in the above-mentioned E states , since the last three or four years, resulting from the Decline of the prices of Grain. ESTATES. Tillage Land cultivated eight years ago. Laud presently cultivated. Cultivation of Corn diminished. Ostrowitt *- - Kopitkowo Bielsk - - - Alt Jahn - - Brodden - - Borkau - - - 2/3 2/3 2/3 2/3 2 '3 2 '3 2/5 7/15 4/9 1/2 4/9 3/5 4/15 3/15 2/9 16 2/9 1/15 III. — ESTIMATE of the Area of Tillage Land, withdrawn from the Cultivation of Grain, in the following Estates, since the decline of the Prices of Grain. *• ESTATES. Their Area. 2/3 of their extent formerly cultivated with Grain. Present cultivation only. Withdraw a from the cultivation of Grain. Extent of Land lew cultivated Qstrowitt - Kopitkowo Alt Jahn - Borkau Bielsk - - Brodden - Acres. 2,421 2,017 1,614 1,412 1,614 1,312 1,614 1,344 2/3 1,076 — 941 1/3 1,076 - 874 2/3 2/5 7/15 1/2 3/5 4/9 4/9 Ac«a. 968 2/5 941 1/5 807 847 1/5 717 1/3 583 1/9 Acres. 645 3/5 403 7/15 269 — 94 2/15 358 2/3 291 5/9 4/15 3/15 1/6 1/15 2/9 2/9 6,926 1/3 4,864 |£ ,2,061 ^T 160 Appendix, No. 11. (C.) — Translation, Mr. ROTHE'S LETTER, in explanation of some parts of his Ansners to the Questions proposed to him. Sir. I HAVE the honour to acknowledge the receipt of your note of yesterday, and beg to remark, that much time will be required, for giving a general view of the proportion which the extent of all the agricultural lands bears to the rent paid for them. I can, however, with confidence, state the following facts : — The estate of Lubkaw, containing four farms of 4,843 morgen (3,054 acres), pays a rent of 3,683 dollars, 20 silver gr. or ^ dollars per morgen (£.552 Us. Sd. sterling, or 3s. ~^d. per acre.) This rent was fixed at a much more favourable period, and can only be paid now, in consequence of the extensive breed of sheep on the farms. The estate of Sobberitz, near Danzic, containing 2,724 morgen, 98 square ruthen (1,718 acres), pays 1,057 dollars, 16 silver gr. (or £.158 12*. Id. sterling). But two farmers of this estate, which does not yield much more than the third of a dollar per morgen (near 1*. lOrf. per acre), became insolvent one after the other. The present occupier having, at the beginning, introduced the breeding of sheep with some success, preserves the capital which he has advanced. I shall be happy if these instances will prove satisfactory, and beg you to accept, &c. &c. &c. Dantzic. 27/A August, 1825. ROTHE. Ifil Appendix, No. 12. CULTIVATION OF AN ESTATE BELONGING TO BARON , DIVIDED INTO FOUR FARMS. The Estate of , belonging to Baron , consists of nearly 10,000 Berlin morgen, about 6,300 English acres, of which 6,000 morgen is arable land, 200 meadow, 2,000 woods, and the remainder barren heaths and sandy poor soil, not worth ploughing without manure. The good arable land is managed in four farms. 1st Farm, 1,800 morgen, or 1,200 acres, of a good loamy soil is cultivated in a nine years' rotation, as follow : 1st Year, a summer fallow manured. 2nd ,, Wheat and Rye, with Clover, sowed in the March or April following. 3rd Clover, gypsumed in the spring ; cut twice for hay. 4th 5th 6th 7th 8th 9th Clover pastured, broken up in October. Potatoes. Barley. Half fallow, part drilled beans, of which some are cut green, and part Vetches for soiling. Wheat and Rye. Barley and Oats. 200 Morgen of Meadow, and 45 morgens of grass inclosures, for mares and foals. This farm has a flock of a thousand sheep. 2nd Farm, 700 Morgens of good loamy soil in a six years' rotation. 1st Year, a summer fallow. 2nd „ Wheat and Rye. 3rd „ Barley and Oats, sowed with Clover. 4th, 5th, and 6th, pastured. A flock of 1,000 sheep. 162 . 3rd Farm, loamy soil, in a rotation of seven yeart. 1st Year, summer fallow. 2nd „ Wheat and Rye. 3rd „ Pease. 4th „ Oats with Clover, for pasture. 5th, 6th, and 7th years, Pasture. A flock of 1,000 sheep. ±th Farm, more sandy soil, rvith a rotation the same as iVo. 2. A flock of 1,000 sheep. Besides the flocks of 4,000 sheep, the live stock consists of 45 milch cows, 25 young cattle, 50 plough oxen, 25 farming horses, and 50 brood mares and foals. The three farms, 2nd, 3rd, and 4th, are surrounded by about 3,000 acres of barren heath, on which the flocks of sheep occa- sionally run. Translation of Appendix, .Aro. 13. WITH THE CALCULATIONS IX ENGLISH DENOMINATIONS. THE costs of Ship-building in Prussia are from 240 to 260 florins (£.12 to £.13 sterling) the Prussian Last, which is equal to If Ton, British Register. Contracts have been made this year, for building ships at fl. 1 15 to f. 150 (c£.5 15s. to £.7 10s. sterling) per last, without the rigging- The expenses of fitting out a Prussian three-mast Ship of 414 Last (580 Tons) on a voyage to England for three months, are as follows : — 1. Wages: £. *. d. 1 Captain - - - £.4 10s. per month, mak- ing for 3 months - 13 10 0 1 Mate - - - £.2 14*. 820 1 Carpenter - - £.2 Os. 6rf. 616 1 Boatswain - - £.1 13*. - 4190 6 Sailors - - £.1 7*. each - 24 6 0 4 Ditto - - £.1 0*. 3d. 12 3 0 5 Ditto (half men) £.0 13s. 6rf. 1026 1 Cabin Boy - - £.0 13s. 6d. 206 20 Men; their Amount of Wages for 3 Months - 81 4 6 163 2. Provisions : 1 . Indemnification to the Captain, for Tea, Sugar, and sundry articles not belonging to the regular £. j. d. Provisions, at £.1 10*. a month 4 10 0 5. Provisions for each head, as speci- fied in the Muster-roll ; viz. One pound of Beef, or half a pound of Pork - - - One pound of Bread One quart and a half of Beer - - One pound of Butter a week. Twenty-two pounds \ of Peas - - f ., T,, i /.-> a month. Eleven pounds of C Grots - - - ) Amounting for 20 Men, during three Months, as follows : — 792 Pounds of Beef, at 17| shillings per hundred weight - - 6159 528 Do. of Pork, at 19| 5 2 1 1,680 Do. Bread, at 6*. - - 5 0 10 252 Do. Butter, at 4 pence a pound - 44.0 26y Bushel of Peas, at Is. 3±d. per bushel - 1 14 0 1 3 Bushel of Grots, at 2s. lid. - 1 18 3 14 Hogsheads of Beer, at 9*. per hogshead - 6 6 0 1 Ton of Salt- 2 5 0 1 Barrel of Brandy - 0 12 0 Fuel - ' - - - 1 12 0 39 19 11 Total Amount - - £.121 4 5 (Signedj F. HOJBNJJ. Dantzic, ISth of August, 1825. Translation of Appendix, No. 17. 169 WITH THE PRUSSIAN MEAbtHE AND MONEY RENDERED IN'TO ENGLISH DENOMINATIONS. S* ACCOUNT of the AVERAGE PRICES f BERLIN, on St. Martin's Day, from the Year of CORN in the Mar 1771 to the Year 182 YEAR. M heat. Rye. Winter Barlej. Summer Barley. Oats. Quarter. "i ~~~~~~~~"~~ Quarter. Quarter. Quaittr. Quarter. *. d. «. d. ». d. *. d. ». d. 1T74 - - - 25 2 18 3 13 3 11 9 8 5 1775 - - - 24 4 19 4 15 3 13 3 11 2 1776 - - - 19 0 14 4 12 7 11 11 8 9 1777 - - - 20 0 13 3 11 9 10 7 8 9 1778 - - - •a 3 15 6 11 11 11 3 8 7 1779 - - - 18 7 14 10 10 7 10 0 8 1 1780 - - - 21 3 19 2 12 8 11 7 9 10 17*1 - - - 22 11 21 0 1.5 -J 14 10 11 8 17h2 - - - 22 11 21 0 17 3 16 8 12 11 1783 - - - •JT r> 21 10 16 7 15 2 11 0 1784 - - - 25 2 18 5 16 8 15 10 11 0 1785 - - - '.'7 4 21 2 15 2 13 7 11 7 1766 - - - 29 6 22 2 15 2 13 7 10 4 1787 - - - 24 2 16 1 13 10 12 1 10 2 1788 - - - 26 11 19 2 15 6 14 2 11 10 1789 - - - 33 4 21 10 17 7 16 4 12 10 1790 - - - 2C 3 22 0 18 3 16 2 12 11 1791 - - - 27 4 19 2 15 6 13 11 11 0 1792 - - - 20 5 19 10 16 7 16 6 11 7 1793 - - - 27 1 20 0 17 3 16 6 11 0 1794 - - - 31 4 25 10 20 8 20 8 15 2 1795 - - - 39 0 23 10 23 6 23 7 17 3 1796 - - - 28 9 17 11 16 7 14 10 10 4 1797 - - - 29 8 20 4 17 3 14 6 10 8 1798 - - - 31 8 26 8 20 10 18 1 15 10 1799 - - - 39 5 26 6 24 6 21 11 15 9 1800 - - - 39 1 35 4 23 7 19 9 13 11 1601 - - - 42 4 29 8 25 10 21 9 19 9 1802 - - - 47 2 41 4 32 8 29 S 26 4 1803 - - - 56 10 27 9 27 1 23 3 14 10 1804 - - - 56 6 49 6 34 6 28 9 20 0 1805 - - - 60 1 57 6 40 8 34 10 29 1 1806 - - - 77 6 61 4 58 1 56 2 31 8 1807 . - - 49 8 27 5 31 8 26 2 22 11 1808 - - - 45 6 42 6 37 4 34 1 20 4 1809 - . . 27 9 20 4 17 10 16 10 11 0 1810 - - - 26 0 16 0 16 4 14 7 12 3 1811 - - - 38 8 26 10 20 8 17 2 13 6 1812 - - - 38 0 25 2 20 1 19 10 13 3 1813 - - - 36 8 26 5 24 6 22 1 17 3 1814 - - - 39 4 28 8 22 7 20 0 15 2 1815 - - - 38 3 25 8 19 4 20 2 13 11 1816 - - - 65 10 45 5 36 6 30 4 19 6 1817 - - - 54 7 43 1 36 10 33 8 25 7 1818 - - - 51 8 38 1 35 6 29 8 20 10 1819 - . - 34 0 24 6 22 9 21 11 17 10 1820 . . - 31 S 18 0 15 0 13 11 9 10 1821 - - - 30 8 16 2 13 4 11 4 9 6 1822 - - - 26 10 21 2 17 1 14 4 14 7 1823 - - . 20 6 14 0 12 4 11 2 8 11 1824 - - - 20 4 11 6 10 11 11 0 7 10 -~lhv Vfr. KVSTH, Office of the Minuter of the Interior. 170 Translation of Appendix, No. 18. With the Money and Measures rendered from the Polish into English Denominations. STATISTICAL ACCOUNT OF THE LORDSHIP OF PULAWY AND KONSKOWOLA, in the Province of Lublin, in Poland. SURFACE AND EXTENT. — These Estates contain a superficies of 11 9,232 Acres ; Consisting of: — Tillage Land 61,920 Acres. Meadows 4.416 d° Forests 38,688 d° Rocky and waste Land 14 ,208 d° Of which are Cultivated: — , C BV the Proprietor... 10,944 Acres. Tillage land j ' ?> Subjects 50,976 d« C , , Proprietor.... 1,824 d° Meadows.. | ^ ^ Sub|ectg 2>5g2 do CATTLE. — Kept by the Proprietor : — Black Cattle 960 } Sheep 5,500 V 6,610 Horses 1 50 3 By the Subjects : — Black Cattle 3,490 Sheep 755 Working Oxen 1,008 V6,689 Horses • • 620 Hogs .. ., 8 POPULATION 13,120 Souls. Roman Catholics and Protestants. . Males 5,794 ,, - • Females 5,858 Jews Males. . 768 . Females. 700 171 The Subjects, when called to \vork with their teams on the estate, beyond the days of stipulated service, receive sixpence a day for agricultural labour (ploughing and sowing), and three- pence for other manual work. If they do not work on the estate, but ere employed elsewhere, they are paid from eight to twelve- pence for agricultural labour, with their team, and from three- pence to sixpence for their own work. The production of the Soil is not equal every year. On an average of fiVe year?, the Grains j ield annually in the following proportion, on the Proprietors* land : — Rye five .fold. Wheat eight . d° Barley. ten . d° Buck Wheat five . d° Oats six . d° Peas ten . d° Millet . twelve d° The consumption of the Peasantry is about 17,690 quarters of Grain ; their surplus produce, amounting to about 8,400 quarters, they sell in the country. The annual Consumption, for account of the Proprietor, together with Seed, amounts to 6,130 quarters, namely: — Rye 1,798 quarter?) Wheat 261 Barley 2,022 Oats 1,483 d° } 6.200 quarter?. BuckWheat 494 Peas 117 Millet 25 Remaining for Sale : — Rye 1,034 quarter. Wheat 809 d« Oats ,. 629 d° BuckWheat 359 d° 17* The Contrihulioris anil Tuxes paid } by the Lord of the Manor, £-£. 1,404 7 6 iterling; amount annually to j Ft>. — Tenth Grosohen tax £, 690 0 0 sterling. Military contribution 135 00 ,, Excise 558 100 „ Duty work, and Chimney tax 20 17 6 ,, Those paid by the Inhabitants amount to £. 666 5 0 sterling ; lriz. Military X. 275 0 0 sterling. Chimney lax 236 50 „ Duty work . 155 00 „ During the last five years the Estates have not yielded any Proht. There were, on the contrary, the following Losses on (hem : — For the year 1820-21 £. 1,275 0 0 sterling „ „ 1821-22 1,150 00 ., ., 1822-23 1,075 00 „ „ „ ,', 1823-24 1,450 00 „ 1824-25 2,950 00 „ •_ Together £• 7,900 0 0 sterling. Translation of Appendix, N°. 19. AN ACCOUNT of the QUANTITIES of GRAIN Shipped down the Vistula, through the City of Thorn, from RUSSIA and POLAND, to DANZIG, ELBIXG, in the Years 1816, 1817, 1818, 1819, 1820, 1821, 1822,1823, 1824, and 1825. 174 Translation of Appendix, N° 19. AN ACCOUNT of the QUANTITIES of GRAIN Shipped POLAND, to DANZIG, ELBING, in the Years 1816, 18 J 7, From Russia. From Wheat. Rye. Barley. Peas. Gate. Wheat. Rye. Quarters. Qar ters. Quarters. Quarters. Quarters. luarters. Quarters. 1816 62,221 115 252 2,048 1817 81,733 51,267 1,535 535 2,108 3,526 1818 100,750 22,281 1,744 4 271 3,895 51 1819 139,325 51,566 1,306 378 17,656 1,841 1,695 18-20 122,860 37,611 717 599 3,819 3,305 S04 1821 31,277 15,541 850 291 2,027 1,057 305 1R22 14 013 8 646 1823 20,684 5 .... .... 17 1,976 .... 1824 2,5,137 1,367 62 25 8,278 5 1825 13,352 1,471 309 137 240 611,352 181,224 6,775 1,409 24,358 25,394 6,386 I do herewith duly certify, That the quantities as above stated extracted from authentic papers, and Thorn, 23rd of August, 1825. Translation of Appendix, Is0 19. down the Vistula, through the City of Thorn, from RUSSIA and 1818, 1819, 1820. 1821, 1822, 1823, 1824, and 1825. Austria. From Poland. Barley. Peas. Oats. Wheat. Rye. Barley. Peas. Oats. Quarters. Quarters. Quarters. Quarters. Quarters. Quarters. Quarters. Quarters. 1-2 .... 60,173 3,856 264 4 58 1,143 .... 186 111,542 66,4 IS 2,687 13 72 J 51 .... 23 143,395 44,663 3,590 12 5,472 101 107 609 141,166 53,261 1,734 482 18,326 58 188 104 126,164 38,415 775 932 3,922 70 48 M 32,335 15,846 920 339 2,115 16,328 5,185 64 12 1 267 67 .... 581 34,943 5,108 7 4 384 .... 17 93,968 4,009 65 17 .... 1 .... 176,215 7,528 487 496 27 1,502 344 1,668 936,229 -244.2S9 10,593 2,296 32,390 (Scheffel Anzahl in the original German Account) have been the Registers of the Custom House. MeUia, Burgomaster. 176 o (M I K o &. G- O, o 9 Q O co „ co ea =g M ^ 55 _T M -1 0 c» oj S fe I-H h-. O O jz ^ & O 8 z POSEN. >, 0) (0 n »- «5 CC CO W — < «D S P7 C^} »O "^ "^ O »g W «0 OS SO •— i ^i cc 0 1^5 h 0 >• oT >« OS S rf 00 O — < oTcD Q>— < — i (N (M o o 03 0 a Q Q -*-» g V gji S£ -^ TJ« — < IN O5 -r S M Tf Tfi 00 l>- t^ CD *O t>» !U3 t>. << K O £ S CO >^5 n ttCQ CO C? CO ^ •1 c3 »T ra 73 S" CO CD C5 -« ?D »Ci C «o cc i^- as — c »o tj o co r» TT > 03 « oo" c 00 rp X i- — i N t: c^o «o o oi co CO (M ft § — i (2 Tt< ft |l O -*T ~^T — "•' — '•J'^T ~^> 7:r^1 7r*^g tJ -..J |oot>co^~3ct>i.'; C3 1 •— ' •— ' z o? • looc;^™oi>i-o6 "-7 1.7 ~ — > •- ~ Q^ t»c9c^c^c-! •*£ t^ -T ~ ~ — ~1 — — f. -x ic -x -f -r: -n x -r. :r_ 5 178 Appendix, N°. 22 — Reduced into English Money. REDUCTION into English Measures and Money of the MAR- KET PRICES per Quarter of RYE and WHEAT in WAR- SAW, from the 24th June 1790 to the 24th June 1820. The Price of every year being the medium of all Prices through the whole year from Midsummer to Midsummer, for One Quarter. YEAR RYE. WHEAT. 179£ *. d. 11 1 *. d. 20 9 1794 12 6| 21 11$ 1791 15 2£ 24 5 179g 20 If 32 44, 180? 28 101 47 10 £ 180^ 19 6k 33 9£ 180f 19 6£ 32 2 180| 20 If 32 5 180| 28 24 39 6 180| 40 74 49 6$ 180| 34 74 44 lOf 180| 30 8| 38 5| 180$ 29 64 37 3, 180T9n 13 11| 24 7} 180-r0,- . 9 94, 25 0| 18iir .. 21 11| 29 1 18i| 15 8 23 0 18'i .. 13 2| 23 2| 18'4 .. 29 64, 40 8| 18Ji 23 24, 34 2J 18'§ 28 6 47 7f IS'? 27 9i 45 Of m8 25 0^ 40 6 18ts .. 16 11 25 OJ 22 3} 33 04 179 Translation of Appendix, No. 23. With the Measure and Money calculated in English Denomina- tions from the Polish Cracow Returns. AN AUTHENTIC ACCOUNT of the PRICES of the best Qualities of WHEAT and RYE, extracted from the Market Returns of the Free Town of CRACOW, on the 25th of Sep- tember, 1825. Year. Months. Day. WHEAT. RYE. 1814 • • • • June • • • * • • 7, 8 13, 14 20, 21 27, 28 Quarter. Quarter. *. d. 33 4 30 — 27 9 26 8 *. d. 24 6 24 6 24 6 25 7 July 4, 5 11, 12 18, 19 26 8 26 8 27 9 23 5 23 5 23 11 • • August • « 16 22, 23 29, 30 30 1 33 4 28 11 23 5 25 - 21 2 • • September • • 5, 6 12, 13 19, 20 26, 27 30 1 32 4 33 4 34 5 22 4 25 7 26 1 26 9 • • October • • 3, 4 10, 11 17, 18 24, 25 31 33 4 32 3 31 1 35 7 34 5 26 9 27 10 30 I 31 8 31 2 • • November 7, 8 14, 15 21, 22 28, 29 34 5 36 8 38 11 37 9 30 7 30 7 30 7 30 1 180 Year. Months. Day. WHEAT. RYE. Quarter. Quarter. 1814 • • December 5, 6 12, 13 19, 20 26, 27 s. d. 37 9 37 9 36 8 37 9 s. d. 31 2 32 4 31 2 31 8 1815 • • • • • • January • • • » • • 2, 3 9, 10 16, 17 23, 24 30, 31 35 7 33 4 33 4 34 5 32 10 31 2 31 2 31 8 32 4 32 4 v • • • February 6, 7 13, 14 20, 21 27, 28 33 4 36 8 37 9 37 9 33 11 36 2 37 3 36 9 • • • • March 6, 7 13, 14 20, 21 38 ]1 41 1 41 1 38 4 39 5 40 1 * • • • April * • 4 10, 11 17, 18 24, 25 41 1 37 9 35 7 31 1 38 11 36 9 33 5 26 9 t • • • May • 9 1, 2 9 16 22, 23 29, 30 33 4 35 7 34 5 31 1 31 1 29 6 30 7 31 2 29 6 27 10 • • June • * 5, 6 12, 13 19, 20 26, 27 29 6 27 9 27 9 28 11 27 4 26 9 26 9 26 9 July • • • • 3, 4 10, 11 17, 18 24, 25 27 9 28 3 33 4 33 4 27 10 27 10 31 2 29 - 181 Year. Months. Day. WHEAT. RYE. Quarter. Quarter. *. d. s. d. 1815 August 1 31 5 26 9 . . 7, 8 33 4 25 7 . . . . 14 27 10 20 1 . . 21, 22 26 1 16 2 •• •• 28, 29 26 9 16 18 . . September 4, 5 26 9 18 11 11, 12 26 9 21 8 • • 18, 19 26 9 21 8 •• • • 25, 26 29 5 21 2 • • October o *v £, o 29 5 21 2 . . . . 9, 10 30 1 21 2 . . 10, 17 29 - 21 2 . . . . 23, 24 30 1 23 5 -• •• 30, 31 29 - 22 4 . . November 6, 7 31 2 24 6 . . 13, 14 29 23 5 . . 20, 21 29 - • 22 4 •• 27, 28 29 20 1 ^ December 4, 5 26 9 17 10 . . . . 11, 12 25 7 17 2 . . 18, 19 24 B 16 1 •• 25 — — 1816 January 2 23 8 17 2 • * 8, 9 23 5 17 10 • • • • 15, 16 23 17 10 22, 23 22 4 17 10 •• * » 29, 30 21 9 17 10 9 9 Febn 5, 6 21 9 18 11 • • • * 12, 13 22 4 18 11 19, 20 22 4 18 11 • • • • 26, 27 22 4 18 11 182 Year. Months. Day. WHEAT. RYE. Quarter. Quarter 1816 <. . <* • • March • • 4, 5 11, 12 18, 19 26 s. d. 23 4 25 - 25 7 25 7 s. d. 18 11 20 I 20 1 20 7 • • • • • • April 1, 2 7, 9 15, 16 22, 23 29, 30 23 11 24 7 22 10 21 9 18 11" 20 1 17 10 17 10 • • May • • • * 6, 7 13, 14 ( 20, 21 27, 28 20 8 22 4 25 7 26 9 17 10 18 11 21 2 23 5 •• June • • 4 10, 11 17, 18 24, 25 27 10 30 1 29 -- 30 1 24 6 24 6 23 5 24 6 • • • V • • • • July * * • • • • 1, 2 8, 9 15, 16 22, 23 29, 30 33 4 37 9 32 4 31 2 32 10 27 3 SO 1 23 11 23 5 23 5 • * August • • • * 5, 6 12, 13 19, 20 26, 27 38 11 33 4 36 9 42 4 26 9 25 7 26 9 31 2 • • • • September 2, 3 9, 10 16, 17 23, 24 50 1 46 9 49 - 49 - 38 11 36 9 37 10 36 9 183 Year. Months. Day. WHEAT. RYE. Quarter. Quarter. s. d. s. d. .1816 October 1 47 10 3(5 9 . . • • 7, 8 46 9 36 9 . . 14, 1,5 46 9 37 10 . . , . 21, 22 44 6 36 9 •• •• 28, 29 46 9 37 10 9 a November 4, 5 46 9 38 4 . . . . 11, 12 47 10 41 2 • • 18, 19 49 - 45 8 •• •• 25, 26 49 - 46 9 • • December 2, 3 54 6 46 9 . . 9 m 9, 10 51 2 44 6 , . 9 9 16, 17 51 2 44 6 • • . . 23, 21 53 5 42 4 » • •• 30, 31 51 2 42 4 1817 January 6, 7 50 1 41 2 . . • • 13, 14 47 10 40 1 • • • • 20, 21 46 9 40 1 • • •• 27, 28 47 10 40 1 • • February 3, -1 50 1 42 4 • • • • 10, 11 49 - 42 4 m 9 • • 17, 18 50 1 41 2 • « • • 24, 25 49 - 41 2 * • March 3, 4 50 1 40 1 • • . . 10, 11 50 1 40 1 • • . . 17, 18 49 - 38 11 • • • • 24 50 1 40 1 • • April 1 47 10 35 8 . • • • 7, 8 - — r • • • 14, 15 46 9 35 8 . . 21, 22 46 9 33 5 • • • • 28, 29 50 I 35 8 184 Year. Months. Day. WHEAT. RYE. Quarter. Quarter s. d. *. d. 1817 May 5, 6 46 9 34 6 • • • • 2, 13 49 - 35 8 . , 19, 20 47 10 36 9 •• •• 27 47 10 36 9 * • June 3, 2 53 "5 41 2 • • . . 9, 10 47 10 40 1 • • 16, 17 51 2 41 2 » • •• 23, 24 50 1 42 4 • • July 1 52 4 43 8 . • . . 7 ft *5 0 52 6 44 6 • • • • 14, 15 53 5 44 6 • • • • 21, 22 54 6 44 6 • * • • 28, 29 57 10 46 9 • • August 4, 5 51 2 33 5 . . • • 11, 12 37 10 26 9 . . • • 18, 19 40 1 29 - •• •• 25, 26 40 1 29 - » • September 1, 2 40 1 29 - • • , . 9 38 11 27 10 « • . . 15, 16 38 11 27 10 9 m . . 22, 23 37 10 27 10 • • • • 29, 30 35 8 26 9 October 6, 7 29 - 24 6 • • • • 13, 14 29 - 25 7 m 9 • • 20, 21 29 - 25 7 " • • | 27, 28 29 - 24 6 November 3, 4 31 2 25 7 9 9 . . 10, 11 33 5 25 7 m p 17, 18 34 5 26 9 , , . . 21, 25 35 8 26 9 185 Year. Months. Day. WHEAT. RYE, Quarter. Quarter. *. d. *. d. 1817 December 1 33 5 25 7 • • . . 7 33 5 24 6 • • 14, 15 32 4 •23 5 • • • • 21, 22 29 - 23 5 •• • • 28, 29 27 10 22 4 1818 January 5 27 10 22 4 • • . . 12, 13 27 10 21 2 . „ . . 18, 19 29 - 22 4 • • •• 26, 27 29 - •21 2 m 9 February 2, 3 _ _ . . • • 9, 10 33 5 22 4 • • . . 16, 17 31 2 23 4 •• •• 23, 24 30 1 21 2 ... March 2, 3 29 - 21 2 • • • • 9, 10 29 - 21 8 • • . . 16, 17 26 9 20 1 • • . . 24 _ ^_ • • • • 31 27 10 18 11 • • April 6, 7 26 9 17 10 . . . . 13, 14 23 5 16 8 9 . . » 20, 21 23 5 16 1 • • • • 27, 28 23 o 16 1 m 9 May 4, 5 24 6 16 1 m , • i 12 26 9 16 8 • • • * 18, 19 26 9 16 8 •• •• 25, 26 25 7 15 7 • • June 1, 2 24 6 15 7 • • • • 8, 9 25 7 16 8 . . • • 15, 16 25 7 20 1 22, 23 26 9 23 5 • • . . 30 '29 - 23 5 186 Year Months. Day. WHEAT RYE. Quarter Quarter. 1818 July 6, 7 30 1 22 4 • • 13, 14 30 1 21 2 20, 21 29 - 20 1 • • 27, 28 30 I 16 8 August 3, 4 32 4 17 10 •• 10 11 31 2 18 11 •• 17, 18 30 1 17 10 •-• 24, 25 29 - 15 7 . . September 1 29 - 16 1 14, 15 35 8 16 1 * • 21, 22 31 2 17 10 • * • • 28, 29 32 4 18 4 • • October 5, 6 33 5 18 11 • • 12, 13 32 4 18 11 • • . 19, 20 30 1 17 10 • • •• 26, 27 29 - 16 8 • * November 2, 3 27 10 16 1 . . * 9, 10 29 16 8 » • 16, 17 27 10 15 7 * • •• 23, 24 29 1 15 7 • • December 1 30 I 15 7 . . 7 29 - 13 11 • • 14, 15 27 10 13 5 21, 22 29 - 14 6 •• •• 28, 29 30 1 15 7 1819 January 4, 5 31 2 14 6 . . • • 11, 12 30 1 13 5 18, 19 29 - 13 5 • . •• 25, 26 26 9 12 3 . . February 1 25 7 12 9 . . 8, 9 26 9 12 9 . . 15, 16 26 9 13 5 22, 23 26 9 13 5 187 Year. Months. Day. WHEAT. RYE. Quarter. Quarter. s d. s. d. 1819 March 1, 2 27 10 l£> 7 . . . . 8, 9 26 9 14 6 . . 15, 16 27 10 13 5 • • • • 22, 23 26 9 13 5 •• •• 29, 30 27 10 13 5 • • April 5, 6 26 9 13 5 . . • • 13 — — • * • # 19, 20 24 6 12 3 • • 26, 27 23 5 12 3 .. May 3, 4 22 4 11 8 • • . « 10, 11 24 6 11 8 . . . . 17, 18 22 4 11 8 •• » • 24, 25 23 5 12 3 • • June 1 24 6 12 9 . . . . 7, 8 23 5 12 3 . . • • 14, 15 21 2 11 2 • • 21, 22 20 7 11 2 •• •• 28, 29 — — .. July 8, 9 23 5 12 3 . . . . 12. 13 21 2 12 3 » . . . 19, 20 23 5 12 3 • • • • 26, 27 23 5 12 9 • • August 2, 3 20 1 12 3 . . . . 9, 10 20 1 12 9 . . . . 16, 17 20 1 12 9 , . . . 23, 24 20 1 12 3 • • •• 30, 31 21 2 12 3 . • September 6, 7 19 6 12 5 * • . . 13, 14 21 1 12 3 . . . . 20, 21 21 2 12 11 27, 28 18 4 11 8 188 Year. Months. Day. WHEAT. RYE. Quarter. Quarter. s. d. s. d. 1819 October 4, 5 17 4 10 6 . . . . 11, 12 17 4 10 6 . . , . 18, 19 16 8 10 6 •• •• 25, 26 15 7 10 6 .. November 2 14 6 10 5 . . 9 9 8, 9 15 7 10 b% . . 15, 16 16 8 11 2 . . 9 9 22, 23 17 4 10 - •• •• 29, 30 14 6 9 5 .. December 6, 7 15 7 8 11 . . t 13, 14 14 6 9 5 . . 9 20, 21 16 1 9 5 •• • • 27, 28 15 7 9 5 1820 January 3, 4 10, 11 13 5 14 6 9 5 8 11 . . t ^ 17, 18 13 5 8 3 •• " 24, 25 13 5 8 11 •• February 1 7Q > o 13 5 13 5 8 3 8 3 14, 15 13 5 8 3 , . ^ i 21, 22 14 6 8 11 •• -• 28, 9 14 6 7 9 March 6, 7 12 3 7 9 . . , . 13, 14 13 11 7 7 . . 9 9 20, 21 15 - 8 3 •• •• 27, 28 16 8 8 3 • • April 4 — — . . . . 10, 11 22 4 11 8 . . . . 17, 18 16 8 10 - •• •• 24, 25 15 7 10 - .. May 1, 2 16 1 10 - . . . . 8, 9 18 11 11 2 . , , . 15, 16 20 1 11 2 . , . . 22, 23 16 8 11 2 . . . . 29, 30 16 8 11 2 189 Year. Months. Day. WHEAT. RYE. Quarter. Quarter. *. d. s. d. 1820 June 5, 6 18 11 10 - . . . . 12, 13 16 8 9 3 . . 19, 20 16 8 10 6 •• •• 26, 27 16 8 10 6 . . July 3, 4 18 11 10 6 .. 10, 11 17 10 10 6 17, 18 18 11 10 6 • * • • 24, 25 17 10 11 2 . . August 1 18 4 11 2 . . 7, 8 18 4 11 2 • • . . 14 17 10 11 2 • • 21, 22 17 10 11 2 •• •• 28, 29 18 4 10 6 , . September 4, 5 20 7 12 3 • • 11, 12 20 1 13 5 • • . . 18, 19 17 10 11 2 •• •• 25, 26 16 8 11 2 . . October 2, 3 16 8 12 3 . . 9, 10 18 11 13 5 .. . . 16, 17 20 1 14 6 . . . . 23, 24 22 4 14 6 •• •• 30, 31 23 5 15 - * • November 6, 7 24 6 15 7 . . . . 13, 14 24 6 16 8 . . 20, 21 24 6 15 7 •• •• 27, 28 21 8 14 6 • • December 4, 5 20 1 13 11 . . 11, 12 20 1 13 11 . . . . 18, 19 20 1 14 6 •• •• 25, 26 — • — A A Year. Months. Day. WHEAT. RYE. Quarter. Quarter. s. d. *. d. 1821 January 2 20 1 14 6 9 . . . 8, 9 18 4 11 S m 0 . , 15, 16 18 11 11 2 . . ' 22, 23 18 11 12 3 • • • • 29, 30 17 10 11 8 •• February 5, 6 12, 13 17 10 17 2 11 8 11 2 9 , 19, 20 17 10 11 2 •• •• 26, 27 18 4 11 8 March 5, 6 17 10 11 8 t . . 12, 13 18 2 12 3 . . . 19, 20 18 4 12 3 .. •• 27 20 1 13 5 April 2, 3 22 4 14 6 . . 9, 10 23 5 15 7 >4 . . 16, 17 21 8 14 6 •• 24 20 7 13 11 May 1 18 4 12 3 % ^ 7 17 10 12 3 . . 14, 15 16 8 11 2 . . 21, 22 17 2 11 8 • • •• 28, 29 17 10 13 5 June 4, 5 18 11 13 5 12 17 10 13 5 . . 18, 19 18 4 13 11 .. •• 25, 26 17 10 13 5 July 2, 3 18 11 13 11 • • f i 9, 10 20 1 15 7 : 16, 17 22 4 19 5 23, 24 18 4 15 7 .. '• 30, 31 20 1 15 7 •• August 6, 7 13, 14 22 4 22 4 17 10 18 4 20, 21 22 4 18 11 9 ^ 27, 23 22 10 20 1 191 Year. Months. Day. WHEAT. RYE. 1821 September 3, 4 10, 11 17, 18 24, 25 Quarter. Quarter. s. d. 22 10 21 2 21 8 21 2 s. d. 20 1 21 .2 20 1 17 10 October 1, 2 8, 9 15, 16 22, 23 29, 30 24 6 25 7 29 - 29 - 29 - 22 4 21 2 23 5 23 5 25 7 November 6, 7 12, 13 19, 20 26, 27 26 9 28 4 27 10 27 10 23 4 21 8 23 5 23 5 .... December 3, 4 10, 11 17, 18 27 10 27 3 26 9 23 5 22 4 21 2 1822 January 7, 8 14, 15 21, 22 . 29 26 1 24 6 23 5 32 4 21 2 20 1 19 5 20 1 February 4, 5 11, 12 18, 19 25, 26 25 - 25 7 24 6 24 6 22 4 22 4 22 4 22 4 :::: March 4, 5 11, 12 18, 19 26 24 6 24 6 23 5 23 11 21 2 21 2 21 2 21 2 — April 1, 2 8, 9 15, 16 22, 23 29, 30 23 5 23 11 24 6 23 11 20 7 21 2 20 7 20 7 192 Year. Months. Day. WHEAT. RYE. Quarter. Quarter. s. d. s. d. 1822 May 6, 7 23 11 20 7 .... .... 13, 14 23 5 20 1 .... .... 20, 21 22 10 20 7 28 22 4 20 1 June 3, 4 22 4 20 1 .... «... 10, 11 22 4 20 1 .... «... 17, 18 24 6 21 2 .... 24, 25 26 1 22 4 .... July 1, 2 26 9 22 4 . • • • .... 8, 9 24 6 17 10 .... .... 15, 16 24 6 16 8 .... .... 22, 23 24 6 17 10 • . • • 29, 30 22 4 16 8 .... August 5, 6 22 4 16 8 .... .... 12, 13 18 11 15 7 .... .... 19, 20 18 11 15 7 .... .... 26, 27 18 11 16 1. .... September 2, 3 18 11 15 7 .... .... 9, 10 19 5 15 7 • • • . .... 16, 17 18 11 15 7 • • • • 23, 24 20 3 17 10 Oc her 1 19 5 16 1 . . . • .... 7, 8 20 1 17 10 . ...» .... 14, 15 18 11 16 8 • ... .... 21, 22 18 11 16 8 .... 28, 29 18 11 17 10 .... November 4, 5 18 4 16 8 «... • ... 11, 12 20 1 16 8 .... .... 18, 19 18 11 18 11 • • • • 25, 26 18 9 17 10 • • • • December 2, 3 17 2 16 8 .... .... 9, 10 17 10 17 2 .... .... 16, 17 16 8 16 1 • • • • .... 23, 24 17 10 17 10 , .. . .... 30, 31 17 10 17 10 193 Year. Months. Day. WHEAT. RYE. Quarter. Quarter. 1823 January 7 13, 14 20, 21 27, 28 s. d. 17 10 18 11 18 4 17 10 *. d. 17 10 17 10 17 10 17 10 February 3, 4 10, 11 17, 18 24, 25 18 4 17 2 18 4 18 4 18 11 17 10 17 10 18 4 March 3, 4 10, 11 17, 18 24, 25 18 4 18 4 19 10 19 5 18 11 19 5 20 1 19 5 .... April 8 15 21, 22 28, 29 19 5 18 11 18 11 18 4 19 5 18 4 18 4 17 10 May 5, 6 12, 13 20 26, 27 17 10 17 10 18 4 18 11 17 8 17 4 17 10 17 10 June 2, 3 9, 10 16, 17 23, 24 21 8 20 1 18 11 18 11 18 11 18 11 17 10 17 10 July 1 7, 8 14, 15 21, 22 28, 29 17 10 16 8 16 8 16 8 17 10 17 10 13 5 13 5 12 9 13 5 .... August 4, 5 11, 12 18, 19 25, 26 17 10 17 10 17 10 15 7 12 9 12 3 11 2 8 3 194 Year. Months. Day. WHEAT. RYE. Quarter. Quarter. s. d. s. d. 1823 September 1, 2 15 9 8 11 • • . . 9 16 1 8 11 . . . . 15, 16 16 8 9 5 22, 23 15 7 8 11 •• • • 29, 30 15 7 9 5 , . October 6, 7 15 7 9 5 . . . . 13, 14 14 6 9 5 . . . . 20, 21 13 11 9 5 •• •• 27, 28 13 5 8 11 . . November 3, 4 14 11 9 5 . . . . 10, 11 14 6 9 5 . . . . 17, 18 14 6 8 11 •• •• 24, 25 14 6 8 11 9 m December 1, 2 14 6 8 3 , . . . 9 14 6 8 3 . . . . 15, 16 13 11 7 9 . . . . 22, 23 13 5 7 9 •• •• 29, 30 12 9 8 3 1824 January 5 13 5 8 3 . . 12, 13 12 3 7 9 . . . . 19, 20 12 3 7 9 •• •• 26, 27 11 2 7 2 . . February 3 10 7 7 2 . . . . 9, 10 11 8 7 9 . . 16, 17 14 6 7 9 •• •• 23, 24 14 6 7 9 1 1 March 1, 2 13 5 8 11 . . . . 9, 10 13 5 8 3 . , . . 15, 16 13 5 8 3 . . 22, 23 13 3 8 3 . . 29, 30 13 5 7 9 195 Year. Months. Day. WHEAT. RYE. Quarter. Quarter. s. d. s. d. 1824 April 5, 6 14 6 8 3 . . 12, 13 13 11 7 9 . . . 19, 20 — •• •• 26, 27 13 5 7 9 . . May 3, 4 12 8 6 8 . . 10, 11 12 11 7 2 . . 17, 18 12 3 6 8 •• •• 24, 25 11 8 6 8 • » June 1 11 8 7 - . . . . 8 11 2 7 - 14, 15 12 3 7 2 . . 21, 22 11 8 6 10 •• •• 28 12 11 7 2 . . July 5, 6 12 10 6 10 12, 13 12 9 7 2 19, 20 '12 3 7 4 •• •• 26, 27 12 9 7 4 , . August 2, 3 12 9 7 - 9, 10 13 5 7 9 16, 17 12 9 7 9 . . 23, 24 12 3 8 - • • •• 30, 31 11 8 7 9 9 9 September 6, 7- 11 2 7 2 . . 13, 14 12 3 7 9 . . 20, 21 12 9 7 9 «• •• 27, 28 12 3 8 1 * • October 4, 5 11 8 7 2 11, 12 11 8 7 2 •• •• 18, 19 25, 26 11 8 12 3 7 2 7 9 11)6 Year. Months. Day. WHEAT. RYE. Quarter. Quarter. s. d. s. d. 1824 November. 2 11 10 7 9 «... .... 8, 9 11 8 7 4 . . . . .... 15, 16 11 2 7 2 .... .... 22, 23 12 3 7 9 29, 30 12 3 7 2 .... December 6, 7 12 3 7 2 .... .... 13, 14 11 8 6 8 .... .... 20, 21 12 9 7 2 27, 28 — — 1825 January 3, 4 12 3 7 2 .... .... 10, 11 12 3 7 - .... .... 17, 18 11 8 6 8 .... 24, 25 11 2 6 1 • • • • February 1 10 7 5 11 • • • • .... 7, 8 11 2 6 1 «... .... 14, 15 11 8 6 1 21, 22 11 8 6 8 March 1 12 3 6 8 .... .... rr Q /, 0 11 8 6 1 .... .... 14, 15 12 3 6 8 .... .... 21, 22 12 3 6 8 .... 29, 30- 12 3 6 8 April 5 _ — • • • • .... 11, 12 12 9 6 8 * • » • •)' 18, 19 12 3 6 8 .... 25, 26 12 3 6 8 May 2, 3 12 5 6 8 .... .... 9, 10 11 10 6 8 .... .... 16, 17 11 10 6 8 .... «... 24 11 8 6 8 .... .... 30, 31 12 5 6 1 In testimony of its authenticity, Golembiowski. Translation of Appendix, N°. 24. With the Money and Measures rendered into English denominations. AN ACCOUNT of the Quantities of WHEAT, RYE, BARLEY and OATS, imported into DANZIG, and exported from the same place, from the Year 1650 to the Year 1825, as also their highest and lowest prices during the same period. B B 198 Translation of Appendix, No. 24, with the Money AN ACCOUNT of the Quanties of WHEAT, RYE, BARLEY place, from the Year 1650 to the Year 1825, as also their highest Importation. YEAR. WHEAT. RYE. BARLEY. OATS. Quarters. Quarters. Quarters. Quarters. 1650 .... .... .... .... 1651 .... .... .... .... 1652 .... .... .... • • • • 1653 .... .... .... .... 1654 .... .... .... .... 1655 .... .... . . 1656 .... .... .... . . * * 16,57 . . r . .... . . . . . • • 1658 ... .... .... . . . 1659 .... .... .... .... 1660 .... .... .... .... 1661 ...» .... .... . .... 1662 > No Returns. .... .... 16fa'3 .... .... .... 1661 . . • .... .... 1665 ... .... .... .... 1666 .... .... .... 1668 .... .... . . • • 1669 . • . . .... .... 1670 . . . .... .... 1671 .... .... .... 1672 ... .... .... • • • • ..... 1673 . . . .... • • • .... 1674 .... .... • • • • .... 1675 J .... .... .... • War with Sweden from J 657 to 1 630. 190 and Measures rendered into English denominations. and OATS, imported iuto DANTZIG, and exported from the same and lowest prices during the same period. Exportation. WHEAT. RYE. BARLKY. OATS. YEAR. Quarters. Quarters. Quarters. Quarters. » • • • .... «... .... ..1650 130,567i 419.837 15.477 .... ..1651 86.121 267:372 6,473 .... ..1052 55.923 281,30.5 11,077 .... ..1653 101,546 354.785 17,54(5 .... ..1654 75,159 394.075 2,940 .... ..1655 47,922 63,483 .... .... .1656 • • • • .... .... .... ..1657 • • • • .... .... .... ..1(358 3,884 1,327 138 21 ..1659 30,943 .... .... .... ..1660 216.95J .... .... .... ..1661 85,806 270,163 .... ..1(J62 66,785 22S,537 3,076 976 ..1663 40,982 174,7^8 .... .... ..1664 25,893 144,170 «... .... ..1665 33,847 144,035 .... .... ..1666 127,695 343,119 41.871 1,985 ..1668 108,350 313,591 22,170 210 ..1669 128,756 298,746 37,904 3.667 ..1670 99,750 208,866 7.822 1,811 ..1671 35,218 109,967 1 ,922 .... ..1672 69,080 84,084 9.660 1,764 ..1673 140,343 228,511 6,583 892 ..ifir4 87,497 175,476 6.111 368 ..1675 1,799,048 4,506,247 190,773 11,694 200 Translation of Appendix, No. 24. — Continued. Importation. YEAR. WHEAT. RYE. BARLEY. OATS. Quarters. Quarters. Quarters. Quarters. 1676.. 47,271 154,686 .... » - » • 1677.. 55,335 191,310 .... .... 1678.. 95,300 259,266 12,758 840 1679.. .... .... .... 1680.. 185,535 346,405 30,145 2,077 1681.. * • . * .... .... 1682 • • • • .... .... 1683.. 192,539 302,085 17,955 2,615 1684.. 187,015 330,309 26,103 997 1685.. 187,173 369,810 46,063 3,077 1686.. 185,294 326,036 39,386 2,425 1687.. 206,325 381,360 30,786 725 1688.. 134,367 299,554 28,980 2,499 1689.. 126,221 327,716 34,156 893 1690.. 79,569 157,951 15,246 2,152 1691.. 59,693 113,133 6,298 420 1692.. 72,219 137,823 5,302 1,260 1693.. 88,053 183,687 12,379 892 1694.. 99,572 199,164 16,086 «... 1695.. 79,548 171,770 5,345 2,730 1696.. 59,987 101,566 15,750 1,102 1697.. 71,053 162,740 14,648 2,026 1698.. .... .... • • • • 1699.. 73,154 146,737 30,M4 1,123 1700.. 38,640 111,626 12,978 378 2,323,869 4,774,734 400,908 28,231 201 Translation of Appendix, N° 24. — Continued. Exportation. WHEAT. RYE. BARLEY. OATS. YEAR. Quarters. Quarters. Quarters. Quarters. 49,424 144,774 5,103 63 ..1676 55,283 127,543 4,200 3,286 ..1677 219,072 224,521 18.554 2,930 ..1678 130,022 399,420 16,054 .... ..1679 112,528 271,026 9,597 1,165 ..1680 128,426 331,201 17,315 7,760 ..1681 147,819 222,936 19,897 2,226 ..1682 172,200 320,407 16,206 1,166 ..16S3 249.081 343,602 35,437 2,362 ..1684 206,682 355,183 50,369 4,442 ..1685 155,138 305^603 31,503 10 ..1686 114,996 289,663 39,469 1,722 ..1687 108,738 263,214 33,117 798 ..1688 125,826 291,007 27,772 42 ..1689 66,759 140.469 5,481 199 ..1690 80,601 93,544 11,288 378 ..1691 11 4,-: 77 118,419 12,096 630 ..1692 203.164 210.284 7,140 1,103 ..1693 192.224 208,383 21,893 179 ..1694 102,637 126,546 8,095 .... ..1695 65,079 139,534 14,185 21 ..1696 88,651 257,481 38,084 2,195 ..1697 106,586 223,713 28,140 840 ..1698 94,489 177,344 22,491 619 ..1699 32,571 101,241 11,498 21 ..1700 3,122,433 5,687,058 507,984 34,157 202 01 -t* j-^s ~ -^ -T oT «T CT" so" o>" *-" nf 'o" -^ M" —T so o*~ OH p- 2 - "« 5" 203 i M i i : i I i I i i i i > ii i M - I I I I II I I II I I I I I I I '-':Sr?x~S'-'; — ~ c; " sr^ — — jc — • c; — 3 c I ! 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II 1 — -- — '--5 SO a*«oe)~*O<^« : — — =>i-t-— i . — -^ M s » T« -c — C5 rcr- — — o:w;-r— .-: as 91 a: II II I M QCIM «•?»»?:=; ?i — ^3=sos Si Ci •M -^ — CS 0'| .^•^•»-»-'~C3;~ac~t- I I 777777 i i ill eae=5f-=2-sj~ccsc TT1-'^ >J S JC SS -•; r» ct c: ss — *- ac 1 ' »JCC5rt» . — o ae <*•»-• /. >J 71 — i — • >J • • ^ t- — r;-*-— -CiXSOJ~ J I III I ' ' ' ' "• -M "-i ri 7J r^ • K— '55 — ^>^3.-COOSS»- OOtSCSS — S — »^*-7XX i 17777777777 i i «0»-^-«>Nas»-aeS';i— r- ~ so OCX— oSr-fOX — arris: II Ml ^M — oeeit- — x;» 212 • •» o> -^ -3 X ^ D D 214 Translation of Appendix, N° 25. STATISTICAL ACCOUNT OF THE LORDSHIP OF GRANOW, in the Russian Province of Podolia. EXTENT. — The Estates of this Lordship contain 130,560 Acres. Consisting of: — Tillage Land, belonging to the Proprietor 19,680 Acres. D° . .d° Subjects.. 43,360 Meadows and Pastures Proprietor 9,379^. DO d° Subjects.. 9,820* lorests 34,560 Buildings, Rivers, &c. . , 13,760 CATTLE — Kept by the Proprietor: — Agricultural Horses 350 Working Oxen 380 1 Cows 470> 5,600 Hogs.. 400f Sheep (Merinos) 4,000 Kept by the Subjects: — Horses , . 800 ' Oxen,, 1,1001 Cows 1,5001 Native Sheep 2,900 POPULATION. — Males 3,560} 3,300V- .... 1,200> Agricultural labour, including the team, is paid with sixpence, and other manual work with four-pence a day Annual production of the Soil, cultivated by the Proprietor, according to an average of five years : — Rye ten . fold. Wheat. nine . d° Barley seven d° Oats seven d° Buck Wheat six . d° Peas eight . d° Millet two . d° Flax three . d° Hemp three . d° From the produce of Flax and Hemp, 1,359 pounds of Flax Yarn, and 4,939 pounds of Hempen Yarn is spun. Females JEWS. — Males and Females. 6,300 8,060 215 The expenses grain : — annual consumption for the account of the Proprietor, for s and the distilleries, amount to J 1,174 quarters of Viz. — Wheat 1,528 quarters/ Rye 2,337 Barley 2,3-2 2at?-:,V, 7'!j: >' V 11,174 quarters. Buck Wheat 1,<98 „ Peas 135 ,, Millet 90 Hemp 72 Linen 30 pieces. Remaining for Exportation : — Vis. — Wheat 3,1-16 quarters. Barley 315 Oats." 1,258 „ BuckWheat 404 ., } 5,357 d° Peas 90 Millet 135 Hemp 9 .. _ Linen 1 20 pieces. The quantity of Produce to be disposed of for sale is larger than the said stock ; the surplus quantity increasing from year to year, as no sale can be effected in the country. The subjects consume partly their crop, and sell the surplus in the country. TAXES AND CONTRIRUTIOXS. — Paid by the Lord of the Manor „ by the Inhabitants £. 515 0 0 sterling. 493 9 0 Together £.1,038 9 0 sterling. 216 Translation of Appendix, N° 26. STATISTICAL ACCOUNT OF THE LORDSHIP OF MIEDZYBOZ, in the Russian Province of Volhynia. EXTENT. — The Estates belonging to this Lordship contains 338.800 Acres. Consisting of: — Tillage Land belonging to the Proprietor 4 1 ,600 Acres. D° d° to the Subjects... 106,480 „ Meadows and Pastures to the Proprietor 17,920 „ D° d° to the Subjects.. 26,560 „ Forests , 95,040 „ Buildings, Rivers, &c 51 ,200 „ 338,800 Acres CATTLE. — Kept by the Proprietor : Agricultural Horses-: 260 J Working; Oxen and Cows l,800f ,n Cf>n TT cnn/" 10.660 Hogs 600 ( Sheep (Merinos) 8,000 J D°. . . Kept by the Subjects : — Horses 3,200} Oxen and Cows 9,000 >- 1 8,200 Native Sheep 6,000) POPULATION.— Males 10,300} Females 9,400 >- 16,000 Jews. — Males and Females.... 6,300 N Agricultural labour, including the team, is paid with sixpence, and other manual work with four-pence a day. The Lands of the Proprietor yield annually, on an average of five years, the following Proportion of Produce : — Rye 8 fold. Wheat 9 Barley 7 Oats 7 Buck Wheat , 6 Peas 8 Millet 21 Flax 3 Hemp.. 3 From the produce of Flax and Hemp, 6,250 pound of flax yarn, and 16,035 pounds of hempen yarn are spun, and woven into cloth. 217 The annual consumption for the account of the Proprietor and his distilleries, amounts to 20,409 quarters of grain: — Fig. — Rye 5,753 quarters Wheat 2,607 „ Barley 4,015 Oats 5.813 BuckWheat Peas Millet Flax .. Hemp Linen . . 1,573 269 133 31 155 75 20,409 quarters. pieces Remaining for Exportation, 9,205 quarters, and 500 pieces of Linen : — Viz. — Rye . . . , 1,615 quarters Wheat 3,820 Barley 1,528 Oats. . 989 Buck Wheat 1,033 Peas 178 Millet 133 Flax.. 9 9,305 quarters. The quantity of Produce which can be disposed of is larger than the said stock; the surplus quantity increasing from year to year, as no sale can be effected in the country. The Subjects consume partly their crop; the surplus they sell in the country. TAXES AND CONTRIBUTIONS. — Paid by the Lord of the Manor £. 1,332 10 sterling. D° Inhabitants 1,54710 „ Together £. 2,880 0 218 Translation of Appendix, N° 27. With the Measures and Money calculated in English Denominations. AN ACCOUNT of the AVERAGE PRICES of WHEAT, RYE, BARLEY and OATS at VIENNA, during the months of March and September, from the Year 1815 to the Year 1825. Average Prices per Quarter. Wheat. Rye. Barley. Oats. 1815: «. d. s. d. S. (I. s. d. March - - 4 43 10 31 1 23 3 13 7 7 44 10 29 10 22 11 12 11 11 43 10 30 7 21 5 13 7 14 47 11 32 1 24 8 12 11 18 45 6 31 9 22 3 13 7 21 53 6 33 2 25 2 13 7 25 48 7 32 6 22 5 15 2 . . 28 53 4 34 8 24 8 14 5 September - 2 56 7 42 8 26 10 14 3 5 56 9 43 4 29 3 13 7 9 56 11 44 4 25 2 15 2 12 59 0 46 7 32 2 12 2 16 60 2 53 6 29 1 17 0 19 63 1 52 8 34 6 17 0 23 63 9 51 2 30 11 17 0 26 62 5 50 4 30 9 17 0 30 60 4 47 5 29 11 17 0 1816 : March - - 2 69 8 57 1 31 9 23 10 5 72 11 59 0 34 2 23 10 9 62 4 57 1 31 9 23 10 12 75 2 55 1 36 2 23 10 16 60 0 51 2 31 11 25 6 19 75 0 46 . 11 37 3 25 6 23 62 0 51 10 32 2 24 8 26 73 5 57 5 36 0 25 2 30 63 5 52 4 31 11 23 10 September - 3 7 109 6 113 0 89 9 87 2 47 8 45 0 27 2 27 2 10 114 0 97 11 54 7 28 11 14 116 10 97 1 55 11 28 11 17 116 5 95 1 58 4 28 11 21 114 2 96 1 54 3 25 6 24 109 2 96 1 58 8 25 6 28 114 0 92 10 58 2 25 6 219 Translation of Appendix, N° 27. — Continued. — Average Prices per Quarter. Wheat. Rye, Barley. Oats. 1817: s. d. *. d. 3. d. *. d. March - . 1 114 1 91 10 63 3 25 6 4 112 2 83 8 65 5 24 8 8 114 5 82 9 63 11 23 10 11 111 8 87 6 62 0 23 10 15 111 4 86 4 61 10 23 10 18 110 0 84 10 63 1 22 1 22 113 2 86 8 61 10 23 10 26 112 2 89 5 — 23 10 29 110 8 86 0 66 0 22 1 September - 2 67 0 50 8 34 10 21 3 6 71 1 52 -2 36 8 20 5 9 66 4 52 10 36 8 22 1 13 68 0 48 3 35 0 22 1 16 69 2 52 10 36 8 20 5 20 67 8 47 5 35 6 20 5 23 63 9 48 11 38 7 20 5 27 60 8 43 0 33 2 17 10 30 59 8 46 9 36 2 18 8 1818: March - - 3 40 1 28 4 24 0 15 2 7 41 0 26 0 22 1 15 2 10 39 3 27 0 21 1 15 2 14 40 1 25 2 19 6 14 5 17 37 11 24 8 20 2 14 5 21 41 1 24 4 19 6 13 7 24 38 11 24 4 19 0 14 3 28 40 10 22 9 19 8 15 2 31 39 9 23 5 18 8 14 5 September - I 24 2 17 2 10 6 10 2 5 24 2 16 8 10 2 10 2 9 24 6 15 10 9 10 10 6 12 25 8 17 2 11 11 10 2 IS 25 6 17 2 10 8 10 2 19 26 0 16 8 11 4 10 2 22 24 4 16 6 11 8 10 2 26 24 0 14 11 12 1 9 10 29 23 3 15 1 11 8 9 6 220 Translation of Appendix, N°27. — Continued. — Average Prices per Quarter. Wheat. Rye. Barley. Oats. 1819: s. d. s, d. s. d. s. d. March - - 2 23 7 11 11 9 2 8 6 6 22 7 11 8 10 0 8 6 9 22 7 11 6 10 0 8 10 13 22 5 11 2 10 4 9 0 16 22 5 11 2 10 2 8 10 20 23 3 10 10 10 0 8 10 23 22 9 10 8 10 2 8 6 27 22 7 10 6 9 10 8 8 30 22 11 11 0 10 2 8 6 September - 4 23 3 13 5 11 6 10 2 7 21 7 13 3 11 0 9 6 11 22 11 13 3 10 4 10 2 14 21 7 13 5 11 8 10 2 18 22 3 11 11 11 6 10 2 21 20 7 11 11 11 0 10 2 25 20 2 12 5 11 4 10 2 28 19 6 11 8 11 4 10 2 1820: March - - 4 20 6 11 8 10 0 8 4 7 16 4 11 8 9 8 8 2 11 21 3 12 11 10 0 8 4 14 21 3 12 9 10 2 8 0 18 21 7 12 5 10 2 8 4 21 21 9 12 7 10 8 8 4 24 21 11 12 5 10 2 9 0 28 21 7 13 1 18 6 8 10 September - 2 30 3 16 8 12 7 11 6 5 27 2 17 2 12 11 11 8 9 29 11 \ 16 2 13 3 11 0 12 27 0 17 8 1 13 3 11 11 16 30 3 16 0 \ 12 5 11 6 19 28 2 18 2 13 1 11 11 23 29 11 15 10 11 4 11 0 26 26 10 18 8 12 9 11 4 30 29 5 16 11 8 11 2 221 Translation of Appendix, N° 27 .— Continued. — Average Prices p^r Quarter. Wheat. Rye. Barley. Oats. 1821: i. d. s. d. s. d. s. d. March - - 3 32 2 19 8 14 7 12 9 6 30 11 20 2 15 1 13 1 10 32 4 19 10 14 9 13 3 13 32 1 21 1 15 1 IS 11 17 34 2 19 0 14 1 14 5 20 32 4 21 1 14 11 13 11 24 33 6 18 10 14 1 13 11 27 32 2 19 8 14 11 14 3 31 33 2 18 8 13 5 13 11 September - 1 29 9 IS 6 12 5 11 8 4 2S 0 18 8 11 8 11 11 7 2-i 6 19 0 12 3 11 11 11 27 8 19 2 11 8 12 3 15 28 0 18 8 13 7 11 11 18 28 4 19 6 13 5 12 1 22 29 3 20 2 15 8 12 3 25 28 0 19 2 13 11 11 11 29 27 2 19 4 13 1 11 11 1822: March - - 2 21 5 16 4 12 5 10 2 5 21 5 15 10 14 7 9 10 9 21 7 16 6 14 9 10 0 12 20 11 16 8 13 9 9 10 16 21 7 16 0 13 5 10 2 19 21 7 14 7 13 7 10 0 23 21 3 15 8 14 1 10 0 26 21 1 15 10 14 7 10 0 30 20 5 14 3 13 5 9 10 September - 3 22 1 16 0 15 8 12 5 7 23 7 16 2 15 10 12 5 10 22 7 16 4 16 4 12 7 14 23 7 15 8 16 4 11 11 17 23 3 15 8 15 8 12 1 21 24 6 17 0 14 7 12 5 24 22 11 15 8 15 2 12 3 28 23 3 15 8 16 8 12 I 222 Translation of Appendix, N°. 27. — Continued. — Average Prices per Quarter. Wheat. Rye. Barley. Oats. 1823 : .1. d. *. d. *. a. *. d. March - - 1 25 8 18 2 15 6 14 1 4 25 6 18 2 15 10 13 11 8 24 0 18 2 15 2 13 5 11 25 8 ' 18 4 15 1 13 9 15 24 2 17 4 15 6 13 7 18 25 10 18 4 __ 13 7 22 26 10 18 8 15 6 14 5 26 25 2 18 4 15 8 14 3 29 25 6 17 8 15 10 14 1 September - 2 6 21 3 22 11 15 6 15 1 11 11 10 10 8 6 8 10 9 21 1 17 4 11 0 9 0 13 23 7 16 2 10 8 9 0 16 _ 16 0 11 2 8 8 20 22 5 15 6 10 10 8 2 23 22 3 15 1 11 6 8 4 27 22 3 14 3 10 4 8 4 30 22 5 14 1 10 8 8 6 1824: March - - 2 20 5 10 10 9 2 7 0 6 22 3 12 3 8 6 7 0 9 20 11 _ 8 10 7 4 13 22 7 11 8 8 2 7 2 16 20 11 11 2 9 4 7 0 20 22 1 11 6 9 6 7 4 23 21 7 11 0 10 6 7 6 27 22 3 11 2 8 8 7 2 30 21 7 — 8 8 6 10 September - 4 20 5 8 0 7 6 7 4 7 18 0 8 2 9 2 7 2 1 20 7 9 0 8 2 7 6 14 17 4 8 10 8 8 7 8 18 19 4 11 0 8 0 7 4 21 — 10 4 8 0 7 2 25 18 4 9 J 8 0 6 10 28 16 0 8 4 8 0 7 0 223 Translation of Appendix, N°. 27. — Continued. — Average Prices per Quarter. Wheat. Rye. Barley. Oats. 1825: s. 30th of September 1825. $ Anton Hammer Schmidt, Comptroller. John Charles Schoeller. 224 Translation of Appendix, N° 28. Witfrthe Measures and Money rendered from Bavarian into English Denominations. AN ACCOUNT of the AVERAGE PRICES of CORN at MUNICH, from the Year 1816 to the Year 1825. MARCH. SEPTEMBER. Wheat. Rye. Wheat. Rye. Quarter. Quarter. Quarter. Quarter. s. d. s. d. s. d. s. d. 1816 , . 57 9 44 5 127 2 95 9 1817 .. 120 6 104 5 141 2 130 3 1818 . 89 10 63 3 46 2 37 1819 .. 38 2 24 9 33 4 21 5 1820 .. 31 10 18 0 24 5 17 2 1821 .. 37 4 18 7 40 11 21 6 1822 .. 39 8 21 6 37 0 22 1 1823 .. 33 3 23 5 32 2 20 6 1824 .. 28 3 15 5 26 1 17 0 1825 .. 25 11 16 6 24 11 20 10 225 Translation of Appendix, N°. 29- With the Measures and Money reduced from Wur- temberg to English Denominations. AN ACCOUNT of the PRICES of WHEAT and RYE in the different Markets of the Kingdom of WURTEMBERG, from the Year 181,5 to the Year 1825. 226 g TO G M i— v § QJ o •< 55 I I — Q ar> t- . 9 ~ 1 § 1 i 1 : lllll :§T3 : : or C 50 C 9 c cr S -«'s a 05 •* (N £•§2 * 3J 8 2 ™ 3 «s | • • * t ' V • -. : ; • : : 3 tt 4 j • '• '-. : 1-5 ^ - ! i M 17 I I I , s I I I! I i I I I ! I I 227 o — o o o Of — 00 I I I i I ! I i I I I I ', L 'I 'I L C U i i !o L I ', L ! ' ' ' p^O"^S2O>— — aeoo so >- — — «5 71 O O OS CO BJ (N O O O 5? S5 & ...p.p.... J9 g _» E jss! » a «S g N --=-i~u"-5--~- f2 o Q - o o c = I I I . I I I I I 1 I I IS I I I ! ' I ac 1 'X z JO ao 228 o CO P-. PH W bn 'S S a a H -2 ^.22 H.S oi PH if O 2 •<; PH Pi cu W-S OBSERVATIONS. 03 «J O) 00 i>fct ^* CO Tf« ^J« OQ II [ I i i «S "f Tf T»« ^»" ^*" I s* OJ QO ^" »»-»«»«--' . CO Oi ^coa5^«5cocv>coaos^coco CO on (N oo ps^«5T}*OacO'~'COCO*C^"*C CO o* OO ^" N CO O CO ^* CM CO CO Ci ^™< Cb «*!• CO o oo •^co J-O^~OCO-*aofCO =e-*T(<'J5COcot-cO5Ocococo CO CO -^ ' I CMTHCTiCAaOOOCAt- HN •o oo 00 "CfOCOu5t»eQi-iao4 err '*» *-* iii ..: • • x t~ •* »/: o o -c -o >»• o OD oo < 3*^* o' o ^*i so >^>» o agCOt-l-fr-ScasSl-OSSCD ^ ^ 2 oe -tr-^T^M «• <;• _ r^' ^ . ~ i: = i 2 - i! a £ o 55 to n o 2 3 F F 230 Appendix, No. 31. RETURNS of the PRICES of WHEAT, of the best Quality, in the different Markets of EUROPE and AMERICA, during the Year 1825. Barcelona Santander . August. ..... France, average ..... 30 September 3 •• Palermo . . . Livorno. ... I _ Genoa .... 10 Nizza .... [5 Antwerp . , 21 October .. 23 August . . • • Amsterdam Ditto New York 1 July . Rotterdam 5 September 12 M Danzif Ditto Ditto Ditto Naples 30 August . . 29 September 6 •• Hambro' Riga 20 October . , 5 November Bremen ......... .. Ditto Emden JO .... Triest 31 August . . •- 7 September 19 •• Kiel 10 November 1 September 27 10 October . . 1 August .. 25 July Stettin Berlin Odessa Mayence June 17 November 13 October .. 31 August .. 20 September 31 May M Archangel Copenhagen £)jtto Cracow Quarter. s. d. 48 0 47 2 35 4 32 7 32 3 31 5 31 5 30 0 28 10 New Zealand Wheat 32 6 Konigsbergditto. 28 9 28 7 New Zealand ditto. 27 9 Very fine. 26 4 Fine high mixed. 24 6 Good mixed. 23 0 Mixed red. 25 4 24 6 23 3 22 5 24 6 Best Brunswick. 16 0 Lower lauds. 21 6 20 10 20 4 19 f, 17 6 18 0 17 6 17 7 14 9 14 7 24 11 16 6 17 8 17 1 17 0 16 6 14 6 17 0 12 5 Translation of Appendix, N°. 32. (A.) With the Measures reduced to English Denominations. An ACCOUNT of the quantities of GRAIN imported into HAM- BURGH, from the year 1816 to the year 1825, inclusive. (N Q CO o a x ™ ^ f fl W O O o 232 s £ PQ w H ^^ &J 3! 4D (O i— i on O CD 00 * CO t^* 00 O^ O |™^ C^ CO ^ oocooocoooaooooooo 8 I .« ~ ""^ o X 3 "O HI i •- VETCHES. w i I I C* O ^ ~ t^ OC O O 1 5 d w a — ^~ T' C~. «~ L~ O L"5 t>. C* O T?" n 2 C: " "-^ C~. i-'; t^ iO t^ ^"- "^ LINSEED. = ~~~< ' ~ x '~\ r; rS -v- — a 00 ao -*1 BUCK Will'! AT. !2^;X2'~4rH^^ = '~':'v S ^-T L-f cTi-^ 5 O ao co" I— 1 i ry;^c'3^io«ocv'^^x^'- GO XT 00 O* "~* '""' i "/ r: o -o CD N o t^ co •* r~o ^ r7 o "^z — — c^ ^ "*?* r^ o — • cT 5 1 j2 cc -^ m t^ r? — '-^ ^ tc c^ 0 oo^ CN 5 aj O lK5:s§is§dii CJ t>^ 2T-'ioOj'5'O>H^"L~Ti' 234 a CO X >r3 d o» CL. OH «3 <*H O *O GO r-H %-> I O •5 CO i— i 00 c3 O t3 a a a O Q > W55 H^ p PH X ^ o *o w I— I H i— i H a fc w W a CJ fs c< 2 i— ' a' ei PQ W H ^H TT! a tq CO CM CO Gi CO J3OCDCO£»COOCOCOIOJO an^ OOOOCOOOOCCOOOOOCOCO 235 CO •lO'-' IT3 CO Si-O'*» C5 C^ X CO O 5J CJ w 23(5 Si "53 C^ r-iCX) •«*> CO OO O> i ~y ^j • "*q^ u. .' *-i. j ~^r ?C ^J'-^^T v»x ^ x ** x r— . I M I | I I I I I II I "53 CO i— (OOOOOi— ii-Hl>» Cv O'tJ' r— •-< (NOO--iC^COOO-* lO O*O 00 1 J d | J j ^ E° P tC 2» P P | I PS O" S3 "«" ro -< p^ i-tt^OlOfNOMOl^t^OOOOt^r-i^OJCEjCOCT) oocot^t^t^t^io|Ococoiri3cococDnor;-<*<-»OOO^-iO •— i OO "O l^CMCO-«C* O» t^ CM I CM CM CM r— i ,— I — < 1 I I I = = tn to 5 3 -^ - ^ . M . I ti t^t^-i a a G G u i CO - 1 r~. i I Ictl 1 CO o o d oo X p 238 w >* ft CO CO 0» i~i r— l C^ CTi CO r i— O CO r * P ffi WHEAT. s .GOCOt^COOOOCOCOiOr-H 5 .GOCOt^COOOOCOCQiOr-HOiOiO' — O i— lOOiOi— i T1 CO O i— i j itjiilji? uj 117-O131I33 £-1"QO}T'COOTfrlO":T1Tf1>O'— ir— ip-ir— iC^i— i'«OCJoOOOO. ' o ' ' ' -o ' ' ' ^ ' ' ^ eJCOCOCO CO CO CO CO CJ 1 2g CO 1 ^f 1 lO I I lO 1 LO I [ 1 ^ 1 1 1 -loo 1 I -w 1 ** w rt.CiCOOOOCO OJ -+ e " H 5.IMMIMI IllllllMIM J3"SCNCNO CO CO CO .T « CM • — a,: O3 CN l>« O5 CM O5 O O r-H r-H r-H r— H rH] a o ^..Jt^OCOi-H r-H O •* O to v—. O <*H 0 cs rt.t>oooco eo co t^ c*; oo 3 *5 r-H I-H I ^"ar—ltOr— IIO CO O «— 1 O .2 p t -0ij> c/3 • CO OC CO r-^ CO t>* t^ 'us a H t 1 - 1 1 M 1 1 1 1 1 1 II I rt .s s - EH *OJ • u "S . • . • . piSQ-S-S O O O Q O o 72 o ^^ ffi WW 240 Translation of Appendix, N° 32. (C.) STOCK remaining in the Stores at HAMBURG, independent of that of the Bakers and Flour Traders. 1825. July 30th Wheat 115,080 Quarters. — Rye - 34,603 December 31st Wheat 103,293 _ Rye - 30,302 Hamburgh, 5th January, 1826. Translation of Appendix, N°. 32. (D.) With the Measures and Money, reduced to English Denominations. AN" ACCOUNT of the A^7ERAGE PRICES of MECKLENBURG and MARKS WHEAT, in the Market of HAMBURGH, from the Year 1791 to the Year 1822 inclusive; as extracted from the Price Currents deposited at the Board of Commerce of that Town. 242 Translation of Appendix, N°. 32. (D.) English An ACCOUNT of the AVERAGE PRICES of MECKLENBURG 1791 to the Year 1822 inclusive ; as extracted from the Price — January. February Marcb. April. May. June. 1791 Quarter. s. d. 31 4 Quarter. s. d. 32 0 Quarter. s. d. 32 8 Quarter s. d. 34 3 Quarter. s. d. 30 8 Quarter, s. d. 29 5 1792 30 8 30 5 33 0 29 9 29 1 25 3 1793 ... 36 T 36 11 33 0 32 4 33 0 QO n 1794 33 8 34 7 32 4 32 8 33 4 33 11 1795 40 2 48 10 52 1 60 2 65 4 65 4 3796 74 4 74 4 71 2 56 7 45 3 42 8 1797 34 11 33 0 30 8 29 9 27 10 27 6 1798 32 8 32 8 31 0 30 1 32 0 31 8 1799 37 10 38 10 38 6 40 2 42 4 44 7 1800 62 9 65 4 67 11 65 0 69 6 74 4 1801 88 0 88 0 88 0 80 10 72 2 73 0 1802 59 10 57 7 56 7 50 9 50 9 58 11 1803 69 7 57 11 57 11 58 11 55 0 57 7 1804 56 11 60 2 53 8 51 1 53 1 53 4 1805 72 2 75 11 78 3 70 6 68 11 74 8 1806 85 1 83 5 82 5 90 11 95 4 90 7 1807 67 7 63 11 59 7 62 5 63 4 61 1 1808 5Q 7 56 7 56 11 58 11 65 4 69 6 1809 53 1 52 5 51 9 50 1 49 6 44 11 1810 31 4 31 o 33 8 35 11 33 4 38 10 181J 33 0 32 0 31 8 30 5 29 5 29 5 1812 50 1 55 4 ei 5 62 9 62 1 55 8 1813 53 4 53 8 56 0 57 7 58 7 56 4 1814 1815 50 5 46 7 46 3 48 10 45 7 44 7 1816.. 35 11 38 2 38 6 38 6 44 3 44 7 1817 85 5 83 1 77 11 75 8 75 8 90 11 1818 67 3 60 3 65 4 65 8 63 4 62 9 1819 55 8 51 5 50 1 46 3 44 3 44 3 1820 34 11 34 7 37 6 39 2 39 6 38 6 1821 32 4 31 4 33 0 37 6 33 0 33 11 1822 30 1 35 7 33 11 29 9 28 6 29 1 243 With the Measures and Money reduced to Denominations. and MARKS WHEAT, in the Market of HAMBURGH, from the Year Currents deposited at the Board of Commerce of that Town. July. August. Septemb. October. Novemb. Decemb. Annual Average. Quarter, s. d. 30 8 Quarter, s. d. 31 8 Quarter. s. d. 32 0 Quarter. s. d. 32 4 Quarter, s. d. 33 0 Quarter, s. 4. 31 4 s. d. 31 9 31 4 32 4 28 2 33 g. 27 10 33 8 34 3 32 4 33 11 32 4 33 8 32 4 30 7 33 5 33 11 33 0 34 7 37 2 36 11 38 2 34 6 73 5 86 0 67 11 68 11 75 1] 7^ 9 64 7 41 § 36 7 34 3 32 8 34 11 34 11 48 3 29 1 30 5 35 11 38 2 34 11 33 4 32 1 33 0 34 3 35 11 34 7 35 11 36 3 33 4 43 1 1 47 10 47 2 45 3 54 0 65 4 45 6 79 9 55 8 66 7 77 1 1 88 4 84 1 71 5 78 7 76 11 82 5 66 0 56 4 56 7 75 7 58 11 52 5 50 5 54 4 56 4 59 10 55 7 57 7 49 2 50 9 51 9 54 0 56 7 55 7 5-2 9 52 9 60 9 59 10 61 9 70 2 57 2 78 7 80 6 88 11 87 11 87 11 87 11 79 4 00 11 75 11 70 2 67 1 1 67 11 67 11 81 5 56 0 55 4 59 10 59 10 57 3 56 4 60 2 65 4 60 2 52 9 51 9 52 l 55 8 58 6 4fl 7 41 4 38 6 37 6 36 3 32 8 44 7 3$ 10 43 11 43 7 33 11 34 3 33 11 36 0 30 1 37 10 42 0 41 8 44 3 43 7 35 6 51 1 55 8 48 10 47 2 51 1 52 1 51 5 53 1 52 5 56 0 66 7 71 6 74 4 .... 59 1 43 4 45 3 50 I 47 10 48 6 47 10 43 4 45 7 48 2 51 1 48 2 37 10 46 4 48 6 54 0 54 8 64 8 75 8 83 9 51 9 82 5 82 5 72 2 65 8 68 3 05 8 77 1 67 3 71 2 65 8 59 7 60 2 58 3 64 4 43 0 38 6 37 2 38 6 37 1 35 7 43 6 38 6 38 ]0 38 6 32 8 31 0 31 4 36 3 32 4 35 3 34 11 33 0 32 4 33 6 2*. 6 28 2 27 10 27 6 26 11 29 9 29 * ' 244 Translation of Appendix, N°. 33. (A,) With the Money and Measures in English Denominations. AN ACCOUNT of the AVERAGE PRICES of WHEAT and RYE hi the Market of LUBECK, during the Months of March and Septem- ber, from the Year 1 815 to the Year 1825. 1815 MARCH. SEPTEMBER. WHEAT. RYE. WHEAT. RYE. Per Quarter. s. d. 41 7 Per Quarter. s. d. 35 11 . Per Quarter. s. d. 48 7 Per Quarter. s. d. 33 5 1816 35 5 25 7 46 4 36 11 1817 75 5 42 11 71 5 40 8 1818 58 9 42 9 59 8 41 9 1819 45 11 37 9 36 11 25 6 1820 34 5 24 2 37 11 23 4 1821 25 0 17 10 30 4 16 8 1822 25 3 14 4 23 11 15 3 1823 26 6 21 8 21 8 16 11 1824 21 4 14 4 18 10 12 9 1825 21 10 12 9 18 6 11 2 (Signed) C. F. Rose, Sworn Corn Broker. 245 Translation of Appendix, N°. 33. (B.) STOCK of Grain at LUBECK, at the beginning of the Month of September 1825. WHEAT. RYE. BARLEY. OATS. Quarters. Quarters. Quarters. Quarters. 30,550 18,210 24,675 12,420 11 H 1 0} •*3 OO c t— 1 3 . O G 0 • c Qi Ja ™ *0 O) IT. * -o ^ i 4-1 s 0 cs t*r s te" 1 rr"< J2 ^^ ^2 >g ^Q S 1° K »0 a. W PQ OO o 1-H ^^ o t . c Bp rt 0 bJO 'S .Si a 1 rt (H 0) •£3 *** 0 o .1° i—^ a o c t- H reductio .S 3 C 1 0 ^—i £-^ >g tf O O a ^ CM 0 H | •5 d ^ C/2 o s 'o | H o ^^ OH 5 g o I-H 0 4) o •£s BEANS. 2 CO 00 CO o 10 f O B i» j» <•» 3 01 O •«• Q> i— i OJ »O CT) a c/5 £ c> 01 •«• o co 0} »o 3 irT oo CD" Q> CO 01 CN O cT CO W e ^ co 10 Oi »-• o ^ <—• Mm O i— i | 10" --i cT Q> r-« r-H oo" W i >2 io co 10 o o^ t>^ ^^ •£ ^ r-l CN K* -r -r 3 !>• CD O Q> CO ^* »O OJ CO of .r1 H S2 oo oo CN 4) O OJ l>. tt oo^ -^ c^ CO CO ^ | 5 Si £ CN 3 1 1 1 i/2 4> CO •* 10 CM ^ 1 "8 GO I 00 I IO o 248 Appendix, N°. 35. THE EXPORTATION of GRAIN from all the Ports of the King- dom of DENMARK, during the Six first Months of the Year 1825, consisted as follows : — PORTS. WHEAT. RYE. Quarters. Quarters. Copenhagen 9,482 17,066 Other parts of Zealand - 2,650 13,373 Fiihnen 2,374 24,751 Laaland and Falster 6,863 5,903 Jutland 800 29,603 Scheswick 12,594 17,782 Holstein 22,798 13,474 Quarters 57,561 121,962 249 Appendix, N° 35. — Continued. BARLEY. OATS. PEAS. BEANS. Quarters. 16,450 Quarters. 769 Quarters. 277 Quarters. 295 32,135 587 972 914 27,712 3,484 769 1,943 19,268 850 866 1,567 30,793 3,802 705 145 20,326 10,438 928 1,784 28,825 21,353 234 1,040 175,514 41,283 4,751 7,688 IMPORTANT AGRICULTURAL WORKS. In the Press, and publishing by J. RIDQWAY. Third Edition ! — One Volume royal 8vo., dedicated, with permission, to T. W. COKE, Esq., M. P. HORTUS GRAMINEUS WOBURNENSIS ; or an Account of the Results of various Experiments on the Produce and Fattening Properties of different Grasses, and other Plants, used as the food of the more valuable domestic Animals, carried on at Woburn Abbey for a series of years, by command of the Duke of Bedford, and now being matured, are published for the benefit of the Agricultural community. Illustrated •with numerous Specimens of the Plants and Seeds, in Sixty Plates, with Practical Observations on their natural habits, the soils best suited to their growth, with Instructions for the Preservation of the Seed, pointing out the kinds most profitable for Permanent Pasture, Irrigated Meadows, Dry or Upland Pasture, and the Alternate Husbandry. Accompanied with the discriminating character of the Species and Varieties. By G. SINCLAIR, F.L.S. and F.H.S., Gardener to his Grace the Duke of Bed- ford. Third Edition. Price 11. 10s. plain ; and coloured 21. 2s. under the author's immediate inspection. 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The greater part of the Species may be cultivated with advan- tage in the open borders of the Flower Garden ; others \v:!l succeed well against a wall, so as to be covered with a mat in severe frost; and the remainder may be kept through the winter in a common Garden-frame, or in the Green-house. Many Species are well adapted for the ornamenting of Rock-work, where their lively blossoms make a handsome appearance. GERANIACE.E ; or, Natural Order of the Beautiful Family of the Geraniums, No. 78, for June 1826. 3*. To te Important Works Publishing by JAMES RIDGWAY. continued Monthly. Each Number contains Four coloured Figures, highly and correctly finished, from Living Plants, with their Scientific and English Names and Mode of Culture. By ROBERT SWEET, F.L.S. SWEET'S HORTUS BRITANNICUS; or, a CATA* LOGUE of all PLANTS CULTIVATED in the GARDENS of GREAT BRITAIN, whether exotic or indigenous, arranged according to the NATURAL ORDERS to which they belong, with a reference to the Linnaean Classes and Orders ; their Scientific and English Names, with references to the best Authorities ; where native, when in* troduced, their times of flowering, duration, and references to the books in which they are figured ; with numerous other im- provements. The whole brought down to the present time, and contains many hundreds of Plants not yet published in any Catalogue of this Country. By ROBERT SWEET, F.L.S. The HOT-HOUSE and GREEN-HOUSE MANUAL, or BOTANICAL CULTIVATOR; giving full Instructions for the Management and best Method of Cultivation and Propa- gation of all the Plants cultivated in the Hot-houses, Green- houses, and Borders, in the Gardens of Great Britain ; with plain Directions for the Management of Plants in Rooms, £c. Disposed under the Generic Names of the Plants, alphabetically arranged under the heads of the departments of Horticulture to which they belong. Second Edition. By ROBERT SWEET, F.L.S. 12s. " Of this very useful book, we perceive that a second edition has been lately published, containing much new information, especially upon the treatment of those plants which are the most difficult to cultivate. We recommend this work to every lover of gardening." — Edwards's Botanical Register for November 1825. " It is a very complete and excellent work ; and furnish«s all the infor- mation that can be required on the subjects of which it treats." — Literary Gazette for November 1825. " Indeed, what Mr. Sweet has said on the culture of Bulbs and Epiphates, in the last edition of his Botanical Cultivator, may be considered as the ultimatum on this subject for the British Gardener." — Gardener's Magazine, No. 2, April 1826. A TREATISE ON BULBOUS ROOTS, containing a Botanical Arrangement and Description of the Plants heretofore included under the Genera Amaryllis, Cyrtanthus, Crinum, and Pancratium ; with General Observations and Directions for their Cultivation. Illustrated with coloured Plates. By the HON. and REV. WILLIAM HERBERT. 5s. This Work forms an Appendix to the Botanical Register and Botanical Magazine. ROSARUM MONOGRAPHIA ; or, a Botanical His- tory of Roses. To which is added an Appendix, for the Use of Cultivators, in which the most remarkable Garden Varieties are systematically arranged : with nineteen PJates ; eighteen beauti- fully coloured. By JOHN LINDLBY, Esq. F.L.S. royal 8vo. !/.!«. Londvn, May. 1S?(;. BOOKS Published by SHERWOOD, GILBERT, $ PIPER, Ptiffi-noJtter Rov. IRISH TOPOGRAPHY. The BEAUTIES of IRELAND ; being Original Deli- neations, Topographical, Historical, and Biographical, of each County. By J. N. BREWER, Esq. 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Mount Bellev, Seat of Chr. Dillon Bellew, Ballyhige Castle, Colonel Crotbie. Ross Castle, Killarnty. Carton, Seat of the Duke of Leinster. St. John's Abbey. King's County . Parsonstown Castle, Seat of the Earl of Roue. . Ruins of Clonnacnois, Co. Limerick . Kilmallock. Co. Longford . Edgeworth Town, Seat of Lo»ell Edgewonh, Esq. Co. Meath . . . Slane Castle, Marquis of Conyngham. Queen's County GracefiplH I nHge, Sheffield Grace, Esq. • Co.Roscommon Boyle Abbey. Co. Tipperary . Thomastown Casile, Earl of Landaff. . Mount Cashel. . Antiquities discovered at Cashel, 1844. Co. Westmeath Abbey of Multifernan. Co. Wejcford . Balynastragh, Seat of Sir Thomas Esmond? , B«rt. Co. Wicklow . Glenda'.ough. . Tinnebincb, S«at of the late Henry Grattan, Esq. Other Subjects in the above, and in the remaining counties, are in the hands of the Engravers, and will be published with the Third Volume. NEALE'S SEATS OF THE NOBILITY AND GENTRY. VIEWS OF NOBLEMEN AND GENTLEMEN'S SEATS in England, Wales, Scotland, and Ireland, from Drawings by J. P. NEALE, Author of the Illustrations of the History and Antiquities of Westminster Abbey, &e. engraved in the line manner, by the first Artist?, and accompanied with Descriptions of the Mansions, ard a Genealogical Account i>f the Proprietors. In Six Volumes royal 8vo, price 21. 10s. each, half-bound, or in royal 4tP, with proof impressions of the Plates on India paper, price 51. each. These Six Volumes contaiu 432 Views of some of the most splendid Mansions in the United Kingdom. A SECOND SERIES OF VIEWS, in Continuation of the above Work, is now in course of Publication, in Monthly Parts, Price 4=. each Part in royal 8ro. or in 4to. with proof impressions of the Plates on India paper, 8s. y Published- by Sherwood and Co. London. CHRONOLOGY. The UNIVERSAL CHRONOLOGIST, and HISTORICAL REGISTER, from the Creation to the close of the Year 1825. By HENRY BOYLE. 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