2ffje§fi «ffi%; iCrlB\^4V^v* *AT J. PIERPONT MORGAN PUBLICATION FUND REPORTS OF THE PRINCETON UNIVERSITY EXPEDITIONS TO PATAGONIA, 1896-1899 J. B. HATCHER IN CHARGE EDITED BY WILLIAM B. SCOTT BLAIR PROFESSOR OF GEOLOGY AND PALAEONTOLOGY, PRINCETON UNIVERSITY VOLUME II, i ZOOLOGY PRINCETON, N. J. THE UNIVERSITY STUTTGART SCHWEIZERBART'SCHE VERLAGSHANDLUNG (E. NAGELE) 1904-27 J. PIERPONT MORGAN PUBLICATION FUND REPORTS OF THE PRINCETON UNIVERSITY EXPEDITIONS TO PATAGONIA 1896-1899 VOLUME II. ORNITHOLOGY BY WILLIAM EARL DODGE SCOTT ASSOCIATED WITH R. BOWDLER SHARPE PRINCETON UNIVERSITY BRITISH MUSEUM NATURAL HISTORY PRINCETON, N. J. THE UNIVERSITY STUTTGART SCHWEIZERBART'SCHE VERLAGSHANDLUNG (E. NAGELE) 1904-15 LANCASTER PRESS, INC. LANCASTER, PA. TABLE OF CONTENTS, VOL. II Page Class AVES ..... l Subclass RATIT& . . i Order RHEIFORMES . i Family RHEID^E .... i Genus Rhea .... I Subclass CARINATM . . 16 Order TINAMIFORMES . . 16 Family TINAMIOE 16 Subfamily TINAMIN& ... 16 Genus Rhynchotus ....... 17 Genus Nothura ...... 20 Subfamily TINAMOTWINM 28 Genus Calopezus ...... 28 Genus Tinamotis ........ 31 Order COLUMBIFORMES . . . ... 32 Suborder COLUMBM .... . . 33 Family COLUMBIM: ..... 33 Subfamily COLUMBINES, 33 Genus Columba ...... 33 Family PERISTERUXE ......... 39 Subfamily ZEN AIDING. 39 Genus Zenaida ........ 39 Order RALLIFORMES . . 43 Family RALLID^; ......... 43 Subfamily RALLINM ......... 43 Genus Rallus ......... 43 Genus Limnopardalis .... 46 Genus Ortygops .... 48 Subfamily FULICIN^E 5° Genus Fulica. .... 5° Order PODICIPEDIDIFORMES . ... 58 Family PODICIPEDID/E ........ 58 Genus Podicipes ...... 58 Genus ^Echmophorus ...... 73 Genus Podilymbus ......... 78 VI CONTENTS Order SPHENISCIFORMES 85 Family SPHENISCID^: .......... 85 Genus Aptenodytes ......... 85 Genus Pygoscelis . . ....... 91 Genus Catarrhactes ......... 96 Genus Spheniscus .......... 106 Order PROCELLARIIFORMES .... .114 Family PROCELLARIID^E .........114 Subfamily OCEANITIN& . ' . . . , . . . 114 Genus Oceanites . . . . . . . . . 114 Genus Garrodia . . ...... 117 Genus Fregetta ......... 122 Family PUFFINIOE 128 Subfamily PUFFINM 128 Genus Puffinus ......... 128 Genus Priofinus . . . . . . . . . 133 Genus Thalassceca . . . . . . . . . 136 Genus Priocella ........ 138 Genus Majaqueus ......... 142 Genus Pagodroma . . . . . , . , . 144 Subfamily FULMARIN^E 147 Genus Ossifraga . . . . . , . . . 147 Genus Daption ......... 150 Genus Halobana ......... 153 Genus Prion .......... 157 Family PELECANOIM: . 160 Genus Pelecanoides . . . . . . . . . 160 Family DIOMEDEID/E .......... 165 Genus Diomedea .......... 165 Genus Ph&betria .......... 174 Order LARI FORMES .... 176 Family LARID^E .......... 176 Subfamily STERNIN& ........ 176 Genus Gelochelidon . . . . . . . . 176 Genus Sterna. ......... 180 Subfamily RHYNCHOPIN^E 193 Genus Rhynchops . . . . . . . . . 193 Subfamily LARINM ......... 198 Genus Larus ....... 198 Genus Leucophceus . . 222 CONTENTS Vll Family STERCORARIID^; 226 Genus Megalestris. ......... 226 Order CHARADRIIFORMES 234 Suborder CHIONIDES 234 Family CHIONIDID^E 234 Genus Chionis ......... 234 Suborder ATTAGIDES . . 239 Family THINOCORYTHID^; 239 Genus Attagis ......... 239 Genus Thinocorys ......... 245 Suborder CHARADRII . . 253 Family CHARADRIID^; 253 Subfamily ARENARIIN^E 253 Genus Arenaria . . . . . . . . . 253 Subfamily H&MATOPODIN& ....... 265 Genus Hamatopus ........ 265 Subfamily LOBIVANELLIN^E 274 Genus Oreophilus ........ 274 Subfamily CHARADRIINM 278 Genus Belanopterus . . . . • . . . . 278 Genus Zonibyx ........ 285 Genus JEgialiiis ........ 292 Genus Pluvianellus ........ 297 • Subfamily TOTANINM 300 Genus Numenius ........ 300 Genus Limosa ......... 304 Genus Totanus . . . . . . . . 309 Subfamily SCOLOPACIN& ....... 316 Genus Calidris . . . . . . ... 316 Genus Heteropygia ........ 320 Genus Ancylochilus ........ 330 Genus Gallinago ........ 332 Genus Rostratula . . . . . . . .341 Subfamily PHALAROPODIN& ....... 345 Genus Steganopus ........ 345 Order ARDEIFORMES 349 Suborder PLATALEM . . 349 Family IBIDID/E .......... 349 Genus Therislicus ......... 349 Genus Plegadis ......... 355 viii CONTENTS Family PLATALEID.E 361 Genus Ajaja ....... 361 Suborder CICONIM . . . . 366 Family Cicomnxfi . . . 366 Subfamily TANTALIN& .... ... 366 Genus Tantalus ... . . . 366 Subfamily CICONIINM 370 Genus Euxenura ... . . 370 Suborder ARDEM ... . . . 375 Family ARDEID^E 375 Genus Ardea .......... 375 Genus Herodias . . . . . . . . . 379 Genus Florida ......... 382 Genus Nycticorax ......... 387 Genus Butorides . . . ... . . . . 395 Genus Ardetta . . . . . . . . . 399 Order PHCENICOPTERIFORMES . 403 Family PHCENICOPTERID^E ......... 403 Genus Phcenicopterus ......... 403 Order ANSERIFORMES ... .407 Family ANATID^E .......... 407 Subfamily CYGNIN& ......... 407 Genus Cygnus ......... 407 Genus Coscoroba ......... 413 Subfamily CHENONETTINM . . . . . . . . 416 Genus Chloephaga ......... 416 Subfamily ANATIN& ......... 443 Genus Anas .......... 443 Genus Mareca ......... 450 Genus Nettium ......... 456 Genus Dafila . . • . . . . . . . . 459 Genus Pcecilonetta ......... 464 Genus Querquedula. ........ 468 Genus Spatula ......... 477 Subfamily FULIGULIN^E ........ 482 Genus Metopiana ......... 482 Genus Tachyeres ......... 487 Subfamily ERISMATURINM ........ 500 Genus Erismatura . . . . . . . . .501 CONTENTS IX Order PELECANIFORMES . . .... 505 Family PHALACROCORACID^E 505 Genus Phalacrocorax ......... 505 Order CATHARTIDIFORMES . . . 525 Family CATHARTICS 525 Genus Vultur . . . . . . . . . . 525 Genus Coragyps ....... 54° Genus Cathartes .......... 546 Order ACCIPITRIFORMES . 555 Family FALCONID^; 555 Subfamily POLYBORINM 555 Genus Polyborus ......... 555 Genus Ibycter ........ 566 Genus Milvago ........ 582 Subfamily ACCIPITRIN^E 588 Genus Circus. ......... 588 Genus Accipiter . . . . . . . . . 605 Subfamily B UTEONIN& 609 Genus Heterospizias . . . . . . . • 610 Genus Tachytriorchis . . . . . . . .616 Genus Buteo .......... 622 Genus Harpyhaliatus ........ 652 Subfamily AQUILINM 654 'Genus Falco .......... 655 Genus Cerchneis ........ 666 Order STRIGI FORMES . 673 Family STRIGIDS .... 673 Genus Asia ........ 673 Genus Btibo 683 Genus Strix 692 Genus Speotyto ..... 696 Genus Glaucidium ...... 7°7 Family TYTONIDS .... 712 Genus Tyto 7" Order PSITTACIFORMES .... 7*9 Family PSITTACID.E ... 7r9 Subfamily ARIN^E .... 7^9 Genus Cyanoliseus . . . . . . . . 7J9 Genus Microsittace ........ 722 CONTENTS Suborder HALCYONES .... .... 724 Family ALCEDINID.E 724 Subfamily ALCEDININM 724 Genus Ceryle ......... 725 Suborder CAPRIMULGI . 726 Family CAPRIMULGID.E ......... 726 Subfamily CAPRIMULGIN& 726 Genus Stenopsis ........ 726 Suborder TROCHILI . . .... 727 Family TROCHILID/E ......... 727 Genus Eustephanus ........ 728 Genus Patagona ......... 730 Suborder PICI ........... 733 Family PICID^E .......... 733 Subfamily PICIN& 733 Genus Colaptes ........ 733 Genus Dryobates ....... 737 Genus Ipocrantor ........ 738 Order PASSERIFORMES . .... . 742 Suborder MESOMYODI 742 Division TRACHEOPHON/E ... . 743 Family PTEROPTOCHID^; 743 Genus Scytalopus ........ 743 Genus Scelorchilus ........ 746 Genus Rhinocrypta ........ 747 Genus Teledromas ........ 749 Genus Hylactes ........ 750 Family DENDROCOLAPTID^E ....... 753 Subfamily FURNARIIN& 753 Genus Geositta ........ 753 Genus Upucerthia .... . 758 Genus Cinclodes ....... 760 Genus Enicornis . . .... 765 Subfamily SYNALLAXIN& 767 Genus Aphrastura ....... 767 Genus Sylviorthorhynchus ...... 769 Genus Phlosocryptes ....... 770 Genus Leptasthenura ....... 772 Genus Siptornis ....... 773 CONTENTS XI Subfamily PHILYDORIN& 779 Genus Anumbius . . . . . 780 Genus Pseudoseisura . . .... 780 Subfamily MARGARORNITHIN& 782 Genus Pygarrhicus ....... 782 Division OLIGOMYODyE 783 Family TYRANNHXE 783 Genus Agriornis ........ 784 Genus Myiotheretes ........ 786 Genus Tcenioptera ........ 787 Genus Phaotriccus . . . . . . . .791 Genus Knipolegus . . . . . . . . 792 Genus Lichenops .... ... 793 Genus Muscisaxicola ....... 794 Genus Lessonia ........ 798 Genus Myiosympotes . . . . . . . 800 Genus Stigmatum ........ 800 Genus Serpophaga . . . . . . . .801 Genus Anairetes ........ 802 Genus Tachuris ........ 805 Genus Elanea ......... 807 Genus Pyrocephalus . . . . . . . . 810 Family PHYTOTOMID^E 811 Genus Phytotoma . . . . . . . .811 PASSERES NORMALES 812 Family HIRUNDINID^; ........ 813 Subfamily HIRUNDININM. . . . . . . 813 Genus Iridoprocne . . . . . . . . 813 Genus Prague . . . . . . . . . 816 Genus Pygochelidon . . . . . . . . 816 Family TROGLODYinxE . . . . . . . . 818 Genus Troglodytes . . . . . . . . 818 Genus Cistothorus . . . . . . . . 819 Family MIMID^E 820 Genus Mimus . . . . . . . . . 820 Family TURDID.E 823 Genus Turdus ....... . 823 Family MOTACILLID^E 827 Genus Anthus. . . . ... . . . 827 xii CONTENTS Family FRINGILLHXE 830 Genus Spinus .......... 830 Genus Sicalis .......... 832 Genus Brachyspiza ......... 834 Genus Embernagra ..... ... 836 Genus Phrygilus .......... 836 Genus Diuca .......... 845 Genus Gubernatrix ......... 847 Genus Passer .......... 848 Family ICTERID^E .......... 848 Genus Molothrus .......... 848 Genus Agelaius .......... 850 Genus Trupialis .......... 851 Genus Notiopsar .......... 854 POSTSCRIPT 856 DATES OF PUBLICATION OF THE PARTS OF VOLUME II The dates of issue as printed on the inside of the covers of the various parts are approxi- mations made in advance and in each case antedate by a few days the time of actual issue to the subscribers. These dates should therefore be corrected as follows: Pp. 1-112, published August 3, 1904 Pp. 113-344, published March n, 1910 PP- 345-504. published April i, 1912 Pp- 505-718, published July 8, 1915 Pp. 719-857, published February 15, 1928 J. PIERPONT iMORGAN PUBLICATION FUND Reports of ! Princeton University Expeditions to Patagonia, 1896-1899 J. B. HATCHER IN CHARGE EDITED BY WILLIAM B. SCOTT BLAIR PROFESSOR OF GEOLOGY AND PALAEONTOLOGY, PRINCETON UNIVERSITY VOLUME II ORNITHOLOGY PART I. RHEID^,— SPHENISCID^ LY AM EARL DODGE SCOTT ASSOCIATED WITH R. BOWDLER SHARPE PRINCETON UNIVERSITY BRITISH MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY (Pp. I-I12) PRINCETON, N. J. THE UNIVERSITY STUTTGART E. SCHWEIZERBART'SCHE VERLAGSHANDLUNG (E. NAGELE) 1904 ,/u/i/ 28, I'm'/. Class AVES. Subclass RATIT^E. *• Struthiones, Lath. Ind. Orn. II. p. 662, Ordo VI. (1790). Ratitce, Merrem, Abhandl. Akad. Wissensch. Berlin, 1812-13, Physik. Kl. p. 259. Cursores, part, Illig. Prodr. p. 246 (1811). Proceri (familia), Illig. Prodr. p. 246 (1811). Megistanes (familia), Vieill. Analyse, p. 53 (1816). Brevipenes (familia), Cuv. Regn. An. I. p. 459 (1817). Proceres, Sundev. Meth. nat. Av. disp. Tent. p. 151 (1872). Struthionifonnes, Seebohm, Classif. Bds. p. 44 (1890). Ratitee, Sharpe, Classif. Bds. p. 67 (1891); id. Hand-List Bds. I. p. i (1899). Palceognathce, Pycraft, Trans. Zool. Soc. xv. pp. 149-290, pis. Ixii-lv (1900).. Order RHEIFORMES. Sharpe, Classif. Birds, p. 67 (1891) ; id. Hand-List Bds. I. p. i (1899). Family RHEID.E. Salvadori, Cat. Birds, Brit. Mus. XXVII. p! 570 (1895) ; Sharpe, Hand- List Bds. p. i (1899). Genus RHEA Latham. Type. Rhea, Lath. Ind. Orn., i. p. 665, gen. Ixiii. (1790) ; Bonn. Enc. Meth. i. Introd. p. xcii (1790) ; Salvadori, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus. xxvii. p. 577 (1896) ; Sharpe, Hand- List Bds. I, p. i (1899) R. americana. (i) 354 G36 !,-?* -: 2 PATAGONIAN EXPEDITIONS : ZOOLOGY. Tonjou, Lacepede, Mem. Inst. iii. p. 519, gen. 128 (1801) (= Rhea, Lath.). Tuj^ls, Rafinesque, Analyse, p. 70 (1815). Pterocnemia, G. R. Gr. Hand-list, iii. p. 2, subgen. 2460 (1871) R. darwini. Pterocnemys, Sclat. & Salv. Nomencl. Av. Neotrop. p. 154 (1873) ( = Pterocnemia, Gr.). Geographical Range. — Confined to South America. RHEA AMERICANA (Linnaeus). Nhandu-gnacu brasiliensibus, Marcgr. Hist. Nat. Bras. p. 190 (1648). Struthio camelus americanus, Ray Syn. Av. p. 36 (1713). Struthio americanus, Linn. Syst. Nat. I. p. 155 (1758). Rhea, Briss. Orn. V. p. 8 (1760). Struthio rhea, Linn. Syst. Nat. I. p. 266 ( 1 766) ; Molino, Sagg. St. Nat. Chil. p. 232 (1782 : pt). Touyou, Buff. Hist. Nat. Ois. I. p. 452 (1770). Rhea americana, Lath. Ind. Orn. II. p. 665 (1790); Drap. Diet. Class d'Hist. Nat. XIV. p. 449 (1828); Darw. P. Z. S. 1837, P- 36 (south of Rio Negro); Gould, Voy. "Beagle," Birds, p. 120 (1841: La Plata); Darwin, t. c. p. 121 note; Gray, Gen. B. III. p. 527 (1844); Burm. J. f. O. 1860, p. 260 (Mendoza) ; id. La Plata Reis II. p. 500 (1861); Scl. Trans. Zool. Soc. IV. p. 355, pi. LXVIII (1862); Booking, Archiv fur Naturg. XXIX. p. 213 (1863); Cunningh. Ibis, 1868, p. 126 (Patagonia) ; Sternb. J. f. O. 1869, p. 275 (Buenos Ayres) ; Holtz, op. cit. 1870, p. 24 (egg); Gray, Handl. B. III. p. i, no. 9842 (1871); Cunningh. P. Z. S. 1871, pp. 105-110, pis. VI, VIA (osteology); Huds. P. Z. S. 1872, p. 535 (Patagonia); Sper- ling, Ibis, 1872, p. 78; Scl. & Salv. Nomencl. Av. Neotrop. p. 154 (1873); Garrod, P. Z. S. 1873, pp. 470, 644 (anatomy); Harting, Ostriches and Ostr. Farm. pp. 55-84 cum tab. (1877); Beerbohm, Wanderings in Patagonia, p. 52 (1879); id. Ibis, 1879, p. 386; Schmidt, P. Z. S. 1880, p. 315 (duration of life) ; Gibson, Ibis, 1880, p. 167 (Cape San Antonio, Buenos Ayres); Durnf. t. c. p. 414 (Buenos Ayres); Forbes, P. Z. S. 1881, p. 784 (anatomy); Doer- AVES RHEID^E. 3 ing, Expl. al Rio Negro, Zool. Aves p. 58 (1881) ; Gibson, Ibis, 1885, p. 283 (Uruguay); Gadow, P. Z. S. 1885, pp. 308-322 (an- atomy) ; Beddard, t. c. p. 389 (anatomy) ; Scl. & Huds. Arg. Orn. II. p. 216 (1889); Oust. Miss. Scient. Cap Horn, Ois., p. B. 323 (1891); Evans, Ibis, 1891, p. 85 (incubation); Graham Kerr, Ibis 1892, p. 151 (Gran Chaco, Rio Pilcomayo) ; Holland, t. c. p. 214 (Estancia Espartilla, Buenos Ayres) ; Scl. P. Z. S. 1892, p. 472 (in confinement); Aplin, Ibis, 1894, p. 214 (Uruguay); Salvad. Cat. B. Brit. Mus. XXVII. p. 578 (1895); Sharpe, Hand-list B. I. p. i (1899); Carbajal, La Patagonia, Part II. -p. 250 (1900); Pycraft, Trans. Zool. Soc. XV. pp. 154, 155, fig. D (1900); Gates, Cat. Bds. Eggs, Brit. Mus., I. p. i (1901) ; Mitchell, Trans. Linn. Soc. (2) VIII. p. 182 (1901 : Intestinal tract) ; De Guerne, C. R. Congr. Orn. III. pp. 52-61 (1901); Pycraft, Journ. Linn. Soc. Zool. XXVIII. pi. 31, fig. 2 (1901) ; Fothergill, Avicult. Mag. VIII. p. 127, pi. E (1902). American Rhea, Lath. Syn. Suppl. II. p. 292, pi. 137 (1801). Ckuri Nandu Avestruz, Azara, Apunt. III. p. 89 (1805). Rhea rhea, Illig. Prodr. p. 247 (1811). Autruche d' Amerique, d'Ambournay, Prec. anal, des Trav. de 1'Acad. roy de Rouen VI. pp. 142-144 (1819). Rhea nandu, Less. Man. d'Orn. II. p. 208 (1828). Rhea albescens, Arrib. & Holmb., El Natural. Argent. I. pp. 1-4 (1878: Carhue, Buenos Ayres). GENERAL DESCRIPTION. Size. —Adult male. FlG- '• Total length, about 52 inches. Bill from gape, 4.5 inches. Tarsus, 11-12 inches. Color. — General color gray. Head : Blackish or dusky above. Neck: Grayish white, the feathers having black shafts. A black or dusky band along the nape, which becomes Rhea americana. Profile. ^ natural size. a broad patch between the shoulders. The under part of the basal portion of the neck is dusky or black, from PATAGONIAN EXPEDITIONS: ZOOLOGY. which area proceed two lateral crescents of like color, one on either side of the breast. Wings : Short and imperfect. Secondaries brown on the apical part, some of the inner ones partly and others, a few generally, wholly white. Tail not apparent. Rump whitish. Lower parts in general, whitish. Legs: Feathered portion whitish. Feet and unfeathered portion yel- lowish horn brown, darkest on the tarsus. Metatarsus with transverse scutes throughout entire length. (See fig. 2.) Bill : Yellow horn brown. Iris : Dark hazel brown. Adult female paler in color than male. Geographical Range. — From central Brazil, south- ward throughout Argentina. FIG. 2. The collection made by Mr. Hatcher did not include individuals of this species, but he tells me that the birds were met with a number of times, that some were pre- served and afterward destroyed by vermin while in storage awaiting shipment. So far as known the habits of Rhea americana are not to be distinguished from its near ally, Rhea dar- wini, Gould. It seems probable that Rhea americana occurs spar- ingly and locally throughout Patagonia, where it is replaced by the more common Rhea darwini. Darwin in the account of his travels in Southern South America dwelt so fully on the habits and modes of life of the Rhea and its close ally, R. darwini that extracts are here appended as follows: "The bird is well known to abound on the plains of La Plata. To the north it is found according to Azara, in Paraguay, where, however, it is not common ; to the south its limit appears to be from 42° to 43°. It has not crossed the Cordillera ; but I have seen it within the first range of mountains on the Uspallata plain, elevated between six and seven Lower leg of Rhea americana, showing feathering and scute pattern. \ natural size. AVES RHEID^E. 5 thousand feet. The ordinary habits of the ostrich are well known. They feed on vegetable matter, such as roots and grass ; but at Bahia Blanca I have repeatedly seen three or four come down at low water to the exten- sive mud-banks which are then dry, for the sake, as the Gauchos say, of catching small fish. Although the ostrich in its habits is so shy, wary and solitary, and although so fleet in its pace, it falls a prey, without much difficulty to the Indian or Gaucho armed with the bolas. When several horsemen appear in a semicircle, it becomes confounded, and does not know which way to escape. They generally prefer running against the wind ; yet at the first start they expand their wings, and like a vessel make all sail. On one fine hot day I saw several ostriches enter a bed of tall rushes, where they squatted concealed, till quite closely approached. It is not generally known that ostriches readily take to the water. Mr. King informs me that in Patagonia, at the Bay of San Bias and at Port Valdes, he saw these swimming several times from island to island. They ran into the water, both when driven down to a point, and likewise of their own accord, when not frightened ; the distance crossed was about 200 yards. When swimming, very little of their bodies appear above water, and their necks are extended a little forward ; their progress is slow. On two occasions, I saw some ostriches swimming across the Santa Cruz river, where it was about four hundred yards wide, and the stream rapid. Capt. Sturt (Sturt's 'Travels,' vol. ii, p. 74), when descending the Merrumbedgee, in Australia, saw two emus in the act of swimming." "The inhabitants who live in the country readily distinguish, even at a distance, the male bird from the female. The former is larger and darker coloured, and has a larger head. The ostrich, I believe the cock, emits a singular, deep-toned, hissing note. When first I heard it, stand- ing in the midst of some sand-hillocks, I thought it was made by some wild beast, for it is a sound that one cannot tell whence it comes, or from how far distant. When we were at Bahia Blanca in the months of September and October, the eggs were found in extraordinary numbers, all over the country. They either lie scattered single, in which case they are never hatched, and are called by the Spaniards, huachos, or they are collected together into a shallow excavation, which forms the nest. Out of the four nests, which I saw, three contained twenty-two eggs each, and the fourth twenty-seven. In one day's hunting on horseback sixty-four eggs were found ; forty-four of these were in two nests, and the remain- 6 PATAGONIAN EXPEDITIONS: ZOOLOGY. ing twenty scattered huachos. The Gauchos unanimously affirm, and there is no reason to doubt their statement, that the male bird alone hatches the eggs, and for some time after accompanies the young. The cock when on the nest lies very close ; I have myself almost ridden over one. It is asserted that at such times they are occasionally fierce, and even dangerous, and that they have been known to attack a man on horseback, trying to kick and leap on him. My informer pointed out to me an old man, whom he had seen much terrified by one chasing him. I observe, in Burchell's travels in South Africa (Burchell's Travels, Vol. I, p. 280), that he remarks, 'having killed a male ostrich, and the feathers being dirty, it was said by the Hottentots to be a nest bird.' I under- stand that the male emu, in the Zoological Gardens, takes care of the nest ; this habit therefore is common to the family. "The Gauchos unanimously affirm that several females lay in one nest. I have been positively told that four or five hen birds have been actually watched and seen to go, in the middle of the day, one after the other, to the same nest. I may add, also, that it is believed in Africa, that two or more females lay in one nest. Although this habit at first appears very strange, I think the cause may be explained in a simple manner. The number of eggs in the nest varies from twenty to forty, and even to fifty ; and according to Azara to seventy or eighty. Now although it is most probable, from the number of eggs found in one district being so extra- ordinarily great, in proportion to that of the parent birds, and likewise from the state of the ovarium of the hen, that she may in the course of the season lay a large number, yet the time required must be very long. Azara states (Vol. IV, p. 173) that a female in a state of domestication laid seventeen eggs, each at the interval of three days one from another. If the hen were obliged to hatch her own eggs, before the last was laid, the first probably would be addled ; but if each laid a few eggs at successive periods, in different nests, and several hens, as is stated to be the case, combined together, then the eggs in one collection would be nearly of the same age. If the number of eggs in one of these nests is, as I believe, not greater on an average than the number laid by one female in a season, then there must be as many nests as females, and each cock bird will have its fair share of the labour of incubation ; and this during a period when the females probably could not sit, on account of not having finished laying. Lichtenstein, however ("Travels," Vol. II, p. 25), states that the hens AVES RHEID/E. begin to set when ten or twelve eggs are laid, and that they afterwards continue laying. He affirms that by day the hens take turns in setting, but that the cock sits all night." "I have before mentioned the great number of huachos, or scattered eggs, so that in one day's hunting the third part found were in this state. It appears odd that so many should be wasted. Does it not arise from some difficulty in several females associating together, and in finding a male ready to undertake the office of incubation ? It is evident that there must at first be some degree of association between at least two females ; otherwise the eggs would remain scattered at distances far too great to allow of the male collecting them into one nest. Some authors believe that the scattered eggs are deposited for the young birds to feed on. This can hardly be the case in America, because the huachos, although often found addled and putrid, are generally whole." (Darwin, "Voyage of H. M. S. Beagle," Birds, p. 120-123. 1841.) Major H. Fothergill (Avicult. Mag. VIII. p. 127) writes: "My experi- ence with these birds, during many years, is as follows : The hen lays her eggs promiscuously about the field, and her mate with his beak collects them into a hollow, which he scoops out in the ground. He then sits and hatches out the young birds in 42 days. The female has nothing further to do with the matter, and, in fact, is apt to tease her mate and cause trouble if not removed into another field. The male Rhea becomes ex- ceedingly savage and dangerous during the breeding season, and, at that time of the year, makes a loud, booming sound, which I have heard quite a mile away. The female makes no sound whatever. " I have had an interesting experience with my pair of old Rheas. The female laid twenty-three eggs, some of them many weeks after the male had commenced to sit. After sitting the usual six weeks he hatched out six strong little birds and left the nest with these. I took nine eggs which remained in the nest and placed them under large barn-door fowls, one of which hatched out two young Rheas shortly afterwards. On the appear- ance of these strange youngsters, when the eggs burst open in two halves with a slight explosion, the hen immediately rushed away with a cry of terror, leaving the chicks to their fate. I thereupon wrapped them in flannel until the evening when they were put under the male Rhea, who took to them all right." 8 PATAGONIAN EXPEDITIONS I ZOOLOGY. RHEA DARWINI Gould. Emu near to the Strait of Magellan, Dobrizhoffer, Account of the Albi- pones (Engl. transl.) I. p. 314 (1784). Troisieme espece d'Autruche, d'Orb. Bull. Soc. Nat. XIX. p. 221 (1829); id. Ann. Soc. Nat. XXI. Revue Bibliogr. p. 16 (1830). Ilhui of the Patagonians, d'Orb. 11. cc. Cosquella of the Pampas, d'Orb. 11. cc. Rhea n. sp. Darwin Letters, p. 16 (1834) [teste Gray, Gen. B. III. p. Rhea pennata, d'Orb. Voy. Amer. Merid. Itin. II. pp. 67 194 212, 303 note (1835-1838: descr. nulla) ; id. Archiv fur Naturg. V. p. 56 (1839); Wiegm. t. c. p. 56 note; Gray, List B. Brit. Mus. p. 54 (1844); Thienem. Fortpflanz. gez. Vogel. Erst. Heft. p. 4 taf. ii fig. 2, egg (1845); Chenuet Des Murs, Encd'Hist. Nat. Ois. VI. p. 303. Rhea darwinii, Gould, P. Z. S. 1837, P- 35 (Patagonia); Darw. t. c. p. 36 (Rio Negro); Charlsw. Mag. Nat. Hist. (2) I. p. 504 (1837); Ed. Mag. Zool. & Bot. II. pp. 92, 93 (1838); Gould, Isis, XXXII. p. 144 (1839); id. Voy. "Beagle," Birds, p. 123, pi. XLVII (1841); Gray, Gen. B. III. p. 527, pi. .138 (1844); Reichenb. Syn. Av. Gallin. tab. 388 figs. 2196-97 (1848); Hartl. J. f. O. 1854, B. pp. LXII, LXIII; Burm. Syst. Uebers. Thier. Bras. III. p. 352 (1856); Bp. C. R. XLIII. p. 841 (1856); Scl. Ibis, 1859, p. 115; id. P. Z. S. 1860, pp. 207-210, fig. 3; id. Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. (3) VI. pp. 142, 144 fig. 3 (1860); id. Ibis, 1860, p. 310; id. Trans. Zool. Soc. IV. p. 357 % 3 (head), pi. LXX (1862); Leadb. P. Z. S. 1863, p. i (egg: Patagonia); Schl. De Dierent. p. 327 fig. (1864); Phil. & Landb. An. Univ. Chile, XXXI, p. 240 (1868: Patagonia); Holz. J. f. O. 1870, p. 20 (egg); Gray, Handl. B. III. p. 2, no. 9844 (1871 : S. Pata- gonia) ; Cunningh. P. Z. S. 1871, pp. 105-110, pis. VI, VIA (oste- ology); id. Nat. Hist. Str. Magell. p. 134 (1871); Huds. P. Z. S. 1871, p. 534; Schl. Mus. Pays Bas, Struth. p. 7 (1873); Leyb. Excurs. Pamp. Arg. p. 85 (1873); Gigl. Viagg. Magenta, pp. 955, 962 (1875); Martens, J. f. O. 1875, p. 444; Harting, Ostriches & Ostr. Farm. pp. 85-92 (1877); Durnf. Ibis, 1877, p. 46 (Chupat Valley); id. Ibis, 1878, p. 406 (Central Patagonia); Beerbohm, Wand. Patagonia, pp. 50-52 (1879); id. Ibis, 1879, p. 385; Doering, Expl. AVES RHEID^E. al Rio Negro, Zool. p. 58 (1881); Parker, P. Z. S. 1883, p. 141 (anatomy); Gadow, P. Z. S. 1885, pp. 308-322 (anatomy); Scl. t. c. p. 324 (egg); Ball, Notes of a Natural, in S. America, p. 261 (1887); Phil. Ornis. IV. p. 159 (1888; Atacampa); Scl. & Huds. Arg. Orn. II. p. 219 (1889); Scl. P. Z. S. 1890, p. 412 (Tarapaca); Oust. Mis. Scient. Cap Horn. Ois. p. 247 (1891); Scl. P. Z. S. 1891, pp. 132, I37> 334 (Canchosa); id. P, Z. S. 1892, p. 472 (in confinement); James, New List Chil. B. p. 14 (1892: Tarapaca); Blaauw. P. Z. S. 1893 p. 532 (nidification); Schal. J. f. O. 1894, p. n (eggs); Salvad. Cat. B. Brit. Mus. XXVII. p. 582 (1895); Nath. J. f. O. 1896, p. 257 (eggs); Lane, Ibis, 1897, p. 316 (Andes of northern Chile); Schal. Zool. Jahrb. Suppl. IV. p. 646 (1898: Punta Arenas); Sharpe, Handl. B. I. p. i (1899); Martens, Vog. Hamb. Magalh. Sammelr. p. 23 (1900; Tarapaca); Carabajal, La Patagonia Part II. p. 250 (1900); Salvad. Ann. Mus. Genov. (2) XX. p. 634 (1900); Gates, Cat. Bds. Eggs, Brit. Mus. I. p. 2 (1901); Prichard, Thr. Heart Patagonia,1 pp. 63, 136, 163, 239 (1902). Avesting petizo, Gosse, Bull. Soc. Acclim. III. p. 297 (1856). Rhea americana subsp. darwinii, Bocking, Archiv fur Naturg. XXIX. p. 213 (1863). Struthio darwini, Sternb. J. f. O. p. 274 (1869) (Buenos Ayres). Pterocnemis darwinii, Scl. & Salv. Nomencl. Av. Neotrop. p. 154 (1873). Avestruz petise, Darw. Natural. Voy. round the World, pp. 92-94 (1882). FIG. 3. GENERAL DESCRIPTION. Size. — Adult male. Total length, about 36 inches. Bill from gape, 3.6 inches. Tarsus 10.5 to 11 inches. Princeton University collection, No. 6,704. Color. — General color buff-brown, the tips of many of the feathers of the back, and of all of the quills silvery white. Head : Grayish buff. The hairy long feathers of the brow, crown, sides of the face and occiput deep umber, giving a dusky appearance. 1 Full title, Through the Heart of Patagonia. Head of Rhea darwini. natural size. Profile. 10 PATAGONIAN EXPEDITIONS I ZOOLOGY. FIG. 4. The throat is pale buffish gray, the hairy long feathers being of the same shade. Neck : Exclusive of the throat the neck has a similar but noticeably darker ground color, the hairy long feath- ers are lacking but a general finely striped effect is produced by the dark brown median portion of each feather. Wings : Short and imperfect. Secondaries, dark buffish brown like the back and tipped extensively with silvery white. Tail not apparent. Rump brown, each feather with distinct silvery white tip. Lower parts dull grayish white. Legs : Feathered portion dull buffish brown. The feathers extend down on the metatarsus as shown in Fig. 4, then comes an area of small reticulate scutes and finally the lower part of the tarsus has transverse scutes. Bare portion of tarsus yellowish horn brown. Feet paler. Bill horn brown. Iris dark hazel. The female is similar to the male in size and color. Downy Young. — Princeton University col- lection, No. 7,853. Taken near Coy Inlet, Patagonia, 12 November, 1896. General character of down much like that of newly hatched ducklings. Color. — The head is grayish, the longest feathers darker, giving a general dusky effect. The neck is pale gray, almost white beneath. A dark stripe proceeds from the occiput down the back of the neck, becoming gradually darker, until where the neck joins the body . . 1 • • Rhea darwini. Downy chick. it is deep seal brown. This color also distm- ^ naturai size. From specimens guishes the back, but is broken by two clearly collected by Mr. Hatcher. Lower leg of Rhea darwini, showing feathering and scute pattern. FIG. 5. AVES RHEID/E. II defined white stripes, one on either side of a median region of seal brown. These three stripes, one dark and two white, are about half an inch in width and starting from just between the shoulders, end at the region of the tail. Beneath the general color is pale buffy white with a median stripe of dusky gray. The downy covering of the legs is buffy white, with a dark FIG. 6. FIG. 7. FIG. 8. Rlica danvini.. Lower leg of downy chick. Profile. Nat- ural size. Rhea danvini. Lower leg of downy chick. Front view. Natural size. Rhea darwini. Lower leg of downy chick. Back view. Natural size. seal brown area on the back and lighter and less clearly defined area near the front, on the exterior feathered part of each leg. The tarsus is feathered and scutellated precisely as in the adult bird. (See Figs. 6, 7 and 8.) Geographical Range. — Patagonia. Especially the southern half, be- coming less common in the more northern portions and extending to Tarapaca. A remarkable feature of the feet of the downy young is an extensive soft pad under each toe reaching from the nail to the juncture of the toes, and extending so far on each side of the toes as to give a webbed or semi-palmate appearance to the foot. (See Fig. 9. ) It is well known that both this species and the preceding one are vigor- ous swimmers, crossing wide and swift-flowing rivers and even passing 12 PATAGONIAN EXPEDITIONS I ZOOLOGY. from island to island in the sea, where the distance . is not great. The remarkable partial webbing of the feet in the downy young here noticed must be of great advantage to these weaker birds in fol- lowing the parent bird during such passages. FIG. 9. Several adults, immature, and nestlings have been received by the British Museum from the Valle del Lago Blanco, Chubut, January 10, 1900 ; collected by J. Koslowsky. Rhea darwini. The Princeton Expeditions obtained many adults of Foot of downy Rjiea darwini, Gould, and most of these were lost as pre- sh wiT th viously described (page 4 this volume). However, two pads. Natural adult and a brood of seven downy young form a series of great value and are herewith cited in detail : size. Form. P. U. O. Coll. No. Sex. Locality. Date. Collector. Skin. 7,985 ad. Mounted. 6,704 ad. L . Skin. 7,848 Juv. Near Coy Inlet, Patagonia. 1 2 November, 1 896. td 7,849 Juv. < HiH 7,850 Juv. < ffi H 7,85i Juv. f 0 ]gf 7,852 Juv. t wjth border of blackish brown and light fulvescent edge to each feather. A broad fulvescent stripe reaching from the bill back over the eye and defining the crown. Sides of head and face fulvescent, more or less obscurely and minutely spotted with dusky brown. AVES TINAMID.-E. FIG. 14. Neck : Above fulvescent and spotted or streaked minutely with dusky brown. Chin and upper throat immaculate white ; the lower throat and rest of under neck abruptly fulvescent and more coarsely marked with dusky brown than the top of the neck. Sides of the neck fulvescent, marked with dusky brown. Back : Clear pale yellowish or golden brown, each feather with a number of brown bars of varying shade, and with a whitish stripe on either edge just inside of the fulvescent or brownish edge mark of the feather (see fig. 14). Scapulars and lower back similar. The upper tail coverts though similar in color and pattern, are not very long but obscure the rudimentary rectrices. Wing : Most of the coverts similar in color and pattern to the back. Those of the primaries more golden brown, without the whitish streaks, but barred with arrow-shaped dark brown marks. The quills with the outer webs clearly marked with bars of pale creamy or fulvous and dark brown. The width of the light bars at least twice that of the dark ones. The outer primaries generally with plain inner webs, and the succeeding ones as well as the remainder of the quills with more or less fulvescent barring and marking on their inner webs, the inner- most secondaries becoming much like the feathers of the back in color and decoration. Lower Parts : Clear fulvous, the feathers of the breast spotted with dark brown forming an obscure pectoral band which extends down on the sides, where the markings assume a more barred character, which becomes defined further down on the sides and flanks. Lower wing coverts, lower tail coverts and axillaries clear fulvous. Bill : Dull yellowish brown. Iris : Dark hazel brown. Feet and Legs : Dull yellowish brown. The adult female (P. U. O. C. No. 8,627, San Luis, Argen- tine Republic, August, 1895, Museo de La Plata collection) is similar to the adult male in color and markings. Geographical Range. — Paraguay, Uruguay, southern Brazil, Argentina and extreme northern Patagonia (Hudson ; Valley of the Rio Negro). Nothura maculosa. Feather from back. Enlarged. FIG. 15. Nothura maculosa. Breast fea- ther. 24 PATAGONIAN EXPEDITIONS '. ZOOLOGY. The naturalists of the Princeton Expeditions did not meet with the spotted Tinamou. The description given is based on a pair obtained in the Province of Buenos Ayres through the courtesy of the Museo de La Plata, and also on the fine series in the British Museum of Natural History. The spotted Tinamou is included in the fauna of Patagonia on the strength of Hudson's observations on the Rio Negro, detailed in the Pro- ceedings of the Zoological Society of London for 1872, on pages 547 and 548. A summary is here appended with Dr. Sclater's comment as it occurs in the text. Mr. Hudson writes: "You will, perhaps, have doubt about this bird being a new species ; so great is its resemblance to the Perdiz comun \i. e., Nothura maculosa (Temm.) P. L. S.], the Lesser Partridge, common everywhere on the Pampas. After arriving in Patagonia, I was told by several persons residing there that there were two species of small Partridge ; one I found to be the Perdiz comun of Buenos Ayres, which frequents only the valley of the Rio Negro; the other was the smaller species, of which I send you several examples, and found only on the high tablelands. The adults of the last species resemble the young of the former; and after having observed them for several months, I am satisfied that they are not identical, nor varieties ; for they differ not only in size and coloring, but in habits. "I would far sooner consider the Progne chalybea and P. piirpurea, identical in size, language, and habits as these birds are, one species, than Perdiz chico and Perdiz comun. I will speak first of the Perdiz comun. This bird, so abundant everywhere on the Pampas closely resembles, in all its habits, the Perdiz grande, living entirely amongst grass, as the Rail does amongst reeds ; they are seen singly ; but a number of individuals are usually seen in proximity. They are tame in disposition, and move in a leisurely manner, uttering as they walk or run a succession of soft whistling notes. When numerous it is unnecessary to 'shoot them, as any number can be killed with a long whip or stick. This species has two distinct songs or calls, pleasing to the ear and heard all the year round ; one is a succession of twenty or thirty short, impressive notes of great compass, and ended by half a dozen rapidly uttered notes, beginning loud, and sinking lower till they cease ; the other call is a soft continuous trill, appearing to swell mysteriously in the air; for the hearer cannot tell whence it proceeds ; it lasts several seconds, then seems gradually to die away. AVES TINAMID^E. 25 "The female lays five or six eggs, in colour like those of Perdiz grande. The valley of the Rio Negro, usually nine or ten miles in width, is a flat plain, resembling the Buenos-Ayrean Pampa; and wherever long grass and weeds abound the call-notes of the Perdiz cotmm is heard winter and summer; but outside of the valley I have never met with it. "The Perdiz chico is nowhere very numerous, but seems thinly, and equally distributed everywhere on the high bush-covered tablelands, and, like the Martineta, is partial to places abounding in thin scrub. They have a shy disposition, and, when approached, spring up and run away with the same appearance of terror exhibited by the Martineta. Some- times, when running, they utter low whistling notes like the Perdiz comun; their flight is higher, and produces far less sound than that of Perdiz comun. They have but one call note — a succession of short notes, like those of the other species, but without the quick concluding notes ; this call is only heard in the breeding season. Its eggs are like those of the Pampa bird. It is never found in the moist, grassy places frequented by the Perdiz comun." I have included some remarks regarding Perdiz chico, of which Mr. Hudson sent skins to Dr. Sclater from the point in question. These were identified by Dr. Sclater as N. darwini. (Cf. footnote, P. Z. S., 1872, p. 547). The cpmparison of the two species by Mr. Hudson and his com- ments seem conclusive. Darwin speaks of two species of Nothura ; of Nothura major ( = N. tnac^tlosa} he says: "These birds are very common on the northern shores of the Plata. They do not rise in coveys, but generally by pairs. They do not conceal themselves nearly so closely as the English partridge, and hence great numbers may be seen in riding across the open, grassy plains. Note, a shrill whistle. It appears a very silly bird : a man on horseback, by riding round and round in a circle, or rather in a spire, so as to ap- proach closer each time, may knock on the head almost as many as he pleases. The more common method is to catch them with a running noose, or little lazo, made of the stem of an ostrich's feather, fastened to the end of a long stick. A boy on a quiet horse will frequently thus catch thirty or forty a day. The flesh of this bird, when cooked, is most delicately white, but rather tasteless." (Darwin, Zool. " Voy. Beagle," III, p. 119, 1841.) 26 PATAGONIAN EXPEDITIONS I ZOOLOGY. Mr. Barrows, writing of N. maculosa as he observed it, says : " This tailless little bird, hardly bigger than Ortyx virginianus, is an abundant resident bird all over the Argentine Republic. The only wonder is that it continues to be as abundant, for it is easily snared in many ways, and is hunted in every possible manner, while, according to the best evidence at hand, it rarely lays more than four eggs in one nest, and only raises one brood in the season. "Near Bahia Blanca, I found a nest containing fresh eggs on the loth of February, but this must have been an unusual case, and probably due to accident. The eggs are laid in make-shift nests on the ground from October to December." (Barrows, Auk, pp. 317, 318, 1884.) NOTHURA DARWINI Gray. Nothura minor, Darw. (nee Spix) Voy. "Beagle," Birds, p. 119 (1841 : Bahia Blanca). Nothura darwini, Gray, List Gall. Brit. Mus. p. 104 (1867: Bahia Blanca); id. Handb. B. III. p. 5, No. 9905 (1871); Scl. P. Z. S. 1872, p. 547, note (Rio Negro); Doering, Expl. al Rio Negro, Zool. Aves, p. 58 (1882: Rios Negro & Colorado) ; Burm. An. Mus. Nac. Buenos Aires, III. Part X. p. 245 (1888: Patagonia); Scl. & Huds. Argent. Orn. II. p. 213, pi. XX (1889) I Salvad. Cat. B. Brit. Mus. XXVII. p. 562, pi. XIX (1895); Sharpe, Hand-list B. I. p. 11 (1899) ; Gates, Cat. Bds. Eggs, Brit. Mus. I. p. 14 (1901). p g Perdiz chicho, Huds. P. Z. S. 1872, p. 547 (Rio Negro). Tinamus darwini, Gieb. Thes. Orn. III. p. 636 (1877). Nothura maculosa. Scl. & Huds. (nee Temm.), P. Z. S. 1872, p. 547 (Rio Negro) ; Salvin, Ibis, l873. P- 131. note; Durnf. Ibis, 1877, p. 45 (Chupat Valley) ; Schl. Mus. Pays Bas, Tinami, p. 44 (1880: Patagonia); Doering. Expl. al Rio Negro, Zool. Aves, p. 58 (1881 : Rio Colorado) ; **'*"* da:wini- Barrows, Auk, I. p. 318 (1884: Bahia Blanca); Profile head and neck. ^ ., r.T .J % natural size Burm. An. Mus. Nac. Buenos Aires, III. part X. p. 245 (1888: N. Patagonia); Frenzel, ]. f. O. 1891, p. 124 (Cordoba). AVES TINAMID/E. 27 Nothura perdicaria, Durnf. (nee Kittl.), Ibis, 1878, p. 405 (Chupat Valley and in the Valleys of the Sengel and Sengelen) ; Burm. An. Mus. Nac. Buenos Aires, III. part X. p. 245 (1888: Patagonia). GENERAL DESCRIPTION. Size. Male Adult. — Total length, about 10 inches. Wing, 5.2 inches. Culmen, 0.8 inches. Tarsus, 1.2 inches. The adult female is somewhat larger than the adult male. Color. Adult Male. — Similar in markings and color to N. maculosa, but paler and grayer below and without the clear white chin and upper throat. Much browner and darker above and the streaking of the feathers not whitish but fulvescent, and the mesial part of the feathers of the back chestnut brown and the barring almost black; all the markings as the upper parts much finer. Geographical Range. — Northern Patagonia and the Argentine Republic. Darwin's Tinamou was not obtained by the naturalists of the Princeton Expeditions. The description given is based on material in the British Museum of Natural History. Mr. Hudson's remarks on this bird and its habits have appeared under the last species, N. maculosa, as they seemed more pertinent in that con- nection. Of Nothura minor (= Nothura darwini] Darwin writes: " I procured a specimen of this bird at Bahia Blanca, in northern Pata- gonia, where it frequented the sand-dunes and the surrounding sterile plains. Its habits appear similar to the N. major, but it lies closer and does not so readily take to the wing. It is the smallest of the species mentioned in this work, and its plumage is less distinctly spotted. The egg of this bird is described below. Spix's specimens were obtained at Tijucco in Brazil. The figure in his work on the Birds of Brazil, differs slightly from mine, in being less marked on the breast." (Darwin, " Voy. H. M. S. Beagle," Zool. Bds., 1841, p. 119.) 28 PATAGONIAN EXPEDITIONS I ZOOLOGY. Subfamily TINAMOTIDIN^.. Salvad. Cat. B. Brit. Mus. Vol. XXVII. p. 566, 1895 ; Sharpe, Hand- List Bds. I. p. 12 (1899). Genus CALOPEZUS Ridgway. Type. Eudromia, Is. Geoffr., Mag. de Zool. 1832, Cl. II. text to pi. I (1832) (nee Eudromias, Boie) C. elegans. Calodromas, Sclat. & Salv. Nom. Av. Neotrop. pp. 153, 156 (1873) (nee Calodromus, Guerin, 1832) C. elegans. Calopeztts, Ridgw. Pr. Biol. Soc. Wash. II. p. 97 (1884) (= Calodromas} ; Salvadori, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus. XXVII. p. 566 (1895); Sharpe Hand-List Bds. I. p. 12 (1899). Geographical Range. — Argentine Republic and lower Uruguay. CALOPEZUS ELEGANS (d'Orbigny & Geoffrey Saint-Hilaire). Perdix martineta, Azara, Apunt. III. p. 31 (1805). Eudromia elegans, d'Orb. & Is. Geoffr. Mag. de Zool. 1832, pi. I (Pata- gonia); Fraser, P. Z. S. 1843, P- 116 (Mendoza) ; Hartl. Ind. Azara, p. 21 (1847); Bp. C. R. XLII. p. 88 1 (1856) ; Burm. J. f. O. 1858, p. 161, 1860, p. 259; id. La Plata Reise II. p. 498 (1861 : San Luis Mendoza) ; Gray, Handl. B. III. p. 6 no. 9910 (1871) ; Scl. & Huds. P. Z. S. 1872, pp. 547, 549 (Rio Negro) ; Leyb. Excurs. Pamp. Argent, p. — (1873); Martins, J. f. O. 1875, p. 443; Doering, Expl. al Rio Negro, Zool. Aves, p. 58 (1882: Rios Negro & Colorado) ; Burm. An. Mus. Nac. Buenos Ajres III. Part X. p. 245 (1888 : Pata- gonia), Part XI. p. 318 (1890: Chupat Valley). Tinamotis elegans, Gray, Gen. B. III. p. 525 (1844) ; Bridges, P. Z. S. 1847, P- 28 (Mendoza). Tinanms (Eudromia] elegans, Schl. Handl. Dierk. I. p. 399 (1857). Tinamus elegans, Schl. Dierent. p. 233 (1864). Calodromas elegans, Scl. & Salv. Nomencl. Av. Neotr. p. 153 (1873); Durnf. Ibis, 1877, p. 45 (Chupat Valley), 1878, p. 406 (Chupat Val- ley, resident); Scl. P. Z. S. 1879, p. 311 (eggs); id. Voy. Chall. II. AVES TINAMID^E. 29 Birds, p. 152 (1881); Barrows, Auk, I. p. 318 (1884: Bahia Blanca); Scl. & Huds. Argent. Orn. II. p. 214 (1889); Frenzel, J. f. O. 1891, p. 124 (Cordoba); Scl. Bull. Brit. Orn. Club, V. p. XXIX (1893), Ibis, 1893, p. 256; Aplin, Ibis, 1894, p. 213 (Uruguay, not observed); Scl. t. c. p. 453. Calopezus elegans, Ridgw. Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash. II. p. 97 (1884); Sal- vad. Cat. B. Brit. Mus. XXVII. p. 566 (1895); Sharpe, Hand-List, B. I. p. 12 (1899); Gates, Cat. Bds. Eggs, Brit. Mus. I. p. 14 (1901); Oust. C. R. Congr. Orn. III. p. 196 (1901 : breeding at S. Maria, N. Patagonia); Prich. Thr. Heart Patagonia, p. 49 (1902). GENERAL DESCRIPTION. Size. — Total length, 14.5 inches. Wing, 8.5 inches. Tail, 3.25 inches. Culmen, i.i inches. Tarsus, 1.9 inches. Color. — Head, grayish. A dusky or black median streak on each FIG. 17. FIG. 1 8. Calopeziis elegans. Profile. Calopezus elegans. Head and bill y^ natural size. from above. feather. A recurved vertical crest of dark brown or black feathers, some of which are edged with cinereous. Two whitish buff bands start from the region above the eye and run backward along the sides of the head. PATAGONIAN EXPEDITIONS : ZOOLOGY. A similar band proceeds from the base of the upper mandible across the sides of the face below the eye. Neck : Grayish. The two buffy white face streaks prolonged down- ward on the upper neck. Each feather of the gray parts of the back of the neck has a dusky median stripe, and on the under neck each feather has in addition two paler buffy stripes laterally and numerous obscure dusky cross bars. Back : Grayish, profusely banded and spotted, with dusky or black and pale fulvous, the latter spots being round, well defined and conspicuous. Wings : Primaries blackish, spotted on the outer web and barred on the inner web with light buff, or white with a buffy tinge. The second- aries are barred on both webs. Tail : Dusky, barred with darker or black and also with white with a strong buff tinge. Lower parts : Generally buffy white, marked with many blackish cres- cent-shaped bars, except on the abdomen which is almost uniform in color. "Bill blackish," feet bluish gray (Sclater). The sexes are similar in appearance and color. Geographical Range. — Southern South America, from southern Uru- guay, throughout western Argentina and Patagonia. The Princeton Expeditions did not meet with this species and the above description is from material in the British Museum, and from three speci- mens in the Princeton University Museum cited in detail below. P. U. O. C. Sex. Locality. Date. Collector. 8,645. 8,646. 8,816. Male. Female. Male. Bahia Blanca, Argentina. Bahia Blanca, Argentina. Province Buenos Aires, Argentina. August, 1895. August, 1895. September, 1899. S. Pozzi. S. Pozzi. Museode La Plata. The British Museum has lately acquired a series of males and females of this species from Colhue-huapi, Chubut; collected, from July 22 to August 9, 1902, by J. Koslowsky. Mr. Barrows says of the "martinete " (a term applied in Spain to a heron or its plume. Here it undoubtedly refers to the long feathers of the crest), that unlike the species just described, this one is always found in small parties, and usually running in single file. In the neighborhood of Bahia Blanca it was not uncommon, but it was not elsewhere met with, being confined pretty rigidly to the shrubby country bordering the pampas on AVES TINAMID^E. 31 the south and west. The eggs are polished, but of a greenish tint, and are said to be commonly five or six in number. The flesh is fairly palata- ble. (Barrows, Auk, I, 4, p. 318, 1884.) Genus TINAMOTIS Vigors. Type. Tinamotis, Vigors, P. Z. S. 1836, p. 79; Salvad. Cat. Birds, Brit. Mus. XXVII. p. 567 (1895); Sharpe, Hand-List Bds. I. 12 (1899) T. pentlandi. Geographical Range. — South America. From the Andes of Peru and Ecuador, southward to northern Chile and also northern Patagonia. TINAMOTIS INGOUFI Oustalet. Tinamotis ingoufi, Oust. Ann. Sc. Nat. Zool. IX. p. 18 (1890: Santa Cruz, Patagonia) ; id. Miss. Sci. Cap Horn, Oiseaux, pp. 105, 106, pi. i (1891); Salvad. Cat. B. Brit. Mus. XXVII. p. 569 (1895); Sharpe, Hand-List B. I. p. 12 (1899). GENERAL DESCRIPTION. Size. — (Female type.) Total length, 15.5 inches. Wing, 8.0 inches. FlG Tail, 2.75 inches. Culmen, i.o inch. Tarsus, 1.25 inches. Color. — (Female type.) Upper parts slaty with a buff tinge, each feather having a V-shaped brown mark of varying size, bounded by a narrow creamy buff margin. Head : With dusky slate and buffy white 01 stripes. Upper part of head dusky slate, ' with a buffy white band on either side join- Tinamotis ingoufi. Profile and pat- ing on the occiput. tern of marking of head and neck ^ Throat : Buffy white, with dusky slate naturai size. spots. 32 PATAGONIAN EXPEDITIONS I ZOOLOGY. Neck : Two buffy white stripes on each side, one beginning above and the other below the eye proceed down each side of the neck. A single dusky slate stripe on the back of the neck, and one on each side of the neck between the buffy white stripes. Back and wing coverts : Slate with the V-shaped marks of brown having narrow creamy buff borders, con- spicuous. Wings : Primary quills, uniform bright cinnamon. Secondaries, bright cinnamon with dusky markings, not bands. Tail : Coverts like back. Feathers slaty olive with irregular barring and markings of creamy buff. Lower parts : Upper breast much like back with similar V-shaped marks to each feather. These are more slaty and the narrow cream buff border- ing is paler. Lower breast : Paler, almost white as to ground color, with dusky crescent marks on each feather. Lower abdomen and under tail coverts pale rufous. Feet lead color. Iris pale yellow. Geographical Range. — The type, the only representative so far known, was taken in eastern Patagonia, in the vicinity of Santa Cruz, 18 October, 1882, by M. Lebrun. The type of this species described by Dr. E. Oustalet is, so far as yet ascer- tained the only specimen in any of the collections made in South America. I have by the courtesy of the authorities of the Paris Museum, Jardin des Plantes, been able to examine carefully and study the characters of this little-known bird. While in certain ways it betrays its relationship to Tinamotis pentlandi, its close ally, yet as pointed out both by Dr. Oustalet and Count Salvadori, it is readily distinguishable from that species by its uniform bright cinna- mon primary quills. Order COLUMBIFORMES. Sharpe, Hand-List Bds. Vol. I. p. 51 (1899). AVES COLUMBID^E. 33 Suborder COLUMB^. Salvador!, Cat. Birds, Brit. Mus. XXI. p. 2 (1893); Sharpe, Hand-List Bds. I. p. 51 (1899). Family COLUMBID.E. Salvad. t. c. p. 240. Subfamily COLUMBINE. Salvad. t. c. p. 240. Genus COLUMBA Linnaeus. Type. Columoa, Linn. S. N. I. p. 279 (1766); Salvadori, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus. XXI. p. 241 (1893); Sharpe, Hand-List Bds. I. p. 68 (1899). . . C. lima. Palumbtts, Kaup, Natiirl. Syst. p. 107 (1829 . . . C. palumbus. Les Picazuros, Less. Compl. de Buff VIII. p. 95 (1837)- Alsocomus, "Tickell,"J. A. S. B. XI. I. p. 461 (1842). C. punicea. Dendrotreron, Hodgs. in Gray's Zool. Misc. p. 85 (1844) ; C. hodgsoni. Patagicenas Rchnb. Av. Syst. Nat. pi. XXX (1852). C. leucocephala. Lepidcenas, ibid C. speciosa. Litkcenas, Rchnb. ibid . . C. lima. Tcenicenas, Rchnb. ibid C. albitorques. Chlorcznas, Rchnb. ibid C. fasciata. Stictcenas, Rchnb. ibid. . . . ... . . . . . . C. arquatrix. Janthcenas, Rchnb. ibid. C ianthina. Picazurus, Chenu & Des Murs (1853), fide Des Murs in Chenu, Enc. d'Hist Nat. Ois. VI. p. 39 (1854?) C. picazuro. Strictcenas (errore?), Des Murs in Chenu, Enc. d'Hist. Nat. Ois. VI. p. 40 (1854?) (=Stic- tosnas] . Leucomelcena, Bp. Consp. Av. II. p. 44 (1854). . . C. leucomela. Janthcenas, Bp. op. cit. p. 44 (1854) (= Janthanas}. Trocaza, Bp. op. cit. p. 45 (1854); id. Compt. Rend. XXXIX. p. 1104(1854) C. trocaz. 34 PATAGONIAN EXPEDITIONS : ZOOLOGY. Columba, subgen. Pahtmbcena, Bp. Consp. Av. II. p. 49 (1854) C. cenas. Tcenicenas, Bp. op. cit. p. 49 (1854) (= Tcznicenas}. Crossophthalmus, Bp. op. cit. p. 55 (1854) . . . C. gymnophthalme. Chlorcenas, Bp. Ann. Sc. Nat. Zool. (2), I. p. 140, n. 1659 b (1854) (=Chlorcenas). Stictcenas, Bp. ibid. n. 1660(1854) (= Stictcenas}. Patagicenas, Bp. ibid. n. 1661 (1854) (= Patagice- nas] Lepidcenas, Bp. ibid. n. 1662 (1854) (= Lepidcznas}. Leucomelcena, Bp. Compt. Rend. XXXIX. p. 1104 (1854) (= Leucomekena.} Palumbcena, Bp. Compt Rend. XLIII. pp. 838, 948 (1856) C. cenas. Leucomelaina, Rchnb. Tauben I. p. 52 (1862) (= Leucomelcena]. Leiwotcenia, Rchnb. Tauben, II. p. 167 (1862) . . C. unicincta. Dendrophaps (ubi?) fide G. R. Gr. Hand-List, II. p. 233 (1870) (Dendrotreron,} Columba, subgen. Rupicola, Bogd. Cons. Av. Imp. Ross. fasc. I. p. 1. (1884) C. livid. Columba, subgen. Sylvicola, Bogd. op. cit. p. 3 (1884) C. cenas? Ccelotreron, Heine, Nomencl. Mus. Hein. Orn. p. 275 (1890) (= Palumboznas]. Patagoznas, Heine, op. cit. p. 276 (1890) (= Pata- gicenas]. Geographical Range. — Throughout the world. COLUMBA MACULOSA Temminck. Palomacobijas manchadas, Azara, Apunt. III. p. 10 (1805). Columba maculosa, Temm. Pig. et Gallin. I. pp. 113, 450 (1813); Gray, Gen. B. II. p. 470 (1844); Hartl. Ind. Azara, p. 20 (1847); Scl. P. Z. S. 1865, p. 239; id. & Salv. P. Z. S. 1868, p. 143, 1869, p. 600; Scl. P. Z. S. 1870, p. 665; id. & Huds. P. Z. S. 1872, pp. AVES COLUMBID^E. 35 • 545, 549 (Rio Negro); Scl. & Salv. Nomencl. Av. Neotr. p. 132 (1873: pt.) ; Leyb. Excurs. Pamp. Argent, p. 89 (1873); Durnf. Ibis, 1877, p. 42 (Chupat Valley, breeds), p. 193 (Baradero, April, common) ; 1878, p. 401 (central Patagonia, common resident) ; White, P. Z. S. 1882, p. 626 (Fuerte de Andagala, Catamarca, Sept.) ; Doering, Expl. al Rio Negro, Zool. Aves, p. 55 (1882 : Carhue: Rios Colorado & Negro); Barrows, Auk, I. p. 274 (1884: Concepcion, common resident, breeds in Nov.) ; Gibson, Ibis, 1885, p. 282 ; Burm. An. Mus. Nac. Buenos Aires, III. Part X. p. 245 (1888: Northern Patagonia); Scl. & Huds. Argent. Orn. II. p. 140 (1889) ; Oust. Miss. Sci. Cap Horn, Oiseaux, p. 328, part (1891); Huds. Idle Days in Patag. pp. 80, 125 (1893); Salvad. Cat. B. Brit. Mus. XXI. p. 273 (1893); Sharpe, Hand-List B. I. p. 70 (1899) ; Prich. Thr. Heart Patagonia, p. 158 (1902). Columba paciloptera, Vieill. N. Diet. d'Hist. Nat. XXVI. p. 344 (1818: ex Azara); D'Orb. Voy. II. pp. 303, 318 (1844). Columba maculipennis, Licht. in Mus. Berol., Bp. Consp. Av. II. p. 55 (1854). Columba gymnophthalmos, Reichenb. (nee Temm.) Syn. Av. fig. 1268 (1847)- Pahimbus gymnophthalmos, Reichenb. Av. Syst. Nat. p. xxv (1852). Crossophthalmus reichenbachi, Bp. Consp. Av. II. p. 55 (1854). Patagioenas maculosa, Burm. La Plata Reis. II. p. 496 (1861: Mendoza Cordova; Tucuman); Frenz. J. f. O. 1891, p. 123 (Cordoba). Picazuros maculosa, Gray, Handl. B. II. p. 235, no. 9267 (1870). Crossophthalmus maculosits, Pelz. Orn. Bras. p. 274 note (1871); Heine & Reichen. Nomencl. Mus. Hein. p. 276 (1890). Chloranas fa/lax, Schl. Mus. Pays. Bas. Columbae, p. 80 (1873: Rio Negro). Patagcenas maculosa, Carbajal, La Patagonia, Part II. p. 269 (1900). GENERAL DESCRIPTION. Size. — Total length, about 14 inches. Wing, from 8.75 to 9.3 inches. Tail, 5 inches. Bill, from 0.50 to 0.55 inches. PATAGONIAN EXPEDITIONS I ZOOLOGY. FIG. 20. Tarsus, i.i inches. Color. — General color above dusky or sooty brown, below dove gray with a strong tinge of vinaceous. Head : Gray with vinous tinge, the sides and cheeks darker and lacking any vinaceous shading. Neck : Gray, with a vinaceous tint. Back : Entire mouth, the scapular and upper wing-coverts dusky brown, or sooty, tipped with white triangular spots, most conspicuous on the upper coverts. The outer greater wing-coverts are gray with a strong bluish tinge, and bordered with white ; their tips, the rump and upper tail coverts are deep lead color. Wings : Primary and secondary quills deep dusky gray with narrow white edging. The under sides of the wings are light lead color. Tail : Deep lead color with a black terminal band. Lower parts : The entire lower parts except the under tail coverts, are gray dove color, with a vinous tint. The under tail coverts are deep lead color. "Iris white or light slate" (White). "Beak grey; legs red" (A. Peel). The sexes are similar in appearance. Geographical Range. — Uruguay, Argentine Republic and northern Patagonia. » I Columba maculosa Profile of head and neck. 2A natural size. This bird is not represented in the collections made by the Princeton Expeditions and the descriptions here given are based on specimens in the British Museum of Natural History, and on a single individual in the Princeton University Museum. P. U. O. C. No. Sex. Locality. Date. Collector. I. Male. La Rioya, Argentina. February, 1895. Museo de La Plata. Barrows says of this pigeon : "A common resident at Concepcion, where it is found in large flocks through the year. Many nests were found early in November, all placed in trees in dry woods, and only ten or fifteen feet from the ground. AVES COLUMBID.-E. 37 "Each nest contained a single white egg. Either the variation in size of the eggs of this species is very great, or else a few of the preceding species were breeding with them ; for several eggs were found which were very much larger than the others. I failed, however, to detect a single specimen of C. picazuro among the birds which left the trees as we ap- proached. This species was again met with at Carhue." (Barrows, Auk, I, No. 4, p. 274, 75, July, 1884.) Of this pigeon as he saw it in Patagonia Mr. Hudson writes: "This bird appears in winter in the settled parts of the Rio Negro; they come in large flocks, and gather in great numbers on the ploughed fields, eager to devour the wheat ; so that the farmers, when sowing broad- cast, have to be constantly firing at them, or to keep trained dogs to chase them from the fields. When on the ground, the flock keeps very much crowded together, all the birds running with great rapidity, and eagerly snatching up the grain or seed they find. The lively, brisk manner of the Patagonian Pigeon is in strong contrast with the slow, stately steps and deliberate manner of picking up its food of the Buenos-Ayrean species (/. e., Columba picasuro : v. Scl. et Salv. P. Z. S., 1868, p. 143 — P. L. S.) ; but the voice of the former is exceedingly hoarse, while that of the latter is the most agreeable dove-melody I have ever heard." (Hudson, P. Z. S., 1872, p. 545.) COLUMBA ARAUCANA Lesson. Cohimba araucana, Less. Voy. Coq. Zool. p. 706, pi. 40 (1828) ; Gray, Gen. B. II. p. 470 (1844); Des Murs in Gay's Hist. Chil. Zool. I. p. 376 (1847); Harti. Naum. 1853, pp. 215, 221 (Valdivia) ; Bibra, Denkschr. Ak. Wien. V. p. 130 (1853); Cass. U. S. Expl. Exped. Birds, p. 254 (1858: Chile) ; Pelz. Novara Reise, Vog. p. 108 (1865) ; Scl. P. Z. S. 1867, pp. 330, 339 (Chile) ; id. & Salv. Nomencl. Av. Neotr. p. 132 (1873); James, New List Chil. B. p. 10 (1892); Salvad. Cat. B. Brit. Mus. XXI. p. 296 (1893); Lataste, Actes Soc. Scient. Chile, III. p. cxv (1893: Cordilliere d' Andes) ; Schalow. Zool. Jahrb. Suppl. IV. p. 671 (1898: eggs) ; Sharpe, Hand-List B. I. p. 71 (1899) ; Gates, Cat. Bds. Eggs, Brit. Mus. I. p. 89 (1901). Columba denisea, Temm. PI. Col. pi. 502 (1830: Chile); Less. Rev. Zool. 1842, p. 209 (Valdivia: Chile) ; Schl. Mus. Pays Bas. Columbae, p. 67 (1873)- 38 PATAGONIAN EXPEDITIONS : ZOOLOGY. Columba fitzroyii, King, P. Z. S. 1830, p. 15 (Chiloe Island); Darw. Voy. "Beagle," Birds, p. 114 (1841 : Peninsula of Tres Monies, Valparaiso) ; Fraser, P. Z. S. 1843, p. 115 (Andes of Chile). Columba meridionals, Peale (nee King), U. S. Expl. Exped. Birds, p. in (1848: Rio Negro, Patagonia) ; Burm. An. Mus. Nac. Buenos Ayres, III. Part X. p. 245 (1888: Southern Patagonia, Straits of Magellan). Chlorcenas denisea, Bp. Consp. Av. II. p. 51 (1854). Chlorcenas araucana, Heine & Reichen. Nomencl. Mus. Hein. p. 277 (1890). GENERAL DESCRIPTION. Size. — Total length, about 16 inches. Wing, 8.5 inches. Tail, 5.5 inches. Bill, 0.65 inch. Tarsus, 1.25 inches. Color. — General color throughout chestnut with a vinaceous tinge. Head : Vinous chestnut. Neck : Vinous chestnut, with a whitish band on the nape. The feathers of the head and neck shaded with metallic bronzy-green. Back vinous chestnut. Rump lead color. Upper tail coverts : The basal upper tail coverts are like the rump, but the longer upper tail coverts are gray with a strong tinge of brown. Wings : Scapulary vinous chestnut. The wing coverts are grayish brown, lightest on the outer and greater coverts. The quills are dusky or blackish with narrow whitish margins. Tail : Lead color, with a subterminal band of black, and a terminal band a little less than an inch broad, like the body color of the tail. Lower parts : Generally vinous chestnut, the breast with an iridescent amethyst tinge. The under wing coverts and sides lead color. "Iris red-yellow; bill black; feet dark rose-red " (Philippi, fide Hart- laub) ; Salvadori, Cat. B. Brit. Mus., XXI, p. 296 (1895). The female is similar to the male and young or immature birds lack the whitish band on the nape of the neck. Geographical Range. — Central Peru, Chile and Patagonia to the Straits of Magellan. AVES PERISTERID^E. 39 The above description is based on material in the British Museum of Natural History, as this form was not secured by the naturalists of the expeditions sent out by Princeton University to Patagonia. Family PERISTERID^E. Salvad. Cat. Birds, Brit. Mus. XXI. p. 372 (1893); Sharpe, Hand-List Bds. I. p. 76 (1899). Subfamily ZENAIDIN^. Salvad. t. c. p. 372; Sharpe, t. c. p. 76. Genus ZENAIDA Bonaparte. Type. Zenaida, Bp. Comp. List, p. 41 (1838); Salvadori, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus. XXI. p. 379 (1893); Sharpe, Hand- List Bds. I. p. 76 (1899) Z. amabilis. Stenurcena (subgen.) Rchnb. Tauben, I. p. 20 (1862). . . Z. stenura. Platypterozna (subgen.) Rchnb. Tauben, I. p. 20 (1862). Z. pentheria ( = nificauda?]. Geographical Range. — Florida Keys, throughout the Antilles, Yucatan, and southward in South America throughout Chile and northern Patagonia. ZENAIDA AURICULATA (Des Murs). Paloma parda manchada, Azara, Apunt. I. p. 17 (1802). Columba attrita, part, Temm. Pig. et Gallin. I. pp, 247, 467 (1813). Cohimba maculata, Vieill. (nee Gm.) Enc. Meth. I. p. 376 (1823); Burm. La Plata Reise, I. p. 306 (1861). Columba meridionalis, King (nee Lath.) Zool. Journ. IV. p. 92 (1828: Straits of Magellan); Scl. P. Z. S. 1867, pp. 330, 339 (Chile). Columba aurita, Licht. (nee Temm.) Verz. Doubl. p. 66 (1823: Monte- video); Darw. Voy. "Beagle," Birds, p. 115 (1841). Zenaida atmta, Fraser (nee Temm.) P. Z. S. 1843, p. 115 (Chile); Hartl. Ind. Azara, p. 20 (1847); id. Naum. 1853, p. 21 (Valdivia); Leyb. Excurs. Pamp. Argent, pp. 49,52 (1873); Macfarl. Ibis, 1887, p. 202 4O PATAGONIAN EXPEDITIONS I ZOOLOGY. (Coquimbo) ; Phil. Ornis. IV. p. 159 (1888: Atacama); Lataste, Actes Soc. Scient. Chile, III. p. cxv (1893: Nuble foot of Cordilleras, Chile, Nov.). Peristera auriculata, Des Murs in Gay's Hist. Chile, I. Zool. p. 381, pi. 6 (1847); Hartl. Naum. 1853, p. 221 (Valdivia). Peristera chrysaiichenia, Reichenb. Syn. Av. pi. fig. 1429 (1847). Zenaida chilensis, " Bonap." Reichenb. Syn. Av. Columb. pi 245 B, figs. 3529-30 (1851). Chlorcenas meridionalis, Bp. Consp. Av. II. p. 52 (1854: Straits of Ma- gellan). Zenaida auriculata, Bp. Consp. Av. II. p. 82 (1854); Scl. P. Z. S. 1867, pp. 330, 339 (Chile) ; Heine & Reichen. Nomencl. Mus. Hein. p. 284 (1889: Chile); Salvad. Cat. B. Brit. Mus. XXI. p. 384 (1893); id. Boll. Mus. Torino, 1887, No. 12, p. 32; Schalow, Zool. Jahrb. Suppl. IV. p. 671 (1898: Santiago); Sharpe, Hand-List B. I. p. 77 (1899) ; Gates, Cat. Bds. Eggs, Brit. Mus. I. p. 93 (1901). Zenaida maculata, Bp. Consp. Av. II. p. 82 (1854); Burm. La Plata Reis. II. p. 497 (1861); Scl. & Salv. P. Z. S. 1868, p. 143 (Conchi- tas) ; Sternb. J. f. O. 1869, pp. 193, 273 (Buenos Ayres) ; Holtz, J. f. O. 1870, p. 19 (eggs); Gray, Handl. B. II. p. 241, No. 9352 (1870); Scl. & Salv. Nomencl. Av. Neotr. p. 132 (1873); Huds. P. Z. S. 1874, p. 170 (Patagonia); Durnf. Ibis, 1876, p. 163 (Buenos Ayres, Aug.), 1877, P- !93 (Baradero, April, common); Gibson, Ibis, 1880, p. 8 (Cape San Antonio, Buenos Ayres, breeds Sept. to March) ; Sharpe, P. Z. S. 1881, p. 9 (Coquimbo); Doering, Expl. al Rio Negro, Zool. Aves, p. 55 (1881 : abundant in the valleys of the Rio Negro and the Rio Colorado) ; White, P. Z. S. 1882, p. 626 (Fuerte de Andegala, Catamarca, Aug.): Barrows, Auk, I. p. 275 (1884: Concepcion abundant throughout the year, but not observed breed- ing); Gibson, Ibis, 1885, p. 282 (Uruguay); Burm. An. Mus. Nac. Buenos Aires, III. Part X. p. 245 (1888: Patagonia) : id. Part XI. p. 318 (1890: Rio Chico) ; Scl. & Huds. Argent. Orn. II. p. 141 (1889); Holland, Ibis, 1890, p. 425 (Buenos Ayres); Frenzel, J. f. O. 1891, p. 123 (Cordoba); Holland, Ibis, 1892, p. 207 (Estancia Espartilla, resident breeds Sept. to Feb.) ; James, New List Chile B. p. 10 (1892) ; Huds. Idle Days in Patagonia, p. 125 (1893); Carba- jal, La Patagonia, Part II. p. 269 (1900). AVES PERISTERID/E. x 41 ' Colnmba (Zenaida) aiirita, Burm. J. f. O. 1858, p. 160 (Mendoza). FIG. 21. Zenaida auriculata. Pro- file head and neck. Natural GENERAL DESCRIPTION. Size. — Total length, 9 to 10 inches. Wing, 5.5 to 6.25 inches. Tail, 3.75 to 4.5 inches. Bill, 0.55 to 0.6 inches. Tarsus, 0.85 to 0.9 inches. The female is smaller than the male. Color. — General coloration throughout vinous dove color. Lightest below and darkest above. Head: Crown of head and occiput grayish, the rest vinous dove color with a metallic blackish blue spot behind the eye, and a larger spot, some- what elongate in shape below the ear coverts. Neck vinous dove color, with an area on each side of metallic purple having golden iridescence and reflections. Back and upper parts heavily shaded into olive brown. Wings : Coverts olive brown like back. There are many irregular black spots of variable size on the outer webs of the inner upper wing coverts, and on the outer webs of scapulars and tertials. The quills are dusky brown with narrow lighter brown and buffy edges on their outer webs and tips. Tail, from above : Two middle feathers like the back, with an indication of a subterminal black bar. The next two gray with a strong brownish tinge and a marked subterminal black bar. The rest grayish with some brownish washing, and subterminal black bars. The tips in these is clear gray, with a tendency to become whitish which grows stronger, culminating in the two outer ones. The outer feather is tipped broadly with white and its outer web is white, breaking the subterminal black bar. The second feather of the tail has simply a broad grayish white tip. From below the tail unopened appears black with a broad white tip. Lower parts : vinous dove color paling almost to white on the throat ; the sides, flanks and under wing coverts are dove gray; and the under tail coverts and abdomen are decidedly buffy in color. 42 PATAGONIAN EXPEDITIONS : ZOOLOGY. The female is noticeably darker both above, below and on the head, which lacks the gray crown and occiput of the male. "Bill black; part of a red flesh-colour" (Burmeister). A young male, 7,923 Princeton University Collection, taken at Rio Chico, Patagonia, 12 March, 1898, is in the first plumage. This bird is grayer below and darker above than are adults and the vinous dove color of more advanced age is lacking. The feathers on the breast and neck are tipped narrowly with light cinnamon giving a slightly scaled ap- pearance. The upper coverts of the wings are tipped in a like manner. There is a decided whitish area in front of each eye. The feathers of the crown are tipped with bright rufous. This color is also conspicuous on the shoulders, and while the dark spots of the inner upper wing coverts, scapulars and tertials are apparent, they are not well denned and all of these feathers are strongly marked with bright rufous in an irregular way. The edging of the wing quills is rufous or deep buff. The tail is like that of the adult. The blackish blue spots back of the eye and below in ear are not apparent. There are no iridescent areas on the neck. The bird is full grown. An older bird, also a young male, 8,302 Princeton University collection, taken at Santa Cruz, Patagonia, 15 February, 1898, is much like an adult, but many feathers on the breast, back and shoulders have median silvery white triangular markings. The throat and forehead in this bird are whitish and a few feathers on the crown have the same median mark- ings already referred to. The blackish blue spots behind the eye and below the ear are indicated but are not so conspicuous as in the adult. The iridescent areas of the neck are faintly indicated. Geographical Range. — South America. From Ecuador southward on the west, and on the east from Fernando de Noronha to Brazil, the Argentine Republic and Patagonia, probably to the Straits of Magellan. The collections made by Mr. J. B. Hatcher for Princeton University include five of these birds, but there is no adult male bird represented. The description of the adult male is based upon material in the British Museum of Natural History, and that from the Museo de La Plata, and S. Pozzi collections in the Princeton University Museum. Mr. Hatcher in his MSS. notes says of this dove "common along valleys where there is AVES RALLID^E. 43 considerable growth of bushes, but not observed on the higher pampas nor in the forests of the Andes." A single specimen of this bird from the Valle del Lago Blanco, Chubut, November 5, 1901, collected by J. Koslowsky is now in the British Museum. Skin. P. U. O. Coll. No. Sex. Locality. Date. Collector. Skin. 7,921 Qad. Rio Chico, Patagonia. 4 March, 1898. <— i W M 7,922 Qad. tt tt tt 4 March, 1898. PC tt 7,923 $Jw. tt tt tt 12 March, 1898. E ft- ii 8,301 <$im. tt tt (f 12 March, 1898. | t( 8,302 $Juv. Vera Cruz, 25 February, 1898. fl Order RALLIFORMES. Sharpe, Hand-List Bds., I. p. 93 (1899). Family Sharpe, Cat. Birds, Brit. Mus. XXIII. p. i (1894); id. Hand-List Bds. P- 93 (1899). Subfamily RALLIN^.. Sharpe, Hand-List Bds., I. p. 93, (1899). Genus RALLUS Linnaeus. Rallus, Linn. Syst. Nat I. p. 261 (1766) ; Sharpe, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus. XXIII. p. 6 (1894); id. Hand-List Bds. I. p. 93 (1899) .... Biensis, Pucher. Rev. Zool. p. 278 (1845) . . . Limnopardalis (nee Cab.), Heine & Reichen. Nomencl. Mus. Hein. p. 320 (1890) . . . RALLUS ANTARCTICUS King. Rallus antarcticus, King, Zool. Journ. IV. p. 95 (1828: Straits of Ma- gellan) ; Des Murs in Gay's Hist. Chil. Zool. I. p. 435 (1847) ! sd- Type. R. aquaticus. R. madagascariensis. : R. elegans. 44 PATAGONIAN EXPEDITIONS I ZOOLOGY. P. Z. S. 1867, p. 333 (Chile) ; id. & Salv. P. Z. S. 1868, p. 445; iid. Exot. Orn. p. 163, pi. LXXXII (1868) ; Phil. & Landl. Cat. Av. Chil. p. 38 (1868) ; Scl. & Salv. Nomencl. Av. Neotr. p, 139 (1873) ; iid. P. Z. S. 1878, p. 437 (Sandy Point) ; iid. Voy. Chall. IT. Birds, p. 1 08 (1880) ; Barrows, Auk, I. p. 276 (1884: Carhue) ; Withington, Ibis, 1888, p. 471 (Lomasde Zamora) ; Burm. An. Mus. Nac. Buenos Aires, III. part X. p. 246 (1888 : Straits of Magellan) ; Scl. & Huds. Argent. Orn. II. p. 148 (1889) ; Oust. Miss. Sci. Cap Horn Oiseaux, p. 133 (1891 : Punta Arenas) ; James, New List Chil. B. p. 10 (1892); Sharpe, Cat. B. Brit. Mus. XXIII. p. 19 (1894); id. Hand-List B. I. p. 94 (1899); Oates, Cat. Bds. Eggs, Brit. Mus. I. p. no (1901); Phil. An. Mus. Chile, XV. pi. 28 (1902). Rallus rufopennis, Gray, List B. Brit. Mus. Part III. p. 116 (1844); Hartl. Naum. 1853, p. 222 (Valdivia). Ortygometra antarctica, Gray, Gen. B. III. p. 594 (1846). Ralhis uliginosus, Phil. Arch. f. Nat. p. 83 (1858: Santiago); id. & Landb. Cat. Av. Chil. p. 38 (1868). Aramus antarcticus, Gray, Handl. B. III. p. 59, no. 10420 (1871). FIG. 22. GENERAL DESCRIPTION. Size. --Total length, 7.5 inches. Culmen, 1.2 inches. Wing, 3.6 inches. Tail, 1.7 inches. Tarsus, 1.35 inches. Color. — General color above buffy brown striped with dusky brown or black; below lead color, with whitish and buffy brown suffusion. Head : Crown blackish brown, with each feather edged and tipped with sandy buff. Sides of face lead color. A stripe beginning in front of and above the eye, pale buff almost white at its origin so as to appear as a spot, shading then into deeper buff, this in its turn shading into lead color like that of the sides of the face. Region in front of the eye and lores black- Rallus antarcticus. Profile head and neck. Natural size. AVES RALLID^E. 45 ish. This color extends backward below the eye to the region of the ear coverts, where it gradually fades into the lead color of the sides of head. Throat : White shading into the clear lead color of the foreneck. Neck: Above and on the sides like the back, each feather blackish, bordered with sandy buff, the edgings becoming more pronounced and broader as the neck joins the body. Below the neck is lead color, at first clear, then shaded with sandy brown as it joins the breast region. Back: Dusky black, each feather broadly margined with sandy buffy brown. Rump and upper tail coverts like the back, but the black area on each feather comparatively less. Wing: The scapulars are like the back but the black area on each feather is proportionately less. Wing coverts uniform sandy brown, with a rufescent tinge. Bastard wing, the primary coverts and primaries sooty brown, unmarked ; secondaries of a like color, but with faint white tips and one or more broken white bars, and brownish markings becoming on the inner ones like the back and scapulars in color and pattern. Tail : The feathers are much like those of the back in color and pattern, the brown edging preponderating, however, over the dusky brown center of each feather. Lower parts : Breast lead color, with a strong suffusion of brown and with grayish white fringes to many of the feathers. Sides and flanks black, each, feather strongly barred, and slightly fringed with clear white. Abdomen lead color with sandy buff tips and fringes on each feather. Under tail coverts black, barred and tipped with white. Under wing coverts and axillaries dusky, the coverts broadly tipped and the axillaries both barred and tipped with white. This description is based on a specimen, sex not indicated, No. 7800 Princeton University collection, taken at Lower Rio Chico, Patagonia, 30 March, 1897. This bird is apparently adult. The collector's notes describe the iris as "brown." "Upper mandible dark red, lower one bright red ; feet and toes dark purple ; iris reddish brown" (F. Withington). Geographical Range. — Argentine Republic, to central Chile and throughout Patagonia. The only individual of this species that was secured by the expeditions sent out by Princeton University to Patagonia, has been cited above. 46 PATAGONIAN EXPEDITIONS : ZOOLOGY. P. U. O. C. No. Sex. Locality. Date. Collector. Skin. 7,800. Not Known. Lower Rio Chico, Patagonia. 30 March, 1897. J. B. Hatcher. A female of this species from the Valle del Lago Blanco, Chubut, col- lected by J. Koslowsky on November 27, 1901, is now in the collection of the British Museum. The similarity of "this Rail to the Virginia Rail (fi. mrginianus] is no- ticeable. Almost the same size, this bird is materially different in color, though the pattern of the color areas is much alike in both. The habits of these small rails have been dealt with by a number of authors and they do not seem to differ greatly from their congeners throughout the world. Genus LIMNOPARDALIS Cabanis. Limnopardalus, Cab. J. f. O. 1856, p. 428; Sharpe, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus. XXIII. p. 27 (1894) . . . Pardirallus, Bp. C. R. xliii. p. 599 (1856) Ortygonax, Heine in Heine & Reichen. Nomencl. Mus. Hein. p. 321 (1890) Limnopardalis, Sharpe, Hand-List Bds. I. p. 95 (1899) ( = Limnopardalus}. Type. L. maculatus. L. maculatus. L. rytirhynchus. Geographical Range. — Cuba, Trinidad and South America. LIMNOPARDALIS VIGILANTIS Sharpe. Rallus rythyrhynch^^s (nee Vieill), Doering, Expl. al Rio Negro, Zool. Aves, p. 55 (1882: Abundant on the Rios Negro and Colorado) ; Burm. An. Mus. Nac. Buenos Ayres, III. Part X. p. 246 (1888: Patagonia). Rallus antarcticus, Sharpe (nee King), P. Z. S. 1881, p. 14 (Tom Bay). Limnopardalus vigilantis, Sharpe, Cat. B. Brit. Mus. XXIII. p. 31, pi. IV. (1894); id. Hand-List B. I. p. 95 (1899); Salvad. Ann. Mus. Genov. (2) xx. p. 626 (1900: Keppel Isl., Falklands, Aug.). AVES RALLID/E. 47 GENERAL DESCRIPTION. Size. — Total length, 15.5 inches. Culmen, 2.55 inches. Wing, 5.3 inches. Tail, 3.0 inches. Tarsus, 1.85 inches. The female is slightly larger than the male. Color. — General color above olive brown ; below slaty lead color. These colors are almost unbroken in their respective areas. Head : Crown olive brown. On the sides of the face slaty lead color. A superciliary line reaching forward to the base of the upper mandible slaty lead color. The entire area in front of the eye, and a narrow region above and below it, as well as a triangular shaped area behind the eye, olive brown. Eyelids slaty lead color. Neck : Above olive brown, shading into slaty lead color below. The slaty lead color is more or less suffused with olive brown, particularly on the sides of the neck just back of the head. Back: The feathers of the lower back are mottled FIG. 23. and have black bases. Those of the rump are simi- larly marked. Wing : The scapulars are marked like the feathers of the lower back and have black bases. The inner secondaries are black with broad margins of olive ^•1111 • i i i r i LTm,.t'i>ardahs - brown. Quills dusky, with the exposed parts of the lanfis Profileof head OUter webs olive brown. and neck. y* natural Lower parts : Slaty lead color with more or less size, olive brown shading, which becomes dusky on the lower flanks. Under tail coverts dusky or blackish with sandy brown edges. Tail olive brown. "Bill dark green; legs and feet red; iris red" (Dr. Coppinger). The female is similar to the male in color. Geographical Range. — Islands of the Straits of Magellan and the Pata- gonia'n shores of those waters. The Princeton Expeditions did not secure this species, as the region where it occurs was not dealt with by the corps of naturalists composing 48 PATAGONIAN EXPEDITIONS : ZOOLOGY. the party. The description given is based on the material in the British Museum of Natural History. From my studies of this material and the allied forms L. sang^t^nolen- tus, Swains, and L. rytirhynchus, Vieill., I am convinced that they are all three specifically distinct. L. rytirhynchus and L. sangtiinolentus do overlap in their geographical distribution, but their differences in size and color readily distinguish them. Not touching even the borders of the range of either of the others, L. vigilantis in color closely resembles L. rytirhynclms, but their great difference in size would readily distinguish them, even if they inhabited the same or adjacent regions. The average total length of L, rytirhynchus is about 10.5 inches, while that of L. uigilantis is 15.5 inches. L. san- guinolentus is intermediate between these two in *size, the total length averaging about 12.5 inches, but is essentially different from its two allies in color. * It would be of great interest to know more of the life history of these birds, especially as to whether they are permanent residents in the several regions where they occur, or if they are migratory. I suspect that the for- mer of these alternatives will prove to be the condition so far as this part of their life history is concerned, and that their extremes represented by L. rytirhynchus on the one hand and by L. vigilantis on the other, are but another example, added to the many already known, of the influence of environment on the descendents from a common stock. Genus ORTYGOPS Heine. Type. Coturnicops, Bp. C. R. XLIII. p. 599 (1856). . . . O. noveboracensis. Ortygops (nom. emend.), Heine, in Heine & Reich- enow, Nomencl. Mus. Hein. p. 320 (1890) ; Sharpe, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus. XXIII. p. 126 (1894); id. Hand-List Bds. I. p. 104 (1899). Geographical Range. — North America: north to Nova Scotia and Hudson's Bay, west to Utah and Nevada, the Greater Antilles, eastern Mexico. South America : southeastern Brazil ; Uruguay to Patagonia. Southeastern Africa. Northern China, to eastern Siberia and Japan. AVES RALLID^E. 49 ORTYGOPS NOTATA (Gould). Zapornia notata, Gould, Voy. "Beagle," Birds, p. 132, pi. 48 (1841 : Rio Plata). Ortygotnetra notata, Gray, Gen. B. III. p. 594 (1846). Porzana notata, Scl. & Salv. P. Z. S. 1868, p. 456; iid. Nomencl. Av. Neotr., p. 140 (1873); Scl. P. Z. S. 1876, p. 255 (Uruguay). Burm. An. Mus. Nac. Buenos Ayres, III. Part X. p. 246 (1888: Patagonia); Scl. & Huds. Argent. Orn. II. p. 155 (1889). Aramides notata, Gray, Handl. B. III. p. 61, no. 10445 (1<&1^\ Ortygops notata, Sharpe, Cat. B. Brit. Mus. XXIII. p. 121 (1894); id. Hand-list B. I. p. 104 (1899). GENERAL DESCRIPTION. Size. — Total length, 5.3 inches. Culmen, 0.45 inch. Wing, 3.1 inches. Tail, 2.25 inches. Tarsus, 0.8 inch. Color. — General color above chocolate brown mottled and spotted with black and white ; below grayish white, mottled on the breast and barred on the sides and flanks with dusky, or blackish markings. Head : Crown of head darker chocolate brown, FlG- 24- with many markings or spots of white. Lores dusky brown, with a whitish streak above. Sides of face and cheeks dusky blackish with numerous white spots. Neck : Chin and upper throat whitish, the throat mottled with dusky brown. The rest of the front of the neck whitish, mottled with the dusky black Ortygops notata Pro- _»,>., 111 file of head and neck, centers of each feather. Back of the neck darker showing color pattern chocolate brown than back, shading on the sides into Natural size, the lighter region of the front of the neck. Back: Chocolate brown, generally mottled with black centers to the feathers and white spots. On the lower back and rump the white spots cjo PATAGONIAN EXPEDITIONS : ZOOLOGY. sometimes assume the form of bars. The upper tail coverts chocolate brown decorated with minute white spots. Wing: The wing coverts chocolate brown, mottled with blackish cen- ters to the feathers and with white spotting sometimes assuming the form of bars. The inner secondaries chocolate brown, mottled like the back and barred with white. Bastard wing and primary coverts brown, with little or no white marking. Quills dusky brown, the middle secondaries being white on the inner web. When the wing is spread this white por- tion of the secondaries forms a definite white patch varying somewhat in size. Under wing coverts and axillaries white, mottled with brown bases to the feathers. Tail blackish brown. Lower parts : Upper breast whitish mottled with dusky brown, or black- ish centers to the feathers. Center of breast and abdomen whitish, with dusky brown cross bars. Sides of body and flanks blackish brown, with narrow white bars and tips on each feather. Under tail coverts blackish with vinous tips. Geographical Range. — Uruguay and southward into Patagonia. The Expeditions sent out by Princeton did not obtain specimens of this little known bird. The description given is taken from the type which is in the British Museum and which was collected by the late Charles Darwin, at Rio Plata during the voyage of H. M. S. "Beagle" around the world. A second individual, an immature bird, was taken at sea off Cape Santa Maria, Uruguay. Subfamily FULICINsE. Sharpe, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus. XXIII. p. 209 (1894) ; id. Hand-List Birds, p. 109 (1899). Genus FULICA Linnaeus. Type. FuUca, Linn. Syst. Nat. I. p. 257 (1766) ; Sharpe, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus. XXIII. p. 209 (1894); id. Hand-List Bds. I. p. 109 (1899) P- atra- AVES RALLID/E. 5! Pkalaria, Reichenb. Syst. Av. p. xxi F. gigantea. Lysca, Reichenb. Syst. Av. p. xxi . . . F. ardesiaca. Lupha, Reichenb. Syst. Av. p. xxi. F. cristata. Lophophalaris, Heine, in Heine & Reichenow, Nomencl. Mus. Hein. p. 317 (1890). . . . F. cristata. Geographical Range. — Nearly all portions of both continents ; the Malay Archipelago and Australia. FULICA ARMILLATA Vieillot. Foca de ligas roxas, Azara, Apunt. III. p. 474 (1805). Fulica armillata, Vieill. N. Diet. d'Hist. Nat. "XII. p. 47 (1817: ex Azara); Gray, Gen. B. III. p. 600 (1845); Hartl. Ind. Azara, p. 28 (1847); id. Naum, 1853, p. 222 (Valdivia) ; Burm. La Plata Reis. II. p. 505 (1861 : MenTdoza; Rio Parana); Scl. P. Z. S. 1867, pp. 334. 339 (Chile); id. & Salv. P. Z. S. 1868, p. 465 (Chile: Pata- gonia); iid. Exot. Orn. p. 115 pi. Iviii (1868); iid. Nomencl. Av. Neotr. p. 140 (1873); Durnf. Ibis, 1877, p. 195 (Buenos Ayres) ; 1878, p. 66 (Buenos Ayres, eggs), p. 401 (central Patagonia, common in the lakes and on the Sengel and Sengelen rivers) ; Doering, Expl. al Rio Negro, Zool. Aves, p. 55 (1881 : abundant on the lagoons in the valleys of the Rios Negro and Colorado) ; Barrows, Auk, I. p. 277 (1884): Entrerios) : Withington, Ibis, 1888, p. 478 (Lomas de Za- mora) ; Scl. & Huds. Argent. Orn. II. p. 157 (1889); Burm. An. Mus. Nac. Buenos Aires, III. Part X. p. 246 (1888: Rivers of Pata- gonia and Straits of Magellan) ; id. Part XI. p. 319 (1890 : Rio Chico, Santa Cruz: Deseado : Rio Singuer) ; Holland, Ibis, 1890, p. 425 (Buenos Ayres); Frenzel, J. f. O. 1890, p. 125 (Cordoba); Oust. Miss. Scient. Cap. Horn. Oiseaux, p. 136 (1898: Rio Gallegos) ; James, New List Chil. B. p. 80 (1892); Holland, Ibis, 1892, p. 280 (Estancia Espartilla, very common throughout the year, breeds early in Sept.); Sharpe, Cat. B. Brit. Mus. XXIII. p. 218 (1894); Lane, Ibis, 1897, P- 302 (Chile); Schalow, Zool. Jahrb. Suppl. IV. p. 66 1 (1898; La Serena, Oct.; El Pozo, Lago Llanquihue, Nov.; Susanna Cove, Straits of Magellan, May); Sharpe, Hand-list B. I. p. 180 (1899); Oates, Cat. Bds. Eggs, Brit. Mus. I. p. 130 (1901). 52 PATAGONIAN EXPEDITIONS : ZOOLOGY. Fiilica chloropoides, King, Zool. Journ. IV. p. 95 (1828: Straits of Ma- gellan); Des Murs in Gay's Hist. Chil. Zool. I. p. 438 (1847); Hartl. Naum. 1853, p. 222 (Valdivia) ; Leyb. Excurs. Pamp. Argent. p. 54 (1873). Fulica frontata, Gray, List B. Brit. Mus. Part iii. p. 124 (1844); Hartl. Naum. 1853, p. 222 (Valdivia). Lysca armillata, Reichenb. Syst. Nat. p. xxi (1852). Fulica chilensis, Landb. (nee Des Murs) Arch, fur Nat. XXVIII. p. 215 (1862) ; Phil. & Landb. Cat. Av. Chil. p. 39 (1868). Fulica leucopyga, Sharpe (nee Wagl. nee Licht) P. Z. S. 1881, p. 14 (Talcahuano). GENERAL DESCRIPTION. Size. — Total length, 18 inches. Culmen including frontal shield, 2.25 inches. Wing, 8.5 inches. Tail, 2.15 inches. Tarsus, 2.6 inches. FIG. 25. FIG. 26. Fulica armillata. Profile of head Fulica armillata. Showing shape of and neck. ^ natural size. frontal shield. ^ natural size. Color. — General color dark lead, deepest above, paler below. Head velvety black, throughout. Neck velvety black, throughout. Back, lower back, rump and upper tail coverts, deep lead color, with a faint wash of olive. Wing : Like the back ; quills blackish, the first primary having a dis- tinctly white edge to its outer web. Tail blackish. AVES RALLID/E. 53 Lower parts : Generally deep lead color, a little paler in shade than the back and without the olive washing of that region. The central under tail coverts are deep lead color and the lateral ones pure white. Princeton University collection, No. 7,803, male adult. Rio Coy, Pata- gonia, 25 January, 1898, J. B. Hatcher. The frontal shield is pointed and reaches well back on the forehead. "Bill and shield primrose yellow" (Durnford) ; "base of upper mandible and a small portion of the shield bright blood red ; legs olivaceous with a pale red garter above the knee " (Durnford). "Bill yellow, with a dark red patch on the oilmen; legs olive green; claws brown ; iris yellow " (Coppinger). Geographical Range. — Patagonia and Chile, northward to Bolivia, Argentina, and southern Brazil. The Princeton Expeditions procured a series of seven of these birds which do not vary greatly from the bird no. 7803 of the collection which formed a basis for the foregoing description. The colors of the external bare soft parts of birds of this genus and allied genera are subject to very marked modification. They vary much with the age of the individual, seasonal change is also very appreciable and finally sex is another factor to be reckoned with. It is also well known to competent field naturalists that the bills and more especially the frontal shields change very rapidly in color after death and an hour or more often furnishes ample time for the natural color to have been lost. Further field notes made as soon as examples are shot would be of great value. Immature birds have a tendency to a general lighter color especially on the lower surface. This in its extreme shows fine white tips to each feather on the belly. An immature male, No. 7,967, taken at Arroyo Eke, Patagonia, 15 April, 1898, has a decided reddish brown intermixture of feathers in the region in front of the eye. This is also apparent on the head, neck and body in a varying degree. The region below the lower eyelid in this bird is decidedly whitish. Nos. 7,964 ^78, p. 67 (Buenos Ayres, eggs); Doering Expl. al Rio Negro, Zool. Aves, p. 55 (1882: Rios Negro and Colorado); White, P. Z. S. 1883, p. 43 (Cordoba); Barrows, Auk, I. p. 277 (1884: Carhue); Withington, Ibis, 1888, p. 472 (Lomas de Zamora); Scl. & Huds. Argent. Orn. II. p. 158 (1889); Ridgw. Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. XII. p. 137 (1889: Sandy Point); Holland, Ibis, 1890, p. 425 (Buenos Ayres); Oust. Miss. Scient. Cap Horn, Oiseaux, p. 134 (1891: Beagle Canal); Frenzel, J. f. O. 1891, p. 125 (Cordoba); James, New List Chil. B. p. 10 (1892); Holland, Ibis, 1892, p. 210 (Estancia Espartilla, com- 'See ante, page 52, this volume. 56 PATAGONIAN EXPEDITIONS: ZOOLOGY. mon throughout wet years, in immense numbers in winter, breeds early in Oct.); Sharpe, Cat. B. Brit. Mus. XXIII. p. 224 (1894); Lane, Ibis, 1897, p. 302 (Sacaya); Schalow. Zool. Jahrb. Suppl. IV. p. 667 (1898 : Lago Llanquihue, Nov.); Sharpe, Hand-List B. I. p. no (1899); Salvad. Ann. Mus. Genov. (2) XX. p. 626 (1900: Uscinaia, June); Gates, Cat. Bds. Eggs, Brit. Mus. I. p. 132 (1901). Fulica gallinuloides, King, Zool. Journ. IV. p. 96 (1828: Straits of Ma- gellan) ; Scl. P. Z. S. 1878, p. 291 ; Gibson, Proc. Phys. Soc. Edinb. 1876, 78, p. 184. Fulica leucopyga, Wagl. Isis, 1831, p. 516. Fulica stricklandi, Hartl. J. f. O. 1853, Extrah. p. 86; Scl. P. Z. S. 1867, p. 339. Fulica chloropoides, Phil. & Landb. (nee King) Arch. f. Nat. XXVIII. p. 218 (1862) ; iid. Cat. Av. Chil. p. 39 (1868). GENERAL DESCRIPTION. Size. — (Male, P. U. C. No. 7,962.) Total length, about 14.50 inches. Culmen including frontal shield, 1.80 inches. Wing, 8.1 inches. Tail, 2.40 inches. Tarsus, 2.3 inches. Color. — (Male cited above). The general coloration of this species FIG. 27. FIG. 28. Fulica leucoptera. Profile of Fulica leucoptera. Showing shape head and neck, i^ natu- of frontal shield, ral size. resembles closely that of Fulica armillata Vieill., but the olive washing of the upper parts is clearer and the lower are decidedly lighter and more slaty. The outer feathers of the bastard wing are white, as is the outer edge of the first primary. The outer secondaries have broad white tips. AVES RALLID/E. 57 These characteristics and the size and shape of the frontal shield, as well as the difference in size, will readily distinguish the species from its congeners in Patagonia. Dr. Hahn gives the following data as to the color of the external soft parts : "Frontal shield chrome yellow; bill chrome yellow with the tips of the mandibles greenish ; feet very pale sea green, with the webs, joints, and claws black; iris fiery red." Geographical Range. — Patagonia, and Chile northward to southern Brazil, Peru and Bolivia. In general appearance this species is much like Fulica americana, Gmel, but the shape of the frontal shield, its color as well as that of the bill, both mandibles being entirely yellow, together with the general darker coloration of the entire plumage, readily distinguish F. leticoptera, Vieill., from Fulica americana, Gmel. The Princeton Expeditions secured a small series (4) of this species. Two birds obtained in January, both females, are in worn breeding plum- age, and beginning to moult, many of the new feathers of the upper parts contrasting sharply with the worn and faded condition of the feathers of that region and of the wings. Another bird, also a female taken in May, presents a similar condition of moult, while a bird taken March 16, a male, is in fine unworn plumage and has the feathers of the breast and lower parts generally, strongly tipped or fringed with white ; there is a strong admixture of similar feathers on the throat, sides of the neck and chin. These fringes extend well up on the sides of the' face and a few are apparent on the occiput. This bird appears to be a young bird of the year which after having moulted \hz first plumage is assuming the adult dress. The white tips to the outer secondaries are very narrow in this bird No. 7,962. • P. U. O. C. No. Sex. Locality. Date. Collector. Skin. (* 14 14 7,80 1 7,802 7,961 7,962 9 adult. 9 adult. 9 adult. c?y-°-y- Rio Coy, Patagonia. Palaike, Arroyo Eke, " Rio Chico, " 22 January, 1898. 1 8 January, 1898. 13 May, 1898. 1 6 March, 1898. •J. B. Hatcher. |*J If « 58 PATAGONIAN EXPEDITIONS ! ZOOLOGY. Order PODICIPEDIDIFORMES. Sharpe, Classif. Birds, p. 71 (1891); id., Hand-List Bds. i. p. 113, (1899). Family PODICIPEDID^E. Ogilvie-Grant, Cat. Birds, Brit. Mus. XXVI. p. 502 (1898); Sharpe, Hand-List Bds. i. p. 113(1899). Genus PODICIPES Latham. Type. Colymbus [Brisson, Orn. vi. p. 33 (1760)]; Illiger, Prodromus, p. 28 1 ( 1 8 1 1 ) P. cristatus. Podiceps, Lath. Suppl. Gen. Syn. p. 294 (1784) . . P. cristatus. Dytes, Kaup, Nat. Syst. p. 41 (1829) P. auritits. Pedetaithya, Kaup, Nat. Syst. p. 44 ( 1 829) . . . . P. griseigena. Proctopiis, Kaup, Nat. Syst. p. 49 (1829) P. nigricollis. Lophaithyia, Kaup, Nat. Syst. p. 72 (1829) . . . . P. cristatus. Dasyptilus, Swains. Class. B. ii. p. 369 (1837) • • • .P. poliocephahts. Poliocephalus, Selby, Cat. Gen. & Subgen. Types Aves, p. 47 (1840) P. poliocephahis. Pedeaithyia, G. R. Gray, Gen. Bds. iii. p. 632 (1846); id. Hand-List Bds. iii. p. 93 (1871) P. griseigena. Lophaethyia, L. Agassiz, Nomen. Zool., Index Uni- versalis, p. 620 (1848) . P. cristatns. Tachybaptus, Reichenb. Av. Syst. pi. ii. (1849); id. Nat. Syst. Vog. p. iii (1852) P. fluviatilis. Otodytes, Reichenb. Nat. Syst. Vog. p. iii. (1852). . . P. nigricollis. Rollandia, Bonap. C. R. xlii p. 775 (1856) . . . . P. rollandi. Centropelma, Sclater & Salvin, Exotic Orn. ii. p. 189 (1869) P. microptcrus. Calipareus} Bonap. 1855; fide Gray, Hand-List, iii. p. 94 (1871) P. calipareus. Colymbetes, Heine in Heine & Reichenow, Nomencl. Mus. Hein. p. 364 (1890) P.-poliocephalus. Podicipes, Ogilvie-Grant, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus. xxvi. p. 502 (1898); Sharpe, Hand-List Bds. i. p. 113 (1899) = Podiceps. AVES PODICIPEDID^E. 59 Geographical Range. — The world at large. FIG. 29. Podicipcs domiiiicus. Female. Showing relative length of primaries and secondaries. From material in the American Museum of Natural History. Natural size. PODICIPES DOMINI cus (Linnaeus). Le Grebe de riviere de S. Domingue, Briss. Orn. VI. p. 64, pi. v. fig. 2 (1760). Colynibiis dominions, Linn. Syst. Nat. I. p. 223 (1766) ex Briss.; Licht. Verz. Doubl. p. 87 (1823: Montevideo). Le Castagneux de Saint-Domingue, Buff. Hist. Nat. Ois. VIII. p. 248 (1781). White-winged Grebe, Lath. Gen. Syn. III. pt. i. p. 291 (1785). Podiceps dominicus, Lath. Ind. Orn. II. p. 785 (1790); Gray, Gen. B. iii. p. 633 (1846); Burm. J. b. O. 1860, p. 268 (Mendoza) ; id. La Plata Reis. II. p. 521 (1861); Schl. Mus. Pays-Bas, VI. Urinat. p. 47 (1867: Chile); Baird, Brewer & Ridgw. Water Birds, N. Amer. II. p. 438 (1884); Burm. An. Mus. Nac. Buenos Aires, III. pt. X. p. 249 (1888: Patagonia). Colymbus dominicensis, D'Orb. in Ramon de la Sagra Hist. Cuba, Ois. p. 282 (1839). Scott, Auk, VIII. p. 354 (1891) (Jamaica breeding September). Tachybaptus dominicus, Bonap. C. R. xlii. p. 775 (1856); Scl. & Salv. 60 PATAGONIAN EXPEDITIONS I ZOOLOGY. Nomencl. Av. Neotr. p. 150 (1873); Durnf. Ibis, 1876, p. 165 (Montevideo); White, P. Z. S. 1882, p. 629 (Punta Lara, Buenos Ay res). Sylbeocyclus dominions, Coues, Proc. Acad. Philad. 1862, p. 232; Scl. & Salv. Exotic Orn. II. p. 190 (1869). Tachybaptes dominions, Durnf. Ibis, 1877, p. 203 (Buenos Ayres); 1878, p. 405 (Chupat river: Sengelen & Sengel Valleys); Withington Ibis, 1888, p. 473 (Lomas de Zamora); Scl. & Huds. Argent. Orn. II. p. 205 (1889); Holland Ibis, 1892, p. 214 (Argentine Republic). Podicipes dominions, Grant, Cat. B. Brit. Mus. XXVI. p. 520 (1898); Sharpe, Hand-List B. I. p. 113 (1899); Gates, Cat. Bds. Eggs, Brit. Mus. I. p. 134 (1901). FIG. 30. Podicipes dominions. Male. From material in the American Museum of Natural History. ^ natural size. GENERAL DESCRIPTION. Size (adults in breeding plumage). — Total length, 8.5 inches. Oilmen (from feathers of forehead), 0.8 to 0.9 inches. Wing, 3.70 to 3.85 inches. Tarsus, 1.15 to 1.25 inches. Color (adults in breeding plumage). — General color of upper parts brownish black, with a faint greenish gloss ; of lower parts greyish on the neck, becoming shining polished white on the breast and belly, mottled somewhat with dusky. AVES PODICIPEDID^. 61 Head : Forehead and crown black with a greenish gloss ; sides of head ashy grey. Neck : Upper part blackish with a green gloss, strongest at the portion nearest the head. Chin and throat dull sooty black. Rest of the neck greyish ash, shading into brownish grey in the region where the neck joins the body. Back : Brownish black with a slight greenish gloss ; sides of the lower back and rump white. Wing : General color like the back. The inner webs of the outer pri- maries chiefly white, increasing so that the inner primaries have white inner webs. The secondaries are white with a brown band on the mar- gin of the outer web. Under wing-coverts white. Lower parts as described, with the chest, sides and flanks washed with shining reddish brown. The thighs and vent as well as the under tail coverts are dusky. Tail : Like the back but more dusky. " Iris orange ; bill black with whitish tip ; feet black tinged with greyish." (George N. Lawrence.) FIG. 31. Podicipes dominicus. Immature female. From material in the American Museum of Natural History. ^ natural size. Adults at other than breeding season, have the top of the head, neck and upper parts as well as the foreneck and chest much browner, the chin and throat being white. Geographical Range. — The Greater Antilles, Southern Texas, Central America and South America to Patagonia. 62 PATAGONIAN EXPEDITIONS I ZOOLOGY. The Princeton Expeditions did not procure this species in Patagonia and the description is based on material in the British Museum of Natural History as well as in the Academy of Sciences in Philadelphia, and in the American Museum of Natural History, New York. "Mr. Gosse found nests with four eggs in August, but as the birds had almost assumed their full breeding plumage in January, I conclude that the record of August nesting must be that of a second brood. "At Priestmans River (Jamaica, W. I.) January 7, 1891, I found this a rather common species apparently mated. A male' taken in full plumage had the testes as large as the largest buckshot. At the same locality, January 20, 1891, a male taken (10485) is apparently in the plumage of the first year. No black about the throat and much lighter throughout in color than birds in full plumage. . . . The sides were dull greenish yellow. At the same locality on January 23, 1891, I took four individuals in a shallow pond. Three were females and one a male. The females all appeared about to breed. In one the yolk was almost or quite developed and the first egg would have been laid in a week at latest. The other two would have bred in the next four or five weeks. These four birds were all in full plumage. Many individuals were seen beside those that were captured, and the birds were abundant at this point though of course local in distribution. "From Mr. Taylor's notes I add the following: 'Three eggs in my possession were taken in the month of September, 1888, from a pond at "New Works" a few from Linstead in St. Calhumus'" (Jamaica, W. I.) (Scott, Observations on The Birds of Jamaica, West Indies. Auk, VIII. 4, PP- 354, 355, 1891.) The above details of the breeding period of this grebe in a restricted geographical range seem to show a prolonged breeding season, from late January to September ; or it may be more probably a matter of individual variation as to the breeding time. Mr. Frank M. Chapman in the Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History, Vol. XII. p. 255, December 1899, has described two geographical races of Podicipes dominictis which he discriminates as being the mainland representatives of this little grebe. Under the head of Cofymbus dominions brachyrhynchus, a bird from Matto Grosso, Brazil, (No. 34872, Coll. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist, male, Chapada, Matto Grosso, Brazil, September 19, 1883. Collected by H. H. Smith), being dis- AVES PODICIPEDID^E. 63 criminated from the insular form as having a bill much shorter and more slender.and with less fuscous color on the sides and flanks. In addition a race is described from Texas (based on No. 11. Coll. of George B. Sennett, male, Lomita Ranch, Lower Rio Grande, Texas, April 27, 1878. Collected by George B. Sennett), which is character- ized as being similar to Colymbus dominions, but with shorter wings and bill, and having less fuscous on the sides and flanks as well as being whiter on the underparts. Through the kindness of the authorities in the American Museum I have examined both of these types and conclude that they present sufficient valid characteristics to discriminate them from the insular form ; but inasmuch as I have been unable to examine speci- mens from Patagonia, I must refer the bird from that region to Podicipes dominicns, though it seems probable that it will be found to approach, if not to be the same as, the Colymbus dominiciis brachypterus of Chapman- PODICIPES AMERICANUS Garnot. Podiceps americanns, Garn. Voy. Coq. Zool. I. p. 599 (1826: Chile); Gray, Gen. B. III. p. 633 (1846); Des Murs in Gay's Hist. Chil. Zool. I. p. 465 (1847) ; Schl. Mus. Pays-Bas, VI. Urinat. p. 42 (1867: Chile); Gray, Hand-List B. III. p. 95, no. 10769 (1871); Oust. Miss. Sci. Cap Horn, Oiseaux, p. 235 (1891). Podiceps chiliensis, Garn. Voy. Coq. Zool. I. p. 60 1 (1826: Concepcion) ; Gray, Gen. B. III. p. 633 (1846). Podiceps albicollis, Less. Traite d'Orn. p. 594 (1831); Puch. Mag. de Zool. 1851, p. 571. Podiceps chilensis, Gould, Voy. 'Beagle,' Birds, p. 137 (1841: Buenos Ayres) ; Gay, Hist. Chil. Zool. I. p. 464 (1847) ; Reichenb. Syst. Av. Natatores, pi. 13. fig. 750 (1848); Scl. P. Z. S. 1867, p. 340; Gray, Hand-List B. III. p. 94, no. 10767 (1871). Podiceps rollandi, Gould, (nee Quoy et Gaim.) Voy. 'Beagle,' Birds, p. 137, part (1841: near Straits of Magellan and eastern coast of Chiloe); Eraser, P. Z. S. 1843, p. 119 (Chile); Gray, List B. part iii. p. 151 part (1844); Des Murs in Gay's Hist. Chil. Zool. I. p. 463 (1847) ; Pelz. Reise Novara. Voy. p. 140 (1865: Chile) ; Scl. P. Z. S. 1867, p. 340; Scl. & Salv. Ibis, 1868, p. 189 (Straits of Magellan); 64 PATAGONIAN EXPEDITIONS : ZOOLOGY. iid. P. Z. S. 1868, p. 146 (Conchitas); iid. Exot. Orn. II. p. 190, part (1869) ; Newt. Ibis, 1869, p. 241, note (Halt Bay) ; Scl. & Salv. t c. p. 284; Cunn. Nat. Hist. Str. Magell. pp. 222, 348 (1871); Huds. P. Z. S. 1872, p. 549 (Rio Negro); Scl. & Salv. Nomencl. Av. Neotr. p. 150, part (1873); Durnf. Ibis, 1877, p. 45 (Chupat river); Gibson, Ibis, 1880, p. 164 (breeding habits); Sharpe, P. Z. S. 1 88 1, p. 17 (S. Chile; Str. Magellan: Patagonia); White, P. Z. S. 1882, p. 629 (Alto Parana, Paraguayan coast), 1883, p. 43 (Cosquin, Cardova) ; Salv. t. c. p. 432 (Talcahuano) ; Barrows, Auk, I. p. 317 (1884: Lower Uruguay); Scl. & Hudson, Argent. Orn. II. p. 204 (1889); Graham Kerr, Ibis, 1890, p. 358 (Rio Pilcomayo); Oust. Sci. Miss. Cap Horn, Oiseaux, p. 233, part (1891) ; Scl. Ibis, 1891, p. 16 (Argentine Republic); Graham Kerr, Ibis, 1892, p. 151 (Pilcomayo); Holland, t. c. p. 214 (Estancia Espartilla) ; Schalow, Zool. Jahrb. Suppl. IV. p. 651 (1898: Llanquihue). Rollandia micra, Bonap. C. R. xlii, p. 775 (1856). Tachybaptus americanus, Bonap. torn. cit. p. 775 (1856). Tachybaptus chilensis, Bonap. torn. cit. p. 775 (1856). Podiceps rollandii, Leybold (nee Q. & G.) Excurs. Pampas Argentinas, p. 20 (1873). Podiceps leucotis, Tacz. P. Z. S. 1874, p. 563 (Central Peru). Podicipes rollandi, Lane (nee Q. & G.), Ibis, 1897, p. 313 (Chile). Podicipes americanus, Grant, Cat. B. Brit. Mus. XXVI. p. 524 (1898); Sharpe, Hand-List B. I. p. 114 (1899); Salvad. Ann. Mus. Genov. (2) xx. p. 633 (1900: Punta Arenas, June); Oates, Cat. Bds. Eggs, Brit. Mus. I. p. 135, pi. XI. fig. 8 (1901). GENERAL DESCRIPTION. Size (adults in breeding plumage). — Total length, about 1 1.5 inches. Oilmen (from feathers of forehead), 0.65 to 0.85 inches. Wing, 4.3 to 4.5 inches. Tarsus, 1.4 inches. Color (adult in breeding plumage). — General color above, black with some greenish gloss ; below, except the neck, dull grey with a strong admixture of rufous, and of glossy silk texture. Head : Black, with green gloss and an admixture of dull rufous on the AVES PODICIPEDID^E. forehead, and crown, the feathers of which are lengthened forming a crest. The elongated feathers of the sides of the crown are white at their bases and have black tips. These feathers partially hide the pure white ear coverts. Neck : Black of a dull sooty character throughout ; FIG. 32. some greenish gloss on the upper part and with an appreciable admixture of sandy rufous caused by the tips of each feather. Back: Black, with a strong greenish gloss, each feather being tipped and edged with sandy brown. Wing: In general the closed wing is colored like the back. The primaries dark ash, white toward the basal half of the inner web. The amount of white increases on the inner webs, becoming almost entirely white on the inner primary. The secondaries are Po&cipesamericajtus. pure white, except the outermost and several of the 7 °7' r versity Collection. innermost which are ashy brown along the shafts Adult female Profile and at the extremities. The lower wing coverts are of head and neck. y2 white. natural size. Tail : Like the back in color. Lower parts dull grey, with a strong admixture of rufous and dusky, the whole of silky gloss texture. On the belly and the region of the vent the dusky admixture has a more or less barred appearance. The feathers of the sides and flanks are most strongly marked with bright rufous and have dusky tips. The above description is based on an adult female No. 7807 Princeton University Collection, taken at Cape Fair- weather, Patagonia, 7 February, 1898. "Iris red; bill black; legs and toes slate color." (H. Whiteley.) Dr. Coppinger says the feet are "grey, dark grey, or olive green." When not in breeding plumage the adult birds are similar. There is however much less elongation to the crown feathers, the chin and throat are pure white, and the neck is otherwise snuff brown, both above and below. The crown of the head is black with a green gloss, the ear coverts are white obscured somewhat by the black tips of the feathers on the sides of the head. The feathers of the crown are edged and tipped with sandy brown. The lower parts, except the neck, are dull whitish with a vinous tinge strongest on the sides and breast. * 66 PATAGONIAN EXPEDITIONS : ZOOLOGY. This description is taken from an adult female, no. 7809, Princeton University Collection obtained at Rio Gallegos, Patagonia, May 21, 1896. Geographical Range. — Central and Southern South America, Peru, Argentine Republic and Uruguay to the Straits of Magellan. A young bird, no. 8327 Princeton University Collection, taken at Arroyo Eke, Patagonia, 14 April, 1898, has the following characteristics. The entire body, including the wings, and the lower neck where it joins the breast is in a plumage very like that of the non-breeding period of the adult. The bird has evidently fully completed a moult from the down stage for the parts spoken of, and though the neck and head, about to be described in detail, have also gone through a similar moult, they still retain a semi-down kind of feathering. The color of the neck from the breast to the head is deep isabelline, the throat and chin pure white. Podicipesamericanus. There js a central crown stripe of sancjy rufous, CX- 8327. Princeton Uni- ,. ,, ., . „,.... 111 versity Collection. Pro- tendmg wel1 on to the occiput. This is bounded by a file of head of young. rather broader black stripe on each side. These stripes are denned in their turn by superciliary stripes that are bright rufous where they begin to show on the forehead and gradually they become lighter until they are concolorous with the hind neck. There is a narrow black stripe beginning on the forehead and reaching back above the eye, becoming broader and less well defined behind. The forehead and lores are sandy brown. Below the eye another black stripe starts at the angle of the mouth, proceeding backward to the region of the ear coverts. Back of the eye an isabelline stripe divides the upper and lower black eye stripes. Below the lower black eye stripe is another light stripe, pale rufous where it originates at the mouth and becoming isabelline or almost white posteriorly. Very narrow black stripes define the line of the jaws on each side of the throat for about half an inch. A young bird, almost full grown, but in the down plumage throughout, No. 7808 « Princeton University Collection, taken at Cape Fairweather, Patagonia, 7 February, 1898, is, I suspect, one of a brood of young AVES PODICIPEDIDyE. 67 FIG. 34. belonging to the adult female No. 7807, described. The down is marked off into color areas on the body much as in the adult. The upper parts are dusky or blackish, with sandy and rufous brown fringing to the down feathers. The sides and flanks are much like the back, but the fringing to the feathers is greyer. The region about the vent is similar to the sides. The abdomen, breast and chest are white shading into the color of the sides and flanks. The neck and head are striped longitudinally with, rufus, blackish and white stripes, except on the back of the neck which is dull black, much like the back, and with some faint sandy brown fringing to the down feathers. The Princeton University Collections contain a series of four of these birds. It is evident that nest- Podicipes americamis. 7808. Princeton Uni- ing must occur in the vicinity of Cape Fairweather, versity Collection. Pro- Patagonia, late in December and that the exact time JleJ0f.,Iieadl of of breeding varies somewhat in different parts of the area under consideration. bird still in down plum- age. P. U. O. C. No. Sex. Locality. Date. Collector. Skin. tt ti it 7807 7808 7809 8327 9 Adult (breed- ing)- tf Young in down. 9 Ad. winter plumage. 9 Young of year. Cape Fairweather, Patagonia. Cape Fairweather, Patagonia. Rio Gallegos, Patagonia. Arroyo Eke, Patagonia. 7 February, 1898. 7 February, 1898. 21 May, 1898. 14 April, 1898. J. B. Hatcher. « « « This grebe is apparently a permanent resident even as far south as Sandy Point, for Dr. Cunningham speaks of it as follows under head of June 8th, the mid-winter of Patagonia: "A specimen of a curious little grebe (Podiceps rollandi}, very common in the Strait, but difficult to shoot on account of its activity in diving, was in addition procured, be- ing found by one of the officers frozen into the ice of a small stream." (Nat. Hist. Strs. Mag., p. 222, 1871.) The party were ashore at Sandy Point o'n this day, and the bird referred to as Podiceps rollandi was Podicipes americanus, P. rollandi, so far as known, being restricted to the Falkland Islands. 68 PATAGONIAN EXPEDITIONS I ZOOLOGY. Of the American grebe as he met with it in Patagonia Mr. J. B. Hatcher writes (MSS. notes): "Abundant in marshes and streams all over Patagonia, and of the same general habits as the "hell diver (P. podicipes}." " In cruising about the bay (Halt Bay) we saw numerous individuals of a little grebe, the Podiceps rollandi, common in the Strait and Chan- nels, but very difficult to shoot, on account of the rapidity with which it dives, and the impossibility of predicting in what direction it will come up. One was at length shot, and I was struck by the exquisite ruby red color of the eye. They possess an exceedingly unpleasant fishy odour, which becomes very perceptible in the process of skinning them." (Cunn. Nat. Hist. Str. Magell., p. 348, 1871.) The bird referred to by Cunningham as Podiceps rollandi is undoubt- edly Podicipes americanus. PODICIPES ROLLANDI Gould. Podiceps rolland, Quoy & Gaim. Voy. Uranie, p. 133, pi. 36 (1824: Falkland Islands). Podiceps rollandi, Gould, Voy. 'Beagle,' Birds, p. 137, part (1841 : Falk- land Isl.); Gray, List B. part iii. p. 151, pt. (1844); id. Gen. B. III. p. 633 (1846); Reichenb. Syst. Av. Natatores, pi. 13. figs. 751-752 (1848); Gould, P. Z. S. 1859, p. 98 (Falkland Isl.); Scl. P. Z. S. 1860, p. 389; Abbott, Ibis, 1861, p. 162; Scl. & Salv. Exot. Orn. II. p. 190 part (1869); iid. Nomencl. Av. Neotr. p. 150 (1873); Oust. Sci. Miss. Cap Horn, Oiseaux, p. 233, part (1891). Rollandia leucotis, Cuv., teste Bonap. C. R. xlii. p. 775 (1856). Podiceps rollandii, Schl. Mus. Pays-Bas, Urinat. p. 42 (1867: Falkland Isl.). Podiceps leucotis, Cuv.; teste Gray, Hand-List B. III. p. 94, no. 10755 (1871). Podicipes rollandi, Grant, Cat. B. Brit. Mus. XXVI. p. 526 (1898); Sharpe, Hand-List B. I. p. 114 (1899). GENERAL DESCRIPTION. Size. — Total length, about 14 inches. AVES PODICIPEDIDyE. 69 Oilmen (from feathers on forehead), i to 1.2 inches. Wing, 5.3 to 5.5 inches. Tarsus, 1.8 inches. Color (adults in breeding plumage). — General coloration like that of P. americanus except the lower parts (breast and belly) which are much FIG. 35. Podicipes rollandi. Profile of head. Natural size. Adult male. From specimen in the British Museum. brighter, being rufescent chestnut. The green gloss of the upper parts is also much more pronounced. Geographical Range. — The Falkland Islands. The much larger size and the chief difference in color noted above will serve at once to discriminate P, rollandi from its close ally P. americamis. The measurements and description given are based on material in the British Museum of Natural History, for the Princeton Expeditions did not explore the Falkland Islands. In view of the lack of material it is not possible to notice the non-breeding plumage of this grebe, but it seems 70 PATAGONIAN EXPEDITIONS: ZOOLOGY. probable that it does not differ greatly from the non-breeding state of plumage, occurring in P. americanus. The breeding season of P. rollandi is much later than that of P. americanus, or at least extends over a longer period, as individuals in the British Museum collections taken in June are still in breeding plumage. PODICIPES CALIPAREUS (LeSSOn). Podiceps calipareus, Less. Voy. Coq. Zool. I. p. 727, pi. XLV (1826: Falkland Isl.); Gould. P. Z. S. 1859, p. 98; Scl. P. Z. S. 1860, p. 389; Abbott, Ibis, 1861, p. 162 (E. Falkland Isl.); Pelz. Reise Novara, Vog. p. 140 (Chile); Scl. P. Z. S. 1867, p. 340 (Chile); Durnf. Ibis, 1877, p. 45 (Chupat River), 1878, p. 405 (Central Pata- gonia) ; Graham Kerr, Ibis, 1890, p. 358 (Rio Pilcomayo) ; Scl. P. Z. S. 1891, p. 137 (Tarapaca). Podiceps occipitalis, Garn. Ann. Sci. Nat. VII. p. 50 (1826": Falkland Isl.) ; Gray, Gen. B. III. p. 633 (1846); Schl. Mus. Pays-Bas, VI. Urinat. p. 41 (1867: Falkland Isl., Chile); Oust. Sci. Miss. Cap Horn, Oiseaux, p. 317 (1891). Podiceps kalipareus, Gould, Voy. 'Beagle,' Birds, p. 136 (1841: Bahia Blanca: Falkland Isl.); Fraser, P. Z. S. 1843, p. 119 (Valparaiso Bay); Gray, List B. part iii. p. 150 (1844); id. Gen. B. III. p. 633 (1846) ; Des Murs in Gay's Hist. Chil. Zool. I. p. 464 (1847) ; Yarrell; P. Z. S. 1847, p. 55 (egg); Reichenb. Syst. Av. Natatores, pi. n. figs. 69, 70 (1848); Gray, Hand-List B. III. p. 94 no. 10756 (1871), Leybold, Excurs. Pampas Argentinas, p. 20 (1871). Poliocephalus occipitalis Bonap. C. R. xlii. p. 775 (1856). Podiceps . caliparceus, Scl. & Salv. Exot. Orn. II. p. 190 (1869); iid. P. Z. S. 1869, p. 158 (Tungasuca); iid. Nomencl. Av. Neotr. p. 150(1873); White, P. Z. S. 1883, p. 43 (Cosquin, Cordova); Scl. & Huds. Argent. Orn. II. p. 204 (1889); Schalow. Zool. Jahrb. Suppl. IV. p. 651 (1898: Talcalmano; Valparaiso). Podiceps caliparius, Scl. & Salv. Ibis, 1869, p. 284 (Chiloe); Cunn. Nat. Hist. Str. Magell. p. 339 (1871). Podiceps calliparitis, Scl. & Salv. P. Z. S. 1879, p. 641 (Potosi, Bolivia). AVES PODICIPEDID^E. 71 Podicipes calipareus, Lane, Ibis, 1897, p. 313 (Lake Huasco); Grant, Cat. B. Brit. Mus. XXVI. p. 536 (1898); Sharpe, Hand-List B. I. p. 114 (1899). GENERAL DESCRIPTION. Size. — Total length, about 10.5 inches. Culmen (from feathers on forehead), 0.75 to 0.80 inches. Wing, 5.2 to 5.5 inches. Tarsus, 1.65 inches. Color (adults in breeding plumage). — General color above dark slaty grey ; lower parts glossy white, with the sides and flanks shaded with dark slate color. Head : Forehead and crown grey mouse-brown, occiput deep black. The superciliary feathers, the cheeks and the ear coverts dull golden straw FIG. 36. FIG. 37. FIG. 38. Podicipes calipareus. Profile Podicipes calipareus. De- Podicipes calipareus. Profile of head and neck. Adult male, tail of foot. % natural of head and neck. Adult female. P. U. O. C. 8829. y^ natural size. j£ natural size, size. color, all having together with the feathers of the crown, hair-like filaments or tips which form a ruff-like hood. Neck : Above deep black shading into lead or slate on the sides and being pure white below, except on the chin and throat which are like the sides of face and top of head, light mouse-brown, forming the char- acteristic grebe hood. Back : Dark slate grey. Wings : The upper coverts are like the back in color. The primary quills are brownish grey, the inner five or six being margined with white at the tips. The secondaries are white, with the outer webs partly mar- 72 PATAGONIAN EXPEDITIONS! ZOOLOGY. gined with greyish brown. In many adults this greyish brown margin is almost absent, the secondaries being nearly or quite white. Lower parts : Chin and throat grey mouse color. Rest of lower parts shining satiny white shaded on the sides and flanks with dark slate. "Iris crimson; bill dark brown; legs and feet pale slate." (H. Durn- ford.) The adult female in breeding plumage is similar to the adult male, except that the area of black on the occiput is not so extensive, nor are the plumes of the ear-coverts as elongated. Adults in non-breeding plumage are much like those in nuptial dress, except that they lack the straw colored feathers above described as well as the filaments to the crown feathers. Immature birds are like the adults in non-breeding plumage except that the occiput and back of neck are dull white with a brownish tinge. Geographical Range. - - Patagonia, the Straits of Magellan, the Falk- land Islands, Chile and the Argentine Republic northward to Peru. The Princeton University Expeditions did not secure this species and the above measurements and descriptions are based on examples of this bird in the collections of the British Museum of Natural History, and on two individuals in the Princeton University Museum, from Museo de La Plata, cited in full below. P. U. 0. C. No. Sex. Locality. Date. Collector. Skin. tt 54 55 Male. Female. Prov. Buenos Aires, Argentina. Prov. Buenos Aires, Argentina. January, 1898. January, 1898. Museo de La Plata. Darwin in his Voyage of the Beagle writes: "My specimens were ob- tained from Bahia Blanca (September), Northern Patagonia, and the Falkland Islands. In the former place it lived in small flocks in the salt-water channels, extending between the great marshes at the head of the harbour. At the Falkland Islands I saw (March) very few in- dividuals ; and these only in one small fresh-water lake. Tarsi of the same color as the plumage of the back ; iris of a beautiful tint, between 'scarlet and carmine red'; pupil black. Mr. Gould remarks that, 'This beautiful species of Podiceps is equal in size, and has many of the AVES PODICIPEDID^E. 73 characters of the P. auritus, but it is at once distinguished from that species by the silvery colouring of the plumes that adorn the sides of the head; which in P. auritus are deep chestnut" (Gould, Voy. "Beagle," Birds, p. 136, 1841). Genus ^CHMOPHORUS Coues. Type. , Coues, P. Acad. Sci. Philad. 1862, p. 229; Ogilvie-Grant, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus. XXVI. p. 549 (1898); Sharpe, Hand-List Bds. I. p. 115 (1899) Al. occidentalis. Geographical Range. — North America and Central and Southern parts of South America to the Straits of Magellan. FIG. 39. ^ECHMOPHORUS MAJOR (Boddaert). Grebe de Cayenne, D'Aubent. PI. Enl. IX. pi. 404, fig. i (1781). Le Grand Grebe, Buff. Hist. Nat. Ois. viii. p. 242 (1781). Colymbus major, Bodd. Tabl. PI. Enl. p. 24 (1783). Cayenne Grebe, Lath. Gen. Syn. iii. pt. i. p. 284 (1785). Colymbus cayennensis, Gm. Syst. Nat. i- P- 593 (1788). Podiceps cayanus, Lath. Ind. Orn. II. p. 781 (1790). Colymbus bicornis, Licht. Verz. Doubl. p. 88 (1823: Montevideo). Podiceps leucopterus, King, Zool. Journ. IV. p. 101 (1829: Straits of Magellan); Gray, List B. pt. iii. p. 149 (1844); id. Gen. B. III. p. 633 (1846); Des. Murs in Gay's Hist. Chil. Zool. I. p. 463 (1847); Reichenb. Syst. Av. Natatores, pi. VII. figs. 740-741 (1848); James, List Chil. B. p. 15 (1885); Burm. An. Mus. Nac. Buenos Aires, III. pt. X. p. 249 (1888: Patagonia). jEchmopltoms major. Male. Museo de La Plata. Outline of Wing, showing relative proportion of primary and secondary quills. 74 PATAGONIAN EXPEDITIONS : ZOOLOGY. Podiceps longirostris, Bonap. Icon. Faun. Ital. Introd. p. i (1832-41 : Sardinia). f Podiceps chilensis, Eraser (nee Garn.), P. Z. S. 1843, p. 119 (Freshwater lakes near the coast, Chile); Yarrell, P. Z. S. 1847, P- 55 (Chile: egg). Podiceps major, Gray, Gen. B. III. p. 633 (1846); Schl. Mus. Pays-Bas, VI. Urinat. p. 38 (1867: Chile); Scl. & Salv. Exot. Orn. II. p. 190 (1869); iid. Ibis, 1870, p. 500 (St. Nicholas Bay, Str. Magellan); Cunn. Nat. Hist. Str. Magell. p. 458 (1871); Huds. P. Z. S. 1872, p. 549 (Rio Negro); Gibson, Ibis, 1880, p. 164 (Buenos Ayres, breed- ing); Salv. P. Z. S. 1883, p. 432 (Coquimbo Bay); Burm. An. Mus. Nac. Buenos Aires, III. pt. X. p. 249 (1888: Patagonia); Oust. Miss. Sci. Cap Horn, Oiseaux, p. 232 (1891). Podiceps bicornis, Gray, Gen. B. III. p. 633 (1846); Bp. C. R. xlii. p. 775 (1856); Burm. J. f. O. 1860, p. 267 (Santa Fe, Rio Parana); id. La Plata Reis. II. p. 520 (1861 : Parana); Gray, Hand-List B. III. p. 93 no 10742 (1871); Burm. An. Mus. Nac. Buenos Aires, III. pt. X. p. 249 (1888: Patagonia). sEchniophorus major, Scl. & Salv. Nomencl. Av. Neotr. p. 150 (1873); Durnf. Ibis, 1876, p. 165 (Banda Oriental: Buenos Ayres), 1877, p. 203 (Baradero; Monte- video); 1878, p. 405 (Chupat Valley, September : Lagoons of the Sengel : Sengelen ; Lake Colgaupe); White, P. Z. S. 1883, p. 433 (La Plata); Barrows, Auk, I. p. 316 (1884: Concepcion) ; Salvad. Elenc. Ucc. Ital. p. 300 (1887); Withington, Ibis, 1888, p. 473 (Lomas de Zamora); Scl. & Huds. Argent. Orn. II. p. 202 (1889); James, New List Chil. B. p. 13 (1892); Holland, Ibis, 1892, p. 213 (Estancia Espartilla) ; Lane, Ibis, 1897, P- 3*3 (Puerto Octay : Rio Bueno: Lake Llanquehui) ; Grant, Cat. B. Brit. Mus. XXVI. p. 549 (1898): Schalow, Zool. Jahrb. Suppl. IV. p. 652 (1898: Villa Rica: Laguna Llanquihue : Punta Arenas, Chile : Susanna Cove, Patagonia) ; FIG. 40. jEchmophorus major. 7806. Prince- ton University Collection. Breeding female. Profile of head and neck, natural size. AVES PODICIPEDID/E. 75 Sharpe, Hand-List B. I. p. 115 (1899); Martens, Hamb. Magalh. Sammelr. Vog. p. 23 (1900: Str. Magellan); Salvad. Ann. Mus. Genov. (2) XX. p. 633 (1900: Santa Cruz, Patagonia, Jan.); Gates, Cat. Bds. Eggs, Brit. Mus. I. p. 138, pi. XI. fig. 9 (1901). Colymbus salvadorii, Stejn. Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus. XXIX, p. 13 (1885). GENERAL DESCRIPTION. Size. — Total length, about 26.00 inches. Culmen (from feathers on forehead), 2.8 to 3.3 inches. Wing, 2.7 to 3.3 inches. Tarsus, 2.6 inches. Color. — General color above brownish black glossed with dark green, most pronounced on the head and neck. The under parts are satiny white from the lower breast backward ; the upper breast is shaded with silvery rufous, bright chestnut on the lower part of the neck, up to the head. Head : Top of head and occiput dark brownish black glossed conspicu- ously with green. The feathers of the occiput and the upper part of the nape, prolonged into a full though short crest. Sides of head deep lead color, darkest in the region back of the ears, and shading into black- ish green. Neck: Above dark brownish black, glossed with dark green. Sides and under parts bright chestnut shading into silvery chestnut or rufous on the lower neck. Chin and fore part of neck lead color like the sides of the face, becoming darkest, almost black, where it is sharply defined on the lower part of the throat. Back: Brownish black, not so dark as on the head and neck, and glossed with greenish. The feathers of this region have definite brownish white margins as have also the scapulars. The lower back and rump are darker, the feathers lack the brown-white margins, and there is a strong underlying tinge of deep chestnut. Wings : Like the back in general color but greyer. The outer primaries are ash brown, whitish on the basal half of their inner webs, this propor- tion of white gradually increases to the innermost quills which are nearly pure white. The secondaries are white. Lower parts : Lower breast and abdomen satiny white. Upper breast and sides of breast pale rufous shading into chestnut. Remainder of sides and the flanks brownish ash more or less tinged with rufous. 76 PATAGONIAN EXPEDITIONS : ZOOLOGY. This description is based on an adult female no. 7806, Princeton Uni- versity Ornithological Collection, taken on the Pacific Slope of the Cor- dilleras, Patagonia, 16 March, 1897. The collector, Mr. J. B. Hatcher, notes the eyes as "brown with a yellow border." Immature birds resemble the adult, but differ in having the sides of the head and face, and the chin and throat white. The sides and fore part of the neck chiefly greyish tinged with chestnut. The sides of the breast and flanks are ashy-brown, without traces of chestnut. Young in Down. — The general color of the upper parts as well as of the head and neck black, marked with longitudinal stripes of white. FIG. 41. FIG. 42. FIG. 43. ALchmopkorus major. 7806. Princeton Univer- sity Collection. Breeding female. Detail of foot. % natural size. ^Lchmophorus major. 8636. Princeton University Collection. Immature. Buenos Aires. Pro- file of head and neck. natural sze. jfechmopliorus major. 8635. Princeton University Collection. Adult female. Winter. Buenos Aires. Profile of head and neck. natural size. These become broken and irregular on the crown and sides of the head where they form a distinct pattern. There is a naked patch on the middle of the crown. Entire lower parts including the throat and chin white. The descriptions of the immature and of the down plumage are taken from material in the British Museum of Natural History. The adult male in winter is not so highly colored as in the breeding season and has a white throat and a white area in front of the eye. The adult female in winter resembles the immature bird. AVES PODICIPEDID^E. 77 FIG. 44. FIG. 45. sEchmophorus major. 8633. Princeton University ALchmophorus major. 8633. Prince- Collection. Adult male. Winter. Buenos Aires, ton University Collection. Adult male. Profile of head and neck. % natural size. Winter. Buenos Aires. Detail of foot. Y^ natural size. Geographical Range. — Central and Southern portion of South America. Patagonia to the Straits of Magellan. The Princeton Expeditions to Patagonia procured but one representative of this kind of grebe which is cited in full below. This bird appears to have finished breeding. The material in the University Museum em- braces six other individuals which together with that spoken of form the basis for the foregoing descriptions. Cond. P. U. O. C. No. Sex. Locality. Date. Collector. Skin. 7806 8633 8634 8635 86?fi Female. Male. Male. Female. Female. Rio Mayer Patagonia. Prov. Buenos Aires, Argentina. La Plata, Argentina. La Plata, Argentina. La Plata, Argentina. Mar. 1 6, 1897. July, 1898. July, 1896. August, 1897. July, 1896. J. B. Hatcher. MuseodeLaPlata S. Pozzi. « ii H 8637 Male. La Plata, Argentina. June, 1896. « In speaking of this grebe as he met it in Patagonia, Mr. J. B. Hatcher writes (MSS. notes) : "Found solitary or in pairs in lakes along the lower Andes, far from the sea." 78 PATAGONIAN EXPEDITIONS I ZOOLOGY. Mr. Barrows says : " Not uncommon at Concepcion during cool weather, both on the river and on smaller streams. My dates range from March 25 to September 26. One, which I shot on June 29, had only long, fine, water-grass in the stomach, not even the smell of fish. A few birds of this species were seen in the salt lakelet of Puan, March 27, 1881. In many places they are much hunted for the skins, which form quite an article of commerce at Buenos Aires." (Barrows, Auk, i. p. 316, 1884.) "One particularly bright and cheerful day late in February, as I rode through the woods at a distance of some five miles west of our camp, I came upon a small, nearly circular lake of about one mile and a half in diameter. As I emerged from the forest and sat on my horse by the rocky shore, where I thought to stop for a moment and admire the beauti- ful scene before me, there came floating across the water from the far side of the lake a low plaintive soun'd, which I instantly recognized as that of the grebe, sEchmophorns major. In this sheltered place there was not a sufficient breeze to cause the slightest ripple on the surface of the lake, which for an instant I carefully scanned, hoping to get sight of the flightless bird which I knew must be present, though the locality was remote from its normal habitat. For a few moments, save the low plain- tive cry which was wafted at intervals from the opposite side, I could see nowhere on the surface of the lake the slightest evidence of life. A little later, however, I detected a wide V-shaped ripple on the water, with a small black object at the apex which was directed straight toward me from the opposite shore. For a time I remained motionless and watched the solitary bird as he sat gracefully on the surface of the water, with his long neck erect, and held a perfectly straight course for the beach at my feet, continuing to utter at regular intervals those singularly plaintive notes which seemed almost as though intended to bespeak from me com- miseration for him in the lonely solitude of his surroundings." (Nar. Princ. Univ. Exp. Pat. 1896-1899. Hatcher; Vol. I. p. 137, 1903.) Genus PODILYMBUS Lesson. Type. Podilymbus, Lesson, Traite d'Orn. p. 595 (1831) ; Ogilvie- Grant, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus. XXVI. p. 553 (1898); Sharpe, Hand-List Bds. I. p. 115 (1899) P. podicipes. AVES PODICIPEDID^E. 79 Sylbeocyclus, Bonap. Saggio, p. 86 (1832); Sclater, Ibis, 1874, p. 98 P. podicipes. Hydroka, Nuttall, Man. Orn. p. 259 (1834) P. podicipes. Nexiteles, Gloger, Hand- u. Hilfsb. p. 473 (1842) . . . P. podicipes. Geographical Range. — North and South America. PODILYMBUS PODICIPES (Linnaeus). The Pied-bill Dopchick, Catesby, Nat. Hist. Carol. I. p. 91, pi. 91 (1731). Colymb^ts podiceps, Linn. Syst. Nat. I. p. 136 (1758). La Grebe de 1'Isle S. Thomas, Briss. Orn. VI. p. 58 (1760). La Grebe de riviere de la Caroline, Briss. torn. cit. p. 63. Le Grebe de la Louisiane, D'Aubent. PI. Enl. IX. pi. 943 (1781). Le Grebe Duc-laart, Buff. Hist. Nat. Ois. VIII. p. 240 (1781). Le Castagneux a bee cercle, Buff. torn. cit. p. 247. Colymbus ludomcianus, Bodd. Tabl. PI. Enl. p. 56 ( 1 783) ; Licht. Verz. Doubl. p. 88 (1823: Montevideo). Red-bill Grebe, Pennant, Arct. Zool. II. p. 497, pi. xxii (1785). Louisiane Grebe, Pennt. torn. cit. p. 498. Black-breasted Grebe, Lath. Gen. Syn. III. pt. i. p. 289 (1785). Colymbus thomensis, Gmel. Syst. Nat. i. p. 592 (1788). Podiceps thomensis, Lath. Ind. Orn. II. p. 784 (1790). Podiceps carolinensis, Lath. torn. cit. p. 785 ; Schl. Mus. Pays. Bas, VI. Urinat. p. 47 (1867: Santiago, Chile). Podiceps ludomciamis, Lath. torn. cit. p. 785. Sylbeocyclus carolinensis, Bonap. Comp. List Eur. & N. Amer. B. p. 64 (1838). Colymbus carolinensis, D'Orb. in Ramon de la Sagra Hist. Cuba, Ois. p. 285 (1839). Podiceps antarcticus, Less. Rev. Zool. 1842, p. 209 (Valparaiso); Gray, Gen. B. III. p. 633 (1846); DesMurs in Gay's Hist. Chil. Zool. i. p. 465 (1847); Scl. P. Z. S. 1867, p. 337- Podilymbits carolinensis, Gray, List-B. part iii. p. 152 (1844); Reichenb. Syst. Av. Natatores, pi. VIII. figs. 756-757 (1848); Pelz. Reis. Novara, p. 140 (1865: Chile). 8o PATAGONIAN EXPEDITIONS I ZOOLOGY. Podilymbus brevirostris, Gray, Gen. B. III. pi. clxxi (1846). Podilimbus brevirostris, Reichenb. Syst. Av. Natatores, pi. cclxvi. fig. 2236 (1848). Podilymbus anisodactylus, Reichenb. Syst. Av. Natatores, pi. viii. fig. 760 (1848). Podilymbus antarcticus, Hartl. Naum. 1853, p. 218 (Valdivia); Scl. P. Z. S. 1867, p. 337 (Chile); id. & Salv. P. Z. S. 1868, p. 177 (Tambo Valley, Peru); Gray, Hand-list B. III. p. 95, no. 10771 (1871); Scl. & Salv. Nomencl. Av. Neotr. p. 150 (1873); James, List Chil. B. p. 15 (1885); Tacz. Orn. Perou, III. p. 498 (1886); James, New List Chil. B. p. 13 (1892); Lane, Ibis, 1897, p. 314 (Rio Bueno: Llan- quehui: Rio Conta); Schalow, Zool.Jahrb. Suppl. IV. p. 650 (1898: Laguna Llanquihue). Podilymbiis lineatus, Heerm. Proc. Acad. Philad. 1854, p. 179. Sylbeocyclus podic eps, Bp. C. R. XIII. p. 775 (1856). Sylbeocyclus antarcticus, Bp. t. c. p. 775. Sylbeocyclus lineatus, Bp. t. c. p. 775. Podilymbus podiceps, Scl. & Salv. Ibis, 1859, p. 234 (Guatemala), 1870, p. 500 (Compana, Straits Magellan) ; Cunn. Nat. Hist. Str. Magell. p. 334 (1871); Scl. & Salv. Nomencl. Av. Neotr. p. 150 (1873); Baird, Brewer and Ridgw. Water Birds N. Amer. II. p. 440 (1884); Withington. Ibis, 1888, p. 473 (Lomas de Zamora, breeding) ; Scl. & Huds. Argent. Orn. II. p. 206 (1889); Graham Kerr, Ibis, 1892, p. 151 (Fontin Page, Lower Pilcomayo). Podilymbus eurytes, Gray, Hand-List B. III. p. 95, No. 10772 (1871). Podilymbus podicipes, Merriam, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, VII. p. 241 (1882); Grant, Cat. B. Brit. Mus. XXVI. p. 553 (1898); Sharpe, Hand-List B. I. p. 115 (1899); Martens, Hamb. Sammelr. Vog. p. 23 (1900: Str. Magellan); Oates, Cat. Bds. Eggs, Brit. Mus. I. p. 138 (1901). FIG. 46. Podilymbus podicipes. Pro- file of head and neck. Breed- ing plumage. ^ natural size. AVES PODICIPEDID^E. 8l GENERAL DESCRIPTION. Size (adult male). — Total length, about 14 inches. Culmen (from feathers on forehead), 0.75 to i inch. Wing, 5.1 to 5.6 inches. Tarsus, 1.6 to 1.8 inches. Adult Female: Total length, about 12 inches. Culmen (from feathers on forehead), 0.7 to 0.9 inches. Wing, 4.6 to 5 inches. Tarsus, 1.35 to 1.6 inches. The adult males of this species are decidedly larger than the adult females. Color (adult breeding). — General color above dark glossy brown. FIG. 47. FIG. 48. Podilymbus podicipes. Profile of head and neck. Adult in winter. y2 natural size. Podilymbus podicipes. Profile of head and neck. Young of the year. y2 nat- ural size. Lower breast and belly silvery white with some dusky mottling. On the sides and flanks dark brown with rufous mottling. Head : Crown dark brown inclining to blackish. Sides of head and face below the eyes sandy ash. Neck : Sandy ash below becoming dark brown like the crown above. The throat and extreme upper fore neck deep black, which extends as a slight bar back of base of the lower mandible upward to the gape. Back : Dark glossy brown with some ashy washing, depending on the freshness of the plumage. Wings : Much like the back. The primary and secondary quills ashy, inclining to white on their inner webs, and this condition progressing so 82 PATAGONIAN EXPEDITIONS I ZOOLOGY. that the secondaries have a whitish appearance. This varies in individuals and does not seem to be correlated with age or season. Lower parts : Silky white with some dusky mottling. The flanks and sides dark brown approaching the back in color but more ashy and mottled with rufous in a varying degree. Iris dark hazel, with a narrow outer rim of yellowish white. Bill pale, almost white with a slight greenish tint and having a distinct well defined black band across both mandibles. Tarsi and feet greenish slate color; the greenish shading is not so apparent on the inner surface of the toes or tarsi. Adult in Non-breeding or Winter Plumage. — The appearance of this grebe in this phase of plumage differs from that described as follows : The chin and throat are white generally strongly suffused with rusty. This suffusion is very pronounced on the fore neck, sides and flanks, and is noticeable on the upper parts generally. The belly is less affected in this way than the other parts. Young of the Year. — Young birds of the year resemble winter adult birds, but may be readily recognized by dark brown longitudinal markings on the sides of the face and throat. The bill is as long as in adults but is noticeably more compressed. Young in Down. — Young in the downy phase are of a general dusky brown coloring, striped longitudinally with white. The head and neck are very definitely marked in black and white striping. There is a chest- nut area in the middle of the crown, and two chestnut bands across the nape. The chin, throat, breast and belly are white and the sides and flanks greyish brown. Geographical Range. — Patagonia, the Argentine Republic, and north- ward throughout South America, the West Indies, Mexico and North America as far north as Hudson's Bay and the Great Slave Lake. The Bermudas. Breeding locally throughout its range, and being migratory in North America and probably in South America, in the regions where ice is formed during the colder portions of the year. • The Princeton University Expeditions did not observe or secure this species in Patagonia, though it doubtless occurs in at least the northern AVES PODICIPEDID^E. portions of that region. The description is based on material in the Uni- versity Museum collected at various points in North America, and on the material cited below from the Pozzi collection. Cond. P. U. O. C. Sex. Locality. Date. Collector. Skin. M It 8630 8631 8632 Male, ad. Female, ad. Female, im. Prov. Buenos Aires, Argentina. Near Buenos Aires. Prov. Buenos Aires, Argentina. July, 1897. ft ll tt « S. Pozzi. « ti FIG. 49. FIG. 50. Podilymbus podicipes. 8630. Princeton University Collection. Profile of adult male. Buenos Ayres. Natural size. Podilymbus podicipes. ton University Collection, female. Buenos Ayres. 8631. Prince- Profile of adult Natural size. It will be noticed that all these birds were taken in the winter. The two adults show traces of the black throat patch and in the male it is clearly denned, though not fully developed. However, it is clear that the area occupied by the black is much more extensive than in specimens of this species from North America. It extends much farther down on the throat and higher up on the sides of the face and neck. The bill is much more robust and the birds are appreciably larger than any birds I have seen from North America. The immature bird still shows traces of the neck striping about the throat. It is a full grown bird with no traces of down. The under parts are much darker than in North American representatives, and this is par- ticularly noticeable on the breast and belly, and on the sides and flanks. Nowhere is there any clear silky white area, and the general under color is dusky brown, shaded with silky feathers of a curious gray cast, the 84 PATAGONIAN EXPEDITIONS I ZOOLOGY. lightest area being about the center of the lower surface of the body, rapidly shading into dusky in every direction. More material may prove the Patagonian birds to be worthy of specific rank and, as a geographical race or subspecies, it possesses much greater claim than any of those which have been so discriminated. "Dr. Hartlaub, in describing Podilymbus antarcticus (Podiceps antarc- tictts Less.) in his article in 'Naumannia,' does not appear to be aware FIG. 51. FIG. 52. Podilymbus podicipes. 8632. Princeton University Collection. Profile of immature female. Buenos Ayres. Natural size. Podilymbus podi- cipes. 8630. Prince- ton University Col- lection. Foot of adult male. Buenos Ayres. % natural size. that it is the same as P. brevirostris of Gray's 'Genera.' The error appears to have occurred from it not being stated on the plate in the 'Genera' that the figure of P. brevirostris is reduced in size. The typi- cal specimens of P. bremrostris were obtained in Chili by Mr. Bridges. I cannot find any difference between them and specimens of a Podilym- bus collected on the lakes of Atitlan in Guatemala by Mr. Salvin ; so that it would appear that this species ranges all along the Andes into Central America." (P. L. Sclater, P. Z. S., 1867, 337.) AVES SPHENISCID^E. 85 Order SPHENISCIFORMES. Sharpe, Classif. Bds. p. 71 (1891) ; id, Hand-List Bds. I. p. 117 (1899). Family SPHENISCID^E. Ogilvie-Grant, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus. XXVI. p. 623 (1898); Sharpe, Hand- List Bds. I. p. 117 (1899). Mitchell, Trans. Linn. Soc. (2) Zool. viii. pp. 173-275, pis. xxi-xxiii, text figures 1-75 (1901). Shufeldt, J. Anat. Physiol. (2) xv. pp. 390-404 pi. xxxviii (1901). Genus APTENODYTES Forster. Type. Aptenodytes, Forster, Comment. Gottingensis, iii. p. 133 (1781); Hyatt, Pr. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist. XIV. p. 241 (1872); Ogilvie-Grant, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus. XXVI. p. 626 (1898) ; Sharpe, Hand-List Bds. I. p. . 117(1 899) A. patagonica. Apterodita, Scop. Del. Flor. et Fauna Insubr. ii. p. 91 (1786) A. patagonica. Pingtunaria, Shaw, Mus. Lever, p. 144 (1792). . . . A. patagonica. Geographical Range. — Straits of Magellan to New Zealand and the Macquarie Islands. Falkland Islands; Kerguelen Island. Shores of Antarctic Continent. APTENODYTES PATAGONICA (Forster). Patagonian Pinguin,' Penn. Phil. Trans. Iviii. p. 91 tab. V (1768); id. Gen. B. p. 55, tab. 14 (1781); Lath. Gen. Syn. III. pt. 2 p. 563 (1785)- Le Manchot, Sonn. Nouv. Guin. p. 179, tab. 113 (1776). Le Manchot des Isles Malouines, D'Aubent. PI. Enl. X. pi. 975 (1781). Le Grand Manchot, Buff. Hist. Nat. Ois. IX. p. 399, tab. xxx (1783). Aptenodytes patachonica, Forst. Nouv. Comm. Gotting. III. p. 137, pi. 2 (1781); Gm. Syst. Nat. i. p. 556 (1788); Lath. Ind. Orn. II. p. 878 86 PATAGONIAN EXPEDITIONS I ZOOLOGY. (1790); Reid, P. Z. S. 1835, p. 132 (Falkland Islands); Cass. U. S. Expl. Exped. p. 349 (1858); Fitz. Bilder- Atlas Nat. Vog. fig. 347 (1864); Milne Edwards Ann. Sci. Nat. (6) IX. art. 9 p. 37 (1879- 1880); Vincig. Faun. Amer. Austr. Boll. Soc. Geogr. Ital. xxi. p. 801 (1884). Apterodyta longirostris, Scop. Flor. et Faun. Insubr. II. p. 91 (1786). Aptenodyta patagonica, Bonn. Enc. Meth. I. p. 66, tab. xvi, fig. 3 (1790). Pinguinaria patachonica, Shaw, Mus. Lever, p. 144 cum tab (1792). Pinguinaria patagonica, Shaw in Miller's Cim. Phys. p. 45 (1796). Aptenodytes patagonica, Miller, Cim. Phys. tab. XXIII. (1796); Stephens in Shaw's Gen. Zool. XIII. p. 55, pi. 7 (1825); Forst. Descr. Anim. p. 347 (1844: Falkland Isl.); Reichenb. Syst. Av. Natatores, pi. I. figs. 3, 4 (1848); Grant, Cat. B. Brit. Mus. XXVI. p. 627 (1898); Sharpe, Hand-List B. I. p. 117 (1899); Martens, Vog. Hamb. Magalh. Sammelr. p. 23 (1900); Salvad. Ann. Mus. Genov. (2) XX. p. 633 (1900: Penguin Rookery, Feb.); Gates, Cat. Bds. Eggs, Brit. Mus. I. p. 143 (1901). Patagonian Pinguin, Shaw & Nodd. Nat. Misc. XI. tab. 409 (1799). Hairy Pinguin, Lath. Gen. Hist. B. X. p. 392 (1824: Young); Yarrell, P. Z. S. 1833, p. 33. Woolly Pinguin, Lath. Gen. Hist. B. X. p. 392, pi. 181 (1824: Young); Yarrell, P. Z. S. 1833, pp. 33, 65. King Penguin, Weddell, Voy. South Pole, p. 55 (1825). Aptenodytes pennantii, Gray, Ann. & Mag. N. H. xiii. p. 315 (1844); id. List B. Brit. Mus. III. p. 156 (1844: Falkland Isl.); Reichenb. Syst. Av. Natatores, pi. i. figs, i, 2 (1848); Bp. C. R. xlii. p. 775 (1856); Gould, P. Z. S. 1859, p. 98 (Falkland Isl.); Scl. op. cit. 1860, p. 390 (loc. cit); Abbott, Ibis, 1861, p. 163 (Falkland Isl. not known to breed); Scl. P. Z. S. 1865, p. 318 (Falkland Isl.); id. 1868, p. 527 (E.Falkl.); id. & Salv. Ibis, 1869, p. 284 (Tyssen Isl.); Gray Hand- List B. III. p. 99 no. 10808 (1871); Hyatt, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H. XIV. p. 247 (1872: Straits of Magellan); Gray, Erebus & Terror pi. 32 (1875); Scl. P. Z. S. 1879, p. 763 (Staten Isl. Tierra del Fuego); id. Ibis, 1888, pp. 331, 332, figs, i & 3; de Winton, P. Z. S. 1899 pp. 900, 980 (moulting). Aptenodytes rex, Bp. C. R. xlii. p. 775 (1856). Aptenodytes forsteri (nee Gray), Scl. Ibis, 1860, p. 432 (Falkland Isl.). AVES SPHENISCID/E. 87 Spheniscus pennantii, Schl. Mus. Pays-Bas, vi. Urinat. p. 3 (1867: Falk- land Isl.). Aptenodytes longirostris, Coues, Proc. Acad. Philad. 1872, p. 193 (Falk- land Isl.) ; Sharpe, Erebus & Terror, App. p. 37 (1875) ; Scl. & Salv. P. Z. S. 1878, p. 653 (Falkland Isl.); Scl. P. Z. S. 1879, p. 311 (eggs) ; id. & Salv. Voy. Chall. Birds, p. 122 (1880: Falkland Isl.) ; Burm. An. Mus. Nac. Buenos Aires, III. Part X. p. 249 (1888: S. Patagonia) ; Studer, Forschungsreise S. M. S., Gazelle, III. p. 104 (1889); Steinen, Internat. Polarforsch. Deutschen Exped. II. pp. 229-237, 273-276, pis. 7, 8 (1890); Oust. Sci. Miss. Cap Horn, p. 319 (1891); Moseley, Notes Voy. Chall. p. 152 cum fig. (1892); Hazard, Auk, XI. p. 280, pi. viii. (1894: notes on nesting). FIG. S3- Aptenodytes patagonica. Profile head and neck. ^ natural size. GENERAL DESCRIPTION. Size. — Total length about 36 inches. Culmen (gape to tip), 4.7 inches. Culmen (from nasal feathers to tip), 2.4 inches. Wing (shoulder to tip), 12 inches. Tail, 3.2 inches. Color. — General color of upper parts dull blackish so thickly mottled with small round blue grey spots as to present a bluish grey appearance ; and below white. Head : The top of the head, and cheeks deep black having a distinct dark greenish gloss. A large oval patch of orange-yellow on the sides of the head, back of the ears. Neck: Sides of the neck uniform blue grey. Above and continuous 88 PATAGONIAN EXPEDITIONS I ZOOLOGY. % with the black of the crown and terminating in a point, there is a black area on the nape, glossed with dark green. This color also extends on the chin and throat. The yellow which forms the two oval areas back of the ears, is separated above by the black crown. Thence as two narrow yellow lines this color reaches down the sides of the neck and unites on FIG. 54. Aptenodytes patagonica. Head from above. ]/$ natural size. the lower throat where it joins the orange yellow patch on the breast. The yellow is everywhere separated from the blue grey of the back and sides of the neck by a narrow black line, which widens on the sides of the breast and terminates at the flippers. Back : Blackish. Thickly mottled with small round blue grey spots so that the general effect is bluish grey. This color becomes bluer grey on the region of the rump and upper tail coverts. Tail : Of twenty feathers, which are scarcely longer than the longest upper tail-coverts. Flippers : Colored above like the back, but below rather greyer white with a large terminal spot or area of dusky black. Lower parts : Silky white with an orange area just below the termina- tion of the black of the throat, formed by the confluence of the two orange yellow lines and shading off into the silky white of the lower breast. Bill : Interramal space entirely feathered. Upper mandible black. Lower mandible black at the tip becoming flesh color at the base. Eyes : Hazel brown. Tarsi and feet : Black, the former feathered but not so as to conceal the base of the outer toe. Immature birds have the yellow decorations of the sides of the head and throat whitish with a faint yellow tinge. Otherwise they are similar to adults. Young attaining first plumage from down. Head and neck of uniform brown down overcast with grey giving a smoky effect. Flippers blue grey showing remnants of long brown or dusky down. This condition AVES SPHENISCID/E. 89 also prevails on the back and shoulders. Breast and chest dirty white with a strong yellow tinge and with much long dusky hair-like down. Rest of lower parts much as in adults. These birds are almost full grown. Downy birds and nestlings are entirely clothed in dull dusky brown down. Geographical Range. — Straits of Magellan and Cape Horn. Falkland, South Georgia, Marion, Kerguelen, Macquarie, Suaves and Stewart Islands. The Patagonian Penguin was not obtained by the naturalists of the Princeton Expeditions to Patagonia. The material used in these descrip- tions is in the Museum of the Philadelphia Academy of Sciences, in the British Museum of Natural History and in the Museum of the Jardin des Plantes. In the Natural History of Kerguelen Island Dr. Kidder writes of this species, "No eggs or young in the collection. It is of this genus that the statement is made that the eggs are incubated in a sort of pouch, formed by a fold of skin and situated between the tibiae. The whalers met at. Kerguelen Island confirm this statement; but no opportunity for direct personal observation was found during the stay of the transit-party. The male and female are said to alternate in carrying the egg around. Nat. Hist. Ker. Is. Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus. No. 3. p. 18 (1876). "In 'Bulletin No. 2' of the United States National Museum (p. 41), Dr. J. H. Kidder mentions a curious habit of the King Penguin (Apteno- dytes longirostris] upon the authority of Captain Joseph J. Fuller, of the schooner ' Roswell King,' informs me . . . that they (the King Penguins) build no nests whatever, carrying the egg about in a pouch between the legs, and only laying it down for the purpose of changing it from male to female. This 'Bulletin No. 2' was printed in 1875. In 1891 I had the good fortune to meet this same Captain Joseph J. Fuller, then about to sail for the Antarctic as Master of the sealing schooner ' Francis Allyn.' After some experimenting with cameras to find one best suited to the bad con- ditions of the Antarctic, we found a camera combining the essential virtues and agreed that one principal point to settle should be this one as to the 0,0 PATAGONIAN EXPEDITIONS I ZOOLOGY. egg-carrying habits of the Penguins. If possible a King Penguin was to be photographed so as to show the egg in position in the sac. Captain Fuller told me he felt sure he could manage the camera, which was fitted with a roll holder and films, but greatly feared the dark and foggy weather prevailing would hinder the best results. " About ten months later I received four rows of films by schooner from St. Helena, where the ' Francis Allyn ' had transhipped her catch of skins. They were Eastman films and many were excellent, especially such as had been exposed in sunlight at Cape Town, St. Helena, and Tristan d'Acunha. But the special efforts to photograph seals, sea elephants, Penguins of all degrees, Skuas (Buphagus skua antarcticus], Johnny Rooks (Senex australis], Sheath-bills (Chionis minor], and many another strange and interesting denizen of that comfortless Antarctic region were all failures, in part at least. The weather was no doubt largely respon- sible for this, and in many cases there was barely light enough to show a horizon line. The large percentage of failures was relieved by the fact that some of the best and most decipherable among them bore precisely upon the point stated by Dr. Kidder upon the authority of Captain Fuller. The photograph from which Mr. E. Whitney Blake has kindly made a careful scale drawing now reproduced, was one of the best of three, all meant to show the egg in the pouch. All three were taken on Kerguel- en's Island, during January, 1894, at which time the whole 'rookery' of Penguins was incubating. While the sailors caught the birds, then not a hard task, Captain Fuller photographed them, and while very bad photo- graphically, it is possible to decipher at least one of them, as I think the drawing proves. A careful inspection of the original shows the larger end of the egg, which barely projects from the external sac, which holds it firmly between the thighs of the bird, a king Penguin. The bird re- clines in its position in the sailor's arms, while his finger holds the egg securely, to prevent the bird dropping it. The soles of the Penguin's feet, if one may so speak, are turned up toward the camera, and are clearly defined against the breast. Mr. Blake's drawing shows this all and more." (R. G. Hazard, Auk, 1894, pp. 280-281.) AVES SPHENISCID^E. 91 Genus PYGOSCELIS Wagler. Type. Pygoscelis, Wagler, Isis, 1832, p. 281 ; Hyatt, Pro. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist. XIV. p. 242 (1872); Ogilvie-Grant, Cat Bds. Brit. Mus. XXVI. p. 630 (1898); Sharpe, Hand-List Bds. I. p. 118 (1899) P. papua. Dasyrkamphiis, Hombron & Jacquinot, Voy. Pole. Sud, Zool. iii. p. 154 (1853) P. adeliee. Pygoscelys, Bonap. C. R. xlii. p. 775 (1856) P. papua. Geographical Range. — Straits of Magellan, south to the shores of the Antarctic Continent, Falkland Islands, Kerguelen Island, New Zealand Seas and Macquarie Islands. :' * " PYGOSCELIS PAPUA (Forster). Le Manchot papou, Sonn. Voy. Nouv. Guin. p. 181 pi. CXV (1776). Aptenodytes papua, Forst. Nov. Comm. Getting. III. p. 140 pi. iii. (1781); Gm. Syst. Nat. i. p. 556 (1788: Falkland Isl); Lath. Ind. Orn. II. p. 879 (1790); Vieill. Gal. Ois. II. p. 246, pi. ccxcix (1834); Forst. Descr. Anim. p. 352 (1844). Papuan Pinguin, Lath. Gen. Syn. III. pt. 2 p. 565 (1785). Apterodita papua, Scop. Del. Flor. et Faun. Insubr. II. p. 91 (1786). Aptenodyta papua, Bonn. Enc. Meth. I. p. 67 pi. 17 fig. 3 (1790). Chrysocoma papua, Stephens in Shaw's Gen. Zool. xiii. p. 59 (1825). Pygoscelis papua, Gray, List B. iii. p. 153 (1844: Falkland Isl.) ; Reichenb. Syst. Av. Natatores, pi. ii. Suppl. i fig. 738 (1848) ; Hyatt, Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist. XIV. p. 249 (1872): Milne Edwards, Ann. Sci. Nat. (6) IX. Art. IX. p. 59 (1880); Steinen, Internat. Polarforsch. Deut- schen Exped. II. pp. 221-229, pis. 9, 10 (1890: S. Georgia) ; Donald, Proc. Roy. Soc. Edinb. XX. p. 175 (1894) ; Grant, Cat. B. Brit. Mus. xxvi, p. 631 (1898); Sharpe, Hand-List B. I. p. 118 (1899); Gates Cat. Bds. Eggs, Brit. Mus. I. p. 143 (1901). Eudyptes papua, Gray, Gen. B. III. p. 641 (1846); Cass. U. S. Expl. Exped. p. 350 (1858); Gould, P. Z. S. 1859, p. 98 (Falkland Isl.); Abbott, Ibis, 1860, p. 336 (Falkland Isl. breeding); Gray. Handl. B. III. p. 98, no. 10796 (1871). 92 PATAGONIAN EXPEDITIONS : ZOOLOGY. Aptenodytes tceniata, Peale, U. S. Expl. Exped. p. 264 (1848). Pygoscelis wagleri, Scl. P. Z. S. 1860, p. 390 (Falkland Isl.), id. P. Z. S. 1 86 1, p. 47; id. P. Z. S. 1868, p. 527. Sphen iscus papua, Schl. Mus. Pays Bas, VI. Urinat. p. 5 (1867: Falkland Isl.). Pygoscelis paptiensis, Van der Hoeven, teste Gray Hand-List B. III. p. 98 (1871). Pygoscelis tceniatus, Coues, Proc. Acad. Philad. 1872, p. 195. Pygosceles tceniatus, Scl. & Salv. Nomencl. Av. Neotr. p. 151 (1873); iid. P. Z. S. 1878, p. 653; Scl. P. Z. S. 1879, p. 311 ; Scl. & Salv. Voy. Chall. II. Birds, p. 124 (1881 : Falkland Isl.). Pygoscelis tceniata, Oust. Sci. Miss. Cap Horn, p. B. 321 (1891): Mose- ley, Notes Voy. Chall. p. 151 (1892); Donald, Proc. Roy. Phys. Soc. Edinb. XII. p. 334 (1894). Valient, Journ. Inst. Cornwall, XIV. p. 352 (1901 : Falklands). FIG. 55. Pygoscelis papua. Profile. % natural size. Pygoscelis papua. Head from above, natural size. GENERAL DESCRIPTION. Size (adult). — Total length, about 30 inches. Oilmen (gape to tip), 3.65 inches. Culmen (from nasal feathers to tip), 1.8 inches. Wing (shoulder to tip), 9 inches. Tail, 6 inches. AVES SPHENISCID^E. 93 Color (adult). — General color of upper parts greyish slate; lower parts white. Head : Brownish black, with a conspicuous broad white band curving backward across the crown from the region between the eyes. In many individuals there are numbers of scattered white plumes about the head. Neck : Brownish black like the head and characterized in most individ- uals by similar scattered white plumes. Back : Slate grey, each feather having a dark base and a bluish-grey tip. Tail of 1 6 feathers in adults, colored like the back. Wings (Flippers): Greyish brown externally, edged on both sides with white. Inner surface white with a dusky or black patch at the extremity. Under parts : Chest, breast and rest of under parts pure white. Worn adult birds present a mottled brown and black appearance due to the blue grey ends of the feathers being abraded or worn off. "Iris rich brown, pupil lozenge-shaped when contracted; lower man- dible and lower margin of upper mandible brilliant orange, upper portion and tip of upper mandible black ; tarsus and feet orange colored, claws black." (Kidder.) Immature birds differ from the adults in having noticeably smaller bills and in having the chin and throat white mottled with dusky or greyish black. In young birds there are eighteen tail feathers the outer one on each side being white and being moulted and not replaced when the adult plumage is assumed. Geographical Range. — Falkland Islands, South Georgia, Marion Island, Kerguelen Islands, Heard Island, Macquarie Islands, Paulet Island and Dundee Island. The Princeton Expeditions did not explore the Falkland Islands and the Gentoo Penguin is not included in the species in the collections made. The descriptions are based on material in British Museum of Natural History. Of the breeding of Pygoscelis papua as observed by him at Kerguelen Island Dr. Kidder writes: "Had already begun to lay September loth, 94 PATAGONIAN EXPEDITIONS I ZOOLOGY. selecting the top of a mound of Azorella (a densely growing plant on the island) and scratching therein a shallow cavity. But one egg was found at any time in a nest ; yet we have good reason for believing that these pen- guins rear two young in a season, laying a second egg about two months after the first, and before the young bird has left the nest. The eggs are obtusely ellipsoid, some specimens being almost spherical ; white with a very pale greenish tint." (Kidder, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 3, p. 18, (1876).) PYGOSCELIS ANTARCTICA (Forster). Aptenodytes antarctica, Forst. Nov. Comm. Getting. III. p. 141, pi. IV. (1781); Miller, Cim. Phys. pi. XL (1796); Forst. Descr. Anim. p. 56 (1844). Antarctic Pinguin, Lath. Gen. Syn. III. pt. 2, p. 565 (1785). Aptenodytes antarcticus, Gm. Syst. Nat. I. p. 557 (1788). Aptenodyta antarctica, Bonn. Enc. Meth. I. p. 69, pi. 17 fig. 4 (1790). Pinguinaria antarctica, Shaw in Miller, Cim. Phys. p. 78 (1796). Spheniscus antarcticiis, Stephens in Shaw's Gen. Zool. XIII. p. 67 (1825) ; Reichenb. Syst. Av. Natatores pi. II fig. 737 (1848); Schl. Mus. Pays-Bas, VI. Urinat. p. 5 (1867 : Falkland Isl.). Pygoscelis antarctica, Gray, List B. pt. III. p. 154 (1844) ; Bp. C. R. xlii. P- 775 (l856) ; Hyatt, Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist. XIV. p. 250 (1871); Coues, Proc. Acad. Philad. 1872, p. 199; Milne Edwards, Ann. Sci. Nat. (6) IX. Art. IX. p. 59 (1880); Steinen, Internat. Polarforsch. Deutschen. Exped. II. pp. 237, 276 (1890: S. Georgia); Oust. Sci. Miss. Cap Horn p. B. 322 (1891); Donald, Proc. Roy. Soc. Edinb. XX. p. 174 (1894); id. Proc. Roy. Phys. Soc. XII, p. 334 (1894) ; Grant, Cat. B. Brit. Mus. XXVI, p. 634 (1898) ; Sharpe, Hand-List B. I. p. 118 (1899). Eudyptes antarctica, Gray, Gen. B. III. p. 641 (1846); Reichenb. Syst. Av. Natatores, pi. cclxiv. fig. 2221 (1848); Gray, Hand-List B. III. p. 99, no. 10798 (1871); Sci. Ibis, 1894, p. 500. Eudyptes antarcticus Abbott, Ibis, 1861, p. 164; Sci. P. Z. S. 1861, p. 47 (Falkland Isl., accidental visitor); Burm. An. Mus. Nac. Buenos Aires, III. Part X. p. 250 (1888; Falkland Isl.). AVES SPHENISCIDyG. 95 FIG. 57. FIG. 58. Pygoscelis antarctica. Profile head and neck, natural size. Pygoscelis antarctica. Head from above, natural size. GENERAL DESCRIPTION. Size (adult). — Total length, about 30 inches. Culmen (gape to tip), 2.65 inches. Culmen (from nasal feathers to tip), 1.4 inches. Wing (from shoulder to tip), 7.5 inches. Color (adult). — Upper parts much as in P. papua but brighter, the tips of the feathers being of a lighter tint. Lower parts generally white. Head : Top of the head of the same bluish grey prevailing on the upper parts, this color reaching to the nasal feathering, interrupted by white lores and a white band over each eye. Neck : Above like the back ; below and on the sides white, broken by a narrow black line crossing the throat in a semi-circle from ear to ear. Back: Bluish-grey; each feather with a dark base and a bluish grey tip. Wing: (Flipper). Outer surface bluish grey like the back; edged posteriorly with white. Inner surface white, with a blackish outer margin and a blackish terminal spot. Tail : Colored like back and composed of twelve feathers. Under parts : White. In worn plumage the adult bird becomes brownish black above by the wearing off of the blue-grey margins to the feathers. Young birds have their tail composed of fourteen feathers. The outer one on each side is shed at the first moult and not replaced. 96 PATAGONIAN EXPEDITIONS : ZOOLOGY. Geographical Range. — Falkland Islands, Weddell Island, and South Georgia. The Princeton Expeditions did not collect representatives of the Ant- arctic penguin. The description is based on material in the British Museum of Natural History. Genus CATARRHACTES Brisson. Type. Catarractes, Briss. (nee Moehring, 1752) Orn. VI. p. 102 (1760) C. chrysocome. Eudyptes, Vieill. Analyse, pp. 67, 70, (1816); Hyatt, Pro. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist. XIV. p. 244 (1872) . . C. chrysocome. Chrysocoma, Steph. in Shaw's Gen. Zool. XIII. pt. i. p. 57 (1825). . . . C. chrysoconie. Microdyptes, M.-Edwards, Ann. Sci. Nat. (6) IX. art. 9, p. 58 (1880); Reichenow & Schalow, J. f. O. 1882, p. 1 1 2 C. chrysocome. Catarrkactes, Ogilvie-Grant, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus. XXVI. p. 635 (1898); Sharpe, Hand-List Bds. I. p. 118 (1899). = Catarractes. Geographical Range. — Tierra del Fuego, the Falkland Islands to the New Zealand Archipelago. CATARRHACTES CHRYSOCOME (Forster). The Penguin, Edwards, Nat. Hist. B. i. p. 49, pi. 49 (1748) young. Phaethon demersus, Linn. Syst. Nat. i. p. 135 (1758) ex Edwards. Le Gorfou, Briss. Orn. VI. p. 102 (1760). Phaeton demersus, Linn. Syst. Nat. i. p. 219 (1766). The Red-footed Pinguin, Pennant, Phil. Trans. LVIII. p. 98 (1768); Lath. Gen. Syn. III. pt. 2, p. 572 (1785). Le Manchot sauteur, Bougainville, Voy. Antom du Monde p. 69 (1771); Buff. Hist. Nat. Ois. X. p. 224 (1783). Le Manchot hupe de Siberie, D'Aubent. PI. Enl. X. pi. 984 (1781). AVES SPHENISCID^E. 97 Aptenodytes chrysocome, Forst. Nov. Comment. Getting. III. p. 135, pi. i (1781 : Falkland Isl.) ; Gm. Syst. Nat. i. p. 555 (1788); Lath. Ind. Orn. II. p. 878 (1790); Forst. Descr. Anim. p. 99 (1844); Peak, U. S. Expl. Exped. p. 259 (1848); Abbott, Ibis, 1860, p. 337 (Falkland Isl.). Aptenodytes catarmctes, Forst. Nov. Comment. Getting. III. p. 145 (1781); Gm. Syst. Nat. i. p. 558 (1788); Lath. Ind. Orn. II. p. 881 (1790). Crested Pinguin, Lath. Gen. Syn. III. pt. 2, p. 561 (1785: Falkland Isl.) ex D'Aubent. Aptenodyta gorfua, Bonn. Enc. Meth. I. p. 68 (1790). Aptenodyta chrysocome, Bonn. torn. cit. p. 68, pi. 17. fig. 2, pi. 18. fig. 4 (1790). Pingtiinaria cirrhata, Shaw in Miller's Cim. Phys. p. 92 (1796). Aptenodytes cristata, Mill. Cim. Phys. pi. xlix (1796). Pinguinaria cristata, Shaw & Nodd. Nat. Misc. XI. pi. ccccxxxvii (1800). Chrysocoma saltator, Stephens in Shaw's Gen. Zool. xiii. p. 58 (1825). Hopping Gorfou, Stephens, torn. cit. pi. viii. Chrysocoma catarractes, Stephens, torn. cit. p. 61. Stonecr acker Penguin, Weddell, Voy. South Pole, p. 57 (1825). Catarrliactes chrysocome, Vieill. Gal. des Ois. II. p. 245, tab. 298 (1825); Grant, Cat. B. Brit. Mus. XXVI. p. 635 (1898); Sharpe, Hand-List B. I. p. 1 1 8 (1899) J Oates, Cat. Bds. Eggs, Brit. Mus. I. p. 144 (1901). Catarhactes chrysocome, Brandt. Bull. Acad. St. Petersb. II. p. 315 (1837). Eudyptes demersus, Gray, List B. iii. p. 155 (1844: Falkland Isl. nee. spec. d. & g). Eiidyptes chrysocome, Gray, Gen. B. III. p. 641 (1846) ; Scl. P. Z. S. 1860, p. 390 (Falkland Isl.) ; Gould, t. c. p. 418; Abbott, Ibis, 1861, p. 164; Pelz. Reis. Novara, p. 140, pi. V (1865: St Paul Isl.); Cunn. Nat. Hist. Str. Magell. p. 292 (1871: Falkland Isl.); Hyatt, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H. xiv. p. 251 (1872); Coues, Proc. Acad. Philad. 1872, p. 202 (part); Scl. & Salv. Nomencl. Av. Neotr. p. 151 (1873); iid. P. Z. S. 1878, p. 654 (Falkland Isl.); Scl. P. Z. S. 1879, p. 311 (loc. cit: eggs) ; Scl. & Salv. Voy. Chall. II. Birds, p. 128, pi. xxx (1881) ; Burm. An. Mus. Nat. Buenos Aires, III. pt. X. p. 250 (1888: Straits of Magellan: E. Patagonia: Falkland Isl.); id. pt. XI. p. 321 (1890: Chupat Valley). Hall, Ibis, 1900, p. 32 : Bartram, Zeitschr. Naturw. 74, pp. 172, 236 pis. 3 and 4 [Anatomy] (1901); Sharpe, Bull. Brit. 98 PATAGONIAN EXPEDITIONS I ZOOLOGY. Orn. Club. xii. p. 67 (1902: Falklands); Wohlaur, Zeitschr. Morph. iv. pp. 149-178, pis. 4 and 5 (1902); Mannich, Jena Zeitschr. xxxvii. pp. 1-40, pi. i. (1902); Lewin, t. c. pp. 40-82 pis. 2 and 3. Catarractes chrysocome, Reichenb. Syst. Av. Natatores, pi. iAfig. I4b(i848). Catarractes chrysolopha (nee Brandt), Reichenb. /. c. pi. IA figs. I2b i3b and 14. Eridyptes chrysocoma, Scl. P. Z. S. 1861, p. 47 (Falkland Isl.); Milne Edwards, Ann. Sci. Nat. (6) IX art. 9 p. 46, pi. ii (1880). Eudyptes nigrivestis, Gould, P. Z. S. 1860, p. 418 (Falkland Isl.) id. Ann. & Mag. N. H. (3) vii. p. 218 (1861); Scl. P. Z. S. 1861, p. 46; Abbott, Ibis, 1861, p. 163; Scl. P. Z. S. 1868, p. 527; Cunn. Nat. Hist. Str. Magell. p. 292 (1871 : Falkland Isl.). Spheniscus chrysocome, Schl. Mus. Pays-Bas, VI. Urinat. p. 6 (1867: Falkland Isl.). Spheniscus chrysolophus (nee Brandt) Schl. torn. cit. p. 7 (Falkland Isl.). Spheniscus Catarractes, Schl. torn. cit. p. 8. Eudyptes Catarractes, Gray, Hand-List B. III. p. 98 no. 10791 (1871). Eudyptes nigriventris (err.), Gray, Hand-List B. III. p. 98 no. 10794 (1871) Falkland Isl. Eudyptes chrysolopha (nee Brandt), Coues, Proc. Acad. Philad. 1872, p. 204. Eudyptes catarrhactes, Coues, torn. cit. p. 201. Eudyptes filholi, Hutton, Proc. Linn. Soc. N. S. W. III. p. 334 (1878: Campbell Isl.). Eudyptula serresiana, Oust. Ann. Sci. Nat. (6) VIII. art. 4, (1878: Port Churruca, Tierra del Fuego). Eudyptes saltator, Sharpe, Phil. Trans, (extra vol.) 168, p. 160, pi. VIII. fig. i (1879: Kerguelen); Moseley, Notes Voy. Chall. pp. 100, 102, 103, 108, 109, no, 114, 170 cum fig. (1892). Microdyptes serresiana, Milne Edwards, Ann. Sci. Nat. (6) IX. art. 9, p. 58, pi. 20 (1880): Oust. Miss. Sci. Cap Horn, Oiseaux, pp. 242, 334 (1891). Eudyptes chrysocoma Oust. Miss. Sci. Cap Horn, Oiseaux, pp. 238, 334 (1891). GENERAL DESCRIPTION. Size (adult). — Total length, about 25 inches. AVES SPHENISCID^E. 99 Oilmen, gape to tip, 1.9 to 2.35 inches. Nasal feathers to tip, 1.15 to 1.55 inches. Wing (shoulder to tip), 6.6 to 7.0 inches. Tail, 3.4 to 4.4 inches. Apparently the Falkland Island examples of C. chrysocome represent the average minimum and those from the New Zealand group the average maximum variation in size. Color (adult). — The general color above is dark slate; and below pure white. Head : The top of the head is black, the feathers of the crown and occiput forming a long crest, the longest feathers measuring over three FIG. 59. FIG. 60. Catarrliactes chrysocome. Profile, natural size. Catarrliactes chrysocome. Head from above. natural size. inches. A golden yellow stripe begins behind the nasal feathers and extends backward above the eye, along the sides of the crown. The feathers of the posterior portion of this stripe are lengthened like those of the crown and occiput with which they mingle. The longest of these feathers measure quite three and a half (3.5) inches. Sides of the head and face smoky black. Neck : Dark slate above, and white below, except the throat and chin which are deep smoky black like the sides of face and head. Back : Dark slate ; the feathers are pointed in shape, black or dusky in color, and edged externally with dark bluish slate color. IOO PATAGONIAN EXPEDITIONS I ZOOLOGY. Wing (Flipper) : Upper surface colored like the back, and edged pos- teriorly with white. Lower surface white, with the anterior margin, the tip and an area on the basal portion of the posterior margin dusky or black. Tail: Like the back in color and composed of sixteen (16) feathers. "Iris deep pink; bill orange; tarsus and toes white." (Kidder.) " Immature birds differ in having the chin ashy white and the throat blackish. In still younger examples the throat is ashy white, and the yellow superciliary crest merely indicated by a yellowish-white line. (Mus. Rothschild)." (W. R. Ogilvie-Grant, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus. XXVI. p. 637, 1898.) Geographical Range. — Tierra del Fuego and the Falkland Islands; the Cape Seas, and Kerguelen Island ; Tasmania and South Australia and the New Zealand Group. The Crested Penguin was not obtained by the Princeton Expeditions to Patagonia. The description is based on material in the British Museum of Natural History. At Inaccessible Island, Dr. Mosely had an opportunity to study this penguin and his account with some slight omissions is as follows: "After breakfast, I landed, with one of the Germans as guide, with a large party. (October 16, 1873.) As we approached the shore, I was aston- ished at seeing a shoal of what looked liked extremely active very small porpoises or dolphins. I could not imagine what the things could be, unless they were indeed some most marvellously small cetaceans ; they showed black above and white beneath, and came along in a shoal of fifty or more, from seaward toward the shore at a rapid pace, by a series of successive leaps out of the water, and splashed into it again, describing short curves in the air, taking headers out of the water and headers into it again; splash, splash, went this marvellous shoal of animals, till they went splash through the surf on to the black stony beach, and there struggled and jumped up amongst the boulders and revealed themselves as wet and dripping penguins, for such they were. "Much as I had read about the habits of penguins, I never could have believed that the creatures I saw thus progressing through the water, were AVES SPHENISCID^E. IOI birds, unless I had seen them to my astonishment thus make on shore. I had subsequently much opportunity of watching their habits. "We landed on the beach; it was bounded along its whole stretch at this point by a dense growth of tussock. The tussock (Spartina arzindi- nacea], is a stout coarse reed-like grass; it grows in large clumps, which have at their base large masses of hard woody matter, formed of the bases of old stems and roots. "In penguin rookeries, the grass covers wide tracts with a dense growth, like that of a field of standing corn, but denser and higher, the grass reaching high over one's head. "On the beach were to be seen various groups of penguins, either coming from or going to the sea. There is only one species of penguin in the Tristan group: this is, Eiidyptes saltator, or the 'well diving jumper.' The birds stand about a foot and a half high ; they are covered, as are all penguins, with a thick coating of close set feathers, like the grebe's feathers, that muffs are made of. They are slate grey on the back and head, snow white on the whole front, and from the sides of the head projects backwards on each side a tuft of sulphur yellow plumes. The tufts lie close to the head when the bird is swimming or diving, but they are erected when it is on shore, and seem then almost by their varied posture, to be used in the expression of emotions, such as inquisitiveness and anger. "The bill of the penguin is bright red, and very strong and sharp at the point, as our legs testified before the day was over ; the iris is also red. The penguin's iris is remarkably sensitive to light. When one of the birds was standing in our 'work room' on board the ship with one side of its head turned towards the port, and the other away from the light, the pupil on the one side was contracted almost to a speck, whilst widely di- lated on the other. . . . The birds are subject to great variations in the amount of light they use for vision, since they feed at sea at night as well as in the day time. "Most of the droves of penguins made for one landing-place, where the beach surface was covered with a coating of dirt from their feet, forming a broad tract, leading to a lane in the tall grass about a yard wide at the bottom, and quite bare, with a smoothly beaten black roadway ; this was the entrance to the main street of this part of the 'rookery,' for so these penguin establishments are called. I O2 PATAGONIAN EXPEDITIONS! ZOOLOGY. "Other smaller roads led at intervals into the rookery to the nests near its border, but the main street was used by the majority of birds. The birds took little notice of us, allowing us to stand close by, and even to form ourselves into a group for the photographer, in which they were included. "This kind of penguin is called by the whalers and sealers 'rock hop- per," from its curious mode of progression. The birds hop from rock to rock with both feet placed together, scarcely ever missing their footing. When chased, they blunder and fall amongst the stones, struggling their best to make off. "With one of the Germans as guide, I entered the main street. As soon as one was in it, the grass being above one's head, one was as if in a maze, and could not see in the least where one was going to. Various lateral streets lead off on each side from the main road, and are often at their mouths as big as it; moreover, the road sometimes divides for a little and joins again ; hence it is the easiest thing in the world to lose one's way. "You plunge into one of the lanes in the tall grass which at once shuts out the surroundings from your view. You tread on a slimy black damp soil composed of the birds' dung. The stench is overpowering, the yell- ing of the birds perfectly terrifying ; I can call it nothing else. You lose the path, or perhaps are bent from the first in making direct for some spot on the other side of the rookery. "In the path only a few droves of penguins, on their way to and from the water are encountered, and these stampede out of your way into the side alleys. Now you are, the instant you leave the road, on the actual breeding ground. The nests are placed so thickly that you cannot help treading on eggs and young birds at almost every step. "A parent bird sits on each nest, with its sharp beak erect and open, ready to bite, yelling savagely 'caa, caa, urr, urr,' its red eye gleaming and its plumes at half cock, and quivering with rage. "These penguins make a nest which is simply a shallow depression in the black dirt scantily lined with a few bits of grass or not lined at all. They lay two greenish white eggs about as big as duck eggs, and both male and female incubate." (H. M. Moseley, M.A., F.R.S., "Notes by a Naturalist on the 'Challenger,'" 1879, pp. 117, 119, 120, 121.) "Before going on board we went to see a collection of penguins from AVES SPHENISCID/E. 1 03 various localities in the islands, collected by the Zoological Society's keeper Secante for the gardens. Five species were represented — i. e., the king (Aptenodytes pennanti], jackass (Spheniscus magellanicus], gen- too (E^tdyptes chrysocome], macaroni (Pygoscelis wagleri], and rock- hopper (Eudyptes nigrivestis] ; and they formed a most amusing assem- blage— some prancing up and down, with their little wings stuck out, with an air of bustle and infinite self-importance, some walking slowly up to us, and gazing at us with solemn curiosity, while others remained sta- tionary and apparently lost in thought. "Of these species the rock-hopper (Eudyptes nigrivestis] is perhaps the most common at the Falkland Islands; and two large 'rookeries,' as they are termed, of these birds occur not very far from Stanley — one at Kidney Island, on the southern side of the entrance to Berkeley Sound, and the other at Sparrow Cove, off Port William. Circumstances did not, to my regret, permit of my visiting either of these, but I extract the following short account of that at Sparrow Cove from Captain Mayne's Journal : ' The rookery was in a sort of small cove, the sides of which, though not perpendicular, were very steep, and about 100 feet high; the entrance to the cove was narrow and steep, with rugged bluff rocks on either side, the whole making a kind of rugged amphitheatre, with water for the pit. All the sides were rugged, with projecting knobs of rocks jutting out in all directions, and every part of the whole of this was covered with penguins. •My estimate of the number was the lowest made, and I guessed it at 20,000 ; but there might have been any number between that and 50,000 or 60,000.'" (Cunn. Nat. Hist. Str. Magell., 1871, pp. 292-293.) CATARRHACTES CHRYSOLOPHUS Brandt. Macaroni Penguin, Weddell, Voy. South Pole, p. 57 (1825 : South Georgia). Catarhactes chrysohphus, Brandt, Bull. Acad. St. Petersb. II. p.3i5 (1837). Eudyptes demersiis (nee Linn.) Gray, List B. part III. p. 155 (1844). Eiidyptes chrysolophus, Gray, Gen. B. III. p. 641, pi. 176 fig. i (1846); Scl. P. Z. S. 1860, p. 390 (Falkland Isl.), 1861, p. 47; Abbott, Ibis, 1861, p. 163; Scl. P. Z. S. 1868, p. 527; Hyatt. Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist. XIV. p. 250 (1872: Falkland Isl.); Scl. & Salv. P. Z. S. 1878, p. 654; Scl. P. Z. S. 1879, p. 311 (Falkland Isl.: eggs); Milne 104 PATAGONIAN EXPEDITIONS I ZOOLOGY. Edwards, Ann. Sci. Nac. (6) IX. art 9, p. 53 (1880); Scl. & Salv. Voy. Chall. II. Birds, p. 127, pi. xxx (1881 : Falkland Isl): breeding); .Burm. An. Mus. Nac. Buenos Aires, III. part X. p. 250 (1888: Falk- land Isl.), part XI. p. 321 (1890); Oust. Miss. Sci. Cap Horn, Oiseaux, p. 320 (1891). Eudyptes chrysocome (nee Forst), Abbott, Ibis, 1860, p. 337 (Falkland Isl.; breeds in Nov.). Eudyptes diadeniatus, Gould, P. Z. S. 1860, p. 419 (Falkland Isl.); Scl. 1 86 1, p. 46 (loc. cit); Abbott, Ibis, 1861, p. 163; Coues, Proc. Acad. Philad. 1872, p. 206. E^idyptes chrysohpha, Gray, Hand-List B. III. p. 98, no. 10792 (1871). Spheniscus diadematus, Schl. Mus. Pays-Bas, VI. Urinat. p. 8 (1867: pt. Falkland Isl.). Catarrhactes chrysolophus, Grant, Cat. B. Brit. Mus. XXVI. p. 641 (1898); Sharpe, Hand-List B. I. p. 118 (1899); Gates, Cat. Bds. Eggs, Brit. Mus. I. p. 144 (1901). FIG. 61. FIG. 62. Catarrhactes chrysolophus. Profile head and neck. natural size. Catarrhactes chrysoloplius. Head from above. ^5 natural size. GENERAL DESCRIPTION. Size (adult males). — Total length, about 30 inches. Bill : Gape to tip, 2.8 to 2.9 inches. Nasal feathers to tip, 2.0 to 2.05 inches. AVES SPHENISCID/E. 1 05 Exposed oilmen, 2.4 to 2.55 inches. Wing, from shoulder to tip, 8.0 to 8. i inches. Tail, 3.5 to 3.9 inches. Adult female birds are somewhat smaller than adult males, and the size of the bill varies much with age, being least developed in immature full grown birds of the previous year. Color (adult). — The general color of the upper parts is similar to that of C. chrysocome, dark slate ; the under parts white. Head : The forehead, and back of the crown black, the feathers of the middle and sides of the crown being golden orange at their bases, with lengthened pointed black extremities. A superciliary stripe much as in C. chrysocome but only the posterior feathers elongated into plumes. They are uniform orange in color, the longest measuring about three (3) inches. The sides of the head and face smoky black. Neck : Above like the back, dark slate ; each pointed feather black or dusky, edged externally with dark bluish slate. Below white, except the upper neck, the throat and chin which are deep smoky black. The throat has a distinct silver shading. Back : Similar to that of C. chrysocome. Some individuals have a' well-defined patch of greyish white in the middle of the upper tail coverts. Wing (Flipper): The upper surface. is like the back, edged posteriorly with white. The lower surface is white, shading into blackish on the anterior margin, especially toward the tip. There is a black patch at the base of the posterior margin. Tail, composed of fourteen (14) feathers and colored like the back. Immature birds differ from adults in having the basal part of the feathers of the crown and superciliaries yellower, and in the much smaller size of the bill. Geographical Range. — Falkland Islands, South Georgia, Prince Edward Island, Maroni Island, Kerguelen Island and Heard Island. The Macaroni Penguin was not obtained by the Princeton Expedi- tions. The description is based on material in the British Museum of Natural History. At Kerguelen Island Dr. Kidder describes this penguin breeding as follows : 106 PATAGONIAN EXPEDITIONS I ZOOLOGY. "Begins to lay about the first of December, building among fallen rocks by the sea, making nests which are more complete than those of Pygoscelis tceniata, and lining them with dried grass. There are two eggs to a nest white, with a faint tinge of greenish, obtusely ovoid in shape, and usually one is distinctly larger than the other. The shell is thick, friable, inelastic, and often smeared in parts with calcareous deposit. The external surface is punctured by minute pores, scattered widely apart, but presents no distinct surface-marking." (Natural His- tory of Kerguelen Island, J. H. Kidder, M.D., Bull. No. 3, U. S. Nat. Mus., p. 19, 1876.) Genus SPHENISCUS Brisson. Type. Spheniscus, Brisson, Orn. vi. p. 96 ( 1 760) ; Hyatt, Pro. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist. xiv. p. 242 (1872); Ogilvie- Grant, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus. xxvi. p. 648 (1898); Sharpe, Hand-List Bds. i. p. 119 (1899) S. demersus. Dypsicles, Gloger, Hand.-u. Hilfsb. p. 476 (1842) . . . S. demersus. Geographical Range. — Straits of Magellan, northward, on the west of South America to the coast of Peru and to the Galapagos Islands ; on the east coast of South America to Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil. The Falk- land Islands to the Cape of Good Hope. SPHENISCUS HUMBOLDTI Meyen. Spheniscus humboldti, Meyen, Nov. Act. Acad. Caes. Leop.-Carol. XVI. Suppl. p. no, tab. 21 (1834); Scl. P. Z. S. 1867, pp. 337, 340 (Chile); Scl. & Salv. Nomencl. Av. Neotr. p. 151 (1873); Reid, Ibis, 1874, p. 83 (Juan Fernandez); Salv. Ibis, 1875, p. 377; Bartlett, P. Z. S. 1879, pp. 6-9, figs, i, 2 (habits & moult) ; Scl. & Salv. Voy. Chall. II. Birds, p. 126 (1881 : Chile) ; Grant, Cat. B. Brit. Mus. xxvi. p. 650 (1898); Sharpe, Hand-List B. I. p. 119 (1899); Gates, Cat. Bds. Eggs, Brit. Mus. I. p. 146 (1901); Phil. An. Mus. Chile XV. pis. 36 and 37 (1902). AVES SPHENISCID^E. 107 Eudyptes humboldtii, Gray, Gen. B. III. p. 640 (1846); Pelz. Reis. No- vara, p. 142 (1865: Chile); Gray, Hand-List B. III. p. 99, no. 10800 (1871). Spheniscits demersus, Schl. (nee Linn.) Mus. Pays-Bas Urinat. p. 10 (1867); Coues, Proc. Acad. Philad. 1872, p. 209 (part). FIG. 63. Fio. 64. Spheniscus humboldti. Profile head and neck. natural size. Spheniscus humboldti. Head from above. natural size. GENERAL DESCRIPTION. Size (adult). — Total length, about 27 inches. Bill : Gape to tip, 3.05 inches. Exposed culmen, 2.6 inches. Wing, from shoulder 8.4 inches. Tail, 1.4 inches. Color (adult). — General color of the upper parts dusky or black ante- riorly, shading into slate grey, which is brightest on the upper tail coverts. The lower parts are white, except for a black band on the chest extend- ing down each side of body to the tail. Head : The forehead and middle of the crown as well as the sides of head and face black. This is broken by a white stripe, beginning behind the eye. This stripe does not extend, as in S. demersus forward above the eye to the lores, and is much narrower than the superciliary stripe in that species. Neck : Above much like the middle of the crown in color becoming more greyish dusky where it joins the body. The chin and throat are black, and the rest of the neck, including the sides and lower parts, are pure white. IO8 PATAGONIAN EXPEDITIONS: ZOOLOGY. Back : Dusky grey anteriorly, becoming slate grey which is brightest on the rump and upper tail coverts. Wing (flipper) : Upper surface dark bluish grey. Lower surface white with areas of dusky, giving a mottled appearance. Lower surface : Generally white. Across the chest is a curved black band which continues down each side of the body to the tail, and being widest on the sides and decreasing till it is narrowest along the thighs. This band is wider throughqut than is the similar decoration in S. demersus. . Tail : Composed of twenty feathers and colored like the back. Immature birds differ from the adults in having the chin, throat and sides of the head grey mixed with some white feathers. The sides and lower parts of the neck are smoky"brown. The band across the chest and 'down the sides is absent. 4 Geographical Range. — Western coast of Chili and Peru. Humboldt's Penguin was not collected by the several expeditions sent out by Princeton University and the material forming a basis for the description here given is in the British Museum of Natural History. "On the 24th of January, 1878, a specimen of Humboldt's Penguin (Spheniscus humboldti] was purchased from a dealer in Liverpool. The bird was in poor condition when received, and very dirty, but perfectly tame, following one about, and seeming pleased to be taken on the lap and nursed like an infant. At first it required to be fed by hand ; for if its food was placed on the ground the bird took no notice of it, although hungry. After a few days, if living fishes were thrown to it and the bird saw them jumping about on the floor, it began. to pick up the fishes and swallow them. From this and from the colour and condition of its plum- age, I have no doubt that the bird had been reared from the nest, and had never previously fed itself. " It was some days before the penguin ventured into the water; but after the first wash the bird rapidly improved ; the feathers became clean ; its appetite increased ; and it passed much time in the water, evidently gain- ing strength and weight. About this time it frequently uttered its loud braying jackass-like notes, and became fat and in full vigour. Figure i (p. 7) gives a very faithful representation of the bird at this time. About AVES SPHENISCID/G. the 22nd of February, the bird appeared dull, and with half-closed eyes moped about: it became ill-tempered and spiteful, bit at any one who offered to touch it, and avoided going into the water. The bird looked larger than before, its feathers standing out from its body during this condition ; but its appetite continued good, and it fed as freely as usual. " In a few days the feathers began to fall off from all parts of the bird, not, as birds usually moult, a few feathers at a time, but in large quantities : for instance, the bird generally remained stationary during the night, and in the morning there was left round it a circle of cast feathers that had been shed during the night. So rapidly did the process of moulting go on, that by the yth of March the bird had entirely renewed its plumage, and appeared in the adult dress, as represented in figure 2 (p. 8). The manner in which the flipper-like wings cast off the short scale like-feathers was remarkable : they flaked off like the shedding of the skin of a ser- pent ; the new feathers being already plainly visible, the old feathers were pushed off by the new ones ; this was very clearly noticeable, as many of the old feathers could be seen still attached to the tips of the new feathers, so that the bird was entirely covered with its new plumage before the old feathers dropped off. The bird had by these means entirely changed its dress and appearance in certainly less than ten days. It looked thinner on account of the shortness of its new feathers, and doubtless from a decrease in bulk, consequent upon the rapid developement of the entire plumage. The bird avoided the water for a few days before it began to moult, and also after it had renewed its feathers ; it soon, however, became lively, its eyes assumed their usual form and brightness, it took freely to the water, in which it passed the greater part of the day. Its movements in the water when swimming, diving, and pursuing fish were most extra- ordinary; it seemed, as it were, to fly under water, using its flipper-like wings after the fashion of a Seal. " The Penguin appears so much at home in the water, so perfectly adapted to an aquatic life, that one would conclude that, but for the necessity of breeding and moulting, this bird would be far more at home on the ocean than in passing even a short period on land, being so ill- adapted in form for travelling on shore." (Bartlett, P. Z. S. 1879, pp. 6-9-) HO PATAGONIAN EXPEDITIONS! ZOOLOGY. / SPHENISCUS MAGELLANICUS (Forster). Aptenodytes magellanica, Forst. Nov. Comm. Getting. III. p. 143 tab. V (1781 : Tierra del Fuego : Falkland Isl.) ; Gm. Syst. Nat. i. p. 557 (1788) ; Miller, Cim. Phys. pi. XXXIV (1796). Magellanic Pinguin, Lath. Gen. Syn. III. pt. 2, p. 569 (1785: Straits of Magellan). Aptenodyta magellanica, Bonn. Enc. Meth. I. p. 69 pi. 18 (1790). Pinguinaria magellanica, Shaw in Miller, Cim. Phys. p. 67 (1796). Spheniscus niagellanicus, Stephens in Shaw's Gen. Zool. xiii. p. 65 (1825) ; Gray, List B. pt. iii. p. 155 (1844: Hermit Island); id. Gen. B. iii. p. 640 (1846) ; Reichenb. Syst. av. Natatores, pi. ii. fig. 736 (1848) ; Cass. U. S. Expl. Exped. p. 353 (1858: Orange Bay, Cape Horn); Scl. P. Z. S. 1860, p. 390 (Falkland Isl.); id. P. Z. S. 1861, p. 47; Abbott, Ibis, 1860, p. 163, Falkland Isl. (permanent resident) ; Scl. P. Z. S. 1868, p. 527 (E. Falkland Isl.); id. & Sal. Ibis. 1869, p. 284 (Sta. Magdalena) ; iid. Nomencl. Av. Neotr. p. 151 (1873); iid. P. Z. S. 1878, p. 653; Scl. P. Z. S. 1879, p. 311 ; Scl. & Salv. Voy. Chall. II. Birds, p. 125, pi. XXVIII (1881 : Port Churrucha : Magellan: Falkland Isl.) ; Sharpe, P. Z. S. 1881, p. 17 (Tom Bay); Scl. P. Z. S. 1882, p. 547 ; Vincig. Faun. Amer. Austr. Boll. Soc. Geogr. Ital. XXI. p. 800 (1884); Scl. Ibis, 1889, p. 144 (Rio de la Plata) ; Burm. An. Mus. Nac. Buenos Aires III. Part X. p. 249 (1888: Str. Magellan); Oust. Miss, Cap Horn Ois. p. 243 (1891); Moseley, Notes, Voy. Chall. p. 486 (1892) ; Aplin, Ibis, 1894, p. 212 (Maldonado); Grant, Cat. B. Brit. Mus. XXVI. p. 651 (1898); Sharpe, Hand-List B. I. p. 119 (1899); Salvad. Ann. Mus. Genov. (2) xx. p. 634 (1900 : Leones Isl., Santa Cruz, Jan. ; Penguin Rookery, Feb.) ; Gates, Cat. Bds. Eggs, Brit. Mus. I. p. 146 (1901); Valient. Journ. Inst. Cornwall, XIV. p. 350 (1901 : Falklands). Aptenodytes brasiliensis, Forst. Descr. Anim. p. 355 (1844). Eiidyptes brasiliensis, Gray, Gen. B. III. p. 640 (1846). Aptenodytes magnirostris, Peak, U. S. Expl. Exped. Birds, p. 263, pi. 71, fig. i (1848: Tierra del Fuego). Spheniscus demersus (nee Linn.), Cass. U. S. Expl. Exped. Birds, p. 354 (1858: young; Cape Horn); Cunn. Ibis. 1868, p. 489 (Santa Mag- dalena, Dec.); Hyatt, Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist. XIV. p. 248 pt. (1872: Tierra del Fuego). AVES SPHENISCID^E. II I Aptenodytes demersa (nee Linn.), Abbott, Ibis, 1860, p. 336 (Falkland Isl.). Eudyptes magellanica Gray, Hand-List B. III. p. 99, no. 10799 (1871). Spheniscus demerstis var. rnagellanicus, Coues, Proc. Acad. Philad. 1872, p. 211 (Tierra del Fuego); Milne Edwards, Ann. Sci. Nat. (6) IX. art. IX. p. 63 (1880). Sphenisctis trifasciatus Philippi, Zeit. ges. Naturw. (2) VII. p. 121, pis. i, 2 (1872: Valdivia, Chile). GENERAL DESCRIPTION. Size (adult male). --Total length, about 28 inches. Bill : Gape to tip, 2.8 inches. Exposed oilmen, 2.15 inches. Wing (from shoulder to tip), 9.0 inches. Tail, 1.4 inches. The adult female is appreciably smaller than the adult male. FIG. 65. FIG. 66. mm w&ft s!"^ f "&W pital Spheniscus magcllanicus. Profile head and neck, natural size. Spheniscus magellanicus. Head from above. *A natural size. Color (adult). — The coloring throughout is much like that of S. hum- boldti, but there is an additional band of brownish black across the lower neck, between the dark area of the throat and the curved pectoral band. This brownish black band is broad and clearly denned, and connects with the dark area of the upper parts. Wing (flipper) : Above as in S. humboldti, and below white, dotted with many spots of black. This last marking varies much in individuals, being almost or quite obsolete in some examples. 112 PATAGONIAN EXPEDITIONS: ZOOLOGY. Tail : Composed of twenty feathers and colored as in S humboldti. Immature birds resemble those of a similar age of S. humboldti. The breast and belly however are less marked or almost devoid of blackish spots, and the under surface of the flippers is immaculate except at the tip and near the base. "Iris brown; edges of eyelids black; bill horn-colour; feet in front black'mottled with white, behind black all over." (Dr. Coppinger.) "Bill black; legs grey spotted with black; claws black." (Dr. Cop- pinger.) "Tom Bay, April 7, 1879. Iris brown; eyelids' edges black, not flesh- colour; bill horn-colour; feet in front black mottled with white, behind black all over. "Male juv.: Tom Bay, February 17, 1879. Iris brown; eyelids black; bill black ; legs grey spotted with black ; claws black. "Female: Tom Bay, April 5, 1879. Bill horn-colour; iris brown; legs in front grey spotted with black; behind black. (Sharpe, P. Z. S. 1881, P- I7-) Geographical Range. — Tierra del Fuego and the coast of Patagonia. Coasts of South America, north on the west coast to central Chili, and on the east coast to Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil. The Falkland Islands and South Georgia. *• The descriptions are based on examples of this penguin in the British Museum of Natural History. The Princeton Expeditions to Patagonia did not obtain representatives of the Magellanic penguin. "I paid a visit to an island in False Bay, called Seal Island. It is a mere shelving rock on which it is only possible to land on very favorable occasions. The whole place is a rookery of the jackass penguin (Sphe- niscus demersa]. It is an ugly bird as compared with the crested penguin of Tristan da Cunha; the bill is blunter, but the bird can nevertheless bite hard with it (all the penguins seem to bite rather than peck). The birds here nested on the open rock, which was fully exposed to the burn- ing sun and occasional rain. It must not be supposed that either pen- guins or albatrosses are necessarily inhabitants of cold climates ; a species of penguin and an albatross breed at the Galapagos Archipelago, almost exactly on the equator. J. PIERPONT MORGAN PUBLICATION FUND REPORTS OF THE PRINCETON UNIVERSITY EXPEDITIONS TO PATAGONIA, 1896-1899 J. B. HATCHER IN CHARGE EDITED BY WILLIAM B. SCOTT BLAIR PROFESSOR OF GEOLOGY AND PALAEONTOLOGY, PRINCETON UNIVERSITY VOLUME II, 2 ZOOLOGY PRINCETON, N. J. THE UNIVERSITY STUTTGART SCHWEIZERBART'SCHE VERLAGSHANDLUNG (E. NAGELE) 1915-27 J. PIERPONT MORGAN PUBLICATION FUND REPORTS OF THE PRINCETON UNIVERSITY EXPEDITIONS TO PATAGONIA 1896-1899 VOLUME II. 2 ORNITHOLOGY PHALACROCORACID.E — FALCONID.E BY WILLIAM EARL DODGE SCOTT ASSOCIATED WITH R. BOWDLER SHARPE PRINCETON UNIVERSITY BRmsH MUSEUM NATURAL HISTORY STRIGID.E — ICTERID^E BY WITMER STONE ACADEMY OF NATURAL SCIENCES, PHILADELPHIA PRINCETON, N. J. THE UNIVERSITY STUTTGART SCHWEIZERBART'SCHE VERLAGSHANDLUNG (E. NAGELE) 1915-27 LANCASTER PRESS, INC. LANCASTER. PA. J. PIERPONT MORGAN PUBLICATION FUND / Reports of Phe /Princeton University Expeditions L_— ^.... J 1 to Patagonia, 1896-1899 J. B. HATCHER, IN CHARGE KDITED BY WILLIAM B. SCOTT BI.AIR PROFESSOR OF GEOLOGY AND PALAEONTOLOGY, PRINCETON UNIVERSITY VOLUME II — ORNITHOLOGY PART II. /' ( PROCELLARIID^ — CHARADRIID.E BY ILLIAM EARL DODGE SCOTT ASSOCIATED WITH R. BOWDLER SHARPE PRINCETON UNIVERSITY BRITISH MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY - H3-344) PRINCETON, N. J. THE UNIVERSITY STUTTGART E. SCHWEIZERBART'SCHE VERLAGSHANDLUNG (E. NAGELE) 1910 Issued March 3, 1910 PRESS or THE NEW ERA PRINTING COMPANT LANCASTER. PA AVES SPHENISCID^E. 113 "There was no| a blade of grass on the rock, but it was covered with guano, with little pools of filthy green water. The birds nested under big stones, wherever there was place for them ; most of- the nests were, however, quite in the open. The nests were formed of small stones and shells of a Balanus, of which there were heaps washed up by the surf, and of old bits of wood, nails, and bits of rope, picked up about the ruins of a hut which were rotting on the island, together with an old sail, some boat's spars, and bags of guano, evidently left behind by guano-seekers. The object of thus making the nest is no doubt to some extent to secure drainage in case of rain, and to keep the eggs out of water washing over the rocks ; but the birds evidently have a sort of magpie-like delight in curiosities. Spheniscus magellanicus at the Falkland Islands, similarly collects variously colored pebbles at the mouth of its burrow. Two pairs of the birds had built inside the ruins of the hut. "All the birds fought furiously, and were very hard to kill. They make a noise very like the braying of donkeys, hence their name ; they do not hop, but run or waddle. They do not leap out of the water like the crested penguins when swimming, but merely come to the surface and sit there like ducks for a while, and dive again. We dragged off a number in the boat for stuffing, and took young and eggs ; the old ones fought hard in the boat and tried to bite one another's eyes out." (Moseley, Notes Natur. Chall., 1879, pp. 155-156.) "Not far from Stanley Harbour there are rookeries of the Magellan jackass penguin (Spheniscus magellanicus]. The birds make large and deep burrows in the peat banks on the sea-shores, and large numbers make their burrows together, so that the ground is hollowed out in all directions. "Round the mouths of their burrows and on the even surface of the banks, between the holes, the birds lay out pebbles which they must carry up from the sea-shore for the purpose. The pebbles are of various colours, and the birds seem to collect them from curiosity, at least there appears to be no other explanation of the fact. The edges of the birds' bills are excessively sharp, and one of them bit me as I was trying to se- cure it, and cut a strip out of my finger as clean as if it had been done with a razor." (Moseley, Notes Natur. Chall., 1879, p. 560.) " But a no less curious sight was in store for us ; for on climbing to the summit of one of the high banks, we beheld a company of penguins 114 PATAGONIAN EXPEDITIONS: ZOOLOGY. (Spkeniscus magellanicus], which, after standing erect and staring at us in a stupid manner for a few moments, shuffled off; their little wings hanging limp at their sides, and their dark gray and white colouring, and reeling movements, suggesting a drunk and disorderly funeral procession. When hard pressed they abandoned the erect position, and crouching down on all fours, if I may be permitted the expression, ran along like rabbits at a very rapid rate, using their wings as fore-legs, till they gained their burrows, fairly ensconed in which they faced their pursuers, and, slowly turning about their heads from side to side, barked and brayed in the most ridiculous manner, offering a stout resistance to being captured by biting most viciously with their strong bills. While contemplating one individual in its den, I was suddenly startled by a loud ' Ho-ho-ho- ho-ho ' close to me, and turning round perceived another bird, which had boldly walked out of a neighboring burrow, and was thus addressing me." (Cunn. Nat. Hist. Str. Magell., 1871, pp. 270-271.) Order PROCELLARIIFORMES. Sharpe, Classif. Birds, p. 71 (1891); id. Hand-List Bds. I. p. 120 (1899); Pycraft, P. Z. S. 1899, pp. 381-411, pis. xxii. and xxiii. (Osteology). Family PROCELLARIID.E. Salvin, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus. XXV. p. 342 (1896); Sharpe, Hand-List Bds. p. 120 (1899). Subfamily OCEANITIN.E. Salvin, t. c. p. 358 (1896); Sharpe, t. c. p. 122 (1899). Genus OCEANITES Keyserling & Blasius. Type. Oceamtes, Keyserling & Blasius, Wirb. Eur. ii. pp. xciii. 131, 238 (1840) ; Coues, Proc. Acad. Sci. Philad. 1864, AVES PROCELLARIID^E. I 1 5 p. 82 ; Forbes, Voy. Chall. Zool. iv. pt. xi. p. 56 (1882). Salvin, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus. XXV. p. 358 (1896). Sharpe, Hand-List Bds. I. p. 122 (1899). • O- oceanicus. Geographical Range. — Entire Southern Ocean. The Atlantic Ocean, north into northern portion of Temperate Zone. OCEANITES OCEANICA (Kuhl). Procellaria oceanica, Kuhl, Beitr. p. 136 (1820: ex Banks Icon. no. 12); Schl. Mus. Pays Bas, IV. Procell. p. 6 (1863: Chile) ; Scl. & Salv. Nomencl. Av. Neotr. p. 148 (1873). Thalassidroma wilsoni, King, Zool. Journ. IV. p. 104 (1829: Straits of Magellan); Abbott, Ibis, 1861, p. 164 (Berkeley Sound, Falkland Islands, breeding) ; Cunningh. Nat. Hist. Str. Magell. p. 226 (1871); Vincig, Boll. Soc. Geogr. Ital. (2) IX. p. 799 (1884). Thalassidroma oceanica, Gould, Voy. "Beagle," Birds, p. 141 (1841: Bahia Blanca) ; Gray, List B. Brit. Mus. part iii. p. 161 (1844); id. Gen. B. III. p. 648 (1844) Pelz. Reis. Novara, Vog. p. 144 (1865) ; Phil. & Landb. Cat. Av.C;hil. p. 46 (1868); Milne Edwards, Ann. Sci. Nat. (6) XIII. Art. IX. p. 18 (1882); Burm; An. Mus. Nac. Buenos Aires, III. Part X. p. 248 (1888: Northern Patagonia to Straits of Magellan). Oceanites oceanica, Sharpe, P. Z. S. 1881, p. n. (Lat. 9° 17' S., Long. 33° 5' W.); id. Hand-List Bds. I. p. 122 (1899); Gates, Cat. Bds. Eggs, Brit. Mus. I. p. 150 (1901). Oceanites oceanicus, Oust. Miss. Sci. Cap Horn, Oiseaux, pp. 165, 332 (1891 : Falklands) ; Salvin, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus. XXV. p. 358 (1896) ; Salvad. Ann. Mus. Genov. (2) XX. p. 629 (1900: north of Rio Gal- legos, April) ; Martens, Hamb. Magalh. Sammelr. Vog. p. 17 (1900: Patagonia); Sharpe, Rep. Coll. Nat. Hist. "Southern Cross," Aves, p. 146 (1902). GENERAL DESCRIPTION. Size. Adult. — Total length, about 6.8 inches. Wing, 6.1 inches. u6 PATAGONIAN EXPEDITIONS : ZOOLOGY. Bill, 0.7 inch. Tail, lateral rectrices, 2.7 inches ; central rectrices, 2.45 inches. Tarsus, 1.37 inches. Color. Adult. — General color throughout sooty black. Head : Sooty black, the forehead paler. Neck : Sooty black. Back : Sooty black ; the upper tail coverts immaculate white forming a conspicuous white area. FIG. 6;. FIG. 68. Oceanites oceanica. Profile of head. From material in the British Museum. Natural size. Oceanites oceanica. Head from above. From material in the British Museum. Natural size. Wing : Sooty black, except the greater wing coverts which are slaty greyish, with distinct whitish edging at the tips. The under wing coverts are sooty. Tail black, with'the shafts of the lateral rectrices white at their bases, and a part of the inner webs of the same equal to the white portion of their shafts white or whitish. Lower parts : Paler sooty black as compared with the upper parts, and with a white area on the flanks, and some of the under tail coverts with white markings especially on their outer webs and tips. Bill black. Legs black. Feet black, with a portion of the web between the toes pale orange- yellow. The female is similar to the male in size and color. AVES PROCELLARIID^t. Iiy Geographical Range. — Breeding. Kerguelen Island, Falkland Islands General Distribution. Atlantic and Indian Oceans, to the Antarctic Ice Barrier, north in the Atlantic Ocean to the coast of Labrador and the British Islands. Indian Ocean, from Mekran coast southward ; the Aus- tralian Seas and New Zealand. Wilson's Stormy Petrel was not collected by the Princeton Expedi- tions, and the description here given is based on an adult male, no. 8574, taken off the coast of Nantucket, Massachusetts, 3 August, 1881, by William E. D. Scott. This Petrel so far as known breeds on the Islands of the South Atlantic Ocean during late January, February and early March. After the cares of the breeding season are completed, these birds migrate northward pas- sing their winters in the regions indicated in their general geographical range. " Nests under rocks, usually on pretty high land, laying a single white egg. There are no eggs in the collection ; but one was found by Rev. Mr. Eaton, of the English party, on Thumb Mountain, some fifteen miles from the American station, December 8." (Natural History of Kerguelen Island, J. H. Kidder, M. D., Bull. no. 3, U. S. Nat. Mus. p. 16, 1876.) "Northerly from Dungeness Spit." "During most of the 2Oth we were greatly off our course, beating in towards the land. On the 2ist we noticed a stormy petrel ( Thalassidroma Wilsonii?} for the first time, and on the afternoon of the following day a number of petrels of another spe- cies, brown above, and white beneath, with the exception of the throat, which was dark-coloured, were observed flying about astern. We re- marked that they soared at a much greater elevation than even the Cape pigeons or Fulmars. We never noticed them light on the surface of the water, and their wings appeared proportionally much longer and nar- rower." (Cunn. Nat. Hist. Str. Magellan, 1871, p. 226.) Genus GARRODIA Forbes. Type. Garrodia, Forbes, P. Z. S. 1881, p. 735; id. Voy. Chall., Zool. IV. Pt. xi. p-. 56 (1882); Salvin, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus. XXV. p. 361 (1896); Sharpe, Hand-List Bds. I. p. 122 (1899) G. nereis. Il8 PATAGONIAN EXPEDITIONS I ZOOLOGY. Geographical Range. — Southern Ocean: Falkland Islands, Kerguelen Island, New Zealand and Australian Coast. GARRODIA NEREIS (Gould). Thalassidroma nereis, Gould, P. Z. S. 1840, p. 178; Gray, Gen. B. III. p. 648 (1844); Gould, P. Z. S. 1859, p. 98 (Falkland Islands); Scl. P. Z. S. 1860, p. 390 (Falkland Isl.) ; Abbott, Ibis, 1861, p. 164 (Falklands, March, picked up dead) ; Burm. An. Mus. Nac. Buenos Aires, III. Part X. p. 248 (1888: Falkland Isl.); Oust. Miss. Sci. Cap Horn, Oiseaux, pp. 307, 332 (1891 : Falklands). Procellaria nereis, Scl. & Salv. Nomencl. Av. Neotr. p. 148 (1873). Garrodia nereis, Salvin, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus. XXV. p. 361 (1896) ; Sharpe, Hand-List Bds. I. p. 122 (1899); Martens, Hamb. Magalh, Sammelr. p. 1 8 (1900: Falkland Islands); Gates, Cat. Bds. Eggs, Brit. Mus. I. p. 150 (1901). FIG. 69. FIG. 70. Garrodia nereis. Profile of head. From Garrodia nereis. Head from above. From material in the British Museum. Natural material in the British Museum. Natural size. size. / GENERAL DESCRIPTION. Size. Adult. — Total length, about 6.7 inches. Wing, 5.2 inches. Bill, 0.65 inch. Tarsus, 1.25 inch. AVES PROCELLARIID^E. 119 Tail, 2.7 inches. Color. Adult Male. — General color above, greyish black ; darkest anteriorly, lightest posteriorly. Below pure white except on the neck, the under tail coverts and the flanks. Head : Dark greyish black. Neck : Above and below dark greyish black. Back : The same shade as the head but increasingly greyer, the feathers on the lower back and rump, edged with greyish-white. The upper tail- coverts are ashy, edged with whitish. Wings : Black. The median coverts are ashy and edged with whitish. Tail : Ashy grey, each feather broadly tipped with black forming a terminal band. Under parts : Chest, neck and throat dark greyish black, which termi- nates abruptly in pure white on the breast. This white prevails on the rest of the under parts. The flanks and sides are shaded or streaked with grey. Bill : Black. Iris brown. Legs : Black. Feet: Dusky. The female is similar in size and color to the male. Geographical Range. — Falkland Islands, Kerguelen Island and the Southern Ocean, New Zealand and Australian Coasts. This petrel was not obtained by the Princeton Expeditions. The description is based on the material representing the species in the British Museum of Natural History. "In this Society's Proceedings for the year 1840, the late Mr. Gould described a 'beautiful fairy-like' new species of Stormy Petrel from Bass's Straits, which he called Thalassidroma nereis (torn. cit. p. 178), under which name it is figured in the last volume of the ' Birds of Aus- tralia.' "Dr. Elliott Coues, in his revision of the family Procellariidae, treating of the species under the name Procellaria nereis, says : ' I have had the pleasure of examining Mr. Gould's types of this species from Bass's Straits, Australia, now in the collection of the Philadelphia Academy. It is a beau- tiful little species, quite unlike any other known Stormy Petrel. In form it 1 2O PATAGONIAN EXPEDITIONS I ZOOLOGY. comes nearer to Procellaria pelagica than to any other species ; and it is probably congeneric with it, though it differs somewhat^ in the proportion of the tarsus and toes, and very widely in its pattern of coloration. The proportions of the tibia and tarsus differ from those of pelagica in the greater comparative length of the former.' "Amongst the Petrels mentioned at various times by the late Prof. Gar- rod as having been examined by him, a species several times occurs which is doubtfully named 'Procellaria (or ' Thalassidromd} fregata?' The specimens dissected by him are now before me, and have been identified by Mr. Salvin as being really referable to the Procellaria nereis of Gould, an example of which, from the Falkland Islands, is now in the museum of Messrs. Salvin and Godman. A careful examination of the three spirit- specimens of this bird, as well as of the skin mentioned, have convinced me that this species is not referable to the true genus Procellaria as repre- sented by Procellaria pelagica, and is in fact in no way related to that group of Petrels, but has its nearest allies in the flat-clawed genera Ocean- ties, Fregetta, and -Pelagodroma. "In his paper on the muscles of the thigh in Birds2 the late Prof. Garrod divided the Nasutae, or Petrels, into two groups, the 'Storm Petrels' and the Fulmaridae, the former group differing from the latter in that they possess the accessory semitendinosus muscle (Y), but lack intestinal caeca. In the Fulmaridae, on the other hand, the accessory semitendinosus muscle is absent, but caeca are present. The species of Storm Petrels on which this generalization was based are called, with doubt, ' Procellaria Pelagica and P. fregata? the latter being the species now identified by Mr. Salvin as P. nereis. As regards the first named species, there can be little or no doubt that the bird really dissected by Prof. Garrod, and called by him 'Procellaria pelagica,' was Wilson's Petrel (Oceanites oceanicus], as in this bird there are no caeca, at the same time that the accessory semitendinosus muscle is present. The true Procellaria pela- gica (of which I have lately dissected two perfectly fresh examples) agrees with the Fulmaridae, as defined by Prof. Garrod, in having caeca, but no accessory head to the semitendinosus ; and Cymochorea leucorrhoa agrees in both these points with Procellaria pelagica. "The so-called 'Procellaria nereis' of Gould is therefore obviously not 1 "The italics are mine. W. A. F." 2 P. Z. S. 1874, p. 122. AVES PROCELLARIID^. 1 2 I a true Procellaria at all ; and this view is confirmed by other characters, such as the shape of its nostrils, the elongated tarsi, which are much longer than the mid toe and covered anteriorly with transversely arranged scutellse, the very minute hallux, and the lamellar, concave form of the claws. It belongs, in fact, to the group of Oceanites, Fregetta and Pelag- odroma, but is not exactly congeneric with any of them. I propose therefore to make it the type of a new genus, to be called Garrodia, in memory of my lamented friend A. H. Garrod, not only as a token of my personal esteem for and indebtedness to him, but also as some slight recognition of the thanks ornithologists generally owe him for the addi- tions he made to our knowledge of the anatomy of birds. "The genus Garrodia may be shortly defined as follows: "Garrodia. Genus ex ordine Tubinarium Oceanitse maxime affine, tar sis pro digitis longioribus et antice scutellatis, necnon margine sterni posteriore integro distinguendum. " Type Procellaria nereis, Gould. " Garrodia is perhaps most closely allied to Oceanites, as already stated, but differs from that genus in having the tarso-metatarsi covered anteri- orly with a series of transverse scutellae instead of being 'entire,' in their slightly greater proportional length as compared with the third toe, in the even more minute hallux, and in the more flattened and lamellar form of the claws. The sternum too is posteriorly entire, whereas in Oceanites oceanicus it is slightly notched. The coloration of the two genera is also quite different. From Fregetta, Garrodia may be easily distinguished by the very different proportions and forms of the nails and feet in that genus, and from Pelagodroma by its much shorter feet and entire tail. "These" four genera — Oceanites, Garrodia, Pelagodroma and Fregetta — form a very well-marked family of the Tubinares, which may be called Oceanitidae, as distinguished from the remainder of the group, or Ful- maridas of Prof. Garrod. Anatomically, these four genera agree together, and differ from the Fulmaridae (on nearly all the genera of which, includ- ing Diomedea and Puffinuria, I have notes), in the two important charac- ters already mentioned — the absence of caeca and the presence of the accessory semitendinosus muscle. Externally they may be at once recog- nized by their peculiar elongated tarsi, lamellar nails, and by never having more than 10 secondaries, Procellaria and Puffinuria having 13, and the remaining Fulmaridae more (in Diomedea, according to Nitzsch, as many 122 PAT AGONIAN EXPEDITIONS I ZOOLOGY. as 40). My family Oceanitidae, in fact, corresponds to Bonaparte's sec- tion ' Unguibus depressis' of his Procellarieae, and to Coues's 'second group' of the similarly-named section in his 'Review' with the addition, in each case, of Garrodia, included by both authors in the restricted genus Procellaria." (W. A. Forbes, P. Z. S. 1881, pp. 735-737.) " Nests under tufts of grass, or other low herbage, near the sea. Some- times it digs a small burrow ; oftener the eggs are found simply covered by overhanging grass-stems, in low land. The egg is single, compact in structure, smooth, and very fragile, ellipsoidal in form, and white, except- ing at the larger end, which is marked by a collection of small reddish spots, interspersed with a few specks of very dark brown. If we are correct in our impression that the markings about the butts of these eggs are not adventitions, we have here an exception to the general rule that the Procellariidae lay white eggs. In size, shape, and coloration, the egg recalls some of the least-spotted examples of that of the common Meadow Lark (Sturnella magnet] . By aid of the lens are to be seen a few pore- like punctations, widely scattered. " We have no information concerning the young of this species, none having been hatched at the time of breaking up the American Station (January 1 1). (Natural History of Kerguelen Island, J. H. Kidder, M.D., Bull. no. 3, U. S. Nat. Mus., p. 16, 1876.) Genus FREGETTA Bonaparte. Type. Fregetta, Bonap. Compt. Rend. XLI. p. 1113 (1855); id. Consp. Av. ii. p. 197 (1856); (nee Fregata, Briss, Cuv, etc.) ; Coues, Proc. Acad. Sci. Philad. 1864, p. 85 ; Forbes, Voy. Chall. Zool. IV. Pt. XI. p. 56, etc. (1882) ; Coues, Auk, XIV. 1897, p. 315 ; Auk (Ninth Sup.), XVI. 1899, p. 102; Sharpe, Hand-List Bds. I. p. 122(1899) F- melanogaster. Cymodroma, Ridgw. in Baird, Brewer & Ridgw. Water Birds N. Am. ii. p. 418 (1884); id. Man. N. Am. Birds, p. 71 (1887); id. 2d ed. p. 71, pi. xv. fig. 3 (1896); Salvin, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus. XXV. p. 364 (1896) F. melanogaster. AVES PROCELLARIID^E. 123 Geographical Range. — Southern Oceans. North of the Equator in Tropical waters. FREGETTA MELANOGASTER (Gould). Thalassidroma melanogaster, Gould, Ann. & Mag. N. H. XIII. p. 367 (1844). Fregetta melanogastra, Scl. & Salv. Voy. Chall. II. Birds, App. p. 151 (1881 : Falkland Islands, eggs); Carbajal, La Patagonia, Part II. p. 277 (1900). Cymodroma melanogaster, Salvin, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus. XXV. p. 364 (1896); Martens, Hamb. Magalh. Sammelr. Vog. p. 18 (1900). Fregetta melanogaster, Coues, Auk, XIV. p. 315 (1897); Sharpe, Hand- List, Bds. I. p. 122 (1899); Gates, Cat. Bds. Eggs, Brit. Mus. I. p. 151 (1901) ; Sharpe, Rep. Coll. Nat. Hist. "Southern Cross," Aves, p. 141 (1902). FIG. 71. FIG. 72. Fregetta melanogaster. Profile of head. From material in the British Museum. Natural size. Fregetta melanogaster. Head from above. From material in the British Museum. Natural size. GENERAL DESCRIPTION. Size. Adult Male. — Total length, about 8.0 inches. Wing, 7.0 inches. Tail, 3.2 inches. Bill, 0.9 inch. 124 PATAGONIAN EXPEDITIONS: ZOOLOGY. Color. Adult Male. — General color above, sooty black. Below partly black, and largely white. Head : Sooty black. Neck : Sooty black except the throat, which has the bases of the feath- ers white, more or less concealed, and varying in amount. In some indi- viduals it appears as an immaculate area and in the others the white is almost obscured by the sooty black ends of each feather. Back: Sooty black; the bases of the upper tail feathers are white more or less concealed. Wings : Sooty black, but not so intense as on the head. The greater wing coverts are noticeably paler and the margin of the wing is indistinctly edged with a paler sooty shade. Tail : Black, not so dark in shade as the head. The base of the lateral tail feathers is white. Lower parts : Throat as described, rest of lower neck sooty black. The breast and middle of the abdomen sooty. The bases of the feathers of the sides and flanks and of the under tail-coverts pure white more or less obscured by the sooty larvinual portion of each feather Bill black. Legs black. Feet dusky. The female is similar to the male in size and color. Geographical Range. — The Southern Ocean north to the Bay of Ben- gal, and in the Atlantic north (casually?) to the Tropic of Cancer. Breeds at the Falkland Islands. (Sclater & Salvin, Voy. Chall. II. Birds, App. p. 151). This petrel was not observed or collected by the Princeton Expeditions. The description is based on the series of this species in the Collections of the British Museum of Natural History. FREGETTA GRALLARIA (Vieillot). Procellaria grallaria, Vieill, N. Diet. d'Hist. Nat. XXV. p. 418 (1817); Scl. & Salv. Nomencl. Av. Neotr. p. 148 (1873). Thalassidroma segethi, Phil. & Landb. Av. Chil. p. 46 (1868: Valdivia). AVES PROCELLARIID^E. 125 Oceanites grallaria, Sharpe, P. Z. S. 1881, p. n (St. Ambrose Island, South Pacific, July 20). Cymodroma grallaria, Baird, Brewer & Ridgway, Water Birds, N. Amer. II. p. 419 (1884); Salvin, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus. XXV. p. 366 (1896). Fregetta grallaria, Sharpe, Hand-List Bds. I. p. 122 (1899); Carbajal, La Patagonia, Part II. p. 277 (1900). GENERAL DESCRIPTION. Size. Adult male. — Total length about 7.4 inches. Wing, 6.5 inches. Tail, 2.9 inches. Bill, 0.8 inch. Tarsus, 1.4 inch. Color. Adult male. — General color above greyish sooty black, greyer on back and wings with a white area on the rump. Whole lower parts FIG. 73. FIG. 74. Fregetta grallaria. Profile of head. From ma- terial in the British Museum. Natural size. Fregetta grallaria. Head from above. From material in the British Museum. Nat- ural size. from the breast backward white, the neck and throat sooty like the upper parts. Head : Greyish sooty black. Neck : Greyish sooty black above and below. Back: More definitely grey than the head. Each feather having a whitish edging. Rump pure white. Upper tail coverts white. 126 PATAGONIAN EXPEDITIONS! ZOOLOGY. Wing: Black with a greyish tinge. The scapulars greyer and each feather edged with white or whitish. Tail : Middle pair of rectrices sooty black, the remaining ones with white bases. Lower parts : Upper breast and neck black of a greyish sooty cast. Sides, flanks, lower breast and abdomen pure white. Lower tail coverts nearly as long as the rectrices and greyish sooty black in color. Inner under wing coverts white. Bill black. Legs black. Feet dusky. Iris brown. The adult female resembles the adult male in size and color. "No. 65. Female: off St. Ambrose, July 20, 1879. Bill and feet black. Mr. Salvin1 has already suggested the identity of the Chilian birds described by Mr. Elliot and Drs. Philippi and Landbeck with O. teuco- gastra of Gould (P. grallaria V.) ; and from the specimen now sent by Dr. Coppinger, I must say that I can see no difference at all." (Sharpe, Pro. Zool. Soc. 1 88 1, p. n.) Geographical range. — Southern Oceans. North in the Atlantic (casu- ally ?) to the Florida Coast. (St. Marks, Gulf Coast, Florida. Cf. Law- rence, Ann. Lye. New York, V. p. 117 (1851). I am unable to discover any record of the breeding grounds of this petrel. The description here given is based on the series of F. grallaria in the British Museum of Natural History. This species was not obtained or observed by the Princeton Expeditions to Patagonia. Dr. Coppinger says in speaking of this Petrel, Fregetta grallaria, under the head of Thalassidroma leucogaster, "In the course of this cruise we were followed by great numbers of petrels, among which were the giant petrel (Ossifraga gigantea], the Cape pigeon (Daption capensis], and two species of Thalassidroma (I think T. leucogaster and T. Wilsoni]. I noticed on this, as on several subsequent occasions, that the little storm petrel is in the habit of kicking the water with one leg when it is skim- 1 Scl. & Salv. in Voy. Chall., Zool. II. pt. VIII. p. 141 (188 i). AVES PROCELLARIID^E. 127 ming the surface in searching for its food. This movement is usually seen most clearly when the sea presents a slightly undulating surface ; and when the bird strikes the water in performing a slight curve in its flight, one can see that it is invariably the outer leg that is used. The object of this manoeuvre seems to be to give the body sufficient upward impulse to prevent the wings from becoming wetted in rising from near the surface. I have often observed the Atlantic storm petrels steady themselves on the water with both legs together, but have never seen them perform this one-legged 'kick/ like their congeners of the Pacific. There are contradictory statements in natural history works as to whether petrels do or do not follow ships during the night time. Those who adopt the negative view of the question maintain that the birds rest on the waves during the night and pick up the ship next morning by follow- ing her wake. For a long time I was in doubt as to which was the cor- rect view to take, although I had often on dark nights, when sitting on the taffrail of the ship, fancied I had heard the chirp of the small petrels. At length I became provoked that after having spent so many years at sea I should still be in doubt about such a matter as this, so I began to make systematic observations, in which I was assisted by the officers of watches and quartermasters, who were also interested in the matter. The result is that I am now quite certain that the storm petrel and Cape pigeon do follow the ship by night as well as by day, and that, moreover, the night is the best time for catching them. Every night, for a time, I used to tow a long light thread from the stern of the ship ; it was about sixty yards long, and fitted at the end with an anchor-shaped piece of bottle wire, which just skimmed along the surface of the water and yet allowed the thread to float freely in the air. I found this device a great improvement on the old-fashioned method of using several unarmed threads, and in this way I caught at night-time, and even on the darkest nights, both storm petrels and Cape pigeons ; the latter, however, usually breaking my thread and escaping. If I sat down quietly and held the line lightly between my finger and thumb, I would feel every now and then a vibration as a bird collided with it. On moonlight nights, more- over, one could always, by watching carefully, see the big Cape pigeons flitting about the stern of the ship." (Copp., Cruise "Alert," pp. 87-88.) 128 PATAGONIAN EXPEDITIONS: ZOOLOGY. Family PUFFINID^E. Salvin, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus. XXV. p. 368 (1896); Sharpe, Hand-List Bds., I. p. 123 (1899). Subfamily PUFFING. Salvin, t. c. p. 368; Sharpe, t. c. p. 123. Genus PUFFINUS Brisson. Type. Puffinus, Brisson, Orn. VI. p. 131 (1760); Coues, Proc. Acad. Sci. Philad. 1864, p. 127; id. op. cit. 1866, p. 192; Ridgw. Man. N. Am. Birds, p. 58 (1887); Sal- vin, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus. XXV. p. 368 (1896); Sharpe, Hand-List Bds. I. p. 123 (1899) P. puffinus. Nectris, Kuhl, Beitr. p. 144 (1820) ; Coues, Proc. Acad. Sci. Philad. 1864, p. 123. Thyellas, Gloger, in Froriep's Notizen, XVI. p. 279(1827); Salv. Ibis, 1888, p. 353. Thiellus, Gray, List Gen. Birds, p. 78 (1840); Bp. Consp. Av. ii. p. 200 (1856) ; Coues, Proc. Acad. Sci. Philad. 1864, p. 122 (= Thyellas] P. grams. Cymotomus, Macgill. Man. Brit. Birds, p. 13 (1842). . . P. anglortim. Ardenna, Reichenb. Natiirl. Syst. Vog. p. IV. (1852). Thyellodroma, Stejn. Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. XI. p. 93 (1888), P. sphenurus. Zalias, Heine, in Heine & Reichenow, Nomencl. Mus. Hein. p. 362 (1890) (= Thiellus]. Geographical Range. — The Seas of the entire world. PUFFINUS GRAVIS (O'Reilly). Procellaria gravis, O'Reilly, Voy. to Greenland, etc., p. 140, pi. xii. fig. i (1818). Puffinus major, Temm. Man. d'Orn. IV. p. 507 (1840); Gray, List Bds. Brit. Mus. Part III. p. 158 (1844); id. Gen. Bds. III. p. 647 (1844); AVES PUFFINIDyE. 129 Scl. & Salv. Nomencl. Av. Neotr. p. 149 (1873); Baird, Brewer & Ridgw. Water Birds N. Amer. II. p. 380 (1884); A. O. U. Check- List N. Am. Birds, p. 100 (1886); 2 ed. p. 31 (1895). Puffinus gravis, Salvin, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus. XXV, p. 373 (1896: Falk- land Is.); Sharpe, Hand-List Bds. I. p. 123 (1899); Martens, Hamb. Magalh. Sammelr. Vog. p. 18 (1900: Falkland Is.) ; A. O. U. Check- List 2 ed. (1895) 8th Supplement from Auk, XIV. p. 124 (1897). GENERAL DESCRIPTION. Size. Adult male. — Total length, about 19 inches. Wing, 12.7 inches. Tail, central rectrices, 4.65 inches; lateral rectrices, 3.75 inches. Tarsus, 2.3 inches. Color. Adult male. — (P. U. O. C. no. 8576. Twenty miles at sea, off FIG. 75. FIG. 76. Puffinus gravis. Profile of head. From material in the British Museum. J^ natural size. Puffinus gravis. Head from above. From material in the British Museum. y2 natural size. Cape Cod, Massachusetts, 16 August, 1881. William E. D. Scott). Gen- eral color above smoky greyish brown, below white with smoky greyish on middle of abdomen, and on the flanks and lower tail coverts. Head : Crown and sides deep smoky brown. Region in front of eye more or less mottled smoky brown and whitish. PATAGONIAN EXPEDITIONS! ZOOLOGY. Neck : Nape and upper neck smoky brown with a marked greyish tinge and much lighter (approaching white) in shade than the crown and occi- put. Below and on sides white. Back: Greyish smoky brown, each feather broadly margined with a lighter shade, often approaching white. Longest upper tail coverts mostly white. Wing : The greater coverts like back ; the shoulders darker, but sim- ilarly margined with lighter shade. Primary quills dark umber brown on their exposed surfaces, becoming white on the under webs, both webs and the shafts white at their bases. Tail : Dark umber brown, the central rectrices nearly an inch longer than the outer ones. The intermediate feathers graded to form a rounded tail when spread. Lower parts white, except on the middle of the abdomen, where the white is more or less obscured by smoky grey. Flanks smoky grey with lighter edging to the feathers. Lower tail coverts smoky grey with mottling and broad tipping of whitish. Some of the feathers on the sides under the wings are mottled with dark greyish smoke color. Bill : Dark brown color, paler on the lower mandible. Tarsus : Outer surface dark umber brown, inner surface yellowish flesh color. Feet and webs pale yellowish flesh color darkest above, lightest below. The exterior toe umber brown like the outer surface of the tarsus. Iris : Dark hazel brown. The female is similar to the male in color but averages a little smaller in size. Geographical Range. — Atlantic Ocean. From the Faroe Islands and Greenland on the north, to the Cape of Good Hope, the Falkland Islands and Cape Horn. There appear to be no definite records of the breeding range of P. grams. This bird was not obtained or observed by the Princeton Expeditions to Patagonia. The description is based on an apparently adult male, cited above, compared with twenty six (26) other individuals all taken about twenty miles off the coast of Cape Cod, Massachusetts, nos. 8577 to 8602 P. U. O. Coll. August 1 88 1 (William E. D. Scott, collector). AVES PUFFINID^E. " So far as I can ascertain, there is no authentic account of the breeding- habits of this Shearwater ; and the eggs which do duty in the cabinets of collectors as belonging to it are almost always those of Puffimis kuhli." (H. E. Dresser, Bds. Europe, VIII. p. 531, 1877.) PUFFINUS GRISEUS (Gmelin). Grey Petrel, Lath. Gen. Syn. III. pt. 2. p. 399 (1785). Procellaria griseus, Gm. Syst: Nat. I. p. 564 (1788). Nectris amaurosoma, Phil. & Landb. Cat. Av. Chil., p. 47 (1868: Coast of Chile, common); Scl. & Salv. Ibis, 1870, p. 500 (Coquimbo, Aug.); iid. Nomencl. Av. Neotr. p. 149 (1873: Chile). Puffinus griseits, Salvin, Cat. Bds. Brit Mus. XXV. p. 386 (1896: Straits of Magellan); Lane, Ibis, 1897, P- 312 (Corral); Sharpe, Hand-List Bds. I. p. 124 (1899: Straits of Magellan) ; Martens, Hamb. Magalh. Sammelr. Vog. p. 18 (1900: Straits of Magellan) ; Nicoll. Ibis, 1904, p. 51 (Valparaiso, abundant). FIG. 77. FIG. 78. Puffinus griseus. Profile of head. From material in the British Museum. ^ natural size. Puffinus griseus. Head from above. From material in the British Museum. ^ natural size. GENERAL DESRIPTION. Size. Ad^llt Male. — Total length, about 18 inches. Wing, 12 inches. Tail, central rectrices, 3.5 inches ; lateral rectrices, 2.7 inches. 132 PATAGONIAN EXPEDITIONS I ZOOLOGY. Bill, 2.1 inches. Tarsus, 2.4 inches. Color. Adult Male. — General color, deep sooty brown, darkest on upper parts, wings and tail are of a general lighter shade below. Head : Entirely deep sooty brown. Neck : Deep sooty brown above, somewhat lighter below. Back: Sooty brown, rather lighter than the head, and each feather indistinctly edged with paler brown. Lower back deeper sooty brown. Wings : Like the back ; the quills sooty black. Tail : Deep sooty brown. Lower parts : Sooty brown paler than the prevailing shade above and greyer especially on the throat. Under wing coverts greyish white with dark shafts. Bill : Horn color, often lighter at the tip. Legs brown. Feet brown. Iris dark hazel. The sexes are similar in size and color. Geographical Range. — Atlantic and Pacific Oceans. South to Australia and to the Straits of Magellan. Known to breed in the Chatham group of Islands. (Travers, Trans. New Zeal. Inst. V. p. 220). The Grey or Sooty Shearwater was not secured or observed by the Princeton Expeditions to Patagonia. The description is based on four individuals in the Princeton University Ornithological Collection nos. 8604 to 8607 inclusive, taken off Cape Cod, Massachusetts (20 miles at sea), 1 6 August, 1881 ; supplemented by the series of these birds in the British Museum of Natural History. The only record respecting the nidification of this bird I have found (except Mr. Buller's statement that its egg is " white, stained with reddish brown, and measures 3.25 inches in length by 2 inches in breadth") is contained in the following notes by Mr. Travers, who writes (Trans. N. Zeal. Inst. v. p. 220), that it is "common all around the coasts of the Chatham group. It burrows a horizontal hole, from three to four feet deep, and turning slightly to the right or left, in peaty ground. At the extremity of this hole it forms a rude nest composed of twigs and dead AVES PUFFINID/E. 133 leaves. Only one egg is laid ; and the male bird assists in the work of incubation. They are savage whilst on the nest, biting and scratching those who molest them. The young bird is singularly fat, and when taken from the hole disgorges a quantity of oily matter of most offensive smell. This, however, is esteemed a delicacy by the Maoris, who hold the young birds over their mouths, allowing the substance to drain into them. The old birds roost on shore, the noise they make during the whole night being absolutely frightful, resembling an exaggerated chorus of squalling children and love-making cats, in which the performers were numbered by thousands. From the manner in which this noise was intensified on each fresh arrival I could only conclude that the whole lot were squalling out their adventures during the day. When taken out of their holes they flutter about on the ground for some time, tumbling over stumps in a confused manner, but ultimately make for the sea." (H. E. Dresser, Bds. Europe, VIII. p. 525, 1877.) Genus PRIOFINUS Hombron & Jacquinot. Type. Priofinus, Hombr. & Jacq. Compt. Rend, xviii. p. 355 (1844); Jacq. & Puch. Voy. Pdle Sud. Zool. iii. p. 145, t. 32, figs. 9-14 (1853); Coues, Proc. Acad. Sci. Philad. 1866, p. 192 ; Salvin, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus. XXV. p. 390 (1896); Sharpe, Hand-List Bds. I. p. 124 (1899) P. cinereus. Adamastor, Bp. Consp. Av. ii. p. 187 (1855); Coues, Proc. Acad. Sci. Philad. 1864, p. 119 ' . P. cinereus. 9 Geographical Range. — The Southern Oceans. PRIOFINUS CINEREUS (Gmelin). Cinereus Fulmar, Lath. Gen. Syn. III. pt. 2, p. 405 (1785). Procellaria cineria, Gm. Syst. Nat. I. p. 563 (1788). Puffinus cinereus, Gould, Voy. Beagle, Birds, p. 137 (1841: Tierra del Fuego : Chiloe : mouth of Plata : Port Famine) ; Hartl. Naum. 1853, p. 222 (Chile); Phil. & Landb. Cat. Av. Chil. p. 46 (1868); 1 34 PATAGONIAN EXPEDITIONS I ZOOLOGY. Burm. Ann. Mus. Nac. Buenos Aires, III. Part X. p. 248 (1888: Coast of Patagonia and Falkland Islands). Procellaria hcesitata, Forst. Descr. Anim. p. 208 (1844). Priofinus cinereus, Jacq. & Pucher, Voy. Pdle Sud. Zool. III. p. 145 (1853); Salvin, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus. XXV. p. 390 (1896: Off Cape Horn, May) ; Sharpe, Hand-List Bds. I. p. 124 (1899) ; Carbajal, La Patagonia, Part II. p. 277 (1900); Martens, Hamb. Magalh. Sam- melr. Vog. P. 18 (1900); Sharpe, Rep. Coll. Nat. Hist. "Southern Cross," Aves, p. 142 (1902). Adamastor cmereus, Scl. & Salv. Voy. Chall. II. Birds, p. 142 (1881 : South Pacific). FIG. 79. FIG. 80. Priofinus cinereus. Profile of head. From Priofinus cinereus. Head from above, material in the British Museum. ^ natural From material in the British Museum. 14 natural size. GENERAL DESCRIPTION. Size. Adult Male. — Total length, about 19 inches. Wing, 13 inches. Tail, central rectrices, 4.4 inches ; lateral rectrices, 3.5 inches. Bill, 2.4 inches. Tarsus, 2.4 inches. Color. Aditlt Mz/ U. S. Expl. Exp. viii. p. 338 (1848); Layard, Birds S. Afr. p. 361 (1867); id. Ibis, 1876, p. 393, 1878, p. 264; Hutton, Cat. Birds N. Zeal. p. 47 (1871); Buller, Birds N. Zeal. p. 306 (1873); Finsch, J. f. Orn. 1870, p. 373, 1874, p. 208; Finsch & Hartl. Orn. Centralpol. p. 246 (1867). Pachyptila ccerulea, Illig. Prodr. p. 275 (1811); Steph. in Shaw's Gen. Zool. xiii. p. 252 (1826). Procellaria forsteri, Smith, 111. Zool. S. Afr. pi. 54 (1840). Procellaria similis, Forst. Descr. An. p. 59 (1844). Halobcena ccerulea, Bp. Compt. Rend. xlii. p. 768 (1856); id. Consp. Av. ii. p. 193 (1856); Coues, Proc. Ac. Sci. Philad. 1866, pp. 163, 171; Gould, Handb. Birds Austr. ii. p. 457 (1865) ; Coues & Kidder, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus. no. 2, p. 34 (1875); Kidder, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus. no. 3, p. 17 (1876); Moseley, Notes Nat. "Chall." p. 181 (1879); Sharpe, Phil. Trans, clxviii. extra volume p. 141 (1879) ; id. Layards' Birds S. Afr. p. 768 (1884); Buller, Birds N. Zeal. ed. 2, ii. p. 214 (1888); id. Tr. N. Zeal. Inst. XXV. p. 78 (1893) ; Salvin, Cat. B. Brit. Mus. XXV. p. 431 (1896); Sharpe, Hand-List Bds I. p. 127 (1899). Oates, Cat. Bds. Eggs, Brit. Mus. I. p. 160 (1901). Halobcena typica, Bp. Compt. Rend. xlii. p. 768 (1856); id. Consp. Av. ii. p. 194 (1856). Procellaria velox, Solander? cf. Salvin in Rowley's Orn. Misc. i. p. 238. AVES PUFFINID/E. 155 FIG. 95. FIG. 96. Halobana ccerulea. Profile of head. From material in the British Museum. Natural size. Halobcena carulea. Head from above. From material in the British Museum. Natural size. GENERAL DESCRIPTION. Size. Adult. — Total length, about 11 inches. Wing, 8.5 inches: Tail, 3.6 inches. Bill, 1.4 inches. Tarsus, 1.3 inches. Color. Adult. — General color above, clear greyish blue, darkest on the crown, the nape, scapulars and lesser wing coverts; below white, except the sides of the breast which are ashy blue. Head : Rather dark greyish blue. The middle .feathers of the forehead are ashy blue broadly tipped with white, and the rest of the forehead white. There is a suggestion of a white superciliary streak not extending behind the eyes however. The cheeks and auriculars white. Neck : Ashy blue above and pure white below. Back : Clear pale ashy blue. Wings : Darker ashy blue, the scapulars tipped with white ; primaries, outer webs ashy blue, inner webs whitish. Tail : Outer rectrix white, the two next ashy blue, with white bases to the inner webs, the three next ashy blue with white tips. This is widest 156 PATAGONIAN EXPEDITIONS: ZOOLOGY. on the two middle feathers, with a slightly darker subterminal ashy band. Tail of twelve feathers, and square. With no gradation of the lateral rectrices. Lower surface pure white except a clouding of ashy blue on the sides of the breast. Legs bluish. Feet : Bluish toes and flesh-colored webs. "Younger birds may be known by a less decidedly cinereous or bluish grey tinge of the upper parts ; which tend more or less strongly towards brownish. The forehead is not pure white but mixed with about an equal amount of brownish ash." (Coues, Proc. Acad. Sci. Philad. 1866, p. 164.) Geographical Range. — Southern Oceans. [Pacific Ocean near Cape Horn, lat. 50° South, long. 90° West, May 20, 1840 (J. Gould), adult skin, c, Coll. Brit. Mus.] On account of the specimen above cited, this species has been included as one of the petrels properly of the Patagonian Coast. Its occurrence in this region however in view of our present knowledge must be regarded as rare, if not casual. The Blue Petrel was not observed by any of the members of the Prince- ton Expeditions to Patagonia. The description is based on three repre- sentatives of the species in the Collections of the British Museum of Natural History. "Nests in deep tortuous burrows in hill sides near the sea. Egg is single, ovoidal and dull' white, without color-markings. In the specimens measured, there is, however, as shown by the figures, the usual range of variation in contour. They remind one, in size and shape, of the eggs of a bantam hen. Shell is thin, homogeneous, and compact in structure, presenting under the lens a finely granular external surface. First found October 23." (Natural History of Kerguelen, J. H. Kidder, M.D., Bull. No. 3, U. S. Nat. Mus. p. 17, 1876.) AVES PUFFIN'IDvE. 157 Genus PRION Lacepede. Type. Prion, Lacepede, Mem. 1'Inst. III. p. 513 (1801); Bp. Consp. Av. II. p. 192 (1856); Coues, Proc. Acad. Sci. Philad. 1866, p. 167; Forbes, Voy. "Chall.," Zool. IV. pt. XL p. 42 (1882); Salvin, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus. XXV. p. 432 (1896); Sharpe, Hand-List Bds. I. p. 128 (1899) . . P. vittatus. Pachyptila, Illig. Prodr. p. 274 (1811) P. vittatus. PriampJiits, Rafinesque, Anal. p. 72 (1815), fide Bp. Pseudoprion, Coues, Proc. Ac. Sci. Philad. 1866,- p. 164 . . P. desolatus. GeograpJiical Range. — Southern Oceans. • PRION VITTATUS (Gmelin). Broad-billed Petrel, Lath. Gen. Syn. III. pt. 2, p. 432 (1785). Procellaria vittata Gm. Syst. Nat. I. p. 560 (1788). Prion vittatus Darwin, Voy. Beagle, Birds, p. 141 (1841 : Landfall Island, west coast of Tierra del Fuego, breeds) ; Burm. An. Mus. Nac. Buenos Aires, III. part X. p. 248 (1888: S. Patagonia); Salvin, Cat. B. Brit Mus. XXV. p. 432 (1896); Sharpe, Hand-List Bds. I. p. 128 (1899) ; Carbajal, La Patagonia, Part II. p. 277 (1900) ; Gates, Cat. Bds. Eggs, Brit. Mus. I. p. 160 (1901). GENERAL DESCRIPTION. Size. Adult Male. — Total length, about 12 inches. Wing: 7.6 inches. Tail : Central rectrices, 3.8 inches ; lateral rectrices, 3.5 inches. Bill, 1.5 inch. Tarsus, 1.3 inch. Color. Adult Male. — General color above, light greyish or plumbeous blue. Lower parts in general white, with suffusion of greyish blue on the sides of breast and flanks and mottling of the same color but a darker shade, on the under tail coverts. Head: Top of the head and sides of the face plumbeous blue. A white superciliary stripe. The region about the eye and below it darker in color, almost dusky. 158 PATAGONIAN EXPEDITIONS: ZOOLOGY. FIG. 97. NV^ -WJBS Prion mtlatus. Profile of head. From material in the British Museum. Natural size. FIG. 98. FIG. 99. Prion vittatus. Head from above. From material in the British Museum. Natural size. Prion mttatus. Beak from be- neath. From material in the British Museum. Natural size. Neck : Above clear plumbeous blue shading into paler greyish blue on the sides. Beneath including throat and chin pure white. Back: Clear plumbeous blue, somewhat paler in shade than on the crown and crossed by a dusky or black band. AVES PUFFINID/E. 159 Wings : General color plumbeous blue. The ends of the longer scapu- lars are black or dusky, with white tips; the smaller wing-coverts, the outer vanes on the first four primaries, the terminal portion of the tertials, black or plumbeous black. The inner vanes of the quills and the tips of the tertials pearly or greyish white. Tail : Colored like the back. The tips of the central rectrices are broadly dusky or black ; the lateral rectrices are gray with black shafts and with faint dusky tips. Lower parts white, shaded on the sides of the breast and flanks with pearly grey. The under tail coverts mottled with a deeper shade of plumbeous blue. Bill blue black. Tarsi and toes light blue. Eyes dark brown. In shape the bill is very wide, with the edges of the maxilla distinctly convex. The complete development of the serrated lamellce, makes them distinctly visible when the mouth is closed. Geographical Range. — Southern Oceans; between 40° to 60° south latitude. The Princeton Expeditions did not secure the Broad-billed Petrel, and the -description here given is based on the large series of this bird in the Collections of the British Museum of Natural History. This species of Prion has been long known to breed on the west coast of Tierra del Fuego, at Landfall Island (Darwin, Voy. Beagle, Birds, p. 141, 1841), and has also been taken at a number of different points off the coast of Patagonia. "I did not procure a specimen of this bird, although I saw numbers on both sides of the Continent from about lat. 35° S. to Cape Horn. It is a wild solitary bird, appears always to be on the wing : flight extremely rapid. Mr. Stokes (Assistant Surveyor of the Beagle) informs me that they build in great numbers on Landfall Island, on the west coast of Tierra del Fuego. Their burrows are about a yard deep : they are ex- cavated on the hill-sides, at a distance even of half a mile from the sea shore. If a person stamps on the ground over their nests, many fly out l6o PATAGONIAN EXPEDITIONS I ZOOLOGY. of the same hole. Mr. Stokes says the eggs are white, elongated, and of the size of those of a pigeon." (Voy. "Beagle," Gould, II. p. 141.) Family PELECANOID^E. Salvin, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus. XXV. p. 437 (1896) ; Sharpe, Hand-List Bds. I. p. 128 (1899). Genus PELECANOIDES Lacepede. Type. Pelecanoides, Lacepede, Mem. 1'Inst. iii. p. 513 (1801); Coues, Proc. Acad. Sci. Philad. 1886, p. 188; Forbes, Voy. Chall. Zool. iv. pt. xi. p. 42, &c. (1882); Shu- feldt, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. X. p. 380 (1887) ; Salvin, Cat B. Brit. Mus. XXV. p. 437 (1896) ; Sharpe, Hand- List Bds., i, p. 128 (1899) P. urinatrix. Haladroma, Illig. Prodr. p. 273 (1811) ; Bp. Consp. Av. ii. p. 206 (1856) P. urinatrix. Puffinuria, Less. Voy. "Coquille," i. p. 729, pi. 46 (1826) ; id. Traitd d'Orn. p. 614 (1831) P. urinatrix. * Geographical Range. — Southern Oceans. PELECANOIDES URINATRIX (Gmelin). Diving Petrel, Forst. Voy. I. p. 189; Lath. Gen. Syn. III. pt. 2, p. 413 (1785; ex Forst). Procellaria urinatrix, Gm. Syst Nat. I. p. 560 (1788). Pelecanoides berardi, Quoy. & Gaim. Voy. Uranie, p. 135, pi. 37 (1824: Darwin, Voy. Beagle, Birds, p. 138 (1841 : Tierra del Fuego: coast of Patagonia as far north as the Chonos Archipelago : Port Famine) ; Gould, P. Z. S. 1859, p. 98 (Falkland Island) ; Scl. P. Z. S. 1860, p. 390 (loc. cit): Abbott, Ibis, 1861, p. 164 (Berkeley Sound, Falkland Islands, breeding) ; Burm. An. Mus. Nac. Buenos Aires, III. Part X. p. 248 (1888: Tierra del Fuego: Falkland Islands); Carbajal, La Patagonia, Part II. p. 277 (1900). ? Halodroma garnoti (nee Less.), Schl. Mus. Pays Bas, VI. Procell. p. 37 (1863: Straits Magellan). AVES PELECANOID^E. 161 Pelecanoides garnoti (nee Less.), Scl. & Salv. Ibis, 1870, p. 500 (Wood's Bay, April 1869) ; iid. P. Z. S. 1878, p. 739 (Cove Harbour, Messier Channel) : Salv. Voy. Chall. II. Birds, p. 146 (1881 : Cove Harbour, Messier Channel), p. 151 (Falkland Island, eggs). Haladroma berardi, Scl. & Salv. Nomencl. Av. Neotr. p. 149 (1873: Falkland Islands). Pelecanoides urinatrix, Sharpe, P. Z. S. 1881, p. 12 (Antonio Isl. Trinidad Channel, Feb.: Cockle Cove, Oct.); Coppinger, Cruize of the 'Alert' p. 106 (1883); Oust. Miss. Sci. Cap Horn, Oiseaux, pp. 167, 332, (1891 : Orange Bay : West Patagonia) ; Salvin, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus. FIG. 100. FIG. 101. Pelecanoides urinatrix. Profile of head. From material in the British Museum. Natural size. Pelecanoides urinatrix. Head from above. From material in the British Museum. Natural size. XXV, p. 437 (1896): Sharpe, Hand-List B. I. p. 128 (1899); Martens, Hamb. Magalh. Sammelr. Vog. p. 20 (1900): (Falkland Islands) ; Gates, Cat. Bds. Eggs, Brit. Mus. I. p. 161 (1901) ; Nicoll, Ibis, 1904, p. 47 (Molineaux Sound : Straits of Magellan and Smythe's Channel, abundant.) GENERAL DESCRIPTION. Size. Ad^ilt Male. — Total length, about 8 inches. Wing, 4.7 inches. Tail, 1.4 inch. * Bill, 0.9 inch. Color. Adtdt Male. — General color above shining black, below pure white. 1 62 PATAGONIAN EXPEDITIONS! ZOOLOGY. The only markings above diverging from black are on the scapulars. These are generally black, but the inner ones are grey on their inner webs and edged with white. Below the white is practically immaculate, there being a slight grey shading on the sides of the neck, and an almost imperceptible shading on the sides of the breast and flanks. Bill black. Tarsi and feet black. Iris dark hazel. Geographical Range. — Seas about Cape Horn. The Falkland Islands and Australia and New Zealand. FIG. 102. Pelecanoides urinatrix. From material in the British Museum. Wing. Natural size. The description is based on the material in the British Museum of Natural History as the Diving Petrel was not procured by the Princeton Expeditions to Patagonia. These petrels are so widely different in their general habits from those of other genera, that I quote from Charles Darwin (Voy. " Beagle," Birds, p. 138) whose comments make a vivid picture of the birds in life; under the heading of Pelecanoides berardi he writes : "This bird is common in the deep and quiet creeks and inland seas of Tierra del Fuego, and on the west coast of Patagonia, as far north as the Chonos Archipelago. I never saw but one in the open sea, and that was between Tierra del Fuego and the Falkland Islands. This bird is a AVES PELECANOID/E. 163 complete auk in its habits, although from its structure it must be classed with the Petrels. To the latter Mr. Gould informs me, its affinity is clearly shown by the form of its beak and nostrils, length of foot, and even by the general color of its plumage. To the auks it is related in the general form of its body, its short wings, shape of tail, and absence of hind-toe to the foot. When seen from a distance and undisturbed, it would almost certainly be mistaken, from its manner of swimming and frequent diving, for a grebe. When approached in a boat, it generally dives to a distance, and on coming to the surface, with the same move- ment takes flight ; having flown some way, it drops like a stone on the water, as if struck dead, and instantaneously dives again. No one seeing this bird for the first time, thus diving like a grebe and flying in a straight line by the rapid movement of its short wings like an auk, would be will- ing to believe that it was a member of the family of Petrels, the greater number of which are eminently pelagic in their habits, do not dive, and whose flight is usually most graceful and continuous. I observed at Port Famine, that these birds, in the evening, sometimes flew in straight lines from one part of the sound to another ; but during the day, they scarcely ever, I believe, take wing, if undisturbed. They are not very wild ; if they had been so, from their habit of diving and flying, it would have been extremely difficult to have procured a specimen. The legs of this bird are of a ' flax-flower blue.' ' Also from Coppinger, Cruise of the "Alert," page 105, 1883: • " One night a small petrel flew on board, into one of the hoisted-up boats, where it was found by one of the seamen in the usual apparently helpless state. It is odd that some species of the family of petrels should find such difficulty about rising on the wing from a ship's deck. A freshly caught Cape pigeon, placed on its legs on the deck, seems to forget utterly that it possesses the power of flight, and does not even attempt to use its wings, but waddles about like an old farm-yard duck. The petrel above referred to was the little diver (Pelecanoides urinatrix], a bird not uncommon in the channels, but yet very difficult to obtain. During the previous season on the surveying ground, Sir George Nares, who was the first to notice it, reported one day, that he had seen one of his old arctic friends, the "little auk," which indeed in its habits it strongly resembles. It usually (at all events during the day time) sits on the surface of the water, and on the least sign of danger takes a long dive like a grebe, and 164 PATAGONIAN EXPEDITIONS: ZOOLOGY. on rising to the surface again flies away some few hundred yards, keeping all the while close to the surface. Its flight is like that of the grebe, but more feeble." Also from Moseley's Notes by a Naturalist on the "Challenger," page 209(1879). "On two days in which excursions were made in the steam pinnace, the water was seen to be covered with these birds in flocks, extending over acres, which were black with them. The habits of the northern Little Auk are said to be closely similar to those of this bird ; so close is the resemblance, that the whalers have transferred one of their familiar names for the Little Auk to the Diving Petrel. The diving petrels dive with extreme rapidity, and when frightened, get up and flutter along close to the water, and drop and dive again. It is a curious sight to see a whole flock thus taking flight. The birds make holes in the ground like the Prions, and lay an egg white with a few red specks at one end. They breed in enormous quantities on the islands in Royal Sound. They are readily attracted by a light, and some were caught on board through coming to the ship's lights." "Lays one egg in a burrow in the hill-side, generally selecting the same locality as Halobcena ccerulea. Burrow is straight, slanting slightly down- ward, and less deep than that of Halobana. Egg is a regular ovoid, tending in some specimens to ellipsoidal. First found December 10. Shell is white, thin, brittle, compact, and homogeneous in structure. No color-markings." (Natural History of Kerguelen Island, J. H. Kid- der, M.D., Bull. No. 3, U. S. Nat. Mus., p. 17, 1876.) "Female : Antonio Islands, Trinidad Channel, February 17, 1879. Eyes black ; bill black ; legs slate colour. Stomach containing small Crustacea. "Female: Cockle Cove, October 16, 1879. Bill black; iris dark brown; legs and feet slate-coloured. "The following are the dimensions of the adult specimen : — total length 8.5 inches, culmen 0.75, wing 4.9, tail 1.7, tarsus I. These measure- ments exceed those of the specimens already in the Museum from the Straits of Magellan, and appear to be intermediate between the ordinary P. urinatrix and the larger P. garnoti, which, after all, does not seem to be a very distinct species." (Sharpe, P. Z. S. 1881, p. 12.) "Two males. Feb. 7th, Molineux Sound. Iris black; bill black; tarsi and toes blue-grey, with black line down back of tarsus, webs black. I AVES DIOMEDEID^E. 165 first saw these curious little Petrels the day before we reached the Straits of Magellan. I watched them all the afternoon rising under our bows, flying for a short distance with a feeble fluttering flight, and then diving again suddenly into the water. They were abundant all through the Straits and Smythe's Channel, but were not easy to shoot, as they dived at the flash of a gun. The stomach of this species is very large and soft, and is apparently little more than an enlargement of the pro- ventriculus, having no visible muscular system : those examined were filled with fishes." (M. J. Nicoll, Orn. Jour. Voy. round World, Ibis, Jan. 1904, p. 47.) "On Jan. 27th, a few hours before we arrived at the entrance of the Magellan Straits, I saw a number of Diving Petrels (Pelecanoides urina- trix] and a Penguin. (M. J. Nicoll, Orn. Jour. Voy. round World, Ibis, Jan. 1904, p. 47.) Family DIOMEDEID.E. Salvin, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus. XXV. p. 440 (1896); Sharpe, Hand-List Bds. I. p. 128 (1899). Genus DIOMEDEA Linnaeus. Type. Diomedea, Linn. Syst. Nat. I. p. 214 (1766); Bp. Consp. Av. II. p. 184 (1855); Coues, Proc. Acad. Sci. Philad. 1866, p. 175; Forbes, Voy. "Chall." Zool. IV. pt. xi. p. 42, etc. (1882). Salvin, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus. p. 440 (1896); Sharpe, Hand- List Bds. I. p. 128 (1899) D. exulans. Phcebastria, Reichenb. Naturl. Syst. Vog. p. v. (1852) D. albatrus. Tkalassarche, Reichenb. Naturl. Syst. Vog. p. v. (1852) D. melanophrys. Geographical Range.— The Southern Oceans, and the North Pacific Ocean. DIOMEDEA EXULANS Linnaeus. The Man of War Bird, Albin, Nat. Hist. B. III. p. 76,-pl. 81 (1740). Diomedea exulans, Linn. Syst. Nat I. p. 132 (1758); King, Zool. Journ. IV. p. 195 (1829: Straits of Magellan); Phil. & Landb. Cat. Av. Chil. 1 66 PATAGONIAN EXPEDITIONS : ZOOLOGY. p. 47 (1868); Cunningh. Nat. Hist. Str. Magell. pp. 225, 329 (1871); Scl. & Salv. Nomencl. Av. Neotr. p. 148 (1873: Straits of Magel- lan); Vincig. Boll. Soc. Geogr. Ital. (2) IX. p. 799 (1884); Burm. An. Mus. Nac. Buenos Aires, III. Part X. p. 248 (1888: Seas of Pata- FIG. 103. Diomedea exulans. Profile of head. From material in the British Museum, natural size. cW ••?'* te'l '"» J gonia); Oust. Miss. Sci. Cap Horn, Oiseaux, pp. 157, 332 (1891 : Straits of Magellan: Patagonia); James, New List Chilian B. p. 13 (1892); Salvin, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus. XXV. p. 441 (1896: Valparaiso); Sharpe, Hand-List Bds. I. p. 128 (1899); Carbajal, La Patagonia, Part II. p. 277 (1900); Gates, Cat. Bds. Eggs, Brit. Mus. I. p. 162 (1901); Sharpe, Rep. Coll. Nat. Hist. "Southern Cross," Aves, p. 160 (1902); Vallentin, Mem. Manchester Soc. 48 No. 23 p. 30 (1904: Falkland Islands). GENERAL DESCRIPTION. Size. Adult Male. — Total length, about 42 inches. Wing (carpal joint to longest primary), 25.5 inches. Extent (from tip to tip of longest primary), 125 to 130 inches. Tail, 8.3 inches. Bill (from gape), 7.0 inches. Bill (from base of culmen), 6.7 inches. Tarsus, 4.8 inches. V Diomedea ex- ulans. Head from above. From material in the British Museum. ^ natural size. AVES DIOMEDEID/E. 1 67 Color. Adult Male. — General color, white, with transverse dark lines on upper back and dark wings. Head white. Neck white. Back from base of neck banded with narrow transverse wavy lines of dusky brown. Lower back white. Wings : The scapulars are more strongly banded than the back, but the banding becomes indefinite and the general direction of the lines more parallel with the margins of the feathers. In the longest scapulars these lines merge into one another forming a slaty black tip to the feathers. The wing proper is slaty black, the lesser coverts having a varying amount of white on their inner webs, increasing toward the edge of the wing. The middle and greater coverts are narrowly edged with white. The primaries are black on their exposed surfaces, the concealed por- tion of the shafts being yellowish white, and of the webs nearly pure white. Tail : White. Most birds show some traces of dark markings on the webs of the rectrices. Under parts white. Bill yellowish horn color, orange at the base. Legs flesh color. Feet flesh color. Immature birds, are dark brown above, palest on the neck and with a dark patch on the crown. The forehead, sides of the head and throat are white. The under surface is yellowish or brownish white, palest on the belly. The flanks are mottled with dusky, and the under tail coverts are dusky brown. Geographical Range. — Southern Oceans. Seas about the Cape of Good Hope and Cape Horn. South Atlantic and South Pacific Oceans regularly north to about 30° south latitude. Casually in the Atlantic to the coast of Florida, and in the Pacific to the coast of Washington. The description is based on material in the British Museum of Natural History. The following biographical notes on the species may be quoted : 1 68 PATAGONIAN EXPEDITIONS I ZOOLOGY. "We found this bird (the Goney of the whalers) nesting at Marion Island, Possession Island, and Kerguelen ; and during our cruises in the Southern and Antarctic Oceans, it was an almost constant follower of the ship, except to the south of Heard Island, and in the immediate neighbour- hood of the Antarctic ice. Its habitat seems especially to be the westerly winds of the Southern Ocean. The nests were at Kerguelen generally scattered about on the mossy slopes of the headlands, and were often three hundred feet above the sea. "The nests are about one foot high, and two feet in diameter, and are built of earth, grass, Azorella, and decayed vegetable matter. The nests are widely separated from each other, that is to say, that I never saw two nests nearer to each other than fifty yards. We found one egg in each nest; I saw no young during our visit (January). The Whalers told us that they were very fond of the young Goneys, and ate great numbers of them ; they were the best eating of any of the birds. "They seem to have considerable difficulty in rising on the wing, from the places where they build their nests. I noticed several run for over two hundred yards with extended wings before they got fairly off. On many of our specimens there was a beautiful rose tinge on each side of the head. "The heaviest specimen we weighed was 19 pounds and measured n-6 from tip to tip of the wings." (O. Salvin, Rep. Bds. Voy. "Chall." Vol. II. pt. viii. p. 147, 1881.) Cunningham in "Notes on the Natural History of the Straits of Ma- gellan and West Coast of Patagonia, page 329 (1871)" writes : "On the 26th the wind gradually fell, and there was a very heavy swell ; but by the morning of the 27th the sea had gone down, and it was nearly dead calm throughout the day, and beautifully bright and warm. A most remarkable spectacle was furnished by the flocks of albatrosses (Diomedea exulans], which were peacefully resting on the calm surfacs of the water around the ship. Though the appearance of these birde when on the wing is very fine, they look singularly awkward when swim- ming, their great heavy heads, and large strong beaks, suggesting a child's first attempts at drawing water-fowl. At one time about twenty of them were close astern of us, growling hoarsely as they fought over the garbage thrown overboard from time to time. Several were taken on baited lines, and hauled in with considerable difficulty, as they struggled most vigorously, aiming violent blows at their captors with their powerful AVES DIOMEDEID^E. 169 pinions Some disgorged what they had been feeding on, which consisted principally of large Cephalopods of the genus Ommastrephes or Loligo. I killed two specimens with the aid of chloroform, the skin of one of which I afterwards preserved, and several more were slaughtered by the ship's company for the sake of certain of their wing-bones (the radii) which are held in much esteem for pipe-stems. The largest captured measured ten feet nine inches in expanse of wing, while that which I preserved was somewhat smaller." Moseley in " Notes by a Naturalist on the 'Challenger'" (1879) writes on page 134: "Besides the birds I have mentioned the great Albatross (D. exulans] breeds at Tristan da Cunha, and on the top of Inaccessible Island. At Tristan da Cunha it nests actually within the crater of the terminal cone around the lake, 7,000 feet or more above the sea. "The Mollymauk is common in Tristan da Cunha, and its eggs were brought off to us by the islanders for sale; they are not bad eating." Our page 171 of the same book Moseley says: "The tracts of lower, nearly flat, land of Marion Island skirting the sea, and the lower hills and slopes along the shore, presented a curious spectacle as viewed from the ship as it steamed in towards a likely-looking sheltered spot for landing The whole place was everywhere dotted over with albatrosses, the large white albatross or Goney (D. exulans]. The birds were scattered irregu- larly all over the green in pairs, looking in the distance not unlike geese on a common." On page 180 he says: "The Skuas of course were close at hand, and swooped down at once on the body of a penguin that we skinned. Beyond the penguin rookery was a large tract of nearly flat land, very swampy, and covered with grass. On the drier parts were numerous troops of from twenty to thirty King Penguins, and in one place a smaller rookery, but as far as I saw without brooders. "There was here a shallow freshwater lake, on which some young alba- trosses were swimming. I ascended the slope inland towards the snow, going up the gentle slope of the modern looking lava flow already referred to. The ground was very boggy, and let one sink in sometimes almost up to the middle. There were numerous Great Albatross's nests scattered about, but they did not extend more than 100 feet above sea level, and hardly anywhere as high up as that." 1 70 PATAGONIAN EXPEDITIONS I ZOOLOGY. On page 254 he says: "We seldom saw birds on the icebergs, but a flock of Cape pigeons was sometimes seen roosting on the top of one. The Great White Albatross (Diomedea exulans] accompanied the ship only about 500 miles south of Heard Island, stopping at more than 200 miles from the edge of the pack." "Nests are on tall mounds, built up of grass to the height of two or more feet from the ground, and, being of different heights, seem to have been used again and added to year after year. The egg is single, ellipti- cal in longitudinal section, and but slightly thicker at the large than at the small end. Only occasional specimens tend somewhat to the ovoid form. The shell is white, of loose granular texture and roughly mam- millated surface. There are no markings beneath the superficial calcare- ous layer, and the spots which appear on this seem to be adventitious stains from the secretions of the oviduct, or accidental soiling after extru- sion. Some specimens show a reddish stain upon the larger end, prob- ably dried blood, since it readily washed off." (Natural History of Ker- guelen Island, J. H. Kidder, M.D., Bull. No. 3, U. S. Nat. Mus. p. n, 1876.) Northerly from Dungeness Spit. "A magnificent albatross was soar- ing about at a short distance astern for some time in the afternoon, and was knocked over, but unfortunately not picked up. All those who have watched these splendid birds must have been struck with the marvellous nature of their flight, as they may often be seen sailing about for more than an hour at a time without any apparent movement of their long nar- row wings, and will, I doubt not, agree with a well-known ornithological observer, Captain Hutton, who has remarked that he has never 'wit- nessed anything to equal the ease and grace of this bird, as he sweeps past, often within a few yards, every part of his body perfectly motionless, except the head and eye, which turn slowly, and seem to take notice of everything.' A good deal of discussion has arisen as to the method by which this sailing flight is maintained, and perhaps the question can hardly be considered as fairly settled. Dr. Pettigrew has observed, in his interesting and valuable memoir, On the Mechanism of Flight, that in sailing or gliding birds "the pinion acts as a long lever, and is wielded with precision and power, particularly at the shoulder." And further, that a careful examination of the movements of skimming birds has led him to conclude : AVES DIOMEDEID^E. iyi "That by a judicious twisting or screw-like action of the wings at the shoulder, in which the pinions are alternately advanced towards and with- drawn from the head in a manner analogous to what occurs at the pelvis in skating without lifting the feet, birds of this order can not only main- tain the motion, which they secure by a few energetic flappings, but, if necessary, actually increase it, and that without either bending the wing, or beating the air." "Whether, however, this is a correct or sufficient explanation of what appears at first sight a very perplexing phenomenon, I do not venture to offer any opinion." (Cunn. Nat. Hist. Str. Magell. 1871, pp. 225-226.) From the Strait to the Falkland Islands he writes: "We observed some very fine albatrosses, and a solitary penguin, which was progressing at a rapid rate by means of a series of flying leaps, presenting much the appearance of an animated beer-bottle." (Cunn. Nat. Hist. Str. Magell. 1871, p. 291.) Mr. R. Vallentin in his notes on the Falkland Islands says: "Only a visitor to this archipelago. Their nearest nesting place is South Georgia ; a desolate uninhabited island about 800 miles south-east of the Falkland Archipelago. I have in my collection three eggs of this species, which were given to me by the captain of a South Sea whaler, who put into Stanley on his return from those inhospitable regions. He found the nests of these birds fairly numerous along the high ground round Cum- berland Bay, South Georgia." DIOMEDEA MELANOPHRYS Temminck. Diomedea melanophrys, Boie in Temm. PI. Col. pi. 456 (1828) ; Gould, P. Z. S. 1859, p. 98 (Falkland Islands: egg); Abbott, Ibis, i86i,p. 165 (Falkland Is., breeding); Pelz. Reis. Novara, Vog. p. 148 (1865: Chile); Newt. Ibis, 1870, p. 503 (Falklands, eggs); Scl. & Salv. Nomencl. Av. Neotr. p. 148 (1873: Falkland Islands) ; Salv. Voy. Chall. II. Birds, p. 151 (1881 : Falkland Islands, eggs) ; id. P. Z. S. 1883, p. 430 (Talcahuano Bay); Oust. Miss. Sci. Cap Horn, Oiseaux, pp. 304, 332 (1891 : Falkland Isl.) ; Salvin, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus. XXV. p. 447 (1896) ; Schalow, Zool. Jahrb. Suppl. IV. p. 655. (1898: Cavancha, July: Talcahuano, June) ; Sharpe, Hand-List Bds. I. p. 129 (1899); Martens, Hamb. Magalh. Sammelr. Vog. p. .20 (1900: Falkland Islands); Gates, Cat. Bds. Eggs, Brit. Mus. I. p, 172 PATAGONIAN EXPEDITIONS! ZOOLOGY. 163 (1901) ; Sharpe, Rep. Coll. Nat. Hist. "Southern Cross," Aves, p. 161 (1902); Nicoll, Ibis, 1901, p. 52 (Valparaiso). Thalassarche melanophrys, Carbajal, La Patagonia, Part II. p. 277 (1900). FIG. 105. FIG. 106. Diomtdea melanophrys. Profile of head. From material in the British Museum. % natural size. Diomedea melanophrys. Head from above. From material in the British Museum, *<£ natural size. GENERAL DESCRIPTION. Size. Adult Male. — Total length, about 30 inches. Wing, 20 inches. Tail, 7.3 inches. Bill (from gape), 5.2 inches. Tarsus, 3.3 inches. Color. Adult Male. — General color above, head and neck white, back and wings plumbeous black, tail slaty ; below white. Head : White, with a slaty black transocular band. Neck white. Back: Plumbeous black, becoming more cinereous anteriorly, and merging gradually into the white of the neck. Wings : Like the back in color. Tail : Slaty black, each feather having a white shaft. Lower parts : White, except the border of the under surface of the wing which is greyish black. Bill : Yellowish horn color, the tip dusky. AVES DIOMEDEIDyE. 173 "Male: Valparaiso, August 13, 1879. Bill grey, with dark tips; feet light grey ; iris dark brown." (Sharpe, P. Z. S. 1881, p. 12.) Legs: " Yellowish white " (Gould). Feet: "Toes yellowish white, the interdigital membrane and the points washed with blue" (Gould). The female is like the male in size and color. Immature birds resemble the adults but the lower surface of the wing is concolor with the upper and has no large white area. The D. gilliana of Coues is probably based on an immature individual of this species. (See Salvin, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus. XXV. p. 448 (1896).) Geographical Range. — Southern Oceans, especially the South Pacific. Casual on the coast of California and straying to North Atlantic. The description here given is based on material in the Philadelphia Academy of Natural Sciences and in the British Museum of Natural History. The birds were not obtained by the Princeton Expeditions to Patagonia. These birds are known to breed on the Falkland Island, where eggs were obtained by the Naturalists of the Challenger. On the habits of this species we quote from Dr. Coppinger, "Cruise of the Alert," p. 89 (1883), as follows: " My experience of petrels and albatrosses is that whenever they are having a really good meal, they invariably sit down on the water. This is especially noticeable about noon, when mess garbage is thrown over- board, and in perfectly calm weather I have even seen a flock of storm petrels settle down on the surface as if meaning to rest themselves, and remain as still as ducks on a pond, basking in the sunshine. One day also in moderately fine weather I thought I saw a Cape pigeon dive. This surprised me so that I watched, and saw the manoeuvre repeated again and again. Some refuse had been scattered overboard which scarcely floated, and this petrel, being desirous of possessing some morsels of food which were submerged, dived bodily down, apparently without the least inconvenience. "Before quitting this subject, I shall say a few words on a somewhat hackneyed but still open question, viz., — 'the flight of the albatross.' I PATAGONIAN EXPEDITIONS I ZOOLOGY. have had many opportunities of watching the yellow-billed species (D. melanophrys], and I have noticed that it sometimes uses its wings to raise or propel itself in such a manner that to a superficial observer it would then appear to be only soaring with wings stationary. It does not ' flap ' them, but depresses them rapidly towards the breast, so that it seems as if the body were being raised at the expense of the wings, whereas, in reality, the entire bird is elevated. The movement does not resemble a flap, simply because the return of the wings to the horizontal position is accomplished by a comparatively slow movement. By resorting to this manceuvre occasionally, it is able to maintain a soaring flight for periods which, without its aid, might be considered extraordinarily long. Of course, when it wants to gain a fresh stock of buoyancy and momentum, it gives three or four flaps like any other bird." Genus PHCEBETRIA Reichenbach. Type. Phozbetria, Reichenb. Natiirl. Syst. Vog. p. v. (1852); Coues, Proc. Acad. Sci. Philad. 1866, p. 186; Forbes, Voy. Chall. Zool. IV. pt. xi. p. 42 (1882); Ridgw. Man. No. Am. Bds. p. 53 (1887); Salvin, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus. XXV. p. 453 (1896); Sharpe, Hand-List Bds. I. p. 129 (1899) P. fuliginosa. Diomedea (partim), Bp. Consp. Av. II. p. 184 (1855). Geographical Range. — Southern Oceans. PHCEBETRIA FULIGINOSA (Gmelin). Sooty Albatross, Lath. Gen. Syn. III. pt. i. p. 309 (1785). Diomedea fuliginosa, Gm. Syst. Nat. I. p. 568 (1788); Oust. Miss. Sci. Cap Horn, Oiseaux, pp. 303, 332 (1891: Falkland Islands: Tierra del Fuego). Phozbetria fuliginosa, Salvin, Cat. B. Brit. Mus. XXV. p. 453 (1896); Sharpe, Hand-List B. I. p. 129 (1899); Carbajal, La Patagonia, Part II. p. 277 (1900): Oates, Cat. Bds. Eggs, Brit. Mus. I. p. 164 (1901); -Sharpe, Rep. Coll. Nat. Hist. "Southern Cross," Aves, p. 164 (1902). GENERAL DESCRIPTION. Size. Adult Male. — Total length, about 36 inches. AVES DIOMEDEID/E. 175 Wing, ,19.5 inches. Tail, central rectrices, 10.5 inches. Tail, lateral rectrices, 7.0 inches. Bill, 4.5 inches. Tarsus, 3.0 inches. Color. Adidt Male. — General color dark sooty fuliginous, a little lighter on the under surface and about the interscapular region. A white FIG. 107. FIG. 108. Phcebetria fuliginosa. Profile of head. From material in the British Museum. ]£ natural size. Phcebetria fuliginosa. Head from above. From material in the British Museum. ^ natural size. ring almost surrounds the eye, broken only in front. Bill black. Feet and legs dull flesh color. Sexes alike in size and color. Geographical Range. — Southern Oceans generally. Tierra del Fuego and the Falkland Islands. North in the Pacific Ocean regularly to 20° South Latitude, and casually to the coast of Oregon. Dr. Coues and Mr. Salvin have both noticed individuals presumably referable to this species, which are much greyer in tone than the ordinary form. The D. fuliginosa var. cornicoides of Hutton appears to be based on such examples. I am inclined to believe inasmuch as the two phases are generally found together that this is a difference in color correlating with age, but the fact remains to be investigated and proved. The des- scription here given is based on material in the Academy of Natural PATAGONIAN EXPEDITIONS: ZOOLOGY. Sciences and in the British Museum of Natural History. The Princeton Expeditions to Patagonia did not obtain specimens of the Sooty Alba- trosses, but Mr. Hatcher states that he observed "black albatrosses" at sea not far distant from the eastern entrance to the Straits of Magellan. Moseley in "Notes by A Naturalist on the 'Challenger/' p. 180 (1879), writes: " High up, at about 500 feet elevation, were some four or five Sooty Albatrosses (Diomedea ftiliginosa, the Piew or Pio of sealers), soaring about the tops of the cliffs snd probably nesting there. This bird is con- tinually to be seen about cliffs and higher mountain slopes, and seems never to nest low down like the Molly mauk and Goney." "Nests on rocky shelves or in caves in the faces of lofty cliffs where the birds build a conical mound, seven or eight inches high, hollowed into a cup at the top and lined rudely with grass. Egg is single, broadly ovoidal, generally white, marked by a collection of specks about the larger end, somewhat like the adventitious stains on the eggs of D. exti- lans, but, as well as we can judge, less superficial. The shell is compact in structure, rather thin for its size, and superficially smooth to the touch. Under the lens, it is seen to be marked by minute pits and linear depres- sions, being thus decidedly different, both to the eye and to the touch, from those of D. exulans." • (Natural History of Kerguelen Island, J. H. Kidder, M.D., Bull. No. 3, U. S. Nat. Mus. p. 12, 1876.) Order LARIFORMES. Sharpe, Classif. Bds. p. 72, 1891 ; Sharpe, Hand-List Bds. I. p. 133, 1899. Family LARID.E. Saunders, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus. XXV. p. 3, 1896; Sharpe, Hand-List Bds. I. p. 133, 1899. Subfamily STERNIN^.. Saunders, t. c. p. 4; Sharpe, t. c. p. 133. Genus GELOCHELIDON Brehm. Type. Gelochelidon, Brehm, Vog. Deutschl. p. 774 (1831) ; Saunders, t. c. p. 25 (1896); Sharpe, t. c. p. 134 (1899) . . . . G. anglica. Laropis, Wagler, Isis, 1832, p. 1225 G. anglica. AVES LARID^:. 1 77 Geographical Range. — Temperate Europe and Asia, Australia, North and South America on Atlantic coast from Brazil to Long Island, New York, and casually to Massachusetts. Atlantic and Pacific coasts of Mexico and Central America in winter; almost unknown on the Pacific coast at other seasons. GELOCHELIDON ANGLICA (Montagu). Sterna anglica, Mont. Orn. Diet. Suppl. fig. (1813; Sussex): Burm. An. Mus. Nac. Buenos Aires, III. part X. p. 248 (1888: Coast of northern FIG. 109. Patagonia); Holland, Ibis, 1890, p. 248 (Buenos Ayres) ; id. Ibis, 1892, p. 212 (Estancia Espartilla, rare, occasional throughout the year). Viralva aranea, Darwin, Voy. "Beagle," Birds, p. 145 (1841 ; Bahia Blanca). Gelochelidon anglica, Saunders, Cat. Bds. Gtiochdidon anglica. Profile of _ . ,, ,,.,,, T , ^ s-. TT i head. Adult breeding. From ma- Brit. MUS. XXV. p. 25 (l896); Hoi- terlal in Princeton University Mu- land,. Ibis, 1897, P- 169 (Estancia Sta. seum. About ^ natural size. Elena) ; Sharpe, Hand-List Bds. I. p. 134 (1899) ; Gates, Cat. Bds. Eggs, Brit. Mus. I. p. 177 (1901). GENERAL DESCRIPTION. Size (adult). — Total length, 13.7 to 15.5 inches. Wing, 11.75 to 13 inches. Tail, lateral rectrices, 5.3 to 6.0 inches. Tail, depth of fork, 1.5 to 1.75 inches. Culmen, 1.4 to 2.0 inches. Tarsus, 1.35 to 1.45 inches. Color. — Adult male. (Breeding, No. 4217, P. U. O. C. Cobb's Island, Virginia, 12 May, 1881, W. E. D. S.) Head : Forehead, crown and nuchal crest velvety black. This cap ex- tends down on the sides of the face to the lower edge of the eye, where it terminates abruptly. Forward of the eye the cap occupies rather more than half of the loral region. iy8 PATAGONIAN EXPEDITIONS: ZOOLOGY. Upper parts : Mantle and wings pearl grey. The primary quills dusky, on their exposed surface, heavily frosted with pearl grey, which becomes less obvious with the seasonal wear. On the first primary the white of the inner web extends to within about two and a half inches of the tip and cuts a distinct color wedge into the dusky portion of the web. This is also indicated on the second primary and less plainly on the third ; it gradually becomes obsolete on the others. Shafts of the first six primaries ivory white. This character varies in individuals, some showing it only on the first four quills. Tail : Pearly grey like the rest of the upper parts but lighter in shade ; the outer feathers incline strongly to whitish. Lower parts : Ivory white, which color extends on the sides of the face to the lower edge of the eyes and also occupies the lower third of the loral region. Bill: Black (sometimes reddish at the base). Iris : Dark hazel brown. Tarsi and Feet : Black, often with a reddish tinge on the toes and webs. Adult female, like the male in color but smaller and with a somewhat more slender bill. Adults in Winter. — Like the breeding plumage, but lacking the black on the head. The region occupied by the cap is streaked rather obscurely with dusky; about the eye, extending from the loral region to the auriculars, this streaking is concentrated forming a more or less well defined patch. (Adult female P. U. O. C. 4248, Cobbs Island, Virginia, 8 September, 1881, W. E. D. S.) An adult male, 4246 P. U. O. C., taken at the same locality on the same day has the cap half moulted, but still clearly defined, mottled with white. Young birds of the year are similar in appearance to winter adults, but the streaking on the head is greyer and less well defined, the ground color of the head being white with a decided buff tint. The back at this time is pale buffy white and pearl intermixed. (Female of the year 4243, P. U. O. C. Cobbs Island, Virginia, 8 September, 1881, W. E. D. S.) A half grown male bird (4197, P. U. O. C. Cobbs Island, Virginia, 29 August, 1 88 1, W. E. D. S.), has many buffy fawn colored feathers, barred with dusky on the mantle, the tertials and some of the scapulars are for the most part pearl grey, but each feather is tipped broadly with buffy AVES LARID^E. I 79 fawn color and marked in this area is a well defined dusky V, directed to the point of feather. The head is decidedly buffy on the crown, and each buff feather has a dusky streak giving the whole top of the head a striped effect. There is a dusky patch in the auricular region extending to the eye, a little below it but not in front. The bill is yellowish brown, and the feet and legs brown. The primaries are darker than in adults, and have ivory white shafts. Nestlings. --(No. 5393, 9, P. U. O. C. Cobb's Island, Virginia, 26 July, 1 88 1, W. E. D. S.) Greyish buff above, with two lines of dusky spots on the back, dusky spotting on the humeral portion of each wing and on the back of the neck and top and sides of the head down to the eyes. The lower parts and terminal point of the wing are ivory white. Bill, feet and legs yellowish flesh color. This bird was but a day or two old and still retains the "egg-tooth" at the extremity of the upper mandible. Geographical Range. — Europe below 55° North Latitude in summer ; temperate Asia and Southern China ; Malay Islands to Australia ; North Africa and Egypt ; Eastern North America, regularly north to Capes of the Delaware, occasional on Long Island, New York, and casual on the Massachusetts coast. Very rare inland. On the South American Atlantic Coast south to Southern Argentina, and rare or not recorded on the Pacific except on the coast of Guatemala. The Gull-billed Tern was not noticed by the Princeton Expeditions to Patagonia, and the descriptions are based chiefly on material in the Princeton University Museum taken at Cobbs Island, coast of Virginia, during 1881 by the writer. The birds were breeding at that point then in vast numbers and varied but little if at all in their nesting habits from the other species of Terns, S. maxima, S. hirundo and S. forsteri, that also bred on the same island in great hosts. Each kind of Tern had its own area for nesting and the several kinds of birds breeding did not affiliate. Three eggs are frequently laid, but the usual number is two, and some- times a solitary egg is hatched. Little or no attempt at building a nest is made ; a hollow in the sand dunes with a sparse lining of seaweed is the greatest elaboration, but most birds are satisfied apparently with a shallow depression on the ground. l8o PATAGONIAN EXPEDITIONS: ZOOLOGY. At Cobb's Island the first eggs were laid on the 15 June and the last nests with fresh eggs were recorded on the 15 July. In appearance the eggs are intermediate between those of characteristic Terns and those of typical Gulls. Young birds were first noticed on June 30, and they were cared for by their parents till about six weeks old, even after they could fly well. Charles Darwin observed these birds and collected at least one skin at Bahia Blanca, Southern Argentina, in January, 1837, and the birds have been taken in Northern Patagonia (Burmeister, t. c. ante). Mr. Howard Saunders remarks that "American birds are often slightly smaller than European examples, and Australian specimens are inclined to be larger, but there are numerous exceptions " (Saunders, t. c. p. 29). Genus STERNA Linnaeus. TYPE. Sterna, Linn. Syst. Nat. i, p. 227 (1766) ; Saunders, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., XXV, p. 40 (1896) ; Sharpe, Hand- List Bds. I. p. 134 (1899) . S. "hirundo." Thalasseus, Boie, Isis, 1822, p. 563 (pt.) Sternula, Boie, Isis, 1822, p. 563 (pt.) S. minuta. Actochelidon, Kaup, Natiirl. Syst. p. 31 (1829) . . . S. cantiaca. Thalasscea, Kaup, Natiirl. Syst. p. 97 (1829) . . . . S. dougalli. Pelecanopus, Wagler, Isis, 1832, pp. 277, 1225 . . . S. bergii. Onychoprion, Wagler, Isis, 1832, p. 277 S. fuliginosa. Planetis, Wagler, Isis, 1832, p. 1222 S. fiiliginosa. Haliplana, Wagler, Isis, 1832, p. 1224 S. fuliginosa. Hydrocecropis, Boie, Isis, 1844, p. 179 (pt.) Thalassipora, Boie, teste Riipp. Syst. Uebers. p. 1 40 ( 1 845) S. fuliginosa. Melanosterna, Blyth, J. A. S. Beng. XV, p. 373 (1846) . S. ancestheta. Geographical Range. — Cosmopolitan. STERNA HIRUNDINACEA Lesson. Sterna hirundinacea, Less. Traite d'Orn. p. 621 (1831 : Santa Catarina) ; Puch. Rev. Zool. 1850, p. 539; Saunders, P. Z. S. 1876, p. 647; Durnf. Ibis, 1877, p. 43 (Chupat Valley, breeding, Nov.), 1878, p. 404 (Lake Colguape: Sengel River: Tambo Point, breeding, Dec.); -- AVES LARIDyE. 1 8 1 Milne Edwards, Bibl. Haut. XXI, Art. 4, p. 32 (1880); Saunders, Voy. Chall. II, Birds, p. 135 (1881 : Messier, Channel, Elizabeth Island, Jan.) ; Sharpe, P. Z. S. 1881, p. 16 (Tom Bay, Nov. : Cockle Cove, Oct.); Saunders, P. Z. S. 1882, p. 522 (Chile); McFarlane, Ibis, 1887, p. 208 (Chimbote) ; Burm. An. Mus. Nac. Buenos Aires, III, partX, p. 248 (1888: Coast of Patagonia) ; Scl. & Huds. Argent. Orn. II, p. 196 (1889: Falkland Islands and Patagonia); Oust. Miss. Sci. Cap Horn, Oiseaux, pp. 183, 332 (1891 . Orange Bay: Oush- ouaia) ; James, New List Chil. B. p. 12 (1892); Saunders, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus. XXV, p. 52 (1896: Port Desire; Port Santa Cruz, Pata- FIG. no. Sterna hirundinacea. Adult male. Natural size. From material in British Museum. gonia: Uranie Bay, Falkland Is.); Schalow, Zool. Jahrb. Suppl. IV, p. 658 (1898: Calbuco, Dec.) ; Sharpe, Hand-1. Bds. i, p. 134 (1899) ; Salvad. Ann. Mus. Genov. (2) XX, p. 630 (1900: Rio de la Plata, Aug.) ; Martens, Hamb. Magalh. Sammelr. Vog. p. 16 (1900: Falkland Islands); Oats, Cat. Bds. Eggs., Brit. Mus. I, p. 182 (1901); Nicoll, Ibis, 1904, p. 43 ; id. Zoologist 1904, p. 406 (Straits of Magellan). ? Sterna minuta (lapsu Cal. ?), Less. Hist. Nat. Mamm. et Ois. p. 155 (1834 : Falkland Is.). Sterna meridionalis Cass. (nee Brehm), U. S. Expl. Exped. p. 385 (1858: Orange Bay, Cape Horn); Schl. Mus. Pays. Bas. VI. Sternae, p. 15 (1863: Falkland Is. and Chile). Sterna antarctica Peale (nee Less, nee Forst. nee Wagl.), U. S. Expl. Exped. p. 280 (1848: Orange Bay, Cape Horn); Phil. & Landb. Cat. Av. Chil. p. 49 (1868). Sterna cassini, Scl. P. Z. S. 1860, p. 391 (Falkland Islands); Abbott, Ibis, 1 86 1, p. 1 66 (Falkland Is. breeding); Pelz. Reis. Novara, Vog. 1 82 PATAGONIAN EXPEDITIONS: ZOOLOGY. p. 135 (1865: Isl. of Chiloe); Scl. & Salv. Ibis, 1869, p. 284 (St. lago Bay, Dec.), 1870, p. 500 (Coquimbo, Aug.); iid. P. Z. S. 1871, p. 570 (Falkland Is. and Straits of Magellan) ; Cunningh. Nat. Hist. Str. Magell. pp. 74, 404 (1871 : Santiago Bay) ; Scl. & Salv. Nomencl. Av. Neotr. p. 147 (1873); iid. P. Z. S. 1873, p. 147. GENERAL DESCRIPTION. Size (adult). — Total length, 16 to 16.5 inches. Wing, 1 1. 8 inches. Tail, outer feathers, 7.0 inches. Tail, depth of fork, 3.9 to 4.0 inches. Oilmen, 1.75 inches. Tarsus, 0.8 inches. Color (adult breeding). — General color above pale pearl grey ; a black cap ; below lighter pearl grey, becoming white posteriorly. Head : A black cap reaches from the forehead to the occiput, including the greater portion of the lores. This cap is bordered by a pure white streak from the gape backward. Neck : Pale pearl grey above, lighter beneath. Back (mantle): Pale pearl grey. Rump white. Wings : Like the mantle, the inner primaries and secondaries broadly margined with white. Tail : White, the outer webs with a pale grey tinge. Lower parts : Pale pearl grey, lighter than the mantle and becoming pure white in the region of the vent and lower tail coverts. Bill : Vermilion. Legs and feet vermilion. Iris brown. "Male: Tom Bay, November 30, 1879. Bill, legs, and feet red. "Female: Cockle Cove, October 16, 1879. Bill and legs red; claws black; iris dark." Sharpe, P. Z. S. 1881, p. 16." Adults in winter differ in being slightly paler above ; the crown is mottled with white, and the under parts are nearly or quite white. This plumage is very transitory. Young birds of the year are similar to the adults in winter, but have more grey on the rectrices and the outer webs of the primaries are much deeper grey. Bill, legs and feet reddish brown. Younger birds have a brownish bar across the upper wing coverts and the mantle is barred AVES L ARI D/E. 1 83 irregularly with dusky, buff and white. In this phase the bill is dusky ; feet and legs yellowish brown. Nestlings are olive brown above, mottled with dusky umber; the throat is pale smoky black and the rest of the under parts are greyish white. Geographical Range. — South America. Breeding from Rio de Janeiro to the Straits of Magellan. Also breeds in the Falkland Islands, South Georgia, the South Shetland Islands and the land to the south of Cape Horn and on the Pacific Coast of South America north to Peru. The description is based on material in the British Museum of Natural History, the birds not being obtained by the Princeton Expeditions to Patagonia. However, it is a common bird and breeds at many points on the coast of this region, Bahia Blanca, Chupat, Port Santa Cruz, Elizabeth Island, Port Desire, Sandy Point, Tom Bay and Cockle Cove being some of the points from which this tern has been recorded. From many sources we know that the eggs are used as food and one of the most graphic accounts of the nidification and general breeding economy of this species is appended. In "Mission Scientifique du Cap Horn, 1882-1883, Tome VI, premiere partie, page 184 (1891)" Dr. Oustalet says : " Des notes que je viens de citer, des observations de M. Durnford et de 1'examen des oiseaux qui ont ete rapportes par 1'expedition francaise on pourrait deja conclure que la saison de la nidification, pour cette Hirondelle de mer, commence vers le mois de novembre et se continue jusqu'en Janvier. Les naturalistes du Challenger qui se trouvaient, durant cette periode de 1'annee, correspondant a notre printemps, dans les parages- du detroit de Magellan, ont en effet recueilli un assez grand nombre d'oeufs de Sterna hirundinacea, que M. H. Saunders a pu etudier et qui lui ont offert les memes variations de couleur et de dessin que les ceufs des Sterna macrura tf.flu'viatilis. Ces variations ont ete constatees egalement par M. H. Durnford qui a visite, a la fin du mois de decembre 1877, une colonie de Sterna hirundinacea situee a Tombo Point, a 60 milles environ au sud de la station de Chuput (ou Chupat). Cette colonie dont on lui avait sigriale 1'existence, depassait en etendue tout ce qu'il avait pu imaginer. Les nids couvraient un espace de 150 yards carres, ce 1 84 PATAGONIAN EXPEDITIONS I ZOOLOGY. qui, a raison de 3 nids par yard et de 5 ceufs par nid (chiffres sans doute au-dessous de la verite, puisque, dit M. Durnford, on ne pouvait guere faire un pas sans ecraser des reufs), donnait un total de 67,500 nids, 135,000 oiseaux et 102,500 oeufs!" (Apparently a printer's mistake makes the total number of eggs in the colony 102,500 when it should be Dr. Cunningham in his notes on the Natural History of the Strait of Magellan and West Coast of Patagonia, page 74 (1871) writes: "It was now nearly low tide, and a large Spit, from which the name Punta Arenas is derived, was consequently uncovered, and at its outer extremity a flock of Terns (Sterna cassint] with black-crowned heads and pale ash-colored and white bodies, were busily engaged in feeding where a bed of small mussels (Mytihis Chilensis] extended. The birds allowed me to approach them rather near, and then rose in a body into the air, flying about in a cloud over my head, and uttering a torrent of sharp angry cries, indig- nant at the stranger who had ventured to disturb them at their meal." S. cassini of Dr. Cunningham is known to be the species under con- sideration. "I saw a Tern off the coast- of the Banda Oriental on the afternoon of ist October which was, I am pretty sure, of this species. On the loth June, when off the coast, I observed a small flock of the same. This was in the forenoon; at noon we were 113 knots distant from Montevideo." (O. V. Alpin, on birds Uruguay, Ibis, p. 210, 1894.) " This Tern was abundant in the Straits of Magellan, especially off Dungeness Point, at the eastern extremity, where I saw hundreds as we steamed past. I shot two adult examples from the beach near Punta Arenas, where I found a fair number of individuals. I brought them within shot by knocking two large flints together — a very good way to attract Terns." (M. J. Nicoll, Orn. Jour. Voy. round World, Ibis, Jan. 1904, p. 43.) " On Jan. 29th we went through the first narrows and passed Elizabeth Island, and then went through the second narrows, where we passed hun- dreds of Terns (Sterna hirundinacea], Penguins, Albatrosses (Diomedea melanophrys], and Diving Petrels. There was one Giant Petrel. On the shore we could see many Huanacos walking about. In the afternoon we arrived at Punta Arenas, the only town in the Straits. Here I found that shooting birds was forbidden ; however, I managed to get permission AVES LARID^E. 1 85 from the Governor to collect a few. The hills behind the town are cov- ered with forests of beech trees (Fagus antarctica}. We left Punta Arenas on Feb. 3rd." (M. J. Nicoll, Orn. Jour. Voy. round World, Ibis, Jan. 1904, p. 41-42-) STERNA MAXIMA Boddaert. Hirondelle de Mer de Cayenne, D'Aubent, PL Enl. IX, pi. 988. Grande Hirondelle de Mer de Cayenne, Buff. FlG MI Hist. Nat. Ois. VIII, p.346 (1783). Sterna maxima, Bodd. Tabl. PL Enl. p. 58 (1783); Scl. & Salv. P. Z. 8.1871, p. 567; iid. Nomencl. Av. Neotr. p. 147 (1873); Saunders, P. Z. S. 1876, p. 655, 1882, p. 521; Burm. An. Mus. Nac. Buenos Aires, III, part X, p. 248 (1888: North and Cen- Sterna maxima. Profiie of tral Patagonia) ; Scl. & Huds. Argent, head. Adult male. 4773 P. U. Orn. II., p. 195 (1889); Saunders, Cat. O. C. Breeding. About % nat- Bds. Brit. Mus. XXV. , p. 80 ( 1 896) ; Sharpe, ural size" Hand-List, Bds. I. p. 135 (1899) ; Gates, Cat. Bds. Eggs, Brit. Mus. I. p. 187 (1901). Cayenne Tern, Lath. Gen. Syn, III. pt. 2, p. 352 (1785). GENERAL DESCRIPTION. Size. — Adult, Breeding. (Male, 4773, P. U. O. C. Cobbs Island, Virginia, 16 May, 1881, W. E. D. S.). Total length, about 21 inches. Wing, 14.2 inches. Tail, 8.1 inches. Tail .(depth of fork), 3.7 inches. Culmen, 2.75 inches. Tarsus, 1.4 inches. Color. — Adult, breeding (spec. cit). General color above pearl grey, white on neck and with black cap ; below pure white. Head : With a black cap, reaching down on sides to a line level with the lower eyelid, which is white, interrupting the continuity of the line of the cap. The black of the cap occupies the upper half of the loral region. The feathers of the occipital portion of the cap are acuminate and pro- 1 86 PATAGONIAN EXPEDITIONS: ZOOLOGY. • longed. Remainder of head, /. e., lower. sides of face, the auricular region and lower half of the loral region white. Neck : Wholly white. Back : Mantle pearl grey ; rump and upper tail coverts pale pearl grey. Wing : In general color pearl grey, with a decided white line along the carpal joint. The first primary dark grey on outer web, heavily frosted with pearl grey ; a third of the inner web dark grey to tip, frosted like the outer web. Remainder of inner web, abruptly whiter, the line of division between the two colors absolutely straight for the entire length. The white on the inner webs of the rest of the primaries cut- ting into the grey of the inner web toward the tip in well-defined wedges. The extreme edge of all the inner webs of the primaries at their ends, nar- rowly margined with white. Shafts of all the pri- maries ivory white. The secondaries are edged with white, but not conspicuously. Sterna maxima. Profile Tail : Pearly white. Under parts : Pure white, of head. Female. 4770 Bill : Reddish orange. Tarsi: Black. Feet: Black. P.U.OC. Winter plum- Iris : Dark hazel brown. age. About K natural size. • «• «• r •.'•«_• The female differs from the male in having on the average a stouter bill and shorter streamers to the tail. Both sexes begin to have a few white feathers show on forehead and crown early in the breeding season. Adults in autumn and winter (Female, 4770, P. U. O. C, Gulf coast of Florida, 15 December, 1879, W. E. D. S.), are similar to breeding birds, but have the forehead and loral region wholly white, the crown mottled with black feathers, and the long occipital feathers edged with white in a varying degree. Bill pale orange. There is generally a crescentic black area just in front of the eye. Immature young birds of the year have whiter crowns and a greater admixture of white in the black feathers of the occipital region. There is also a varying amount of grey or brownish grey on the wing coverts, the secondaries, and toward the tips of the rectrices. Young birds fully grown have dusky brown streaks on the lores, the forehead and fore part of the crown ; the mantle is darker than in adults, more or less striated and marked with deeper grey, dusky and buffy ; this extends to the rump and upper tail coverts. The primaries are iron-grey, AVES LARIDyE. 1 87 tail much darker than in the adult, especially toward the extremities of the feathers. The bill, tarsi and feet are dull brownish yellow. Geographical Range. — America ; Atlantic coast, breeding from the Capes of the Delaware south to the West Indies and ranging as far north as the New England States ; also to the larger inland waters of the United States during the warmer months. On the Pacific coast the birds range from California southward to Peru. During the winter months they are distributed on the Atlantic from the Carolinas southward ; and at this season they are also found on the African Coast from the Straits of Gibraltar south to Angola. They have been recorded from Northern and Central Patagonia. (Burm. t. c. ante, p. 248.) The Royal Tern was not obtained by the Princeton Expeditions to Pat- agonia. The descriptions are based on the individuals cited, together with the large series in the Princeton Museum, and on material 'in the British Museum of Natural History. The breeding habits of the Royal Tern do not differ from its congeners of terrestrial habit. At Cobbs Island, on the coast of Virginia, during the season of 1881, these birds were abundant and bred in great numbers. The eggs were laid in depressions in the bare sand and were often near together, the adult birds being eminently gregarious. STERNA SUPERCILIARIS Vieillot. Hati ceja blanca, Azara, Apunt. III. p. 377 (1802). Hati manckado, Azara, torn cit. p. 377. Sterna superciliaris, Vieill. N. Diet. d'Hist. Nat. XXXII. p. 126 (1819: ex Azara); Scl. & Salv. P. Z. S. 1871, p. 571 ; iid. Nomencl. Av. Neotr. p. 147 (1873); Saunders, P. Z. S. 1876, p. 662; Durnf. Ibis, 1876, p. 165 (Montevideo, May), 1877, p. 201 (Baradero, April); White, P. Z. S. 1882, p. 628 (Missiones); Scl. & Huds. Argent. Orn. II. p. 197 (1889); Saunders, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus. XXV. p. 124 (1896); Sharpe, Hand-Lists Bds. I. p. 137 (1899); Oates, Cat. Bds. Eggs, Brit. Mus. p. 195 (1901). 1 88 PATAGONIAN EXPEDITIONS I ZOOLOGY. Sterna maculata, Vieill. N. Diet. d'Hist. Nat. XXXII. p. 176 (1819: ex Azara). Sterna argentea, Hartl. Ind. Azara, p. 26 (1847); Burm. Reis. La Plata, II. p. 419 (1861 : Rio Parana). FIG. 113. Sterna superciliaris. Adult male. Natural size. From material in British Museum. GENERAL DESCRIPTION. Size. — Adult (breeding). Total length, 9 inches. Wing, 7.25 inches. Tail, 3.25 inches. Tail (depth of fork), 1.3 inches. Culmen, 1.5 inches. Tarsus, 0.65 inches. Color. — Adult (breeding). Above, mantle, wings and neck rather dark pearl grey. A black cap on head. Below pure white. Head : With a black cap extending from forehead back to nape, and on sides of head to a line even with the lower eyelid. Forehead white, extending back in a broad band to the middle of the upper eyelid. (See cut 113.) The lores white, divided by a narrow black streak reaching from the eye to upper part of the upper mandible. The remainder of sides of head and face white. Neck: Deep pearl grey above, shading gradually on the sides into white ; below pure white. Back : Mantle, rump and upper tail coverts deep pearl grey. Wings : Deep pearl grey, with a brownish tinge on the inner second- aries. ^\\tfour outer primaries, almost wholly dusky black, with narrow white margins on the inner webs of the first two, and very little white on the third and fourth. Tail : Like back, but with faint whitish edging to each feather ; the streamers paler and with a greater inclination toward whitish. AVES LARID^E. 1 89 Bill : Stout and deep at base and entirely greenish yellow, without black tip. Tarsi : Dull yellow. Feet : Dull yellow. Iris : Dark hazel brown. Adiilt. Autumnal and winter plumage. — Similar to the breeding dress but with the black loral streak broken into black dotting or specks ; the black of the cap much flecked and spotted with white feathers. Immature birds of the year in fall. — Like adults, except the lores are wholly white ; forehead white ; crown grey with dusky streaks ; around the eye these being concentrated form a broad dusky band on each side of the head, which reaching back joins on the nape ; the primaries have a browner shade ; the bill is dull yellow with a brownish horn tip. Young. Flight age. — Lores greyish; a marked whitish superciliary stripe ; crown darker than lores, specked with dark brown ; a blackish band extending from eye to eye, across the nape ; mantle grey, shaded with buffy and barred with ashy grey ; tail mottled with ashy on a grey ground ; base of bill dull yellow shading into horn color ; tarsi and toes dull yellowish. Geographical Range. — South America. From the Orinoco to the La Plata, ascending rivers well into the interior ; Northern Patagonia. This small tern was not obtained by the Princeton Expeditions to Pata- gonia, where it is apparently uncommon if not rare. The diagnoses and descriptions of different plumages are based on material in the British Museum of Natural History. Closely allied to S. antillarwn, the changes in plumage due to age, and correlated with the seasons are very similar in both species, but the difference in size and the color of the primaries serve at all times in readily distinguishing the two species whose geo- graphical ranges almost or quite meet. "Of these, three or four were observed wheeling about over the river Saima, about a league up it from the Parana. They have a sprawling, quick flight, settling now and again on the rocks on the edge of the river. Dashing down and skimming the water, they dip every now and again for fish, after which they rise high in the air." (E. W. White, P. Z. S. p. 628, 1882.) 190 PATAGONIAN EXPEDITIONS I ZOOLOGY. STERNA TRUDEAUII Audubon. Sterna trudeauii, Audub. Orn. Biogr. V. p. 125 (1839); Des Murs in Gay's Hist. Chil. Zool. I. p. 484 (1847); phil- & Landb. Cat. Av. Chil. p. 49 (1868: Santiago: Colchagua) ; Durnf. Ibis, 1876, p. 165 (Monte Video, May), 1877, p. 200 (Flores Isl. mouth of La Plata, March ; Punta Lara) ; Burm. An. Mus. Nac. Buenos Aires, III. part X. p. 248 (1888: Coast of Northern Patagonia); Scl. & Huds. Argent. Orn. II. p. 195 (1889: Punta Lara); Holland, Ibis, 1890, p. 428 (Buenos Ayres breeds); Saunders, P. Z. S. 1891, p. 373 (Ar- gentina); James, New List Chil. B. p. 12 (1892); Holland, Ibis, 1892, p. 212, Estancia Espartilla, common, breeds in Nov.); Saun- ders, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus. XXV. p. 130 (1896); Sharpe, Hand-List Bds. I. p. 137 (1899); Gates, Cat. Bds. Eggs, Brit. Mus. I, p. 196 (1901). Phaetusa sellovii, Licht. Nomencl. Av. Mus. Berol. p. 98 (1854: Mal- donado). Sterna frobeenii, Phil. & Landb. Weigm. Arch. 1863, p. 125 (Arica Bay, Sept.); iid. Cat. Av. Chil. p. 49 (1868). FIG. 1 14. Sterna trudeauii. Adult male. About natural size. From material in American Museum. GENERAL DESCRIPTION. Size. — Adult (breeding). Total length, about 15 inches. Wing, 10.5 inches. Tail, 5.8 inches. Tail (depth of fork), 2.8 inches. AVES LARID^E. 1 9 1 Oilmen, 1.7 inches. Tarsus, 0.95 inches. Color. — Adult (breeding). General color above pearl grey becoming white on the crown and nape ; lower parts pale pearl shading to white on the throat and chin. Head : White, with a black streak beginning in front of the eye, which it surrounds, and extending backward over the ear coverts. Neck: Pearl grey. Back : Mantle pearl grey fading to nearly white on the rump and upper tail coverts. Wing : Rather paler than the mantle ; secondaries broadly edged with white, the inner primaries to a lesser degree ; the outer primaries, with the inner webs, pale grey next to the shafts and dark grey on the mar- gins, the "wedges" nearly white. Shafts of quills white. Tail : Pale pearl grey, the longer rectrices with silvery white outer webs. Lower parts : Pale pearl grey shading into pure white on the throat and chin. Bill : Yellow, darkest at the base, shading to lighter toward the tip, and with a black band at the gonys. Tarsi : Orange. Feet : Orange. FIG. 115. Sterna trudeaui. Young Male, winter. Profile of head. From material in the American Museum. Natural size. Adult in autumn and early winter. — Similar to breeding birds, except that the band on the side of the head is not so well defined, and has become deep grey instead of black. The feathers in general have a more silvery appearance, this being especially noticeable in the quills which are heavily "frosted" with silvery white. PATAGONIAN EXPEDITIONS I ZOOLOGY. Immature birds in autumn and winter vary from adults at these sea- sons in having the centers of the long inner secondaries ashy-grey. The eye streak is more pronounced and deeper in color. The bill is dull yel- lowish brown at the base and yellow at the tip. Young birds, first flight, have the eye streak longer with an indication of a grey crescentic band across the nape. The crown is greyish, slightly mottled with buffy brown, as are the feathers of the mantle. The tail feathers are dark ashy grey with defined white edgings. The bill is yel- lowish brown at the base and dusky or blackish for the rest of its length without a yellow tip. The legs and feet are yellowish flesh color. Geographical Range. — Atlantic coast of South America from Rio Jan- eiro to Argentina, and north casually to the United States (Long Island and New Jersey). On the Pacific coast of South America the Chilian coast north to Southern Peru. Trudeau's tern was not obtained by the Princeton Expeditions to Pata- gonia and, while it is known to occur on the northern portion of the coast, it is very rare, if found at all, far south in the region. The descriptions are based on the material in the British Museum of Natural History. Curiously, this South American species which must be regarded as acci- dental in the United States, was first described by John James Audubon in his Ornithological Autobiography. He says (t. c. p. 125): "This beautiful Tern, which has not hitherto been described, was procured at Great Egg Harbour in New Jersey, by my much esteemed and talented friend, J. Trudeau, Esq., of Louisiana, to whom I have great pleasure in dedicating it. Nothing is known as to its range, or even the particular habits in which it may differ from other species. The individual obtained was in the company of a few others of the same kind. I have received from Mr. Trudeau an intimation of the occurrence of several individuals on Long Island." In its winter plumage, which was that of the type described by Audubon, Trudeau's Tern somewhat resembles the winter plumage of Sterna for steri, but this last bird always shows more marked coloration on the crown. The eye bar of Sterna forsteri is darker and better defined in winter and. the bill of S.forsteriftevtr has a yellow tip. I have before me forty-one examples AVES LARID^E. 1 93 of S. forsteri, taken on the Gulf coast of Florida in November and De- cember, 1879, and January, 1880, which form a part of the large series of these birds in the Princeton University collection. This entire series of winter examples of Sterna forsteri bear out the generalization just set forth. Moreover, the individual variation is not great. Subfamily RHYNCHOPIN^E. Saunders, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus. XXV, p. 152 (1896); Sharpe, Hand-List Bds. I. p. 138 (1899). Genus RHYNCHOPS Linnseus. Type. Rhynchops, Linn. Syst. Nat. I. p. 223 (1766); Saunders, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus. XXV. p. 152 (1896); Sharpe, Hand-List Bds. I. p. 138 (1899) R. nigra. Rhynchopsalia, Gloger, Hand- u. Hilfsb. p. 463 (1842). Geographical Range. — Temperate and tropical North and South America, Tropical and juxta-tropical Africa and India to Burma. RHYNCHOPS MELANURA Swainson. Rayador, Azara, Apunt. III. p. 329 (1802). Rhynchops nigra, Licht Verz. Doubl. p. 80 (1823 : ex Azara) ; Less. Man. d'Orn. II. p. 285 (1828: Chile); Darwin, Voy. Beagle, Birds, p. 143 (1841 : on the east and west coasts of South America between lati- tudes 30° and 45°) ; Fraser, P. Z. S. 1843, p. 119 (coast of Chile); Hartl. Ind. Azara, p. 26 (1847) > Burm. La Plata Reis. II. p. 520 (1861 : Rio Parana); Pelz. Reis. Novara, Vog. p. 151 (1865: Chile); Phil. & Landb. Cat. Av. Chil. p. 50 (1868); Scl. & Salv. P. Z. S. 1869, p. 634 (Arg. Rep.); iid. Nomencl. Av. Neotr. p. 147 (1873); Durnf. Ibis, 1877, P- 2O° (Buenos Ayres, Nov., Jan.) ; White, P Z. S. 1882, p. 628 (Monte Grand, Buenos Ayres, Feb., not common); Burm. An. Mus. Nac. Buenos Ayres, III. part X. p. 248 (1888: Patagonia); Scl. & Huds. Argent. Orn. II. p. 193 (1889: Bahia Blanca, breeding). 194 PATAGONIAN EXPEDITIONS I ZOOLOGY. Rhynchops melanura, Swains. Classif. B. II. p. 373 (1837); Scl. & Salv. Ibis, 1869, p. 284 (Ancud, Chiloe, May) ; Saunders, P. Z. S. 1882, p. 522 (Coquimbo Bay, Nov.); James, New List Chil. B. p. 12 (1892); Saunders, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus. XXV. p. 156 (1896: Straits of Ma- gellan and Coast of Chile) ; Sharpe, Hand-List Bds. I. p. 138 (1899) ; Gates, Cat. Bds. Eggs, Brit. Mus. I. p. 201 (1901). FIG. 1 1 6. Rhynchops melanura. Adult male. About % natural size. From material in American Museum. FIG. 117. Rhynchops melanura. Profile of head. From material in the American Museum. ^ natural size. GENERAL DESCRIPTION. Size. — Adult male (breeding). Wing, 16-17 inches. Tail, 5.5 to 6 inches. Total length, about 20 inches. AVES LARID/G. 1 95 Oilmen, 4 inches. Bill (tip to gonys), 4.9 inches. Tarsus, 1.4 inches. Female smaller, only about 16.5 inches total length, the culmen being 2.7 to 2.8 compared with 4 inches for culmen in male. FIG. 118. Rhynchops melanura. Bill from above. From material in the American Museum. Natural size. Color. — Adult male (breeding). General color of the upper parts black, of the lower parts white. Head: Forehead (to the depth of an inch), lores and sides of face from just below the eye white. Crown and remainder of head black. Neck : Black above and abruptly white on sides and beneath. Back : Mantle, rump and upper tail coverts black, with a brown tinge. Wing : Black with a brown tinge ; the primaries black, the three or four outer ones with the tips and terminal margins white ; the secondaries with a narrow white end to each feather ; no other wing feathers with white markings. Tail : Dark blackish brown on its upper surface, with very narrow white edging; paler brown on its under surfaces. Lower parts white, except the under wing coverts, which are greyish brown. Bill : Reddish orange, yellow at the base, anterior portion black. Tarsi : Dull orange, shaded with black. Feet : Toes and webs dull orange, shaded with black. Iris : Dark hazel brown. I have been unable to examine the winter phase of the adult plumage, and have seen no immature, young or nestlings. All of these phases of plumage, however, are probably similar to those of R. nigra, with which this species has frequently been confused even down to within a few years. 196 PATAGONIAN EXPEDITIONS I ZOOLOGY. Geographical Range. — Coast, rivers and larger inland bodies of water of South America. Lake Titicaca. Straits of Magellan. Coasts of Pat- agonia and Chili. The coast of Peru. Probably resident and breeding almost throughout its range. FIG. 119. Rhynchops melanura. Left foot. From a specimen in American Museum. Natural size. Though this species was not collected by the Princeton Expeditions, I find mention made of a flock of "skimmers" in the notes of one of the naturalists of the expedition, which refers undoubtedly to this bird. Darwin's account is of special interest. I quote (Voyage of the "Beagle," Zoology, Birds, Gould, p. 143, 1841): "I saw this bird both on the East and West coast of South America, between latitudes 30° and 45°. It frequents either fresh or salt water. Near Maldonado (in May), on the borders of a lake, which had been nearly drained, and which in consequence swarmed with small fry, I watched many of these birds flying backwards and forwards for hours together, close to its surface. They kept their bills wide open, and with the lower mandible half buried in the water. Thus skimming the surface, generally in small flocks, they ploughed it in their course ; the water was quite smooth, and it formed a most curious spectacle to behold a flock, each bird leaving its narrow wake on the mirror-like surface. In their flight they often twisted about with extreme rapidity, and so dexterously managed, that they ploughed up small fish with their projecting lower mandibles and se- cured them with the upper half of their scissor-like bills. This fact I repeatedly witnessed, as, like Swallows, they continued to fly backwards and forwards close before me. Occasionally, when leaving the surface of the water, their flight was wild, irregular and rapid ; they then also utterd loud, harsh cries. When these birds were seen fishing, it was obvious AVES — LARID^E. 1 97 that the length of the primary feathers was quite necessary in order to keep their wings dry. When thus employed, their forms resembled the symbol, by which many artists represent marine birds. The tail is much used in steering their irregular course. "These birds are common far inland, along the course of the Rio Parana ; and it is said they remain there during the whole year and that they breed in the marshes. During the day they rest in flocks on the grassy plains, at some distance from the water. Being at anchor in a small vessel, in one of the deep creeks between the islands in the Parana, as the evening drew to a close, one of these scissor-beaks suddenly appeared. The water was quite, still and many little fish were rising. The bird continued for a long time to skim the surface ; flying in its wild and irregular manner up and down the narrow canal, now dark with the growing night and the shadows of the overhanging trees. At Monte Video, I observed that large flocks remained during the day on the mud banks, at the head of the harbour; in the same manner as those which I observed on the grassy plains near the Parana. Every evening they took flight in a straight line seaward. From these facts I suspect that the Rhyncops frequently fishes by night, at which time many of the lower animals come more abundantly to the surface than during the day. I was led by these facts to speculate on the possibility of the bill of the Rhyncops, which is so pliable, being a delicate organ of touch. But Mr. Owen, who was kind enough to examine the head of one, which I brought home in spirits, writes to me (August 7, 1837,) that— "'The result of the dissection of the head of the Rhyncops, compara- tively with that of the head of the duck, is not what you anticipated. The facial, or sensitive branches of the fifth pair of nerves, are very small ; the third division in particular, is filamentary, and I have not been able to trace it beyond the soft integument at the angles of the mouth. After removing with care, the thin horny covering of the beak, I cannot perceive any trace of those nervous expansions which are so remarkable in the lamelli-rostral aquatic birds; and which in them supply the tooth-like process, and soft marginal covering of the mandibles. Nevertheless, when we remember how sensitive a hair is, through the nerve situated at its base, though without any in its substance, it would not be safe to deny altogether, a sensitive faculty in the beak of the Rhyncops.' ' Punta Arenas. "Later in the day a few of us spent some time on 198 PATAGONIAN EXPEDITIONS: ZOOLOGY. shore, and one of the officers succeeded in shooting a male and female scissor-bill (Rhynchops melanura}." (Cunn. Nat. Hist. Str. Magell. 1871, P- S^S-) Subfamily LARIN^E. Saunders, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus. XXV. p. 161 (1896); Sharpe, Hand-List Bds. I. p. 139, 1899. Genus LARUS Linnaeus. TYPE. Larus, Linn., Syst. Nat. i. p. 224 (1766); Saun- ders, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus. XXV. p. 169 (1896); Sharpe, Hand-List Bds. I. p. 139 (1899). Xema, Boie, Isis, 1822, p. 563; id. op. cit. 1844, p. 192 (partim). Gavia Macgill. Man. Brit. Orn. pt. 2, p. 239 (1842). Gavia, Boie, Isis, 1844, p. 191 (partim). Gavia, Kaup, Natiirl. Syst. p. 99 (1829) . . Leucus, Kaup, Natiirl. Syst. p. 84 (1829) . . Leucus, Bp. Consp. Av. ii. p. 215 (1857) . . Hydrocolceus, Kaup, Natiirl. Syst. p. 113 (1829) L. mitmtits, etc. Ichthyaetits, Kaup, Natiirl. Syst. p. 102 (1829) . L. ichthyaetus. Laroides, Brehm, Isis, 1830, p. 993; id. Vog. Deutschl. p. 738 (1831); Bp. Consp. Av. ii. p. 217 (1857) Chroicocephalus, Eyton, Brit. B. p. 53 (1837) Kroicocephalus, Jameson, Journ. Asiat. Soc. viii. p. 243 (1839) Chroicephalus, Reichenb. Av. Syst. Nat. Longip. p. v. (1852) Chroocephalus, Scl. & Salvin, P. Z. S. 1871, p. 576, footnote Chroicocephahis, H. T. Wharton, Zool. 1878, p. 105 Chroeocephahis, Heine & Reichenow, Nomencl. Mus. Hein. p. 358 (1890) Plautus, Reichenb. Av. Syst. Nat., Longip. p. v. (1852) . . ..... . . . . . . L. glaucus. L. ridibtmdiis. L. marinus, etc. L. argentatus, etc. etc. Lari cucitllati. AVES LARID^E. 1 99 Glaucus, Bruch. J. f. O. 1853, p. 101 . . . . L. glaucus. Dominicanus, Bruch. J. f. O. 1853, p. 100; id. op. cit. 1855, p. 280 L. marinus, etc. Gavina, Bp. Naumannia, 1854, p. 212 . . . L. canus, etc. Gavina, Bp. Consp. Av. ii. p. 222 (1857) . . . L. audouini. Blasipus, Bruch. J. f. O. 1853, p. 108 . . . . L. modestus. Leucophceus, Bp. (nee. Bruch. 1853) Naum. 1854, p. 211 ; id. Consp. Av. ii. p. 231 (1857) • •£• heermanni, etc. Blasipus, Bp. Naum. 1854, p. 211; id. Consp. Av. ii. p. 211 (1857) • • •£• modestus, etc. Blacipiis, Heine & Reichenow, Nomencl. Mus. Hein. p. 357 (1890) L. crassirostris. Adelarus, Bruch. J. f. O. 1853, p. 106, ex Bp. MS. 1 Adelolarus, Heine & Reichenow, Nomencl. Mus. I L. leucophthalmus, etc. Hein. p. 358 (1890) ........ j Gelastes, Bp. Naum. 1854, p. 212 L. gelastes. Atricilla, Bp. Naum. 1854, p. 212 L. atricilla. Melagavia, ] _ , ,-. , T Q ' 213 . Lari cucullati. Lirrhocephala, J Cirrocephalus, Bruch. J. f. O. 1855, p. 288 . . L. cirrhocephalus. Bruchigavia, Bp. Consp. Av. ii. p. 228 (1857) • L. nova hollandia. Clupeilarus, Bp. Consp. Av. ii. p. 220 (1857) • L. fuscus, etc. Lambruschinia, Salvad. Cat. Ucc. Sard. p. 128 (1864) L. gelastes. Einalia, Heine & Reichenow, Nomencl. Mus. Hein. p. 358 (1890) L. argentatus. Melanolanis, Heine & Reichenow, Nomencl. Mus. Hein. p. 359 (1890) L. franklini. Epitelolarus, Heine & Reichenow, Nomencl. Mus. Hein. p. 359 (1890) L. heermanni. Geographical Range. — Throughout the World, except Polynesia and the Central Pacific Ocean. 200 PATAGONIAN EXPEDITIONS I ZO6LOGY. LARUS MACULIPENNIS Lichtenstein. Gabiota blanca, Azara, Apunt. III. p. 363 (1802: Paraguay). Lams maculipennis, Licht. Verz. Doubl. p. 83 (1823: Montevideo); Scl. & Salv. Nomencl. Av. Neotr. p. 148 (1873: Argent. Rep.); Durnf. Ibis, 1876, p. 165 (Montevideo); id. Ibis, 1877, p. 43 (Pot Harbour, Chupat Valley, Dec. breeding), p. 202 (Baradero, April) ; id. Ibis, 1878, p. 405 (Lake Colgaupe : Sengel River, breeding); Saunders, P. Z. S. 1878, p. 201 (Chupat Valley); id. Journ. Linn. Soc. XIV, p. 399 (1878); Gibson, Ibis, 1880, p. 163 (Cape San Antonio, Buenos Ayres) ; White, P. Z. S. 1882, p. 628 (Punta Lara, Feb. : Pacheco, March: Salta, Oct.); Burm. An. Mus. Nac. Buenos Aires, III. part X. p. 248 (1888: Coast of Patagonia); Withington, Ibis, 1888, p. 472 (Lomas de Zamora, very abundant); Scl. & Huds. Argent. Orn. II. p. 198 (1889) ; Oust. Miss. Sci. Cap Horn, Oiseaux, p. 308 (1891) ; Saunders, P. Z. S. 1891, p. 373 (Buenos Ayres, eggs) ; Huds. Natural, in La Plata, p. 66 (1892); Holland, Ibis, 1892. p. 213 (Estancia Espartilla, common resident, breeds in Nov.); Aplin, Ibis, 1894, p. 211 (Montevideo Bay, Oct., April and May); Holland, Ibis, 1895, p. 216 (Estancia Sta. Elena); Saunders, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus. XXV. p. 200 (1896: East Patagonia); Holland, Ibis, 1897, P- 287 (Estancia Sta. Elena, breeding), Scl. t. c. p. 312 (Vina del Mar: Aranco: Laraqueti) ; Schalow. Zool. Jahrb. Suppl. IV. p. 657 (1898; Cavanche) ; Sharpe, Hand-List Bds. I. p. 140 (1899) ; Martens, Hamb. Magalh. Sammelr. Vog. p. 17 (1900: South Patagonia); Gates, Cat. Bds. Eggs, Brit. Mus. I. p. 297 (1901). Xema (Chroicocephala] cirrhocephalum, Darwin (nee. Vieill.), Voy. "Beagle," Birds, p. 142 (1841 : Bahia Blanca). Xema cirrhocephala, Gray (nee. Vieill.), List. B. Brit. Mus. Part III. p. 173 (1844: East Patagonia). Larus cirrhocephalus, Hartl. (nee. Vieill. ) Ind. Azara, p. 26 (1847) ! Schl. Mus. Pays Bas. VI. Lari, p. 36 (1863: Paraguay); Scl. & Salv. P. Z. S. 1868, p. 146 (Conchitas); Huds. P. Z. S. 1870, p. 802, 1871, p. 4 (Buenos Ayres) ; Sharpe, P. Z. S. 1881, p. 16 (Talcahuano. Sept.) Larus serranus, Burm. (nee. Tschudi), Reise La Plata, II. p. 519 (1861 : Entrerios, Mendoz, Parana). AVES LARID.E. 201 GENERAL DESCRIPTION. Size. — Adult male (breeding). Total length, about 15 inches. Wing, 12 inches. Tail, 5 inches. Tarsus, 2 inches. Culmen, 1.7 inches. Adult female birds at the same season average a little smaller. Color. — Adult male (breeding). General color, grey above white ; with a brown hood. FIG. 1 20. below Larus maculipennis. Adult male. ^ natural size. From material from Museo.de la Plata. Head : With a hood of deep cinnamon brown, extending down on the neck, shading into umber on the nape and throat ; unbroken save by white eyelids and a white patch behind the eye. Neck : Exclusive of hood, white. Back : Mantle pale bluish grey shading into almost white on the rump and upper tail coverts. Wing : Coverts like the mantle ; primaries black with white decorations and markings as follows : First primary white at apical end on both sides of shaft for three inches ; and black on both sides of the white shaft. Sec- ond primary outer web white, and the inner web with a white area next to the shaft (see Fig. 121), the larger part of this web black. The tip of both webs white, a black subterminal bar crossing the feather below this tip. In some individuals, presumably very old birds, this bar is confined 2O2 PATAGONIAN EXPEDITIONS: ZOOLOGY. to the inner web. Third primary similar, but with more subterminal black. Fourth primary similar, but with the greyish black inner web joining the shaft. Fifth primary greyish black on both webs and with a subterminal bar which is frequently incomplete. The other primaries grayish black. Under wing coverts grey. Tail: White. FIG. 121. Larus maculipennis. Wing, ^ natural size. Adult. From material in the Princeton Museum. Lower parts : White, with a blush of roseate tinge on the breast and the abdomen. This blush is evanescent and is very likely to fade in the skins, so as to disappear, even when kept from the light. Bill: "Crimson" (Gibson). Tarsi: "Dull red" (Gibson). Toes: "Dull red" (Gibson). Iris: "Dark brown" (Gibson). The adult breeding plumage of the female is not to be distinguished from that of the adult male. FIG. 122. Larus maculipennis. Profile of head. From material in the American Museum. Natural size. Immature. AVES LARID^E. 20$ Adiilts in Winter. — Without the hood for a brief period only. No rosy blush on the lower parts. Otherwise much like breeding adults in color. FIG. 123. Larus maculipennis. Profile of head. From material in the American Museum. Natural size. Immature. Young birds of the year, have the head white, with indistinct greyish brown on the occiput and in the auricular region. The mantle and upper FIG. 124. Larus maculipennis. Wing. ^ natural size. Immature. From material in the American Museum. wing coverts grey with brownish mottling. The five outer primaries sooty brown terminally and on their inner webs, with greyish white indi- cations of the ultimate quill pattern on the two first ; the other quills with whitish bases, and generally in pattern like the adult, but with the pro- portion of greyish black greater. The secondaries have ashy brown centers. There is a greyish black terminal band on the tail. At a later age the decorations on the three outer quills become more defined. (See 204 PATAGONIAN EXPEDITIONS: ZOOLOGY. cut 124.) Immature birds are similar to young of the year, but the mantle is not mottled, and there is no mottling on the upper wing coverts. The decorations on the primaries increasingly white. The size of this bird in connection with the pale grey under wing coverts, will always serve to distinguish it in its various phases of imma- ture dress from its closest allies in this group. Geographical Range. — South America, from about 9° South Latitude, on the East Coast, to South Patagonia. On the West Coast from about 50° South Latitude northward to probably about 30° South Latitude. This gull, which has been frequently confounded with its close ally S. glaucodes, especially in immature plumage, has been found generally both on the coast and the interior of Patagonia. It was not obtained, however, by the Expeditions of Princeton University, and the series of skins in the British Museum of Natural History has been examined as a basis for the above diagnoses. The birds are said to be resident and to breed in the vicinity of Buenos Ayres, in November. Other references to its breeding season are given in the literature cited. The British Museum has received two examples of this species from Valle Lago Blanco del Chubut, collected by Mr. J. Koslowsky, one of which is an adult male and has the head, sides of face, chin and throat brown. This specimen was obtained on September 16, 1899. The second example is an immature male with the crown of head, sides of face and throat white — only a trace of brown on the hinder margin of the ear-coverts — this bird was procured on October 24, 1901. BUENOS AYRES, August 21, 1870. "People in Buenos Ayres are as familiar with the Gaviota (Larus cirrho- cephalus] as with the domestic poultry about their houses. It is one of the trio of our commonest species, the other two being the Teru and the Chimango. But these two are exclusively land birds, and to make their acquaintance it is also necessary to go a few miles out of a great crowded city. Not so with the Gaviota, whose white graceful form is not more familiar to the gaucho dwelling far off on the inland plains than to the sailors in every ship that navigates the river Plata, or to the townsmen, who may know it well without ever having left the city's pavement. AVES — LARID^E. 2O5 "In October these birds congregate in vast numbers in their breeding places, which are marshes covered with some aquatic plant, usually the loose growing junco. These reeds are much bent and broken down by Gulls, and are used as material for their nests, which are placed on the water close together. The female lays four oblong eggs, large for the bird, obtusely pointed, of a pale clay colour, thickly spotted at the large end with dull black. "Every morning, at break of day, the Gulls rise up from their nests and hover over the marsh, uttering loud cries and producing a noise that may be heard distinctly two or three miles away. The eggs are excellent eating, resembling those of the Plover in delicacy of flavour, as well as in the lustrous pearl colour which the white assumes when boiled. From the circumstances of such large numbers of Gulls laying their eggs near together, it is a very easy task to get them ; so that when the plains adja- cent to their favourite spots become settled, they have but little chance of rearing their young, as the boys in the neighbourhood ride in and gather them every morning. The Gulls, however, are so tenacious of their breeding-places that they continue to resort to them every summer to lay, and only abandon them after several years' persecution, or, as often hap- pens, on the marsh drying up. But notwithstanding such quantities of their eggs are taken every year, the Gulls do not seem to diminish in numbers. The abundance of their food in the settled districts favours them greatly in their 'struggle for existence.' "The young birds are of a pale grey colour mottled with dull brown, and have a whining, querulous note. The plumage becomes gradually lighter through the autumn, winter and spring ; but it must be a year at least before they are perfectly like the adults in the fine ash-blue of the wings, and in the white bosom with its lovely perceptible blush. It is now ten months since the young were fledged, and yet, in a flock, an ob- server at a hundred yards distance can easily distinguish them from the old birds. "So soon as the young birds are able to fly, the breeding-place is for- saken, the whole concourse leaving in a body, or scattering in all direc- tions over the surrounding country ; and until the following summer, the movements of the birds depend altogether on food and water. As I men- tioned in my last letter, in seasons of drought they disappear totally, and when Grasshoppers are very abundant appear in countless multitudes. 206 PATAGONIAN EXPEDITIONS I ZOOLOGY. Drought and Grasshoppers unfortunately often come together, so that the Gulls are not so useful as they would otherwise be. In dry summers, when the insects are abundant, it is common to hear people wish for rain, that the Gulls might come and devour the Locusts. Apparently Gulls have been useful to man in the same way on the western plains of North America. "The Gulls congregate in great numbers about ploughed grounds, fill- ing the new-made furrow till it appears like a white line, hovering in a cloud over the ploughman's head, and following at his heels, fighting, screaming, buffeting, in a compact crowd. When feeding they invariably keep up a great noise and screaming. Wilson's expression in describing a northern species, that its cry 'is like the excessive laugh of a negro,' is also descriptive of the language of our bird. Its peculiar cry is length- ened and inflected a thousand ways, and interspersed with numerous short notes like excited exclamations. When their hunger is satisfied they fly to the nearest water, where they bathe, drink and preen their feathers. Their ablutions over (in which they appear to take great de- light), they retire to some open spot in the neighbourhood abounding in short green grass. Here they sit close together with their bills to the wind ; in still weather they also all look one way ; and the observer will watch the flock in vain to find one individual out of this beautiful order. It is remarkable that they do not stand up to take flight, but rise in the air directly from a sitting posture. Usually they flap their wings twice or thrice before the body is raised from the ground. "In some seasons in August and September, after a period of rainy warm weather, the larvae of our Great-horned Beetle rise to the surface, throwing up little mounds of earth as Moles do ; often they are so numerous as to give the plains, where the grass is very closely cropped, the appearance of being covered with mud. These insects afford a rich harvest to the Teru-teni (Vanellus cayennensis], which in such plentiful seasons are to be seen all day diligently running about, probing and dis- lodging them from under the fresh hillocks. The Gulls, not having been endowed with a probing bill, avail themselves of their superior cunning and violence to rob the Terus. I have often watched their proceedings for hours with the greatest interest. Many hundred Terns are perhaps visible running busily about the plain on all sides ; near each one a Gull is quietly standing regarding his intended dupe with the closest attention. AVES LARID^E. 2OJ The instant a great white larva is extracted, the Gull darts with such sudden fury to seize it, that the Tern is forced to take wing, and a violent chase ensues. The depredator follows close upon the Plover in all his turns, screaming all the time, until the Tern, frightened or tired out, drops the prize, and slopes towards the earth with a disappointed cry ; instantly the pursuer's flight is checked, he hovers a moment, watching the worm fall, then straight and suddenly drops himself after it, swal- lows it with customary greediness, and hastens after the Teru to resume his watch. "Many Gulls constantly hover about the Estancias to feed on the gar- bage that is usually found in abundance about cattle-breeding establish- ments. When a cow is slaughtered they collect in great numbers, and quarrel with the domestic fowls over the offal. They are also faithful at- tendants at the shepherd's hut ; and if a dead lamb remains in the fold when the flock goes to pasture, they regale on its carcass in company with the Chimango. Numbers of them are constantly seen soaring over the low shores of the river, and, when the tide goes out, quarrel on the sands over dead fish, stranded fry, or whatever animal refuse may have been left. "The slaughter-grounds adjacent to the city are also haunted by hosts of these neat and beautiful scavengers. Here numbers may be seen hovering overhead, and mingling their excited cries with the bellowing of thousands of wild cattle and the shouts of men at their rough work — at intervals, wherever a little space is afforded, dropping themselves on to the ground reeking with clotted blood and entrails, greedily snatching up whatever morsels they can on the instant, and yet getting no speck or stain on their delicate dress of lily white and ethereal blue. "It is only when their food is very abundant that the Gulls move in great bodies ; at other times they are seen singly or in small parties ; but at night they often congregate in myriads in some large pool, where they will sometimes keep up a great screaming until morning. "Their curiosity or anger seems greatly excited by the appearance of a person on foot on the open plains ; no sooner has the Gull spied him, than he sweeps toward him with a rapid flight, uttering loud indignant screams, that invariably attract all its fellows within hearing. These all pass and repass, hovering over the pedestrian's head, screaming all the time as if highly incensed, and finally retire, joining their voices in a sort 208 PATAGONIAN EXPEDITIONS: ZOOLOGY. of chorus, and waving their wings upward in a very singular fashion ; but often, when they are almost out of sight, they suddenly wheel about and hurry back with fresh zeal to go through the whole annoying performance again. Their flight being so serene at such times, it is very easy to shoot them. Many persons, however, and particularly English residents, have a squeamish repugnance against eating their flesh. But the flavour of birds does not seem to depend altogether on their peculiar food ; two species are sometimes equally good that feed very differently. The Burrowing Parrot ( Conurus patachoniciis} is very bitter in taste, and yet feeds on the same seeds as the Partridge and wild Pigeon ; the Glossy Ibis eats the same food as the most delicious-flavoured Snipes, and yet, when cooked, its fat emits a sickening smell that renders it unfit for human food. Those who have eaten this Gull have found it rich and finely flavoured, without any taint or rankness. "The Gulls seem everywhere preeminent among the feathered race for the singular beauty of their flight. Our bird forms no exception, but all its aerial movements are characterized with the same grace and buoyancy that have been observed in the allied species in other continents. On a still, hot day they love to soar to a vast height, and at such times appear like diminutive white specks on the sky. In fair weather their flight is always placid, a large body of them seen at a distance appearing to travel with the serene motion of a cloud. " When near, it is pleasing to see the wonderful precision with which each bird keeps its relative place in the flock. But it is in a high wind the Gull's flight is particularly interesting ; casually observed it seems altogether wild and irregular. The bird toils onward, alternately turning the upper and under surface of its wings, now struck motionless in mid- air, and again sweeping onward with redoubled velocity, now dropping downward until it nears the surface, and soaring anon toward the sky, apparently without an effort of its own, but borne aloft by the resistless violence of the wind." (Hudson, P. Z. S. 1871, pp. 4-7.) " Inconceivable numbers of birds are, no doubt, continually passing over us unseen. It was once a matter of wonder to me that flocks of Swans should almost always appear flying past after a shower, even when none had been visible for a long time before, and when they must have come from great distances. But the simple reason soon occurred to me, that after rain a Swan may be visible at a vastly greater distance than during AVES LARID^E. 209 » i fair weather, the sun shining on its snow-white plumage against the dark background of a cloud rendering it very conspicuous. The fact of Swans being seen almost always after a rain is only a proof that they are almost always passing. Whenever we are visited by a great dust-storm, myriads of Gulls appear flying before it ; this is invariably the case even when not a Gull has been visible for months. A dust-storm is always preceded by long drought, so that from the water courses being. all dry the Gulls could not well have subsisted in the region over which it passes. Yet in seasons of drought Gulls must be incessantly passing over us, visible only when driven together and forced towards the earth by the violence of the storm. The bird I allude to is the Black-headed Gull (Larus cirrho- cephafas}. In seasons when Grasshoppers abound very much, flocks of these birds also appear, often in such multitudes as to free entire districts from the devastating swarms of the hated insects. It is a fine sight, and a welcome as well, to see a flight of these birds settle on the afflicted district ; at such times their mode of proceeding is often so regular, that a body of them well deserves the appellation of 'an army of birds.' They come down with a swift graceful flight, and settle on the earth with loud joyful cries, but do not abandon when the work of devouring has begun the order in which the flock was disposed. It often presents a front of several thousand feet, with a breadth of but sixty or eighty ; all along this line of battle the excited cries of the innumerable birds produce a loud, incessant noise. Every bird is incessantly on the move — some skimming along the ground with half expanded wing, others pursuing the fugitives through the air ; and all the time the hindmost birds are flying over the flock and alighting in the front ranks ; so that the whole body is steadily advancing, and leaving the earth over which it passes free from the pest. The Black-headed Gull is one of our most common birds, and has many very interesting habits ; I hope before long to make it the subject of another letter." (Hudson, P. Z. S. 1870, p. 802.) At a meeting of the Zoological Society of London, 16 June, 1891, "Mr. Howard Saunders exhibited and made remarks on some specimens of eggs of the Spot-winged Gull (Larus maculipennis] and Trudeau's Tern (Sterna trudeaui}, from the province of Buenos Ayres, obtained by Mr. Ernest Gibson, F. Z. S., and believed to be exhibited for the first time. The eggs of the former bird were, as might be expected, similar in character to those of other marsh-breeding brown-capped Gulls. The 210 PATAGONIAN EXPEDITIONS: ZOOLOGY. eggs of Sterna trudeaui were intermediate in their shape and pattern between those of the coast breeding Terns (Sterna] and those of the marsh Terns (Hydrochelidon\ The nests of this Tern were stated to be placed in the swamps, amongst those of the Gull above mentioned." From the Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London, 1891, page 373- "On the 2nd and 3rd October there were some adults of this Gull in Montevideo Bay, though birds in winter and immature dress were far more abundant. They remind one of the Black-headed Gull. In autumn they appeared in the camp. On the 2Oth April I saw two close to the estancia, and from that time they might often be seen about the camp, sometimes sitting on the carcass of a sheep or cow from which the hide had been taken. On 2Oth May I shot an adult with a lovely rosy flush on its breast. A few days after there were a great many about the estancia. The cry resembles that of our English species." (O. V. Alpin, on Birds Uruguay, Ibis, p. 211, 1894.) LARUS GLAUCODES Meyen. Larus ridibundus, King (nee. Linn.) Zool. Journ. IV. p. 104 (1828: Straits of Magellan). Larus glaucodes, Meyen, Nov. Act. Acad. Caes. Leop. XVI. p. 115, pi. 24 (1834) ; id. Beitr. Zool. p. 239, pi. 34 (1834: Chile) ; Cass. U. S. Astr. Exp. II. p. 204 (1855: coast of Chile); Burm. La Plata Reis. II. p. 519, note (1861); Phil. & Landb. Cat. Av. Chil. p. 48 (1868: Com- mon on the coast of Chile) ; Scl. & Salv. P. Z. S. 1871, p. 578 (Falk- land Is. : Patagonia: Chile) ; Saunders, P. Z. S. 1877, p. 799 (Straits of Magellan); id. 1878, p. 203; id. Voy. Chall. Birds, p. 138 (1880: Messier Channel, Magellan Territory); Sharpe, P. Z. S. 1881, p. 16 (Gregory Bay) ; Burm. Ann. Mus. Nac. Buenos Aires, III. part X. p. 248 (1888: Falkland Islands) ; Ridgw. Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. XII. p. 139 (1889: Port Otway) ; Oust. Miss. Sci. Cap Horn, Oiseaux, p. 181 (1891: Tierra del Fuego : Sloggett Bay: Straits of Magellan: Santa Cruz : Falkland Islands) ; James, New List Chil. B. p. 12 (1892) ; Saunders, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus. XXV. p. 203 (1896: Egg Harbour, S. E. Patagonia); Schalow, Zool. Jahrb. Suppl. IV. p. 656 (1898: Tumbes, June : Talcahuano : Lago Llanquihue) ; Sharpe, Hand-List, AVES LARID^E. 21 I Bds. I. p. 140 (1899); Salvad. Ann. Mus. Genov. (2) XX. p. 630 (1900: Punta Arenas, May: Rio Pescado, May); Martens Hamb. Magalh. Sammelr. Vog. p. 17 (1900: South Patagonia); Gates, Cat. Bds. Eggs, Brit. Mus. I. p. 208 (1901). Xema (Chroicocephahis] cirrocephalum, Gould, Voy. "Beagle," Birds, p. 142 (1841: Straits of Magellan); Fraser, P. Z. S. 1843, P- TI9 (Chile). Xema cirrhocephala, Gray (nee. Vieill.), List B. Brit. Mus. Part III. p. 173 (1844: Falkland Islands and Straits of Magellan). Larus cirrhocephalus, Des Murs. (nee. Vieill.), in Gay's Hist. Chil. Zool. I. p. 482 (1847); Pelz- Reis- Novara, Vog. p. 151 (1865: Chile, breeding); Sharpe, P. Z. S. 1881, p. 16 (Talcahuano, Sep- tember). Larus albipennis, Peale, U. S. Expl. Exped. p. 288 (1848: Chile); Cass. t. c. p. 379 (1858: coast of Chile). FIG. 125. Larus glancodes. Adult male. Natural size. From material in British Museum. Chroicocephalus glaucotes, Bruch. J. f. O. 1853, p. 105 (Chile) id. ; 1855, p. 291 ; Licht. Nomencl. Av. Mus. Berol. p. 98 (1854). 212 PATAGONIAN EXPEDITIONS: ZOOLOGY. Gavia roseiventris, Gould, P. Z. S. 1859, p. 97 (Falkland Islands, breeding). Larus roseiventris, Scl. P. Z. S. 1860, p. 391 (Falkland Islands); Abbott, Ibis, 1 86 1, p. 1 66 (loc. cit). GENERAL DESCRIPTION. Size. — Adult male (breeding). Total length, about 14 inches. Wing, 1 1 inches. Tail, 4.8 inches. Culmen, 1.7 inches. Tarsus, 1.75 inches. Color. — Adult (breeding). General color. Above pale cold grey; with a deep brown hood, below, except the region covered by the hood, white. Head: With a deep brown hood, darkest on the nape and throat; a white circle about the eye, broken in front. Neck : White, except the portion over which the hood extends. Back : Mantle pale cold grey ; this color shading into white or almost white on the rump and upper tail coverts. Wing : Upper coverts pale cold grey. The primaries without subter- minal bars. (This characteristic and the smaller size readily distinguish L. glaucodes from L. maculipennis in the breeding plumage.) First pri- mary, with a pure white tip extending down for about two and a half inches. Below this both webs are black reaching to the white shaft. Second and third primaries, with white tips, white outer webs extending well down on the feathers, and with the inner webs chiefly greyish black, but separated from the shafts by a conspicuous white region. The second- aries are like the mantle but paler at their tips. Tail: White. Lower parts : White, except the throat and chin which are covered by the hood. The breast and abdomen with a deep rose blush tint which generally disappears in dried skins. Bill : Crimson. Tarsi : Dull red. Feet : Toes dull red, the webs a little lighter. Iris : Dark hazel brown. Adults in winter, lack the hood for a brief period, and the rosy tinge is faint if not absent. Otherwise similar to adults breeding in plumage. AVES LARIDyE. 213 FIG. 126. Lams glaucodes. Female. Immature. P. U. O. C. 7909. About ^ natural size. Nestlings are "cinnamon buff, mottled with brownish black on the upper surface; bill, tarsi and toes yellowish brown." (Saunders.) Fledglings are "chiefly pale umber-brown above, and paler below; the grey of the mantle and wings showing through the brown half-down." (Saun- ders.) Young, first flight, have the head and mantle chiefly cinnamon-buff and the tail white with a terminal band (half an inch wide) of dusky brown. The shafts of most of the primaries are white. The three outer ones in pattern as shown in the figure (No. 128, p. 214). The rest have an increasing amount of the dark ground color on their webs, the inner ones being wholly grey. The secondaries are grey with dusky brownish centers. The under wing coverts are pale, pearly grey. Immature birds of the year. (9, No. 7909 P. U. O. C. near Coy Inlet, Patagonia, November 6, 1896). With white head, dusky on the occiput and about the auriculars, assuming the grey immaculate mantle. The primaries as in Fig. 126. The secondaries pale grey with large areas of dusky brown near their ends. Upper wing coverts chiefly grey, with dusky brown on each side of their shafts, and a strong shading of buffy at their ends and margins. Tail white, with an irreg- ular amount of deep, dusky brown near the end of each feather; together these brown regions form a subterminal band. Below white, no blush of pink. A few dusky feathers indicate the coming hood on the throat. Bill reddish yellow. Feet and legs yel- lowish brown. Another bird of the year (9, 7910 P. ^ Q Q c Fairweather Patagonia, 7 February, . ' •" 1898) appears much like an adult in winter plumage. The back of the head shows a strong shading of buffy brown, which also appears on the auriculars. There is a dusky area just in front of each eye. The wing formula, as shown in Fig. 128, and the large amount of brown and buffy markings on the mantle clearly indicate the age of the bird. The secondaries are, however, chiefly grey, as are the upper wing coverts, and the under wing coverts FIG. 127. I Gar- rett collection. Female. Immature P. U. O. C. 7910. About y^ nat- ural size. 214 PATAGONIAN EXPEDITIONS! ZOOLOGY. FIG. 128. pale, pearly grey. The two middle tail feathers are immaculate white, as are the two outer ones on each side. The rest have subterminal areas of dusky brown. The feet and legs are pale brownish flesh color. The bill dull flesh color, darkening at the tip. The lower parts are pure white. This bird is in fresh unworn feather of singularly fine texture. I am obliged to Mr. Howard Saunders, of London, for confirming my identification of these two specimens of Lams glaucodes. Geographical Range. — Straits of Magellan, Southern Patagonia, Tierra del Fuego, the Falkland Islands, and north on the Atlantic Coast to about 9° South Latitude. On the Pacific Coast north to about Coquimbo. Larus glatuodes. Female. Immature P. U. O. C. 7910. About y± natural size. In view of the several diagnoses given it should not be difficult to identify this Gull in its many phases. However, Mr. Saunders writes: "It must be admitted that there is often considerable difficulty in dis- tinguishing between the young of this species and of L. maculipennis. The easiest test is the larger proportion of white in the former, especially on the third quill, in which the black of the innner web is quite detached from the shaft ; whereas in young L. macttlipenms the black reaches the shaft till the bird is a year older. As already stated, the latter species is a trifle the larger." From Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus. XXV. p. 206 (1896). The naturalists of the Princeton Expeditions to Patagonia, procured the two specimens described in detail above, and presumably saw many of these Gulls. For other phases of plumage the material in the British Museum of Natural History has been used as a basis for the above descriptions. The two representatives of L. glaucodes, secured by the Princeton Uni- versity Expeditions to Patagonia, are here cited : P. U. O. C. Num. Sex. Locality. Date. Collector. 7909 7910 9 9 Near Coy Inlet, Patag. Cape Fairweather, Patag. 6 November, 1896. 7 February, 1898. J. B. Hatcher. A. E. Colburn. AVES LARID^E. 2 1 5 "This species so closely resembles the Xema ridibtmdum Boie, that Mr. Gould observes, he should have hardly ventured to have character- ized it as distinct ; but as M. Vieillot and Meyen have deemed this neces- sary, he adopts their view. I have compared a suite of specimens, which I procured from the Rio Plata, the coast of Patagonia, and the Straits of Magellan, with several specimens of the Xema ridibundum ; the only dif- ference which appears to me constant, is that the primaries of the X. cirrocephalum, in the adult winter plumage, both of male and female, are tipped with a white spot (a character common to some other species), whereas in the X. ridibundum the points are black. The beak of the latter species, especially the lower mandible, is also a little less strong, or high in proportion to its length. In the immature stage, I could per- ceive no difference whatever in the plumage of these birds. The propor- tional quantity of black and white in the primaries, given by Meyen as the essential character, varies in the different states of plumage. The specimens described by this author were procured from Chile. The soles of the feet of my specimens were coloured, deep ' reddish orange,' and the bill dull 'arterial blood-red' of Werner's nomenclature. "In the plains south of Buenos Ayres I saw some of these birds far inland, and I was told that they bred in the marshes. It is well known that the black-headed gull (Xema ridibundum], which we have seen comes so near the X. cirrocephalum, frequents the inland marshes to breed. It appears to me a very interesting circumstance thus to find birds of two closely allied species preserving the same peculiarities of habits in Europe and in the wide plains of S. America. Near Buenos Ayres this gull as well as the L. dominicanus sometimes attends the slaughter-houses to pick up bits of meat." (Voy. "Beagle," Darwin, Birds, pp. 142-143.) LARUS DOMINICANUS Lichtenstein. Gabiota major, Azara, Apunt. III. p. 338 (1802). Larus dominicanus, Licht. Verz. Doubl. p. 82 (1823: ex Azara); Darwin, Voy. "Beagle" Birds, p. 142 (1841 : Buenos Ayres and Bahia Blanca); Eraser, P. Z. S. 1843, P- I!9 (Chile); Hartl. Ind. Azara, p. 26 (1847); Des Murs in Gay's Hist. Chil. Zool. I. p. 480 (1847) ; Gould, P. Z. S. 1859, p. 97 (Falkland Islands); Scl. P. Z. S. 1860, p. 390 (Falklands); Abbott, Ibis, 1861, p. 165 (Falkland Islands, breeds in 2l6 PATAGONIAN EXPEDITIONS: ZOOLOGY. Dec.); Phil. & Landb. Cat. Av. Chil. p. 47 (1868: Coast of Chile, common); Scl. & Salv. Ibis, 1868, p. 189 (Sandy Point); 1869, p. 284 (Halt Bay, April); Newton, Ibis, 1870, p. 503 (Elizabeth Island, Nov. eggs); Cunningh. Nat. Hist. Str. Magell., p. 222 (1871) ; Scl. & Salv. P. Z. S. 1871, p. 576 (Falkland Islands); iid. Nomencl. Av. Neotr. p. 148 (1873); Durnf. Ibis, 1876, p. 165 (Monte Video, Sept.); Saunders, P. Z. S. 1877, p. 799 (Straits of Magellan); Durnf. Ibis, 1877, p. 45 (Ninfas Point, Chupat Valley), p. 201 (Buenos Ayres); id. Ibis, 1878, p. 68 (Buenos Ayres), p. 405 (Lake Colgaupe : Tambo Point, Dec., breeding); Saunders, P. Z. S. 1878, p. 180; Gibson, Ibis, 1880, p. 163 (Cape San Antonio, Buenos Ayres); Saunders, Voy. Chall. II. Birds, p. 139 (1880: Nassau Harbour, Straits of Ma- gellan, Jan.); Sharpe, P. Z. S. 1881, p. 17 (Tom Bay, April, March: Cockle Cove, Feb.: Valparaiso, Aug.: Peckett Harbour: Puerto Bueno, Feb.: Port Henry, Jan.); Doering, Expl. al Rio Negro, Zool. p. 57 (1882: Laguna Epecuen, Carhue, Puan y Salinas Chicas); Saunders, P. Z. S. 1882, p. 527 (Coquimbo); Barrows, Auk, I. p. 316 (1884: Lagunas at Puan and Carhue, March and April); With- ington, Ibis, 1888, p. 472 (Lomas de Zamora, fairly plentiful); Scl. & Huds. Argent. Orn. II. p. 197 (1889); Oust. Miss. Sci. Cap Horn, Oiseaux, p. 173 (1891 : Tierra del Fuego: Orange Bay: New Year Sound : Rio Santa Cruz); James, New List Chil. B. p. 12 (1892); Holland, Ibis, 1892, p. 213 (Estancia Espartilla, Jan. to Aug., com- mon); Lataste, Actes Soc. Sci. Chile, III. p. 122 (1893: Straits of Magellan); Scl. Ibis, 1894, pp. 495, 497; Saunders, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus. XXV. p. 245 (1896: East Patagonia); Schalow, Zool. Jahrb. Suppl. IV. p. 657 (1898: Cavanche, July & Sept.: Coquimbo, Oct.: Feuerland, Jan.: Beagle Canal); Sharpe, Hand-List, Bds. I. p. 141 (1899); Carbajal, La Patagonia, part II. p. 280 (1900); Salvad. Ann. Mus. Genov. (2) XX. p. 629 (1900: Penguin Rookery Feb.: Port Cook, March: Punta Arenos, June: Santa Cruz, Jan., July); Martens, Hamb. Magalh. Sammelr. Vog. p. 17 (1900: Falkland Islands); Gates, Cat. Bds. Eggs. Brit. Mus. I, p. 212 (1901) ; Nicoll, Ibis, 1904, p. 46 (Straits of Magellan and Smythe's Channel). Lamsfuscus, King (nee Linn.) Zool. Journ. IV. p. 103 (1828); id. Voy. Advent. & Beagle, I. p. 541 (1839: Straits of Magellan). Dominicanus verreauxi, Bruch. J. f. O. 1855, p. 281 (Chile). AVES LARID.-E. 217 Clupeilarus verreauxi, Bp. Compt. Rend, xliii. p. 770 (1856: Chile). Larus vociferus, Burm. La Plata Reis. II. p. 518 (1861 : Buenos Ayres: Montevideo) ; C. Burm. An. Mus. Nac. Buenos Aires, III. part X. p. 248 (1888: Coast of Patagonia and Falkland Islands). FIG. 129. ^ GENERAL DESCRIPTION. Size. — Adult male (breeding). Total length, about 23 inches. Wing, 16.5 inches. Tail, 7.1 inches. Tarsus, 2.4 inches. Culmen, 2.25 inches. The female is appreciably smaller than the male. Color. — Adult male (breeding). General color, white with a black or slaty black man- file of head. Bill from above. Larus dominicanus. Adult. Pro- From specimens procured by the Princeton Expeditions. About ^ natural size. tie and wings. Head : Entirely white. Neck: White. Back: Mantle and lower back slaty black. Rump and upper tail coverts white. Wing: In general color like the mantle. Upper wing coverts slaty black. The scapulars and all of the secondaries slaty black with broad white tips, which together form a conspicuous alar bar. The primaries are black, broadly tipped with white, and vary in decoration and amount of white with the age of the individual as follows : Very mature birds have the first primary white for about two inches apically, with only a hair line of black next to the shaft. The second primary shows a white mirror, subapically, which is most extensive on the inner web. Ordinary adults have the white apical region of the first primary modified to a sub- apical mirror; the second primary being decorated as in older birds. Still younger adult birds have only the first primary decorated with a white mirror, the second primary being black with a broad white tip like the third. In all of these phases, the third primary is black with a broad white tip. The fourth primary begins to show a greyish or white "wedge" on the inner web. This increases in extent until on the seventh primary it 2l8 PATONIAGAN EXPEDITIONS: ZOOLOGY. has joined the white tip, and the other inner primaries are white termi- nally and only slate color basally. Tail : Pure white. Under parts : Including under wing coverts pure white. Bill : Lemon yellow, turning to orange and red at the angle of the gonys. Iris : Greyish white. Tarsi : Olive grey. Toes : Olive grey, with the webs inclined to yellow. "Male ad.: Tom Bay, April 5, 1879. Iris clear grey; eyelids red; legs olive. "Male juv. : Cockle Cove, February 14, 1879. Eyes black; bill black; legs dark grey. "Male juv. : Tom Bay, March 8, 1879. Iris dark brown ; eyelids black ; bill black ; legs grey. "Female in changing plumage: Valparaiso, August 13, 1879. Bill grey with black tip ; eyes dark ; legs light grey ; claws black. "Female ad.: Peckett Harbour, Straits of Magellan, January 4, 1879. Bill yel- low, the end of lower mandible red ; eye- lids red ; eyes clear grey ; legs greenish. " Male juv. : Puerto Bueno, February 21,1 879. Iris dark brown, the lids black ; feet grey. "Puerto Bueno, February 20, 1879. Lams dominicanus. Winer pattern of T->MI i_i i i j i Bill black ; legs dark grey. ordinary adults. * J "Male: Port Henry, January 28, 1879. Eyelids red; irides grey; bill yellow, tip of lower mandible red; legs and feet olive-green; claws black." (Sharpe, P. Z. S. 1881, p. 17.) The adult female is like the adult male in color. Immature birds have the mantle and wings browner. The white on the first five primaries is much reduced if present at all. There is a more or less well defined dark brown subterminal band on the tail. Sometimes this is only indicated by a mottling of the darker color. The head and neck are streaked with greyish brown in a varying degree. The bill is duller and paler in color. Young birds of the year (No. 7908, P. U. O. C. (no sex given), Rio Gallegos, Patagonia, 31 May, 1896) are mottled dark brown and grey above and streaked with dark brown on a greyish ground below. Both AVES LARID^E. 2 1 9 the upper and lower tail coverts are barred with dull brown. The rec- trices are dull brown with greyish brown tips. The bill is dark horn- color, lighter at the tip. The legs and feet are brown and the webs pinkish brown. These birds probably do not attain the first adult plumage until the fifth year, and the dark mantle first becomes indicated by some decided black spots or areas on the back. Gradually this color extends till the wings show it. Meantime the upper tail coverts become white and the bill paler yellow. In the next change the primaries have white tips. Later the subterminal mirrors begin to show, and with the first complete adult appe'arance, subapical mirrors are developed, as already described. Finally the old birds, beyond the seventh year probably, show the apical white end to the first primary. Downy nestlings are dull stone-color with a faint buffish shading, and scattered brownish black spots about the head and duller mottling of a like character on the back. The under parts are greyish white and the feet and toes dull lead color. Geographical Range. — South America from latitude 10° south to the Antarctic regions. The Falkland Islands, the South Georgia Islands, South Africa, both coasts, the Crozets and Kerguelen Islands, New Zea- land and lands to the south. The Black-backed Gull of the South Atlantic and regions cited is of common occurrence on the coast and in some parts of the interior of Patagonia. In appearance it closely resembles the Great Black-backed Gull, L. marinus, of the North Atlantic, but is very appreciably smaller. Difference in size should serve to distinguish the two in all phases of plumage, and the decorations of white on the two first primaries of adults of L. marinus are always much larger relatively than the same markings are in L. dominicanus. The several specimens of L. dominicanus obtained by the Princeton Expeditions to Patagonia, and the material in the British Museum of Natural History have formed a basis for the description given. A specimen of this species was collected by J. Koslowsky at Valle del Lago Blanco del Chubut, on September 18, 1899. It is a fully adult bird in breeding plumage. 22O PATAGONIAN EXPEDITIONS: ZOOLOGY. Mr. Saunders, referring to the variation in size of L. dominicanus, writes: "The female is smaller and has a less robust bill; there is, how- ever, much individual variation irrespective of sex. For example, there is as much difference between birds obtained on the Island of Kerguelen alone as there is between examples from all the rest of the area frequented by the species." (Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus. XXV. p. 248, 1896.) In "Voyage of the Beagle, Zoology," Part III. Birds, page 142 (1841), Darwin writes of Larus dominicanus'. "This Gull abounds in flocks on the Pampas, sometimes even as much as fifty and sixty miles inland. Near Buenos Ayres, and at Bahia Blanca, it attends the slaughtering- houses, and feeds, together with the Polybori and Cathartes, On the gar- bage and offal. The noise which it utters is very like that of the common English Gull (Larus canus, Linn.)." Tom Bay, Straits of Magellan: "One fine day in April we noticed a great concourse of gulls and shags, attracted by a shoal of fish, in the pursuit of which they ventured unusually close to the ship. This gave us an opportunity of observing that the common brown gull of the chan- nels, the female of L. Dominicanus, behaves towards the male bird in many respects like the skua. No sooner would one of the ' black- backed' (male) birds capture a fish, and rise from the surface, than he would be attacked by one of the brown birds, and chased vigorously about the harbour ; the predatory bird not desisting from the pursuit until the coveted prize had been dropped by its rightful owner. This I noticed on more occasions than one. As a rule, however, the female was content to fish for herself. Several Dominican gulls in immature plumage were seen amongst the crowd, and were easily distinguished from the adults by the mottled brown plumage, and by the colour of the mandibles being green instead of orange, as in the males, and black as in the females. Now and then the whole flock of gulls and shags would rise on the wing, as they lost the run of the shoal of fish. They would then be directed to the new position of the shoal by the success of some straggling bird, when a general rush would be made to the new hunting ground. It was most amusing to witness the widely different fishing powers of the shags and gulls, and the consequently unequal competition in the struggle for food. The shag in flight, on observing a fish beneath him, at once checks him- self by presenting the concave side of his wings to the direction in which he has been moving, and then, flapping legs foremost into the water, turns AVES' — 'LARID^E. 221 and dives; whereas the gull has first to settle himself carefully as he alights on the water, and has then to trust to the chance of some unso- phisticated fish coming within reach of his bill. It was impossible to avoid noticing the mortified appearance of the poor gulls as they looked eagerly about, but yet caught only an odd fish, whilst their comrades, the shags, were enjoying abundant sport. " It is odd that the silly gull manages at all to survive in the struggle for existence. Here is another instance of his incapacity. A piece of meat, weighing a few ounces, drifted astern of the ship one day, and for its possession a struggle took place between a Dominican gull and a brown hawk. The gull had picked up the meat, and was flying away with it in his bill, when he was pursued by the hawk — a much smaller bird — who made him drop it. Again the gull picked it up, and for a second time was compelled by the hawk to relinquish it. The latter now swooped down upon the tempting morsel, as it floated on the water, and seizing it with his claws, flew off rapidly into an adjoining thicket, to the edge of which he was followed by the disappointed gull." (Cop. Cruise, "Alert," 1883, pp. 60-6 1.) The Common Brown Gull of the Channels referred to by Coppinger was, probably, one of the two species of Megalestris that frequent this region. "Nests are built of grass and sea-weed, near the sea, and are generally wet within. Eggs are three in number, and in shape a pointed ovoid, approaching to pyramidal. The shell is rather stout, brittle, and com- posed of two distinct layers of about equal thickness. The external layer is coarsely granular in texture, roughly mammillated superficially, and of a dark olive-drab color, blotched by irregular spots of different tints, Vandyke-brown, sepia, slate color and brownish-yellow. The slaty markings are within the shell, the others on the surface. As in the case of Buphagus, those of the same nest are generally similar in marking, while those of different nests show considerable variety of hue. The internal layer of the shell is closer in texture, of a pale apple-green color, and shows under the lens innumerable small whitish trapezoidal columns set transversely to the surface, in a matrix of a pale-green homogeneous basis substance. The blotches are more closely aggregated at the large end of the egg than elsewhere, and vary in shade according to their situ- ation, superficial or deep. Some specimens of these eggs are not distin- 222 PATAGONIAN EXPEDITIONS I ZOOLOGY. guishable with certainty from those of northern Gulls — Larus argentatus, for example." (Natural History of Kerguelen Island, J. H. Kidder, M. D., Bull. No. 3, U. S. Nat. Mus., p. 10, 1876.) H. N. Moseley, in "Notes by a Naturalist on the Challenger," page 212 (1879) writes: "Kerguelen's Land, January, 1874. The Gull (Larus Dominicanus] nests also on the open ground amongst grass tufts, and the birds breed in considerable flocks together, choosing often some dry place on the lower slopes of a hill-side. I saw two such places where there were a few nests with young and remains of many more. No regu- lar nest is made. The young are brown coloured. The old birds make a great deal of noise when the young are carried off, but make no attempt to protect them. The brown color of the young is closely like that of the dead grass in which they lie, and under which they hide on approach of danger. The colour is protective to them ; they are, certainly, very dim- cult to see amongst the grass." "There were many in Montevideo Bay on the 2nd October and on sub- sequent occasions, both adult and young. The legs of the adult in life have a very yellow cast on the olive. On the ist May, about sundown, I saw fourteen passing over Sta. Ana, low down, going south, and shortly after at least a hundred Gulls of the same size higher up. Cold S. W. winds about that time." (O. V. Alpin, on Birds Uruguay, Ibis, pp. 210- 211, 1894.) "Iris pale yellow; bill yellow, with red spot; eyelid red; tarsi and feet slate-grey, in the male washed with yellow. "This Gull was abundant in the Straits of Magellan and Smythe's Channel. The males appeared to have larger bills than the females." (M. J. Nicoll, Orn. Jour. Voy. round World, Ibis, Jan. 1904, pp. 46-47.) Genus LEUCOPH^US Bruch. TYPE. Leucophceus, Bruch., J. f. O. 1853, p. 108; Saunders, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus. XXV. p. 299 (1896); Sharpe, Hand- List Bds. I. p. 143 (1899) •£• scoresbyi. Procellarus, Bp. Naum. 1854, p. 211 "... . L. scoresbyi. Epitelarus, Bp. Naum. 1854, p. 211 , . .; . L. scoresbyi. AVES LARID^E. 223 Geographical Range. — Southern South America, south to the Antarctic Land beyond Cape Horn. The Falkland Islands. The New South Shetland Islands. LEUCOPH^EUS SCORESBYI (Traill). Larus scoresbii, Traill, Mem. Wern. Soc. IV. p. 514 (1823) ; Scl. P. Z. S. 1860, p. 391 (Falkland Islands); Abbott, Ibis, 1861, p. 165 (Falk- land Islands, breeding in Dec.); Schl. Mus. Pays Bas. VI. Lari p. 33 (1863) ; Pelz. Reis. Novara, Vog. p. 151 (1865: Island of Chiloe) ; Saunders, P. Z. S. 1878, p. 184; id. Jour. Linn. Soc. XIV. p. 397 (1878); Burm. An. Mus. Nac. Buenos Aires, III. part X. p. 248 (1888: S. Patagonia and Falkland Islands); Oust. Miss. Sci. Cap Horn, Oiseaux, p. 179, pi. 3 (1891: Santa Cruz: Gabble Island: Packsaddle Island: Orange Bay); James, New List Chil. B. p. 12 (1892); Scl. Ibis, 1894, pp. 495, 497. Larus hczmatorhynchus, King. Zool. Journ. IV. p. 103 (1828); id. Voy. Advent. & Beagle, I. p. 541 (1839: Straits of Magellan); Darw. Voy. "Beagle," Birds, p. 142 (1841: Port St. Julian, Patagonia); Gray, List Bds. Brit. Mus. Part III. p. 170(1844: Berkeley Sound, E. Falkland Is.) ; Des Murs in Gay's Hist. Chil. Zool. I. p. 381 (1847) ; Phil. & Landb. Cat. Av. Chil. p. 48 (1868: Chiloe). Leucophceus hczmatorhynchus, Bruch. J. f. O. 1853, p. 108, 1855, p. 287. Chroicocephalus hcematorliynchtis, Licht. Nomencl. Av. Mus. Berol. p. 98 (1854: Chile). Leucophczus scoresbii, Bp. Consp. Av. II. p. 231 (1857); Scl. & Salv. P. Z. S. 1871, p. 579; iid. Nomencl. Av. Neotr. p. 148 (1873); Saun- ders, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus. XXV. p. 299 (1896: East Coast of Pata- gonia, 45 S., Aug.); Martens. Hamb. Magalh. Sammelr. p. 17 (1900). Ixucophceus scoresbyi, Sharpe, Hand-List Bds. I. p. 143 (1899) ; Carbajal, La Patagonia, II. p. 280 (1900); Salvad. Ann. Mus. Genov. (2) XX. p. 629 (1900: Rio Pescado, May); Gates, Cat. Bds. Eggs, Brit. Mus. I. p. 222 (1901). i GENERAL DESCRIPTION. Size. — Adult male (breeding). Total length, about 18 inches. Wing, 13.2 inches. 224 PATAGONIAN EXPEDITIONS I ZOOLOGY. Tail, 6.0 inches. Bill (culmen), 1.7 inches. Bill (depth at angle), 0.6 inches. Tarsus, 2.0 inches. Female slightly smaller. Color. — Adult male (breeding). General color lavender grey with black mantle and wings. Head: Lavender grey. Neck : Lavender grey. Back : Mantle black ; rump and upper-tail coverts pale grey. Wing: Black, with white decorations. Primaries black. The first primary wholly black, the second with a very small white tip. This ter- minal white increases on each primary and on the fifth a white mirror appears on the inner web. The rest of the primary quills have broad FIG. 131. FIG. 132. LttUOphetUS scoresbyi. Profile of head. Adult male. From specimen in Princeton Museum. About y^ natural size. Leucophceus scoresbyi. Profile of head. Young of the year. Specimen n Princeton Museum. About natural size. white tips, increasing in area inward. The secondaries are black and very broadly terminated with white. The scapulars are also black and terminate broadly with white. Upper wing coverts : Black. The under wing is wholly smoky in color. Lower parts : Entirely lavender grey, rather paler than on the top of the head and back of the neck. Tail : Pure white. Bill : Bright red, of a cherry shade. Iris : Pale AVES LARID^I. 225 yellow, orbital ring white (Saunders). Tarsi: Vermilion. Feet: Toes vermilion, the hallux joined- to the inner toe by a distinct web. Young of the year have the head dusky grey, the neck entirely brownish. The mantle is dark brown. The first five primaries are black, 'without white tips, the remainder much as in older birds. The secondaries are almost as broadly tipped with white as in adults. Upper tail coverts white with a faint grey tinge. Tail IG white with a broad subterminal black band. The lower parts are white, faintly tinged with grey up to the breast, which is brownish like the neck. The bill is deep yel- low at the base, shading into dusky and becoming almost black anteriorly. The legs and feet are pale brown. Older birds of the year are distinguished by a sooty jf. head, in contrast to the neck which is grey. The man- Leucophans scores- tle is much darker centrally and the band on the tail &- Older bird of the 11 ^i L • 1-1 year. About X nat~ narrow and absent on the two outer rectnces which . . ural size. are nearly white. The under surface is pale grey. Immature birds have a well defined sooty hood and are otherwise much like adults, though there is less white on the primaries. Downy nestlings, cold slate grey closely and finely spotted above with dark umber and mottled below with the same color on a similar ground shade. Geographical Range. — As given for the genus, this being the sole representative recognized. This Gull was not obtained by the Princeton Expeditions to Pata- gonia and the descriptions here given are based on the material in the British Museum of Natural History and also on specimens obtained from the Museo de La Plata. The bird is said to be quite localized in distri- bution even in the regions where it occurs. In habit it is somewhat parasitic and decidedly predatory, feeding on the eggs and young of other Gulls and birds which breed in communities ; and during the non-breed- ing season of the year shell fish of various kinds are largely consumed by these birds which do not subsist to a great degree on fish. 226 PATAGONIAN EXPEDITIONS I ZOOLOGY. Family STERCORARIID^E. Saunders, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus. XXV. p. 314(1896). Sharpe, Hand-List Bds. I. p. 143 (1899). Genus MEGALESTRIS Bonaparte. Catharacta Briinn. Orn. Bor. p. 32 (1764) .... Lestris, Illiger, Prodr. p. 272 (1811 : part). Cataractes, Fleming, Phil. Zool. p. 263 (1822) . . . Stercorarius, Vieill, N. Diet. d'Hist. Nat. XXIII. p. 154 (1819) et auct. (part). Catarracta, Bp. Naum. 1854, p. 210 Megalestris, Bp. Cat. Parzudaki, p. 11 (1856); Saun- ders, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus. XXV. p. 314 (1896); Sharpe, Hand-List Bds. I. p. 143 (1899) . . . Buphagus, Coues, Pro. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1863, p. 125, ex. Moehring (1752) TYPE. M. catarrhactes. M. catarrhactes. M. antarctica. M. catarrhactes. M. catarrhactes. Geographical Range. — North and South Atlantic Ocean, the Southern Indian Ocean, the Antarctic regions, the seas about New Zealand. MEGALESTRIS CHILENSIS (Bonaparte). Stercorarius antarcticus, Des Murs in Gay's Hist. Chil. Zool. I. p. 481 (1847); phil- & Landb. Cat. Av. Chil. p. 47 (1868). Catarracta catarractes, Licht. Nomencl. Av. Mus. Berol. p. 99 (1854: Chile). Lestris antarctica, Scl. & Salv. (nee Less), Ibis, 1869, p. 284 (Sta. Mag- dalena, Straits of Magellan). Stercoraritis chilensis, Saunders, P. Z. S. 1876, p. 323, pi. XXIV. 1877 p. 800 (Straits of Magellan) ; id. Voy Chall. II. p. 140 (1880: Eliza- beth Isl.); Sharpe, P. Z. S. 1881, p. 17 (Talcahuano, Sept.: Straits of Magellan); Oust. Miss. Sci. Cap Horn, Oiseaux, pp. 172, 332 (1891 : Santa Cruz, Patagonia, Nov.). Megalestris chilensis, Saunders, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus. XX. p. 318 (1896); Schalow, Zool. Jahrb. Suppl. IV. p. 655 (1898; Coquimbo, Oct. : Sao O — 1 1 £ i •c c AVES STERCORARIIDyE. 227 Huivantazgo, Feuerland, Jan. : Sene Almirantazgo, Jan.) ; Sharpe, Hand List Bds. I. p. 143 (1899) ; Salvad. Ann. Mus. Genov. (2) XX. p. 629 (1900: Santa Cruz, Patagonia) ; Martens, Hamb. Magalh. Sammelr. Vog. p. 17 (1900); Gates, Cat. Bds. Eggs. Brit. Mus. I, p. 225 (1901). Nicoll, Ibis, 1904, p. 47 (Port Dixon and Gray's Harbor). Lestris antarcticus, var. b. chilensis, Bp. Consp. Av. II. p. 207 (1857). GENERAL DESCRIPTION. Size. — Total length, about 21 inches. Wing, 15.5 inches. Tail, 6.5 inches. Culmen, 2.3 inches. Tarsus, 2.75 inches. Color. — Adult (unworn plumage). General color, upper parts brown with chestnut markings on mantle and whitish striping on the neck. Lower parts reddish chestnut brown. Head : Generally brown, deepening to dark brown on forehead, crown and occiput. Neck : Above, brown striped with narrow white or greyish streaks, and with chestnut mottling. Under neck including chin and throat warm chestnut, rusty or deep cinnamon. Back : Mantle brown, the feathers streaked medianly with rusty red chestnut ; the rump and upper tail coverts chiefly chestnut. Wings : Chiefly brown, dark in shade and with suggestions of chestnut on the upper wing coverts. The quills are dark brown ; four of the outer ones with .white bases which show most conspicuously from below. Under wing coverts chiefly chestnut. Tail : Dark brown. Lower parts, chin, throat, breast and abdomen reddish chestnut or deep rusty cinnamon. The under tail coverts chestnut with dark brown mottling. Flanks and sides shaded with dark brown. Bill : Dark reddish umber. Tarsi : Black, frequently mottled with yellowish. Toes : Black ; webs dusky brown. Iris : Dark hazel brown. "Male: Straits of Magellan, December, 1879. Bill, legs and feet black; eyes brown. 228 PATAGONIAN EXPEDITIONS: ZOOLOGY. "Female: Talcahuano, September, 1879. Eyes dark brown; legs and feet black." (Sharpe, P. Z. S. 1881, p. 17.) There appears to be no difference in the color of the sexes ; the plum- age is frequently dull, however, from wear. Immature birds are less ruddy above and the areas of chestnut are not so conspicuous, but this color is always a strong characteristic. Young birds of the year are similar to the immature, but the chestnut decorations on the mantle are confined to the edges of the feathers, there being no central chestnut streaking. "Bill slate-colour; iris black; tarsi and toes slate, with a few lavender streaks." (S. F. Rowland.) Geographical Range. — Coast of South America, Atlaptic coast from Rio de Janeiro southward to the Straits of Magellan and throughout the Straits. Pacific coast from the Straits of Magellan north to Callao, Peru. This Skua was not obtained by the Princeton Expeditions to Pata- gonia. The data for descriptions is based on the material in the British Museum of Natural History and in the Philadelphia Academy of Natural Sciences. The habits of the Chilian Skua do not appear to differ radically from their congeners of the North Atlantic. Gates cites a single egg taken at Sen Sive Island, Santa Cruz River, Patagonia, on December 3. He speaks of it "as inseparable from many of the eggs of the Great Skua." M. catarrhastes (Linn.). (Op. cit. ante.) "This fine Skua was not uncommon in the Straits of Magellan and Smythe's Channel. Several times four or five birds followed us into our anchorage. They were very wary, and I found that the best way to pro- cure them was to tie a dead Cormorant to a long string and let it drift away from the ship. A Skua would soon discover it and come down to tear it to pieces ; when thus engaged it might be approached without diffi- culty." (M. J. Nicoll, Orn. Jour. Voy. round World, Ibis, Jan. 1904, p. 47.) MEGALESTRIS ANTARCTICA (Lesson). Port Egmont Hen, Hawksw. Voy. II. p. 283 (1769: Falkland Islands). Lestris catarrhactes, Quoy & Gaim. Voy. Uranie, Zool. p. 137, pi. 38 (1824: Falklands). AVES STERCORARIID^;. 229 Lestris antarticus, Less. Traite d'Orn. p. 616 (1831 : Des iles Malouines) ; Scl. P. Z. S. 1860, p. 390 (Falkland Islands); Abbott, Ibis, 1861, p. 165 (Falkland Islands, breeds in Dec.); Scl. & Salv. P. Z. S. 1871, p. 579; iid. Nomencl. Av. Neotr. p. 148 (1873: Falkland Islands); Biirm. An. Mus. Nac. Buenos Aires, III. partX. p. 248 (1888: Straits of Magellan and Falkland Islands). Megatestris antarctica, Gould, P. Z. S. 1859, p. 98 (Falkland Islands, eggs) ; Saunders, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus. XXV, p. 319 (1896: Falkland Islands) ; Sharpe, Hand-List Bds. I. p. 144 (1899) ; Carbajal, La Pata- gonia, part II. p. 280 (1900); Martens, Hamb. Magalh. Sammelr. Vog. p. 17 (1900: Falkland Islands); Gates, Cat. Bds. Eggs, Brit. Mus. I. 226 (1901). Stercorarius antarticus, Phil. & Landb. Cat. Av. Chil. p. 47 (1868) ; Saun- ders, P. Z. S. 1876, p. 321, 1877, p. 799 (Falkland Islands) ; id. Voy. Chall. II. Birds, p. 139 (1880); Oust. Miss. Sci. Cap Horn, Oiseaux, pp. 169, 332 (1891 : Orange Bay: Elizabeth Island : Edwards Bay : Falkland Islands) ; Scl. Ibis. 1894, pp. 495, 497. GENERAL DESCRIPTION. Size.1 — Total length, 23 to 24 inches. Wing, 15.5 to 16.5 inches. Tail, 6.5 to 7.0 inches. Bill (culmen), 2.5 inches. Bill (greatest depth), i.o inches. Tarsus, 3.0 to 3.25 inches. Color. — Adult male. General color dark dull brown above, paler and more smoky brown below. Head : Crown deep dull brown, shading to somewhat lighter on the sides of head and face. Neck : Dull dark brown, a trifle lighter than the crown. The feathers of the back of the neck are acuminate and sometimes shaded with yellowish. 1 These measurements are taken as about the extremes of birds from the Southern Ocean. The wing sometimes reaches a length of 1 7 inches however. Representatives from the Falkland Islands average appreciably smaller, being only about 21 inches long, and with the culmen above 2.2 inches. The wing 15.0 and the tail about 6.4 inches. These variations in size have been noticed by Dr. Coues, Mr. Saunders and other authorities in works cited above, and appear to have no correlation with sex, though extreme age is doubtless a factor. 230 PATAGONIAN EXPEDITIONS: ZOOLOGY. Back : With the mantle dull deep brown with few, if any, chestnut or rufous markings, the feathers often with apparent greyish fringing and a similar appearance at the tips, due to wear. Lower back and rump some- what lighter than mantle. Wing: Like the mantle, the quills shading into dirty whitish at their bases and together forming a bar of white very noticeable in flight. The under wing coverts are dark dull brown. Tail : Dark dull brown ; short and even with little or no lengthening of the two middle tail feathers. Lower parts : The entire lower surface is uniform dull brown, a little paler in shade than the upper surface. Bill : Black. Noticeably stout. Tarsus : Black, sometimes mottled with yellow. Toes : Black, the webs a little paler. Iris : Dark hazel brown. Immature birds are similar to the adults, except that the crown does not contrast with the sides of the head and face, and the acuminate feathers on the neck have no yellowish shading. Young birds of the year are similar to immature birds, but have per- ceptible rufous shading on the lower surface and on the ends of the feathers of the mantle and upper wing coverts. Downy young, are light buff below, darkening in tone on the upper parts. Geographical Range. — Southern Oceans; Straits of Magellan and American Antarctica. The Falkland Islands, South Georgia, Tristan da Cunha, Prince Edward, Marion, Crozets, Kerguelen and Heard Islands. New Zealand and adjacent Islands, Australian Seas north to Norfolk Islands, St. Paul and Amsterdam Islands and north to Madagascar and the Comoro Group. The Antarctic Skua was not obtained by the Princeton University Expeditions to Patagonia, and the description here given is based on material in the Museum of the Philadelphia Academy of Natural Sciences and a fine series in the British Museum of Natural History. "The tameness of the birds, in general, was most remarkable. The brown skua gulls (Lestris antarcticus], of which there were numbers, flew AVES STERCORARIID^E. 23 1 about us, uttering their harsh, scolding cries, and several times, when walking by myself, they swooped at me in such a menacing manner that I was obliged to make them keep their distance by striking at them with my stick. The common brown duck of the Strait swam in flocks close to the beach, and the kelp geese ( Chlcephaga antarctica) were almost equally bold. The upland geese (Chlcephaga magellanicd] were plentiful, and allowed the sportsmen to approach within a few yards of them without taking alarm, and a pair which I disturbed in one' spot ran along in front of me without taking the trouble to fly off. I observed several specimens of a large owl, and two species of hawks, one a dark-coloured bird, which I had not seen in the strait, the other coloured much like a kestril, but about twice the size of that bird. One of the latter flew about so close to me that I threw my stick at it once or twice, and on one of these occasions it cooly lighted on the missile as it fell to the ground. I have already, I think, remarked on the much greater tameness of certain species of birds at the Falkland Islands, as compared with the same kinds in the Strait, a circumstance which, perhaps, may be partially accounted for by the greater scarcity of foxes in the former locality." (Cunn. Nat. Hist. Str. Magell. 1871. pp. 296-297.) (Falkland Islands.) The habits of this Skua are dwelt on by H. N. Mosely, and a few extracts are here appended. (Notes by a Naturalist on the "Challenger," pages 123, 131, 174, 190, 254 (1879). Inaccessible Island, Tristan da Cunha, October, 1873. "I went along the beach, and through a second wood towards the waterfall, where was the hut of the Germans, and their potato ground. A flock of thirty or forty predatory gulls (Stercorarius Antarcticus], were quarrelling and fighting over the bodies of penguins, the skins of which had been taken in considerable numbers by our various parties on shore. The Skua is a gull which has acquired a sharp curved beak, and sharp claws at the tips of its webbed toes. The birds are thoroughly predaceous in their habits, quartering their ground on the look-out for carrion, and assembling in numbers where there is anything killed, in the same curious way as vultures. "They steal eggs and young birds from the penguins when they get a chance, but their principal food here appears to be the night birds, espe- cially the Prions, which they drag from their holes, or pounce on as soon as they come out of them. The place was strewed with the skeletons of 232 PATAGONIAN EXPEDITIONS I ZOOLOGY. Prions, with the meat torn off of them by these gulls, which leave behind the bones and feathers. "The Antarctic Skua is very similar in appearance to the large northern Skua, of which a figure is given here in default of better. The two species were at first considered by naturalists to be identical ; they differ, how- ever, especially in the structure of the bill. The Skua is of a dark brown colour, not unlike that of most of the typical birds of prey. We met with the bird constantly afterwards on our southern voyage, as far down even as the Antarctic Circle ; and a specimen was noticed by Ross further south still, in Possession Island." Nightingale Island, Tristan da Cunha, October, 1873. "Besides the mollymauks and petrels, one or two pairs of Skuas had nests on a few mounds of earth in the rookery. How these mounds came there I could not understand. "The Skuas' eggs are closely like those of the lesser black-backed gull, and two in number. The birds swooped about our heads as we robbed the nests, but were not nearly so fierce as those we encountered further south. All round their nests were scattered skeletons of Prions." Marion Island, Prince Edward Islands, December, 1873. "There were numerous nests of the Skua about amongst the herbage in dry places. Two nests of these birds are never built near together. The birds always have a wide range of hunting ground round their nest. The Skuas in Marion Island were extremely bold and savage, as they were also in Kerguelen's Land. When one approaches the nest they swoop down, passing with a rush close down to one's head, whizzing' past one's ears in a most unpleasant manner. "The two birds take turns at towering above, and thus swooping. They have sharp claws and beaks, and no doubt would injure one's face or eyes severely if they touched them as they passed. One has to beat them off with a stick or gun barrel. They are very clever in avoiding the stick as they rush past, but several were knocked down. Sometimes I have had to waste a charge on them to get rid of them. Some pairs are much more savage than others. They have a harsh cry. Of course, when their young is handled they are most furious, and one has to keep a stick going as one carries it off. The birds are very like the Northern Skuas in their habits. One of them swooped down on a duck which I had shot one day at Ker- guelen's Land which fell in the water. The bird picked it up when I was AVES STERCORARIID/E. 233 not more than half a dozen yards off, and was making off with it in its beak, carrying it easily, when I brought it down with a second shot, the duck thus costing me two barrels." Kerguelen's Land, January, 1874. "Some of the teal were breeding at the time of our visit ; some with young full-fledged and already away from the nest ; others with eggs. The nest is a neat one, placed under a tuft of grass, and lined with down torn from the breast of the parent bird. There were five eggs in one nest that I found. "The duck, when put up off the nest, to effect which the nest requires almost to be trodden upon, or when found with her young away from the nest, flutters a few yards only, as if maimed, and pitches again, and can- not be frightened into a long flight. It is curious that the bird should have retained this instinct where there are no four-footed or human enemies ; possibly she finds it a successful ruse when the brood is attacked by the skuas. "The young must fall constantly a prey to these ever-watchful Skuas, for in most cases I found only a single young one following the mother. There were no young met with in the condition of flappers, and the gen- eral breeding season was probably only about to begin, as it was with many birds of the island. The greater part of the birds were yet in flocks." Amongst the Southern Ice, February-March, 1874. "Besides these two Petrels we saw when at the edge of the pack, the Sooty Albatross (Dio- medea fuliginosd], the Giant Petrel (Ossifraga gigantea), Majaqueus [sic] cequinoctialis and the Cape Pigeon. These birds all left us when we entered the edge of the pack-ice ; they appear to remain at its very margin ; but in the ice we met with a Skua (Stercorarius antarcticus), which bird ranges very far south, and was seen in Possession Island, within the Antarctic Circle, by Ross." Dr. Kidder says: "The nests are shallow cavities in the long grass, sparingly lined with grass-stems, and always situated in a dry spot, xiggs are only two in number in the four instances observed ; first found November 17. A single egg was found December 20 in a nest robbed December 3. The shape is very broad ovoid, tapering rapidly to a sharp point. Shell is brittle and of loose texture, being composed of irreglarly prismatic bodies set side by side perpendicularly to the surface. Exter- nally it is coarsely granular. Color is dark olive drab, marked superficially by irregular blotches of Vandyke-brown. Deeper markings appear as 234 PATAGONIAN EXPEDITIONS I ZOOLOGY. blotches of dark bluish stone color. The blotches are more plentiful over the butt-end. Those of the same nest agree generally in color, but different clutches show considerable variety of tint. Nos. 134^ and b (original number), for example, are generally of a pale olive-grey, and the blotches are scarcely deeper in hue than dirty Indian-yellow." (Natural History of Kerguelen Island, J. H. Kidder, M. D. Bull., No. 3, U. S. Nat. Mus. P- 9, 1876.) ; ; ' Order CHARADRIIFORMES. Sharpe, Classif. Bds. p. 72 (1891); id., Hand-List Bds. I. p. 144 (1899). Suborder CHIONIDES. Sharpe, Classif. Bds. p. 72 (1891); id., Hand-List Bds. I. p. 145 (1899). Family CHIONIDID.E. Sharpe, Cat. Birds, Brit. Mus. XXIV. p. 710 (1896) ; id., Hand-List Bds. I. p. 145 (1899). Genus CHIONIS Forster. Type. Chionis, Forster, Enchiridion Hist. Nat. p. 37 (1788) ; Sharpe, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus. XXIV. p. 710 (1896); id., Hand-List Bds. I. p. 145 (1899) C. alba. Vaginalis, Gmelin Syst. Nat. I. p. 705 (1788) C. alba. Coleorhamphus, Dumont, Diet. Sci. Nat. X. p. 36 (1818) . . C. alba. Geographical Range. — Extreme southern South America and adjacent islands. CHIONIS ALBA (Gmelin). White Sheath-bill, Lath. Gen. Syn. III. pt. I. p. 268, pi. 89 (1785). Vaginalis alba, Gm. Syst. Nat. I. p. 705 (1788). Chionis alba, Quoy & Gaim. Voy. Uranie, Zool. p. 131, pi. 35 (1824); Garn. & Less. Voy. Coq. Zool. I. p. 724 (1826); Blainv. Ann. Sci. Nat. VI. p. 97 (1836); Darwin, Voy. Beagle, Birds, p. 118 (1841 : Falkland Islands); Gray, List B. Brit. Mus. Part III. p. 51 (1844: Chionis alba (Gmelin). About ft natural size. AVES CHIONIDID/E. 235 Straits of Magellan: Falkland Is.); Des Murs in Gay's Hist. Chil. Zool. I. p. 389 (1847); Gould, P. Z. S. 1859, p. 95 (Falkland Islands); Scl. P. Z. S. 1860, p. 386 (Falkland Is.); Abbott, Ibis, 1861, p. 154 (Falklands, resident); Scl. & Salv. Ibis, 1869, p. 284 (Dungeness Spit, Feb.) ; Cunningh. Nat. Hist. Str. Magell. p. 262 (1871); Vincig. Patag. p. 59 (1883); id. Boll. Soc. Geogr. Ital. (2) IX. p. 798 (1884) ; Burm. An. Mus. Nac. Buenos Aires, III. part X. p. 246 (1888: South Patagonia: Tierra del Fuego: Falkland Islands) ; Oust. Miss. Scient. Cap Horn, Oiseaux, pp. 288, 330 (1891) ; Sharpe, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus. XXIV. p. 710 (1896) ; id. Hand- list Bds. I. p. 145 (1899) ; Salvad. Ann. Mus. Genov. '(2) XX. p. 624 (1900: Rio Gallegos, July) ; Martens, Hamburg, Magalh. Sammelr. Vog. p. 15 (1900). GENERAL DESCRIPTION. Size, Adult. — Total length, 15 inches. Wing, 8.8 inches. Culmen, 1.3 inches. Tail, 4 inches. Tarsus, 1.75 inches. Color, Adult. — Pure snowy white throughout: "bill black, with the base of both mandibles sulphur-yellow or greenish yellow, in some horny reddish or of the pale colour of the human finger-nail ; face bare, covered with milky-white papillae ; from the fore part of the crown a narrow band continued to the angle of the culmen and from the angle of the gape beneath the eyes bare ; feet bluish dusky ; iris reddish dusky ; eyelids bare with white papillae." (J. R. Forster). * Geographical Range. — That of genus. Though common in the Straits of Magellan, the Snowy Sheathbill was not obtained by the naturalists of the Princeton University Expeditions to Patagonia. The fine series of this bird in the British Museum of Nat- ural History as well as specimens in the American Museum in New York and in the collections of the Philadelphia Academy of Natural Sciences have together formed a basis for the description given. The color of the bare and exposed parts of the face and about the bill can only be real- 236 PATAGONIAN EXPEDITIONS: ZOOLOGY. ized in a live or freshly killed bird, hence we have quoted such a diagnosis from a famous field naturalist, to complete the theme. Appended is Dr. Cunningham's account of this bird. "At about 3 P. M. on the iyth of November, 1867, Cape Virgins, the eastern entrance to the Strait of Magellan, was sighted. As we entered the Strait and approached Dungeness Spit, a most remarkable spectacle was furnished by a herd of between fifty and sixty sea-lions assembled on the shelving beach ; and soon after someone pointed out several so- called ' pigeons ' flying about not far from us. These, which it was very pardonable to mistake for pigeons, from the resemblance in flight and colouring, I immediately recognized as the sheathbill (Chionis alba], which we did not meet with on the previous season. This interesting bird forms one of two species of a genus, regarding the true position of which in the ornithological system considerable difference of opinion has been enter- tained by ornithologists — some placing it among the Gallinae, while others, and I think with more reason, are disposed to regard it as belong- ing to the Grallae and allied to Haematopus. The above species, which derives its English name from the peculiar form of the upper mandible, was first described by Forster, and is mentioned in Cook's Voyage toward the South Pole in 1772-75, as having been found at Staten Land. Cook remarks very truly that the bird 'is about the size of a pigeon, and as white as milk,' and mentions that it has a very disagreeable smell, a cir- cumstance also commented on by Mr. Darwin, but which I did not notice in the two specimens which I had an opportunity of examining. The legs are long, of a blackish-gray colour, and bear a considerable resem- blance to those of an oyster-catcher (Haematopus). They feed on molluscs and other marine animals, and are often to be seen far out at sea to the south of Cape Horn. In the Strait of Magellan, however, they do not appear to be common, as I only noticed them on one or two occa- sions." (Voyage of H.M.S. "Nassau" in the years 1866, '67, '68 and '69. Robert O. Cunningham, M.D., F.L.S., Naturalist to the Expedition, Edinburgh, 1871.) Darwin, observing the White Sheathbill during the voyage of the "Beagle," writes regarding it: "I opened the stomach of a specimen at the Falkland Islands, and found in it small shells, chiefly Patellae, pieces of sea-weed, and several pebbles. The contents of the stomach and body smelt most offensively. AVES CHIONIDID/E. 237 Forster remarked this circumstance ; but since his time other observers, namely, Anderson, Quoy, Gaimard and Lesson (Manuel d'Ornithologie, torn. II, p. 342) have found that this is not always the case, and they state that they have actually eaten the Chionis. I was not aware of these observations, but independently was much surprised at the extraordinary odour exhaled. We, like voyagers in the Antarctic seas, were struck at the great distance from land at which this bird is found in the open ocean. Its feet are not webbed, its flight is not like that of the pelagic birds, and the contents of its stomach and structure of legs show that it is a coast- feeder. Does it frequent the floating icebergs of the Antarctic Ocean, on which sea-weed and other refuse is sometimes cast?" (Darwin, Voyage of the Beagle, Birds, page 118, 1841.) Moseley's account of the habits of Chionarchus minor, as he observed it breeding in Kerguelen, are appended as throwing additional light on the habits of the Sheathbills. "On one of the digging excursions I found a nest of the Sheathbill (Chionis minor], and subsequently found several others. The bird has a wide range, corresponding to that of the Kerguelen cabbage, occurring like it in the Prince Edward Islands, the Crozets and Heard Islands. "The birds (the 'Paddy' of the sealers) are present everywhere on the coast, and from their extreme tameness and inquisitive habits are always attracting one's attention. A pair or two of them always forms part of any view on the coast. The birds are pure white, about the size of a large pigeon, but with the appearance rather of a fowl. They have light pink-coloured legs, with partial webbing of the toes, small spurs on the inner side of the wings, like the spur-winged plover, and a black bill with a most curious curved lamina of horny matter projecting over the nostrils. Round the eye is a tumid pink ring bare of feathers ; about the head are wattle-like warts. "The birds have been examined anatomically by De Blainville, who concluded that they were nearly related to the Oyster-catchers. The birds nest under fallen rocks along the cliffs, often in places where the nest is difficult of access. The nest is made of grass and bents, and the eggs are usually two in number and of the shape of those of the Plovers and of a somewhat similar colouring, spotted dark red and brown. They have been described and figured by Gould, and he considers the eggs to show further alliance of the Sheathbills to the Plovers. I found two nests 238 PATAGONIAN EXPEDITIONS I ZOOLOGY. with three eggs, but two is the most usual number. The young are black on coming from the egg, following the usual law with white birds, the white coloring being a lately acquired peculiarity. The young one has the nostrils wide open and merely a tumidity about the posterior margin of the nostrils and across the beak where the sheath is commencing to grow out. "On sitting down on the rocks where there are pairs of Sheathbills about, one soon has them around him, uttering a harsh, half-warning, half-inquisitive cry on first seeing one, and venturing gradually nearer and nearer, standing and gazing up at the intruder, .with their heads turned on one side. The birds come frequently within reach of a stick and can often be knocked over in that way, or bowled over with a big stone, as they will sit quietly and allow half a dozen stones, as big as themselves almost, to be thrown at them. " At length, only after being narrowly missed several times, they take flight, and make off, uttering their harsh note a succession of times. If a bird be knocked over with a stick, it is usually only stunned, the sheath- bills are very tenacious of life. If the one thus caught be tied by the leg with a string and allowed to flutter on the rocks, in front of one as one sits, the neighboring sheath-bills will come at once to fight with it and peck it, and can be knocked over one after another. When courting one another, the birds show all the attitudes of pigeons, the male bowing his head up and down and strutting, making a sort of cooing noise. " The birds eat seaweed and shell fish, mussels and limpets, besides acting as scavengers, as already mentioned. They carry quantities of limpets and mussel shells up to the clefts or holes under the rocks which they frequent. They readily feed in confinement, and we had several on board the ship, running about quite at home. One of them established itself in one of the cutters for a short time, and used to take a fly around during the voyage to Heard Island and return again to the ship. "The birds, though usually to be seen running on the rocks, can fly remarkably well, and their flight is like that of a pigeon. I have seen them flying at a great height about the cliffs of Christmas Harbour." (Notes by a naturalist on the "Challenger," H. N. Moseley, M.A., F.R.S., 1879, pp. 209 to 211.) AVES THINOCORYTHID^E. 239 Suborder A TTA GIDES. Sharpe, Classif. Bds. p. 72 (1891); id., Hand-List Bds. I. p. 145 (1899). Family THINOCORYTHID^:. Sharpe, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus. XXIV. p. 714 (1896); id., Hand-List Bds. I. p. 145 (1899). Genus ATTAGIS Lesson & Isid. Geoffrey St. Hilaire. Type. Attagis, Lesson & Isid. Geoffr. St. Hilaire, Cent. Zool. pi. XLVII (1830) ; Sharpe, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus. XXIV. p. 714 (1896); id., Hand-List Bds. I. p. 145 (1899) A. gayi. Geographical Range. — Peculiar to South America. Peru, Chili, Ar- gentina, Patagonia; regions about the Straits of Magellan. The Falk- land Islands. ATTAGIS GAYI Lesson. Attagis gayi, Less. Cent. Zool. p. 135, pi. 47 (1830) ; id. Traite d'Orn. p. 522 (1831) ; Gould in Darwin's Voy. 'Beagle,' Birds, p. 117 (1841 : Cordilleras of Coquimbo and Copiago) ; Gray, Gen. B. III. p. 520 (1845) ; Bridges, P. Z. S. 1837, P- 29 (Tapaquilcha, 14,000 ft.: Bolivia, breeding) ; De Murs, Faun. Chil. Zool. I. p. 384 (1847) ! Reichenb. Gall. tab. CLXXXI. fig. 1554 (1850); Bp. C. R. XLIII. p. 420 (1856) ; Gray, List Gall. Brit. Mus. p. 94 (1867) ; Scl. P. Z. S. 1867, p. 331 (Chili) ; id. & Salv. Exotic Orn. p. 158 (1869) ; Gray, Hand-1. B. III. p. 20, no. 10052 (1871) ; Scl. & Salv. Nomencl. Av. Neotr. p. 144 (1873) ; Tacz. P. Z. S. 1874, p. 557 (Junin) ; id. Orn. Perou, III. p. 284 (1886) ; Scl. P. Z. S. 1891, p. 137 (Tarapaca) ; James, New List Chilian B. p. n (1892) ; Sharpe, Hand-1. Bds. I, p. 145 (1899). Attagis latreillii, Less. "Bull de Soc." XXV. p. 243 ; id. 111. Zool. pi. II (1830) ; Gray, Gen. B. III. p. 520, pi. 135 (1845) ; De Murs, Faun. Chil. Zool. I. p. 385 (1847); Reichenb. Gall. tab. CLXXXI. figs. 1555-56 (1850); Bp. C. R. XLIII. p. 420 (1856); Pelz. Reis. Novara, Vog. p. 113 (1865: Chili); Scl. & Salv. Exotic Orn. p. 240 PATAGONIAN EXPEDITIONS: ZOOLOGY. 158 (1869) ; Gray Hand-1. B. III. p. 20, no. 10,053(1871) ; Scl. & Salv. P. Z. S. 1879, p. 641 (Bolivia). GENERAL DESCRIPTION. Size. — Total length, about 11.5 inches. Wing, 7.3 inches. Oilmen, 0.85 inch. Tail, 2.75 inches. Tarsus, i.i inches. Color. — General color above, deep umber, each feather vermiculated with grey, silvery in character, and cinnamon and rusty. The vermicu- lations follow the outline of each feather and are transverse at the ends of the feathers and marginal on the FIG. 137. sides of the vanes. Below, the pre- vailing color is warm cinnamon ; each feather fringed with silvery grey and marked with two or more umber bands following the outline of the feather. Head. — Forehead, occiput and crown deep umber, each feather fringed with silvery grey and marked with cinnamon Attagis gayi. Head. ' Natural size. P. in lines following the shape of the U. O. C. 7918. Adult male. feather. The lores and the region back of each eye lighter, defining the crown ; the auriculars dusky, with cinnamon and grey hues. Neck: Above as in the general description. Below, on the lower neck, the cinnamon is much concealed by the defined subterminal bars of umber on each feather. The throat much paler cinnamon or dull cream, each feather spotted with deep umber. Back : As described in general color and pattern. Tail : Feathers dusky in ground color, with decorations similar to those on the feathers of the back. Wings : Upper coverts and scapulars like the back in color and pat- tern. Bastard wing and primary coverts blackish, with sandy rufous mar- gins. Quills light brownish, blackish on the outer web and at the tips of the primaries, which are fringed with white. AVES THINOCORYTHID/E. 241 Under parts : Warm cinnamon as described in marking and pattern. Bill dull horn color (dry skin). Tarsi and feet dull brown. P. U. O. C. 7918 cT, Arroyo Gio, Patagonia, 27 May, 1898. The sexes are alike in color and size. Young birds are more uniform in color above, owing to the extreme fineness of the vermiculation, and of a general sandy cinnamon in tone. Below the barring is not so defined, the cinnamon color pre- ponderating. Feet and bill pale brown. P. U. O. C. 7919, Patagonia. No sex. Moulting from down to first plumage. | a • Geographical Range. — Northern Patagonia, as far south as the region south of Lake Buenos Aires and the Santa Cruz River. Chili and Peru. A ttag is The Princeton University Expeditions to Patagonia found gayi. Foot, this grouse-like plover in the foothills of the Cordilleras and about one half on the pampas in the vicinity of Lake Buenos Aires. Mr. Hatcher writing of it says : " Found over the pampas and in the valleys, more especially where there is a warm sandy soil female, with considerable bush. Not common, especially south of the Santa Cruz River where it was only seen at two localities." (J. B. Hatcher in manuscript field-notes.) Unfortunately a half grown young bird is without a label and there are no notes as to its time of capture. The birds are known in the high Andes (see De Murs, Faun. Chil. Zool. I. p. 384, 1847) where they have been found breeding. Darwin says : "A specimen was given me which was shot on the lofty Cordillera of Coquimbo, only a little below the snow-line. At a similar height, on the Andes, behind Copiapo, which appear so absolutely desti- tute of vegetation, that any one would have thought that no living creature could have found subsistence there, I saw a covey. Five birds rose together, and uttered noisy cries ; they flew like grouse, and were very wild. I was told that this species never descends to the lower Cordillera. These two species in their respective countries, occupy the place of the ptarmigan of the Northern Hemisphere." (Darwin, Voyage of the "Beagle," Birds, page 117, 1841.) natural size. P. U. O. C. 7917. Adult 242 PATAGONIAN EXPEDITIONS : ZOOLOGY. P. U. O. C. Sex Locality Date Collector 7918 7917 7919 C?ad. 9 ad. Juvenis. Arroyo Gio, Patagonia. « « n Patagonia. 27 May, 1898, 24 May, 1898, tt tt A. E. Colburn. H tt ATTAGIS MALOUINUS (Boddaert). Caille des isles Malouines, D'Aubent. PI. Enl. II. pi. 322. La Caille des isles, Buff.* Hist. Nat. Ois. II. p. 477 (1771). Malouine Quail, Lath. Gen. Syn. II. pt. 2, p. 786 (1783 : Falkland Islands). Tetrao malouinus, Bodd. Tabl. PI. Enl. p. 13 (1783). Tetrao falklandicus, Gm. Syst. Nat. I. p. 762 (1788). Perdix falklandica, Lath. Ind. Orn. II. p. 653 (1790). Coturnix falklandica, Stephens in Shaw's Gen. Zool. XI. p. 386 (1819). Attagis falklandica, Darwin, Voy. Beagle, Birds, p. 117 (1841: Moun- tains of the extreme southern parts of Tierra del Fuego) ; Des Murs in Gay's Hist. Chil. Zool. I. p. 385 (1847) ; Scl. & Salv. Ibis, 1868, p. 1 88 (Peckett Harbour, March); Cunningh. Nat. Hist. Str. Magell. p. 183 (1871) ; Sharpe, P. Z. S. 1881, p. 12 (Cockle Cove, Feb.). Attagis malouinus, Gray, List B. Brit. Mus. Part III. p. 51 (1844 : Straits of Magellan: Hermit Island); Scl. P. Z. S. 1861, p. 46 (Falkland Islands) ; Abbott, Ibis, 1861, p. 154 (Mare Harbour, Falkland Is., Oct.) ; Scl. & Salv. Nomencl. Av. Neotr. p. 144. (1873) ; Oust. Miss. Scient. Cap. Horn, Oiseaux, pp. 107, 330 (1891) ; Sharpe, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus. XXIV, p. 716 (1896) ; id. Hand-list Bds. I. p. 145 (1899) ; Salvad. Ann. Mus. Genov. (2) XX, p. 623 (1900 : Punta Arenas, May: Santa Cruz, July : Punta Delgada, July) ; Martens, Hamb. Magalh. Sammelr. Vog. p. 16 (1900: Straits of Magellan, Tierra del Fuego, Falkland Islands). Attagis sp. Vincig. Patag. p. 26 note (1883: Santa Cruz) ; id. Boll. Soc. Geogr. Ital. (2) IX. p. 798 (1884). GENERAL DESCRIPTION. Size, Adult. — Total length, about 10.05 inches. Wing, 6.7 inches. Culmen, 0.6 inch. AVES THINOCORYTHID^E. 243 Tail, 2.3 inches. Tarsus, 0.8 inch. Color, Adult. — General color above dark umber, each feather margined with warm sandy grey and many of the feathers with one or more inner rufous bands following the shape of the feather. Below white except the breast Fio.j39. and throat, which are sandy buff with cir- cular black or deep brown markings. Head : Forehead, crown and occiput deep umber brown, almost black, each feather bor- dered or margined with sandy rufous. The crown defined by a lighter isabelline eye- brow stripe. Lores and Sides Of face isabel- Attagis malouimts. Natural size. P. line, narrowly streaked with dusky. Auricu- u. O. C. 7989. Adult, lar region more rufous and similarly streaked. Back : Upper back as described in general color ; the lower back and rump much more closely vermiculated with sandy edges and V-shaped rufous decorations to each feather. Upper tail coverts dusky, particularly near the extremities, and fringed and decorated with sandy buff markings. Tail : The rectrices, blackish, tipped with dirty white and irregularly barred with sandy buff. Wing : The upper coverts deep umber or blackish, each feather mar- gined with isabelline and decorated with horseshoe or V-shaped rufus markings. The primaries brown, darkening at the ends and with narrow isabelline tips. Outer secondaries similar to the primaries and the inner secondaries margined with isabelline and decorated with rufous marking similar to those of the greater coverts. Lower Parts : The throat is almost white, shading into bright sandy rufous on the lower throat, neck and breast, each feather fringed with isabelline and decorated with black circular markings. This coloration ends abruptly on the lower breast, the rest of the lower surface being pure white. The lower tail coverts are isabelline with concealed decorations of dusky color. Bill dusky horn, paling on lower mandible near base. Feet and legs dusky (P. U. O. C. No. 7989, Patagonia, 15 April, 1899). Geographical Range. — The Falkland Islands, Tierra del Fuego and lands about the Straits of Magellan. North in southern Patagonia to at 244 PATAGONIAN EXPEDITIONS I ZOOLOGY. least 52° south latitude on the coast, and on the foothills of the southern Andes up to 4,000 feet altitude, north to at least 40° south latitude. Mr. Colburn obtained a female of this species at Arroyo Gio on May 30, 1898, the same locality where he collected about the same date a pair of A. gayi. The occurrence of the two kinds of Attagis in proximity or together does not seem to have been observed before. The work of the naturalists of the Princeton University Expeditions to Patagonia throws FIG. 140. Attagis malouinus. O. C. 7989. Showing the pattern of the feather decoration. All natural size. P. U. new light on the distribution and range of both A. gayi and A. malouinus, the southern range of A. gayi being extended well into Patagonia proper and the northern range of A. malouinus bringing that species at least into the southern boundary of A. gayi. Mr. Hatcher writes in his manu- script field-notes regarding A. gayi: "Common along the foothills of the southern Andes at altitudes of from 2,000 to 4,000 feet, where it occurs on the open stretches of country, especially where berries are abundant." AVES THINOCORYTHID^E. 245 The birds are known to breed in November and December in the mountains and hills about Orange Bay. (Oustalet, op. cit., p. 107.) The same writer also speaks of four individuals, a male and three fe- males, taken in the vicinity of Orange Bay, and kept alive for three days. The iris was dark brown, beak blackish brown, and the legs and feet greyish. Another specimen differed in having the feet and legs grey, tinged with yellow. Darwin's account of A. malouinus under the name of A . falklandica is of special interest. He writes, "The bird is not uncommon on the moun- tains in the extreme southern parts of the Tierra del Fuego. It frequents, either in pairs or small coveys, the zone of alpine plants above the region of forest. It is not very wild, and lies very close on the bare ground." (Darwin, Voyage of the Beagle, Birds, page 118, 1841.) There are, in the British Museum, five males and two females all fully adult birds, collected in the Valle del Lago Blanco, Chubut, by J. Kos- lowsky during the months of September and June, 1899—1901. This (Lat. 46 S. : Long. 71 W.) appears to be the most northern record of the species. P. U. 0. C. Sex Locality Date Collector 7920 $ Arroyo Gio, 30 May, 1898. A. E. Colburn. Patagonia. 7987 Unknown. Killik Aike, 1 5 April, 1 899. O. A. Peterson. Patagonia. 7988 Unknown. Killik Aike, 15 April, 1899. O. A. Peterson. Patagonia. 7989 Unknown. Killik Aike, 15 April, 1899. O. A. Peterson. Patagonia. Genus THINOCORYS (Eschscholtz). Type. Thinocorus, Eschscholtz, Zool. Atlas, p. 2 (1829) ; Sharpe, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus. XXIV. p. 717 (1896) T. rumicivorus. Thinocorys, Sharpe, Hand-List Bds. I. p. 146 (1899) . T. rumicivorus. Ocypetes, Wagler, Isis, 1829, p. 762 T. rumicivorus. Geographical Range. — Peculiar to South America. Chili, Peru, the Argentine Republic and Patagonia. 246 PATAGONIAN EXPEDITIONS! ZOOLOGY. THINOCORYS ORBIGNIANUS (Isid. Geoffr. St. Hilaire & Lesson). Tinochorus orbignyanus, Geoffr. & Less. Cent. Zool. p. 137, pis. 48, 49 (1830); Fraser, P. Z. S. 1843, p. 115 (Chili); Des Murs in Gay's Hist. Chil. Zool. I. p. 387 (1847). Thinochonis ingce, Tschudi, Arch, fur Nat. 1843, p. 387 (Peru); Pelz. Reis. Novara, Vog. p. 113 (1865: Chili); Scl. P. Z. S. 1867, p. 330 (Chile). Jhinochorus orbignyanus, Gray, List B. Brit. Mus. Part III. p. 51 (1844: Chili) ; Burm. Reis. La Plata, II. p. 500 (1861) ; Hartl. Naum. 1853, p. 221 (Chili); Scl. & Salv. Nomencl. Av. Neotr. p. 144 (1873); Tacz. Orn. Perou, III. p. 281 (1886); Scl. P. Z. S. 1886, p. 403 (Tarapaca); Philippi, Ornis, IV. p. 159 (1888); Scl. & Huds. Argent. Orn. II. p. 178 (1889); Scl. P. Z. S. 1891, p. 137 (Tara- paca); James, New List Chil. B. p. n (1892); Lane, Ibis, 1897, p. 306 (Sacaya, Cancosa, & Lake Huasco) ; Schalow, Zool. Jahrb. Suppl. IV. p. 662 (1898: Punta Arenas, Feb.); Salvad. Ann. Mus. Genov. (2) XX. p. 623 (1900: Penguin Rookery, Feb.); Martens Hamb. Magalh. Sammelr. Vog. p. 16 (1900: Patagonia). Thinocorus sp., Vincig. Patag., p. 59 (1883); id. Boll. Soc. Geogr. Ital. (2) IX. p. 798 (1884). Attagis falklandica, Vincig. (nee Gm.) Exped. Austr. Arg. p. 58 (1883: Isola degli Stati). Thinocorus orbignianus, Sharpe, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus. XXIV. p. 718 (1896). Thinocorys orbignianus, Sharpe, Hand-list Bds. I. p. 146 (1899). GENERAL DESCRIPTION. Size, Adult Male. — Total length, about 9 inches. Wing, 6 inches. Culmen, 0.55 inch. Tail, 2.5 inches. Tarsus, 0.95 inch. The female is a little smaller than the male. Color, Adult Male. — General color, head, back and wings deep umber brown, each feather margined with sandy buff and decorated with rufous. An interval on the nape and neck blue grey. Below throat, lower breast and abdomen white, the chest and neck blue grey, with narrow line of black crossing the chest. AVES THINOCORYTHID^. 247 FIG. 141. Head : Crown deep umber brown, each feather broadly margined with sandy rufous. A broad frontal band of grey. The feathers above the eyes and auricular re- gions have narrow dark shaft-streaks with sandy buff margins. The blue grey of the throat reaches up to the lower part of the face and cheeks. Neck : Blue grey, above and below, except on the chin which is white in a denned area , .. , , . . ,. ^, , . ,. Thmocorys orbigmanus. Nat- separated from the blue of the throat by a line ural sjze P u O C 7779 of black and reaching up to the lower part of Adult female. the cheeks. Back : As described, in general color ; the upper tail coverts more sandy rufous in appearance. Tail : Rectrices deep umber brown, with sandy white tips and a few decorations of sandy rufous in bars and blotches. Wings : Much like the back in general ; the upper wing coverts more broadly margined with sandy buff, and profusely decorated with rufous. Bastard wing, primary coverts and quills deep grey brown with narrow greyish margins to the outer webs extending around the extremity of each feather for a short distance on the inner web. This becomes more apparent on the inner secondaries which have concealed white bases, denned by a narrow blackish line. Lower parts : The chin white, the throat and neck blue grey, extending down on the chest, across which is a narrow inter- Leg and foot, rupted line of blackish. The sides of the upper breast are one half natu- sandy buff, mottled with deep umber brown. An area of rai size. P. u. (jarjc krown feathers on the flanks. The under wing coverts Adult female! deep °lackish brown, tipped with whitish, and the axillaries blackish. The remainder of the under surface, under chest, breast and abdomen white, shaded with cream color on the breast and under tail coverts. "Iris brown" ; "bill horn color" ; "feet yellow." (Sclater in P. Z. S., 1886, p. 403.) The adult female differs from the male in color. Crown, nape and upper hind neck are like the back. White prevails on the sides of the Thinocorys 248 PATAGONIAN EXPEDITIONS: ZOOLOGY. face, the cheeks and lower throat, all of which are streaked with brown- ish black. The chin and upper throat are white, and the fore neck is ashy grey with a bluish shade, the feathers being fringed with dusky. Geographical Range. — Chili, Bolivia and Peru, extending southward into Patagonia in the Cordillera to the upper waters of the Rio Chico de Santa Cruz, latitude 49° south, longitude 72° west. The naturalists of the Princeton University Expeditions to Patagonia met this species of quail-like plover at the head waters of the Rio Chico de Santa Cruz, where a single bird was secured on 20 February, 1897 P. U. O. C. 9 adult 7779. This extends materially the known habitat of T. oribignianus, bringing it well into the Patagonian territory. It will doubtless be found common at points in northern Patagonia and in southern Patagonia at least as far south as indicated. Mr. Hatcher in speaking of it in his manuscript field-notes says: "Occurring in coveys of from 10-20 on the high pampas near the coast. Of similar habits and distribution to the former." ("Former" here refers to Attagis gayi. ) Two examples of this species have been collected by J. Koslowsky, in the Valle del Lago Blanco, Chubut district, in November and December, 1901. This appears to be the first record of the bird in this locality. They are both males and are fully adult. P. U. 0. C. Sex Locality Date Collector 7779 9, adult. Rio Chico de Santa Cruz, near Lake Argentina, Patagonia. 20 February, 1 897. J. B. Hatcher. THINOCORYS RUMICIVORUS (Eschscholtz). Thinocorus rumicivorus, Eschscholtz, Zool. Atlas, p. 2. pi. 2 (1829: Chili); Darwin, Voy. "Beagle," Birds, p. 117 (1841 : Santa Cruz, Patagonia: Chili) ; Burm. La Plata Reis. II. p. 501 (1861 : Rosario) ; Scl. P. Z. S. 1867, p. 331 (Chili); id. & Salv. Ibis, 1868, p. 188 (Peckett Harbour) ; iid. P. Z. S. 1868, p. 143 (Conchitas) ; iid. Ibis, 1869, p. 284 (Gregory Bay, Dec.); 1870, p. 499 (Sandy Point, March); Cunningh. Nat. Hist. Str. Magell. p. 183 (1871); Scl. & Salv. Nomencl. Av. Neotr. p. 144 (1873); Durnf. Ibis, 1876, p. 164 (Buenos Aires, May to Sept.) ; id. Ibis, 1877, P- 42 (Chupat Valley, AVES THINOCORYTHID^;. 249 Nov.) p. 197 (Buenos Aires, winter visitor, Baradero, April) ; id. Ibis, 1878, p. 403 (Central Patagonia resident, breeds in Oct. and also observed chicks in March) ; Doering, Expl. al Rio Negro, Zool. p. 56 (1882) ; Salvin, P. Z. S. 1883, p. 429 (Coquimbo) ; Tacz. Orn. Perou, III. p. 283 (1886) ; Scl. & Huds. Argent. Orn. II. p. 176 (1889) ; Burm. An. Mus. Nac. Buenos Aires, III. part X. p. 246 (1888), part XI. p. 319 (1890: Northern and Central Patagonia); Oust. Miss. Scient. Cap Horn, Oiseaux, pp. 108, 330 (1891); Scl. P. Z. S. 1891, p. 137 (Tarapaca); Holland, Ibis, 1891, pp. 16, 19; id. Ibis, 1892, p. 211 (Estancia Espartilla, March to June, fairly common) ; James, New List Chil. B. p. n (1892); Sharpe, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus. XXIV. p. 719 (1896); Lane, Ibis, 1897, P- 3°4 (Tarapaca); Schalow, Zool. Jahrb. Suppl. IV. p. 662 (1898 : Cabo Espiritu Santo, E. Tierra del Fuego, Feb.: El Paramo Bahia, San Bastrana, E. Tierra del Fuego, Feb.); Salvad, Ann. Mus. Genov. (2) XX, p. 624 (1900: Punta Arenas, May) ; Martens, Hamb. Magalh. Sammelr. Vog. p. 16 (1900) ; Nicoll. Ibis., 1904, p. 43 (Punta Arenas). Tinochorus swainsonii, Less. 111. Zool. pi. 16 (1830) ; Des Murs in Gay's Hist. Chil. Zool. I. p. 388 (1847). Tinochorus eschscholtzii, Geoffr. & Less. Cent. Zool. p. 140, pi. 50 (1830) ; Fraser, P. Z. S. 1843, p. 116 (Chili, in flocks in winter). Thinocorus swainsoni, Gray, List B. Brit. Mus. Part III. p. 51 (1844: Chile); Pelz. Reis. Novara, Vog. p. 113 (1865). Thinocorys rumicivorus, Sharpe, Hand List Bds. I. p. 146 (1899). GENERAL DESCRIPTION. Size, Adiilt Male. — P. U. O. C. 7781. Total length, about 6.5 inches. Wing, 4.8 inches. Oilmen, 0.45 inch. Tail, 1.9 inches. Tarsus, 0.65 inch. The female is appreciably smaller than the male. Color, Adult Male, P. U. O. C. 7781. — In general appearance very similar to T. orbignianus, but readily distinguished by its much smaller size and by the markings on the neck, throat and upper breast. Head : Forehead and back to the eyes slate color. Crown and occiput 250 PATAGONIAN EXPEDITIONS: ZOOLOGY. dull deep brown, each feather margined with sandy buff. Sides of head and face slate, the ear coverts tinged with sandy. Neck : Chiefly like crown above, but interrupted FiG.j43. by a slaty collar, just behind the occiput. Sides of neck slaty, paler than on the face and fore- head. Throat white, separated from the slaty of the face and neck by a black line one-fourth of an inch in width, which starts at the base of the fm lower mandible. These lines on either side of ~, . the white throat widen and join into a broad me- Inmocorys rumictvorus. . . J Natural size. P. u. O. C. sia* band, which, passing down the neck, widens 7781. Adult male. in its turn so as to form a black dividing line be- tween the white of the breast and the slaty gray of the sides of the neck. Back : Dull deep umber, each feather margined with sandy rufous, and decorated with rufous markings. This is particularly noticeable on the greater coverts of the wing. Rump like the back, and upper tail coverts similar in color and marking. Tail : Rectrices brownish black, tipped and margined with sandy white, which becomes pure white on the two outer feathers, where the white areas preponderate. Wing: Upper coverts like the back. Bastard wing, primary coverts and quills grayish black, with white or isabelline etching and tips, most conspicuous on the primary coverts and secondary quills. Lower parts : Neck and chest as described. The sides of the breast shaded with sandy rufous feathers, which have obscure brown markings. Rest of under parts white, except some of the under tail coverts, which are isabelline, with some brown markings. Axillaries blackish. Under wing coverts blackish, with white fringing. Bill and feet much as in T. orbignianus. The female differs from the male in having the foreneck brown, no collar interrupting the brown of the upper neck. The white throat is separated from the brown of the fore- neck by a line of black, which extends upward to the fore part of the cheeks, and down in disconnected spots to the chest, forming an obscure line across that region. This black marking is much as in the male, but obscure and indefinite and not nearly as pronounced. Immature males (P. U. O. C., Nos. 7780 and 7916) resemble adult AVES THINOCORYTHID^E. 251 female birds, but there is no slate color on the fore part of crown and forehead, the vermiculations are darker colored ; the black markings on the throat are much less defined in the younger of the two, No. 7916. The feet and bill are much like those of the adult in color. Geographical Range. — Patagonia and the Argentine Republic, Chili, Bolivia and Peru. The naturalists of the Princeton University Expeditions to Patagonia met this sparrow-like Plover frequently, and Mr. Hatcher's observations in manuscript field-notes say: "Common on the high pampas near the coast, where they occur in small flocks. When startled from a distance they first nestle very close to the ground, and if approached more closely they fly very rapidly for a short distance, then settle on the ground and conceal themselves in the short grass. The color of the feathers of the back and wings of all the species of this group of birds (Attagides] in Patagonia is splendidly adapted for their preservation. So well do these colors harmonize with that of the brown grass and shingle of the Pata- gonian plains that these birds are extremely difficult to see when nestled closely to the ground, as is their custom when any danger is discovered." Darwin noticed these birds with great interest, and a summary of his record is appended as giving additional points in their biography : "A very singular little bird, Tinochorus rumici'vorus, is here common; in its habits and general appearance, it nearly partakes of the characters, different as they are, of the quail and snipe. The Tinochorus is found in the whole of southern South America, wherever there are sterile plains, or open dry pasture land. It frequents in pairs or small flocks the most desolate places, where scarcely another living creature can exist. Upon being approached they squat close, and then are very difficult to be dis- tinguished from the ground. When feeding they walk rather slowly, with their legs wide apart. They dust themselves in roads and sandy places, and frequent particular spots, where they may be found day after day ; like partridges, they take wing in a flock. In all these respects, in the mus- cular gizzard adapted for vegetable food, in the arched beak and fleshy nostrils, short legs and form of foot, the Tinochorus has a close affinity with quails. But as soon as the bird is seen flying its whole appearance 252 PATAGONIAN EXPEDITIONS: ZOOLOGY. changes; the long pointed wings, so different from those in the gallina- ceous order, the irregular manner of flight, and plaintive cry uttered at the moment of rising, recall the idea of a snipe. The sportsmen of the "Beagle" unanimously called it the short-billed snipe. To this genus, or rather to the family of Waders, its skeleton shows that it is really related. "The Tinochorus is closely related to some other South American birds. Two species of the genus Attagis are in almost every respect ptarmigans in their habits; one lives in Tierra del Fuego, above the limits of the forest land ; and the other just beneath the snow-line on the Cordillera of Central Chile." (Darwin, Voyage of the "Beagle," p. 94. Edition 1888, D. Appleton & Co., New York.) "In the course of the day two curious little birds new to us were shot — the Thinocorus rumicivorus and Attagis Falklandica — the true posi- tion of which, in a strictly natural classification of birds, appears to be somewhat doubtful. Of the former bird Mr. Darwin has remarked, that 1 it nearly equally partakes of the characters, different as they are, of the quail and of the snipe'; and that it 'is found in the whole of southern South America, wherever there are sterile plains, or upon open, dry pas- ture land,' adding, that he saw it as far south as the inland plains of Patagonia, at Santa Cruz, in latitude 50°. In the Strait of Magellan it appears to be not uncommon, as we frequently saw small flocks on subse- quent occasions. Its habits, in so far as I had an opportunity of observ- ing them, greatly resembled those of a small plover; and I have several times mistaken it for one of these birds. The latter bird, Attagis, which considerably exceeds the former in size, was seen by Mr. Darwin, ' on the mountains in the extreme southern parts of Tierra del Fuego,' where 'it frequents, either in pairs or coveys, the zone of alpine plants above the region of the forest,' but was never observed by us except on the open low-lying country of the eastern portion of the Strait. The plumage is prettily mottled, somewhat like that of a quail. An allied species of the genus (A. Gayi] occurs on the mountains of Chili." (Cunn. Nat. Hist. Str. Magell., 1871, p. 183.) This was at Peckett Harbor, Straits of Ma- gellan. "Iris dark brown; bill yellowish; tarsi and toes yellow. I shot this curious little bird close to the town of Punta Arenas. I put it up from a rubbish-heap of tin cans, kettles, etc., close to the sea. A few days after- AVES CH ARADRIID^E. 253 wards I saw a small flock further along the shore. They were very wild. The flight of this species resembles that of a Dunlin. I did not hear it utter any cry." (M. J. Nicoll, Orn. Jour. Voy. around World, Ibis, Jan., 1904, p. 43.) This bird is no doubt resident and very plentiful in the Chubut Valley, as J. Koslowsky has procured them in that district in the months of Feb- ruary, August, September, October and November. The specimens sent by him are seven males and all in adult plumage. Con. P. U. O. C. Sez Locality Date Collector Skin. Skin. Skin. 7780 7781 7916 $ immature. $ adult. J1 juvenis. Near Mt. Tiger, Patagonia. Patagonia. Rio Santa Cruz, Patagonia. 1 6 September, 1896. 17 August, 1896. 2 March, 1898. J. B. Hatcher. J. B. Hatcher. A. E. Colburn. Suborder CHARADRIL Sharpe, Classif. Bds. p. 73 (1891) ; id., Hand-List Bds. I. p. 146 (1899). Family CHARADRIID.E. Sharpe, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus. XXIV. p. 90 (1896) ; id., Hand-List Bds. I. p. 146 (1899). Subfamily ARENARIINA1. Sharpe, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus. p. 91 (1896) ; id., Hand-List Bds. I. p. 146 (1899). Genus ARENARIA Brisson. Type. Arenaria, Brisson, Orn. V. p. 132 (1760) ; Sharpe, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus. XXIV. p. 91 (1896) ; id., Hand-List I. p. 146 (1899) . .. . '. A. interpres. Morinella, Meyer & Wolf, Taschenb. Voy. Deutschl. II. p. 383 (1810) A. interpres. Strepsilas, Illiger, Prodr. p. 263 (1811) A. interpres. Cinclus, Gray, List. Gen. Bds. 1841, p. 85 (ex Mcehring) . A. interpres. Geographical Range. — Cosmopolitan. 254 PATAGONIAN EXPEDITIONS I ZOOLOGY. ARENARIA INTERPRES (Linnaeus). The Turnstone or Sea-Dottrel, Catesby, Nat. Hist. Carol. I. p. 72, pi. 72 ('73I)- The Turnstone from Hudson's Bay, Edwards, Nat. Hist. B. III. p. 141, pi. 141 (1750). Le Coulon-chaud, Briss. Orn. V. p. 132 (1760); Daubent. PI. Enl. IX. pi. 856. Le Coulon-chaud cendre, Briss. Orn. V. p. 137 (1760). Tringa interpres, Linn. Syst. Nat. I. p. 248 ( 1 766) ; Gm. Syst. Nat. I. p. 671 (1788); Wilson, Amer. Orn. VII. p. 32, pi. 57, fig. i (1813); Chapm. Trav. S. Afr. II. App. p. 416 (1868); Gatke, Vogelw. Hel- goland, p. 524 (1891). Tringa morinella, Linn. Syst. Nat. I. p. 249 (1766), ex Catesby; Gm. Syst. Nat. I. p. 671 (1788). Coulon-chaud de Cayenne, Daubent. PI. Enl. IX. pi. 340. Coulon-chaud gris de Cayenne, Daubent. t. c. pi. 857. Tringa hudsonica, P. L. S. Mull. S. N., Anhang, p. 114 (1776); Cass. Pr. Phil. Acad. 1864, p. 246. Le Tourne-Pierre, Buff. Hist. Nat. Ois. VIII. p. 130, pi. X. (1781). Turnstone, Lath. Gen. Syn. III. pt. I, p. 188 (1785); Yarn Brit. B. II. p. 422 (1843). Morinella collaris, Meyer & Wolf, Taschenb. II. p. 383, note (1810). Strepsilas collaris, Temm. Man. d'Orn. p. 349 (1815); id. op. cit. 1820, P- 553! Werner, Atlas, Coureurs, pi. 18 (1827); Brehm, Vog. Deutschl. p. 558 (1831) ; Gould, B. Eur. IV. pi. 318 (1837) I Crespon, Orn. Gard. p. 372 (1840) ; Nordm. in Demid. Voy. Russ. Merid. III. p. 237 (1840); Tschudi, Faun, Peruan. p. 297 (1846); Kjaerb, Danm. Fugle, pi. XXXI. fig. i, Suppl. 14, fig. 3 (1852); Schl. Vog. Nederl. pi. 218 (1854); id. Dier. Nederl. Vog. pi. 22, figs, i, 2, za (1861) ; F. & P. Godm. Ibis, 1861, p. 86 (Bodo, breeding) ; Severtz. Turkest. Jevotn. p. 69 (1873: migrant). Arenaria interpres, Vieill. N. Diet. d'Hist. Nat. XXIV. p. 345 (1819); Roux, Orn. Provenc. pis. 280, 281 (1825); Stejn. Auk, I. p. 229 (1884) ; id. Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus. no. 29, p. 102 (1885: Bering Isl.) ; A. O. U. Check. 1. Amer. B. p. 165 (1886); Turner, Contr. N. H. Alaska, pp. 150, 190 (1886); Cory, Auk, III. p. 502 (1886: Grand AVES CHARADRIID^E. 255 Cayman); Towns. Auk, IV. p. 12 (1887: Kowak R. N. Alaska); Dwight, t. c. p. 1 6 (Cape Breton) ; Nelson, Nat. Hist. Alaska, p. 128 (1887: S. Mathew's Isl. : S. Lawrence Isl., breeding); Ridgway Manual N. Amer. B. p. 180(1887); Warren, B. Pennsylv. p. 237 (1888: Lake Erie on passage); Smith & Palmer, Auk, V. p. 147 (1888: R. Columbia); Sennett, t. c. p. no (Texas, July); Stejn. Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. XII. p. 381 (1889: Kauai) ; Cory, Auk, VI. p. 31 (1889: Cayman Brae) ; Dutcher, t. c. p. 129 (Little Gull Island, N. Y.) ; Scott, t. c. p. 159 (Gulf Coast of Florida, John's Pass, June) ; Cantwell, t. c. p. 240 (Minnesota) ; Reichen. Syst. Verz. Vog. Deutschl. p. 52 (1889) ; Cory, B. W. Ind. p. 231 (1889) ; Scott, Auk, VII. p. 309 (1890: Dry Tortugas, March and April); Eagle Clarke, t. c. p. 221 (Ft. Churchill, Hudson's Bay); Allen, Auk, VIII. p. 164 (1891 : Nova Scotia, summer migrant) ; Ridgw. t. c. p. 337 (Watling Isl., Bahamas, March) ; Cory, t. c. pp. 351, 352 (Inagua Isl. : Anguilla Isl.) ; Scott, Auk, IX. p. 15 (Jamaica) ; Cory, t. c. p. 48 (Maraguana) ; Scott, t. c. p. 212 (Florida) ; Mackay, t. c. p. 306 (Nan tucket) ; Rhoads, Auk, X. p. 17 (Washington Territory); Sharpe, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus. XXIV. p. 92 (1896) ; id., Hand-1. Bds. I. p. 146 (1899) ; Bryan, Auk, 1903, p. 210 (Mid-Pacific). Charadrius cinclus, Pall. Zoogr. Rosso- Asiat. II. p. 148 (1826: Siberia, Kamtschatka). Tringa oahuensis, Bloxham in Byron's Voy. "Blonde," p. 251 (1826). Strepsilas borealis, Brehm, Vog. Deutschl. p. 559 (1831). Strepsilas littoralis, Brehm, t. c. p. 560 (1831). Cinclus morinelhis, Gray, List. Gen. B. p. 85 (1841). Cinclus interpres, Gray, List. Gen. B. p. 85 (1841) ; Riipp. Syst. Uebers. p. 118 (1845); Gray, Gen. B. III. p. 549 (1846); id. Cat. B. Trop. Isl. Pacific Ocean, p. 48 (1859) ; id. P. Z. S. 1860, p. 363 (E. Gilolo), id. Hist. Brit. B. p. 143 (1863); Layard, B. S. Afr. p. 301 (1867); Gray, Hand-1. B. III. p. 22, No. 10068 (1871); Gurney in Anderss. B. Dam. Ld. p. 276 (1872 : Walfisch Bay) ; Heugl. Orn. N. O.-Afr. III. p. 1037, IV. p. CLXXXIII. (1873: Egyptian sea-coast, Red Sea, breeding?); Hume, Str. F. I. p. 223 (1873: Karachi, Mekran Coast); id. op. cit. II. p. 292 (1874: Andamans : Nicobars). Strepsilas minor, Brehm, Vogelf. p. 285 (1855). Strepsilas collaris vu/garis, etc., etc. (!), A. E. Brehm, Verz. C. L. Brehm; p. 12 (1863; teste Dresser). 256 PATAGONIAN EXPEDITIONS: ZOOLOGY. Charadrius interpres, Seeb. Hist. Brit. B. III. p. 12, pi. 24, figs, i, 3 (1885). Morinella interpres, Stejn. Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. V. p. 34 (1881). Arenaria cinerea, Olphe-Galliard, Contr. Faun. Orn. Eur. Occid. fasc. XII. p. 47 (1889). Strepsilas interpret, Illiger, Prodr. p. 263 (1811); Leach, Syst. Cat. Mamm. & B. p. 29 (1816) ; Audub. B. Amer. pi. CCCIV. ; Swains. & Rich. Faun. Bor.-Amer., Birds, p. 371 (1831: Hudson's Bay to 75° N. lat., breeds) ;• Jard. ed Wilson's Amer. Orn. II. p. 324, pi. 57, fig. i (1832); Naum. Vog. Deutschl. VII. Taf. 180 (1834); Audub. Orn. Biogr. IV. p. 31 (1838); Keys. & Bias. Wirb. Eur. pp. Ixxi, 209 (1840); Gould in Darwin, Voy. "Beagle," II. p. 132 (1841); Audub. B. Amer. V. p. 231, pi. 323 (1842); Selys-Longch. Faune Beige, p. 122 (1842); Fraser, P. Z. S, 1843, p. 118 (Chili); Webb & Berth. Orn. Canar. p. 34 (1841); Hewits. Eggs Br. B. II. p. 263, pi. LXXI. (1846) ; Gosse, B. Jamaica, p. 333 (1847) > Cab. in Schomb. Reis. Guian. III. p. 751 (1848); Peale, U. S. Expl. Exp., Birds, p. 322 (1848); Gould, B. Austral. VII. pi. 39 (.1848); Reichenb. Vog. Neuholl. p. 206 (1849); Thomps. B. Irel. II. p. 177 (1850) ; Lembeye, Av. Cuba, p. 100 (1850) ; Harcourt, P. Z. S. 1851, p. 146 (Madeira); Midd. Reis. Sibir., Zool. p. 213 (1851: 75° N. lat., Taimyr River: Boganida River, May: Schantar Isl., Aug.); Reichenb. Grail. Taf. 104. figs. 656, 660 (1852) ; Hartl. Arch. Naturg. 1852, p. 121 ; Strickl. &Scl. Contr. Orn. 1852, p. 159; Bolle, J. f. O. 1855, p. 176 (Canaries); id. t. c. 1857, p. 337 ; Burm. Th. Bras. III. p. 364 (1856: Santa Catarina) ; Heugl. Syst. Uebers. p. 57 (1856); Sundev. Sv. Fogl. pi. XXXVII. fig. 6 (1856) ; Hartl. Orn. W.-Afr. p. 217 (1857: Gambia: Casamance: Gaboon: Mozambique) ; Cass. in B. N. Amer. p. 701 (1858) ; id. U. S. Expl. Exped. Birds, p. 322 (1858) ; Gray, P. Z. S. 1859, P- x^6 (New Caledonia); Jaub. & Barth.- Lapomm. Rich. Orn. p. 452 (1859: spring and autumn migrant); Gray, Cat. Mamm. &B. New Guinea, p. 51 (1859) ; Bryant, Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist. VII. p. 121 (1859: Bahamas); A. & E. Newt. Ibis, 1859, p. 256 (S. Croix, Sept., April); Walker, Ibis, 1860, p. 166 (Godhavn, July) ; Brewer, Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist. VII. p. 309 (1860: Cuba); Linderm. Vog. Griechenb. p. 136 (1860: spring and autumn migrant) ; Powys, Ibis, 1860, p. 339 (Antivari, Dec., Jan.) ; Swinh. t c. p. 359 (Amoy) ; id., Ibis, 1861, p. 342 (Peking); id. t. c. AVES CHARADRIID^E. 257 1862, p. 255 (Foochow, Dec.); id. t. c. 1863, p. 414 (Formosa); Albrecht, J. f. O. 1862, p. 205 (Jamaica) ; Swinh. P. Z. S. 1863, p. 315 (Amoy); A. Newt, in Baring-Gould's "Iceland," p. 411 (1863: breed- ing) ; Layard, Ibis, 1863, p. 250 (Cape St. Francis, Dec.) ; Blakist. t. c. p. 130 (York Factory, Aug.: MacKenzie R.) ; E. Newt. t. c. p. 455 (Madagascar); Jerd. B. Ind. III. p. 656 (1863: 200 miles inland in Deccan) ; March, Proc. Philad. Acad. 1864, p. 66 (Jamaica: breeding) ; Scl. Ibis, 1864, p. 301 (Anjouan Isl.); Wright, t. c. p. 148 (Malta, May, Aug., Dec.); Kirk, t. c. p. 332' (Lake Nyasa) ; Gurney, t. c. p. 355 (Natal); Salvin, t. c. p. 385 (Brit. Honduras, April); Schl. Mus. Pays-Bas, Cursores, p. 43 (1865) ; Gigl. Ibis, 1865, p. 59 (Pisa); E. Newt. t. c. p. 150 (Rodriguez, Oct.) ; Salvin, t. c. p. 191 (Guate- mala, Jan.) ; Wright, t. c. p. 466 (Malta, May) ; A. Newt. t. c. p. 505 (Spitzbergen, July); Gould, Handb. B. Austr. II. p. 269 (1865); Finsch, New-Guinea, p. 181 (1865) ; Pelz. Reis. Novara, Vog. p. 117 (1865: Stewart Isl., Sept.); Godm. Ibis, 1866, pp. 100, 107 (Azores, June) ; Salvin, t. c. p. 190 (Guatemala, both coasts) ; Schl. P. Z. S. 1866, p. 425 (Mayotte : Reunion) ; Degl. & Gerbe, Orn. Eur. II. p. 154 (1867) ; Loche, Expl. Sci. Alger., Ois. II. p. 28 (1867: migrant) ; Scl. P. Z. S. 1867, p. 339 (Chili) ; Hartl. t. c. p. 83 (Pelew Isl.) ; Lawr. Ann. Lye. N. Y. VIII. p. 100 (1867: Som- brero) ; Baird, Ibis, 1867, p. 286; Beavan, t. c. p. 332 (Andamans) ; E. Newt. t. c. pp. 350, 359 (Seychelles, Feb.) ; Hartl. P. Z. S. 1867, p. 831 ; Finsch & Hartl. Faun. Centralpolyn. p. 197 (1867) ; Brown, Ibis, 1868, p. 453 (Portugal) ; Dyb. & Parvex, J. f. O. 1868, p. 337 (Dauria) ; Schl. & Poll. Faune Madag. Ois. p. 130 (1868); Hartl. & Finsch, P. Z. S. 1868, pp. 8, 118 (Pelew Isl.) ; Borggr. Vogelf. Norddeutschl. p. iii (1869); Doderl. Avif. Sicil. p. 179 (1869: on passage) ; Malmgr. Ibis, 1869, p. 230 (Amsterdam Isl., Spitzbergen); Droste, Vogelw. Borkum, p. 157 (1869); Sundev. CEfr. K. Vet.- Akad. Forh. Stockh. 1869, p. 588 (S. Bartholomew) ; id. t. c. p. 602 (Porto Rico) ; Dall & Bann. Trans. Chicago Acad. I. p. 290 (Yukon mouth); Dole, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H. XII. p. 304 (1869: Sandwich Isl.); Godman, Azores, p. 33 (1870 : probably breeds) ; Fritsch, Vog. Eur. tab. 34, figs. 2, 8 (1870) ; Elwes & Buckley, Ibis, 1870, p. 330 (Turkey) ; Swinh. t. c. p. 361 (Hainan) ; Marie, Actes Soc. Linn. Bor- deaux, XXVII. p. 328 (1870) ; Finsch & Hartl. Vog. Ostafr. p. 662 258 PATAGONIAN EXPEDITIONS I ZOOLOGY. (1870) ; Scl. & Salv. P. Z. S. 1870, p. 323 (Indefatigable and Bindloe Islands); Gray, B. West Scotl. p. 266 (1871); Salvad. Faun. Ital. Ucc. p. 207 (1871) ; Saunders, Ibis, 1871, p. 387 (S. Spain) ; Scl. t. c. p. 360 (Sandwich Isl.); Pelz. Orn. Bras. p. 297 (1871 : Piehy, Feb.: Cajutuba, Feb.: Garape, March : Para, Nov.) ; Hartl. & Finsch, P. Z. S. 1872, p. 89 (Mackenzie Isl.) ; id. t. c. p. 104 (Uap.) ; Harting, Hanb. Brit. B. p. 45 (1872); Heugl. Ibis, 1872, p. 62 (Novaya Zemlya) ; Godman, t. c. p. 221 (Flores, Azores); Finsch, Abhandl. nat. Ver. Bremen, III. p. 62 (1872 : Alaska) ; Coues, Key N. Amer. B. p. 246 (1872) ; Finsch, J. f. O. 1872, p. 52 (Samoa) ; Holdsw. P. Z. S. 1872, p. 472; Scl. & Salv. Nomencl. Av. Neotr. p. 143 (1873); Buller, B. N. Zeal. p. 221 (1873); Gould, B. Gt. Brit. IV. pi. 60(1873); Tacz. J. f. O. 1873, p. 101 (Kultuk: Darasun) ; id. t. c. 1874, p. 336; Alst. & Harvie-Brown, Ibis, 1873, p. 67 (Archangel); Walden, t. c. p. 317 (S. Andaman) ; Brooke, t. c. p. 338 (Sardinia) ; Hayes Lloyd, t. c. p. 416 (Kathiawar) ; Elliot, Rep. Prybilov Isl. no. 406 (1873: not breeding); Tacz. P. Z. S. 1874, p. 560 (Chorillos, Peru); Sundev, CEfr. K. Vet.-Akad. Stockh. 1874, p. 20 (Spitzbergen) ; Coues, B. N.-West, p. 459 (1874); Wright, Ibis, 1874, p. 238 (Gozo, May); Durnf. t. c. p. 404 (N. Frisian Isl.); Lawr. Mem. Bost. Soc. N. H. II. p. 308 (1874: Rio Zacatula) ; Saxby, B. Shetl. p, 170 (1874: breeding); Walden, Tr. Z. S. VIII. p. 91 (1874: Celebes); Salvad. Ucc. Born. p. 320 (1874: Sarawak); Le Messur. Str. F. III. p. 380 (1875 : Chinnee Creek, Sind) ; Blyth, B. Burm. p. 154 (1875 : Arakan ; Finsch, Journ. Mus. Godeffr. Heft VIII. p. 32 (1875); Fallon, Ois., Belg. p. 155 (1875); Irby, Orn. Gibr. p. 163 (1875); Dresser, B. Eur. VII. p. 555, pi. 532 (1875); Danf. & Harvie-Brown, Ibis, 1875, p. 420 (Stell River); Whitmee, t. c. p. 446; Gundl. J. f. O. 1875, p. 331 (Cuba); Layard, P. Z. S. 1875, p. 440 (Viti Levu) ; id. P. Z. S. 1876, p. 503 (Friendly Isl.) ; id. t. c. p. 505 (Fiji) ; id. Ibis, 1876, p. 152 (Koro Isl., Fiji) ; id. t. c. p. 393 (Viti Levu) ; Swinh. t. c. p. 334 (Yezo) ; Dresser, Ibis, 1876, p. 328; Blanf. East Persia, II. p. 281 (1876: Mekran Coast); Lawr. Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus. no. 4, p. 46 (1876: Tehauntepec, Aug.); Gundl. Orn. Cubana, p. 179 (1876); Hume. Str. F. IV. p. 464 (1876: Laccadives) ; Salvad. Ann. Mus. Genov. VIII. p. 384 (1876: Bourou); Salvin. Tr. Z. S. IX. p. 502 (1876: Indefatigable and Bindloe Isl.) ; Tacz. Bull. Soc. Zool. France, I. p, AVES CHARADRIIDyE. 259 247 (1876) ; id. t. c. II. p. 156 (1877 : Poland, very rare) ; Feilden, Ibis, 1877: p. 405 (Lat. 82° 30' N.) ; id. P. Z. S. 1877, pp. 29, 30, 31 (Lat. 82°-83°, Sept. 19: Cape Union, 82° 15'); Hartl. Vog. Madag. p. 293 (1877: resident); E. Newt. P. Z. S. 1877, P- 3O1 (Anjouan) ; Ram- say, t. c. p. 338 (N. E. Queensland) ; Finsch, t. c. p. 770 (Eua) ; id. t. c. p. 781 (Ponape) ; id. t. c. p. 784 (Ninafou Isl.) ; David & Oust. Ois. Chine, p. 433 (1877); Reid, Zool. 1 877, p. 475 (Bermudas, Dec.) ; Oust. Bull. Soc. Philom. 1878, p. 183 (Seychelles); Sharpe, Phil. Trans. Vol. 168, Aves, p. 4 (1878: Rodriguez) ; Lawr. Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. I. p. 67 (1878: Dominica) ; id. t. c. p. 197 (S. Vincent); Blakist. & Pryer, Ibis, 1878, p. 219 (Japan); E. L. & L. C. Layard, t. c. p. 280 (New Hebrides : Santo) ; E. C. Taylor, t. c. p. 373 (Damietta) ; E. Adams, t. c. p. 437 (Michalaski) ; Tweedd. P. Z. S. 1878, p. 711 (N. Bohol) ; Scl. t. c. p. 557; Forbes, t. c. p. 127 (Raine Isl.) ; Maynard, B. East. N. Amer. p. 366 (1879); Milne-Edwards & Grandid. Hist. Nat. Madag., Ois. p. 512 (1879); Legge, B. Ceylon, p. 900 (1879); Hume, Str. F. VIII. p. 112 (1879); Butler, Cat. B. Sind, etc. p. 59 (1879); Seeb. Ibis, 1879, p. 26 (Yokohama); Meyer, t. c. p. 141 (Menado, March) ; Sharpe, t. c. p. 270 (Lumbidan) ; Bogd. B. Cauc. p. 154 (1879); Finsch, P. Z. S. 1879, pp. 9, 14 (Duke of York Isl.); Sharpe, t. c. p. 351 (Labuan, Sept.); Seeb. Ibis, 1880, p. 190 (Siberia, 70^° N. lat); Finsch, t. c. pp. 220, 330, 332 (Jaliut Isl., Aug.) ; id. t. c. p. 432 (Gilbert Isl.) ; Elliot, Monogr. Seal Isl. p. 129 (1880); Cory, B. Bahamas, p. 151 (1880); Finsch, P. Z.S. 1880, p. 576 (Ruk. Isl.) ; Butler, Cat. B. S. Bomb. Pres. p. 74 (1880: cold weather visitant) ; Vidal, Str. F. IX. p. 82 (1880: S. Konkan, April) ; Sharpe, P. Z. S. 1 88 1, p. 15 (Talcahuano) ; Scl. t. c. p. 451 (Rotumeh) ; Meyer, Verh. z.-b. Ges. Wien, XXXI. p. 767 (1881 : Sumba) ; Scl. Rep. Voy. "Challenger," II. Birds, p. 33 (1881 : Admiralty Isl.); W. A. Forbes, t. c. p. 92 (Raine Islet) ; Bocage, Orn. Angola, p. 434 (1881 : Loango) ; A. & E. Newt. Handb. Jamaica, p. 115, 1881) ; Finsch, Ibis, 1881, pp. 105, 109 (Kushai) ; id. t c. p. 115 (Ponape, March) ; id. t. c. p. 246 (Nwalabo, July) ; Salvad. Orn. Papuasia, II. p. 298 (1882) ; Layard, Ibis, 1882, pp. 533, 544 (New Caledonia) ; Kel- ham, Ibis, 1882, p. 11 (Moar River, Malacca, April: Pulo Nongsa, Sept.) ; Seeb. t. c. p. 380 (Archangel, rare summer visitor) ; H. W. Elliot, t. c. p. 478 (Prybilov Isl., July) ; E. L. & L. C. Layard, t. c. pp. 260 PATAGONIAN EXPEDITIONS: ZOOLOGY. 533, 544 (Duck Isl., N. Caledonia) ; Bean, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. III. p. 163 (1882); Cocks, Zool. 1882, p. 24 (Is. Fjord, Spitzbergen, Aug.); Elliot, Rep. Fur Seal Isl. Alaska, p. 129 (1882 : not breeding, seen at sea 800 miles W. of Straits of Fuca); Tacz. Bull. Soc. Zool. de France, VIII. p. 339 (1883: Kamtschatka) ; B. O. U. List. Br. B. p. 161 1883); Booth, Rough Notes, Vol. III. (1883); Saunders, ed. Yarr. Brit. B. III. p. 289 (1883); Seeb. Ibis, 1883, p. 29 (Shores of Black Sea) ; Irby, t. c. p. 187 (Santander, May, June, Nov.) ; Gates, Handb. B. Burm. II. p. 376 (1883: Pegu, Sept.); Salvin, P. Z. S. 1883, p. 429 (Paracas Bay, Oct.) ; Bakist. Amend. List B. Japan, p. n (1884: Japan generally) ; Bogd. Consp. Av. Imp. Ross. p. 77 (1884) ; Radde, Orn. Cauc. p. 421 (1884: Lenkoran, April, May); Murray, Vertebr. Faun. Suid, p. 233 (1884: Karchi) ; Finsch, Vog. der Sudsee, p. 86 (Marshall, Gilbert Isl., Carolines); Chapm. Ibis, 1884, p. 99 (Spain, Sept.) ; Tristr. t. c. p. 168 (S. Domingo) ; Sharpe, ed. Layard's B. S. Afr. p. 671 (1884); Baird, Brewer & Ridgw. Water-B. N. Amer. I. p. 119 (1884); Coues, Key N. Amer. B. 2nd ed. p. 609 (1884); Stejn. Auk, I. p. 173 (1884) ; Young, t. c. p. 339 (at sea, Lat. 52° N., Long. 25° W.) ; Merriam, Auk, II. p. 63 (1885: Point Barrow, June, Aug.); Turner, t. c. p. 157 (Nearer Isl., Alaska, summer); Mur- doch, Rep. Polar Exp. Pt. Barrow, p. 108 (1885: breeding?); Guil- lem. P. Z. S. 1885, p. 417 (Lebarran Isl. N. Borneo); Yerbury, Ibis, 1886, p. 20 (Aden, cold weather) ; Slater & Carter, t. c. p. 49 (North Iceland, breeding) ; Salvin, t. c. p. 178 (Brit. Guiana) ; Gigl. Avif. Itab p. 377 (1886); Pleske, Uebers. Saug. u. Vog. Kola Halbinsel, p. 329 (1886) ; Tacz. Orn. Perou, III. p. 349 (1886) ; Saunders, P. Z. S. 1886, p. 336 (Diego Garcia, Oct.) ; Tait, Ibis, 1887, p. 386 (Portugal, April, Sept. breeds); Salvad. Elench. Ucc. Ital. p. 213 (1887); Reid, Str. F. X. p. 452 (1887: Lucknow, cold weather); Hume, t. c. p. 452, note (regular migrant); Gigl. & Salvad. P. Z. S. 1887, p. 585 (Olga Bay, Corea, Sept.) ; Buller, B. New Zeal. 2nd ed. II. p. 14 (1888); Ramsay, Tab. List. Austr. B. p. 20 (1888); Sharpe, Ibis, 1888, p. 203 (Palawan); Seeb. t. c. p. 348 (Gt. Liakoff Isl., June); id. Geogr. Distr. Charadr. p. 410 (1888); Salvin, Ibis, 1888, p. 379 (Cozumel Isl.) ; Feilden, t. c. p. 492 (Barbados, Aug., Sept.) ; Pleske, Mem. Acad. Imp. St. Petersb. (7) XXXVI. p. 50 (1888: Tschinas, Sept.); Everett, Journ. Straits Branch Asiat. Soc. 1889, p. 205; id. AVES CHARADRIID/E. 2,6 1 P. Z. S. 1889, p. 225 (Palawan); Milne-Edwards & Oust. N. Arch. Mus. (2) X. p. 288 (1889: Anjouan Isl.) ; Saunders, Man. p. 541 1889); Gigl. Avif. Ital. pt. i, p. 579 (1889), pt. 2, p. 661 (1890), pt. 3, p. 517 (1891) ; Brusina, Motr. (Orn. Croatica), p. 88 (1890) ; Seeb. B. Japan. Emp. p. 331 (1890: Kuriles, probably breeding : S. Japan, winter) ; Whitehead, Ibis, 1*890, p. 59 (Palawan, Sept.) : Sharpe, t. c, pp. 143, 284 (Lawas River, April, May); Grant, t. c. p. 442 (Ma- deira); Eagle Clarke, Zool. 1890, p. 12 (Jan Mayen) ; Steere, List B. & Mamm. Philipp. p. 26 (1890: Mindanao, Negros) ; Koenig, J. f. O. 1891, p. 313 (Canaries); Buckley & Harvie-Brown, Faun. Orkney Isl. p. 204 (1891: breeding); Sharpe, Ibis, 1891, p. 115 (Fao, June) ; Saunders, t. c. p. 187 (Switzerland) ; Styan, t. c. p. 330 (Lower Yangtze), p. 504 (Shanghai, May) ; Erivaldsky, Av. Hung, p. 125 (1891) ; Sharpe, Sci. Res. 2nd Yark. Miss. p. 139 (1891 : Nubra Valley, Oct.) ; Macfarlane, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. XIV. p. 430 (1891) ; Salvad. Agg. Orn. Papuasia, pt. III. p. 198(1891); Schalow. J. f. O. 1891, p. 258; Wigelsw. Abhandl. Mus. Dresd. no. 6, p. 63 (1891); Sibree, Ibis, 1892, p. 115 (Madagascar); Rendall, t. c. p. 229 (Gambia) ; De La Fouche, t. c. p. 497 (Foochow : Swatow, Sept.) ; Scott-Wilson & Evans, Aves Hawaiienses, pt. Ill (1892) ; Barnes, Ibis, 1893, p. 170 (Aden) ; Meade- Waldo, t. c. p. 204 (Ca- naries) ; Hartert, t. c. p. 307 (Aruba) ; Styan, t. c. p. 436 (Hainan) ; Munn, Ibis, 1894, p. 72 (Calcutta distr.) ; Pearson & Bidwell, t. c. p. 234 (Norway, breeding). Arenaria morinella, W. Palmer, Fur Seals and Fur Seal Isl. N. Pac. Oc. Ill, pp. 408-412. (1899). GENERAL DESCRIPTION. Size. --Adult male (P. U. O. C. 5596 330 (1891) ; Sharpe, Cat. B. Brit. Mus. XXIV, p. 526 (1896) ; Schalow, Zool. Jahrb. Suppl. IV. p. 659 (1898: Cavancha, May); Sharpe, Hand-list B. I. p. 163 (1899); Martens, Hamb. Magalh. Sammelr. Vog. p. 15 (1900: Patagonia). FIG. 162. Calidris arenaria. Breeding plumage. From bird in the British Museum. Natural size. GENERAL DESCRIPTION. Size. — Adult Male, Breeding Plumage. P. U. O. C. 5631, Cobbs Island, Virginia, 3 July, 1881, William E. D. Scott. 318 PATAGONIAN EXPEDITIONS: ZOOLOGY Total length, 7 inches. Wing, 4.75 inches. Culmen, 1.05 inch. Tail, 1.8 inch. Tarsus, 0.9 inch. The female does not differ appreciably in size from the male. Color. — Adult male breeding (cited). General color above mottled light rusty red, and blackish, the feathers with white edges and fringes. Below foreparts rusty red speckled with dusky ; remainder lower parts immaculate white. Head : Crown deep rusty with blackish centers to the feathers ; sides of the face bright light rufous speckled with dusky. Neck: Above much like the crown, on the sides and below bright light rufous speckled with dusky. Back : Mottled black and rusty rufous, the centers of the feathers being blackish, their edges rusty, and frequently fringed with whitish. The rump more ashy, less rusty and more white edging to the feathers. Medium, upper tail coverts dusky with rusty and greyish edging. Lateral upper tail coverts pure white. Tail : Central rectrices ashy grey, darkest toward their tips, with light shafts and pale margins. Remainder of rectrices lighter, whitening on their inner webs, margined with white externally and with pure white shafts. Wings : Scapulars, innermost secondaries and upper wing coverts, mottled like the back, rusty and black with whitish edgings. The greater coverts broadly tipped with white, forming a conspicuous wing band. Primaries dusky blackish on the exposed surfaces, paling on their inner bases and with the bases broadly white. The shafts of the primaries ivory white. Secondaries, except the innermost ones much like the primaries but with a gradual darkening of the shafts. Lower parts : Chin, throat, under neck and breast rusty red dotted with dusky ; this region color being continuous with the like color of the face and sides of the neck. The rest of the lower parts, including the under wing coverts, axillaries and under tail coverts pure white. Bill, greenish black. Legs and feet, greenish black. Iris, brown. AVES CHARADRIID^ 319 Adults in winter, are similar in the disposal of the color areas but the general color above is light ashy grey, the edges of the feathers more or FIG. 163. Calidris arenaria. Winter plumage. The upper figure is an immature, and the lower figure an adult bird at that season. From birds in the British Museum. Natural size. • less distinctly hoary white, and absolute dark centers to those of the crown and back. The head is characterised by a broad band of white occupying 32O PATAGONIAN EXPEDITIONS : ZOOLOGY the frontal region, a more or less defined white eyebrow stripe, the sides of the face are white, with little or no dusky markings and the entire lower parts are white. Some individuals show faint dusky lines or dots on the breast. The sexes are similar in color, both breeding and winter dress. Young birds of the year differ from adults in winter, in not being so uni- form in color above. The dusky markings on back and head are better defined, the streaks on the crown often reaching across middle of the white frontal band to the bill. The sides of the breast are shaded with buffy and the sides of the neck are distinctly spotted with dusky. Geographical Range. — Nearly cosmopolitan. Breeds in the Arctic re- gions, and visits the southern continents and many of the islands of the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans in winter; extreme South America, Africa and Asia, but does not appear to have been recorded from Australia or New Zealand. The Sanderling Sandpiper was not noticed by the naturalists of the Princeton Expeditions, but it has been recorded from many points in that region. The descriptions are founded on the large series of these birds in the British Museum of Natural History and on some twenty-five indi- viduals in the Princeton Museum. Genus HETEROPYGIA Coues. * Type. Heteropygia, Coues, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philad. 1861, p. 191 ; Sharpe, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus. XXIV. p. 561 (1896); id., Hand-list Bds. I. p. 163 (1899). . . H. fuscicollis. Delopygia (nom. altern.), Coues, op. cit. 1861, p. 190, note H. fuscicollis. Limnocinclus, Gould, Handb. B. Austr. II. p. 254 (1865). H. acmninata. Geographical Range. — North and South America. Eastern Siberia to China and Australia. Accidental in Europe. AVES CHARADRIID^E 321 HETEROPYGIA MACULATA (Vieillot). 'Tringa pectoralis, Phil. & Landb. Cat. Av. Chil. p. 36 (1868); Philippi, Ornis, IV. p. 160 (1888: Autofagasta). Tringa maculata, Vieill. Nov. Diet. d'Hist. Nat. XXXIV. p. 465 (1819); Scl. & Salv. Nomencl. Av. Neotr. -p. 145 (1873); Durnf. Ibis, 1877, p. 43 (Chupat Valley, abundant), 1878, p. 68 (Buenos Aires, Oct. to April); Barrows, Auk. I. p. 314 (1884: Concepcion, Feb. to Oct.; Carhue, March and April); Scl. P. Z. S. 1886, p. 404 (Huasco, Tarapaca); id. & Huds. Argent. Orn. II. p. 183 (1889); Oust. Miss. Scient. Cap Horn, Oiseaux, pp. 295, 330 (1891) ; Holland, Ibis, 1891, pp. 16, 20 (Arg. Rep., April, fairly common); Scl. P. Z. S. 1891, p. 137 (Tarapaca); Graham Kerr, Ibis, 1892, p. 151 (Fortin Page); James, New List Chil. B. p. 12 (1892); Lane, Ibis, 1897, P- 311 (Tarapaca). Actodromas maculata, Baird, Brewer & Ridgw., Water Birds N. Amer. I. p. 232 (1884). Tringa acuminate pectoralis, Seebohm, Geogr. Distr. Charadr. p. 443 (1888). Tringa bairdi, Alpin (nee Coues), Ibis, 1894, p. 209 (Uruguay). Heteropygia maculata, Sharpe, Cat. B. Brit. Mus. XXIV. p. 562 (1896: Port Desire, Patagonia) ; Schalow, Zool. Jahrb. Suppl. IV. p. 660 (1898: Cavanche, May); Sharpe, Hand-list B. I. p. 163 (1899); Martens, Hamb. Magalh. Sammelr. Vog. p. 15 (1900: South Pata- gonia). FIG. 164. Heteropygia maculata. Summer plumage. P. U. O. C. 5617. Three eighths natural size. GENERAL DESCRIPTION. Size.— Adult male. (P. U. O. C. 5617. Cobbs Island, Virginia, 28 July, 1 88 1. William E. D. Scott.) Total length, 9 inches. Wing, 5.6 inches. 322 PATAGONIAN EXPEDITIONS! ZOOLOGY Oilmen, 1.2 inch. Tail, 2.45 inches. Tarsus, i.i inch. The sexes do not differ appreciably in size, but there is a marked dif- ference in this respect in individuals, indicated by a maximum length of 9.5 inches and a minimum length of 8 inches, and a corresponding ratio in other parts. Color. — General color above light clay or buffy brown, broadly striated with dusky or blackish. Below, white with a broad pectoral band extend- ing well onto the fore-neck, light greyish buff, broadly streaked with dusky or blackish. Head : Crown dusky brown, each feather margined with dusky greyish buff with indications of rusty or rufous. Forehead and sides of the head and face dusky greyish buff, each feather with a median streak of dusky or blackish. The loral region paler, almost or quite white. A rather obscure eyebrow stripe of buffy like the forehead. Neck : Above dusky greyish buff, each feather with a median stripe of dusky brown or blackish. Below chin and throat white. The rest of the lower neck and the sides of the neck, dusty greyish buff broadly streaked with blackish, the streaks becoming broader and arrow shaped as the region of the breast is approached. Back : Light dusty buff or clay color with a suggestion of rusty, each feather with a broad dusky or blackish central area, giving to the whole a streaked effect. Lower back and rump and upper tail coverts more uni- form dusky, the feathers only slightly margined with buff. Tail : Central rectrices blackish, the remaining ones dusky greyish, narrowly margined and tipped with white. Wings: Lesser wing coverts dull brown, the median coverts brown with darker centers and dusty fulvous or buffy margins. Greater coverts dusky brown with fulvous, buffy or whitish ending and tips. The bas- tard wing dull brown ; primary coverts blackish, the inner ones tipped with white. Quills deep brown, paling on their inner webs and the first primary with the shaft ivory white almost to the tip. The shafts of the succeeding quills decreasing ivory white until the shafts of the inner quills are brownish. Lower Parts : White, except for a broad pectoral band of ashy brown, each feather fringed with buffy, giving the terminal portion of the ashy AVES CHARADRIID/E 323 brown of each feather an arrow-like shape. This area extends on the lower neck to the upper throat and chin, where the dusky area of each feather takes the form of streaks ; under wing coverts and axillaries white. Bill, deep greenish black, palest at base. Legs and feet, greyish yellow shaded with brown. Iris, deep hazel brown. FIG. 165. Heteropygia maculata. Winter plumage. P. U. O. C. 3984. Three eighths natural size. » Adults in winter have the upper parts more uniform, the dark streaking being much less pronounced and the lighter tints not so buffy or rusty. The lower parts are much as in summer, but the dusky of the pectoral band is obscured by the longer buff grey edging of the feathers. Young birds of the year are more like breeding birds than winter adults. They differ in being much more rufous in general appearance and the scapulars and inner secondaries are very conspicuously margined with white. The breast and fore-neck are similar in marking to winter adults, but again the rusty tone prevails. Geographical Range. — North and South America. Breeding in the Arctic regions of North America and migrating south in winter so that representatives are found as far south as Chili and Patagonia, though many remain in the warmer portions of North America (Texas, Florida, etc.) during the winter months. The naturalists of the Princeton Expeditions did not record the Pec- toral Sandpiper, but the records for that region are many and are referred to in detail in the citations of the literature of the species. The descrip- tions here given are based on the large series in both the Museum of Princeton University and the British Museum of Natural History. "Common in flocks at Concepcion through the larger part of the year, only absenting itself from the middle of November to the middle of Jan- 324 PATAGONIAN EXPEDITIONS I ZOOLOGY uary, and even then a few may usually be found. They are almost always in company with the preceding species (Heteropygia fiiscicollis], often forming flocks of several hundred individuals. Where they go in the sum- mer I do not know, but they were abundant at Carhue and neighboring places in March and April." (Barrows, Auk, I. p. 314, October, 1884.) HETEROPYGIA BAIRDI (Coues). Actodromus bairdii, Coues, Pr. Nat. Sci. Phil. 1861, p. 194. Tringa dorsalis, Burm. Reise La Plata, II. p. 503 (1861). Tringa bairdi, Scl. P. Z. S. 1867, p. 332 (Santiago); id. & Salv. P. Z. S. 1868, p. 144 (Conchitas), 1873, p. 455 (Buenos Aires); Scl. P. Z. S. 1886, p. 404 (Tarapaca); Tacz. Orn. Perou, III. p. 359 (1886); See- bohm, Geogr. Distr. Charadr. p. 444 (1888); Scl. & Huds. Argent. Orn. II. p. 184 (1889); James, New List Chil. B. p. 12 (1892) ; Aplin, Ibis, 1894, p. 209 (Uruguay, April). Heteropygia bairdi, Sharpe, Cat. B. Brit. Mus. XXIV. p. 570 (1896; Tara- paca, Jan., Feb.: Santiago: Talcahuano, Sept.: Pampas Argentinas); id., Hand-list B. I. p. 164 (1899). FIG. 1 66. Heteropygia bairdi. Head of adult in winter. P. U. O. C. 7797. One half natural size. GENERAL DESCRIPTION. Size. — Male adult. P. U. O. C. 7796, near Rio Coy, Patagonia, 30 September, 1896. J. B. Hatcher.) Total length, 7.4 inches. Wing, 4.85 inches. Culmen, i.o inch. Tail, 2.0 inches. Tarsus, 0.95 inch. The sexes do not vary appreciably in size, but there is a considerable range in size individually, denoted by a minimum length of 6.9 inches and a maximum length of 7.7 inches. The wing varies from 4.6 inches to 4.9 inches. AVES — rCHARADRIID^E 325 Color adult male in breeding plumage. Head. — Crown greyish buffy , broadly streaked with blackish or very dark brown. Base of forehead and an eyebrow streak as well as the cheeks white ; a dusky loral area ; auric- ulars greyish with brownish buff shading. Neck: Above buffy grey inclining to sandy, minutely streaked with brownish in contrast to the crown area. This color extending over the sides of the neck to the under parts and to the chest continuously. Chin white. Back : Upper back and scapulars light brownish grey, inclining to sandy and irregularly marked with brownish black and greyish buff ; the lower back and rump plain dusky, as are the median iipper tail coverts, the lateral upper tail coverts being white. FIG. 167. Heteropygia bairdi. Showing the pattern of the tail and upper tail coverts. P. U. O. C. 7797. Two thirds natural size. Tail : Uniform dusky, the two central rectrices being distinctly darker contrasted with the others. All the rectrices with white shafts. Wings: Coverts brown with sandy buff edgings, the, greater series rather darker and in addition edged with whitish. Bastard wing and pri- mary coverts dusky. Quills light brown ; the primaries darker on their exposed surfaces, and lighter on their inner webs. All the quills with their shafts ivory white shading to darker toward the tips. The innermost secondaries approaching the general character of the back in color and marking. Lower parts : Chin and upper throat white. An undefined pectoral area continuous with the darker portions of the neck, greyish sandy buff, streaked and marked with dull greyish brown. Back of the pectoral area the lower parts are white with little or no streaking on the sides or flanks. Bill, blackish. 326 PATAGONIAN EXPEDITIONS I ZOOLOGY Feet and legs, slaty black. Iris, deep brown. Adults in winter are plain buffy brown above, each feather with an in- distinct dusky median streak. The feathers of the rump and median upper tail coverts dusky brown with dull buffy terminal edging. The lower parts are dull white, the sides of the neck and the pectoral area strongly suffused with buffy, obscuring the darker streaking, more apparent in the summer plumage. Young birds of the year have the general appearance of adults but the suffusion of the darker regions is marked ; it is caused by the terminal greyish white fringing and margining of the feathers. Geographical Range. — America in general. More common in the in- terior. Breeding on the Arctic coasts. Migrating chiefly in the interior to South America. Reaching as far south as Chili and Northern Argen- tina, and in the interior to Southern Patagonia (S. Lat. 50°); accidental in Damara Land, Southwest Africa. The naturalists of the Princeton Expeditions obtained Baird's Sand- piper in the interior of Southern Patagonia near Rio Coy. It does not appear to have been at all common at this point and was not observed or taken elsewhere in the region. The two individuals are cited in detail below. While the species has been recorded from Chili and Western South America generally, it does not figure as an element in the Patagonian fauna, and apparently the two birds cited are the only known Patagonian records. P. U. O. C. Sex. Date. Locality. Collector. 7796 7797 Male. Female. 30 September, 1896. 30 September, 1 896. Near Rio Coy, Patagonia. Near Rio Coy, Patagonia. J. B. Hatcher. J. B. Hatcher. "On the 3d April I met with a party of five small Tringse in a part of the Sauce where it was wide and shallow with low underbanks. I believe they were of this species, but the only one I knocked over managed to hide itself effectually. The next day I shot a female from a boggy bit higher up the river where I often shot Snipe. She rose silently and had somewhat the appearance of a small Snipe ; the food in the stomach was AVES CHARADRIID^E 327 the remains of small coleopterous and other aquatic insects." (O. V. Alpin, on Birds Uruguay, Ibis, p. 209, 1894.) HETEROPYGIA FUSCICOLLIS (Vieillot). Chorlito pestorejo, pardo, Azara, Apunt. III. p. 322 (1805). Tringa fustico-llis, Vieill. N. Diet. d'Hist. Nat. XXXIV. p. 461 (1819: ex Azara); Hartl. Ind. Azara, p. 25 (1847); Scl. & Salv. Nomencl. Av. Neotr. p. 145 (1873); Durnf. Ibis, 1878, p. 68 (Buenos Aires, spring and autumn, common : Baradero, April), p. 404 (Sengel and Sengelen Valleys, common resident) ; Scl. & Salv. P. Z. S. 1878, p. 438 (Falkland Is.), iid. Voy. Chall. p. 109 (1881); Sharpe, P. Z. S. 1881, p. 16 (Peckett Harbour, Jan.); White, P. Z. S. 1883, p. 42 (La Plata, Nov., found plentifully on the edges of the lagunas) ; Vincig., Exped. Austr. Arg. p. 58 (1883: Isola degli Stati) ; Bar- rows, Auk, I. p. 314 (1884: Concepcion, Feb. to Oct.: Carhue, March and April) ; Scl. & Huds. Argent. Orn. II. p. 185 (1889: Patagonia, winter) ; Ridgw. Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. XII. p. 137 (1889: Gregory Bay) ; Oust. Miss. Scient. Cap Horn, Oiseaux, pp. 127, 330 (1891); Holland, Ibis, 1891, pp. 16, 20 (Buenos Aires, March to May, common) ; Graham Kerr, Ibis, 1892, p. 151 (Lower Pilcomayo) ; Holland, t. c. p. 211 (Estancia Espartilla, fairly common March to Aug.) ; Carbajal, La Patagonia, part II. p. 273 (1900) ; Crawshay, B. Tierra del Fuego, p. 128 (1907); Useless Bay Settlement, Septem- ber 17, 1904. Pelidna schinzii, Darw. (nee Brehm), Voy. Beagle, Birds, p. 131 (1841 : Shores of the inland bays of the southern parts of Tierra del Fuego). Schczniclus schinzii, Gray (nee Brehm), List B. Brit. Mus. part III. p. 105 (1844: Port St. Julian, Patagonia). Tringa schinzii, Hartl. Naum. 1853, p. 222 (Chili); Phil. & Landb. Cat. Av. Chil. p. 36 (1868). Tringa bonapartii, Scl. P. Z. S. 1860, p. 387; Abbott, Ibis, 1861, p. 156 (Falkland Is., summer visitor, breeds); Scl. & Salv. P. Z. S. 1868, p. 144 (Conchitas, winter visitor), 1873, p. 455 (Falkland Is.: Buenos Aires), Seebohm, Geogr. Distr. Charadr. p. 445 (1888); Burm. An. Mus. Buenos Aires, III, part X. p. 246 (1888: Falkland Is). 328 PATAGONIAN EXPEDITIONS: ZOOLOGY Actodromas fuscicollis, Baird, Brewer & Ridgw. Water Birds, N. Amer. I. p. 227 (1884). Heteropygia fuscicollis, Sharpe, Cat. B. Brit. Mus. XXIV. p. 574 (1896: Patagonia and Falkland Islands); Schalow, Zool. Jahrb. Suppl. IV. p. 660 (1898: Punta Anegada, Tierra del Fuego, Jan.); Sharpe, Hand-list B. I. p. 164 (1899); Salvad. Ann. Mus. Genov. (2) XX. p. 626 (1900: Penguin Rookery, Feb.); Martens, Hamb. Magalh. Sammelr. Vog. p. 15 (1900: South Patagonia and Falkland Islands). FIG. 1 68. \ Heteropygia fuscicollis. Winter plumage. P. U. O. C. 7799. One half natural size. GENERAL DESCRIPTION. Size. — Adult Female, P. U. O. C. 7798, Near Port Gallegos, Patagonia, 1 8 January, 1898, A. E. Colburn. Total length, about 6.6 inches. Wing, 4.95 inches. Culmen, 0.95 inch. Tail, 1.8 inch. Tarsus, 0.9 inch. The sexes do not vary greatly in size, but the individual variation is even more marked than in H. bairdi. The average size of H. fuscicollis is on the whole smaller than in H. bairdi but individuals of H. fuscicollis occur smaller than the smallest H. bairdi in the collections, and there is also one individual larger than any available examples of H. bairdi. Color. — Adults in breeding plumage. Similar to H. bairdi, but much more rufous, the feathers of the interscapular region and the scapulars being broadly margined with rusty. The upper tail coverts are all white, though sometimes marked with dusky. The sides and flanks are not pure white, but have some dusky streaking, arrow shaped markings, or even barring, on the latter region. The general prevailing tone of rufous is marked on the AVES CHARADRIID/E 0 329 head, and the region of the ear coverts. The pectoral region is buffy in tone much as in H. bairdi. Winter adidts are very similar in appearance to H. bairdi at that sea- son, but can be generally discriminated, by their slightly smaller size, FIG. 169. Heteropygia fuscicollis. Showing the pattern of the tail feathers and the upper tail coverts. P. U. O. C. 7799. About two thirds natural size. « white upper tail coverts and the markings on the sides and flanks. At this season adults are more uniformly ashy grey than are the adults of H. bairdi. Young birds of the year are similar to summer adults in their general rusty tone, but have very broad whitish edging to the feathers of the back and to the scapulars. The pectoral region is browner and the streaking obscured by the terminal unworn edges of the feathers, which are long and filamentous. The sides of the body are washed with pale brown, through which the markings characterizing the species are obvious. "Male. La Plata, Buenos Aires, Arg. Rep., Nov. 3, 1882. "Iris brown. "Found abundantly in flocks on the edges of the lagoons, sometimes intermingling with flocks of T. dorsalis." (E. W. White, P. Z. S. 1883, p. 42.) 733, male, Falkland Islands. "Eyes brown; stomach had sand, etc." (Sclater & Salvin, on Birds Antarctic America, Voy. H. M. S. "Chall." — No. IX. p. 438, 1878.) "Female in winter plumage: Peckett Harbour, January 4, 1879." (Sharpe, P. Z. S. 1881, p. 16.) Geographical Range. — Eastern North America, breeding in the high latitudes. Migrating south by the Eastern Coast of Central America, 33° PATAGONIAN EXPEDITIONS! ZOOLOGY and the Antilles to South America, reaching extreme Southern South America and the Falkland Islands. Bonaparte's, or the white-rumped Sandpiper was obtained by the nat- uralists of the Princeton Expeditions and the individuals are cited below in detail. P. U. O. C. Sex. Locality. Date. Collector. 7798 7799 Female. Female. Palaike, Patagonia. Palaike, Patagonia. 1 8 January, 1898. 1 8 January, 1898. A. E. Colburn. A. E. Colburn. In writing of the White-rumped Sandpiper Mr. Barrows says : " In small squads or large flocks at the same times and places as the following species." (Barrows, Auk. I. p. 314, October, 1884.) The "following species " here referred to is Heteropygia maculata, which the same writer speaks of as being present throughout the year save in the period between the middle of November and the middle of January. This is not a little remarkable, as both kinds of sandpipers are known to breed in the far North and during the months of May, June and July. Genus ANCYLOCHILUS Kaup. Type. Ancylocheilus, Kaup, Natiirl. SySt. p. 50 (1829) . . A. subarquatus. Ancylocheilus, Kaup, = Ancylochilus, Sharpe, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus. XXIV. p. 585 (1896); id., Hand-list Bds. I. p. 164(1899). Falcinellus, Cuv. (nee V.), Regne Anim. I. p. 527 (1829). A. siibarquatus. Geographical Range. — Breeds in the Arctic regions. Migrates through- out Europe. Winters in Africa, India and Australia. Casual in Alaska, and accidental in Eastern North America and the West Indies. Acci- dental in East Patagonia. ANCYLOCHILUS SUBARQUATUS (Giildenstein). Scolopax subarquata, Giildenst. Nov. Comm. Petrop. XIX. p. 417 (1774). Ancylochilus subarquatus, Sharpe, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus. XXIV. p. 592 (1896; East Patagonia). AVES CHARADRIID/E 331 GENERAL DESCRIPTION. Size. — Total length, about 7.4 inches. Wing, 5.2 inches. Culmen, 1.4 inches. Tail, 1.9 inches. Tarsus, 1.2 inches. Female birds average a little smaller in size than do the males. Color. — Adults in the breeding season. General color deep bay or cin- namon, the females not so highly colored as are the males. Adult male in breeding plumage. Head : Crown deep cinnamon, with the dark centers to the feathers showing much less that on the back. The sides of the face are bright cinnamon chestnut, with the hoary tips of the winter plumage showing more or less. Neck : Like the sides of the face but much more hoary on the back. Back : The general color rich cinnamon with dark centers to each feather ; lower back dull ashy brownish ; the upper tail coverts white with tinges of cinnamon and some blackish barring ; the rump is pure white shading into the ashy of the lower back. Wings : Coverts cinnamon brown with whitish edges ; the primary coverts darker ; the primaries dark brown with white shafts and the sec- ondaries fringed with white. Tail : Ashy brown like the lower back and with white shafts and the hoary fringing of the winter dress showing more or less. Lower parts : Bright vinous cinnamon back as far as the breast then pure white, the sides being more or less spotted with dusky. In the winter plumage adult birds are dusky rufous above except on the forehead ; the forehead, sides of the face and head and lower parts white. The dusky feathers of the upper parts are much suffused with pale greyish or hoary edging. Young birds of the year in winter plumage are distinguished by the lack of rufous or bay tinge to the feathers of the upper parts. Otherwise they resemble closely the adults of the same season of the year. Geographical Range. — Exact breeding point in the Arctic Regions un- known ; the birds winter in Africa, India and Australia. Accidental in Eastern North America, Alaska and the West Indies ; also in Eastern Patagonia. 332 PATAGONIAN EXPEDITIONS : ZOOLOGY The Curlew Sandpiper was not taken or observed by the naturalists of the Princeton Expeditions. The only record from that region is a single bird in the British Museum collected by Sir W. Burnett and Admiral Fitzroy. The label on this bird, which is a female adult, is East Pata- gonia; and it would appear that this nomad is of purely accidental occurrence in the area under consideration. Genus GALLINAGO Leach. Type. Gallinago, Leach, Syst. Cat. Mamm., etc., Brit. Mus. p. 30 (1816); Sharpe, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus. XXIV. p. • 616(1896) ; Sharpe, Hand-List Bds. I. p. 165(1899) G. major. Telmatias, Boie, Isis, 1826, p. 979 . . . .' G. stenura. Pelorhynchus, Kaup, Natiirl. Syst. p. 119 (1829) . . G. gallinago. Nemoricola, Hodgs. J. A. S. Beng. VI. p. 491 (1837) • £• nemoricola, Homoptilura, Gray, List Gen. Bds. 1840, p. 70 . . G. undulata. Xylocota, Bonap. C. R. XLI. p. 660 (1855) . . . G. jamesoni. CoBuocorypha, Gray, List Gen. Bds. 1855, p. 19 . G. aucklandica. Spilura, Bonap. C. R. XL III. p. 579 (1856). . G. solitaria. Geographical Range. — Almost cosmopolitan. GALLINAGO PARAGUAY^ (Vieillot). Becasina prima, Azara, Apunt. III. p. 271 (1805). Scolopax paraguaice, Vieill. N. Diet. d'Hist. Nat. III. p. 356 (1816: ex Azara) ; Eraser, P. Z. S. 1843, P- I][8 (Chili, found in large flocks in the marshes during winter) ; Hartl. Ind. Azara, p. 24 (1847). Scolopax magellanicus, King, Zool. Journ. IV. p. 93 (1828 : Straits of Magellan). Scolopax (Telmatias] magellanicus, Darw. Voy. Beagle, Birds, p. 131 (1841 : Maldonado : East Falklands). Scolopax (Telmatias} paraguice, Darw. Voy. Beagle, Birds, p. 131 (1841 : Valparaiso ; Maldonado ; La Plata). Gallinago magellanicus, Gray, List B. Brit. Mus. part III. p. in (1844: Straits of Magellan and Falkland Islands) ; Des Murs in Gay's Hist. Zool. I. p. 427 (1847) ; Scl. P. Z. S. 1860, p. 387 (Falkland Is.) ; FIG. 170. Gallinag o paraguaya. Adult. From a bird in the British Museum. Two thirds natural size. AVES CHARADRIID^E 333 Abbott, Ibis, 1861, p. 156 (Falkland Islands, Aug. to March, breeds end of August and September) ; Phil. & Landb. Cat. Av. Chil. p. 37 (1868). Gallinago paragiiaycz, Gray, List B. Brit. Mus. part III. p. in (1844: Valparaiso ; Maldonado) ; Des Murs in Gay's Hist. Chil. Zool. I. p. 426 (1847) 5 Schl. Mus. Pays Bas, V. Scolopaces, p. 1 1 (1864 : Falk- land Islands: Chili); Scl. P. Z. S. 1867, pp. 332, 339 (Chili); id. & Salv. Ibis, 1868, p. 189 (Sandy Point, Dec.) ; iid. P. Z. S. 1868, p. 144 (Conchitas) ; Phil. & Landb. Cat. Av. Chil. p. 37 (1868) ; Scl. & Salvin, Nomencl. Av. Neotr. p. 144 (1873) ; Durnf. Ibis, 1877, p. 198 (Buenos Aires, April to August) ; Scl. & Salv. P. Z. S. 1878, p. 438 (Puerto Bueno : Falkland Islands) ; iid. Voy. Chall. II. Birds, p. 109 (1881) ; Sharpe, P. Z. S. 1881, p. 15 (Cockle Cove, Feb.); Doering, Expl. al Rio Negro, Zool. p. 56 (1882 : Rios Colorado and Negro) ; Barrows, Auk, I. p. 314 (1884 : Concepcion, breeds in Sept. and Oct. : Carhue, April, abundant) ; Gibson, Ibis, 1885, p. 282 (Pay- sandu) ; Philippi, Ornis, IV. p. 160 (1888; Tilopozo, Tarapaca); Withington, Ibis, 1888, p. 472 (Lomas de Zamora, very abundant, breeds) ; Scl. & Huds. Argent. Orn. II. p. 181 (1889) ; Ridgw. Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. XII. p. 1 37 ( 1 889 : Gregory Bay ; Laredo Bay) ; Heine &Reichen. Nomencl. Mus. Hein. p. 331 (1890: Chili) ; Oust. Miss. Scient. Cap Horn, Oiseaux, pp. 124, 330 (1891); Holland, Ibis, 1891, p. 1 6 (Argent. Rep.); Scl. P. Z. S. 1891, p. 137 (Tarapaca); Graham Kerr, Ibis, 1892, p. 150 (Fortin Page, winter and spring) ; Holland, t. c. p. 211 (Estancia Espartilla, fairly common throughout the year); Aplin, Ibis, 1894, pp. 207, 215 (Uruguay); Lataste, Actes Soc. Scient. Chile, III. p. cxv (1894: Chilian Cordilleras); Sharpe, Cat B. Brit. Mus. XXIV, p. 650 (1896: Patagonia and Falkland Islands); Lane, Ibis, 1897, p. 309 (Sacaya ; Rio Bueno); Carbajal, La Patagonia, part II. p. 273 (1900) ; Salvad. Ann. Mus. Genov. (2) XX. p. 625 (1900 : Santa Cruz, Jan. : Gregory Bay, April : Cape Coil- net, Feb. : Skyring Mt, Melville Isl., June) ; Martens, Hamb. Magalh. Sammelr. Vog. p. 15 (1900: Straits of Magellan and Falkland Islands) ; Crawshay, B. Tierra del Fuego, p. 126 (1907) ; Useless Bay Settlement, August 31 ; San Sebastian Settlement, October 30; Cheena Creek Settlement, November 17, 1904 (nest and eggs collected). 334 PATAGONIAN EXPEDITIONS : ZOOLOGY Scolopax frenata, Burm. (nee Licht), La Plata Reise, II. p. 503 (1861) ; C. Burm. Ann. Mus. Nac. Buenos Aires, III. part X. p. 246 (1888: Patagonia) ; Carbajal, La Patagonia, part II. 173 (1900). Gallinago frenata, Durnf. (nee. Licht.) Ibis, 1876, p. 164 (Buenos Aires, Oct. ? breeding). Scolopax frenata magellanica, Seebohm, Geogr. Distr. Charadr. p. 496 (1888). Scolopax frenata chilensis, Seebohm, t. c. p. 496. Gallinago paraguayce chilensis, Schalow, Zool. Jahrb. Suppl. IV. p. 66 1 (1898: La Serena, Oct.; Punta Arenas, Feb.). Gallinago paraguayce magellanicus, Schalow, t. c. p. 66 1 (Seno Almiran- tazgo, Tierra del Fuego, Jan.; Buschuwaria, Beagle Canal, March). GENERAL DESCRIPTION. Size. — Adult male. Total length, about n inches. Wing, 5 inches. Oilmen, 2.6 inches. Tail, 2 inches. Tarsus, 1.25 inch. The adult female is usually larger than the adult male. Adult female. (P. U. O. C. 7795, near head of Rio Mayer, Patagonia, 8 March, 1897. J. B. Hatcher.) Total length, about n.8 inches. Wing, 5.3 inches. Culmen, 2.8 inches. Tail, 2.25 inches. Tarsus, 1.25 inch. Color. — Adult female (cited). General color above black mottled and decorated with creamy and sandy buff. Below, creamy buff marked and decorated with blackish, until the chest is reached, thence white or buff white, plain on the lower breast and abdomen and barred on the sides and flanks with blackish. Head: Crown. A median narrow line of sandy cream color. A broad black or blackish brown band running parallel to the median creamy line on each side. These dark bands defined on their outer edges by a sandy cream eyebrow streak. This streak runs to the bill and is defined in the loral region by a broad blackish brown streak running back to the eye AVES CHARADRIID^E 335 and from behind it to the upper ear coverts. Below this band, beginning at the base of the lower mandible is another sandy cream colored band, which becomes defined below the eye by a blackish brown band across the lower auricular region. Neck: All clear sandy cream, unmarked on the chin, and with a streaked and mottled appearance elsewhere, each feather having a blackish brown median area varying somewhat in shape and extent on the different parts of the neck. Back : Outer scapular region black or deep velvety blackish brown, the feathers marked and notched with rusty. The back is further deco-- rated by two broad lines of creamy buff, formed by the broad edging of the scapulars in that color. The scapulars are black otherwise, dotted, notched, and in parts almost barred wiih rusty. Lower back dusky, the feathers inclined to be filamentous, and being fringed with isabelline, cream buff and sandy, has a barred or mottled appearance. Upper tail coverts, rusty, narrowly barred in arrow shape with blackish, leav- ing rusty areas at least four times as wide as the dusky bars. Termi- nally the upper tail coverts are creamy or isabelline. Tail of sixteen feathers, black at the base, then becoming broadly rusty red with an arrow- shaped subterminal bar of black, the rusty after this subterminal black bar shading into creamy buff, almost white tipping each feather. The feathers gradually become lighter in color and more barred toward the outer sets, FIG. 171. Galinago paraguay a. Showing tail pattern. From a bird in the British Museum. Natural size. 33^ PATAGONIAN EXPEDITIONS: ZOOLOGY until the outermost rectrix is almost white with five distinct dttsky bars. The outermost feathers are narrow or lanceolate as compared with the same feathers in G. delicata which in a general way this species closely resembles. Wings : Upper coverts blackish brown, the marginal ones uniform, the median and greater series spotted by the whitish tips of each feather. Bastard wing and primaries blackish with five white tips. Quills : Outer web, of first primary white or greyish white. Other- wise the quills are dusky or blackish, the secondaries being conspicuously tipped with white, and the first secondaries do not exceed the longest pri- mary coverts in length. The innermost secondaries are barred black and rusty cream buff like the longer scapulars in general effect. Lower parts : Chin deep creamy buff, and unmarked. The whole under neck similar in tone but streaked and mottled and almost barred in appearance by the irregular dark brown or blackish areas on each feather. From the lower breast back the ground color is white plain medianly and heavily barred with blackish on the sides and flanks. Under tail coverts washed with pale creamy buff and barred with blackish, somewhat irregu- larly. Under wing coverts, whitish barred with dusky, the primary series greyish with white tips. Axillaries, regularly barred black and white, the white bars a little the wider. Bill : Olive brown, darker at the tip, and shading to green yellow at the base. Feet and legs, olive brown. Iris, dark hazel. 671, 672, females, Puerto Bueno. "Eyes brown, feet bluish; in No. 672 the feet are yellowish." 729, male ; 730, female, Falkland Islands. "Eyes brown; stomachs had worms, etc." (Sclater & Salvin, on Birds Antarctic America, Voy. H. M. S. "Chall." — No. IX. p. 438, 1878.) The sexes do not vary in appearance, but winter birds are suffused and the markings are not so clearly defined. Young birds of the year are more rusty in general tone, especially on the throat, breast and back. There is a wide individual difference in the Patagonian Snipe but the material is not sufficient to generalize upon, though a correlation of two AVES CHARADRIID^E 337 extremes in pale and dark Snipes of this species with the arid and damp regions of Argentina seems likely. Geographical Range. — South America, from Para southward to Pata- gonia and the Falkland Islands. Also Bolivia and Chili from Tarapaca to the Straits of Magellan. Breeding probably throughout its range. The naturalists of the Princeton Expeditions found this Snipe at all points which they visited. Mr. J. B. Hatcher has given the following MSS. notes: "The Patagonian Jack Snipe is common in the tall grass about streams and ponds and has the same general habits as the Jack Snipes of other countries. It is distributed all over the Patagonian plains and in the marshes and along the streams of the lower Andes." " Extremely plenty at Concepcion during the cold weather ; less so in summer, but many remain to breed. A set of three eggs was taken Sep- tember 1 6, 1880, and two eggs from another nest on October 12. Both nests were slight hollows in the ground, with a few bits of straw and grass for lining. The eggs are as much like those of G. "wilsoni as are the birds themselves ; that is to say very similar indeed. During the winter the Snipe collected in some of the marshes to the number of thousands, and often twenty or thirty would rise at the report of the gun and circle about in a loose flock before settling again. • They were abundant in Carhue early in April." (Barrows, Auk, I. p. 314. July, 1884.) " Resident apparently, though much more common at some seasons than others. The comparative abundance probably depends upon the rain- fall. In the latter half of October they were common along marshy canadas and similar places on the Saiice. They were evidently there for breeding purposes, as they were tame, often gave you a view of them on the ground, were constantly ' drumming ' in the air, and on the ground uttering a note like chnttuk. The females (?) cried ' chiittuk' or ' chuk-ch^lk-ch^tk ' on rising. The sound of the drumming differs from that produced by the English Snipe ; it is a long shaking kurrrrrr (the sound can be reproduced to some extent in the back of the human throat) ; sometimes it varies to a deep low-noted hollow gtirrrrr, and, like our bird's drum, is audible at a considerable distance. 338 PATAGONIAN EXPEDITIONS : ZOOLOGY " The Snipe, when drumming, is said to be calling for water, but I for- get the exact name used for the bird. I often searched for the nest among the tall grass and herbage on the boggy banks of canadas where I flushed Snipe, without success, but on the 23d November, when galloping home with a companion through some low paja near the Sauce on Sta. Ade- laida, a Snipe fluttered from under my horse's feet; this was thirty yards at least from the river and quite dry ground. The nest was in a tuft of paja, formed of a few grass-blades, and contained two fresh eggs. By Christmas all, or nearly all, the Snipe had disappeared from the neighbor- hood, the country having become excessively dry. A very few put in an appearance about the end of February and early in March, but it was not until early April (after a heavy rain-storm) that we saw any great number. All through that month and in May they were rather numerous, although more plentiful on some days than others. Their habits at that season almost exactly resembled those of our bird. The cry on rising was ' quirk, queak,' or ' quir-eak! "It seems just possible that some of these Snipes which visited us in autumn may have bred at that season. At all events I noticed that in May, while most of the birds remained more or less wild, as autumn Snipe are, some were tame and behaved exactly as others did in the spring. In the early part of May we had some very fine warm weather, and it was on the ist of that month that I first noticed Snipe drumming in the autumn just as they did in spring; I observed this during the day as well as at sundown for a fortnight afterwards, but in the cold period which followed I did not notice them, and I left about the end of the month. In the first week I saw two or three supposed pairs, and on the 8th I observed one pair especially, where the Sauce ran swiftly through low green banks, sheltered by higher banks, tall paja, &c., and was studded with green islets. The pair, on being disturbed, settled on the short green turf in full view, the male rising again, but the female remaining on the ground uttering a loud chuk chuk chuk continuously (rather like the alarm-call of a hen Partridge which has small young in the grass) for some time, then rose and flew a few yards with upraised wings, and, alighting again, continued calling. When on the wing her note was a rapid tuka tuka. Meanwhile the male was drumming loudly overhead. I could also that afternoon (had I been so inclined) have shot a few other Snipe on the ground, but at the same time the rest of the birds seen (a considerable FIG. 172. \ Gallinago stricklandi. Adult. From a bird in the British Museum. Two thirds natural size. AVES CHARADRIID/E 339 number) had their winter habits and were rather wild." (O. V. Alpin, on Birds Uruguay, Ibis, pp. 207-208, 1894.) "Winter and resident game birds are uncommonly plentiful this season, affording me a good opportunity for securing specimens and observing their habits. As I am fond of gunning, the Duck and Snipe families are favorites. Of the Scolopacidce I am acquainted with twenty species. Seventeen of these are well known to naturalists, or at least have had their affinities determined ; but before writing much about them I should like to become more familiar with some of their habits, especially the times of their arrival and departure, also the nidification of the resident species. The other three are perhaps not known, or are not considered natives of this region. I have formerly shot, but never preserved, speci- mens of two of them. But I will say no more at present about these birds, as memory is not a faithful guide in such matters, and some favor- able chance may bring them in my way again." (Hudson, P. Z. S. 1870, p. 799.) Examples of Gallinago paragnayce have been received by the British Museum from Lake Blanco, Chubut, collected by J. Koslowsky in Sep- tember, October and November. The birds appear to be adult, the bill, however, varying from 2.45 to 3.00 inches in length. GALLINAGO STRICKLANDI (Gray). Gallinago stricklandi, Gray, List B. Brit. Mus. Part III, p. 112 (1844 : Hermit Isl.) ; Scl. & Salv. P. Z. S. 1868, p. 144 (Patagonia); iid. Nomencl. Av. Neotr. p. 145 (1873 : Chili & Patagonia) ; Sharpe, P. Z. S. 1 88 1, p. 15 (Swallow Bay, March) ; Oust. Miss. Scient. Cap Horn, Oiseaux, pp. 293, 330 (1891) ; James, New List Chil. B. p. 12 (1892) ; Sharpe, Cat. B. Brit. Mus. XXIV. p. 660 (1896) ; Lane, Ibis, 1897, P- 310 (Tarapaca) ; Sharpe, Hand-list B. I. p. 166(1899); Salvad. Ann. Mus. Genov. (2) XX. p. 625 (1900: Punta Arenas, May) ; Martens, Hamb. Magalh. Sammelr. Vog. 15 (1900: Straits of Magellan). Scolopax stricklandi, Gray, Erebus & Terror, Birds, pi. 23 (1846) ; Sharpe, t. c. App. p. 37 (1875); Seebohm, Ibis, 1886, p. 130; id. Geogr. Distr. Charadr. p. 448 (1888). Scolopax meridionalis, Peale, U. S. Expl. Exped. Birds, p. 229 (1848: Orange Bay). 34° PATAGONIAN EXPEDITIONS I ZOOLOGY. Telmatias stricklandi, Reichenb. Grail, tab. LXX. fig. 998 (1850). Scolopax spectabilis, Hartl. Naum. 1853, p. 216 (Valdivia). Xylocota stricklandi, Bp. C. R. XLIII. p. 579 (1856). Gallinago paludosa, Scl. (nee Gm.), P. Z. S. 1867, pp. 332, 339 (Chili). Gallinago nobilis, Oust, (nee Scl.), Miss. Scient. Cap Horn, Oiseaux, pp. 126, 330 (1891 : Orange Bay). GENERAL DESCRIPTION. Size. — Adult male. Total length, about 14 inches. Wing, 6 inches. Culmen, 3.35 inches. Tail, 2.4 inches. Tarsus, 1.4 inch. Adult female. Total length, about 14.5 inches. FIG. 173. Gallinago stricklandi. Showing the pattern of the barring of the tail feathers. From a bird in the British Museum. Two thirds natural size. Wing, 6.1 inches. Culmen, 3.3 inches. Tail, 2.4 inches. Tarsus, 1.3 inch. Color. — Adult male. Pale tawny in general tone, with the conven- tional snipe marking on the head and back. Head : Marked much as in G. paraguayce but more tawny in general tone and the striping of the head tawny buff. AVES CHARADRIID^; 341 Neck: Tawny buff above and below, palest and unmarked on the chin ; mottled and brokenly or irregularly barred elsewhere. Back : Of the characteristic snipe pattern but the light streaks along the scapulars and the sides of the back not well defined, though apparent. Tail : Normally of sixteen feathers, but often having only fourteen. Regtilarly barred black and mifous. The rufous of a dull tone and the black bars wider than the rufous ones. Wing : Primary coverts plain brown, with fringing and slight mark- ings of sandy buff at their tips. Primaries plain brown. The exposed outer web of the first primary brown with regular indentations of sandy buff, giving this part of the feather a chequered appearance. The sec- ondary quills barred rufous and black, the rufous bars being the wider. The inner greater wing coverts are barred in a similar manner externally. Lower parts : Under surface of the body sandy buff, palest on the chin, mottled and irregularly barred on the neck and breast, in the character- istic way. The abdomen clear sandy buff and the sides, flanks and under tail coverts barred with black or blackish. The under wing coverts and axillaries sandy buff barred with dark brown, the brown bars being wider. The sexes are alike in appearance. " Feet greyish yellow." (Dr. Coppinger.) "Female: Swallow Bay, March 14, 1880. Eyes dark; legs and feet greyish yellow. Weight 9 oz." (Sharpe, P. Z. S. 1881, p. 15.) Geographical Distribution. — Extreme southern South America, Tierra del Fuego and the region about the Straits of Magellan. This snipe was not observed or collected by the naturalists of the Princeton Expeditions. The description given is based on the material in the British Museum of Natural History. Genus ROSTRATULA Vieillot. Type. Rostratula, Vieill. Analyse, p. 56 (1816) ; Sharpe, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus. XXIV. p. 683 (1896) ; id., Hand-list Bds. I. p. 167(1899) R. capensis. Rhynchcea, Cuv. Regne, Anim. I, p. 487 (1817) . . R. capensis. 342 PATAGONIAN EXPEDITIONS: ZOOLOGY Geographical Range. — Ethiopian, Indian and Australian Regions, rang- ing into China and Japan. Southern portion of the Neotropical Region. ROSTRATULA SEMICOLLARIS (Vieillot). Chorlito golas obscura y blanca, Azara, Apunt. III. p. 323 (1805). Chorlito cabeza y cuello obscuros, Azara, t. c. p. 325. Totanus semicollaris, Vieill. N. Diet. d'Hist. Nat. VI. p. 402 (1816; ex Azara, III. p. 323). Tringa atricapilla, Vieill. op. cit. XXXIV. p. 474 (1819: ex Azara, III. P- 325)- Rhynchcea occidentalis, King, Zool. Journ. IV. p. 94 (1828: Straits of Magellan). Rhynchcea semicollaris, Darwin, Voy. Beagle, Birds, p. 131 (1841 : Rio Plata: Montevideo); Frazer, P. Z. S. 1843, p. 118 (Chili); Gray, List B. Brit. Mus. part III. p. 109 (1844: Chili) ; Hartl. Ind. p. 25 (1847) : Des Murs in Gay's Hist. Chil. Zool. I. p. 429 (1847) I Schl. Mus. Pays Bas, V. Scolopaces, p. 18 (1864: Chili); Scl. P. Z. S. 1867, p. 339 (Chili) ; Phil. & Landb. Cat. Av. Chil. p. 37 (1868) ; Scl. & Salv. P. Z. S. 1868, p. 144 (Conchitas) ; iid. Nomencl. Av. Neotr. p. 145 (1873: Patagonia) ; Durnf. Ibis, 1876, p. 164 (Buenos Aires, breeding in Sept. and Oct.) ; 1877, p. 42 (Chupat Valley, Nov. rare), p. 199 (Buenos Aires, resident), 1878, p. 403 (Chupat Valley) ; Sharpe, P. Z. S. 1881, p. 16 (Coquimbo, June) ; Salvin, Cat. Strickl. Coll. p. 608 (1882 : Valparaiso) ; id. P. Z. S. 1883, p. 429 (Chili) ; Barrows, Auk, I. p. 314 (1884: Concepcion, abundant resident, breeds in Sept.) ; Tacz. Orn. Perou. III. p. 378 (1886) ; Berl. J. f. O. 1887, p. 126 (Paraguay) ; Seebohm, Geogr. Distr. Charadr. p. 459, pi. XIX. (1888) ; Withington, Ibis, 1888, p. 472 (Lomas de Zamora, abundant in the marshes, not observed breeding) ; Scl. & Huds. Argent. Orn. II. p. 182 (1889) ; Oust. Miss. Scient. Cap Horn, Oiseaux, pp. 293, 330 (1891) ; Holland, Ibis, 1891, pp. 16, 20; James, New List Chil. B. p. 12 (1892); Holland, Ibis, 1892, p. 211 (Estancia Espartilla, fairly common throughout the year, breeds in Nov.) ; Lane, Ibis, 1897, P- 3IQ (Orauco). Rhynchcea hilairea, Licht. Nomencl. Av. Mus. Berol. p. 93 (1854: Montevideo). FIG. 174. •. Rostratula semicollaris. Adult. From a bird in the British Museum. Natural size. AVES CHARADRIID^E 343 Rhynchcea hilarii, Burm. La Plata Reise, II. p. 504 (1861 : Rio Parana) ; C. Burm. An. Mus. Nac. Buenos Aires, III. part X. p. 246 (1888: Patagonia); Carabajal, La Patagonia, part II. p. 273 (1900). Rostratula semicollaris, Sharpe, Cat. B. Brit. Mus. XXIV. p. 690 (1896) ; id. Hand-list B. I. p. 167 (1899); Martens, Hamb. Magalh. Sammelr. Vog. p. 15 (1900: Patagonia). GENERAL DESCRIPTION. Size. — Adult male. P. U. O. C. 8809. Ensenada, Argentine Republic April, 1896. S. Pozzi. Total length, 8 inches. Wing, 4.1 inches. Culmen, 1.55 inch. Tail, 1.9 inch. Tarsus, 1.45 inch. The sexes do not vary appreciably in size nor does there seem a wide range of individual variation in this respect. Color. — General color dark sooty brown above; below dark sooty brown back as far as the chest, from there back pure white. Head : A broad buffy median stripe reaching from the bill to the oc- ciput, defined on each side by a much broader black stripe. These black stripes are denned on their outer borders by a narrow creamy whitish eyebrow line, which in many individuals is not continuous. A very nar- row buff eye ring. Sides of head and face dark sooty brown. Neck : Throughout uniform dark sooty brown. Back: Dark sooty brown, vermiculated with grey and blackish on the upper back and scapulars. The scapulars also have subterminal blotches or markings of black, and a deep bronzy chestnut bar at the end of each feather, this bar being darkest near the tip of the feather, the extreme tip narrowly fringed with silvery white. Some of the scapulars have the ex- ternal webs tawny buff, which together form a broad streak defining each side of the back. Lower back shading into lighter earthy brown which extends over the rump and becomes more sandy or rufous on the upper tail coverts. The whole of these areas crossed by obscure dusky lines, which are most distinct on the upper tail coverts. Tail : Rectrices pale buff broken by many narrow dusky cross bars. Wings: Wing coverts blackish brown with sandy edgings. The 344 PATAGONIAN EXPEDITIONS I ZOOLOGY median and greater series decorated with large moon-shaped spots of silvery white. Parapteral feathers short, black at the base and broadly tipped with silvery white, forming together a conspicuous shoulder patch. Bastard wing and primary coverts blackish brown, decorated with rounded spots of silvery white on their outer webs, and bars of silvery white on the inner ones. Primary quills blackish, decorated with silvery white round spots on the outer webs and bars of white on the inner web, which do not generally reach the shaft of the feather. The outer secondaries are similarly decorated, but lighter in body tone, and all the quills are margined with white at the ends. The innermost secondaries are much like the scapulars in appearance. Lower parts : Entirely deep sooty brown back to the chest, where the demarkation is abrupt and defined sharply, changing to an almost white coloring which prevails over the rest of the lower parts. On each side of the chest in the dark area a large spot of silvery white is conspicuous. Lower breast and abdomen pure white. Sides of the body sandy buff with some obsolete dusky barring and freckling. Under tail coverts sandy buff. Axillaries white. Under wing coverts white with a few black marks or bars. Quills dusky grey below, showing the white barring of the inner webs. Iris : Dark brown (S. Pozzi). The sexes do not differ in appearance. Young fully grown differ from the adults in being paler brown, in hav- ing white fringing to the feathers of the throat, and in having the silvery white markings on the wing coverts replaced by similar tawny buff decorations. Geographical Range. — Peru, Chili, Uruguay, Argentina and Patagonia to the Straits of Magellan. This curious Snipe was not procured by the naturalists of the Prince- ton Expeditions, but has been obtained at many points in Patagonia. The material in the British Museum of Natural History and the small series in the Princeton Museum form the basis for the description given. Mr. Barrows in his admirable "Birds of the Lower Uruguay" writes of this bird : *w ijML »Sp^^ %i-\ s FT: idTA^ 1^*^ x v \\Vt « ragv PEA N, *s: IN. ' & \A^*WS* f«SlaE»3$&£ \ V 'm A' rv ^ ;T arv « ^> ^ EHI ^ •>~~ 1 • v :«•••- ^^Y UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA LIBRARY THIS BOOK IS DUE ON THE LAST DATE STAMPED BELOW AN INITIAL FINE OF 25 CENTS WILL BE ASSESSED FOR FAILURE TO RETURN THIS BOOK ON THE DATE DUE. THE PENALTY WILL INCREASE TO SO CENTS ON THE FOURTH DAY AND TO $1.OO ON THE SEVENTH DAY OVERDUE, • « * W*~ ~ rff;— .-. - 1^4? • • * -A V