REESE LIBRARY UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA. J. PIERPONT MORGAN PUBLICATION FUND Reports of The Princeton University Expeditions t to Patagonia, 1896-1899 J. B. HATCHER m CHARGE EDITED BY WILLIAM B. SCOTT BLAIR PROFESSOR OF GEOLOGY AND PALAEONTOLOGY, PRINCETON UNIVERSITY VOLUiME VIII— BOTANY PART I— THE VEGETATION OF WESTERN PATAGONIA BY PER DUSEN PART II-HEPATIC^: PART III-BRYOPHYTA BY ARTHUR W. EVANS BY PER DUSI YALE UNIVERSITY PART IV— PTERIDOPHYTA BY GEORGE MACLOSKIE PRINCETON UNIVERSITY (Pp. 1-138. PL. I-XI) PRINCETON, N. J. THE UNIVERSITY STUTTGART E. SCHWBIZERBART'SCHE VERLAGSHANDLUNG (E. NAGELE) 1903 June JOtlt, PRESS of LANCASTER, PA. J. PIERPONT MORGAN PUBLICATION FUND REPORTS OF THE PRINCETON UNIVERSITY EXPEDITIONS TO PATAGONIA, 1896-1899 J. B. HATCHER IN CHARGE EDITED BY WILLIAM B. SCOTT BLAIR PROFESSOR OF GEOLOGY AND PALAEONTOLOGY, PRINCETON UNIVERSITY VOLUME VIII, 1 BOTANY PRINCETON, N. J. THE UNIVERSITY STUTTGART SCHWEIZERBART'SCHE VERLAGSHANDLUNG (E. NAGELE) 1903-6 J. PIERPONT MORGAN PUBLICATION FUND REPORTS OF THE PRINCETON UNIVERSITY EXPEDITIONS TO PATAGONIA 1896- 1899 • VOLUME VIII, 1 BOTANY I. THE VEGETATION OF WESTERN PATAGONIA BY P. DUSEN II. HEPATIC^ COLLECTED IN SOUTHERN PATAGONIA BY A. W. EVANS YALE UNIVERSITY III. PATAGONIAN AND FUEGIAN MOSSES BY P. DUSEN IV. FERNS AND FERN-LIKE PLANTS OF PATAGONIA V. FLORA PATAGONICA (!N PART) BY GEORGE MACLOSKIE PRINCETON UNIVERSITY OF r'r 'VERS.j- <£/FORl*lLr PRINCETON, N. J. THE UNIVERSITY STUTTGART SCHWEIZERBART'SCHE VERLAGSHANDLUNG (E. NAGELE) 1903-6 PRESS OF THE NEW ERA PRINTING COMPANY LANCASTER, PA. TABLE OF CONTENTS, VOL. VIII. PAGE. LETTER OF TRANSMITTAL xv NOTES FOR BOTANISTS xix PART I. VEGETATION OF WESTERN PATAGONIA, P. DUSEN . . .1-33 Community of Evergreen Beeches . . . . . . . . 3, 18 1 . Southern section . ........... 5 2. Northernmost parts ........... 10 Peat-bogs ............. 16 3. Rio Aysen Valley 18 Deciduous beeches ............ 26 The Steppe district ............ 28 The Mountain flora ............ 30 PART II. HEPATIC/E COLLECTED IN S. PATAGONIA, A. W. EVANS . 35-58 Supplementary List of Patagonian Hepaticae ....... 58-^2 PART III. PATAGONIAN AND FUEGIAN MOSSES, P. DUSEN. . . 63-125 Sphagnales 65, 105, 120 Andreaeales ............ 106, 120 Bryales, — Acrocarpineae .......... 65, 106, 1 20 Dicranaceae ........... 65, 106, 120 Pottiaceae 75, 109, 121 Grimmiaceae ........... 77, 109, 122 Orthotrichaceae 80, no, 122 Funariaceae ........... 87, 122 Bryaceae 87, 112, 122 Meeseaceae ........... 95 Mniaceae ............ 96, 113 Bartramiaceae ........... 97, 114, 123 Polytrichaceae ........... 99, 123 Pleurocarpineae, Leucodontaceae ........ 99, 115, 123 Stereodontaceae ........... 100 Hypnaceae 101, 118, 124 Catalog of Musci of Patagonia, etc 105-124 Chara 126 VI CONTENTS. PART IV. PTERIDOPHYTA, FERNS, ETC., G. MACLOSKIE and L. M. UNDERWOOD ........... 127-138 Ophioglossaceae, Adder's-tongue. . . . . . . . . . 127 Hymenophyllaceae, Filmy-ferns .......... 127 Polypodiaceae, etc. . . . . . . . . . . . . 131 Salviniaceae, Water-ferns . . . . . . . . . . . 135 Equisetaceae, Horsetails ..;........ 136 Lycopodiaceae, Clubmosses . . . . . . . . . . 136 Isoetaceae, Quill worts . . . . . . . . . . . 138 PART V. FLORA PATAGONICA, THE FLOWERING PLANTS, SPERMA- TOPHYTA OR PHANEROGAMIA, G. MACLOSKIE . . . 139-920 SUPERCLASS I. GYMNOSPERM^E 140-145, 908 CLASS i. CONIFERS .......... 140-908 Fam. i. Pinaceae, Pines and Firs . . . . . . . 140 2. Cupressaceae, Cypress . . . . . . . . 141 3. Taxaceae, Yew ......... 142 CLASS 2. GNETALES, Joint-firs . . . . . . . . . 144 Fam. 4. Ephedraceae . . . . '. . . . . 1 44, 908 SUPERCLASS II. ANGIOSPERM.E 146-905, 908-920 CLASS i. MONOCOTYLEDONES 146-324, 908-910 Fam. 5. Typhaceae, Cat -tail . . . . . . . . 146 6. Potamogetonaceae, Pondweed . . . . . . 147 7. Juncaginacese, Arrowgrass . . . . . . .• 1 50 8. Alismaceae, Water-plantain . . . . . . . 152 9. Vallisneriaceae, Tapegrass . . . . . . . 153 10. Gramineae, Grasses . . . . . . . . 154 u. Cyperaceae, Sedges ........ 256 12. Araceae . . . . . . . . . 289 13. Lemnaceas, Duckweed ....... 290 14. Restionaceae ......... 292 1 5. Centrolepidaceae . . . . . . . . . 292 1 6. Bromeliaceae, Hanging-moss . . . . . . 293 17. Juncaceae, Rush . . . . . . . . 295 1 8. Liliaceae, Lily ......... 303 19. Amaryllidaceae ......... 309 20. Iridaceae . . . . . . . . . . 312 21. Orchidaceae . . . . . . ... . 320 CLASS 2. DICOTYLEDONES 325-9O5, 910-920 APETALM, flowers mostly without perianth, or at least without a double perianth . ... 325-354, 910-91 1 22. Salicaceae, Willow . . . . . . . . 325 23. Fagacese, Beech ......... 325 24. Urticaceae, Nettle. 330 25. Proteaceae .......... 333 26. Loranthaceae, Mistletoe . . . . . . . 335 CONTENTS. Vll 27. Myzodendraceae, Angels' -beard . . . . - . . 336 28. Santalaceae, Sandal-wood . . . . . . . 338 29. Olacaceae .......... 344 30. Hydnoraceae ......... 344 31. Polygonaceze, Buckwheat ....... 345 CHORIPETALM, mostly with non-connate petals . . . 354-644,911-917 32. Chenopodiaceae, Goosefbot . . . . . . . 354 33. Amarantaceae, Amaranth ....... 372 34. Nyctaginaceae, Marvel-of-Peru 376 35. Aizoaceae (Ficoideae), Carpet-weed . . • . . 377 36. Portulacaceae, Purslane ....... 378 37. Caryophyllaceae, Pink 382 38. Ceratophyllaceae, Hornwort . . ... . . . 398 39. Ranunculaceae, Crowfoot ....... 398 40. Berberidaceae, Barberry . . . . . ... 415 41. Magnoliaceae ......... 419 42. Monimiaceae . . . . : . ..... 420 43. Papaveraceae (Fumarioideae), Fumitory . . . . . 421 44. Cruciferae, Mustard . . . . . . . . 421 45. Capparidaceae, Caper 454 46. Resedaceae, Mignonette ....... 454 47. Droseraceae, Sundew . . . . . . . . 455 48. Crassulaceae, Stonecrop ....... 456 49. Saxifragaceae, Saxifrage ........ 457 50. Cunoniaceae . . . . . . . . 466 51. Rosaceae, Rose . . . . . . . . . 467 52. Leguminosae, Pea. . . . . . . . . 485 53. Geraniaceae, Geranium 531 54. Oxalidaceae .......... 536 55. Tropaeolaceae, Nasturtion ....... 543 56. Zygophyllaceae 544 57. Poylgalaceae, Milkwort ....... 549 58. Euphorbiacese, Spurge 551 59. Callitrichaceae, Water-starwort . . . . . . 556 60. Empetraceas, Crowberry . . . . . . . 557 61. Coriariaceae 557 62. Anacardiaceae, Sumach . . . . . . . 558 63. Celastraceae, Staff-tree . . . . . . . . 559 64. Rhamnaceae, Buckthorn . . . . . . . 561 65. Elaeocarpaceae ......... 567 66. Malvaceae, Mallow ........ 568 67. Eucryphiaceae . . . . . . . . . 577 68. Hypericaceae, St. John's-wort ...... 578 69. Frankeniaceae . . . . . . . . . 578 70. Violaceae, Violet ......... 580 71. Flacourtiaceae ......... 584 Vlll CONTENTS. 72. Passifloraceae, Passion-flower 73. Loasaceae .... 74. Cactacese, Cactus 75. Thymeleaceae, Mezereon 76. Lythraceae, Loose-strife 77. Myrtaceae, Myrtle 78. Onagraceae, Evening-primrose 79. Haloragidaceae, Water-milfoil 80. Araliaceas, Ginseng 8 1. Umbelliferae, Carrot 82. Cornaceae, Dogwood SYMPETAL&, mostly Sympetalous 83. Ericaceae, Heath . 84. Epacridaceae 85. Primulaceae, Primrose . 86. Plumbaginaceae, Leadwort . 87. Sapotaceae .... 88. Oleacese, Olive . 89. Loganiaceae 90. Gentianaceae, Gentian . 91. Apocynaceae, Dogbane 92. Asclepiadaceae, Milkweed 93. Convolvulaceae 94. Polemoniacese, Phlox . 95. Hydrophyllaceae, Waterleaf . 96. Borraginaceae, Borage . 97. Verbenaceae 98. Labiatae, Mint 99. Solanaceae, Potato 100. Scrophulariaceae, Snapdragon 101. Bignoniaceae, Trumpet-creeper 1 02. Gesneriaceae ... 103. Martyniaceae, Unicorn-plant 104. Lentibulariaceae, Bladder-wort 105. Plantaginaceae, Plantain 1 06. Rubiaceae, Madder 107. Valerianaceae 1 08. Dipsacacese, Teasel 109. Campanulaceae, Bell-flower . 110. Goodeniaceae . . . in. Candolleaceae, (Stylidieae) 1 1 2. Calyceraceae 113. Composite .... Tribe i. Vernoniece 2. Eiipatoriece 3. Asterece .... 584 . - 585 591 597 599 601 606 615 619 619 643 644-906, 917-920 644 649 650 654 656 • • 657 658 660 663 663 665 667 673 676 680 694 698 713 727 . . 728 730 730 73i 738 744 750 75i 755 756 . . 756 764-905 765, 773 765, 766, 773 765, 766, 778 CONTENTS. ix 4. Inulece . 766, 768, 810 5. Helianthece 765, 768, 820 6. Hclenieee 765, 769, 825 7. Anthewidea ....... 766, 770, 828 8. Senecioneee 765, 770, 832 9. Calendulea 766, 771, 86 1 11. Cynarece 765,771,851 12. Mutisietz . . . . . . 766, 771, 863 13. Cichoriea 766, 772, 896-905 PART VI. ANALYSIS OF ORDERS AND FAMILIES .... 907-920 PART VII. COLLECTORS, ETC * *• . . . 921 Bibliography 925 PART VIII. TOPOGRAPHY . . . 937 Glossary of Localities . . . . . . . . . . 938 PART IX. CHARACTER AND ORIGIN OF THE PATAGONIAN FLORA . 945 Supplementary Revisions and Corrections ....... 961-963 Errata . . . . . . . . . 34, 104, 964, also p. xx sqq. Index 965-982 DATES OF PUBLICATION OF THE PARTS OF VOLUME VIII. The dates of issue, as printed on the inside of the covers of the various parts,- are approx- imations made in advance and in each case antedate by a few days the time of actual issue to the subscribers. These dates should therefore be corrected as follows : Pp. 1-138. Pll. I-XI, published July 8, 1903. Pp. 139-338. Pll. XII-XIV, published June 30, 1904. Pp. 339-594. PH. XV-XX, published Jan. 10, 1905. Pp. 595-810. Pll. XXI-XXVII, published Nov. 25, 1905. Pp. 811-982. Pll. XXVIII-XXXI, published Feb. 28,, 1906. LIST OF TEXT ILLUSTRATIONS. Figures 1-26, of mosses, by Dusen, usually with forms of leaves and capsules, and of leaf-cells. PAGE. Fig. i . Anisothedum perpusillum . . . . . . . . . . 66 Fig. 2. Dicranow eisia perpulvinata ........... 67 Fig. 3. Dicranum cirrhifolium ........... 69 Fig. 4. Dicranum scaberrimum ........... 71 Fig. 5. Dicranum dicranellatum, leaves, capsule and male flower ..... 73 Fig. 6. Barbula permbiginosa ........... 76 Fig. 7. Griminia fallax ............. 77 Fig. 8. G. macropulvinata, leaf-structure, gemmae and capsules ..... 79 Fig. 9. Orthotrifhum macloskii ........... 80 Fig. 10. 0. compactum ............ 81 Fig. ii. Ulota hamata, leaf-structure, phanerostoma and capsule ..... 83 Fig. 12. Macromitrium bifasdculare .......... 84 Fig. 13. Zygodon curvicaulis ........... 85 Fig. 1 4. Zygodon hatcheri, leaf-structure and gemma ....... 86 Fig. 15. Leptobryum pottiaceum ........... 88 Fig. 1 6. Bryum lamprocluzte ........... 89 Fig. 17. Bryum vernicosum ...........91 Fig. 1 8. Bryum rigocfuzte ............ 92 Fig. 19. Bryum liatcheri ............ 93 Fig. 20. Webera lonchochate ........... 94 Fig. 21. Meesea patagonica ........... 95 Fig. 22. Philonotis parallela ........... 98 Fig. 23. Plagiothecium Icptoplumosum . . . . . . . .*. .100 Fig. 24. Sciaromium depastum . . . . . . . . . . .102 Fig. 25. 5. gracile 103 Fig. 26. Hypnum perplicatum . . . . . . . . . . . 1 04 (Figures 27-106, of Flowering Plants.) Fig. 27. Dacrydium fonki (Taxaceae). ......... 143 Fig. 28. Epliedra nana ............ 144 Fig. 29. Tetrojicium magellanicum (Juncagineae) ........ 1 50 Fig. 30. Poa kerguelensis (Gramineae), structure of spikelet . . . . . 154 Fig. 31. Stipa, structure of spikelet . ......... 169 Fig. 32. Mulilenbergia rariflora, inflorescence and spikelet . . . . . . 178 Fig. 33. Alopecurus antarcticus, spike and spikelet . . . . . . . 180 xi Xll LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS. Fig. 34. Agrostis airoides, plant and parts of spikelet . . . . ... . 1 84 Fig. 35. A. antarclica, inflorescence and spikelet ....... 185 Fig. 36. Aira atropurpurea, inflorescence and floral organs . . . . . . 198 Fig. 37. Deschampsia antarctica, plant and spikelet ....... 200 Fig. 38. D. kingii, panicle and floral organs ........ 202 Fig. 39. Trisetum dozei, panicle, spikelet, and glumes ....... 204 Fig. 40. Tussock-grass, leaves and spikelets ........ 227 Fig. 41. Festuca pogonantha, spikelet and glumes . . . . . . . 231 Fig. 42. F.fuegiana, normal and viviparous spikelets . . . . . . . 235 Fig. 43. F. purpurascens, spikelet .......... 239 Fig. 44. Carpha schcenoides (Cyperaceae), spikelet and fruit . . . . . . 257 Fig. 45. Elynanthus laxus, inflorescence, spikelet, and achene ..... 267 Fig. 46. Uncinia kingii, spike, spikelet, and awn. ....... 269 Fig. 47. U. macrotricha and U. cylindrica, spikes and achenes . . . . . 271 Fig. 49. Carex banksii, inflorescence, flowers, and achene ...... 278 Fig. 50. C. darwinii, spike and female flower ........ 280 Fig. 51. C. incompt'a, male and female spikes . . . . . . . . 283 Fig. 52. C. magcllamca, spike, female flower and achene . . . . ... 284 Fig- 53- C. urolepis, spike, male flower and utricle . . . . . . . 289 Fig. 54. Astelia pumila (Liliaceae), flower ......... 307 Fig. 55. Sisyrinchittm filifolium Star-grass (Iridaceae), floral organs . . . . 315 Fig. 56. Symphyoslemon lyckholmi, inflorescence and flowers . . . . . 318 Fig. 57. Tapeinia magcllamca, leafage, flowers and fruit . . . . . . 320 Fig. 58. Codonorchis lessonii (Orchidaceae), general habit and flower . . . . 324 Fig. 59. Nothophagns antarctica, deciduous southern beech . . . . . . 327 Fig. 60. N. montagnei, leaves and involucre . . . . . . . . 328 Fig. 61. N. betuloides, evergreen southern beech. ....... 329 Fig. 62. Kaenigia (Macounastmni) fuegiana (Polygonaceae), inflorescence and stipule . 346 Fig. 63. Riimex dccumbens, leaves, inflorescence and fruit ...... 349 Fig. 66. Caltha dioncafolia (Ranunculaceae), branch, leaf and flower .... 399 Fig. 67. Anemone decapctala, general habit . . . . . . . . 401 Fig. 68. Ranunculus caspitosus, habit, with petal and achene ..... 407 Fig. 69. R. hydrophilus and R. trullifolius ......... 409 fig. 70. Hamadryas tomcntosa, male flower and petal ....... 414 Fig. 71. Winter's Bark (Magnol.), inflorescence and fruit . . . . . 419 Fig. 72. Cardamine pygmcea (Cruciferae), general habit . . . . . . 438 Fig. 73. Saxifraga bicuspidata, shoot, with leaves ....... 458 Fig. 74. Accena adscendens (Rosaceae), flower and fruit with glochidia .... 477 Fig- 75- Patagonium carnosum and P. negeri (Leguminosae), shoot, flower end fruit . 509 Fig. 76. Oxalis laciniata, petals and long- and short-styled flower .... 540 Fig. 77. Gunnera magellanica (Haloragidaces), pistillate plant . . . . . 618 Fig. 78. Azorella ranuncuhts (Umbelliferae), leaves, flower and fruit .... 630 Fig. 79. A. selago, shoot, leaf and fruit ......... 631 Fig. 80. Lilceopsis (Crantzia) lineata, plant, flower and fruit ..... 642 Fig. 8 1. Gaultheria microphylla (Ericaceae), branch and floral parts .... 645 Fig. 82. Pernettya empetrifolia. (The cuts of Figs. 82 and 83 are transposed.) . . 646 LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS. xiii Fig. 83. P. mucronata, general habit (the cut is given as Fig. 82, p. 646) . . . 647 Fig. 84. Lysimachia marginata, n. s. (Primulaceae), leaf and flower . . . . 653 Fig. 85. Gentiana patagonica, habit with flowers and fruit . . . . . . 66 1 Fig. 86. Collomia patagonica (Polemoniaceae), perianth-parts and bract . . . 669 Fig. 87. Androsace salad, (see infra, p. xxi) ........ 670 Fig. 88. Myosotis albiflora (Borraginaceae), general habit and seed .... 680 Fig. 89. Rhaphlthamnus cyanocarpus (Verbenaceae), branch, flower, etc. . . . 693 Fig. 90. Lycium chubutensc and L. durispina (Solanaceae), floral parts . . . . 701 Fig. 91. Bentkamiella nordenskjoldii, floral parts . . . . . . . . 712 Fig. 92. Calceolaria fothergilli (Scropulariaceae), plant, flower and capsule . . . 717 Fig. 93. Ourisia brnnflora, plant and flower ........ 724 Fig. 94. Pinguicula antarctica (Lentibulariaceae), plant, flower and fruit . . . 731 Fig. 95. Pratia repens (Campanulaceae), leaves and flower . . . . . . 754 Fig. 96. Acicarpha rosulata and A. spathulata ( Calycanthaceae), heads and flowers . 764 Fig. 97. Chiliophyllum fuegianum (Compositse), head, flowers and pappus . . . 787 Fig. 98. Lagenophora commersonii, plant and floral parts ...... 788 Fig. 99. Baccharis dusenii, branch, leaf and scale ....... 804 Fig- 97- GnapJialium spicatum, spike and floral parts . . . . . . . 819 Fig. 98. Senecio allaophyllus, branch and head ........ 838 Fig. 99. S. candidus, leaf, head and flower ........ 840 Fig. 100. S.falklandicus, head and flowers ........ 845 Fig. 101. S. stipellatus, involucral scale . . . . . . . . . 858 Fig. 1 02. S. trifurcatus, habit, head and fruit . . . . . . . . 859 Fig. 103. Eriachfenium magellanicum, branch and head . . . . . . 86 1 Fig. 104. Chuquiraga dusenii, head and involucral scales ...... 865 Fig. 105. Dusenia patagonica, habit, flower and scales ...... 866 Fig. 106. iMsiorrhiza (Chabrcea suaveolcns), head and flower 892 PRINCETON UNIVERSITY, PRINCETON, N. J., November, 1905. To PROFESSOR W. B. SCOTT, Dear Sir : Having been requested by you to take charge of the collections of Patagonian plants made by the late Mr. John B. Hatcher and Mr. O. A. Peterson, I have the honor to submit this volume as the outcome of such measures as I was able to adopt. It consists of: (i) a gen- eral sketch of the vegetation of Western Patagonia, hitherto little known, which was prepared for me by Dr. Per Dusen, one of the leading explorers of that section, and an expert in its botany; (2) the Hepaticae, or Liver- worts, having been worked up by Professor Alexander W. Evans, of Yale University, and reported on with descriptions and illustrations of new species, in the Torrey Btilletin of August, 1898, here reproduced with the permission of the author and the publishers ; (3) Dr. Dusen, who is a specialist in Bryology, and an authority on the Mosses of Peraustral America, has prepared for us a report on the Hatcher Mosses, with de- scriptions and illustrations of the new species. This forms Part III, and is partially simultaneous with the publication by the same author in the Swedish Reports, describing the large collections of Mosses made by him- self and others in connection with the Nordenskjold Swedish Exploration in Southern and Western Patagonia. My own share of the work has consisted chiefly in examining and de- scribing the Pteridophytes and the Flowering-plants of the Hatcher-Peter- son collections, and also of a small collection by Mr. Barnum Brown, entrusted to me by Director N. L. Britton, of the New York Botanical Gar- den. Though there was not much new material in any of these collec- tions, they proved to be valuable, as illustrating a very interesting and instructive flora, with which northern botanists are not usually familiar. In these circumstances it was judged desirable, with your concurrence, to prepare a general summary of the species, with as much descriptive matter as might enable one provisionally to identify them ; also with some notes of their habitats and of their relations to plants in extern lands. (In a XV XVI LETTER OF TRANSMITTAL. very few cases descriptions of noteworthy extern species are given for purposes of comparison.) The task proved more formidable than I had anticipated ; and I cannot say that I have always succeeded as well as I might have done. My aim was to provide a book which shall be helpful to others in circumstances like my own ; and to furnish a sketch of a pecu- liar and interesting vegetation. The region which the work embraces has for a long time been fascinat- ing to botanists, and now colonists from various parts of Europe are feel- ing their way into it, giving promise to transform it in the near future into a field of agricultural and commercial development. It may therefore be convenient to have, in a single volume the information regarding its pecu- liar plants, which is now spread over learned volumes and papers in sev- eral languages. I have to make large acknowledgments of aid rendered me by others. Professor B. L. Robinson, Director of the Gray Herbarium, of Harvard University, and Director N. L. Britton, of the New York Botanical Gar- den, gave me personal help and the free use of the splendid libraries and botanical collections under their care ; and Miss Mary Anne Day, of the Gray Herbarium, and Miss Anna Murray Vail, of the Library of the New York Botanical Garden, duplicated the favor by their skilful and unwearied services in piloting me through the books and collections. Professors J. K. Small and P. A. Rydberg, of the New York Botanical Garden, assisted me with their experience. I have also to thank Mr. W. J. Fox and Mr. Sanderson Brown, of the Library of the Academy of Sciences, Philadel- phia ; Director F. V. Coville of the U. S. Agricultural Department, Wash- ington, D. C, and Professor E. L. Greene, lately Professor of Botany in the Catholic University of that city ; also Professor E. L. Morris, of Wash- ington High Schools, and Professor H. C. Thompson, of the Botanic Garden of St. Louis. Professor Lucien M. Underwood, of Columbia University, New York, examined and named the ferns for me ; and Pro- fessor Francis E. Lloyd, of the same place, examined the Lycopodiums, and aided me in other ways. One of the last services rendered on his favorite Chara by the lamented T. F. Allen, of New York, appears on page 126. Foreign correspondents have also been generous. Dus£n crowned his services, noted above, by sending me numerous publications, issued by the Swedish Society, with lists of Patagonian and Fuegian plants collected, LETTER OF TRANSMITTAL. XV11 and many of them described by himself. Dr. Carlos Spegazzini, of La Plata, by far the most industrious and apt of living authorities on the Per- austral Vegetation of Argentina, Eastern Patagonia and Fuegia, furnished me with his valuable publications, and sometimes with his advice. Dr. F. Kurtz, of the Museum of Cordoba, Argentina, sent me a set of the botanical publications of that institution. And I have the honor to ac- knowledge assistance, for identifications and otherwise, received from Sir W. T. Thiselton Dyer, of the Royal Botanical Garden of Kew, and from Dr. O. Hoffmann and Dr. E. Gilg, of the Koniglich Botanischer Garten of Berlin. Dr. Hoffmann is entitled to thanks for Plate XXX, which illustrates new species of Compositae, described by himself from specimens collected by Dusen ; one of them by Hatcher. Dr. Gilg describes an inter- esting new species of Draba which is in the Hatcher collection. Whilst some of the plates represent new species, others present long known forms chosen as types of the very curious vegetation of the coun- try. I am under obligations to the artist, Mr. J. Nugent Fitch, a nephew and worthy successor of the artist of the Flora Antarctica. He has shown marvellous skill in his work ; often having had very poor ma- terial to work from. Mr. F. Van Iterson prepared the sketches, under my supervision ; and Mr. R. C. DeMange prepared the text-figures, which have been made strictly accessory to the text itself. This part has been further helped by references to Britton and Brown's Illustrated Flora, and to Engler and Prantl's Pflanzenfamilien, two great works which are well illustrated and very accessible. Finally, I beg to thank you, Dear Sir, for the assiduity with which you have endeavored to further the work, and also to thank the ever-patient printers ; and most of all to recognize the Kind Providence who has kept me in good health during these years which have been devoted in large measure to a very enjoyable, though sometimes rather tedious task. Yours ever truly, GEORGE MACLOSKIE. NOTES FOR BOTANISTS. I. NEW SPECIES NAMED AND DESCRIBED IN THIS VOLUME. (1) Some of these have, with my permission, previously appeared else- where, and are here transcribed : viz. : Blepharostoma pilosum Evans (Aug., 1898), p. 41, pi. iv, figs. 1-6. Jungertncoinia hatcheri Evans (Aug., 1898), p. 45, pi. v, figs. 1-7. Tylimanthus anderssonii (Aongstr.) Evans (Aug., 1898), p. 56, pi. vi, 10-19. Hamadryas sempervivoides Sprague (May, 1902), p. 414, pi. xvi. (2) Here first described. A. MOSSES. Anisothecitim perpusillum Dus., p. 66, pi. vii, i, 2. Dicranoweisia perpulvinata Dus., p. 67, pi. vii, 3, 4. Dicranum cirrhifolium Schpr., p. 69, fig. 3, pi. vii, 5-7. D. scaberrimum Dus., p. 70, fig. 4, pi. viii, i. D. dicramllatum Dus., p. 74, fig. 73, pi. viii, 2, 3. Barbula perrubiginosa Dus., p. 75, fig. 6, pi. viii, 4. Grimmia fallax Dus., p. 77, fig. 7, 8, pi. viii, 5, 6. G. macropulmnata Dus., p. 78, fig. 8, pi. viii, 7. Ortkotrickxm macloskii Dus., p. 80, fig. 9, pi. viii, 8-n. O. compactum Dus., p. 81, fig. 10, pi. ix, 1-3. Ulota hamata Dus., p. 82, fig. 11, pi. ix, 4. Macromitrimn bifasciculare C. Mull., p. 83, fig. 12, pi. ix, 5. Zygodon curvicatilis Dus., p. 84, fig. 13, pi. ix, 6, 7. Z. hatcheri Dus., p. 86, fig. 14, pi. ix, 8, 9. Leptobryum pottiaceimi Dus., p. 87, fig. 15, pi. ix, 10-12. Bryum lamprocluzte Dus., p. 89, fig. 16, pi. ix, 13-15. B. vernicosum Dus., p. 90, fig. 17, pi. x, 1,2. B. rigochcete Dus., p. 91, fig. 18, pi. x, 3, 4. » xix XX NOTES FOR BOTANISTS. B. hatcheri Dus., p. 92, fig. 19, pi. x, 5, 6. IVebera lone hoc hcete Dus., p. 94, fig. 20, pi. x, 7-9. Meesea patagonica Dus., p. 95, fig. 21, pi. xi, i. Philonotis parallela Dus., p. 97, fig. 22. Plagiothecium leptoplnmosum Dus., p. 100, fig. 23, pi. xi, 3-5. Sciaromium depastimi Dus., p. 101, fig. 24, pi. xi, 2. Sc. gracile Dus., p. 102, fig. 25, pi. xi, 6. Hyphnum perplicatiun Dus., p. 103, fig. 26, pi. xi, 7. B. PHANEROGAMS. Potamogeton linguatiis Hagstr., p. 149. Arjona tuberosa, var. nov. lanata, p. 342, pi. xvi. Quinchamalion ma/us spegazzinii, var. nom. nov., p. 343. Myosur us gracilis (Speg.), sp. nov., ex var., p. 403. Ramtnculus alboffii (Alboff), nom. nov., p. 405. Draba hatcheriana Gilg, p. 444, pi. xviii B. Acczna alboffii (Alboff), nom. nov., p. 477. Oxalis loricata Dus., p. 540. Lysimachia marginata Macl., p. 652. Plantago (Plantaginella] cwlorrhiza Morris & Macl., p. 734, pi. xxv. Senecio alboffianus (Alboff), nom. nov., p. 838. S. dusenii O. Hoffm., p. 844, pi. xxx B. S. hatcherianus O. Hoffm., p. 847, pi. xxx A. Nassauvia dusenii O. Hoffm., p. 879, pi. xxx C, D. Triptilion dusenii O. Hoffm., p. 885, pi. xxx E. II. REVISION OF SOME SPECIFIC NAMES. Deschampsia philippi (Phil), vice D. tenella, p. 203 (see p. 961). Bromus hackeli (Hack.), vice B. patagonicus Hack., p. 241. Sieglingia antarctica (Hook, f), vice Triodia antarctica Hook, f., p. 214. Brodicea spegazzinii, p. 305, is identical with Juncoides patagonictim (Speg.), p. 302, and should be omitted. Brodicea luzula (Speg.), vice Luzula patagonica Speg., p. 305. Astragalus dusenii (Dus.), vice A. brevicaulis Dus., pp. 504, 962. A. distinens (Gray), vice Phaca (Astragalus] distans Gray, p. 505. NOTES FOR BOTANISTS. XXI Patagonium carnosum Dus., is to be deleted, being identical with P. salicornioides (Speg.) Speg. The original description overlooked the tubercles of the fruit, and for this reason Dusen concluded that he had got a different plant; p. 513. Loasa karraikensis vice L. patagonica U. & G. (non Speg.), p. 587. See p. 962. Ugni ugni (Mol.), vice Myrtus ugni, and vice Ugni molince, p. 602. Nardophyllum nardophyllum (O. Ktze.), vice Aster nardophyllum, p. 784. See p. 963. Senecio magellanensis (Phil.), vice S. magellanicus Phil., p. 852. Nassauma candollei (DC.), vice Nassauma (Panargyrus] lagascce (DC), p. 878. Page 379 the name Calandrinia densifolia should be C. densiflora, and in p. 796 Erigeron spinulosus ought to be E. spiculosus. Whilst complying with the rule which produces such names as Ugni ugni, I have" never approved of this rule. I think that when a specific name is promoted so as to become generic, then priorities shall, be prop- erly maintained by demoting the previous generic name so as to become specific. Thus I should make the old name Myrtus ugni Mol. become Ugni myrtus (Mol.) ; and Aster nardophyllum O. Ktze. become Nardo- phyllum aster (O. Ktze.). Collomia pusilla Dus., p. 670, was based on insufficient material, and on his recent exploration its author, Dr. Dusen, 'found that it is Androsace salad F. Kurtz ; also that it is identical with A. septentrionalis Speg. (non Linn.). He adds "Perhaps A. salad may be identical with A. ocdden- talis Pursh." Through his favor I am able to compare it with A. ocd- dentalis, and I find them to be quite different. The beech figured on Plate XIV as the host of Myzodendron, is of the species Nothofagiis pumilio (P. & E.) Blume. On the plate it is errone- ously assigned to N. antarctica, whose leaves are correctly figured on page 327. Dr. Dusen calls my attention to the difference between Sprague's description of Hamadryas sempervivoides, p. 414, with laciniae of leaves - glabrous, and its figure in Plate XVI which presents the laciniae as ciliate or hairy. The young specimens recently sent me by Dusen have the laciniae quite glabrous, but older specimens have the leaf-sheath woolly, as stated by Sprague ; and this woolliness invades the laciniae, as a XX11 NOTES FOR BOTANISTS. tomentum, which was overlooked by Sprague. The hairiness of the plate is the artist's interpretation of this webby tomentum. Plate XV. The right name of the plant figured is Escallonia mrgata Pers. (of Saxifragaceae, p. 464). The note on p. 419, line 3, and the perigyny shown by the figure dispose of the trial-name, Berberis mrgata, which escaped notice until Dr. Dusen sent me the correct name. He also informs me that the Hatcher specimen called Berberis ruscifolia (p. 418) is B. ilicifolia, that the Patagonium mucronatum (p. 517) is P. lotoides, and that the specimen called Verbena tridactyloides (p. 690) is Euphrasia antarctica (p. 727), of which I have also got other Hatcherian specimens. He displaces some of the specific names as being only synonyms, viz. : Senecio kurtzii is S. kingii (a radiate form of the latter) ; Senecio vagina/oHus is S. argenteus ; and in the same line Senhor Teo- doro Stuckert, of Cordoba, makes Baccharis dusenii (p. 804) a synonym of B. melanopotamica. I respectfully invite further corrections from bot- anists, with a view to using them some day for a supplemental Bulletin. III. NEW GENERIC NAMES. As some new genera erected by Spegazzini, and one by Hoffmann, have not yet got into the textbooks their descriptions are given in full. Of Spegazzini's genera we have : Halophytum (Chenopodiaceae), p. 371. Amarantellus (Amarantaceae), p. 374. Philippiella (Caryophyllacese), p. 397. Delpinoella (Cruciferae), p. 427. Aonikena (Euphorbiacese), p. 555. Monopyrena (Verbenaceas), p. 692. Benthamiella (Solanaceae), p. 712. Strongylomopsis (Compositae), p. 886. Ameghinoa (Compositae), p. 886. Hoffmann's new genus of Patagonian plants is Dusenia (Compositae), p. 866, with fig. 105. Recent revisions of generic names have caused extensive changes in the complexion of the names of plants, as presented by the Second Supple- ment of the Index Kewensis, and other works. When the revision involves a change of gender of the generic name, as with Luzula becoming Jun- coides, Adesmia becoming Patagonium, and Dava^^a becoming Schinus, terminal changes of the specific names usually, but not always follow suit. PATAGONIAN EXPEDITIONS VOL vin PLATE I Q 2 GO o u u O z w K O w PU REESE PART I. THE VEGETATION OF WESTERN PATAGONIA. BY P. DUSEN. INTRODUCTION. IN the years 1895-1897 I travelled in Tierra del Fuego, Patagonia, and southern Chili on a general exploration of the botany and geology of that section, but making the moss-vegetation of the several districts the subject of my particular attention. It was therefore a great pleasure to me, on my return from South America, to receive for examination, from Professor George Macloskie, of Princeton University, a collection of mosses, which had been brought home from Tierra del Fuego and Pata- gonia by Mr. J. B. Hatcher. Before giving an account of these mosses, I may perhaps be allowed in a few words to describe the leading features of the western Patagonian vegetation. There is, I think, all the more need for this course, as our knowledge of this vegetation is very incom- plete, being founded on only a few short notes in the books of Charles Darwin, R. O. Cunningham and a few other travellers, and on statements scattered through certain purely floristic • works. For the northernmost section of western Patagonia we have a couple of detailed accounts by Dr. Ch. Reiche, describing the vegetation along the Rio Manso, which flows into the Reloncavi Inlet, and that of the district around the mouths of the Rio Palena. We have hardly any other information on the subject. The following description of the western Patagonian vegetation is founded upon my own explorations in the westernmost parts of the Straits of Magellan, in Newton Island (lat. 51° 53' S.), at Puerto Bueno (about 51° S.) and along Molyneux Sound" (about 50° 16' S.), also upon my observations as a member of an expedition to the Rio Aysen, the expenses of which were defrayed by the Chilian government, and during a subse- quent exploration of the Guaitecas Islands (about 43° 50' S.). 2 PATAGONIAN EXPEDITIONS: BOTANY. The mighty chain of the Andes, the prevailing westerly and southwest- erly winds, and the influence of the Pacific Ocean are the chief factors regulating the climate of this region. In the extensive archipelago and on the western slope of the Cordillera, as might have been expected before- hand, the climate is decidedly maritime. The rainfall is considerable and, though not definitely ascertained, it may amount to about three meters per annum, and fog is the rule. In the southernmost part of the coast dis- trict severe frosts and snow are not uncommon, while in the northern sec- tion even a slight frost is very rare and snow does not occur in the islands and coast-district proper. On the other hand, the eastern slope of the Cordillera naturally has a much drier climate, with far greater extremes of temperature for the sum- mer and winter months than in the coast district, snow not being uncom- mon. Farther east the moisture of the air rapidly decreases and the steppes proper have an extremely dry climate. Judging from my own experience in the neighborhood of Lake Nahuel-huapi, the lowest winter temperature is not below 10° C. (14° F.). The differences of climate on the two sides of the Cordillera produce a complete difference in vegetation between the two slopes. In the damp coast district very dense forests predominate, composed chiefly of ever- green beeches with small coriaceous leaves, while the forests of the eastern slope are thin and park-like, also composed of beeches, but these have deciduous leaves. The other vegetation of these two sections shows contrasts quite as striking. Farther eastward the park-like forests of deciduous trees are replaced by the Patagonian steppe. From what I saw in the upper Aysen valley, the boundary line between the evergreen and the deciduous beech forests is very marked ; they do not interosculate with each other. The case is different, however, with the deciduous forests and the steppes, in so far as smaller steppes are occasionally met with in the forest region long before the wide, unbroken plain is reached. But the limit between forest and steppe appears in all cases to be well defined, the transition from one to the other being quite sudden. West Patagonia may accordingly be divided into three belts, each running parallel with the Cordillera and each with a markedly different vegetation : ( i ) the rainy district, comprising the archipelago and the western slope of the Cordillera, the vegetation of which may be termed the community of ever- green beeches; (2) the district on the eastern slope of the Cordillera, with DUSEN : THE VEGETATION OF WESTERN PATAGONIA. 3 a moderate rainfall, the vegetation of which may be characterized as the community of deciduous beeches ; (3) the steppe region, still farther east- ward. These divisions have their counterparts in the three similar ones into which I have elsewhere divided the Magellan territory.1 Within the two first-named belts the forest predominates, broken in some places by smaller treeless areas, which, however, are of only secondary importance. More remarkable are the sections above the forest-line, the uplands proper. These I know only so far as the southern- most part of western Patagonia is concerned, since the above-mentioned expedition to the Rio Aysen never succeeded in reaching the end of the forest, there being such a dense undergrowth that we did not once reach an altitude above 200 meters. Owing to the limited time at my disposal the attempt had to be given up, the forest-line here running at the height of about 1000 meters. My account of the western Patagonian vegetation must therefore be deficient in that the flora of the fell or upland district can be touched upon in part only. • I. THE COMMUNITY OF EVERGREEN BEECHES. The coast district of western Patagonia, in the whole of its length, including the archipelago, is covered with particularly dense primeval forests, very inaccessible to the traveller. This inaccessibility is due not only to the compactness of the vegetation, but also to the number of fallen and decaying trunks, which bar the way in all directions. In the southern parts of the district the undergrowth of bushes is neither very vigorous nor very diversified, but farther north it is more robust and richer in species, forming an impediment not easy to surmount. As a rule, the thickets are everywhere exceedingly dense. A very remarkable and important feature of the vegetation is the domi- nant part played by the mosses and especially by the Hepaticee. Whether wooded or not, the ground is everywhere entirely covered with mosses. Every decaying tree is soon lined with these plants and the living trees are more or less taken possession of by the same invaders. Some of 1 Dusen, P. Ueber die Vegetation der Feuerlandischen Inselgruppe : Engler's Botanische Jahrbiicher, Bd. XIV, Heft 2, 1897. Dusen, P. Die Gefasspflanzen der Magellanslander nebst einem Beitrage zur Flora der Ostkiiste von Patagonien : Svenska Exped. till Magellanslanderna ; Bd. Ill, No. 5, p. 95. 4 PATAGONIAN EXPEDITIONS! BOTANY. these species have a very striking capacity for forming hillocks, the ground between the trees being studded with elevations, which occasionally reach the height of a man. As characteristic of this district should also be men- tioned the Stictacece among the lichens and the Hymenophyllacecz among the ferns. In the northern and southern sections of this region the vegetation of the forest and thickets naturally prevents any great variety of composition. In the southern parts of western Patagonia the vegetation does not differ, on the whole^ from that of the westernmost parts of the Magellan terri- tory. In the northern section, for instance, in the Guaitecas Islands, which are the outposts to the north of the Patagonian archipelago, it is closely analogous to that of southern Chili. On the other hand, the cryptogamic vegetation is far from showing the same variety of composi- tion and appearance in the different parts of this district. In the whole of this area it is nearly the same, and even in the Guaitecas Islands, taken all round, it has the same complexion as in the most westerly parts of the Magellan territory, although, of course, some species which occur in the one section are not found in the other. There is no doubt, however, that the evergreen forests, especially with regard to their undergrowth, show dissimilarities enough in their different parts to justify their division into sub-sections. How such a division should be made, future explorers may decide ; here I wish only to present some facts that, to me, appear to point in that direction. In the northern parts of our district the undergrowth is, to a small extent, made up of some species of Chitsquea, tall, robust grasses, some- what resembling the species of Bambusa. The species found in the northern archipelago is characterized by its climbing propensity and it not infre- quently reaches the upper parts of the trees. But it is not so common that it can be considered a very conspicuous feature of the vegetation. Whether a subdivision of the archipelago ought to be made on the basis of the occurrence of this species in one district and its absence from another, I leave an open question. According to my knowledge of the vegetation of the archipelago, such a subdivision is hardly necessary and I shall therefore include in- a single total all the islands and the coast district of western Patagonia from the Straits of Magellan north- ward to the Ofqui-ness (about 46° 45' S. lat.) and the coast still farther to the north. DUSEN I THE VEGETATION OF WESTERN PATAGONIA. 5 A species of Chnsqnea, different from the insular species and probably C. quila Kunth,1 occurs in the northernmost part of the mainland of west Patagonia, reaching, according to Dr. Steffen,2 its southern limit at the Ofqui-ness. Whether this species actually occurs in the littoral districts, I do not know, but very much doubt its occurrence there. On the other hand, it is met with in enormous masses in the transverse valleys of the Cordillera, where it constitutes the great bulk of the undergrowth and is the chief obstruction to the traveller. This occurrence in masses is suffi- cient reason for setting apart these valleys as a separate section of the community of evergreen beeches, but there are other reasons also. One is that the forests here are thin or open, which makes them look like parks, and to this may be added that the ground lacks that very dense covering of mosses which, in the archipelago and littoral, is such an extremely characteristic feature of the vegetation. From the most representative plant of these transverse valleys this subsection of the evergreen beech forests may be termed the Quila formation. Lastly and before proceeding to give an account of the different species that are to be found in these forests, I wish to point out their great like- ness to the forests of the Tropics, especially in the north of ^Patagonia and, above all, in the Quila formation. These forests are mixed ones, their trees being evergreen with coriaceous leaves ; but their undergrowth of bam- boo-like grasses, the occurrence of epiphytic phanerogam^, the number of ferns, especially of Hymenophyllacece, and mosses of the genera Pilotri- cJiclIa and Cyathophorum, frequently in luxuriant festoons hanging from the branches, give to the forests an appearance very similar to the pri- meval forests of the tropical regions. i. THE VEGETATION OF THE SOUTHERN SECTION OF WESTERN PATAGONIA. Although, as I have already mentioned, I include together all the islands of the archipelago and the coast of the mainland, in one whole, 1 It is stated (Cf. Frombling : Ueber botanische Excursionen wahrend eines dreijahrigen Aufen- thalt in Chile : Botan. Centralblatt, Jahrg. XVI) that the Chusquca grasses flower but once in three or four years, and, strange to say, all the individuals in a large district are in flower at the same time. Of the species found by me in western Patagonia not one was in bloom and trust- worthy identification was therefore impossible. 2 Stcffen, H. Reisen in den Patagonischen Anden : Verhandl. d. Ges. fur Erdkunde zu Berlin, 1900, No. 4, p. 220. 6 PATAGONIAN EXPEDITIONS: BOTANY. which can scarcely be subdivided, or at least, not at present, nor until the entire district shall have been carefully explored, I find it necessary, in my account of its vegetation, to treat its northern and southern parts sepa- rately. My only reason for this is the unequal number of species in the outlying sections north and south. I shall begin with the vegetation of the southern section, by which I mean the territory between the Straits of Magellan and Molyneux Sound. The forests here are almost entirely composed of two species of trees, Nothofagus betuloides (Mirb.) Blume, and Drimys winteri Forst. The only conifer to be found here, Libocedrus tetragona (Hook.) Endl., can hardly be considered forest-forming. It generally grows in small, thin groves, or sparsely intermingled with Nothofagus and Drimys, as a rule, on very boggy ground. The shrub-vegetation of these forests is neither rich in species, nor very luxuriant in habit of growth, the reason of which may, I think, be found in the prevailing climatic conditions, the deficiency of light, on account of frequent fogs and a generally clouded sky, and the dark green foliage of the trees, which admits very little sunlight. There is but one species which in the twilight of these forests, and only here, at- tains its full development and vigor, Lebetanthus myrsinites (Lam.) Endl., a small, half-climbing shrub, which often entirely covers the lower parts of the tree-trunks. Other shrubs are Desfontainea spinosa, Ruiz et Pav., Berberis ilicifolia Linn, fil., and Pernettya niucronata (Linn, fil.) Gaud. Of other phanerogamic plants, there are scarcely any, at least where the trees stand close together, except Callixene marginata Lam. On the other hand, the vegetation of epiphytic ferns is all the richer, both in indi- viduals and species. On the trunks of the trees, as well as interwoven with the mosses covering the ground and the decaying logs, grow Hymen- ophyllum tortuosum Banks et Sol., H. pectinatum Cav., and H. dicho- tomum Cav., not unfrequently all together. More sparingly occur Hymen- ophyllum ceruginosum Cav. and Polypodium australe (R. Br.), besides which the ground presents to our notice two other ferns, Asplenium magellanicum Kaulf. and Gleichenia quadripartita (Lam.) Hook., the lat- ter growing in clusters. Of lichens the denser forests have not many to offer, as these plants do not seem to thrive well in the dim light here prevailing. The only species met with are Sticta caulescensDz Not. and S. filicina Ach. (ex. p.). The mosses, especially the Hepaticcz, on the other hand, occur in great num- DUSEN : THE VEGETATION OF WESTERN PATAGONIA. 7 bers, carpeting the ground and covering the fallen trees with a coating of pure green. Here thrive species of Schistochila, such as the pretty S. lamellistipula Steph. and S. lamellata Hook., many Lophocolece (but only one in large numbers, namely, the splendid Lophocolea gottscheceoides Mass.), Tylimanthus brecknockiensis (Mass.) Steph., numerous species of PlagiocJiila, for instance, P. longissima Steph., P. elata Tayl., P. duri- caulis Hook, et Tayl., P. dura De Not, P. obcuneata Steph., and P. pata- gonica Besch. et Mass. Epiphytic on other mosses and on Hymenophyl- lacece are Chiloscyphus striatellus Mass., Balantiopsis chilensis Steph., Mastigobryum lechleri Steph. and M. peruvianum Nees, Aneura crispa Schffn. and A. prehensilis (Tayl.) Mitt., Anthoceros endivcefolius Mont., besides many others of less importance. The Musci, as I have previously stated, are sparingly represented and chiefly by species of Pterygophyllum, Mniadelphus, Eriopus and Hypopterygium. Dicranum, Campylopus, Ulota and other genera, elsewhere rich in species, have only a few representa- tives in the denser and darker forests. Far richer in species is the flora of the less thickly wooded ground, with its better light. With the exception of Lebetanthus myrsinites (Lam.) Endl., the same phanerogamic plants are found here as in the denser forest. With these are associated Philesia buxifolia Lam., Chiliotrichium diffusum Forst, Myrteola nummularia (Poir.) Berg., Empetrum rubrum Vahl., Escallonia serrata Sm., Accena pumila Vahl., Pinguicula antarctica Vahl, Senecio smithii DC., Perezia magellanica (Linn, fil.), Lag., Lageno- pJwra niidicaulis Comm., Phyllactme uliginosa Forst., Senecio trifurcatus Less., Tapeinia magellanica (Lam.) Juss., Marsipospermum grandiflorum (Linn, fil.) Hook., Carex microglochin L., subsp. fuegma Kiikenth., Fes- tuca commcrsoiiii Franch., Deschani"psia kingii (Hook, fil.) Desv., and Blecluutm magellan icum (Desv.) Mett, besides the gregarious species, Donatia fascicularis Forst., Astelia pumila (Forst.) R. Br., Gaimardia aitstmlis Gaud., and Oreobolus obtusangulus Gaud., each of them forming large and thick clusters and often accompanied by Tetroncium magellani- CIDII Willd., Drosera tmiflomWilld., and two species of Caltha, C. dionece- folia Hook., and C. appendiculata Pers., the former especially growing in compact groups. It should be explained that by far the largest part of the ground in the thinly wooded section is occupied by mosses, which give it a yellowish brown tint, not only in the wooded places, but also in the treeless areas 8 PATAGONIAN EXPEDITIONS I BOTANY. higher up the mountain slope. The Musci are comparatively numerous and appear in masses here and there, particularly species of Dicramun, such as D. imponens Hook. fil. et Wils., D. australe Besch., and D. billardieri Schwaegr. The same applies to Campylopus flavo-nigritus sp. nov., and Rhacomitrum lanugtnosum (Hedw.) Brid., to which should be added, for the higher and treeless areas, Dicranum harioti Besch., Rhaco- carpus humboldtii (Spreng.) Lindb. and R. patagonicus Broth, n. sp., be- sides many species of the genus Andrecea. The Hepaticce, however, pre- dominate here also, and the following should be singled out because of their great abundance and because of their congregating into large mats : Diplophyllum densifolium Hook., Lepicolea ochroleuca (Spreng.) Spruce, Schisma chilensis De Not., Isotachis madida Tayl., and Adelanthns uncifonnis (Hook, et Tayl.) Mitt, besides which I should not omit to mention Lepidolczna magellanica Lam., Chiloscyphus horizontalis (Hook.) Nees, Schistochila gay ana Gottsche and S. pachyla Tayl., each of these now growing in distinct tufts, or again intermingled with other mosses and conspicuous for their size or beauty, or for other reasons. As already mentioned, the shore-thickets are very dense, being made up of some shrubs that thrive best here and scarcely occur outside of the littoral proper. The following are found closely intermingled with one another: Escallonia serrata Sm., Tepualia stipularis Gris., Veronica ellip- tica Forst, Maytenus magellanica (Lam.) Hook, fil., Desfontainea spinosa Ruiz et Pav., Fuchsia coccinea Ait., Pernettya mucronata (Linn, fil.) Gaud., Pseudopanax l&tevirens Gay., and Philesia biixifolia Lam. These thick- ets are also the chief resort of the lichens of this district, which here ap- pear comparatively rich both in variety of species and profusion of indi- viduals, not only on the twigs of the bushes, but also on the ground. The following are the most important: Pseudocyphellaria hirsiita (Mant.) Malme, P. fossulata (Duf.) Malme, P. orymcea (Ach.) Malme, P. orymcea, subsp. flavicans (Hook, et Tayl.) Malme, P. freycinetii (Del.) Malme, var. isidioloma (Nyl.) and Nephroma celhilosum Ach. Nearly always on the outside of the thickets are found the phanerogamous Cotula scariosa (Cass.) Franch., Apiiim graveolens L. and, sparingly, Gunnera magel- lanica Lam. and G. lobata Hook. fil. Lastly, I may add that the twigs of the bushes are also often taken possession of by mosses, particularly by species of Ulota aud Macromitrium, such as Ulota fuhella Mitt, and Macromitrium tenax C. Mull. The vegetation of the rocks by the shore DUSEN : THE VEGETATION OF WESTERN PATAGONIA. 9 • is made up of Crassula moschata Forst. and of mosses belonging to the genera Hypnum, Campylopus, Dicramtm and Bryum, besides a few crust lichens. Of the flora of the fell district proper I have no personal knowledge, but am strongly inclined to believe that it does not differ materially from that of the corresponding stations of the westernmost parts of the Straits of Magellan. I think, therefore, that I should here give some of my own observations in Desolation Island, as, on the whole, they may convey an adequate idea of the flora of our upland district. The forest-line is at the height of about 400 meters and the majority of the species belonging to the coast district extend to the same altitude ; a few, such as Crassula moschata and Cotula scariosa, being restricted to the ljttoral, while others are met with even far above the forest-line. On or about that line is found Nothofagtcs betuloides (Forst.) Blume, a decid- uous beech, appearing here as a shrub or low tree, while in Tierra del Fuego.and western Patagonia, in the moderately rainy parts of which it flourishes best, it becomes a tree of considerable size. The same species occurs also on the uplands, extending up to a height of 600 meters, at least, and the higher it goes, the more stunted it is ; at the upper limit of its range it is merely a small shrub, the branches of which creep along among the mosses of the ground, thus growing in the same way as the Salices and dwarf birch of the Arctic regions. There are, I dare say, few trees that vary to the same degree, from a mighty tree to an insignificant little creeper trailing along the ground. But still more in regard to its distribution this species is of very great interest. As I have already stated, it attains its full development on the eastern slope of the Cordillera. Here it descends to the lowlands at the foot of the mountains, reaching the coast about the middle of the Straits of Magellan, and it is also found in the coast district and lowlands of Fuegia. Farther west, along the Straits, it shuns the coast, and this is all the more marked as one ap- proaches the westernmost and rainiest parts of our district. The lower limit moves continually higher and on the west coast it does not occur at all, even in the region of the evergreen beeches. That it should be alto- gether wanting in the coast section is very strange and seems difficult to explain, at least at first sight. The occurrence of Nothofagns antarctica in the upland district is the most interesting feature of the flora. Here also the mosses predominate, 10 PATAGONIAN EXPEDITIONS: BOTANY. especially the Hepatica, which still appear in considerable masses. Phan- erogamic plants, on the other hand, are few and far between. I have already mentioned that some of the coast species ascend to the fells, such as Lagenophora nudicaulis (Comm.), Perezia magellamca (Linn, fil.) Lag., Senecio bifurcatus Less., and S. acanthifofais Hombr. et Jacq., Marsipo- spermum grandiflorum (Linn, fil.) Hook., Caltha dionecefolia Hook., and Phyllachne uliginosa Forst, the last two named of these extending nearly as high as the snow-line. Species found only on the fells are : Viola tridentata Menz., Geitm magellanicum Comm., Accena antarctica Hook. fil., Ourisia breviflora Benth. and O. nana Benth., Saxifraga bicuspidata Hook. fil. and S. alboffiana Kurtz., Luzitla antarctica Hook, fil., Uncinia kingii Booth., and Stipa rariflora (Hook, fil.) Benth. Of the numerous Hepaticce I must not omit to mention Anastrophyl- Imn invohttifolium (Mont.), Isotachis anceps Mass., Jamesoniella grandi- flora L. et A., Dip lop hy limn clandestinum Hook., Lepicolea quadrilaciniata Sull. ; species of Lophocolea, Leioscyphus abnormis Mass., L. surrepens Tayl., and L. turgescens Tayl., Lepidolwna hariotiana Mass., Marsupella kerguelensis Schffn., Schistochila splachnophylla^-xyl., and S. flac/iy/aTay\., S. planifolia Steph. and S. gayana Gottsche. Musci are comparatively scarce and many of them belong to genera which are represented also in the Arctic and Subarctic zones of the northern hemisphere, such as Andrecea, Conostomum, Psilopilum, Blindia, Rhacomitriuin and Dtckodontium. 2. THE VEGETATION OF THE NORTHERNMOST PARTS OF WESTERN PATAGONIA. Many of the phanerogamic plants enumerated above as belonging to the southern section of our district are spread over the whole of western Patagonia, including the Guaitecas Islands, of whose plants I shall now give an account. But the flora of those islands — I here refer to the phanerogamic vegetation only — is chiefly composed of elements that are wanting in the south, this difference of species being the only one that can be shown to exist between the outlying parts of our district north and south, as biologically and physiologically, hardly any can be discerned. Nothofagus betuloides (Mirb.) Blume, so common and characteristic of the southern portion of western Patagonia, is almost entirely missing in these islands. Here it is replaced by two other species of evergreen beeches, Notkofagus dombeyi (Mirb.) Blume and N. nitida (Phil.), both of DUSEN : THE VEGETATION OF WESTERN PATAGONIA. I I which are the dominant trees of this locality. Like Nothofagus betuloides they have small, thick and coriaceous leaves. On the other hand, Drimys winteri Forst. is as common here as farther south, and Libocedrus tetra- gona Endl. appears to thrive even better than in the district of%the Straits of Magellan. Although full-grown specimens of this tree are now hardly to be found in the Guaitecas Islands, because every full-sized trunk has been cut down, on account of its excellent wood, there is hardly any doubt that this species grows here in larger, closer and more immingled groves than in the southern section. To the above-mentioned species I should add not a few others, which the Guaitecas have in common with south Chili and the opposite coast of western Patagonia. Without exception they are all evergreen ; namely, Lauretta aromatica Spreng., Caldchwia paniculata Don., IVeinmannia trichosperma Cav., Lomatia ferruginea R. Br., Edwardsia macnabiana Grah., Podocarpus mibigena Lindl., species of the genus Eugenia and, of rarer occurrence, Guevina avellana Mol., and Embothrium coccineum Forst. The undergrowth of the forests and the thickets by the sea-beach likewise show a greater variety of species than is the case in the southern section. A very remarkable feature in the vegetation of these islands is the occurrence of epiphytic phanerogams, which are represented by at least five species: Mitraria coccinea Cav., Asteranttiera chiloensis Hanst et Kl., Luzuriaga radicans Ruiz et Pav., Sarmienta repens Ruiz et Pav., and one species belonging to the BromeRacete, namely a species of Rhodo- stachys. Of parasitic phanerogams there is at least one, Myzodendron punctulatum Banks et Sol. The vegetation varies, as to its component species, according to the nature of the ground. Generally, the soil consists of rock with a rather thick overlying layer of peat, produced by the mosses, which, in large masses, cover every inch of it. Here beeches and Drimys prevail, at the cost of other trees, while, in places where the lowland is made up of sand, the case is just the reverse. In other respects also the vegetation of the sandy places differs from what is the rule elsewhere. For instance, the grass Chusquea, which, as I have stated, belongs to the flora of northern Patagonia, is found here, and the ground lacks that close-woven carpeting of mosses so characteristic of the peat-covered rocks. Naturally, mosses occur even here, but are comparatively few and belong to species different from those of the beech forests proper. 12 PATAGONIAN EXPEDITIONS! BOTANY. An enumeration of species from different localities may give some idea of the vegetation of the Guaitecas. I shall begin with such as belong to the peat-covered, rocky ground, which takes up by far the larger part of these islands. As already stated, the two beeches, Nothofagits dombeyi and N. nitida, and Drimys winteri predominate ; other trees, such as Lattrelia aromatica, Lomatia ferruginea, Eugenia sp., Podocarptis nubigena and Caldcluma paniculata, being either of less importance or very uncommon. Whether Weinmannia trichosperma, Embothrium coccineiim, Edwardsia macna- biana and Guevina avellana really occur here, I leave an open question. If so, they are at least extremely rare and of no consequence. Libocedrus tetragona I have already mentioned. As is the case farther south, the light here is often very dim. Judging from the undergrowth which, in places, is more vigorous than in southern west Patagonia, it would appear that the trees do not join their crowns quite so closely together as in the latter section, although it may be that the wood-cutting, which has been going on in these islands for a long time, may have something to do with this phenomenon. The following species make up the undergrowth: Desfontainea spinosa, Philesia buxi- folia, Lebetanthus myrsinites, Pernettya mucronata and P. furens Klotzsch., Myrteola nummiilaria; also, but more rarely, Tecoma valdiviana Phil., Dacostea racemosa Phil., and Tepualia stipularis. Of epiphytic phanero- gams occur Luzuriaga radicans and very likely also Mitraria coccinea and Asteranthera chiloensis. Epiphytic ferns are plentiful, such as Hymeno- phyllum chiloense Hook., H. magellanicutn Willd., H. cUckptomum Cav., H. bridgesii Hook., H. pectinatum Cav., H. cruentum Cav., H. cerugi- nosum Carm., Trichomanes ccespitosum Hook., Asplenittm trapezoides Hook., and Polypodium australe (R. Br.). Most of these also grow on the ground, which likewise displays Asplenium magellanicum, Blechnum magellanicum and Gleichenia quadripartita. The carpeting of mosses which covers the ground is composed mainly of Hepaticce, but also Bryacecz are more plentiful here than in the south ; the species are the same as we already know from there ; of the former, I should mention Schisma chilensis, Lepicolea ochroleuca, Chiloscyphus horizontalis, Aneura prehensilis, A. fuegiana, A. crispa, Schistochila reicheana Steph., Plagiochila longissima Steph., P. obcimeata and P. dura De Not., Isotachis madida, Diphphyllum densifolium, Lepidozia chordu- DUSEN: THE VEGETATION OF WESTERN PATAGONIA. 13 lifera, Mastigobryum novce-zelandice Mitt., Lophocolea hmnilis and L. trachyopa Tayl. Among the Musci the foremost place is occupied by species of the genus Dicranum, of which D. billardieri, D. australe and, generally, D. imponens, sometimes also D. nigricaule Aongstr. appear in great numbers. Hypopterygium didictyon and H. thoninii, Htfpnodendron krausei (C. Miill.) Jacq., Thamnium arbusculans C. Miill., Pterygophyllum obscurum Mont., Ptychomnium cygnisetum, Rhizogonium mnioides, Bren- telia dumosa Mitt., and Pogonatum dendroides Brid. are likewise worthy of notice. On decaying trunks the Hepaticce are represented by Lophocolea, Lepi- dozia, Jamesoniella, Aneitra, Schistochila, Isotachis, and other genera, their commonest species being Lophocolea anomada (Mont), L. attenuata Steph., L. trachyopa and L. textilis Tayl., Jamesoniella colorata, Aneura conimitra Steph., Schistochila reicheana, Isotachis quadriloba Steph., Lepidozia cucullifolia Steph. and L. phmitilosa. Among the Musci the genus Dicramim again takes the leading place, with the same species as are predominant on the ground. As they are quite common, Rhaphido- stegium callidum (Mont.) and Stereodon lechleri Mitt., which grow in large tufts, should not be omitted. The moss-flora of the standing trunks is quite rich, comprising, of the Hepaticce, species of Lophocolea and Plagiochila, such as Lophocolea Iinmilis, L. ftilvella (Tayl.), L. cucullistipula Steph., L. otiphylla and L. homomalla Steph., Plagiochila bispinosa Ldbg., P. flexicatdis Mont., and P. dura De Not.; further Madotheca subsquamosa N. et M., Radula intempes- tiva Gottsche, Frullania stipatiloba Steph., and F. lobtdata Hook., Tricho- colea verticillata Steph., and others. Worthy of mention among the Musci are, Hypopterygiiun flexisetum Hampe, Pilotrichella krausei Lor. and P. cumingii (C. Miill.) Lor. In lichens also these forests are poor. Strictly speaking, there are only two species that one is sure to meet with, Sphcerophoron tener Laur., and S. compressus Ach. One or two species of Sticta and Pseudocyphellaria do occur, but they are rare. The thickets by the sea-shore are well developed and quite dense, which, I think, may be set down to the favorable light, which prevails outside the forest. They are chiefly made up of the following species : Tepualia stipularis, Pseudopanax Icetevirens, Desfontainea spinosa, Pernettya mu- cronata, Fuchsia magellanica Lam., Philesia buxifolia and Myrtus ugni 14 PATAGONIAN EXPEDITIONS: BOTANY Molina. Less important are Eugenia sp., Rhaphithamnus cyanocarpus Miers, Tecoma valdiviana, Dacostea mscifolia Clos. and D. racemosa, Pernettya furens and Berberis darivinii Hook. Eugenia sp. occasionally occurs in dense copses and then generally together with Blechnum magel- lanicwn. Hymenophyllacece also are plentiful in the thickets of the sea- shore, and to those species that I have mentioned before I may now add Hymenophyllum caudiciilatwn Hook. In the littoral belt the lichens have their proper abode, occurring here in large masses. They belong almost exclusively to the genus Pseudocy- phellaria, the following species being the most important : P. fossulata (Del.) Malme, P. faveolata (Del.) Malme, var. cervicornis (Plot), P. orygmcea (Ach.) P. urvillei (Del.) Malme, P. orygmcea (Ach.) flavicans (Hook, et Tayl.) Malme, P. nitida (Tayl.) Malme, and P. freycinetii (Del.) Malme. " On the cliffs by the shore the vegetation is, as a rule, very poor in species. I should mention as occurring here some phanerogamic plants, as Cotula scariosa, Crassula moschata, Colobanthus quitensis Barth., Juncus planifolius R. Br., var. demissus Buch., and Aim caryophyllea, L. ; of Musci, Macromitrium bifasciculare sp. nov., and Barbula micro- runcinata sp. nov. ; and of Lichens, *Stereococaulon ramulosum (Sw.) Ach., together with its variety implexum Th. Fr. On sandy ground, which occurs only along the small bays, the vege- tation of the forest is somewhat different; also that of the thickets, and especially that of the herbaceous plants, is denser here than elsewhere. At Puerto Low, a cave on the northern side of the main island, Isla Guaiteca, the vegetation is disposed as follows : Next to the shore is a low belt, chiefly taken up by Juncacece and Grammeee, next comes a belt of thickets and then the virgin forest. In the outermost belt Des- champsia kingii (Hook, fil.) Desv., Elymus sp., Poafuegiana (Hook, fil.) and Juncus lesueurii Bol., predominate, more or less richly intermingled with the following species: Cerastium arvense L., Lathyrus magellanicus Lam. and L. maritimus (L.) Big., Senecio otites Kze. and S. smithii DC, Accena ovalifolia Ruiz et Pav., Galiiim relbun Endl., Libertia elegans Poepp., Sonchus fallax Waltr., Polygonum chilense Koch, Rumex sp., Cardamine ovata Phil., Solanum furcatum Poir., Apiiun graveolens L., Baccharis sagittalis DC., Lepidium bipinnatijidum Desv., Hydrocotyle sp. (sterile), Cotula scariosa, Ranunculus chilensis DC., Selliera radicans DUSEN : THE VEGETATION OF WESTERN PATAGONIA. 15 Pers., Tetragonia expansa Ait., Ambrina ambrosioides Spach., Plantago lanceolata L., Stachys chonotica Hook, fil., Stellaria cuspidata Willd., Uncinia phleoides Pers., Carex sp., presumably C. darwinii Boott. and Blechnum chilense (Kaulf.) Mett. The belt of thickets is chiefly composed of Rhaphithamnus cyanocarpus Miers, a couple of species of Eugenia, Fuchsia magellanica and Escal- lonia macrantha Hook, et Arn. More sparingly occur Berberis darwinii and B. microphylla, Ribes magellanicum Poir., Cynoctonum pachyphyllum Decaisne, Myrtns ugni and Pseiidopanax Icetemrens. Mitraria coccinea is here rare. Both of the outer belts have a width of only a few meters each. The most important constituents of the forest are Caldcluvia paniculata, Laurelia aromatica, Weinmannia trichosperma, Lomatia ferruginea and Drimys winteri. Though not absent, the two species of beech, Notho- fagus dombeyi and N. nitida, are not conspicuous here. This forest is considerably taller and less dense than the beech-forest and consequently admits more light than the latter. The undergrowth, therefore, at least in places, is very luxuriant, its most conspicuous element being the Clms- qnea grass already referred to, probably C. valdiviensis Desv., the climbing propensities of which I have pointed out. In more open and lighter places it becomes very dense, but elsewhere only sparingly so. Besides these, the highest plants of the undergrowth are Pseiidopanax Icetemrens, Rhaph- ithanuiiis cyanocarpus, a couple of Eztgenia species, Tepualia stipularis, Dacostea ruscifolia, My osc kilos oblongus Ruiz et Pav., Philesia buxifolia, Myrtus itgni Molina, Tecoma -valdimana and Lebetanthus americanus. Of epiphytic plants, Mitraria coccinea, Asteranthera chiloensis, Lnzuriaga radicans and Sarmienta repens are common, the last named not unfre- quently occurring in masses on sloping tree-trunks. Rhodostachys sp., probably R. littoralis Phil., on the other hand, is rare and restricted to the outskirts of the forest. Besides, the trunks are richly clothed with Hymenophyllacece and a few other ferns, and with mosses, of which I should mention Hypopteryginm flexisetum, Pilotrichella krausei and P. cniuingii, Metzgeriaglaberrima^vph.., Plagiochila imcialis, and/*, lechleri, Madotheca subsqnarrosa N. et M. and Frullania chilensis Steph. A lower order of the undergrowth is composed of a few scattered herbs, such as Osmorhiza berterii DC, Nertera depressa Banks, Uncinia phle- oides and U. erinacea Pers., and Blechnum chilense. The moss carpeting is comparatively scanty and Hepaticcz are scarce, their most important 1 6 PATAGONIAN EXPEDITIONS I BOTANY. representatives being Rigodium toxarion (Schwaegr.) Schimp., Hypnoden- dron krausei,Thamnium arbiisculans and Monoclea forsteri (Hook.). From what has just been said, it will appear that the forest vegetation of the Guaitecas Islands is very different from that of the southern sections of our district, being in fact distinctly allied to that of Chiloe and southern Chili. Certain portions of the Guaitecas, however, have a vegetation, in which the southern Patagonian and Fuegian elements prevail, while the south Chilian forms are altogether wanting, or very poorly represented. Such is the case with the vegetation of the peat-bogs and also of the higher and treeless portions of the islands. Peat Bogs. In western Patagonia peat-bogs are rather uncommon and in our terri- tory I know of such only in the Guaitecas. These bogs have exactly the same appearance as those of the north of Europe. The great bulk of their vegetation consists of Sphagnacecz, belonging to the same species as those of the bogs of southern Sweden. The phanerogamic bog-vegeta- tion of two districts so widely distant from each other, so far as their sev- eral species are concerned, has very little in common, but, in some cases, quite evidently shows a morphological correspondence. The bed of Sphagnum is not altogether continuous, but is broken in spots by solid patches of phanerogamic plants ; namely, Donatia fascicu- laris, Astelia pumila, Gaimardia aiistralis, and Oreobolns obtiisangnlus, all of which I have already stated to belong to the southern sections of our district and which also enter into the Fuegian flora. Even Musci, such as Dicranum australe, and D. billardieri, Campylopus flavo-nigritus, sp. nov., and Rhacomitriwn lanuginosum, occasionally break the continuity of the masses of Sphagmim. Species of Hepaticce occur along with them, as Schisma chilensis, Lepicolea ochroleuca, Diplophyllum densifolium and Lepidozia saddlensis, but their assistance in producing the peat is very limited. A couple of lichens, Cladonia pycnoclada (Pers.) and a species of Pseudocyphellaria likewise belong to the bog-vegetation. Besides the phanerogamic plants above enumerated, several others should also be mentioned. Schcznodon chilensis Gay. occasionally occurs in groups, but, on the other hand, I did not see Scirpns riparius Presl., though it may have grown here once. I noticed it, together with Sc/ice- nodon, growing in profusion by a lagoon, by the shore of which Sphagna- DUSEN : THE VEGETATION OF WESTERN PATAGONIA. 1 7 cece were evidently advancing. The production of peat was in full swing here, and part of the lagoon was already invaded by peat-producing plants. Both the species named seemed to be of importance in the first stage of peat production and to play the same part here as Phragmites does in the formation of the Scandinavian bogs. On the mounds of Sphagnum, Empetrum rubrum Vahl. is abundant, generally together with the species of Pseudocyphellaria named above. Low shrubs of Tepualia stipularis, Pernettya mucronata, Philesia buxifolia and B ace harts sp. occur sparingly on these mounds, sometimes also Blechnum pinna-marina. Libocedrus tetragona and dwarfed specimens of Nothofagus betuloides are far from common ; the latter should, in all probability, be regarded as on the point of extinction. Drosera uniflora and Pingtticula antarctica are met with on the sward- like beds of Gaimardia, as well as on those of Sphagnum. In places, Tetroncium magellanicum and Schizcza australis Gaud, form small groups, and Myrteola mimmularia is common. Carex microglochin Wahl. var. fitegina Kiikenth. and magellanica Lam., Carpha schoznoides Banks et Sol. and Deschampsia kingii are rather scarce. Of the phanerogamic plants enumerated as peculiar to the peat-bogs, only one, Schwnodon chilensis, and also the fern Schizcea australis, are absent from west Pata- gonia and Fuegia, although the latter may be found there, as it is known from the Falkland Islands. From a morphological point of view the phanerogamic flora of the peat- bogs of the Guaitecas shows many similarities with that of the Scan- dinavian bogs. For instance, Empetrum rubrum exactly resembles in habit Empetrum nigrum L., and Carex magellanica is common to both districts. Tetroncium magellanicum has its morphological counterpart northwards in Narthecium ossifragum Huds., and Myrteola nummularia in Oxycoccus palustris Pers. But in many cases, naturally, such a cor- respondence does not exist. Thus Eriophorum vaginatum L., so com- mon in Scandinavian bogs, has no morphological counterpart in the Pat- agonian, just as, vice versa, Donatia, Astelia, Oreobolus and Gaimardia have none in the Scandinavian peat-bogs. It now remains for me to give some account of the vegetation of the higher and treeless portions of these islands. They were once wooded, partly at least, but their trees have either been cut down or destroyed by fires. In places the forest is now regaining its lost ground. 1 8 PATAGONIAN EXPEDITIONS: BOTANY. These treeless slopes are covered with a carpet of mosses, as thick and unbroken as that of the ground in the beech forests just described. On the whole, the same species occur here as in the beech district, with an occasional solitary mound of Sphagnum. Thickets are common and con- sist of almost the same species as those forming the undergrowth in the beech forests, sometimes associated with that splendid fern, Alsophila pruinata, in considerable quantities. There are also less dense thickets made up exclusively or almost exclusively of Lepidothamnusfoncki Phil., a very remarkable shrub belonging to the Coniferce and scarcely reaching the height of one meter. The vegetation of these slopes, in many respects, naturally reminds one of the undergrowth in the typical virgin forests, but, at the same time, it has some features in common with the flora of the peat-bogs. For ex- ample, Drosera uniflora, Pinguicula antarctica, Astelia puniila, Gaimardia australis, Oreobolus obtusanguhis, Myrteola nummularia, Blechnum pinna- marina and Schizcea australis are met with in places, all of these belong- ing to the bog vegetation. Certain spaces on these slopes are in the course of transformation into tree-bearing ground, Libocedrus tetragona taking possession almost exclu- sively. The beeches are probably far behind-hand, and may be at a dis- advantage because their nuts are less adapted for transportation. At the time of my exploration of the Guaitecas Islands the groves of Libocedrus were about man-high. Judging from their quite considerable density and extension, it will appear that this species of conifer is of far greater impor- tance here than in the southern section. 3. THE VEGETATION OF THE Rio AYSEN VALLEY. i . The Community of Evergreen Beeches. At about 45° 23' 30" S. Lat. the Rio Aysen reaches the Pacific, hav- ing cut its way through the whole of the west Patagonian Cordillera. In the district around its mouth in the Firth of Aysen, which penetrates far into the mountain chain, the rainfall is evidently very much less than in the coast district and the islands. This is manifestly proved by the vege- tation, as that compact carpeting of mosses, which is such a characteristic feature of the outer coast district, is entirely wanting here, which cannot otherwise be accounted for than by reason of the rainfall's being less in the Aysen valley than on the coast proper. DUSEN : THE VEGETATION OF WESTERN PATAGONIA. 19 Although the plant growth of the lower and middle parts of the Aysen valley differs in some other respects also, besides the one just named, from that of the coast district, it must be regarded in a general way as belonging to the community of evergreen beeches. However, as I have pointed out, we are quite justified in setting apart the vegetation of this valley, and of others within the northern section of west Patagonia, as a separate section of the community of evergreen beeches. This part may appropriately be called the Quila formation. Even this is not uniform throughout and might therefore be further subdivided, the vegetation of the river-banks and islands, for instance, being very different from that of other parts of the valley. But such a subdivision of the vegetation of the Aysen valley into smaller sections I shall not now attempt, since it is not necessary for my present purpose. A short journey up the river is sufficient to show how different its vegetation is from that of the coast district. It exhibits forms which could hardly be expected to occur here, and which agree better with the flora of a tropical country than with that of temperate regions. In par- ticular, it contains two species, G^^nnera chilensis Lam., and Chusquea qnila Kunth, that remind one of the luxuriance and magnificence of the tropical floras, the former growing here and there in groups on the river bank, and extending as far up the river as the evergreen beeches. The flower stalks of the first of these plants, which resembles a species of R/ienui, are more than man-high, the diameter of its rounded, lobed leaves frequently exceeding two meters. The Chusqiiea plays a dominant part in making up the undergrowth, and fills, almost uninterruptedly, the spaces between the trees of the park-like forest, forcing its way to the river banks in compact masses. It is a grass four to five meters high, with stalks standing close together, three to four centimeters thick and as hard as bamboo, forming a great impediment to the traveller's progress and, except in rare cases, necessitating the use of the axe. Of the density of the undergrowth the following will give a good idea. Our expedi- tion J occupied seven weeks in going from the mouth of the Rio Aysen to 'The members of this expedition — which was sent out by the Chilian government for the delimitation of the frontier between Chili and Argentina, and the main object of which was to ascertain the interoceanic water-shed of the district around the sources of the Rio Aysen — were, in addition to myself, Dr. Hans Steffen, leader; Mr. De Fischer, Danish cartographer, and Messrs. Horn and von Bronsart Schellendorf, German officers. Besides, twenty-five Indians, of more or less pure breed, were employed as porters and pioneers. 2O PATAGONIAN EXPEDITIONS: BOTANY. the first steppes of the eastern slope of the Cordillera ; of that time, about one week was lost through rain, the boat-journey up the river lasted three weeks, and it required just the same time to cut our way through the remaining twenty-five kilometers of forest. The journey back to the coast was done in five days, but could easily have been completed in less time. Of the species of trees which characterize the forests of the lower and middle Aysen valley, Nothofagus dombeyi is decidedly the most impor- tant. N. nitida is of no great account here and is hardly to be found outside the district around the mouth of the river. Other trees occurring here are Lomatia ferruginea, Lauretta aromatica, Eugenia sp., Caldcluvia paniculata, Drimys ivinteri, Embothrium coccineiim, Podocarpus nubigena, Saxegothea conspicua Lindl., Weimnannia trichosperma and Edivardsia macnabiana, the last of which appears to be restricted to the river banks. Rarely, and only on the islands and at the river side, occur Nothofagus antarctica and N. pumilio. Both, certainly, are only occasional guests here, their seeds doubtless having been carried down from the upper valley, where the deciduous beeches are at home. They are the only deciduous trees of that section of the Aysen valley, the flora of which we are considering. The trees do not stand very close together and the light falling on the ground should presumably be sufficient for a comparatively rich under- growth, were it not kept down by the Chusquea grasses. Where these grow most densely — which is especially the case on alluvial soil — almost all trace of other vegetation is wanting, the ground beneath its covering of fallen and faded Chusquea leaves and between their stalks being quite bare. In places where the ground is quite stony and where smaller streams rush or trickle down to the river, the Chusqttea grass, as a rule, grows less closely and an undergrowth of bushes and herbs is to be found, though but poorly developed. On the other hand, the mosses in such places are often rich or even luxuriant. From time to time a falling tree kills some of the mighty Chusquea mounds and the clearings thus made are soon, though probably for only a short time, taken possession of by an undergrowth of shrubs, which is sometimes rather dense. The species composing it are the following: Tecoma valdiviana, Cynoctomum pachyphyllum Dene, Dacostea ruscifolia Clos, Azara lanceolata Hook, fil., Daphne pillopillo Gay., Philesia buxifolia and Senecio cymostis Remy, the three last named of which were found only once. The herbaceous vege- DUSEN : THE VEGETATION OF WESTERN PATAGONIA. 21 tation is likewise not rich in species, consisting only of Nertera depressa, Urtica magellanica Poir., Pilea elliptica Hook, fil., Uncinia phleoides, Rubus geoides Sm., and Osmorhiza berterii. Of ferns I should mention Phegop- teris spectabilis Fee, Aspidium orbictilatum Desv. and A. multifidum Mett., Blechnum pinna-marina and B. chilense and Alsophila pruinata, all of them rare. The vegetation of epiphytic phanerogams includes three species, Mit- raria coccinea, Asteranthera chiloensis and Luzuriaga radicans, all very common. Of parasitic plants I noticed only Myzodendron punctulatum and M. oblongifofatm DC. Particularly interesting is the occurrence of lianas in these forests, although they have only one representative here, Hydrangea scandens Poepp., the most powerful liana of Chili and western Patagonia. It is one of the most ornamental plants of the landscape and where, as is often the case, it covers the broken trunks in profusion, it offers an attractive sight with its rich display of clusters of white flowers. Only on the islands and river banks is a more luxuriant vegetation to be found. Fitchsia magellanica, Escallonia macrostemma, Aristotelia magni L'Her. and Tepualia stipularis here grow in dense, almost impenetrable thickets. The vegetation of herbs is rich in species, owing to a steady migration of plants from the upper courses of the river. The seeds are carried along by the current and deposited on the banks and islands, but these immigrant plants would soon be eliminated from the strand flora by the annual overflowing of the river and the deposition of its sediments, if there were not a constant supply of fresh individuals always coming down. In a similar way have been added a few representatives of the Alpine flora of the mountains surrounding the valley. In the following list of the most important elements of the flora of the river banks and islands those species which have migrated from the district of the deciduous beeches are marked thus * and those from the Alpine flora thus * *. Pernettya mucronata Gaud. furens Klotzsch. Baccharis pcdence Phil. * Colletia spinosa Lam. * Discaria discolor (Hook.). Tepualia stipularis Gris. Aristotelia magni L Her. Pseudopanax latevirens (Gay.). Maytenus magellanica (Lam.) Hook. Ribes sp. (probably R. magellanicum Poir.). * * Senecio trifurcatus Less. danyausii Hombr. et Jacq. argenteus Kze. dusenii O. Hoffin. sp. nov. otites Kze. Gnaphalium pratense Phil. * Mutisia rctusa Remy. * Nassauvia dusenii O. Hoffm. sp. nov. 22 PATAGONIAN EXPEDITIONS I BOTANY. * Solidago chilensis Meyen. * * Lagenophora nudicaulis (Comm.). * * Perezia magellanica (Linn, fil.) Lag. * Madia sativa Mol. * Heterothalamus nivalis (Schultz Bip.) Wedd. * Haplopappus coronopifolius DC. Sonchus fallax Wallr. * Erigeron sordidus Gill. * Hypochceris arenaria Gaud. Valeriana lapathifolia Vahl. virescens Clos. * Galium aparine L. * Galium relbun Endl. * Limosella aquatica L. Calceolaria tenella Poepp. et Endl. * Lathy rus magellanicus Lam. * Geum magellanicum Comm. * Fragaria chilensis Ehrh. * Ac&na adscendens Vahl. * pinnatifida Ruiz et Pav. * splendens Hook, et Arn. ovalifolia Ruiz et Pav. Icevigata Ait. Crassula paludosa (Schltd.). Cardamine ovata Phil. * Anemone multifida Poir. Ranunculus chilensis DC. peduncularis Sm. obtusatus Poepp. Stellaria cuspidata Willd. * Arenaria serpylloides Naud. andicola Gill. * Rumex decumbens Dusen. Libertia elegans Poepp. Codonorchis lessonii (d'Urv.) Lindl. * Urtica magellanica Poir. * Cerastium arvense L. * * Marsipospermum grandiflorum (Linn, fil.) Hook. Juncus stipulates Nees et Meyen. lesueurii Bol. procerus Meyer. bufonius L. * Luzula racemosa Desv. Heleocharis melanostachys (d'Urv.). Scirpus cernuus Vahl. * Carex filiformis L. subsp. amatorhyncha Desv., f. gracilis. pseudocyperus L. subsp. haenkeana Presl. darwinii Boott var. robustior Kiikenth. decidua Boott. Fuchsia magellanica Lam. Berberis darwinii Hook. * microphylla Forst. empetrifolia Lam. * Escallonia rubra Pers. stricta Remy. macrantha Hook, et Arn. Raphithamnus cyano'carpus Miers. Veronica fonkii Phil, (in the district around the mouth of the river). * Calceolaria darwinii Benth. Veronica peregrina L. Mimulus lutens L. * Phacelia circinata Jacq. * Collomia gracilis Dougl. * * Pernettya lencocarpa Phil. * Azorella trifurcata (Gaerth) Hook. * Mulinum spinosum Pers. * Osmorhiza berterii DC. Apium graveolens L. * Myriophyllum verticillatum L. Gunnera magellanica Lam. chilensis Lam. Epilobium glaucum Hanskn. et Phil. * (Enothera stricta Ledeb. Viola maculata Cav. * Empetrum rubrum Vahl. * Geranium magellanicum Hook. fil. * Astragalus brevicaulis Dusen. * Adesmia (Patagoniuni) boronioides Hook. fil. retusa Gris. Vicia patagonica Hook. fil. daropskyana Phil. * Alopecurus alpinus Sm. * Phleum alpinum L. * Agrostis montevidensis Spr. var. submutica Doell. * Calamagrostis stricta Beauv. * Desc hampsia flexuosa (L.) Trin. kingii (Hook, fil.) Desv. DUSEN: THE VEGETATION OF WESTERN PATAGONIA. 23 Deschampsia aciphylla (Franch.) Speg. Glyceria fluitans R. Br. var. stricta Desv. * Trisetum subspicatum Beauv. var. glabri- * Festuca purpurascens Banks et Sol. folium Hook. * Bronius catJiarticus Mol. * Cortaderia pilosa (d'Urv.) Hack. albowianus Kurtz. * araucana Stapf. * Hordeum comosum Presl. * Poa nemoralis L. var. magellanica Hack. secalinum Schreb. var. chilense Desv. * Poa scaberula Hook. fil. Equisetum bogotense H.B.K. fuegiana (Hook, fil.) Hack. Mertensia cryptocarpa Fee. It is true that some of the species here indicated as immigrants, were not found either in the district of deciduous beeches, or on the steppes, but as I observed that they grew sparsely and only in the upper part of the section of the valley now in question, I think there is no doubt of their migration. Such species are: Senecio dusenii, Nas- sauvt'a dusenii, Haplopappus coronopifolius, Arenaria serpylloides var. andicola, Ritmex decumbens, Cortaderia araucana and Poa scaberula, all of which, except the last, presumably have their home in the western section of the steppe district. Very likely the number of species carried down by the river is actually greater than I have given in the above list. In the (Q/vz/tf-formation the mosses do not rank nearly so high as in the coast district and, on the whole, the moss-flora of the Aysen valley differs largely from that of the coast, this being true especially of the Musci proper. So far as the Hepaticce are concerned, the disparity is not quite so marked, not a few species being common to both districts. Neverthe- less, those species characteristic of the coast are wanting in the valley, and if one or other of them is occasionally found, it is always sparingly, so that they never play an important part here. Besides this, Hepaticce, with a few exceptions, occur in comparatively small numbers, Musci taking the lead both in species and individuals. Of epiphytic Hepaticcz the following are of importance: Plagiochila ritfescens Steph., P. bispinosa Ldbg., P. imcialis and P. flexicaulis, only the last named occurring numerously now and then ; further Lophocolea conifolia Steph., L. fnfoella, L. gay ana, L. humilis, L. irregularis Steph., L. cuciillistip2tla Steph. and L. namcularis Steph., of which the last two are the commonest and have the widest range. Chiloscyphus paraphyl- linus Steph., Trichocolea verticillata, Radula plumosa and R. tenera, Madotheca recurva Tayl. and M. gracilenta Tayl., these last two being common and often plentiful ; Frullania boveana Mass, and F. lobulata 24 PATAGONIAN EXPEDITIONS: BOTANY. Hook., besides the epiphyllic Cololejeunea asperrima Steph. and Eule- jeunea patagonica Steph. Among the epiphytic Musci some are conspicuous by their not uncom- mon occurrence in large masses, such being Pilotrichella cuniingii and the magnificent Cyathophorum splendidisshmtm (Mont.) Hpe. et Lor. These and a few others of the mosses of the Aysen valley belong to genera which have their proper home in the Tropics. Of some importance also are Hookeria ancistroides Mont., Neckera chilensis Schpr., Ptychomnium ptychocarpmn (Schwaegr.) Mitt., Cryphcea consimilis Mont., Rigodium nano-fasciculatum C. Mull., Dicranum capillifolium Broth, sp. nov., Ec- tropothecium spirifolmm sp. nov., Daltonia krauseana C. Miill. and D. affinis sp. nov., Barbula crispatula C. Miill. and B. flagellaris Schpr., Eriopus odontoloma sp. nov., Orthotrichwn nigritellum sp. nov., Cla- domnium gracile (Hpe.) Mitt., Ulota fulvella Mitt, and U. niacro- donta sp. nov., Amphidium cyathicarpum (Mont.) Jaeg., Pentastichella pentasticha (Mont.) C. Miill. , Lepyrodon implexus (Kze.) Par. and L. lagurus (Hook.) Mitt., Eriodon conostomus Mont, and Rhaphidostegimn polytrichadelphus sp. nov., the last named living on Pogonatum den- droides. On decaying trunks Musci are poorly represented, while Hepatica are here comparatively rich in species. Of the former Rhaphidostegitini cal- lidum (Mont.) Jaeg. and Acrocladium auriculatum Mitt, are the foremost, being the only ones which occur en masse, at least within the forest proper. On stones by the river and particularly on trunks fallen or stranded on its banks, provided they are placed below high-water mark, Dendrocryphcea gorveana (Mont.) Par. et Schpr. also occurs in very large numbers. Scouleria patagonica (Mitt.) Jaeg., likewise abundant, lives in the same way, although it prefers the stones ; this species, by the way, being replaced on the stones higher up the river by large masses of Scia- romium confluens (C. Miill.) Par. Of Hepaticce living on decaying logs I may name Anetira autoica Steph. and A. pulvinata Steph., Lophozea ditsenii Steph., Lophocolea attenuata Steph., L. lacerata Steph., L. leptantha Tayl., L. microstipula Steph. and L. otiphylla, Cephalozia trisetosa Steph., Schistochila reicheana and S. stratosa Mont., Lepidozia Iczvifolia Tayl. and L. chordulifera De Not. and Jungermannia pigafettoana Mass., of which only the last occurs in considerable masses. DUSEN I THE VEGETATION OF WESTERN PATAGONIA. 25 The ground is rich enough in Musci, but Hepaticce are scarce. A reg- ular carpeting of mosses, composed of loosely woven species, is not uncommonly to be found in places where, for one cause or other, the Chnsquea grasses are receding. The moss vegetation is likewise rich on the affluents of the main river, especially where they trickle down through stony and well-shaded ground. Of Hepaticce hardly more than two spe- cies, and only in extremely rare cases, occur in considerable numbers; namely, Plagiochila latifrons Hpe. et Gottsche, and Chiloscyphus striatellus, the latter also growing epiphytically on Hymenophyllacece and Pogonatum dendroides. In the following list of some of the more important Hepaticce and Musci I have included some species which grow on rocks and stones, denoting them with an appended (r) Hepaticce: Cryptomitrium tenerum (Hook.) Aust, Symphyogyna circinata N. et M. and S. hochstetteri N. et M., Jamesoniella colorata, Tylimanthus fendleri Steph. and T. mridis Mitt., Plagiochila gayana Gottsche, P. longissima and./1, tristis Steph. (r), Lophocolea campanulata Steph. (r), L. gottscheceoides and L. triseriata Steph., Alobiella dusenii Steph. (r), Isotachis anceps (r), Schisma dura Steph. (r), Lepicolea ochroleuca and L. quadrilaciniata (Sull.) (r), Masti- gophora antarctica Steph. (r), Schistochila spegazziniana (Mass.) (r), and Balantiopsis chilensis. Musci : Rigodium toxarion and Thamnittm arbusculans, both common and massed together, Brentelia chilensis Lor., occasionally plentiful and forming mats along brooklets ; Brentelia harotiana Besch., B. brachycoma Besch. and B. snbloiigata Broth, sp. nov., Rigodium carnosulum sp. nov. and R. pseudo-tJmidiiim sp. nov., Brachythecium cuspidarioides sp. nov., Bartramia magellanica Aongstr. (r), Bartramidula exigua (Sull.) Jaeg., Dicranum nigricaule and D. billardieri, Hypopterygium didictyon and H. thouinii, Acroschisma ivilsoni Hook. fil. et Wils. (r), Leptotheca spegazzi- niana C. Miill. (r), Rhacomitritim subnigritum sp. nov. and R. flavopalli- dum sp. nov., Bryum steffeni sp. nov., B. bremgemmatum sp. nov. and B. timmicecanlon sp. nov., Leptobryum Pyriforme (Hedw.) Schpr., Etistichia longirostris (Brid.) C. Miill. (r), Hypnodendron krausei, Isothecium serpens sp. K.<3v.,Ditrichtmi conic nm (Mont.) Par., Pogonatum dendroides, Pseudo- leskea fnegiana Besch., Catagoninm politum (Hook. fil. and Wils.) Mitt, Ptychommtcm cygnisetum, Blindia contecta C. Miill. (r) and B. globularis sp. nov. (r), Webera cruda (L.) Schwaegr. and W. alticaulis (C. Miill.) Par., 26 PATAGONIAN EXPEDITIONS I BOTANY. Barbula robusta (Hook, et Grev.) Brid. (r) and B. flavido-pilosa sp. nov. (r), Pterygophyllmn obscurum (Mont.) Mitt, and Cladomnium crenato- obt^ts^tm sp. nov. (r). The vegetation of lichens is not rich, save that in the vicinity of the mouth of the river it reminds one, in some degree, of the abundance of lichens along the beach of the islands, Stictacece, as usual, being well to the front. The following species are deserving of notice : Sticta longipes (Mull. Arg.) Malme, S. caulescens and 5*. damcecornis (Sw.) Ach., Pseudo- cyphellaria faveolata (Del.) Malme, var. cervicornis (Plot.), P. intricata (Del.), P. wainio, var. thouarsii Del. and P. physciospora (Nyl.) Malme. Nephroma antarcticum, Sphcerophorus compressiis and Stereo- caulon ramulosum. II. THE COMMUNITY OF DECIDUOUS BEECHES. About forty-five kilometers above the mouth of the Rio Aysen a com- plete change takes place in the vegetation, the evergreen beeches and their accompanying species rapidly disappearing, and a new community of plants, that of the deciduous beeches, very dissimilar to the preceding, taking their place. Almost suddenly the twilight of the Ckttsquea-grzss and dense foliage of the evergreen beeches is succeeded by an open and bright landscape, where the pioneers may cease their now unnecessary work and the road is free in almost every direction, without risk of serious impediment. Here also the ground is covered by a beautiful park-like forest, although quite differently composed and with quite another under- growth, as compared with the one previously described. Already attrac- tive from its rich vegetation, this new district becomes still more so from the sharp contrast that its community of plants offers to the one which we have now left behind us. Nature has endowed this region richly, almost profusely. Its vegeta- tion is simply luxuriant and in the park-like forest one wades through grasses and other herbs reaching as high as one's waist, this luxuriance being partly explained by a deep layer of rich humus ; a virgin soil that up to the time of our expedition had probably never been trod by human foot. The park-like forest is comparatively thin and almost exclusively com- posed of the deciduous beech, Nothofagus antarctica, which does not DUSEN : THE VEGETATION OF WESTERN PATAGONIA. 27 stand in such dense order of growth as its European cousin, Fagus syl- vatica L. A solitary specimen of Nothofagus pumilio may be occasionally encountered. The light in these forests is stronger than in the beech forests of Europe, not only by reason of the trees not standing very close together, but also because, as a rule, one or other of their main branches is withered. Evi- dently, this cannot be due to fire, nor does it appear to be caused by the ravages of parasites in excessive numbers, whether species of Myzodendron or parasitical fungi ; the reason is unknown. The bright light prevailing in these forests and the fertility of the soil sufficiently explain their rich undergrowth, so extremely different from that of the beech forests of northern Europe, which also grow on humus. The difference may be illustrated by a few comparisons. Among other features of the beech forests of northern Europe are the following : the undergrowth is very sparse and poor in species, the ground being nearly bare of vegetation and strewn with fallen leaves and involucres ; shrubs are wanting, while spring flowers are common, likewise plants with under- ground stems, not rarely consisting of a creeping rhizome ; the great majority of plants are perennial ; saprophytic plants occur ; mosses and lichens are almost entirely wanting. In nearly all these respects the beech forests of the upper Aysen valley are different. A vegetation of shrubs occurs, though it is but poorly developed ; the flora is not particu- larly rich in species, but the vegetation is dense ; the ground is nowhere bare of plants ; of spring flowers there are none, except some species of Berberis and Ribes, which should perhaps be counted as such ; most spe- cies flower in summer and the beginning of autumn ; bulbous and sapro- phytic plants are wanting ; the number of annual and perennial species is about the same as in Europe ; mosses do not grow on the ground, but sometimes plentifully on the tree-trunks ; the vegetation of lichens, some- times abundant, consists of only a single species, Letharia poeppigii (Nees et Plot), other species being few and rare. Of plants composing the undergrowth, some are conspicuous by their occurrence in large masses, such as Galium aparine, extremely common and forming quite a network on the top of the other vegetation ; Vicia daropskyana, plentiful ; Mutisia retusa, sometimes abundant ; Acczna oval- ifolia, common, even abundant here and there ; Osmorhiza berterii, plen- tiful ; Calceolaria darwinii, Uncinia phleoides and Carex filiformis subsp. 28 PATAGONIAN EXPEDITIONS I BOTANY. cematorhyncha f. gracilis, plentiful here and there. Of grasses, Bromus catharticus and Elymus albowianus are predominant. Subjoined is a list of species composing the undergrowth : Berberis microphylla Forst. Osmorhiza berterii DC. danvinii Hook. Ribes cucullatum Hook, et Arn. ilicifolia Linn. fil. sp. (probably R. magellanicum Poir.). Galium aparine L. Geranium magellanicum Hook. fil. fuegianum Lam. Geum magellanicum Comm. Vicia doropskyana Phil. Calceolaria danvinii Benth. Lathyrus magellanicus Lam. Uncinia phleoides Pers. Mutisia retusa Remy. Carex filiformis, subsp. amatorhyncha, f. gra- decurrens Cav. cilis. Solidago chilensis Meyen. Alopecurus alpinus Sm. Leuceria sp. Trisetum subspicatum Beauv. Adenocaulon chilense Less. Deschampsia flexuosa (L.) Trin. Cerastium arvense L. Bromus catharticus Mol. Stellaria cuspidata Willd. Elymus albowianus Kurtz. Fragaria chilensis Ehrh. Blechnum pinna-marina (Poir.). Accena onalifolia Ruiz et Pav. Polystichum elegans Remy. On the trunks of the trees are only a few species of mosses generally massed together, namely, Zygodon gracillimMS and Z. curvicaulis, Brachy- thecium sericeo-nitens sp. nov. and Barbula flagellaris, in addition to a single representative of the Hepaticce, Lophocolea ciicullistipula. I have already referred to the lichens. The space occupied by the community of deciduous beeches is not alto- gether continuous, because, as already mentioned, there are small steppes within the forest, of one or two kilometers in extent, which are found even very far to the west. The boundary between these steppes and the encircling forest is, as a rule, sharply defined, but sometimes there is an intermediate belt of very dense thickets of Berberis microphylla. The fact that the beech-nuts never spread very far from the mother-tree might account for this well-defined boundary between the forest and the steppe. III. THE STEPPE DISTRICT. i. THE SMALL STEPPES. The vegetation of the large steppe district to the eastward of the Aysen valley I know only through my exploration of the small isolated steppes within the forest. That, on the whole, their vegetation gives a correct idea DUSEN: THE VEGETATION OF WESTERN PATAGONIA. 29 of the steppe proper, I infer from the fact that nearly all of the species com- posing it are also found in the district of Nahuel-huapi, which is genuine steppe land, large and unbroken ; though the flora of these smaller steppes necessarily shows considerably fewer species than occur farther eastward. By including those species also which are found on the steppe-like slopes of the surrounding mountain heights, at an altitude of 700 to 1000 meters above the sea, this disproportion is somewhat reduced. It is a matter of course that the smaller steppes, being entirely level and with a perfectly homogeneous soil, cannot furnish so many species as the wide Patagonian steppe, with its diversity of soil and surface, and offering far more favor- able conditions for the growth of a rich and varied flora. On the small steppes now in question grasses predominate, their fore- most representative being Festuca gracillima, which grows in small tufts. Shrubs are remarkably few and scarce. Of tuberous plants there is only one, belonging to the the family of the Orchids, which was found in a withered state and was therefore not determinable. The number of annual and perennial species is about the same. The vegetation is scanty. LIST OF SPECIES. Berberis microphylla Forst. empetrifolia Lam. Rites cucullatum Hook, et Arn. Baccharis magellanica (Lam.) Pers. Erigeron sordidus Gill. Solidago chilensis Less. Hypoclwzris poeppigii (DC.). Madia sativa Mol. Senecio danyausii Hombr. et Jacq. argenteus Kze. Perezia linearis Less. Cerastium arvense L. Geranium magellanicum Hook. fil. Accena multifida Hook. fil. splendens Hook, et Arn. Fragaria chiloensis (L.) Ehrh. Anemone multifida Poir. Collomia gracilis Dougl. Thlaspi magellanicum Comm. Armeria chilensis Boiss. var. magellanica Boiss. Quinchamalium sp. Loasa volubilis Juss. Sisyrinchium chilense Hook. Susarium segethi Phil. Luzula racemosa Desv. Car ex gay ana Desv. ^var. densa Kukn. Alopecurus alpinus Sm. Ptdeum alpinum L. Deschampsia flexuosa (L.) Trin. Agrostis montevidensis Spr. var. submutica Doell. Festuca gracilhma Hook. fil. • Trisetum subspicatum Beauv. Poafuegiana (Hook, fil.) Hack. One or two species of Orthotrichiim and one of Usnea, somewhat resem- bling U. barbata, are found on the older Berberis shrubs, but apart from these, there is no vegetation of mosses or lichens in these small steppes. 30 PATAGONIAN EXPEDITIONS I BOTANY. 2. THE MOUNTAIN FLORA OF THE UPPER AYSEN VALLEY. A brief account of the vegetation of the mountains surrounding the rather wide upper valley of the Aysen should not be omitted in this con- nection, although my knowledge of it is not very comprehensive, being founded only on my observations during a single ascent to the higher and bare parts of one of these mountains. Their flora is rather diversified and their sides up to an altitude of 700 meters are covered with extremely dense thickets and park-like forest. Above the yoo-meter-line the vegetation becomes more like that of the steppe, having much in common with the flora of the treeless areas in the valley and interspersed with small groves of Nothofagus pwnilio up to an elevation of 1000 meters. This tree extends upward to an altitude of 1300 meters, continually decreasing in size, and becoming a mere bush and growing in low thickets near the upper limit of its range. It is accompanied by a vegetation which is very much poorer in species than that of the lower and steppe-like slopes, and differently composed. Above the i3OO-meter-line the vegetation is extremely thin, with very few species, and at 1400 meters every trace of plant-life disappears. The excessively dense and almost impassable thickets of the lower slopes are made up of the following species : Berberis microphylla and B. darwinii, Ribes sp. (presumably R. magellanicum and R. cucullatwri}, Discaria discolor, Pernettya mucronata, Colletia spinosa, Rhacoma dis- ticha, Escallonia rubra, with a sprinkling of herbaceous plants, such as Viola maculata, Vicia daropskyana, Elymtts alboivianus, Deschampsia flexuosa and Mutisia retttsa, the last named of which is often plentiful, the others being very scarce. Here and there small beech groves are interposed between the thickets. At a height of from 500 to 600 meters I met with one grove that quite unexpectedly turned out to be composed of Nothofagiis betuloides, which species I could hardly have believed to exist in these dry areas. The undergrowth of the grove was made up exclusively of Rhacoma disticha. During my ascent the last park-like forest was found at an altitude o f 700 meters. It was as vigorous as the forests of the valley and fully typical, although Nothofagiis pumilio preponderated. The undergrowth was the same as in the valley and, in addition, the following three species were found : Embothrium coccineum, Rhacoma disticha and Cystopteris fragilis. DUSEN I THE VEGETATION OF WESTERN PATAGONIA. The flora of the steppe-like slopes above is partly composed of the same species as I have already stated to occur in the small steppes of the valley. But as, in addition, it shows many species which I did not find in the latter, I subjoin a complete list of species. It is as follows : Baccharis magellanica (Lam.) Pers. Chiliotrichium diffusum (Forst). Pernettya mucronata (Linn, fil.) Gaud. Escallonia rubra Pers. Senecio argenteus Kze. chilensis Less. andersoni Hook. fil. Erigeron sordidus Gill. Hypochceris poeppigii (DC.). arenaria Gaud. Perezia linearis Less. Gnaphalium serpyllifolium Remy. Hieracium chilense Less. Saxifraga cordillerarum Presl. var. magellanica (Poir). Mulinum spinosum (Pers.). Daucus australis Poepp. Anemone multifida Poir. Ac&na multifida Hook. fil. elegans Phil. Fragaria chilensis (L.) Ehrh. Empetrum rubrum Vahl. Melandrium magellanicum (Lam.) Fenzl. Oxalis laciniata Cav. Viola maculata Cav. Discaria discolor (Hook.). Rhacoma disticha (Hook.) fil. Berberis microphylla Forst Wendtia reynoldsi Endl. Armeria chilensis Boiss. var. magellanica Boiss. Cerastium arvense L. Lathyrus magellanicus Lam. Phacelia circinata Jacq. Calceolaria biflora Lam. Valeriana carnosa Sm. Loasa -volubilis Juss. Thlaspi magellanicum Comm. Sisyrinchium chilense Hook. Luzula racemosa Desv. Phleum alpinum L. Trisetum subspicatum Beauv. Poafuegiana (Hook, fil.) Hack. Deschampsia flexuosa (L.) Trin. Festuca gracillima Hook. fil. Aira montividensis Spr. var. submutica Doell. Cortaderia pilosa (d'Urv.). In some places these steppe-like slopes are studded with small groves, consisting exclusively of Nothofagus pumilio, N. antarctica having now disappeared. The ground beneath is sometimes fairly well covered with mosses, the following species of which are conspicuous : Brachythecium paradoxum (Hook. fil. et Wils.) Besch., B. morenoi C. Mull., Bryum hamatum sp nov., Acrocladium auriculatum (Mon.) Mitt., CampyfopHS laniger Besch., Plagiothecium lepto-phimosum Dusen and Catagonium poli- tum (Hook. fil. et Wils.) E. Mull. Even at an altitude of 800 to 900 meters Nothofagus pumilio is only a low tree, the lower branches of which do not permit one to pass beneath them. The greater the altitude at which it is found, the shorter it is, forming at the upper limit of its range (1300 meters above sea-level) a very stunted forest of dwarfed trees, the horizontal branches of which are PATAGONIAN EXPEDITIONS I BOTANY. intertwined with one another. Nothofagus pumilio therefore differs in no way as to habit from N. antarctica, the dwarfed growth of which at high altitudes I have already described. At this height Nothofagus pumilio is accompanied by a very scanty vegetation which is quite different from that of the steppe, all grasses ex- cept Poafuegiana having disappeared. Large areas are entirely bare of plants, and boisterous winds often make a clean sweep. Only on the lee- ward (here the eastern) side of the thickets does the sand remain in patches, and only here can the more delicate species hold their own in their severe struggle for existence. On such a patch of sand I noticed the following species, growing quite closely together when near the thicket, but elsewhere scattered at rather wide intervals. Ribes cucullatum Hook, et Arn. Pernettya mucronata (Linn, fil.) Gaud. leucocarpa DC. Berberis empetrifolia Lam. Empetrum rubrum Vahl. Rubus geoides Sm. Chiliotrichium diffusum (Forst). Senecio chilensis Less. triodon Phil. Hypochceris arenaria Gaud. Perezia pedicularicefolia Less. Perezia linearis Less. Leuceria salina (Remy). Accena pearcei Phil. leptacantha Phil. Azorella lycopodioides Gaud. Cerastium arvense L. Thlaspi magellanicum Comm. Armeria chilensis Boiss. var. magellanica Boiss. Valeriana foncki Phil. Luzula racemosa Desv. Poafuegiana (Hook, fil.) Hack. Still higher up the vegetation is extremely poor and sparse. Up to an altitude of 1300 meters I saw the few following species: Chiliotrichium diffusum (Forst.). Nassauvia serpens d'Urv. Senecio purpuratus Phil. chilensis Less. Acana leptacantha Phil. Drab a magellanica Lam. Armeria chilensis Boiss. var. magellanica Boiss. Oxalis laciniata Cav. Luzula racemosa Desv. Poafuegiana (Hook, fil.) Hack. At an elevation of 1400 meters I found only one plant, a lichen, Neu- ropogon trachycarpus Stirl. Above that height the slopes were entirely denuded of vegetation. The flora of the Alpine region of the western Patagonian Cordillera is, on the whole, still unknown. Omitting the Alpine and marine floras, the western Patagonian vegetation, taken as a whole, may be said to consist of only the three communities of plants which I have attempted in some measure to describe. DUSEN I THE VEGETATION OF WESTERN PATAGONIA. 33 The community of evergreen beeches occupies a narrow, but very long strip of land on the western side of the Cordillera. In the south it expands over the western and southwestern portions of the Magellan dis- trict, reaching its southern limit only at Cape Horn. Northward, it extends through the whole of southern Chili, its total range north and south comprising no less than 18 degrees of latitude, equal to about 2000 kilometers, or 1200 English miles. The space occupied by the community of deciduous beeches on the western side of the Cordillera is far less extensive. At its southernmost point, on or near the Straits of Magellan, it is not quite homogeneous, but is intermingled with some intruders from the community of evergreen beeches, which here unexpectedly extend far eastward. In the southern part of Fuegia also, at least along the eastern section of the Beagle Channel, both of these communities are intermingled, though even here, between the Rio Grande and the large firth-like lake, Lago Fagnano, the former is quite typical. Farther north and already in northern Patagonia, the character of this community of plants is somewhat modified by the accession of new elements, the most important being Libocedrus chilensis Endl., though to what extent, I was not in a position to determine. The steppe vegetation, on the whole, is very uniform throughout the entire length of the area which it occupies. In northern Patagonia this area is evidently very narrow, but towards the south it expands more and more, extending in Fuegia, and probably in southern Patagonia also, quite to the Atlantic coast. Many species range over the whole of the Patagonian steppe, extending also to the Fuegian. To give one instance only, Festuca gracillima, which is so characteristic of the small steppes in the upper Aysen valley, is quite as much at home in large sections of the Fuegian steppe and likewise in the Patagonian, as in the district around Lago Nahuel-huapi. In the foregoing account of the vegetation of west Patagonia I have occupied myself only with the three plant-communities mentioned. This is not because there are no others represented here, but only because these others are of very secondary importance and in no way comparable to the three dominant plant communities described. ERRATA AND EMENDATIONS IN PART I. Page 5, footnote i, line I, 2, for Aufenthalt read Aufenthalts. Page 7, line 1 1, for endivcefolius read endiviafolius. Page 7, line 23, for Senecio smithii DC., read Senecio acanthifolius Hombr. et Jacq. Page 7, line 25, for Marsipospermum read Marsippospermum (the same also in p. 10, line 5, and p. 22, line 9 from foot). Page 8, line 23, for Fuchsia coccinea Ait. read Fuchsia magellanica Lam. Page 8, line 28, for (Mant.) read (MonL). Page 8, line 29, for orymcea read orygmaa (bis). Page 9, line 14, for betuloides read antarctica. Page 10, line 5, for bifurcatus read trifurcatus. Page 12, line 22, for Dacostea read Decostea (the same also at p. 14, line 2 ; p. 15, line 23 ; p. 20, line 3 from foot). Page 1 3 , line 7, for Brentelia read Breutelia. Page 13, line 12, for anomada read anomoda. Page 14, line 12, for /*. urvillei read subsp. unrillei. Page 15, line 9, Myrtus itgni, the author uses 6^w/ Molina. Page 19, footnote, for von Bronsart Schellendorf read Bronsart von Schellendorf. Page 20, line 4 from foot, for Cynoctomum read Cynoctonum. Page 21, line 17, for magni read maqui; the same 3 lines from foot. Page 22, line 19 of 2d column, for lutens read luteus. Page 22, line 22 of 2d column, for Phil, read DC. Page 22, line 23 of 2d column, for (Gaerth.) read (Gaertn.). Page 22, line 30 of 2d column, for Hanskn. read Hauskn. Page 22, line 8 from foot, for daropskyana read darapskyana (similarly for p. 27, line 3 from foot; p. 28, line 9; p. 30, line 13 from foot. Page 23, line 3 of 1st column, for Hook, read Hack. Page 24, line 12, for Barbula crispatula read Calyptrogon crispatulus (C. Mull.) Broth. Page 24, line 6 from foot, for Loplwzea read Lopkozia. Page 25, lines 23, 24, 25, for Brentelia read Breutelia; for harotiana read hariotiana, and for sublongata read subelongata. Page 25, line 3 from foot, for Mitt, read C. Mull. Page 26, line 10, for P. wainio read Wainio. Page 29, line 6 from foot, for chiloensis read chilensis. Page 31, line 26, 2d column, for ntontividensis read montevidensis. Page 31, line 27, 2d column, after d'Urv. add Hack. Page 31, line 8 from foot, for (Mon.) read (Mont). Page 31, line 6 from foot, for E. Mull, read C. Mull. Page 32, line 7 from foot, for Stirl. read Stirt. (N. B. It should be observed that it was impracticable for the author to revise the proofs. — Ed.) HEPATIOE COLLECTED IN SOUTHERN PATAGONIA. BY ALEXANDER W. EVANS, YALE UNIVERSITY. (PLATES IV, V, VI.) THE territory of Patagonia, and particularly the regions neighboring the Straits of Magellan, have several times been visited by sci- entific expeditions. Most of these have made collections of Pat- agonian plants and have included the hepaticae among them, either incidentally or systematically. Our knowledge of the hepatic flora of this remote country is, therefore, sufficient to give us some idea of its exceeding richness and variety. Although a few of the most conspicuous species were gathered in the first years of the present century and even earlier, the real foundations of our knowledge are based on the collec- tions made during the Antarctic voyage of the British ships Erebus and Terror, in the years 1839-43. These important collections were studied by Sir Joseph D. Hooker and Dr. Thomas Taylor, and their preliminary account1 of the species found was later amplified into a fuller description2 accompanied by numerous colored figures. Passing over several smaller gatherings, attention may further be called to three larger collections, which have been made and described within recent years. The first of these collections was that of Dr. Spegazzini, which was made in 1882 and included 103 species, most of which came 1 Hepaticae Antarcticae ; being characters and brief descriptions of the Hepaticae discovered in the southern circumpolar regions during the voyage of H. M. discovery ships Erebus and Terror. Lond. Jour, of Bot. 3: 366-400, 454-481. 1844. 2 Flora Antarctica, 2: 423-446. //. 156-161. 1847. 35 36 PATAGONIAN EXPEDITIONS: BOTANY. from Fuegia. The determinations were by Professor Massalongo, of Ferrara, who published an illustrated account1 of the species collected, describing 27 as new. The second collection was made under the direc- tion of the French "Mission Scientifique du Cap Horn," and was studied by M. Bescherelle, of Paris, and Professor Massalongo. A preliminary paper2 by these writers described the new species and varieties, and their memoir,3 published a little later, gave a complete enumeration of the plants in the collection with illustrations of many interesting forms. In their list, which includes a number of species found by Dr. Savatier on the western coast of Patagonia, we find 88 species, of which 12 are considered new. The third collection was made by Dr. Naumann during the voyage of the German ship, the Gazelle. Although collected in the years 1875 and 1876, the account of these hepaticse was not published until 1890. They were first studied by Dr. Gottsche, of Altona, who made drawings of the various species collected. He also began but did not finish the work of description, and his notes were afterwards revised and completed by Dr. Schiffner, of Prague, who made use of many of Gottsche's figures in the published account4 of the collection. Sixty-nine species from the straits of Magellan are included in this enumeration, and, of these, 16 are described as new. The present report is based on a collection made by Mr. John B. Hatcher in the years 1896 and 1897, while engaged in geological field work for Princeton University. Nearly all the plants were found either at Lapataia on the southern coast of Fuegia or at Villarino Bay, about a day's journey to the westward of Lapataia, both stations being situated on the Beagle Channel. A very few species came from the Cordilleras of Patagonia. The collection, which numbers 53 species, includes few nov- elties, but is of interest in adding to our knowledge of certain rare and incompletely known forms. In the preparation of this paper I am especially indebted to Dr. B. L. Robinson for allowing me access to the Taylor Herbarium, to Herr 1 Epatiche della Terra del Fuoco raccolte nell'anno 1882 dal Dott. C. Spegazzini. Nuovo Giorn. Bot. Ital. 17: 201-277. //. 12-28. 1885. 2 Hepaticse novae americanae-australes. Bull, de la Soc. Linn. 626-632, 637-640. 1886. 'Hepatiques recoltees par la Mission francaise du Cap Horn au 1882 et 1883. Comptes rendus de la Mission Scientifique du Cap Horn, 5 : 201-252. //. 1-5. 1889. 4 Lebermoose (Hepaticse) gesammelt auf der Reise S. M. S. Gazelle vorziiglich in der Mag- ellen-Strasse, auf der Malayischen Inseln und Kerguelen-Land, 1-48. //. /- 0.85-1.2 mm. wide, bracteole i.o-i.i mm. long, 0.5 mm. wide, perianth 2.9 mm. long, i.i mm. in diameter; gem- mae 20 fji in diameter; spores 12-14 //, in diameter. Lapataia. EVANS I HEPATIC^ COLLECTED IN SOUTHERN PATAGONIA. 47 In his description of Jtmgermannia propagulifera, Gottsche calls atten- tion to the peculiarities of the perigonial bracts and the gemmiparous stems, but says that the perichaetial bracts with the female flowers • are still to be desired, thereby implying that the species is dioicous. In other respects the description agrees very closely with the plants collected by Mr. Hatcher, and it seems best to refer the latter's specimens, provision- ally at any rate, to Gottsche's species. Curiously enough, both the South Georgian and the Fuegian specimens were found growing with Junger- mannia hatcheri. J. propagulifera is nearly allied to the European J. soda Nees, which certain authors ! consider a variety of jF. excisa Dicks. It resembles this species in its paroicous inflorescence, in its absence of underleaves, etc. In the European species, however, the leaves are less deeply bifid, so that the sinus is obtuse or lunulate, the leaf-cells have thicker walls and there are slight differences in the bracts. 21. LEJEUNEA SAVATIERIANA Besch. & Massal. Bull. Soc. Linn, de Paris, 638. 1886. Harpalejemiea scwatieriana Schiffn. & Gottsche, Lebermoose der For- schungsreise S. M. S. "Gazelle," 29. pi. 6. f. /. 1890. Villarino Bay. (By Savatier in W. Patagonia.) 22. LEPICOLEA OCHROLEUCA (Spreng.) Lindb. Acta Soc. Sci. Fenn. 10: 516. 1875. Jungennannia ochroleuca Spreng. Syst. Veg. 4: 325. 1829. Sendtnem ochroleuca Nees in G. L. & N. Syn. Hep. 240. 1845. Leperoma ochroleuca Mitt, in Hook. f. Handb. of the N. Zeal. Fl. 754. 1867. Herberta ochroleuca Trevis. Mem. reale 1st. Lomb. di Sci. e Lett. III. 4: 397. 1877. Villarino Bay, etc. (W. Magellan, Dusen.) 23. LEPIDOL/ENA MAGELLANICA (Lam.) Lindb. Jour. Linn. Soc. 13: 194. 1873- Jungermanma niagellanica Lam. Encycl. Bot. 3 : 284. Polyotus magellanicus Gottsche in G. L. & N. Syn. Hep. 248. 1845. Gackstr&mia niagellanica Trevis. Mem. reale 1st. Lomb. di Sci. e Lett. III. 4: 397. 1877. Fuegia. (W. Magellan, Savatier.) 'Cf. Massalongo, Atti della Soc. Veneto-Trent. di Sc. Nat. II. 2: (19). 1895. 48 PATAGONIAN EXPEDITIONS: BOTANY. 24. LEPIDOL^ENA MENZIESII (Hook.) Dumort. Recueil d'obs. sur les Jung. 13. 1835. Jungermannia menziesii Hook. Muse. Exot. //. 118. 1820. Polyotus menziesii Gottsche in G. L. & N. Syn. Hep. 247. 1845. Fuegia. (W. Magellan, Savatier.) 25. LEPIDOZIA FILAMENTOSA Lehm. & Lindenb. in G. L. & N. Syn. Hep. 207. 1845. Jungermannia filamentosa Lehm. & Lindenb. in Lehm. Pugillus, 4: 29. 1832. Mastigophora filamentosa Trevis. Mem. reale 1st Lomb. di Sci. e Lett. III. 4: 416. 1877. Villarino Bay. (By Savatier in W. Magellan, by Hahn in Isle Hoste.) 26. LEPIDOZIA PLUMULOSA Lehm. & Lindenb. in G. L. & N. Syn. Hep. 211. 1845. Jungermannia plumulosa Lehm. & Lindenb. in Lehm. Pugillus, 6: 30. 1834. Mastigophora plumulosa Trevis. Mem. reale 1st. Lomb. di Sci. e Lett. III. 4: 416. 1877. Lepidozia tetradactyia Tayl. in G. L. & Syn. Hep. 213. 1845. Jungermannia tetradactyia Hook. f. & Tayl. Lond. Jour. Bot. 3 : 306. 1844. Fuegia. (W. Magellan, Dusen.) 27. LEPIDOZIA TRUNCATELLA NeesinG. L. & N. Syn. Hep. 209. 1845. Mastigophora truncatella Trevis. Mem. reale 1st Lomb. di Sci. e Lett. III. 4: 416. 1877. Fuegia. 28. LOPHOCOLEA BIDENTATA (L.) Dumort. Recueil d'obs. sur les Jung. 17- 1835. Lapataia. 29. LOPHOCOLEA STENOPHYLLA Schiffn. & Gottsche, Lebermoose der Forschungsreise S. M. S. Gazelle, 12. //. j>. f. 25-28. 1890. Villarino Bay. EVANS : HEPATIC/E COLLECTED IN SOUTHERN PATAGONIA. 49 3O. LOPHOCOLEA HORIZONTALS (Hook.). Jungermannia horizontalis Hook. Muse. Exot. //. 96. 1818. Chiloscyplms horizontalis Nees in G. L. & N. Syn. Hep. 177. 1845. Jungermannia grandifolia Hook. f. & Tayl. Lond. Jour. Bot. 3: 474. 1844. Chiloscyphus grandifolius Tayl. in G. L. & N. Syn. Hep. 185. 1845. Villarino Bay. 31. LOPHOCOLEA LENTA (Hook. f. & Tayl.) Tayl. in G. L. & N. Syn. Hep. 162. 1845. Jitngermaniiia lenta Hook. f. & Tayl. Lond. Jour. Bot. 3: 379. 1844. Jnngennaunia diademata Hook. f. & Tayl. /. c. 3: 560. 1844. Jungermannia secundifolia Hook. f. & Tayl. /. c. 3: 471. 1844. Lapataia. 32. LOPHOCOLEA OBVOLUTA (Hook. f. & Tayl.). Jungermannia obvoluta Hook. f. & Tayl. Lond. Jour. Bot. 4: 80. 1845. Fuegia. In the original description of this species no station is given except the Falkland Islands. In the Flora Antarctica, Hermite Island, Cape Horn, is also mentioned. Under the name Jungermannia obvoluta, two plants are preserved in the Taylor herbarium ; the first of these from the Falk- land Islands, must be considered the type of the species ; the second from Cape Horn, is apparently distinct, but there is so little of it that it would be unwise to attempt to describe it. In the type-specimen a well-devel- oped leaf is almost longitudinally inserted and is attached by a very broad base, the distance from side to side being about twice as great as that from base to apex. The leaf is more or less distinctly divided into two unequal lobes ; the postical, which is slightly the larger, is concave and rounded at the base and extends beyond the stem, at the apex it is biden- tate but is otherwise entire ; the antical lobe is decurrent and is irregularly lobed and dentate. The leaf-cells average 25 yLt in diameter. The speci- mens collected on the Albatross expedition and referred by the writer to L. obvolutceformis^ agree closely with this type. In Mr. Hatcher's speci- mens the postical lobe is more coarsely and irregularly dentate than in the type and the leaf-cells are a little smaller, averaging 21 JJL in diameter, but the plants are otherwise so similar that they can hardly be separated. 'Contr. U. S. Nat. Herb. I : 140. 1892. 50 PATAGONIAN EXPEDITIONS: BOTANY. It is probable that Lophocolea obvolutcefonnis (De Not.) Massal. also be- longs here, although the published descriptions 1 of this species differ from Taylor's specimen in a few minor details. The figure of L. obvoluta in the Flora Antarctica does not well represent the species. 33. LOPHOCOLEA PALLIDE-VIRENS (Hook. f. & Tayl.) Mitt. Jour. Linn. Soc. 15: 72. 1877. Jungermannia pallide-mrens Hook. f. & Tayl. Lond. Jour. Bot. 3 : 473. 1844. Chiloscyphus pallide-mrens Tayl. in G. L. & N. Syn. Hep. 179. 1845. Villarino Bay. 34. LOPHOCOLEA PUCCIOANA (De Not.) Massal. var. SUSPECTA Massal. Nuovo Gior. Bot. Ital. 17: 228. //. 17. f. 1-9. 1885. Villarino Bay. (W. Magellan, Dusen ; Fuegia, Hariot.) Professor Massalongo has kindly confirmed my determination of these specimens. In the Sullivant collection there is a drawing labeled " Jun- germannia humilis" which was made from specimens collected by the Wilkes Expedition. The drawing represents a plant which is identical with Mr. Hatcher's specimens. As, however, Jungermannia hwnilis Hook. f. & Tayl.2 seems to have been a composite species and as Mitten3 has applied the name to a plant without underleaves, it seems wisest not to change the name of De Notaris' plant, yungennannia hiimilis is appa- rently not represented in the Taylor herbarium. 35. LOPHOCOLEA RIGENS (Hook. f. & Tayl.). Jungermannia rigens Hook. f. & Tayl. Lond. Jour. Bot. 3 : 461. 1844. Dioicous : densely caespitose, yellowish-green ; stems ascending and giving off numerous simple or subdivided, ascending or erect, lateral branches, sparingly radiculose, the radicles in clusters at the bases of the underleaves : leaves imbricated, obliquely inserted, erect-spreading, strongly concave or convolute (especially on the branches), broadly ovate or orbic- ular, bifid about one -fourth with acute, obtuse or lunulate sinus and acute teeth, otherwise entire, more or less decurrent at antical base : underleaves ovate, bifid one third or more with narrow sharp lobes, usually bearing on 1 Mem. Ace. Tor. II. 16: /. 8. 1855. Nuova Gior. Bot. Ital. 17: 223. 1885. 2 Lond. Jour. Bot. 3 : 468. 1844. 3 Bot. of Kerguelen Island : Transit of Venus Expedition, 34. 1 874. EVANS: HEPATIC-E COLLECTED IN SOUTHERN PATAGONIA. 51 each side a small tooth at about the middle, otherwise entire : leaf-cells polygonal, thin-walled, slightly or not at all thickened at the angles : ? inflorescence terminal, sometimes innovating, bracts in two or three pairs, less obliquely inserted and slightly larger than the leaves but scarcely different from them in shape ; bracteole ovate, bifid about one third and bearing a small tooth on each side above the middle ; perianth (young) campanulate, 3-keeled but without wings, 3-lobed at the wide, open mouth and coarsely and irregularly toothed : c? infloresence borne in the course of a branch, bracts in several (about 5) pairs, imbricated and con- volute, similar in shape to the stem-leaves when spread out, but expand- ing at the antical base into an inflated pouch usually tipped with a tooth ; underleaves not modified. Stems .5-1 cm. long, 0.2 mm. in diameter; leaves (large) 0.75 mm. long and wide ; underleaves (large) 0.35 mm. long, 0.3 mm. wide ; leaf-cells at edge of leaf 16 p, in middle 21 JJL and at base 25 /JL in diameter; peri- chaetialbracts i mm. long, 0.85 mm. wide ; bracteole 0.95 mm. long, 0.7 mm. wide; perigonial bracts 0.7 mm. long, 0.5 mm. wide. Lapataia. This distinct little Lophocolea does not seem to have been recorded since its original discovery in the Falkland Islands. Mr. Hatcher's speci- mens agree very closely with the sterile type material in the Taylor her- barium, and I have given a full account of the species because the original description is far from complete and the figure given in the Flora Antarc- tica does not adequately represent the plant. Fruiting stems seem to be very rare, the plant apparently spreading by means of small branches, which, when dry, easily become detached. The authors of Jungermannia rigens compared it with the European y. francisci Hook., and in the Synopsis it is placed close to that species; the position of the branches, however, which are produced near the posti- cal basal angle of the subtending leaves would at once remove it from the genus Cephalozia in which J. francisci is now included. L. rigens belongs in the puzzling group of Lophocolea with bifid leaves. Its small size and yellowish-green color, the curious rolling up of its leaves, which often gives the branches a worm-like appearance and the slight modifica- tions which its bracts undergo will serve to distinguish it. 52 PATAGONIAN EXPEDITIONS I BOTANY. 36. LOPHOCOLEA VASCULOSA (Hook. f. & Tayl.) Nees in G. L. & N. Syn. Hep. 702. 1847. Jungermannia vasciilosa Hook. f. &Tayl. Lond. Jour. Bot. 3 : 461. 1844. Jtingermannia elata Gottsche, Die Lebermoose Siid-Georgiens, 450. pi. 7./.J-6. 1890. On trees, Cordilleras of Patagonia. (By Hariot in Fuegia.) The figures of this species in the Flora Antarctica give a false idea of the underleaves, which are much narrower than is represented. The quoted illustration of Jtmgermannia elata, however, is more accurate in this respect. The Patagonian plants agree closely with the types of J. vasculosa in the Taylor Herbarium. 37. MARCHANTIA POLYMORPHA L. Sp. PI. 1137. 1753. Cordilleras of Patagonia : Fuegia. Although the species of Marchantia which were collected during the Antarctic voyage were identified by Hooker and Taylor as M. polymorpha, they were afterwards referred by Mitten to M. tabularis Nees.1 I had hoped to find the latter species in the present collection, but a study of numerous specimens and a comparison with an authentic, African plant of M. tabularis? kindly sent me by Herr Stephani, have shown conclu- sively that Mr. Hatcher's material of this genus is all referable to M. polymorpha. 38. MARSUPIDIUM CRYSTALLINUM (Massal.) Besch. & Massal. Compt. rend, de la Miss. Sc. du Cap Horn, 5: 229. 1889. Gymnanthe crystallina Massal. Nuovo Gior. Bot. Ital. 17 : 239. //. 22. f. 24. 1885. Acrobolbus excisus Schiffn. in Engler & Prantl, Nat. Pfl. Fam. i3: 86. 1893. Fuegia. The material of this species is all sterile, and is present in small amount. My determination has been kindly verified by Professor Massalongo. It is doubtful if the plant can be retained in Marsupidium, as we now understand that genus. 'Hook. f. Handb. N. Zeal. Fl. 545. 1867. 1 According to Schiffner (Oesterr. botan. Zeitschrift. 1 896), Marchantia tabularis Nees is a synonym of the older M. berteroana Lehm. & Lindenb. EVANS : HEPATIOE COLLECTED IN SOUTHERN PATAGONIA. 53 39. MARSUPIDIUM URVILLEANUM (Mont.) Mitt, in Hook. f. Handb. N. Zeal. Fl. 754. 1867. Plagiochila urvilleana Mont. Ann. des Sc. Nat. II. 19: 247. 1843. Scapania urvilleana Mont, in G. L. & N. Syn. Hep. 63. 1844. Jnngeruiatmia tirvilleana Hook. f. & Tayl. Lond. Jour. Bot. 3: 468. 1844. Gymnanthe iirvilleana Tayl. in G. L. & N. Syn. Hep. 193. 1845. Acrobolbus urvilleamts Trevis. Mem. reale 1st. Lomb. di Sci. e Lett. III. 4: 423. 1877. Jniigenuannia abbreviata Hook. f. & Tayl. Lond. Jour. Bot. 3: 374. 1844. Plagiochila abbreviata Tayl. in G. L. & N. Syn. Hep. 646. 1847. Fuegia. 40. METZGERIA FRONTIPILIS Lindb. Acta Soc. pro Faun, et Flor. Fenn. i: 14. f, 2. 1877. Fuegia. (W. Magellan, Savatier.) 41. MYLIA ABDITA (Sulliv.). Plagiochila abdita Sulliv. in Hook. Jour. Bot. and Kew Gard. Misc. 2: 317. 1850. Leioscyphus pallens Mitt. Jour. Linn. Soc. 15: 68. 1877. Lapataia. The type of Plagiochila abdita is not to be found at present in the Sullivant Herbarium, but there is a drawing of the species there, which agrees very closely with the Lapataia specimens and also with the pub- lished descriptions and figures x of Leioscyphus pallens. The two genera, My Ha and Leioscyphus (or Leptoscyphus], are both given places by Schiff- ner2 in his recent treatment of the genera of Hepaticae. He recognizes, however, that they are very close to each other and points out only two, purely vegetative, characters to distinguish them : in Mylia the leaves are said to be alternate and the underleaves undivided; whereas in Leioscy- pJius, the leaves are said to be opposite and the underleaves bifid. The first distinction, however, does not hold, as there are acknowleged species 1 Mitten, Botany of Kerguelen Island: Transit of Venus Expedition, //. j. f. 6. 1874. Schiffner and Gottsche, Lebermoose der Forschungsreise S. M. S. " Gazelle,"//, j. f. 4, 5. 1890. 2 Engler & Prantl, Nat. Pfl. Fam. i. 3. pp. 89, 90. 1893. 54 PATAGONIAN EXPEDITIONS : BOTANY. of Leioscyphus (e. g., L. chiloscyphoideus] with alternate leaves ; and the second distinction seems hardly sufficient to separate the genera. • 42. MYLIA CHILOSCYPHOIDEA (Lindenb.). Plagiochila chiloscyphoidea Lindenb. in Lehmann, Pugillus, 8: 4. 1844. Leioscyphus chiloscyphoideiis Mitt. Fl. Tasmaniae, 2: 225. 1860. Fuegia. • 43. PIGAFETTOA CRENULATA Massal. Nuovo Gior. Bot. Ital. 17: 237. PI. 21. f. 23. 1885. Villarino Bay. (By Savatier in W. Patagonia.) 44. PLAGIOCHILA ANSATA Hook. f. & Tayl. in G. L. & N. Syn. Hep. 649. 1847. PI. VI, Figs. 1-9. Jungermannia ansata Hook. f. & Tayl. Lond. Jour. Bot. 3: 457. 1844. Plagiochila circinalis var. Besch. & Massal. Bull. Soc. Linn, de Paris, 627. 1886. Dioicous : plants growing in loose tufts, blackish-brown varying to pale brown or yellowish-green : stems simple or sparingly branched, some- times innovating from below the perianth, slightly or not at all radiculose : leaves distant or subimbricated, erect-spreading or erect and appressed to the stem, orbicular-obovate, rounded at the broad apex, cuneate at the base, margin entire or repand, the antical decurrent, the postical rounded near the base and less decurrent : underleaves wanting : leaf-cells polyg- onal (mostly 6-sided), becoming elongated toward base, trigones very conspicuous, separated by narrow thin-walled regions or pits : ? inflores- cence terminal, the bracts in 2 or 3 pairs, passing by gradual transitions into the stem-leaves, the margins coarsely and irregularly dentate with 1-5 sharp teeth or blunt projections, innermost bracts narrower than the others, ovate or obovate in shape ; perianth long-exserted, flattened, ex- alate, clavate, very gradually narrowed toward the base and truncate at the apex, mouth bilabiate, ciliate-dentate, perianth 2 cells thick except close to the base where it is 3 cells and near the mouth where it is only one cell. Stem 5 cm. or more long, 0.25 mm. in diameter; leaves 1.5 mm. long, 1.4 mm. wide ; leaf-cells on edge of leaf 25 JJL, in the middle 29 p, and at EVANS : HEPATIC^E COLLECTED IN SOUTHERN PATAGONIA. 55 • the base 53/^x29/1,; bracts of innermost row 1.5 mm. x 0.95 mm. and 1.7 mm. x 1.35 mm., perianth 4 mm. long, 1.2 mm. wide. Villarino Bay. Plagiochila ansata is a species of wide distribution in southern regions, having been reported also from the Falkland Islands and from New Zea- land. The type specimens from the first of these localities agree closely with the Fuegian plants ; but, as the published descriptions and figures of the species are somewhat inadequate, it has seemed advisable to de- scribe and figure it anew. The description given above is drawn from robust stems, particularly those bearing perianths ; sterile stems and the branches and innovations of fertile plants are sometimes much more slender and bear scattered and smaller leaves. Even in the most slender forms, however, the characteristic leaf-cells with their well-developed tri- gones are retained. Judging from the description, the specimens doubt- fully referred by Bescherelle and Massalongo to Plagiochila circinalis be- long here. Herr Stephani has kindly sent me a specimen of the last- named species from Australia ; and, although it is certainly a near ally of P. ansata, it differs from it in the following points : the plants are more robust, the leaves are densely imbricated and their antical margins spread out from the stem and are strongly revolute throughout nearly their whole length, the leaf-cells are scarcely, if at all, elongated at the base, their tri- gones are even more conspicuous, they are oval or circular in outline and are very frequently confluent. 45. PLAGIOCHILA BISPINOSA Lindenb. Ann. Sci. Nat. IV. 8: 326. pi. ii. f. 7-13. 1858. Villarino Bay. (W. Magellan, Savatier.) 46. PLAGIOCHILA DURICAULIS Hook. f. & Tayl. in G. L. & N. Syn. Hep. 641. 1847. Jungermannia duricaidis Hook. f. & Tayl. Lond. Jour. Bot. 3 : 458. 1844. Fuegia. (W. Magellan, Savatier.) 47. PORELLA FCETENS (De Not.) Trevis. Mem. reale 1st. Lomb. di Sci. e Lett. III. 4: 407. 1877. Madotheca fattens De Not. Mem. Ace. Tor. II. 16: 23 \.f. 77. 1855. Villarino Bay. 56 PATAGONIAN EXPEDITIONS I BOTANY. • 48. RADULA FLAVIFOLIA Tayl. in G. L. & N. Syn. Hep. 259. 1845. Jttngermannia flamfolia Hook. f. &. Tayl. Lond. Jour. Bot. 3 : 476. 1844. Fuegia. 49. SCHISTOCHILA GAYANA (Gottsche) var. MASSALONGOANA (Schiffh. & Gottsche). Gottschea gayana var. Massal. Nuovo Gior. Bot. Ital. 17 : 205. //. 12. f. 2. 1885. Gottschea gayana var. rnassalongoana Schiffn. & Gottsche, Lebermoose der Forschungsreise S. M. S. "Gazelle," 2. 1890. Villarino Bay. (W. Magellan, Dusen.) 50. SCHISTOCHILA LAMELLATA (Hook.) Dum. Recueil d'obs. sur les Jung. 15. 1835. Jungermannia lamellata Hook. Muse. Exot. pi. 49. 1818. Gottschea lamellata Nees in G. L. & N. Syn. Hep. 20. 1844. Villarino Bay. (W.' Magellan, Dusen.) • 51. SCHISTOCHILA LAMINIGERA (Hook. f. & Tayl.) Evans, Contr. U. S. Nat. Herb, i: 141. 1892. Jttngermannia laminigera Hook. f. & Tayl. Lond. Journ. Bot. 3: 456. 1844. Gottschea laminigera Tayl. in G. L. & N. Syn. Hep. 623. 1846. Fuegia. 52. TRICHOCOLEA TOMENTOSA (Swartz) Gottsche in G. & R. Hep. Eur. Exs. no. 272. Jungermannia tomentosa Swartz, Prod. Fl. Ind. occ. 145. 1788. Jungermannia tomentella var. tomentosa Lindenb. Hep. Eur. 19. 1829. Trichocolea tomentella var. tomentosa G. L. & N. Syn. Hep. 237. 1844. Leiomitra tomentosa Lindb. Acta Soc. Sci. Fenn. 10 : 515. 1875. Basichiton tomentosum Trevis. Mem. reale 1st. Lomb. di Sci. e Lett. III. 4: 394. 1877. Fuegia. (By Savatier in W. Magellan.) 53. TYLIMANTHUS ANDERSSONII (Angstr.). PI. VI, Figs. 10-19. Jungermannia tenella Angstr. Ofversigt af Kongl. Vetensk.-Akad. For- , hand. 29, Haft 4:11. 1872. (Not Hook f. & Tayl.). EVANS I HEPATIC^ COLLECTED IN SOUTHERN PATAGONIA. 57 Gymnanthe anderssonii Angstr. 1. c. 33, Haft 4: 50. 1876. Dioicous : growing in loose tufts or mixed with other hepaticae, pale or whitish-green : plants consisting of a prostrate caudex giving rise to as- cending or erect stems : caudex radiculose, usually bearing scattered rudi- mentary leaves : stems without rhizoids or with a few scattered ones close to the caudex, simple or sparingly branched, sometimes giving off radicu- lose stolons from the lower part; stem-leaves distant and rudimentary below, more or less imbricated and larger above, obliquely inserted, some- what concave, obovate-orbicular from a narrowed base, antical margin de- current, straight or slightly curved, entire, postical margin reaching nearly to middle of stem, slightly or not at all decurrent, entire, sinuate, or with a few scattered teeth, apex broad and variable, sometimes distinctly emar- ginate-bilobed, with acute, obtuse or rounded lobes, sometimes truncate, entire or sparingly and irregularly dentate with blunt teeth ; underleaves wanting ; leaf-cells thin-walled with small but distinct trigones, somewhat elongated toward base, cuticle smooth : ? inflorescence terminal on short ascending stems or elongated branches ; bracts crowded, similar to the leaves, but even more irregular in shape, sometimes unequally 2-lobed, the innermost narrower and more delicate than the others and sometimes more conspicuously toothed, sac tapering to a blunt point, radiculose : j1 inflorescence borne in the course of ascending stems, bracts in about five pairs, imbricated, strongly saccate below, but with spreading apices above, broadly orbicular when explanate, truncate or emarginate-bifid, the post- ical lobe being the larger. Stems 1.5-3 cm- l°ng> °-35 mm- m diameter; leaves 1.7 mm. long, 1.85 mm. broad; leaf-cells at base 58 yu, long, 29 /JL broad, in other parts of the leaf 29 fji in diameter; outer perichsetial bracts 1.9 mm. long and broad, sac 2.7 mm. long, i mm. in diameter; perigonial bracts i mm. long, 1.45 mm. wide. The foregoing measurements may be considered representa- tive of this very variable species. Lapataia. In its pale color and in the shape and areolation of its leaves, the pres- ent plant strongly resembles Marsupidium urvilleanum, which is a more robust species with its leaves more strongly dentate and inflexed on their antical margins. As far as can be judged from descriptions, the two spe- cies differ from each other in the position of the ? inflorescence and pen- dant sac, necessitating their separation into distinct genera. In Marsupi- PATAGONIAN EXPEDITIONS I BOTANY. dium urvilleanum, this sac is described by Mitten1 as "attached to the lower part of the stem by its side" ; in the closely related (if not identical) M. brecknockiense (Massal.) Besch. and Massal., its author2 says: " peri- chaetia ad ramorum basim et in ramulo brevissimo sublaterali radicante posita"; in the species described above, on the contrary, the sac is clearly terminal on ascending stems or elongated branches, showing that the plant is a Tylimanthus. The sac moreover has the same structure as that ascribed to this genus — its wall is closely adherent to the calyptra and it bears a cluster of unfertilized archegonia at its mouth. At my request Professor Nathorst has kindly sent me some of the original specimens of Gymnanthe anderssonii as determined by Angstrom. So far as can be de- cided from sterile plants, these belong to the same species as Mr. Hatch- er's specimens, although in some of them the leaves are a little more toothed. SUPPLEMENTARY LIST OF PATAGONIAN HEPATIC*:. The hepaticae collected in the Magellan-region and in Fuegia by the French Mission Scientifique du Cap Horn, 1882-1883, described by Bes- cherelle and Massalongo, and those collected by Dusen in 1896, and de- scribed by F. Stephani, contain the following species in addition to some of the species in the Hatcher Collection.3 Adelanthus magellanicus (Ldbg.) Spruce. A. unciformis (H. f. & Tayl.) Spr. Acolea condnnata Dum. Alicularia spathulifolia Steph. Anastrophyllum decurrens Steph. A. involutifolium (Mont.). A. longissimum Steph. Aneura floribunda Steph. A. fragilis Steph. A. pallide-virens Steph. A. pinnatifida Nees. A. pulvinata Steph. A. spectabilis Steph. A. tenax Steph. W. Magell.; S. Fuegia. W. Patagon. S. Fuegia. W. Magellan, 200 m. above sea-level. W. Magell. W. Magell. W. Magell. S. Patag.; W. Magell.; N. Fuegia. W. Magell.; S. Fuegia. W. Magell. S. Patagon.; S. Fuegia. W. Magell. W. Magell.; E. & S. Fuegia. W. Magell. 'Handb. N. Zeal. Fl. 754. 1867. 2Nuovo Gior. Bot. Ital. 17: 214. 1885. *Mss. Sclent, du Cap Horn. Tom V. Botanique, Paris, 1889, Hepatiques, pp. 201-252 ; Le- bermoose der Magellanslander von F. Stephani, mit einer Einleitung von P. Dusen, Bihang till K. Svenska Vet.-Akad. Handlingar. 26. III. 17. Stockholm, 1901. EVANS : HEPATIC/E COLLECTED IN SOUTHERN PATAGONIA. 59 Anthoceros jamesonii Tayl. Balantiopsis chilensis Steph. Bazzania nwce-zelandice (Mitten). Brachio-lejeunea spruceana Mass. Cephalozia scabrella Mass. C. simulans Mass. C. tabulata Hook. f. & Tayl. Chiloscyphus coalitus (Hook.) Nees. C. (?) grandiflorus Tayl. & H. f. C. horizontalis (Hook.) Nees. C. integrifolius N. & N. L. & L. C. (?) pallide-virens Tayl. C. striatellus Mass. C. valdiviensis Mont. Diplophyllum densifolium Hook. Frullania diplota Tayl. F. ptychantha Mont. Gottschea gayana Gott. G. lamellata (Hook.) Nees. G. laminigera. G. pachyla. G. splachnophylla Tayl. Isotachis anceps Mont /. bisbifida Steph. /. madida Tayl. /. quadriloba Steph. /. spegazziniana Mass. /. splendens Steph. Jamesoniella colarata (Lehm.). J. grandiflora L. & G. /. cenops (L. & G.) Steph. J. paludosa Steph. Jungermannia cribrifolia Tayl. & H. f. J. parcafonnis Mass. J. pigafettoana Mass. J. quadripartita Hook. J. schismoides Mont. Leioscyphus abnormis Mass. L. ; c, cellulse basales, humiditate, ±£ • e, theca siccitate, ±£ ; /, folium perigoniale, J^. f ; d, theca operculum. Besides, the Bryum vernicosum is dioecious, the Bryum lamprochcete syncecious. Our species seems to be related also to Bryum minuscuhtm C. Mull., concluding from the diagnosis, but differs from that species by the ab- sence of innovations, by its always pendulous capsule, the wider cells of its leaves, its much shorter cuspidate leaves, and by its perichastial leaves. BRYUM RIGOCH/ETE Dusen n. sp. PI. X, Figs. 3, 4. . Synoicnm ; dense caespitosum, caespitibus inferne fuscis, superne viridi- bus, haud nitidis ; caulis c. 2 cm. altus, strictus, ad medium atropurpureo- radiculosus, inferne defoliatus, simplex vel fertilitate superne innovando pauci-ramosus ; folia sicca appressa, humida suberecta, c. 2.7 mm. longa et 1.2 mm. lata, haud decurrentia, ovato-oblonga, leviter incurvata, acuta, apicibus strictis vel paulum reflexis, subcochleariforme concava, margini- bus integerrimis reflexisque, carinato-nervosa, nervo rubescente, valido, 92 PATAGONIAN EXPEDITIONS! BOTANY. basi 0.06 mm. crasso, percurrente, cum apice evanescente vel paulum ex- cedente ; celhdcz pellucidae, densiusculae, apicales medianaeque rhombeae vel subhexagonae, marginales anguste elongatae, basales ampliores, om- nino rectangulae ; bractece perichcetii foliis caulinis similes, sed paulum majores ; seta erecta, stricta, rigida, fusco-brunnea, subnitida, c. 2 cm. alta ; thcca pendula, brunnea, elongate pyriformis, collo sporangium fere FIG. 1 8. abed Bryum rigochate Dusen. a, folium, -^ ; b, sectio folii, ^ ; c, cellulse apicales, -*-£• ; d, cellulae basales, ^-, e, capsula humiditate, ^ ; f, capsula siccitate, -ij8-. aequante ; denies exostomii lanceolate subulati, aurei, superne scabri, ceterum minutissime granulosi, 0.35 mm. alti et basi 0.08 mm. lati, linea divisurali distincta, lamellis c. 16 praediti ; operculum convexe conicum, breviter apiculato ; sporce laevissimae, 0.027-0.030 mm. magnas ; cetera ignota. .Hab. speciei, Patagonia australis, ubi verisimiliter in territorio fontinali fluminis Rio Chico in terra paludosa lecta est. Near to Bryinn lamprochczte Dusen, but distinct and easily distin- guished by its more robust stem, less acute and non-cuspidate leaves and much denser lamellated peristomial teeth. Resembling also Bryum ver- nicosum Dusen, but differing from that species by being more robust, simple or with only flagelliform innovations, ramulose stem, larger and less acute leaves with weaker nerve and much broader peristomial teeth. BRYUM HATCHERI Dusen n. sp. PI. X, Figs, s, 6. Dioicum; dense caespitosum, caespitibus humilibus, fuscoviridibus, haud nitidis, caulibus inferne leviter intertextis, catilis c. i cm. altus, erectus vel DUSEN : PATAGONIAN AND FUEGIAN MOSSES. 93 subascendens, e basi ad medium parce radiculosus, simplex vel basi pauci-ramosus, fertilitate saepe innovando superne ramulosus, sat tenuis ; folia sicca appressa, humida erecta, suprema gemmaceo-conferta, usque ad 2 mm. longa et 0.6 mm. lata, baud decurrentia, ovata-oblonga, cuspi- data, concava, elimbata, marginibus integerrimis, baud vel vix reflexis, carinato-nervosa, nervo crasso, basi c. 0.08 mm. lato, inferne rubescente, superne viridi, praecipue in foliis supremis longe excedente, summo apice FIG. 19. - ; d, cellulae basales, 2-%± • e, capsula abed Bryum hatcheri Dusen. a, b, folia, -^ ; c, cellulae apicles, humiditate, *£-. rarissime pauci-denticulato ; cellules laxae, pellucidae apicales medianaeque subelongatae, plus minusque distincte hexagonas basales laxiores, rectan- gular ; bractece perichtztii foliis caulinis similes, sed paulum majores et longius cuspidatae ; seta erecta, subflexuosa, brunnea nitidiuscula, tenuis, usque ad i cm. alta ; theca pendula, sat parva, oblonge obovata, brunnea, collo turgido, sensim in sporangium transeunte ; annulus duplex ; dentes exostomii humiles, subulati, 0.3 mm. alti et 0.04-0.05 mm. lati, superne hyalini et laevissimi, ceterum flaviduli et minutissime granulosi, fere glabri, remote lamellati, lamellis altis, c. 7; operculum stricte conicum; cetera ignota. Hab. speciei, Patagonia australis, ubi verisimiliter in territorio fontinali fluminis Rio Chico in terra lecta est. Nearly allied to Bryum minusculum C. Miill., to judge from the diag- nosis differing in the stronger nerve of its leaves, and their larger size, and by its perichaetial leaves, pendulous capsule and conical operculum. 94 PATAGONIAN EXPEDITIONS: BOTANY. Gen. WEBERA Hedw. WEBERA CRUDA (L.) Schwaegr. Hab. Patagonia australis in territorio fontinali fluminis Rio Chico ad basin arborum. WEBERA LONCHOCH/ETE Dusen n. sp. Pi. X, Figs. 7-9. Caulis gracillimus, erectus, strictus, simplex vel pauciramosus, inferne defoliatus, e basi fere ad apicem atropurpureo-radiculosus, usque ad 3.5 cm. altus ; folia sicca subappressa, humida suberecta, stricta, inferiora parva, sursum sensim accrescentia, lutescente viridia, nitida, c. 2 mm. FIG. 20. abed e Webera lonchochcete Dusen. a, folium, -^? ; b, cellulae apicales, ^^ ; c, cellulse basales, £££ ; d, capsula hum iditate, -^ ; e, sectiones folii, &J-. longa et 0.4 mm. lata, paulum decurrentia, e basi subovata lanceolata, acuta, elimbata utroque latere arcuate replicate, marginibus planis, apicem versus serrulatis, ceterum integerrimis, carinato-nervosa, nervo valido, basi 0.09 mm. crasso, viridi, subflexuoso, percurrente, sed apicem vix attingente ; cellulce firmae, pellucidae, lutescente virides, apicales et medianae elongatae, basales laxiores, subrectangulae, ad marginem dis- tincte rectangular ; bractecz perichcetii foliis caulinis similes, sed longius attenuatae; seta tenuis, stricta, erecta, rubescens, nitidula, usque ad 4.5 cm. alta; theca pendula, pallide purpurea, ovato-oblonga, collo turgido, in sporangium indistincte transeunte ; denies exostomii lanceolati, flavi, DUSEN : PATAGONIAN AND FUEGIAN MOSSES. 95 o_44 mm- alti et Dasi °-°8 mm. lati elimbati, superne hyalini et papillosor scaberuli, ceterum minutissime granulosi, dense lamellati, lamellis 15-18, subdenticulati ; denies endostomii dentibus exostomii aequilongi, hyalini, late perforati, superne nodulosi et papilloso-scaberuli ; cilia dentibus aequilonga, nodiuscula, scaberula, singula vel interdum bina; membrana basilaris 0.2 mm. alta. Hab. speciei Patagonia australis, ubi in territorio fontinali fluminis Rio Chico in consortio Aulacomnii palustris (L.) Schwaegr. occurrit. Nearly related to Webera sphagnicola Schpr., but differing from that species by its elimbate and comparatively remotely lamellated external peristomial teeth and by having fewer cilia ; besides the Webera loncho- chczte is syncecious, the Webera spliagnicola dioecious. • Fam. MEESEACE^:. Gen. MEESEA Hedw. MEESEA PATAGONICA Dusen n. sp. Pi. XI, Fig. i. Dense caespitosa; canlis gracillimus, usque ad 10 cm. longus, simplex, parce radiculosus vel fere eradiculosus, inferne flexuosus, nudus, fuscus, superne strictus, sordide viridis ; folia 2.5-3.0 mm. longa et basi plane- facta 0.8 mm. lata, trifaria, sat distantia, siccitate plus minusque crispata, FIG. 21. Mecsea patagonica Dusen. a, folium a latere visum, 2 £° ; d, cellulae basales folii, ; b, folium deplanatum, ^-; c, apex folii, 96 PATAGONIAN EXPEDITIONS I BOTANY. humiditate stricta, patentia, c. basi amplexicauli, baud decurrente, lata et brevi raptim contracta, elongate cuspidata, canaliculata, apice rotundata, marginibus integerrimis, erectis, nervo valido, basi o. 18 mm. lato, indis- tincte limitato, infra summum apicem evanescente ; cellulce laxae, pellucidae, parietibus teneris, basales rectangular, apicales ceteris multo breviores ; cetera desunt. Hab. speciei Patagonia australis, ubi verisimiliter in territorio fontinali fluminis Rio Chico lecta est. Nearest to Meesea austro-georgica C. Mull., differing from that species by its entire leaves, its rectangular leaf-cells and non-excurrent nerve. The species is one of the most interesting of those brought home from South America by Mr. Hatcher. Hitherto there were only two species of the genus Meesea know from the southern part of the globe, viz., M. austro-georgica C. Mull, from south Georgia and M. tmilleri C. Mull, et Hampe from Australia. The M. patagonica is then the third species of this genus known from the southern hemisphere. Fam. MNIACE.E. Gen. MNIUM Drill. MNIUM ROSTRATUM Schrad. Hab. Patagonia australis in paludosis. Fam. RHIZOGONIACE^E. Gen. RHIZOGONIUM Brid. RHIZOGONIUM MNIOIDES (Hook.) Schpr. Hab. Patagonia australis. RHIZOGONIUM SUBBASILARE (Hook.) Schpr. Hab. Patagonia australis. Fam. LEPTOSTOMACE^E. Gen. LEPTOSTOMUM R. Br. LEPTOSTOMUM MENZIESII (Hook.) R. Br. Hab. Patagonia australis. DUSEN : PATAGONIAN AND FUEGIAN MOSSES. 97 Fam. AULACOMNIACE^E. Gen. AULACOMNIUM Schwaegr. AULACOMNIUM PALUSTRE (L.) SchwaegT. Hab. speciei Patagonia australis, ubi in territorio fontinali fluminis Rio Chico in consortio Weberce lonchochcetis Dusen in paludosis occurrit. Fam. BARTRAMIACE^E. Gen. BARTRAMIA Hedw. BARTRAMIA MAGELLANICA Aongstr. Hab. Fuegia australis ad Lapataia. BARTRAMIA ARISTATA Schpr. Hab. Fuegia australis ad Villarino. BARTRAMIA ITYPHYLLA Brid. var. AREISLE Besch. Hab. varietatis Patagonia australis, ubi verisimiliter in territorio fontinali fluminis Rio Chico lecta est. BARTRAMIA PATENS Brid. var. MINOR Dusen. Humilior densiusque caespitosa, a typo partium omnium exiguitate differt Hab. Patagonia australis. Gen. BARTRAMIDULA Br. Fur. BARTRAMIDULA EXIGUA (Sull.) Jaeg. Hab. Patagonia australis. Gen. PHILONOTIS Brid. PHILONOTIS VAGANS (Hook. fil. et Wils.) Mitt. Hab. Patagonia australis in paludosis. PHILONOTIS PARALLELA Dusen n. sp. Dioica; dense caespitosa, caespitibus superne viridibus vel lutescente- viridibus, inferne fusco-tomentosis, expansis, caulis erectus, strictus, PATAGONIAN EXPEDITIONS: BOTANY. omnino c. 3 cm. altus, interdum usque ad i dm. altus, ad basin florum innovationes paucas, omnino 1-3 producens, inferne radiculosus, radiculis laevissimis ; folia inter se conformia, c. 1.4 mm. longa et 0.35-0.40 mm. lata, erecto-patula, heteromalla, lanceolata, subcuspidata, canaliculata, baud plicata, baud decurrentia, marginibus erectis, praecipue apicem ver- sus serrulatis, nervo valido, basi 0.063 mm- crasso, subexcurrente, laevis- simo ; cellulce rectangulae, dorso leviter papillosae ; bractece perichcztii erectae, longe attenuatae, cuspidatae, cellulis apicalibus angustis, ceterum foliis caulinis similes ; seta erecta, stricta, c. 2.5 cm. alta, gracilis, rubra, laevissima; capsula erecta, humiditate late ovalis, c. 2.4 mm. longa et 1.35 mm. crassa, siccitate fere cylindrica, subcurvata, i3-i6-sulcata, pachy- dermatica, olivacea, ore rubro; cellulcz exothecii omnino rotundate rec- FlG. 22. Philonotis parallela Dusen. a, folium, 5_2-; b, apex folii, ^- ; c, folia perigonialia, if ; d, folium perigoniale a latere visum, if- ; e, capsula humiditate, if-. tangulares, marginales minores, 6-y-seriatae, illae striarum parietibus longitudinalibus incrassatis; denies exostomii rubri, 0.4 mm. alti et 0.076 mm. lati, lanceolate subulati, vix dense lamellati, inferne minutissime papillosi, superne papillis crassioribus ornati ; denies endostomii dentibus exostomii paulum breviores, papillosi ; cilia singula vel bina, dentibus endostomii fere aequilonga et paulum angustiora ; operculmn conicum, baud rostratum, apice oblique, truncate. Flores masculi disciformes, bracteis e basi erecta genuflexe patentis- simis, usque ad 2.3 mm. longis et 1.8 mm. latis, lanceolatis, serrulatis, acutissimis, nervo lato, indistincte limitato, infra apicem evanido, cellulis basalibus aureis, rectangulis, apicalibus, prosenchymaticis. DUSEN : PATAGONIAN AND FUEGIAN MOSSES. 99 Hab. Patagonia australis in territorio fontinali fluminis Rio Chico in paludosis. Resembling Philonotis fontana (L.) Brid. but well distinguished from that species by its uniform, lanceolate and not plicate leaves with erect margins, by the absence of incrassations interposed between the upper lamellae of the external peristomial teeth, etc. Fam. POLYTRICHACE^E. Gen. POLYTRICHADELPHUS C. Mull. POLYTRICHADELPHUS MAGELLANICUS (Linn, fil.) Mitt. Hab. Patagonia australis. Gen. POLYTRICHUM Dill. POLYTRICHUM JUNIPERINUM Hedw. Hab. Patagonia australis. POLYTRICHUM STRICTUM Menz. Hab. Patagonia australis. POLYTRICHUM PATAGONICUM C. Mull. Hab. Patagonia australis. PLEUROCARPINE^:. Fam. LEUCODONTACE^E. Gen. LEPYRODON Hampe. LEPYRODON LAGURUS (Hook.) Mitt. Hab. Patagonia australis in territorio fontinali fluminis. Rio Chico in truncis arbustorum arborumque. LEPYRODON IMPLEXUS (Kze.) Par. Hab. Fuegia australis ad Lapataia in truncis Berberidis ilicifolice. Fam. LESKEACE^E. Gen. LESKEA Hedw. LESKEA FUEGIANA Besch. Hab. Fuegia. 100 PATAGONIAN EXPEDITIONS I BOTANY. Fam. STEREODONTACE^E. Gen. CATAGONIUM C. Mull. CATAGONIUM POLITUM (Hook. fil. et Wils.) C. Miill. Hab. Patagonia australis. Gen. ACROCLADIUM Mitt. ACROCLADIUM AURICULATUM (Mont.) Mitt. Hab. Patagonia australis in territorio fontinali fluminis Rio Chico in terra. Gen. PLAGIOTHECIUM Br. Eur. PLAGIOTHECIUM LEPTOPLUMOSUM Dusen n. sp. PL XI, Figs. 3-5. Autoicum; dense caespitosum, caespitibus humillimis, plus minusque expansis, viridibus vel lutescenti-viridibus, subnitidis, mollibus ; caulis gracillimus, subascendeus, ad basin ferrugineo-tomentosus, ramos nonnul- los, plerumque simplices emittens, usque ad 1.5 cm. longus; folia densa, c. i.i mm. longa et deplanata 0.4 mm. lata, plerumque subsecunda, e basi semiamplexicauli, baud decurrente ovata vel late lanceolata, canali- FIG. 23. Plagiotherium leptoplumosum Dusen. a, folia, operculatse humiditate, ^. ; b, theca humiditate, JjS. ; c, pars superior thecae culate concava, omnino sat longe cuspidata, marginibus erectis, integer- rimis, enervata; cellulcz anguste elongatas, basales ceteris subbreviores, alares vix diversae ; bractece perichcetii erectae, semiconvolutas, enervatas, apice sat raptim contractae, breviter acutatae, integerrimas ; seta 1.5-2 cm. DUSEN : PATAGONIAN AND FUEGIAN MOSSES. IOI alta, gracilis, rubra, strictiuscula, superne sinistrorsum, inferne dextror- sum torta, laevissima; theca fere erecta, cylindrica, paulum curvata, pal- lide brunnea, siccitate sub ore constricta, laevissima, collo distincto ; annu- lus simplex ; denies exostomii pallide flavi, 0.44 mm. alti et basi 0.06 mm. lati, anguste lanceolati, dense lamellati, inferne medioque trans versaliter striati, superne articulati et papi\losi ; denies endostomii hyalini, dentibus exostomii paulum breviores, subulati, minutissime granulosi, angustissime longitudinaliter perforati ; cilia 1-3, setacea, nodulosa, minutissime granu- losa, dentibus endostomii paulum breviora; membrana basilaris c. o. 18 mm. alta ; operctilnm conicum, obtusum, haud rostratum. Flores masc. gemmiformes, ad basin floris fern, dispositi, in tomento occulti. Hab. speciei Patagonia australis, ubi verisimiliter in territorio fontinali fluminis Rio Chico lecta est. Completely resembling and closely allied to Plagiothecium ptilchellum (Dicks.) Br. Eur., but differing from that species by its usually broader and longer cuspidate leaves, more uniform leaf-cells, inner peristomial teeth shorter than the outer, and its simple annulus. The species also resembles, to judge from the diagnosis, Plagiothecium fiicgianuin (Besch.) differing by its subfalcate and more or less distinctly secund leaves with straight apex, non-papillous perichaetial leaves and cylindrical capsule. Fam. HYPNACE.E. Gen. BRACHYTHECIUM Br. Eur. BRACHYTHECIUM PARADOXUM (Hook. fil. et Wils.) Besch. Hab. Patagonia australis in territorio fontinali fluminis Rio Chico, ubi in truncis putrescentibus et in terra occurrit. Gen. SCIAROMIUM Mitt. SCIAROMIUM CONFLUENS C. Milll. Hab. speciei Patagonia australis, ubi verisimiliter in territorio fontinali fluminis Rio Chico lecta est. SCIAROMIUM DEPASTUM Dusen n. sp. Pi. XI, Fig. 2. Dioicum; densiuscule caespitosum, caespitibus expansis, rigidis, superne laete viridibus inferne pallide brunneis ; caulis strictus, erectus, usque ad IO2 PATAGONIAN EXPEDITIONS I BOTANY. 7 cm. altus, inferne costis limbisque persistentibus foliorum vetustorum obtectus, remote ramosus, non rare 2-3 furcatus vel interdum remote fas- ciculatim ramosus, ramis erectis, simplicibus ; folia oblonge ovata, sub- acuta, heteromalla, leviter concava, fere plana, humiditate e basi patentis- FIG. 24. Sciaromium depastum Dus6n. a, folia, JjS. ; b, cellulae apicales, ^9- ; c, cellulse basales, sima leviter incurvata, siccitate magis inflexa, c. 1.25 mm. longa et 0.62 mm. lata, integerrima, carinato-nervosa, nervo valido, basi c. o. i mm. crasso, laevissimo, percurrente, crasse limbata, limbo circumducto, ad medium folii c. 0.07 mm. lato ; cellulae parvae, obscurae, omnino sub- rectangulae. Flores fern, in parte superiore caulis dispositi, parvi, gemmiformes, archegoniis sat paucis, paraphysibus paucis, setaceis, flavis, cetera ignota. Hab. Fuegia australis ad Villarino. An excellent species, well distinguished from all the other South Ameri- can species of the same genus by its straight stem, heteromallous and patent, not falcate, and neither subulate nor aristate leaves. SCIAROMIUM GRACILE Dusen n. sp. PI. XI, Fig. 6. Caulis gracilis, strictus vel strictiusculus, usque ad 5 cm. longus, in- ferne pallide brunneus, nervis foliorum vetustiorum resistentibus vestitus, superne foliatus viridis, subsimplex vel vage et remote distichaseo-ra- mosus, ramis simplicibus, turn brevibus, turn sat longis ; folia patentia, homomalla, c. 1.5 mm. longa et 0.40-0.45 mm. lata, densiuscula, haud decurrentia, e basi ovata sensim attenuata, elongate cuspidata, paulum concava, elimbata, marginibus integerrimis, erectis ; nervo robusto, viridi, basi 0.12-0.15 mm. lato, paulum supra medium folii excurrente, cuspi- dem crassiusculam formante ; cellulce parvae, angustae, subelongatae, ob- scurae, basales ceteris paulum breviores et laxiores ; cetera ignota. DUSEN I PATAGONIAN AND FUEGIAN MOSSES. 103 Hab. speciei Fuegia australis, ubi ad Lapataia in consortio Sciaromii depasti lecta est. A small and delicate species, very distinct, differing from all the other South American species in its minuteness and in its perfectly elimbated leaves. FIG. 25. Sciaromium gracile Dus£n. Folia, ^-. Gen. HYPNUM Dill. HYPNUM UNCINATUM Hedw. subspecies SYMMETRICUM Ren. et Card. Hab. Patagonia australis. HYPNUM PERPLICATUM Dusen n. sp. PI. XI, Fig. 7. Densiuscule caespitosum, caespitibus expansis, superne sordido-viridibus vel flavo-brunneis, inferne sordido-brunneis, rigidiusculis ; caulis subas- cendens, plerumque c. 8 cm. interdum usque ad 15 cm. altus, apice falca- tus, haud radiculosus, inferne defoliatus, sed nervis persistentibus foliorum vetustorum plus minusque dense obtectus, simplex vel plerumque superne saltern remotiuscule ramosus, ramis distichis et vix ramulosis ; folia dense conferta usque ad 5.5 mm. longa et basi 0.9 mm. lata, uncinate falcata, e basi sublineari vix decurrente elongate lanceolata, cuspidata, canaliculata, longitudinaliter plicata, marginibus erectis, integerrimis, nervo valido, basi 0.25 mm. lata, sat longe excurrente, laevissimo ; cellules anguste elongate, laevissimae, parietibus paulum incrassatis, alares sat paucae, omnino brevi- 104 PATAGONIAN EXPEDITIONS I BOTANY. ter rectangulae, nervum baud attingentes, parietibus paulum sed parum interrupte incrassatis ; cetera ignota. Hab. Patagonia orientalis ad Cape Fairweather in paludosis. FIG. 26. Hypnum perplicatum Dus£n. Folia, ^f-. Near to Hypnum falcatum Brid., but very distinct, differing from that species by its longer, quite glabrous and scarcely decurrent leaves with doubly broader and excurrent nerve, and by the absence of paraphylla. STOCKHOLM, January i, 1901. (We desire to explain that for the method here followed, as elsewhere in these Reports, of printing all specific names with small initial letter, the respected author of this part is not responsible. — EDITOR.) ERRATA AND EMENDATIONS IN PART III. Page 67, line n, for Lindl. read Lindb. Page 67, line 17, for radiculosis read radiculosus. Page 67, line 2 from foot, for vel papillosae read laevissimae. Page 70, line 7 from foot, for shorter read longer and more robust ; line 5 from foot add n. sp. Page 7 1 , line 2 from foot, for secto folio read sectio folii. Page 72, lines 15, 14 from foot, delete all after the word "ones." Page 73, fig. 5, cut d should be erect. Page 74, line 10, for vel nitidis read nitidiusculis. Page 74, line 1 1 , for 2-3 read 2-4. Page 74, line 1 3 from foot, after flavidula insert annulus triplex. Page 74, lines 10, 9 from foot for subnodulari read subnodulosi. Page 74, line 9 from foot, delete plicato-. Page 75, line 5 from foot, for densiuscula read densiuscule. Page 76, line 9, for incrassatis read subincrassatis. Page 76, fig. 6, the cut d should be inverted. Page 77, line 2, after dilatata add subclavata. Page 77, line 6, for conotricha (Mull) read anderssonii Card. Page 77, line 9, add B. perrubiginosa is evidently a weak species. Page 78, line 2, after incrassatis add et in cellulis infraapicalibus ; after subflexuosis add su- pernae nonnullae plus minusque elongatas ; and for saltern read rare. Page 79, fig. 8, g refers to the upper figure ; and in the explanation of g, for humiditate read siccitate. Page 80, fig. 9, cut a should be turned 90°; similarly page 83, fig. n, cut,^. Page 80, line i , omit speciei ; similarly passim. Page 82, line 9 from foot, for subuncinati read subuncinata. Page 82, line 3 from foot, for 0.135 read 0.013. Page 84, line 10 from foot, for incrassa- read incrassation. Page 86, line 4, for and read ad. Page 88, line 4, for MUSCULA read MASCULA. Page 90, line 7 from foot, for majora read majores. Page 94, line 7, before Caulis prefix Synoica. Page 96, line I for c. basi read e basi. Page 1 02, line 6 from foot, for homomalla read heteromalla. Page 104, line i, for parum read vix. Page 104, line 5, for glabrous read entire. (N. B. It should be observed that it was impracticable for the author to revise the proofs. — Ed.) CATALOGUE OF MUSCI OF PATAGONIA AND FUEGIA. (INCLUDING DESCRIBED SPECIES AND OTHERS NOT YET DESCRIBED.) BY PER DUSEN. MUSCI FROM THE FALKLAND ISLANDS, FUEGIA, AND PATAGONIA. A. DESCRIBED SPECIES. MUSCI. SPHAGNALES. Fam. SPHAGNACE.E. Gen. SPHAGNUM Dill. Spliagnum cuspidatum Ehrh., var. falcatulum (Besch.) Par., Staaten I.; Cape Horn; Patagon. occ.. S. cuspidatiivi var. microcarpum (Warnst.) Par., Falkland Is. vS. cymbifolium Ehrh., var. condensatum Hook. f. & Wils., Fretum Magellanicum. S.JSmMatitmWi]s.t Falkland Is.; Hermite I.; Fretum Magellanicum. S. fimbriatiim var. robustnm Braithw., Fuegia; Patagon. austr. S. medium Limpr., var. fusco-rubellum Warnst. ; forma brachydasyclada Warnst. S. medium var. pallido-carneum Warnst., form, brachyorthoclada Warnst. 105 IO6 PATAGONIAN EXPEDITIONS I BOTANY. » ANDRE^EALES. Fam. Gen. ACROSCHISMA Hook. f. & Wils. Acroschisma wilsoni Hook, f., Hermite I. ; Fuegia ; Patagon. occ. Gen. ANDRE^EA Ehrh. Andrecza acutifolia Hook. f. & Wils., Hermite I. ; Cape Horn. A. appendiculata Sch., Cape Horn; Fuegia. A. laxifolia Hook. f. & Wils., Hermite I. ; Cape Horn. A. marginata Hook. f. & Wils., Hermite I. ; Fuegia. A. mutabilis Hook. f. & Wils., Falkland Is. A. petrophila Ehrh., Fuegia. A. pseudo-alpina C. Mull., Fuegia. A. subulata Harv. var. perichcetialis Harv., Falkland Is. ; Hermite I. A. siibulata var. rigida Harv. & C. Mull., Hermite I.; Fuegia. BRYALES. ACROCARPINE^E. Fam. DICRANACE^;. Subfam. DICRANELLEsE. Gen. ANISOTHECIUM Mitt. • Anisothecium perpusillum Dusen. A. patagonicum C. Mull., Patagon. austr. Subfam. DICRANEA1. Gen. DICRANOWEISIA Lindb. Dicranoweisia antarctica (C. Mull.) Par., Hermite I. ; Fuegia. D. austro-crispula (C. Mull.) Par., Staaten I.; Fuegia; Patagon. occ. D. perpuhinata Dusen, W. Patagon. DUSEN: PATAGONIAN AND FUEGIAN MOSSES. 1 07 Gen. ONCOPHORUS Brid. Oncoplionis fuegianus Card., Fuegia austr. Gen. DICRANUM Hedw. Dicranum aciphyllnm Hook. f. & Wils., Falkland I. ; Staaten I. ; Fret. Mag. occ. ; Patagon. occ. D. australe Besch., Staaten I.; Fuegia; Fret. Mag.; Patagon. occ. D. billardieri Schwaegr., Falkland Is.; Fuegia; Fret. Mag. occ.; Pata- gon. occ. D. tirrhifolia Sch. in litt, Fuegia; Patag. austr. et occ. D. dicranellatiun Dusen, Fuegia ; Patagon. occ. D. harioti C. Mull., Fuegia; Hoste I. D. imponens Mont, Staaten I.; Hermite I.; Cape Horn; Fuegia; Pata- gon. occ. D. lati-costatnm Card., Fuegia austr.; Fret. Mag. D. lei(coptermn C. Miill., Staaten I.; Fuegia. D. nigricaiile Aongstr., Fuegia; Patagon. austr. et occ. D. pitmilnm Mitt., Hermite I.; Fuegia. D. racovitzce Card., Fretum Magellan. D. ramiilostim Mitt, Hermite I.; Fuegia. D. rigens Besch., Patagon. occ. D. robiistitm Hook. f. &Wils., Hermite I.; Cape Horn; Fuegia; Fret Mag.; Patagon. occ. — var. pungens Hook. f. & Wils. cum typo. D. setosum Hook. f. & Wils, Fret. Mag. D. tomniC. Miill., Patagon. austr. Gen. CAMPYLOPUS Brid. Catnpylopns acintiinatns Mitt, Hermite I.; Fuegia. C. crassissimns Besch., Patagon. occ. C.flavissimHS (C. Miill.) Par., Fuegia. C. introflcxus (Hedw.) Mitt., Patagon. occ. C. laniger Besch., Hermite I., Fuegia; Patagon. occ. C. morenoi C. Miill., Patagon. austral. C. ortJiocoimis Besch., Fuegia. C. penncanns (C. Miill.) Par., Staaten I. C. saddled mis Besch., Fuegia. C. spegazzinii (C. Miill.) Par., Staaten I. 108 PATAGONIAN EXPEDITIONS: BOTANY. Subfam. RHABDOWEISIEsE. Gen. DICHODONTIUM Sch. Dichodontium paludella Besch., Fuegia; Fret. Mag. D. jamesoni (Taylor) Sch., Hermite I. • Subfam. SELIGERIEsE. Gen. BLINDIA Br. Eur. Blindia arcuata Mitt, Hermite I. B. auriculata C. Miill., Staaten I.; Fuegia. . B. churuccana Besch., Fret. Mag. occ. B. contecta (Hook. f. & Wils.) C. Miill., Fret. Mag.; Patagon. occ. B. curviseta Mitt, Falkland I.; Staaten I.; Hermite I.; Fuegia. B. hwnilis C. Mull., Staaten I. B. leptotrichocarpa C. Mull., Staaten I. B. leptotrichocarpa var. strictiiiscula C. Miill., Staaten I. B. lygodipoda C. Miill., Staaten I.; Fuegia. B. magellanica Sch., Hermite I. B. savatieriana C. Miill., Fret. Mag. occ. B. temiifolia (Hook. f. & Wils.) Mitt, Hermite I.; Fuegia. Subfam. DITRICHEsE. Gen. DITRICHUM Timm. Ditrichum affine (C. Miill.) Hpe., Patagon. occ. D. conicitm (Mont.) Par., Patagon. occ. D. hookeri (C. Miill.) Hpe., Hermite I.; Fuegia; Fret. Mag. occ. D. hyalinum (Mitt.) Par., Falkland Is.; Hermite I.; Cape Horn; Fuegia. D. longisetum Lor., Fret. Mag. occ.; Patagon. austr. D. prcealtmn (Mitt.) Par., Patagon. austr. et occ. D. strictum (Hook. f. & Wils.), Falkland Is.; Hermite I.; Cape Horn; Fuegia. Gen. DISTICHIUM Br. Eur. Distichium capillaceutn (L.) Br. Eur., Hermite I.; Cape Horn; Fuegia; Patagon. austr. et occ. Gen. CERATODON Brid. Ceratodon purpureus (L.) Brid., var. amblyocalyx C. Miill., Fuegia; Patagon. DUS£N: PATAGONIAN AND FUEGIAN MOSSES. 1 09 Fam. POTTIACE.E. Subfam. POTTIEsE. Gen. POTTIA Ehrh. Pottia antarctica Aongstr., Fuegia; Patagon. austr. P. megapoda C. Miill., Patagon. austr. P. spegazzinii C. Miill., Staaten I.; Patagon. austr. Gen. BARBULA Hedw. Barbnla antarctica Hpe., Falkland Is. B. arena Besch., Fret. Mag. B. andersonii (Aongstr.), Fuegia; Patagon. austr. et occ. B. chrysopila C. Miill., Fuegia; Fret. Mag. B. conotricha C. Miill., Fuegia; Patagon. austr. B. conotricha C. Miill. var. fagicola C. Miill. , Patagon. B. crispatnla (C. Miill.), Patagon. occ. B. densifolia Hook. f. & Wils., Falkland Is. B. flagellaris Sch., Fret. Mag.; Patagon. occ. B.fuegiana (Mitt.) Jaeg., Falkland Is.; Fuegia; Patagon. austr. B. lechleri C. Miill., Fret. Mag. B. patagonica (Mitt.) Jaeg., Patagon. B. perrubiginosa Dusen., Patagon. occ. B. pnsilla (Aongstr.) C. Miill. , Fuegia; Fret. Mag. B. robnsta (Hook. & Grev.) Brid., Falkland Is.; Fuegia; Patagon. austr. et occ. Fam. GRIMMIACEyE. Gen. GRIMMIA Ehrh. Grimmia ainblyopliylla C. Miill., Hermite I.; Fret. Mag. G. apocarpa (L.) Hedw., Hermite I.; Fret. Mag. G. austro-leucophcea Besch., Fuegia. G. depressa C. Miill., Staaten I.; Fuegia. G. depressa C. Miill., var. terrestris C. Miill., Patagon. austr. G.fallax Dusen, Patagon. austr. G. Jutmilis Mitt., Patagon. austr. IIO PATAGONIAN EXPEDITIONS: BOTANY. G. macropul'vinata Dusen, Patagon. austr. G. tortuosa Hook. f. & Wils., Falkland Is. Gen. RHACOMITRIUM Brid. Rhaconiitrimn heterostichum (Hedw.) Brid., Falkland Is. R. Icevigatum (Mitt.) Jaeg., Hermite I.; Fuegia; Patagon. occ. R. lanuginosum (Hedw.) Brid., Falkland Is.; Hermite I.; Fuegia; Patagon. occ. R. nigritum (C. Mull.) Jaeg., Hermite I.; Fuegia; Fret. Mag.; Pat- agon, occ. R. protensum A. Br., Fuegia. R. rupestre Hook. f. & Wils., Hermite I. ; Fuegia. R. sublamprocarpum (C. Mull.) Par., Fuegia. R. subnigritum (C. Mull.) Par., Fuegia. R. symphyodontum (C. Mull.) Par., Falkland Is.; Hermite I.; Fuegia; Patag. occ. Gen. SCOULERIA Hook. Scouleria patagonica (Mitt.) Jaeg., Patagon. occ. Gen. PTYCHOMITRIUM Br. Eur. Ptychomitrium ligulatum (Mitt.) Jaeg., Hermite I.; Fuegia. Fam. ORTHOTRICHACE/E. Gen. ORTHOTRICHUM Hedw. Orthotrichum compactmn Dusen, Patagon. austr. O. crassifolium Hook. f. & Wils., Falkland Is. ; Staaten I. ; Hermite I. ; Fuegia. O. elegantulum Sch., Fret. Mag. O. macloskii Dusen, Patagon. austr. Gen. ULOTA Brid. Ulota crenato-erosa (C. Mull.) Par., Fuegia. U. darwinii Mitt., Fuegia. U. eremitensis Mitt., Hermite I. ; Cape Horn ; Fuegia. U. fuegiana Mitt, Staaten I.; Hermite I.; Cape Horn; Fuegia. U. ftilvella Mitt., Fuegia; Patagon. occ. DUSEN : PATAGONIAN AND FUEGIAN MOSSES. I 1 1 U. glabella Mitt, Hermite I. U. gyinnoinitria C. Mull., Patagon. U. hamata Dusen, Patagon. U. incana (C. Mull.) Par., Fuegia austr. ; Fret. Mag. U. inclinata (C. Miill.) Par., Fuegia. U. leiothecia (C. Miill.) Jaeg., Fret. Mag. U. lobbiana Mitt., Patagon. U. macro-calycina (Mont.) Jaeg., Fret. Mag. U. magellanica (Mont.) Jaeg., Fret. Mag. U. phyllantha Brid., Hermite I.; Fuegia; Fret. Mag. U. Pygmiothecium (C. Miill.) Par., Fuegia. U. sava fieri Besch., Patagon. occ. Gen. MACROMITRIUM Brid. M. harioti Besch., Fuegia austral. M. bifasciculare C. Miill. in herb., Fuegia austral.; Patagon. occ. M. hymenostonutm Mont., Cape Horn ; Fuegia. M. kratisei Lor., Patagon. occ. M. saddleanum Besch., Fuegia. M. tenax C. Miill., Fret. Mag.; Patagon. occ. Gen. SCHLOTHEIMIA Brid. Schlotheimia gracillima Besch., Fuegia. Gen. AMPHIDIUM Nees. Amphidiwn cyathicarpiim (Mont.), Patagon. occ. Gen. ZYGODON Hook. &. Tayl. Zygodon curvicatdis Dusen, Patagon. occ. Z. hyadesii Besch., Fuegia; Patagon. occ. Z. hatcheri Dusen, Patagon. occ. Gen. PENTASTICHELLA C. Mull. Pentastichella pentasticha (Mont.) C. Miill., Patagon. occ. Fam. EUSTICHIACE,E. Gen. EUSTICHIA C. Mull. Eustichia longirostris (Brid.) C. Miill., Fret. Mag.; Patagon. occ. 112 PATAGONIAN EXPEDITIONS I BOTANY. . Fam. SPLACHNACE^E. Gen. DISSODON Grev. & Am. Dissodon magellanicus Hpe., Fuegia; Fret. Mag.; Patagon. occ. . Gen. TETRAPLODON Br. Eur. Tetraplodon fuegianus Besch., Fuegia; Patagon. austr. Gen. HYMENOCLEISTON Duby. Hymenocleiston magellanicum Duby., Fuegia; Patagon. occ. Hymenocleiston magellanicum var. edenense, Besch., Patagon. occ. • Fam. FUNARIACE.E. - Gen. FUNARIA Schreb. Funaria hygrometrica (L.) Hedw., var. fuegiana C. Mull., Fuegia; Patagon. austr. Fam. BRYACE.E. Gen. MIELICHOFERIA Hornsch. Mielichoferia spegazziniana C. Mull., Staaten I. Gen. ORTHODONTIUM Schwaeger. Orthodontimn australe Hook. f. & Wils., Falkland Is.; Hermite I.; Fuegia. Gen. BRACHYMENIUM Hook. Brachymenium magellanicum (Sull.), Par., Fuegia. Gen. LEPTOBRYUM Sch. Leptobryum pyriforme (L.) Sch., Fuegia; Patagon. occ. L. pottiaceum Dusen, Fuegia ; Patagon. occ. Gen. BRYUM Dill. Bryum arence C. Mull., Fret. Mag. B. bimum Schreb., Fuegia; Patagon. austr. B. gemmatum C. Mull., Fuegia. DUSEN: PATAGONIAN AND FUEGIAN MOSSES. 113 B. hatcheri Dusen, Patagon. austr. B. Icemgatitm Hook. f. & Wils., Falkland Is., Hermite I.; Fuegia. B. lamprochcete Dusen, Patagon. austr. B. lonchochcete Dusen, Patagon. austr. B. minMsculum C. Mull., Fuegia. B. rigochcete Dusen, Patagon. austr. B. spegazzinii C. Miill., Fuegia. B. vernicosMm Dusen, Patagon. austr. Gen. WEBERA Hedw. Weber albicans (Wahlb.) Sch., Falkland Is.; Fuegia. W. alticaitlis (C. Miill.) Par., Fuegia; Patagon. occ. IV. cruda (L.) Schwaegr., Fuegia; Patagon. austr. et occ. (Syn. IV. synoico-cnida C. Miill.) IV. nutans (Schreb.) Hedw., Falkland Is.; Hermite I.; Cape Horn; Fuegia. IV. sphagnadelpliMS (C. Miill.) Besch., Fuegia; Patagon. austr. W. philonotea (C. Miill.) Par., Fuegia. Fam. Gen. MNIUM Dill. Mnium leptolimbatum C. Miill., Patagon. austr. M. rostratum Br. & Schimp., Falkland Is.; Fuegia; Patagon. austr. et occ. Fam. RHIZOGONIACE.E. . Gen. RHIZOGONIUM Brid. Rhizogotmim mnioides (Hook.) Sch., Hermite I. ; Fuegia ; Patagon. occ. R. reticiilatum (Hook. f. & Wils.) Mitt, Hermite I.; Fuegia; Patagon. austr. R. subbasilare (Hook.) Sch., Hermite I.; Fuegia; Patagon. occ. Fam. LEPTOSTOMACEyE. Gen. LEPTOSTOMUM R. Br. Leptostomum menziesii (Hook.) R. Br., Fuegia; Patagon. austr. et occ. 114 PATAGONIAN EXPEDITIONS: BOTANY. Gen. LEPTOTHECA Schwaegr. Leptotheca gaudichaudii Schwaegr., Falkland Is. L. spegazzinii C. Mull., Fuegia; Patagon. occ. Fam. AULACOMNIACE.E. Gen. AULACOMNIUM Schwaegr. Aulacomnium palustre (L.) Schwaegr., Patagon. austr. Fam. BARTRAMIACE.E. Gen. BARTRAMIA Hedw. Bartramia aristata Sch., Fuegia austr. B. magellanica Aongstr., Fuegia; Patagon. austr. et occ. B. patens Brid., Falkland Is.; Staaten I. ; Fuegia; Patagon. occ. B. pomiformis (L.) Hedw., Fuegia; Fret. Mag. B. ityphylla var. arena Besch., Patagon. austr. Gen. BARTRAMIDULA Br. Eur. Bartramidula exigtia (Sull.) Jaeg., Fuegia; Patagon. austr. et occ. Gen. CONOSTOMUM Sw. Conostomum australe Sw., Falkland Is. ; Hermite I. ; Fuegia. C. magellanicum Sull., Fuegia. Gen. BREUTELIA Sch. . Breutelia aureola Besch., Patagon. occ. B. brachycoma Besch., Patagon. occ. B. dumosa Mitt, Hermite I. ; Fuegia; Patagon. occ. B. elongata Hook. f. & Wils., Fret. Mag. occ. ; Patagon. occ. B. hariotiana Besch., Hermite L; Fuegia; Patagon. occ. B. pendula (Hook.) Jaeg., Hermite L; Fuegia. B. plicata Mitt., Fret. Mag. occ. ; Patagon. occ. B. robusta (Hook. f. & Wils.) Jaeg., Fuegia. B. rupestris (Mitt.) Jaeg., Hermite I.; Fuegia. DUSEN I PATAGONIAN AND FUEGIAN MOSSES. I 1 5 Gen. PHILONOTIS Brid. Philonotis nigroflava C. Mull., Patagon. austr. P. parallela Dusen, Patagon. austr. et occ. P. vagans (Hook. f. & Wils.) Mitt., Fuegia; Patagon. occ. Fam. POLYTRICHACE.E. Gen. POLYTRICHADELPHUS C. Mull. Polytrichadelphus dendroides (Hedw.) Mitt., Hermite I.; Fuegia; Pata- gon. occ. P. magellanicus (L.) Mitt., Falkland I.; Fuegia; Patagon. austr. et occ. P. squamosa (Hook. f. & Wils.) Mitt., Hermite L; Falkland Is.; Fuegia. Gen. POLYTRICHUM Dill. Polytrichum elongatum P. B., Fret. Mag. P. juniperinum Hedw., Hermite L; Cape Horn; Falkland Is.; Fuegia; Patagon. P. patagonicum C. Mull., Fuegia ; Patagon. P. pilifertmi Schreb., Falkland Is.; Cape Horn; Fuegia; Patagon. P. strictum Banks, Fuegia; Patagon. P. trachynotum C. Mull., Fuegia. P. spegazzinii C. Milll., Fuegia austr. Gen. PSILOPILUM Brid. Psilopilum compression (Hook. f. & Wils.) Mitt., Hermite L; Fuegia. PLEUROCARPINE^E. Fam. RHACOCARPACE^E. Gen. RHACOCARPUS Lindl. Rhacocarpns Jiiunboldti (Spreng.) Lindb., Falkland Is.; Hermite L; Fuegia; Fret. Mag. occ.; Patagon. occ. Fam. CRYPH^EACE^E. Gen. CRYPH^A Brid. Cryphcea const in if is Mont., Patagon. occ. C. tenella Mitt., Patagon. occ., Lago Nahuel-huapi. Il6 PATAGONIAN EXPEDITIONS'. BOTANY. Gen. DENDROCRYPH^A Par. & Sch. Dendrocryphcza gorveana (Mont.) Par., Patagon. occ. Fam. LEPTODONTACE^;. Gen. LEPTODON Mohr. Leptodon smithii (Dicks.) Mohr., Patagon. occ., Lago Nahuel-huapi. Fam. LEUCODONTACE^:. Gen. LEPYRODON Hpe. Lepyrodon implextis (Kze.) Par., Fuegia; Patagon. austr. et occ. L. lagurus (Hook.) Mitt., Fuegia; Patagon. austr. et occ. Fam. NECKERACE.E. Gen. PILOTRICHELLA C. Mull. Pilotrichella cumingii (C. Mull.) Lor., Patagon. occ. P. krausei Lor., Patagon. occ. Gen. NECKERA Hedw. Neckera chilensis Mitt., Patagon. occ. N. scabridens C. Mull., Patagon. occ. Gen. THAMNIUM Br. Eur. Thamnium arbusculans C. Mull, in herb., Fuegia; Patagon. occ. T. decumbens Besch., Fret. Mag. Fam. HOOKERIACE^;. Gen. MNIADELPHUS C. Mull. Mniadelphus flaccidus (Hook. f. & Wils.) Hpe., Hermite I.; Fuegia. M. krausei Lor., Fuegia; Fret. Mag. occ.; Patagon. occ. Gen. CYATHOPHORUM P. Beauv. Cyathophorum splendidissitmim (Mont.) Hpe. & Lor., Patagon. occ. Gen. ERIOPUS Brid. Eriopus apiculatus (Hook. f. & Wils.) Mitt, Hermite L; Fuegia. DUSEN : PATAGONIAN AND FUEGIAN MOSSES. 117 Gen. HOOKERIA Sm. Hookeria ancistroides Mont., Patagon. occ. Gen. DISTICHOPHYLLUM Dz. & Mitt. Distichophyllum dicksoni (Hook.) Mitt., Falkland Is. ; Hermite I. ; Fuegia. D. eremitce (C. Miill.) Jaeg., Hermite I. ; Fuegia. D. molle Besch., Fuegia. D. nigricans Besch., Fuegia. D. patagonicum Besch., Patagon. occ. Gen. PTERYGOPHYLLUM Brid. Pterygophyllum anomalum (Schwaegr.) Mitt., Hermite I. P. denticttlatum (Hook. f. & Wils.) Mitt, Falkland Is. ; Hermite I. P. magellanicum Besch., Fret. Mag. occ. ; Patagon. occ. P. obscurum (Mont.) Mitt., Fuegia; Patagon. occ. Fam. LESKEACE^E. Gen. LESKEA Hedw. Leskea fiiegiana Besch., Fuegia; Patagon. austr. et occ. Fam. STEREODONTACE.E. Gen. ACROCLADIUM Mitt. Acrocladium auriculatum Mitt., Fuegia ; Patagon. austr. et occ. A. chlamydophyllum (Hook. f. & Wils.), Fuegia; Patagon. austr. et occ. A. (?) morenoi C. Miill., Patagon. occ. Gen. CATAGONIUM C. Miill. Catagonium politum (Hook. f. & Wils.) C. Miill., Hermite I.; Fuegia; Patagon. austr. et occ. Gen. PLAGIOTHECIUM Br. Eur. Plagiotheciitm leptoplumosum Dusen, Fuegia; Patagon. occ. P. litcidulum (Hook. f. & Wils.) Mitt, Falkland Is. ; Hermite I. ; Fuegia. P. magellanicum (C. Miill.), Fuegia austr. Il8 PATAGONIAN EXPEDITIONS I BOTANY. Gen. STEREODON (Brid.) Mitt. Stereodon lechleri (C. Mull.), Patagon. occ. S. nitidtis (Hook. f. & Wils.), Staaten I. ; Hermite I. ; Fuegia. Gen. PTYCHOMNIUM Mitt. Ptychomnium aciculare (Brid.) Mitt., Fuegia; Patagon. occ. P. cygnisetum (C. Mull.) Par., Fuegia; Patagon. occ. P. ptychocarpon (Schwaegr.) Mitt., Patagon. occ. P. subaciculare Besch., Patagon. occ. Gen. CLADOMNIUM Hook. f. & Wils. Cladomnium gracile (Hpe.) Mitt., Patagon. occ. Fam. SEMATOPHYLLACE^E. Gen. RHAPHIDOSTEGIUM Br. Eur. Rhaphidostegium amcenum (Hedw.) Par., Hermite I.; Fuegia. R. callidum (Mont.) Jaeg., Patagon. occ. R. leucocyton (C. Mull.) Jaeg., Hermite I. R. noduliferum (Mitt.) Jaeg., Hermite I.; Fuegia. R. pallens (Sch.), Fuegia; Patagon. occ. R. secundifolium (C. Mull.) Jaeg., Hermite I.; Fuegia. Fam. HYPNACE.E. Gen. BRACHYTHECIUM Br. Eur. Brachythecium longidens (C. Mull.) Par., Fuegia. B. morenoi C. Mull., Patagon. austr. B. paradoxum (Hook. f. & Wils.) Besch., Hermite I.; Fuegia; Pata- gon. austr. et occ. B. sericeo-mrens (C. Mull.) Par., Fuegia. B. spegazzinii (C. Mull.) Par., Fret. Mag. B. spurio-albicans C. Miill., Patagon. austr. B. subpiloswn (Hook. f. & Wils.) Par., Falkland Is. Gen. ERIODON Mont. Eriodon conostomus Mont., Patagon. occ. DUSEN: PATAGONIAN AND FUEGIAN MOSSES. I 1 9 Gen. RIGODIUM Kze. Rigodium nano-fasciculatum C. Miill., Patagon. occ. R. tamarix C. Miill., Fuegia. R. toxarion (Schwaegr.) Sch., Patagon. occ. Gen. SCIAROMIUM Mitt. Sciaromium confluens (C. Miill.) Par., Patagon. austr. et occ. S. depastum Dusen, Fuegia austr. Gen. STEREOPHYLLUM Mitt. Stereophyllum fuegianum Besch., Hermite I.; Fuegia. Gen. AMBLYSTEGIUM. Amblystegium uncinatum De Not; var. symmetricum (Ren. et Card.), Fueg.; Patagon. occ. Gen. HYPNUM Dill. Hypnum austro-imcinatttm C. Miill., Patagon. occ. H. fluitans L. var. laculosa (C. Miill.) Par., Staaten I H. fuegianum (Mitt.) C. Miill., Hermite I.; Fuegia. H. longifolium (Mitt.) Jaeg., Falkland Is. H. imcinatum Hedw., Fuegia; Patagon. occ. H. perplicatum Dusen, Fret. Mag. Gen. HYPNODENDRON C. Mull. Hypnodendron kransei (C. Miill.) Jaeg., Patagon. occ. Fam. HYPOPTERYGIACE,E. Gen. HYPOPTERYGIUM Brid. Hypopterygium didictyon C. Miill., Hermite I.; Fuegia; Patagon. occ. H.flexisetum Hpe., Patagon. occ. H. thouinii Mont, Fuegia; Patagon. occ. 1 2O PATAGONIAN EXPEDITIONS : BOTANY. B. UNDESCRIBED SPECIES (EXAMINED AND NAMED, BUT THE DESCRIPTIONS NOT YET PUBLISHED). SPHAGNALES. Fam. SPHAGNACE^:. Gen. SPHAGNUM Dill. Sphagnum rigescens Warmst, Fret. Mag. occ. ANDRE^EALES. Fam. ANDRE^ACE^E. Gen. ANDRE^A Ehrh. Andrecea loricata Dusen, Fuegia. A. pachyphylla (C. Miill.) Dusen, Fuegia. (Syn. Grimmia pachyphylla C. Miill.) A. pulmnatula Dusen, Fuegia. A. purpurascens Dusen, Fuegia. A. vermicularis Dusen, Fuegia. BRYALES. ACROCARPINE.E. Fam. DICRANACE.E. Subfam. DICRANELLE^E. Gen. ANISOTHECIUM Mitt. Anisothecium persquarroswn Dusen, Patagon. occ. Subfam. DICRANEsE. Gen. DICRANOWEISIA Lindb. Dicranoweisia tenella Dusen, Patagon. occ. DUSEN I PATAGONIAN AND FUEGIAN MOSSES. 121 Gen. DICRANUM Hedvv. Dicranum capillifolitmi Broth., Patagon. occ. D. grandialare Dusen, Patagon. occ. D. percompactum Dusen, Fret. Mag. occ. D. perremotifolium Dusen, Patagon. occ. D. peruncinatum Dusen, Patagon. austr. Gen. CAMPYLOPUS Brid. Campylopus flavo-nigritus Dusen, Fret. Mag. occ.; Patagon. occ. C. occultomridis Dusen, Fret. Mag. occ., Patagon. occ. C. patagoniciis Broth., Patagon. occ. C. purpureocaitlis Dusen mus., Fret. Mag. occ. C. sordidonigrittis Dusen mus., Fret. Mag. occ. C. sulphur eo-nigritus Dusen mus., Patagon. occ. Subfam. SELIGERIE^.. Gen. BLINDIA $r. Eur. Blindia globularis Dusen mus., Patagon. occ. B. pseudo-robusta Dusen mus., Fret. Mag. occ. B. siilphurea Dusen mus., Patagon. occ. Fam. POTTIACE^E. Subfam. POTTIES. Gen. BARBULA Hedw. Barbula brachychczta Dusen mus., Patagon. occ. B.flavido-pilosa Dusen mus., Patagon. occ. B. marginato-serrata Dusen mus., Patagon. occ. B. micro-nmcinata Dusdn mus., Patagon. occ. B. nanophylla Dusen mus., Patagon. occ. B. perangusta Dusen mus., Patagon. austr. Subfam. EUCALYPTE^Z. Gen. EUCALYPTA Schreb. Eucalypta patagonica Broth, mus., Patagon. austr. 122 PATAGONIAN EXPEDITIONS I BOTANY. GRIMMIACEyE. Gen. GRIMMIA Ehrh. Grimmia arachnoidea Dusen mus., Patagon. occ. G. flexiseta Dusen mus., Patagon. occ. G. Pycnophylla Dusen mus., Patagon. occ. Gen. RHACOMITRIUM Brid. Rhacomitrium flavo-pallidutn Dusen mus., Fuegia, Patagon. occ. Fam. ORTHOTRICHACE^:. Gen. ORTHOTRICHUM Hedw. Orthotrichum angusHssimum Dusen mus., Patagon. occ. O. hymenomitrium Dusen mus., Patagon. austr. O. ligulatum Dusen mus., Fret. Mag. occ. O. nigritellum Dusen mus., Patagon. occ. O. paleomitriwn Dusen mus., Patagon. austr. O. perpusillum Dusen mus., Patagon. occ. O. SMbassimile Dusen mus., Patagon. occ. Gen. ULOTA Brid. Ulota macrodonta Dusen mus., Patagon. occ. U. persubulata Dusen mus., Patagon. occ. Gen. MACROMITRIUM Brid. Macromitrium spurio-crispMlum Dusen mus., Patagon. occ. M. SMb-piliferum Dusdn mus., Patagon. occ. Gen. ZYGODON Hook. & Tayl. Zydodon gracillimus Dusen mus., Patagon. occ. Gen. PENTASTICHELLA C. Mull. Pentastichella aurea Dusen, Patagon. occ. Fam. BRYACE.E. Gen. BRYUM Dill. Bryum cerugo Dusen mus., Fuegia. B. anisodontaceum Dusen mus., Patagon. occ. DUSEN: PATAGONIAN AND FUEGIAN MOSSES. 123 •B. brevigemmatum Dusen mus., Patagon. occ. B. demissum Dusen mus. B.flavo-pallidum Dusen mus., Fuegia orientalis. B. hamatum Dusen mus., Fret. Mag. occ.; Patagon. occ. B. letico-aristatum Dusen mus., Patagon. austr. B. liliputamim Dusen mus., Patagon. occ. B. mytirella Dusen mus., Fuegia austr. B. tenuirete Dusen mus., Patagon. occ. Gen. WEBERA Hedw. Webera timmuecaulon Dusen mus., Fuegia; Patagon. occ. Fam. BARTRAMIACE^E. Gen. ANACOLIA Schr. Anacolia aurea Dusen mus., Patagon. occ. Gen. BREUTELIA Sch. Breiitelia subelongata Broth, mus., Fuegia ; Patagon. occ. B. glabrifolia Dusen mus., Patagon. occ. Fam. POLYTRICHACE.E. * Gen. POLYTRICHUM C. Mull. Gen. POLYTRICHADELPHUS C. Miill. Polytrichadelphus stricticaulis Dusen mus., Patagon. occ. PLEUROCARPINE^:. Fam. CRYPH^ACE^;. Gen. CRYPH^A Brid. Cryphtea mollis Dusen mus., Patagon. occ. Fam. HOOKERIACE^E. Gen. DALTONIA Hook. & Tayl. Daltonia patagonica Dusen mus., Patagon. occ. 124 PATAGONIAN EXPEDITIONS I BOTANY. Gen. ERIOPUS C. Mull, in herb. Eriopus odontoloma C. Mull, in herb., Patagon. occ. Gen. DISTICHOPHYLLUM Dz. & Mitt. Distichophylhim crispatissimum Dusen mus., Patagon. occ. Gen. PTERYGOPHYLLUM Brid. Pterygophyllmn lamellatum Dusdn mus., Patagon. occ. Fam. LESKEACE^. Gen. THUIDIUM Br. Eur. Thuidium corralense Broth, mus., Fuegia austr. Fam. STEREODONTACE^E. Gen. ECTROPOTHECIUM Mitt. Ectropothecium spirifoliutn Dusen mus., Patagon. occ. Gen. CLADOMNIUM Hook. fil. & Wils. Cladomnium crenato-obtusiim Dusen mus., Patagon. occ. Fam. SEMATOPHYLLACE.E. Gen. RHAPHIDOSTEGIUM Br. Eur. Rhaphidostegium berberidis Dusen mus., Patagon. occ. R. patagonicum Broth, mus., Patagon. occ. R. poly trie hadelphum Dus£n mus., Patagon. occ. R. strictipes Dus£n mus., Patagon. occ. R. tristifohum Dus6n mus., Patagon. austr. Fam. HYPNACE.E. Gen. ISOTHECIUM Brid. Isothecium serpens Dusen mus., Patagon. occ. DUSEN : PATAGONIAN AND FUEGIAN MOSSES. 1 25 Gen. BRACHYTHECIUM Br. Eur. Brachytheciitm cuspidarioides Dusen mus., Patagon. occ. B. majusctdum Dusen mus., Fuegia; Fret. Mag. B. subtilicaule Dusen mus., Patagon. occ. B. turgens Dusen mus., Fuegia austr. Gen. RHYNCHOSTEGIUM Br. Eur. Rhynchostegium byssicladnm Dusen mus., Patagon. occ. R. mollissimum Dusen mus., Patagon. occ. Gen. RIGODIUM Kze. Rigodium pseudo-thttidium Dusen mus., Patagon. occ. R. carnosulum Dusen mus., Patagon. occ. Gen. AMBLYSTEGIUM Br. Eur. Amblystegium megac/uzte Dusen mus., Fuegia occ. 126 PATAGONIAN EXPEDITIONS I BOTANY. (Incertce Sedis.) Family CHARACE^E. STONEWORTS. Aquatic cellular plants with segmented stems, the internode having one long axial cell, and the node consisting of several short cells. Whorled leaves, sometimes with axillary branches, arise from the node, and are themselves segmented and leaf-bearing ; also bearing sexual re- productive organs at their nodes. Antheridia globular, bearing in their interior bundles of jointed filaments which produce many coiled and ciliated spermatozoids. Oogonia ovoid, consisting of 5 filaments spirally wound around a single egg-cell, and surmounted by crown-cells. Species 160, in fresh or brackish water. CHARA Linn. Stem and leaves usually corticated by longitudinal cells, often becom- ing encrusted with lime. Spore-sac above antheridium. Crown-cells 5, C. FCETIDA A. Braun (C. mdgaris Linn. p. p.). Cortical tubules twice as many as the leaves. Whorls about 8-leaved ; stipular circle double, weak. South Patagonia : by J. B. Hatcher, near Rio de la Santa Cruz. De- termined by the late T. F. Allen. (Nearly cosmopolitan: as is C. fragilis Desv. the other section of C. vulgaris L., distinguished by its cortical tubules thrice as many as the leaves. Both are much encrusted and fragile.) PTERIDOPHYTA, FERNS AND FERNLIKE PLANTS. BY G. MACLOSKIE. (DETERMINATIONS BY LUCIEN M. UNDERWOOD.) Family i. OPHIOGLOSSACE.E. Adder's-tongue. More or less succulent plants consisting of a stem and leaf growing from a fleshy root. Sporesacs without annulus, crowded in one or more spikes or panicles, and opening by a transverse slit. CHIROGLOSSA Presl. (Section of Ophioglossum.} Frond broad, to 30 cm., palmately lobed. Spikes with 2-ranked spore- sacs, several on base of frond and stipe. C. PALMATA (Linn.). Fig. in Engl. & Pr. i. 4. p. 478 B. (W. Indies; Brazil; Bourbon I.); Patagonia. BOTRYCHIUM Swartz. Rootstocks fleshy, clustered. Frond pinnately parted. Fruit i-3-pin- nate, with rows of sessile sporesacs. B. LUNARIA (L.) Sw. Moonwort. Frond pinnately divided into fan-shaped segments, 10 cm. high. Fig. in Britt. & Br. i. p. 3 ; Eng. & Pr. i. 4, p. 457. S. Patagon., by Hatcher, "a var., or possibly an undescribed species, but the material insufficient." (L. M. Underwood.) Fam. 2. HYMENOPHYLLACEJE. Filmy-ferns. Membranaceous, small, with slender creeping rootstocks. Leaves much divided. Sporesacs on marginal, usually elongated receptacles; with horizontal ring, and opening apically. 127 1 28 PATAGONIAN EXPEDITIONS I BOTANY. Species chiefly tropical ; also many in New Zealand, and some in tem- perate climates. TRICHOMANES Linn. Indusium tubular or cuplike, sometimes 2-lipped. Species 100, mostly tropical. T. OESPITOSUM (Gaud.) Hook. (Serpyllopsis antarctica Besch.) Frond once-pinnate, 5 cm. high ; pinnae small, entire, their surface hori- zontal, their rachis not winged. Reddish hairs on stipe and veins. Patagonia to Cape Horn; Falklands. "Common on trunks of trees." T. FLABELLATUM Bory. Frond fan-shaped, orbicular, palmately divided halfway; the ultimate lobes short, linear, entire, 5 cm. high. Falklands. HYMENOPHYLLUM Linn. Indusium 2-valved, receptacle not protruding. Species at least 100, chiefly tropical. H. ABRUPTUM Hook. f. Glabrous, 25 mm. high. Frond oval-triangular, once-pinnatifid ; pinnae at most simply forked. Main rachis broad-winged below. (W. Indies; Brazil); Patagon.; Clarence I. (var. brevifrons]. H. /ERUGINOSUM Carm. 10 cm. Stipe tomentose. Frond thrice pinnatifid, pubescent. Main rachis winged above. Ultimate segments linear with terminal sori. (Tristan) ; W. Magellan. H. BRIDGESII Hook. 1 2 cm. Frond ovate-triangular, thrice-pinnate. Rachis slightly winged above. Ultimate segments narrow-linear, rigid, not crisped, spinulose- toothed. Sori at base of pinnules. (Melville I.) ; Fuegia (by Dusen). H. OESPITOSUM Christ. Low, densely cespitose, 2-3 cm. Its 12-15 pinnae spirally arranged, simple or bipartite. Sori ? W. Patagon. ; S. Fuegia (by Dusen). MACLOSKIE : PTERIDOPHYTA, FERNS AND FERNLIKE PLANTS. 1 29 H. CAUDICULATUM (Mart.) var. CAUDATUM Bosch. Stipe to 15 cm., broad-winged above. Frond thrice-pinnatifid ; main rachis with a crisp wing; var. also with the secondary rachis winged. Sori apical on the segments. Chonos Archip. S. Patagonia, Otway. H. CRUENTUM Cav. 10 cm. Frond simple, sinuate, glabrous. Sori at apex of the sinua- tions. Fig. in Eng. & Pr. i. 4. p. 109. A. Patagonia, Otway. H. DICHOTOMUM Cav. To 20 cm. Frond and segments crisped, twice to thrice-pinnatifid. Stipe and rachis winged. Ultimate segments broad-linear. "Sori in their axils. Valves of indusium spinose. (Chili) ; W. Magellan. Otway. H. DICRANOTRICHUM (Presl.). (H. chiloense Hook.) 7 cm. Frond ciliated, hairy, twice-pinnatifid. Rachis zigzag, ciliated and winged. Stipe not winged. Sori singly at base of pinnae, only on the upper side. Chonos Archip. ; Chiloe ; Otway. H. DUSENII Christ. Mosslike, cespitose, 5 mm. high. Frond once-pinnate ; pinnae pecti- nate ; their segments ligulate-linear; with rufous apex and dark single nerve. Margin ciliate. Sori? W. Magellan ; S. Fuegia at 500 meters elevation. H. FALKLANDICUM Baker. 4 cm. Stipe filiform. Frond not crisped, twice-pinnatifid. Rachis flexuous, filiform ; ultimate lobes ligulate, ciliate-toothed. Sori solitary at base of upper pinnae. Falklands. H. MAGELLANICUM (Desv. sub Didymoglossum] Hook. & Bak. To 20 cm. Stipe and rachis winged throughout. Frond thrice-pinna- tifid; its ultimate segments spinulose-toothed. Sori 6-10, terminal. (Chili; Organ Mts.) ; Chiloe; W. Magellan, Churucca, on old trees. 130 PATAGONIAN EXPEDITIONS: BOTANY. H. NIGRICANS Colla. (H. tortuositm Hook., non Banks.) 15 cm. Stipe wiry, it and rachis winged throughout. Frond crisped, broad ovate-triangular, thrice-pinnatifid. Ultimate segments linear, toothed. Sori 10-00, terminal on the pinnules. (Chili); Patagon., and adjacent Is., to Cape Horn. H. PECTINATUM Cav. To 1 8 cm. Stipes wiry. Fronds pinnate: rachis winged next apex. Pinnae winged on lower, pectinate on upper side. Sori terminal on prox- imal segments of upper side. Beautiful. Chonos Archip.; W. Magellan., "common on trunks of trees and rot- ting wood." (Dusen.) Patagonia, Churucca. H. PELTATUM Poir. ("oldest name" W. J. Hook.). (H. tunbridgense Sm. var. ivilsoni Hook.) 5 cm. Frond pinnate ; the pinnae distichous, and pinnatifid on their upper side only. Margins spinulose-toothed. Rachis and upper part of stipe winged. (Norway; British Isles; Australia; N. Zeal.; Chili); Chonos to Cape Horn ; Falklands. H. RARUM Br. (H. darwinii Hook.) 1 2 cm. Glabrous. Twice-pinnatifid ; with winged rachis. Sori large, terminal on the broad segments. (S. Afr., Tasmania; N. Zeal.); Patag., Fuegia; Falklands; Staaten I. H. SECUNDUM Hook. & Grev. 8 cm. Frond pinnate ; pinnae recurved, flabellate-pinnatifid. Ultimate segments linear-spinulose-toothed, falcate, secund. Sori solitary at base of pinnae on upper side. W. Magellan., on mossy soil in woods near Churucca. Fuegia to Cape Horn ; Staaten I. H. SUBTILISSIMUM Kunze. 20 cm. Stipe wiry, tomentose. Frond hairy, thrice-pinnatifid. Rachis slightly winged above. Ultimate segments broad-linear, with copious tawny stellate hairs. Sori terminal. (New Zealand ; Chili; Fernandez); Chiloe; Patagonia, Otway; Fuegia to I. Hoste. MACLOSKIE : PTERIDOPHYTA, FERNS AND FERNLIKE PLANTS. 13! H. TORTUOSUM Banks & Sol. 15 cm. Stipe and rachis winged. Frond crisped, thrice-pinnatifid. Ultimate segments linear, toothed and wavy. Sori numerous, terminal on the segments. Chonos Archip., Fuegia throughout; S. Patagonia (by Hatcher). Fam. 3. CYATHEACE^;. Mostly tree-ferns with large compound fronds. Sessile or stalked sporesacs, with complete ring, obovoid and crowded on a convex recep- tacle, opening by a transverse slit. Chiefly tropical ; also in colder parts of S. Amer. and in Tasmania and New Zealand. ALSOPHILA R. Br. Sori globose, dorsal on a vein or the forking of a vein, mostly hairy. Indusium none. Species 150, S. America; Africa; Pacific Is. A. PRUINATA Kaulf. Thrice-pinnate ; pinnae 40 cm. long, hoary, white underneath. Leaf- stalks woolly. Sori solitary near the chief nerves, one or more to each lobule. Mex. and W. Indies; S. Amer. (Fig. in Eng. & Pr. i. 4. p. 133. C.) Patagonia, Otway (Savatier). " Not previously observed south of Juan Fernandez I. Its occurrence in Patagonia is a very interesting fact" (A. Franchet). Fam. 4. PoLYPODIACEjE. Ferns of varying habit, coiled in vernation. Sporesacs mostly with incomplete vertical rings, opening transversely; stalked; their clusters (sori) on the underside of the fronds, or on contracted fronds ; mostly with an indusium. Species about 3000, cosmopolitan. BLECHNUM Linn. Sori in continuous lines, not marginal, one on each side of the midrib, with a continuous indusium, which opens towards the midrib. Veins forked. 132 PATAGONIAN EXPEDITIONS: BOTANY. Species 20, chiefly trop. and s. temp. B. PINNA-MARINA (Poir.) Mitt. (Lomaria alpina Spr.) Rhizome slender, wide-creeping. Frond 15 cm. long, pinnate; the pinnae 12 mm. long, 3 mm. broad, obtuse. Fertile frond longer than the barren. (N. Zeal; Austral.; Kerguel. ; Tristan; Brazil); Magellan; Fuegia to Cape Horn ; Falklands ; S. Patagonia (by Hatcher). B. TABULARE (Thun.) Kuhn. (Lomaria magellanica Desv.) Stout, 30-60 cm. high. Barren frond ovate, with small pinnae. Fertile pinnae linear, close. Often shortly treelike, the stem covered with linear- sagittate scales. Indusium fimbriated. (S. Afr., Mascarenes ; Tristan) ; W. Indies to Fuegia. Patagonia, at Puerto Bueno. ASPLENIUM Linn. Sori linear to oblong, with indusia of the same shape, oblique and opening towards the midnerve. Species 350, widely distributed. A. MAGELLANICUM Kaulf. Stems tufted, wiry, ebeneous below, 8 cm. Frond deltoid, pinnate, and the lower pinnae pinnate, and twice pinnately divided, with incised-serrate segments.. Sori copious, at length covering all the surface. Magellan; Fuegia to Cape Horn; S. Patagonia (by Hatcher). A. MULTIFIDUM Brack. Stout. Frond ample, to 60 cm. across, subdeltoid, 4 times pinnate. Ultimate segments oblong-spatulate, toothed. Sori marginal, i to each division. S. Fuegia (allied forms in S. Afr., Austral., N. Zeal., and Hawaii). DRYOPTERIS Adans. 1763. Shield-ferns. (Aspidwm Sw. 1800. Poly stic hum Roth. 1797.) Ferns with round sori, and peltate or cordate-reniform indusia, these fixed by the sinus or center. Fertile and sterile fronds similar. Stipe MACLOSKIE: PTERIDOPHYTA, FERNS AND FERNLIKE PLANTS. 133 not articulated on the rhizome. Sporesacs with incomplete vertical ring, bursting transversely. Species 350, widely distributed. D. ACULEATA (L.) O. Kuntze. To i meter. Frond ovate-lanceolate, once-pinnate, and the lower pinnae again pinnate ; coriaceous, evergreen. Teeth awned. Scales on stalk and rachis. Sori in 2 rows near midveins. Fig. in Eng. & Pr. i. 4, p. 192 A. Cosmopolitan ; rare in U. S. S. Patagonia (by Hatcher). D. ADIANTIFORMIS (Forst. 1786) O. Kuntze. (Polypodimn coriaceum Sw. 1788.) Frond subdeltoid, 60 by 40 cm., once-pinnate and the lower pinnae twice-pinnatifid, the teeth not mucronate. Rachis polished. Sori broad, in 2 rows, filling nearly all the space. (New Zealand & Pacific Is.; Austral.; Mascarenes ; S. Africa; Cuba to Patagonia) ; S. Patagonia by R. Sta Cruz ; Lago Argentine ; Fuegia, Beagle Canal. D. MOHRIOIDES (Bory) O. Kuntze. Stout, 25 cm. high. Frond once-pinnate, and the lower pinnae again pinnate, the segments obtuse, not awned, slightly toothed. Stem and rachis scaly. Sori copious. (Marion I., Chili) ; Patagonia ; W. Magellan at an elevation of 500 meters (Dusen). D. VESTITA (Forst). • To 50 cm. Pinnae once-pinnate, and the lower pinnae again pinnate. Rachis with red-brown fibrillae and dark brown scales. Teeth awned. Sori 2-seriate, nearer the midnerve. (Tasmania; Auckland Is.); S. Fuegia. FILIX Adans. 1763. (Cystopteris Bern. 1811.) Fronds all flat. Sori roundish; indusium partly inferior, fixed by a broad base, and enclosing the sorus as a hood. Species 5, chiefly in northern zone. 134 PATAGONIAN EXPEDITIONS: BOTANY. F. FRAGILIS (Linn, sub Polypodiuni}. Rhizome short, densely leaved, 25 cm. high. Frond ovate-lanceolate, thrice-pinnatifid ; rachis winged above. Ultimate segments rather long, toothed. Sori 2-12 to a pinnule, indusia early withering. Fig. in Eng. & Pr. i. 4, p. 163 A-C; Britt. & Br. i. p. 13. (In cold climates, and tropical mountains, nearly cosmopolitan) ; Magel- lan ; S. Fuegia ; Falklands. POLYPODIUM Linn. Fronds articulate on the rhizome, usually all similar, simple or pinnate. Sori round or nearly so, without indusium. Sporesacs with vertical ring, opening transversely. Species 350, mostly tropical. P. AUSTRALE (Br.) Mett. (Grammitis australis Br.) Rhizome short, creeping, scaly. Fronds fasciculate, their 'stipes short, their laminae 15 cm. long, 1.5 cm. broad, spatulate. Sori rather long, near the midnerve. (Austral., New Zealand at 1,500 meters elevation; Marion I.; New Caled.; Tristan); Patagonia; W. Magellan, in Desolation I. on stems of trees (Dusen); Fuegia, Camden I. P. AUSTRALE NANUM Brack. Densely cespitose. Fronds only 10-15 mm- l°ng> stipe included. W. Magellan, heights near Packsaddle Anchorage. Fam. 5. GLEICHENIACE^E. Sori terminal, dorsal, or on the ends of the veins, small, of few sessile or subsessile sporesacs, and with no indusium. Ring transverse, com- plete ; sporesacs opening by vertical slits. Veins free. Species 26, tropical, and southern. GLEICHENIA Smith. Rhizome creeping. Leaves usually spreading, veins forked. Species 25. MACLOSKIE: PTERIDOPHYTA, FERNS AND FERNLIKE PLANTS. 135 G. CRYPTOCARPA Hook. Frond proliferous with yellow-brown branches, dichotomously fan- shaped. Pinnae pectinate ; their segments narrow-linear, with involute margin concealing the sori. Chili ; Chiloe ; Falklands. G. QUADRIPARTITA Hook. (G. acutifolia Hook.) Frond black when dry, reddish underneath, and chaffy on the costae, not proliferous, but once forking, and each branch fanways dichotomous. Pinnae lanceolate, acuminate, falcate, pectinate, 12 cm. long. Magellan, at Port Famine, & W. Magellan, Churucca. Fam. 6. Leaves simple or pinnate. Sporesacs in spikes or panicles, ovoid, ses- sile, with a small apical ring, opening by a vertical slit. Species 75, mostly tropical. SCHIZ^A Smith. Small, slender ferns with filiform, linear fronds ; the fertile longer than the sterile, bearing close distichous spikes. Species 16. S. AUSTRALIS Gaud. Fronds not forked, wiry, subterete, 4 cm. long by .5 mm. broad, chan- neled in front. Fertile frond with about 6 short spreading spikes on each side. (Auckland Is. "Common on hard soil where nothing else grows save lichens." J. D. Hooker) ; Falklands. Fam. 7. SALviNiACEyE. Water-ferns. Small floating plants, with 2-ranked leaves on an axis circinately devel- oped, and i -celled sporesacs having a central receptacle, megasporangia and micro-sporangia in different fruits. Species 20, widely distributed. AZOLLA Lam. Leaves minute, 2-lobed, a larger floating and a smaller submerged lobe on pinnately branching stems. Masses of microspores with glochidia. Species 5. 136 PATAGONIAN EXPEDITIONS: BOTANY. A. FILICULOIDES Lam. (A. magellanica Willd.) Racemosely branching ; a root on every branch. Upper leaf-lobes with i -celled, broadly based hairs. Leaves closely imbricating, oblong, obtuse, membranaceous margined, not reddish. Figs, in Engl. & Pr. i. 4, pp. 385, 388, 396, 397. (California to Chili, Brazil, & Patagonia); S. Patagonia, in stagnant waters. Magellan ; Falklands. A. caroliniana W. (of N. America, to Calif, and by New Mexico to S. America) has spreading leaves, reddish below, not membranaceous at the margin. (Vid. in B. & B., I, p. 35.) Fam. 8. EQUISETACE.E. Horsetails. Erect plants with jointed hollow and fluted stems, having whorled branches and leaves reduced to sheaths at the joints. Sporesacs i -celled, suspended under the peltate polygonal scales of the terminal cone-like spikes. Spores of one kind, with 4 club-shaped elaters. Species 25, widely distributed. EQUISETUM Linn. The only genus at present existing. E. RAMOSISSIMUM H. B. & K. Stems erect, to 1.5 meters tall, terete, as thick as the little finger, the ribs swollen, not angulate ; sub-simply branching, the branches 6-10 at each joint, glabrous, hexagonal, themselves with one or two branchlets. Rows of stomata 1-4 in the same plant. Teeth of sheaths spreading, membranaceous, whitish, acute. (Widely distributed. Got by Trelease in the Azores; Caraccas); at Bahia Blanca, and probably in N. Patagonia (may be that seen by Hatcher in Laguna Leona, Vol. I, p. 41). Fam. 9. LYCOPODIACE^;. Clubmosses. Mosslike erect or trailing land plants with dichotomously dividing axes ending in spikes. Sporecases in the leaf-axils of the spikes, spores all of one kind, without elaters. MACLOSKIE: PTERIDOPHYTA, FERNS AND FERNLIKE PLANTS. 137 Species existing above 100; abounding most in the Andes and Hima- lehs ; some are cosmopolitan. LYCOPODIUM Linn. Roots fibrous, not tuberous. Leaves all cauline, small and simple, usually imbricating. Species about 100. L. CLAVATUM Linn. Main stem creeping, 30—120 cm. or longer, leafy; sparingly rooting and horizontally branching, and sending up aerial stems. Leaves crowded, incurved, mostly bristle-tipped, the lower toothed, the upper subentire. Spikes 1-4, cylindrical, on long, 8-striate peduncles. Spore- cases reniform. (B. & B., I, p. 43.) (Eurasia ; N. Amer. to S. Amer.) L. CLAVATUM FASTIGIATUM Hook. Branches erect, fastigiate. Patagon., Fuegia to Cape Horn. L. CLAVATUM MAGELLANICUM Hook. Leaves more or less curved, apical ly awnless.1 Spike solitary and ses- sile in starved alpine specimens ; 2 or more on a peduncle in others. Bracts ovate-lanceolate, acuminate. (Auckland I.; Campbell's I., Kerguelen) ; Falklands; Patagonia, Fuegia to Cape Horn (by Hatcher). L. CONFERTUM Willd. Stem appressed, about 45 cm. long, rooting and branching ; the branches alternate, to 5 cm. long, and alternately branching. Leaves sparse or crowded, linear-lanceolate, acute, secund. Spikes solitary, sessile on ends of ascending branches, 12 mm. long, leafy; their leaves exceeding those of the stem. (Chili) ; Patagonia. 1 In Lloyd and Underwood's Review of N. A. Species of Lycopodium (Torr. Bull., Ap., 1900) this awnless condition of the leaves is mentioned as characterizing L. clavatum Linn, when found in the northwest of North America. 138 PATAGONIAN EXPEDITIONS: BOTANY. L. SAURURUS Willd. Stem simple or bifid, erect, about 30 cm. high. Leaves sparse, about 8-seriate, lanceolate, acute, concave, entire, closely imbricate. (Kerguelen, Bourbon, Tristan, St. Helena, Peru) ; Falklands. Fam. 10. ISOETACE.E. Quillworts. Aquatic or marsh-plants consisting of rosettes of thick grasslike fronds rooting in mud and bearing megasporangia and microsporangia in their swollen, excavated bases. Species 50, widely distributed. ISOETES Linn. The only genus. I. SAVATIERI Franchet. Amphibious, the submerged reaching 20 cm. in length ; the emersed about 4 cm. Leaves stout, becoming subtetragonal above and spiny tipped. Sheath broad (7-10 mm.), dorsally sulcate, as if 2-lobed. Macro- spores white, rugose, the rugae anastomosing. Micr-ospores brown, muri- cate, laterally crested. Magellan, by lakes near Puerto Bueno ; at Cape Horn ; in W. Magellan, Desolation I. (Dusen). J. PIERPONT MORGAN PUBLICATION FUND Reports of The Princeton University Expeditions to Patagonia, 1896-1899 J. B. HATCHER IN CHARGE EDITED BY WILLIAM B. SCOTT BLAIR PROFESSOR OF GEOLOGY AND PALEONTOLOGY, PRINCETON UNIVERSITY VOLUME VIII BOTANY PART V. FLORA PATAGONICA. SECTION i BY GEORGE MACLOSKIE PR I- VERSITY (pP- >J9-33« PI- XII-XIV) PRINCETON, N. J. THE UNIVERSITY STUTTGART E. SCHWEIZERBART'SCHE VERLAGSHANDLUNG (E. NAGELK) 1904 Issued Jane 2$th, 1904 PBFS5 OF THE NEW EDA PKIHDHC COMPAIY. LAHCASTFR. PA, PART V. FLORA PATAGONICA.1 FLOWERING PLANTS. BY G. MACLOSKIE. NOTE ON THE DESCRIPTIVE LIST OF FLOWERING PLANTS. For the convenience of botanists this part aims to gather in one gen- eral list the descriptions of the Patagonian Flora which are scattered over many books. Extreme condensation is required by the limitations of space ; and as we deem a natural serial arrangement of species an impos- sibility, we have placed the species of each genus in alphabetical order, which facilitates reference. In order to minimize the labor of identifica- tion, all the larger genera are provided with an artificial key to the spe- cies, whereby any plant may be paralleled with its congeners, and its name provisionally obtained for comparison with its diagnosis in the ensuing alphabetical arrangement. The arrangement and diagnoses of the families and genera are in accord with Engler and Prantl's Pflanzenfamilien, with occasional* help from the writings of Bentham, Gray, Britton and others. Immediately after the descriptive list we give an analysis of the Alliances and Families of the Flowering Plants of the area; this follows the method of Engler and Prantl, as modified by Coulter and Chamberlain. 1 For Conspectus of Orders and Familes see below, Part VI. 139 REESE 140 PATAGONIAN EXPEDITIONS I BOTANY. Subkingdom PHANEROGAMIA (SPER- MATOPHYTA). Flowering or Seed- bearing Plants. The sexual generation is so far reduced as to be apparently obsolete ; the non-sexual generation, or sporophyte, is advanced, heterosporous, with conspicuous secondary sexual characters which constitute flowers ; the female sporophyls bear carpellary leaves, ultimately supporting seeds which contain the embryo ; the male sporophyls form stamens and bear pollen. Section i. GYMNOSPERM^E. Trees or shrubs with unisexual flowers, in which the germinating pollen forms prothallium-cells, one of these in each pollen-grain developing into a siphonal antheridium ; the scale-like ovuliferous carpels not developing into a closed ovary around the seeds. Class I. CONIFERS. Stems branched, without ducts in the wood, but usually with some resin- iferous canals. Leaves simple, mostly small or needle-formed. Flowers naked, mostly in cones, the staminal in catkins. Family i. PINACE^:. Pines and Firs. With regular cones having seeds inserted between their scales. Seed- coats leathery or woody or bony. No outer integument (arillus). Leaves spirally arranged. Seeds usually inverted. Section Araucarineae has the carpels single (no division into cover and fruiting scale ; but sometimes a tooth-like scale on the inside). Seed only one in each carpel, inserted on its center and inverted. ARAUCARIA Juss. Chilian-pine. Cones terminal, on normally or abnormally-leaved short shoots ; the male cones cylindric-conical, large, stamens very numerous, pollen-sacs linear, 8-15 in a close ring. Fertile cones globular, ultimately breaking up. MACLOSKIE : PINACE^E. 141 Carpels sometimes under the point of a tooth-like ligule, woody, cuneate- prismatic. Endosperm mealy. Cotyledons 2-4. Large evergreen trees with naked buds. Leaves large, scale-like, or short and needle-form, ses- sile with a broad base, and partly decurrent. Fruit ripening in 2 years. Species about 6 : South America and Australasia ; some fossil. A. IMBRICATA Pav. Branches horizontal or depressed, the ends ascending again. Leaves lanceolate, pungent, stiff, closely imbricate-appressed. Stamens and car- Pels long-pointed. South Chili, about 35-40° S. lat., along with Fitzroya patagonica form- ing woods at high altitudes (to 1,000 meters), and yielding both timber and edible seeds. In islands of Lago Nahuelhuapi. Dusen describes a fossil Araucaria nathorsti Dus., in the Tertiary at Punta Arenas. Its leaves are like those of A. imbricata, but not long-pun- gent at the apex. The silicified wood of Araucarioxylon schleinitzii Goeppert occurs both in Magellan and on Kerguelen Island. Araucarites ovatzis Rollick is fossil in the Cretaceous beds of New New Jersey, U. S. Family 2. CUPRESSACE^:. Cypress Family. Leaves cyclic in whorls of 2-3-4. Cones woody or fleshy. Seeds i- many in each carpel, usually upright. Stamens 4-5 in a whorl. Pollen not winged. 1. FITZROYA Hook. f. Tree with 3-merous whorls of lanceolate leaves (in the Patagonian species, but a shrub and 2-merous in the Tasmanian). Round small cones having 2-3 pairs of carpels. Upper carpels 3-seeded (no seeds in the lower carpels). F. PATAGONICA Hook. f. A stately tree with minute spreading lanceolate leaves. N. Patagon. even in swampy woods ; by Valdivia, and Lago Nahuel- huapi. 2. LIBOCEDRUS Don. Trees or shrubs, the leaves 2-whorled (by crowding 4-whorled), of two forms, the front-leaves on the branches small, appressed and scale-like, the side-leaves long with the apex free. Cone woody, having only 4, rarely 142 PATAGONIAN EXPEDITIONS I BOTANY. 6, unequal scales, the outer ones smaller; and 4 carpels, the upper pair each 2-seeded. Seeds each with a large and a small wing. (Fig. in Eng. & Prantl., ii, i, 97.) L. TETRAGONA Endl. (Thiija t. Hook.) Bark reddish ; the strobiliferous branch exceeding the strobile. S. & W. Patagon.; Magellan through Fuegia to Cape Horn; under the snow-line of the mountains; the only "needle-tree" of the Magellan lands. Common in islands of Lago Nahuel-huapi. Stem varying accord- ing to place from 50 centimeters to 50 meters high. This genus has species in S. Chili, California, China, Japan, New Caledonia and New Zealand. Allied to the amber-trees of Europe and North Greenland. L. chilensis Endl. with branches compressed and leaves acute, and strobilifer- ous branch shorter than the strobile, extends southward in the Chilian Andes to Valdivia, 40° S. lat. Family 3. TAXACE^E. Yew Family. Cones incomplete : seeds exposed, with an epimatium, or excrescence from the carpel ; often a fleshy cup. Subfamily PODOCARPE^.. Seeds more or less inverted, only i to each carpel. Stamens with 2 pollen-sacs ; pollen-grains with wings. Flowers mostly dioecious. (i) Scales of female cone very few or many, often fleshy, spirally crowded. 1. SAXEGOTHEA Lindl. An evergreen tree with linear plane to needle-shaped leaves, in 2 diver- gent rows. Carpels numerous, the scales at length fleshy and coalescing into a round fleshy cone opening downwards. Monoecious. Species i, viz : S. CONSPICUA Lindl. ( Taxus patagonica Hort.) Leaves with 2 white stripes underneath. Only in lower regions of the Patagonian Andes and in Chili. 2. PODOCARPUS 1'Her. Trees or shrubs, with spiral, rarely opposite leaves, which are flat-needle- form or broad, and pungent, the margins revolute. Fruiting peduncles MACLOSKIE: TAXACE.-E. 143 i-flo\vered, very short. Seeds each exceeding its carpel; the whole in an outer aril resembling a drupe. P. NUBIGENA Lindl. Leaves linear-mucronate, glaucous underneath. Peduncles shorter than the obliquely 2-lobed obovate receptacle. Fruits oblong, apiculate. With Fitzroya near Valdivia and southward in Chili and West Patagonia. The genus has 40 species scattered over the southern hemisphere. P. spicata Br. of New Zealand and P. andina Poepp. of South Chili are closely allied. (2) Scales of female cone 4, united below to form a woody cone which is enclosed by 4 upper enlarged leaves. 3. DACRYDIUM Sol. The pistillate flower solitary at the top of the branches. Fruit an ovoid nut in a firm rugose integument, with involucrate bracts. Species 12, in Malaya, Tasmania, New Zealand, Fiji, Australia ; few in Africa ; the following in Chili and Patagonia. Some are tall trees. D. FONKI (Phil, sub Lepidothamnus] Benth. Dwarf; with crowded small scaly leaves, and also spreading leaves. (Chilian Andes to 44° S. lat.) ; Patagonia, near Lago Argentine; Wellington Island, Port Eden. (Fig. 27.) FIG. 27. Dacrydiumfonki. Branch with floral shoot ; and enlarged view of young flower, of fruiting shoot, and section of fruit. (After Franchet.) 144 PATAGONIAN EXPEDITIONS I BOTANY. Class II. GNETACE^E. Joint-firs. Stems simple or branched, often jointed, with ducts in the wood, but not resinous. Leaves opposite, simple, often reduced to scales. Flowers with a small, 2-4-merous perianth. Seeds in the Patagonian forms fleshy, like small grapes. Family 4. EPHEDRACE.E. Characters of the genus, viz : EPHEDRA Linn. Joint-firs, Sea-grapes. Leafless shrubs, with many branches jointed at the nodes, longitudinally grooved like Equisetum, the branches opposite or fascicled and sub- FlG 2g tended by pairs of leaf-scales which repre- sent the reduced leaves. Flowers mostly dioe- cious, the male flowers in compound inflores- cences, each with a 2-leaved perianth, and bearing 2-8 anthers on a common axis. The female flowers having a tubular perianth contracted above, around one erect ovule, whose integument emerges as a tube-like micropyle ; in spikelets of 2-8. Fruit berry-like from red fleshy bracts. (Fig. 28.) nana. Branch, nat- Species 30, over the Mediterranean region urai size; female and male flowers, (Tyrol to North Africa) the Himalayas, Altai, Orient, mountains of America, from California by Texas to Chili, Argentina, and North and South Patagonia. Sometimes the fruit is used medicinally and as food. "At Pingo- pingo in Atacama the mules eat the branchlets of E. andina (Poepp.) and men eat the fruit sc. the red fleshy bracts which are insipid." (R. Philippi.) (i) Monoecious. i. E. AMERICANA Humb. & Bonpl. Much branching, the branches fasciculate, terete, striate, with bifid sheaths in the young branches ending in subulate leaves. Male catkins 1-2, sessile at the joints ; anthers 4-7, sessile, making a globose head on a MACLOSKIE: EPHEDRACE^E. 145 short style. Female catkins i -several, subsessile, 2-flowered. Involucres 4-6, deeply bifid, the uppermost equalling the oval pistils. N. Patagon. and by the Andes to Quito. 2. E. TWEED i ANA Fisch. & Mey. Subscandent shrub. Sheaths short, deeply bifid laciniate. Male catkins aggregate at the joints, sessile ; anthers 4-5, scarcely stipitate. Female catkins solitary or aggregate, sessile or nearly so, 2-flowered ; the upper involucre bifid to the middle, as long as the ovate-oblong pistil. N. Patagon. and Argentina. (2) Dioecious. 3. E. FRUSTILLATA MierS. A stunted shrub 10 cm. high with creeping caudex and reddish-brown sulcate branches. Internodes only 12 mm. long, with whorled branches at the nodes ; 2 sheathing leaf-scales round each node. Male and female plants similar ; flowers on the ultimate branchlets. Male catkin solitary, terminal with 4-6 pairs of decussating imbricating bracts. Anthers 5, glo- bose, sessile on the exserted staminal column. Female plant crowded with larger dark-brown flowers, 4 at each node on short peduncles. Chubut; S. Patagon. (Rio Sta. Cruz, J. B. Hatcher, Dec. 28, 1896.) 4. E. OCHREATA Miers. Shrub with virgate branches and stout striatellate branchlets ; inter- nodes 5 cm. long with 3-4 leaf-scales 8 cm. long, united into a sheath ending in long excurrent points. Male catkins sessile, 4 at each node, enclosed by the sheath ; containing each 25-30 flowers. Female catkins short-peduncled, 2-4 at each node with 5-seriate involucre of decreasing pairs. Fruit as 2 terminal achenes, turning downwards, with the apical micropyle scarcely exserted. S. and N. Patagon. and Argentina. 5- E. PATAGONICA Phil. Very branching. Internodes only 9 mm. long, striate, sulcate and smooth. Sheaths little cleft, the uppermost divided into broad-ovate lobes. Male catkins usually solitary on the peduncles. Anthers 3-4, rarely 5 ; staminal column scarcely exceeding the involucre. Female catkins solitary, 4-flowered ; scales of involucre ovate, narrowly margined. S. Patagon. ; Lake Pinto. (Possibly the same as E. fmstillata.} 146 PATAGONIAN EXPEDITIONS I BOTANY. Section II. ANGIOSPERM^:. Flowering plants whose carpels become closed ovaries, and are sur- mounted by stigmas which receive the pollen and conduct the growing pollen-tubes to the enclosed ovules. Class I. MONOCOTYLEDONES. Seeds with a monocotyledonous embryo. Flowers usually 3-merous. Stem endogenous. Leaves mostly with parallel venation. Including families 5-21 ; also the palms and several other families which are not found in Patagonia. Family 5. TYPHACE^E. Cat-tail Family. Marsh or aquatic plants with creeping rootstocks and glabrous erect terete stems. Leaves long-ensiform. Flowers monoecious, in dense ter- minal spikes. Male flowers above ; each with 2-7 stamens. Ovary 1-2- locular. Perianth of bristles ; other bristles inwards. Seeds with endo- sperm. Typha, the only genus. Species 10, in temperate and tropical regions. TYPHA Linn. 1. T. ANGUSTIFOLIA Linn. Stem slender. Leaves 4-12 mm. broad. Spikes light brown, a gap between the staminate and pistillate flowers. Stigmas linear. Pollen- grains simple. (Eurasia and E. United States.) Argentina and North Patagonia; in swamps near Carren-leofu. "Cosmopolitan; probably disseminated by water-birds." (J. Ball.) 2. T. DOMINGENSIS Pers. Robust, 2-4 meters high. Leaves 5-10, plane, the lower 20 mm. broad. Spikes mostly remote. Hairs of male spikes rusty-brown, mostly dilated at apex, with curved branches. Female spike brown ; flowers bracteolate, pedicels i mm. long. Hairs apically brown, shorter than the stigmas. Texas and southwards to Argentina and North Patagonia and West Indies. MACLOSKIE: POTAMOGETONACE^E. 147 Family 6. POTAMOGETONACE.E. Pondweed. Submerged plants with kotty-jointed stems and alternate (rarely oppo- site) leaves. Flowers small, i -sexual or hermaphrodite, regular, perianth 4-leaved or none or a cup. Anthers 4 or 2, sessile. Carpels i or more, usually free ; each with i pendent seed. Achenes hard or leathery. Endo- sperm none. Species 25, chiefly of temperate zones. KEY TO THE GENERA. 1. Flowers naked, at length long-stalked. Leaves slender, acuminate. In brackish water. i. Ruppia. 2. Sepals 4. Flowers spicate. Leaves of two kinds, the floating broader than the submerged. Chiefly in fresh water. 2. Potamogeton. i. RUPPIA Linn. Stems capillary, branching. Leaves slender, i -nerved, acuminate, with thin sheaths. Flowers monoecious, in a spathe, at length long-peduncled, having two sessile anthers and two sets of pistillate flowers on opposite sides of the rachis ; without perianth (or a single hermaphrodite flower having 2 stamens and 4 carpels). The male flowers fall off and after fer- tilization the peduncles twist, drawing the ripening fruit below the water. R. MARITIMA Linn. Leaves 2-7 cm. long, .5 mm. wide. Drupes stipitate, 2 mm. long. (Cosmopolitan, in brackish water) ; S. Patagon. (Dusen). 2. POTAMOGETON Linn. Pondweed. Leaves flat, often of two kinds, submerged and floating; the floating being firmer and broader. Spathes, or stipules, at base of the leaves or the petioles, and usually perishing soon after expanding. Peduncles axillary, usually emersed, bearing a spike of small flowers. Perianth- leaves, stamens and carpels each 4. Seeds curved. Species 65, in temperate regions. KEY TO THE SPECIES. a. Leaves floating and submerged. b. Stipules free. Fruit pitted. c. Submerged leaves reduced to petioles. natans. c2. Submerged leaves with lamina. fluitans. 148 PATAGONIAN EXPEDITIONS I BOTANY. b2. Stipules 2-ribbed, persisting. Submerged leaves tongue-shaped. Fruit keeled and beaked. lingnatus. a2. Leaves all submerged. b. Stipules free. c. Leaves narrow-oblong, serrulate, 3~7-nerved, glandless. Fruit beaked. crispus. C2. Leaves linear, with 2 small basal glands. Fruit ellipsoid. d. Leaves 5-7-nerved. Fruit laterally 2-pitted. friesii. d2. Leaves 3 -nerved. Style short. pusillus. b2. Stipules half-adnate. Leaves setaceous. Fruit scarcely keeled. pectinatus. £3. Stipules adnate. Leaves linear. Fruit 3-keeled. interrupts. i. P. CRISPUS Linn. Leaves 2-ranked, linear-oblong or oblanceolate, alternate or opposite, sessile or amplexicaul, obtuse, crisped serrulate, the midrib often com- pound with submarginal outer nerves. Stipules small, scarious, evanes- cent. Peduncles 4 cm. long. Spikes 12 mm. long, bristly, having beaked drupelets. Fruit ovoid ; also with winter-buds. (Britt. & Br. i, 72.) In ditches and sluggish streams of temperate regions. 2. P. FLUITANS Roth. Like P. natans, but the submerged leaves have a lamina ; leaf-stalks flat on the upper sides ; floating leaves long-petiolate, lance-ovate, attenuate both ways, rounded or narrowed at the base. Rachis thicker than the peduncle. In temperate and tropical climates, by J. B. Hatcher in S. Patagon. 3. P. FRIESII Ruprecht. Stems compressed, branching. Leaves about 10 cm. by .2 mm., mostly 5-nerved, with 2 small glands at the base. Stipules white-hyaline, about 20 mm. long. Peduncles 3 cm. long ; spike interrupted ; drupelets ellip- soid, dorsally grooved, with a pit on each side ; style recurved. (Temperate parts of Eur. and N. Am.) ; Rio Coy, Patagon. (J. B. Hatcher, Jan. 16, 1897.) 4. P. INTERRUPTUS Kitaibel. With running rootstock often from a small tuber ; branching fan-wise. Leaves linear, 10 cm. long, 2-2.5 mm- wide, 3-5-nerved and also trans- versely. Some plants with narrow i -nerved leaves. Stipules adnate to leaves. Ped^mcles 25-50 mm. long. Spikes slightly interrupted. Fruit obliquely obovoid, keeled. MACLOSKIE: POTAMOGETONACE/E. 149 Eur. and N. Am., in ponds. 5. P. JUNCIFOLIUS Kerner. In N. Fuegia (P. Dusen). 6. P. LINGUATUS Hagstr. n. s. Stem rigid, emitting near the floral leaves a spiciferous branch with coriaceous leaves. Internodes equal in length, 4-5 cm. Submerged leaves thin, entire, lanceolate-lingulate, obtuse, the lateral principal nerves connected with the midnerve half way up. Floating leaves coriaceous, oval-subcordate, petiolate, with persisting, 2-costate stipules. Peduncle 7-10 cm.; spike 3 cm. Fruit dorsally carinate when dry and apically subrostrate. S. Patagon. Caulis 30-50 cm. altus, rigidus, teres vel subteres, 3-7 mm. crassus, ad folia floralia ramum spiniformem foliis vere coriaceis emittens, ceterum simplex vel vix ramosus ; internodia fere aequilonga (4-5 cm.) ; folia submersa tenuia, integerrima, lanceolato-lingulata, obtusa, lamina 9-10 cm. longa et 2.5-3.5 'ata. petiolo brevi (10-25 mm.), nervis lateralibus principalibus fere ad medium folii cum costa centrali connexis ; folia floralia longe petiolata (8 cm.), ovalia, vix coriacea ; folia natantia coriacea, obtusa, ovali-subcordata, longe petiolata, lamina c. 8 cm. longa et 3.5 cm. lata; stipulae 4-6 cm. longae, persistentes, bicostatae, costis validis, ad basin stipula- rum valde prominentibus (costa crassitudinem stipulae 3~4plo superans) ; pedunculus 7 cm. longus ; spica mediocris, 3 cm. longa; stigma parvum, ovale (ut videtur) ; fructus 3.5 mm. lon- gus et 2 mm. latus, apicem versus in parte dorsali siccus, conspicue carinatus, lateribus convexis, apice inconspicue rostrato. Hab. Patagonia australis, Kark. (30/3, 1899). 7. P. NATANS Linn. Floating leaves on long stalks, ovate-elliptical, many-nerved, cusp- pointed, basi-cordate. Submerged leaves reduced to bladeless petioles. Stipules long. Spikes cylindrical ; achenes large, 4.5 by 2.5 mm., pitted on the sides, grooved on the back. (Temperate N. Am. and Eur. ; Chili) ; W. Patagon. and E. Fueg. (P. Dusen). 8. P. PECTINATUS Linn. Leaves all submerged, setaceous, alternate upwards, i -nerved; stipules half adnate, scarious-margined ; peduncles filiform ; flowers verticillate ; stigma capitate on a short style. Fruit obliquely obovoid, scarcely keeled. (N. Am. and Eur. ; Cuba; Andes); S. Patagon. (Hatcher). PATAGONIAN EXPEDITIONS I BOTANY. 9. P. PUSILLUS Linn. Stem compressed-terete, very slender, branching. Leaves all sub- merged, linear, 3-nerved, alternate or opposite, sheathing at the base ; stipules connate, distinct from leaf, with a gland at their base. Spike stalked, slender, interrupted, 3-io-flowered. Peduncle 2-3 times longer. (Eur. ; N. Am.) ; S. Patagon., by Gregory Bay; Fuegia. Family 7. JUNCAGINACE^E. Arrow-grass Family. Marsh-herbs with glabrous narrow rush-like radical leaves, sheathed at base, and small inconspicuous 6- or 4-merous flowers in a spike or a raceme. Perianth 2-seriate. Stamens 6 or 4, hypogynous, the anthers ex- trorse, subsessile. Carpels 3-6, i-2-ovuled, more or less united. Embryo straight; endosperm none. (Ovules solitary in the Patagonian forms.) KEY TO THE GENERA. 1. Flowers 4-merous. 2. Flowers 6-merous. 3. Flowers i-merous. Tetroncium. Triglochin. Lilcea. Chilian Andes. i. TETRONCIUM Willd. Flowers 4-merous, dioecious. Styles distinct. Staminate flowers with FIG. 29. Tetroncium magellanicum. Herbage (below, to right) ; flower and floral spike ; fruit and fruiting spike. (After Flora Antarctica.) MACLOSKIE: JUNCAGINACE/E. 151 the perianth-leaves colored, concave, unequal, broad-ovate ; stamens inserted on their base. Pistillate flowers with narrower perianth-leaves. Carpels 4, united at base, separating above; each i-ovulate, but only i seed maturing. Only species : T. MAGELLANICUM Willd. Fndts directed downward on the spike. Habit of Triglochin maritima. Magellan (Dusen) ; Fuegia to Cape Horn; Falklands. (Fig. 29.) 2. TRIGLOCHIN Linn. Marsh-herbs with ligulate leaves, and 6-merous hermaphrodite flowers racemed on a long naked scape. Fruits of 3-6 carpels, at length separat- ing from the axis, opening ventrally. (Fig. in Eng. & Pr. ii, I, 224. A-H.) Species 9, in temperate and cold regions. i. T. MARITIMA Linn. Seaside Arrow-grass. Caudex thick, sheathed by old leaves. Scape stout, 15-20 cm. high. Leaves semi-cylindric, 3 mm. wide. Raceme to 30 cm. long, crowded with flowers on short ascending pedicels. Fruit ovoid, with recurved styles. In the cold and temperate parts of the northern hemisphere, in saline and maritime marshes. In the southern hemisphere known only at Magellan, and Brecknock Pass, and by Rio Deseado. 2. T. MICROPHYLLA Phil. Fruits irregularly and broadly winged ; but the wings not entire as in T. alata. Patagonia. 3. T. PALUSTRIS Linn. Leaves linear, long-pointed, shorter than the scapes. Racemes 12-30 cm. long, pedicels capillary. Fruit linear, tapering basewards, of 3 united carpels. Stigmas sessile. (Eurasia; N. of N. Amer.) ; S. Patagon., by Rio Sta. Cruz, Magellan, and Gregory Bay ; Fuegia. 152 PATAGONIAN EXPEDITIONS: BOTANY. 4. T. STRIATA Ruiz & Pavon. Rhizome stoloniferous. Leaves linear, semi-cylindric, almost equalling the scape. Raceme many-flowered, flowers brevi-pedicillate, erect-spread- ing. Inner stamens often abortive. Fruit globose ; carpels of ripe fruit 3. T. STRIATA FILIFOLIA. Rarely exceeding 25 cm. high, the leaves narrowly linear or filiform, often longer than the scape. Sir Joseph Hooker says (Flor. Antarct. ii, 360) that it greatly varies in size, the scape sometimes exceeding, some- times being shorter than the leaves. T. STRIATA HUMILIS. Scape i -flowered, shorter than the leaves. Fruit ovoid, of 6 carpels. Leaves linear to filiform. (Found in New Zeal., Tasmania, Australia, Auckland I., Chili, S. Brazil, Argentina, Peru, and thence northwards to the S. United States ; also in South Africa.) At Rio Coy, S. Patagon. by O. A. Peterson, Dec. 17, 1896. (This has leaves shorter than the scape, pedicels 4 mm., fruit 3 mm.) Family 8. ALISMACE.E. Water-plantains. Aquatic or marsh herbs, usually glabrous, with fibrous roots, scapose stems, sheathed by basal, long-petioled leaves. Flowers racemed or panicled, regular, with whorled pedicels subtended by bracts. Sepals 3 ; petals 3, larger, imbricated. Stamens 6 or more. Carpels superior, mostly numerous and separate, i -celled, usually i -seeded. Seeds and embryo curved. No endosperm. Species 70, cosmopolitan by fresh water. i. ECHINODORUS Rich. Each floral verticil with 3 outer bracts and many inner bracteoles. Petals white; receptacle large, subglobose. Stamens 12-30. Achenes ribbed and beaked, forming spinose heads. Species 14, mostly American. i. E. GRANDIFLORUS (Cham. & Schl. sub Alisma] Michel. Leaves cordate, obtuse. Raceme simple or compound, many-flowered. Petals twice as long as the calyx. Style uncinate. (S. Brazil) ; frequent near Rio Negro, by Carmen de Patagones. MACLOSKIE: VALLISNERIACE/E. 153 2. E. PATAGONICUS Speg. Striate leaved, simply-scaped, subdecandrous, low. Leaves membra- naceous, ovate-cordate or subhastate, with obtuse lobes and apex, 5-7- nerved. Scapes trigonous, exceeding the leaves, bearing 2-3 verticils with 3-6 flowers in each verticil ; pedicels long ; flowers small ; stamens erect, flavescent Carpels very many and small, dimidiate-obovate, lat- erally compressed and nervose, with a long gland between the nerves. Style subterete, as long as the carpel. N. Patagon., Neuquen near Fort Roca. 2. SAGITTARIA Linn. Arrowhead. Perennials with nodose rootstocks, the leaves long-petioled, nerved and with cross-veins, or reduced to bladeless phyllodes. Flowers monoecious or dioecious, the staminate usually uppermost in the panicle. Verticils 3-flowered, 3-bracted. Petals white. Achenes in globose heads. Leaves often arrow-shaped. Species 30, in temperate and warm climates. S. MONTEVIEDENSIS Cham. & Schlecht. Leaves sagittate, rough on the margin and on the nerves and veins of the under surface. Anthers linear, yellow. Filaments longer than the anthers, subulate, hirt. (S. Brazil) ; N. Patagon. ; common near Rio Negro by Carmen. Family 9. VALLISNERIACE^;. Tape-grass. Submerged and floating long grass-like herbs, with regular dioecious flowers appearing above a 3-leaved remote spathe. Inner perianth petaloid. Ovary i-locular, with 3 parietal placentae. Fruit ripening under water, in- dehiscent. Seeds numerous. VALLISNERIA Linn. Floating in quiet streams. Staminate flowers minute, many in the spathe, on a short scape early separating and floating freely on the sur- face of the water. Pistillate flowers solitary on a very long spirally twisted scape, the perianth-tube adnate to the ovary, with three small petals. The scape by unrolling elevates the pistillate flowers to the surface, where they 154 PATAGONIAN EXPEDITIONS I BOTANY. are hydrophilously fertilized. They are then submerged again and ripened under water. Fruit long-cylindric, crowned by the perianth. V. SPIRALIS Linn. In the warmer parts of both worlds, and in temperate North America. In a brook by Rio Chico de Sta. Cruz, Patagon. (J. B. Hatcher, the young plants on March 27, 1897). Family 10. GRAMINE^E. The Grasses. Herbs (or rarely in the tropics woody plants), with terete hollow stems and nodes solid (the whole stem is solid in a few), and with narrow 2- ranked parallel-veined leaves, sheathing at their base and the sheaths split in front and liguliferous at their top. Flowers glumaceous and collected in spikelets, each having i -several flowers. The spikelets arranged in compound in- florescences, as racemes, or spikes, or con- densed or lax panicles. Analysis of a spikelet, proceeding from below upward (Fig. 30) : (i) General part, for the whole spikelet : Glumes, i, 2, or 3; mostly 2, equal or Poakergudensis. Spikelet and its diagram. Unequal I often Called " empty glumes "; gi, g, glumes ; fg, floral glumes ; /, /, paieae. here mostly called simply "the glumes." (2) Particular part, belonging to the individual flowers : Palets or glumelles, normally 2 for each flower, viz. (a) the outer or lower palet, often awn-bearing, and commonly termed the "flowering-glume" or "floral glume," which may be conveniently transformed into the single term, floriglume. (b} the upper or inner palet : it is usually thinner than the preceding, is 2-keeled, not awned ; and is usually next the axis, rachilla, of the spikelet. We may call it the palea. Callus or anthopodium is an enlargement of the rachilla below the flowering glume.1 Also (c] Lodicules, i, 2, or 3 minute 'scales,' enclosed by the palets, placed either anteriorly, or laterally, or posteriorly. 1 The German terms are : (spikelet) ahrchen ; (empty glume) hiillspelze ; (floriglume) deck- spelze ; (palea) vorspelze. MACLOSKIE: GRAMINE^. 155 (d] Stamens i-many; mostly 3 (the outer series of a double group, i being anterior and 2 postero-lateral). (e) The ovary, i-ovuled with inferior external embryo ventrad of the large floury endosperm ; 2 stigmas, right and left ; ripening to a grain (cary- opsis). The term "flower" is used to include one set of the palets and the parts which they enclose. (3) Above the flowers in a spikelet and occasionally below them may be i or more rudimentary flowers with palets and inner organs variously reduced. (4) In a few genera the whole spikelet is i -sexual, and the whole plant may be dioecious. Species about 3,500, growing in all lands ; the most useful of the plant- families. [Note (i) the foliage, including the leaf-sheaths, ligules and glabrescence or pubescence ; (2) the inflorescence ; (3) the parts of a spikelet, and the number of its normal and rudimentary flowers. When not otherwise stated in our descriptions the stamens may be assumed to be 3, and the styles 2 with feathery stigmas.] KEY TO THE TRIBES AND GENERA. A. Spikelets I -flowered, witfiout prolongation of the axis : rarely with an imperfect lower flower. Not flattened laterally. No internode between flowers or glumes. (ANDROPOGONEJE.) b. Spikelets awnless, on a jointed rachis, easily breaking; silky. i. Elionurus, p. 160. b2. Spikelets in pairs on a jointed hairy, not thickened rachis. One of a pair perfect and ses- sile, the other pediceled and male. Each i -flowered, with 4 glumes; the lowest glume coriaceous, the uppermost (floral) usually awned. 2. Andropogon, p. 160. £3. As Andropogon, but spikelets both hermaphrodite. c. Spike-like panicle woolly. Palea nerveless. Awnless. 3. hnperata, p. 161. c2. Spike slender with jointed, excavated rachis. Rachilla awn-like : palea 2-nerved. 56. Lepturus, p. 245. 64. Spikelets all hermaphrodite, mostly glabrous, separating individually from the pedicel. Glumes 3-4, the floral not awned, more or less coriaceous. (PANICKY:.) c. Spikelets without sterile valves or bristles or spines. d. Glumes 3 ; no callus in the spikelets. e. Racemed or spiked ; the spikes I -sided, in 2's or panicled. 4. Paspalunt, p. 162. ez. Panicled. 5. Antlttznantia, p. 163. d2. Glumes 4 (or the lowest one obsolete) ; spikelets single, pediceled. Lowest glume short ; third empty or male ; fourth floral. Panicle either lax or spike- like. 6. Panicum, p. 163. c2. Spikelets with involucres of persistent bristles or spines. 156 PATAGONIAN EXPEDITIONS I BOTANY. d. Bristles persisting after the fall of the spikelets. 7. Setaria (Ixophorus), p. 164. dz. Spines forming a bur ; falling away with the spikelets. 8. Cenchrus, p. 165. Az. Spikelets i -flowered, monoecious. Aquatic or marsh-grasses, stamens 6 or more. (ORYZEAE.) b. Creeping ; male and female flowers in separate panicles. 9. Luziola, p. 165. bz. Tall, male and female flowers in the same panicle, the females terminal. 10. Zizaniopsis, p. 166. A^. Spikelets i -many-flowered. When i -flowered, often with prolonged axis; this is jointed above the empty glumes and persists after the fall of the floral glume and flower. When 2 -flowered there is an internode between the flowers. B. Culm herbaceous, annual. Leaf-blade continuous with (not articulated on) the leaf-sheath and not petioled. C. Spikelets on pedicels, in lax or spike-like panicles, or in racemes. Rachis not thick- ened and excavated. D. Spikelets I -flowered. e. Glumes 5, the fifth floral. Palea i -nerved. (PHALARIDE^E.) f. First glume shorter than second. Third and fourth still shorter, awned dorsally, empty. Stamens 2. 11. Anthoxanthum, p. 166. fz. Glumes I and 2 subequal, 3 and 4 nearly as long, often with a male flower, awnless or shortly awned. Stamens in the hermaphrodite flowers 2. 12. Hierochloe (Savastana), p. 166. /3. Glumes 3 and 4 small and empty, awnless. Stamens 3. 13. Phalaris, p. 167. ez. Empty glumes only 2 (rarely none), equalling or exceeding the floral glume. Palea 2-nerved, grain not grooved. Spikelets stalked. (AGROSTIDEJEJ. f. Floral glume hard and close about the ripe grain. Spikelets all fertile. g. Floral glume entire ; its awn 3-parted. 14. Aristida, p. 168. gz. Floral glume entire ; its awn simple. h. Lodicules mostly 3. Floral glume and palea becoming hard. Awn long, twisted, persisting. 15. Stipa, p. 168. hz. As Stipa, but floral glume broad, and its awn very caducous. Cespitose, sometimes tall. 16. Oryzopsis, p. 177. ^3. Lodicules 2, the anterior pair. Spikelet small, at most coriaceous. Awn short, or a mere mucro. 17. Muhlenbergia, p. 178. fz. Floral glume not as hard as the empty glumes, loosely or not at all en- closing the ripe grain. g. Stigma small, brush-like, protruding only slightly. Spikelets forming a dense or short quasi-spike, the uppermost not sheathed. h. Empty glumes produced into awns, persisting on the axis. Floral glume much shorter, obtuse, awnless, mostly coming away. 1 8. Phleum, p. 178. hz, Spikelets when ripe easily separating as a whole. Lower pair of glumes more or less united ; third or floral glume dorsally awned. 19. Alopecurus, p. 179. MACLOSKIE: GRAMINE/E. 157 g2. Stigmas long, feathery, protruding, rarely remaining enclosed. //. Fruit stripped of the floral glume and palea ; mostly with splitting, loosely attached pericarp. 20. Sporobolus, p. 180. hz. Fruit enclosed in the floral glume and palea, with adhering pericarp. i. Spikelet at length falling away as a whole, often leaving the stump of its jointed pedicel. Empty glumes 2, awned ; floral glume smaller, with a short awn. 2 1 . Polypogon, p. 1 8 1 . 12. Spikelet leaving the empty glume persisting on the unsegmented hairy pedicel. Panicle mostly lax. j. Empty glumes exceeding the usually awned floral glume. No prolongation of the rachilla above the palea. Callus bare. 22. Agrostis, p. 182. J2. Rachilla or callus with a hairy tuft prolonged above the palea. Floral glume dorsally awned, hairy. Spikelets all herma- phrodite. 23. Calamagrostis, p. 192. D2. Spikelets 2— many-flowered. e. Floral glume usually shorter than the empty glumes. Awn dorsal, bent, rarely apical or none, and then with 2 opposite flowers and the rachilla not prolonged. (AVENE.E.) f. Spikelets easily deciduous as a whole, 2 -flowered, upper flower staminate, with a recurved awn. 24. Holcus, p. 196. f2. Fruiting spikelets separating from the persisting empty glumes. g. Spikelets always 2-flowered, without prolongation of the axis. //. Empty glumes coriaceous, broad, many-nerved. Floral glumes long-ciliated. Paleae naked. 25. Eriachne, p. 197. h2. Both floral glumes and paleae naked. Flowers close together, equal, perfect. Panicle lax. i. Empty glume semicircular, and spikelet globular, awnless. 26. Airopsis, p. 197. 12. Empty glumes thin, acute. Flower glumes awned, 2-toothed. 27. Aira, p. 197. g2. Spikelets 2-several-flowered, with the axis prolonged above the second flower. //. Floral glumes toothed and dorsally awned. Upper flower some- times sterile. Inflorescence not a true spike. i. Fruit free, not grooved. Spikelets small, not I cm. long. j. Floral glume finely erose-dentate or 2-lobed. 28. Deschampsia, p. 199. j2. Floral glume cleft or 2-toothed, or the teeth awned, besides the dorsal awn. 29. Trisetum, p. 203. *2. Fruit grooved, mostly adhering to the palea. Paniculate. Spikelet exceeding i cm. long. Grain apically hairy. 30. Avena, p. 206. h.2. Awn generally twisted and arising between the lobes (often awned) or teeth of the floral glume. Spikelets 3-many-flowered, upper- most flower sometimes imperfect 31. Danthonia, p. 207. 158 PATAGONIAN EXPEDITIONS I BOTANY. €2.. Floral glume usually exceeding the empty glumes ; not awned or awned only from the point and the awn not bent. (FESTUCE/E.) /. Floriglume surrounded by long hairs. Lower flower male or abortive. Tall aquatic. 39. Phragmites, p. 212. /2. Floriglume dividing into awn-like parts. Panicle spike-like. 38. Pappophorum, p. 211. /3. Spikelets unisexual. Creeping with minute, distichously crowded leaves. 40. Monanthochloe , p. 212. /4. Axis of spikelet or floral glume with long hairs (at least in the fertile flowers). Tall, tubular grasses. 41. Gynerium= Cortaderia, p. 213. /5. Axis and floral glumes naked or with only short hairs. Stigmas feathery. Spikelets all alike. g. Floral glume 2-3 -toothed, usually 3-nerved ; lateral nerve and callus usually hairy. Spikelets with 3-several fertile flowers and 2 empty glumes. 42. Sieglingia= Triodia, p. 214. g2. Floral glumes 1-3 -nerved, all with perfect flowers or the uppermost male or empty. h. Branches or panicles spirally arranged. i. These branches being spike-formed racemes with subsessile spike- lets. Floral glumes carinate. 43. Diplachne, p. 214. 12. The branches again branching, shorter upwards. Spikelets dense, many-flowered, with a strong axis. 44. Eragrostis, p. 215. h2. Primary branches of panicle distichously arranged (branching further at base). i. Panicle spike-like. Empty glumes not broader nor longer than the floral glumes. 45. Koeleria, p. 216. 12. Panicle expanded with soft, long branches. Empty glumes slightly unequal. 46. Catabrosa, p. 216. £•3. Floral glume 3-5-many-nerved, all with perfect flowers, or the upper- most male or empty, appressed or embracing. Empty glumes mostly clavate, not awned ; floral glumes sometimes awned. 47. Melica, p. 217. g4. Floral glumes 5-many-nerved, all or all but the uppermost jvith per- fect flowers, often several empty glumes at top. Leaves without distinct cross-veins. h. Plant dioecious. Spikelets sessile. 48. Distichlis, p. 217. h.2. Plant hermaphrodite (very rarely dioecious, and then laxly -panic- ulate). i. Floral-glumes cordately lobed at the base. 49. Briza, p. 218. 12. Floral glumes not basi-cordate. j. Spikelets panicled or racemed, imbricating or glomerulate. Panicle-branches 1-5. k. Stigmas 2, apical. Floral glumes, at least of the upper flowers, protruding above the empty glumes. MACLOSKIE: GRAMINE^E. 159 /. Lateral nerves of floral glumes subparallel, not con- verging. Empty glumes shorter than the floral. m. Style developed. Lodicules connate. 50. Panicularia (Glycerid), p. 219. W2. Stigma sessile. Lodicules free. 51. Atropis p. 220. /2. Lateral nerves of floral glume arched, converging towards apex. Rachilla naked or downy or hairy. m. Empty glumes carinate. Hilum punctiform. Floral glume coriaceous at base or herbaceous and webbed. 52. Poa, p. 221. m2. Empty glumes rounded on back. Hilum lineal. Palea rough or ciliate on the keel. 53. Festuca, p. 231. k2. Stigmas 2. arising subapically, on the anterior face of the ovary. Empty glumes awnless. 54. Bromus, p. 240. C2. Spikelets in 2 rows beside each other, forming a i -sided spike or raceme, with unarticu- lated rachis ; all the spikelets hermaphrodite in the Patagonian species. (CHLORIDES.) d. Only i hermaphrodite flower in each spikelet (very rarely 2). e. No empty glumes or male flowers. Only rarely a short pedicel extends above the flower. No awns. Spikelets fall off as a whole. 32. Spartina, p. 208. £2. Spikes digitately arranged. Spikelets not falling off. 33. Capriola, p. 209. ^•3. Empty glumes i-several, above the hermaphrodite flower ; often small or awn-like, rarely enclosing a male flower. Lower empty glumes 2. Spike- lets 2-many, often like small fascicles. /. Spikelets quasi-verticillate, or close together. Floral glume of the perfect flower i-awned or awnless. 34. Clitoris, p. 209. /2. Spikelets i-, rarely 2-flowered, sessile on subverticillate spikes. Upper empty glume awned, and floriglume 3-awned. Rachilla produced and variously glumiferous. 35. TricMoris, p. 210. /3- Spikelets remote, or approximate below ; the flowers close. Paleae not hairy. 36. Bouteloua, p. 2 1 1 . d2. Every spikelet having 2-3 hermaphrodite flowers. Spikes 1-3 at apex of culm, erect. Floral glume with i awn between 2 obtuse apical lobes. 37. Tctrapogon, p. 211. £3. Spikelets in 2, rarely more, opposing rows on a zigzag axis, forming a symmetrical, rarely a I -sided spike. (HoRDEvE.) . d. Spikelets solitary in the excavations of the rachis. e. Spikelets many-flowered, median on the rachis (the dorsal aspect of the glumes being towards the rachis). Glumes subulate, i -nerved. 55. Lolium, p. 244. e2. Spikelets i-2-flowered (sides of glumes toward the rachis; in slender articu- late spikes). 56. Lepturus, p. 245. l6o PATAGONIAN EXPEDITIONS : BOTANY. much exceeding the setaceous or rush-like rough leaves. Panicle narrow, depauperate. N. Patagon. in dry and mountain plains by Rio Negro, and northwards in Argentina (also in California). 20. S. TENUISSIMA Trin. (S. mendocina Ph.; S. oreophila Speg.) Glumes lanceolate, 3-4 times longer than the flower, 3-nerved, hyaline, tending to violet. Flower long, small, dorsally subgibbous, laterally compressed, glabrous, very delicately rough. Callus as long as the flower is broad, villous, acute. Crown small, boss-like, ciliolate. Awn persistent, very slender, 25 times as long as the flower. Citlms 30-50 cm., little exceeding the capillary-setaceous, scabrid leaves. Panicle vaginate, con- tracted. (Argentina) ; N. Patagon., by Rio Negro, on dry sandy plains and dunes. 21. S. TRICHOTOMA Nees. (Hack, sub Nasella]. Glumes ovate-lanceolate, 3-4 times as long as the 'flower, 3-nerved, purplish. Flower obovate, dorsally gibbous, glabrous to slightly rough. Crown none. Callus very short, white-villous. Awn persistent, 8-15 times as long as the flower. Culms slender, 15-50 cm., at first as long as the scabrid setaceous leaves ; the uppermost internode at length elon- gating produces a large lax panicle with trichotomous rays. (Argentina, etc.) ; N. Patagon., over pampas, by Rio Negro. MACLOSKIE: GRAMINE^E. 177 22. S. VAGINATA Phil. (Pappophora.) Glumes violaceous-green, with hyaline borders, sub- equal, 14 mm. long. Callus glabrous. Floral glume 16 mm. long, white pilose ; palea little shorter, glabrous. Awn 26-30 mm. long, with long white basal pappus. Plants cespitose, with rigid glabrous culms enclosed in the leaf sheaths ; lamina convolute, filiform, glabrous, smooth. Panicle long, contracted, ensheathed. Allied to S. speciosa. (Chili, near Aconcagua); Patagon., Chubut, near Cabo Raso; "these differ from the description by having the awns villous as far as the joint, and by the floral glume 6, not 16 mm. long." (Speg.) 1 6. ORYZOPSIS Mich. Stipece. Cespitose grasses, sometimes tall, leaves plane or convolute. Panicle terminal, lax, narrow or effuse. Spikelets i -flowered, rachilla jointed above the lower glumes, callose under the flower, not produced above the flower, which is hermaphrodite and terminal. Glumes 3, the 2 lower, below the articulation, persistent, subequal, empty. The flori- ghtme broad, enclosing the flower and the 2-carinate palea, apically obtuse or truncate, its terminal awn often excentric, geniculate, and twisted below; it and its awn very caducous. Stamens 3. Grain oblong, en- closed in the glume, free. Differs from Stipa by its broad floriglume, often oblique. Species 24, in north temperate regions of both hemispheres and S. Amer. O. NAPOSTAENSIS Speg. Glumes mediocre, lanceolate, twice as long as the flower, 3~5-nerved, violascent. Flower cylindraceous, chestnut to umber-hued. Crown an- nulate-cupuliform, short ; pappus velvet-ciliolate. Anthopodium (callus] - 4 times diameter of flower, rufous-villous. Awn 6-9 times as long as the flower, jointed below the middle, and at lowest fourth, persisting. Leaves capillary-setaceous, smooth. Panicle depauperate, nutant (Buenos Aires); N. Patagon., dry meadows near Carmen. O. NAPOSTAENSIS BRACHYSPERMA Speg. Small, contracted, cespitose. Leaves setaceous, short, 25-50 mm., often somewhat circinate. Glumes small. Awns thickish, the upper 78 PATAGONIAN EXPEDITIONS I BOTANY. joint much below the middle. Anthopodium scarcely half the length of the flower. N. Patagon., at Pantanosa near Carmen. cent. O. TUBERCULATA (Desv. sub Piptochcetium] Speg. Glumes ovate, exceeding the flower, 5~3-nerved ; sometimes violas- Flower hazel-colored to black, sublenticular, carinate, papillose- verrucose. Crown none or scarcely umboniform. An- thopodium small, short-pubescent. Awn excentric, caducous, 4-5 times as long as the flower. Culms equalling or even exceeding the filiform subglabrous leaves. Panicle contracted-spiciform, often sheathed. N. Patagon., in dry sandy places near Carmen. 17. MUHLENBERGIA Schreber. Leaves flat or convolute ; panicle strict or lax. Spikelets i- rarely 2-flowered. Glumes 3-4, the empty glumes acute orawned, the flowering glume 3~5-nerved, obtuse or acute or long-awned ; at length enclosing the free grain. Species 60, chiefly American, a few Asiatic. (Brit. & Br. i,'i42.) M. RARIFLORA Hook. f. (Stipa rariflora Benth.) Rigid, glabrous ; the culm leafly, the leaves setace- ous, with involute margins. Panicle lax, few to 10- flowered. Spikelets purplish. Glumes subequal, nerve- FIG. 32. Muhlenbergia ran- 1-11 flora, inflorescence and ^ess' slightly shorter than the flower. Floral glume one spikeiet enlarged, lanceolate, coriaceous, glabrous at the base, ending in a very long rigid scabrous awn> and embracing the shorter palea. (Fig. 32.) W. Patagon., Cape Tres Montes ; Staaten L; Fuegia; W. Magellan (Dusen). 1 8. PHLEUM Linn. Timothy-grass. Leaves flat. Panicle spike-like, cylindrical or ovoid. Spikelets i -flow- ered. Glumes 3, i and 2 subequal, keeled and mucronate or awn-tipped. MACLOSKIE I GRAMINEyE. 1 79 Floral glume shorter truncate hyaline, enclosing the narrower hyaline palea and flower. Species 10, in temperate and cold regions. i. PH. ALPINUM Linn. Mountain-timothy. 15-45 cm. tall. Upper leaf-sheaths inflated, the uppermost leaf only 25 mm. long. Spikes short, ovoid-oblong, purplish, the awns of their upper spikelets long and projecting. (By Andes from N. parts of N. Amer. and from Eur.) Cobo Negro, S. Patagon. (J. B. Hatcher) ; throughout Fuegia (Dusen). 2. PH. PRATENSE Linn. Tall. Spike long-cylindrical. Lower glumes dorsally ciliate, tipped with a short bristle. (Eurasia and N. Amer., much cult.) ; Patagon. 19. ALOPECURUS Linn. Foxtail. Panicle densely spicate; the spikelets i -flowered, jointed on the very short pedicel, 2-6 mm. long, subcompressed. Glumes 3, 2 of these empty, acute, notawned ; the third obtuse, awned on the back, subtending a palea and a perfect flower. (Palea often wanting.) Species 20, chiefly in north temperate regions. i. A. ALPINUS Smith. Culm nearly smooth, erect, 30 cm. tall. Leaf-slteaths shorter than the internodes, loose; the leaf-blades 2-6 mm. wide, slightly scabrous. above. Spike ovoid, 4 cm. long, 6-12 mm. thick. Lower glumes 4 mm. long, united at base, villous. Floral glume as long, with awn one third way up. Varies much in size, villosity and in length of awns. (Brit. & Br. i, 149.) (Arctic and alpine regions; also in Scotland.) Patagonia passim; Falklands ; Magellan ; Fuegia to Cape Horn. A form at Ushuaia has the floral glumes blue. 2. A. ANTARCTICUS Vahl. Culm erect, 30 cm. tall, glabrous. Leaves narrow, linear-subulate, plane, 5-7 cm. long. Spike ovate to 7 cm. long. Glumes purplish at apex; flowering glume shorter, awned towards base, the awn long. (Fig- 33-) Magellan ; Patagon., Rio Chubut (Dusen). i8o PATAGONIAN EXPEDITIONS : BOTANY. \ 3. A. GENICULATUS Linn. (A. aristulatiis Mich.) Culm smooth, erect, 25 cm. tall. Sheaths loose, shorter than the inter- nodes ; leaf-blades 1-4 mm. wide, scabrous. Spike ovoid-cylindrical. Empty glumes over 2 mm. long, united only at the base, the keels ciliated. Floral glume shorter, obtuse, dorsally awned at its lower quarter, the awns protruding. (Eurasia and N. Amer.; Australia.) N. Patagon., in valley of Rio Negro and elsewhere ; by Rio Gallegos (Barnum Brown). "Gramilla de banado." FIG. 33. 4. A. LECHLERI Steud. (A. magellanica Lam. A. alpimis aristatus Hook, f.) Culm erect, terete, over i m.tall. Leaf- Alopecurus antarcticus. Spike, slightly 7,71 777 reduced; and magnified spikeiet. sheaths long, glabrous, the blades narrow, semi-convolute, acuminate, smooth. Spike ovate-oblong, dense. Glumes subconnate at base, villous, 3-nerved, equalling the flowers. Awn scarcely exceeding the glumes. Valdivia. 20. SPOROBOLUS R. Br. Leaves flat or convolute, the throat usually bearded, often sheathing the open or contracted panicle. Spikelets small, i- (or 2-3-) flowered. Glumes 3, awnless and usually pointless ; the first shorter, the floral glume equalling or exceeding the others. Stamens 3, occasionally 2 ; grain early deciduous, often thin with the loose seed. Species 80, many American. i. S. ARUNDINACEUS Gray (non Vasey). (Diachyrium.\ Culm 60-90 cm. tall, smooth, compressed-cylindrical, densely enclosed at base in 10 mm. broad sheaths, leafless above. Leaves as long as the culm, cylindrical, pungent, the sheaths being long, woolly-margined : the lower sheaths bladeless. Panicle 25 cm. long, 3-4 cm. broad, attenuate both ways. Pedicels thick at top, same length as the spikelets. Empty glumes lanceolate, acuminate, carinate, longer (5-6 mm.) than the flower- ing glume and palea. (Catamarca) ; N. Patagon. S. Patagon, by Rio Chico. MACLOSKIE: GRAMINE/E. 181 2. S. INDICUS R. Br. Stout, erect, glabrous, 3-12 dm. tall, tufted. Leaves long, attenuate to a slender point ; their ligules a ring of short hairs. Glumes i and 2 unequal, half as long as the floral glume. (N. and S. Amer., Brit. & Br., i, 154.) N. Patagon. 21. POLYPOGON Desf. Beard-grass. Mostly decumbent annuals with flat leaves and usually spike-like pan- icles. Spikelets i -flowered ; glumes 3, all awned ; nos. i and 2 empty, no. 3 smaller and subtending a shorter palea and its flower. Stamens 1-3. Grain free, enclosed in the glume and palea. Species 10, extra-tropical. (Brit. & Br. i, 157.) i. P. CHOXOTICUS Hook. f. Panicle large, oblong ; its branches smooth but its pedicels rough. Leaves shorter than their sheaths. Glumes pubescent, obliquely truncate with awns twice as long as the flowering glume, which is 5-nerved and 5-awned. Chonos Archip. and Cape Tres Montes. 2. P. ELONGATUS H. B. & K. (P. littoraUs Smith.) Culm simple, nodes glabrous. Leaves rough-margined. Panicle nar- row, 10-30 cm. long, heads if larger nodding. Rays numerous, slender. Spikelets 2.5 mm. long. Glumes hispid at the nerve, aculeate to a seta. Floral glume half as long, bearing a seta. Palea shorter. Eurasia ; S. Amer. 3. P. ELONGATUS PATAGONICUS Speg. Panicle more lax than in the type, subinterrupted, purpurascent, more or less sheathed by the upper leaf. Ligule short, toothed. Aivn thrice as long as its glume. S. Patagon., by R. Sta. Cruz; Chubut. 4. P. MONSPELIENSIS Desf. Panicle densely spike-like. Glumes 2 mm. long, obtuse, bifid, scabrous. Flowering glume shortly erose-truncate. (In tropics and temperate parts of both hemispheres.) 1 82 PATAGONIAN EXPEDITIONS I BOTANY. N. Patagon. " Very common about Bahia Blanca in the valley of Rio Negro and elsewhere in N. Patagonia." (J. Ball.) 22. AGROSTIS Linn. Bent-grass. Panicles effuse, of very many i -flowered spikelets. Glumes 3, two empty, keeled, acute ; the third or floral glume is shorter, obtuse, often dorsally awned. Palea short or wanting. Grain free, enclosed in the glume. Seed adhering to the pericarp. Species 100, cosmopolitan, chiefly in temperate climates. KEY TO THE SPECIES. A. Floral glumes awned. b. Leaves glabrous. c. Panicle lax. d. Cespitose. Culm 30 cm., naked. Leaves filiform, short. Spikelets minute. Awn short, caducous. Palea none (?). kufuitn. d2. Panicle nodding or inclined, its rays rough, culm erect, cespitose. Floriglume 4-toothed. e. Culm 50 cm. Leaves long, linear-lanceolate. Glume 4 mm. long, 3 times as long as its flower. magellanica. e2. Culm 5-60 cm. Leaves flat. Panicle dense. Floriglume exceeded by its awn. antarctica. sheathed, rough up- wards, exceeding the leaves ; leaves plane, ligule very short. Panicle spike-like, its rachis rough, its rays short. Spikelets dense, 3 mm. long, lanceolate, glumes equal. No rudiment. Flowers villous at base ; floral glume awned below the apex. Magellan, Punta Anegada. S. Patagon. by R. Sta. Cruz. 5. C. HIRTHI Phil. Tall and smooth. Panicle very large, lax, with 2's and 3's of cap- illary branches which are naked below. Glumes 6 mm.; palea 4-toothed above, the awn scarcely surpassing it. W. Patagon., Valley of Rio Palena. MACLOSKIE: GRAMINE/E. 195 6. C. LAXIFLORA Phil. 60 cm. tall, smooth, naked above ; leaves plane, short. Panicle 1 7 cm. long, rather lax, with semi-verticils of 3-5 rays. Glumes 4 mm. long, violet; floral glume half as long, surrounded by soft hairs of its own length ; very shortly awned. W. Patagon., Valley of Rio Palena. 7- C. MAGELLANICA Phil. Culm robust, 65 cm. or more in height. Leaves plane, 4 mm. broad, smooth, as are their sheaths; leaves of sterile shoots shorter. Panicle above the leaves, 12 cm. long, contracted, its rays scabrid. Pedicels short. Glumes 5 mm. long, green, hyaline at top ; floral glume truncate and toothed, briefly awned. Magellan. 8. C. MONTEVIDENSIS Nees. Root creeping, ringed. Culm simple, smooth, 60-90 cm. tall. Leaves linear, scabrid, the ligules short, round, at length lacerate. Panicle semi- verticillate, spreading, subsecund, apically nodding. Glumes subequal, linear-lanceolate, acuminate, nearly twice as [long as the flower. Floral glume only exceeding the palea ; the hairs as long as the flower or longer. Apical awn exserted. N. Patagon. (and Montevideo). 9. C. (DEYEUXIA) PATAGONICA (Speg.). Cespitose, glabrous. Leaves plane, rigid, scaberulous, shorter than the glabrous culm which is sheathed above the middle of the second node. Ligule subtruncate, narrow, scarious, denticulate. Panicle narrow, con- tracted, densely flowered ; rachis glabrous. Rays branching, some shorter, and spiculiferous from their base, others longer and spiculiferous from their middle, scabrid ; pedicels pubescent, not equalling or slightly surpassing the spikelets. Spikelets lanceolate, compressed ; glumes equi- long, acute, i -nerved, lightly carinate, scarcely scaberulous, i -flowered; flower shorter than the glumes ; floriglume acute, entire or scarcely biden- tate, 3-nerved, dorsally scabrous, basally surrounded by villosity fully as long as itself, having a subapical awn as long as itself and longer than the empty glumes ; the very slender produced rachilla half as long as the flower and softly villous especially at its apex. 196 PATAGONIAN EXPEDITIONS: BOTANY. Chubut, in elevated meadows near Rio Carren-leofu ; a grass 35-50 cm. high. 10. C. NEGLECTA Gaertn. (C. stricta Beauv.) Creeping; culm simple, strict, glabrous, 45-60 cm. tall. Leaves linear, acuminate, plane, convolute when dry, rough-edged, ligule exserted, obtuse. Panicle narrow, spreading, 10-20 cm. long; glumes equal, oblong, acute, equalling the flower; palea half as long as the floral glume. Awn in- serted below the middle, as long as the glume. (N. Amer. and Eur.) S. Patagon. in Valley of Rio Gallegos; and N. and E. Fuegia (Dusen). (Fig. in Brit. & Br. i, 165.) ii. C. PO^EOIDES Steud. Culm 45 cm. tall, smooth, simple, or branched below. Leaves convo- lute, the sheaths long, striate. Panicle somewhat spike-like, lobed, 7 cm. long, the rays short, few-flowered. Spikelets dense, 2 mm. long, bluish ; the glumes subequal, ovate-lanceolate, exceeding the flower, with tufts of shorter hairs ; floral glume short-owned, as long as the palea. Magell. ; Fuegia ; S. Patagon. by Rivers Gallegos and Sta. Cruz. "Handsome, but my (Fuegian) specimens have a small truncate, not ovate, ligule." (Speg.) 12. C. SUKA Speg. Cespitose, glabrous. Culms 5-10 cm. tall. Leaves plicate, much shorter than the culm, which is sheathed to its middle ; ligule rather long, truncate, pectinate. Panicle narrow, lax, secund, the rachis glabrous, the rays branching, slender. Spikelets lanceolate, compressed ; glumes equal, 3-3.5 mm. long, scabrid-margined and nerved ; floral glume awned, the awn as long as the glume ; flower with dense villi. Fuegia (Brecknock Pen.) ; Navarino I. 24. HOLCUS Linn. Spikelets crowded in an open panicle, with two flowers, the lower perfect and awnless, the upper staminate, with a stout bent dorsal awn. H. LANATUS Linn. Velvet-grass. Soft, downy, pale, 30-60 cm. tall, the panicle 5-10 cm., pale-reddish; second glume awned. (Eur., N. Amer.) Magellan (Dusen). MACLOSKIE: GRAMINE./E. 197 25. ERIACHNE R. Br. Leaves convolute-terete, rarely plane. Panicle dense or. lax. Spikelets equally 2-flowered. Glumes 4, 2 of them empty, many-nerved, keeled, acute, subequal ; 2 floral glumes equal, fewer-nerved, dorsally ciliate, awn- less or smiigJtt-awneclt at length indurated with the enclosed palea around the free grain ; palea 2-toothed or 2-awned. Species 22, chiefly Australian ; some in tropical Asia. E. MALOUINENSIS Steud. Culm divided from the base, ascending, 12 cm. high. Basal leaves fasciculate, convolute, one third as high as the culm ; culm-leaves only 6 mm. beyond their sheaths. Panicle simple, the rays i -flowered. Glumes ovate-obtuse, yellow-white and purple. Magellan ; Falklands. 26. AIROPSIS Desv. Low annuals with nearly subulate leaves and a narrow panicle of sub- equal, 2-flowered globose Spikelets, having a very short rachilla continu- ing the pedicel. Empty glumes 2, obtuse, awnless ; floral glumes 2, slightly shorter, at length rigid and enclosing the grains. Species 2 ; one in W. Eur. and N. W. Afr. A. MILLEGRANA Gris. (Eragrostis airoides Nees.) Culm strict, simple ; sheaths hairy-margined ; /eaves convolute, smooth. Panicle long, spreading, its rays semiverticillate. Spikelets shorter than the pedicels, oblong. Floral glume shortly serrulate, as long as the flowers. (Brazil) ; N. Patagon. 27. AIRA Linn. Hair-grass. Mostly annuals with narrow leaves and contracted or open panicles having capillary rays. Spikelets small, 2-flowered. Glumes 4, hyaline ; 2 empty, subequal, acute, persistent; also 2 floral glumes, deciduous, dorsally awned below the middle ; palea a little shorter. Grain enclosed in the glume and palea. Species 6, in Eur. and N. Afr. ; one in all temperate lands. (Forms having the rachilla produced are removed to Deschampsia.} 198 PATAGONIAN EXPEDITIONS I BOTANY. i. A. ATROPURPUREA Wahlenb. (Scheele sub Deschampsid]. (A. magellanica Hook, f.) Cespitose, erect, 20 cm. tall. Leaves plane, puberulous above ; ligule ovate, truncate, toothed. Panicle lax, 7 cm. long, its branches paired, slender, apically spiculiferous. Spikelets 4 mm. long, 2-flowered ; glumes ovate-lan- ceolate, acute, purplish or green at the base ; flowers shorter, the lower subsessile. Floral glume long, truncate, silky at base, ciliate- toothed, awned above the middle, the awn straight and included. (Fig. 36.) ( Lapland ; Arctic Amer. ) Magellan, Puerto del Hombre. 2. FIG. 36. Aira atropurpurea. Inflorescence ; spikelet and essential organs. Silvery A. CARYOPHYLLEA Linn. Hair-grass. Slender, cespitose, glabrous, 10-20 cm. tall, with silvery lax panicle having its rays in 2's or 3's. Ligules 3 mm. long; leaf-blades 1-3 cm. long, soft, narrow, soon twisting. Spikelets erect, silvery ; glumes 2-3 mm. long, ovate, acute, i -nerved ; floral glume shorter, with projecting dorsal awn. (Eur., naturalized in N. Amer. Fig. in Brit. & Br. i, 168.) Falkland Is., introduced. 3. A. SPICIFORMIS Steud. Cespitose and smooth; culms erect, 10-15 cm. tall. Ligule hyaline, oblong. Panicle contracted, spike-like or oblong, 25-35 mm- l°ng ! the rays short, few-spiculate ; the spikelets violet and green, 2-flowered. Glumes not equalling the flowers, glabrous ; floral glume ovate, incom- pletely 3-nerved. Palea ovate, its margin ciliolate. Magellan ; W. Fuegia. "Very beautiful. My specimens differ from the type, having the color not or scarcely glaucescent, panicle linear, lower valvule 5-nerved. ' ' (Speg. ) 4. A. SUPERBIENS Steud. Cespitose ; culms erect, pale-stramineous, 30-60 cm. tall, rough above. Sheaths lax, often purplish ; ligule hyaline, acute ; leaf-blades linear-lanceo- late, 12-25 mm- l°ng> pungent. Panicle spike-like, the rays in 3's and MACLOSKIE: GRAMINE^E. 199 5's, few-spiculate. Glumes ovate-lanceolate, subequal, not as long as the awnless flowers ; Jhrfll glume woolly-ciliate. One flower usually vivipa- rous, colored amethyst. Magellan. 5. A. VESTITA Steud. Cespitose, fertile and sterile intermixed with dry sheaths. Fertile culms 30 cm. tall. Radical leaves narrow-convolute, half as high as the culm. Panicle contracted, 5 cm. long, its rays naked at their base, 2-3 times forking. Spikelets silvery to yellow ; glumes ovate, nearly equalling the flowers ; these surrounded by basal cilia. Floral glume awned at base, the awn not twisted. Magellan. 28. DESCHAMPSIA Beauv. Panicle contracted or lax, the spikelets usually 2-flowered, and with the rachilla hairy-prolonged or bearing an additional staminate flower. The 2 empty glumes keeled, subacute ; the floral glumes truncate, toothed, dorsally awned about the middle ; palea narrow. Awns mostly keeled (straight in sect. Campelld]. Species 20, in cold and temperate regions. Like Aira, but distin- guished by the produced rachilla, or floral rudiment, by longer spikelets, and somewhat stouter habit. KEY TO THE SPECIES. A. Panicle lax. b. Cespitose. Floriglumes awned. c. Low, 5 cm., leafy, the leaves subulate, linear, involute. Straight basal awn. Extra rudiment. an'arctica. C2. Leaves convolute-setaceous. Spikelets 5 mm., violaceous. Awn protruding. d. Culm 20 cm. Panicle dense. Awn 3 mm. martini. d,2. Culm 50 cm., nearly naked. Awn basal. No rudiment. Rays in 2's. flexuosa. bz. Erect, 60 cm. Leaves linear, with long ligules. Rays fasciculate. Spikelets 6 mm.; mid-dorsal awn as long as floriglume. grandiflora. A2. Panicle depauperate. b. Awnless. Rays in 2's to 5's. Culm erect, 75 .cm. Leaves short, scabrid. Glumes purple and gold. Long infrafloral stipe. pulchra. b2. Awned. Rays in 2's. Glumes violet. c. Culm slender, naked upwards ; its one leaf convolute-filiform. Floriglume 4 mm., with long jointed awn. tenella. c2. Culm 30 cm. Leaves few, flat, short. Spikelets 4 mm. Floriglume and its dorsal awn only. 2 mm. brachyphylla. 2OO PATAGONIAN EXPEDITIONS I BOTANY. . Panicle contracted. b. Leaves acicular, short, few. Panicle long-linear. Rays in 2's. Glumes violet. aciphylla. b2. Leaves filiform. Panicle weak, rays flexuose. Spikelets large, violet ; flowers whitish. Awn geniculate. discolor. £3. Leaves setaceous. c. Culms 10 cm., leafy. Panicle few-flowered. Floriglume bifid. Awn geniculate. pannda. c2. Culm 20 cm., sheathed at base. Rays in 2's. Spikelets 10, 4 mm. long, purplish. Awn basal, long. fuegiana. i. D. ACIPHYLLA (Franch.) Speg. Cespitose. Culms 30 cm. tall, slender, smooth. Leaves acicular, many times shorter than the culms, only 1-2 on the culm; ligules lanceolate. Panicle long- linear, with paired, scaberulous, capillary rays, these erect along the axis. Lower glumes violet ; flowers not exceeding the glumes ; the lower sessile, the upper on the bearded axis surrounded by hairs. Magellan; Fuegia. (D. tenella Phil. differs only by larger stature and habit.) D. ACIPHYLLA PUMILA (Franch.). Only 7 cm. high ; panicle short. The type and the var. both at Punta Arenas. 2. D. ANTARCTICA (Hook. f. sub Aim}. (Airidiiim elegantuluni Steud.) Low, cespitose, 2-7 cm., leafy; the leaves with long sheaths, subulate-linear, involute. Panicle large, 10-15 cm. long, effuse. Spikelets lanceolate, i-2-flow- ered, with rudiment of a third. Glumes lanceolate, rough-keeled, exceeding the FIG. 37. Deschampsia antarctica. The plant slight- Deschampsia antarctica. The plant slight- flowers . flora} Rlume deeply cleft, with a ly reduced, showing its panicle ; also a spike- • « -T— \ let magnified and floral glume with rudiment, straight basal CMU. (Fig. 37-) ( MACLOSKIE: GRAMINE^E. 201 (Mendoza) ; Magellan ; Fuegia, Punta Anegada ; Falklands (also in Kerguelen I., South Shetlands and South Georgia). 3. D. BRACHYPHYLLA Phil. Culm 30 cm. tall, naked upwards, few-leaved, glabrous. Leaves plane, short, their ligules long. Panicle 10 cm. long, depauperate, 2 rays in the semiwhorls; spikelets about 10, subsessile, 4 mm. long. Glumes violet, their margin tawny ; floral glume half as long, the dorsal awn its own length ; the floral hairs shorter. W. Patagon., Valley of Rio Palena. 4. D. DISCOLOR (Thuill. sub Aira] R. & S. Culm erect ; radical leaves long, almost filiform ; ligule very acuminate. Panicle weak, contracted, its rays capillary, flexuose. Spikelets rather large ; glumes violet, equalling the white, geniculately awned flowers. (N. and Central Eur., N. Chili.) Fuegia. 5. D. FLEXUOSA (L.) Trin. (Aira /.} Cespitose ; culms 50 cm. high, nearly naked ; leaves convolute, seta- ceous. Panicle spreading, rays capillary in pairs, spiculate at apex. Spikelets 5 mm. long; glumes scarious, violet towards base, equalling the flowers, the second slightly longer than the first. Pedicel of the upper flower short, pilose. Awn of floral glumes arising low and protruding from the spikelet. (Eur., N. Asia; Greenland; N. Amer.) S. Patagon.; Magell.; Fuegia; Falklands. (Brit. & Br., i, 170.) "Common everywhere by sea-coast and on mountains of Fuegia." (Speg.) ^ 6. D. FUEGIANA Phil. Subcespitose, glabrous ; culms 22 cm. high, densely sheathed at base. Leaves convolute-setaceous. Panicle 6 cm. long, contracted, rays 2 in the semiwhorls, these naked below, lo-spiculate. Spikelets 4 mm. long, purple, tawny-hyaline at top. Floral glume glabrous at base, not cleft, its awn basal, exceeding the palea. E. Fuegia. 7. D. GRANDIFLORA (Nees). (Aira grandiflora.} Culm erect, 60 cm. tall ; leaves linear, striate, smooth, shorter than the culm, the lower complicate ; ligules long, bifid. Panicle lax, spreading, its 202 PATAGONIAN EXPEDITIONS : BOTANY. rays fasciculate, smooth; its rachis pilose-hoary. Spikelets 6 mm. long, smooth. Floral glume 4-toothed, its awn mid-dorsal, equalling its own length. (Chili) ; Fuegia. 8. D. KINGII (Hook. f.). (Aim kingii.} Tall, 60-120 cm., glabrous; culms cespitose, with 2-3 nodes. Leaves narrow-linear, striate, their margin involute ; ligules oblong, scarious- white. Panicle long, lax, the rays whorled. Glumes white, lanceolate, 3 times as long as the flowers ; floral glumes silky-bearded at base, trun- FIG. 38. Deschampsia kingii. Panicle, reduced ; also enlarged spikelet and essential organs. cate, 3-nerved, the mid-nerve produced as a straight awn. (Trisetum dozei Franch. is probably the same, fide Speg.) (Fig. 38.) Magellan; W. Patagon.; Fuegia, everywhere in elevated meadows. 9. D. MARTINI Phil. Cespitose, glabrous, 20 cm. high ; leaves convolute-setaceous. Panicle many-flowered, ovate or pyramidal, rather compact, 6 cm. long, 3-5 rays in semiwhorls. Spikelets fully 5 mm. long, on short pedicels. Glumes violet at their base ; rachis glabrous ; floral glume 4-toothed, its awn flexuous, exserted 3 mm.; palea as long. Falklands. 10. D. PARVULA (Hook. f.). (Aira parvula.} Cespitose; culms erect, 7-12 cm. high, often divided, leafy. Leaves shorter, setaceous ; ligules long, scarious-tipped. Panicle contracted, few- flowered, its rays short and spikelets erect. Glumes lanceolate, acuminate, 3 times as long as the flowers ; floral glume broad-ovate, basi-bearded, MACLOSKIE : GRAMINEyE. 203 apically bifid between 2-toothed segments, awned dorsally, the awn jointed. Patagon. ; Fuegia ; Cape Horn. ii. D. PULCHRA Nees & Mey. Culm erect, 60-90 cm. high. Leaves short, 5 cm. long, convolute, scabrid. Sheaths striate, smooth ; ligules long, acute. Panicles with 2-5 slender branches. Spikelets variegated, white-purple and gold. Ghtmes subequal, as long as the flowers. Stipe of the upper flowers usually half as long as the flowers, pilose. Floral glume with praemorsely toothed apex, scarcely awned. (Chili); Patagon. 12. D. TENELLA Phil. Culm slender, naked upwards ; upper leaf convolute-filiform. Panicle 10 cm. long, 2 rays in each semiverticil. Glumes cuspidate, entire at apex, violet at base ; floral ghime 4 mm. long, 4-toothed, its awn genicu- late, twice as long as the palea. W. Patagon., Valley of Rio Palena. 29. TRISETUM Pers. False-oat. Leaves flat ; panicle dense or lax. Spikelets 2 rarely 3-6-flowered, the rachilla produced as a hairy bristle or an imperfect flower. Glumes keeled, the lowest 2 empty and unequal; the floral ghime thinner, acute or bifid, with a dorsal awn, which is usually bent and twisted; palea narrow. Species 50, in temperate regions by the Mediterr., many in N. Amer., also in Chili, i each in S. Afr., Madagascar, Himal., the Orient, and N. Zeal. KEY TO THE SPECIES. A. Spikelets 2-flowered. b. Panicle in a spathe, or protruding. Leaves^lanceolate. Awn twice as long as its flori- glume. (One of the flowers of a spikelet is easily lost.) fraudulentum. b2. Panicle lax. c. Panicle large. Leaves broad, long-sheathing. Floriglume 3-4 -toothed ; awn straight, not long. dozei. c2. Panicle broad, dense, short. Floriglume 2-aciculate, awned. aureum. A2. Spikelets 2-3-flowered. b. Panicle lax, long, nodding, its rays fasciculate. Leaves linear. Spikelets 6 mm. long. Awn bent. cernuum. 204 PATAGONIAN EXPEDITIONS : BOTANY. b2. Panicle spike-like. r. Tufted, 40 cm. Leaves linear-lanceolate, velvety. Spikelets silvery or purplish. Floriglume bifid, with short awn. spicatum. c2. Erect, 25 cm., and sterile culms. Leaves flat, hairy. Spikelets 5 mm. long, with extra rudiment, variegated. Floriglume long, awned. subaristatum. AT,. Spikelets 3-4- flowered. Panicle spike-like. b. Creeping. Culms 70 cm. Leaves scabrid inside. Spikelets 4 mm. Floriglume 5- nerved, scabrid, awned or awnless. repots magellanicum. b2. Erect, 40 mm. Leaves linear-acuminate, with scabrous margin. Spikelets 5-7 mm. long. Floriglume 2-mucronulate, awn as long as itself. variabile. i. T. ANTARCTICUM Trin. (non Nees). Erect, glabrous. Lowest node hairy. Sheaths and leaves 10-15 cm. long, narrow-linear, scabrid on edges, otherwise glabrous. Panicle 7-10 cm., contracted to lax. Spikelets about 4-flowered, 7 mm. long. Empty glumes unequal, the lower narrow, the upper ovate-acute. Floral glume glabrous, 6 mm. long, acute, 2-mucronulate, awned two thirds up, awn its own length. Palea shorter. (Chili; N. Zealand); Patagon. and Fuegia. (Speg.) 2. T. AUREUM Tenore. (7! condensation Presl.) Panicle broad, rather dense, short. Spikelets 2-flowered, the upper glume a little larger. Floral glume 2-aciculate, awned above the middle. Ovary naked. Callus naked. Rachis with very short hairs. Fuegia. 3. T. CERNUUM Trin. Ctilm slender, 70 cm. tall. Sheaths smooth or hairy, leaf-blades about 17 cm. by 7 mm. Panicle open, slender, nodding, 20 cm. long, its rays in clus- ters, capillary. Spikelets usually 2-3-flowered, 6 mm. long ; empty glumes 3 and 4 mm. long ; floral glume scabrous, ovate-lanceolate, its awn bent. Grain with hairy tip. (Arctic Russia, there with glabrous grain ; Japan ; Calif.) ; Fuegia. FIG. 39. 4. T. DOZEI Franchet. (May be Deschampsia kingii Trisetumdozei. Panicle, Hook, f.) and enlarged spHcelet and c . ^ smooth, 3O-9O cm. tall. Leaves floral glumes. (After Fran- chet.) broad, folded, long-sheathing. Panicle large, its rays MACLOSKIE I GRAMINE^E. 205 smooth, elongate. Glumes lanceolate, the lower longer and 3-nerved. Flowers 2, enclosed in hairs, not exceeding the glumes. Rachilla rough, produced. Floral glume 3-4-toothed, with straight submedian awn not exceeding the glumes. (Fig. 39.) Patagon., Churucca; Fuegia to Cape Horn. 5. T. FRAUDULENTUM Steud. Glabrous throughout ; culm 90 cm. tall ; leaves lanceolate, their sheaths lax, shorter than the internode, ligules exserted, oblong, cleft. Panicle in upper spathe-like leaf, sometimes protruding. Spikelets 2-flowered ; the glumes unequal, the lower ovate, twice as long as the lanceolate upper. The upper flower with hairy pedicel. Awn twice as long as its glume. (The pediceled flower is easily deciduous, leaving its pedicel as in Calamagrostis. ) S. Patagon., by Rivers Gallegos and Sta. Cruz; Magellan. 6. T. REPENS (L.) MAGELLANICUM Desv. ( T. glaucum d'Urv.) Creeping. C^llms 49-90 cm. long. Ligules short, toothed; leaves plane or convolute, scabrid inside. Panicle spike-like, 8-15 cm., green Spikelets erect, lax, oblong-elliptical, compressed, 12-16 mm. long, 3-4-. flowered. Empty glumes subequal, as long as the spikelet, oblong-ellip- tical, convex, 4-6-nerved, muticous or mucronate, inequilateral, erose- toothed, scabrid outside. Floral ghime 5-nerved, oblong-elliptical, awned or not, dorsally scabrid. Magellan ; Port Gallaret : Puerto del Hombre. Ushuaia. Falklands. T. SECUNDUM Kth. Mts. of Fuegia. 7. T. SPICATUM Richter; (Aira s\ of L. T. subspicatum Beauv.) Tufted, 1 0-60 cm. high; sheaths pubescent, 3 cm. long, ligules scarious, blades flat. Panicle spike-like, interrupted, silvery or purplish, 3-10 cm. long. Spikelets flattened, 2-3-flowered, produced rachilla as a bristle or a glume. Empty glumes about 5 mm. long, sublanceolate ; Jloral glume as long, its awn varying in length. (Fig. in Brit. & Br. i, 171. Eurasia by Arctic regions to N. Amer. and to Andes of Peru; also in Australia, N. Zeal., Campbell's I.) Falklands; Magell., Fuegia to Cape Horn. "Its great abundance in the New World, and especially in the extreme south of America, coupled with its rarity in the southern regions of the 2O6 PATAGONIAN EXPEDITIONS I BOTANY. * Old World, where it is only known on the tops of Campbell's Id., seems to indicate its having been transmitted from east to west as against the course of the prevailing winds in the antarctic regions." (J. D. Hooker.) T. SPICATUM PHLEOIDES (Kimth). A robust form' Punta Arenas, and nearly everywhere in Fuegia (Dusen). Also a slender form at Ushuaia and Navarino I. "That of Horn Id. is velvety throughout, and represents T. phleoides Kunth." (Franchet.) 8. T. SUBARISTATUM DeSV. Erect, 22-30 cm. Leaves 4-7 cm. long, plane, pubescent-tomentose. Ligule ovate, dentate-ciliate ; sheaths longer. Sterile culms low. Panicle 5 cm. long, cylindraceous, spike-like, shining, variegated. Spikelets 2-3- flowered, with a pilose rudiment, 4-5 mm. long. Glumes unequal, the lower lanceolate, i -nerved; the upper larger, obovate, 3-nerved; pedicels pilose. Floral glume glabrous, long, 5-nerved, awned below the apex. S. Patagon., by Rio Sta. Cruz, rare. 9. T. VARIABILE E. Desv. Culm erect, 30-60 cm. tall, with 2-3 glabrous nodes. Leaves plane, linear, acuminate, scabrous-margined. Panicle spike-like, 7 cm. long, shining. Spikelets 5-7 cm. long, shining, 3-4-flowered. Flowers 5-6 mm. long. Chimes unequal, the lower narrow, linear, the upper ovate, acute, shorter than the spikelet. Floral glume 5 mm. long, rough, 2-mu- cronulate, awned two thirds up ; awn as long. Palea scarcely as long. (Chili); Magellan; Fuegia (Brecknock Pen.). T. VARIABILE VIRESCENS Leaves pilose, broad and rough (7 mm. by 30 cm. long) ; ovary glab- rous. Spikelets about 3-flowered, glaucous to green. (Central and S. Chili) ; Magell., Fuegia. 30. AVENA Linn. Oat. Spikelets few-flowered, rarely i -flowered, in a loose panicle; rachilla articulate above the two empty glumes, hairy under the floral glumes. Empty glumes subequal ; the floral smaller, rounded on back, with a MACLOSKIE I GRAMINE^E. 207 dorsal twisted awn; palea narrow. Grain furrowed, mostly pubescent, often adhering to the palea. Upper flower often imperfect. Species 30, chiefly in temperate parts of the Old World. i. A. FATUA Linn. Culm erect, glabrous, smooth. Leaves broad, scabrid, aculeolate. Panicle equal, erect, its rachis scabrid. Spikelets oblong, 3-flowered. Flowers all awned, pilose at base with rufescent hairs. Seeds soon caducous. (Europe, in fields) ; S. Patagon., in elevated meadows by Rio Sta. Cruz. 2. A. HIRSUTA Roth. Culm half to more than one meter high. Leaves plane, scabrid. Ligules ovate, rounded. Panicle simple or compound, nodding. Spike- let 3-flowered, having (i) an inferior, fertile long-awned flower, (2) a muticous fertile flower, (3) an upper abortive muticous flower. Glumes lance-acuminate, y-g-nerved, exceeding the flowers. S. Patagon., by Rio Sta. Cruz. 3. A. LEPTOSTACHYS Hook. f. Culm 30 cm. tall, slender. Leaves flat, long, shining. Panicle slender, flexuous, nodding, its branches whorled, short, capillary and few-flowered. Floral glume bearded below, bicuspidate, awned between the segments, the aiini reflexed, twice as long as the spikelet. An elegant grass. Magellan. 31. DANTHONIA DC. Mostly perennials with flat or convolute leaves and contracted or open panicles. Spikelets 3-many-flowered, rachilla pubescent, extending beyond the 3-more flowers of the spikelet. Empty glumes subequal, keeled. Floral glumes rounded on back, 2-toothed, with a flat, twisted and bent median awn, the teeth sometimes awn-like. Grain free, enclosed in the glume. Species 100, mostly in S. Afr. and in warm and temperate regions. (D. antarctica Dzsv.=Deschampsia antarctica.} I. D. COLLINA Phil. Culms erect, glabrous, 3-nodal. Leaves and sheaths long-pilose, the radical convolute, setaceous, one third as long as the culm ; sheaths of 2C>8 PATAGONIAN EXPEDITIONS : BOTANY. the cauline leaves long, pilose-mouthed ; upper ligules long ; uppermost leaves short. Panicle contracted ; spikelets 10-15. Glumes subequal, lanceolate-subulate, exceeding the flowers, yellow or slightly violaceous. Floriglume 10 mm., parted half-way, with long white hairs. Awn 12 mm. Patagonia, elevated places near Bolson and Carren-leofu. The Patagonian forms have the leaves and sheaths becoming glabrate with age, when young laxly and softly villous. 2. D. PICTA Nees & Mey. Cespitose ; 'cidms erect, 6-30 cm. high, geniculate at the oblong, fulvous nodes. Leaves coriaceous, convolute, with pilose sheaths and short ligules. Panicle few-flowered, strict, to 4 cm. long, pointed: spikelets 9-10 mm., 3-4-flowered. Empty glumes lance-linear, 3-nerved, white with purple tips. Floral glume oval-elliptical, with setae and awn in a triple cincture of hairs. (Chili) ; S. Patagon., by R. Sta. Cruz, and Lago Argentine. "Specimens from Sta. Cruz have yellowish-green glumes: from Lago Argentine are painted purple or violet." (Speg.) 3. D. PICTA PATAGONICA Speg. Smaller than the species ; leaves convolute-subulate, subpungent. Spike- lets 3-flowered, glumes green, scarcely violascent ; awns scarcely as long as their glumes. S. Patagon., dry rocky places between S. Julian and Rio Deseado. 32. SPARTINA Schreb. Marsh-grass. Glabrous with long rhizomes, flat, involute leaves, and alternate i -sided spikes. Spikelets i -flowered, in two rows, articulated below the glumes. The 2 empty glumes unequal, keeled ; palea mostly longer than the floral glume. Species 7, in saline soil or marshes. i. S. CILIATA Kunth. Leaves convolute-filiform. Spikes numerous, closely appressed. Keels of the glumes ciliate ; keel of floral glume spinulose. A tall wiry grass used for thatching about Bahia Blanca. N. Patagon. (J. Ball). MACLOSKIE I GRAMINE^E. 2OQ 2. S. DENSIFLORA Brongn. Spikes cylindrical, subfusiform. Branches on all sides imbricate, ap- pressed. Spikelets lanceolate, coriaceous, glabrous, lucid. Keels denticu- late. (Chili) ; Patagon. 3. S. PATAGONICA Speg. Densely cespitose, glabrous. Culms leafy to the top. Leaves dis- tichous, erect, their limb short, convolute, obtusely acute ; sheath very long, close ; ligule very short, ciliolate. Spikes secund, laterally com- pressed; rachis glabrous, dorsally channeled, with 8-12 spikelets, which are distichously unilateral, compressed and imbricate. Lower glume 2-3 times shorter than the upper, and narrower ; the upper equalling the flower ; palea glabrous, the inner finely membranaceous. S. Patagon., at mouth of Rio Sta. Cruz. 40-70 cm. high. 33. CAPRIOLA Adans. (Cynodon Pers.) Perennial grasses with short flat leaves, and flowers in digitately ar- ranged spikes. Spikelets i -flowered, secund. Glumes 3, the floriglume broadest and compressed ; palea shorter, 2-keeled. Stamens 3 ; styles distinct. Grain free. Species 4, 3 Australian, and I cosmopolitan in warm countries. C. DACTYLON (Linn.) O. Ktze. Bermuda-grass. Culms 1-3 dm. tall, erect, glabrous; sheaths crowded at base or on the stolons. Leaves flat, rough on upper surface. Spikes 4-5, rachis flat. Floriglume broad and much compressed. (Eur., U. S. from N. Y. southwards.) N. Patagon., near Rio Colorado. 34. CHLORIS Swartz. Leaves flat; spikes i-many, often in pairs or digitate; spikelets in 2 rows on one side of the rachis, articulated above the empty glumes, which are unequal, keeled, acute ; floral glumes awned, the lowest enclosing a perfect flower, at length enclosing the free grain. (Fig. in Brit. & Br. i, 178.) i. C. PETR>EA Thurb. Culm simple, erect, 30-60 cm. tall, glabrous, leafless. Leaves sub- distichous, linear, serrulate, ciliate, their sheaths equitant, compressed. 210 PATAGONIAN EXPEDITIONS: BOTANY. Spikes 4-7, fasciculate, strict. Flowers 2, the upper setigerous below the apex; floral glume setigerous, ciliolate. (Trop. Amer.) ; N. Patagon. 2. C. RADIATA Sw. (C. beyrichicina Kth.) Culm creeping, branching, compressed ; leaves scabrous, margined. Spikes 6-8, digitate, rachides flattish. Spikelets 2-flowered, the upper flower degenerate, i-awned. The glumes lance-subulate ; floral glumes long-awned. (Trop. Amer.) ; N. Patagon. 35. TRICHLORIS Fourn. Tall perennials with flat leaves. Spikes numerous, slender, sessile on the peduncle, subverticillate, forming a dense panicle, which is oblong and echinate by very many dense awns. Spikelets slender, erect, i-, rarely 2-flowered, sessile along the continuous rachis of the unilateral spikes, 2- seriately crowded ; rachilla articulated above the lower glumes, produced beyond the flower and glumiferous. Empty glumes 2, small, the second awned ; the floriglume 3-awned, its awns long, straight. Superior empty glumes various, some 3-awned, others reduced. Species 4-5, Mexico to S. Amer. a. Flower of spikelet i, hermaphrodite, and 2 or I sterile flowers. Awns of fertile floral glume 3, subequal. b. Neuter flowers 2. mcndocina (type). b2. Neuter flower i . mendocina blancliardiana. a2. 2 flowers of spike hermaphrodite, and 3 sterile ; mid awn larger. flwiflora, of Texas, Mex., Argentina. T. MENDOCINA BLANCHARDiANA (Gay) Kurtz. (Scribner's description of T, blanckardiana.} Culm stout, leafy, 60 cm. tall. Sheaths compressed, keeled, hairy on edges, especially near the throat; upper surface of the conduplicate leaf hairy near the base. Spikes slender, 12 or more, 7-10 cm. long, in a terminal panicle. Spikes i -flowered, flower 3-awned, hermaphrodite; also a stiped 3-awned rudiment, occasionally 2 rudiments. N. Patagon. Common by RR. Colorado and Negro. MACLOSKIE I GRAMINE^E. 2 I I 36. BOUTELOUA Lag. Spikes i -sided, ultimately drooping. Spikelets in 2 rows on the rachis, i-2-flo\vered, the rachilla prolonged, bearing bristles or rudimentary flowers. The 2 lower empty glumes acute, keeled ; the floral glume 3- toothed ; palea narrow, entire or 2-toothed ; stamens reddish. Upper empty glumes 3~5~awned or divided. Grain oblong, enclosed but free. Species 30, chiefly in Mex. and S. W. United States. B. oligostachya (Nutt.) Torr. is the Grama-grass of U. S. prairies; B. hirsuta Lag., hairy Mesquite-grass. B. MEGAPOTAMICA (Spr.) O. Ktze. (B. multiseta Gris.) Cespitose; culms creeping, ascending, jointed, simple, 30 cm. tall. Leaves linear, narrowing subulate at top, the margins rough, glaucous above ; their sheaths cleft, glabrous, and ligules short ciliate. Spikes 3-4, racemose. Spikelets 4-5-flowered, silky at base ; lower flower 3-awned, densely pilose; the others with one glume and 9-11 fascicled awns. (Brazil; Argentina.) N. Patagon. along Rio Negro, near Carmen. 37. TETRAPOGON Desf. (Cry ptoc Moris Benth.) Small grasses, with dense simple spike half enclosed within a spathe-like bract. Spikelets with 1-2-3 flowers, silky. Lower glumes very narrow, acute, awnless ; several upper empty glumes smaller and awned ; floral glume awned, the awn terminal between 2 obtuse lobes, mostly silky. Floral glume and grain falling away together. Species 6, chiefly African ; i in Patagon. T. SPATHACEUS (Benth.). Annual grass, scarcely 5 cm. high; stems below the inflorescence, 12-25 mm. Leaves few, laxly sheathing, the blades linear. Bract large, spathe- like, 16-20 mm. long, nearly enclosing the sessile, continuous, subsecund spike, which is quasi-plumose from the setce and awns of the 2-flowered, biseriately crowded spikelets. S. Patagon., by Rio Sta. Cruz. "My specimens hardly differ from the description by the palea being awnless and attenuate-mucronate." (Speg.) 38. PAPPOPHORUM Schreb. Cespitose grass, with narrow, often convolute leaves, and dense spici- form panicle, with many awns often silk-like. Spikelets 1-2-, rarely 3-4- 212 PATAGONIAN EXPEDITIONS: BOTANY. flowered, narrow, with a joint above the lower glumes, the uppermost flower often male. Empty glumes 2, carinate ; floriglume broad at base, obscurely many-nerved, divided into many awn-like lobes; 2-3 upper glumes empty or with a rudiment. Palea broad, 2-carinate. Grain en- closed in the palea and floriglume, free. Species 20, in warm countries. P. MUCRONULATUM NeCS. Culm branching. Leaves attenuate-acuminate, convolute, glabrous as are the sheaths. Panicle spicate, narrow, long, cernuous ; spikelets nearly 4-flowered. Glumes subequal, oblong, membranaceous, setaceous-mucro- nater i -nerved; 2 (rarely 3) lower flowers perfect. Floriglume subcori- aceous, silky-strigose, 4-cleft. (Brazil) ; N. Patagon., not rare in dry places near Carmen, and at the mouths of Rio Negro. 39. PHRAGMITES Trin. (Arundo Beauv.) Tall perennials, with large flat blades, and spikelets 2-many-flowered, in a large much-branched panicle, rachilla elongated and articulate between the flowers, and covered with long hairs. Ghimes thin, keeled, pointed, the florighime ^with a longer point, the lowest flower being male or abor- tive. (This last character distinguishes from Arundo Linn.) Species 2, over warmer parts of both worlds, in wet places. P. PHRAGMITES (Linn.) Karst. Cidms 2-3 m. high; blades often 3 cm. wide. Panicle 15-35 cm- l°ng- Spikelets 3-5-flowered, 16 mm. long, the silky hairs as long as the flowers. Glumes with nerves anastomosing towards the apex. Flori- glume 5-nerved, 12 mm. long. (Cosmopolitan in N. Hemisphere and Australia) ; Chubut, in swamps, and near Carren-leofu. The Patagonian forms always have 3-flowered spikelets, the upper flower often reduced. 40. MONANTHOCHLOE Engelm. Creeping or stoloniferous, with crowded distichous leaves, less than i cm. long. Spikelets unisexual, almost immersed in leafy bracts. Empty glumes like the leaves. Floriglume obtuse or toothed. Stamens 3. MACLOSKIE ! GRAMINE^E. 213 Styles distinct. Grain subtriquetrous, enclosed in the palea, not adherent. Species about 2, in southern U. S. and S. Amer. M. AUSTRALIS Speg. Densely pulvinate-cespitose ; the short branches pectinately leafy. Leaves small, complicate, rigid, callous-pointed. Spikes acrogenous, sub- sessile, compressed ; with 2, rarely 3 flowers ; often with a produced glumiferous rachilla ; floriglume subcarinate ; palea bicarinate, all glabrous. (Only the male specimens known.) S. Patagon., dry salinas between S. Julian and Rio Deseado. 41. GYNERIUM Humb. & Bonpl. Pampas-grass. (Cortaderia Stapf.) Tall, tubular grasses, often with woody base. Leaves very long, narrow, crowded at the base ; ligules a line of hairs. Panicle ample, dense, be- coming lax and nodding, silvery or dark. Spikelets 3-y-flowered, dice- cious, racliilla longish, articulate in both sexes, with long hairs arising from the membranaceous or thin narrow glumes. Empty glumes as long as the spikelet, scarcely equal, i-3-nerved or nearly nerveless, acuminate. Floral glumes 3-nerved, the mid pointed and produced as an awn, mostly glabrous in the male, long-pilose in the female. Stamens 3 in the male flowers, also rudiments in the female, and rudimentary ovary in the males. Grain narrowly oblong, free within the glume and palea. Species 5, in extratrop. S. Am. and along the Andes northwards. i. G. ARGENTEUM Nees. (Cortaderia dioica Speg.) Pampas-grass. 3-6 m. tall. Leaves 1-3 m., gracefully pendent. Panicles 30-60 cm. long, 10-15 cm. broad, the males broad-pyramidal, the females long- linear, beautifully silvery or pinkish. Floral glumes of the male flowers scarcely awned. (Fig. in Eng. & Pr. ii, 2, p. 67.) (Cult, in lawns ; Brazil ; Argent.) ; N. Patagon., Patagon., near source of Rio Chico ; Nahual-huapi. 2. G. PILOSUM (d'Urv. sub Arundo Cortaderia pilosa Hack.). Panicle contracted, subovate. Empty glumes smooth, carinate, acute, as long as the spikelet. Floral glumes copiously girt with long, white villi. Leaves striate, distichous, mostly exceeding the culm. Panicle contracted, subovate. Glumes ' violaceous, scarious-margined. Empty 214 PATAGONIAN EXPEDITIONS: BOTANY. ghimes smooth, carinate, acute, as long as the 5-flowered spikelet. Floral glumes smooth with long, white villi. This with Sieglingia antarctica and Festuca erecta make a cespitose and tenaceous mass, 3 dm. deep, covering half of the Falkland Islands. Patagonia, by Lago Maravilla. "Rachilla pilose." (F.Kurtz.) 42. SIEGLINGIA Bernh. (Triodia^. Br.) Leaves narrow, and panicles contracted or open. Spikelets having 2 to several flowers, all perfect or the upper staminate. Glumes 5-many, the lowest 2 empty, shorter than the spikelets, keeled; the floral glumes not keeled, their 3 nerves pilose and excurrent as points. Styles short. Grain dorsally compressed, enclosed but free. Species 30, in temperate regions ; also in trop. Amer., Afr. and Austral. S. ANTARCTICA (Hook. f.). Small, densely cespitose, very leafy, glabrous ; leaves not rigid, nearly equalling the culm, long-sheathed, setaceous, the margins involute. Panicle spike-like ; spikelets short-pediceled, 3-flowered ; glumes sub- equal, lanceolate ; floral glume broad-ovate, 5-nerved, acute, minutely trifld. See note on Gynerium pilosum. Magell., Fuegia, Mts. of Hermite I., Falkland Is. 43. DIPLACHNE Beauv. (or sub Leptochloa}. Cespitose, mostly tall, with narrow, plane leaves, and very slender spikes, erect on a long axis, or rarely i terminal spike. Spikelets mostly linear along the rachis, erect, subsecund, many-flowered, sessile or nearly so, their rachilla articulate above the lower glumes. Flowers hermaphro- dite, or the uppermost male. Empty ghimes 2, carinate, unequal, i-nerved, not awned. Floral glume slightly larger, i-3-nerved, 2-toothed, with a short median awn. Grain enclosed but free. Species 14, in warm climates. D. MENDOCINA (Phil. sub. Panic led spikes numerous, spreading with an open angle. Spikelets many-flowered, distichous along the rachis. Rachilla articulate between the flowers. Lower empty glume lanceolate, upper ovate, larger. Floral MACLOSKIE : GRAMINEyE. 215 glume dorsally compressed, 3-nerved, shortly mucronate, hyaline towards its apex. Palea ovate. (Argentina) ; Patagon. 44. ERAGROSTIS Beauv. Spikelets flat, usually many-flowered (rarely 2-flowered), the flowers perfect or variously unisexual ; panicle contracted or open. Glumes short, unequal, keeled, i -3-nerved ; floral glumes larger, unawned, 3-nerved; palea shorter, prominently 2-nerved. Stamens 2 or 3. Grain not fur- rowed, enclosed, free. (Like Poa, but differing by the 3-nerved floral glumes.) Species 100, in temperate and warm climates. i. E. DELICATULA Trin. Culm erect, slender, 12-25 cm- tall, floriferous and branching from base. Leaves plane, glabrous, their ligules ciliate-bearded. Panicle spreading, its rays 1-2, rarely more, mostly compound from the base. Spikelets as long as the pedicels, linear-elliptical, 3-6-flowered. (Bahia Blanca) ; N. Patagon. "Good pasture in the valleys." (J. Ball.) 2. E. ERAGROSTIS (Linn, sub Pod] Karst. Annual, 10-25 cm- mgh- Leaves flat, smooth, scent-glands on their margins and the glumes. Panicle ovoid or linear, rather dense. Spikelets compressed, on short pedicels, oblong-linear, plumbeous, 8-2O-flowered: Floriglume broad-oval, obtuse ; palea ciliated on the nerves. Grain ovoid. (Europe, introduced to Amer.) ; N. Patagon. in cultivated places near Carmen. 3. E. LUGENSN Nees. Tufted perennial, 45 cm. high. Sheaths of sterile sheets compressed, keeled, hairy. Ligule a ciliate ring; blades ciliate, with filiform points. Panicle thin, narrow or ovoid, 30 cm. long. Rays in 2's or 4's, with hairy axils, branching. Spikelets oval, 4-8-flowered. Glumes ovate, acute, floriglume broader, palea incurved. (Texas, etc.) ; N. Patagon., common near Carmen. 4. E. MAJOR Host. (E. poceoides major Beauv.) Cespitose, branching, 15-60 cm. tall. Leaves lanceolate, glabrous, their sheaths bearded at the opening. Panicle spreading, the rays solitary 2l6 PATAGONIAN EXPEDITIONS I BOTANY. or in pairs. Spikelets elliptic-linear, large, 8-5o-flowered ; the flowers broad-ovate, mostly mucronulate. (Leaf-nerves with glands which emit. an offensive odor.) (Cosmopolitan) ; a dwarf form in N. Patagon. 45. KOELERIA Pers. Cespitose, with contracted panicles. Spikelets mostly 2-5-flowered. The two lower empty glumes keeled, acute or short-awned, scarious-mar- gined ; floral glumes similar but more scarious ; the upper glumes grad- ually smaller, 3-5-nerved. Species 15, dispersed over temperate regions; several species in Chili and Argent. Distinguished chiefly by more scarious glumes and fainter nerves than of their allies. 1. K. PHLEOIDES Pers. Culm ascending, geniculate, 7-30 cm. high. Leaves plane, narrow, linear, hairy ; ligule white-scarious, partly exsert, lacerous. Panicle dense, cylindrical, spike-like ; Spikelets 2-8-flowered. Glumes unequal, shorter than the flowers. Floriglume dorsally scabrous, subapically awned ; the awn exceeding the flower. Annual. N. Patagon., roadsides near Carmen. 2. K. STERILIS Steud. . Culms 5-15 cm. high, with the leaves fasciculately crowded, having basal sheaths. Leaves glabrous, linear, nearly as long as the culms, the margin inflected; the ligules oblong, exsert. Spike terminal, solitary; the rays with 2-6 spikelets, which are lanceolate, 3-4-flowered. Glumes subequal, nearly as long as the flowers, white hyaline on margin and apex. Patagon. 46. CATABROSA Beauv. Whorl-grass. Creeping perennial aquatic, with soft flat leaves and open panicle. Spikelets 2-flowered, the two empty glumes nearly nerveless, shorter than the awnless, erose-truncate floral-glume ; palea barely shorter. Species i, viz. : C. AQUATICA Beauv. Culm 1 0-60 cm. tall, stout. Spikelets 3 mm. long, the second empty glume exceeding the first. (Brit. & Br. i, 194. In cold parts of Eurasia and N. Amer.) E. Fuegia. MACLOSKIE I GRAMINE^E. 2 I J 47. MELICA Linn. Erect perennials, often with corms, and usually soft flat leaves. Panicle contracted or lax; spikelets 2-several-flowered ; their rachilla produced and bearing rudimentary flowers. Empty glumes 2, awnless, 3-5- or more-nerved ; flowering-glumes larger, rounded, y-13-nerved, sometimes terminally awned. Palece broad but shorter. Grain oblong, dorsally flattened, enclosed but free. Species 30, in temperate regions (not known in Austral.). i. M. MACRA Nees. Erect, over 60 cm. tall, slender; leaves strict, very rough, the lower linear-plicate, the upper plane, 12 cm. by 2 mm. Panicle compound, secund, its rays racemose. Spikelet 3-flowered, lanceolate, nodding. Ghimes subequal, oblong, convolute, 5- and y-nerved. (Montevideo and about Bahia. Blanca; the pasto-bravo, or wicked grass. J. Ball.) N. Patagon. (M. magellanica T)esv.=>Hierochloe redo/ens.] 2. M. PAPILIONACEA Linn. Panicle virgate. Pedicels slender, branching below, longer than the spikelets. Lower glume very large, colored, obovate, obtuse, much ex- ceeding the upper. Flowers 2 and a rudiment ; floral glume oblong, i6-nerved, apex scarious-colored. (Brazil) ; N. Patagon. 3. M. VIOLACEA Cav. Rhizome bulbiferous. Culms flagelliform, branching, 15-60 cm. tall. Panicle linear, rigid, 5-20 cm. long, with 1-7 unilateral appressed branches; spikelets 2-flowered with i or 2 imperfect flowers. Lowest glume the largest, obovate-rounded, 8-10 mm. long, violet, apex whitish; the upper shorter and narrow. (Common about Bahia Blanca.) N. Patagon. " Nahuel-Catschu, the Araucanian name, refers to the puma crouching in it." (J. Ball.) 48. DISTICHLIS Raf. Creeping grass with rigid convolute leaves and diczdous flowers; mostly maritime. Spikelets compressed, 6-i6-flowered, in a narrow panicle, sometimes with only 2 or 3 spikelets. Rachilla glabrous, articulate be- 2l8 PATAGONIAN EXPEDITIONS I BOTANY. tween the female flowers only. Glumes all keeled and acute; the floral broadest ; palea with prominent keels. Species 4, America ; i of them also in Australia. i. D. SCOPARIA (Kunth, sub Poo] Arech. C^ilms fasciculately branching, the branches subfastigiate, leafy. Leaves narrowly linear, convolute-setaceous, acute-pungent, rigid, with glabrous sheaths. Female spikelets 3-5, branching, oblong, acute, compressed, 5-6-flowered, glabrous. Flowers not bearded. Floral glume about i- nerved. (Montevideo) ; S. Patagon., by Rio Chico. 2. D. SPICATA (Linn.) Greene. Glabrous, 60 cm. tall. Sheaths long, overlapping; ligules a ring of hairs. Panicle dense, strict. Much varying. (N. Amer. and S. Amer.; also Austral. Brit. & Br. i, 198.) N. Patagon., on sandy and saline soil. "Granilla de salistral." (J. Ball.) D. SPICATA HIRTA (Phil.) O. Ktze. Hairy, at least the lower leaf-sheaths. Patagonia. 49. BRIZA Linn. Panicle usually open. Leaves flat or convolute. Spikelets large, flat, tumid, usually many-flowered, nodding. Glumes strongly concave. Floral glumes broader; uppermost often empty. Palece much shorter. Species 12, Old World, and temperate S. Amer. i. B. SUBARISTATA Lam. (B. lamarckiana Nees. Festuca commersonii Spreng.) Like B. triloba, but taller, 22 cm., and with orbiculate-cuspidate floral glume. Spikelets elliptic-ovate, about 11 -flowered. Panicles erect, 25 mm. long, contracted; its rays sub-binate, i-spiculate. (Montevideo); N. Patagon. (?) 2. B. TRILOBA (Nees). (Calotheca, glumes awned, floral glumes with projecting lateral angles.) Culm low, about 15 cm., simple. Leaves erect, convolute, rough; ligules short. Panicle rather contracted, its rays 3-parted. Spikelets subtetrag- MACLOSKIE I GRAMINE^E. 219 onal, 6-i2-flowered. Floral glumes 3-lobed, the mid-lobe long, 9-nerved. (Brazil) ; N. Patagon. 50. PANICULARIA Fabr. (Glyceria R. Br.) Leaves flat or involute, and panicle narrow or spreading. Spikelets few- or many-flowered ; the empty glumes 3~5-nerved ; the floral glumes 3~9-nerved, longer, obtuse, convex or dorsally flat, the nerves short; palea as long as its glume ; no awns. Grain grooved, glabrous, enclosed but free. Leaves mostly glabrous (except P. flidtans}. Species 30, in temperate and some warm regions. P. fluitans R. Br. extends through the N. temperate parts of both hemispheres, and Aus- tralia. (Brit. & Br. i, 213.) I. P. ANTARCTICA (Speg.). Creeping, glabrous. Culms sheathed above the mud, the sheaths loose. Leaves few, plane, the lower floating, the ligules long-triangular. Panicle exsert, very lax ; the rays whorled, remote, bearing few spikelets ; these ovate, 2-flowered, compressed ; lower glume half as long as the upper. Base of flower with a few long hairs. Staaten I. and S. Fuegia. 2. P. FLUITANS (L.) Kuntze. Floating Manna-grass. Ctilms a meter high or more, flattened, stout. Sheaths loose. Leaves 12-30 cm. long, wide, scabrous, often floating. Panicle about 30 cm. long, rather appressed. Spikelets linear, y-13-flowered ; glumes unequal, i-nerved; fo&florigiumc scabrous, y-nerved, its apex erose. (Eur. and N. Amer. by water) ; Patagon., by Lago Colu-huapi and Rio . Carren-leofu. 3. P. FUEGIANA (Speg.). Creeping, glabrous ; culms sheathed to top, the sheaths large, striate ; leaves few, flaccid, erect, the lower sometimes floating ; their blades plane, linear, acute ; ligules exsert, ovate, toothed. Panicle long, exserted from the sheath, at first linear, afterwards lax; spikelets remote, peduncled, linear, 3-flowered; glumes glabrous, the lower obtuse, the upper acute and twice as long. Magellan, by fresh water, near Gregory Bay. 22O PATAGONIAN EXPEDITIONS I BOTANY. 4. P. LEPTOSTACHYS (Speg.). Small, cespitose, glabrous. Culms not sheathed, simple. Leaves fasciculate, erect, very short, the ligules lanceolate. Spike linear, few- spiculate ; spikelets minute, remote, sessile, 3-flowered. Glumes unequal. Magell. 5. P. MAGELLANICA (Hook. f.). Glabrous, with culm erect and covered by the leaf sheaths, which are longer than the involute leaf blades. Panicle long, lax ; its rays in flower apically elongated. Spikelets 4-6-flowered ; glumes apically eroded ; floral glumes 5-nerved. S. Patagon., by R. Sta. Cruz ; Magell., in wet meadows by Gregory Bay. 51. ATROPIS Ruprecht. Panicle at length contracted. Spikelets 2-9-flowered. Empty glumes 3-nerved, or the first i -nerved, much shorter than the flowers ; floral glumes chartaceous or scarious, convex or slightly keeled, obscurely par- allel 5-nerved, midnerve sometimes produced, the side nerves short; Palea with convergent ciliolate nerves, 2-toothed. Stigmas subsessile. Grain obcompressed, enclosed but free. Species 14, in all temperate regions. i. A. CARINATA Griseb. Cespitose, glabrous, 10 cm. high. Leaves involute, acuminate, rigid, their sheath lax below, their ligules long. Panicle ovate-oblong, the rachis sulcate on one side. Spikelets oblong, 4-5-flowered ; floral glume silky below, 2-toothed above with a median mucro. (Paraguay ; Argentina) ; N. Patagon. 2. A. MAGELLANICA Hook. f. Glabrous, 30 cm. tall ; leaves involute ; ligules ovate-acute ; sheaths lax. Panicle 15 cm. long, its rays long, slender. Spikelets oblong, 4-6-flowered, 8-12 mm. long, the flowers distant, cylindraceous ; floral glume narrow, 4 mm. long, attenuate to an obtuse spike, glabrous except the pilose callus ; palea as long. "Differs from A. parviflora by flowers twice as large, keels of the palea spinulose, ciliate the whole way, panicle lax, branches naked in the lower two thirds, and its simple spiculiferous branching.'1'' (Dusen.) E. Fuegia. MACLOSKIE I GRAMINE^E. 22 1 3. A. PARVIFLORA Hackel. Cespitose; culms erect, 4-8 cm. high (besides the panicle), glabrous, having 1-2 nodes near the base. Leaf-sheaths lax, the upper one long, embracing the panicle; ligules 1.5 mm., linear-oblong; the lamince short, 15-20 mm., convolute-setaceous. Panicle 8-10 cm. long, ovate, spread- ing, compound, the branches rough. Spikelets linear, 3-5-flowered, 5-6 mm. long; empty glumes unequal, ovate-oblong, obtuse; the lower i -nerved, i mm. long, the upper 3-nerved and longer ; floral glume 2 mm. long, 5-nerved. Palea as long, 2-toothed, the keels scabrid above. E. Fuegia (Dusen). 4. A. PRESLII Hack. (Catabrosa tenuifolia Presl.) Cespitose; cztlms erect, 10-12 cm. high, glabrous. Leaves narrow- linear, canaliculate, rough, shorter than the culm ; ligule exsert, ovate, acute. Panicle spike-like, erect, its rays alternate, fasciculate, rough. Spikelets ovate, 3-flowered, ghunes unequal, ovate, obtuse, the upper twice as large as the lower, and 3-nerved; the floral glume ovate-obtuse, erose, 5-nerved, the lateral nerves becoming obsolete. (Chili.) 5. A. PRESLII PUSILLA Hack. Forming dense ctishions 3-4 cm. high. Leaves convolute, subcapillary, 1-2.5 cm- l°ng- Panicle linear, 2-4 cm. long. Spikelets subterminal and subsessile on the ultimate branchlets, small, 3 mm. long, red-violet. Empty glumes small, the lower 0.8 mm. long, nerveless ; the second twice as long, obscurely i -nerved; the floral glume ovate, 1.5 mm. long, entire; palea as long, lanceolate. N. and E. Fuegia (Dusen). 52. POA Linn. Meadow-grass. Leaves and panicles various. Spikelets of medium size, usually 2-6- flowered, the rachilla glabrous and articulate between the floral glumes ; floral glumes scarious margined, with 5-connivent nerves, mostly web- tufted at base. Palea slightly shorter. Species 100, in temperate and cold regions; rare in the tropics; many in the Andes. 222 PATAGONIAN EXPEDITIONS: BOTANY. KEY TO THE SPECIES. A* Leaves glabrous. b. Panicle contracted. c. Leaves as long as the culm. d. Culm tall, I meter. Sheaths long. Spikelets 6-8-flowered. Glumes woolly at base. alopecurus. d2. Culm 80 cm. Leaves filiform. Spikelets 3-flowered. Glumes subvillous. bonariensis. d$. Culm 30 cm., shorter than the convolute leaves. Ligules long ; sheaths dilated. Awn short. controversa. d^. Culms in clumps, I meter ; lower leaves taller, subconvolute. Panicle spike-like. Spikelets 4-flowered. Floriglume bifid, mucronate-awned. forsteri. C2. Leaves shorter than culms, sheaths overlapping Annuals or biennials, under 30 cm. Spikelets 3-7-flowered. d. Cauline leaves 3, flat or conduplicate, abruptly acute; ligules 2.5 mm. Spikelets 3-7-flowered. annua. d2. Leaves convolute. Ligules obsolete. Spikelets 5-7-flowered. denudata. d-$. Leaves convolute-pungent. Ligules short, obtuse. Panicles spike-like. Spike- lets crowded above, 2-4-flowered, amethystine. robusta. ^3. Leaves distichous, linear, rigid ; ligules short. Panicle lobed ; spikelets 2-5 -flowered, the staminal effete. Culm 20 cm. Flowers woolly at base. lanigera. c\. Leaves narrow or involute, with two yellow spots ; ligules oblong. Culms 30 cm., from a creeping base. Spikelets 5-io-flowered, with subfloral tufts, lanuginosa. c$. Leaves short. Culms 15 cm. d. Culm 2-nodal below, with intravaginal innovations. Ligules 2 mm. Spikelets 3-flowered. Glumes and floriglume subequal, keeled. atropidiformis. d2. Culm basally bulbiferous. Ligules long. Panicle few-spicate. Spikelets 2-3- flowered. Palea cuspidate-awned. ibari. c6. Leaves convolute, attenuate-pungent. Dioecious perennial. Spikelets 7-8-flowered, not villous. Culm 60 cm. argentina. cj. As c6, but leaves pungent ; floriglume woolly at base. bergii. c8. Leaves short, stiff and pungent, mostly distichous. Culm smooth, erect, slender. Spikes strict, secund. d. Leaves subterete. Spikelets 2-flowered, the upper flower male. erinacea. d2. Leaves very conduplicate. Spikelets 2-flowered, both perfect, often with a rudi- ment of a third. pugionifolia. eg. Leaves very long, acute, smooth. Panicle long, rays rough. Spikelets 1 2-flowered, pale yellow. Culm 60 cm. pallens. b2. Panicle lax. Leaves sheathing ; with long ligules. c. Low, 6 cm. Leaves rigid, convolute. Spikelets few, 3-flowered. Glume and rachis glabrous. pumila. c2. Culm 60 cm., sheathed half way. Leaves distichous. Spikelets 4-6-flowered, cottony. , yaganica. 63. Panicle lax. Culms 2-3 meters tall. Leaves fan-shaped, gracefully diverging. flabellata. MACLOSKIE I GRAMINE/E. 223 A2. Leaf-margins rough ; surface smooth. Panicles lax. b. Culms to 25 cm. Leaves convolute. Spikelets large, 4-5-flowered, purplish, enclosed by woolly hairs. comniersoni. b2. Culms to 50 cm. Radical leaves narrow-linear. Spikelets few, 2-5 (8)-flowered, rachis flexuose. stenantha. A$. Leaves scaberulous or sometimes glabrous. b. Panicle pyramidal, dense above. Spikelets 3-6-flowered, purplish. Floriglume basally webby. Culm 40 cm. pratensis. b2. Panicle mostly lax, 4~5-spiculate. Glumes acuminate. Upper flowers viviparous. Culm 50 cm., leafy at base. fuegiana. £3. Panicle mostly contracted. Culms 35 cm. c. Spikelets small, woolly. Leaves few, setaceous-convolute, the sheaths scaberulous. Panicle linear. scabenda. c2. Spikelets 3-flowered, dioecious. Leaves convolute, the lower flat (pubescent?). chilensis. A^. Leaves scabrous. Culm 50 cm. b. Panicle lax. Leaves acuminate. Spikelets 2-5-flowered, often violet. Floriglume basally webby. nemoralis. b2. Panicle spike-like. Culm 3 -nodal, exceeding the leaves. Leaves convolute, scabrous above. Ligules long, 2-partite. Spikelets long, 5-8-flowered patagonica. A$. Leaves scabrid-edged, plicate, pungent. Dioecious, with large, secund panicle, and spikelets 2-flowered. chubutensis. i. P. ALOPECURUS Kunth. (Festuca arundo Hook, f.) Large, reaching a meter in height; leaves glabrous, distichous, equal- ling the culm ; sheaths long. Panicle ample, contracted. Spikelets gla- brous, compressed, 6-8-flowered; glumes minutely ciliate on back and margin, floral glumes acute, dorsally ciliate, woolly at base. Palea minute. Magellan ; Falklands. Next to the tussock, it is the largest grass there ; varying much in size of the plant, and of its leaves, spikelets, etc. It is harsh and rigid, and thus unpalatable to cattle. 2. P. ANNUA Linn. Low annual or biennial, under 30 cm. Leaf-stieaths loose, overlapping. Ligules 2-3 mm. Panicle open, its rays spreading. Glunie no. i narrow, i -nerved; two thirds as long as the broad 3-nerved second ; theyfora/ glume not webby at base. (Brit. & Br. i, 201. Eurasia ; naturalized in N. Amer.) Punta Arenas ; Ushuaia (Dusen); over S. Patagon.; S. Fuegia. 224 PATAGONIAN EXPEDITIONS I BOTANY. 3. P. ARGENTINA Speg. Dioecious, perennial, 50-70 cm. tall, glabrous, cespitose. Leaves erect, convolute, acute. Ligule narrow, margin-like. Panicle spiciform, strict- Spikelets 5-7 mm. long, pediceled, 7-8-flowered, not villous. Glumes appressed-pubescent. S. Patagon., at Lago Argentine. 4. P. ATROPIDIFORMIS Hack. Cespitose, with intravaginal innovations. Culms erect, 10-20 cm. high, smooth, 2-nodal near base. Leaves glabrous, their sheaths lax, striate ; ligules 2 mm. long, ovate-lanceolate, the blades short, the uppermost i cm., narrow, convolute when dry. Panicle spike-like, 5-8 cm. long ; lower rays with 4-6 spikelets, fewer above ; spikelets 3-flowered, all perfect, glabrous, third flower protruding. Glumes all subequal, keel scabrid, except the floral glume whose keel is rather smooth and its lateral nerves obscure. Palea lanceolate, obtuse, as long as the glume. E. Fuegia. (Dusen.) "This and P. kerguelensis Hook. f. and Triodia antarctica Hook. f. are allied as if they were a subgenus of Poa." (E. Hackel.) 5. P. BERGII Hieron. Dioecious. Stout, culms 50 cm. high, smooth, rooting at base. Leaves exceeding the culms, their sheaths 20-25 cm. long, 7 mm. broad, smooth, lamina 35-45 cm. long, convolute from their base, glaucous, rigid, acute, Pungent, 4 mm. wide at base, dorsally glabrous, internally papillose ; ligules long, hyaline, mostly lacerose. Male panicle compressed, spike-like, interrupted, 12 cm. long, the rays usually in 2's alternately appressed to the culm, pediceled and plurispiculate. Female spikes ovate, 6-7-flowered, pediceled, about 15 mm. long, 6 mm. broad. Glumes lanceolate, 8-9 mm. long, 3 mm. broad, acute, not exceeding the inferior flowers, sub- carinate, dorsally rough on the midnerve, minutely ciliolate marginally, 7-nerved, the 2 marginal nerves being weaker and shorter than the others. Floral glumes 7~9-nerved, lance-ovate, acute, in the lower flowers 7 mm. by 2 mm., subcarinate baseward and finely ciliate on the nerves, with a basal girdle of floccose wool. Palece with 2 marginal nerves, ciliate up- wards, woolly basewards. Male spikelets (?). N. Patagon., by Rio Negro ; December. MACLOSKIE : GRAMINE/E. 225 P. BERGII CHUBUTENSIS Speg. Differs from the species by lower stature, 3-nerved glumes, 5(-y)-nerved Palece and spikelets scarcely 9-1 1 mm. long. N. Patagon., Chubut, common in dry meadows by Cabo Raso. 6. P. BONARIENSIS (Lam. sub Festucd] Kunth. Culms slender, 60-90 cm. tall, weak, glabrous; leaves long, filiform, glaucescent, hairy at the opening of the sheaths. Panicle oblong, shin- ing, its rays appressed. Spikelets compressed, 3-flowered ; glumes acute, subvillous. (Argentina) ; S. Patagon., N. and E. Fuegia. (Dusen.) In sandy places. 7. P. CHILENSIS Trin. (Dioicopoa. Dioecious, but the sexes not otherwise differentiated.) Root fibrous, often stoloniferous. Culm 20-45 cm- ta^- Leaves convolute, the lower plane, 25 cm., the ligules somewhat produced. Panicle com- pact or lobed, its rays in 3's or 5's, spiculiferous from the base. Spikelets 3-flowered, short-pediceled ; flowers obscurely nerved, lanceolate, acutish. Puerto Madryn ; (Chili). 8. P. CHUBUTENSIS Speg. Dioecious. Robust, densely cespitose, green-glaucescent. Leaves pli- cate, with scabrid margins, callous-mucronate and pungent; ligules short, truncate, scarious. Panicle large, secund, at length nutant; rachis not scabrous ; rays not scabrous, naked below, above their middle spar- ingly branching and densely spiculiferous. Pedicels short; spikelets 2-flowered, lanceolate ; glumes obtusely keeled, not rough, i- and 3-nerved. Flowers carinate, dorsally scabrid ; lower floriglume 5-nerved, submucro- nate ; palea as long, hyaline. Squanmlce rather large, basally villous, the upper with a short, smooth pedicel. (Only female specimens seen.) Chubut, in rocky elevations near Teka-choique. 9. P. COMMERSONI Franchet. Cespitose, glabrous. Cttlms to 30 cm. tall, erect, apex scabrid. Leaves convolute, strict, rough-margined, striate. Panicle crowded, oblong, with 226 PATAGONIAN EXPEDITIONS I BOTANY. short rays. Spikelets large, purplish, 4-5-flowered ; the flowers enclosed by long woolly hairs. Glumes subequal, ciliate, mucronate, the lower 5-7- nerved; the floral glume like the others; the /«/ Glaucescent, rigid, erect, 15-30 cm. tall ; sheathed by old leaves at base, rather distichously leaf-bearing, the sheaths dilated, ligules short, obtuse, blades channeled, convolute, pungent, much shorter than the culm. Pan- icle spike-like ; its rays unequal, naked at their base, crowded spiculiferous upwards. Spikelets 2-4-flowered. Glumes subequal, ovate-lanceolate, shorter than the flowers ; floral glume similar ; palea narrower, ciliolate. Spikelets pale-amethyst. S. Patagon., Punta Arenas; Coy Inlet. (Hatcher, Nov. 23, 1896.) MACLOSKIE: GRAMINE>E. 231 27. P. SCABERULA Hook, f. Culm 30 cm. tall, slender, scabrid ("almost smooth," Franchet). Leaves few, i o cm. long, setaceous-involute ; sheaths long, scaberulous. Panicle dense, rather secund. Spikelets small; glumes subequal, i-nerved, the floral glume 3-nerved, its keel scabrid above, ciliate below; flowers woolly. Patagon., Chubut; Port Eden; Magellan, E. Fuegia. (Dusen.) "The Chubut specimens are very slender, with long linear spikes." (Speg.) 28. P. STENANTHA THn. I Culms 30-60 cm. tall. Radical leaves narrow-linear ; culm-leaves 3-7 cm. by 2-4 mm., ciliate-scabrous on margin ; ligules short, rounded. Panicle lax, 5-15 cm. long, naked below, few-spiculate above. Spikelets 2-5(8)-flowered; flowers 4-5 mm. long, rachis flexuous or zig-zag; floral glume linear-lanceolate, with infolded margin, its keel ciliate- scabrous. (Siberia; Alaska; Oregon; Chili); Fuegia at Ushuaia. 29. P. YAGANICA Speg. Cespitose, glabrous ; culms 25-90 cm. tall, sheathed halfway or more ; leaves distichous, plicate below, plane above, their ligules long-toothed. Panicle lax, its rays remote, paired, naked downwards; its spikelets lanceolate, compressed, 4-6-flowered. Glumes, the first acute, scabrid, carinate ; the second glabrous ; floral glume cottony at base. S. Fuegia. 53. FESTUCA Linn. Mostly tufted perennials, variously paniculate, with pedicellate 2-many-flowered spikelets. The 2 empty glumes narrow, unequal, acute, keeled; the first i -nerved, the second 3-nerved; floral glume narrow, rounded on back below, acute, often keeled-awned, faintly 5-nerved; palea nearly as long, sharply 2-keeled. Stamens 1-3. Styles very FIGV 4I short. Grain within the glume and palea, partly Festuca> spikeletj with florai adhering. (Fig. 41.) glume on right, and palea on Species 80, widespread, chiefly in temperate p^* *«**"*** Ofter regions. (F. kerguelensis Hook. f. in Kerguelen I., and F. scoparia Hook. f. in N. Zeal, and Antarctic Islands. F. 232 PATAGONIAN EXPEDITIONS : BOTANY. cookii Hook. f. 1847 = P°a cookii Hook. f. 1879, is the commonest grass in Kerguelen I., affording excellent fodder.) The chief mark of this genus is the rounded floral glumes without any prominent keel, at least at the base, and acute or awned at the top. KEY TO THE SPECIES. A. Panicle lax. b. Spikelets 2-3-flowered. Culm 50 cm., slender, exceeding the convolute leaves. Panicle cernuous, smooth. Glumes and floriglume subequal, awnless. pogonantha. b2. Spikelets 3-4-flowered, some viviparous. Culm 50 cm., exceeding the rush-like, pungent leaves. Glumes scabrid, floriglume larger, setulose. commersoni. £3. Spikelets 4-5 -flowered, 10 mm. long. Culm tall, sheathed. Rays in 2's, capillary. Glumes unequal ; floriglume 8 mm., short-awned. glaucophylla. 64. Spikelets 5-7-flowered. Culms 45 cm., fertile and sterile ; leaves narrow, puberulous. Raylets few-spiculate. Floriglumes /-nerved, mucronulate. lechleriana. £5. Spikelets about 8-flowered. Culms tall. c. Culms slender, glabrous. Upper glume thrice as long as lower. Floriglume 5 -nerved, awned. Leaves short, flat. purpurascens . c2. Culms naked a long way. Floriglume 8 mm., cuspidate. Spikelets few, 18 mm. long, 8— lo-flowered. serranoi. b6. Spikelets large, 8-25 mm. long, often viviparous. Culm 45 cm.; leaves strict, short, ligules long. Floriglume acuminate, silky. fuegiana. A2. Panicle oblong-contracted. Floriglumes acute, awnless. b. Leaf-blades long, smooth, 6—8 mm. broad. Spikelets 4-8-flowered, with woolly rachis. plant robust. alopecurus. bz. Leaf-blades narrow-linear, rigid, acute. Spikelets compressed, patent. antarctica, A$. Panicle contracted, subsecund. Culms slender, 40 cm., tufted or creeping. Leaves one third as long. Spikelets 3-8-flowered ; floriglume short-awned. Also sterile shoots. ovina. A^.. Panicle racemose, secund. b. Leaves narrow-linear ; culm and sheaths glabrous. Rays alternate. Spikelets 5-9- flowered. Awns rough, exceeding the smooth floriglumes. muralis. b2. Leaves convolute, with auriculate ligules. Culm 20 cm., basally jointed and sheathed, Glumes unequal, the lower setaceous. Flowers in 5's, long-awned. myums. b$. Leaves linear-setaceous ; culm 25 cm. Panicle spike-like in upper part. Lower glume small. Awn twice as long as floriglume. bromoides. A$. Panicle long-racemose, not secund. b. Leaves linear-filiform. Culm i meter, slender. Panicle inclined, few-spiculate. Spikelets 7-9-flowered. Awn short. gracillima. b2. Leaves linear, with long ligules ; culms thrice as long, 28 cm. Spikelets 4-flowered. Floriglume i-nerved, keeled above, awnless. patagonica. b$. Leaves flat, narrow, 1-4 cm. long ; culm 25 cm., branching. Spikelets few, 2-flowered. Lower glume the longer. Floriglume 5-nerved, awnless. biflora. A6. Panicle strict, its rays paired or solitary. Leaves thickish, lanceolate, acuminate. Spikelets few, 7-flowered. Floriglume setulose. platyphylla. MACLOSKIE I GRAMINEyE. 233 Aj. Panicle spike-like, afterwards spreading. Slender annual, 15 cm. tall, with convolute-seta- ceous leaves. Spikelets 4-5 -flowered, at length awned. eriolepis. AS. Panicle spicate. Plants glabrous. b. Awnless. c. Leaves convolute, pungent, the lower spreading fan-like. Spikelets compressed, 3 -flowered. arenaria. cz. Leaves involute with long ligules, equalling the culm, 20 cm. Rays in 2's and 3'$. Spikelets 4-flowered. shuka. b2. Short-awned. Leaves setaceous, pungent. Panicle secund, with rough rachis and flori- glume. Spikelets 3~4-flowered. erecta. £3. Long-awned. Culm 25 cm.; leaves much shorter, subulate ; ligules none, but sheaths auricled. Rays in 2's. Spikelets 3-flowered. pyrogea. i. F. ALOPECURUS Schreb. (Kunth sub Poo). Robttst, 60-90 cm. tall ; sheaths smooth, compressed, 30 cm. or more ; leaf-blades long, smooth, 6-8 mm. broad; ligules ovate, 10 mm. long, Panicle contracted, oblong-elliptical, 12 cm. long, dense, shining. Spike- lets (female) 4-8-flowered ; the glumes oblong-lanceolate, scarcely as long as the flower ; rachis long, woolly ; floral glume apically attenuate, acute, keeled, ciliate on the 3-5 nerves ; palea narrower, shorter. (West Mediterr. region); widely spread from Entrerios to N. Patagon., "fueo-catschu." (J. Ball.) 2. F. ANTARCTICA Kunth. Leaves erect, long-sheathing, narrow-linear, rigid, acute. Panicle con- tracted, oblong, interrupted at base. Spikelets compressed, spreading; fascicles of hairs rare, short ; floral glume acute. Several varieties arise from differences of size, and of pilosity of flowers. Possibly it is the same species as F. arundo (Poa alopecurus]. Falklands, abundant; Fuegia, Good-success Bay. 3. F. ARENARIA Lamk. Glabrous ; culms compressed, slender. Leaves convolute, pungent, the lower equal and spreading, fan-like, the upper short. Panicle spike-like, its rays distant, fastigiate. Spikelets compressed, about 3-flowered; the glumes equal ; floral ghtme awnless. Magellan; Falklands ; Fuegia to near Cape Horn. " Floral glumes often notched on each side, as in Dactylis. Fuegian specimens often vivipa- rous." 234 PATAGONIAN EXPEDITIONS : BOTANY. 4. F. ARUNDO Hook. f. (Poa ahpecurus Kunth.) 5. F. BIFLORA Steud. Culm branching at the base, thin, glabrous, not 30 cm. high ; with ster- ile branches in dry sheaths ; culm-sheaths green, ligules oblong, 2 mm., leaf-blades flat, narrow, 1-4 cm. long, 0.5 mm. wide. Panicle very nar- row, racemose ; the rays solitary, i-3-spiculate ; the spikelets lanceolate, 2-flowered. Glumes shorter than the flowers, the lower one the longer. Floral glume 5-nerved, obtuse or subacute. Grain obscurely trigonal. Patagon., by saline lakes. 6. F. BROMOIDES Linn. Culm 15-30 cm. high; the leaves linear-setaceous, complicate. Pan- icle secund, spicate upward. The glumes unequal, lanceolate, acuminate, the upper 3-nerved, as long as the lower flower; the lower i -nerved, one third as long. Floral glume scabrous towards the point, its awn twice as long as its flower. (Eur.) Falklands, near the settlements, as if introduced. 7. F. COMMERSONI Franchet. Cespitose, glabrous, glaucous. Culms smooth, slender, erect, 50 cm. tall ; leaves shorter, rush-like, rigid, pungent. Panicle short, its lower rays long, spreading. Spikelets 3-4-flowered, mostly viviparous. Glumes purplish, ovate-lanceolate, scabrid, margin ciliate; floral glume larger, setulose. Palea ciliate-keeled. Magellan, Churucca ; Fuegia, Beagle Channel, and near Cape Horn ; W. Patagon. (Dusen.) F. COMMERSONI VIVIPARA. W. part of Magellan Str. (Dusen.) 8. F. ERECTA d'Urville. Leaves setaceous, erect, glabrous, slightly pungent (9 cm.), as long as the subspicate, secund panicle. Rachis very rough, spikelets oblong-lan- ceolate, 3-4-flowered ; flowers erect, approximate ; glumes unequal ; floral glume rough, shortly awned. Fuegia to Hermite I.; Falklands. (See note on Gynerium pilosum, P- 213-) MACLOSKIE I GRAMINE.-E. 235 F. ERECTA CIRROSA Speg. Leaves coarse and rigid, cirrose or subcircinate. Fuegia, Puerto Roca. 9. F. ERIOLEPIS Desv. Slender, cespitose annual, 10-20 cm. high, branching at the base. Leaves convolute, setaceous. Ligules very short, 2-auricled. Panicle 25-50 mm., somewhat spiciform, erect, spreading in anthesis. Spikelets 4-5-flowered. Glumes unequal, the lower linear, i -nerved, acute ; the next broader, 3- nerved, longer. Floral glume with rigid, spinose hairs, at length awned. Stamen i. (ChiH.) F. ERIOLEPIS NANA Hier. Culms 3-7 cm. tall. Leaves 15-20 mm. long. Panicle spike-like, 10- 15 mm. long. N. Patagon., at Carmen de Patagones, Golfo de San Jorge. IO. F. FUEGIANA Hook. f. • Erect, tall, 30-60 cm., glabrous. Leaves substrict, short, 7-10 cm.; broadly linear, acute, involute-margined. Lig- ules long. Panicle effuse or contracted, 10 cm. long with scabrous rays. Spikelets 8-10 mm. Glumes ovate-lanceolate, acuminate, subcarin- ate. Flowers short-pediceled, webby at base. Flowering glume acuminate, 5-nerved, the nerves silky on the back. (Fig. 42, on right.) Patagon., Chubut; Fuegia, everywhere in rocky, maritime and mountainous parts. F. FUEGIANA VIVIPARA Hook. f. Viviparous form, with glabrous culms and effuse panicle, and spikelets 25 mm. long. (Fig. 42, on left side.) Patagonia. T~> T-.I -1 FIG. 42. II. F. GLAUCOPHYLLA Phil. ~ . , . c ., , ^ Festuca fuegiana. Spikelets, Culm tall, sheathed almost tO top, SCabrOUS normal on right, viviparous on left. near top. Ligules short. Panicle 20 cm. long, (From Flora Antarct' ) lax, 2 rays in semiwhorls, these long, capillary, spiculiferous at top. 236 PATAGONIAN EXPEDITIONS I BOTANY. Spikelets 10 mm. long, 4-5-flowered. Glumes unequal; floral glume puberulous, 8 mm., shortly awned. W. Patagon., by Rio Palena. 12. F. GRACILLIMA Hook. f. Glabrous. Culms tall, nearly a meter, slender, exceeding the linear- filiform, involute leaves. Panicle simple, long, few-flowered, inclined. Spikelets rather large, y-9-flowered, exceeding the flat pedicels. Glumes unequal, linear-oblong, scarious-bordered, the upper broader, 3-nerved ; floral glume puberulous, shortly awned. Flowers remote at the base. (Calif.) Magellan; Valley of Rio Gallegos; N. and E. Fuegia (Dusen); N. Patagon., by Lago Nahuel-huapi, W. Patagon., by R. Aysen, on the elevated steppes (Dusen). F. GRACILLIMA BREVIFOLIA Speg. Leaves more rigid than in the type, half as long as the culm. Panicle more lax and strict. Magellan, by Gregory Bay and Possession Bay ; Fuegia. F. GRACILLIMA PATAGONICA Speg. Leaves coarser, rigid, more trigonal. Floral glumes puberulous. S. Patagon., by Rio Gallegos. 13. F. LECHLERIANA Steud. Somewhat creeping. C^thns 30-60 cm. high, the floriferous and the sterile mixed. Leaves narrow, canaliculate or convolute, puberulous ; ligules short, ciliolate above ; lowest with short sheath and short blade. Panicle 7-10 cm. long, the rays solitary and paniculately divided, the ray- lets few-spiculate. Spikelets 5-y-flowered ; flowers lax. Ghtmes lanceo- late, exceeding the lowest flower ; floral glume y-nerved, mucronulate below the apex. Magellan. 14. F. MURALIS Kth. Culm and sheaths glabrous. Leaves narrow-linear, internally pubes- cent. Panicle simple, secund, its rays alternate. Glumes all glabrous ; spikelets lanceolate, compressed, 5-9-flowered, with rough awns which exceed the non-ciliate floral glumes. MACLOSKIE : GRAMINE^. 237 (Chili, etc.); Patagon., by Rio Chubut, on dry, elevated plains. F. MURALIS PYGM/EA. Patagon.; at Puerto Madryn. 15. F. MYURUS Linn. Root fibrous. Culm basally geniculate, erect, 15-30 cm., covered by sheaths up to the panicle. Leaves convolute ; ligules 2-auricled. Panicle long, racemose, subsecund, erect or nodding. The upper empty glume acute, the lower setaceous shorter. Flowers in fives, lanceolate-subulate, attenuate, long-awned, scabrid. (S. Eur.; Argent.); Patagon. 1 6. F. OVINA Linn. Slender-tufted or creeping, 15-50 cm. high; leaves one third the height of the culm ; the sheaths with auricled throat and short ligules ; culm 2-3-leaved ; sterile shoots with numerous leaves, more or less con- duplicate. Panicle compact, subsecund, 3-10 cm. long. Spikelets sub- elliptical, 3-8-flowered ; floral glume narrow, scarious-margined, involute with age, shortly awned. Grain oblong, grooved, adhering to glume and palea. (In N. Hemisphere, greatly varying ; Brit. & Br. i, 217.) 1 6b. F. OVINA ANTARCTICA Hack. As var. magellanica, but its leaves are (especially the sheaths), waxy- glaucous, the culms low, 4-5 cm., the panicle only 2-3 cm. long; floral glumes strigillose. E. Fuegia. (Ansorge.) i6c. F. OVINA BREVIFOLIA S. Watson. Leaves all setaceous, the uppermost very short, almost obsolete, sheaths loose, soon splitting. (Subarctic in both hemispheres; and in Rocky Mts.) At Coy Inlet. (J. B. Hatcher, Nov. 23, 1896.) \6d. F. OVINA DURIUSCULA (L.). F. duriusctda Linn. Hard Fescue. Culms rather tall and stout, and leaves firm, usually smooth. Panicle mostly lax ; floral glumes 6 mm. long. 238 PATAGONIAN EXPEDITIONS I BOTANY. (Eurasia; Algeria; nat. in N. Amer.; Austral.; N. Zeal.); Magellan, Fuegia. 1 6e. F. OVINA MAGELLANICA (Lam.) Hack. (F. magellanica Lam.) Rhizome branching, its branches long-filiform, producing fertile and sterile culms to 20 cm. high. Leaves shorter than culm, convolute-fili- form, pubescent inside, smooth outside ; ligules short, ciliolate. Panicle simple, slightly unilateral, rigid, 5-7 cm. long; its spikelets 7-10 mm., oval, 4-5-flowered. Glumes unequal, acute, the lower i -nerved, linear, the upper 3-nerved, lanceolate, half as long as the spikelet. Flowers spreading, not purplish but olive, shortly awned. Ovary glabrous. Vary- ing much, foliage always rigid. Magellan, Fuegia; Falklands. 17. F. PATAGONICA Phil. Culm 28 cm. high, glabrous, purplish ; leaves erect, narrow-linear, plane, rarely half as high as the culm ; ligules long. Panicle contracted, linear ; pedicels scabrid. Spikelets 7 mm. long, 4-flowered ; glumes sub- equal, ovate-acuminate, toothed above in the keel ; upper empty glume 3-nerved at base, 3 mm. long; floral glume ovate, obtuse, i -nerved, keeled from the middle, 4 mm. At Lago Pinto, S. Patagon. » 1 8. F. PLATYPHYLLA Steud. Culm stout, erect, 45-60 cm., glabrous. Leaves thickish, lanceolate, rigid-acuminate, 7-17 cm. by 8 mm. at base; ligules short, laciniate ; the lowest sheaths often ending in short lanceolate appendages. Panicle strict, its rays paired or solitary, angular; raylets few-spicular. Spikelets lax, 7-flowered ; glumes unequal, shorter than the lowest flower, green- purplish ; floral glume with minute setulae. Magellan. 19. F. POGONANTHA Franchet. Cespitose, glaucous; culms tall, to 60 cm., slender, smooth. Leaves much shorter, smooth, convolute. Panicle lax, cernuous, its rays rather short, suberect. Glumes lanceolate, mucronate, purplish, the lower scarcely more 3-nerved than the upper. Flowers 2-3, scarcely exsert, MACLOSKIE : GRAMINE^E. 239 enclosed by hairs ; floral glume like -the empty glumes, acute ; palea bicuspidate, marginally long-ciliate. Occasionally viviparous. (Fig. 41.) Patagon. (Port Eden) ; Fuegia. 20. F. PURPURASCENS Banks & Sol. Stoloniferous. Culms tall, to one meter, slender, glabrous, remotely nodose. Leaves plane in part, acuminate, shorter than the culm. Panicle lax, inclined, its rays elongate, few-flowered at the apex. Spikelets oblong, 12 mm. long, about 8-flow- ered ; glumes 3-nerved, lanceolate, the upper thrice larger ; flowers glabrous ; floral glume 5-nerved, 3-toothed, the midtooth awned. (Fig. 43.) Magell. ; Sta. Cruz Valley (Hatcher) ; Fuegia (Hatcher). 21. F. PYROGEA Speg. Perennial, cespitose, small, 20-30 cm. tall, the leaves shorter than the pubescent culm; ligules none, but sheaths ascens. Spikelet. auricled above ; the leaf-blades subulate, glabrous, slender, rigid, obtusely pointed. Panicle as a lax spike, the rays paired. Spike- lets lanceolate, compressed, 3-flowered. Glumes unequal, subcarinate. Floral glume 3-nerved, scabrid, long awned. Palea hyaline-bifid. S. Fuegia, at Ushuaia, found once only, but abundant. (Speg.) " Marked by the leaves being without ligules, the sheaths having bilaterally unequal auricles, subulate lamince, and pubescent culms." 9 22. F. SERRANOI Phil. Culm tall, naked a great way at the top, smooth ; ligules short. Pan- icle 22 cm. long, few-flowered; the semi-whorls far distant, each ray 2-branched, and each branch 5-spiculate at the top. Spikelets 8-io-flow- ered, 18 mm. long;' floral glume 8 mm., cuspidate. W. Patagon., by Rio Palena. 23. F. SHUKA Speg. Perennial, cespitose, small, 12-30 cm. tall, the leaves involute, glabrous, scarcely shorter than the culms; ligules long, acute, exsert. Panicles spike-like ; the rays in 2's or 3*5. Spikelets lanceolate, compressed, 4-flow- ered. Glumes equal, long, navicular-carinate. Floral glume relatively broad, 7-8 mm. by 2 mm., rough, apically mucronate, not awned. 240 PATAGONIAN EXPEDITIONS I BOTANY. Beautiful with its long ligules ; habit of F. antarctica Kth. Staaten I., Fuegia; rare in maritime, rocky places. 54. BROMUS Linn. Bromegrass. Leaves flat, the sheaths often closed. Panicles exserted, the pedicels thickened above ; the rachilla articulated between the floral glumes. Spikelets large, several-flowered. Chimes unequal, the empty glumes not awned, or the second sometimes with a short awn ; floral glume longer, 5~9-nerved, the apex hyaline, bifid, the midnerve produced as an awn; palea as long, its two keels ciliate. Stamens 3 or fewer. Styles short, lateral. Grain adhering to the palea. Species 40, in temperate regions. Brit. & Br. i, 219. KEY TO THE SPECIES. A. Spikelets i-4-flowered, plant robust, with rather broad, long leaves. Rays in 5's, each i-3-spiculate. Spikelets 13 mm. long. patagonicns. A2. Spikelets 2-6-flowered, 12-25 mm- l°ng. tne flowers not imbricate. Awn jointed and twisted. Cespitose, 60 cm. tall. trinii. A$. Spikelets 4-7(1 2)-flowered. b. Spikelets 5-flowered, with short awns. Culms about 25 cm. c. Panicle simple, its rays i-spiculate; spikelets to 15 mm. Leaves linear, velvety. Floriglumes 5 -nerved. pellitus. c2. Panicle 4-spiculate ; spikelets longer than their pedicels, purplish. Leaves puberu- lous ; floriglume silky. picttts. b2. Leaves hairy or rough. c. Culm 10 cm.; leaves narrow, convolute-setaceous. Spikelets 1-3, each 6-i2-flow- ered. Floriglume 9-nerved, awn rather long. macranthus. c2. Culm 50 cm.; leaves linear. Panicle nutant, rays mostly in twos. Spikelet 5-6- flowered. Floriglume g-nerved, with short straight awn. hcenkeanus. • CT>. As hcenkeanus, but spikelets 4-5 -flowered, and floriglumes /-nerved. andimts. £•4. Culm 75 cm. ; leaves flat. Panicle rays 2-3-spiculate. Floriglume 14 mm., very acute, short-awned or awnless. uniolaides. £3. Leaves glabrous, flat. Culms i meter tall. Awns short. c. Stout, nodes all subbasal. Leaves linear. Panicle 18 cm. long, rays 2-spiculate. Spikelets 2 cm., green and violet, 4-6-flowered. Floriglume 16 mm. long, 7- nerved. hackeli. c2. With woody rhizome. Leaves lanceolate, rough-edged. Panicle 30 cm. long ; rays i-3-spiculate. Spikelets violet to white, variegated. Empty glumes short. coloratus. I. B. ANDINUS Phil. Culms i meter high, smooth ; leaves and sheaths except the lowest gla- brous ; leaves plane, with a long ligule. Panicle 25 cm. long, few-flow- MACLOSKIE: GRAMINE/E. 241 ered, lax ; the paired rays of each semiverticil bearing on their upper half few acute spikelets ; pedicels nearly equalling the spikelets, rough, grad- ually thicker. Spikelets to 27 mm. long, 4-5-6" owered ; glumes 3-nerved, ii mm. long, the upper a third larger; fioriglume 13 mm. long, y-nerved, margin broad, scabrous, hyaline, awn 5 mm. In Andes of Chilian (Spegazzini) ; its lower leaves 5 mm. broad ; lig- ules 5 mm. long. Differs from B. hcenkeanus by its acute, 4-5-flowered spikelets. B. ANDINUS SCABRIVALVUS Speg. Glumes minutely appressed-pubescent. Chubut, by Lago Fontana. 2. B. COLORATUS Steud. Rhizome woody. Culm jointed at the base, stout, i meter high, striate, glabrous. Leaves lanceolate, 15-30 cm. by 1-4 mm., rough-edged ; the ligules ovate, toothed. Panicle 30 cm. long, its rays semi-verticillate, rough, naked at base, i-3-spiculate. Spikelets compressed, 5-y-lax-flow- ered, violet to whitish, variegated. Glumes shorter than the lowest flower ; floral glume glabrous, shortly awned below its apex. Magellan, Punta Arenas ; Fuegia, south of Navarino I. B. COLORATUS VIVIPARUS Steud. Differs from the species by having spikelets green, few-flowered, very large (40-50 mm. by 10 mm. ) ; flowers awnless, the lower sterile, the upper viviparous. Fuegia, by borders of woods. 3. B. HACKELI (Hack.) Macl. (B. patagonicus Hack, nee Phil.) Culm erect, i meter high, stout, glabrous, its few nodes crowded below. Sheaths close, the lower pubescent ; ligules ovate, 3-4 mm., erose ; leaf- blades linear to 12 cm. by 4 mm., glabrous. Panicle oblong, rather simple, to 1 8 cm. long ; its rays paired, rough, 2-spiculate. Spikelets oblong, 2 cm. long, compressed, mixed green and violet, 4-6-flowered. Empty glumes slightly unequal (10-12 mm.), lanceolate, 3- and y-nerved, keels rough ; floral ghtme lanceolate, acute, 16 mm., y-nerved, shortly awned ; palea as long, its keels spinulose-ciliate. Ovary 3-horned. So. Patagon. (O. Nordenskjold.) 242 PATAGONIAN EXPEDITIONS: BOTANY. 4. B. H^ENKEANUS Knth. Root fibrous. Culm erect, terete, glabrous, to 60 cm. tall. Sheaths rough-hairy; ligules ovate, exsert, denticulate. Leaves linear, plane, both sides rough. Panicle simple, contracted, nodding ; rays in 2's below, single above, about i-spiculate, and the spikelet 5-6-flowered. Lower gfames ovate, 3 and 9-nerved ; floral glume 9-nerved, rough, 2-toothed, with a short straight awn between its teeth. Patagon., Chubut, in upland meadows. » 5. B. MACRANTHUS Meyen. (B. setifolius Presl.) Cespitiferous annual with fibrous roots. Culms decumbent at base, terete, striate (10-12 cm.), rough at the panicle and sheaths. Ligule short, ovate, fimbriate. Leaves narrow-linear, convolute-setaceous, rigid, hairy. Panicle depauperate, of 1-3 spikelets, each 6-i2-flowered. Glumes roughish, slightly unequal, 3-5-nerved; floral ghtme oval, Q-nerved, rough, obtuse ; subapical awn two thirds as long as the spikelet. " (Mex.; Chili); Patagon., Chubut. (B. mango Desv. formed the chief bread-stuff in Chili before the advent of Old World cereals. Its grain has a linear hilum.) 6. B. PATAGONICUS Phil. Culm robust, smooth, sheaths glabrous, ciliate below the mouth ; ligule truncate, denticulate ; lamina of upper leaves broad, very long. Panicle erect, its rays in 5's, each bearing 1-3 spikelets ; these 13 mm. long, 4- flowered. Glumes ovate-lanceolate, acute, unequal, the lower i -nerved, the upper 3-nerved. Floral glume with appressed hairs ; subapical awn more than one third its length. » Chili; Patagonia.1 1 By the courtesy of Miss Day of the Gray Herbarium I give Philippi's description of this little- known species : BROMUS PATAGONICUS Ph. Br. robustus, glabriusculus ; vaginis laevibus, glabris, infra os cili- atisj ligula truncata, denticulata ; lamina foliorum superiorum longissima, lata ; panicula erecta ramis quinis in quovis semiverticillo, erectis, apice spiculas I ad 3 gerentibus ; spiculis pedicello longioribus, 6 lin. (13 mil.) longis, quadrifloris ; glumis ovato lanceolatis, acutis inaequalibus, in- feriore uninervia, superiore trinervia, dimidiam spicalam aequante ; palea inferiore (sublente for- tiori pilis appressis vestita) uninervia, apice biloba ; arista sub apice orta tertiam paleae partem superante. Philippi, Anal. Univ. Chile, XLIII, 1873, P- 577- MACLOSKIE I GRAMINE/E. 243 7. B. PELLITUS Hack. Culm low, 20 cm., erect, rather robust, pubescent. Leaves velvety, linear-obtuse, 4 cm. by 2-3 mm., the ligules truncate. Panicle 4 cm., ob- long, crowded, simple, its rays i-spiculate. Spikelets oval, to 15 mm. long, 5-flowered, with dense hairs ; glumes 3-nerved, 6 and 8 mm. long ; floral glume dorsally velvety, 5-nerved, shortly awned ; palea as long, truncate, its keels ciliolate. Has the habit of B. mollis L. S. Fuegia. (Dusen.) 8. B. PICTUS Hook. f. Culm simple, 30 cm. tall, strict, puberulous. Panicle simple, 4-spicu- late, the spikelets exceeding the pedicels. Glumes linear-oblong, sub- acute, 5-flowered, purple ; floral glume linear-ovate, obtuse, with a short infra-apical awn, y-nerved, silky towards the base. Magellan, Punta Arenas; E. Patagon. Characteristic of the grassy plains. Fuegia. 9. B. TRINII Desv. Cespitose annual, 15-90 cm. high. Leaves glabrous or hairy. Ligules ovate, "toothed. Spikelets 2-6-flowered, 1 2-25 mm. long, subcompressed, ovate or lanceolate. Glumes linear, acuminate, i -3-nerved; flowers not imbricate. Floral glume linear-oblong, attenuate both ways, 5-nerved, hirtellate, 2-lobed, awned between the lobes, the awn twisted, geniculate, divaricate. Patagon., at Puerto Madryn ; in woods on Cordilleras. 10. B. UNIOLOIDES Kth. Southern Chess. Culm erect, to 90 cm. tall, 4~5-leaved, mostly glabrous. Lower sheaths often overlapping and often rough ; leaf-blades flat, scabrous on upper surface. Panicle rays erect or spreading, in 2's or 3*5, few-spiculate upwards. Spikelets compressed, 6-io-flowered. Empty glumes unequal, acute, firm, 3-5- and 5~9-nerved ; floral glumes very acute, 12-16 mm. long, awn short or wanting. Palea 10 mm., pectinate-ciliate, incurved. (In southern U. S. and through S. Amer. Brit. & Br. i, 224.) N. Patagon.; S. Patagon. (Dusen); Magellan; Fuegia. B. UNIOLOIDES HIRSUTUS Speg. Dwarf, 20-40 cm. high. Leaves laxly pilose, their sheaths retrorsely hirsute. 244 PATAGONIAN EXPEDITIONS I BOTANY. S. Patagon., by R. Sta. Cruz. B. UNIOLOIDES HUMILIS Speg. Dwarf, 10-15 cm. high, glabrous. Leaves narrow, short, subrigid. Culm erect, few-flowered. Spikelets 4-5-flowered, shining. S. Patagon., by RR. Gallegos and Sta. Cruz. B. UNIOLOIDES MICRANTHUS Speg. Variety slender, tall and glabrous ; panicles narrow, erect ; spikelets not nutant, small, 3-4-flowered (8-10 mm. by 3 mm.), compressed and pale green. Glumes and palece acute, not awned. Patagon., Chubut, in marshy woods. 55. LOLIUM Linn. Darnel. Flat leaves, and terminal, often long, spikes; spikelets solitary, sessile and alternate in the notches of the rachis ; compressed with their edge towards the rachis ; having each only i empty ghime, except the terminal spikelet which has 2. Species 6, of the Old World ; introduced to Amer. I. L. BRASILIANUM NeCS. Root repent, with leafy fascicles. Culms ascending, 15-45 cm. high, simple, compressed, above retrorsely scabrous. Leaves linear, plane, acuminate. Spike nearly muticous (5-15 cm.) ; spikelets 5-io-flowered. Floriglumes acute, the upper short-setulose below their apex. Perennial. (Brazil) ; N. Patagon., in elevated places near Rio Negro. 2.^ L. PERENNE Linn. Ryegrass. Root perennial. Empty ghime shorter than the 8-i5~flowered spikelet; floral glume awnless or shortly awned. (Eur., nat. in N. Amer., Brit. & Br. i, 225.) Magellan (Dusen) ; Falklands, on sandy shores. 3. L. TEMULENTUM (Desv.) Hack. Bearded Darnel. Root annual. Empty ghime as long as the 5-7-flowered spikelet ' ; awn 1 2 mm. long, exceeding the flower. The seeds have a narcotic poison. (Eurasia; N. Amer.) Magellan. (Dusen.) MACLOSKIE : GRAMINE^E. 245 56. LEPTURUS R. Br. Hard-grass. Low, branching annuals, or taller perennials, with narrow leaves. Spike simple, terminal, slender, having i-2-flowered spikelets, distichous in the excavations of a jointed rachis. Rachilla short, articulated above the lower glumes ; produced like a short awn. Empty glumes 1-2, rigid, much longer than the hyaline florighime. Palea hyaline, 2-nerved. Species 6; Old World, some in Austral., N. Zeal, and Pacific Is., and i introduced to U. S. (Eng. & Pr. ii. 2, 25, fig. 15.) L. CYLINDRICUS Trin. Arech. Las Gram Urug., p. 4,689, n. 69. N. Patagon. in dry places near Carmen. 57. AGROPYRON J. Gaertn. Wheat-grass. Spikes simple, terminal, with large, many-flowered, sessile spikelets, single and alternate in the notches of the rachis ; the spikelets compressed, with their sides towards the rachis. The 2 lower glumes empty ; the floral glume rigid, rounded, its 5-7 nerves partly connivent above, having a callus which falls off with the ripe grain ; palea often ciliate on its keels. Styles short ; grain pubescent at apex. Upper flowers of the spikelets often more or less imperfect. (Distinguished from Triticum by its floral glumes having connivent nerves, and the deciduous callus.) Species 30 ; of temperate regions. • i. A. ELYMOIDES Hack. Cespitose ; cnlm stout, 20-30 cm. tall, glabrous, 2-nodal, naked upwards ; the sheaths resolved into fibers, the leaf-blades linear-acute, 8-10 cm. by 2-3 mm. Spike linear, dense, 6-8 cm. long. Spikelets imbricate, ovate-oblong, 3-flowered and a rudiment, 1 2 mm. long. Empty glumes subequal, very narrow linear-lanceolate ; floral glume much broader, 8-10 mm., ending in an awn of 3 mm. Palea as long, its keels ciliolate. E. Fuegia. (Dusen.) 2. A. FUEGIANUM (Speg. sub Triticum}. Perennial. Base cespitose or creeping. Leaves fasciculate, erect, hispid, much shorter than the fertile culms ; their laminae plane, narrow, apically involute-subulate ; ligules very short, truncate. Culms erect, 246 PATAGONIAN EXPEDITIONS I BOTANY. sheathed half-way, shining. Spike short, lax, few-flowered. Spikelets sessile. Empty glumes obovate, glabrous, awnless. Floral glume 5-7- nerved, coriaceous, scabrid upwards, awned; palea hyaline, subretuse, its margin pectinate-ciliolate. W. Fuegia, by margin of salt lakes. A. FUEGIANUM PATAGONICUM Speg. Leaves and sheaths glabrous. Ligules more developed than in the type. Spike more depauperate ; spikelets more remote. Glumes longer, awned. Floral glume more glabrous. S. Patagon., by Gregory Bay, and Rio Sta. Cruz. 3. A. MAGELLANICUM Hack. ( Triticum repens magellanicum Desv. 71 magellanicum var. glabrivalva Speg.) Rhizome creeping. Culm 45-90 cm. high. Leaves internally punctate- scabrid, plane or convolute; ligules very short, toothed. Spike 8-15 cm. long, green. Spikelets erect, rather lax, oblong-elliptical, com- pressed, 12-16 mm. long, 3-4-flowered. Glumes subequal, half as long as the spikelets, convex, 4-6-nerved, inequilateral, muticous or mucronate, apically erose. Floral glume 5-nerved, oblanceolate-elliptical, muticous or short-awned, often emarginate, outside densely hairy-scabrid. S. Patagon. on eastern and western coasts ; Magellan ; Fuegia ; Staaten ; Falklands. • A. MAGELLANICUM coNDENSATUM (Presl.) Speg. (sub Triticuni]. Leaves involute, rather scabrous ; sheaths glabrous ; ligules short (i mm.), truncate, entire. Spike distichously branching, dense, erect, strict (7 cm.). Rachis triquetrous. Spikelels 6-flowered. Glumes oblong- lanceolate, acute, 7-nerved, half as long as the lanceolate flowers ; floral glume 5-nerved, scabrous, mucronate ; palea emarginate, bidentate. Perennial (Chili?); Fuegia; S. Patagon. by Rio Sta. Cruz. A. MAGELLANICUM FESTUCOIDES Speg. Pedicels long. Flowers at length lax. Empty and floral glumes more narrow and acute than in the type. (Perhaps a distinct species.) S. Patagon., by Rio Sta. Cruz. MACLOSKIE: GRAMINE^E. 247 A. MAGELLANICUM LASIOPODUM Speg. Green, not rigid. Spikelets slender ; pedicels very short, densely silky- bearded. Glumes hirsute, acute, awned, as long as the rough flowers. Lowest leaves pubescent. (Perhaps a distinct species.) S. Patagon., by Rio Sta. Cruz. A. MAGELLANICUM SECUNDUM (Presl). ( Tritictim secundum Presl.) Root creeping. Culm basally ascending, then erect, covered by "sheaths and with glabrous nodes. Margin of ligule narrow; leaves involute, scabrid. Spike secund, erect, dense, 10 cm. long; rachis semiterete ; spikelets 3-flowered. Glumes lanceolate, rather shorter than the spikelets, y-nerved, mucronate, scabrid, as is the 5-nerved floral glume. Awn not as long as the floral glume. Perennial. (Chili); S. Patagon., by Rio Chico de Sta. Cruz; Magellan; Fuegia. 4. A. PUBIFLORUM Steud. Root long-fibrous (scarcely creeping) ; citlm jointed at the base, thence or entirely erect, 60-90 cm. tall, terete, glabrous. Sheaths striate, gla- brous (the lowest slightly violet); ligules short, hyaline, obtuse, denticu- late. Leaves narrow-linear, subsetaceously-attenuate, smooth, glabrous, 10-25 cm- long- Spike long, erect, to 15 cm., rather distichous. Spike- lets 5-7-flowered. Glumes lance-ovate with hyaline-membranaceous mar- gin, acute, 3~5-nerved, rough on the nerves. Rachis angular-setulose. Flowers distinct; floriglume puberulous all round, ciliolate, 5-nerved, long-acuminate (not awned). Palea as long, narrower, its keel ciliolate. Magellan ; Cabo Negro ; Rio Gallegos ; common through Fuegia. 5. A. REPENS (Linn, sub Triticum] Beauv. Couch-grass. Rootstock long, jointed. Culm 30-120 cm. tall; sheaths glabrous; leaves 20 cm. by 5-10 mm., rough on upper surface, their ligules short. Spike strict, 6-20 cm. long; spikelets 10-20 mm., 2-5-flowered, the mid- flowers overlapping. Empty glumes unsymmetrical ; floral glume 10 mm. long, cuspidate or shortly awned. Many varieties, from differences in size of spikelets, in forms of glumes, etc. (Brit. & Br. i, 226.) (Eurasia, N. Afr.; nat. in N. Am. A mischievous weed in cultivated lands.) Patagon.; Magell.; Fuegia to Cape Horn; Falklands. 248 PATAGONIAN EXPEDITIONS I BOTANY. A. REPENS PUNGENS Brongn. Glumes and palece pubescent ; spikelets with up to 6 flowers. Plant more stout than the northern form. Patagonia. 58. HORDEUM Linn. Barley. Erect annuals, rarely perennials, with flat leaves, and terminal spikes having i -flowered spikelets inserted in triplets, or 2, or 6, at each joint of the rachis ; the mid-one of each triplet being sessile, and the lateral pair with short pedicels and imperfect flowers. Rachilla articulated below the flowers, and produced above them as long awns or as glumes. Empty glumes rigid, often awn-like, and the six belonging to each triplet forming an involucre. Floral glume strong-awned ; palea nearly as long. Styles short ; grain adherent to the palea. Species 16, in Eurasia, N. Afr. and Amer. KEY TO THE SPECIES. A. Spikelets distichous, 2-ranked in the compressed, subcurved spike. Of the paired spikelets one is perfect and one neutral. Floriglumes awnless. andicolum. A2. Tristichous, spikelets in triplets. b. Culm creeping. Leaves hairy. Glumes all setaceous and scabrid. Mid-floriglume long- awned. Lateral spikelets male. comosiim. b2. Spike cylindrical, slender. Leaves short, convolute. Glumes scabrid ; mid-floriglume long-awned ; lateral spikelets neuter. chilense. b$. Spikes breaking into segments when ripe. c. Hairy. Coarse annual. Leaf-blades 5 cm. long. Joints of rachis 3 mm. Spike partly sheathed. Mid and lateral floriglumes dorsally flat, scabrous above. murinum. c2. Glabrous. Joints of rachis less than 2 mm. d. Culm basally geniculate. e. Culm 20 cm. Leaves narrow. Spike rigid, scarcely protruding. Empty glumes smooth. Lateral spikelets short-awned. maritimum. €2. Culm 50 cm. Leaf-blades 1 1 cm. long. Empty glumes rough. Central floriglume short-awned. pratense. d2. Culm 40 cm. Spike 6 cm., with a slender rachis, easily breaking. Central flori- glume and lateral empty glumes long-capillary. jubatum. A$. Spikelets hexastichous, in six ranks, and all perfect. Erect annual, 70 cm. tall. Spikes IO cm., compressed. Awns often 15 cm. Floriglume adhering to the grain. hexastichon. i. H. ANDICOLUM Gris. Cespitose perennial, with fibrous rhizome. C^tlms 20-30 cm. high ; leaves plane, acuminate, glabrous. Spike linear, compressed, slightly MACLOSKIE: GRAMINE/E. 249 curved. Spikelets distichous, spreading ; the sterile spikelets neutral, lit- tle shorter than the perfect. Empty glumes setaceous ; floral glume ob- long-lanceolate, acuminate, awnless ; the palea linear, shortly 2-toothed. S. Patagon and E. Fuegia (Dusen) ; high up in the mountains of Ar- gentina. H. ANDICOLA PUSILLUM. At Puerto Madryn. (Dusen.) 2. H. CHILENSE Brongn. Leaves short, subulate-lanceolate, erect, convolute, glabrous. Spike cylindrical, slender. Glumes subulate, subequal, scabrid. Mid-flower fertile, its floral glume lanceolate, awned, awn as long as the glumes. The lateral flowers neutral, with i glumelle ; the inner empty glume basi- lanceolate. (Chili) ; Patagon., Chubut, on dry hills; Fuegia. (Speg.) 3. H. COMOSUM Presl. Creeping. Leaves plane ; sheaths and blades pubescent. Glumes all setaceous, scabrid. Lateral flowers male, short-awned ; mid-flower per- fect, its floral glume 3-nerved, with rough apex and long awn. (Chili.) H. COMOSUM FLAVESCENS Desv. E. Fuegia. (Dusen.) 4. H. COMPRESSUM Griseb. Annual, ascending to 30 cm. Leaves plane, linear-acuminate, sca- brous. Spike linear-compressed. Spikelets a\vnless, scabrous. Empty glumes linear-acuminate, as long as the flo\ver in the neuter spikelets, half as long as the fertile spikelets, in these lance-linear, subpungent, ex- ceeding the palea. Flowers of lateral spikelets neuter. Ovary apically pilose. (Argentina) ; S. Patagon. in salinas by R. Sta. Cruz. 5. H. JUBATUM Linn. Squirrel-tail. Culm to 50 cm. tall, simple, slender, glabrous. SJieaths lax, usually shorter than the internodes. Spike 8 cm. long, when ripe breaking into segments. Awns of the empty and floral glumes long, smooth below. 250 PATAGONIAN EXPEDITIONS I BOTANY. (Arctic and temperate parts of N. Amer., Brit, and Br. i, 229.) H. JUBATUM PILOSUM Franchet. Leaves shortly hirtellate. Empty and floral ghmies scabrid. Magellan, Punta Arenas ; Fuegia. H. j. COMOSUM O. Ktze. Yellowish. Patagon. H. j. MEDIUM O. Ktze. Versicolored. Awns 3-4 cm. long. Patagon. H. j. NORMALE. . Violaceous. Patagon. 6. H. MARITIMUM With. (H. chilense R. & S. nee Brongn.) Root fibrous, cespitiferous. Culms erect, 10-22 cm. high, basally geniculate, glabrous. Leaves narrow, glaucescent, smooth. Spike erect, rigid, 25 mm. long. Lateral flowers male, short-awned, their inner glumes lance-oblong at base, the other setaceous. (Eurasia and Amer.) ; Argent. ; Patagon. 7. H. MURINUM Linn. Wall-barley. Cespitiferous annual with fibrous roots. Ctilms basally decumbent, becoming erect, 30 cm. high, smooth. Spike erect, dense, 5-7 cm. long, many-flowered ; its rachis articulate, frail with rough angles. Flowers all awned. Glumes of the mid-spikelet linear-lanceolate, ciliate, of the laterals setaceous-scabrid. (Eurasia and Amer.) ; Patagon. H. M. VELUTINUM Speg. Leaves densely velvety on both surfaces. S. Patagon., in old cultivated lands by R. Sta. Cruz. 8. H. PRATENSE Huds. (1762). Meadow-barley. (H. secalinum L. 1771 ; H. nodosmn L. 1762.) Cespitose perennial with hard roots. Culms sterile and fertile, genicu- late at base, 50 cm. high. Leaves usually smooth, linear, the ligules MACLOSKIE : GRAMINE/E. 25 1 short and rounded. Spike exserted, 3-7 cm. long, readily separating when ripe. Empty glumes all subulate, scabrous ; mid-flower cylindrical, shortly awned. (Eurasia ; W. United States ; Chili) ; N. Patagon. H. PRATENSE BRONGNIARTI. (H. secalinum chilense Brongn. nee Desv.) Perennial, cespitose, with hard roots, and culms with reticulately tuni- cate base ; 30-45 cm. tall. Leaf-sheaths subglabrous ; ligules short, rounded ; blades smooth or with rough margin. Spike cylindrical, narrow, 3-7 cm. long. Joints of rachis equal above and below. Spikelets in 3's ; glumes of lateral spikelets subulate-awned, as long as the awn of the hermaphrodite flower; the interior dilated at base, coriaceous. Palea i, lanceolate, muticous ; glumes of hermaphrodite flowers setaceous, non- ciliate, often shorter than the awn. Lower palea lanceolate, attenuate- awned; upper palea lanceolate, attenuate. (Chili); Valdivia; Chubut, on dry hills. H. PRATENSE CHILENSE DeSV. Cespitose perennial with hard roots and basitruncate culms, some sterile, 30-45 cm. tall. Leaf-sheaths subglabrous ; ligules short, rounded ; lamina smooth or rough-edged. Spike cylindric-narrow, 25-75 mm- l°ng- Rachis-joints equal throughout. Spikelets in 3's ; glumes of lateral flow- ers awn-like, as long as the awns of the perfect flowers, the palea solitary, muticous. E. Fuegia. (Dusen.) 9. H. PUBIFLORUM Hook. f. Wild-barley. Culm to 25 cm., inclined at base, glabrous. Radical leaves 5 cm. long, involute ; cauline leaves with long tumid striate sheaths, blades very short and subulate. Spikes 3-4 cm. long, tawny-purplish. Glumes all setaceous, hairy, scabrid above, 15 mm. long. Its smaller size and purplish spikes with hairy glumes, distinguish it from H. jnbatum. Growing wild in the hollows, it makes them purplish. Magellan, S. Patagon., Sta. Cruz Valley (Hatcher); Fuegia. (H. SECALINUM Schreb. = H. pratense Huds.) H. secalinum Sav. = H. maritimum.} 252 PATAGONIAN EXPEDITIONS I BOTANY. 10. H. VULGARE HEXASTICHON Linn. Flowers all hermaphrodite, 6-seriate. Spike erect, terete, awned ; the awns rather broad, more or less divergent, twice as long as the spike, which is 3-7 cm. long. Annual. (Cult, in N. Hemisphere) ; N. Patagon. (cult). 59. ELYMUS Linn. Wild-rye. Culms tall; leaves flat; spikes dense having (i-)2-several-flowered spikelets, mostly in pairs, sessile in alternate notches of the rachis, with the awned glumes as an involucre. Grain adhering to the palea. (Fig. in Brit. & Br. i, 230.) Species 30 in temperate regions. Distinguished from Hordeum by having 2 or more flowers in each spikelet (except E. uniflorus]. KEY TO THE SPECIES. A. Culm thick, spikes green-violet. b. 75 cm. Leaves smooth, becoming convolute. Spike 8 cm. Spikelets in 2's and 3*3; 3-4-flowered. Floriglume short-awned. agropyroidcs. b2. To 1 80 cm. Leaves 7 mm. broad. Spike 15 cm. Spikelets i -flowered, 12 mm. long. Awn 17 mm. tiniflorus. A2. Culm leafy, sheathed to the top. /;. Leaf-blades rough beneath, complicate. Spike 18 cm. Spikelets 18 mm., 5-flowered. Awn of floriglume 25 mm. palena. b2. Culms 60 cm. Leaves short, glabrous. Spike linear-oblong. Spikelets 2-flowered. Floriglumes awned, hairy above. antarcticus. Ay,. Culms stout, 45 cm. Blades glabrous. Spike narrow, erect, long. Spikelets paired, 3-flowered. Awn short. chubutcnsis. AA,. Culms slender. b. Glabrous, nearly a meter tall, with innovations. Sheaths and blades long. Spike 7 cm. Spikelets 3-flowered. ' Empty glumes short. Floriglume awned. albmvianus. b2. More or less puberulent. c. Culm 70 cm., sheathed half-way. Spike narrow ; spikelets in 2's, 3-flowered, 2 of them fertile ; leaves very narrow. Awn short. Icptostachys. C2. Culm 30 cm. Spike 8 cm.; spikelets 2-3-flowered, 1-2 fertile. Awn long. andinus. CT). Culm 75 cm., naked. Leaves rigid, broad, pubescent on upper surface. Spikes 7 cm. Spikelets 3 ; 2-flowered. Awn short. patagonicus. i. E. AGROPYROIDES Presl. Culm erect, 60-90 cm., as thick as a goose-quill. Leaves ultimately convolute, smooth; ligules short, round. Spike 7-10 cm. long, rigid, MACLOSKIE I GRAMINE^;. 253 dense, green-violet ; joints of rachis biconvex, subcompressed, 4-6 mm. long at base of spike. Spikelets in 2's and 3's, 3-4-flowered, of these 2-3 fertile. Glumes alike, just shorter than the spikelet, lanceolate, acuminate. Palea of lower flower 8-9 mm. long, the floral glume 2-lobed, short- awned. (Chili) ; Magellan ; Fuegia. Around Ushuaia is a form with pilose sheaths and leaves. 2. E. ALBOWIANUS F. Kurtz. Culm nearly a meter high, slender, with innovations from the rhizome. Culm-leaves plane, glabrous with 17 cm. long sheaths and longer blades, acuminate. Spike 7 cm. long, rigid, green or green-violet. Joints of rachis biconvex, narrowly winged ; spikelets (sometimes in triplets) 15-20 mm. long, including awns, 3-flowered. Empty glumes inequilateral, shorter than the spikelets, lanceolate, subulate or awned ; floral glume 1 6- 1 8 mm., ovate-lanceolate, 2-lobed, 3 of its 5 nerves continuing into an awn. S. Fuegia; around Ushuaia; by Rio Gallegos (Dusen) ; W. Patagon. 3. E. ANDINUS Trin. Culm slender, more than 30 cm. Leaves narrow, sparsely pilose; ligules short, truncate. Spike slender, linear, 5-12 cm.; joints of rachis plane inside, obtusely 4-angled ; 6-10 mm. long at base of spike. Spike- lets in pairs, 10 mm. long, 2-3-flowered, i of them sterile. Glumes linear, 3-nerved, acuminate, awned, shorter than the spikelet. Palecz of lowest flower subequal, 8 mm. long, narrow, the lower (floral glume) with awn 12-22 mm. long. (Chili) ; S. Patagon., on dunes by Lago Argentino. 4. E. ANTARCTICUS Hook. f. Culms erect, 60 cm. tall, leafy, glabrous; sheaths 12 cm. Leaf-blades shorter, plane, not exceeding the culms. Spike linear-oblong ; spikelets 2-flowered. Glumes free to the base, lanceolate, awned-acuminate, entire or bifid. Flowers shortly pediceled; floral ghime awned, 5-nerved, hairy upwards ; palea 2-toothed. One glume out of the 4 at each articulation is often bifid, the outer one on one side. Magellan ; Fuegia. 254 PATAGONIAN EXPEDITIONS : BOTANY. E. ANTARCTICUS FULVESCENS Kurtz. (E. valdivice Steud.) Spike beautifully fulvescent ; sheaths of the lower leaves pilose. Magellan ; Fuegia ; Navarino I. 5. E. CHUBUTENSIS Speg. Cespitose. Culms stout, 30-60 cm. tall, sheathed to the top, flaccid ; sheaths glabrous ; ligules very short, denticulate ; limbs membranaceous, mediocre, subglaucescent, glabrous, scarcely subscabrous. Spike narrow, erect, 5-10 cm. long; spikelets paired; glumes narrow-lanceolate, acute; flowers 4-5, the lowest sessile, the others pediceled, the three lower fertile and with an awn not their own length ; the uppermost one awnless and abortive. Patagon., Chubut, in upland meadows. 6. E. LEPTOSTACHYUS SpCg. Cespitose, slender, 60-80 cm. tall ; lower sheaths pubescent, others gla- brous, more or less elongate ; ligule very short, denticulate ; limbs mem- branaceous-rigid, linear, puberulous on both surfaces ; culms long, leaf- sheathed half-way, mostly naked above. Spike very narrow, 4-8 cm. long, erect ; spikelets paired ; glumes shortly mucronate-awned ; flowers in each spikelet three, the first sessile and fertile, the second pediceled and fertile, the uppermost pediceled and sterile ; floriglumes of the fertile flow- ers with an awn not their own length. Patagon., Chubut in meadows near woods, etc. 7. E. PALEN/E Phil. Culm sheathed to the top ; sheath smooth ; leaf-blades scabrid below, over 4 mm. broad, complicate. Spike 18 cm. long, 9 mm. broad, green. Spikelets 18 mm. besides the awn, 5-flowered; glumes 10 mm., awn 5 mm.; floral glume with awn of 25 mm. length. W. Patagon., by Rio Palena. 8. E. PATAGONICUS Speg. Cespitose, slender ; sheaths short, glabrous ; ligules very short, denticu- late ; leaf-limbs rigid, rather broad ; pubescent on upper surface, rigid on lower surface. Ciilms long,, naked. Spike linear, erect, 5-8 cm. long, with spikelets in 3*5, each 2-flowered ; glumes scarcely mucronate ; one MACLOSKIE : GRAMINE^E. 255 flower sessile and fertile ; floral glume 3-nerved, with very short awn, upper palea sterile, pediceled. Patagon., Chubut, in upland meadows. Beautiful for its ternate spikelets. 9. E. UNIFLORUS Phil. Culm 1 80 cm. tall, 4 mm. thick at its base. Leaves 7 mm. broad. Spike 15 cm. long, slender, green and violet. Spikelets i -flowered, 12 mm. long; ghimes n mm., nervose, short-awned. Floral glume ending in a 17 mm. awn. W. Patagon., by Rio Palena. 60. CHUSQUEA Kunth. (of tribe Bambuseai). Woody, with leaves often small, articulating on the sheaths. Spikelets i -flowered, variously panicled, the rachilla jointed above the lower glumes, not produced above the perfect, 3-androus flower. Empty glumes 4, the lower pair small or narrow, persisting, the upper pair like the floral glume, which is broad, 5-several-nerved, awnless. Palea as long as its glume, broad, 2-keeled upwards. i. C. CULEOU Desv. "Culeou." Erect, 3-4 mm. high, terminal culms robust; branches erect, 10-17 cm., fasciculate, many-leaved ; leaves coriaceous, linear-elliptical, mucronate, with five primary nerves, the mid one prominent; ligule ovate-rounded. Panicle 1-2 cm. long, strict, spike-like, i -sided. Spikelets 5-6 mm. long, obtuse ; glumes slightly shorter ; floral glume of the hermaphrodite flower, finely pubescent, 7-nerved, obtuse, mucronulate. N. W. Patagon., by Valdivia, common in moist woods. 2. C. MACROSTACHYA Phil. Leaves coriaceous, lance-linear, subulate, attenuate, the same color on both sides, mid-rib prominent. Floral glume setaceous. W. Patagon., by Rio Palena. 3. C. PALEN^E Phil. Branching, 14 cm. high. Leaves herbaceous, glaucous and glabrous underneath, cuneate at base, gradually ending in a long point, with no cross-veins. Floral glume very short, ovate. W. Patagon., by Rio Palena. 256 PATAGONIAN EXPEDITIONS I BOTANY. 4. C. QUILA Kunth. (C. valdimensis Desv.) Quila. Culm much branching. Internodes crowded, smooth. Branches fas- ciculately arising from the nodes, spreading, 4-5-leaved, smooth. Leaves lanceolate, 6-12 cm. by 4-6 mm., subattenuate at base and with a short petiole, glaucous-pilose underneath. Panicle 3-10 cm. long, becoming rigidly divaricate. Rachis angled, sulcate ; pedicels puberulous. Spike- lets ovate, shining, nervose. Empty glumes lanceolate-cuspidate, exceed- ing the neuter subequal flowers. Floral glume of second flower shorter than the terminal flower. (Chili); W. Patagon. (Supra, p. 5.) Family i i . CYPERACE.E. The Sedges. Grass-like or rush-like plants, usually with solid trigonous stems and narrow, mostly 3-ranked, leaves from closed sheaths. Spikelets glumif- erous, each with one glume subtending i or rarely 2 flowers ; the spike- lets solitary or clustered. Flowers mostly diclinous with hypogynous perianth, consisting of bristles or scales, or without perianth. Stamens 1-3, rarely more, filaments slender. Ovary i-locular, i-ovuled; style 2-3-cleft or subsimple. Achene lens-shaped or trigonous. Endosperm mealy, enclosing in the center a minute embryo. The leaves are usually hard and sharp-edged and consequently unfit for fodder. Species about 3,000, cosmopolitan, chiefly growing in damp places. KEY TO THE GENERA. A. Hermaphrodite ; though some of the flowers may be imperfect. Bristles or scales mostly representing a perianth. b. Spikelets numerous. Perianth-bristles 6, feathery, persisting. Spikelets 1-2 -flowered. I. Carpha. Perianth none. Glumes 2-ranked. 2. Cyperus. Perianth-bristles 6, or i, or o. Glumes spirally arranged. 3. Scirpus. bb. Spikelet i, terminal. Several -flowered. Styles thickened, forming a rostrum on the achene. Perianth-bristles 3-8, mostly 6. 4. Heleocharis. Perianth none. Stamens 1-3. {Kmbristylis p. p.) 5. Stenophyllus. i-, rarely 2-flowered. No rostrum. Leaves 2-ranked. 6 perianth-scales. 6. Oreobolus. bbb. Spikelets panicled, few-flowered, with two-ranked glumes. Perianth of 6 setae or none. Achene obtuse, drupe-like. 7. Elynanthus. MACLOSKIE : CYPERACE^E. 257 AA. Diclinous. Perianth none ; but achene enclosed in a utricle. b. Spikelets monoecious, the male spikelets above, many-flowered ; the females below in the same spike, I -flowered. Floral axis prolonged, often hooked. 8. Uncinia. bb. Spikelets monoecious or dioecious, all i -flowered, each in the axil of a glume, forming male and female or androgynous spikes. 9. Carex. i. CARPHA R. Br. Low, grass-like, with leaves crowded at the base, and many spikelets in . a terminal inflorescence with a few long leaf-like bracts. Spikelets nar- row, i-2-flowered. Hypogynous setce 6, plumose, persisting like a pappus. Style 3-branched. Achene 3-angled. Species 2, C. alpina R. Br. in Austral., Tasm. & N. Zeal., and the following: C. SCHCENOIDES Banks & Sol. Culms cespitose, to 2 cm. tall, terete, smooth. Leaves half as long, semiterete. Spikelets about 2-flowered, in a few-spiculate panicle. (Chili); Patagon., Eden; N. and S. Fuegia, on hills; Desolation L in W. Magell. (Dusen.) 2. CYPERUS Linn. Culms leafy near the base, with one or more in- volucrate leaves under the inflorescence. Spike- lets mostly flat, in umbellate spikes or heads ; at FIG. 44. least two of their flowers perfect ; their scales 2- Carpha schanoides. Spikeiet ranked. Perianth none; stamens 1-3. (Brit. & and fruit (From Flora antarc- . tica.) Br. i, 235.) Species 400, in tropical and subtropical regions, chiefly in moist places and near water. KEY TO THE SPECIES. a. Culm triangular. b. Umbel i-5-rayed. Bracts 3-4. Achenes fuscescent, punctulate. Awns uncinate. aristatus. b2. Umbel few-rayed. Bracts 3. Achenes dark-chestnut, punctulate. Culms short ; spikes compound. poeppigii. £3. Umbel 5-8-rayed, rays very short. Bracts 4. Achenes compressed, punctulate. Sides of scales dark- or blood-chestnut. melanostachyus-variegatus. i>4. Umbel 12-rayed. Bracts 6-8. Achenes brown. Tall, with long leaves. vegetus. 258 PATAGONIAN EXPEDITIONS I BOTANY. a2. Culm triangular-filiform. Umbel 2-3-rayed. Bracts 2. Achenes blackish. Scales yel- lowish, flavits. #3. Culm compressed. Head lax, 2-bracted. Achenes biconvex. Awn straight, quadrangular. cimicinus. I. C. ARISTATUS Rottb. Root fibrous, slender, cespitiferous. Culms triquetrous, erect, 14 cm., glabrous. Leaves linear, carinate, as long as the culm. Umbels 1-5- ' radiate; rays unequal, polystachyous ; spikelets fasciculate-capitate, 8-15- flowered ; heads oblong or elliptic-globose. Invohicre 3-4-leaved, very long; leaves y-g-nerved, acuminate, awned, the awns uncinate, yellow- green ; achene oblong, triangular, apicate, fuscescent, finely punctulate, one third as long as the scale. (Orient, Africa, Chili); N. Patagon., in Isla de Crespo, Rio Negro. 2. C. CIMICINUS Presl. (C. lorentziamts Bcklr.) Rhizome small, fibrous. Culms i-few, 15 cm. high, compressed, few- leaved. Leaves shorter than culm, complicate, spinulose-toothed. Head solitary, lax, with 2-leaved involucre. Spikelets 5-16, diverging, moder- ately compressed, linear-oblong ; scales with lucid castaneous sides ; fruit minute, scarcely half as long as the scale, compressed-biconvex, obovate, umbo-articulate, reticulate ; rachilla straight, quadrangular. (Argentina); N. Patagon., in wet parts along Rio Negro, near Carmen. 3. C. FLAVUS Presl. Roots fibrous, cespitiferous. C^tlms triangular-filiform, 30 cm. high, leafy at base. Leaves very narrow, half as long as the culm. Invohicral leaves 2, filiform, divaricate, exceeding the simple, 2-3-rayed umbel, with 2-3 spikes, having i4-i8-flowered linear-lanceolate, divaricate spikelets. Scales ovate-obtuse, 3-nerved, yellowish. Achene obovate, subglobose, punctulate, blackish. (Mexico; Brazil; Argent); Patagon. 4. C. MELANOSTACHYUS VARIEGATUS Knth. Style bifid. Root fibrous. Culms cespitose, ascending, 10 cm., triqiiet- rous, leafy at base. Leaves plane, linear, glabrous, shorter than the culm. Umbel 5-8-rayed, dense with very short rays ; umbellules 4-6-stachyous ; involucre about 4-leaved, much exceeding the umbel. Spikelets ovate- MACLOSKIE : CYPERACE/E. 259 lanceolate, acute,. sessile, i i-i5-flowered; scales ovate, obtuse, muticous, carinate-navicular, dorsally 5-nerved, olivaceous, and croceous-punctulate, the sides dark or sanguineous-castaneous ; keel green, shining. Achene ovate-oblong, compressed, apicate, punctulate, half as long as the scale. (Mexico); N. Patagon., in swamps near Carmen and Tres Cerros. 5. C. POEPPIGII Knth. Ctdms cespitose, short (5 cm.) triangular, with leafy base. Leaves plane, linear, scabrid on margin, exceeding the culm. Involucre 3-leaved, long. Umbel simple, few-rayed, fasciculately crowded ; rays very short, polystachyous ; spikelets on the rays arranged in compound spikes, linear, compressed, flexuose, about 4-flowered. Scales remote, ovate-elliptical, apically rounded, carinate, y-nerved, dorsally rusty-lined, laterally hyaline- pale. Achenes oblong-linear, trigonal, slightly arcuate, mucronate, punc- tulate, black-castaneous, shining, shorter than the scale. (Chili.) C. POEPPIGII PALLESCENS Kurtz. Pallid-green; the scales mostly i -colored. N. Patagon., in swamps near Carmen. Pale green plant. 6. C. VEGETUS Willd. Culm 60-120 cm. tall, trigonal; leaves as long or longer. Umbel i2-rayed; involucre 6-8-leaved, very long. Heads many-spiculate, sub- globose. Spikelets 2O-4o-flowered ; scales a third shorter, ovate, acute, 3-nerved, areolate, green or yellowish. Stamen i. Achene obovate, punctulate, shining brown, trigonal, mucronate, half as long as the glume. (Chili) ; Valley of Rio Negro, N. Patagon. (Roca Exp. and J. Ball.) 3. SCIRPUS Linn. Bulrush. Large or small "sedges" with leafy culms or leafless except the basal sheaths. Scales of the spikelets imbricated all round. Flowers usually perfect; perianth of 6-1-0 bristles. Style not swollen at base. Achene trigonal or lenticular. Species 200, cosmopolitan. KEY TO THE SPECIES. A. Spike solitary. b. Culm short ; root creeping. Spike ovate, few-flowered. Scales ovate, rusty to straw- white. Setae 6. Style trifid. albibracteatus. 260 PATAGONIAN EXPEDITIONS : BOTANY. b2. Culms numerous, cespitose ; sheaths mucronate. Spike ovate-oblong to linear. Scales black-purple with green keel. Setae none. ccrnuus. £3. Culm filiform. Spike oval, compressed. Scales with purplish margin. Setae 6, two of them shorter than the striate achene. retroflexus. Az. Cespitose. Culms filiform, i -leaved at base, glabrous. Spikes 1-2 (rarely 3-4). Invo- lucre i -leaved, exceeding the spikes. Scales with white sides having a purple spot. setaceus. AT,. Unequally umbelliform. b. Root creeping. Culm tall, leafy below ; leaves flat, as long as the culm. Involucre 3- 4-leaved. Spikes several, oblong. Scales ovate, bifid, midnerve mucronate-awned. Setae 2—6, barbed, or none. maritimus. b2. Cespitose, tall. Culm filiform, leafy below. Leaves setaceous. Involucre 3-leaved, shorter than the depauperate, 3-5 -leaved umbel. jnncoides. £3. Culm subtrigonal, striate. Involucre 2 -leaved, the outer pungent. Umbel many-rayed. Scales elliptical-round, mucronulate. Setae 2, barbed. riparius. 64. Culm leafless, 25 mm. high. Spikes 1-3 in a bracted head. Setae 6, retrorsely barbed. des cr ticola. AT,. Spikes several, bract i, exceeding them. Scales brown. b. Culms sharply 3-angled. Scales awned. Setae 2-3, retrorsely barbed, not exceeding the plano-convex achene. americamis. l>2. Culms slender, flattened above. Scales acute. Setae 3, retrorsely barbed, not half as long as the plano-convex achene. nevadensis. A^. Spikes in a decompound umbel, with unequal rays. Bracts 3-4. Scales recurved mu- cronate. Setae 6, retrorsely barbed. glaucus. i. S. ALBIBRACTEATUS (Nees & Mey. sub Eleocharis] O. Ktze. Root creeping. Culms very short, 25-40 mm. long, setaceous, striate, tetragonal, recurved. Spike ovate, few-flowered ; its scales ovate, obtuse, carinate, the sides rusty-red, or all straw-white ; the lowest sterile. Setae 6, whitish. Style trifid. Achene lenticular, punctate-striate, with yellow base, crowned by the persisting style. (Peru) ; Patagon. ; N. and E. Fuegia. 2. S. AMERICANUS Pers. Three-square. Perennial by long rootstocks. Culm triquetrous, erect, to one meter tall. Leaves 1-3, narrow, keeled, shorter than the culm. Spikelete ob- long-ovoid, in heads, as if. lateral. Involucral leaf slender. Scales broad-ovate, brown, emarginate, awned. Setae 2-6, retrorsely barbed. Stamens 3. Achene plano-convex. W. Patagon., wet elevations by Rio Aysen. MACLOSKIE: CYPERACE/E. 261 3. S. CERisiuus Vahl. (including Isolepis magellanica Gaud.). Root fibrous ; ciilms numerous, cespitose, 25-40 mm. high, angulate, capillary. Sheaths one third as long, ending in a mucro. Spike solitary, ovate-oblong to linear, obtuse, many-flowered. Scales ovate, the lowest acute, the others obtuse, black-purple with green keel. Setcz none. Achene obovate ("triquetrous," Speg.). (E. Hemisphere); Magellan; rather common in Fuegia. S. CERNUUS PYGM/EUS (Kunth sub Isolepis}. Scales carinate-navicular, broad, obtuse, mucronulate, their sides hyaline-white. Achene subrotund, flat inside. No perianth-bristles. S. Patagon., Beagle Channel. (Dusen.) "Has two forms, brevis and elongatiis." (Wiegarht.) 4- S. DESERTICOLA Phil. Creeping, cespitose; culms covered by castaneous sheaths, 25 mm. high, leafless. Leaves rosulate, plane, striate. Spikes 1-3, forming a terminal head. Lower bracts ovate, 5-nerved, apically coriaceous, greenish, equalling the head ; others shorter, narrower, scarious. Setce 6, hypogynous, retrorsely hispid. Achene ovate, triquetrous, acuminate, smooth, scarcely half as long as the scale. (Desert of Atacama; Mendoza); S. Patagon. by Rio Chico. 5. S. GLAUCUS Nees. Glaucous. Culm triangular, glabrous, leafy below, rough on the angles at the top. Leaves plane, carinate, scabrous on the angles and margin, almost equalling the culm. Involucre 3-4-leaved, longer than the supra- decompound cymiform umbel. Rays very unequal ; raylets apically i-5-ranked, cylindraceously oblong. Scales carinate, oblong, apically recurved-mucronate and ciliolate, fuscescent with a green keel. Achene round-elliptical, attenuate, long-mucronate. Setce 6, retrorsely spinulose. (Chili); Patagon., Neuquen, in damp places. 6. S. JUNCOIDES Willd. (Isolepis junciformis H. B. & K.) Culm cespitose, tall, 45 cm., strict, filiform, striate, rigid, glabrous, leafy at base. Leaves setaceous, canaliculate, shorter than the culm. Involucre 3-leaved, shorter than the depauperate 3~5-rayed umbel; the 262 PATAGONIAN EXPEDITIONS I BOTANY. rays unequal, i, rarely 2- or 3-headed, the heads globose, many-spicate ; the spikes ovate ; scales carinate-navicular, 3-nerved, brownish. Achene trigonal-obovate. (Brazil, etc.); N. Patagon. 7. S. MARITIMUS Linn. Root creeping. Culm stout, 30-90 cm. tall, trigonal, erect, glabrous or scabrous on the angles upwards, leafy below. Leaves flat, linear, as long as the culm, rough-edged. Involucre 3-4-leaved, i or 2 leaves longer than the others. Umbel simple, few-rayed, the rays unequal or all short. Spikes oblong, 6- 1 8 mm. by 4-6 mm., many-flowered. Scales ovate, api- cally bifid, acuminate, mid-nerve excurrent-awned, brown-rusty. Achene obovate plano-convex, finely tuberculate. Setce 2-6, short, retrorsely spinulose, or none. (Cosmopolitan); N. Patagon., "common at Tuy and elsewhere. Some- times used for thatching." (J. Ball.) At Rio Chico de la Sta. Cruz, by J. B. Hatcher; in fruit, March 24, 1897. 8. S. NEVADENSIS S. Wats. Stems clustered from a running rootstock, 30-60 cm. high, slender, leafy at base, somewhat flattened above. Leaves nearly as long, chan- neled or revolute, rough on margin, acute. Spikelets 1-8, ovate-oblong, acute, 8-20 mm. long, in sessile clusters, subtended by a single, erect, involucral leaf. Scales brown, shining, ovate, subcarinate, acutish. Setce 1-3, retrorsely barbed, not half as long as the broad-ovate, plano-convex, acute achene, 2 mm. long. Style 2-cleft. (Nevada); S. Patagon., in wet salinas near Rio Chico. 9. S. RETROFLEXUS Poir. (S, setaceus Nees non L., Heleocharis chcetaria R. & S.) Culm filiform, glaucous. Spike solitary, compressed, oval. Scales ob- tuse, their margin thin-purplish, dorsally green-carinate ; the 2 lower sub- equal, shorter than the spikelet. Setce 6, brownish, 2 of them shorter than the obovate, trigonal achene, which is punctate-striate, with rostrum dilated. (East Indies); N. Patagon. MACLOSKIE I CYPERACE^E. 263 10. S. RIPARIUS Presl. Culm obtusely trigonal, finely striate. Involucre 2-leaved, the outer leaf straight, pungent, continuing the culm, shorter than the umbel, the inner leaf still shorter. Umbel many-rayed, its rays trigonal. Bracts lanceolate, i -nerved. Spikes ovate-oblong, many-flowered. Scales ellip- tical-round, i-nerved, emarginate-mucronulate. Setce 2, retrorsely scabrid. Style bifid. Achene obovate, plano-convex. (Calif, to Chili); N. Fuegia, rare, Dusen ; abundant on the banks of Lago Nahuel-huapi. S. RIPARIUS TERETICULMIS Steud. Approaching S. americanus by its more or less terete, flavescent culms, 25-75 cm. high, finely striate, its depauperate umbel, about 6-rayed, its sanguineous bracts, its smaller dark sanguineous spikes, its broad-ovate, long-avvned scales. Style long, bifid. S. Patagon., by banks of Pa von I., in Rio Sta. Cruz, and Lago Argen- tine. ii. S. SETACEUS Linn. p. p. Ciilms cespitose, filiform, i -leaved at base, glabrous; the leaf linear- filiform, shorter than the culm. Spikes solitary or in pairs, rarely 3 or 4, ovate, obtuse, few-flowered. Involucre of i leaf, exceeding the spikes. Scales ovafe, submucronate, green at the keel, hyaline-white with a purple spot at each side. Achene round-elliptical mucronate, its sides ribbed lengthwise and striate across. (Eurasia, Austral., Chili); Magellan. 4. HELEOCHARIS (Eleocharis] R. Br. Spike-rush. Sedges with simple culms, the leaves usually reduced to sheaths. Spikelet solitary, terminal, erect, many-flowered, not involucrate. Scales concave, imbricated spirally. Perianth-bristles 1-8, retrorsely barbed, or none. Stamens 2-3. Style 2-3-cleft, its base enlarged and persisting as a rostrum on the lenticular or trigonal achene. Species 80, cosmopolitan, from tropics to the arctic regions. KEY TO THE SPECIES. a. Style usually 2-cleft. b. Low, creeping by thick rootstock. Stylo-base constricted. Setae none-3. funebris. b2. Creeping horizontally ; stout. Achene with flat rostrum. Setae 4 or none, palustris. 264 PATAGONIAN EXPEDITIONS : BOTANY. b$. Slender. Spike oval, i-bracted. Achene 2-edged. uniglumis. 64. Style bifid or trifid. Setae rigfd, persisting. Bulb rugose. Spike terminal. sulcata. at. Style 3 -cleft. t. Stems minute, setaceous. Flowers distichous. Setae 2-4. acicularis. &2. Stems filiform. c. Spike solitary, bractless, dark purple. Achenial bulb conical. Setae 3~4-(6). inelanocepliala. c2. Spike sublateral, with bract-like scale. Style trifid less than half-way ; bulb as broad as the achene. pachycarpa. #3. Achene transversely striate. Culm triangular-filiform. Setae 3-4. striatula. i. H. ACICULARIS Roem. & Sch. Stems setaceous, almost round ; sheaths leafless. Spike ovate, acute. Glumes equal, acute. Stigmas 3. Setae 2-3. H. ACICULARIS LILLIPUTIANA Speg. Cespitose, with small cttlnis, 5-10 mm. long, quadrangular, green, pur- plish-sheathed at base ; spikes acrogenous, 4-y-flowered, flowers disti- chous, scales ovate-elliptical, obtuse, entire. Setce 4, retrorsely spinulose. Patagon., in river swamps near Golfo de San Jorge. * 2. H. FUNEBRIS Speg. Rhizome thick, creeping. Ciilms low, densely fasciculate-cespitose, the fertile and sterile intermixed ; terete or subangulate, scarcely sulcate, smooth, green, leafless, sheathed at base ; sheaths wine- or dark-purple- colored below, pallid upwards, obliquely truncate and submucronulate. Spike strictly acrogenous, fusoid-subovate, many-flowered ; scales ovate, acutish, obsoletely i -nerved, often dorsally green and marginally dark- purplish. Stamens 3, minutely mucronulate, with none-3 slender, retrorse setae, just surpassing the ovary. Style cleft from the middle, moderately bulbose-thickened at base. Achene obovate, ventrally flat, dorsally con- vex ; stylar-bulb persisting with a constriction below, fuscous-yellow, smooth, or obsoletely reticulate-punctulate. S. Patagon., in swampy elevations near Rio Carren-leofu. 3- H. MELANOCEPHALA DeSV. Small, handsome, creeping, with filiform culms, 2.5-5 cm- high, strict, often curved, leafless, sheath purple. Spike black-purple, solitary, bract- MACLOSKIE : CYPERACE^E. 265 « less, ovate-acute, 3-7-flowered. Scales ovate-obtuse, concave-carinate, i- nerved, never green nor reaching the apex. Setce 3-6, shorter than the achene. Stamens 3, anthers linear, obtusely appendaged. Style apically 3-cleft, its divisions thick. Acliene half as long as the scale, triangular, obovate-elliptical, punctulate. Tubercle conical. (Andes) ; S. Patagon, along Rio Sta. Cruz, in swamps. 4. H. PACHYCARPA DeSV. Creeping. Culms filiform, erect, quadrangular, 7-25 cm. high, Spike sublateral, many-flowered, ovate-obtuse with lower scale ovate-acute, bract-like. Scales ovate, subcarinate, lax, i -nerved, black-sanguineous, scarious on margin and top. Style trifid less than half way, its divisions thick. Achene trigonal, thick, lutescent, truncate. Tubercle very large, conical, mostly broader than the achene. (Chili) ; a form in S. Patagon. (by O. Nordenskjold). 5. H. PALUSTRIS R. Br. Culm stout, nearly terete, striate, about a meter tall. Spike thicker than the culm, oblong-lanceolate, many-flowered. Scales white-bordered, with green keel. Bristles usually 4, sometimes none. Achenes narro'w- obovate, rostrum flattened. (Eurasia; N. Amer., Brit. & Br. i, 251.) Patagon. by Rio Chico and Carren-leofu ; Falklands. 6. H. STRIATULA DeSV. Creeping. Culm erect, flaccid, 7-20 cm. high, filiform, quadrangular, smooth, sheathed at base, leafless. Spike several-flowered, lanceolate, elongate. Scales ovate, concave, obtuse, dorsally green, laterally blood- red, i -nerved, the nerve not to the apex. Setce 3-4. Stamens 3, anthers long, obtusely mucronate. Achene elliptical, costate, transversely stri- ate, pallid, with a small conical tubercle on top. (Chili) ; S. Patagon., by Rio Sta. Cruz. 7. H. SULCATA Nees. In the group having the perigynial setce rigid, persisting ; style bifid or trifid ; bulb or stylobase suberose, rugose, persisting, Achene obo- vate, biconvex. Spicule solitary, terminal. (New Mexico.) 266 PATAGONIAN EXPEDITIONS ; BOTANY. H. SULCATA FILICULMIS (Schrad.) Kurtz. N. Patagon., swamps near Carmen. 8. H. UNIGLUMIS Link. Culm from a stoloniferous base, erect, gracilescent, scarcely exceeding 30 cm.; sheaths apically ustulate, lacerous. SJ)ike oval, bract single, subrotund, with its base embracing the whole spike. Scales oblong, rather obtuse, fuscescent, with a green keel. Achene 2-edged ; style bifid, with a very thick base, not corrugate. (Eur.; N. Amer.); S. Patagon., swamps between S. Julian and Rio Deseado. 5. STENOPHYLLUS Raf. Annual sedges, with slender, erect culms, and basal linear-filiform leaves having hairy sheaths. Spikelets in umbels or heads, or solitary, with a i-3-leaved involucre, and scales oblong, spirally-imbricated. Perianth none. Stamens 2-3. Style 2-3-cleft, its base persisting as a tubercle on the trigonal achene. Species 20, in warm and temperate regions. S. CAPILLARIS (L. sub Scirpus] Brit. (Gray sub Finibristylis]. Culms 15 cm. high and leaves tufted, filiform, shorter than the culms. Spikelets several or only i, often panicled, ovoid-oblong. Stamens 2; styles 3-cleft. Achenes yellow-brown, wrinkled across, larger upwards. (N. and trop. Amer., Brit. &. Br. i, 258) ; N. Patagon. 6. OREOBOLUS R. Br. Dwarf cespitose, with distichous leaves and a single i -flowered terminal spikelet (rarely 2 Spikelets) terminating the erect peduncle. Glumes 3. Perianth represented by 6 narrow, rigid, subequal, hypogynous scales, which persist like a pappus. Achene smooth, ovoid, with no rostrum. Species 3, in S. Austral., Tasman., N. Zeal., Hawaiian Is., S. Amer. i. O. OBTUSANGULUS Gaud. (O. pumilio R. Br.) Culm sharply trigonal, covered below ; the leaves linear. Scape axillary, short, compressed, i -flowered. MACLOSKIE : CYPERACE^E. 267 (N. Zeal., Tasman., S. Austral., Chili, etc.), W. Magellan, Port Eden; Fuegia to Cape Horn; at Packewaia in Beaver Ch.; Staaten I.; Falklands, abundant. (Fig. G-H in Engl. & Pr. ii, 2, 114.) 7. ELYNANTHUS Nees. Low or rush-like, with narrow leaves and few-flowered spikelets, the upper flowers male, the lateral hermaphrodite ; several sterile scales dis- tichously imbricating the base of the spikelets, which form a close or lax panicle. Stamens 3, rarely more, to 8. Style 3-branched, broad at base. Achene broadly ellipsoid, obtusely triangular, the angles costate. Benth. & Hook. Gen. PI. iii, 1063, distinguish these from Schcenus by their terminal panicles, non-flexuous rachis, habit and nut. Species 30, chiefly in S. Afr., with scattered species in S. Austral., New Zeal., and extra-trop. S. Amer. i E. ANTARCTICUS (Hook. f. sub Chcetospora]. Culm cespitose, terete, leafy at base, leaves narrow-linear, rigid, scarcely equalling the culm, semiterete, gla- brous. Spikelets i -flowered; about 6 of them in a short panicle, shorter than the 5-leaved involucre. Scales distichous, keeled, unbearded. Setae 6, capillary, exceeding the achene. (Mts. of S. Chili) ; Cape Tres Mon- tes; N. & S. Fuegia; W. Magellan. (Dusen.) 2. E. LAXUS (Hook. f. sub Ckcztospom}. Culm 30-60 cm. tall, cespitose. Leaves about as long, only i mm. wide, striate, margins serrulate. Pan- FIG. 45. icle lax, 6 Cm. long, with longer bracts Elynanthus laxus. Inflorescence, spikelet and the pedicels i-spiculate. Spikelets 2- flowered, with 5 scales, the highest with a male, the next with a 268 PATAGONIAN EXPEDITIONS : BOTANY. perfect flower. Perianth of 4-6 setae, persisting, and exceeding the achene. (S. Chili.) Patagon.(?). 3. E. SODALIUM (Hariot) Franchet. Culm 30 cm. tall, the leaves shorter, their apex pungent, their sheaths and the scales of the i -flowered spikelets black. Panicle contracted, io-i2-spiculate. '• Perigonial setae (12?), slender, persisting, exceeding the ovate achene and its 3-branched style. Fuegia, forming peat near Cape Horn, and subalpine in Navarino I. in Beagle Ch. 8. UNCINIA Pers. Spike simple, terminal, monoecious, its scales imbricated with numerous male flowers in each of the upper scales, and solitary female flowers in the lower. Scales not keeled ; the achene enclosed in a utricle, at the base of a slender axis which usually protrudes as a "seta" or "awn" and usu- ally ends in a hook. Species 30, mostly southern, in Austral, and N. Zeal.; one in Fer- nandez ; and the following. KEY TO THE SPECIES. A. Smooth. b. Culm thick at base ; leaves longer, linear. Awn-protrusion as long as the utricle. c. 7 cm. Scales whitish. Awn-extension reddish, ciliate-edged. phleoides. C2. 60 cm. Scales white-margined. Utricle shining. macrophylla. b2. Culm slender, 90 cm. tall. Leaves large, flat. Spike large, cylindrical ; scales white- margined upwards. Awn-protrusion half as long as the apically pilose utricle. cylindrica. £3. Culm stoloniferous, crowded-leafy at base. Scales hyaline-margined. c. Leaves setaceous, shorter than the culms. Awn straight. microglochin. c2. Leaves narrow, plicate. Awn-protrusion (twice ?) as long as the utricle, yellow. Culm 20 cm. sinclairii. A2. Smooth, save the scabrid edges and mid-nerves of the leaves. b. Cespitose, creeping, 7 cm. Leaves narrow, involute. Spike capitate, naked. Scale lan- ceolate, pale-nerved. Awn-protrusion half as long as the utricle. kingii. b2. Culm simple, 30 cm. tall, leafy below. Leaves linear. Spike i-bracteate. Scale- mar- gins rusty. Awn-protrusion as long as the rough-edged utricle. macloviana. £3. Root thick ; culm 45 cm. high. Leaves plane, flaccid, as long as the culm. Spike lax. Scale-margins brown, smooth. Awn-protrusion as long as the apically setulose utricle. lechleriana. £4. Robust; culms 75 cm. tall. Leaves broad-linear, as long. Spike thick, cylindrical. Awns 6 times as long as utricles, projecting all around. macrotricha. MACLOSKIE : CYPERACE^E. 269 AT,. Scabrid. b. Culm 30 cm., leafy below, rough above. Leaves shorter, linear. Spike lax, depauperate. Scales marginally white-hyaline, glabrous. Awn-protrusion twice as long as utricle. tenuis. l>2. Culm 36 cm. tall, leaf-remains at base. Leaves as long, flat. Spike with 3 bracts. Scales pale-fuscous, 7-nerved. Utricle lanceolate, glabrous. Style thickened at base. bracteosa. £3. Culm 60 cm., filiform, sheathed at base. Leaves shorter, flat. Scales sanguineous. Awn-protrusion as long as the utricle. triquetra. I. U. BRACTEOA Phil. Culm 36 cm. tall, scabrid above, base with remains of old leaves ; leaves as long, 4 mm. broad. Spike oblong, 40 by 15 mm., lax, with 3 involucral leaves, one of these 3 times its length. Female scales spread- ing, lance-ovate, the lowest 10 mm. long, pale-fuscous, dorsally green, 7-nerved. Utricle lanceolate, glabrous. Achene ovate-oblong, truncate ; style thickened at base. Smith Channel of W. Patagon. 2. U. CYLINDRICA Franchet. Culm 90 cm. tall, slender, smooth ; leaves large and flat, 6 mm. broad. Spike 10 cm. long, slender, cylindrical, shortly male at the obtuse apex. Scales firm, concave-ovate, gla- brous, white-margined upwards. Utricle oblong-fusiform, obtuse, many-nerved on the convex back, ventrally plane, pilose at top and on margins, equalling the scale, 5 mm. ; awn a half longer. (Fig. 47, right side, p. 271.) Fuegia, Molyneux Harbor, in woods. 3. U. KINGII Boott. Cespitose, root creeping; culm 8 cm. high. Spike capi- tate, naked. Utricle lanceolate, narrowing upwards, its SpikeTnd SPTe'- mouth truncate, obliquely cleft, its surface ferruginous, let showing its smooth, exceeding the pale-nerved lanceolate scale. Awn scale, utricle, and half longer than utricle. (Fig. 46.) W. Magellan, S. Fuegia, alpine by Rio Grande on Beagle Ch. (Dusen) ; at Port Cook (Speg.). 270 PATAGONIAN EXPEDITIONS I BOTANY. 4. U. LECHLERIANA Steud. Root fibrous, thickened. Culm erect, round-angular, 45 cm. tall, sheathed below. Leaves as- long, flat, margins rough. Spike lax, with leafy scales at base, attenuate, male above. Scales oblong, obtuse, pale, the edge brown, glabrous, exceeding the oblong-triquetrous, apically setu- lose utricle. Awn hooked, exserted part as long as its utricle. Magellan, Fuegia, on Beagle Channel. 5. U. MACLOVIANA Gaud. Culm simple, erect, 30 cm. high, trigonal, glabrous, the base leafy. Leaves plane, erect, rigid, linear, rough inside and on edges. Spike slender, erect, cylindrical, 4-5 cm. long, with a basal setiform leaf. Utricle lance-oblong, plano-convex, i -nerved, the angles ciliate-rough, equalling the obtuse scales. Awn twice as long, hooked. (Montevideo) ; Magellan ; Falklands ; Fuegia, near woods. U. MACLOVIANA MONTANA (Phil.). Smaller than U. macloviana Gaud., its leaves shorter, subapically toothed. Spicule extremely attenuate, 1 8 mm. by 2.5 mm. Scales similar in male and female, orbiculate-ovate, utricle oblong-oval. S. Fuegia. (O. Nordenskjold.) 6. U. MACROPHYLLA Steud. Root very fibrous, its neck thickened by sheaths of old leaves. Culm erect, triquetrous, smooth, glabrous, firm, leafy at the base, 60 cm. high. Leaves plane, 2-4 mm. broad, and much overtopping the culm, acumi- nate. Spike cylindric, 7 cm. long, by 12 mm. thick, naked at base, apical cone male. Scales fuscous, with whitish margin, the lower exceeding the obtusely triquetrous, oblong, shining utricle. Seta uncinate, the exsert part as long as the utricle. (Chili); W. Patagon. 7. U. MACROTRICHA Franchet. Culm robust, 75 cm. tall, trigonal, rough-edged. Leaves as long, broad-linear, smooth save on margin. Spike thick-cylindrical, attenuate upward, acute. Scales oblong, obtuse, half as long as the utricles, pallid. MACLOSKIE I CYPERACE/E. 271 Utricle gray, broad-obovate, rostrate, incurved-refract in middle. Awn 6 times as long, hooked, extending outwards. (Fig. 47, left side.) Patagon., Otway. 8. U. MICROGLOCHIN (Wahl. sub Carex] Sprengel. Rhizome stoloniferous. Cubn 10- 15 cm. high, smooth, terete, sulcate, leafy at base. Leaves strict, setace- ous, much shorter than culm. Spike naked, i cm. long; male part 5-6- flowered; female part 4-i2-flow- ered. Scales oblong, at length- chestnut-colored ; the dorsal nerve clearer, margin hyaline; scales of female flowers ovate-oblong, ob- tuse, soon deciduous, involving the utricles, which are 5 mm. long, green, becoming brown, terete. Achene with a straight, setaceous, exsert awn. Stigmas 3. (Arctic and alpine parts of N. Hemisphere) ; Fuegia to Cape Horn. FIG. 47. Uncinia macrotricha (2 figures on left), top of spike and achene ; Uncinia cylindrica ( 2 figures on right), spike and utricle. (After Franchet.) U. MICROGLOCHIN FUEGiANA (Kiikenthal). (Carex oligantha Boott. non Phil., etc.) Taller and stouter. Spike few-flowered, about 2-3 male flowers and 3 females. Utricles 6 mm. long, deflexed. Stipe more conspicuous. S. Patagon. ; W. Magellan, Fuegia to Orange Harbor and Horn I. 9. U. PHLEOIDES Pers. Culm thick at base, smooth, 7 cm. high. Leaves longer, broad-linear. Spike 10 cm. long, pallid, basiattenuate. Scales lax, the female obovate, whitish, rusty-zoned. Utricle 8 mm. long, oblong-linear, attenuate both ways ; its edges ciliate. Awns 6 mm. long. Achene obtuse-angled, pale. (S. Chili; "Quin-quin"); Patagon.(?) 272 PATAGONIAN EXPEDITIONS I BOTANY U. PHLEOIDES BRACHYTRICHA Speg. Leaves scarcely equalling the culm, plane or plicate, not scabrid. Culms scarcely leafy at base. Awn slightly exsert, 10 mm. long. Patagon., Chubut. U. PHLEOIDES LONGISPICA Franchet. Culms 30-60 cm. tall, glaucescent. Leaves exceeding 30 cm., by 8 mm. broad. Spike dense, from a linear, attenuate bas'e, with clavate apex, 9-18 cm. long. Utricle red-tomentose above. S. Patagon., Otway. 10. U. SINCLAIRII Boott. Rhizome stoloniferous. Culm 5-25 cm. high, rather curved, smooth, obtuse-angled. Leaves crowded at base, narrow, plicate. Spike narrow- oblong, 1-2 cm. long, rather dense; male part the shorter ; female scales ovate, obtuse, straw-brown, dorsally many-nerved, margin hyaline. Utri- cle just exceeding the scales, 4 mm. long, ovate, attenuate both ways ; hispid next the short rostrum. Achene ovate, trigonal. Awn yellow, twice as long as the utricle. (New Zealand); Fuegia by Rio Azopardo. "The Fuegian plant has taller culm and shorter male part of the spike than the N. Zeal, plant." (Dusen.) 11. U. TENUIS Poeppig. Creeping, slender; culm leafy at base, rough at top. Leaves shorter than culm, linear, rough-edged. Spike slender, lax-flowered, depauperate. Scales ovate, acuminate, i -nerved, the lowest awned, articulate, deciduous, except the saccate base. Utricles elliptical, attenuate both ways, plane or obtuse-angled, glabrous, truncate ; their awn long-hooked, twice the utri- cle in length. S. Patagon., by Cabo Negro and Punta Porpesse; Fuegia, Ushuaia; Cape Horn. 12. U. TRIQUETRA Kiikenthal. Rhizome cespitose. Culm 60-70 cm. high, strict, filiform, obsoletely tri- quetrous, scabrid upwards, base covered by brown sheaths. Leaves shorter than the culm, 3 mm. broad, plane, very green. Spike 4-6 cm. long, lax-linear, male part short, scales oblong, obtuse dorsal nerve green, not reaching the apex ; female scales longer, blood-red. Utricles exceeding MACLOSKIE: GRAMINE/E. 273 the scales, 7 mm. long, elliptical-trigonal, greenish, obsoletely nervous, with short rostrum. Achene oblong. Awn glabrous, twice as long as the utricle. W. Fuegia; Beagle Channel, by Rio Olivaia. 9. CAREX Linn. Sedge. Grass-like herbs, usually with trigonal culms, sheathed by the closed base of the 3-ranked leaves. Flowers monoecious or dioecious, solitary in the axils of scales, without true perianth, forming spikes which are sub- tended by the upper leaves, and are wholly male, or wholly female, or with the flowers androgynously mixed in the same spike. Stamens 3, rarely fewer. Style-branches 2 or 3. Achenes trigonal or lenticular, en- closed in a utricle. Species more than 1,000, cosmopolitan, most abundant in temperate zones, often cespitose and forming tussocks in marshy places. CAREX ANALYSIS, FOR SPECIES OF SOUTH AMERICA. (Based on Kiikenthal in Engler's Bot. Jahrb. xxvii, 558.) The species reported from Patagonia have their numerical position prefixed. 1. Spike i, androgynous. 2. Spike i, subglobose, male above, female below, with long bracts. Leaves filiform, half as long as the culm. (28) C. ortega. Spikes numerous. 12. 2. Spike directly terminal. Stigmas 2-3. 3. Pseudolateral. Stigmas 3. 6. 3. Stigmas 3. Spikes 5-6-flowered. Utricle terete, subulate. Achene with an exsert seta. (Sub Uncinia, p. 271) C. microglochin fuegiana. Stigmas 2. Utricle plano-convex. 4. 4. Rhizome creeping. Spike few-flowered ; scales acute. C. trichodes. Rhizome deep, sending up many low, angulate-terete, sulcate culms. Dioecious, male spike solitary, female spikes few. Utricle convex-concave with long rostrum. (37) C. subantarctica. Rhizomes cespitose. Spike many-flowered, obtuse. 5. 5. Scales round, persistent. Utricle broad. C. capitata. Scales ovate, caducous. C. caduca. 6. Spike i, pseudolateral. Stigmas 3. Culm low, leafy. Rostrum long. C. vallis-pulchra Phil. Culm taller. Fruit suberostrate. 7. 7. Culm triquetrous, weak. Leaves plane. Utricle winged. C. selloiviana. Culm subterete, smooth. Leaves not plane, few. Utricle not winged. 8. 8. Culm thick, leafless. o. Culm slender, leafy. IO. 274 PATAGONIAN EXPEDITIONS '. BOTANY. 9. Basilar sheaths mediocre. Bract half as long as spike. Female scales obtuse, deciduous. (3) C. aphylla. Basilar sheaths large, the upper produced. Bracts twice as long as spike. Female scales acute, persistent. C. molince. 10. Rhizome cespitose. Culms all flowering. Leaves reduced. C. berteroani. Rhizome bearing also sterile culms. Leaves developed. n. 1 1 . Culm rigid, exceeding the rigid leaves. Spike globose, many-flowered. C. andina, Culm slender, nearly hid in sheaths. Spike subglobose, few-flowered. (29) C. patagonica. 12 (from i). Spikes numerous. Spikes sexually mixed. 13. Spikes sexually distinct. 37. 13. Hyparrhene. Spikes basally male. 14. Acrarrhene. Spikes apically male. 16. 14. Hyparrhence. Spikes crowded into a head. Utricle winged, long-rostrate (Uncinia). (26) C. Icporina L. (C. macloviana d'Urv.). Spikes 5-6, ovate, contiguous. Utricle plano-convex, margined. Rostrum 2-toothed. (31) C. propinqua N. & M. Spikes remote. Utricles short-rostrate. 15. 15. Scales white. Spikes small. Utricles not winged. (9) C. canesccns L. or (36) siiirilis d'Urv. Scales blackish. Spikes larger. Utricle spinulose-winged. (4) C. atropicta Steud. 1 6. Acrarrhence. Spikes more or less sessile. 1 7. Spikes 4, upper one androgynous, lower female and stalked. Stigmas 2. (25) C. lechleri. Spikes long-stalked. 3 1 . 17. Spikes remotish, short-petioled, long-bracted. C. untguensis. Spikes crowded in a head. 18. 1 8. Head involucrate. Rostrum incurved. 19. Head exinvolucrate. Rostrum straight. 23. Head with a long leafy bract : rostrum cleft. (13) C. divisa Huds. 19. Sheath cross-wrinkled. Spike long, compound. C. brongniartii Kth. Sheath smooth. Spike short, simple. 20. 20. Utricles tubercled, nervose, and spongiose. (6) C. bonariensis Dsf. Utricles smooth. 2 1 . 2 1 . Spike oblong. Utricle nervose, spongiose. (7) C. bracteosa Ktze. Spike ovate or ovate-oblong, not very nervose. 22. 22. Spike 2' cm., crass. Utricles green-margined. C. soraira Kth. Spike I cm., less crass. Utricles green- or fulvous-margined. (23) C. involncrata Bt. 23 (from 1 8). Head long. Utricle narrow, ciliate-margined. Rostrum long. Culm hid among leaves. C. reichii Krk. Head ovate or triangular. Utricle broader, not ciliate-margined. 24. 24. Utricle membranaceous, not crass. 25. Utricle suberose-incrassate. 26. 25. Culm terete, compressed, incurved. Leaves plicate, not thick. Spike globose, ovate, male flowers generally concealed. Scales broad-ovate, mucronate. (22) C. incurva Lightf. • MACLOSKIE : CYPERACE^C. 275 Culm obtusely triquetrous. Leaves subterete, thick. Spike oblong, male part conspicuous. Scales ovate-lanceolate, acute. C. melanocystis Desv. 26. Utricles coriaceous, margined, not winged. 27. Utricles membranaceous. Wings crass at margins. 30. 27. Spikes compound. Rostrum rough, more or less incurved. C. marcida Bt. Utricle dorsally convex. Rostrum straight. 28. 28. Utricle small, 2 mm. high, spongy. Spikes often unisexual. (18) C. gayana Dsv. Utricle longer, thicker. Spike androgynous. 29. 29. Culm rough above. Spikes compound. Utricle not stiped. C. ntacrorrhiza Bt. Culm smooth ; spikes simple. Utricle stiped. C. hypoleucos Dsv. 30 (from 26). Culm compressed-trigonal, rough upwards. Utricle 4 mm., ovate, attenuate- stipitate, 2 -toothed, with long rostrum. C. pycnostachya Dsv. Culm thick, smooth. Utricle 3 mm., glabrous, ovoid, winged, stiped. (24) C. kurtziana Kuk. 3 1 . Spikes long-pediceled. (From 16.) Spike of few, simple, rarely compound, spikelets. 32. Spikes 10-12, upper 4 male, lower ones long-stalked. Stigmas 2. Rostrum 2-toothed. Bracts exceeding culm. (20) C. incompta. Spike paniculate, of many spikelets. 35. 32. Lateral spikelets subbasilar. Utricle pyriform. Stigmas 3. 33. Lateral spikelets subterminal. Utricles plano-convex. Stigmas 3. 34. 33. Rhizome laxly cespitose. Spike clavate. Scales whitish. C. phalaroides Kuk. Rhizome densely cespitose. Spikes scarcely cespitose. Scales pubescent. C. macella Kth. 34. Spikes slender, laxiflorous. Utricles elliptical, not as long as the scales. C. pifhichensis Hum. Spikes crass, densiflorous. Utricles broad-ovate, equalling the scales. C. brunnescens Bck. 3 5 (from 31). Panicles divaricate. Utricle green, red-spotted. Stigmas 2. C. seditiosa Steud. Panicle contracted. 36. 36. Secondary panicles interrupted. Utricle 3.5 mm., planoconvex. Stigmas 2. C. catantarcensis Clk. Secondary panicles contiguous. Utricles 2.5 mm., trigonal -globose. Stigmas 3. C. latibracteolata Kiik. 37. Spikes sexually distinct. (From 12.) Terminal spike basally male; laterals only female. Stigmas 3. C. bolhiensis var. H. & M. Spikes 3, short, males at base and sometimes at apex, the lower stalked and bracted. Utricle compressed. (16) C.fuegiana. Terminal spikelet typically male ; laterals female. 38. 38. Utricles entire or brevirostrate. 39. Conspicuously rostrate and 2-toothed. 45. 39. Stigmas 2. 40. Stigmas 3. 43. 40. Leaves narrow-involute. Basal sheaths leafy. Spikes subsessile, single. Scales obtuse. 41. Sheaths leafless. Leaves broad, plane, revolute. Spikes long-stalked, in 2's and 3's. Scales acutish. 42. 276 PATAGONIAN EXPEDITIONS : BOTANY. Sheaths leafless. Spicate glomerules. (34) C. schedonautos. 41. Bracts shorter than culm. Spikes few, oblong-cylindrical, or short. Utricles subsessile, nerveless. Achene nearly filling the utricle. C. vulgaris Fr. Bracts longer than culm. Spikes many, cylindraceous. Scales soon deciduous. Utricles stiped, nervose. Achenes scarcely filling two thirds the utricle. (12) C. decidua Bt. 42. Spikes approximate, only the lower stalked. Scales scarcely elongate. Utricles many- nerved. (2) C. andersoni Bt. Spikes remote, numerous, all stalked. Scales elongate. Utricles granulose-punctate, few- nerved. ( 1 1 ) C. darwinii Bt. 43. Culm low, concealed in the leaves. Female spikes oblong, lax. Rostrum short, often recurved. C. brachycalama Gris. Culm medium, leaves as long. Lower spikes nodding. Utricles elliptical. ( 1 9) C. germana. Culm exceeding the leaves. Male spike i, female spikes about 4, little remote. Utricles ovate-oblong. (17) (indecora) C.fuscula. Culm tall, free. Spikes distant. Utricles compressed-triquetrous. 44. 44. Culm acute- angled, rough upwards. Female spikes long- stalked, lax, nodding ; only I terminal male. Utricle glabrous, grayish. (27) C. magellanica Lam. Culm obtuse-angled, smooth. Female spikes short-stalked, erect. Terminal males 4. Utricle straw-purple, striolate, spinulose-margined. C. hispida Sch. 45. (From 38.) Utricles very rostrate, 2- toothed. Legs of rostrum directly prostrate. Leaves not septate-nodose. 46. Legs of rostrum divergent. Leaves septate-nodose. 5 1 . 46. Culm very short, hid among leaves. Female spikes sessile, crowded. Utricle compressed. Stigmas 2. (i) C. acaulis d'Urv. Culm tall (about i meter). Root creeping. Culm acute-angled, smooth. Male spikes 3 ; female spikes 3, distant, nutant. Utricles compressed. (32) C. pseudocyperus L. Culm acute-angled, rough. Male spikes 3-5 ; female spikes 3-5, some apically male. Utricle ovate-conical. (33) C. riparia Curt. Culm unknown. Male spikes 2 ; female spikes 5, some apically male. Bracts very long. (35) C. serranoi Phil. Culm free. Stigmas 3. 47- 47. Scales blackish. Utricles 5-7 mm., compressed. Rostrum slender, purple. Terminal spike sometimes female at apex. (5) C. banksii Bt. Scales rusty. Utricles shorter, subinflated, trigonal. 48. 48. Spike long-cylindrical, dense, more or less pedunculated, often at length nodding. Utricle small. 49- Spike oval or oblong, subsessile, erect, dense. Utricle larger. 50. 49. Leaves 2, nerved above. Utricle compressed-trigonal, olive-colored, not shining. C. falcata Bt. Leaves 3~4-nerved. Utricle inflated-trigonal, brown-olive, shining, stiped. C. lamprocarpa Ph. 50. Scales more or less awned. Utricle greenish-yellow, purple-striolate, with 2 lateral nerves. (21) C. inconspicua Steud. Scales obtusish. Utricle very and equally nervose. C. flava brevirostrata Kk. 5 1 . Rostral lobes divergent. MACLOSKIE : CYPERACE^E. 277 (From 45.) Female spikes basilar, long-stalked, few-flowered. Utricle to 18 mm., sub- ulate, long-rostrate. C. macrosolen St. Female spikes many-flowered. Utricle shorter. 52. 52. Utricle hirtellous. 53. Utricle glabrous. 55. 53. Utricle densely granulate, suberose. C. tweediana Nees. Utricle not granulate. 54. 54. Utricle red-tomentose. Rostrum short, slightly 2-toothed. (15) C. filiformis L. Utricle olive-purplish, setulose. Rostrum long, 2-toothed. C. beechyana Bt. 55. Utricle coriaceous, shortly and broadly rostrate; rostrum slightly 2-toothed. 56. Utricle submembranaceously long-rostrate, and deeply 2-toothed. 59. 56. Culm short. Leaves canaliculate. Bracts sheathing. C. pumila littorea Labill. Culm long. Leaves plane. 57. 57. Spike flexuose. Utricle compressed-trigonal, plumbeous, rusty-striolate. C. brasiliensis St. H. Spikes erect. Utricle turgid-trigonal. 58. 58. Scales lanceolate, awned. Utricle fusiform, olive-brown, sessile. (30) C. riparia chilensis ~Rmg. Scales spatulate, bifid, very long-awned. Utricle pale, obovate-oblong, long-stalked. (39) C. trifida Cav. 59. Utricle globose. Rostrum long, its teeth lanceolate. C. stenolepis Tor. Utricle less inflated, costate-nervose ; its teeth more or less awned. 60. 60. Spikes erect. Scales black-purple, cuspidate. Utricle stramineous. C. acutata Bt. Spikes ultimately pendulous. Scales whitish-rusty, awned. Utricle pale green. (32) C. pseudocyperus platygluma Cl. and C. pseudocyperus hankeana Pr. i. C. ACAULIS d'Urv. -. Style 2-branched. Dwarf, 25 mm. high, with short rhizome. Ciilm enclosed in the sheaths. Leaves numerous, rigid, spreading, narrow-acu- minate, keeled and denticulate. Spikes 4-5 mm. long, crowded, dense- flowered; male solitary, orbicular-ovate, lo-flowered ; females 4, orbicu- lar, 8-flowered, short-pedunculate. Scales yellow-rusty, pale-margined, oblong-acute, crowded. Utricles slightly larger, ovate-compressed ; ros- trum 2-toothed. Falklands (the only specimen known). (C. cematorhyncha Desv. = C. filiformis L.) 2. C. ANDERSONI Boott. Style 2-branched. Stout, 40 cm. high, the base covered by sheaths. Spikes 7-9, black-purple, erect, the uppermost male, the others female, oblong to cylindrical, above in twos or threes, sessile ; lower ones pedun- 278 PATAGONIAN EXPEDITIONS : BOTANY. cled ; occasionally all are apically male. Utricle elliptical, short-rostrate, the mouth entire, shorter than the dark, pale-nerved scale. Magellan. 3. C. APHYLLA Kunth. Spike solitary, dioecious ; style trifid. Culms cespitose, terete, rigid, glabrous, sheathed at the base, leafless. Female spike obliquely in- serted, subtended by a spathe-like, ovate-oblong bract. Utricles oblong, compressed, apically narrowed, and acutely bidentate, with ciliolate angles. Stigmas very long. Scales ovate, rounded apically, convex, 3-nerved, hyaline, whitish, dorsally green, pale ferruginous at apex and margin, glabrous, deciduous. Male spike unknown. S. Patagon., in moist hills near Rio Carren-leofu. 4. C. ATROPICTA Steud. Style 2-branched. Root woody, stoloniferous. Culm 15-45 cm. high, smooth, leafy at base. Leaves plane, linear, acute, smooth or with rough edges, much shorter than the culm. Spikes androgynous, males at base, most of them peduncled, subternate, approximate, subovate ; the scales ob- long, obtuse, brown. Utricles dark- purple, apically whitish, bifid, rostellate. (Argentina) ; S. Patagon. (Nor- densk.) ; Magellan ; E. and S. Fuegia (Dusen). 5- C. BANKSII Boott. Style 3-branched. Culm 45 cm. tall, leafy at base, glabrous. Leaves 4-6 mm. broad, not as long as culm, rough on edges and nerve. Spikes 3_5) black-purple, oblong, basi-CUneate, , , • , 1 , . thlck> eXSGrt> nodding ; the Uppermost one androgynous, the others female; Utricle hyaline, whitish, compressed, broad-ovate, ros- FlG- 49- Carex banksii. Inflorescence ; and (on left) male flower; (on right) female flower and achene. (From flora antarctica.) the lowest remote. MACLOSKIE I CYPERACE^E. 279 trate, its mouth oblique, bifid ; shorterand broader than the dark, spatulate, emarginate, awned scale. (Fig. 49.) S. Patagon., near Carren-leofu ; Magellan ; Fuegia. 6. C. BONARIENSIS Desf. Style 2-branched. Cti/ms cespitose. Leaves linear, subcarinate, rough- edged near their apex, nearly equalling the culm. Spikes androgynous, male at top, crowded into a spicate thyrse, 20 mm. long, with 1-2 involucrate leaves. Bracts within the thyrse smaller. Utricle spreading, broad-ovate, convex-concave, ending in a 2-toothed rostrum. (Argentina) ; Falklands. t 7- C. BRACTEOSA KuntZ. Style 2-branched. Culm 12-30 cm. high, trigonal, glabrous. Leaves as long, plane. Panicle spike-like, ovate, obtuse, dense, involucrate by 2 leafly bracts. Spikes short, androgynous, male at apex. Utricle 5mm. long, ovate, attenuate both ways, internally 4-, externally 5-nerved, spongy at base ; rostrum smooth, rather long, 2-toothed. (Paraguay) ; Chiloe ; Patagonia. 8. C. CAMPYLOXYS Steud. Style 2-cleft. Rhizome woody. Culm 35 cm. high, firm, smooth, leafy ; leaves as long, upper ones bracteate. Spikes 4, i terminal, male, linear ; 3 female, oblong-linear, subsessile. Scales oblong-linear, acuminate. Magellan. 9. C. CANESCENS Linn. Style bifid. Root fibrous, cespitose or stoloniferous. Culm 30 cm. high, erect, trigonal, rough. Leaves plane, linear, 2 mm. broad, rough- edged, acuminate, equalling the culm. Spikes about 6, androgynous, male at base. Utricle ovate, plano-convex, exceeding the broad ovate acute scales. (See C. similis.} (Temperate Eurasia and N. Amer.) ; S. Patagon., by Rio Sta. Cruz, and Gregory Bay. C. CANESCENS ALPICOLA Wahlenb. Usually smaller and slender. Spikes smaller, acutish, in fruit subro- tund and fuscescent. (Eur. ; Greenland; Alaska); Magellan; Fuegia; Falklands. 280 PATAGONIAN EXPEDITIONS : BOTANY. C. CANESCENS CURTA Good. Leaves shorter than the slender, stiff culm. Utricle under 2 mm. long, beaked, equalling the scales. (Is probably C. similis d'Urv.) (Eur. ; N. Amer.); Magellan; Falklands. C. CANESCENS ROBUSTA Blytt. Magellan; E. and S. Fuegia. (Dusen.) 10. C. CAPITATA Linn. Styles bifid. Root cespitose, fibrous, creeping. Culm 12 cm. high, slender, smooth, trigonal. Leaves shorter, subfiliform, rigid. Spike sub- globose. Utricles ovate-acuminate, glabrous, compressed, longer than the round-ovate scale. Rostrum whitish. 11. C. DARWINII Boott. Style 2-cleft. Culm stout, tall, glabrous, leafy at base. Leaves 6-8 mm. broad, serrate-scabrous on edge and keel. Bracts leafy, exceeding the culm. Spikes'&-i2, ferruginous, cylin- drical, peduncled, nodding; the upper 2 male ; the others female, in 2's and 3*5. Utricle elliptical, rostrum short, mouth entire, broader than the lanceolate-acumi- nate scale. (Fig. 50.) Chonos Archip.; Patagon.; Magellan.; N. and W. Fuegia. (Dusen.) FIG. 50. Carex darwinii, showing spike and female flower. (From Flora antarctica. ) 12. C. DECIDUA Boott. Style 2-cleft. Culm 30 cm. high. Leaves longer, 2-3 mm. broad, glabrous except the edges. Spikes 4-7, black-purple, erect ; the uppermost andro- gynous, males at base, or also at top; the others female. Upper spikes sessile, contiguous, oblong ; lower cylindrical ; lowest short-peduncled, remote. Utricle oblong-ovate, rostellate, its mouth entire ; exceeding the oblong dark scale. (Califor.); Magellan.; Fuegia; Falklands. C. DECIDUA MINOR Kukenth. Patagon.; E. Fuegia. (Dusen.) MACLOSKIE : CYPERACEyE. 28 1 13. C. DIVISA Huds. Styles bifid. Rhizome thick, creeping. Culm erect, obtusely triquet- rous, rough upwards, 30 cm. high and more. Leaves narrow, of varying length, rough on edges and keel. Spikes crowded irregularly in an ovate head, androgynous, males at apex ; an erect leafy bract at the base of the head, usually long, and acutely triquetrous. Fruits roundish-ovate, convex on one side, subconcave on the other. Beak acutely bifid with finely serrate edges. Scales ovate-elliptical, mucronate, fuscous, exceed- ing the utricle. (Europe); Patagonia. 14. C. FESTIVA Dewey. (C. inciso-dentata Steud.) Style 2-cleft. Panicle spike-like, of several androgynous, basi-mascu- line spikes, in an ovate-orbiculate head. Utricle ovate, acuminate, ros- trate, bifid, obliquely cleft, as long as the lanceolate acute scale. (N. of Eurasia and of N. Am.); Patagonia; Magellan, in damp woods; Fuegia. 15. C. FILIFORMIS Linn. (C aematorhyncha Desv.) Stigmas 3. Culm slender, 60-90 cm. tall, triquetrous, scabrid above. Leaves narrow, with scabrid margins. Bracts leafy, sheathless, exceeding the culm. Spikes 5-6, erect, the males 2-3 above, approximate, the females 3, distant, dense, cylindric, the lowest short-peduncled. Scales ovate-acuminate, subulate-awned, sanguineous, i -nerved, with the keel green.- Utricle ovate, 4 mm. long, obsoletely nervose, rufescent, hispid, attenuate to a short obliquely truncate, ciliolate rostrum. (Chili) ; S. Patagon., by Rio Sta. Cruz and Gregory Bay ; and Carren- leofu ; Fuegia. (C. fuscula d'Urv. = C. indecora Kth.) 1 6. C. FUEGIANA Phil. Styles 2-cleft. Culm 50-60 cm. high, slender, sometimes scabrid at top. Leaves half as high, strict, narrow, rough on edge and midrib. Spikes 3, short, contiguous, male at base and sometimes at apex, upper one larger, lower pedicelled and bracted ; its bract subulate, scarcely half as long as the spike. Male scales dark-purple, the nerve white ; female scales smaller, narrower than the utricle. Utricle compressed, its 282 PATAGONIAN EXPEDITIONS : BOTANY. base attenuate, white, ultimately purplish ; its margins yellowish, fim- briate ; rostrum short. E. Fuegia. (Compare C. atropicta Steud.) 17. C. FUSCULA d'Urv. (1825). (C. indecora Kth., C. inconspicua fuscula.] Style 3-cleft. Culms triangular, glabrous. Leaves shorter than the culms, narrowly grass-like, plane, rigid, edge scabrid. Male spike solitary ; female spikes about in 4's, little remote, cylindraceous-oblong. Utricles ovate-oblong, attenuate-rostrate, nerveless, rusty, glabrous, angles scabrid upwards. Scale round-elliptical, mucronate. Rostrum truncate, cleft behind. Differs from C. involucrata Boott by bracts long, mucronate-awned, utricles green and minutely and densely fuscous-punctulate. (Speg.) S. Patagon., by Gregory Bay and Rio Sta. Cruz; Falldands; Fuegia. N. and E. Fuegia. (Dusen.) 1 8. C. GAYANA Desv. (C. divisa Huds.) Style 3-cleft. Root creeping, strongly fibrous. Culm 30-60 cm. tall, erect, trigonal, smooth, striate. Leaves plane, linear, acuminate, rough- edged upwards, shorter than culm. Male spike solitary, cylindraceous ; female spikes 3, short-pedunculate, few-(5-io)flowered ; bracts sheathing. Utricles ovate, obtusely trigonal, longer than the ovate-obtuse brownish scale. Rostrum short. (Eur. ; W. Asia ; New Mex. ; Chili.) C. GAYANA DENSA Kiikenth. S. Patagon. (Nordensk.) ; N. Fuegia (Dusen). 19. C. GERMANA Boott. Style 3-cleft. Culm 35 cm. high, obtuse-angled, glabrous, 2-3-leaved. Leaves sheathing, as long as the culm, triquetrous-acuminate, the keel and edges scabrid. Bracts sheathing, the upper setaceous. Spikes 4-6, fuscous, rusty ; one or two terminal male ; the others female, thick-cylin- drical, dense-flowered ; the upper sessile, erect ; the lower stalked, nod- ding. Utricles elliptic, whitish, equalling the awned oblong scale. W. Patagon. ; Cape Tres Montes. MACLOSKIE : CYPERACE/E. 283 2O. C. INCOMPTA Franchet. Style 2-cleft. Culm tall, over 60 cm., slender, smooth rather soft, margin rough, the upper not sheathing. Bracts exceeding the culm. Spikes 10— 12 ; the up- per 4-5 male or androgynous, sessile except the first; the others female, often in 2's or 3*5, long- peduncled. Scales fuscous, ovate-lanceolate, as long as the utricle but narrower. Rostrum 2-toothed. (Fig. 51-) Magellan, close to the sea. 21. C. INCONSPICUA Steud. Style 3-cleft. Root fibrous, yellow-rufous, cespi- pIG tose. Culm 10-20 cm. high, erect, trigonal, smooth. carex incompta. Male Leaves plane, erect, as long as the culm, rough- and femaje spikes. (After edged. Male spike i, rising from the base of the uppermost female spike; female spikes 3-4, oblong-ovate (12 mm. long), with longer bracts, all sessile. Utricle ovate, rostrum short, 2-cleft ; scales longer, ovate, red-brown, awned. (See C. fuscula.} (Chili.) 22. C. INCURVA Lightf. Style 2-cleft. Rhizome long or creeping. Culm to 10 cm. high, strong, filiform-terete or compressed, trigonal upwards. Leaves approxi- mate, subflexuous, narrow-linear, shorter than the culm, narrowing and keeled upwards. Spike capituliform, naked, aggregate of short spikes, 8-15 mm. long, ovate, basitruncate. Scales yellow-brown, margins hyaline, the bracteal scales mucronate. Utricle longer, rostrum acuminate, mouth cleft. (Orient; Eur. ; Greenland); E. Fuegia (Dusen). Cespitose. Falklands. Var. HUMILIS. 23. C. INVOLUCRATA Boott. Style 2-cleft. Root cespitose, creeping. Culm 60 cm. tall, obtusely trigonal, sulcate, leafy at base. Leaves erect, half as long as the culm ; 3 mm. broad, plane, acuminate, edge spinulose. Spike ovate, obtuse, 284 PATAGONIAN EXPEDITIONS '. BOTANY. continuous, dense, 25 mm. long, androgynous, male at the top ; with two leafy rcflexed bracts. Female scales broad, acute, keeled, mucronulate. Utricle longer than the scale, plano-convex, with long 2-toothed rostrum. Achene lenticular-oval. (Brazil) ; N. Patagon. 24. C. KURTZIANA Ktikenth. Spikelets numerous, sexually mixed, apically male, subse'ssile, crowded in an ovate-triangular head. Utricle 3 mm. broad, membranaceous, gla- brous, ovoid, winged, subversely thick, stiped. Culm thick and smooth. S. Patagon. ; in moist hills by Carren-leofu. Very variable. 25. C. LECHLERI Phil, (non Steud.). Style 2-cleft. Culm 30 cm. high, trigonal, naked above. Leaves much shorter. Spikes 4, approximate, ovate, erect ; the uppermost one androgynous, apically male ; the others female, 7 mm. long ; the lowest peduncled. Bract scarcely sheathing, not as long as the spike. Scales ovate, acute, castaneous, their midnerve green. Utricle compressed, obo- vate-oblong, spinulose-ciliate, rostrum short. Magellan. 26. Style C. LEPORINA Linn. " (C. macloviana d'Urv., C. ovalis Good.) 2-branched. Culms 30-45 cm. tall, slender, erect, rough above. Leaves shorter, 2 mm. broad, flat. Bracts very short, scale-like or none. Spikes 4-7, oblong, male at base, 10 by 6 mm., clustered in a terminal oblong head. Utricle ovate-lanceolate, wing-margined ; its rostrum tapering, long. Scales lanceolate, acute, brown, shorter than the utricles. (Eurasia; N. Amer. ; Chili); S. Patagon., by RR. Gallegos and Sta. Cruz; Falklands. 27. C. MAGELLANICA Lamk. Cartx ' magellanica. S^e 3-brancned- Root from WOody fibers. Culm Spike, female flower and 2O cm. high, slender, filiform upwards, rough. Spikes achene. (From Flora ^_^ androgynous, male at their base, dark-purple, antarctiea,) . . . , . ,. . , oblong, peduncled, nodding, bracteate, or the lowest sheathed. Utricles suborbicular, stipitate, mouth of rostrum entire ; half as long as the long scale. (Fig. 52.) MACLOSKIE I CYPERACEyE. 285 (Iceland ; Arctic regions; W. Amer. ; Chili) ; S. Patagon., near Carren- leofu ; Magell. ; S. Fuegia. (C. microglochin sub Uncinia.] 28. C. ORTEG^E Phil. Culm 22 cm. high, smooth, not cespitose. Leaves scarcely half as long, filiform, smooth. Bract terminal, 6 times as long as the apparently lateral spike ; spike subglobose, male above, female below. Female scales ovate, castaneous, with a long leafy cusp. Utricles oblong, narrowing both ways; rostrum bifid, with erect teeth. Achene orbicular, compressed, black. Fuegia (along with C. f^^eg^ana}. 29. C. PATAGONICA Speg. (Plate XII.) Androgynotis, acrandrous, monostachyous, 3-styled, glabrous, densely cespitose. Leaves fasciculate, long, and finely filiform, erect. Spikes few-flowered, concealed amid the bases of the leaves, bracteolate, sub- globose, pseudolateral, the bracts ovate-triangular, acute. Utricle finely obovate, glabrous, 3 by i mm., with 3 divaricate stigmas. Achenes obovate, smooth, dorsally convex, ventrally plane, rufescent, sometimes trigonous, depending on immaturity. Culms from the center of the leaf- fascicles, but scarcely rising above the leaf-sheaths, 5-15 mm. high by 0.3 mm. thick, glabrous. Leaves and bracts narrow-linear, green, acute, dor- sally nervose, produced straight. Patagon., in drains by Rio Chubut (Speg.) ; by Rio Sta. Cruz (Hatcher.) 3O. C. PEDICELLATA Phil. Style 2-branched. Culm 20 cm. high, sheathed at base by dead leaves. Leaves as long, flat, smooth, 4 mm. broad, the penultimate culm-leaf much exceeding the crowded, erect short spikes. Uppermost spike male, three lower female. Scales oblong, obtuse, mid yellow, margin dark. Utricle green, white at base, stalked, inflated. W. Patagon. ; Valley of Rio Pequena. 31. C. PROPINQUA Nees & Mey. Style 2-cleft. Root creeping. Leaves shorter than the culm, recurved, trigonal, acuminate, scabrid. Compound spike short, ovate, dense, 286 PATAGONIAN EXPEDITIONS I BOTANY. having 5-6 ovate spikes, which are male at the base. Utricles plano- convex, ovate, with sharp denticulate angles. Scales shorter, ovate- oblong; rostrum acute, 2-toothed. (Equat. Andes; Chili; Argent); Patagon., Rio Sta. Cruz; Magellan; S. Fuegia. 32. C. PSEUDOCYPERUS Linn. Tristylous. Terminal male spike solitary, and 3-6 dense cylindrical female spikes drooping on long pedicels. Culms 60-90 cm. high, acute- angled, glabrous, rough on the angles, at least above. Leaves nodulose, 5-10 mm. broad. Bracts leafy; the lowermost sometimes sheathing the others without sheaths. Scales setaceous, scabrous. Fruit oblong, very acuminate, ribbed. Rostrum bifid. (Old World.) Patagonia; common in swamps near Rio Chubut ; by Lago Nahuel-huapi. 33. C. RIPARIA Curtis. Style 3-cleft. Root thick, creeping. Culm about i meter tall, acutely trigonal, rough-edged. Leaves plane, broad, rough-edged, acuminate. Bracts leafy, exceeding the culm, their sheaths short. Male spikes 3-5, at top ; about as many female spikes below, cylindrical, sometimes male apically. Utricle ovate, tapering to a short 2-toothed rostrum. Scale shorter, ovate-oblong, awned. (Eur. and N. Am. Brit. & Br. i, 303) ; " common along water courses in N. Patagon. to Buenos Ayres" (J. Ball). The form incrassata, has very long leaves, male spikes, a large terminal surrounded by small ones ; the scale having 7 confluent whitish nerves with interposed furrows on the lower surface. C. RIPARIA CHI*LENSIS Brongn. Leaves very long, linear. Male spike solitary; female spikes ovate- oblong. Scales lanceolate-subulate, longer than their utricles. . N. Patagon., mouth of Rio Chubut. (Dus£n.) 34. C. SCHEDONAUTOS Steud. Style 2-cleft. Culm to 60 cm. tall, erect, trigonal, glabrous, with loose leafless sheaths below, leafy above. Culm leaves plane, narrow-lanceolate, rough-edged, with setaceous apex; sometimes exceeding the culm. Spike-like crowd of alternate glomerules, 25 mm. long ; male and andro- MACLOSKIE : CYPERACE^E. 287 gynous intermingled. Scales ovate, with excurrent midnerve, the lower broad-lacerous, longer than the short glabrous utricle with 2-cleft rostrum. Achene trigonal, smooth. Magellan, Oazy Bay. 35. C. SERRANOI Phil. Styles 3. Culm ? Leaves ? Bracts very long, not sheathing, the low- est 5 mm. broad. Spikes approximate, all but the lowest erect ; 2 male, 5 female, the upper ones male at their apex. Male scales lanceolate, their center white ; female scales longer and twice as broad. Utricles firm, ovate-elliptical, acute both ways, compressed, margined, ventrally flat and 2-nerved, dorsally 5-nerved, convex. Achene red, ovate, acute, compressed. High up in W. Patagon. at 700 meters, partly snow-covered. 36. C. SIMILIS d'Urv. (1825). (C. cttrta Good.) Culm triquetrous, strict, slightly scabrous. Leaves plane, linear, sub- carinate, apex subulate. Spikes 6-rarely 8, androgynous, the lower part male, sessile, alternate, elliptical ; upper ones approximate. Scales ovate, acutish, squarrose, with i green nerve. Fruits ovate-lanceolate, scarcely bidentate. Perennial. " Is decidedly the European C. curta" (Stendel) ; a synonym of C. canescens L. (Index Kewensis). Fuegia, Basket Isle, Amakouaia, rare; Falklands. 37- C. SUBANTARCTICA Speg. Dioecious, distylous. Culms low, angulate-terete, very sulcate, smooth ; leaves as long or shorter, slightly coriaceous, very carinate, rather flat, glaucescent-green, narrowing upwards to a blunt triquetrous point. Cylin- draceous-fusoid male spike solitary, acrogenous, bractless, its scales spatulate, obtuse, the lower subretuse, the upper rounded, often mucro- nate, with a hyaline margin, subcarinately green. Stamens long-exsert. Female spikes few; the primary one exsert, acrogenous on the culm, the secondaries smaller at base of the culm, and almost concealed in the leaves ; their scales more acute and pale than in the males ; utricles subelliptical, subsessile, dorsally convex-concave, scarcely nervose, gla- brous, abruptly ending in a long truncate toothless rostrum. Achene plumbeous, punctulate, lenticular. 288 PATAGONIAN EXPEDITIONS I BOTANY. S. Patagon., in hills along Carren-leofu, and by Rio Sta. Cruz. Rhizome deep, often sending up numerous branches ; each culm bear- ing about 20 leaves, about 3-9 cm. long. 38. C. TRICHODES Steud. Stigmas 2, exsert. Culms many, erect, 10-15 cm- high, capillary-seta- ceous, compressed-triangular, few-leaved above the base. Leaves flexu- ose, setaceous, slightly longer than the culm, obtuse, serrulate. Spikes ellipsoid, 4 by 3 mm., becoming subglobular, few-flowered. Scales 3- nerved, keel green, sides brown; the upper acuminate-mucronate, the 3-2 lowest leafy, cusped. Utricles exceeding the scale, compressed, bi- convex, their rostrum scabrid, their mouth 2-toothed. (Chili) ; S. Fuegia, about Ushuaia. 39. C. TRIFIDA Cav. Style 3-cleft. Culm 60-90 cm. tall, robust, trigonal, erect, its apex smooth. Spikes 6-8, erect, approximate, cylindric-ventricose ; the 3 up- permost male, sessile ; the others female ; the lowest stalked. The lowest bract leafy, scabrid, exceeding the culm. Scales linear, brown-rusty, their keel white, 3-nerved£ irregularly emarginate. Utricles obovate, abruptly terminated by a cylindrical 2-cusped rostrum, with a white awn ; attenu- ate at base. (New Zeal. ; Antipodes ; Auckland and Chatham Is.) ; Magellan. Cape Tres Montes; Falklands; Fuegia (Hariot). "A noble species, growing with and emulating the young tussock- grass." That found in Fuegia has the awn on the scale short, and the scale itself not bilobed. C. TRIFIDA FRANCHETII Kurtz. Differs from the typical species by having the spikes once or twice smaller, the awns much smaller; the utricle membranaceous, whitish, more or less purple-marked ; uppermost spike often apically female. Fuegia, subalpine by Rio Grande on Beagle Channel. 40. C. UROLEPIS Franchet. Style 2-cleft. Culm a meter or more high, robust, trigonal, two sides concave, the angles scabrid. Leaves very long, to 10 mm. broad, rough- MACLOSKIE : ARACE^E. 289 edged, upper ones auricled but not sheathing. Spikes 10-15, the 2-4 uppermost male ; the lower androgynous or female except their apex ; often with pairs pendulous ; the lower peduncled. Scales fuscous, white dorsally, ovate-lanceolate, their point recurved, scabrid. Utricles ovate, 3-5-nerved ; rostrum conspicuous, 2-toothed. Low- FlG est spike 8-9 cm. long, becoming i cm. thick. (Fig- 53-) (Near C. darwinii Boott, but more robust and rigid. Points of the scales much prolonged, and utricles proportionately longer.) S. Patagon., Otway L., Puerto Bono, Port Eden. 41. C. VULGARIS Fries. Digynous. Terminal spikelets, 1-2, male ; the others, 3-4, female. Rostrum toothless. Leaves slender, their sheaths not filamentous. Culm erect, trigonal, obtuse-angled, 30 cm. or more high. Lower carex urohpis. Spike, spike shortly stalked ; lower bract leafy, with short, male flower, and utricle, round, dark auricles. Scales elliptic to ovate-obtuse. (AfterFranchet-) Utricle plano-convex, elliptic, or obtuse, with filiform nerves upwards. Rostrttm toothless. (Old World) ; Patagon., in watery places by Rio Chubut and Carren- leofu. Family 12. ARACE.E. Mostly herbs, with simple or compound usually basal leaves, often veiny, and monoecious, or sometimes dioecious or hermaphrodite flowers on a simple spadix, usually surrounded \yy&spathe, and usually without perianth. Fruit often a berry, with erect, orthotropous embryo. Species 900, most tropical ; some in temperate regions, (in Australia, not reported from New Zeal.). PISTIA Linn. Floating, stemless, pubescent, stoloniferous, with fibrous roots. Leaves rosulate, sessile, obovate-cuneate, with fan-like nerves. Spathe small, white, plicate on both sides, half embracing the base of the ovary, with an open cucullate limb. Spadix not appendaged, with a solitary apical, 290 PATAGONIAN EXPEDITIONS : BOTANY. 2-staminate male flower and a solitary female flower at its base, dorsally adnate to the spathe. Only species : P. STRATIOTES Linn. In tropical fresh-water ponds and streams. From Texas by W. Indies and Central Amer. to Argentina and Patagonia. (Not in Australia or the Pacific Is.) (Fig. in Eng. & Prantl, ii, 3, p. 153.) Family 13. LEMNACE.E. Duckweed. Minute floating plants without differentiation of leaf and stem, con- sisting, in the active stage, of a loosely cellular frond, with or without roots, and extending by lateral branching, the new fronds soon separating. Reproduction by minute unisexual flowers immersed, mostly with a deli- cate spathe in the brood-pouch. Male flowers 1-2, having i stamen; female flower i, with i carpel and i -few seeds, having endosperm. Species 28, widely distributed. A. Frond with roots and 2 reproductive pouches. b. Roots usually more than I, fascicled. Anthers dehiscing longitudinally. Spirodela. b2. Root solitary. Anthers dehiscing transversely. Lemna. A2. Frond rootless and nerveless, with i reproductive pouch. b. Frond thick, subglobular. Wolffia. b2. Frond thin, elongated. Wolffiella. i. SPIRODELA Schleiden. Stipe fixed peltately under the frond ; roots more than i . Reproductive pouches 2, as cleft openings at base of the frond ; spathes sac-like. An- thers 2-celled, with longitudinal dehiscence. Ovules 2, rarely i. S. PUNCTATA (Meyer sub Lemna] Thompson. Frond solitary to 2-4, cohering in a chain, elliptical to reniform, aver- aging 2.5 by 1.4 mm., obscurely 3-nerved, convex above, punctate with brown pigment-cells. Spathes with flowers protruding ; 2 staminate and i pistillate flowers on the spadix. Filaments long ; friiits short, broad, with wings. Seed i. Orange Harbor, near Cape Horn, collected by the Wilkes Exploring Expedition, 1839, and forwarded by the courtesy of Professor B. L. Rob- MACLOSKIE: LEMNACE^E. 291 inson, of the Gray Herbarium, for identification by Professor C. H. Thomp- son, Missouri Botanic Garden. (See also Thompson in Report of Missouri Bot. Gard. 1897.) It occurs also in British Guiana. 2. LEMNA Linn. Duckweed. Frond disk-shaped, with a central nerve, and sometimes also with 2-4 lateral nerves ; with one rootlet usually ending in a blunt rootcap. Fruit ovoid, ribbed. Species 7, in temp, and trop. regions. (Fig. in Brit. & Br. i, 366.) Hatcher info'rms us that "Duckweed is abundant in the waters" of S. Patagonia. 1. L. GIBBA Linn. Frond unsymmetrical, minute, thickish or gibbous underneath, -3-5- nerved. Ovules 2-6, anatropous ; seeds deeply and unequally ribbed. Cosmopolitan ; in quiet waters of Chili ; probably also in Patagon. 2. L. MINOR Linn. Frond thickish, obovate or orbicular, sometimes purplish, with 3-5 lateral nerves. Ovule i, orthotropous ; seed i2-i5-ribbed. Distribution as the preceding ; in pools near Rio Chubut. 3- L. VALDIVIANA Phil. Frond oblong-elliptical, thin, short-stalked, nerveless. Seed 2O-ribbed. (N. and S. Amer., Chili) ; Argentina. 3. WOLFFIELLA Hegelmaier. (C. H. Thompson in Missouri Bot. Gard., 9th Annual Report, 1897.) Wolffia and Wolffiella agree in being rootless, nerveless, leafless, with a terminal reproductive pouch, from which arise sessile branches which soon become separate fronds. The fronds of Wolffia proper are sub- globular ; those of Wolffiella are elongated, very thin and punctate, with brown pigment-cells. Flowers and fruit of Wolffiella are unknown. Species 4, warm parts of Amer. W. GLADIATA Hglm. Frond about 6 times as long as broad, widest at the deeply excavated reproductive pouch. (Fig. in Eng. & Prantl, ii, 3, p. 154, K.} (Mexico ; Argentina) ; probably in N. Patagon. 292 PATAGONIAN EXPEDITIONS : BOTANY. Family 14. RESTIONACE^:. Perennial, cespitose or rhizomatous herbs with cyperaceous or reduced herbage and mostly dioecious flowers in spikelets like Cyperaceae, but with juncaceous perianth. Female spikelets occasionally having only i flower. Stamens mostly 3, and represented by staminodes in the female flowers. Anthers often i-celled. Ovary i-3-celled; cells i-seeded; seeds ortho- tropous, with small embryo and large endosperm. Species 230, most in S. W. Africa and Austral.; few in N. Zeal.; fewer in the Orient; and i in Chili, etc. LEPTOCARPUS R. Br. (Schcenodon Labill. p. p.) Rhizome creeping. Leaf-sheaths not deciduous. Dioecious (rarely monoecious), 3-merous, rarely 2-merous. Ovary i -celled, i -seeded. Fruit dehiscing on the angles, or indehiscent. Spikelets many-flowered ; the female rarely i -flowered. Scales imbricating. Species 21, in S. Afr. and Austr. and stragglers in the Orient, N. Zeal, and S. Amer. L. CHILENSIS Gay (Steud. sub Calopsis]. Root fibrous, cespitiferous, subsarmentose. Culms erect, strict, simple, nearly i meter high, glabrous ; the sheaths leafless, in pairs mutually em- bracing, obtuse, mucronulate, at length cleft, fuscescent. Apical spikes numerous, the lower remote, smaller or none ; spikelets bracteolate. Bracts oblong-ovate, mostly bifid, somewhat rusty. Sepals of female flowers narrow, the outer obovate, mucronate. Stigmas 3 ; ovary triquetrous. (Chili) ; W. Patagon. Family 15. CENTROLEPIDACE^E. Small moss-like or grass-like herbs, with perfect or polygamous ses- sile, hypogynous flowers in glumaceous spikelets; without perianth; stamens 1-2, with i versatile anther. Ovary i-3-locular, each locule with i pendulous orthotropous ovule. Seeds with subfarinaceous endosperm. Species 30, in southern Australia; with stragglers in the Orient, Tas- mania, N. Zeal., Auckland I., and Antarctic America. MACLOSKIE : BROMELIACE>E. 293 GAIMARDIA Gaudich. Moss-like perennials, with 2-merous flowers, in 2-flowered spikelets, on a terminal peduncle. Leaves imbricate, distichous on branching stems. G. AUSTRALIS Gaud. (Figs. G-J in Eng. & Prantl, ii, 4, p. 12.) Leaves subulate-triquetrous, sheathing at base. Falklands; Fuegia. W. Magellan, forming peat. (G. setacea Hook. f. in New Zeal.) G. PUSILLA Gaud. Small, moss-like. Stem erect, subfastigiate, branching above, densely leafy. Leaves imbricate, subulate-triquetrous, sheathing at base. Branches sparse, leafy, ending in a solitary, i -flowered spikelet. Fuegia ; turf-mosses, especially on the mountains. Family 16. BROMELIACE^. Pine-apple. Epiphytic herbs (or some tropical, terrestrial plants), with mostly scurfy, narrow, sheathing leaves, trimerous, regular flowers with double perianths, the inner petaloid, and 6 stamens. Ovary inferior or superior, 3-locular ; style i ; stigmas 3. Seeds numerous. Species 900, in warm countries. i. TILLANDSIA Linn. Hanging-moss. Epiphytes with narrow, entire leaves, perianth-leaves -free or nearly so ; stamens, all or three of them hypogynous. Capsule septicidal. Species 350, American. I. T. ANDICOLA Gill. Leafy stem to 7 cm. long, flexuous, with about 20 sheathing, distichous leaves, which are coriaceous, subterete from a lanceolate, clasping base ; 2-5 cm. by 1.5 mm.; leaves and i -flowered peduncles covered by fine scales. Sepals naked, lanceolate, ribbed. (Andes of Mendoza.) Maybe in N. Patagon. 2. T. COARCTATA (Gill.) Mez. (T. bryoides Gris. p. p.) Dwarf, like club-moss ; stem 5-7 cm. long, cespitose, densely leafy. Leaves 8-12 mm., short, flexuose, erect, imbricate, linear-acuminate, scurfy. Peduncle i -flowered. Stamens deeply included within the minute petals, 294 PATAGONIAN EXPEDITIONS : BOTANY. \htflower partly concealed by the uppermost leaves, supported by a i- nerved bractlet. Bracts lanceolate, shorter than the sepals. Sepals united at base. Limb of petals minute, shortly exceeding the calyx. Capsule 3 times as long. (Argentina) ; epiphytic or on rocks. T. COARCTATA PEDICELLATA. Scape more or less manifest, tall and naked. (Solinia ; Argentina) ; N. Patagonia. T. MYOSURA Gris. Stems thickish, divided from a woody base, leafy; to 15 cm. tall. Leaves with dilated sheaths, rather remote, distichous, linear, attenuate, canalic- ulate-convolute, acuminate, tip recurved, scaly above the middle. Pe- duncles axillary or terminal, as long as the stems, exsert. Inflorescence i-5-flowered, distichous. Bractlets longer than the 3-leaved calyx, ex- ceeding the internodes, sepals not united, petal-claws as long as the calyx; lamina deltoid, violet when dry, one fourth as long. Stamens deeply included, slightly exceeding the style. (Bolivia, near Mendoza) ; at Lago Narraco, Patagonia. 3. T. RETORTA Gris. ( T. nappii darwinii L. & N. ) Stems short, densely cespitose, leafy, branching above, 7 cm. tall. Leaves with dilated sheath, rather remote, distichous, linear-acuminate, convolute, recurved and apex incurved, lepidote-scaly. Peduncles naked, axillary, equalling the leaf, i -flowered, rarely 2-flowered. Calyx 3-leaved, nearly as long as the bracteole, 2-3 times shorter than the capsule. Petals minute ; stamens deeply included, slightly exceeding the style. (Argentina ; Bolivia) ; N. Patagon. (Mez. resolves T. bryoides Gris. into 2 species, one T. coarctata Gill., the other T. poly trie hoides Mez. found in Brazil and Argentina.) 2. FASCICULARIA Mez. Flowers hermaphrodite. Sepals free, carinate, lepidote-tomentose. Petals free to the base, at anthesis slightly patent only at the tips, other- wise erect, fleshy, apically rounded, and with 2 small ligules inside near the base. Stamens free ; anthers long ; pollen-grains globular, not sul- MACLOSKIE I JUNCACEyE. 295 cate. Ovary inferior, with manifest epigynous tube. Stigmas leafy. Fruit an indehiscent berry. Ovules few, globose. Terrestrial stemless herbs, having the leaves armed with marginal spines. F. LITORALIS Mez. (Phil, sub Rhodostachys\ Leaves glabrate above, with small dense appressed pallid scales under- neath. Inflorescence rather many-flowered, terminal. Bracts broadly elliptical, acute, exceeding the flowers. Sepals oblong-lanceolate, the apex acuminate-mucronate. (Chili) ; W. Patagon. (?) • Family 17. JUNCACE.E. Rush Family. Usually tufted grass-like herbs, or with subulate leaves ; with small, regu- lar flowers, often panicled ; perianth 6-parted, its tepals dry, persistent ; stamens 3 or 6, rarely 4 or 5 ; ovary superior, 3-carpellary, i- or 3-locular ; style i. Fruit capsular ; seeds 3 or more, rarely only i. Species 200, cosmopolitan, mostly in moist places. KEY TO THE GENERA. A. Flowers solitary, terminal, rather large. b. Leaf subtending flowers small, bract-like. Flowers 2-4 cm. long. Seeds scobiform. I. Marsippospcrmum,^. 295. b2. Leaf subtending the flowers exceeding them ; upper bracts equalling the flowers. Seeds obovate. 2. Rostkovia, p. 296. A2. Flowers numerous, usually small. Perianth glumaceous. b. Leaf sheaths open. Capsules many-seeded. 3. Juncus, p. 296. 2b. Leaf-sheaths closed. Capsule 3-seeded. 4. Juncoides (Luzula), p. 301. (Distichia, with dioecious flowers and closely imbricating 2-ranked leaves, is in the Bolivian Andes, reaching to the snow-line.) i. MARSIPPOSPERMUM Desv. Rush-like ; culm 3 cm. long, terminally i -flowered, surrounded by basal leaves, of which 1-2 are cylindric with short spout-like blade, the others are like barren culms. Perianth-leaves linear, the inner smaller. Fruit ovoid, 3-locular, parchment-like. Seeds with fine testa, appendaged at base. Species 2 (M. gracile Buch. in N. Zeal.). 296 PATAGONIAN EXPEDITIONS I BOTANY. M. GRANDIFLORUM (Hook. f. sub Rostkovio}. Creeping. Culm rigid, terete, naked ; leaves similar, but thicker and longer. Flower solitary, large, 3-bracted. Perianth-leaves linear, acute- subulate, slightly pungent, unequal ; anthers long, 2-cusped, filaments short. W. Patagon. ; Magellan ; Fuegia to Cape Horn ; Falklands. Common in woody regions and swamps, to 400 m. high (Dusen) ; used for weav- ing into baskets (J. D. Hook.). 2. ROSTKOVIA Desv. Rush-like, having a naked culm, often sheathed, and with one linear or terete leaf. Flower solitary, terminal, its perianth-leaves distinct. Ovary i-locular ; capsule globular-oblong, many-seeded. Only i species, viz. : R. SPH^EROCARPA Desv. (R. magellanica Hook. f). Rootstock not creeping. Culm 15-30 cm. high, compressed. Radical leaves plane, glabrous, sheathing and exceeding the culm. Perianth- leaves subequal, linear, acute, scarious-margined, as long as the capsule. Flower subtended by a long bract. (Fig. 6 in Eng. & Prantl, ii, 5, p. 6). S. Patagon., Cordilleras (J. B. Hatcher; in fruit Feb. 15, 1897) m tne rainy wood-region (Dusen) ; Fuegia to Cape Horn and Campbell's I. Rare in the steppes. R. SPH^EROCARPA PUMiLA Alboff. (sub v. R. magellanica puniild]. Small, 5-7 cm. high. Leaves longer. Perianth-leaves shorter, less acute. Style long. Alpine, by Rio Grande near Ushuaia. 3. JUNCUS Linn. Rush. Chiefly glabrous perennials, with scape-like culms, leaf-sheaths open at one side, leaf-blades terete or grass-like. Flowers variously panicled, often i -sided. Seeds several, sometimes with tails. Species 150, most in N. Temperate zone. KEY TO THE SPECIES. A. Lowest leaf of the inflorescence terete, like a continuation of the stem, with a seemingly lat- eral inflorescence. b. Flowers bracteolate, inserted singly. Stamens 6. MACLOSKIE : JUNCACEyE. 297 c. Tepals green, acute, as long as the capsule. filiformis. c2. Tepals with 2 chestnut stripes. balticus. c$. Tepals brown-margined. leseurii. b2. Flowers non-braceolate, inserted in heads on branches of the inflorescence. Tepals green. maritimus. A2. Lowest leaf of inflorescence not continuing the stem. Inflorescence seeming terminal. b. Leaf-blade flat or terete, not septate internally. c. Flowers bracteolate, not in heads. d. Inflorescence terminal, flowers remote, unilateral. bufonius. d2. Flowers solitary in the axils, stamens 5-6. depauperattis. d^. Inflorescence decompound ; stamens 6. graminifolius. c2. Flowers in heads, not bracteolate ; fruit I -celled. d. Stamens 6. dombeyanus. d2. Stamens 3. planifolins. b2. Leaf-blades terete or flat, internally septate, not channeled above base. Tepals equal. c. Erect, 20 cm. Cyme with i -leaved involucre, with sessile glomerules. microcephcdus. 02. Low, 40 mm. Spikes in pairs. Leaves filiform. scheuchzerioides. b$. Leaf-blade subulate, internally septate, channeled halfway. stipularis. AT,. Leaf-blade semiterete, sulcate, rigid. Inflorescence depauperate, terminal ; bract thrice longer. chamissonis. A^. Leaves flat. Culm erect, compressed. Panicle lax. Annual. Tepals equal. cyperoides. A$. Sheaths leafless. Culm compressed. Cyme lateral, diffuse. Tepals narrow, the outer longer. mexicanus. A6. Tall, 60 cm. Cyme with outer rays long. Tepals ovate, inner obtuse, outer acute. Leafless. procerus. i. J. ACUTUS Linn. Great Sharp Sea-rush. Barren culms and outer bracts pungent. Panicle very compound, dense ; clusters 2-4-flowered. Perianth-leaves half as long as the large, broad-ovate, acuminate, glossy-brown capsule ; inner 3 with a broad membranous border at the apex. (Eur., Brazil) ; Patagon., in salines near Carmen de Patagones. Panicle more contracted than in the type. 2. J. BALTICUS Linn. Rhizome creeping. Culm 30-60 cm., stiff, often prickly at top, obscurely striate. Pith continuous. Panicle erect, branched. Tepals subequal, ovate-lanceolate, very acute, as long as the elliptical, scarcely trigonous, obtuse, mucronate capsule. Stamens 6. (Eurasia and Amer., chiefly near the sea) ; (Argentina) ; Patagon., along Rio Sta. Cruz, and Rio Chubut. 298 PATAGONIAN EXPEDITIONS : BOTANY. 3. J. BUFONIUS Linn. Annual, with fibrous cespitiferous roots. Culms 7-25 cm., diffuse, mostly simple, leafy. Leaves plane, subsetaceous, channeled. Inflores- cence terminal, of 3-4 long, unequal, simple or bifid rays ; flowers remote, solitary, unilateral ; the upper fasciculate. Tepals narrow, acuminate, exceeding the oblong capside. (Old and New Worlds; Tasmania; Australia); Patagon., by Rio Sta. Cruz. J. BUFONIUS VIRIDESCENS Buch. Tepals longer. At Rawson, Patagon. 4. J. CHAMISSONIS Kunth. Cu/tns cespitose, erect, rigid, sulcate-striate, leafy towards base. Leaves semi-terete, dorsally sulcate-striate, internally slightly canaliculate, rigid, shorter than the culm. Inflorescence terminal, depauperate, biradiate, with a floral leaf thrice longer. Flowers about 4 in the ray, unilateral, 6-stamjnate. Tepals ovate-oblong, acute, the inner slightly shorter. Capsule ovate-oblong, obtuse, muticous, triangular upwards ; just exceed- ing the tepals. (Chili) ; N. Patagon., not rare in meadows near Carmen de Patagones. 5. J. CYPEROIDES Laharp. Culm erect, 10-12 cm., compressed, with 3-6 nodes. Leaves plane, flaccid, subnervose, on culms, 3-5. Panicle erect, compound, rather lax. Spikes 6-io-flowered. Tepals equal, linear-lanceolate, acute, shorter than the subpyramidal triquetrous capsule. Annual. (S. Amer.) ; Chubut, common in hills near Carren-leofu. 6. J. DEPAUPERATUS Phil. (J. mandoni Buch.) Densely cespitose. Culm 3-4 cm., low, stoloniferous, procumbent, apex erect. Leaves alternate, sheathing, the sheaths with ovate-obtuse auricles ; blades 20 mm. long, channeled on upper face, hollow, not sep- tate. Flowers solitary in the axils, naked, bractless ; petiole 6 mm. Tepals 3-nerved, margins thin ; inner broader than outer. Stamens 5-6, shorter than tepals. Ovary orbicular-trigonal, i-locular, many-seeded. (Bolivia, per Gray Herbarium; Chili) ; S. Pata*gon., Coy Inlet (Hatcher); E. Fuegia (Dusen). MACLOSKIE I JUNCACE^E. 299 7. J. DOMBEYANUS J. Gay. ( J. pallescen s Lam. p. p.) Stout; 45 cm. high. Culm and leaves compressed-terete, nodulose. Panicle compound, rather dense; heads many, 8-ioflowered, globose; flowers large, tepals castaneous, lanceolate, acute, exceeding the oblong, mucronulate, black, shining capsule; stamens 6. (Peru) ; S. Patagon. 8. J. FILIFORMIS Linn. Culm slender, filiform, valleculate. Sheaths radical, leafless. Inflores- cence scarcely compound, 5-y-flowered. Lower bract basilar. Upper generally mucroniferous. Fruit spherical-ovate, obtuse, 3-septate. Seeds tailless. (Arctic-alpine of Eurasia-America, N. Zeal.) Patagonia, by R. Sta. Cruz. 9. J. GRAMINIFOLIUS E. Mey. Small, glaucous with branching, leafy culm. Leaves striate, nerveless, the upper exceeding the decompound inflorescence. Tepals equal, lance- acuminate, shorter than the trigonal-elliptical, mucronate, i-locularo*/s#/ PATAGONIAN EXPEDITIONS : BOTANY. 12. J. MEXICANUS Willd. (^. compressiis H. B. & K.) Root creeping, compressed. Culms cespitose, 4-5 cm., striate, glabrous, erect, compressed. Sheaths leafless, acute, pallid-fuscescent. Cyme lat- eral, branching diffuse. Tepals lanceolate, acutely subulate, outer ones slightly longer. Style long. Capsule triquetrous-oblong, acutish, equal- ling the sepals. (S. Amer., Mexico) ; S. Patagon., in Isle Pavon, Rio Sta. Cruz, and Rio Chico near Chonkenk-aike. 13. J. MICROCEPHALUS H. B. & K. Creeping cespitiferous root. Ciilm terete, erect, 20-25 cm-> leafy. Leaves terete, articulate, glabrous. Inflorescence terminal, cymose, with a i- leaved involucre, resembling the leaves but much shorter. Flowers capi- tately crowded in sessile glomerules. Tepals acuminate-cuspidate, sub- equal, exceeding the outer trigonal obtuse capsule. Varies in height of culm and size of inflorescence. (S. Amer.) ; N. Patagon., common in wet places near Carmen de Patagones. 14. J. PLANIFOLIUS Brown. Cespitose. Culm 25-45 cm. high, leafless. Leaves numerous, flat, grass-like, 2-7 mm. broad, shorter than the culm, with long imbricating 2-ranked sheaths. Thyrse terminal ; bracts small, or 1-2 leafy. Globular clusters of brown flowers at base and ends of the branches. Tepals 2 mm. long, acute. Stamens 3. Capsule mucronate, equalling the tepals. Seeds numerous, ovoid, small. (New Zeal. ; Austral. ; Chili) ; N. Patagon. J. PLANIFOLIUS DEMISSUS Steud. Culm leafy below, naked above, 10-15 cm. high, i -several-headed. Leaves herbaceous, plane, lanceolate, shorter than the culm. Sepals sub- equal, the outer acute, the inner obtuse. Stamens 6. Seeds ovate, minute. Valdivia ; W. Patagon. 15. J. PROCERUS E. Mey. Leafless (?). Scape smooth, soft (exceeding 60 cm.), finely striate, with dense pith. Inflorescence subdecompound, subcymose, the lower rays MACLOSKIE: JUNCACE/E. 301 very long. Tepals ovate, outer ones acute, inner ones slightly shorter, obtuse, mucronulate, scarcely exceeding the triquetrous-ovate, obtuse capsule. (Chili) ; Chubut, in wet mountain places near Rio Carren-leofu. 1 6. J. SCHEUCHZERIOIDES Gaudich. Rhizome jointed, long, rufescent. Culm low (25-50 mm.), basally clothed with sheaths and leaves. Leaves filiform, jointed, exceeding the culm. Spikes in pairs, terminal, 3-5-flowered, 2-bracted. J^epals equal, ovate-lanceolate, mucronate, equalling the subglobose, obtusely trigonal, mucronate capsule. Stamens 6, anthers usually exceeding the filaments. Falklands; S. Patagon., in saline marshes along R. Deseado, and R. Sta. Cruz; Fuegia. (New Zealand?) J. SCHEUCHZERIOIDES iNCONSPicuus Hook. (J. inconspicuus d'Urv.) Small, scarcely 25 mm. high, densely cespitose ; heads i-3-flowered. Falklands; Navarino I., Fuegia; S. Patagon., at Coy Inlet (O. A. Peterson, on pampas, Nov. 15, 1896). 17. J. STIPULARIS Nees & Mey. (J. biflorus Phil.) Culm 5-10 cm. high, leafy, with ligulate, broad-margined sheaths. Leaves subulate, jointed by cross septa, equalling the culm. Brandies of thyrse erect, 2-3-headed, the heads as large as a pea, 2-4-flowered, bracted. Tepals ovate-lanceolate, acuminate, as long as the obovate, apically trigonal capsule. Anthers shorter than the filaments. (Chili) ; Magellan (Dusen) ; N. Patagon., along Rio Negro. 4. JUNCOIDES Adans. (1763. Luzula DC. 1805.) Perennial, grass-like herbs, glabrous or sparingly cobwebby, the stems leafy, with closed leaf-sheaths. Flowers bracteolate, usually umbelloid or panicled. Capsule i-locular, 3-seeded ; seeds not tailed. Species 40, widely distribted. i. J. ALOPECURUS (Desv.). Cespitose. Leaves plane, hairy on margin. Panicle contracted, glom- erate, ovate-pyramidal, villous, erect. Bracts long, fimbriate-ciliate, subu- lately awned. Tepals ovate-lanceolate, narrow, subulate, dorsally fusees- 3O2 PATAGONIAN EXPEDITIONS I BOTANY. cent; the inner longer, carinate, awned, fimbriate, twice as long as the round, triangular, obtuse capsule. Magellan and S. Patagon., mouth of Rio Gallegos (Dusen), pampas at Coy Inlet (O. A. Peterson). Fuegia, Ushuaia to Cape Horn ; Falklands. 2. J. ANTARCTICUM (Hook. f. Sub Small, cespitose. Culm 5 cm. high, slender, filiform, arcuate or erect. Leaves broad-linear-subulate, ciliate at the base. Panicle small, ovoid, woolly, nodding; bracteoles and tepals subequal, the margins hyaline, lacerate, scarious above, colored below. Capsule elliptical, half as long as the tepals. Stigmas 3, sessile-filiform. Magellan and W. Magellan (Dusen) ; to high altitudes ; S. Fuegia to Cape Horn. Tepals larger than in J, alopecurus. 3. J. PATAGONICUM (Speg. sub Luzulo}. Stem 20-40 cm. high, fistulous, its base fasciculate-leafy, i leaf at its midpart, the leaves grass-like, subglabrous, with callous apex. Inflo- rescence erect ; spikes short and thick, more or less remote. Tepals sub- equal, the outer 3 lanceolate, awned, membranous, fuscous, the inner 3 obtusely acute, subhyaline. Fruit trigonal-ovate, just exceeding the perianth. S. Patagon., by Lago Argentine. (By J. B. Hatcher in S. Patagon., only 10 cm. high.) 4. J. PUMILUM (Hook, sub Luzula\ Small, densely tufted, nearly glabrous, 30-60 cm. high. Leaves slen- der, shorter than culms, 12-25 mm- l°ng» linear-subulate, obtuse, coria- ceous, convex on back. Culm naked, 25-50 mm. Flowers in a small, 4-io-flowered head, 2 mm. long. Bracts ovate, the edges ragged. Tepals subulate or lanceolate, long-acuminate, chestnut-brown, twice as long as the black capsule. (New Zeal., alpine) ; Fuegia. » 5. J. RACEMOSUM (Desv. sub Luzula\ Root fibrous, bulbous-thickened, cespitose. Citlm 30-70 cm. high, erect, leafy. Leaves plane or somewhat canaliculate, linear, acuminate, MACLOSKIE : LILIACEyE. 303 their sheaths pilose-margined. Panicles nodding, consisting of spike-like racemes. Bracts ciliate. Tepals ovate-oblong, red-castaneous, the outer acute-mucronate, exceeding the acute, round-trigonal capsule. Stamens generally 3. (S. Amer.) ; S. Fuegia. (Dusen.) 6. J. SPICATUM (DC. sub Luzula}. Plants rarely exceeding 15-20 cm. high, densely cespitose. Leaves generally distinctly canaliculate. Inflorescence of simple outline or lobate ; spikes short, thickish, mostly nodding. Flowers 2.5-3 mm- l°ng> variegated. Tepals castaneous, white-margined above. Stamens 6. (Eur., N. Amer., alpine and arctic) ; Patagon. (On pampas near Coy Inlet, J. B. Hatcher. 25 cm. high ; panicle dense, ovate, erect. Scape with 3 leaf-like bracts near the panicle.) Family 18. LILIACE^E. Lily Family. Herbs, usually with bulbs or corms, rarely woody plants. Flowers usually hypogynous, regular, perfect and showy. Perianth leaves 6, occa- sionally 4, similar, usually not united ; . stamens of the same number, inserted on the base of the perianth ; anthers mostly extrorse. Ovary mostly 3-celled ; style i, stigma 3-lobed. Seeds many, in 2 rows in each cell. Embryo in the axis of copious endosperm. Species 1,300, widely distributed. KEY TO THE GENERA. A. Herbs, all with radical or basal leaves. b. Flowers umbellate, when not solitary on the scape. c. Style 3-branched. Seeds few. I. Allium, p. 304. 02. Stigma 3-lobed. Seeds numerous. Perianth united below into a tube, funnelform to campanulate. 2. Brodicea, p. 304. CT,. Stigma 3-lobed. Seeds numerous. Perianth united below, salver-shaped, often with scales in the throat. 3. Tristagma, p. 306. l>2. Flowers paniculately racemose. Ovary i -celled. Polygamo-dicecious. 4. Astelia, p. 307. A2. Branching shrubs. b. Leaves 3-several-nerved, but not reticulate. Flowers pediceled, white. Perianth-leaves subequal. 5. Callixene, p. 307. b2. Leaves reticulately veined, and c. i -nerved. Flowers nearly sessile, large, pink. Perianth-segments unequal, the inner much larger. 6. Philesia, p. 308. c2- 3-5-nerved. Flowers very large, on slender pedicels ; perianth-segments subequal. Climbing. 7. Lapageria, p. 309. 304 PATAGONIAN EXPEDITIONS I BOTANY. i. ALLIUM Linn. Bulbous herbs, with garlic odor, linear, sheathing, usually basal leaves, and simple, erect scape, bearing a bracted umbel of flowers ; some of the flowers in some species becoming bulbils. Ovary with 1-6 seeds in each cell ; style shortly 3-branched. Species 275 ; chiefly extratropical in the Northern Hemisphere. A. BONARIENSE Griseb. Bulb 8 mm. diameter. Scape 7-12 cm. Leaves nearly i mm. broad. Umbels 3-5-flowered ; perianth 8 mm. long, yellow (externally purplish when dry). Perianth-leaves distinct. Style twice as long as the ovary. Cells of ovary 6-io-ovulate. (Uruguay) ; N. Patagon. 2. BRODL^A Smith. (Including Triteleia Lindl). Corm more or less coated. Leaves all radical, large. Scape simple, bearing a terminal umbel, or i -flowered. Perianth funnel- to bell-shaped, its leaves subequal. Stamens on the tube, 6, or 3 of them barren ; fila- ments short; anthers introrse. Style filiform, stigma 3-lobed. Capsule oblong in the marcescent perianth. Seeds numerous, black, often com- pressed. Species 30, chiefly from Calif, to Chili. (Fig. in Eng. & Prantl, ii, 5, p. 57.) Subgenus Triteleia has staminal circle of unequal height, filaments filiform, all antheriferous. i. B. AMEGHINOI Speg. (=Tristagma ameghinoi Speg.). 2. B. AUREA (Baker sub Milla\ Bulb globose, about 10 mm. diameter, tunicate. Leaves 6-8, fleshy, synanthic, filiform, 8 cm. long. Scapes 1-3, erect, 5-10 cm. long. Valves of spathe 2, lanceolate, basiconnate. Umbels 2-6-flowered ; pedicels 14 mm. long. Perianth 10-12 mm. long, saffron-colored, its segments ob- long, spatulate, spreading, 3~4-times as long as the short tube. Stamens slightly 2-seriate from the throat. Ovary sessile, cells 5-6-ovuled. Style 3 mm. long. (Argentina) ; Patagonia. MACLOSKIE I LILIACE^E. 305 3. B. LUZULA (Speg.) Macl. (Luzula patagonica Speg.) (PI. Pat. austr. n. 366.) Perennial, with fistulous stem, leafy at base, with a single leaf midway, and grassy, subglabrous, acute leaves at top. Inflorescence erect, with short, thick spikes, rather remote. Tepals subequal, 3 external, lanceolate-awned, 3 internal, obtusely acute. Stamens 6, all antheriferous. Fruit trigonal- ovate. Patagonia, through its dry parts from Rio Chubut to Rio Gallegos, varying in height, and in the perigonial lobes having broad or narrow margins, and in the varying length of the pedicels. B. LUZULA ANGUSTILOBA (Speg.). Larger than the species, the pedicels equalling or surpassing the bracts, and having larger perigonium, its albescent tube with 5 green vittae, and its lobes very narrowly linear without white margins. 4. B. PATAGONIA (Baker sub Milla}. Leaves 4-5, synanthic, filiform, 15-22 cm. long. Scape i -flowered, about 12. cm. long; valves of spathe 2, erect, united at base. Pedicels 15 mm. long; perianth 22 mm., pale lilac; its segments lanceolate, acu- minate, erect, twice as long as the tube. Ovary sessile ; style 6 mm. long. Patagonia. 5. B. PCEPPIGIANA (Gay sub Triteleia}. Leaves linear, plane, sometimes exceeding the 5-7-flowered scape. Spathe 2(3-4)-valved, the valves lanceolate, hyaline-membranous, rose- colored, as long as the pedicels, or shorter. Perianth-lobes oblong-obtuse, 8 by 3 mm. Tube as long as the lobes. Patagon., by the mouth of Rio Chubut. (Dusen.) 6. B. SPEGAZZINII (Speg.) Macl. (B. patagonica Speg. non Baker.) Bulb ovate. Leaves synanthic, narrow-linear, plicate, obtusish. Scape slightly longer, erect, glabrous, slender, i -flowered, 2-bracted above. Flower subtubular, its segments linear, acute, as long as the tube, white, marked by a green line. Pedicel half as long as the flower. Plant green to violascent. Patagon., common by Rio Sta. Cruz and Golfo de San Jorge. 306 PATAGONIAN EXPEDITIONS I BOTANY. 3. TRISTAGMA Poepp. Corm globular, truncate. Leaves few, radical, linear. Scape simple, leafless, bearing a few-flowered umbel, with scarious, involucral bracts. Perianth salver-shaped, with a cylindrical tube and 6 subequal, spreading lobes ; mostly scales in the throat. Filaments short, inserted in the throat. Ovary ovoid ; seeds numerous. Species 3, Chili ; Patagon. 1. T. AMEGHINOI Speg. Staminal series unequal. Bulb ovate, 3.5-5 mm. diameter, 3-5 cm. in length. Leaves linear, plane, apically obtuse, Scape as long or shorter, erect, glabrous, slender, i -flowered, 2-bracted. Flowers with rather long tube, their segments narrow-linear, thickish, velvety-papillose, olivaceous. Patagon., in sandy meadows by Golfo de San Jorge. The cylindraceous floral tube and naked throat make this resemble Brodicea ; but the short style and the lobes being shorter than the tube place it in Tristagma. 2. T. AUSTRALIS Neger. Bracts broad, lanceolate. Leaves obtuse, narrowing downwards. Ped- icels only 2-5 mm. long. Perianth-titbe ventricose, the lobes short, linear, with crown of 3-6, partly connate scales. Involucre 2-bracted, the bracts connate. S. Patagon., Rio Guillermo. (O. Nordenskjold.) 3. T. EREMOPHILA*Speg. Greenish, glabrous ; the synanthous leaves linear, obtuse, plane, equal- ling or exceeding the narrower scape. Spathe basally connate-tubular, long-bifid upwards, the lobes narrow, hyaline to reddish. Flowers 2-5, with very short or long pedicels, erect or subcernuous ; the perigon cyl- indrical to sublageniform, 6-lobed, the lobes narrow-linqar, fleshy, acutish, slightly shorter than the dark-purplish tube ; olivaceous, with naked throat. Chubut ; in rocky hills by Carren-leofu. 4. T. NIVALIS Poepp. Bracts very narrow, almost linear. Pedicels 10—30 mm. long, differing in the same umbel. Perianth-tiibe cylindrical. Leaves very narrow. MACLOSKIE : LILIACE/E. 307 T. NIVALIS ANGUSTIFOLIA Neger. Leaves narrower than in the type. E. Fuegia. (Br. Ansorge.) 5. T. PULCHELLA Speg. Pallid green, glabrous, Leaves synanthous, plane, rather obtuse, equal- ling or exceeding the narrower scapes. Spathes scarcely connate-sub- tubular at base, bipartite ; lobes broad-ovate, subobtuse, slightly albescent. Flowers solitary or geminate, sessile, erect, tube ovate-inflated, beautifully dark-violaceous, apically 5~lobed ; the lobes arcuate-reflexed, fleshy, con- colorous, nearly a half shorter. W. Patagon., in the higher hills near Rio Aysen. 4. ASTELIA Banks & Sol. Rhizome short, thick ; stem leafy at base, supporting paniculate racemes of small, polygamo-dicecious flowers. Perianth campanulate, its leaves united below. Ovary i -celled ; ovules numerous. Fruit fleshy, indehiscent. Species 9, in Pacific Is., N. Zeal., Tasm., Austral., and Antarc. Amer. (Fig. in Eng. & Prantl, ii, 5, p. 75.) A. PUMILA R. Br. Leaves lanceolate, rigid, glabrous on both sides, 3-nerved, serrulate at apex. Pedtmcles i -flowered, very short, \hzfloiuers inconspicuous, faintly sweet-scented (Fig. 54). Falklands ; Fuegia to Cape Horn, abundant, form- ing most of the peat ; W. Magellan, at Puerto An- gusto (Dusen) ; Staaten I. FIG. 54. 5. CALLIXENE Juss. (1789). (Ltizuriaga Ruiz. & Pav. 1798; Enargea Banks.) Glabrous, branching shrub, with subsessile, promi- nently 3-many-nerved leaves, and white axillary Hoovers on slender pedicels. Perianth-leaves not united, spreading, subequal, nerveless, spotted. Berry subglobose, 3-celled, with few pallid seeds. (Eng. & Prantl, ii, 5, p. 86.) Species 3, Chili, and the following. Astelia pumila. — Flower. 308 PATAGONIAN EXPEDITIONS I BOTANY. I. C. MARGINATA Lam. Knotted and leafless at the base. Leaves coriaceous, narrow-oval, thick at margin and midrib, subcuspidate. Flowers fragrant. Filaments filiform, anthers large, reflexed and extrorsely reversed. Berry dark purple. Patagon. ; Magellan to W. Magellan ; Fuegia, Beagle Ch. to Cape Horn; Staaten I., Falklands; N. Zeal. In Fuegia, "growing prostrate and against the trunks of beech trees" ; in N. Zeal., "on mosses by woods." "Seems a transition towards Phi- lesia, which the distribution favors." 2. C. POLYPHYLLA Hook. Tall ; much branching. Leaves abundant, oblanceolate or subovate, mucronulate, 5-y-nerved, with faint cross veins, glaucous underneath. Peduncles about as long as the leaves, below their middle articulated and i-bracted. Petals white, acute, orange-spotted. Anthers incumbent. S. Chili, at Cape Tres Montes; called "Asaju" ; growing on trunks of trees, about 30 cm. long ; remarkable for its beautiful flowers. 3. C. RADICANS Ruiz. & Pav. Suffruticose, glabrous, several meters high. Stem terete, slender, flexuous, creeping along trunks of trees, jointed, sheathing and rooting at the joints, rootlets long, simple. Leaves sessile, lanceolate, oblique, acuminate, 9~i3-nerved on both sides, 25 mm. long. Peduncles 2-4- flowered ; flowers variegated, white to yellow, with red points and lines. Berry red. (Chili); W. Patagon. (Dusen.) 6. PHILESIA Comm. Glabrous, branching shrub, with nearly sessile, subdistichous, oblong, coriaceous, revolute-edged, i -nerved, reticulate leaves ; and large, showy, pink flowers, \ or few in the upper axils or terminal ; with few small imbricating bracts ; inner perianth-leaves obovate-oblong, twice as long as the outer. Anthers extrorse. Ovary i -celled, with 3 parietal pla- centce. Fruit a subglobose berry, with many seeds. Only species : MACLOSKIE : AMARYLLIDACE^E. 309 P. BUXIFOLIA Lam. (P. magellanica Gmel.) Plate XIII. Flowers bell-shaped, 5 cm. long (smaller than in Lapageria], at right angles with the axis ; glands at base of the inner perianth. E. and W. Magellan ; Cordilleras of S. Patagon. (in flower Dec. 2O-Feb. 16; a shrub reaching to nearly 2 meters high — J. B. Hatcher) ; Fuegia to near Cape Horn. "Among the handsomest of the Antarctic American Flora. Northwards to Valdivia it is replaced by Lapageria rosea." (J. D. Hooker.) When not in flower it is difficult to determine its character as a monocot. 7. LAPAGERIA Ruiz. & Pav. Branching, climbing shrub, with coriaceous, 3~5-nerved, reticulate leaves, whose short petiole is jointed below the blade, the lower part persisting- twisted. Flowers i-few in the axils or terminal, large and handsome, with short peduncle and numerous small imbricate bracts. Perianth-segments distinct, connivent, the outer narrower ; a basal nectary inside. Anthers introrse. Ovary i -celled, with 3 parietal placentae. Berry ovoid, subtri- gonal, with many seeds. Only species : L. ROSEA Ruiz. & Pav. Leaves lance-ovate to subcordate, acuminate. Flowers flesh-colored, sometimes white. (S. Chili; also cult, in greenhouses); Patagonia (?). Family 19. AMARYLLIDACE.E. Herbs (or tropical shrubs) from rhizomes or bulbs, with usually narrow, entire leaves, and large, showy, perfect /lowers. Perianth-leaves 6, mostly united below, bearing 6 stamens on their base. Ovary wholly or partly inferior, 3-celled ; style simple or 3-lobed. Fruit a many-seeded capsule ; or fleshy and i-3-seeded. Seeds oblong, mostly black. Species 800, chiefly in warm countries. KEY TO THE GENERA. A. Rootstock bulbous. b\. Scape i -flowered. Capsule 3-lobed. i. Zeph)'ranthes,^.^\o. b2. Umbel 2-many-flowered. Capsule 3-celled. Anthers dorsifixed. 2. Hippeastrum, p. 310. A2. Rootstock fasciculate. Capsule wrinkled. Terminal inflorescence or i -flowered. Anthers basifixed. 3. Alstraemeria, p. 311. 310 PAT AGONIAN EXPEDITIONS : BOTANY. 1. ZEPHYRANTHES Herb. Glabrous herbs, with a bulb sending up narrow leaves, and a hollow, leafless i -flowered scape. Perianth funnelform, usually with scales in its throat. Style 3-lobed. Capsule subglobose, 3-lobed. Species 30, New World, from Tex. southward ; i in W. Afr. 1. Z. ANDERSONII (Herb.) Benth. * Stamens unequal, declined (but often normal). Perianth-scales united into a membrane at the base of the filaments ; anthers dorsifixed. (Fig. in Eng. & Prantl, ii, 5, p. 107.) (Argentina) ; N. Patagon. Has golden-copper-colored flowers ; and springs up commonly after rains. 2. Z. MELANOPOTAMICA Speg. Euzephyranthes. Bulb ovoid, mediocre, fuscous-tunicate. Leaves nar- row-linear, long, green, not synanthous. Scapes erect, more or less elongate, terete, glabrous. Spathes elongate, bifid below the middle, more or less long-connate, whitish. Flowers solitary or paired, erect, pedicels shorter than spathe. Perianth turbinate, mediocre, its leaves oblanceolate, acutish, white, twice as long as the unequal glabrous sta- mens, basally short-tubular-connate. Interstaminal scales small, pectinate- ciliate. Style rather long, included, trifid. N. Patagon., in dunes along Rio Negro. Differs from Z. mesochloa Herb, by the leaves not being synanthous, and by the ciliate-pectinate character of its interstaminal squamules. 2. HIPPEASTRUM Herb. Coated bulb sending up a fistulous stem with strap-shaped leaves, and a 2-many-flowered umbel (rarely i-flowered), often large; with 2 distinct involucral bracts, often enclosing i-many inner linear or filiform bracts. Perianth-tube short or long, the limb often zygomorphous. Filaments short; anthers dorsifixed, versatile. Crown of scales about or between the stamens small. Ovary 3-celled. Seeds many, black. Species 50, in subtropical Amer. Section Habranthus has broad fun- nelform flowers, few in the umbel, and narrow leaves. i. H. BAGNOLDI (Hrb.) Baker. (Baker's Handbook of Amaryllid., p. 43.) MACLOSKIE: A^ARYLLIDACE^E. 311 . H. BAGNOLDI MINUS Speg. The variety has the umbel usually 2-flowered, and is smaller every way. Bulb subglobose. Leaves linear, 15-25 cm. long, subglaucescent. Spathe 2-leaved, yellow to white. Perigonium infundibuliform, yellow to rose or ferruginous, its leaves lanceolate, acute both ways. Stamens, 3 short, 3 long, anthers versatile. Interstaminal squamules minute, fimbriate. Style as long as the floral-leaves, shortly trifid. Chubut, in meadows near Puerto Piramides. 2. H. PALLIDUM (= Hippeastrum advenum Herb. Loddiges sub Habranthus] Pax. (= Habranthus hesperius Herb.) Leaves narrow-linear, subobtuse, fleshy, from the ovoid bulb. Scape leafless, 2-flowered. Flowers rather large, free-segments of broad funnel- form, yellowish-white to red perianth, ovate, acute. (Description made from the Loddiges, Botan. Cabinet, plate 1760.) (Chili); Chubut, meadows by Carmen-Leofu : sandy hills. 3. ALSTRCEMERIA Linn. p. p. Rootstock fasciculate. Stem simple, erect, leafy, ending in an mnbel or raceme of leafy-bracted flowers, or a solitary flower. Perianth funnel- form, its leaves nearly distinct, one of each series unlike the other two ; inserted with the stamens on an epigynous persisting ring. Anthers basi- fixed. Capsule globose, rugose, with an annular crown. Seeds many, globose. . Species 30, S. Amer. I. A. AURANTIACA Don. Flowering stem reaching i meter high. Leaves 40-50, lanceolate, sub- petiolate, glaucous beneath, the lower 10 cm. by 12 mm. Umbels 10-30- flowered, with long compound rays ; the bracts leaf-like. Perianth bright yellow, 4 cm. long, otiter tepals subobtuse, green-tipped, 12-14 mm- broad ; the inner narrower, deeper in color, claret-brown spotted. Stamens decli- nate, shorter than the tepals. (Chili; cult, in gardens); Patagon. 2. A. DIAZI Phil. Stem tall (30 cm.), leafy. Leaves rather crowded, not resupihate, lance- linear ; involucral leaves similar. Umbels 3-flowered ; peduncles scarcely 312 PATAGONIAN EXPEDITIONS: BOTANY. ** exceeding the involucre, naked. Outer tepals obovate-spatulate, not emarginate, serrulate, pink, their base and center white ; the inner larger, purple-lined, yellow in the center; the lowest shorter, spotless. (Amer.); Patagon., Chubut, in dry sandy hills. 3. A. LIGTU Linn. Scape 45-60 cm. Leaves 20-30, thin, ascending, linear or lanceolate, 5-7 cm. long, .5-1 mm. broad. Umbel 3-8-rayed, rays often forked, 5-7 cm. long ; bracts several, linear, 25-35 mm. long. Perianth 35 mm. long; the outer segments obovate, unguiculate, obtuse or cuspidate, 12 mm. broad, whitish or pale lilac or pale red, with oblique, purple streaks, the inner segments narrower and more acute. Stamens shorter than the segments. Patagon., meadows near Lago Nahuel-huapi ; along Rio Chubut. 4. A. PATAGONICA Phil. Low, i -flowered. Leaves linear, narrowed at base, acute, undulate. Flower 18 mm. long, its outer leaves spatulate, mucronate, yellow inside, pinkish halfway on outside ; inner perianth-leaves narrower, purple-spotted to the middle. Stigmas revolute, elongate, broad, margined. Leaves more numerous and narrower than A. Pygmcea, and inner tepals red-spotted. Near Lago Sta. Cruz, Patagon. ; S. Patagon., on high dry pampas near Coy Inlet (Hatcher) ; "yellow, with dark spots on the corolla." 5. A. PYGM^EA Willd. (A. ligtu Pygmcea O. Ktze.) Underground stem 5-10 cm. long, sending up a dense tuft of linear or lanceolate leaves, 12-25 mm- \ong- Flower solitary, sessile amid the leaves ; its perianth-leaves oblanceolate, unguiculate, whitish, unspotted, 1 2- 1 8 mm. long, 2-3 mm. broad. Stamens as long. " Flower unspotted." (Peru and Bolivia to 4,000 meters) ; Gregory Bay, Fuegia, by R. O. Cunningham ; N. Fuegia, near sea-coast, Dusen. Family 20. IRIDACE^E. Iris Family. Perennial herbs, with narrow mostly equitant, distichous leaves, and perfect, mostly regular, showy flowers in spathes. Perianth 6-parted, in 2 series, its tube adhering to the inferior 3-locular ovary. Stamens 3, on the base of the outer tepals ; anthers extrorse. Style 3-cleft, its branches MACLOSKIE : IRIDACE^E. 313 often petaloid and subdivided. Embryo enclosed in horny or fleshy endosperm. Species 1,000, cosmopolitan. GENERIC ANALYSIS. A. Style -branches forked. Bulbous plants. Tepals subsimilar. i. Nemastylis, p. 313. A2. Style-branches simple. Usually with rhizomes. b. Filaments free, or connate only at base. 2. Libertia, p. 313. b2. Filaments partly united into a tube. c. Spathe many-flowered. d. Perianth -tube short 3. Sisyrinchium, p. 314. d2. Perianth-tube rather long. 4. Symphyostemon, p. 318. c2. Spathe I -flowered. Low, cespitose plants. 5. Tapeinia, p. 3 1 9. 1. NEMASTYLIS Nutt. Bulbs usually sending up branching stems with long, linear, folded leaves, and i or more pediceled flowers from the spathe. Tepals all similar, fugacious. Filaments partly united. Style-branches filiform, themselves forked, alternate with the anthers. Capsule subovoid. (Fig. in Eng. & Prantl, ii. 5, p. 148.) Species 10, S. Amer. and N. to Tenn. N. FURCATA Klatt. Stem 25 cm. high, simple below, flexuous, glabrous ; leaves long, lance- ensiform, the base broad-sheathing; cauline leaf basi-cucullate. Bracts ovate-lanceolate, keeled, cuspidate, thin-margined. .Spathe i -flowered, 2-valved. Flowers erect, yellow, anthers yellow. Seeds castaneous. (Montevideo) ; N. Patagon. 2. LIBERTIA Spreng. Rhizomes creeping. Leaves basal, distichous; the few stem-leaves reduced. Flowers in simple or compound umbels, the inner tepals larger than the outer, white or greenish ; stamens 3, free or basi-connate ; styles alternate with the anthers, involute-filiform, the spathes not enclosing'the pediceled flowers. Species 8, some in Chili, others in N. Zeal, and S. Australia. (Fig. in Eng. & Prantl, ii, 5, p. 150.) 3H PATAGONIAN EXPEDITIONS: BOTANY. I. L. ELEGANS Poepp. Panicle of many peduncled, 4-6-flowered umbels. Inner perianth white, outer green. Filaments connate. (Chili); by R. O. Cunningham (in Patagonia?). 2. L. FORMOSA Graham. Stem terete, leafy; radical leaves not equalling the stem, smooth- edged. Outer tepals ovate, carinate, greenish at apex ; inner tepals un- guiculate, cordate, retuse ; fruits smaller than the flowers. (S. Chili) ; Valdivia. (Fig. in Eng. & Prantl, 1. c.) 3. SISYRINCHIUM Linn. Rhizomatous, slender herbs, with narrow leaves, radical or from the base of the stem, and single terminal spathe, or with additional spathes sessile along the stem. Tepals all similar, often awned. Style-branches filiform, undivided, alternate with the anthers. Capsule ovoid or globular. Species 50, chiefly in warm parts of Amer. and stragglers in Austral., Mauritius, Ireland, Bermuda; several in E. U. S. (Fig. in Brit. & Br. i, 453-) A. Dwarf. b. Stem low, densely leafy, about I -flowered. humile. b. Stemless, with yellow flowers. clarazii. A2. Filaments free from near the base. filifolium. A$. Filaments free upwards. Flowers expanded, yellowish. b. Scape subcompressed ; leaves grass-like. graminifolium. b2. Scape compressed. Tepals, 3 of them with large, dark spots. maculatum. £3. Scape narrowly winged ; tepals brown-striate. striatum. b^f. Stem flat and winged ; tepals brown-striate. patagonicum. A^.. Filaments connate ; flowers expanded, blue or pink to white, with purple stripes. b. Stem 2-winged ; tepals subspatulate, retuse, mucronate. chilense. b2. Stem 2-edged ; tepals hairy outside. iridifolium. £3. Stem terete, and leaves terete. Flowers pink. c. Stem striate, leafy below. junceum. c2. Stem with a leaf some distance below. middletoni. £•3. Stem smooth, naked. roseum. I. S. CHILENSE Hook. Stem branching, 2-winged. Leaves linear-ensiform, acutish, striate, much shorter than the scape. Spathes linear, acute, usually exceeding the pedicel. Tepals oblong, subspatulate, retuse, mucronate. (Trop. Amer.) ; N. Patagon. ; S. Patagon. ; E. and S. Fuegia (Dusen). MACLOSKIE I IRIDACE^E. 315 FIG. 5 5. 2. S. CLARAZII Baker. Dwarf acquiescent, tufted, yellow-flowered, with a 2-edged flower-stalk, rigid, y-ribbed leaves about i mm. broad. Perianth 6 mm. long. Probably in N. Patagon. It and S. chilense are used in infusions for tea. 3. S. FILIFOLIUM Gaudich. (5. leucanthum Colla.) Stem terete, striate, several (2-8) -flowered. Leaves radical, filiform, nearly equalling the scape, produced beyond the bracts to a long spathe. Flowers showy, broad-cam- panulate, 12 by 12 mm., the tepals obovate, subequal, white with purple veins. Filaments free nearly to the base. Capsule glabrous, its cells 3-6-seeded (Fig- 55)- S. Patagon., Fuegia ; Falklands. By O. W. Peter- son and J. B. Hatcher, near Coy Inlet, at Cobo Negro, and near head of Rio Chico de Sta. Cruz; at Killik Aike on Rio Gallegos (Dusen) ; "Star- grass ; color white with brown stripes. Handsomest and most fragrant in Patagonia. On pampas every- where." (Peterson.) "White at high latitudes, pink at lower." (Hatcher.) "In the Falkland Islands the grassy plains are, in the spring month of Novem- ber, almost whitened by the profusion of its pendu- lous snowy bells." (J. D. Hooker.) (Index Kewensis gives S. filifolium and S. leu- canthum as distinct species. Klatt identifies them.) 4. S. GRAMINIFOLIUM Lindl. Sisyrinchium filifolium. Scape 60 cm. high, subcompressed. Leaves erect, inflorescence and flower; 6-10 mm. wide, strongly striated, glaucous rieid essential orsans> and cross- i- ,, 2 . . , section of dehiscing fruit. exceeding the scape. Capsules shorter than the pedi- (After Flora antarcL.) eels, ovoid-globular. S. Patagon., Eden; E. Fuegia. (Br. Ansorge.) 5. S. HUMILE Phil. Stem only 10 cm. high, densely leafy, about i -flowered, the leaves dis- tichous, acute, 5-10 cm. long, exceeding the flower, "Cetera S. cuspidati." (Chili); S. Patagon., by Rio Sta. Cruz; Gregory Bay. 316 PATAGONIAN EXPEDITIONS I BOTANY. 6. S. IRIDIFOLIUM (Humb. & Bonpl.) Kunth. (S. laxtim Link.) Stem branching, leafy, 2-edged ; its edges and the leaf-edges scabrid. Spathes terminal, glabrous ; peduncles geniculate. Tepals ochroleucous, hairy below externally. Stamina! column inflated, bearded below. Ovary pubescent; capsule glabrous. (Caraccas to Chili); Magellan ; Fuegia (Speg.). Often confounded with S. chilense. "N. Patagon." (Lor. & Nied.) S. IRIDIFOLIUM MAJUS. (S. laxum var. major.] Stem bifid. Leaves and tepals broader. Spathes and bracts scaberulous above. W. Patagon., in Chonos Archipelago. S. IRIDIFOLIUM MINUS. Stem simple. Leaves narrower, glabrous. Tepals narrower. Magellan. 7. S. JUNCEUM Meyer. (S. gracile Phil., S. jnnciforme Poepp.) Glabrous. Stem terete, striate, one third way leafy. Leaves terete, striate, shorter than the scape. One valve of the spathe long, straight. Flowers in a lateral fascicle, pink ; tepals lanceolate, acute, 3-5-striate. Stamina! column inflated. Stigmas small, dentiform. Capstile oblong. (Andes); Fuegia, Navarino I., Ushuaia; Patagon., Chubut; Valley of R. Gallegos (Nordenskj.); R. Sta. Cruz. S. JUNCEUM BREVISPATHUM (O. KtZC.). About 30 cm. high ; few-flowered. Spathe scarcely exceeding the inflo- rescence. Patagon. S. JUNCEUM FLORIBUNDUM Phil. To 60 cm. high ; many-flowered. Spathe scarcely exceeding the inflo- rescence. Patagon. S. LEUCANTHUM Colla (see S. filifoliuni}. 8. S. MACULATUM Hook. Stem leafy, ancipitally-compressed. Leaves linear, ensiform. Pedicels as long as the spathe, white-membranous, acuminate. Perianth- segments MACLOSKIE: IRIDACE^E. 317 obovate, acute, 3 with large, dark, sanguineous spots. Stigmas subulate. Ovary glandular. Herb scarcely exceeding 30 cm. high, with a panicle of several yellow flowers. (Chili) ; S. Patagon. ; Fuegia, in dry meadows. 9. S. MIDDLETONI Bale. (S. roseum Speg., PI. Pat. Aust. n. 357, non Ph.) Root fibrous, densely tufted, long-cylindrical. Stem slender, terete, erect, a foot long, ending in a single cluster of flowers, with a terete leaf some distance below. Leaves 2-3, slender, terete, half as long as the stem. Spathes i-2-flowered, 25-32 mm. long; valves lanceolate, green, with narrow white edge. Perianth-segments oblanceolate-oblong, 8 mm. long. Filaments connate to the apex in an ampulliform tube. S. Patagon., meadows by Rio Sta. Cruz; Golfo de San Jorge; by Rio Chubut. IO. S. PATAGONICUM Phil. Root-fibers slender. Stem simple, leafless, 12-15 cm- mgn- flat, winged to base, 2 mm. diam. Leaves linear, 2 mm. diam., shorter than the stem. Flowers 2-3 in a cluster. Valves of spathe lanceolate, 25-35 mm. long ; pedicels much shorter. Perianth 8 mm. long, yellow, with brown veins. Filaments 3 mm., connate upwards; anthers small, oblong. W. Patagon., by Rio Palena. II. S. ROSEUM Phil. Stems terete, smooth, 30 cm. high, scarcely 2 mm. thick, naked, pro- duced to a long spathe. Leaves terete, striate, shorter than the scape. Spathes broadly scarious. Pedicels exserted. Flowers pink, 14 mm. long, tepals 7-nerved. Staminal column inflated midway, glabrous, scarcely half as long as the perianth. Ovary villous. (Chili) ; Patagon., Golfo de San Jorge. 12. S. STRIATUM Smith. Root-fibers slender. Stems stout, narrowly winged, 45-60 cm. high, bearing 1-2 reduced leaves above, next the inflorescence. Spike or panicle of many diverging sessile clusters ; each 1 2-2O-flo\vered, and subtended by a large ovate bract. Root-leaves 8-10, fine-linear, 30 cm. by 12 mm. Valves of spatJie under 25 mm. ; inner valves numerous, membranous. PAT AGONIAN EXPEDITIONS : BOTANY. Perianth 18 mm. long, its segments oblanceolate, pale yellow, veined with brown. Filaments united half-way. Capsule globose, 6 mm. diam. (Chili & Andes., cult.) ; Patagon., in foothill and mountain meadows. S. STRIATUM MICROSPATHUM (Phil.). In rocks by Nahuel-huapi. 4. SYMPHYOSTEMON Miers. (Susarium Phil. p. p.) Roots fibrous. Leaves linear, radical. Scapes short, amid the leaves or longer, sometimes i -leaved. Spathes 1-2, sessile or stalked, each with pediceled flowers. Perianth funnelform, its tepals distinct, white, yellow or purple-striped. Filaments united. Style branches clavate. Capsule ovoid, protruding from the spathe. Seeds angled. Species 5, extratrop., S. Amer: i. S. BIFLORUS (Thunb.) Bak. (S. narcissoides Cav., Miers.) Rhizome none. Radical fibers tufted. Leaves numerous, narrow-linear, 15-30 cm.; scape, terete, 30-45 cm. long; bearing 1-2 long-peduncled clusters. Spathes 4-5-flowered, 25-35 mm. long, the outer valve oblong-lanceolate, green, with a mem- branous edge. Pedicels long. Perianth pale-yellow, 30-37 mm. long; the segments oblong, acute, equal- ling the funnel-formed tube. Filaments free above, an- thers versatile. Capsule subglobose, 6-8 mm. diameter. (S. Chili); Magellan; N. & E. Fuegia, "belonging to the Steppe-Flora." (Dusen.) "Blue-white bells streaked with purple." (R. O. Cunningham.) Got by Hatcher at Rio Coy. 2. S. LYCKHOLMI Dusen. Root fasciculate. Stem erect, terete, rough, simple. Symphyostemon lyck- Radical leaves 2-3, rough, linear-terete, attenuate- holmi. Inflorescence and sheathmg Outer bracts 2 shorter than the Upper flowers (after Dusen). & ' rj leaf, lanceolate, embracing each other, white, scarious- margined. Flowers 3-4, their pedicels scarcely exceeding the bracts ; their tube dilated upwards, their 5-6 lobes broad, subacute, with purplish lines. Filaments united (Fig. 56). MACLOSKIE : IRIDACEyE. 319 Differs from S. patagonictis Speg. by its rough stem and leaves, and its broad, less pointed tepals. S. Patagon., at 600 m. elevation. O. Nordenskj. • 3. S. ODORATISSIMUS (Lindl.) Miers. Flowers larger than in S. patagonicus, and perigonial tube sherter. Patagon., Golfo de San Jorge, RR. de Sta. Cruz et Gallegos ; Gregory Bay. 4. S. PATAGONICUS Speg. Glabrous. Roots fascicled. Leaves narrow, shorter than the stem, callous-mucronate. Flowers numerous, pediceled, somewhat salver- shaped and nutant ; the lobes erect, ovate, apiculate, marked by 5 longi- tudinal, rather broad dark purple lines, exceeding the slender, cylindrical tube. Scape 15-25 cm. high, bearing a single leaf above the middle, also 2 apical bracts, mutually embracing. Ovary obconical-turbinate, 4 by 2.5 mm. Flowers smaller than in S. bifloms, but their tube longer. Patagon., on sandy plains by Golfo de San Jorge. 5. S. SEGETHI (Phil, sub Susarium}. Rhizome and stem creeping. Leaves terete, hollow, rigid, equalling the scape, 24 cm. high. Flowers subsessile, fascicled, violaceous. Flower- tube very narrow, filaments united. Ovary lanceolate. Seeds winged above and below. (Chili) ; Patagon., in dry meadows by Teka-choique and Carren-leofu. 5. TAPEINIA Juss. Low, cespitose perennials, with fibrous roots, crowded, distichous, linear leaves, and terminal scape with I -flowered pedicel which scarcely exceeds the leaves. Perianth bell-shaped, with the tube almost wanting, its tepals ovate, the inner narrower. Filaments united below. Style filiform, its branches subulate. Capstde globular, 3-furrowed, dehiscing at the apex. The only species. T. MAGELLANICA (Lam.) Ker. Leaves subulate, canaliculate, rigid. Flowers small, whitish-yellow (Fig- 57)- 320 PATAGONIAN EXPEDITIONS I BOTANY. (Chili) ; Magellan, and W. Magellan (Dusen) ; Fuegia to Cape Horn. Extends farther S. and to greater elevations than the species of Sisyrin- chium. Moist meadows, especially on FIG. 57. mountains. Family 2 1. ORCHIDACE^:. Orchid Family. Perennial, tuberous, or rhizomatous, or epiphytic herbs, with entire sheath- ing leaves, and superior perfect, zygo- morphous, showy flowers. Perianth Tapcinia magellanica. "Leafage, flower, 2-SCriate (calyx and COrolla both peta- seed, and dehisced capsule. (After Flora loid), each 3~leaved ; the SCpttls all simi- antarctica.') . , , . . . . , . lar ; the 2 lateral petals or ' wings simi- lar ; the third petal becomes anterior by torsion, and forms a labelhim, being also frequently spurred. Stamens 1-2, gynandrous ; only I, rarely the two, antheriferous ; pollen cohering in 2-8 pear-shaped masses. Ovary inferior, i -celled, with 3 parietal placenta, often long and twisted, \\sstyle united with the staminal column in a gynandrium, forming a stigmatic ros- trum. Seeds exceedingly numerous and minute, having no endosperm. Species 5,000, abounding most in the tropics. KEY TO THE GENERA. 1. Single leafy stem with a terminal spike or raceme. Chloraa. 2. Leaves whorled about midway on a i -flowered scape. Codonorchis. i. CHLOR./EA Lindl. (Including Asarca Lindl.) Anther i, erect behind the rostrum, 2-celled, and each cell partially 2- celled. Pollinia 2-parted, oblong. Rhizomes bearing simple leafy stems with flowers on a terminal spike or raceme. Posterior sepal sometimes erect, arched. Petals narrow, the labellum incurved, ascending from the base of the column, spurless, open on the upper side, and sometimes with 2 calli. Species 80, confined to extratropical S. Amer. KEY TO THE SPECIES. A. Stem leafy. b. Leaves dimorphous ; the basal narrow-lanceolate, long-petiolate ; the upper broad and sheathing. Flowers large and whitish. bugainvilleana. MACLOSKIE : ORCHIDACEyE. 32 I b2. Leaves oblong-lanceolate, obtuse, petiolate ; the cauline acute, sessile ; flowers very yellow. commersonii. £3. Leaves lanceolate, acute ; bracts large. gaudichaudii. 64. Stem with 3 leaves, which wither at anthesis. Bracts sheath-like, linear-ligulate. penicillata. Az. Leaves chiefly basal. b. Leaves lanceolate, acuminate. kingii. bz. Leaves subelliptical, obtuse. c. Spike 3-7-flowered. Bracts ovate-lanceolate. . magellanica. c2. Spike long, lax ; bracts lanceolate. odoratissima. A$. Spike 1 6 cm. long, about i8-flowered. Lower bracts longest, all exceeding the flowers. Labellum rhombic, lobed. patagonica. A^. Flowers rose-white. b. Spikes 10-15 -flowered ; flowers small; labellum partly pectinate. albo-rosea. b2. Spike lo-flowered ; flowers large ; labellum serrate-toothed, warty. pleistodactyla. b$. Spike 3-6-flowered ; flowers large ; wings and entire labellum yellowish, spegazziniana. 64. Spike 2-3 (6) -flowered ; flowers obscure ; labellum 2-lobed, papillose. hystrix. A$. Spikes 2-3-flowered ; flowers large, green-white ; labellum 3-toothed. leontoglossa. A6. Spikes 2-4-flowered ; flowers rusty ; labellum 3 -lobed. . ferruginea. i. C. ALBO-ROSEA Kracnzlin & Speg. Spikes io-i5-flowered. Flowers small, the wings apically very thick- clavulate. Labellum short, apically obtuse-callous, the rest densely pec- tinate-fimbriate. Tepals rose-white ; bracts rose colored. S. Patagon., in elevated meadows along Rio Chico ; by Rio Carren- leofu. 2. C. BUGAINVILLEANA Franchet. Stem 15-30 cm. high. Leaves dimorphous, narrow-lanceolate and long- petioled in sterile fascicles, and ovate cauline leaves, the upper being long-sheathing, short and complicate. Flowers 4-7, rather large, with short pedicels. Bracts ovate, mucronate-setaceous, embracing the flower. Perianth white, tesselated with black lines ; sepals longer than the petals. Labellum long-stipitate, obscurely 3-lobed, y-crested, with inflexed fim- briate margins. Magellan (Commerson, 1767). 3. C. CHICA Krnzl. & Speg. W. Patagon., not rare in the woods along Rio Aysen. (To be de- scribed in F. Kraenzlin's Monograph of Chlortea.} 322 PATAGONIAN EXPEDITIONS I BOTANY. 4. C. COMMERSONII Brongn. (Lindl. sub Asarca.] Stem leafy. Lower leaves oblong-lanceolate, obtuse, petiolate ; upper acute, sessile. Spikes dense ; bracts lanceolate, acute, as long as the ovary. Perianth very yellow ; the sepals narrow, acute ; the petals shorter, obtuse ; the labellum still shorter, its lateral lobes round, entire, its midlobe ovate, warty; adnate to the base of the short, winged gynandrium. Magellan ; Fuegia, Ushuaia ; Falklands. Patagon., in woods near Lago Fontana. 5- C. FERRUGINEA Kmzl. & Speg. Spikes 2-4-flowered, flowers slightly large, all more or less intensely ferruginous ; wings acute, not or scarcely callous-thickened. Labellum trilobate ; midlobe narrow, its upper surface densely and minutely papil- lose-verrucose. Patagon., frequent in colline meadows near Rio Carren-leofu. 6. C. HYSTRIX Krnzl. & Speg. Spikes 2-3-, or even 6-flowered ; flowers rather obscure, like C. leonto- glossa, but wings more thickened at the apex. Tepals white-rose, more nervose-reticulate. Labellum apically callous-bilobed, medially enlarged, densely hirt-papillose. Patagon., hills between Teka-choique and Carren-leofu. 7. C. GAUDICHAUDII Brongn. Stem leafy, the leaves lanceolate, acute. Bracts large, lance-ovate, ex- ceeding the ovary. Sepals ovate-lanceolate, membranaceous to the apex. Petals subequal, obtuse ; the labellum shorter, its lateral lobes fimbriate, thick at the apex, its midlobe linguaeform, warty. Gynandrium as long as the labellum, its rostrum winged. Magellan, moist pastures of Fuegia and Falklands. 8. C. KINGII. (Hook. f. sub Asarca.} Radical leaves 15 cm. long, lanceolate, acuminate. Spike 6-8-flowered. Lateral sepals lanceolate, acuminate. Petals oblong, ovate, obtuse, slightly shorter than the sepals and the labellum ; labellum shortly unguiculate, oblong, obtuse, entire, its nerves scarcely thickened. Gynandrium short. Magellan. MACLOSKIE : ORCHIDACE^E. 323 9. CHLOR/EA LEONTOGLOSSA Krnzl. & Speg. Spikes 2-3-flowered ; flowers erect, rather large. Wings greenish, rather fleshy on the anterior part ; the other tepals whitish, laxly and finely fus- cous-striate and reticulate. Labellum somewhat short, apically 3-dentate, and callous. Patagonia, in woods near Lago Fontana. IO. C. MAGELLANICA Hook. f. Stem 30-45 cm. high. Leaves elliptical and lance-elliptical, obtuse, the upper subacute. Spike 3-y-flowered. Bracts ovate-lanceolate, exceeding the ovary. Flowers pale-yellow ; the sepals linear, thickened distally and the apex inflexed. Petals one third shorter, ovate-obtuse ; labellum ovate- cordate, obsoletely 3-lobed, shorter than the sepals, margins inflexed with long glands, the axis crested ; the lobes sublacerous laterally, and pro- duced medially. Magellan (Hatcher); N. Fuegia (Dusen). Navarino I.; Ushuaia. S. Patagon., by Rio Gallegos (O. Nordenskjold); by Lago Argentine. ii. C. ODORATISSIMA. (Poepp. sub Asarca.*} Leaves elliptical-oblong, subobtuse. Spike long, lax. Bracts lanceo- late, exceeding the ovary, apically incurved. Upper sepal oval, acute ; lateral ones lanceolate-acuminate, thickened. Petals obliquely oval, sub- obtuse. Labellum with base adnate to the short gynandrium, its lateral lobes oboval, obtuse, its terminal longer and narrower, apex dentate. Falklands ; Patagon., south provinces. « 12. C. PATAGONICA Phil. (Leaves and stem unknown.) Spike many-flowered. Upper sepal lan- ceolate, lateraf ones linear, thickened apically. Petals falcate, their margin concave, warty. Labellum rhombic, obsoletely lobed, veins of lateral lobes varicose, the apex few-toothed, with central falcate setae ; midlobe trian- gular, toothed, varicose-edged. Patagonia, near Valdivia. 13. C. PENICILLATA Reichb. f. Stem 30 cm. high, bearing 3 leaves, these emaciate at anthesis ; bracts sheath-like, linear-linguseform, exceeding the trigonal ovary. Sepals and 324 PATAGONIAN EXPEDITIONS I BOTANY. wings apically ligulate. Labellum cuneate, ligulate at the base, puber- ulous in the mid-line, anteriorly revolute on both sides ; the margins with narrow, subulate processes, which are opposed inter- nally by triangular calli ; also an apical obtuse callus. Beautiful. Patagon., Fuegia, Orange Harbor. 14. CHLOR/EA PLEISTODACTYLA Krnzl. & Speg. Spikes long, about lo-flowered. Flowers rather large, tepals white-rose ; wings apically more or less attenuate and inmscate, callous-thickened ; labellum broad-ovate, serrate-dentate, densely verruculose-appendiculate. Patagon., not rare in hills near Carren-leofu. 15. C. SPEGAZZINIANA Kmzl. & Speg. Spikes 3-6-flowered ; flowers rather large ; wings apic- ally thick, fuscate-callous, basally yellow. Sepals white- rose, obscurely and densely clathrate-nervose. Label- lum yellow, slightly obtuse, entire, sparsely papillose, verrucose. Patagon., common in mountain meadows by Carren- leofu. i 2. CODONORCHIS Lindl. (Pogonia Juss. p. p.) Ttiberous, with 3-6 leaves in a whorl .about midway on a i -flowered scape. Petals exceeding the sepals. Labellum free, spurless, sessile, or attenuate downwards, surrounding the gynandrium. Species 2, in extra-trop. S. Amer. (Sometimes in- cluded in Pogonia, which has a solitary leaf on the scape.) C. LESSONII Lindl. (Pogonia tetraphylla Poepp. & Endl.) Leaves mostly 3 in the whorl, broad-ovate, petioled. Flower large, white, marked with purple (Fig. 58). S. Chili, S. Patagon., at Cabo Negro and Punta Arenas (Hatcher; in flower, Jan., 1897). Fuegia. Staaten I. Falklands. Codonorchis lessonii. MACLOSKIE I FAGACE^E. 325 Class II. DICOTYLEDONES. Exogens. Seeds with a dicotyledonous embryo. Flowers mostly 5- or 4-merous, occasionally 2- or 3-merous. Stem exogenous. Leaves with reticulate venation. Including families 22-113. Family 22. SALICACE.E. Willow Family. Diceciotis shrubs or trees, with light, brittle wood, simple, alternate, stipulate leaves (the stipules sometimes fugacious or obsolete) ; flowers of each sex in catkins, the individual flowers in the axils of bracts, each sub- tended by a disk, but without perianth. Male flowers 2-many-staminate. Female flowers with a free i -celled ovary having many erect ovules. Seeds plumose, without endosperm. Species 200, in 2 genera ; most in the N. Temperate and Arctic regions. SALIX Linn. Bracts entire. Stamens few, mostly 2, not exceeding 10. Style short; with 2 stigmas. Leaves mostly narrow. Species 160 ; i each in Sumatra, S. Afr., Chili-Patagon. ; a few in Mex. ; the rest northwards in Eurasia and Amer. S. HUMBOLDTIANA Willd. (S. magellanica Poir.) A tree with strict vimineous branches, glabrous. Leaves lance-linear, attenuate, denticulate, exstipulate. Catkins on leafy branches, stalked, dense. Capsules ovate-conical, long-pedunculate. Stigmas sessile. N. Patagon. Mouth of Rio Chubut. (Dusen.) Family 23. FAGACE.E. Beech Family (with oak, etc.). Monoecious trees or shrubs, with alternate, simple, petioled, mostly ser- rate, pinnately nerved leaves, the stipules, if any, deciduous. Flowers small, the males in cylindrical or globular catkins ; the females i to several, enclosed in an involucre, whose bracts form a burr or cup for the fruit. Perianth single, 4-8-lobed. Stamens as many, or more. Ovary superior, 3~7-celled ; ovules few ; only i in the nut. 326 PATAGONIAN EXPEDITIONS ! BOTANY. Species 375, widely distributed. The subfamily of beeches differs from the oaks and chestnuts by having the male flowers in globular axillary clusters and the nut 3-angled, mostly with folded cotyledons. The Antarctic beeches (Nothofagus, often called "birches" because of their small leaves), differ from the common or northern beeches (Fagus} thus : Fagus. Male clusters stalked, many-flowered. Female flowers 2. Styles long. Nothofagus. Male flowers solitary or in threes, in short axillary cymes. Female flowers 2 or 4. Styles short. Scales of the 4- (or 2)-parted cupule folding separately. NOTHOFAGUS Blume. v Style small ; stigma capitate. Leaves usually 2-ranked. Species 12; in Antarctic S. Amer. ; 4 in N. Zeal.; N. cunninghami forming groves in S. Australia and Tasmania. Also fossil. Of the Patagonian and Chilian forms some are evergreen with flat leaves, others have deciduous leaves plicate along the lateral nerves. KEY TO THE SPECIES. A. Young leaves folded along the lateral nerves. Deciduous. b. Female flowers in 3's, enclosed by a 4-merous fruit-cup. c. Leaf-blades 2-5 cm. long, undulate, bluish-green on under surface. Lobes of fruit-cup with short, flat, green dorsal processes. N. obliqua. c2. Leaf-blades of non-flowering or fruiting shoots 10-12 cm. long, not undulate. Lobes of the fruit-cup with long, leafy, pinnatifid, green appendages. N. procera. c$. Leaf-blades 2-2.5 cm- l°ng> somewhat wavy and lobed. Lobes of fruit cup with 3-4 horizontal, short red processes, incised on apical margin. N. antarctica. c\. Leaf-blade 2-2.5 cm- l°ng> verv reticulate. Lobes of fruit-cup not appendaged. N. montagnei. bz. Female flowers solitary. Fruit-cup with 2 small lobes. Narrow. N. pumilio. A2. Young leaves flat. Leaves persisting ; trees evergreen. b. Leaf-blade lanceolate, dark-green. Male flowers in 3's. 7V. dombeyi. i>2. Leaf-blades ovate-elliptical, dark-green, glandular underneath. Male flowers solitary. N. betitloides. b$. Leaves trapezoid-ovate, yellow-green. Male flowers in 3*3. N. nitida. A$. Of doubtful place and character. N. alpina. (I) Leaves plicate along the lateral nerves, deciduous. i. N. ANTARCTICA (Forst. sub Fagus] Blume. (Fag^ls alpina Poepp. of DC. Prodr., non Poepp. & Endl.) Leaves deciduous, plicate in vernation, ovate or elliptical, obtuse, some- what obliquely truncate at base, bidentate or bicrenate, the lateral nerves MACLOSKIE I FAGACE^E. 327 FIG. 59. tending to the sinuses, glabrescent above, pubescent at margin and on petiole underneath. Male perianth funnelform, obtusely lobed. Anthers slightly exserted, long, mucronulate. Fruit ovoid, its scales i -seriate, rounded, ciliate. Nucules pu- berulous (Fig. 59). S. Chili, and S. Patagon., and through Fuegia to Cape Horn. In Cordilleras of S. Patagon. "the most abundant tree." (J. B. Hatcher. Fruiting March 8) ; Staaten I. Both kinds of flowers* are on adjacent branches. " Bark rough, fruit small." (R. O. Cunningham.) The varieties are numerous. NOTHOFAGUS ANTARCTICA BICRENATA ( N. Pumilw, O. Ktze.). N. ANTARCTICA LATIFOLIA F. Kurtz. Leaves membranous, glabrous, orbiculate-ovate, lobed, acutely toothed, lateral nerves 3-4, promi- nent underneath. Beagle Channel, Navarin I. Nothofagus antarctica. Flow- ering branch with leaves, stami- N. ANTARCTICA PALUSTRIS Alboff. na*e flower and fruit. (After Flora antarctiea.) Shrub, over i meter high, the younger branches pubescent. Leaves small, ovate, coriaceous, shining above, pale under- neath, glabrous, glandulous margin crisp, crenulate, the teeth thick-mar- gined, reticulately venous, with the 3-4 lateral nerves prominent under- neath. Near N. antarctica nliginosa. Navarin I. and Olivaia, in bogs. N. ANTARCTICA SUBALPINA Alboff. As N. antarctica palustris, but the leaves larger (2 cm. by 18 mm.), more glabrous and subduplicately crenulate. Beagle Channel, subalpine above Ushuaia, where it forms impene- trable thickets, low and twisted intricately like a wall. N. ANTARCTICA SUBLOBATA. Leaves undulate, few-lobed, and frequently dentate-crenate. Patagon. ; Fuegia, near Cape .Horn. (Plate XIV.) 328 PATAGONIAN EXPEDITIONS '. BOTANY. NOTHOFAGUS ANTARCTICA ULIGINOSA DC. (FagUS uliginOSCl Phil.) Leaves undulate-margined, frequently crenulate-toothed ; on both sides, especially on the nerves beneath and on the petioles, finely pubescent with minute, erect hairs. (Chili) ; Patagon. In swamps, often as a shrub with small leaves. Nerves 4-5 on both sides. Chubut, in Andine woods. 2. N. MONTAGNEI (Humb. & Jacq.) Reiche. Older branches cinereous, younger purple, these with short, golden hairs on one side. Leaves shortly-petioled, ovate, obtuse, basi-truncate, coriaceous, shining, pale under- neath, very reticulate, 4-5-lobed and crenate. Lat- eral nerves 3-4 on each side. Involucral lobes 4, oblong, scarcely appendaged. Nutlets winged, 3 in Nothofagusmontagnei. each involucre, not ciliate. Leaves smaller than in Leaves and (to right) invo- yy antarctica (Fig. 60). lucre. (After Dusen. ) „, . ,\ Chonos Archip. 3. N. OBLIQUA (Mirb.). Leaves deciduous, plicate in vernation, elliptical or ovate, obtuse, irregularly biserrate, the base entire, pilose on the nerves, 18-36 mm. long and half as broad, the teeth varying in the same leaf. Male peri- anth sinuately lobed, anthers longer than the filaments. Fruit ovoid, its scales ovate-lanceolate, not spreading. Chili to Magellan, replacing N. antarctica in Chili, and reaching the sea-level at Magellan. Native name "Roble." 4. N. PROCERA (Poepp. & Endl.). Leaves oblong, more rounded at base than at apex, shortly and hirtly petiolate, rather large to 10 cm. long, biserrate with 3-4 rather large den- ticulate crenae, glabrous on upper, pubescent on under surface, margin ciliate. Flower? Fruit? Lofty tree. "Rauli." (Chili); Patagonia? 5. P. PUMILIO (Poepp. & Endl.) Blume. Perhaps a variety of N. antarctica with leaves regularly bicrenate, or more closely and deeply serrate, and pubescent on both surfaces. "Species most distinct from N. antarctica." (Speg.) MACLOSKIE : FAGACE^E. 329 Patagon.; S. Fuegia (Dusen); S. Patagon., by Hatcher. (Hatcher's specimen bore the moss Dicranum cirrhifolium C. Muell.) W. Patagon. "forming groves by the river Aysen, up to an elevation of 1,000 meters, and up to 1,300 meters as mere shrubs growing in thickets." (Dusen.) (II) Leaves not plicate, mostly evergreen. 6. NOTHOFAGUS BETULOiDES (Mirb.) Blume. Leaves plane, ovate or elliptical, obtuse or subacute, their base un- equally acute or obtuse, coriaceous, evergreen, FlG 6l crenate-serrate, glabrous, short-petiolate, glan- dulous-punctate underneath. Male flowers soli- tary, very short-pediceled, perianth broad-fun- nelform, obtusely 4~7-lobed, anthers callously mucronulate. Fruits solitary, axillary, lobes of the 4-partite involucre oblong with erect fili- form segments as long as the nucules (Fig. 61). South Chili and S. Patagon., through Fuegia to Cape Horn, very abundant; the common evergreen beech of Fuegia. Fuegian name, "Ouchpaya." The coasts of West Magellan are covered by this and Drimys winteri. (Dusen.) By Hatcher in the Cordilleras of S. Patagon., bearing the parasitical Myzodendron pitnctnlatum. Feb. 18. "Bark smooth, gray." Staaten I. ; West Patagon. at a high elevation. ' Nothofagus betuloides. — Leaf- flower (on right), and pistillate flower (on left). (After Flora antarctica. ) 7. N. DOMBEYI (Mirb.) Oerst. Leaves plane, evergreen, elliptical-ovate or oblong, acute or obtuse both ways, coriaceous, serrate, glabrous, short-petiolate. Staminal clusters much shorter than the leaves. Fruits solitary, axillary ; the lobes of the 4-partite involucre oblong, 2-3-laciniate, shorter than the nuts. South Chili, valuable wood, "coique." Patagon., Chubut; in Prae- andine woods near Rio Carren-Leofu. 8. N. NITIDA Phil. Branchlets cinereous, the season's with dense, short, golden hairs, ap- pressed upwards. Leaves short-petiolate, most ovate-lanceolate, coria- 33° PATAGONIAN EXPEDITIONS: BOTANY. ceous, very shining, serrate, glabrous, the young gold-hairy on petiole and nerves. Involucre of the female flowers sessile, the young with sca- rious scales, enclosing Jive obtusely trigonal nutlets. Male flowers? S. Chili; Patagon. "Coihue" and " Roble." Except Cipres (Liboce- drus] it constitutes almost exclusively the forests of Guaitecas and Chonos. (Ill) " Of doubtful place." (Reiche.) 9. NOTHOFAGUS ALPiNA (Poepp. & Endl. sub Fagus}. Leaves ovate-lanceolate, basally rotundate, serrulate, rough on both sides, ciliate, glutinous above. Involucral lobes ovate, dorsally and marginally appendiculate ; the appendages incised or multifid, glandular. (S. Chili) ; Patagonia. (Not Fagtts alpina Poepp., of DC. Prodr., which is F. antarctica Forst.) Dusen gives the following species of Fagaceae as occurring in a fossil condition in Fuegia or Patagonia : Fagus dicksoni Dus., at Barancas de Carmen Sylva, Fuegia. F. integrifolia Dus., at Barancas de Carmen Sylva, Fuegia. F. subferruginea Dus., at Barancas de Carmen Sylva and at Punta Arenas. Notkofagus australis Dus., at Barancas, Rio Condor and Rio Guillermo. N. crenulata Dus., at Rio Guillermo. . N. densi-nervosa Dus., at Barancas, Rio Condor and Rio Beta. N. elongata Dus., Barancas. N. lanceolata Dus., at Barancas, Rio Guillermo, Punta Arenas. N. magellanica Engelh., Barancas. N. cfr. obliqiia Mirb., Conception. N. serrulata Dus., Barancas and Punta Arenas. N. simplicidens Dus., at Barancas, Rio Condor, Punta Arenas. N. variabilis Dus. Family 24. URTICACE^E. Nettle Family. Usually herbs with watery sap, simple, alternate or opposite leaves, mostly stipulate, and often with stinging hairs ; and clusters of small, sex- ually distinct, apetalous flowers. Calyx 2-5-parted, stamens as many, opposite its lobes. Filaments reflexed and anthers reversed in the bud. MACLOSKIE: URTICACE/E. 331 Ovary free, i -celled; style i, undivided; ovule i. Fruit -an. achene, with scanty endosperm. Species 1,500, in warm and temperate countries. KEY TO THE GENERA. A. Perianth consisting of 2-5 distinct leaves. Foliage-leaves opposite. 1. Stinging. Flowers 4-mero us. Achene enclosed in one of the two larger sepals. Urtica. 2. Not stinging, smooth and shining. Flowers mostly 3-merous ; their sepals unequal, all, or all but one, small. Achenes partly naked. Leaves of a pair unequal. Adicea (Pilea). A2. Perianth symphyllous, tubular or campanulate in the fertile flowers. Plants not stinging. Parietaria. i. URTICA Linn. Nettle. Leaves opposite, petiolate, serrate or incised, with stinging hairs, and distinct or connate stipules. Flowers 4-merous, in axillary clusters, 'dioecious or monoecious or androgynous. Acftenes compressed, enclosed in the persisting calyx. Species 30, widely dispersed extratropically. i. U. DARWINII Hook. f. Stem slender, erect, sparsely pilose, or even glabrous. Leaves mem- branaceous, ovate-acuminate, coarsely crenate-serrate, rounded at base, 3-nerved, finely punctate, puberulous ; petiole slender ; stipules linear- oblong, subacute. Flowers glomerate, in slender, setose, interrupted spikes longer than the petiole. (Larger flowers and achenes than U. dioica. ) Chonos Archip. 2. U. DIOICA Linn. Root perennial. Stem erect, the whole plant stinging or smooth. Leaves ovate-acuminate to ovate-lanceolate, serrate, cordate or rounded at base ; stipules in pairs between the petioles. Spikes in pairs, mostly dioecious, much branched, exceeding the petiole, pendulous in fruit. (N. Temperate zone, fig. in Brit. & Br. i, 531) ; Magellan. (Dusen.) 3. U. MAGELLANICA Poir. Stem stout, erect, hispid. Leaves subcoriaceous, rugose, ovate to ovate- lanceolate, acuminate, basicordate, acutely serrate-dentate, setose on both sides; stipules linear-oblong, acute. Glomerules setose, in interrupted spikes, shorter than the petioles or longer. 33 2 PATAGONIAN EXPEDITIONS I BOTANY. S. and W. Patagonia; Magellan. Fuegia to Cape Horn. ("One of Anson's ships had its crew cured of scurvy by nettle-tops at the west part of Magellan Strait; 1742.") 4. URTICA SPATULATA Smith. Stem erect or ascending, to 30 cm. high. Glabrous between the stinging hairs. Leaves small, rotundate, basi-cuneate, incised, with lan- ceolate, acute teeth ; petiole exceeding the limb ; stipules interpetiolar. Clusters crowded, shorter than the petioles. The larger segments of the fruiting calyx unarmed. S. Brazil ; common about Bahia Blanca, and probably in N. Patagon. 5. U. URENS Linn. Annual. Stem stout, 40 cm. tall, stinging-bristly, leafy to the top. Leaves thin, nearly glabrous, elliptic-ovate, deeply incised or biserrate, 3-5-nerved, all slender-petioled. Spikes in pairs, oblong, subsimple, shorter than the petioles. Achenes granulate. (Eur., nat. in N. Amer., fig. in Brit. & Br. i, 532.) N. Patagon., in cultivated places near Carmen de Patagones. Magel- lan, introd. ; Fuegia, at Ushuaia, rare. 2. ADICEA Raf. (1815). (Pilea Lindl, 1821). Clearweed. Monoecious or dioecious, with axillary cymes and not stinging. Male flowers 4-merous, rarely 2-3-merous, with rudimentary ovary ; female flowers unequally 3-merous, with staminal rudiments. Leaves opposite, stipules connate into a single interpetiolar stipule. Bracts small, rarely a few larger. Species 150, most in trop. Amer. A. ELLIPTICA (Hook. f. sub Pilea]. Stem low, sparsely branching. Leaves long-stalked, membranaceous, elliptical, subobtuse, coarsely crenate-serrate, 3-nerved ; pubescence minute-appressed (due to raphides). Male flowers in a long-stalked, capitate umbel ; female flowers glomerate, sessile. Achene orbicular, compressed, obliquely emarginate. Chonos Archip. MACLOSKIE I PROTEACEyE. 333 3. PARIETARIA Linn. Herbs, mostly diffuse, with 3-8-flowered, androgynous, axillary cymules of 4, rarely 3-merous flowers. Leaves alternate, entire, 3-nerved, exstip- ulate. Fertile flowers sometimes hermaphrodite, with a tubular or cam- panulate, 4-lobed calyx, free from the involucral bracts. Stigma short or linear, tufted. Species 8, chiefly in temperate regions of both hemispheres. P. DEBILIS G. Forster. Annual, with erect or diffuse stem, and ovate, or rhomboid, or sub- rotund leaves. Cymes few-flowered. Bracts linear or lanceolate, scarcely enlarged in fruit. (Subtropical) ; Chubut, in cultivated fields. Family 25. PROTEACE^E. Shrubs or trees, rarely perennial herbs; with exstipulate leaves, and 4-merous flowers with single symphyllous, hypogynous perianth; the 4 stamens inserted on and included in the perianth. Ovary i -celled, with terminal style. Seeds mostly i-few, without endosperm. Species i ,000, most in Austral, and S. Africa ; few in the Orient and S. Pacific Is. and S. Amer. ("All the American species belong to the section having flowers in pairs, enclosed by the bract." R. Brown, 1811.) KEY TO THE GENERA. A. Leaves simple. Perianth-tube cleft behind. Seeds usually more than 4. b. Shrub with terminal racemes of red flowers. Capsule long, leathery or almost woody. A ring-formed hypogynous disk. I. Embothriwn. 62. Trees or shrubs with axillary or terminal racemes. Capsule leathery, broad and flat. Hypogynous disk represented by 3 broad, truncated, glandular processes. 2. Tricondylus (Lomalia). Az. Trees with alternate, pinnate leaves, and axillary racemes of white flowers, having cylin- draceous perianth -tube, the segments separating from the base. Hypogynous disk a fleshy, 2-lobed half-ring. Seeds 2, rarely 4, becoming coral-red "hazel-nuts." 3. Guevina. i. EMBOTHRIUM Forst. Evergreen shrubs, with sparse, coriaceous, entire leaves, and dense, ter- minal racemes of geminately pediceled red flowers, with none or a few 334 PATAGONIAN EXPEDITIONS I BOTANY. minute bracts, and a semiannular, fleshy, hypogynous disk. Perianth-tube cylindrical, cleft behind. Ovules many, becoming samaroid. Species 4, in Extratropical S. Amer. i. EMBOTHRIUM COCCINEUM Forst. Leaves subsessile, oval, obtuse, attenuate basewards, underneath opaque- pale, and veinless ; veiny and shiny above. Pedicels shorter than the calyx, and style as long, its apex fusiform. Handsome; fig. in Eng. & Prantl, iii, i, p. 123, C, & p. 149, A-D. S. and W. Patagon., by Lago Argentine, Cabo Negro, Magellan ; Fuegia to Cape Horn; at Lago Nahuel-huapi. (Dusen.) E. COCCINEUM OBLANCEOLATUM O. Ktze. Leaves of floriferous branches oblanceolate, rather obtuse, broad above. (Chili); Patagon. E. COCCINEUM OBOVATUM O. Ktze. Leaves short, obovate, 1-3 cm. broad, rather obtuse. » (Chili); Patagon. 2. E. LANCEOLATUM R. & P. Leaves short-petioled, oval-oblong, lanceolate, or narrower, obtuse, mucronulate, attenuate basewards or both ways, discolored, opaque or shining above, i -nerved, nearly veinless. Pedicels as long as the calyx, 25 mm. ; stigma oblong-fusiform, smooth. (S. Chili); Chubut, in shrubberies by the hills. 2. TRICONDYLUS Kn. & Salisb. (Lomatia Br.). Trees or shrubs, with racemes of geminately pediceled flowers. Peri- anth-tube oblique, cleft behind. Hypogynous glands 3. Stigma on a lateral disk. Ovules many, becoming samaroid. Species 9, Chili, E. Austral, and Tasmania. I. T. DENTATUS (R. & P.) O. Ktze. Leaves oval, serrate-dentate, glabrous as the petals. Racemes lateral, abbreviate. Calyx pilose. Ovary tomentose. (Chili); Patagon. MACLOSKIE : LORANTHACE^E. 335 2. TRICONDYLUS FERRUGINEUS (Br.). Leaves most opposite or whorled, bipinnatifid, woolly when young. Perianth short, dilated below. Seed sometimes winged, as in other Chilian species, sometimes wingless as in Australian species. (S. Chili); Chonos Archipel. ; Magellan. (R. O. Cunningham.) Near Lago Nahuel-huapi. » 3. T. OBLIQUUS (R. & P.) O. Ktze. Leaves ovate, serrate, glabrous. Racemes axillary, the pedicels and calyx pilose. Stigma deciduous. (Chili); Patagon., Chubut. T. OBLIQUUS ALNIFOLIUS (Poepp.). Leaves densely toothed, the teeth often rather acute. Racemes gener- ally shorter than the leaves. (Chili); Chubut, in mountain groves. 3. GUEVINA Molina. A tree, with unequally pinnate leaves, having toothed leaflets. Flowers paired, pediceled, in long, axillary racemes. Bracts minute, caducous, or none. Perianth-limb recurved ; anthers subsessile on the lobes. Ovules 2, rarely 4, collateral. Drupe I -seeded, size of a cherry, coral-red, edible," Chilian hazel-nut." Species only i, viz: G. AVELLANA Molina. Lea/lets 2-5 pairs, short-petioled or sessile, ovate or cuneate-obovate or subrotund, 3-10 cm. long. Racemes dense-flowered, tomentose. (Chili); W. Patagon. Family 26. LORANTHACE^;. Mistletoe Family. Green parasites on woody plants. Leaves mostly opposite. Flowers either perfect or dioecious or monoecious, with single or double, regular perianth. Perianth-tube adnate to ovary. Stamens 2-6, epiphyllous. Ovary i-carpellary, i -seeded. Style i or none ; fruit a berry. Endo- sperm large. 33^ PATAGONIAN EXPEDITIONS ; BOTANY. 6. MYZODENDRON PUNCTULATUM (Banks) Sol. Leafless; the branches with projecting disks depressed in their center. Staminal flowers in catkins ; stamens 2. Achenes 4 mm. long ; plumes about 10 times as long. Common everywhere in Patagon. By Hatcher on Nothofagus betu- loidesMirb. at Punta Arenas; in fruit Feb. 18, 1897. Fuegia, passim, on Nothofagus antarctica. Staaten I. (Plate XIV.) 7- M. QUADRIFLORUM DC. Leaves small, broad, obtuse. Flowering branches long, bearing i- leaved branchlets, alternating; each branchlet 3-5-flowered. Achenes linear ; plumes slender, with brown, naked top. S. Patagon. f Magellan ; Staaten I. ; S. Fuegia, Ushuaia, Navarino (rather rare). 8. M. RIOQUINOENSE O. KtZC. Leafless, 20 cm. long, much branching, all brownish-yellow. Branches terete, suberect, everywhere punctulate-warty. Spikes sessile, dense, 10- flowered, scarcely i cm. long. Bracts cup-like, very remote in the upper, sterile branches. Seta 3, 3 times exceeding the fruit;, barbate-pilose, the hairs one third as long as the seta. Ovary cylindrical ; stigma sessile, conical, scarcely 3-lobed. Male plant unknown. Parasite on Beech. (Chili) ; Chubut, woods along Carren-leofu, and by Rio Aysen in W. Patagon. Family 28. SANTALACE^:. Sandalwood Family. Mostly herbs or shrubs, with entire, exstipulate leaves and greenish, apetalous flowers, perfect or diclinous. Calyx adnate to the ovary, 5-6 lobed, bearing as many stamens. Ovary i-locular; ovules 2-3, pendu- lous ; style simple. Drupe or nut, having i seed, with large endosperm. Species 250, chiefly tropical. KEY TO THE GENERA. A. Tube of the more or less epigynous perianth not produced above the ovary, or produced and then covered by the disk. Fruits drupaceous. b. Disk entire, or only ventricose-lobed. c. Flowers 4-merous, in 1-3*5, subsessile among the uppermost leaves. Perianth -leaves free to the disk. Low herb, with linear leaves. i. Nanodea. J. P1ERPONT MORGAN PUBLICATION FUND. Reports of The Princeton University Expeditions to Patagonia, 1896-1899 J B. HATCHER IN CHARGE EDITED BY- WILLIAM B. SCOTT BLAIR PROFKSSOK OF GEOLOGY AND PALAEONTOLOGY, PRINCETON UNIVERSITY VOLUME VIII BOTANY PART V, FLORA PATAGONICA. SECTION 2 SANTALACE^-CACTACE^E bV GEORGE MACLOSKIE PRl ' (Pp. JJ9-594- PI- XV-XX) PRINCETON, N. J. THE UNIVERSITY STUTTGART E. SCHWEIZERBART'SCHE VERLAGSHANDLUNG (E. NAGHLB) r9°5 Tut Ntw E«* P*INT.«& SKIE : SANTALACE^E. 339 c2. Flowers 5-merous, in sessile, quasi-catkins at the defoliated nodes. Perianth-leaves distinct to the ovary. Shrub with small, plane leaves. Fruit pea-like. 2. My osc kilos. b2. Disk produced to interstaminal lobes. Axillary, sessile fascicles of 4-5-merous flowers. Shrub having rhomboid leaves with spinescent angles. 3. lodina. A2. Tube of the perigynous perianth more or less produced above the ovary, and not covered by the disk. Spikes terminal. Fruits nutlets. b. Low herbs with linear or sublanceolate, rather rigid leaves. Flowers 4-5-merous. Bracts and bractlets not coalescing. 4. Arjona. b2. Low herbs with linear leaves. Bracts and bractlets coalescing into a calyculus below the mostly 5-merous flowers. 5. Quinchamalium. i. NANODEA Banks. Low, moss-like, with alternate, narrow-linear leaves, concealing the per- fect, subsessile flowers, which are mostly solitary. Calyx not produced above the ovary. Disk concave. Fruit a drupe. Species, i, viz. : N. MUSCOSA Gaertn. f. Stem 6 cm. high. Upper leaves 8-16 mm. long. Flowers violet, 3 mm. long.' Magellan, in damp meadows ; S. Fuegia (Dusen) ; Staaten I.; Falklands. 2. MYOSCHILOS Ruiz & Pav. Branching, glabrous shrub, with small alternate, entire leaves, and cat- kin-like spikes at the leafless nodes of last year's branches. Flowers hermaphrodite, severally subtended by bracts ; calyx-lobes 5, glabrous, their bases bearing 5 short stamens with small anthers. Disk broad ; style 3-lobed. Ovules 3, pendulous. Fruit a drupe, sometimes with persisting bracts and calyx-lobes. Species i , viz. : M. OBLONGUS Ruiz & Pav. Leaves ovate*, mucronulate, 12-25 mm- l°ng> shortly petioled. Spikes 4-6 mm., ovoid, flowers purplish. Calyx-lobes transversely sulcate. Drupe purple, pea-like. S. Patagon., upper valley of Rio Gallegos. (O. Nordenskjold.) (Chili and Peru.) An infusion of its leaves is used for senna. "Codo-coypu" ; food of the coypu rodent (Myocastor coypus]. 34-O PATAGONIAN EXPEDITIONS : BOTANY. MYOSCHILOS OBLONGUS ANGUSTUS (Phil.). Leaves narrow-linear. Pata- gonia (?). 3. IODINA. Hook. & Arn. Tall, glabrous shrub, with alternate, rhombic, spinescent-angled, cori- aceous leaves, and sessile, axillary cymes of 5-merous, puberulent flowers. Calyx with its free part broad-campanulate. Style conical, 3-cleft. Ovules pendulous on a central placenta. Globose dmpe, separating into segments. Species i, viz. : I. RHOMBIFOLIA Hook. & Arn. (S. Brazil ; Argentina) ; N. Patagon., in small groves at wide intervals over the dry ground. Fig. in Eng. & Prantl, iii, i, p. 223. Called by the Spaniards "Sambretoro," a name also applied to Maytemis ; by the Araucarians "Trallian." 4. ARJONA Cav. Low herbs, often with tuberiferous rootlets, with alternate, linear or lanceolate, rigid, acute, glabrous leaves, often recurved ; and pubescent flowers in a terminal spike, with bract and free bractlets. Calyx-tube continuing above the ovary; the 5 lobes recurved, spreading. Stamens included ; anthers linear-oblong. Annular disk distinct from calyx. Fruit nut-like, enclosed in bracts and bractlets. Species 9, in Chili and Patagon. KEY TO THE SPECIES. A. Leaves narrow-linear, i -nerved, glabrous. Perianth silky outside. Racemes few-flowered. b. Leaves soft, green, apex mucronate. Perianth glabrous inside. ameghinoi. b2. Leaves flaccid. Perianth tufted inside. pusilla. A2. Leaves lanceolate, 3-nerved, woolly. adpressa. AT,. Leaves long-linear, nervose, glabrous. Stem striate, apically naked and villous. longifolia. A^. Leaves linear-lanceolate, 5-nerved, largest upwards, amplexicaul. rigida. A$. Leaves ovate, 7-nerved, upwards lanceolate and 5-nerved. b. Leaves shorter, with rigid points, deficient downwards. patagonica. b2. Leaves longer, smooth or hairy, to woolly. tuberosa. I. A. AMEGHINOI Speg. Soft, green, glabrous, perennial herb. Leaves alternate, narrow-linear, i -nerved, apex minutely and acutely callose-mucronate. Racemes very depauperate, i-5-flowered, relaxed. Bracts ovate-cochleate, green, gla- MACLOSKIE: SANTALACE^E. 341 brous, except the apex. Perigonium 5 times exceeding the bracts, outside appressed villous-silky, inside glabrous. S. Patagon., in wet places by Rio Chico, at Chonk-aike. 2. ARJONA ADPRESSA Phil. Densely arachnoid woolly. Leaves lanceolate, 3-nerved, the lower dis- tant, subreflexed, the upper appressed, mostly imbricate. Flowers? Titbercles edible. W. Patagon., along Rio Aysen, in rocky mountain meadows. 3. A. LONGIFOLIA Phil. Stem sulcate-striate, its apex naked, villous. Leaves rigid, rather dis- tant, long-linear, nervous, glabrous. Perigonial \x$Q& 12 mm. long, twice as long as the ovate, short bract. (Mendoza); Chubut, in hills near Rio Carren-leofu. 4. A. PATAGONICA Homb. & Jacq. (A. tuberosa v. patagonica DC.) Strict, erect, simply branching. Lowest leaves ovate, y-nerved; the others lanceolate, 5-nerved ; all with a rigid point. Perianth pilose inside, with pencils ; lobes apically callous, glabrous inside. Bracts half shorter than the perianth-tube. Leaves shorter than in A. tuberosa, deficient downwards. (Bahia Blanca) ; N. Patagon.; Punta Arenas; Fuegia; S. Patagon. (at Rio Coy, J. B. Hatcher, Dec. 30, 1896. "No tuberosity on roots." None should be expected at the date.). Spanish name "Macachina." Araucanian, "Sakel." "In winter one or more tubers are developed; these are eaten, raw or cooked. Southwards this is replaced by a differ- ent species with larger and thinner tubers." (Claraz per J. Ball. ) 5. A. PUSILLA Hook. f. Stem slender, erect, simple or divided. Leaves flaccid, generally re- curved, long-linear, acuminate, the margins glabrous, i -nerved. Flowers few, the outer bract large, cymbiform, obtuse, glabrate ; the calyx exter- nally silky, its throat enlarged between the stamens, with fascicles of jointed hairs. Stigmas 3, small. S. Patagon., at Killik Aike, and Rio Coy (J. B. Hatcher, Dec. 13. "White to purplish.") Magellan, E., N. and S. Fuegia (Dusen); by Rio Chubut. 342 PATAGONIAN EXPEDITIONS I BOTANY. 6. ARJONA RIGIDA Miers. (A. tuberosa Phil, non Cav.) Low undershrub, 7 cm. high, with slender, striate, glabrous stems Leaves smaller and sparse below, larger and denser above, linear-lanceo- late, canaliculate, amplexicaul, cuspidate-pungent, 5-nerved, margin carti- laginous, divaricate, glabrous. Inflorescence terminal, with a short silky peduncle, sessile flowers, and ovate-lanceolate, villous calycle. Bracts 2, laterally opposite, concealed by the calyculus, oblong, snowy-tomentose. Perigonmm orange, retrorsely villous on outside. Tube slender; seg- ments oblong, acute, glabrous inside. Filaments short ; anthers included. Ovary 5-angular. Style filiform, 3-branched. (Argentina to Mendoza); probably in N. Patagon. 7. A. TUBEROSA Cav. Herb from a woody base, 12 cm. high; branches glabrescent. Leaves smooth or hairy, the lowest ovate-acute, 7-nerved ; the others lanceolate, 5-nerved. Bracts and bractlets ovate-acute, hairy outside. Perianth- tube cylindrical, funnelform upwards, pilose or silky. S. Patagon., Valley of Rio Gallegos (Nordenskj.); Magellan; Rio Sta. Cruz (Hatcher); Puerto Deseado; N. and E. Chili; Golfo de San Jorge (Mts. of Chili). A. TUBEROSA LANATA n. var. (Plate XVI.) "Apparently a woolly variety of A. tuberosa Cav., from which it differs very slightly in the flower." (Royal Gardens, Kew.) By J. B. Hatcher in S. Patagon. * 5. QUINCHAMALIUM Juss. Low, glabrous herbs, with alternate, very narrow leaves and terminal spikes or heads of flowers, with a depressed, cup-like calycle, having a lacerate margin. Calyx globose, 4~5-costae, ending in as many teeth, one of these slightly enlarged. Corolla tubular, its throat enlarged and bearing the slightly exserted, ovate-cordate anthers, which are opposite the acutely oblong, subrecurved corolla-lobes. Style filiform with 3 small stigmas. Ovary ovoid-globose, i -celled, with 3 ovules. Nut i -seeded within the persistent calyx. Species 20, in the Andes ; the expressed juice is used medicinally as a drink. MACLOSKIE I SANTALACE.E. 343 (J. Miers would place Arjona, Myoschilos and Quinchamalium in Ola- cacecz, because they have a double perianth. Journ. Linn. Soc. Bot., xvii, P- 138.) i. QUINCHAMALIUM CHILENSE Molina. "Quinchamali." Annual, with stout fistular stem, 12 cm. high, the branches all reaching nearly the same height. Leaves ^diverging and curving upwards, linear- lanceolate, acute at both ends, margin subrevolute, i -nerved on short petioles. Peduncle 4-angled. Flowers 5-merous, numerous in terminal globular heads. (Chili); Patagon. Figs. G-P in Eng. & Prantl, iii, i, p. 226. Q. CHILENSE PROCUMBENS. 2. Q. GRACILE Brongn. Very slender, with a flexuous, fibrilliferous root, and erect, slender stems, about 5-8 cm. high. Leaves linear, subfalcate, mucronate on a short petiole. Head of small, orange flowers. Corolla divided half way into 5 narrow segments. Fruit small, 5-costate, lemon-colored, in the calyx. Patagon., by Rio Chubut; Lago Blanco; Rio Senger. 3. Q. MAJUS Brongn. Stems erect, 25 cm. high, apically branching. Leaves linear, acute, 12-25 mm- l°ng> sparse, the uppermost scabrous-margined. Involucel glabrous; flowers rather large; perigonium 15 mm. long, yellow-orange. Q. MAJUS SPEGAZZINII (Speg. var. sine nomine). Fructiferous stems thickening from the base gradually to the apex. Patagon., by Rio Chubut. 4. Q. PATAGONICUM F. Phil. Perennial. Stems ascending, striate, slender. Leaves fleshy, linear, apiculate. Segments of perianth two thirds as long as the 10 mm. tube. Stamens with very short filaments, and anthers one third or one half as long as the perianth-segments, slender. Style shorter than the anthers. Fruit inclosed in the subglobose, crustaceous, free, toothed involucre. W. Patagon., in the Cordilleras. Stem n cm. long. Flowers 15-20 in a dense capitate spike. Larger leaves 12 by i mm. Like Q. andinum 344 PATAGONIAN EXPEDITIONS : BOTANY. Ph. and Q. linarioides Ph., but distinguished by its free crustaceous calyx enclosing the fruit. Family 29. OLACACE.E. Trees or shrubs with mostly alternate, simple, entire exstipulate leaves, and perfect, regular, 4-6-merous flowers, having a double perianth, the outer being small, cup-like, adnate to the hypogynous disk. Inner peri- anth-leaves distinct or united, and bearing 1-3 (mostly 2) times as many stamens. Ovary i -celled, rarely partially 2-4-celled ; the cells mostly with i pendulous ovule. Fruit a i -seeded drupe or nut, with large endosperm and no testa. Species 140, tropical. Two genera occur only in S. Amer. and W. Afr., one, Heisteria, with 20 sp. in S. Amer. and i sp. in Afr., the other Ptychopetalum, with 2 sp. in W. Afr. and i in Guiana and N. Brazil. It is uncertain whether the outer floral cup is a true calyx, or an involucre. XIMENIA Plum. Flowers 4-merous ; inner perianth of 4 (rarely 5) linear, white leaves, hairy inside, apically revolute. Stamens 8-10. Ovary long-conical, 4- celled, 4-ovuled. Drupe ovoid, globular. Often with thorny branches. Species 5, in S. Amer., Africa, Asia, and N. Caledon. Its hard wood is used as sandal-wood in the East Indies, and its fruit is eaten. X. AMERICANA Linn. Leaves oblong. Peduncles several-flowered, the lower often changed into spines. (Guiana, Brazil, etc.) (Fig. in Eng. and Prantl, iii, i, p. 237.) N. Patagon. Family 30. HYDNORACE.E. Succulent, parasitical herbs, with branching, leafless creeping rhizoids, which radiate from the insertion of the nutritive root, and produce here and there large flowers emerging from the ground. Flowers hermaphro- dite, with single, 3-4-lobed, regular perianth, and inferior ovary. Stamens sessile within the tubes, isomerous and alternating, with many anthers having linear pollen sacs. Ovary i -celled, with many parietal placentce, MACLOSKIE : POLYGONACE^E. 345 having many pendulous seeds. Fruit fleshy. Embryo globose, with endosperm and perisperm. Species 8, Africa, and 3 species in extratropical S. Amer. PROSOPANCHE DeBary. Flowers on a leather-colored stalk, 3-merous, the 3 stamens surmounting 3 fleshy staminodes which are deeper in the tube. Placenta plate-like, as 3 partitions of the ovary, enclosing the seeds. Species 2. i. P. BONACINAI Speg. Tuber deeply delitescent, suborbicular or lenticular, branches solitary, long, hypogaeous, i -flowered. Flowers suberous-coriaceous, mostly 3- merous, with inferior, globose ovary ; of the size of a hazel-nut, and with long, slender tube which equals or surpasses the thick apical lobes, them- selves exceeding the long-ovate staminal column. Fruit subbaccate, small, slightly pulpy. Mostly the perianth-lobes are the only parts visible above the ground. The tubercle is buried several meters deep. N. Patagon., by Rio Colorado, from the preandine region to the At- lantic, "Flor de tierra," parasitical on Baccharis salicifolia, Gourliea decorticans and on species of Salicornia. Its pulverized staminal column is used as haemostatic, and its decoction as internal medicine. 2. P. BURMEISTERI DeBary.- (S.-Amer., in pampas of Argentina, on roots of species of Prosopis; sometimes so common that pigs are driven to feed on the fruits.) Family 3 i . POLYGONACE.E. Buckwheat Family. Herbs or shrubs, with jointed stems, and usually sheathing stipules (these obsolete in the Eriogonum section). Flowers small, regular, perfect or vari- ously diclinous. Petals none. Calyx free, 2-6-parted, its segments some- times petaloid. Stamens 2-9, hypogynous. Ovary i-carpeled, i-ovuled; style 2-3-cleft. Achene lenticular or 3-angled (or rarely 4-angled). Em- bryo orthotropous, in mealy endosperm. Species 800, widely distributed. 346 PATAGONIAN EXPEDITIONS! BOTANY. KEY TO THE GENERA. A. Flowers cyclic, small. Endosperm not ruminate. b. Stipules none. c. Partial inflorescence without an involucre. Stamens 3. Bracts smooth, not accrescent. Dwarf annual. i. Koenigia (Macounastnim). c2. Flowers involucrate. Stamens 9. 2. Eriogonum. b2. Stipules ochreate. Flowers 3-merous. Perianth more or less coriaceous about the fruit, yet not close. 3. Rumex. A2. Flowers acyclic; floral leaves mostly upright in fruit. b. Endosperm not ruminate. Embryo small, not folded. 4. Polygonum. 62. Endosperm ruminate. Flowers hermaphrodite or polygamous. Perianth dry about the fruit, wingless. Climbers. 5. Antigonum. £3. Endosperm ruminate. Subdicecious, twining plants. Perianth fleshy about the fruit, 5 -partite. 6. Muehlenbeckia. i. KCENIGIA Linn. Macotmastmm Small. Dwarf, glabrous annuals, fleshy, subsessile. Leaves small, oval, entire, whorled at the top, differing below. Flowers few in the axils, crowded among the upper leaves, minute, articulated on the pedicels ; each sub- tended by a bract, which is adnate to and shorter than its pedicel. Perianth deeply 3 (2-4)-cleft; stamens 3 (1-4), short. Nut trigonal or compressed. The name Koenigia L., though dating from 1767, is rejected by Small, because of Konig of Adans, 1763. This may be justified by the confusion caused by several other applications of the same name, sub- sequent to 1767, as Konigia, Koniga, and Kocniga ; \>\\\. Koznigia is not iden- tical with Konig and has priority over the others. Species 2, one (K. islandica L.) in arctic regions, extending to the Hima- laya ; the other in Fuegia. Fig. in Brit. & Br. i, 542. K. FUEGIANA Dusen. fucgiana Flowering branch • and Intricately branching, SOrdid-green. (on right) stipular sheath (after Dusen). Root fibrous, producing several, short, dichotomizing stems. Leaves fleshy, subsessile, alternate, crowding upwards, obtuse. Stipules connate, forming ample, short sheaths. Flowers in 3*5 or more, the apical small, yellow-green, with small, FIG. 62. MACLOSKIE I POLYGONACE/E. 347 scarious bracts. Perianth 3-parted, its dobes erect, obtuse, oval or longer. Anthers 3. Stigmas 2, sessile, nearly globose. Seeds trigonal (Fig. 62). S. Fuegia, by Rio Azopardo. (Dusen.) Lower and more densely branching than K. islandica. 2. ERIOGONUM Michx. Stemless or leafy-stemmed herbs without ochreae. Flowers small, in cymes, umbels or heads, subtended by involucres. Calyx 6-cleft or 6- partite. Stamens 9. Style 3-parted ; stigma capitate. Acliene 3-angled. Species 160, chiefly in the Western United States. E. AMEGHINOI Speg. Cnrvembryitm. Low, leafy annual ; the radical leaves orbiculate, basally rounded or subcordate, long-petioled ; the cauline elliptical or obovate, basally cuneate, short-petioled ; when young somewhat villous, afterwards glabrate. Peduncles numerous, at first scapiform, afterwards 5-6-times dichotomizing, pubescent. Involucre sessile, campanulate, 5-lobed. Perigonium more or less pediceled, exsert; the segments narrow, acutish, pubescent, yellowish inside. S. Patagon., in dry places between S. Julian and Rio Deseado, and near Lago Colu-huapi. Differs from R. rotundifolium Benth., by the sessile involucres, and narrower perigonial segments. 3. RUMEX Linn. Sorrel. Stems leafy, grooved, with cylindrical sheathing stipules and paniculate flowers. Calyx, 2-seriate, each series 3-leaved ; the inner 3 becoming wings in fruit, one or all having a basal tubercle. Stamens 6, short. Style 3-parted ; stigmas tufted. Achenes trigonal. Species 130, widespread in nontropical regions. Several in Chili and Argentina. Few in Brazil, Austral., or N. Zeal., i in Tristan; some in S. Afr. KEY TO THE SPECIES. A. Dioecious or polygamous ; leaves more or less hastate (except £3.) b. Basal leaves stalked, upper sessile. Fruiting calyx enlarged. acetosa. b2. Leaves all stalked. Fruiting calyx not enlarged. Rootstalk creeping. acetosella. £3. Leaves rosulate, wavy, lanceolate. Stems short. hippiatricus. 348 PATAGONIAN EXPEDITIONS I BOTANY. A2. Hermaphrodite ; leaves not hastate. b. Fruiting calyx entire. Leaves usually petiolate. c. Leaves narrow-spatulate, basi-attenuate. Outer fruiting sepals with large callus. crisparia. c2. Leaves oblong-lanceolate, basi-cordate, wavy. Fruiting sepals broad. crispus. c$. Leaves obovate to cuneate-oblong. Fruiting sepals elliptical. Racemes terminal leafless. cuneifolius. £4. Leaves oblong-linear, acuminate, runcinate. mafftHanifUS (Cusp.), ^5. Leaves lanceolate, attenuate upwards, rounded at base. magellanicus (Gris.). b2. Fruiting calyx toothed or lacerate. c. Leaves narrow-lanceolate. Pedicels slender. Long, setaceous teeth from fruiting calyx. maritimus. c2. Lower leaves cordate-oblong, upper narrow. d. Fruiting sepals cordate, unequally enlarged. Inflorescence leafless. pratensis. d2. Fruiting sepals large and veiny. Uppermost leaves linear, pulcher. b$. Prostrate from thick taproot. Radical leaves narrow-linear. decumbens. i. RUMEX ACETOSA Linn. Stem 30-90 cm. tall. Basal leaves few, long-petiolate ; upper leaves subsessile, 3-12 cm. long, oblong-hastate. Sepals in fruit oblong-cordate. (Eurasia and temperate N. Amer. Fig. in Brit. & Br. i, p. 548.) Falklands (introduced). 2. R. ACETOSELLA Linn. Sheep-sorrel. Glabrous, annual or perennial herbs, with slender, erect stem, creeping rootstock, and dioecious flowers. Leaves narrow, hastate, 3-10 cm. long, obtuse or acute, petioled, the auricle entire or toothed ; or upper leaves without auricle. Sheath silvery, soon lacerate. Sepals i mm., achene 2 mm. long. Foliage often of reddish hue. (Eurasia, and through temperate and warm parts of N. Amer. Fig. in Brit. & Br. i, p. 547.) Falklands. Punta Arenas (J. B. Hatcher). "This and the R. acetosa L., included in Gaudichaud's list, I consider undoubtedly as introduced plants, of which the seeds, being eaten by the birds, are by their agency transported to otherwise inaccessible cliffs." (J. D. Hooker.) 3. R. CRISPISSIMUS O. Ktze. Low, glabroiis, blackish herb, with ascending stems, to 10 cm. high. Leaves narrow-spatulate, obtuse, attenuate to a long petiole (blade over 3 MACLOSKIE : POLYGONACE^:. 349 cm. long, petiole the same). Flowers glomerulate, supported by long leaves. Fruit 1-1.5 mm. long, 3 outer calyx-segments small, erect, ob- long, 3 inner ovate-acuminate, entire, all with large globose callus, not cordate. Mtf triquetrous, fuscous. Patagon., 50-53 lat, by Rio Sta. Cruz. 4. RUMEX CRISPUS Linn. Tall. Leaves long, to 25 cm., crisped and wavy-edged, with long petioles ; oblong or oblong-lanceolate, basi-cordate, with long petiole ; the upper narrower. Panicle lax, pedicels exceeding the calyx. (Eurasia; nat. in N. Am.); Punta Arenas; through nearly all Pata- gonia; Falklands, introduced. R. crispns sanguineus, N. Patagon. S. Patagon., by RR. Sta. Cruz and Chico. 5. R. CUNEIFOLIUS Campd. Ascending, 30-60 cm. Leaves petiolate, obovate or cuneate-oblong, obtuse, undulate-crenulate or plane. Raceme terminal, leafless. Verti- cils dense, the lower rather remote. Calyx exceeding p , the thickish pedicels. Callus on sepals, thick. S. Brazil and Chili ; Chonos Archip. ; near Carmen de Patagones. 6. R. DECUMBENS Dusen. , , . , , . i • i Rumex decumbens. — Prostrate, glabrous perennial, from thick tap-root, Branch ^ leaves sending up several stems which are terete, mostly with inflorescence; magni- leaves only at the verticils ; also numerous long-peti- fied fruit and achene- oled, narrow-linear, very crisp radical leaves. Floral * verticils i -leaved ; the lower remote, the upper crowded. Flowers perfect; Perianth segments oblong, the inner apically rounded, with callus below. Achenes acutely trigonal, brown, shining (Fig. 63). S. Patagon., near Rio Coyle (Nordenskj.); N. and E. Fuegia, "in nearly all the lagunes of E. Fuegia" (Dusen). 7. R. HIPPIATRICUS Remy. Glabrous. Rhizome thick, tortuose, with scaly top. Stems short, sub- simple. Leaves nearly all radical, rosulate, nearly as long as the stems, 35O PATAGONIAN EXPEDITIONS I BOTANY. lanceolate-acute, crisp-undulate. Flowers dioecious, in a terminal panicle. Perianth-segments oval, obtuse, entire. (Mendoza); Patagon., in mountain swamps near Rio Carren-leofu. 8. RUMEX MAGELLANICUS Campd. (Monogr. Rum. 114). (Sp. dub.) Leaves oblong-linear, runcinate, crest-margined. Stip^lles 25 mm. Flowers crowded, upper leafless. Magellan. 9. R. MAGELLANICUS Griseb. (1854). Leaves petiolate, lanceolate, wavy-crisp, attenuate-acute, rather rounded at base. Floral verticils many-flowered, contiguous. Calyx-wings of fruit elliptic, entire, faintly venous, all calliferous. "Inflorescence rich purple-red." Indian name Calcatreo. Magellan, by Rio Sta. Cruz; valleys of N. Patagon., N. and E. Fuegia. Falklands. 10. R. MARITIMUS Linn. Leaves narrow-lanceolate. Floral verticils much crowded, leafy. Ped- icels slender, exceeding the sepals, which are narrow, 2-4-toothed, calli- ferous. (Europe); N. Patagon., S. Patagon., near RR. Sta. Cruz and Chico. R. MARITIMUS FUEGINUS (Phil). (R. fueginns Phil.) t Leaves linear, basi-truncate, rather obtuse. All the inner perianth seg- ments calliferous (in Dusen's specimens; Phil, secus.). S. Patagon. ; E. Fuegia, "in almost all freshwater lagunes." (Dusen.) ii. R. PRATENSIS Mert. & Koch. (R. acutus L.) Lower leaves oblong-cordate, acute, waved, iipper lanceolate. Sepals in fruit broad triangular-ovate, entire at apex, toothed below. N. Patagon., by Rio Negro. "Perhaps introduced." (J. Ball.) 12. R. PULCHER Linn. To 90 cm. tall. Branches divaricate, rigid. Leaves below cordate- oblong to panduriform ; above, lanceolate ; uppermost linear. Floral verticils remote, leafless at top. Calyx exceeding pedicels. Fruit- sepals ovate-oblong, veiny, strongly toothed on margins, unequally cal- liferous. MACLOSKIE : POLYGONACE^E. 351 (Old World, and nat. in U. S.); Magellan (Dusen); near Carmen de Patagones. 4. POLYGONUM Linn. Flowers perfect, in terminal or axillary clusters. Calyx 4-5-parted, outer segments the larger. Style 2-3-parted, the stigmas capitate. Achenes invested by or exceeding the calyx. Species 200, cosmopolitan save in the tropics ; several in Chili, few in Brazil and Argentina. KEY TO THE SPECIES. A. Leaves lance-linear to oblong. Sheaths lacerate. Axillary flower-clusters. camporum. Az. Leaves lanceolate, acuminate both ways, style 2-parted. ferrugineum. A$. Leaves oblong-linear. , b. Sheaths silvery, 2-parted. Flowers small, in axillary clusters. aviculare. bz. Sheaths at length lacerate. Flowers in 3's, peduncled. chilense. A^. Leaves elliptical to obovate. b. Sheaths bifid at first. Branches prostrate. Flowers fascicled. delfini. b2. Sheaths large, bifid or lacerate. Flowers none-3, axillary, pediceled. maritimitm. A$. Leaves ovate-sagittate, the upper narrower, long-petioled. Stem twining. convolvulus. i. P. AVICULARE Linn. Slender, glabrous, prostrate herbs, with oblong-linear, or oblanceolate, acute, subsessile leaves, jointed to the silvery, 2-parted sheaths. Flowers small, 1-5 in axillary clusters. Calyx 5-parted, green, bordered white or pink. (Eurasia and N. Amer., a weed in cultivated lands); N. Patagon.; Magellan. (Dusen.) 2. P. CAMPORUM Meisner. Glabrous, tall, slender-branched annual or perennial. Leaves sessile, linear-lanceolate to oblong, obtuse, 6-25 mm., deciduous with the lacerate sheaths. Flowers several, in axillary clusters, short-pediceled. Stamens 8. Achene trigonal, shining-black. (N. Amer. in prairies, extending to S. Amer.); S. Patagon., by Rio Sta. Cruz. P. CAMPORUM AUSTRALE Meis. Upper leaves subulate-linear, revolute-margined. Calyx less than ?. mm. long. (Argentina.); mouth of Rio Chubut. (Dusen.) 352 PATAGONIAN EXPEDITIONS I BOTANY. 3. POLYGONUM CHILENSE C. Koch. Glabrous. Leaves oblong-linear, sessile, thickish, nearly parallel- nerved. Sheaths with oblong, nerved lobes, at length lacerate, about half as long as the leaf. Flowers campanulate, in 3*5, rather long-peduncled. Nutlets shining, smooth. (Chili); W. Patagon.; S. Patagon.; RR. Gallegos and Sta. Cruz; Magellan. 4. P. CONVOLVULUS Linn. Glabrous, scurfy, annual, with twining stem, mostly branching. Leaves ovate-sagittate, the upper narrower, long-petioled, acuminate, subciliate. Axillary floral clusters lax. Flowers greenish, on slender pedicels. Calyx 5-parted. Stamens 8. Style subentire with 3 stigmas. Achene trigonal, obovoid-pyramidal, black, not shining. (Old World, naturalized in N. Amer.); in cultivated lands near Car- men de Patagones. 5. P. DELFINI Phil. (Avicularia.} Stem 20 cm. high. Branches herbaceous, prostrate. Leaves elliptical, concave, glabrous, pinnate-nerved, the lateral nerves obscure. Sheaths bifid, becoming lacerous. Flowers axillary, fascicled. Achenes long, smooth, trigonal at apex. Valley of Rio Palena. 6. POLYGONUM FERRUGINEUM Weddell. (P. spectabile Mart.) Perennial, subglabrous, scurfy. Erect, 60-90 cm. ; fleshy base, sparingly branched, with short internodes. Leaves lanceolate, 5-17 cm. long, acuminate both ways, with short hairs on midrib and short petiole. Sheaths cylindric, ciliate when young. Panicle subsimple, ending in linear, spicate racemes. Calyx pink, nerved ; stamens 6-7, included. Style 2-parted to near its base. Achene lenticular, orbicular, biconvex, nearly black, shining. (W. Indies and E. Brazil.) P. FERRUGINEUM PATAGONICUM Speg. Lower than the type, 15-20 cm. high. Primary cauline leaves when young hoary-puberulous on the under surface, then becoming glabrous MACLOSKIE : POLYGONACE/E. 353 like the others. Sheaths enlarged at the mouth, very thin without bristles. Pedicels subglabrous, obsoletely glandulous. Achene pale-fuscous, not shining. Patagonia, near Cabo Raso, and Lago Colu-huapi. 7. POLYGONUM MARITIMUM Linn. Seaside Knotweed. Root deep. Stem 20-50 cm. long, prostrate or ascending, branched, deeply striated. Leaves ovate to oblong, fleshy, about as long as the internodes, 6-24 mm. Sheaths large, 2-parted or lacerate above. Flowers 1-3 in the axils, slender-pediceled. (Eur. and U. S., by the sea; also S. Afr.) S. Chili to Magellan. N. and E. Fuegia. (Dusen.) 5. ANTIGONON Endl. Climbing herbs from a woody base, the stem and branches ending in tendrils. Leaves alternate, usually cordate, with ochrece small or mere lines. Perianth 5-6-partite, red, the outer 3 segments large, cordate, accrescent in fruit about the trigonal achene. Stamens about 8, on an annu- lus with intermediate teeth. Styles 3 with capitate stigmas. Endosperm ruminate. Species 3-4, Mexico and southwards. (Cult, in gardens.) A. LEPTOPUS Hook. & Arn. Leaves ovate-cordate, acuminate, mostly tomentose underneath. Rachts of raceme ending in 3-hooked tendrils. (Fig. in Eng. & Prantl, iii, la, p. 31, fig. 14.) S. Chili ; probably in N. Patagon. 6. MUEHLENBECKIA Meis. Undershrubs like Rnmex, often twining, with stalked, alternate leaves ; sheaths small, or leafless ; and small, polygamo-dicecious flowers in axil- lary or terminal fascicles. Perianth 5-cleft, fleshy, persistent. Stamens 8. Styles 3, with dilated stigmas. Nut trigonal, included, or apically exsert. Species 15, Australia, N. Zeal., Pacific Is. and Extra-trop. S. Amer. (M. platyclada Meis., of Solomon's I., has flat phyllodes with very few leaves.) 354 PATAGONIAN EXPEDITIONS I BOTANY. I. MUEHLENBECKIA CHILENSIS Meis. Branches twining, angulate. Leaves triangular to hastate-cordate, ovate or narrower, entire, without side-nerves. Fascicles racemed. Achenes globose, triangular upwards. N. Patagon. ; Valley of Limay ; also in Chili; "called Sarsaparilla, and used medicinally." (J. Ball.) 2. M. ROTUND ATA PHIL. Suffruticose? Branches short, erect. Leaves veinless, ovate, apically rounded, basieordate, rarely truncate. Flowers axillary, very shortly pedi- celed (not racemed), also a terminal leafless spike. Achene, included, subglobose, dull. (Araucania); Chubut, in shrubberies near Lago Nahuel-huapi, and by Rio Carren-leofu. Branches about 18 cm. long. Family 32. CHENOPODIACE.E. Goosefoot Family. Mostly herbs, with exstipulate, often lobed, or thickish, or fleshy leaves, and perfect or diclinous, apetalous flowers, with small greenish, 2-5-lobed calyx, and with or without bracts. Stamens equal and opposite to the calyx-lobes, filaments rarely united ; anthers 2-celled. Ovary superior, i-celled; styles 1-3. Ovule i. Utricle indehiscent, rarely circumscissile, often enclosed in the persisting perianth. Embryo ring-like or spiral in mealy endosperm. Species 550, widely distributed. KEY TO THE GENERA. A. Embryo ring-shaped or horse-shoe-shaped. (Cyclolobece^) b. Roots and seeds normal. Hermaphrodites ; stamens 2-5, basiconnate. Leaves opposite, linear. Bracts exceeding the perianth. i. Nitrophila, p. 355. b2. Roots, and mostly also the stem abnormal. c. Fruit becoming indurated below, dehiscing by a lid. Hermaphrodite, with cymose flowers. Stamens 5, proterandrous, basiconnate on a fleshy ring. Root fleshy. Seed horizontal. 2. Beta, p. 356. c2. Fruit normally indehiscent. d. Flowers glomerulate, rarely spicate. Leaves mostly alternate, often hastate, and often with glandular hairs. e. Flowers hermaphrodite, proterogynous, bractless. Perianth coriaceous, divided at least halfway. MACLOSKIE I CHENOPODIACE/E. 355 /. Perianth-leaves 3-5, mostly unchanged in fruit. Stamens 5, or fewer, free or basi-connate. 3. Chenopodium, p. 356. /2. Perianth urn-shaped, 3~5-toothed. Leaves pinnatifid. 4. Roubieva, p. 361. /3. Perianth-leaf I. Stamen I, with a flat filament. Annual herb. 5. Monolepis, p. 362. 2. Dioecious, i -flowered male-scapes, and. 2-flowered female-scapes. Achenes in a head. 7. Hamadryas, p. 413. i. CALTHA Linn. Marsh-marigold. Leaves entire or crenate, mostly cordate. Sepals large, petaloid. Petals none. Follicles several or few, not united, with ovules on the ventral suture. Species 10, in cold and temperate climates. KEY TO THE SPECIES. A. Leaves trifid, the intermediate division 2-lobed. appendiculata. A2. Leaves entire. b. Leaf-margins ciliate. dioneafolia. b2. Leaves ovate-sagittate. sagittata. i. C. APPENDICULATA Pers. (DC. sub Psychrophila}. Cespitose, dioecious. Sepals 5, with a long, apical appendage, marcescent. Scape i -flow- ered, very short, naked. Leaves radical, suc- culent, trifid, cuneiform. Stamens few. Fol- licles 5-9. S. Patagon.; Magellan; Fuegia; alpine. FIG. 66. 2. C. DIONE^FOLIA Hook. f. Leaves resembling in shape those of Dioncea muscipula. Stamens 5-7. Follicles only 2-3. "In green bosses upon which the stellate flowers have a very pretty appearance" (Fig. 66). Common in South parts of Fuegia and E naturalsize; also magnified leaf and . -,T , .. magnified flower. (After Flora an- and W. Magellan ; S. Staaten I. Caltha dionecefolia. Branch, about 400 PATAGONIAN EXPEDITIONS I BOTANY. 3. CALTHA SAGITTATA Cav. Rhizome creeping. Leaves long-petioled, fleshy, sagittate, auriculate, inflexed upwards. Sepals 6-10, exceeding the 10 stamens. Follicles 25. (Allied to C. palustris L.). (Chili) ; W. Patagon. ; Magellan ; over all Fuegia to Cape Horn ; Falk- lands ; by Rio Sta. Cruz to Lago Argentine. These are of a latifoliar form, having flowers on long, thick scapes, and suborbicular leaves. (Speg.) 2. ANEMONE Linn. Erect, with an involucre of leaves on the stem, near to, or remote from the flower or flowers. Petals none. Sepals 4-20, petaloid. Achenes capitate. Species 75, in temperate and cold climates. KEY TO THE SPECIES. A. Ovary glabrous. b. Involucre having 2-3 lobed or toothed leaves. (Chili.) antucensis. bz. Involucre having 3, much-divided leaves. hepaticcefolia. A2. Ovary very pubescent. b. Sepals 5 ; flowers 2-4. lanigera. b2. Sepals 5-8; flowers solitary, or 2-3. c. Radical leaves 3-5 partite ; the lobes linear or cuneate. decapetala. c2. Radical leaves multipartite, with narrow lobes. mullifida. b$. Sepals 10-12, leaves triternately divided. triternata. i. A. DECAPETALA Audouin. Hairy or somewhat silky, 20-45 cm- mgn- Root tuberous. Leaves 3- 5-partite ; their segments linear or cuneate, incised or multifid. Pedicels 1-3, one naked, the others involucellate. Sepals 5-10. Receptacle glo- bose, at length cylindraceous. Achenes woolly, with lateral, filiform style (Fig. 67). (From the Arctic Circle by the E. U. S. and by the Rocky Mts. to Peru, Chile, Brazil, Argentina) ; Patagon., on pampas by Coy Inlet. (O. A. Peterson; by Rio Negro, near Carmen de Patagones. "In flower, Nov. 13, 1896, 'yellowish white.' Stems about 20 cm. high, and petioles somewhat woolly.") A. DECAPETALA PATAGONICA O. Ktze. Scape and petioles hirsute, with long, spreading hairs. Chubut, and S. Patagon. MACLOSKIE : RANUNCULACE^E. 4OI 2. ANEMONE MULTIFIDA Poir. (Plate XXII.) Radical leaves long-petioled, to 12 cm., reniform, 3-5-parted, the seg- ments cut into narrow, acute lobes. Fruit-toad woolly, cream-colored. Styles subulate. (= "A. decapetala patagonica O. Ktze.," fide Speg.) FIG. 67. Other parts are as A. decapetala in which J. D. Hooker included it. Our Patagonian speci- mens give A. multifida much taller (45 cm.), with longer petioles ; and more silky except the petioles ; root woody. (Arctic Amer. and Rocky Mts.) Magellan; Fuegia, Ushuaia; S. Patagon., by Rio Sta. Cruz; (in fruit, Dec., J. B. Hatcher) ; Rio Ayley (Nov. 12, B. Brown); W. Patagon. by Rio Aysen (Dusen). 3- A. (?) MYRIOPHYLLA Speg. Proteranthous, glabrous; radical leaves un- known. Scape thick, erect, i -flowered; on its middle are 2 alternate, approximate, involucrate leaves, rather large, repeatedly trichotomous, having innumerable, small, fleshy, oblanceolate lobules. Sepals oblanceolate, mid-sized, glab- rous. Receptacle obovate, densely papillate, glabrous. Carpels numerous, rather large, tetragonally winged, glabrous, with a short obtuse style. (The specimens were all in fruit.) Patagonia, in rocky mountains near Lago Traful. 4. A. TRITERNATA Vahl. Leaves triternately divided on a branching petiole, the segments triden- tate; invohicral leaves sessile, cut into setaceous lobes. Sepals 10-12, oblong, obtuse. Root and habit of A. decapetala. Fruit woolly, in an oblong head. (Argentina) ; Patagon. (?). 3. CLEMATIS Linn. Suffruticose climbers, with opposite, slender-petioled, pinnate leaves, occasionally only lobed or entire. Sepals 4-5, valvate in the bud, petaloid. Atumone decapetala. Reduced to half-scale. (After Hooker and Arnott.) 402 PATAGONIAN EXPEDITIONS I BOTANY. Petals none. Stamens numerous. Achenes i -seeded. Styles long, often plumose. Species 100, chiefly in temperate climates. » C. VIRGINIANA Linn, (including C. dioica Linn.). Flowers paniculate, dioecious. Leaves ternately divided, their segments subglabrous, ovate, subcordate, acuminate, 3-nerved, entire. Pericarps oval. Pedicels pubescent. (Jamaica, medicinal.) C. VIRGINIANA CAMPESTRIS (S. Hil.) Cauline leaves flammuliform or bifoliate, or the upper simple : leaflets narrower-ovate to lanceolate, or narrower, mostly entire. (S. Brazil to N. Patagon.) Common in shrubberies by Rio Negro, near Carmen, the form angustissima in Patagonia. 4. MYOSURUS Linn. Mousetail. Diminutive, with fibrous root; basal, linear, entire leaves; and i- flowered scapes. Sepals 5 (-6-y)-spurred at the base. Petals as many or none, greenish-yellow, narrow, with a nectary above the claw. Stamens 5-25. Achenes numerous, their receptacle elongate in fruit. Species 5, Eurasia, western Amer. ; Australia. i. M. ARISTATUS Benth. (M. apetala Gay.) With or without petals. Fruit-head at length long. Achenes carinate, beaked with a diverging, persistent style, nearly as long. (W. United States to Chili and N. Zeal.) S. Patagon., pampas near Coy Inlet. By mouth of Rio Chubut (Dusen) ; by Rio Gallegos (Nordenskj.). In N. and E. Fuegia. "Is often petaliferous and occurs in N. Amer." A. Gray. M. ARISTATUS BRACHYPUS (SpCg.). Leaves as long as the scape, or longer, numerous (10-20), broader and more acute than in M. gracilis. Sepals often 5 ; petals none. Stamens 5, all fertile. Patagonia, in meadows by Golfo de San Jorge. Leaves 20 mm. long by 0.5 to 1.5 mm. broad. MACLOSKIE : RANUNCULACE^E. 403 2. MYOSURUS GRACILIS (Speg., var. of M. aristatus] Macl. Plate XXI, M. Diminutive and slender, 5-15 mm. high, with slender root, stem pro- duced into 3-10 long, subsimple branches. Leaves few (4-8), the coty- ledons persisting, all linear-oblong or spatulate, attenuate downwards, entire, obtuse, obscurely i-3~nerved, glabrous, 5-20 mm. long by 0.5 mm. broad. Scape-like branches 1-3, erect, straight, exceeding the leaves, slender, glabrous and scarcely thickened above. Flowers small, ochro- leucous. Sepals 3, green, linear-spatulate, erect, obtuse, i -nerved, gla- brous, spur two thirds as long. Petals 5, white, spatulate, attenuate downward, obtuse, i -nerved, with 2 narrower staminodes. Stamens 3-5, two of them being sterile and petaloid, filaments as long as the petals. Spike of achenes oblong, obtuse, less than 4 mm. long and two thirds mm. thick. Carpels rhombic-ovate on the back, tipped with a short, blunt, erect style, the pericarp very thin on the back, except a stout, opaque median line or ridge and a similar margin, the interveining part trans- parent and in maturity, showing the rather large seed, easily rupturing. Seed oval, sinuately rugulose. Patagonia, by Rio Sta. Cruz and San Julian, near shrubberies. By Hatcher at Coy Inlet (showing the hypocotyl elongated above the roots). "Would make a new species," Spegazzini. Prof. Edward L. Greene, to whom we are indebted for the description of the fruit-head, states that "it is not at all nearly related to M. aristatus; it is a particularly well marked new species." 3. M. PATAGONICUS Speg. Robust, cespitose. Leaves linear, peduncles thickened upwards. Sepals 5, with spur half their length. Petals none. Stamens 10. Carpels ventrally with capitate hairs. Fruiting spike elongated. Stylar mucro rather short. Patagon. ; in marshes by Golfo de San Jorge, and at La Plata Bo- tanic Garden in soil from Rio Sta. Cruz. 5. OXYGRAPHIS Bunge. Differing from Myosurus by having seeds erect, petals with a small basal nectary but spurless ; from Rammcuhis by having the achenes with- out a hard pericarp. Sepals mostly 5 ; and petals 5-12. 404 PATAGONIAN EXPEDITIONS '. BOTANY. Species 9, Central Asia and N. Amer., and the following. OXYGRAPHIS CYMBALARIA (Pursh, sub Ranunculus] Prantl. Glabrous, scapose, spreading by long rooting runners. Leaves long- petioled, clustered at the nodes, round-cordate to reniform, crenate, fleshy. Scapes i-y-flowered. (Fig. in Brit. & Br. ii, 86.) (N. Amer.) ; Patagon., wet places near Rio Gallegos, Rio Chico, and Carmen de Patagones. 6. RANUNCULUS Linn. Crowfoot, Buttercup. Herbs, with simple or variously divided, alternate leaves, and yellow or rarely white, regular flowers. Sepals mostly 5. Petals 5 or more with a pit or nectary at the base. Stamens numerous. Carpels numerous, not united, i-ovuled. Achenes in a head or spike, each tipped by its style. Species 200, in temperate and cold regions ; also in Himalaya, and by Abyssinia to Madagascar and Mauritius ; in Peru and Chili ; thence to Patagon., and the Falklands. KEY TO THE SPECIES. A. Corolla white. Leaves floating or dissected. Petals 5-8. b. Upper leaves semiorbicular, lobed or wanting. Lower leaves filiformly dissected- Aquatics. aquatilis. b2. Leaves all semiorbicular, lobed. biternatus. b^. Leaves all submerged, capillary multifid. fluitans. A2. Corolla white, but with yellow claws. Leaves reniform. Creeping scions, hederaceus. A$. Corolla white to flesh-colored. Leaves 5-lobed, basally auricled. Cauline leaves narrow. Achenes smooth. apiifolius. A^.. Corolla yellow. b. Nectary abortive or foveolate. Leaves glabrous. c. Creeping. Flowers opposite to the tripartite leaves. d. Lateral leaf-segments orbicular, dentate ; mid-segment bifid. litoralis. d2. Leaf-segments cuneate, 2-3 -lobed; the lobes narrow, dentate, montteanus. c2. Creeping or ascending. Flowers axillary. Leaves entire or 3-parted. d. Sepals 3 ; petals 3. Leaves obovate-cuneate, apically 3 -toothed, trullifolius. d2. Sepals 3 ; petals 5. Leaves linear, or broader, equally 3-lobed. ccespitosus. d$. Sepals deciduous ; petals 5. Radical leaves orbicular, trisect and again trifid. alboffii. d^. Sepals reflexed ; petals 4-6. Fleshy plant. crassipes. dftj. Sepals and petals 5. e. Achenes numerous. Plant small. minutus. e2. Ripe achenes 15-18, turgid. Leaves cuneate, apically tridentate. monanthos. MACLOSKIE I RANUNCULACE^E. 405 fa. Nectary with a scale. c. Leaves entire or dentate, smooth. d. Flowers opposite the leaves. e. Leaves orbicular, basi-cordate. flagelliformis. e2. Leaves ovate, or lance-ovate (in Argentina). bonariensis. CT,. Leaves small, ovate, tridentate. obtusatus. d2. Flowers axillary. Petals 7 or more. e. Sepals 3. uniflorus. ez. Sepals 5. Leaves fasciculate at the nodes, thick, ovate-elliptical. bovei. cz. Leaves ternately parted, the divisions mostly stalked and pinnatifid. Sepals reflexed. Bulb. bulbosus. c^. Leaves reniform to round-cordate, the upper 3 -parted. Fruit-head rough with curved beaks. muricatus. C4. Leaves all radical, subpeltate or obovate. Achenes 3-5, only i maturing, hooked. oligocarpus. c 5. Leaves palmately divided, hairy. Ovaries smooth. d. Ovaries with 3 dorsal nerves. e. Sepals 3; petals 8- 10. c/iilensis. ez. Sepals 3 ; petals 3 or none. minutiflorus. eT,. Sepals 5. /. Petals 5, slightly exceeding the sepals. valdivianus. f2. Petals 10-15, twice as long as the sepals. Radical leaves trifid, and again trilobate. Pedicels elongated. peduncularis. dz. Ovaries with only i dorsal nerve. savatieri. A$. Aquatics. b. Leaves floating and submerged, not dissected. Peduncles long, emerging, fuegianus. bz. Leaves floating, entire, in fascicles of 2 or 3. Flowers axillary, yellow, small. hydrop/iilus. £3. Stout with rooting flagella, having long-stalked, subpeltate leaves and solitary flowers. potamogetonoides. A6. Nearly stemless. b. Leaves erect, long-petioled, reniform-rotundate, 3-lobed and toothed. Sepals villous. maclovianus. bz. Radical leaves stellately spreading, round-reniform, cleft, covered with yellow silk. sericocepJialus. A-j. Radical leaves long-petiolate, 3-cleft, and the segments 3~5-lobed ; the lobes gland-tipped. glandtiliferus. AS. Erect. Radical leaves 3-lobed; the segments 3-cleft, etc. Stem simple, i -flowered and naked, or 2-flowered with bracts. patagonicus. • i. RANUNCULUS ALBOFFII Macl. (Alboff sine nomine]. Rhizome fibrilliferous. Stem erect, 30 cm. high, its apex blackish, fork- ing, 2-flowered. Leaves pubescent; the radical leaves long-petioled, 406 PATAGONIAN EXPEDITIONS I BOTANY. orbicular, trisect, their segments obovate-cuneate, trifid, the terminal sub- segment trisect, between a bisect pair; cauline leaf solitary in the fork, 3-partite. Sepals deciduous, reflex, yellowish. Petals 5, golden, obovate, unguiculate. Achenes in a globular head, glabrous, with short hooked styles. Fuegia, above Ushuaia at 300-400 m. elevation. (Alboff.) 2. RANUNCULUS APIIFOLIUS Pers. Stems erect, glabrous, fistulous, green, branching. Leaves radical and cauline, petiolate, glabrous, shining; lower leaves 5-lobed, the lobes sinuate-serrate; the petioles basally auricled-sheathing ; upper leaves sublinear. Peduncles axillary, involucrate by 2 opposite, sessile, linear- lanceolate bracts, 3 in each involucre, the mid one larger and i -flowered; the side ones 2-bracted. Flowers white to flesh-colored. Stamens numerous, filaments white, anthers yellow. Achenes obovate, smooth, easily deciduous. Patagon., "in swamps through the whole republic." 3. R. AQUATILIS Linn. Common Water-Crowfoot. Leaves of two kinds, some floating and flat, 3-lobed or 3-parted (some- times wanting), others immersed and multifid with capillary divisions. Petals white, nectary without a scale. Ackenes transversely rugose. (Temperate Eurasia, Australia); Patagon., Chubut, in subandine pools. R. AQUATILIS C^ESPITOSUS DC. Leaves petiolate, all emersed, their outline suborbiculate, cut into divergent segments. Pedicel scarcely exceeding the petioles. Ac hems obovate, rugose. S. Patagon., in wet places near Rio Sta. Cruz, and at Orr-aike, near Lago Viedma. R. AQUATILIS CAPILLACEUS DC. Leaves petiolate, all immersed, divided into filiform segments. . Chubut, in slowly flowing waters near Carren-leofu. 4. R. BITERNATUS Smith. Small herb, with many slender stems from a fibrous root, creeping and glabrous. Leaves biternately dissected, the lobes oblong, acute, entire or MACLOSKIE : RANUNCULACE^E. 407 toothed. Flowers solitary, the petals white, oblong, sometimes long- clawed, equalling the sepals. Head of achenes smooth, globular, rather large, at length ruddy. E. and W. Magellan, Fuegia, Navarino I., Falklands. R. biternatus exignus is a small state, common in the Falklands. 5. RANUNCULUS BOVEI Speg. (Of sec. Ramiimtlastrum, having achene with i dorsal nerve, floral axis long, nectary with free scale, root fleshy.) Glabrous. Stems stoloniferous, thickish. Leaves at the nodes 3-5- fasciculate, their petiole very long, erect, their limb thick, ovate or ellip- tical, base rounded, apex rounded or obtusely pointed. Flower solitary on an erect scape, as long as the petioles. Sepals 5, ovate. Petals many, narrow, obovate, as long as the sepals. Achenes obovate, obscurely tetragonal. Style short, lateral. Handsome. Punta Arenas. S. Patagon., Gallegos Valley (Nordenskj.) ; N. and E. Fuegia (Dusen). 6. R. BULBOSUS Linn. Bulbous Crowfoot. Perennial, with bulbous root, upright, many-flowered stem, leaves divided into 3 stalked leaflets, which are again 3-parted and lobed. Pedtmcles furrowed, sepals reflexed, and glabrous achenes in a globose head. (Eur. and U. S.); common in grassy places by Rio Negro. N. Patagon. 7. R. CESPITOSUS Dusen. Cespitose, glabrous, creeping. Stem thick, root- ing at the nodes, fasciculately leafy, i -flowered. Leaves long petioled, or linear, entire, or cunei- Ranunculus form-dilated towards the apex, 3-lobed. Flowers Natural size; also enlarged small, yellow, sessile or nearly so. Sepals 3, petal and ^^- (After broad, fugacious. Petals twice as long, 5, with saccate nectary. Stamens rather few. Achenes 20—30, in a globose head. Style nearly as long as the achene (Fig. 68). S. Fuegia, in swamps near Rio Azopardo. 408 PATAGONIAN EXPEDITIONS I BOTANY. 8. RANUNCULUS CHILENSIS DC. Procumbent stems and petioles hispid. Leaves subvillous, cordate- orbicular, 3-5-cleft, the lobes coarsely toothed ; the upper leaves smaller. Flowers small, 6-8 mm. diam., sometimes larger. Calyx very villous. Achenes orbicular-compressed, smooth-margined. Cape Tres Montes, and Chonos Archip. ; Rio Sta. Cruz (C. Darwin) ; Ushuaia (Hahn) ; Magellan (Hatcher). 9. R. CRASSIPES Hook. f. Glabrous, fleshy, with creeping stem. Leaves long-petiolate, cordate- reniform, trifid or tripartite, with the segments 3-5-crenate. Peduncles shorter than the petioles. Sepals at length reflexed. Petals 4-6, obovate- spatulate, yellow. Achenes turgid ; styles straight. Allied to R. biternatus. In Kerguelen I., in moist places. A specimen in the Gray Herbarium, collected by R. O. Cunningham at Punta Arenas, Magellan, is intermediate between the two species. IO. R. FLAGELLIFORMIS Smith. Flowers yellow; leaves undivided, long-petiolate, orbiculate-cordate, entire, glabrous. Stem repent; pedicels oppositifoliose. Carpels small, ovate, muticous, smooth or subpunctulate. (Chili and New Granada) ; N. Patagon., abundant in flooded places near Carmen de Patagones. 10. R. FLUITANS Lam. River-Crowfoot. (Batrackiuwt.} Flowers small, white, without a scale at the base of the petals. Leaves all submersed, capillaceo-multifid, their segments long and parallel. Petals ovate, exceeding the sepals. Achenes transversely wrinkled. (Eur.) R. FLUITANS MINOR Gelert. E. Fuegia (Br. Ansorge). ii. R. FUEGIANUS Speg. Glabrous. Stems diffuse, floating, leaves uniform, the submersed not dissected. The lower leaves discoid or ovate in contour, basicordate, '• MACLOSKIE I RANUNCULACE/E. 409 deeply 3-5-cleft, their lobes obtusely 3~5-lobed and incised ; upper trifid lobes spatulate, entire or toothed. Petiole thick, long. Peduncles long, emerging from the water, i-3-flowered. Flowers small. Sepals broad, ovate, glabrous. S. Patagon., Magellan ; E. & S. Fuegia. (Robust form, with rather long petals, by Rio Chico, etc.) (R.fueginus Phil. Small, silky, with 3-partite leaves, the lateral lobules bifid and toothed ; the mid-lobule 3-toothed. Fruit globular. Fuegia. " Classification doubtful." C. Reiche.) 12. RANUNCULUS GLANDULIFERUS Poeppig. Little branching, and sparingly hirtellous. Radical leaves long-petio- late, rounded, subcordate, or truncate or cuneate at the base ; 3-cleft beyond the middle, the segments with 3-5 linear lobes, gland-tipped. Cauline leaves few, with narrow segments. Pedtmcle long, with red appressed hairs, FlG- 69- especially above. Sepals 5, subpetaloid- yellowish, pilose externally, ovate. Petals twice as long, narrower, nervose. Achenes ovate, glabrous ; style nearly as long. (S. Chili.) Patagon., in grassy plains near Pozo-huapi. (Speg.) 13. R. HEDERACEUS Linn. Glabrous, with long creeping scions, rooting at the nodes in moist places. Leaves reniform, 3-5-lobed, on petioles i-io cm. long. Pedicels solitary, i -flow- ered ; the petals white, with yellow claws. Stamens 5-10. Style short, thick. Magellan, Port Gregory. (Safford.) Ranunculus hydrophilus (A); and en- larged leaf, petal, flower, and section of fruit of R. trullifolius (/). (After Flora antarctica. ) 14. R. HYDROPHILUS Gaud. Glabrous. Stem slender, creeping. Leaves long-petioled, swimming, elliptic- ovate, entire, 3~5-nerved ; in fascicles of 2-3, sheathing at the base. Peduncles axillary, solitary, shorter than the petioles. Flowers small ; 4IO PATAGONIAN EXPEDITIONS: BOTANY. the petals yellow, spatulate. Achenes few ; styles very short. (Fig. 69, central figure, h.] (Leaves like floating leaves of Potamogeton heterophyllus.'] S. Fuegia (Dusen) ; Punta Arenas (R. O. Cunningham) ; Falklands in fresh water. 15. RANUNCULUS MACLOVIANUS d'Urv. Nearly stemless, appressed-pilose, the radical /eaves long-petiolate, erect, reniform-rotundate, trifid or trilobate, the segments coarsely and acutely toothed ; ped^mcles shorter than the leaves, rising from young branchlets. Sepals villous. Petals spatulate, longer than the sepals, yellow. Achenial head globose, rather glabrous ; styles short, hooked. Falklands, abundant in moist places. 1 6. R. MONTTEANUS Phil. Glabrous. Stem creeping. Leaves long-petioled, 3-partite, the seg- ments trifid; the subsegments incised mostly into linear pieces. Pedun- cles solitary, axillary, equalling the petioles. Sepals 5, ovate-oblong. Petals equalling them, oblong, yellow. Achenes inflated, in a globose head, smooth ; styles as long as their achenes, incurved. Chonos Archip. 17. R. MURICATUS LINN. Spiny-fruited Crowfoot. Subglabrous, branched, 30-60 cm. high. Lower leaves reniform to round-cordate, on broad petioles, lobed, or crenate; upper 3-parted, cuneate, subsessile. Flowers yellow; petals exceeding sepals. Fruit- head globular, achenes compressed, with curved beak. (Old World; naturalized in Amer.); N. Patagon., in fields near Carmen. * 1 8. R. OLIGOCARPUS Speg. (Hecatonia.] Glabrous; root densely hairy. Leaves all radical and subpeltate ; petioles very long, limbs suborbicular or obovate, obtuse, entire or 3-crenate, rather fleshy. Scapes erect, half as long as the peti- oles, sheathed and i-leaved at apex, with 1-2, i-flowered pedicels. Flowers small, yellow, sepals ovate, petals linear ; stamens numerous ; carpels 3-5, only i maturing, with hooked style. Chubut, wet places along Rio Carren-leofu. Like R. trullifolius, but MACLOSKIE: RANUNCULACE^E. 411 distinguished by the subpeltate leaves (as R. potamogetonoides Speg. and R. bonariensis Poir.) 19. RANUNCULUS PATAGONICUS Smith. Appressed-pilose. Stem erect, simple, i -flowered, naked ; or 2-flow- ered and then involucrate. Leaves radical, 3-lobed, their segments cune- ate, 3-cleft, incised. Involucre i -leaved, 3-cl eft. Petals 10—12, exceeding the spreading sepals. Achenes glabrous. Style hooked. Chili. Patagonia (?). 20. R. PEDUNCULARIS Smith. Leaves subglabrous, radical, long-petiolate, 3-partite ; their segments 3-lobate, apically acute and incised, the subsegments narrow. Cauline leaves 1-2, linear or trifid. Stem erect, bearing i leaf and 1—2 flowers. Sepals ultimately reflexed. Petals 8-10, oblong, clear yellow. Achenes globose, smooth ; styles hooked. (Chili, on the Pacific slope) ; Cabo Negro, Magellan, by Hatcher at Punta Arenas, E. and S. Fuegia (Dusen), "stems with sparse appressed pilescence" ; .Chubut, near Rio de Mayo. R. PEDUNCULARIS ALBOFFIANUS Speg. Tall specimens with bracted 2-3-flowered scapes, mostly appressed- setulose. S. Patagon. in grassy places at Orr-aike, near Lago Viedma. R. PEDUNCULARIS MINOR Wcddell. Appressed-pilose, 5 cm. high. Pe- duncle basal, i -flowered. Punta Arenas. (Hahn.) R. PEDUNCULARIS PATAGONICUS Poepp. (R. patagonicus Poepp. non Smith.) Stem erect, appressed-pilose, simple, naked, i -flowered, or involucrate and 2-flowered. Leaves radical, 3-lobed ; their segments cuneate, trifid, incised. Involucre i-leaved, trifid. Petals 10-12, exceeding the spread- ing sepals. Carpels glabrous. Styles uncinate. (Chili); Magellan. (Dusen.) R. PEDUNCULARIS POLYPETALUS. Lower, i -flowered. Leaves nearly pinnate ; scape i -leaved. 412 PATAGONIAN EXPEDITIONS I BOTANY. 21. RANUNCULUS POTAMOGETONOIDES Speg. Stout, glabrous, flagelliferous, the flagella rooting, their apex fascicu- late-leafy; the leaves long-petiolate, entire, subpeltate, orbicular-ovate, obtuse, the base rounded-subcordate, narrowly peltate-marginate. Flowers solitary, peduncles shorter than the leaves. Achenes in a globose head, numerous, elliptico-obovate, longitudinally striate. Rio Sta. Cruz, in flowing water at Orr-aike. 22. R. SAVATIERI Franch. Stiffly pilose. Stems 60-90 cm. long, prostrate, bearing at the nodes a fascicle of leaves or branchlets. Leaves long-petioled, reniform-cordate, trisect, the segments obovate-cuneiform, 3~5-lobed. Peduncles 25 mm. long, slender, from the nodes. Flowers scarcely 4 mm. diameter : sepals broad-ovate ; petals as long, narrow. Achenes 1.5 mm., dorsally subacute, ovate-rounded ; style infra-apical, slightly incurved. Patagon., at Punta Arenas. 23. R. SERICOCEPHALUS Hook. f. Depressed, stemless ; densely covered by yellow, silky hairs. Leaves radical, stellately spreading, round-reniform, irregularly 3-7-cleft, their lobes coarsely crenate-toothed. Peduncles very short ; flowers small, in- conspicuous. Petals narrow, spatulate, yellow. Achenes silky ; style hooked. Falklands, Fuegia, at Ushuaia ; here caulescent and larger. 24. R. TRULLIFOLIUS Hook. f. Glabrous. Stem short, sarmentose. Leaves radical, obovate-cuneate, entire, apically 3-5-toothed ; petioles long, thick, attenuate upwards. Pe- duncles shorter than the petiole. Flowers inconspicuous. Sepals broad- ovate-rounded. Petals shorter. Achenes large (/-/, Fig. 69, p. 409). (Kerguelen) ; Falklands, in freshwater ; Magellan, E. and S. Fuegia ; not rare by streams near Punta Arenas. 7. HAMADRYAS Comm. Dioecious, the scape bearing one male, or two female flowers, with rudi- ments of suppressed organs. Low herbs from perennial caudex, with MACLOSKIE : RANUNCULACE^E. 413 silky leaves. Sepals 5-6. Petals 10-12, with basal scale, showy. Achenes numerous, in heads, with short, hooked styles. Species 6, all Neantarctic. KEY TO THE SPECIES. A. Leaf solitary, tripinnate, and flower solitary. delpJtinium. Az. Leaves rounded. b. Leaves 5-7-cleft, webby. kingii. b2. Leaves tripartite, or also further divided. magellanica. A$. Leaves subovate or narrower. b. Leaves deeply trifid, and again cleft, silvery. argentea. bz. Leaves oblong or subtrifid, webby. tomentosa. A^. Leaves imbricate, appressed, from a broad base, forming a column around the scape and solitary flower. Scions. sempervivaides. i. HAMAD RY AS ARGENTEA Hook. f. Leaves silvery-woolly, obovate-cuneate, attenuate at the base, deeply trifid, the lobes also 3-5-cleft. Male plant smaller than the female. Falklands ; Magellan. 2. H. DELPHINIUM. Having one leaf 'and one flower ; leaf oblong-tripinnate, tomentose, 10 cm. high. Sepals 5, villous. Petals 12, narrower. Magellan. 3. H. KINGII Hook. f. Leaves rounded, s-y-cleft, or many-lobed, the lobes crenate ; cobwebby on both sides. S. Patagon. ; Magellan. 4- H. MAGELLANICA Lam. Leaves silky, at length glabrous, rounded, tripartite ; the segments cuneate, incise-partite or subentire. Flowers spicate. Calyx-segments concave, glabrous or villous-tipped. Petals linear, mucronate. Style of young achenes hooked, at length straight. Magellan, Fuegia; Staaten. S. Patagon., near Rio Gallegos at 900 m. elevation (Nordenskj.). Cordilleras above Rio Chico (Hatcher). A variety has the leaves silvery-woolly. 414 PATAGONIAN EXPEDITIONS I BOTANY. FIG. 70. 5. HAMAD RYAS SEMPERVIVOIDES Sprague. (Plate XVI.) Differs from the other species by rosulate habit and glabrous sepals and petals. Rootlets fibrous, thick, adventitious. Stem simple or bifid, 25-37 mm. long, clothed below by the leaf-bases. Leaves sessile, rosulate, sheath- ing the stem ; limb twice trisect, 4-5 mm. long, the mid-segment external, the latinise oblong, cuspidate, glabrous; sheath 10-12 mm. long, 7-8 mm. broad, scariose, spongiose upwards, woolly externally. Scape concealed by leaves, 16 mm. long, i -flowered. Male flowers unknown. Female flowers; sepals 5-6, deltoid-subulate, 3 mm. long, 1-1.5 mm- broad, scariose ; petals about 7, linear-subulate, 8 mm", long, with a nec- tariferous callus above the base. Ovaries ovate, attenuate above to an uncinate style. Achenes posteriorly produced at the base. S. Patagon., on lava rocks in Cordil- leras, J. B. Hatcher, Feb. 1897. "A most distinct species showing typ- ical adaptation to high mountain condi- Hamaaryas tomentosa. Stammate flower and one of its petals both magnified. tlons- T. A- SpragUC, in ( After Flora antarctica.} Icones Plantarum, vol. viii, part ii, May, 1902. (Plate 2748.)1 1 (This interesting specimen was sent by us to Kew Herbarium, where it was recognized as a new species, and described and published in the Icones Plantarum^) Diagnosis (issued in advance in Hooker's Icones Plantarum, plate 2748, May, 1902.) HAMADRYAS SEMPERVIVOIDES Sprague (sp. nov.) ; a certeris speciebus differt habitu rosulato, sepalis petalisque glabris. Radicelli fibrosi, crassi, adventitii. Caulis simplex vel bifidus, 1-1.5 P°N- longus, subtus folio- rum basibus vestitus. Folia sessilia, rosulata, caulem vaginantia ; lamina bis trisecta, 2-2.5 nn- longa, segmento medio exteriore, laciniis oblongis, cuspidatis, glabris ; vagina 5-6 lin. longa, 3.5-4 lin. lata, scariosa, superne spongiosa, extus lanata. Scapus foliis occultus, 8 lin. longus, i-florus. Flares masculos non vidi. Flares feminei: sepala 5-6 deltoideo-subulata, 1.5 lin. longa, 5--7S lin. lata, scariosa ; petala circa 7, lineari-subulata, 4 lin. longa, supra basin collo nectarifero instructa. Ovaria ovata, superne in stylum uncinatum attenuata. Achaenia basi postice producta. MACLOSKIE: BERBERIDACE^E. 415 6. HAMADRYAS TOMENTOSA DC. (H. magellanica tomentosa.] Erect. Leaves oblong or subtrifid, webby-villous on upper surface. Stems covered by fibrous threads from old leaves. Calyx tomentose. Capsiiles oval, ending in a persistent style, striate. (Fig. 70, p. 414.) Fuegia, Mts. above Ushuaia ; Staaten I ; rare. Family 40. BERBERIDACE^. Barberry Family. Shrubs or herbs with alternate or basal leaves, and regular flowers. Sepals and petals two- to several-seriate. Stamens as many as, and oppo- site to the petals, hypogynous ; anthers mostly opening by valves. Pistil of i carpel ; fruit a berry or capsule. Species more than 100, most of them in the N. Temperate zone, the Andes, and in temperate S. Amer. BERBERIS Linn. Barberry. Shrubs with simple or pinnate leaves, often spiny-toothed, or changed into spines. Sepals 6-9, petaloid ; petals and stamens usually 6 each, the anthers opening by upwardly opening valves. Ovary i -celled. Fruit a berry. Species 100. KEY TO THE SPECIES (including some Chilian forms). A. Flowers in corymbs or racemes. b. Stamens appendaged below the anthers. Spines palmately divided. c. Lower leaves spiny-toothed. congestiflora.~\ 02. Leaves all entire. Racemes. rotundifolia. > (Chilian). CT,. Leaves entire. Umbels. umbellata. J b2. Stamens not appendaged. f. Branches (some or all) spineless. d. Leaves, some membranous, entire, others coriaceous, spiny-toothed. polymorpha (Chilian). d2. Leaves coriaceous. e. Leaves lanceolate, dentate. pearcei. e2. Leaves obovate, basally attenuate. serrato-dentata.*\ c2. Branches with spines. d. Leaves, some entire, others spiny-toothed. polymorpha. d2. Leaves with bidentate margins. bidentata. d^. Leaves spiny- toothed. e. Spines short, 5 mm. /. Rachis of raceme shorter than the leaves. . Uicifolia. /2. Rachis longer than the leaves. darwinii. 4 1 6 PATAGONIAN EXPEDITIONS I BOTANY. e2. Spines more or less elongated. Leaves slightly toothed. valdiviana (Chilian). £3. Flowers large, 5-merous. Spines 3-partite. Leaves oblong, coriaceous. ruscifolia. A.2. Peduncles i -flowered, solitary, or aggregate. b. Stamens without appendages below the anther. c. Leaves oval, or obovate. (buxifolid) microphylla. c2. Leaves lanceolate or linear-lanceolate. grisebachii. bz. Stamens appendaged below the anther. c. Leaves entire, linear ; flowers i(-2). empetrifolia. c2. Leaves, some angular spiny-toothed, others entire. Flowers solitary. heterophylla. rj. Leaves cuneate, tridentate. Flowers solitary. cuneata. £3. Spineless. Leaves entire, elliptical. Berries ovate. inermis. 64. Leaves entire or spiny-toothed, obovate. Berries small. Branching virgate. virgata. A$. Flowers ? Heterophyllous, with 3-5-partite spines. Upper leaves sessile. Branches slender. darwinii. i. BERBERIS CUNEATA DC. Califate. Low shrub. Spines 3-parted, scarcely longer than the leaves. Leaves obovate-cuneate, spinosely trifid, smooth. Pedicels solitary, i -flowered, nearly as long as the leaves. Flowers as large as in B. mdgaris. Berries intensely purple, as large as peas, not sweet. S. Patagon., Porto Deseado; near Coy Inlet. (Hatcher. It is called "califate," grows everywhere, and its wood is invaluable for fuel.) 2. B. DARWINII Hook (including B. morenonis O. Ktze.). Young branches rusty-pubescent. Leaves rigidly coriaceous, shining, rusty below, cuneate or oval, trifid at apex ; their margin spinose-toothed. Racemes exceeding the leaves, sometimes long, slender. Berries subglo- bose, not pleasant. (Chili) ; Patagon., in mountain shrubberies near Carren-leofu. 3. B. EMPETRIFOLIA Lam. Small shrub, with reddish brown pubescent bark. Spines 3-parted. Leaves evergreen, linear, entire, revolute, clustered. Pedicels 1-2, from branchlets between the leaves, each i -flowered. Stigma subsessile. Berry globose, bluish-black, slightly sour. Chili, in woods on cordilleras, descending to sea-level at Magellan. A steppe-plant. In N., E. and S. Fuegia. (Dusen.) MACLOSKIE: BERBERIDACE/E. 417 4. BERBERIS GRISEBACHII Lechl. (B. linearifolia Phil.). Spines rather short, 3-branched, branches divaricate, equal. Leaves linear, margins revolute, apex mucronate ; 36 mm. by 5 mm. Peduncles i -flowered, as long as the leaf. Fruit ovate, blue, terminated by a long style. (Chili) ; Patagon. : Magellan. 5- B. HETEROPHYLLA JuSS. Bush, 150 cm. high, with wrinkled bark, dark on old, brown on young parts. Spines 3-parted. Leaves fascicled, sessile, glabrous, oblanceolate, entire, some with 3 pungent teeth. Pedicels solitary, i -flowered, scarcely exceeding the leaves. Petals with basal glands, deep yellow-orange. Filaments toothed. Berries black, with sessile stigma, edible. Magellan northwards to Rio Negro ; not in S. Fuegia. By Hatcher at Coy Inlet. The S. Amer. ostrich (Rhea darwinii Gould) is fond of its berries. Native name of the shrub, Gayankhia; of the berries Khalgo; the shrub is also called Califate). 6. B. ILICIFOLIA Forst. Erect evergreen shrub, to i m. high, with light-colored bark. Spines tripartite. Leaves shining, obovate, coarsely spinose-toothed in the upper part. Pedtmcles shorter than the leaves, 4-6-flowered; pedicels long, subcorymbose. Flowers rather large, flame-colored, crowded near the top of young shoots. Berries ovoid, blue, not edible. S. W. Patagon. ; E. and W. Magellan and through Fuegia to Cape Horn. By Hatcher at Lapataia. Handsome with the moss, Ulota ful- vella Mitt., on its stem. Its leaves resemble holly-leaves. Fuegian name "Tchelia." 7. B. INERMIS Pers. Spineless. Leaves elliptical, entire, smooth, scarcely mucronulate. Pedicels solitary, i -flowered, exceeding the leaves. Berries ovate, crowned by the stigma. Magellan. 8. B. MICROPHYLLA Forst, 1787. (B. buxifolia Lam. 1791; B. dulcis Sweet, 1831.) Erect evergreen shrub, with stout, 3-partite spines, longer than the leaves. Leaves oblong-lanceolate or ovate, large in the young plant, 4l8 PATAGONIAN EXPEDITIONS.' BOTANY. petiolate, pungent, here and there spiny-toothed ; in older plants smaller, 12 mm. long, usually entire, acute, at length coriaceous. Pedicels 1-3- flowered. Berry flat-globose, 4-seeded, blue-black, edible. It forms dense bushes, with leafage of boxwood. The young leaves often have the cluster-cups of the fungus, sEcidittm magellanicum. E. and W. Magellan ; Fuegia, nearly everywhere ; but rare in the rainy- wood-region. (Dusen.) By Hatcher in the Cordilleras of S. Patagon. ; scarcely any of these have the leaves spiny-toothed, except the apical spine. "The berries were used for tarts by the officers of the Beagle, and were found to be excellent, called Magellan-grapes." (J. D. Hooker.) Near Lago Nahuel-huapi (leaves larger and thickish). 9. BERBERIS MICROPHYLLA GRACILIS Alboff. Branches long, slender, pendulous. Leaves membranaceous (not cori- aceous), ovate-lanceolate, obtuse. Flowers mostly in $<*>; peduncle \ cm., short. Fuegia, at Ushuaia. (B. morenonis O. Ktze. is only a young condition of B. darwinii Hook., fide Speg.) 10. B. PEARCEI Phil. Leaves short ; petiolate, oblong, coriaceous, spinosely serrate, mucronate, the under surface glaucescent to rufescent, glabrous, reticulate-veiny. Racemes 6-io-flowered, scarcely equalling the leaf. Pedicels 10-15, slender, smooth. Style short, stigma peltate. Fruit 6-7 mm. by 5 mm. blackish with a glaucescent bloom; pedicel 10-15 mm. slender, smooth. (Differs from B. ilicifolia by the numerous teeth of the leaves.) "Patagon., Chubut, in subandine woods; Valdivian Andes. ii. B. RUSCIFOLIA Lam. Shrub 1-2 m. high. Spines 3-parted. Leaves simple, coriaceous, shining, oblong, tapering at the base, mucronate, entire, or coarsely and spiny few- toothed, 4 cm. long. Peduncles short, bearing 4-7 flowers in a terminal raceme. Flowers large, 15 mm. broad, with 5 sepals and 5 petals. (Buenos Aires) ; Punta Arenas, Hatcher. 12. B. VIRGATA Ruiz & Pav. (Plate XV.) Erect, much branched shrub. Spines small or none. Leaves obovate, entire, or spinously toothed towards the apex, smooth. MACLOSKIE I MAGNOLIACE^E. 419 Peduncle solitary, i -flowered, as long as the leaves. Berries small, oblong-ovoid. (Peru in woods) ; by Hatcher in the Cordilleras of S. Patagon., in flower Feb. 17, 1897. "Bush, 60—90 cm., white." In Hatcher's specimens I cannot find the anther valves developed ; they are only indicated by a specialization of cells at the place of origin. (Macl.) Family 41. MAGNOLIACE.E. Trees or shrubs with alternate leaves and large flowers ; the sepals and petals in cycles. Stamens numerous, hypogynous. Carpels many, not united, becoming dry or fleshy mericarps. Embryo minute, in non- ruminate endosperm. Species 70, chiefly in Himalaya, E. Asia, and E. part of N. Amer. The subfamily Illiciece which contains Drimys, has the flowers often polygamous, not 3-merous, the carpels i -seriate or solitary, and the leaves exstipulate, finely dotted. DRIMYS Forst. Winter' s-bark. Carpels crowded, baccate, many-seeded. Staminal filaments thickened upwards, bearing distinct anther-cells. A small genus, with species in Australia, FIG- 71- New Zealand, New Guinea, Borneo, Mex- ico, Venezuela, and Chili, to Fuegia. D. WINTERI Forst. Tree, with evergreen leaves ; leaves 7-10 4 cm. long, oblong or ovate-lanceolate, obtuse, glaucous beneath. Peduncles subsimple, nggregate, or very short, ending in long pedicels. (Fig. 71.) E. and W. Magellan, in woods near Punta Arenas and westwards. Fuegia, about Lapataia (not at Ushuaia) ; abound- ing in the rainwoods ; in Navarino and Staaten I. Native name, " Ouchkouta," for the wood ; " Liouch," for the leaves. Its Drimys winten, winter's-bark. ' reduced; also fruit- 420 PATAGONIAN EXPEDITIONS I BOTANY. English name is after Capt. Winter, who accompanied Sir Francis Drake in his circumnavigation of the globe, 1577-80. Its bark was used as medicine against scurvy, and also as a condiment. A noble tree, with smooth, gray bark, leaves like laurel-leaves, and masses of rather large, white flowers in cymes terminating the branches. DRIMYS WINTERI CHILENSIS (DC.). Leaves oblong-obovate, glaucous underneath. (Chili) ; S. Patagon., near Ultima Esperanza. D. WINTERI MAGELLANICA Eichl. Leaves shorter and broader, half as broad as long. Magellan. D. WINTERI MORENONIS O. Ktze. Leaves very many, oblanceolate. Peduncles mostly i -flowered. Patagonia. Family 42. MONIMIACE^:. Trees or ^shrubs with exstipulate, mostly opposite pinnately nerved leaves ; and mostly unisexual apetalous flowers, with several-seriate sepals, the inner being partly petaloid. Stamens numerous, on a disk adnate to the perianth-tube. Carpels usually several, in the perianth-cup, or imbedded in a fleshy receptacle, each i -celled, i-ovuled. Fruiting carpels generally drupaceous. Embryo small, in the axis of endosperm. Species 150, chiefly of the southern tropical and temperate lands ; most of the genera in the Orient and Australia ; some in Africa, some in Brazil. LAURELIA Juss. Trees or shrubs with dioecious or monoecious flowers. Stamens 6-12, filaments short with an oblong gland on each side, anther-cells distinct, opening by uplifted valves. Female flowers with staminodes ; carpels long- pilose, ending in plumose styles. Ovule erect. Species 2, one in New Zealand and the following : L. SEMPERVIRENS (Ruiz & Pav.) Tul. (L. aromatica Poir.) Scented tree. Leaves obovate- to ovate-lanceolate, serrate, petiolate, 5-9 cm. long. Raceme silky-pubescent. Tepals of female flower distinct, remote, the outer shorter. MACLOSKIE: CRUCIFER^E. 421 (Chili ; also cultivated and its leaves used for infusing and as a potherb, and nuts edible); W. Patagon., by Lago Nahuel-haupi. Fig. in Eng. & Prantl, iii, 2, p. 102, A-D. Family 43. PAPAVERACE^:. Subfamily Fnmarioidece. Fumitory. Delicate, smooth herbs, with finely dissected leaves, and zygomorphous flowers in racemes or spikes, or rarely solitary. Sepals 2, minute. Petals 4, outer pair larger. Stamens 6, diadelphous, opposite the outer petals. Embryo minute. FUMARIA Linn. /<>7«y rounded, indehiscent, i -seeded. Species 15, Old World. i. F. CAPREOLATA Linn. Sepals scarcely one fifth as long as the corolla. The globose fruit is constricted at the base into a neck. Fruiting pedicels recurved, longer than the bract. Partially climbing, by means of its long twining petioles. (Eur., W. Asia, and N. Afr.) ; common about Buenos Aires and south- ward; in N. Patagon.; "doubtless introduced." (J. Ball.) 2. F. MEDIA Lois. Sepals one third as long as the corolla. Fruit globose, depressed ; fruiting pedicels erect, twice as long as the bract. Racemes rather lax. Stems erect. Leaves compound above, their petioles subcirrhose. Annual. (Europe) ; N. Patagon., in fields near Carmen. Family 44. CRUCIFER.E. Mustard Family. Herbs, with watery pungent sap, alternate leaves, and racemose to corymbose, hypogynous, cruciate flowers, sometimes apetalous. Stamens 6, tetradynamous, or fewer by abortion. Ovary 2-celled, with a thin sep- tum and parietal placentae. Fruit a silique, or a silicic. Seeds with folded embryo, and no endosperm. Species 1,500, widely distributed, especially extratropical ; non-poison- ous. (In collecting secure the ripe fruit.) 422 PATAGONIAN EXPEDITIONS I BOTANY. KEY TO THE GENERA. A. Hairs simple or none. No glandular hairs nor glandular tubercles. b\. Style long. Silicic winged, its cells i -seeded. Leaves pinnatifid. Flowers white. I. Menonvillea, p. 424. b2. Stigma equally developed on the style, capitate. Silicic on a gynophore ; its mericarps winged on the margins and mid-nerve, i -seeded. Septum narrow ; radicle lateral on cotyledons. Flowers white. 2. Hexaptera, p. 424. £3. Stigma strongly developed above the placentae ; more or less 2-lobed, or depressed in the notched pod. c\. Cotyledons starting below the bend of the embryo. Silicles basally rounded to cor- date, its cells i -seeded, seed pendulous. Lateral and median honey-glands. Sta- mens sometimes 4 or 2, or more than 6. Radicle usually dorsal. d\. Silicic 2-valved, with lanceolate or elliptic septum. Petals white, rarely yellowish or none. 3. Lepidium, p. 425. d2. As Lepidium, but stamens 6 ; cells of silicle communicating by chinks, and leaves minute, imbricating. 4. Delpinoella, p. 427. dz. Silicle indehiscent, broader than long, didymous, its septum linear. Petals white, rarely purple or none. 5. Coronopus (Senebiera), p. 427. c2. Cotyledons starting at the bend of the embryo. til. Silicle winged all round, septum narrow; or a i-2-seeded schizocarp. Cotyle- dons not folded ; radicle lateral. Only lateral honey-glands. Calyx not gib- bous. Petals white, rarely pink. 6. Thlaspi, p. 428. d2. Fruit a silique, rarely a silicle ; sometimes transversely segmented, or a 1-2- seeded schizocarp. Usually both lateral and median honey-glands. ei. Style more or less lobed, or depressed. f\. Embryo with dorsal radicle and flat or arched or longitudinally folded cotyledons. Silique long, 2-valved, with numerous, i-( rarely 2-) seriate globose, wingless seeds. Style short, 2-lobed. Median honey- glands. Flowers yellow, rarely white or pink. Leaves entire, or toothed, or pinnately lobed. 7. Sisymbrium, p. 429. f2. Embryo with the cotyledons longitudinally folded. Siliques, sometimes transversely segmented, with erect seeds, and mostly a soft septum in the distal segment. Flowers racemose. Median honey-glands. g\. Seeds all pendulous ; or distal seeds erect, but not in a specially enlarged segment. Silique with an apical, not flattened, rostrum. Cotyledons conduplicate. hi. Silique dehiscent; its seeds i -seriate, globular or slightly com- pressed. Cotyledons 2-lobed. Flowers yellow or white to violet. 8. Brassica, p. 432. ft2. Silique dehiscent, constricted between the seeds, but not jointed. Petals white or yellow. 9. Raphanus, p. 433. g2. Seed solitary in a special apical segment, enlarged before anthesis ; the normally barren proximal part of the silique resembling a gynophore. Cotyledons 2-lobed ; radicle dorsal. Petals white. 10. Crambe, p. 433. MACLOSKIE I CRUCIFER^G. 423 /3. Embryo with lateral radicle. Fruit dehiscent, its valves with the mid- vein obsolete- Median honey-glands present or not. gi. Valves convex. Fruit globular to linear. Seeds minute, round, 2-seriate. Petals white or yellow, not cleft. 11. Roripa (Nasturtium), p. 433. g2. Valves flat (save impressions by seeds) ; finely reticulate ; elastically dehiscing. Seeds I -seriate, pendulous, mostly wingless. Stem leafy, at least below. Petals white or pink (rarely none). 12. Cardamine, p. 435. AA. Hairs all or some branched ; rarely unbranched or none. Sometimes also glandular hairs or gland-tubercles. b\. Stigma equal all round, on the simple or prolonged or lobed style. ci. Silique linear, its values flat. Radicle dorsal. Petals pinnatifid, white or purple. 13. Schizopetalum, p. 439. c 2. Silicle globular, septum as broad as the fruit Radicle lateral. Petals entire, yellow. 14. Lesquerella(Vesicarid), p. 439. b2. Stigmas stronger above the placentae ; style simple or more or less 2-lobed above the placentae. ci. Surface-cells of the septum not transversely divided. d\. Surface-cells of septum without parallel partitions. ei. Fruit mostly short, a silicic; seeds several in its cells. Only lateral honey- glands. Flowers small, white. /i. Valves carinate, with a strong mid-vein. Septum narrow. g\. Silicle apically rounded or pointed. Radicle varying. 15. Hutchinsia, p. 440. g2. Silicle distally broadened or indented and obcordate. Radicle lateral. 1 6. Bursa (Capselld), p. 440. /2. Fruit oblong to linear, a rather flat silicic. Seeds 2-seriate, wingless. Filaments winged or toothed. Petals white, sometimes yellow, entire or cleft. 17. Draba, p. 441. e 2. Fruit mostly a long silicic or a silique ; style short, rarely depressed. Lat- eral honey-glands uniting with a median into a ring (or no mid-gland), /i. Fruit linear or lanceolate, with fibers in the septum. Seeds oblong, wingless ; radicle dorsal. Leaves dissected. Petals yellow. 1 8. Sophia (Descurainea), p. 447. /2. Fruit linear, no fibers in the septum. Valves flat, with weak mid-vein, not elastically dehiscing. No gynophore. Seeds flat, winged or margin- less. Radicle lateral. Petals white or yellow, entire. 19. Arabis, p. 451. d2. Surface-cells of the septum with many parallel parti-walls, polygonally arranged in special cells. Silicle pyriform to elliptic, or a I -seeded achene. Radicle lateral. Honey glands lateral, or also with 2 mid-glands. Flowers racemose. Petals yellow, entire. ei. Calyx open or erect, not saccate. Silicle more or less flat; its cells i -several seeded, seeds wingless. 20. Alyssum, p. 451. 424 PATAGONIAN EXPEDITIONS I BOTANY. e2. Calyx closed, saccate or not. Silicic inflated, its valves cartilaginous ; basi-attenuate. Seeds flat. 14. Lesquerella (Vesicaria), p. 439. c2. Surface cells of the septum transversely parted. Flowers white to purple. d\ . No glandular hairs or tubercles. No fibrous layer on the septum. Fruit ovate to linear, with convex valves and capitate stigma. Seeds 2-ranked. Radicle dorsal (?). 21. Bray a, p. 451. d2. Glandular hairs or tubercles usual. Hairs usually branched. Radicle dorsal. Stigma with 2 erect lobes. Siliques subcylindric ; valves I -nerved. Seeds i-ranked. 22. Hesperis, p. 453. 1. MENONVILLEA DC. Perennial to suffruticose, smooth plants, with linear or pinnatifid leaves, rather fleshy, and racemose flowers. Sepals long, erect, saccate. Petals linear, white or dull red. Honey-glands upright, scale-like. Silicle on a gynophore, dorsally compressed, with broad lateral wings, and long style. Mericarps i -seeded. Embryo incumbent. Species 4 in Chili and Peru. Closely allied to Decaptera and Hex- aptera. M. PATAGONICA SpCg. Low, hispid, green annual, with simple hairs ; branching from the base. Leaves pinnatifid. Racemes dense-corymbiform, elongating in maturity ; rachis straight or subflexuose. Flowers small, white. Silicle glabrous, its valves suborbicular, subconvex ventrally, concave dorsally, having a mid-nerve, otherwise smooth. IVing broad, rigid, repandulous at apex and emarginate at base. Chubut, in dry hills between Teka-choique and Carren-leofu. 2. HEXAPTERA Hook. Herbs or undershrubs, with radical and cauline, entire or pinnatifid, subspatulate leaves, and short, bractless corymbs of whitish flowers. Sepals equal at the base. The longer stamens sometimes connate in pairs. Silique rather large, dorsally compressed, 6-winged ; the cells i -seeded. Style short. Stigma capitate. Seeds not margined. Coty- ledons plane. Species 7, Chili and Patagon. i. H. CUNEATA Gill. & Hook. Slightly hairy. Leaves with slender petioles, apically 3-toothed, only i -nerved. Stems cespitose, ultimately erect. MACLOSKIE : CRUCIFERyE. 425 Chili ; N. W. Patagon., on dry rocks near Lago Nahuel-huapi. 2. HEXAPTERA NORDENSKJOLDI Dusen. (Plate XVII.) Root stout, fusiform. Stems numerous, simple or nearly so, thickish, with the leaves crowded upwards. Leaves woolly, cuneate, 3-nerved and 3-lobed, the lobes narrow, rounded at the apex. Racemes dense, hemi- spherical. Sepals oval, 3-nerved, hairy outside. Petals spatulate, twice as long as the sepals, pale yellow, reddish up\vards. S. Patagon., O. Nordensk. at Cerro Contreros, 900 meters altitude ; near source of Rio Coy, by Hatcher ; "abundant in Cordilleras above the timber-line." Hatcher's specimens have the petals and the lobes of the leaves broader than in Dusen's description. 3. H. TRIDENS Phil. Hoary pilose. Leaves obscurely and long triangular, apically truncate and 3-toothed. Petals white. Mountains at Cuestada Maracoyo, S. Amer., at 4,000 meters elevation. (Not in Patagonia?) 3. LEPIDIUM Linn. Pepper-grass. White flowers, often with fewer than 6 stamens. Petals short or none. Silkies oblong or obovate, flat with narrow septum, its valves keeled, dehiscent. Seeds i in each cell, flat. Cotyledons incumbent (or falsely accumbent through torsion). (Figs, in Eng. & Prantl, iii, 2, p. 160.) Species 160, most in temperate zones; some in Chili, Argentina, Aus- tralia and New Zealand. KEY TO THE SPECIES. A. Leaves entire, or the lower pinnatifid, linear. Silicles orbicular, longer than the pedicel. Flowers small. spicatum. A2. Leaves bipinnatifid, and further cleft. bipinnatifidum. A$. Leaves once -pinnatifid. Silicles wingless. bonariense. A^.. Lower leaves pinnatifid, others entire. b. Silicles suborbicular, wingless. Petals none. Flowers small. ruderale. b2. Silicles oval-orbicular. Petals none in upper flowers. Pedicels inclined, racemosum. b^. Silicles oval, winged all round. sativunt. I. L. BIPINNATIFIDUM DeSV. 5-30 cm. high, branches pubescent. Leaves 2-pinnatipartite, their lobes multifid ; rachis winged. Silicles oval, emarginate, half as long as the pedicels. 426 PATAGONIAN EXPEDITIONS : BOTANY. (Widely distributed, about habitations.) Magellan, N. and E. Fuegia. (Dusen.) 2. LEPIDIUM BONARIENSE Linn. 1753. (L. pubescens Desv., 1814.) Stem and pedicels villous. Upper branches surpassing the stem. Leaves glabrous, pinnatifid; the lobes linear, few-toothed. Flowers minute. Silicic subelliptical, retuse-emarginate, its valves carinate, wing- less. Style very short. Of wide range through Brazil and N. Patagon. ; S. Patagon., by Rio Sta. Cruz ; Magellan. Varying much : form typica is tall, with spicate flowers ; form salinicola, dwarf, with lax racemes. 3- L. RACEMOSUM Gris. Diffuse annual, stem puberulous. Leaves glabrous, pinnatisect, with few pairs of segments, these oblong-linear, acutish ; in the lower leaves with a short anterior tooth. Racemes dense, the pedicels equalling the silicle. Upper flowers apetalous, with 2 stamens. Silicle oval-orbicular, emarginate. Stigma sessile. Valves at length reticulate. Magellan, at Oazy Harbor, and at Punta Arenas. Brunswick Penins., about the bays and capes. (Lechler). 4. L. RUDERALE Linn. Radical leaves pinnatifid. Cauline linear, entire, or nearly so; all glabrous. Flowers minute, usually apetalous, 2-staminate, with minute style on the small, roundish, emarginate silicle. (Fig. in Brit & Br. ii. in.) (Eur. & N. Amer.), Patagon., by R. Sta. Cruz, not common, a low and weak form ; and near Rio Negro. 5. L. SATIVUM Linn. Garden-cress. Leaves variously divided and incised, the upper being smaller and often entire, all bright green. Silicles orbiculate, 4 by 2 mm., emarginate, the valves navicular, winged. Styles very short. (Eur. and N. Am. in waste places and cultivated) ; S. Patagon., in fields near R. Sta. Cruz. MACLOSKIE I CRUCIFER^E. 427 6. LEPIDIUM SPICATUM Desv. Leaves linear, entire, or the lower pinnatifid, glabrous. Flowers small. Silicle orbiculate, emarginate, rather exceeding the pedicel ; its valves carinate, wingless. Style short. (Chili ; Brazil) ; Patagon., by R. Sta. Cruz; Magellan ; Fuegia, Ushuaia. 4. DELPINOELLA Speg. (Nova Addenda ad Floram Patagonicam, p. 227.) (Cruciferacea lepidinea.} Sepals equal at the base, not saccate. Petals linear, entire. Stamens 6, free, not toothed. Silicles didymous, laterally compressed, slightly retuse at apex, the valves turgid, coriaceous, i-locular, ventrally gaping by a chink, dorsally callus-marginate, externally rugose, \-seeded. Style persistent, longish, thickish ; stigma capitellate subentire. Seeds -solitary and pendulous in the locules, obovate, rostrate, immarginate (rimless) ; testa membranaceous with a thin muciparous tunic ; endosperm mucous, sparse ; embryo largish, green ; cotyledons incumbent; radicle very long, scarcely curving, superior. A woody glabrous undershrub, with very short branchlets at the tops of the branches densely botryose-cespitose ; leaves minute, ovate, densely imbricate ; flowers small solitary, subsessile on acrogenous branchlets ; fruit largish, glabrous. (Allied to Coronopus by the structure of the silicle.) D. PATAGONICA Speg. Densely cespitose, green ; branches subdichotomous. Leaves narrow, somewhat acutish, and somewhat subcarinate. Flowers white. Silicles surrounded by the persistent sepals which are scarcely accrescent. Patagonia, in the dry, rocky, high plane between San Julian and Rio Deseado. Resembling in habit Bray a Pycnophylloides Speg. and Bentha- miel la Pycnophylloides Speg., and having a long vertical root. 5. CORONOPUS Gaertn. (Senebiera Poir.) Leaves mostly pinnatifid. Flowers small, whitish. Stamens often 2 or 4. Silicle small, didymous, flattened with a narrow septum ; its cells i-seeded, indehiscent, falling away as mericarps. Cotyledons incumbent or conduplicate. 428 PATAGONIAN EXPEDITIONS I BOTANY. Species 12, subtropical in Old World and Austral.; in N. Amer.; and the following: i. CORONOPUS AUSTRALIS (Hook. f. sub Senebiera.] With sparse spreading hairs. Stems diffuse, ascending, branching. Leaves subpinnatifid with incised lobes. Silicles on long pedicels, rather large, slightly reticulate. Patagon., by Lago Argentine ; Isla Pavon in R. Sta. Cruz.; Chonos Archip.; (also in Jamaica and S. United States.) Allied to C. pinnatifidus of Eur. and of N. and S. Amer. 2. C. CORONOPUS (L.) Karst. C. coadunatus Stokes, C. didymits L. (non Smith), Senebiera pinnatifida (DC.). Leaves pinnatifid, the lobes entire or toothed or pinnatifid. Sepals roundish, their margins whitish, membranaceous. Pedicels stout. 5/7- icles acutish, their valves crested and wrinkled ; 4 mm. broad by 3 mm. high. (Eur., nat. in N. Amer.) Fuegia, at Ushuaia, rare, in dry meadows. N. Patagon., plains near Carmen. 3. C. DIDYMUS Smith. Silicle-valves not crested, only 2 by i mm. Pedicels slender. (Fig. in Eng. and Prantl, iii, 2, p. 161. S. Amer. and northwards in N. Amer., Old World, and N. Austral. \ 4. C. RHYTIDOCARPUS (Hook, sub Senebiera]. Slender procumbent, branching. Leaves entire or pinnatifid, with few segments, acute. Corymbs small, of few minute flowers. Sepals concave. Petals at least sometimes none. Stamens 2 ? Silicle orbicular, rugose. Patagon. 6. THLASPI Linn. Erect, glabrous herbs, with basal, rosulate leaves, and upper cauline leaves auriculate and clasping. Flowers white or purplish. Silicles mostly emarginate, flat, with narrow septum. Seeds 2 or more in each cell. Cotyledons accumbent. Species 60, Eurasian ; most in Mediterr. region, with outliers in Aus- tral., N. Amer. and Chili. MACLOSKIE I CRUCIFER^E. 429 1. THLASPI ALPESTRE Linn. Leaves entire, the radical ovate, petiolate, the cauline oblong, amplexi- caul. Petals about equal to sepals. Silicles obcordate, 8-i2-seeded; their valves winged dorsally. Style filiform. Seeds not striate. (European Mts.); Cordilleras of S. Patagon. 2. T. GLAUCOPHYLLUM Bam. Cespitose. Stems leafy, glabrous, erect, simple. Leaves glaucous, glabrous ; the radical oblong, attenuate, petiolate, entire ; the cauline ses- sile, ovate, basi-auriculate. Flowers white, corymbed. Silicic oblong- obovate, not winged, lo-seeded, submarginate. Style nearly half as long as the ovary. (Chili) ; S. Patagon., by R. Sta. Cruz. 3. T. MAGELLANICUM Pers. Perennial, 7 cm. high. Radical leaves oval-spatulate, stalked, almost entire ; cauline oblong-sessile. Flowers small, white. Petals about equal to sepals. Silicle obovoid, truncately-emarginate. Style short. Seeds 8, oval-oblong, rufous, flat, not striate. Magellan, at Sta. Magdalena by Cunningham ; Rio Coy (Hatcher) ; E. and N. and S. Fuegia; "a steppe plant" (Dusen). Over nearly all Patagonia. "Seeming not to differ from T. andicola H. & A. The characters by which Reiche differentiates these are all fallacious." (Speg.) 7. SISYMBRIUM Linn. Silique linear or linear-oblong, sessile, style short. Sepals subequal at base. Seeds i -seriate, ovate or oblong, not margined. Cotyledons incum- bent. Annual or biennial herbs with toothed or pinnatifid leaves, and simple pubescence. Species 50, widely distributed. KEY TO THE SPECIES. A. Leaves entire, linear. Glabrous, cespitose plants. patagonicum. A2. Leaves oblong, the cauline sagittate. Flowers white ; stigmas 2-lobed. andinum. A$. Leaves variously pinnatifid. Flowers yellow. b. Leaves runcinate-pinnatifid. Siliques linear-acuminate, appressed to stem, officinale. 430 PATAGONIAN EXPEDITIONS '. BOTANY. b2. Leaves pinnatifid, their lobes repand. Petals white, twice as long as sepals. Stigma hemispherical. madovianum £3. Leaves l-2-pinnatifid. Siliques subclaviform, on oblique pedicels. antarcticum. 64. Leaves 2-3 -pinnatifid. Pedicels spreading. sophia. £5. Leaves all basal, remotely pinnatifid, long-petioled. Racemes long. atneghinoi. b6. Leaves pinnatifid with linear lobes. Racemes terminal on branches. tehuelches. I. SlSYMBRIUM AMEGHINOI SpCg. Fleshy, glabrous perennial, with numerous, simple or subsimple stems arising from the root-crown, bearing flowers and fruit almost from their base. Leaves subfascicled, all radical or basal ; oblanceolate in outline ; remotely pinnatifid, lobes short, broad, obtuse; petiole as long as the limb. Flowers small in long racemes; sepals ovate, obtuse, glabrous; petals white, scarcely longer; siliques subtorulose, erect, appressed, largish, on a petiole one third as long ; stigma thick, 2-lobed, sessile ; seeds i -seriate. Chubut, in dry places along Rio Chico. 2. S. ANDINUM Phil. Suffruticose, glaucescent, glabrous or hairy, to 60 cm. high, branching, leafy. Basal leaves subrosulate, oblong, obtuse, attenuate-petiolate, 5 cm. long, 10 mm. broad; cauline leaves sagittate, partly clasping; entire or remotely toothed. Flowers white, many in a corymb, at length racemose. Siliques surmounted by a thick, 2-lobed, subsessile stigma, themselves 3-4 times as long as the pedicel. (Chili) ; Patagon., in meadows by Rio Sta. Cruz & Golfo de San Jorge. " Near S. sagittatum." (Phil.) 3. S. ANTARCTICUM Fourn. (S. canescensGns. non Nutt.) Shortly pilose annual. Stem 80 cm. high, rather strong, with long branches. Leaves sparse, radical ones crowded, 5 cm. long, with plane rachis, and 5-6 prs. of pinnae ; oval, broad, passing into crenate-lobed, obtuse pinnules. Pedicels branching, bractless, spreading, thickish, straight, in fruit 7-8 mm., shorter than the flowers. Sepals yellowish, oblong, mar- ginally lucid. Petals pale yellow, shorter than the sepals. Siliques on an oblique pedicel, subclaviform, subtetragonal, falcate, 16 mm. long. Seeds 2-ranked. Magellan. MACLOSKIE: CRUCIFER/E. 431 4. SISYMBRIUM MACLOVIANUM Gaud. (S. f^^eg^anum Speg.) Leaves radical, pinnati-partite, the lobes obtuse, repand-toothed, glabrous or with forked hairs. Flowers racemose-corymbose, pedicels long or short, 7-8 mm. long' and broad. Sepals entire, ovate-elliptical, 4 mm. long, white to pale green, glabrous, uniting, the outer slightly larger. Petals twice as long, white, spatulate, unguiculate, 3-nerved. Ovary ellip- tical-terete, rounded on both sides, with forked hairs at base. Style short. Stigma hemispherical. Silique white to purplish ; the valves slightly costu- late. Seeds 2-seriate. S. Patagon., near Lago Argentine. With glabrous and hispid varie- ties. (" Badly described in the books ; its incumbent cotyledons seem to show that it is Sisymbrium."} (Speg.) 5. S. OFFICINALE (Linn.) Scop. Erect, 30-90 cm. tall, with rigid, spreading, branches. Leaves runci- nate, pinnatifid, the upper nearly sessile, the terminal lobe oblong, toothed. Pedicels 2 mm. long, erect in fruit; flowers yelolw. Siliques 12 mm. long, linear-acuminate, appressed to the stem. Valves with a strong rib. (Eur., nat. in N. Amer.); Magellan; Elizabeth I. 6. S. PATAGONICUM (Speg.) Cespitose, glabrous perennial. Stems sigmoid-flexuose when erect. Leaves all entire, linear. Flowers small, racemose, long-peduncled. Siliques slender, very long, on long pedicels. S. Patagon., by streams near Lago Argentine, abundant. (S. pinna turn and 5. sagittatitm sub Sophia.} 7. S. SOPHIA Linn. Hoary, with 2-3-pinnatifid leaves, their lobes linear to linear-oblong. Peduncles slender, ascending, thrice as long as the spreading pedicels. Petals yellow, shorter than the calyx. Seeds in i row. (Eur., N. Amer.) ; Patagon., by Rio Chubut and Rio Chico. . 8. S. TEHUELCHES Speg. Glabrous, fastigiately branching perennial, the old branches woody cinereous, the innovations subherbaceous, greenish-white, terete. Cau- line leaves pinnatifid with rachis and 1-5 pairs of often alternate lobes, 432 PATAGONIAN EXPEDITIONS I BOTANY. remote, entire, acute, narrow-linear. Flowers in terminal racemes on the branches, largish, with pedicels of their own length ; petals white, spat- ulate, twice as long as the yellowish-green, glabrous obtuse sepals. Siliques thickish, erect. Patagon., near Golfo de San Jorge, between San Julian and Rio Deseado, and along Rio Chubut. ( " Formerly confounded by me with S. pinna- tum." Speg.) 8. BRASSICA Linn. Cabbage, Turnip. Erect, branching herbs with pinnatifid basal, and toothed or entire cauline leaves ; and yellow, racemose flowers. Siliques elongated, terete or 4-sided, usually tipped by an indehiscent, i -seeded beak; the valves convex, i-3-nerved. Seeds i -seriate in the cells, marginless. Cotyle- dons conduplicate. Species 50, Mediterr. Region, and Asia ; cultivated and run wild in extratropical climates. i. B. CAMPESTRIS Linn. 30-60 cm. tall, glabrous or nearly so. Lower leaves petioled, pinnati- fid ; upper lanceolate to oblong, clasping by rounded auricles. Flowers bright yellow, 9 mm. broad. Pedicels rather spreading. Silique 4 cm. long, its beak 9 mm. long. Seeds subspherical. N. Patagon., as far S. as Rio Chubut. Produces tough and stringy turnips, which trouble farmers; called "Napur." (J. Ball.) Doubtless introduced. 2. B. MAGELLANICA PerS. Leaves pinnatipartite, glabrous. Flowers corymbose. Petals white, their limb obovate. Silique sessile, not beaked. Magellan, Navarino I., Falklands. 3. B. NAPUS L. Rape. Leaves glabrous, subglaucous ; the lower lyrate, toothed, cuneate ; the upper cordate-lanceolate, entire, amplexicaul. Siliques spreading toru- lose. Petals yellow, rather small. E. Fuegia (Dusen; " doubtless introduced "). 4. B. NIGRA (L.) Koch. Sinapis n. (Linn.) Black Mustard. Erect ; i m. tall. Lower leaves slender-petioled, deeply pinnatifid, with large, terminal lobe, toothed all round. Upper leaves more sessile, not MACLOSKIE I CRUCIFER^E. 433 clasping ; uppermost are entire lanceolate blades. Flowers yellow, 8 mm. broad, the pedicels slender, appressed. Silique 4-sided, narrow-linear, 12 by i mm. Raceme narrow. Seeds dark. (Eurasia, nat. in N. and S. Amer.) N. Patagon. 9. RAPHANUS Linn. Erect, branching herbs with lyrate leaves and showy flowers. Style slender. Silique linear or oblong, tapering apically, indehiscent, con- stricted or continuous, spongy between the seeds. Seed subglobular. Species 6, natives of Eurasia. i. R. RAPHANISTRUM Linn. Wild Radish. Stem 30-45 cm. high. Leaves petiolate, rough. Flowers pale yellow to white or lilac. Silique long-pointed and longitudinally grooved, 4-10- seeded. (Eur.); N. Patagon., by Rio Negro. 2. R. SATIVUS Linn. AcJtenes fleshy, not longitudinally grooved, 2,-^-seeded. Flowers pink or white. Root deep, fleshy. (Asia) ; Magellan. 10. CRAMBE Linn. Branching herbs or shrubs from thick caudex, usually with large pin- natisect /eaves, and long or compound racemes of white flowers. Sepals subequal. The longer stamens often toothed outside. Silique erect- patent, 2-jointed, indehiscent, the lower joint like a pedicel. Seeds globose. Cotyledons conduplicate. Species 16, Eurasia and Atlantic Is. C. FILIFORMIS Jacq. Stem solitary, slender, rather hispid below. Leaves pinnate-lyrate, pilose, the terminal lobe ovate. Filaments long, scarcely toothed. Silicles blunt, slender, 2-jointed, terete, the lower joint the longer. (Chili); Magellan. ii. RORIPA Scop. 1760. (Nasturtium R. Br. 1812.) Branching herbs, with simple or pinnate leaves, and yellow or white flowers. Sepals spreading. Stamens 1-6. Siliques short or long, their 434 PATAGONIAN EXPEDITIONS I BOTANY. valves usually i -nerved. Seeds mostly 2-seriate in each cell. Cotyledons accumbent. Pubescence, if any, simple. Species 25, chiefly N. Temperate. i. RORIPA BONARIENSIS (DC. sub Nasturtiiim]. Annual, with pinnatipartite leaves ; the lobes distant, linear, subdentate, glabrous. Silique suberect, terete-compressed, 2-3-times as long as the Pedicel. (Argentina) ; Patagon., near Rawson (Dusen). "The Patagonian specimens always have white petals, often with a rose tinge on the outside." (Speg.) 2. R. PALUSTRIS (L.) Bess. Yellow Water-cress. Erect, annual or biennial, nearly glabrous. Lower leaves petioled, oblong or oblanceolate, pinnatifid, the lobes repand or toothed ; upper leaves subsessile, dentate. Pedicels slender, 6 mm. long in fruit. Flowers yellow, 5 mm. broad. Siliques linear or linear-oblong, as long as the pedicels. Style i mm. (Eur., N. Amer.) ; Chubut, in marshes by Cabo Raso ; by Carren- leofu, etc. 3. R. PATENS Phil. Tall, branching, perennial (?). Lower leaves (?). Upper leaves dis- tant, pinnate-lyrate ; pinnules 3 pairs, linear, entire or toothed, terminal lobule oblong ; uppermost leaves simple. Racemes large ; peduncles longer than the calyx, which is shorter than the white petals. Stigma sessile. Siliques 2-5 cm. long, with horizontal pedicels, 4 mm. Valves nerveless (not as in the other species). Patagon., in wet places by Rio Sta. Cruz and Lago Colu-huapi. Here the color is slightly glaucescent ; lobes of leaves coarsely 3~5-dentate. 4. R. PHILIPPIANA (Speg. sub Nasturtium; N. micranthumPh. non DC.). Branching annual, 20 cm. high. Leaves various, pinnatipartite with broad segments to lyrate ; pinnce 2-4 pairs, dentate in the lower, entire in the upper leaves ; the terminal lobe ovate, dentate. Silicles almost erect, 12 mm. long by 1.5 mm. or thicker, on oblique pedicels 2-3 mm. Patagon., by Rio. Sta. Cruz; Golfo de S. Jorge: by Rio Negro, near Carmen. MACLOSKIE : CRUCIFER^E. 435 RORIPA PUBESCENS piNNATiSECTA (O. Ktze. sub Nasturtium}. Leaves pinnatisect. (Chili ; Argentina) ; Patagon. 12. CARDAMINE Linn. Bitter-cress. Erect or ascending herbs, with entire or lobed or pinnate leaves, and white or purple racemes. Siliques long, flat, usually erect ; their valves nearly nerveless, elastically dehiscing. Stipe none. Seeds I -seriate in each cell, marginless. Cotyledons accumbent. Species 75, in temperate regions. KEY TO THE SPECIES. A. Leaves pinnate. b. Leaflets orbicular, abruptly attenuate basally. hirsuta. b2. Leaflets not basi-attenuate. c. Terminal leaflet reniform. glacialis. C2. Terminal leaflet obovate. striftula. CT,. Pinnae 5, rounded. Sepals ribbed. corymbosa. C4. Leaflets all basal, ciliated ; terminal pinnae large. ciliata. ^•5. Lower leaves lyrate, segments reniform. Stigma capitate. tuberosa. c6. Terminal leaflet cuneate-oblong, 3-toothed; upper leaves ternate. ramosissima. cj. Lower leaves entire, small, with a pinnate pair below ; cauline leaves simple. nana. A2. Leaves pinnatisect. b. Segments of radical leaves rounded, of cauline angulate. Style filiform. amara. b2. Segments of radical leaves rounded, of upper oblong-sessile. Style thick. Stout herb. antiscorbutica. b~$. Bipinnatisect ; cauline leaves similar, but smaller. geraniifolia. A$. Leaves pinnatifid. b. Segments of radical leaves 2-3 pairs. Petals 2-3 times as long as sepals, magellanica. 62. Segments linear-lanceolate. Siliques divaricately erect. Styles long. patagonica. £3. Segments 3 pairs, fleshy. Style none. Stem none. pygmaa. A^. Leaves cordate-rounded, entire toothed. rostrata. A$. Leaves all entire, oblanceolate. Floating plant, long stem rooting. callitrichoides. i. C. AMARA Linn. Leaves pinnatisect; segments of radical leaves subrotund, of cauline dentate-angulate. Style filiform, acutish. Stem rooting at the base. (Eurasia.) Patagon., Punta Arenas. (J. B. Hatcher.) 2. C. ANTISCORBUTICA Banks & Sol. Robust, sometimes villous, from a branching rhizome. Leaves rosu- late, pinnatisect, varying ; radical leaflets 3-4 pairs, rounded, stalked ; 436 PATAGONIAN EXPEDITIONS I BOTANY. toothed ; upper leaflets oblong, subsessile. Racemes contracted at anthe- sis ; in fruit with erect, large peduncles. Petals twice as long as sepals. Style thick. Magellan, Beagle Channel to Cape Horn ; Chubut, by streams in sub- andine woods. CARDAMINE ANTISCORBUTICA ANDICOLA Alboff. Low, glabrous, many-stemmed. Leaves chiefly radical, the lateral lobes small. Few-flowered corymb. Fuegia Mts., near Ushuaia. C. ANTISCORBUTICA UMBROSA Alboff. Pubescent. Leaf-lobes all similar, except size. Raceme lax. Fruit- style long. Fuegia, near Olivaia. 3. C. CALLITRICHOIDES Speg. Stems slender, long, repent below and rooting ; above flagellar, floating. Leaves all entire, alternate, small, oblanceolate, obtuse, basi-cuneate, sub- sessile. Flowers minute, axillary and solitary in the uppermost part of the branches, shortly pediceled. Siliques narrow-linear, acutish. Chubut, in slow waters by Rio Carren-leofu. 4. C. CILIATA Phil. Erect, leafless above, glabrous. Leaves crowded at base, all pinnate, ciliate. Pinnce stalked, the terminal largest and lobed. Racemes with few, short-pediceled flowers, having ciliate bracts. Falklands. 5- C. CORYMBOSA Hook. f. Branching near the base, the branches slender, flexuose, few-leaved. Leaves long-petioled, pinnate ; leaflets about 5, rounded, subsessile, the lateral ones distant. Flowers white, mostly corymbed. Sepals ovate, ribbed. Petals spatulate. Fuegia, Orange Harbour. (Also common in Campbell's I., S. of N. Zeal.) 6. C. GERANIIFOLIA DC. Woody at base. Radical leaves long-petiolate, bipinnatisect, pinnules petiolulate, broad ovate, trilobed, and their lobes toothed ; caiiline leaves MACLOSKIE : CRUCIFER/E. 437 similar, but smaller. Corymb with few, large flowers, white to pinkish. Silique linear, obtuse. Magellan, Fuegia to Cape Horn. 7. CARDAMINE GLACIALIS DC. Stems much branching, leafy. Leaves pinnatisect, subciliate, the lower segments sessile, 2 pairs, very small ; the terminal very large, reniform, stalked. Siliques subfiliform, erect. Flowers white. N. Patagon., Rio Negro; Magellan, Fuegia, Orange Bay. Falklands. " Nearly under the snow in Fuegia." 8. C. HIRSUTA Linn. Radical leaves rosulate, pinnate, pubescent, the pinnae 2-5 pairs, entire, the terminal larger ; cauline leaves few, with narrow pinnae. Flowers small, white. (Fig. in Brit. & Br. ii. 128.) Widespread in Old World and U. S.; also in Fuegia, Falklands, and Tristan. C. HIRSUTA NIVALIS. With larger leaves. C. HIRSUTA MAGELLANICA (Ph.). Leaflets or segments of the radical leaves sessile, 2-3 pairs. Petals two and a half times as large as the sepals. Peduncles 3 mm., and thickish. Magellan ; W. Patagon., in wet shrubberies by Rio Aysen. 9. C. NANA Barn. Annual, hairy plant (glabrous in Argentina), cespitose. Leaves long- petiolate, ovate, small, entire, or with 2 pinnae below on the petiole ; cauline leaves linear-spatulate. Flowers small, solitary in the axils. Petals white, twice as long as the green sepals. Siliques erect, narrow, acutish both ways ; stigma minute, sessile. Pedicel subdivaricate, shorter than the subtending leaf. Seeds 7-9, i -seriate. N. Patagon. in wet places near Carmen. IO. C. PATAGONICA Speg. Glabrous, perennial herb. Stem branching, decumbent below, angular, striate. Leaves broad-ovate, the lower with long, the upper with short petioles ; deeply pinnatifid, their lobes linear-lanceolate, acute, sparingly 438 PATAGONIAN EXPEDITIONS! BOTANY. and coarsely toothed, and repand-toothed. Flowers racemosely spicate, mediocre, white. Siliques divaricately erect, glabrous, as long as their pedicel. Style rather long. S. Patagon., by Rio Sta. Cruz. ii. CARDAMINE PYGM^EA Dusen. Very low, stemless, glabrous. Leaves subrosulate, about 8, long- petiolate, mostly pinnatifid, segments 3 pairs, fleshy, thick-margined. F Racemes few- (4-7-) flowered, white ; rather large flowers. Sepals oval, scarious-margined. Petals twice as long, spat- ulate. Siliqites patent, as long as the pedicel ; stigma sessile. E. Fuegia. (Dusen.) (Fig. 72.) 12. C. RAMOSISSIMA Steud. Plant hairy rooting from the base of the stem. Radical and lower leaves pinnate, 3 pairs, and a larger terminal leaflet, cuneate-oblong, tridentate ; upper leaves ternate, with linear leaflets. Raceme long. Petals 6 mm. long, white with a (after violet center. Sepals half as long. Siliques erect, 25 by 2 mm., twice as long as the pedicels, attenuate to the style and minute stigma. (Araucania) ; Patagon., by Carren-leofu, and Rio Sta. Cruz. 13. C ROSTRATA Griseb. Smooth, branching perennial, with long-petioled leaves, entire or cordate- orbicular, toothed. Racemes lax. Siliques erect, spreading, compressed, 4 times as long as the pedicels, attenuate to a filiform style, subobtuse, 6 mm. long. Chubut, by Carren-leofu; W. Patagon., by Rio Aysen. C. ROSTRATA DICHONDROIDES Speg. Leaves firm, glaucous, not pellucid, entire, often minutely ciliolate. (Sterile peat as of Dichondra repens Forst.) 14. C. STRICTULA Steud. Rhizome sublignescent, fibrilliferous. Stems cespitose, or solitary, strict, to 30 cm. pubescent. Leaves pinnate, 6-8, pinnae various, the MACLOSKIE I CRUCIFER^E. 439 uppermost usually the largest ; the others narrow to oblong, or rounded, toothed or incised. Flowers white ; petals twice as long as the sepals. Siliques strict, tetragonal, glabrous, twice as long as the pedicels (34- 50 mm.) Patagon., at Punta Arenas. 15. CARDAMINE TUBEROSA Dmb. Perennial, hairy or villous. Lower leaves lyrate, 1-2(3) pairs of leaflets, the terminal or all reniform ; cauline leaves with the terminal part smaller. Corolla 8-10 mm. 2-3 times as large as the calyx. Siliqiies 3-4 cm. ; pedicels 1.5-2 cm. Style short, stigma capitate. Height 25. cm. (Chili.) ' C. TUBEROSA VELUTINA Speg. Smaller than the species ; stems and leaves very velvety-hispidulous ; Style of fruit longer. Patagon., on dripping hills near Putra-choique. 13. SCHIZOPETALUM Sims, (non Boiss.). Erect annuals, hoary, with branching hairs. Leaves sinuate-toothed to pinnatifid. Raceme bracted. Petals white, pinnately lobed. Silique linear, its valves I -nerved, reticulate. Seeds i -seriate, globose to oblong. Cotyledons incumbent, twisted, bifid. Species 5, Chili, etc. S.(?) FUEGIANUM Speg. Farinose. Stem thick, woody. Lower leaves rosulate, ovate-elliptical, long-petiolate, pinnatifid ; the lobes broad, obtuse. Upper leaves shorter, uppermost sessile. Floriferous branches few-leaved, long-spiked. Patagon., maritime rocks ; Fuegia, on rocks by Elizabeth I., etc. ("Ob petala integra a Schizopetalo removenda," v. sub Sisymbrio. C. Speg.) 14. LESQUERELLA S. Wats. (Vesicaria Lam., p.p.) Low herbs, with stellate hairs, simple leaves, and usually yellow racemes. Petals entire. Anthers sagittate. Silicle usually inflated, globose or oblong ; the valves nerveless ; the septum nerved in the upper half. Seeds several, flat. Cotyledons accumbent. Species 32, Greenland to Pacific Amer. and middle United States. 44° PATAGONIAN EXPEDITIONS I BOTANY. 1. LESQUERELLA MENDOCINA (Phil.) Small, (l^esicaria andicola Gill., nomen. ; K arctica Barneoud.) Tufted, erect, to 2-4 cm., from woody rhizome. Leaves spatulate or oblanceolate, subentire, the upper sessile. Corymbs many-flowered. Petals 4 mm. long. Silicle short-oval, few-seeded, the septum perfo- rated. Style slender, 2 mm. Varying as to broadness and margin of the leaves. (Arctic and N. Amer., Brazil) ; N. Patagon., along Rio Negro, near Carmen de Patagones. 2. L. MONTEVIDENSIS (Eichl.) Wats. (="L. mendocina Phil." in Index Kewensis, sub Vesicaria}. Compactly lepidote. Leaves narrow to linear-oblanceolate, entire or repand-dentate. Flowers large. Style 2 mm. long. Silicle 6 mm. Cells 4-ovuled. (Brazil ; Chili) ; N. Patagon. 15. HUTCHINSIA R. Br. Low herbs with forked pubescence, and racemes of small, white flowers, the ped^lncle elongating in fruit. Style none or short. Silicle oval, com- pressed, with narrow septum ; its valves with midrib. Seeds numerous. Species 8, N. Hemisph., i in Asia and Austral.; 2 in Bolivia, and i in Patagon. H. RETICULATA Griseb. Dwarf, diffuse, glabrous annual. Lowest leaves pinnatisect, long- stalked ; segments mostly only i pair, short, obtuse. Cauline leaves oblong, auricled or entire. Flowers few. Silicles oblong, obtuse. Valves reticulate. Cotyledons accumbent. Patagon., by Golfo de San Jorge, and Lago Argentine; Magellan, Brunswick Penins. 1 6. BURSA Weber. (Capsella DC.) Shepherd's-purse. Erect annuals, with forked hairs, and basal rosettes of pinnatifid leaves. Silicles cuneate-obcordate, compressed, with narrow septum ; the valves keeled. Style short. Seeds numerous. Cotyledons accumbent. Species 2, Eur., widely distributed as weeds and polymorphous. Some Australian forms are also closely allied to this genus. MACLOSKIE: CRUCIFER^;. 441 I. BURSA BURSA-PASTORIS (L.) Brit. Flowers white. Stem-leaves few, auricled-dentate to entire. Patagon., near Rawson (Dusen) ; Magellan ; Fuegia, Ushuaia. 2. B. PROCUMBENS (Linn.) O. Ktze. (Phitchinsia Hook, f.) Dwarf, 3-8 cm. high. Leaves entire or deeply toothed, not pinnatifid. Racemes elongated and open in fruit. Petals as long as the calyx. Capsule narrowed at both ends. (New Zealand) ; Patagon., near Lago Argentine, by Golfo de San Jorge, and Rio Chubut. 15. DRABA Linn. Whitlow-grass. Low, mostly stellate- hairy, with simple, often rosulate leaves and mostly bractless racemes. Silicles elliptic or oblong, or long, like siliques, flat. Stigma subentire. Seeds 2-seriate, wingless. Cotyledons accumbent. Species 150, N. Temperate and Arctic; few in Southern S. Amer. KEY TO THE SPECIES. A. Small, hirsute below with stellate hairs ; scape naked above. b. Flowers green, apetalous. Silique with simple hairs. ameghinoi. b2. Flowers small, white. Silique glabrous. argentina. A2. Low, radical leaves oblong-lance, silky above. Pedicels and silicles glabrous, australis. AT,. Stems mostly short. b. Stellate-hairy. c. Leaves obovate, oblong. Flowers small ; on long naked peduncles. brackenridgei. c2. Leaves linear, obtuse. saffordi. £•3. Leaves lanceolate to ovate. Erect or branching. Silicles twisted when ripe. incana. c4. Leaves oblong. Ripe silicles twisted on long pedicels. gillesii. b2. Silky-hirsute, ovate-lanceolate leaves. falklandica. b$. Glabrous. c. Leaves linear-lanceolate, ciliate-toothed. funiculosa. c2. Cespitose. Leaves fasciculate, narrow. . d. Leaves long, acutish. graminifolia. d2. Leaves narrow-linear, subobtuse. oligosperma. c^. Fleshy. d. Leaves orbicular to obovate, toothed or incised. karraikensis. d2. Leaves oblong linear, often ciliate, margined. monantha. A^.. Stems several, leafy ; leaves glabrous. b. Leaves long-spatulate to oblong-linear. depilis. b2. Leaves oblanceolate, subterminally rosulate. Flowers crowded, bracted. hatcheriana. b$. Leaves pinnatifid, toothed and ciliate. patagonica. 442 . PATAGONIAN EXPEDITIONS : BOTANY. i. DRABA AUSTRALIS AMEGHINOI Speg. (D. ameghinoi Speg.) (Drabella.] Small, hirsute annual, with rosulate, elliptic leaves, or obovate, stellately pubescent, entire. Scapes simple, or forked at the base, leafy, stellately hairy below, naked above. Flowers spicately racemose, green, with few simple hairs ; petals none. Siliqiie large, elliptical, with small, simple hairs. (More robust than D. argentea, and distinguished by its hairy silique.) Patagon., stony planes by Golfo de San Jorge. 2. D. ARGENTINA Speg. (Drabella.} Small, hirsute annual. Leaves chiefly rosulate, lanceo- late to nearly ovate, acute-rounded above, attenuate below, sessile, entire, rough, with white spreading, stellate hairs. Scapes simple or branching, slender, glabrous, but with some stellate hairs, naked above. Flowers racemosely spicate, very small, white, glabrous. Silique glabrous, rather large, elliptical, on a smaller pedicel. (S. Argent, near Bahia Blanca) ; Patagon., by Golfe de San Jorge; by Rio Sta. Cruz. D. ARGENTINA GRANDIFOLIA Speg. Flowers larger, the white petals twice as long as the green sepals. D. ARGENTINA LATIFOLIA Speg. Leaves orbicular, or elliptic-obtuse, margin obsoletely repand. 3- D. AUSTRALIS Hook. f. Low annual, with subsimple stem, few radical leaves rosulate, oblong- lanceolate, entire, obtuse, with silky, simple hairs on epiphyl, and stellate hairs on hypophyl. Flowers white. Pedicels in fruit filiform, half as long as the linear-oblong silicle. Peduncles and silicles glabrous. Bahia Blanca to Patagon., Rio Sta. Cruz, Puerto Madryn ; N. and E. Fuegia (Ansorge, Dusen, Hatcher). 4. D. BRACKENRIDGEI A. Gray. Stem short, 2-5 cm., divided from the perennial root, stellate-hoary. Leaves crowded, obovate, oblong, obtuse, 5 mm. long. Peduncles long, naked ; racemes dense. Flowers small, white. Silicles oblong to lance- elliptical, hairy. Style short. Valves rather plane. (Bolivia. ) Patagonia ( ? ) . MACLOSKIE I CRUCIFER^E. 443 5. DRABA CHUBUTENSIS Speg. Tall, cespitose, all laxly pulverulent-pubescent; hairs all stellate. Leaves as fascicled innovations, oblanceolate, proportionally large, entire, long attenuate-petiolate ; cauline leaves few, larger, elliptical-ovate, entire or repand-toothed. Scales very branching, racemes long, lax ; silicles on a pedicel 2-3 times their length, glabrous, rather small, plane with a style half their length. Patagon., in elevated places near Teka-choique. 6. D. DEPILIS Phil. Many-stemmed, long, glabrous. Radical leaves long-spatulate ; cauline rather crowded, oblong-linear, sessile. Corymbs many-flowered, dense, scarcely elongating. Pedicels short, as long as the flowers. Petals twice as long as the sepals, white or with violet. Silicles. Fuegia, Bahia del Esp. Santo. 7. D. FALKLANDICA Hook. f. Stem very short, divided. Leaves crowded, spreading, ovate-lanceo- late, subacute, silky-hirsute. Peduncle puberulous, leafless, or from a i- leaved base. Flowers racemose to corymbose, small. Silicles elliptic- oblong, 3 times as long as the pedicels, hairy ; valves convex ; style long. Falklands. 8. D. FUNICULOSA Hook. f. Glabrous. Stem short, with leafy branches. Leaves linear-lanceolate, occasionally oppo'site and subconnate at the base, their margin ciliate- dentate. Scapes slender, few-flowered. Flowers small, white; petals spatulate, twice as long as sepals. Fruiting pedicels short. Silicles obtuse at both ends. Stigma bifid. Falklands. E. Fuegia (Ansorge) ; Ushuaia. "Peculiar, near D. oligosperma Hook., of Arctic Amer., and D. lactea Adams, of Samara." (J. D. Hooker.) 9. D. GILLIESII Hook. & Arn. Perennial, with ligneous root. Radical leaves in a rosette, oblong, obtuse, with stellate hairs ; cauline leaves oblong-linear, subacute, sessile, dentate. Flowers corymbose, afterwards racemose. Sepals villous ; petals 444 PATAGONIAN EXPEDITIONS ! BOTANY. | twice their length. Silicle (without the style) as long as the pedicel, at first villous, afterwards smooth, and torted. Style 3-4 mm., stigma capi- tate. The mature fruit has pedicels 3-4 times as long as the silicles. ( Perhaps = D. magellanica Lam.) (Chilian and Valdivia) ; Chubut, in the mountains at Bolson. 10. DRABA GRAMINIFOLIA Speg. Glabrous, cespitose, stoloniferous, 10-14 cm. high. Leaves fasciculate at ends of the branches, acutish, attenuate to a long petiole ; the base sheathing. Scapes stout, lax-racemose. Lower/^2. Branches crowded. Peduncle as long as the leaves. patagonica. A$. Leaves ovate-linear, acute, pectinate-ciliate, all similar. Flowers sessile. pectinala. A^. Basal leaves spatulate-linear, fleshy, hispid to ciliate. Stem-leaves scanty or none. Flowers racemed. pusilla. A$. Leaves small, triangular-ovate; stem-leaves smaller; large leaves enclosing the solitary flower. Peduncle short. pycnophylloidcs. i. BRAYA GLEBARIA Speg. Robust perennial with rather large caudex, and crowded branches making hemispherical cushions. Leaves densely imbricate, small, ovate, obtuse, all isomorphous, densely fimbriate-ciliate on their margin, cinere- ous silvery. Flowers largish, acrogenous, solitary, sessile. Sepals ellip- tic-elongate, oblong-obtuse, glabrous, saccate and green at the base. Petals ochroleucous, exceeding the sepals, spatulate. Silicles unknown. Chubut, in basalt rocks near Lago Musters and Choique-lauen. 2. B. LYCOPODIOIDES Speg. Subdichotomoiisly branching, creeping, erect at apex. Leaves rather large, narrow-linear, acute, coarsely keeled, the margins aculeolate-pecti- nate, all similar. Flowers apical. Silicle rather large, obovate to broad lanceolate. Peduncle not exceeding the uppermost leaves. S. Patagon., on dry plains near Rio Chico de Sta. Cruz; between San Julian and Rio Deseado. B. LYCOPODIOIDES CONTRACTA Speg. Branches short and densely crowded. By Rio Deseado. MACLOSKIE : CRUCIFER/F.. 453 3. BRAYA PATAGONICA Speg. Branches short, erect, crowded. Leaves rather small, ovate, obtuse, all similar. Silicle mediocre, broad-elliptical. Peduncle slightly surpass- ing the highest leaves. Patagon. On dry table-land at Karr-aike, by Lago Argentina. 4. B. PECTINATA Speg. Cespitose-crovvded, compact, forming hemispherical cushions. Leaves rather large, ovate-linear, acutish, dorsally convex, not or obsoletely sub- carinate, their margins pectinate-ciliate, all isomorphous. Flowers apical, solitary, subsessile ; sepals green, subgibbous at base ; petals white. Sili- cles unknown. S. Patagon., in rocks near Ultima Esperanza. 5. B. PUSILLA A. Gray. The root sends up simple shoots, with radical spatulate, linear leaves, somewhat fleshy, hispid or ciliate on the margins. Stem-leaves scanty or none. Raceme 5-6-flowered. Siliques linear or linear-oblanceolate, twice as long as the pedicel, about 8 seeds in each cell. Styles very short. Patagon. Cordilleras, in deep snow. J. B. Hatcher in S. Patagon. (? ) 6. B. PYCNOPHYLLOIDES Speg. Dense ; the branches short, erect. Leaves very small, triangular-ovate, the cauline smaller and silvery ; the subfloral broader, pale. Flowers solitary, terminal, on short pedicels ; girdled by a cup of leaves. Silicles rather small, obovate-lanceolate. Patagon., in dry precipices at Orr-Aike, near Lago Viedma. 22. HESPERIS Linn. Erect, perennial or biennial herbs, with forked hairs, simple leaves and large racemose, purple or white flowers. Stigma with 2 erect lobes. Siliqj{es elongated, nearly cylindric, with i -nerved valves. Seeds in i row in each cell, wingless. Cotyledons incumbent. Species 20, Eurasiatic. H. MAGELLANICA (Pers. sub Brassica ; Hook. f. sub Sisymbrium] O. Ktze. Erect, branching above. Leaves ovate-oblong, acute, pinnately lobed, attenuate-petiolate, the lobes sinuate-dentate, acute. Racemes corymbose, 454 PATAGONIAN EXPEDITIONS I BOTANY. becoming elongate in fruit. Pedicels bractless, spreading. Siliques sub- erect, terete, linear-oblong, attenuate to a short style, rather short, bearded with stellate hairs. Septum i -nerved. Seeds many, oblong, rufous, sulcate. Patagon., at Cabo Negro; Magellan; Fuegia, a steppe-plant (Dusen) "Glabrous," Hook, f; " Plant covered with stellate hairs," O. Ktze. Family 45. CAPPARIDACE^:. Caper Family. Mostly herbs with alternate, simple or palmate leaves and 4-merous regular, hypogynous flowers. Petals free, sessile or clawed, rarely none. Stamens 6 or more, not tetradynamous, hypogynous. Ovary sessile or stiped, i -celled, or falsely 2-8-celled. Ovules many, on parietal placenta. Fruit a capsule or berry. Species 300, chiefly in warm countries. ATAMISQUEA Miers. Rigid, branching shrub, lepidote. Leaves linear, oblong, small. Flowers solitary or paired, terminal, with slender pedicels. Sepals 2, ovate, valvate, and 2 inner small. Petals 4, unequal, linear. Stamens 6, with 3 or 6 staminodes. Dry stipitate berry, i-2-seeded. Only species : A. EMARGINATA Miers. Leaves emarginate at both ends, green above and shining ; hirsute and hoary below. (Capparis atamisquea by O. Ktze., who says "non Capparis emar- ginata auct." and that there are species of Capparis with few stamens; which character is therefore not a sufficient ground for a separate genus.) (Chili ; Argentina) ; Patagonia, rather rare in shrubberies along Rio Negro. Mata negra of the inhabitants ; its wood in burning emits a smoke that is hurtful to both eyes and nose. Family 46. RESEDACE.E. Mignonette Family. Herbs with unsymmetrical, 4-7-merous flowers and alternate leaves having glands for stipules. Terminal racemes or spikes. Calyx-leaves narrow, and petals unequal, mostly laciniate. Hypogynous disk bearing MACLOSKIE : DROSERACE^E. 455 the 3-40 stamens. Capsule i -celled, with parietal placenta, 3-6-lobed and horned, opening apically before the reniform seeds are ripe. Species 70, chiefly in the Mediterranean region. RESEDA Linn. • Small spikes or contracted racemes. Petals 4-y-cleft, unequal. Stamens 1 2-40, on one side of the flower. Species 55. R. ODORATA Linn. Mignonette. Leaves cuneate, 3-lobed with obtuse lobes, or entire. Petals deeply partite, longer than the sepals. Capsule slightly contracted at the mouth, Seeds large. Flowers fragrant. (North Afr. & cult.) R. ODORATA PILOSA O. KtZC. Stems subpilose. Patagonia (M. & T.; only cult, or escaped). Family 47. DROSERACE^:. Sundew Family. Glandular pubescent herbs mostly with rosulate leaves, their glandiilar hairs sensitive ; and perfect flowers, usually in racemes. Caylx 4-8- merous ; petals 5, hypogynous, convolute, distinct, or nearly so. Stamens 4-20. Ovary i-3-celled; styles 1-5. Seeds numerous; endosperm fleshy. Species 125, widely distributed. DROSERA Linn. Bog-herbs, with 4-8 stamens, i -celled ovary, and glandular-pilose leaves. Styles usually 3. Species no, nearly cosmopolitan; most in Australia, but none in the Pacific Is. D. UNIFLORA Willd. ,- Minute, stemless. Leaves rosulate, spatulate, with rounded lamina. Scape short, strong, i -more-flowered. Flowers showy. E. and W. Magellan. Falklands. Staaten I., S. Fuegia. (Bolivia.) D. uniftora W., D. arcturi Hook., and D. stenopetala Hook., appear to J. D. Hooker to be three single-flowered species, representing each other in extreme southern regions, being found in Patagonia, Auckland Island, and Tasmania. 456 PATAGONIAN EXPEDITIONS'. BOTANY. Family 48. CRASSULACE^E. Stonecrop Family. Mostly succulent herbs or shrubs, with simple exstipulate leaves and cymose or solitary regular and perfect, 4-5-merous flowers. Stamens hypogynous, as many as the sepals, or twice as many. Floral symmetry otherwise complete. Seeds in the follicles numerous, with fleshy endosperm. Species 300, widely dispersed. CRASSULA Linn. Leaves opposite, entire, mostly glabrous. Flowers symmetrically 4-5 merous. Calyx and stamens shorter than the corolla. Petals free or united at base. Follicles distinct. Species 120, most in S. Africa and Chili ; some in Eur. and N. Amer., Orient, Austral, and N. Zeal. The Patagonian species are chiefly of the section Tillcea, taken by some as a genus, having sagittate leaves. I. C. MAGELLANICA (Wild.). Stem creeping. Leaves oblong, imbricate. Magellan. 2. C. MOSCHATA Forst. (d'Urv. sub Bulliarda ; TillceaDC.}. Small, creeping, aquatic annuals, with opposite, succulent, ovate-ob- long, connate leaves ; and sessile 4-inerous flowers in the upper axils. N. Patagon., at Rio Negro ; E. and W. Magellan ; Fuegia to Cape Horn; Falklands ; also in Kerguelen-land ; "always growing near the sea, where streams enter." 3. C. PEDUNCULARIS SUCC. Stem erect, simple. Leaves subconnate, lanceolate, acute. Pedicels axillary, solitary, twice or three times as long as the leaves. Carpels truncate at apex. (Moist regions about Buenos Aires and Monte Video) ; N. Patagon., by Rio Negro. 4. C. TILL^EA (Miers) ( Tillcea minima Hook. & Arn.). Annual, with slender, subsimple stem, naked below. Leaves ovate, connate, acute or subobtuse, thickish. Flowers subsessile, and peduncled, MACLOSKIE I SAXIFRAGACE/E. 457 4-merous. Calyx-segments ovate, acute, exceeding the petals. Follicles i-2-seeded. (Calif., Chili) ; N. Patagon. Family 49. SAXIFRAGACE^:. Saxifrage Family. Herbs or shrubs, with exstipulate leaves, and regular, mostly perfect, and mostly perigynous or superior flowers, with stamens as many or mostly twice as many as the petals ; and the carpels are usually fewer (mostly 2), connate below, with diverging apex and styles. Fruit a cap- sule or berry. Seeds numerous, with copious endosperm. (Occasionally apetalous.) Species 600, chiefly in cold and temperate regions. KEY TO THE GENERA. A. Herbs or shrubs of varying habit. Leaves mostly alternate, extipulate. Flowers 5-, rarely 4-merous. Carpels 2, rarely 3-4, partly connate, i-2-celled, usually more or less inferior. b. Stamens hypogynous or perigynous or epigynous ; in the last case separate from the style. c. Placentae central. Leaves entire or lobed, or palmately parted, sometimes with stipuli- form growths. Petals narrow below. Stamens usually 10. I. Saxifraga, p. 457. c2. Placentae parietal. Floral disk circular, adnate to the ovary. Petals none. Small marsh plants. Stamens 8-10 (rarely 4-5). 2. Chrysosplenium, p. 460. b2. Stamens 2-3, epigynous, on a disk close to the style. Small cespitose plants, with thick linear leaves and terminal flowers. 3. Donatia, p. 460. A2. Woody plants with simple, mostly opposite leaves, and 5~4-merous flowers (the stamens twice as many) in corymbs. Ovary more or less inferior, 3-5 -celled. Marginal flowers sterile, with enlarged, showy sepals. Fruit a capsule. Styles 3-5, free. 4. Hydrangea, p. 460. A$. Woody plants with simple, alternate, often coriaceous and glandular, serrate leaves. Stamens as many as the petals. Ovary with many erect seeds. b. Ovary superior, 3-celled. Petals contorted. Creeping branched shrub, with short densely- leafy branches and spatulate leaves having trigonal points. 5. Tribeles, p. 461. b2. Ovary inferior, 3-2-celled. Petals long, imbricated. Trees or shrubs with coriaceous leaves. 6. Escallonia, p. 461. A^. Shrubs with simple, often lobed, alternate leaves ; racemose flowers, and inferior, i -celled ovary, with 2 parietal placentae ; becoming a berry. 7. Ribes, p. 465. i. SAXIFRAGA Linn., Saxifrage. Chiefly perennial herbs, with 5-merous flowers, stamens 10 (very rarely 5). Ovary 2-celled, the apex and styles diverging. Seeds with axile placentation. 458 PATAGONIAN EXPEDITIONS : BOTANY. Species more than 200, mostly N. Temp, and Arctic ; a few in the Himalayas, China, Orient, Algeria, the Andes and Patagonia. KEY TO THE SPECIES. • A. Scape i -flowered. b. Stamens 5. c. Leaves orbicular-spatulate, 3-5-nerved. alboffiana. c2. Leaves narrow-linear-spatulate, I -nerved, apically bicuspidate. Petals 5-10. bicuspidata. b2. Stamens normally 10. Petals long. c. Radical leaves trifid ; cauline undivided, linear. ctzspitosa. cz. Leaves spatulate, rarely 3-lobed. 5. ccespitosa magellanica. A2. Flowers corymbose to paniculate. Lower leaves cuneately 3-cleft ; upper often entire. Stigmas large. cordillerarum. i. SAXIFRAGA ALBOFFIANA F. Kurtz. Low, green, glabrous. Roots numerous, long and slender, stolonifer- ous. Stems 1-2 cm. high, branching little, apically rosulate. Flowering stems higher, few-leaved, i -flowered, with rhomboid, ovate bracts. Leaves orbicular-spatulate, entire, with 3-5 nerves converging upwards. Petals 2-3, unequal, lingulate, whitish, minute. Stamens 5, shorter than the calyx. Seeds reniform. Fuegia at Ushuaia, alpine; W. Magellan, Desolation I. (Dusen). 2. S. BICUSPIDATA Hook. f. Laxly cespitose, glabrous. Stems decumbent, slender, sparingly branching, leafy. Leaves 4-8 mm. long, narrow-linear-spatulate, i -nerved, apically bicuspidate. Peduncle axillary, naked, i -flowered. Calyx-lobes apically bifid. Sta- mens $. Petals 5-i(-o). Calyx semisuperior. W. Magellan, at Puerto Angusto (Dusen) ; S. Fuegia, Patagon. (Of habit of S. oppositifolia L. of Greenland, except its scattered leaves (Fig. 73). The bicuspidata. figure in Flora Antarct. incorrectly gives its leaves as Youngshoot showing the opposite x By Hatcher in Cordilleras of S. Patagon. scattered, bicuspidate rj ' J ° leaves. (Original.) Determined by the Kew Herbarium, with the follow- ing note: "Add to description in Fl. Antarct. ii. 281, Petalum unicum, oblongo-lanceolatum, acutum, 2 mm. longum, 0.5 mm. latum. T. A. Sprague, Nov. 30, 1901." MACLOSKIE I SAXIFRAGACE,E. 459 3. SAXIFRAGA BICUSPIDATA PAVONII (Don). Cespitose. Stem 3-5-flowered. Lower leaves deltoid-cuneate, trifid. S. Patagon.; Mts. near Lago Argentine. 4. S. C^ESPITOSA Linn. Radical leaves crowded, trifid ; cauline distant, undivided, linear. Stem i -flowered. Ovary inferior, viscid. Pubescence short, glandular. Calyx- lobes obtuse ; petals obovate, elongate. (Arctic and alpine Eurasia and N. Amer.) S. OESPITOSA BRACHYPHYLLA Wedd. Scapeless. Leaves smaller than in the type, all shortly trifid, the limb densely villous. Inflorescence i-3-flowered, subsessile amid the upper- most leaves of the caudex. Patagon. S. OESPITOSA MAGELLANICA (Poir) Wedd. (S. cordillerarum magel- lanica Poir.) Stems cespitose, procumbent. Leaves spatulate, rarely 3-lobed at their apex. Flowering branches short, axillary, naked, i -flowered. Calyx glabrous, its lobes linear-obtuse to obovate, much shorter than the petals. Root perennial. Patagon., Chubut ; Magellan (Hatcher, Speg.); Fuegia, passim (Dusen). 4. S." CORDILLERARUM Presl. (S. exarata Hook, f.) Cespitose ; somewhat pilose-viscid. Upper leaves often entire ; lower cuneately 3-cleft, thick-nerved. Calyx-lobes ovate-oblong, shorter than the tube. Petals ovate, nervous, white, exceeding the calyx. Stigmas large, subspatulate-. (Eur., Alps; Peru.) Magellan (R. O. Cunningham); S. Patagon., in Cordilleras (Hatcher) ; Fuegia, on mts. S. CORDILLERARUM BREVISCAPA (Hook. f.). Densely cespitose. TheyfoTt^rs subsessile. Magellan. Fuegia, to nearly 2,000 m. 460 PATAGONIAN EXPEDITIONS : BOTANY. 2. CHRYSOSPLENIUM Linn. Low semiaquatic herbs with petiolate, broad, crenate leaves, and per- fect, minute, greenish flowers. Calyx-tube obconic, adnate to the ovary. Petals none. Stamens 8-10 (rarely 4-5). Ovary i -celled. Styles 2. Species 15, in N. Temperate region, and Extra-trop. S. Amer. I. C. MACRANTHUM Hook. Creeping, glabrous. Leaves opposite, ovate-cordate, obtuse. Peduncles terminal, bracted, 3-flowered. Flowers rather large, 2-3-carpellary, the mid-flower sessile. E. & W. Magellan ; Fuegia to Cape Horn. 2. C. VALDIVIANUM Hook. Creeping, glabrous. Leaves opposite, oblong-rotundate, obscurely sin- uate, subtruncate at base. (Valdivia, in Chili) ; Fuegia, near Cape Horn. 3. DONATIA Forst. Mosslike, cespitose herbs, glabrous and fleshy, with short, compact branches, narrow, alternate, imbricating entire leaves, and white, solitary, sessile, terminal flowers, often unisexual. Calyx-tube adnate, bearing a subulate bractlet and remote subulate segments. Petals about 8, linear, white, inserted on the calyx-tube. Stamens 2-3 (-4) epigynous, extrorse. Styles 2-3, stigmas globose. Species 2, one in Tasmania and N. Zeal, the other in S. Chili to Cape Horn. D. FASCICULARIS Forst. Stamens 3, alternating with 3 diverging styles. (Fig. in Eng. & Prantl, iii. 2a. p. 67, A-C.) S. Chili ; Chonos Archip. Fuegia. "Abundant as a bog-plant, in green patches, having with it Accena pumila, Gentiana patagonica or G. gracilis, Drosera uniflora, and Tetronciwn magellanicum." " Fmit capsular, rather fleshy; circumscissile, with few (1-3) globose seeds in each locule." (Speg.) 4. HYDRANGEA Linn. Shrubs or trees, with opposite, simple leaves, 4~5-valvate petals, 8-10 stamens, inferior ovary and capsular fruit. Some of the flowers may be MACLOSKIE: SAXIFRAGACE/E. 461 sterile and afietalous, with showy, petaloid calyx-divisions, chiefly in the margins of the corymbs. Species 35, Himalayas, E. N. Amer. and S. Amer. HYDRANGEA INTEGERRIMA (Hook. & Arn. sub Cornidid). Large tree, with evergreen, coriaceous entire leaves ; and no sterile flowers. Carpels 3, becoming separate ; seeds minute, numerous. Branches with special involucre. S. Chili to Chronos Archip. H. SCANDENS. Climbing shrub. W. Patagon. (Dusen.) 5. TRIBELES Phil. (Chalepoa Hook, f.) Creeping, smooth shrubs, with short leafy branches, and alternate, im- bricating leaves, 3-angled at the apex. Flowets small, white, terminating the branches (solitary or racemose?). Petals 5; stamens 5, hypogynous, anthers globose, extrorse. Carpels 3, united in a superior, indehiscent ovary. Only i species, viz : T. AUSTRALIS Phil. (Ch. magellanica Hook, f.) Leaves evergreen, oblong-cuneate, 12 mm. long, a tuft of dry ones at base of the branchlets, and of green ones at the apex ; tip of leaves 3- toothed. (S. Chili) ; Patagon., Fuegia to Cape Horn. T. philippi (Hook. f. sub Chalepoa] is only a synonym of T. australis. It differs by the length of the peduncle, which is given as only 6 mm. in T. australis and as 10-15 mm- in T. philippi; but the flowers are nearly sessile in their early stages. (Franchet.) This genus once referred to Pittosporaceae is now separated, because of the absence of resin-ducts, and is placed in Saxifragaceae because of its likeness to Escallonia. (Engl. & Prantl.) 6. ESCALLONIA Linn. Trees or shrubs with angled branches, and alternate, evergreen leaves, and 5-staminate, i-styled flowers, having a 2-3-celled inferior ovary. Species 50, in the Andes and S. Brazil. 462 PATAGONIAN EXPEDITIONS I BOTANY. KEY TO THE SPECIES. A. Leaves narrow. Flowers chiefly axillary. b. Leaves linear. Stems procumbent. Racemes long. uliginosa. b2. Leaves linear-lanceolate. Branches glabrous. alpina. £3. Leaves small, lanceolate, serrate. Branches winged and ciliate. pterocladon. £4. Leaves small, spatulate-lanceolate, serrulate. Young branchlets angular. rose a. A2. Leaves spatulate-obovate. Flowers solitary, terminal. b. Petals long and narrow. serrata. b2. Petals obovate. Old leafless branches spinelike. virgata. A$. Leaves elliptic-obovate, crenate-serrate, large. Flowers large. macrantha. A^. Leaves mostly obovate. b. Flowers terminal, solitary. Glabrous shrub. berberidifolia. b2. Flowers terminal, in 2-7-flowered racemes, red. rubra. b$. Flowers in terminal panicles, pink. Branches pubescent. littoralis. 64. Flowers few in panicles ; pedicels and calyx glandular, red. rahmeriobovata. £5. Flowers crowded on branchlets. Glabrous shrub. carmelita. I. ESCALLONIA ALPINA Poepp. & Endl. Undershrub. Branches glabrous. Leaves linear-sublanceolate, acumi- nate both ways, rarely serrate, crowded, 1 7 by 30 mm. Flowers solitary on short pedicels in the upper axils, aggregate to an ovate raceme. Calyx-limb 5-cleft, sinuses obtuse, lobes acute. Petals obovate, with obscure pinnate venation, shortly clawed. (Mts. of Chili) ; Patagon. 2. E. BERBERIDIFOLIA H. B. & K. Glabrous with spreading branches. Leaves obovate, rather obtuse, crenulate-toothed, reticulately venous. Flowers terminal, solitary. Calyx- lobes entire. Petals subspatulate. (Andes of Peru, etc.); S. Patagon., by Lago Argentine; Chubut, in elevated shrubberies. 3. E. CARMELITA Meyen. Glabrous ; profusely branching. Leaves obovate-elliptical, subacute, serrulate. Flowers crowded in small, flowering branchlets. Petals oboval, with long claws. (Chili); Patagon., Chubut, in mountain shrubberies. Sterile specimens having ends of branches mostly strobilaceously thickened. 4. E. LITTORALIS Phil. Stem 5 meters tall, branches erect, the younger pubescent. Leaves obovate, obtuse or acute, attenuate-petiolate, serrate or subcrenate, res- MACLOSKIE : SAXIFRAGACE^E. 463 inous-punctate below, or rough on the midrib ; 5 cm. long. Flowers pink, in terminal panicles. Pedicels rough-glandular. Calyx dilated, its teeth short. Petals long-clawed. N. Patagon., near Valdivia. 5. ESCALLONIA MACRANTHA Hook. & Am. Small shrub ; the root, stem, and branches glandular-pubescent. Leaves large, elliptic-ovate, obtuse, basi-cuneate, crenate-serrate. Flowers large. Calyx-lobes subulate. S. Chili to Chonos Archip. 6. E. PTEROCLADON Hook. Branches high, sinuate-winged, the wings ciliate. Leaves small, coria- ceous, glabrous, short-petioled, lanceolate-serrulate. Flowers nodding, in the axils of leaves, forming secund, leafy spikelike racemes. Pedicels short, bracteolate. Calyx-segments triangular-subulate. Claws of petals forming a -tube. Patagon. 7. E. RAHMERI Phil. • Innovation-branches scarcely puberulous, but glandular-roiigh. Leaves ovate, petiolate, equally acuminate both ways, very serrate and biserrate, basally entire ; resinous punctate underneath. Panicles few-flowered ; pedicels and calyx very glandular ; calyx-teeth narrow, elongate ; petals oblong-spatulate, red. (Chili, Araucania.) E. RAHMERI OBOVATA Speg. Leaves mostly obovate and smaller than in the type. Chubut, in mountain shrubberies. 8. E. ROSEA Gris. Shrub, 2-3 m. high. Branches glabrous, the younger angular, rufous, spreading, densely leafy. Leaves small, subcoriaceous, glabrous, paler and veiny underneath, short-petiolate, spatulate-lanceolate, serrulate. Flowers solitary in the axils of the uppermost leaves, in a simple raceme. Pedicels shorter than the calyx, with setaceous bracteoles. Petals 464 PATAGONIAN EXPEDITIONS: BOTANY. linear-spatulate, 6 times as long as the calyx-limb ; their claws forming a tube. S. Patagon., valley of Rio Gallegos (Nordenskj.). 9. ESCALLONIA RUBRA PerS. Glabroiis; branches erect, the younger glandular-villous. Leaves obovate-oblong, acuminate, serrate, resin-dotted underneath. Peduncles 2-y-flowered, terminal, bracted. Calyx-lobes toothed. Petals spatulate, red, only their tips spreading. (Fig. in Engl. & Prantl, iii. 2a, p. 84.) (Chili; Argentina); Chubut (Speg.) ; S. and W. Patagon. (C. Reiche and F. Philippi, Flora de Chile, III., include in E. rubra Pers. 5 Chilian forms which have been described as separate species, viz., uniflora, poep- pigiana, multiflora, albiflora, glutinosa.} 10. E. SERRATA Smith. Small glabrous shrub, with clustered leaves, which are obovate or spatu- late, obtuse, serrate, veinless below, except the midrib. Flowers solitary, terminal ; calyx-lobes triangular-acute. Petals oblong, linguaeform. Patagon., E. and W. Magell., to Cape Horn. ii. E. ULIGINOSA Phil. (O. Ktze. sub Cynoglossum}. Rather glabrous. Stems elongate, procumbent, branching. Leaves linear, sparsely appressed-setulose. Racemes elongate. Pedicels at length equalling the hispid calyx. Corolla milky, 6 mm. diam. (Chili, Colchagua.) 12. E. VIRGATA Pers. (E. stricta Rem.) Leaves obovate-spatulate, serrulate. Peduncles subterminal, i -flowered. Calyx toothed, the teeth acute, marginally glandular. Petals obovate. The older branches, becoming defoliated, resemble spines. (Chili); S. Patagon., by Lago Argentine; Cordillera; Chubut, in mountain shrubberies. 7. RIBES Linn. Gooseberry, Currant. Shrubs, with alternate, lobed leaves, and 4-5-merous flowers, t\\z petals and 4-5 stamens perigynous. Ovary i -celled, becoming a berry, crowned by the persistent calyx. Styles 2, these sometimes branched. MACLOSKIE : SAXIFRAGACE/E. 465 Species 60, from Himalaya by E. Asia and Siberia to W. Amer., and by the Andes to Patagon. Not native in Australasia. i. RIBES CUCULLATUM Hook. & Arn. Unarmed, with glabrous branches. Leaves glabrous, about 5-lobed, round-reniform, cuneate and cucullate at base, the lobes mutually incum- bent, acutely incised-lobate. Petiole nearly as long as the leaf. Raceme scarcely puberulous, axillary, short, few-flowered, flowers subsessile, scarcely exceeding the roundish bracts. (Chili) ; W. Patagonia, by Rio Aysen (Dusen) ; S. Patagon. 2. R. EBRACTEOLATUM Spach. (./?. alpinoides Domb.) Leaves ovate to ovate-oblong or subrotund, coarsely crenate-serrate or dentate, deeply 3-lobed, basitruncate or cuneate, or subcordate. Racemes (sterile) 3-5 cm. long, rather lax ; pedicels very short, ebracteolate. Calyx-lobes half as long as the tube. Style subsimple. Erect shrub, nearly 2 meters high. Peduncles 3 cm. long, with pubes- cent rachis. Bracts 6-8 mm. long, the lower exceeding the flowers ; but no bracteoles on the pedicels. Patagon. 3. R. GLANDULOSUM Ruiz & Pav. Leaves cordate, obtusely 3-lobed, biserrate, rugose. Racemes short. Calyx glandular-pubescent. (Andine region) ; Chubut, in mountain shrubberies. 4. R. LACARENSE Phil. Leaves with suborbicular laminae (8-9 mm? across), subcuneate, 3- nerved or trifid, the lobes obovate, 3-toothed, petioles 4-5 mm. long. Peduncles mostly 3-flowered. Bracts ovate, orbicular, obtuse, glabrous. Flowers sessile, small, glabrous. Sepals acute, pink. Berries purple. Near Lago Blanco, Chubut. 5- R. MAGELLANICUM Poir. Unarmed, puberulous. Leaves ovate, or broad-ovate-rotundate, trun- cate at base or cordate, 3-lobed, coarsely biserrate, the younger grandular, the older smooth, save the nerves underneath. Racemes many-flowered, 466 PATAGONIAN EXPEDITIONS ! BOTANY. at first pendulous, elongate and usually erect in fruit. Pedicels short; bracts ligulate, as long as the flowers. Calyx-lobes obtuse. Petals small, reflexed at apex. Berries red, agreeable. ("Fruit black," Speg.) Patagon., by Lago Nahuel-huapi ; Punta Arenas (J. B. Hatcher) ; over all Fuegia to Cape Horn. In Chubut a variety with smaller leaves, sub- hastate triangular. (Speg.) Family 50. CUNONIACE^:. Shrubs or trees, with opposite or whorled stipulate leaves and small flowers in. heads or racemes; the flowers mostly perfect, with a hypogy- nous disk, and 5- rarely 4-merous calyx and corolla; stamens mostly twice as many and perigynous, on a disk. Carpels few, mostly 2. Fruit usually a 2-lobed capsule. Seeds numerous, in 2 ranks, sometimes hairy or winged. Embryo small, in large endosperm. Species 120, chiefly in the Southern hemisphere. Weinmannia and its relatives, having woolly seeds which are carried in birds' feathers, are widely dispersed in places south of the equator. , The others are confined to a narrow region ; as New Caledonia, and E. Australia. The Brazilian genus Belangera is closely allied to the Malay-Caledonian Geissois (Engler). In this last case the migration must have been toward Brazil. PATAGONIAN GENERA. Low trees with small white flowers. a. Racemose. Calyx-lobes imbricate. Seeds hairy. Leaves odd-pinnate. i. Weinmannia. aa. Panicled. Calyx-lobes valvate. Seed-coat membranaceous. Leaves simple. 2. Caldcluvia. i. WEINMANNIA Linn. (1759). (Windmannia P. Br., 1756.) Leaves opposite, coriaceous, petiolate, simple or trifoliolate, or pinnate, with the leaflets glandular-serrate, and the rachis often winged. Stipules deciduous. Simple racemes of small, white flowers, hermaphrodite or polygamo-dioecious. Calyx-tube short, its lobes imbricate. Seeds mostly with hairs, sometimes woolly. Species 70, trop. and subtrop:, of S. Amer., with solitary species in Austral., N. Zeal., the Mascarene and Pacific Is. W. TRICHOSPERMA Cav. A low tree, with odd-pinnate leaves ; leaflets 5-6 pairs, oblong-serrate ; rachis with semirhomboid wings. Stipules ovate, deciduous. Racemes PATAGONIAN EXPEDITIONS ! BOTANY. EXPLANATION OF PLATE IV. PAGE BLEPHAROSTOMA PILOSUM Evans 45 Fig. i. Plants (Xf). Fig. 2. Part of stem, antical view (X 50). Fig. 3. Leaf (X 50). Fig. 4. Leaf subtending branch (X 50). Fig. 5. Underleaf (X 50). Fig. 6. Cells from middle of leaf (X 440). BLEPHAROSTOMA QUADRIPARTITUM (Hook.) Trevis 46 Fig. 7. Leaf (X 50). Fig. 8. Perichsetial bract (X 50). (VOL. vin) PATAGONIAN EXPEDITIONS VOL. VIE PLATE A. W Evans del. Werner i Winter. Frankfort 'JM, lirh. PATAGONIAN EXPEDITIONS I BOTANY. EXPLANATION OF PLATE V. PAGE JUNGERMANNIA HATCHERI Evans ......... 45 Fig. i. Plant (X J). Fig. 2. Part of gemmiparous stem, antical view (X 20). Figs. 3, 4. Leaves (X 16). Figs. 5, 6. Underleaves (X 28). Fig. 7. Cells from middle of leaf (X 250). JUNGERMANNIA PROPAGULIFERA Gottsche 46 Fig. 8. Plants, natural size. Fig. 9. Part of stem with male and female inflorescence, antical view JX20). Fig. 10. Part of stem, with perianth, antical view (X 16). Fig. ii. Leaf (X 20). Fig. 12. Cells from middle of leaf (X 250). Figs. 13, 14. Innermost perichaetial bracts, 13 with connate bracteole (X 16). Fig. 15. Bract of next outer row (X 16). Figs. 1 6, 17. Perigonial bracts (X 16): 13-17 from one inflorescence. Fig. 1 8. Innermost perichaetial bracts with connate bracteole between them, from another inflorescence (X 16). (VOL. vni) PATAGONIAN EXPEDITIONS VOL.VIII. PLATE v. 5. i 15. 14-. 15. 16. 11 8. 10. 17. AW Evans del. Werner i Winter. Frankforr?M., lirh. PATAGONIAN EXPEDITIONS I BOTANY. EXPLANATION OF PLATE VI. PAGE PLAGIOCHILA ANSATA Hook. f. & Tayl 54 Fig. i. Plants, natural size. Fig. 2. Part of stem, with perianth, lateral view (X 15). Fig. 3. Part of sterile stem, lateral view (X 15). Fig. 4. Cells from middle of leaf (X 290). Figs. 5, 6, 7. Bracts, in regular order from perianth (X 15). Fig. 8. Transverse section of perianth (X 18). Fig. 9. Teeth from mouth of perianth (X 290). TYLIMANTHUS ANDERSSONII (Angstr.) Evans 56 Fig. 10. Plants, natural size. Fig. n. Sterile stem, postical view (X 12). Fig. 12. Female stem with two young sacs (X 12). Fig. 13. Female stem, with mature sac (X 12). Fig. 14. Male stem, antical view (x 12). Fig. 15. Cells from middle of leaf (X 220). Figs. 1 6, 17, 1 8. Perichaetial bracts (X 12). Fig. 19. Perigonial bract (x 14). (VOL. vm) PATAGONIAN EXPEDITIONS VOL.VIII. PLATE vi. A.W.Evans del. Werner i Wir.rer, Frar,kforr°M.. lirti. PATAGONIAN EXPEDITIONS! BOTANY. EXPLANATION OF PLATE VII. PAGE ANISOTHECIUM PERPUSILLUM Dusen, n. s 66 Fig. i. Planta (X 2). Fig. 2. Denies peristomii (defectivi) (X 175). DICRANOWEISIA PERPULVINATA Dusen, n. s. . . . . . . 67 Fig. 3. Planta (X 2). Fig. 4. Pars peristomii (X 250). DlCRANUM CIRRHIFOLIUM Schpr 69 Fig. 5. Planta siccitate, mag. nat. Fig. 6. Planta humiditate, mag. nat. Fig. 7. Pars peristomii (x 175). (VOL. vin) PATAGONIAN EXPEDITIONS VOL.VUI. PLATE vn. A'erner i Winter, Frarkforr?M.. lirtu PATAGONIAN EXPEDITIONS I BOTANY. EXPLANATION OF PLATE VIII. PAGE DlCRANUM SCABERRIMUM DuSCH. ......... 70 Fig. i. Planta, mag. nat. DICRANUM DICRANELLATUM Dusen, n. s. 74 Fig. 2. Plantae, mag. nat. Fig. 3. Denies peristomii (X 175). BARBULA PERRUBIGINOSA Dusen, n. s 75 Fig. 4. Planta, mag. nat. GRIMMIA FALLAX Dusen. . . . . . . . . . . 77 Fig. 5. Plantae (X 2). Fig. 6. Pars peristomii (x 125). GRIMMIA MACROPULVINATA Dusen, n. s. . . 78 Fig. 7. Plantae ( x 4). ORTHOTRICHUM MACLOSKII Dusen, n. s 80 Fig. 8. Planta ( X 8). Fig. 9. Pars peristomii ( x 200). Fig. 10. Theca calyptrata juventute ( x 18). Fig. 1 1 . Theca deoperculata siccitate ( x 1 8). (VOL. viu) PATAGONIAN EXPEDITIONS VoL.vin. PLATE vin. A.Eckblom del Werner i Winter, Frankfort^K.. lith. ^sT OF THE ""^ UNIVERSITY >fe PATAGONIAN EXPEDITIONS I BOTANY. EXPLANATION OF PLATE IX. PAGE ORTHOTRICHUM COMPACTUM Dusen, n. s 81 Fig. i. Planta (X 3). Fig. 2. Capsula siccitate (X 35). Fig. 3. Pars peristomii (X 285). ULOTA HAMATA Dusen, n. s 82 Fig. 4. Planta (Xf). MACROMITRIUM BIFASCICULARE C. Muell. 83 Fig. 5. Plantae, mag. nat. ZYGODON CURVICAULIS Dusen, n. s. 84 Fig. 6. Planta siccitate (X 10). Fig. 7. Planta humiditate (X 2). ZYGODON HATCHERI Dusen, n. s 86 Fig. 8. Planta humiditate, mag. nat. Fig. 9. Planta siccitate ( X 2). LEPTOBRYUM POTTIACEUM Dusen, n. s. . . . . . . . . 87 Fig. 10. Planta fern., mag. nat. Fig. ii. Planta masc., mag. nat. Fig. 12. Pars peristomii (X 87). BRYUM LAMPROCH^TE Dusen, n. s. . . . . . . . 89 Fig. 13. Planta, mag. nat. Fig. 14. Pars endostomii (X 175). Fig. 15. Dens peristomii a latere visus (x 200). (VOL. vin) PATAGONIAN EXPEDITIONS VOL IX. 'iHernt! I Winter, Fnn'tfort'M.. litn PATAGONIAN EXPEDITIONS I BOTANY. EXPLANATION OF PLATE X. PACK BRVUM VERNICOSUM Dusen, n. s 90 Fig. i. Planta, mag. nat. Fig. 2. Pars endostomii (X 200). BRYUM RIGOCH/ETE Dusen, n. s. . . . . . . . . 91 Fig. 3. Plata, mag. nat. Fig. 4. Pars exostomii (X 285). BRYUM HATCHERI Dusen, n. s 92 Fig. 5. Planta, mag. nat. Fig. 6. Pars exostomii (x 200). WEBERA LONCHOCH^TE Dusen, n. s. 94 Fig. 7. Planta, mag. nat. Fig. 8. Pars exostomii (X 175). Fig. 9. Pars endostomii (X 175). (VOL. vm) PATAGONIAN EXPEDITIONS VOL.VIII. PLATE x. PATAGONIAN EXPEDITIONS I BOTANY. EXPLANATION OF PLATE XI. PAGE MEESIA PATAGONICA Dusen, n. s -95 Fig. i. Planta ( X 3). PLAGIOTHECIUM LEPTOPLUMOSUM Dusen, n. s 100 Fig. 3. Planta, mag. nat. Fig. 4. Pars peristomii ( x 125). Fig. 5. Pars endostomii ( x 175)- SCIAROMIUM DEPASTUM Dusen, n. s. 101 Fig. 2. Planta, mag. nat. SCIAROMIUM GRACILE Dusen, n. s 102 Fig. 6. Planta, mag. nat. HYPNUM PERPLICATUM Dusen, n. s 103 Fig. 7. Planta, mag. nat. (VOL. vin) PATAGDNIAN EXPEDITIONS VOL.VIII. PLATE xi. PATAGONIAN EXPEDITIONS I BOTANY. EXPLANATION OF PLATE XII. PAGE CAREX PATAGONICA Spegazzini . . . . . . . . .285 The central figure gives the general habit, of natural size. On the right, above, are two young plants, slightly magnified. ad, andrecium on the staminal scale. /, /, two young leaves, their sheathing bases and short laminae. s, seed (achene) with its 3-branched style. To its left is seen the utricle enclosing the seed. sa, superior aspect of seed (achene). sp, female spike, with its bracts and scales. sir, str, cross-sections of young and maturing seeds. su, superior aspect of utricle. Figures ad-su are all magnified. (VOL. vm) PATAOONIAN EXPEDITIONS VOL.VIII. PLATE xn. ad. s.a. F.v Ilerson del, J.N.Fitch liti . West, Newman imp- CAREX PATAGONICA (Speg.) PATAGONIAN EXPEDITIONS I BOTANY. EXPLANATION OF PLATE XIII. I' AGE PHILESIA BUXIFOLIA Lamarck 309 The central figure gives the general habit, of natural size. ad, andrecium, enclosing the apex of the 'style. f, fruit. Ib, leaf and bracts. ov, ovule. ovs, ovary in transverse section. tp, an inner tepal; beside it' is one of the small outer tepals. (ov and ovs are slightly magnified.) (VOL. vm) PATAGONIAN EXPEDITIONS VOL. Vffl. PLATE xni. ad F. Vllterson del., J.N.Filch litii West .Newman PHILESIA BUXIFOLIA, Lam,. PATAGONIAN EXPEDITIONS: BOTANY. EXPLANATION OF PLATE XIV. PAGE Species of MYZODENDRON 337 General figure shows the fruiting. Myzodendron brachystachyon DC., on a branch of the Southern deciduous Beech (Nothofagus antarc- tica, Forst., Blume) ; of natural size. b, a branch of M. brachystachyon, slightly magnified. f, its fruit, magnified. n, one of its nodes, slightly magnified. B. Fragment of a branch of Myzodendron punctulatum (Banks) Sol. . 338 (VOL. vm) PATAGONIAN EXPEDITIONS VOL.VHI. PLATE xiv. \ftt k F. v. Her son del., J.N.~Fitcii 1th. West, 'Newman MYZODE1TDRON BRACHYSTACHYUM, DC, on Nothofagus antarctica. (Forst) B, branch of M. punct-ulat-um, B foS. FOURTEEN DAY USE RETURN TO DESK FROM WHICH BORROWED This book is due on the last date stamped bel< on the date to which renewed. Renewed books are subject to immediate recall '5May'S6CT General Library University of California Berkeley LI) 21— 100m-2, 68 (B139s22)476 jt\