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University of the State of New York

New York State Museum

Frederick J. H. Merrill Director^ TT*T? A T^'NT'- ♦"

HARS11913

Bulletin 47 September 1901

AQUATIC INSECTS IN THE ADIRON

A study conducted at the Entomologic field station, Saranac Inn N. Y. under the direction of
Ephraim Porter Felt D.Sc. State entomologist-

JAMES G. NEEDHAM Ph.D.

Professor of biology, Lake Forest university,

AND

CORNELIUS BETTEN M.A. Assistajit

PAGE

Preface 383

Part I Introductory: the undertak-
ing, location, objects, methods

and results 384

Part 2 Life of Little Clear creek 400

Part 3 Insect life histories 410

Plecoptera 412

Ephemerida 418

Odonata...... 429

Neuroptera 540

Trichoptera, by Cornelius Bet-
ten 561

Part 3 Insect life histories (iT^K^V) page

Diptera 573

Notes on other orders 582

List and two new species of saw-
flies, by A. D. Macgillivray 584
Original descriptions of new Dip-
tera, by D. W, COQUILLETT 585

Descriptions of five new parasitic
Hymenoptera, by W. H. AsH-

MEAD 586

Explanation of plates 590

List of text illustrations 597

Index 599

ALBANY

UNIVERSITY OF THE STATE OF NEW YORK
I901

M77m-Do-3ooo

Price 45 cents

University of the State of New York

REGENTS
With years of election

1874 Anson Judd Upson L.H.D. D.D. LL.D.

Chancellor^ Glens Falls

1892 William Croswell Doane D.D. LL.D.

Vice- Chancellor, Albany

1873 Martin I. Townsend M.A. LL.D. - - Troy

1877 Chauncey M. Depew LL.D. _ _ _ _ New York

1877 Charles E. Fitch LL.B. M.A. L.H.D. - Rochester

1877 Orris H. Warren D.D. - - - - - Syracuse

1878 Whitelaw Reid M.A. LL.D. - - _ New York
1881 William H. Watson M.A. M.D. _ _ _ Utica
1881 Henry E. Turner - - - - - Lowville
1883 St Clair McKelway M.A. L.H.D. LL.D. D.C.L. Brooklyn
1885 Daniel Beach Ph.D. LL.D. - _ _ _ Watkins
1888 Carroll E. Smith LL.D. _ _ _ _ Syracuse
1890 Pliny T. Sexton LL.D. _ _ _ ^ - Palmyra
1890 T. Guilford Smith M.A. C.E. LL.D. - - Buffalo

1893 Lewis A. Stimson B.A. LL.D. M.D. - New York
1895 Albert Vander Veer Ph.D. M.D. - . - Albany
1895 Charles R. Skinner M.A. LL.D.

Superintendent of Public Instruction, ex officio
1897 Chester S. Lord M.A. LL.D. _ _ _ - Brooklyn
1897 Timothy L. Woodruff M.A. Lieutenant-Governor, ex officio

1899 John T. McDonough LL.B. LL.D. Secretary of State, ex officio

1900 Thomas A. Hendrick M.A. LL.D. _ _ - Rochester

1901 Benjamin B. Odell jr LL.D. Governor, ex officio

1901 Robert C. Pruyn M.A. - - - - - Albany

secretary

Elected by regents

1900 James Russell Parsons jr M.A.

directors of departments

1888 Melvil Dewey M.A. State library and Home education-
1890 James Russell Parsons jr M.A.

Administrative, College and High school dep''ts
1890 Frederick J. H. Merrill Ph.D. State tnuseum

University of the State of New York

New York State Museum

Bulletin 47 September 1901

AQUATIC INSECTS IN THE ADIRONDACKS

PREFACE

The following account presents in part the results obtained by a close
study of aquatic insects in one locality. Saranac Inn proved an excep-
tionally favorable place for investigations of this character, and the labor
of two earnest, enthusiastic workers made the entomologic field station a
very successful institution. Only 10 weeks in the field sufficed for work-
ing out in more or less detail the life histories of about 100 species, the
discovery of 10 new species and two new genera, and for material
additions to the list of insects known to occur in the state. The bred
Chironomidae, the material representing the suborder Zygoptera of the
dragon flies and the collection of fish stomachs, which have not been
included in this report, should give, when worked up next year, a large
number of additional interesting and valuable facts.

This work, even when all available data are brought together, does
not complete the desirable investigations along this line. Dr Needham's
report, though thorough so far as it goes, is largely of a preliminary
nature and will prove an excellent basis for subsequent work. It is
physically impossible to do more than this with 10 weeks in the field.
The solving of the complex interrelations existing between the various
aquatic forms requires persistent efforts extending through a number
of seasons, and the results thus obtained should be verified by studies in
other localities. This is a large field requiring the serious attention of
the botanist and zoologist, using these terms in the general ^ense, and
the practical value of these studies can not be fully available till such an
investigation is made along broad and comprehensive lines. A study of
this character could be conducted at a comparatively small outlay, and
would prove of great benefit to fish culture, and should result in the rear-
ing of many more fish in the fresh waters of New York state.

E. P. Felt

State efitomologist

39728

384 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM

Part I
INTRODUCTORY

THE UNDERTAKING, LOCATION, OBJECTS, METHODS AND RESULTS

" To collect and study the habits of aquatic insects, paying special
attention to the conditions necessary for the existence of the various
species, their relative value as food for fishes, the relations of the forms
to each other, and their life histories" : such were the instructions under
which I went to Saranac Inn, to take charge of the opening session of
the entomologic field station. Arrangements had been previously made
with state entomologist Dr E. P. Felt, that the session should extend from
June 15 to August 20. I arrived at Saranac Inn on the evening of June
12, and at once began looking the ground over. Dr Felt came on the
14th, and spent the day with me canvassing the situations to be studied.
My assistant, Cornelius Betten, arrived on the 15th, and the regular work
of the session was at once begun, to be continued without cessation to the
date of closing.

Through the courtesy of the New York state fisheries, game and forest
commission the station was furnished with working quarters in the hatch-
ery building, and was allowed the use of parts of the hatchery equipment,
not then otherwise needed. There were three very considerable advan-
tages to our work in this arrangement : i) the use of several hatching
troughs with their continuous supply of well aerated water for insect
breedings, 2) the use of a carpenter's bench and tools for the construc-
tion of special breeding cages, 3) the use of a boat for collecting.

We were soon supplied with a special equipment for the collecting and
rearing of aquatic insects, that was excellently adapted to our needs, and
without which the work hereinafter recorded could not have been done.
Our sincere thanks are due Dr Felt for his care in providing exactly the
apparatus asked for. Save for the first 10 days, during which we were
unable to find living quarters within 2 miles of our field of operations, we
had the still farther great advantage of close proximity to good collect-
ing grounds.

The season was one of excessive rainfall. The first week of the session
and the last one were comparatively dry; but, for the remainder, it was
raining more than a third of the time. Thus collecting was greatly inter-
fered with, sweeping of vegetation was almost prevented, trap lanterns were
flooded night after night and their catch spoiled, and regularity in field
operations was made impracticable.

The routine work of the station consisted in collecting and studying
aquatic insects in all their stages of development, in conducting feeding

AQUATIC INSECTS IN THE ADIRONDACKS 385

experiments, in making quantitative studies of the life of certain situations,
in gathering the materials for the study of the natural and habitual food
of trout, bullfrogs, and some of the larger species of dragon flies, in run-
ning trap lanterns and sending their nightly catch to the state museum, etc.
Besides three official visits made by Dr Felt during the course of our
session, our station was visited for a week or more at a time by three
scientific friends, who, while there, participated in our operations, and,
while collecting for themselves, gathered also valuable materials and
information for us. These were Louis W. Swett of Maiden Mass., H. N.
Howland of Austin 111., and Dr O. S, Westcott of Chicago, It is a
pleasure to acknowledge the assistance gratuitously rendered by these
gentlemen.

Biologic features of the locality

As is well known, the Adirondack region of northeastern New York
is an extensive area of forest, having an average elevation of about 1800
feet. Its eastern half is covered with a succession of low mountain
ranges, whose general n n e-s s w trend is indicated on the accompanying
map (map i) by the trend of the streams which occupy the narrow
valleys between them. The western half is a region of lakes and swamps
and bogs, with scattered mountains and hills and ridges.

Map I shows the principal streams that participate in the drainage of
the Adirondack region, the principal lakes, and some of the mountains.
It will be observed that the lake region of the Adirondacks is drained
principally through Racket river into the St Lawrence.

Saranac river is the only one on the Champlain side that drains any
considerable part of the lake country. Our station at Saranac Inn was
at the head of the Saranac drainage system. Map 2 shows the
immediate field of our operations. As stated above, the hatchery was
our working headquarters. We did more collecting from Little Clear
creek right on the hatchery grounds than from any other equal water
area, and obtained more material of value there than in all other places
combined. More or less regular collecting was done, however, from the
three propagating ponds. Little Clear, Little Green and Bone, and from
Little Bog pond, southwest of the railroad station. Two collecting trips
were made to each of the following places : Colby pond, at the western
outskirts of the village of Saranac Lake; Stony brook, just north of
Axtonj and St Regis pond, at the end of the carry from Little Clear,
The mornings and evenings of the first week of the session were spent
gathering material about the south shore of Lake Clear, or Big Clear at
Otisville.

386

NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM

Map 1 Drainage map of tlie Saranac region
Lakes: 1 Raquette ; 2 Long ; 3 Tupper ; 4 Ne-ha-sa-ne ; 5 Cranberry; 6 Upper Saranac ; 7 St Regis ; S Rain
^°:?^i<;L™MUl^eT&s'aranac Junction; c Saranac Lake ; d Lake Placid : e Saranac Inn ; /Tupper Lake
^ muntains /^rnVhiteface ; n Marcy (Tahawus) ; o Seward ; p Boot Bay ; q St Regis

AQUATIC INSECTS IN THE ADIRONDACKS 387

Saranac Inn is very near the Champlain- Ontario divide, on a sandy,
undulating mountain upland in the midst of almost unbroken forest.
Round about it are numerous lakes, ponds, bogs and clear, slow flowing
streams, with here and there a low ridge built on outcropping gneiss, or
a sharply rising, densely wooded hill. There is more of sand and less
of rock, more of water area and less of mountain, than in most places in
the Adirondacks; and the descent of the streams is much more gentle.

The forests are composed, as elsewhere, mainly of hemlock and balsam,
beech, yellow birch and maple, pine and spruce having been mainly
removed by lumbering, and oaks and our cemmon nut-bearing trees never
having been present in the Adirondack woods. In the drier and denser
parts of the woods, where there is little undergrowth, the hobblebush.
Viburnum alni folium Marsh., spreads its broad leaves on strag-
gling branches to catch the scanty sunlight, while Indian pipe,
Monotropa uni flora Linn, star flower, Trientalis ameri-
cana Pursh, rattlesnake plantain, Peramium pu bescens (Willd.)
MacM., Indian cucumber root, Medeola virginiana Linn., the
yellow Clintonia, C 1 i n t 0 n i a borealis Linn., the dwarf Smilacina,
Vagnara tri folia (L.) Morong, several pretty species of ground
pine, Lycopodium, and innumerable mushrooms spring from the
loose leaf mold. Recently burned tracts are mainly in the possession
of the bracken fern, Pteris aquilina Linn., the fireweed,
Chamaenerion angustifolium (Linn.) Scop., poplars and wild
cherry. In wet places in the woods occur stemless lady's slippers, C y p r i -
pedium acaule Ait., in the shadows, and in the openings grow cin-
namon fern, Osmunda cinhamomea Linn., and clumps of the
red elder berry, Sambucus pubens Mx., which in midsummer,
when the fruit is scarlet, are strikingly beautiful. In the bogs the trees
are balsam and tamarack in nearly clear patches; the shrubs are mainly
Labrador tea. Ledum groenlandicum Oeder, small cranberry^
Oxy coccus oxycoccus (Linn.) MacM., lambkill, Kalmia
angustifolia Linn, and the pale laurel, Kalmia glauca Ait.;
the herbs are mainly the universal sphagnum, the cotton grass, Erio-
phorum sp.?, the sundew, Drosera rotundi folia Linn., the
swamp five-finger, Comarum palustre L., and a variety of
orchids. The more strictly aquatic plants will be mentioned in connec-
tion with the situations in which they grew, and where studies were
made of the insect fauna. But I should not omit to mention in passing
that the exposed banks by every roadside were covered with mats of

388

NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM

V - ^ ■

Map 2 Saranac Inn and immediate vicinity

Lakes and ponds : 1 St Regis pond ; 2 Grass pond ; 3 Lake Clear ; 4 Little Clear pond ; 5 Little Green pond ;
1 Bone pond ; 7 Rat pond ; 8 and 9 Little Bog ponds ; 10 Upper Saranac Lake
Places: a Saranac Inn railroad station ; b Adirondack hatchery ; e the sawmill ; d the Inn

AQUATIC INSECTS IN THE ADIRONDACKS 389

mosses, mainly Polytrichium, and bunchberry, C o rn u s cana-
densis Linn., and the latter were very pretty, when covered with
white bracts, as in June, or when covered with scarlet berries, as in
August.

Propagating ponds. Since the three ponds reserved by the state
for fish-propagating purposes were the scene of our principal field
studies, a few words concerning their character may best be said here.

Bone pond is quite small, as our map will show, is hidden in deep
woods, and is accessible only by a " carry " from Little Green. It has
gently sloping banks round about, there being no outlet, the hemlocks of
the woods come down near to the shore, and there is not the usual fringe
of tamaracks outside the sphagnum moss which thinly fringes its banks,
but the sphagnum is grown full of lambkill and other small heaths.
The sphagnum ends in shallow water and is followed by a zone of
sedge, Dulichium. arundinaceum (L.) Britton, and manna
grass, Panicularia sp.? In the deeper water, but not forming a
continuous zone except for short distances, are stretches of yellow water
lilies, Nymphaea advena Soland., and a species of bur reed with
very long stem and leaves, the latter not rising from the surface, but
lying flat and directed generally off shore, Sparganium simplex
angusti folium (Mx.) Englm.? In the more open places along
shore a species of pipewort, Eriocaulon septangulare Wither.,
was observed growing abundantly, and extending out into deeper water
by a succession of stolons, which rooted readily to the white sand of the
bottom. Among these lay loosely small masses of moss and filamentous
algae. In such places the sieve net brought up from the bottom,
where they were beyond view and almost beyond reach of the net,
besides the pipewort, moss and algae, great quantities of empty caddis
fly cases of the species described in the following account of that group
by Mr Betten as no. 2, p. 572, and also the loose, flocculent cases of
blood worms (larvae of gnats, Chironomidae) ; but the larvae of the
gnats themselves were not found except in the stomachs of the brook
trout which lived in this pond, and in these they were abundant. The
burrowing nymphs of dragon flies, Gomphus, were also common
here, where they burrow along under the thin layer of silt that covers the
sand. They seemed to escape the trout. Among the sedges and grasses
nearer shore other dragon fly nymphs and caddis fly larvae were also
abundant.

This pond was farther from headquarters than were any of the other
situations in which we planned field studies. We did not visit it till

39P ^'EVV YORK STATE MUSEUM

August, and we went to it then only because it offered an exceptionally
good opportunity for the study of the insect food of the brook trout.

Little Green pond is a beautiful sheet of water half a mile long and
nearly as wide, with steeper banks that are nearly destitute of aquatic
vegetation, excepting in the little bay on the north shore, and with a
bottom of clean white sand. The vegetation of the bay is somewhat
similar to that of Bone pond, with the addition of the white water lily,
Castalia odorata ( Dryand.) Woodv. & Wood. Wintergreen,
Gaultheria procumbens Linn., and twin flower, Linnea
b o r e a 1 i s Linn., and the pretty little Dalibarda repens Linn., as
well as big tufts of the lichen commonly known as " reindeer moss,"
occupy the dry and abruptly sloping south shore. Little Green is not a
trout pond. Frequent plantings of fry have resulted in nothing. Little
collecting was done there, for it seemed very barren of insect life.

Little Clear pond (pi. i, 2) is nearly a mile and a half long, a mile wide,
and is said to be in places more than a hundred feet deep. It is worthy
of a more pretentious name. Owing to irregularities of contour, it has a
very long shore line, that varies in character according to the inclination of
the adjacent slopes. Conditions have been somewhat disturbed here
within recent years by the building of a dam at its outlet, that has raised
the water several feet, and caused it to encroach on the surrounding
timber, which now stands dead along the shore. Aquatic shore vegeta-
tion is not abundant except in a few places. Two places were selected
in Little Clear for more or less regular collecting, the bay in Blueberry
island near the west shore, and the outlet.

Blueberry island is a small sandy spit of burned-over land, now
covered with a thin growth of poplar trees, with broad mats of moss and
lichen, with extensive clumps of blueberries, and with other clumps of
Labrador tea overhanging its shores, specially in the bay. The banks
are strewn with decaying trunks of fallen hemlocks, and in the narrow
channel between the island and the hill to the westward dead trunks are
still standing in water of considerable depth. The water is shallow for a
little distance in the bay, and contains a sparing growth of aquatics, such
as yellow and white water lilies, sedges, and cat-tails. Not a great many
species of insects were collected from this bay, but some of these were
exceedingly abundant; as, Chauliodes rastricornis., and
species of Gomphus and of T e tragoneuria.

The outlet of Little Clear pond offered considerable variety of situa-
tion in small compass. Its east shore was strewn with logs so thickly as
to be difficult of access with a boat except next the lake, where was a

AQUATIC INSECTS IN THE ADIRONDACKS 391

low hummock of land covered with cat-tails. Behind this hummock was
a. shallow stretch of water in which we did some most profitable collect-
ing. The bottom here had once been dry land, and was covered mainly
with fragments of bark and twigs, but it was the home of numerous caddis
fly larvae, particularly those with cases of stick chimney, or cobhouse
type, and of the nymphs of the fine May fly, Siphlurus alter-
n a t u s Say. The west shore of the outlet was more accessible ; and,
though collecting along it was not easy because of the abundance of
brushwood to entangle a net, it yielded a great deal of most valuable
material, particularly dragon fly nymphs. My only specimens of the
nymphs of the two beautiful species, Cordulia shurtleffi Scudd.
and Leucorhinia glacialis Hagen, were obtained along this
shore in a sheltered place.

Through the outlet there flows an imperceptible current, which may be
responsible for the presence of two interesting plants there which were
not observed elsewhere, the water shield, Brasenia peltata
Pursh, and shining river weed, Potamogeton lucens Linn.
Of the latter there was a bed directly in the channel, and, passing
over in a boat it was delightful to look down into the depths of the
clear water, at the long graceful sprays of shining lutescent leaves. A
species of bladder wort, Utricularia, was not uncommon in the
shallow water behind the cat-tail hummock, and two species of shinleaf
grew there at the shore, Pyrola secunda Linn, and P . e 1 1 i p t i c a
Nutt.

Little Clear creek (pi. 7,-^) will be discussed below in connection
with the account of the special studies made of the life of its waters.

Bog ponds. Of the numerous small ponds in the vicinity of Saranac
Inn, hidden in the woods and fringed with a typical floating border of
bog moss, we collected extensively at but one — the one a quarter of a
mile southwest of the station and south of the track — and visited but one
other, about as far east of the station and north of the track. Of the
former only I will speak here; the other was very similar.

This httle pond (pi. 7) was a woodland gem. The picture of it presented
herewith gives but a poor idea of it; for the fine coloration of fringing
vegetation, of forest background, and of water and sky are necessarily
absent from the picture. It was a peculiar place to collect in, being dif-
ficult of access, and very difficult to collect in when reached ; but it was
conveniently near at hand, and was peculiarly attractive on account of
the many beautiful and interesting plants and insects found there Its
vegetation (pi. 8) showed a beautiful zonal distribution. Farthest out

39^ NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM

was the zone of the very abundant yellow water lilies. Next came
a very broad zone of sphagnum, floating at its outer edge over
water 5 feet or more in depth, with here and there a detached and float-
ing island. This zone was fairly sprinkled over with pitcher plants, S a r-
racenia purpurea Linn., and with a succession of pretty orchids,
Limodorum tuberosum L., Arethusa bulbosa Linn.,
Habenaria sp?, while a few clumps of lambkill and tufts of cotton
grass were scattered about. Back of the sphagnum was a thin fringe of
pale green tamaracks, while dark hemlocks of the forest stood close be-
hind, and in the pools in their shadows nestled beds of native callas.
Numerous fine dragon flies and a few large caddis flies and the handsome
larva of some, to me unknown, diving beetle were the principal insects
observed there.

Objects and results

This station, being located in the midst of a region whose aquatic
insect fauna had scarcely been studied at all, off"ered a wide choice of
field operations. Being established solely for the study of aquatic insects,
and m this respect unique among field stations, it lacked the advantage
accruing from the simultaneous study of other forms of aquatic life, but
offered opportunity for concentration on some of the problems of aquatic
entomology. The following objects were had in mind, though it was
realized from the beginning that little would be done with some of them;
and that any one of them might have been made to occupy our time
profitably: i) to increase the state museum collections; 2) to increase
our knowledge of the aquatic insect fauna of the Adirondack region ; 3)
to study the place of aquatic insects in natural societies; 4) to study the
reproductive capacity of insects ; 5) to study the habits of aquatic insects ;

6) to study the food relations of insects, fishes and other aquatic animals;

7) to study the Hfe histories of aquatic insects.

Additions to the state museum. Our collections of specimens
were so numerous that the attempt made at first to keep some record of
the number and kind of specimens was early abandoned. When hun-
dreds and even thousands of specimens were being collected every day,
the enumeration of them would consume time that was greatly needed for
matters of more importance. Miscellaneous collections were made by
sweeping vegetation with a net, and by trap lanterns set at night when
the rain ceased long enough to permit these operations, and the material
thus obtained v/as sent while fresh to Albany to be prepared there for the
cabinet. On warm, siill, rainless nights the lanterns attracted from the
surrounding v/oods a very large number and variety of moths, which have
been preserved, but not studied as yet.

AQUATIC INSECTS IN THE ADIRONDACKS 393

Special collections were made of aquatic insect species hitherto insuf-
ficiently known, of which not a few species known only from a few poor
specimens appeared at Saranac Inn in great numbers ; and we took oc-
casion to gather good series of specimens of such, and also of a few
new species which were no less abundant.

The most valuable collections were those of life history material. All
that is described in part 3 of this report as coming from Saranac Inn has
been added to the state museum; and so important is this material that
future monographers in several groups will find it very desirable to con-
sult the collections at Albany.

Aquatic insect fauna of the Adirondacks. All that has been
written on this subject is comprised in a few short paragraphs in two
papers by Dr Lintner,^ in a few isolated descriptions of Adirondack
species, like that ofSimulium pictipes, from Ausable river^ by Dr
Hagen,^ in a record b}' Dr Calvert^ of a few dragon flies collected at
Lake St Regis by J. Percy Moore in 1890, and at Keesville by W.
Sheraton in 1894, and in rare locality references in other lists. The
Adirondacks are not less interesting entomologically than the White
mountains, which have been the resort of New England entomologists
for half a century.

The following lists, while not even pretending an approximation to
completeness (excepting, perhaps, the suborder Anisoptera of dragon
flies) add a considerable number of species, not hitherto known to occur
within our fauna; and also, a small number of interesting new species.
Of these I have described three species and a variety under the following
names: Leuctra tenella; Sisyra umbrata; Climacia
dictyona; Gomphus descriptus var borealis.

I have also described the male of the interesting pygmy May fly,
Baetis pygmaea Hagen, hitherto known from a fragment of
a single female specimen, and the female of the beautiful dragon fly,
Leucorhinia glacialis Hagen (pi. 10).

Mr D. W. Coquillet has described at my request two new genera and
species of Diptera (see p. 585 and p. 586) ; and W. H. Ashmead has
described five new species of parasitic Hymenoptera (see p. 586) and
Mr A. D. MacGillivray, two new species of sawflies (see p. 585) .

As the region about Saranac Inn differs considerably from most locali-
ties in the Adirondacks, as stated above, its insect fauna will doubtless

1 Liatner, J. A. Collections In the Adirondack region. 5tli rep't N. Y. state entomologist, 18S9.
p. 381-86.

10th rep't p. 376-77.

2 Hagen, H. A. A new species of Simullum with a remariiable pupa ease [S 1 m u 1 i u m picti-
pes]. Bost. soc. nat. hist. Proc. 1879. 30 : 305-7.

3 Calvert, P. P. Odonata of New York state. N. Y. ent. soc. Jour. 1895. 3:39-18. Additions, 1S97.
5 :91-95.

394

NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM

be found likewise to differ. It has an abundance of dragon flies and
caddis flies and of certain Diptera, while certain other groups, notably
the stone flies, which require more rapid and rocky streams, are not well
represented.

Place of insects in natural societies. A very little was done by
us in the study of this subject, but that little constitutes part 2 of the
present report.

Reproductive capacity of insects. But one thing was attempted
under this head, and that was the determination of the number of eggs
laid by individuals of a number of species, by means of the examination
of the ovaries of newly transformed females. This undertaking at once
revealed some interesting biologic facts, which might, perhaps, have been
inferred in advance, and which may be known, though I have not read
of them. These may be stated as follows.

1 In certain insects (as May flies, caddis flies, gnats, etc.) which
lack functional mouth parts, and whose adult life is very brief, the eggs
are well developed at transformation, and may readily be counted, the
difference in size between the developed eggs and the egg rudiments
which will not develop being very marked.

2 In other insects (such as the larger dragon flies) the eggs are very
immature at transformation, and it is impossible to determine how many
of the egg rudiments present at that time will develop into eggs. In
other words, the time of the maturing of the eggs is related to the dura-
tion of the adult life, and to the amount of food taken during adult life.

Having read that the larger dragon flies of the gomphine group live as
imagos but a week, I was surprised to find that the eggs of a newly
transformed female of Hagenius brevistylus were so immature
as to be scarcely recognizable ; but I have since observed that there is
in this and in many other large gomphine species an interval of about a
month between the period of transformation and that of oviposition. I
am inclined to think that the dragon flies which have been kept success-
fully only a week in confinement have died of starvation, aiid that in
any case the length of imaginal life is not fairly determined so.

The few counts successfully made by us from insect ovaries will be
found under the discussion of the species on which they were made.

Study of the habits of insects. What animals do has always
been an interesting subject of inquiry, and probably will always be
so. A knowledge of the habits of animals has its own peculiar cul-
ture value, now generally recognized. It has a higher scientific value,

AQUATIC INSECTS IN THE ADIRONDACKS 395

also, than specialists have always been willing to admit. It has a para-
mount economic value also, for it forms the basis of nearly all intelligent
economic procedure. We do not yet know how the teeming aquatic life
of our streams and lakes and ponds may be manipulated as terrestrial life
is manipulated to serve human needs, but this we may learn in due
time, and, when we have learned it, the accurate knowledge of the
habits of aquatic species of insects will be as necessary then as such
knowledge of economic terrestrial species is now.

The following pages contain new observations on the habits of many
species — occasionally on groups of species. These will be found under
the accounts of the groups and the species in part 3 of this report.

Food relations of insects and fishes. It was planned from the
beginning that we should study fish food, if the opportunity offered for
making a real contribution to the present knowledge of that subject.
When, through the courtesy of the state fish commission, we were given
working quarters in the Adirondack hatchery, we were the more desirous
of attacking some of the problems which scientific fish culture needs to
have solved; what problems, it was at first a little difficult to decide.

In the culture of all animals there are two principal objects to be
sought: i) protection for the young, and 2) forage. Past triumphs of
fish culture have come from the mastery of the difficulties in securing the
first of these, the second has scarcely been seriously undertaken.
While extensive food studies have been made by Prof. Forbes and a
number of others, from which we have learned in general terms what
fishes eat, still there is hardly a fish of which we may say we know what
species it eats, at what age, at what season, in what situations, with
what choice of food. And so little are the essential features of good
foraging ground understood that each planting of fry in a new place is
still largely an experiment.

So it seemed to me that any new study of fish food should include the
study of the feeding grounds, feeding habits, choice of food offered, and
conditions that make for the continuance and possible increase of the
food supply. The two smaller propagating ponds at Saranac Inn, Bone
and Little Green seemed to offer an excellent opportunity for contrasting
conditions relative to these points. Bone pond has been well stocked
with brook trout for some years, while Little Green, after numerous
annual plantings, has remained as barren of trout as ever.

Through the earlier part of the season some random collections of food
were made from trout caught in gill nets set for suckers; but not till
August was there opportunity to make the studies outhned above, and

396 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM

then our efforts met with interference which made their successful prose-
cution impossible. Before they were abandoned, however, the stomachs
of some 27 brook trout were obtained, and their contents (consisting
almost wholly of insects), cleaned and preserved, are now part of the
state museum collection. The records of the numerous insects collected
during these few days about the shores of Bone pond will be found under
their respective species in part 3 of this report, and a brief account
of the vegetation, above in the introduction. A random report on the
fish food there collected may yet be made from the material I prepared,
but it will of necessity lack the features which I counted most essential,
unless farther study be made at the pond itself

Bullfrogs were common in Little Clear creek, and I collected the
stomach contents of 25 of them. Lack of time is the only reason why
they have not been studied, and are not reported on at the present time.

Life histories of insects. One of the first decisions made with
respect to station work was that no greater service could be done for
aquatic entomology, pure or applied, than adding as opportunity offered
to present knowledge of insect life histories. So long as the species
can not be recognized in their immature stages, little progress is possible
in food studies, or in quantitative studies of any sort. To this absolutely
necessary preliminary work, therefore, much the greater part of our time
was given.

We were able to work out more or less completely the life histories of
about a hundred species of aquatic insects, immature stages of most of
which are described in part 3 of this report. Those who have done life
history work will not need to be told that this work occupied rather fully
the available time of our short session.

In order to make part 3 serviceable to teachers and students, I have
filled it with keys and tables for determining the orders, families, genera
and species of immature stages of aquatic insects, and have illustrated
these with special figures explaining the terms used. The several
orders will be found to have received very unequal treatment, because
we wished to add chiefly to the knowledge of the things least known.
For this reason the larvae of Diptera and Coleoptera received much less
than a fair share of attention ; for they are already much better known
than are the larvae of the other orders treated.

More dragon flies than anything else were reared. There are two
reasons for this : Saranac Inn is a splendid locality for dragon flies, and
I have been rearing dragon flies for a number of years and have learned
how to do it. With slight additions from my former breedings, I have

AQUATIC INSECTS IN THE ADIRONDACKS 397

been able to give in part 3 an account of the dragon flies (suborder
Anisoptera of Odonata) which is almost a monograph of the New York
species of that group.

But two species of stone flies were seen at Saranac Inn. Both of these
were reared, and the descriptions of their nymphs, published herewith^
appear to be the first to be printed for American species.

I have been able to rear representatives of all the New York genera of
May flieS; and present in part 3 a key for the determination of the nymphs
of the same — apparently the first key to be pubUshed for American
forms.

In the Neuroptera, with its two famiHes having aquatic genera, I have
been able to straighten out a tangle in the Sialidae, and to report the dis-
covery of larvae and pupae of two genera of Hemerobiidae. These two
are both new species of spongilla flies, representing two genera whose
larvae live on fresh-water sponges. Entomologically, their discovery was
one of the best things of the season. Our account of the aquatic Neu-
roptera is thus considerably more complete than any that have hitherto
appeared.

Mr Betten occupied himself during the intervals of routine operations
with the study of the habits and transformations of the caddis flies. He
has written the account of this order in part 3. He collected many speci-
mens in all stages, and reared four species representing as many genera.
His descriptions seem to be the first that have appeared for American
larvae. It is a matter of regret that specific determinations could not
be had for more of the material in this little studied group. He has pre-
pared a table for caddis fly larvae, compiled from the descriptions of
European writers and verified, so far as possible, on his own material,
and while it is tentative and incomplete, it will doubtless serve a
temporary purpose.

Aquatic larvae of flies and beetles were abundant at Saranac Inn, but
there was little time available for their study after attending to the others
mentioned above. A few of the more interesting ones were reared, how-
ever, and will be found described in part 3. The three bred Diptera
there described make an interesting addition to our knowledge of the
larvae of that order.

Apparatus and methods. Little need be said on this head. We
used the insect nets, cyanid bottles, setting boards, pins, and preserva-
tives used by all collectors; but our main stay in aquatic collecting was
the sieve net\ which is shown in use in plate 4 ; leaning against a tree in

1 Described and figured ia part O of U. S. nat. mus. Bui. 39, p. 4.

398 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM

plate 5. On the sandy bottoms of these quiet waters it was specially-
advantageous. Extensive use was made of white wash bowls, soup
plates and saucers in the examination of our catch. We habitually
placed teneral specimens of most orders, when found in the cages newly
transformed, in paper bags to await the maturing of their colors.

For rearing purposes, the screen cage, a simple cylinder of wire screen
with a loose cover (described on page 7 of the above mentioned bulletin
and shown in operation in plate 5) was most useful. The larger cages of
this sort were set down in the sand of the bottom of the creek; smaller
ones were set in the hatchery troughs. These, of course, needed a bot-
tom, which was supplied by inserting a piece of cloth laid over an open
loop of spring wire; the wire when released holding the cloth tightly
against the sides of the cage. A still farther modification of this cage
consisted in making it smaller, and of fine brass screen, and attaching
cork to its sides to float it. Mr Betten made a very good egg-hatching
cage out of it by sealing a watch glass in the bottom of it with paraffin,
and attaching the cork floats. The eggs were thus kept in flowing water,
but could be at once removed to the stage of the microscope without
disturbance.

I devised for our work at Saranac Inn another type of floating cage
that proved so generally useful for minute insects, and was so easily and

rapidly constructed that it may be
worth while to give a description of it.
The accompanying figure shows its
construction in the main. With the
five little pieces of wood (which

Plg.l Floating cage, designed for rearing ^hould be CUt from dry pine) at hand,

small Diptera ^ ^^gg ^f ^Y\[s sort Can be put up and

ready for use in 10 minutes. The cloth is attached to the wood by
means of paraffin, which is melted and applied with a brush. The loose
end of the cloth is attached, and the door closed by
means of a rubber band stretched between two
tack heads over the convex upper edge of one of .^
the wooden side strips (fig. i). This sort of cage ^f
was most successful with small Diptera, but not t*^

would invariably fall into the water and die at uve'^'Tn'''Sdinr

wliich can be used success-
fully for rearing insects that
live in standing water.
Wooden kit with covering

once on transformation. of netting tied on

The trap lanterns we used (pi. 4, 5) were also very simply constructed.
The idea of them, however, was borrowed from some lanterns I found my

AQUATIC INSECTS IN THE ADIRONDACKS

399

friend,' Dr Westcott, using. The lantern part is of the " search light "
type to be found on the market, with large parabolic reflector having
projecting edges. The trap part consists of a
circular flaring band of tin, whose slope con-
tinues that of the edges of the reflector, inside
which it is pushed and fastened. It has two
transversely placed sheets of wire screen within
it, arranged as shown in the accompanying
figure, and on the lower side within the trap
there is an open, detachable cup to hold the
cyanid of potassium. It is easily managed and
very effective, and the specimens are in the
main obtained in good condition. The lantern
of the markets has many advantages in the way
of conveniences over lanterns of home construc-
tion, ^'s-

3 Sectional diagram of
lantern trap
R, edge of lantern
V the globe

w edge of parabolic reflector
S, the trap

a catch for attachment to

reflector
6 the entrance between two

sheets of screen
c detachable cyanid cup

Assistance in preparing this report. At

the conclusion of my work at Saranac Inn, I
went to Cambridge Mass., where, through the
courtesy of Mr Samuel Henshaw, I was allowed
to spend several weeks determining the specimens I had collected, by
comparison with specimens in the museum of comparative zoology.
During this time Mr Henshaw showed me many kindnesses and took the
trouble himself to determine the names of a number of species. I am
also under special obligation to Mr D. W. Coquillett and Mr William H.
Ashmead, of the U. S. national museum, for the study and determination
of numerous Diptera and Hymenoptera respectively, and for the descrip-
tions of new species sent me by them to be published as a part of this
report. I am indebted, also, for determinations, to a number of other
gentlemen, as follows : Trichoptera, Nathan Banks; Orthoptera, Dr S. H.
Scudder; Homoptera, Prof. Herbert Osborn; leeches, Dr W. E. Castle
and Dr J. Percy Moore ; moUusks, Frank C. Baker ; an entomostracan,
Prof. E. A. Birge.

The colored plates have been made by L. H. Joutel. The figures of
Trichoptera are by Mrs J. H. Comstock. Those of Diptera, Plecoptera
and Ephemerida are by Miss Maude H. Anthony. Those of Odonata
are drawn by myself. The figures made from photographs taken by
other persons than myself, contain the proper acknowledgment in their
legends.

400 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM

Part 2
LIFE OF LITTLE CLEAR CREEK

This tranquil little stream (pi. 3), once famous for its trout fishing,
traverses the hatchery grounds, and disappears in the woods below under
a canopy of overarching alders. It leaves the pond at present by a little
artificial fall, runs through a big, tubular iron culvert under the railroad,
tumbling over a little bed of stones at the end of the culvert, and then
traverses a narrow bit of brookside meadow, bordered by spring bog full
of balsam trees. Then it enters the fish ponds. Passing the hatchery,
and all the fish gates, it is free again for a little open space before enter-
ing the woods below. From the pond to the woods below the hatchery
is less than a quarter of a mile; and in this short space the following
studies were made.

In the undisturbed portion of this course the brook gHdes alternately
over beds of rippled reddish sand or percolates through tangled mats of
river weed, Potamogeton, and stonework, Nitella, or clumps of
bur reed, Sparganium. It has an average depth of perhaps a foot,
and a width of about 10 feet. Its depth varies very little with the
weather, a continuous downpour of rain for days raising its level but a
few inches.

In the edges of the woods were seen scattering stemless lady's slippers,
and banks of that dainty little favorite of Linnaeus, the twin flower, while
the star flower and the bunchberry and the yellow Clintonia and the red
elder berry made these places bright in June with their flowers and in
August with their brilliantly colored fruit.

From this little strip of water we did more or less collecting every
day of the session. While we thus gained some general information as
to what the stream contained, we were desirous of making our knowledge
more exact by quantitative studies, for which unfortunately our breed-
ings, requiring constant attention, left us very little time. We did, how-
ever, make quantitative studies of the animal life of two Uttle patches of
the creek, made a count of the cast skins of dragon flies left along a strip
of the bank, made quahtative studies of the insect life of the ripple below
the bridge, and of the hatchery pipes and troughs, and made some
scattering observations of more or less interest, which will constitute the
subject of this chapter.

Quantitative studies. These were made from two patches of
Little Clear creek, each approximately 15 square feet in surface area.
They do not include the animals that slipped through our nets, the

AQUATIC INSECTS IN THE ADIRONDACKS 4OI

coarsest of which had a mesh of about 2.5 mm square (10 meshes to
the inch). The method was the same for both: the plot was staked
out; the vegetation. was swept with an air net down to the water line for
its aerial forms of life; it was swept again with a water net for its aquatic
population; it was then pulled up by the roots and piled in pails and
examined a handful at a time in a bowl of clean water, having all the
animal life separated from it; the soil of the bottom was then scraped
up and sifted for a depth of two or three inches. The material was very
quickly gathered up from the plot selected, but the separation of the
animal life from the plants and debris was a whole day's work for two
or three persons, to say nothing of the time necessary for studying the
animals later. These studies, though time-consuming, always yielded
the information sought as to the relative numbers of the several species
present, and were profitable, also, in quite another way. The careful
examination of the situation which they necessitated* always revealed the
presence of a number of species not found by more superficial collecting
methods, and these were not always the smaller species.

First plot. This was in the creek just below the hatchery. The site
is shown in plates 4 and 5. The plot extended from the edge of the
current in open water 12 to 15 inches in depth, to the bank, a distance
of about 5 feet, and a strip 3 feet wide was selected. Two views of it
from opposite sides are given in the plates, and its exact site is indicated
by the position of the sieve net in plate 4, and is occupied by the cage
in the foreground in plate 5. The collections were made July 10. The
water was about 3 inches deep at the bank, and descended somewhat
regularly toward the current side. Over nearly the whole of the area
there was an abundant growth of aquatics, most abundant among which
was a species of matted, submerged Potamogeton, intermixed
with a variety of filamentous algae, and a httle Nit ell a. The plants
which appeared above the water were water-cress, water- spec dwell, and
a thin grass which I took to be a species of Leersia. There was
no bur reed growing in this plot.

The following animals were taken from this plot.

Vertebrates

I full-grown bullfrog, Rana Catesbiana Shaw, whose stomach
contained: 7 full grown snails, Physa heterostropha Say; i
dragon fly, $ Calopteryx maculata Beauv.; i Crane fly (unde-
termined); I Scarabaeid beetle; 1 female winged carpenter ant ; i Syrphus
fly (apparently one of the smaller members of the genus Syrphus); i

402 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM

caddis fly (teneral imago ; undeterminable) ; i water skater, H y g r o -
trechus sp.?, and fragments of a number of others; i small bullfrog
tadpole ; considerable sand intermixed with fragments of Potamoge-
ton leaves; i Entomostracan (undetermined)

3 grown bullfrog tadpoles

I young green frog, Rana clamata Daud. The stomachs of the
tadpoles and of this frog were empty

1 small salamander, probably an Amblystoma

I long-eared sunfish, Lepomis auritus Linn., whose stomach con-
tained: 34 little snails,' the largest not over 1.5 mm long, apparently of
the genera P h y s a and Limnaea; 12 larvae of gnats (Chironomidae),
2 Chironomus sp.? and 10 Ceratopogon sp.?; i larva of Chau-

liodes sp.? in fragments

Mollusks

305 snails, retained by our nets, not counting innumerable smaller ones,
which fairly covered some of the plants. The 305 were :
292 Physa heterostropha Say
13 Limnaea desidiosa Say
35 small clams, Sphaerium similis Say

Leeches
6 specimens 2-4 inches long of Haemopis (Semiscolex)
g r a n d i s Verrill

A large number of minute glossiphonids, the counting of which was

not undertaken

Insects

The following were taken with a sweeping net from above the surface
of the water

DRAGON FLIES

I Aeschna sp.?, probably constricta Say, found transforming
I Ischnura verticalis Say ? .

1 Lestes unguiculata Hagen ^

2 Argia violacea Hagen 5 and $

1 Nehallennia irene Hagen %

BUGS

43 water skaters, Hygrotrechus sp.? (A greater number got
away)

2 Helochara communis Fitch
20 Cicadula sexnotata Fall

AQUATIC INSECTS IN THE ADIRONDACKS 4O3

I C. d i V i s a Uhler

7 Liburnia pellucida Fabr., of which two were females, one
macropterous, and one micropterous

I Chermes sp.? (apterous)
3 Aphids (undetermined)
I Lygaeid (undetermined)

FLIES, AND OTHER DIPTERA

65 Hydrellia scapularis Loew. A number of other Httle
Muscidae, some of them apparently of different species, escaped
I crane fly ^ (undetermined)
I mosquito $ (undetermined)

3 gnats of three species (undetermined)

MISCELLANEOUS

I Psocid, Peripsocus madidus Hagen

1 Anthicid beetle, Notoxus anchora Hentz

8 parasitic Hymenoptera: Telenomus longicornis Ashm^
I 3; Brachystropha quadriceps Ashm.^ i $ ; Rhizarcha
a s t i g m a Ashm.^ i ^,3 ?s; Aphidius nigripes Ashm.^ 23s

The following insects were taken from the water.

DRAGON FLY NYMPHS

4 Aeschna constricta Say of various sizes, one full-grown
7 Cordulegaster maculatus Selys

3 Gomphus scudderi Selys
6 Gomphus spicatus Hagen

2 Ophiogomphus aspersus Morse
2 Basiaeschna Janata Say

2 Sympetrum assimilatum Uhler

MAY FLY NYMPHS

2 Hexagenia variabilis Etn.

5 Ephemera varia Etn.

3 Ephemerella excrucians Walsh

5 Caen is diminut a Walker. These nymphs are so hard to find
among the stems to which they cling very closely, that more were prob-
ably present but not seen,

1 Described on p. 586-88.

404 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM

CADDIS FLY LARVAE AND PUPAE

15 Molanna cinerea Hagen

8 Polycentropus lucidus Hagen

2 Halesus no. i (seep. 567)

2 Halesus no. 2 (see -p. c^68)

3 Halesus no. 3 (j'^^ p. 569)
13 unclassified ... 43 in all

DIPTEROUS LARVAE AND PUPAE

3 Sepedon fuscipennis Loevv

I Bittacomorpha clavipes pupa, probably from the farthest
point in shore

7 Simulium venustum Say

8 Tabanid larvae (undetermined) from the bottom in the edge of the
channel in open water

I crane fly pupa (undetermined)

107 gnat larvae (Chironomidae : all undetermined) of four species

Numerous minute Ceratopogon? larvae were observed in the
algae associated with still more numerous Limnicolous oligo-
chae t es .

Second plot. The second plot selected for study was in the upper part
of the hatchery grounds, just below the railroad bridge. It was a strip
across a bed of bur reeds (shown in the foreground of plate 3) and was
similar in form and about equal in area to the preceding. Collections
were made precisely as before, but the conditions in the plot were some-
what different; the water was of about the same depth, but there was
more of a current flowing through the bur reeds. Potamogeton and
Nitella and filamentous algae were perhaps a little less abundant in the
water here, specially the algae. The date was July 27.

The list for this second plot is a short one, in species, if not in individ-
uals. It is as follows :

I bullfrog, Rana catesbiana Shaw

I crawfish (undetermined)

MOLLUSKS

13 snails: 11 Campeloma decisum Say; 2 Limnaea de-
si d i o s a Say

245 clams, mainly Sphaerium simile Say

117 CADDIS FLIES

27 Molanna cinerea Hagen

22 H y drops ych e sp.?» (near' phalerat a) Hagen (j-<?^ p.- 566)

AQUATIC INSECTS IN THE ADIRONDACKS 405

17 Polycentropus lucidus Hagen
8 Halesus no. i (see Tp- 567)
10 Halesus no. 2 [seep. 568)

16 Halesus no. 3 [seep. 569)

17 unclassified

260 beeti.es

Donacia emarginata Kirby, of which two were adults, 152
were inclosed in puparia attached to the bur reed roots, and a few
were free larvae. Since several species occurred about the creek, it is by
no means certain that all these belonged to the single species named.

25 DRAGON FLY NYMPHS

2 Cordulegaster maculatus Selys

4Aeschna constricta Say

4Gomphus exilis Selys

5 Ophiogomphus aspersus Morse

5 Argia violacea Hagen

5 Sympetrum assimilatum Uhler. Of this species 7 addi-
tional specimens were picked from the stems above the water in trans-
formation; but one other insect specimen (a stone fly, Leuctra
t e n e 1 1 a; was found above the water.

10 MAY FLY NYMPHS

1 Ephemera varia Etn.

4 Ephemerella excrucians Walsh

5 Baetis pygmaea Hagen

8 DIPTEROUS LARVAE AND PUPAE

2 small crane fly larvae (undetermined Tipulidae)
4 horsefly larvae (undetermined Tabanidae)

2 mosquito pupae (undetermined)

Comparing now the lists made from the two plots we observe some
striking differences. Those that appear in the number and variety of
aerial forms taken in the first plot, and the paucity of them in the second,
may be due mainly to weather conditions : the first plot was worked on a
dry, sunshiny morning; the second, on a partly cloudy morning after rain.
The plots agree iri that their miscellaneous plant feeders were mainly
mollusks and caddis flies. Mollusks seem to constitute a larger bulk
than any other single group. Snails were found in the stomachs of frog
and fish, and are known to be the food of horsefly larvae (Tabanidae).
There are certainly snails enough in the creek to justify the extraordinary
abundance of horseflies in this vicinity.

406 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM

The plots were strikingly unlike in that there were fewer species in the
second, fewer dragon fly and May fly nymphs and dipterous larvae.
They differed farther most strikingly in the kind of moUusks present : the
Campeloma decisumofthe second plot was absent from the first ;
it is common in the pond above. The long-horned leaf beetles, D o -
n a c i a, of the second plot were a special feature which belonged with
the special habitat furnished by the bur reed growth. Two photographs,
reproduced in plate 9, show these insects in their natural positions on the
plant.

These are fragments — mere fragments — of real knowledge of the life of
this stream. While not without interest in themselves, they seem to me
chiefly valuable in their suggestiveness of possible knowledge to be gained
by farther application of these methods.

Count of dragon fly exuviae. In the midst of the hatchery grounds
there was a fish pond, made by impounding the creek, with its eastern
side boarded up to a hight of 15 to 20 inches above the level of the
water, for a distance of perhaps 20 yards. The boards \yere rough, and
suited dragon fly nymphs very well as a place to transform. It was an
exceptionally favorable place in which to learn something of the numbers
of dragon flies to emerge from a given water area ; for the cast skins
were all left in plain view. The other bank was not boarded, and while
the cast skins appeared to be about as common there, one could not
be sure of finding all of them. A view of this pond, looking up stream,
is presented in plate 6.

Conditions here were right for determining the yield of this strip of
water in dragon flies of those species whose period of transformation falls
entirely within the last three weeks of June at Saranac Inn. I do not
say half the yield, because it seems fair to presume that half were on the
other bank, where their discovery was not so easy. Nymphs when ready
to transform are blind, and wander about till they find a bank, showing
no preference as to which bank it is. These time hmits are taken be-
cause they are the only narrow ones that will include the entire trans-
formation period of a considerable number of species.

I found quite a number of these skins already clinging to the boards on
my arrival June 12, for the season for transformation for some of these
species was already at hand. It appears fair to assume, however, that I
obtained practically all the skins that had been left there, because they
had apparently not been disturbed at all ; they stick very tightly, so that
moderate winds and even rain do not quickly dislodge them. The weather
previous to my arrival had been clear and calm, and the season of trans-

AQUATIC INSECTS IN THE ADIRONDACKS 407

formation was certainly only opening. I collected all that appeared after
that daily till the end of June, at which time all the species for which I
thought such counting practicable had ceased transforming for the year-
The results of the count are as follows.

82 Gomphus exilis Selys

20 Gomphus brevis Selys

18 Gomphus spicatus Selys

24 Ophiogomphus aspersus Morse

II Hagenius brevistylus Selys
7 Cordulegaster maculatus Selys
I Didymops transversa Say
I Tetragoneuria semiaqua Burtn.
6 Basiaeschna Janata Say

Intermingled with these were the cast skins of a number of species
whose period of transformation was not finished, perhaps, by the end of
the month of June; viz C alop tery X maculata Beauv. (12), Argia
violacea Hagen (20), Enallagma sp.? (5), Boyeria vinosa
Say (3), and Aeschna constricta Say (2).

It is difficult to conceive how so many of the large rapacious Gomphine
nymphs can get a living in so small space. I do not believe that, judging
by repeated collecting, they were more abundant here than in other
basins along the creek. I collected in this same place with a sieve net
after this count was ended the nymphs of the next season's brood, and
obtained in 15 minutes' use of the net 22 Cordulegaster macu-
latus, 2 Hagenius brevistylus, 40 Gomphus and
Ophiogomphus, 8 Calopteryx maculata and 4 Didy-
mops transversa.

The life of the rapids. At the railroad Little Clear creek pours out
of the culvert and tumbles over a little bed of stones. This is the only
rapids within easy reach from the hatchery. There was no time for a
quantitative study of its life, but we studied it as carefully as time would
permit.

The most abundant and important animal in the rapids is the black
fly, Simulium venustum Say. With the exception of a few Chiro-
nomidae which live in the "skin algae", covering the broader surfaces
over which the water glides, all the life of the rapids seems to center in
the Simulium colonies. These are very extensive indeed, masses of the
swaying, dark greenish larvae, or of the yellowish pupae covering the
stones over considerable areas.

408 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM

Plate 15 shows the forms which I found together in this little rapids by
the railroad. Simulium is vastly more numerous in individuals than all
the other species put together and also more restricted in its habitat.
The next in numerical importance would probably be the pygmy May
fly, Baetis pygmaea Hagen, though a larger May fly, H e p t a -
genia pulchella Walsh, and a caddis fly, Hydropsyche sp.?
(see p. 566 ) seemed almost as numerous. These three species are
probably predatory, feeding on the members of the Simulium colony.
The other members of this httle society are much fewer. They are i) a
hitherto unknown fly of the family Empididae, Roederiodes juncta
Coq., (described post at p. 586 ) whose larvae crawl about among the
Simulium pupa cases, and pupate within empty cases, and 2) the stone
fly, Leuctra tenella.

It must be another, earlier species of black fly which makes all the
trouble in the Adirondacks with its bites ; for this one is quite peaceably
disposed. Guides have a saying, that, when the black flies put on their
white stockings in June, the trouble is about over. This species has the
" white stockings."

I was interested in watching the females of this species ovipositing, and
saw the operation very frequently. The place selected is always at the
edge of a little waterfall, on a surface that is intermittently washed by the
swaying current, and so kept wet [see -pi. 15). Here the females flock,
and pile up great white masses of eggs, which with a little age turn
yellowish. Waves dash over them while ovipositing, and often sweep
them away, but they at once return to their task.

I do not know what Simulium larvae feed on ; but their tentacles seem
well adapted for straining plankton from the water that dashes over them.

The life of the hatchery pipes and troughs. The life of the
pipes is essentially that of the rapids.^ What is living in the pipes is
learned by observing what comes out of them, into the hatchery troughs
and into the windows. Simulium, Hydropsyche, Hepta-
genia and Baetis, were in the hatchery windows throughout the
session, often in enormous numbers. Their periods of greatest abund-
ance do not coincide however. The windows were fairly darkened with
black flies and caddis flies and the larger May flies, Heptagenia,
during the earlier part of the session, while the pygmy May flies did not
appear in swarming numbers till the latter part of it. The only member
of the Simulium society as portrayed in the plate, which was not observed

1 It appears that the mollusks which get into city water pipes and sometimes cause trouble are
forms that normally live in rapids.

AQUATIC INSECTS IN THE ADIRONDACKS 409

to come into the hatchery was the fly, R o e deri odes juncta. In
addition to these forms, and the green stone fly, Chloroperla bi-
1 i n e a t a Say, which doubtless belongs with them in its season, there
occurred in the hatchery a large number of Diptera of various sorts, and
the spongilla flies, hitherto accounted so rare. Fresh-water sponges
from the lake above invade the pipes, and the larvae of these flies come
in with the sponges on which they live.

On June 19 we collected the contents of one of the supply troughs in
the hatchery. It contained more than 125 little fresh -water sponges,
averaging the size of peas, from which were picked seven spongilla fly
larvae, nine amphipods (undetermined), one er.tomostracan, Epis-
chura lacustris Forbes, about a dozen each of two species of May
flies, Heptagenia pulchella Walsh and Ephemerella ex-
crucians Walsh, a large number of black fly larvae, a few H y d r o p-
s y c h e larvae, a few gnat larvae and a number of colonies of rotifers.

Some of the multitudinous gnats in the windows were of the same
species that I bred from larvae taken from " skin algae " scraped from
the races outside. Horseflies (Tabanidae) were also conspicuous occu-
pants of the windows, but I did not find their immature stages in the
hatchery. Possibly these may have come in through open doors and
windows, being so active and so abundant outside. The handsome
longicorn beetle, Leptura canadensis Fabr., which was not
uncommon in the windows during the latter half of the session, certainly
entered in this way.

A small number of specimens representing a new genus and species of
Stratiomyiidae (described in part 3, p. 585 asZabrachia polita Coq.)
were picked from the hatchery ceiling, while gathering spongilla flies.

Red hydras were exceedingly abundant in Little Clear creek during
the first half of our session, insomuch that they fairly covered every
trailing stem and leaf in the current, and occupied every available sup-
port, even to the backs of the dragon fly and May fly nymphs, one of which
would often bear half a dozen or more of them. Then they gradually
disappeared, till in August hardly a hydra was to be found. A single
blade of Sparganium brought in in June for some eggs of B a s i a e s c h n a
Janata which had been laid in it, bore hundreds of hydras profusely
budding, and all of a very distinct red color. An observant employee
of the hatchery, Milo Otis, who attends to feeding the fry, informed me that
at certain times the water flowing through the ponds is tinged with red
from the hydras floating in it, and that at such times the young trout sub-
sist on these, and refuse to eat other food. It would be interesting to

410 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM

know whether this abundance of hydras always occurs when the trout are
newly hatched.

Two fine Diptera belong to the characteristic fauna of Little Clear
creek, but do not live in any of the situations we have been discussing.
These are the curious phantom fly, Bittacomorpha clavipes
Fabr., and our largest crane fly, Tipula abdominalis Say. Both
live almost out of the water in very shallow bays filled with red-rotted
vegetation and both are very common in such places.

Gomphus scudderi Selys was common in the creek below the
wagon bridge, but was not taken above it.

Fart 3
INSECT LIFE HISTORIES

In the following pages there is assumed on the part of the reader such
a knowledge of the external parts of insects as is obtainable from the
elementary textbook of entomology or of zoology. He should know
that the body of an insect larva is composed of successive rings or joints;
that the first division is the head and bears the eyes, antennae and mouth
parts; the next three joints, bearing the wing and leg rudiments, con-
stitute the thorax ; and the remaining joints, often with prop-legs or pro-
legs under them, constitute the abdomen. External gills are arranged in
delicate whitish tufts when in a sheltered position, or, when exposed, are
thin plates traversed by delicate air tubes. In addition to these, there
are at the sides of the abdomen, longer, paired, simple, pointed appen-
dages, called lateral filaments, which also, when small and delicate, may
serve the respiratory function. Lateral filaments, gills (with very few
exceptions) and prolegs disappear with the end of larval life, and are
absent in the adult insect.

In the immature stages insects differ wonderfully ; but there are two
types of larvae, which have been distinguished by the degree of differ-
ence between larva and adult insect: i) those called nymphs, which
differ but little from the adults in general organization, and when grown
transform directly to images, without having entered on a quiescent
pupal stage; and 2) larvae proper, which differ very greatly from their
images, having the adult appendages reduced in size or altogether
wanting, wings never visible externally, and requiring a quiescent pupal
stage, when they have done feeding, before transforming to the imago.
These two groups constitute the primary divisions of the table given
below. The student will find in Comstock's Manual for the study of
insects, or in his Insect life^ or in a number of other books that are not so

AQUATIC INSECTS IN THE ADIRONDACKS 4II

good as these, serviceable tables for the determination of the adult
insects. We give here a table that will serve for distinguishing the orders
in the larval stage. So few relatively of the larvae of aquatic insects are
known as yet, that this table must be considered tentative as to its state-
ments of group characters.

In all the following tables and descriptions the characters described
and the measurements given apply to fully grown nymphs or larvae
except when otherwise expressly stated.

KEY TO ORDERS OF AQUATIC INSECT LARVAE*

a Larvae with wings developing externally (called nyvijjhs in this paper) and
no quiescent pupal stage
i With biting mouth parts
c With long, filamentous caudal setae; labium not longer than the head,
and not folded on itself like a hinge
d Gills mainly under the thorax ; tarsal claws two ; caudal setae generally

two (stone flies) Plecoptera

dd Gills mainly on the sides of the abdomen ; tarsal claws single; caudal

setae generally three (May flies) Ephemerida

ec Caudal setae represented by three broad, leaflike respiratory plates
traversed by tracheae, or by small spinous appendages ; labium much
longer than the head when extended; at rest, folded on itself like a
hinge and extending between the bases of the fore legs

(dragon flies and damsel flies) Odonata
bh Mouth parts combined into a jointed beak, which is directed beneath the

head backward between the fore legs Hemiptera

aa Larvae proper, with wings developing internally, and invisible till the as-
sumption of a quiescent pupal stage
6 With jointed thoracic legs
c With slender, decurved, piercing mouth parts, half as long as the body;
small larvae, living on fresh-water sponges. Family Hemerobiidae of
Neuroptera
CO With biting mouth parts
d With a pair of prolegs on the last segment only (exceptin Si alls,
plate 29, which has a single long median tail-like process at the
end of the abdomen) these directed backward, and armed each with
one or two strong hooks or claws
e Abdominal segments each with a pair of long, lateral filaments

I Family Sialidae of Ne ur op t era

ee Abdominal segments without long, muscular, lateral filaments, often

with minute gill filaments ; cylindric larvae, generally living in

portable cases (caddis flies) Trichoptera

1 The Thysanura, or springtails, common on the surface of water, but not living In It are not In.
eluded In this table. They will be readily recognizable, If collected, by their very minute size, '
entire absence of wings, mouth parts retracted within the head, and the forked spring beneath the
abdomen.

412 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM

dd Frolegs, when present, on more than one abdominal segment; if
present on the last segment, then not armed with single or double
claws ; often entirely wanting
e With five pairs of prolegs, and with no spiracles at the apex of the

abdomen -. (moths) Lepidoptera

ee Generally without prolegs ; never with fi.ve pairs of them; usually
with terminal spiracles ; long, lateral filaments often present on

the abdominal segments (bfietles) Coleoptera

66 Without jointed thoracic legs ; with abdominal prolegs, or entirely legless ;
in the more degenerate forms, the head is reduced and retracted within
the pointed apex of the thorax, no appendages of the imago are visible,
and the pupa is formed within the contracted and hardened larval skin

(flies, etc.) Diptera

Those orders, on which some life history work was done at our station,
are severally discussed below. That some of these, notably the Coleop-
tera and the Diptera, were slighted, is only too apparent, and no one
will be so regretful as we are that no more time could be given to the
study of these; but the other orders treated seemed to be in more press-
ing need of study; and we always had more life history material avail-
able than could be attended to by two pairs of hands. A few random
notes on the representatives of those orders which received from us
no study whatever, will be found grouped together under a final heading.

Order PLECOPTERA

Stone flies

The stone flies are all aquatic. They frequent rapid streams, and are
most abundant in those places where the water dashes over heaps of
broken, half submerged rocks. In summer one may often see in such
places the projecting top of a rock decorated with the empty skins which
the adult stone flies left behind when they left the water and acquired
wings. To find the nymphs one need but lift a stone from the water
quickly, turn it over and look at it. The flat, closely clinging nymphs
will be seen with their legs at full stretch and their claws gripping the
rock, or running from one depression to another, seeking to hide.

The nymphs are little known. In this country they have received
hardly any attention, which is surprising, considering that they are so
easy to collect and to rear, and that they live in places in general so
attractive to us. The good angler who has the blood of a naturalist in
him is hkely to know the species of stone flies, both nymphs and adults,
better than does the average professional entomologist. The systematic
study of the order is little advanced beyond the point where Pictet left it
60 years ago^: his work is still the best textbook of the group to be had.

1 Historle naturelle des neuropteres: perlides. Paris 1841.

AQUATIC INSECTS IN THE ADIRONDACKS 4I3

The nymphs of stone flies require well aerated water. They can not
live in a stagnant pool ^, or in a foul stream. A large number of the
smaller species, including the two described below, are entirely destitute
of gills. With these the air supply is absorbed directly through the thin
skin of the ventral surface. At the ventral sutures one can readily see
that the skin is fully permeated by fine tracheal branches. Stone fly gills
at their best development are but small tufts of delicate respiratory fila-
ments attached to the ventral surface of the body, oftenest about the
bases of the legs, swished about by the motion of other parts, or depend-
ent on the motion of the water for the renewal of the oxygen supply.
Nymphs brought in from the brook and placed in a vessel of still water
will soon be seen with claws affixed vigorously swinging the body up and
down, trying to get a breath under the difficult conditions into which tiiey
have been brought.

In two important respects the nymphs of May flies and dragon flies
have surpassed those of stone flies in the development of aquatic respira-
tory apparatus :

1 In developing flat, plate like gills, which offer greater surface for
contact with the water ;

2 In developing special apparatus for the independent movement of the
gills, or for causing currents of water to flow over them.

It is the smaller species that are gill-less. The extent of respiratory
surface is in a measure proportioned, i) to the size of the nymphs; 2) to
the condition of the water, whether well or poorly aerated.

It is because of the limitations on the respiratory system of stone-fly
nymphs that they are so restricted in their aquatic habitat.

As to the food of the stone flies there have been a number of guesses,
but apparently no careful and continuous observations recorded. It is
supposed that the nymphs of the larger species eat smaller May fly
nymphs, and soft-bodied dipterous larvae associated with them on the
rocks; but Benjamin D. Walsh has said that perHd nymphs eat decaying
vegetable matter, and that the imagos eat nothing.2 Here, then, is an
opportunity for some careful observer to replace inferences with facts.

The adult stone flies may be collected at almost any season of the
year. The little black capnias emerge in winter. They live mainly in
small brooks, and are often found in transformation on the edge of the
ice. Through the spring months the dusky and grayish little nemouras

1 1 have bred a species of Acroneurla In some numbers from nymphs taken from rotting oali
leaves in the edge of an Ice pond at Ithaca N. Y.; but the water about the bed of leaves was clear,
and could not be called stagnant, since the turbulent Cascadllla creek flows through the pond.

2 Practical entomologist. 2 :73.

414 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM

are emerging; but the larger stone flies, and the paler and green ones are
to be looked for mainly in summer.

Stone flies are abundant in most parts of the state of New York.
Every rocky stream swarms with them. But about Saranac Inn there
are no rocky streams. The creeks flow leisurely over beds of sand or
filter through mats of river weed, and are destitute of the stony obstruc-
tions which afford suitable shelter for young stone flies. But two of the
smaller species were studied there, and these were neither abundant nor
very important members of the aquatic fauna. Both Hve in Little Clear
creek and in the pipes which bring water to the hatchery, and both were
taken as adults at the hatchery windows. Nathan Banks has pubhshed
keys to the North American genera of stone flies in the Trajisactions' of
the American entomological society, 20:328-29; and 26:240-42, The
student is referred to these.

CHLOROPERLA

This genus includes a small number of delicate, pale green stone flies
about half an inch long. At emergence they fly to the shelter of green
vegetation, and thereafter remain concealed most of the time, returning
to the water, perhaps, to deposit their eggs. So far as known, the
nymphs which live in clear streams are entirely destitute of gills. C. A.
Briggs has recorded a curious habit of the adult male of Chloroperla.i
Placed in a box, it struck the bottom with its penultimate abdominal seg-
ment to make a noise.

Chloroperla bilineata Say

1823 Si alls bilineata Say, Godman's western quarterly reporter, 2:165

(original description)
1839 Chloroperla transmarina Newman Ann. «& mag. nat. hist. (2) 3:87
1841 Chloroperla transmarina Pictet, Perlides, p. 283
1852 Chloroperla transmarina Walker, Cat. neur. ius. Brit. mus. 1:161
1852 Chloroperla picta W^alker, Cat. neur. ins. Brit. mus. 1:161
1861 Chloroperla bilineata Hagen, Synopsis Neur. N. Am. p. 30
1892 Chloroperla bilineata Banks, Am. ent. soc. Trans. 19:342 (listed)
1899 C hloroperla bilineata Banks, Am. ent. soc. Trans. 25:200 (in-
cluded in a key to species of Chloroperla)

This species was taken only in the hatchery. It was already disap-
pearing when we arrived, June 15. A few could be found about the
windows each day. Many more dead ones were discovered in the
hatchery loft, entangled in spiders webs, or fallen on the window sills,

1 Ent. month, mag. 1897. 33 : 20T-8.

• AQUATIC INSECTS IN THE ADIRONDACKS 415

having made their way upstairs, seeking their freedom. They were not
observed flying, except from the place of transformation to the window.

Empty nymph skins were, on the contrary, very abundant. There
were hundreds sticking to the sides of the hatchery troughs, thickest
near the inflow pipe, but some were to be found on all the troughs.

Observing that the season for the species was waning, we lost no time
emptying the supply trough and sifting its contents. Thus we obtained
two nymphs, one of which was reared.

Imago. Length to tip of wings 12 mm; antennae 7 mm more.
Setae two thirds as long as the abdomen, hardly surpassing the tips of
the wings. Expanse of wings 21 mm.

Color light green. Antennae brownish black, except a small paler
part just beyond the base. A broad U-shaped mark on the top of the
head, just including the ocelli. A blackish brown stripe each side of the
prothorax, darkest anteriorly, continued on the mesothorax, diffused
posteriorly. Abdomen greenish, washed with brown dorsally, specially
toward its lateral margins. Setae brownish. Legs greenish, a little
darker exteriorly and at the tips of the tarsal segments. Wings green ;
veins very faintly touched with brown.

Nymph. Fully grown, measures 9 mm; setae ^.^ mm more.

Body slender, slightly depressed. Head hardly wider than prothorax
or than abdomen; the latter a little widened in the middle and a httle
more narrowed at the posterior than at the anterior end.

Color greenish to pale brownish. Antennae green at base, becoming
brownish at tip, stout at base, rapidly tapering. The broad U-shaped
mark on the top of the head in the adult is present in the nymph, the
base of the U being laterally extended in a transverse band which meets
the eyes and extends two angles anteriorly toward the mouth each side.
Prothorax with two lateral stripes, darkest anteriorly. Two pairs of small
spots on mesonotum and on metanotum between the bases of the wings.

Abdomen with three distinct blackish brown stripes, a median one
and two lateral ones, the latter ending on the bases of the setae.
Setae stout at base, rapidly tapering ; brown at base, becoming paler
distally. Legs pale greenish. Ventral aspect, whitish or pale green.

No tracheal gills.

Numerous specimens. Adirondack hatchery, Saranac Inn N. Y.
June. Observed till June 21, when the last specimen was taken.

LEUCTRA

This genus includes the slenderest of stone flies; small, brownish
species, with wings closely inwrapping the body on the dorsal side. Mr
McLachlan says that the females in this genus carry their eggs on their
backs, extruding thern from the upturned end segment of the abdomen
and pushing them toward the bases of the hind wings. ^

1 Ent. month, mag. 1865. 1 : 216.

4i6

NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM

Leuctra'^tenella Provancher (pi. 15 and fig. 4 and 5)

1878 Leuetra tenella Provancher, Petite faune eutomologique du Canada.

p. 802 (without descrijjtion)
1892 Leuetra tenella, N. Banks, Am. ent, see. Trans. 19 : 343 (cited)

This species was much less common than the preceding one. Adults
were not observed in flight. A few were taken in the following places :
at the hatchery windows ; on aquatic vegetation close above the
surface of the water; and under the ends of some boards which over-
hung the water at the railway embankment, where the water pours
out of the culvert, forming a httle riffle. In this last mentioned place
the nymphs were obtained. They were found crawling over the surfaces
of the stones and boards among the brown and empty cases of Simulium
pupae. One was bred July 31. Sweepings by day alongside the creek
and trap lanterns by night failed to find this species.

From the foregoing bibliographic notes it will be apparent that this
species is still practically undescribed.

Fig. 4 Leuetra tenella, male : a, dorsal view of bead and prothorax ; b, end of male abdomen

Imago. Length, male 7.5 mm, female 9 mm to tip of wings; anten-
nae, 5 mm. First and fourth segments of antennae of about equal
length, the third longer, the second shorter, about 34 segments in all;

AQUATIC INSECTS IN THE ADIRONDACKS 417

moniliform ; not close set cylindric and tapering as in the more typical
Perlidae. Median ocellus clearly double!

Body slender, with sides nearly parallel. The prothorax narrower
than the head, regularly quadrangular, with straight sides and ends, and
with angles all a little rounded; a faint median raised line and on either
side of it a faint raised circle covering nearly half of the prothoracic
dorsum.

Color brown, becoming yellowish on legs and sutures. Wings smoky
hyaUne with brown veins (see pi. 15, fig. 12).

On the dorsum of the abdomen in the male there is a conspicuous
prominence on the sevenths segment _.
which rises to a hight equal to one
fifth of the thickness of the abdomen
(fig. 4^).

Nymph. Fully grown, measures
12 mm in length of head and body;
abdomen alone 4.5 mm; antenna
4.5 mm; abdominal setae 4.5 mm.
Width of head .o mm,

T-ij •,! 1 1,, •! Fig. 5 Wings of Leuctra teneUa

-body With nearly parallel sides.
Head as wide as the prothorax; mesothorax a little wider ; abdomen a
little narrower.

Color nearly uniform yellowish fulvous, pale below and on sutures,
antennae and setae. Legs pale yellow. Eyes blackish; ocelli brownish,
with a faint wash of brown between the posterior pair.

No tracheal gills.

Little Clear creek at Saranac Inn N. Y. June 21, 24, 26, 28, July 31
and Aug. 2, 1900. Not common.

The two stone flies discussed above fall in separate divisions of the
family, which I regard as subfamilies, distinguishable by the following
characteristics.

1 Perlinae. Imago. The median vein hardly fused with the radius
at the base, but running close beside it, and bending away from it very
gradually, not forming a distinct arculus.

Nymph. Flat body, flattened femora ciliate on the sharp and convex
margins, and with tapering abdomen. Tracheal gills, when developed,
consisting of tufts of filaments.

This subfamily includes the two tribes, Pteronarcini and Perlini of

Banks.^

2 Nemourinae. Imago. The median vein fused with the radius at
the base, then bending sharply away from it to meet the cross vein, with
which it forms a distinct arculus.

Nymph. More cyhndric body; femora not flattened or sharp edged;
abdomen with nearly parallel sides. Tracheal gills when developed

1 Am. ent. soc. Trans. 1900. 24 : 210.

41 8 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM

consisting of single, isolated filaments.' This subfamily includes the two
tribes, Capnini and Nemourini of Banks.

Order ephemerida

May flies

Family ephemeridae

The May flies are all aquatic. A few of the larger species, which sud-
denly appear in countless numbers on the shores of our larger bodies of
water and as suddenly disappear again, are very well known. But most
May flies, being less concerted in their period of adult life, emerging a
few at a time, resting under cover and returning to the water in the
twilight to oviposit, are little observed.

The nymphs live in all sorts of fresh water, and are almost everywhere
abundant. They are differentiated into highly specialized groups, each
finely adapted to its own peculiar situation. There is great apparent
similarity among the imagos ; but the nymphs of the several principal
groups are strikingly unlike. The struggle for existence has fallen mainly
on the nymphs, and they have speciahzed for themselves, more or less
independently of adult hfe. On this account, the beginner will find the
study of the group greatly facilitated by collecting the nymphs along with
the adults.

Nathan Banks has twice published keys for the determination of the
genera of our North American May fly imagos, in the Transactions of the
American entomological society, 19:332 and 26:246-47. Nearly all our
species are described in Eaton's monograph.^ The following table will
serve for the separation of the nymphs of the genera occurring in our
fauna. It will also serve to indicate what I believe to be the three
principal natural divisions of the family, corroborated by important
characters pertaining to both adult and nymphal life. It is based in
part on the figures and tables of Pictet^ , Vaysseire'* , Eaton^ , and
Schiller ^, but mainly on my own breedings of New York May flies. So
few species have as yet been reared that this table will doubtless need
considerable revision when more of the nymphs are known.

1 Rarely developed. They are known from the European Nemoura cinerea Oliv., In which
species there are six separate filaments at the front end of the prothorax beneath. An undetermined
species of Nemoura, bred by me at Ithaca N. Y. possessed no gills whatever. I also bred at
Ithaca an undetermined species of Taeniopteryx the nymph of which had attached to the
posterior side of each coxa a single, tapering, three jointed, telescopic, gill filament.

In the Perllnae, the number of filaments in a tuft often increases with the age and size of the
nymph.

2 Eaton. Revisional monograph of recent Ephemerinae. Linn. see. Lend. Trans. (2) 3, ISSS.

3 Pictet. Histoire naturelle des neuropteres : Ephemer. Paris 184is.

4 Vaysseire. Organization des larves des Ephemerines. Sci. nat. zool. Ann. (6) 11, 1881.

5 Schiller. Die Ephemeriden-larven Sachsens. Sitz. u. abh. der. naturwiss. ges. Isis in Dresden.
1890. p. 44-49, 2 pi.

AQUATIC INSECTS IN THE ADIRONDACKS 4T9

GENERA OF EPHEMERID NYMPHS IN EASTERN UNITED STATES

a Body flat, widest across the rear of the head ; eyes dorsal ; legs depressed ;
adapted for clinging closely to flat surfaces. (Imagos have five freely
movable segments to the hind tarsi)

(Heptageninae) Heptagenia, sens. lat.

aa Head not so wide as succeeding parts of the body ; eyes lateral : (imago

with but three or four freely movable segments to the hind tarsi, the basal

segment at least coherent with the tibia)

h Body widest across the mesothorax; legs of the first and second pairs

about equidistant at the base. (Imagos have the cubitus and the first

anal vein nearly parallel toward the base) (Baetinae)

c Gills completely concealed under the enormously enlarged, conspicuously

four spined mesonotum Baetisca

cc Gills exposed ; mesonotum normal
d Outer caudal setae fringed only on the inner sides ; gills on abdominal
segments 1-7 ; agile swimmers
e Gills simple

/ Gills oval in outline, obtuse at the apes Baetis

ff Gills lanceolate in outline, acute at the apex.. Centroptilum
ee Gills double, at least the anterior pairs

/ Antennae hardly longer than the head ; the thin lateral margin of
the eighth abdominal segment produced posteriorly in a very

large flat tooth; ocelli on the face Siphlurus

ff Antennae longer than half the body ; the posterolateral angles of
the eighth abdominal segment not forming a conspicuous tooth ;
ocelli generally on the top of the head
{/ Antennae shorter than the body; gill tracheae pinnately branched

Callibaetis
gg Antennae longer than the body ; gill tracheae palmately branched

C loeon
dd Outer setae fringed on both sides

e Gills on abdominal segments 1-7, double, similar

/ Divisions of the gills narrowly linear Leptophlebia

ff Divisions of the gills leaflike, each with a terminal filament

Blasturus

ee Gills absent from one or more of abdominal segments 1-7, one pair

more or less elytroid, covering those behind it

f Gills present on the seventh abdominal segment, elytroid on the

third or fourth segment ; a pair of minute tubercles at the apical

margin of each abdominal segment beside the median line

Ephemerella
ff Gills absent from the seventh abdominal segment, elytroid on the

second segment : no dorsal abdominal tubercles. „ Caen is

ih Body somewhat compressed, widest across the base of the abdomen; legs
of the first pair much more closely approximated at the base than those of
the second pair ; all the legs appressed against the sides of the body and
adapted for burrowing; mandibles usually produced anteriorly in a long,
curved tusk. (Imagos have the cubitus and the first anal vein strongly
divergent toward the base) Ephemekinae
c Head without frontal prominence ; gill rudiment on the first abdominal
segment simple Polymitarcys

420 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM

cc Head with a frontal prominence; gill rudiment on the first abdominal
segment bifurcated, shaped like a tuning fork
d Frontal prominence rounded ; the flattened fore tibia with a broad,
rounded lobe at its apex, close behind the apical burrowing hook

Hexagenia

dd Frontal prominence bispinoiis ; no conspicuous lobe at the apex of

the fore tibia behind the apical burrowing hook... Ephemera

I describe below the nymphs of seven species of May flies, repre-
senting as many genera, bred at Saranac Inn. The only bred North
American nymph of which I find description is the singular Baetisca
o b e s a Say, which is figured by Walsh, Vaysseire and Eaton. A number
of undetermined American nymphs, mostly from the Cambridge museum
of comparative zoology, are figured and described in Eaton's monograph.
One of these I have been able to identify as Ephemerella
excrucians, described below.

Heptagenia pulchella Walsh

Plate 15, figure 15

1862 Palingenia pulchella Walsh, Acad. nat. sci. Phil. Proc. p. 375

(original description)

1863 Palingenia pulchella Hagen, Ent. soc. Phil. Proc. 2:177 (note)
1863 Palingenia pulchella Walsh, Ent. soc. Phil. Proc. 2:203 (note)
1863 Heptagenia pulchella Walsh, Ent. soc. Phil. Proc. 2:204 (merely

refers it to Hep tagenia )

1871 Heptagenia pulchella Eaton, Ent. soc. Lond. Trans, p. 141 (de-
scription in Latin from the original by Walsb)

1885 Heptagenia pulchella Eaton, Linn. soc. Lond. Trans. (2) 3:299 (a
very full description)

1892 Heptagenia pulchella Banks, Am. ent. soc. Trans. 19:347 (listed)

Imagos of this species were common in the hatchery windows through-
out our session, and during the month of June were most abundant
there. A few, mostly males, were taken regularly in the trap lanterns
when the weather was favorable. A few others were seen, flying in the
twilight. The species was little in evidence, common as it was.

The nymphs were abundant in Little Clear creek, specially in the
more rapid places, clinging closely to flat surfaces of boards, sticks,
stones, etc. To collect them one needed but to lift these obstructions
from the stream and pick the nymphs from them with forceps. Within a
few days after our arrival we had reared some of the nymphs, and others
were reared repeatedly after that. Oviposition was not observed. I
dissected a female subimago, and counted the eggs in her ovaries in part,
and, on the basis of this count, estimated the whole number at about
1340. Imagos and subimagos thrown on the surface of the fish ponds

AQUATIC INSECTS IN THE ADIRONDACKS 42I

were snapped up eagerly by the trout. The membrane of the wings of
the imago is in this species finely iridescent.

Nymph. PI. 15, fig- 16 Length of body 10 mm; setae, male 12,
female 15 additional; abdomen, male 6.25, female 7.

Body flat; lateral margins of the head and prothorax thin, sharp
edged, flaring, that of the head projecting distinctly beneath the eyes,
antennae reaching the tips of the extended fore femora; all femora
flattened, sharp edged, edges very convex and fringed with hairs.

Color yellowish or greenish brown, mottled, paler below, and dorsally
marked with paler spots as follows : an inverted, mushroom-shaped spot
before the middle ocellus, a triangular patch between each reniform,
lateral ocellus and the eye, a transverse band at the rear of the head;
an oblique band each side of the prothorax, a large lateral spot each side
of each of the intermediate abdominal segments with a black mark at
its hind margin. The femora and tibiae show very indistinct transverse
banding of color.

Abdomen with sharply toothed posterolateral angles on its hindmost
segments, the tooth largest on the eighth segment, where it surpasses the
middle of the ninth segment, smaller on the seventh and ninth, and a
mere sharp angle on the sixth segment. Setae sparsely fringed with hairs
for a third of their length.

Gills present on segments 1-7, similar on 1-6, though becoming
smaller posteriorly. Anterior gills double, the anterior leaf thickened,
trapezoidal with the angles all obtuse, a sparse fringe of slender hairs
around the distal half of its border, a strong oblique, longitudinal ridge
on its anterior face near its ventral edge ; posterior leaf thin and deli-
cate, covered by the anterior, smaller than the anterior, cordate
triangular in general outline, cut into a peripheral fringe of long
respiratory filaments which are once or twice forked or simple, the fringe
being as long as the body of the leaf. Gill of the seventh segment
simple (corresponding to the anterior leaf only), lanceolate, fringed
along its entire margin, its apex surpassing the lateral tooth of the
eighth abdominal segment.

This species is known from Rock Island III., Maryland, New York

and Quebec.

There is in the Museum of comparative zoology a specimen of another
species labeled "Adirondacks, New York, Aug. 1872" in Dr Hagen's
handwriting, which agrees entirely with other specimens in the same
museum bearing the name Heptagenia vicaria Walker.

Baetis pygmea Hagen

Plate 15, figures 13, 14

1861 Cloe' pygmea Hageu, Synopsis Neur. N, Am. p. 54 (original descrip-
tion)

1863 Cloe pygmaea Hagen, Ent. soc. Phil. Proc. 2 : 178-79 (notes, "It is
the smallest epbeiuerous species known.")

1871 Baetis pygmaeus Eaton, Ent. soc. Lond. Trans, p. 122 (original
description, repeated in Latin)

422 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM

1885 Baetis pygraaeus Eaton, Linn. soc. Lond. Trans. (2) 3: 170 (a new

description of the fragments remainiug of the type)
1892 Baetis pygiuaea Banks, Am. ent. soc. Trans, 19 : 348 (listed)

All the above are bare descriptions of the single female specimen in
the Hagen collection from the St Lawrence river.

I studied this fragmentary type specimen in Cambridge Aug. 25 and
28. There remains of it a bit of the thorax, bearing the greater part of
one fore wing. The venation of this wing furnished the only points for
critical comparison with my specimens. The descriptions and the type
specimens agree fairly well with the smallest of my specimens. I could
not see the brownish color of the veins described by Eaton either in my
specimens or in the type. Also the veins in the pterostigmatic space
vary in number in my specimens from 5 to 12, and from being simple
and straight to being forked and anastomosing.

This species, like the preceding, was common in the hatchery
windows, was taken often sparingly in the trap lanterns, and was seldom
seen at large. Images occurred more sparingly, however, through the
earlier part of the season, but they became very abundant in August.
From the window in the hatchery nearest the mouth of the inflow pipe
carrying surface water, hundreds of imagos and subimagos could be
picked at a time. These were preyed on in great numbers by spiders
which lurked in the crevices of the window casings. Not a few flew
against the window panes when these were wet with condensations in
the mornings, and, striking their wings, adhered, and were unable to
free themselves. When the moisture evaporated, these were dried down
on the glass. Among these I noticed a number of females which had
discharged the contents of their ovaries on the pane in masses of about
200 eggs each.

Nymphs of this species were found most abundantly among the cases
of Simulium pupae in swiftly flowing water; a few could be taken at any
time from the hatchery troughs.

This is the daintiest, and one of the prettiest of our May flies. It is
still so insufficiently known that I will append hereto complete descrip-
tions of the stages known to me.

Male imago. Length 3-5 mm; setae 7 mm additional. Colors
black and white varied with, reddish brown and yellowish red. Head
yellowish, with the ocelli and the inferior part of the eyes black, turbi-
nate superior part of the eyes yellowish red on the sides, reddish brown
on the superior, corneal surface.

Thorax black, paler on the lateral sutures. Legs, antennae and setae
pale yellowish white ; fore legs darker on the sutures. Wing very trans-
parent with a faint wash of yellow on the extreme base. Hind wing
bivenulatCj sometimes with a short third vein.

AQUATIC INSECTS IN THE ADIRONDACKS 423

Abdomen black and white ; segments 2-5 pure white (in old males)
with black spiracles; segment 6 yellowish; segments 7-10 black, paler
below.

Male subimago (undescribed). Differs only in having the setae
about 5 mm long (as in the female) ; and in lacking strongly contrasting
black and white colors on the abdomen, all the colors being duller, the
wings merely translucent, with a fine fringe of hairs.

Female imago. Length 3-5 mm, setae 5 mm. Color reddish
brown, darker on the thorax and paler beneath the body; discoloring
badly when pinned. Head and thorax brownish with ocelli paler and
eyes black. Thoracic dorsum brown, darker on the ridges, with a pair
of oblique pale stripes extending from the hind angles of the prothorax
to the wings, and a pair of narrow, submedian, longitudinal stripes on the
mesothorax.

Abdomen reddish brown, apical segments paler.

Female subimago. Differs in obscurer coloration ; on the top of
the mesothorax there is a single wide middorsal longitudinal stripe.

Known only from the St Lawrence river and Saranac Inn. Specimens
are deposited at Cambridge in the Museum of comparative zoology and in
the New York state museum.

Nymph. Measures 4-5 mm; setae 2.3-2.5 mm additional; anten-
nae 2.2 mm.

Body slender, .graceful, smooth, clean ; brownish above, yellowish
beneath and on the sutures; a narrow middorsal yellowish line, dilated
on the middle of the mesothorax, and expanded again into a quadrate
spot at the front of the prothorax; paired yellowish markings beside this
line, and numerous small yellowish spots nearer the sides; legs and
antennae yellowish. Setae with a brownish shade near the bare tip; all
fringes short; the two outer setae fringed only on the inner side.

Gills present on abdominal segments 1-7. small, separate, widely
extended and fully exposed; each leaf obovate, a little oblique, with a
chitinous thickened inferior border, this border, short on the foremost gill
leaf, reaches the apex on the sixth one, and comprises the greater part of
the narrow, reduced seventh one.

The face is vertical, with the ocelli in front, somewhat as in Siphlurus.

The nymph is an exceedingly agile, little fellow, darting hither and
thither with astonishing speed when one tries to pick it up.

A few specimens of a larger, undetermined species of B a e t i s were
taken at the hatchery windows.

Siphlurus alternatus Say

Plate 11, figure 7
1824 Baetis alternatus Say, Godman's Avestern quart, reporter, 2 : 304
1859 Baetis alternatus Leconte (ed.), Complete writings T. Say, 1 : 204
1S61 Baetis alternatus Hageu, Synopsis Neur, N. Am. p. 49

1862 Baetis alternatus Walsh, Acad, nat. sci. Phil. Proc. p. 369

1863 Baetis alternatus Hagen, Ent. soc. Phil. Proc. 2 : 169

424 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM

1863 Baetis alternatus Walsb, Ent. soc. Phil. Proc. 2 : 189
1853Baetis ann ula t a Walker, List Neur. ins. Brit, mus, 3:567
1861 Baetis annulata Hagen, Synopsis Neur. N. Am. p. 48

1876 Baetis femorata Provancher, Nat. Canadienne. 8 : 267

1877 Baetis femorata Provancher, Faun. ent. du Canada. 2 ; 83

1871 Siphlurus aunulatus Eaton, Ent. soc. Lend. Trans, p. 127 (de-
scription in Latin : figures of forceps of male, and ventral abdominal
markings in pi. 6, fig. 4 and 4a)
1871 Siphlurus alternatus Eaton, Ent. soc. Lond. Trans, p. 129
1877 Siphlurus alternatus Provancher, Faun. ent. du Canada. 2 : 83
1885 Siphlurus alternatus Eaton, Linn. soc. Lond. Trans. (2) 3:219
1892 S iphlur us al t ern a tus Banks, Am. ent. soc. Trans. 19 : 346 (listed)

This handsome brown species was not observed at large, was not
taken in our trap lanterns, and was only obtained by rearing nymphs.
These were not uncommon in shallow water about the outlet of Little
Clear pond among the debris of fallen brushwood. Doubtless the imagos
might have been found at large, had careful search been made of the
shores about these same places.

The nymph is a graceful creature, and exceedingly agile. The
beautiful fringes on the abdominal setae constitute a powerful tail fin,
one stroke of which sends the nymph through the water with a speed
the eye can hardly follow. It is exceedingly difficult to pick up one
of the nymphs, when confined in a little dish of water, with a forceps, so
quickly will they dart away. In a water net of some size they are easily
taken, however, apparently not finding themselves. ensnared till hfted
from the water. A good many specimens were taken in shallow water
behind a large hummock overgrown with cattails ( T y p h a ) to the
north of the outlet of Little Clear pond. These transformed July 21,
22 and 23, and remained in the subimago stage for more than 48 hours
in every case, undergoing the final molt during the second day after
emergence from the larval skin.

This species is widely distributed throughout the eastern United States.

Nymph. PI. n, fig. 5, 6 Length of body 15 mm; setae 6.5 mm
additional; abdomen 9.5 mm; antennae i mm.

Body arched, tapering, very graceful and exceedingly well adapted for
swimming. Abdomen somewhat depressed and upcurved at the tip.
Face vertically elongated, with an aspect singularly like that of the face
of the common grasshopper.

Head and prothorax short, each about twice as wide as long; meso-
thorax large and prominent; abdomen a little wider in the middle,
tapering sUghtly to the end, serrated on each side by the prolongation
of the posterolateral angles of segments 1-9 in sharp, single, back-
wardly directed teeth, which become largest on the sides of the 8th
segment, and sharpest and thinnest on the sides of the ninth; loth
segment cylindric, two thirds as wide as the ninth.

AQUATIC INSECTS IN THE ADIRONDACKS 425

Color yellowish or greenish brown, mottled with blackish brown on the
dorsal side in a pattern of short streaks. Legs yellowish : femora with
a band of brown just beyond the middle; other brownish marks beside
or on all the leg sutures ; tibia shorter than the tarsus without its claw.

Setae yellow, with a whitish fringe of hairs of silky aspect; a trans-
verse band of brown across them just beyond the middle, and a brownish
shade near the tip.

Gills present and double on segments 1-7 ; the posterior leaf with a
chitinous ridge on its ventral (external) margin, not reaching the apex,
relatively shortest on the first gill; the posterior leaf trilobed on segment
I, bilobed on segments 2-6, and simple on segment 7; the smaller,
thinner and more delicate anterior, leaf bilobed on segments i and 2,
simple on segments 3-7, becoming very small on the seventh segment.

In contrast with the gills of H e p t a g e n i a , in which the anterior
leaf of the gill is thickened and protects the delicate posterior one, we
have in Siphlurus the anterior leaf thin and delicate, the posterior one
thickened. The latter, having muscles attached to it internally, thus
becomes a swimming organ, capable of a smart backward stroke. Each
acts in concert with its fellows and with the tail fin, producing a racing
speed for a succession of short dashes through the water. The respira-
tory gill leaf, being placed at the front, is out of the way of the stroke.

Two specimens ofCallibaetis ferruginea were taken at the
hatchery windows during the month of August.

Ephemerella excurcians Walsh

1862 Ephemerella excruciaus Walsh, Acad, nat. sci. Phil. Proc. p. 377

(original description)

1863 Ephemerella excrucians Hagen, Ent. soc. Phil. Proc. 2 : 178 (note)
1885 Ephemerella excrucians Eaton, Linn. soc. Lond. Trans. 3:130 (a

full description)
1892 Eph erne r ella excrucians Banks, Am. ent. soc. Trans. 19:347

(listed)
1871 Ephemerella invaria, in part, Eaton, Ent. soc. Lond. Trans, p. 100

Very few imagos of this interesting species were obtained, notwith-
standing the nymphs were common in Little Clear creek and even in
the hatchery troughs during the month of July. A single pair was bred
July 10, transforming to imagos the following day. Specimens were
taken at the trap lantern and from the hatchery windows. The species
is known from New York, Illinois and Michigan.

The nymph is no. 5 of Eaton's monograph. ^ This being the type
species of the genus Ephemerella, a genus the nymphs of which
show considerable differences, it is the more desirable that the immature
stages should be made known.

iLlnn. soc. Lond. Trans. 1885. 3 : 133-3i, pi. 40, fig. 18-20, and pi. 64, fig. 3-7. Unknown genus
"allied to Ephemerella."

426 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM

Nymph. Length 8 mm ; setae 4 mm additional; abdomen 4.5 mm ;
antennae 1.5 mm.

Head twice as wide as long; thorax convex; legs short; tibia about
equal in length to the tarsus without its claw; abdomen depressed,
widened on the fourth to ninth segments, with thin lateral margins, pro-
duced at the hind angles into thin, flat teeth, which appear in outhne
like the teeth of a circular saw ; third segment with a minute tooth, iirst
and second segments with none at all, lotb segment with a low, longi-
tudinal, lateral carina; setae fringed in the middle, nearly naked at both
ends.

Color dirty yellowish, darker above, paler beneath.

Gills double, well developed on the fourth to the sixth segments, rudi-
mentary on the first and seventh, and absent from the second and third ;
the opercular anterior leaf on the fourth segment covers all the gills pos-
terior to it; on the fifth and sixth segments the anterior leaf is similar in
form but smaller and much thinner; the delicate posterior leaf on the
fourth, fifth and sixth segments is two parted ; on the first segment is a
simple cylindric rudiment, jointed on a low pedicel ; on the seventh
segment the rudimentary gill is leaflike, single, six lobed.

July 19 quite a number of nymphs were obtained, both from Little
Clear creek beside the hatchery and from the hatchery troughs.

Caenis diminuta Walker

1853 Caenis diminuta Walker, List neur. ins. Brit. nius. 3 : 584

1861 Caenis diminuta Hagen, Synopsis Neur. N. Am. p. 55

1861 Caenis arnica Hagen, Synopsis Neur. N. Am. p. 55

1871 Caenis diminuta Eaton, Ent. soc. Loud. Trans, p. 95 (description

in Latin)
1885 Caenis diminuta Eaton, Linn. soc. Lond. Trans. (2) 3 : 147 (a full

description)
1892 Caenis diminuta Banks, Am. ent. soc. Trans. 19 : 348 (listed)

This dumpy, little, nocturnal species was taken abundantly in a trap
lantern hung on the side of the boathouse at the outlet of Little Clear
pond. 15 to 50 specimens were taken at a single lantern each evening
from the 14th to the i8th of July. This appeared to be the season
of greatest abundance for the species. It is quite variable in size
and in coloration : the best colored of my specimens agree well with
Eaton's detailed description ; but the size is often much larger, reaching
5-6 mm in length. This may be due to the taking of published measure-
ments from dried specimens, which are always shriveled considerably.
The species is generally distributed over the eastern United States.

The nymphs are common among the trash on the bottom in aU quiet
waters. Their inconspicuous coloration and trashy covering protect

AQUATIC INSECTS IN THE ADIRONDACKS 427

them well. They cling closely to twigs, bark, etc., and will allow them-
selves to be lifted from the water without stirring.

Nymph. Length 5.5 mm; setae 3.4 mm additional; abdomen
2.5 mm; antenna 2.3 mm.

Body stout, with thick thorax, and short and rapidly tapering ab-
domen.

Color pale brownish, darker above, obscured by adherent silt, by
diatoms, vorticellae, hydras, and other adherent organisms.

Abdomen with large and sharp, flat teeth, made by the projecting
posterolateral angles of the third to the ninth segments, largest on
segment 7, smallest on segment 3.

Gills present on segments 1-6; on segment i minute rudiments; on
segment 2 thick, elytroid, covering the functional gills, squarish, the distal
and external angles rounded, the basal-internal angle square; there is on
the anterior face a piliferous carina, regularly arcuate, near the external
margin, extending from the outer basal to the inner distal angle. The
gills on segments 3-6 diminish in size posteriorly ; they have the shape
of the hind wing of a pierid butterfly, and bear a long dense peripheral
fringe of respiratory filaments. These filaments are unilaterally several
times branched on the anterior side, and are so closely crowded that they
overlap in regular series around the margin of the gill leaf. They are
longest at the distal end, where they exceed the length of the gill leaf
itself.

Setae slender, thinly fringed along both margins, the middle one appar-
ently a little shorter in the males, a Kttle longer in the females than the
other two.

Hexagenia variabilis Eaton

Plate 16 *

1843-45 Palingenia limbata Pictet, Hist. nat. Neur. v. 2 (Epheni.) p. 146,
p]. 12 (the original description: this was Serville's name for another
species)

1853 Palingenia lim b at a Walker, List neur. ins. Brit. mus. 3:548

1861 Palingenia bilineata Hagen, Synopsis Neur. N. Am. p. 41 (a full

description)

1862 Palingenia limbata Walsh, Acad. nat. sci. Phil. Proc. p. 373

1863 Palingenia limbata Hagen, Ent. soc. Phil . Proc. 2 : 176

1863 Palingenia limbata Walsh, Ent. soc. Phil. Proc. 2 : 197-99 (makes
the species the type of his new genus Hexagenia)

1868 Hexagenia limbata Eaton, Ent. mo. mag. 5 : 85

1871 Hexagenia limbata Eaton, Ent. soc. Lond. Trans, i). 65, pi. 1,
fig. 7, and pi. 4, fig. 3 and 3a (description in Latin)

1885 Hexageni a varia b il i s Eaton, Linn. soc. Lond. Trans. (2) 3 : 55,
pi. 7, fig. lie

1890 Hexa ge nia variabilis Hagen, Stett. ent. zeit. 51:11-13 (dis-
tinguishes this species from bilineata Say by the form of the forceps
of the male)

1892 Hexagenia limbata Banks, Am. ent. soc. Trans. 19 : 345 (listed)

428 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM

1888 Hesagenia sp.? (probably vari a bili s and bilineata) Forbes,
State lab. nat. bist. Bui. 3. 2:484-85 (estimate of tbe value of Hexa-
g e n i a larvae as food for fisbes, based on the examination of the stomach
contents of 1221 fishes, representiug 87 species, 63 genera, and 25 fami-
lies: Hexageuia larvae constitute nearly one tenth of all the food
taken). Summary in Insect life. 1888. 1 : 158-61

This species was much less numerous than the other six whose life his-
tories are discussed here. It was found only along Little Clear creek.
An occasional subimago was seen in early morning leaving the water and
flying weakly to some neighboring tree trunk to rest. A single specimen
was taken on the outside of a trap lantern in the morning twilight. A
few were picked from the sides of the hatchery building, where they were
conspicuous on account of their size.

The nymphs were easily obtained from the bottom of the creek with
a sieve net. They were obtainable throughout the season, this species not
having a limited period of emergence, as H. bilineata seems to have.
Nymphs taken incidentally while collecting, were reared at various times
from June 26 to Aug. i. They were associated in the creek bed with
Ephemera varia, described below, but were very much less num-
erous. In our breeding cages the subimago emerged one night and
transformed to the imago the night following.

Nymph. PI. i6, fig. 2, 3. Length of body 27 mm; setae 12 mm more;
abdomen of male 18, of female 21 mm; antenna 4.5 mm.

Color yellow, with some paler longitudinal markings on the thorax ; a
series of mushroom-shaped marks on abdominal segments 6-9.

Head compressed ; a shelf like prominence above the base of each an-
tenna, straight on its front border, round on its exterior side; the
frontal prominence semi-elliptic ; mandibular tusks long, stout, upcurved,
with a line of hairs on their supero-external margin.

Antennae at base, and the sharp edges of the legs, and the lateral
margins of the prothorax, densely clothed with long yellowish hairs.
The antennae are bare at the tips and do not surpass the extended fore
tarsi.

Legs (pi. 16, fig. 3) short, stout, twisted, flattened, closely applied to
the sides of the body, and well adapted for burrowing ; femora and tibiae
scapulate ; the tibia produced at its apex into a terminal burrowing hook
and scraper, the edges bearing a stiff line of hairs ; the hind foot chelate,
the distal angle of the tibia forming with the opposed tarsus a pincer.

Gills on segments 1-7 ; gill of the first segment small and shaped like
a tuning fork ; of the six following segments large, of a rich purplish
color, two leaved, the leaves similar, lanceolate, and densely fringed with
minute linear respiratory filaments, which are as long as the greatest
width of the gill leaf. On the flat side of each gill leaf is a yellow, longi-
tudinal median line closely bordered on either side by a line of black. All
the gills are directed over the back, where they are gently waved back
and forth in intermittent, graceful motion.

One .of the largest of our May flies ; generally distributed over the

United States east of the Rocky mountains.

AQUATIC INSECTS IN THE ADIRONDACKS 429

Ephemera varia Eaton

Plate 11, figures 3, 4

1861 Ephemera decora Hageu, Synopsis Neur. N. Am. p. 38 (d e c 0 r a was

Walker's name for another species)
1875 Ephemera decora Hagen, Rep't U. S. geol. sur. terr. for 1873 ; p. 578
1885 Ephemera varia Eaton, Linn. soc. Lond. Trans. (2) 3:69-70, pi. 63,

fig. 12h
1892 Ephemera decora Banks, Am. ent. soc. Trans. 19:345 (listed)

This dainty New England species was common about Little Clear
creek, associated with the preceding species, with which it agrees quite
closely in habits. Imagos, while not sought outside our cages, were
often seen sitting lightly on the bushes near the b anks of the creek. The
nymphs were abundant in the bed of the creek till the first of August.

Nymph, PI. n. fig. i, 2 Length of body 18 mm; setae 8 mm addi-
tional; abdomen 11 mm; antennae 4.5 mm.

Color yellowish ; abdomen with a pair of submedian, longitudinal,
brown streaks, laid on yellow ones, which they divide.

Antennae sparsely hairy, much surpassing the tips of the tarsi. Man-
dibular tusks, approximate, slender, bare, gently up curved and divergent
at the tips; femora and tibiae moderately dilated and bearing on their
flattened edges copious fringes of hairs.

Gills as in Hexagenia, but slenderer, and less deeply tinged with
purple color.

Order ODONATA

Dragon flies

The dragon flies are all aquatic. They frequent fresh water in all sorts
of situations, and are probably the most important predatory aquatic
insects. They are strictly carnivorous in all
stages. The adults feed on a great variety
of insects, and the larger dragon flies habitu-
ally eat the smaller ones. The nymphs are
very voracious, and in many species can-
nibalistic, the larger nymphs eating the
smaller ones; but they eat chiefly other
aquatic insects, worms, crustaceans, fish fry,
and tadpoles.

The nymphs may be conveniently grouped Fig. e Pace of nymph of sympet-

rumlllotum Hagen, showing the
according to habits as follows. enormous masls shaped labium

o Burrowiug nymphs, with depressed, wedged-shaped heads, abbreviated and
flattened antennae, approximated fore legs, and external burrowiug hooks
at the ends of the fore and middle tibiae. These burrow along on the bot-
tom of the pond or stream, just beneath the layer of silt, with the tip of the
abdomen turned upward and reaching the water for respiration (Gomphinae)

430

NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM

T) Squatting nymphs, with the face vertical and the eyes capping the prominent
anterolateral angles. These settle themselves on the trashy pond bottom,
some of them covering themselves over completely with sand or silt, and
thus await in ambuscade the approach of their prey (Cordulegasterinae,
Macromiinae, and some Libellnlinae)

c Climbing and clinging nymphs, with cleaner, slenderer, more active bodies,
generally showing a definite color pattern, with the head neither euueate
nor vertical in front (Agrionidae Aeschninae, and some Libellnlinae)

All nymphs, when ready for adult life, crawl up some support above
the edge of the water, fix their claws firmly and transform ; the old

nymph skin is left attached when the
imago flies away. Since this skin pre-
serves well the form of the nymph,
and can be pinned for the cabinet, an
easy way to gather life history mate-
rial for dragon flies is to pick them up
when newly transformed and before
the imagos are ready to fly, place in a
coarse paper bag each imago with its
cast nymph skin, writing locahty, date,
etc., on the bag and closing its top,
leave a day or more till the imago
assumes its mature coloration, and
then preserve as specimens, being
always careful so to label imago and nymph skin that future mixing of
specimens will be impossible.

The two suborders, of which but one is treated in this paper, may be
readily recognized by the following characters.

a Fore and hind wings similar, held vertically in repose: nymphs with three
large leaflike respiratory plates at the apex of the slender abdomen, and
with the body tapering posteriorly from the head. Suborder ZYGOPIERA :
damsel flies
aa Fore and hind wings dissimilar, the latter broader at the base: nymjths
without external respiratory plates, but with a respiratory chamber in-
cluded within the wide abdomen ; body less slender, and not widest across
the head. Suborder anisoptera : dragon flies proper

Suborder ANISOPTERA

The dragon fly fauna of New York state is somewhat more extensive
than that of the few other states in which careful collecting has been
done. Dr P, P. Calvert has summarized the local lists of the dragon flies
of the state in the Journal of the New York entomological society,^ giving

11895, 3 : 39-48 and 1897, 5 : 91-96.

Fig. 7 The transformation of Plathemls
1 y d i a Dru. 1, 2, 3, three stages in the emerg-
ence of the imago from the old nymph skin

AQUATIC INSECTS IN THE ADIRONDACKS 43I

all the recorded localities of occurrence within the state. The list in-
cludes 102 nominal species. In the suborder Anisoptera belong 67 of
these, to which I am able to add 15 species and varieties not hitherto
recorded. These are : Ophiogomphus aspersus Morse,
O. johannus Ndm. (O. c a r o 1 u s Ndm. has been previously listed as
O. mainensis Pack.) Gomphus abbreviatus Hag., Gom-
phus scudderi Sel., G. quadricolor Walsh, G. furcifer
Hag., G. sordidus Hag., G. descriptus borealis n. var.,
Corduleg aster maculatus Sel,, Tetragoneuria spinosa
Hag., Cor dull a shurtleffi Scudd., Ladona julia Uhl.
and Leucorhinia glacialis Hag. I am able also to describe
the nymphs of all the genera herein characterized, except two :
G o mp h a e s c h n a, and M i c r a t h y ri a, and in many of them,
to describe the nymphs of a number of species.

Immature stages in this order are still very little known. Of the 80
species herein discussed, I find that the nymphs of 20 have been more or
less completely described and referred to their proper species; 18 of
these have been described by Hagen and Cabot, and most of them, well
figured; the nymph of one of our species which occurs also in Europe,
Libellula qua drimacu lata Linn., has long been known in
the old world ; and recently E. B. Williamson has been able to get for
description the nymph ofTachopteryx thoreyi Selys, our sole
representative of the Petalurinae and thus to fill one of the most im-
portant gaps in our knowledge of the immature stages. Most of these
are briefly redescribed below, and 42 new descriptions are added.
Thus the early stages are more or less known for 62 of our 80 species.

With three exceptions I have given herein no descriptions of imagos;
The descriptive catalogues of Calvert, Kellicott, and Williamson, and
other available special papers contain descriptions which it is hardly
profitable here to duplicate. In absence of these I trust the keys and
tables herein given may be sufficient for the determination of the species..

In the bibliographies given below, completeness has not been aimed
at : the student who desires complete bibliography should consult the
three following bibliographic catalogues.

Hagen, H. A. Synopsis of the Odonata of America. Bost. soc. nat. hist.
Proc. 1875. 18:20-96.

Banks, Nathan. Synopsis, catalogue and bibliography of the ueuropteroid
insects of temperate North America. Am. ent. soc. Trans. 1892. 19 : 327-73

Kirby, W. F. Synonymic catalogue of Neuroptera Odonata, or dragon flies.
Lond. 1890.

432 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM

Of these three papers the first named is most complete for the period
it covers, and it is the only one containing any reference to the literature
of the immature stages.

The four descriptive papers most continuously referred to in the bibli-
ographies of images are :

Hagen, H. A. Synopsis of tbe Neuroptera of North. America. Smithsonian
inst. Misc. coll. 1861.

Calvert, P. P. Catalogue of the Odonata of Philadelphia aud vicinity. Am
ent. soc. Trans. 1893. 20 : 152-272, 2pl.

Kellicott. Odonata of Ohio (a posthumous paper, completed and edited by
James S. Hine). O. state acad. sci. Special papers, no. 2. 1889.

Williamson, E. B. Dragon flies of Indiana. Dep'tgeol. and natural resources
of Indiana. 24tli an. rep't 1900. p. 233-333, 7 pi.

The first of these papers is out of print ; the others m.ay be obtained
through the organizations under whose auspices they were published.

The bibliographies given below, being solely designed to aid the user
of this paper, are intended to cover the following points,

1 The original description of the species

2 The principal descriptions which have introduced synonyms

3 All available descriptions and figures in American periodicals

4 The records of the occurrence of the species in this state ; at least
Calvert's summary of such records. (In most cases I have not thought
it desirable to go back of this: Calvert's paper is cited on p. 430).

5 All available descriptions and figures of the nymphs of our species.
It will be convenient to treat here as families the two groups that are

so recognized in the descriptive works to which our bibliographic refer-
ences refer. These may be separated by the following keys. The tech-
nical terms used in the keys are explained in figures 8 to 10.

KEY TO FAMILIES

a Triangle (see fig. 9) about equally distant from arculus in fore aud hind
wing ; stigma with a brace vein at it sinner end (except in Cordulegas-

ter) Aeschnidae p. 434

aa Triangle in the hind wing mach nearer the arculus than in the fore wing ;
stigma without brace vein Libellulidae p. 478

JVymp/is
a Labium (see fig. 8) flat or nearly so, without raptorial setae (except in
Cordulegaster, which has the labium spoon shaped, and the median
lobe cleft at the summit of a prominent median angle into two divergent

teeth) - Aeschnidae

aa Labium mask shaped or spoon shaped, when closed covering the face up to
the bases of the antennae, armed with raptorial setae... .Li bellulid ae

AQUATIC INSECTS IN THE ADIRONDACKS

433

Fig. 8 Group recognition characters for dragon fly nymphs. B and D, labium and end of abdo-
men of Anax Junius Dru. (Aeschninae) Aand C, labium andend of abdomen of Peri themis
domitia Dru. (LibelluUnae)

Fig. 9 The wings of Gomphus descriptus Banks. Ccosta; Sc subcosta ; iJ radius ; iJs radial sector; JIf media;
Cm cubitus ; 4 anal vein; n nodus; 6r bridge; ooblique vein ; sn subnodus ; st stigma: ararculus; * triangle;
t' subtrlangle ; s supratriangle : m membranule. Branches of media, cubitus and anal vein membered at the wing mar-
gin. The dotted line In the base of the subcostal space indicates the position of the basal subcostal cross vein when
dereloped.

434

NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM

Family aeschnidae
This family contains four subfamilies that are so different in character
and habits they may be best discussed separately. The following keys
will serve for their separation.

KEY TO SUBFAMILIES

Images
a Stigma braced at its inner end against an inclined cross vein in the space
below it (see fig. 9)
h Cubital vein in the fore wing extending directly to the hind angle of the tri-
angle, not appearing forked ; subtriangle consisting of one cell, or
indistinctly developed

c Eyes widely separated on the top of the head Gomphinae

CO Eyes approximated on the top of the head Aeschninae p. 462

Vh Cubital vein in the fore wing apparently forked at the base of the second

cubito- anal cross vein; subtriangle of three cells. Petalurinae p. 472

aa Stigma without a brace vein Cordulegasterinae p. 473

Nymphs
a Labium flat (or with the edges of the lateral lobes slightly upturned in
T a c h o p t e r y x), and without raptorial setae
J Labium with its median lobe entire; antennae four jointed, the fourth joint
rudimentary; fore tarsi two jointed : burrowing nymphs, Gomphinae

6& Labium with a short median cleft (fig. 8B) ; antennae seven jointed,
setaceous; tarsi three jointed ; climbing nymphs, with eyes at sides of head

Aeschninae

Wh Labium with a shallow median cleft (fig. 15); antennae seven jointed,

short; squatting nymphs, with face vertical, and eyes on anterolateral

angles; depressed, hairy; tarsi three jointed Petalurinae

aa Labium spoon sbaped, with raptorial setae, differs from libellulid nymphs
in having the prominent median lobe of the labium cleft into two vari-
ously formed teeth at apex (fig. 16) Cordulegasterinae

Subfamily ooimphinae:
Mostly large species, with clear wings, bodies striped with black and
green or yellow, of strong but not well sustained flight, inhabiting mostly

Fig. 10 Diagram illustrating the parts of the head and thorax chiefly used in the tables (Lan
thus alblstylus Selys.). Ahead seen from front; eeye; /frons; i) postclypeus ; aantecUy
peus; 1-labrum: s edge of labium ; t side of mandible ; wgena: v vertex, bearing the three ocelli
and the antennae ; o occiput. B Thorax from the side ; m prothorax ; n abdomen ; a and h consoli-
dated nieso- and metathorax ; & collar; c carina; d crest; a;, j/, zflrst (humeral), second and third
latural sutures and stripes ; 3 and 3, bases of middle and hind legs respectively

AQUATIC INSECTS IN THE ADIRONDACKS 435

flowing or clear water; abundantly represented throughout New York
state. The nymphs are burrowers in the beds of streams and ponds.
The females oviposit unattended by the males, and liberate their eggs in
the water during flight by descending repeatedly and striking the surface
of the Avater with the tip of the abdomen. The eggs have a scanty
envelop of gelatin ; they tend apart in falling, to He scattered on the
bottom, where they are at once hidden by the silt which adheres to the
gelatin. The following key will serve for the separation of the genera
likely to be found within our limits.

KEY TO GENERA

Images

a Basal subcostal cross vein (see fig. 9) present ; a linear or spatulate,
median, sternal process on the first abdominal segment ; legs very short,
the hind femora hardly reaching the apex of the first abdominal seg-
ment Progompbus

aa No basal subcostal cross vein; no median sternal process on the first
abdominal segment; legs longer, the hind femora reaching or surpassing
the middle of the second abdominal segment
fe Hind wings with a distinct anal loop (see fig. 18 a) consisting of several
cells
c Anal loop normally consiatingof three cells ; first and fifth antenodal cross
veins matched in position and hypertrophied ; stigma broad with both
sides convex; triangles not traversed by cross veins. O phiogomphus
cc Anal loop consisting normally of four cells ; first and seventh antenodel
cross veins matched in position and hypertrophied ; stigma long and
narrow with parallel sides; each triangle divided by a cross vein

Hageniu s j). 440

hh Hind wings with no distinct anal loop, or with one consisting of a single cell

c Triangle of the fore wing one third shorter than that of the hind wing ;

generally a single cell between the bases of veins A2 and A3 . . L a n t h u 3

cc Triangle of the fore wing less tlian one fourth shorter than that of the

hind wing ; generally, two or more cells between A2 and A3 at their origin

d Hind femora naked, or with numerous short sjjines

Gomphus, sens.lat. p. 443
dd Hind femora with five to seven long, strong spines

Dromogomphusp. 461
J\ymJ>/is

a Middle legs more approximate at the base than are the fore legs; fourth seg-
ment of the antenna slender, erect, about as long as the third segment is
wide ; 10th abdominal segment about as long as the ninth

Progomphus

aa Middle legs not more (usually less) approximate than the fore legs at base ;

the fourth segment of the antenna a mere rudiment, orbicular or discoid,

much shorter than the third segment is wide ; 10th abdominal segment

much shorter than the ninth

43^ NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM

b Wing cases strongly divergent on the two sides; lateral lobe of labium blunt

at apex Ophiogompbus

Ih Wing cases laid closely parallel along the back; lateral lobe of labium
ending in a sharp, incurved hook
c Abdomen very thin and flat, circular in outline as seen from above; third

segment of antenna flat and subcireular ...H a gen iu s

cc Abdomen less depressed, ovate to lanceolate in outline, at least twice as
long as wide
d Third joint of antenna very flat, thin, and in outline circular or

broadly oval Lanthus

dd Third joint of antenna elongate, linear, little flattened

e Dorsum of the ninth abdominal segment rounded, or with a low, obtuse,

median longitudinal ridge , Gomphus, sens. lat.

ee Ninth abdominal segment with a sharp middorsal ridge, ending in a
straight apical spine Dromogomphus

The genus Progomphus has not yet been found in New York
state, but it will probably be eventually. It ranges from Massachusetts
southward and westward across the continent, a single P. obscurus
Selys, having been taken in the whole northeastern United States.

OPHIOGOMPHUS

Four species of this genus are known from New York state. A fifth,
O. mainensis Packard is in our lists, but erroneously, I believe.
The specimens on which the record is based are in the I^intner collec-
tion and in the museum of comparative zoology. I have examined
them all, and they certainly belong to O. carolus Ndm., which I
believe to be a distinct species. The error seems to have come in the
associating of males of O. car o 1 us from New York with the female
type of O. m a i n e n s i s. Our four species may be separated as
follows.

KEY TO THE NEW YORK SPECIES

Imagas

a Sides of the middle and hind femora yellow ; the inferior abdominal
appendage of the male narrower than the superiors, not visible from
above
6 No black line on the third lateral suture (fig. 10) of the thorax ; abdominal
segments mostly yellowish or brownish, marked with black apically

rupinsulensis
66 Third lateral suture of the thorax blaeli, middle abdominal segments black on

the dorsal side aspersus

aa Sides of the middle and hind tarsi black ; the inferior, abdominal appendage

of the male wider than the superiors, its lateral angles visible from above

c Forks of the inferior abdominal appendage of the male apparently again

forked, the apex of each bearing two strong, upcurved teeth separated by

a deep rounded notch „ johannus

AQUATIC INSECTS IN THE ADIRONDACKS 437

cc Forks of the inferior abdominal appendage of the male ending bluntly, the
obtuse angles bearing low teeth carolus.

For the differential characters of other North American species, see
my paper " Ophiogomphus " in the Canadian entomologist, 1899,
31 : 233-38, pi. 5.

Ophiogomphus rupinsulensis Walsh

1862 Erpetogomphus rupinsulensis Walsh, Acad. nat. sci. Phil. Proc.
p. 388 (original description)

1890 Diastatomma rupinsulense Kirby, Cat. Neur. Odon. p. 61 (bibli-
ography)

1892 Op hiogo mi)hu 8 rupinsulensis Banks, Am. ent. soc. Trans.

19:351 (listed)

1893 Ophiogomphus rupinsulensis Calvert, Am. ent. soe. Trans.

20 : 242 (description)

1894 Ophiogomphus rupinsulensis Banks, Can. ent. 26 : 77 (listed

from Itbaca)

1895 Ophiogomphus rupinsulensis Calvert, N. Y. ent. soc. Jour.

3 : 44 (listed from Ithaca)

1897 Ophiogomphus rupinsulensis Calvert, N. Y. ent. soc. Jour.
5 : 93 (listed from Schoharie)

1897 Herpetogomphus pictus Needham, Can. ent. 29 : 181-82 (descrip-
tion)

1899 Ophiogomphus rupinsulensis Needham, Can. ent. 31:236, pi.
5, fig. 3, 12, 21, 30 and 31

1899 Ophiogom phus rupinsulensis Kellicott, Odon. Ohio, p. 53-54

(full description)

1900 Ophiogomphus rupinsulensis, Williamson, Dragon flies Ind.

p. 298 (full description)

This handsome, widely ranging species has been taken at several places
in the state. It was not met with at Saranac Inn. The nymph is
unknown.

Ophiogomphus aspersus Morse

1895 Ophiogomphus aspersus Morse, Psyche, 7:209 (original de-
scription)

1899 Ophiogomphus aspersus Needham, Can. ent. 31: 236, pi. 5, fig.
2, 11, 20 and 29

This species, hitherto known from three somewhat immature specimens
in the Museum of comparative zoology, was common at Saranac Inn.
Many imagos of both sexes were observed flying over Little Clear creek
in the places where the shallow current rippled over sand. The males
would fly back and forth a few times and then rest for a time on some
prominent twig near shore, generally on the higher bank. They were not
difficult to approach or to capture when at rest. Except when oviposit-

438 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM

ing, the females seemed to remain less of the time in the vicinity of the
water. The female makes a succession of sweeps back and forth near
the head of some little riffle, striking the water, after short flights, again
and again near the same place, leaving her eggs in it.

Imagos, living and mature, are of a rich, deep green color with the
usual oblique stripes of blackish brown. Unfortunately, the color fades
readily, even where daylight is excluded. The few imagos which I took
the time to gather were nearly all netted while resting on a water pipe
which crosses a riffle just below the railroad bridge.

The nymphs were very common in the sandy bed of the creek. A
great many were raked up and sifted out with a sieve net while collecting
for other material. , The cast skins were abundant along the banks
through the months of June and July, sticking to whatever support
offered, within a foot of the edge of the water.

Nymph, (pi. 18, fig. 5) Total length 27.5 mm; abdomen 17.5 mm;
hind femur 5 mm; width of head 5 mm, of abdomen 7.5 ram.

Legs, genae, sides of the antennae, and lateral margins of the abdomen,
hairy; the general dorsum nearly bare; well developed burrowing hooks
at the apices of the fore and middle tibiae.

Abdomen oval in outline as seen from above, abruptly narrowed on
the ninth segment; the loth segment one third shorter than the ninth;
the lateral abdominal appendages two thirds as long as the others; very
short, subequal lateral spines on the seventh to the ninth segments ;
dorsal hooks represented on the second to ninth segments by blunt rudi-
ments, which are erect on the front and posteriorly directed on the hind
segments, each surmounting a low transverse ridge, which extends across
the dorsum and disappears down on the sides on each segment. Anterior
two thirds of each segment, including this ridge, prickly granulate;
posterior third polished, shining, smooth.

Mentum of labium one third longer than wide, dilated beyond its
basal third and upturned so as to be flaring upward at its edges ; median
lobe distinctly rounded and fringed with flat scales, and bordered be-
sides with a row of low, broad, rectangular teeth; lateral lobe incurved,
rounded on the apex and not bearing a terminal hook or sharp angle, its
internal margin bordered with a row of 12 to 15 low teeth.

Color greenish or brownish, with paler and darker mottlings; apical
pale rings on all femora; a pair of transversely elongate whitish spots on
the dorsum of the seventh abdominal segment, repeated on the eighth seg-
ment, but there divided into two spots each side; a whitish spot each
side of the loth segment beside the base of the superior appendage; tips
of all the abdominal appendages whitish.

The nymph is a rapid burrower, trailing along at slight depth through
nearly clean sand under the currents, often leaving a faint line behind
showing where the tip of the abdomen, upturned for respiration, has
pushed the sand grains aside.

AQUATIC INSECTS IN THE ADIRONDACKS 439

Ophiogomphus carolus Needham

Plate 20, fig. 1-4, 6, 7
1897 Opbiogomphus caroius Needham, Can. ent. 29 : 183, pi. 7, fig. 1, 2,

3, 4, 6, 7
1899 Ophiogomphus carolus Needham, Can. ent. 31 : 235-36, pi. 5, fig.

1 and 28

This species, abundant at Ithaca N. Y. and taken at several other
places, in the state, was not met at Saranac Inn. It is a very secre-
tive species, few imagos being seen, even where nymphs are excessively
abundant. Like the preceding species, the nymphs prefer the sandy
beds of running streams.

Nymph. Total length 26 mm; abdomen 17 mm; hind femur 4.5
mm; width of head 5 mm, of abdomen 7.5 mm.

Body moderately depressed, widest across the sixth abdominal seg-
ment, suddenly narrowed on the ninth segment. All ventrolateral mar-
gins closely fringed with soft hairs. Color yellowish, the surface abund-
andy sprinkled with brownish granulations visible under a lens.

Abdomen with lateral spines on segments 7-9, a httle increasing in
length posteriorly, but on the ninth segment distinctly shorter than the
loth segment. Dorsal hooks on these same segments developed as small
blunt posteriorly directed prominences, which hardly surpass the narrow,
bare apical band on their respective segments, longest on segment 9, and
decreasing in size anteriorly so as to be barely represented on segments

6, 5' 4.

Labium as in O. aspersus, but with the 12 to 16 teeth on the
inner margin of the lateral lobe a little longer and more angulate at tips.

Easily distinguished from the nymph of O. a s p e r u s by the unequal
development of the dorsal hooks on the abdominal segments.

This species is very common at Ithaca N, Y. Few imagos have been
taken at large, and, indeed, they are rarely met with ; but the nymphs
may be collected by hundreds from Six Mile creek in spring, and they
are very easily reared.

Ophiogomphus johannus Needham

Plate 20, flg. 5
1897 Ophiogomphus johannus Needham, Can. ent. 29 : 182, pi. 7, fig. 5
1899 Ophiogomphus johannus Needham, Can. ent. 31 : 235, j)l. 5, fig. 9,
18 and 27
The type of this species in the Cornell university collection is from
Wilmurt N. Y., and was collected by Prof. J. H. Comstock. Since
describing this somewhat immature specimen, I have seen specimens col-
lected in Maine by Prof. Harvey, and in western Pennsylvania by Mr
Williamson. From these I learn that the terminal abdominal append-
ages of the male are not well represented in the figures I have published.^

1 Can. ent. 1897. 29: 182, pi. 7, flg. 9, 18.

440 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM

The superiors are well enough (and in these the chief distinctions between
this species and O. c a r o 1 i n u s Hagen He), but the inferior is incorrect.
It is shrunken in the type from which the figure was drawn ; it should be
shown almost exactly as in O. carolinus, which is correctly repre-
sented in fig. 8 and 17 of the same plate. Mature specimens show also
a deep green color on the thorax, and often, the humeral and antehumeral
stripes of blackish brown entirely separated at their upper ends.

The cast skin, pinned with the type, is not in fit condition for descrip-
tion, and the nymph is therefore practically unknown,

HAGENIUS

There is a single North American species.

Hagenius brevistylus Selys

1854 Hagenius brevistylus Selys, Acad. Belg. (2) Bui. 21 : 82
1861 Hagenius brevistylus Hagen, Synopsis Neur. N. Am. p. 114
1890 Hagenius brevistylus Kirby, Cat. Neur. Odon. p. 75 (bibliography)
1890 Hagenius brevistylus Beutenmiiller, Dragon flies vs mosquitos.
p. 163 (listed from vicinity of New York)

1892 Hagenius brevistylus Banks, Am. eut. soc. Trans. 19; 352 (listed)

1893 Hagenius brevistylus Calvert, Am. ent. soc. Trans. 20 ; 241 (de-

scription)

1894 Hagenius brevistylus Banks, Can. ent. 26 : 77 (listed from Itbaea)

1895 Hagenius brevistylus Calvert, N. Y. eut. soc. Jour. 3 ; 44 (review

of lists)

1899 Hagenius brevistylus Kellicott, Odon. Ohio, p. 52-53 (good de-

scription)

1900 Hagenius brevistylus Williamson, Dragon flies Ind. p. 282-83

(good description)

Nymph

1872 Hagenius brevistylus Cabot, Immature state Odon.pt 2, p. 9, pi. 3,

fig. 4
1885 Hagenius brevistylus Hagen, Am. ent. soc. Trans. 72 : 279-80

(very full description)
1897 Hagenius brevistylus Needham, Can. ent. 29:168 (characters

stated in table for gomphine nymphs)

This big species frequents clear streams, and is common throughout New
York state. It is very striking as an adult on account of its great size and
black color, and its nymph (pi. 18, fig. 7) is a most grotesque creature.

At Saranac Inn the species was common along Little Clear creek.
The nymphs were found an the midst of the trash on the bed of the
stream, and, during the season of transformation, exuviae dotted the
banks rather conspicuously. Few imagos were seen at large. These fly
swiftly from one resting place to another about the stream. They are

AQUATIC INSECTS IN THE ADIRONDACKS 44I

easy to approach and proved not very difficult to capture with a net, when
resting on the bridges crossing the stream.

The eggs are dropped by the female during flight. She descends and
strikes the water repeatedly, at points wide apart: 10 to 20 eggs are
liberated at each descent. Thus they are well distributed. Each egg
(pi. 19, fig. 2) is somewhat spindle formed in outline with rounded ends,
at first of whitish color, becoming yellowish after a few hours. The
ovaries of a teneral female from a breeding cage contained no eggs that
were nearly mature; a considerable time must elapse after transformation
before oviposition can take place.

Nymphs of various sizes are always found together. These sizes fall
into three or more possible groups of sizes, which may indicate a
developmental period of four or more years duration. In other
localities I have observed that the nymphs are likely to be found about
the deep holes in the creek bed, under lodged driftwood, etc.; but in
Little Clear creek they were found everywhere. Even in the shallow
fish ponds made by impounding the creek they were so common on the
bottom that one or more could be taken anywhere at almost every haul
of the sieve net. 11 exuviae were picked from the boarded side of one
of the ponds in a distance of 20 yards.

The nymph has been well described by Hagen and figured by Cabot
(//. cc). There is no need of repeating the description here, since it
will be at once recognized by plate 18, figure 7, and by the characters
given in the table.

LANTHUS

This genus includes the smallest and the daintiest of our Gomphinae,
black species, striped with green. Its two species probably both occur
within the state of New York, though but one of them, L. parvulus,
has been recorded for the state hitherto. They may be easily distin-
guished as follows.

Abdomiual appendages black parvulus

Abdominal appendages yellow or whitish albistylus

Lanthus parvulus Selys

1854Gomphus parvulus Selys, Acad. Belg. (2) Bui. 21:56
1857 Gomjthus parvulus Selys, Monographie des Gomphinae, p. 157
1861 Gomphus parvulus Ragen, Synopls Neur. iST. Am. p. 109
1890 Aeshna parvula Kirby, Cat. Neur. Odon. p. 65 (bibliography)

1892 Gomphus parvulus Banks, Am. ent. soc. Trans. 19 : 352 (listed)

1893 Gomphus parvulus Calvert, Am. ent. soe. Trans. 20:242 (descrip-

tion)

442 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM

1894 Gompbus parviilus Banks, Can. ent. 24 : 77 (recorded from Ithaca)

1895 Gomphus parvulus Calvert, N. Y. ent. soc. Jour. 3:44 (recorded

from Iibaca)
1897 Gompbus parvulus Needbam, Can. ent. 29 : 165, 166, 167 (made tbe
type of a new genus, L a n t b u s : nymph, found at Ithaca N. Y. identified
with those described by Dr Hagen from Eoeky creek Ky. in Traus. Am.
ent. soc. 1885, 12:281 and doubtfully referred by him toUropetala
(Tacbopteryx) tboreyi: nym^jb figured, pi. 7, fig. 8-10)

The habits of the images of this species are unknown. The few speci-
mens 1 was able to obtain at Ithaca in 1897 were all bred, and I saw no
imagos at large. The nymphs are very interesting little fellows, quite as
different in certain habits as they are in structure and appearance from
other gomphines. They seem to prefer little, trickling streams fed by
springs, and burrow in beds of sand in the deeper parts. They are more
agile than other gomphine nymphs, burrow more rapidly, and, when with-
drawn from the water, unlike others, they feign death, and lie quite still
for a number of minutes. On account of this habit, as well as on
account of the mottled coloration of the body, they are much more diffi-
cult to detect while collecting than are the others which begin active
struggling as soon as the net is lifted above the water.

Nymph. (PL i8,fig.6and2o,fig.8-io) Total length 23 mm; abdomen
14 mm; hind femur 5 mm; width of head 5 mm, of abdomen 6 mm.

Body somewhat depressed, a little hairy on the genae and on the
tibiae, elsewhere bare ; head concave on the hind margin ; antennae,
with the two basal segments short and angular, the first a little larger,
the articulation between the first and second a little oblique, the third
segment obliquely oval, flat, one third longer than wide, with a depressed
smooth oval area within the scurfy pubescent marginal rim, the fourth
segment a minute round rudiment, at the inner apical angle of the third ;
labium mentum a little longer than broad, its front border appearing
convex by the rounded fringe of scales, in the midst and at the base of
which are four to six brown, minute quadrangular teeth ; lateral lobe
little arcuate, the distal angle produced and incUned internally, but hard-
ly differentiated from the six teeth on the inner margin, these teeth all
largest in the middle, and a line connecting their summits would be con-
vex internally.

Abdomen stocky, widened to the seventh segment, and thereafter nar-
rowed, most narrowed on the ninth segment; no dorsal hooks at all,
but a median impressed line ending on the seventh segment; lateral spines
well developed on segments 8 and 9, on 9 broadly triangular, and con-
siderably shorter than the loth segment, against the sides of which they
are closely applied; loth segment one half as long as the eighth, one
third as long as the ninth, three fifths as long as the superior and inferior
appendages; three fourths as long as the others.

AQUATIC INSECTS IN THE ADIRONDACKS 443

Lanthus albistylus Selys

1878 Gomphus albistylus Selys, Acad. Belg. (2) Bui. 46:460 (original

description of $ from Maine)
1878 Gomphus naevins Acad. Belg. (2) Bui. 46:462 (original description

of 5 from Pennsylvania)
1890 Aeshna albistyla Kirby, Cat. Neur. Odou. p. 66 (bibliography)
1890 Aeslina naevius Kirby, Cat. Neur. Odon. p. 66 (bibliography)
1892 Gomphus albistylus Am. ent. soc. Trans. 19 : 351 (listen)

1892 Gomphus albistylus Banks, Am. ent. soc. Trans. 19 : 352 (listed)

1893 Gomphus albistylus Calvert, Am. ent. soc. Trans. 20:242 (descrip-

tion)
1898 G o m p hus albistylus Harvey, Ent. news. 9 : 63-65 (description, figure
and notes)

Still known only from Maine and Pennsylvania, in which states, how-
ever. Prof. F. L. Harvey and E. B. Williamson, respectively, have col-
lected a goodly number of specimens of both sexes. There is in the
Cornell university collection a specimen lacking half the abdomen,
probably of this species, from North Carolina. The nymph is not
known (unless the ones described by Hagen should prove to be of this
species, instead of L. parvulus, as I have supposed. I have not
compared my own nymphs with Hagen's types).

GOMPHUS

The United States is the center of abundance for this great genus,
and it is nowhere better represented than in New York state. Our list
includes 17 regional species, only two of which have not yet been act-
ually taken in the state. They are species of medium or large size,
often very local, and locally very abundant. They are found about
water, and in woods and copses adjacent to it. They are often flushed
from a bare path or roadway ; they are perhaps most commonly seen
resting flat on the surface of some log which stretches its length across a
stream; they rarely perch atop a slender twig after the manner of the
skimmers (Hbellulines). Our species fly mainly in June, though G.
scudderi is a midsummer, and G. spinicepsa late summer-
species.

The nymphs form a most important part of the bottom fauna in all
clear waters. They are active burro wers, taking their prey either on or
beneath the surface of the bottom silt. They are very rapacious, and
will eat almost any living animals small enough to be held by their pow-
erful grasping labia. The nymphs are highly specialized for their pecu-
Har Hfe. They are more unlike than are the imagos, and in general more

/|/1/) NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM

easily referable at a glance to their place in the genus. The images ex-
hibit with shght variations one color pattern, one plan of venation, one
habitus, and are therefore not easy to distinguish. I give below an arti-
ficial key to aid in the recognition of our species, and follow it with a
synoptic arrangement of the genus, in which is included a statement of
the more important characters of lesser groups within the genus. For
all of these I prefer to retain the old generic name Gomphus till more of
the nymphs are known.

ARTIFICIAL KEY TO IMAGOS

1 Face entirely yellow 2

Face yellow, trausversely bauded with black 10

Face snifused with brownisb black ; large, very elongate species, with a dis-
tinct anal loop of a single cell, a pair of narrow oblique yellow stripes on
the dark background of the thoracic dorsum 14

2 Hind margin of the occiput with a distinct median tooth villosipes

" without " 3

3 Tibiae yellow externally 4

" black " 7

4 Abdominal segments 7-9 strongly dilated about as wide as the thorax

fraternus
Abdominal segments 7-9 little dilated, much narrower than the thorax... 5

5 Length under 45 mm exilis

Length over 45 mm 6

6 Superior abdominal appendages of the male with a sharp inferior tooth ;

vulvar lamina of the female composed of two acute triangular lobes, one

fourth as long as the ninth segment si^icatus

Superior abdominal appendage of the male with a low inferior lobe; vulvar
lamina of the female composed of two low rounded lobes, and hardly
longer than one 10th of the ninth segment sordid us

7 Length under 40 mm abbreviatus

Length over 40 mm and under 50 mm 8

Length over 50 mm 9

8 Abdominal segments 7-9 greatly dilated, as wide as the thorax

ve ntri c osus
Abdominal segments 7-9 little dilated, much narrower than the thorax

quad ri color

9 Dorsum of the 10th abdominal segment and the superior appendages

black descriptus

Dorsum of the 10th abdominal segment and the superior appendages
yellow ._ furcif er

10 Yellow of the thoracic dorsum reduced to two narrow, oblique, isolated,

yellow stripes scudderi

Yellow stripes of the thoracic dorsum broader, not isolated, dilated at
their anterior ends 11

11 Side (anterior face) of the hind femora yellow amnicola

Sides of the hind femora black 12

AQUATIC INSECTS IN THE ADIRONDACKS 445

12 Two cells between veius Ai and A2 at their origin; length less than

45 mm brevis

A single cell between veius Ai and A2 at their origin ; length more than
45 mm 13

13 Midlateral thoracic stripe complete ; length about 46 mm adelphus

Midlateral thoracic stripe interrupted, not exteuding above the spiracle :

length about 54 mm vastus

14 Ninth abdominal segment little longer than the eighth, ground color

brown plagiatus

Ninth abdominal segment much longer than the eighth; ground color
black spiniceps

SYNOPTIC ARRANGEMENT OF THE GENUS, IMAGOS AND NYMPHS

Subgenus gomphus

Imago. Generally with two cells between veins Aj and A2 at their
origin, when with but one, that one generally longer (in the axis of the
wing) than wide, and never so thickened in its bordering veins as to con-
stitute a distinct anal loop ; hind femora similar in the two sexes ; pos-
terior genital hamule in the male generally nearly vertical in direction,
at least not directed anteriorly; eighth abdominal segment generally
squarely cut, rarely a very Httle longer on the dorsal than on the ventral
side.

Nymph. Abdomen wider than the head; lateral spines on abdominal
segments 6-9 ; an impressed middorsal line on abdomen more or less
evident, often appearing to divide the segments longitudinally, present
even on the bases of segments which may bear dorsal hooks apically ;
median lobe of labium straight on anterior border, or very slightly con-
vex, and not bearing a median tooth.

A synthetic group, offering evident points of departure for the three
subgenera which follow it.

KEY

1) Ninth abdominal segment a little shorter than the eighth ; two cells be-

tween veins Ai and A2 at their origin; male with the fork of the in-
ferior abdominal appendage not extending laterally beyond the superiors ;
female with a low carina on the vertex, at whose extremities arise black
thorn! ike spines; small species.

a) Imago Face yellow : Nymph, Length when full grown 24 mm ;
lateral spine on the sixth abdominal segment less than half the length
of the one on the seventh segment G. abb re vi at us

aa) Imago Face transversely lineate with black. Nymph Length when
full grown 26 mm ; lateral spine on the sixth abomlnal segment more than
half as long as the one on the seventh segment G, brevis

2) Ninth abdominal segment as long as the eighth, or often a very little

longer; inferior abdominal appendage of the male widely forked, its

446 ■ NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM

apices appearing at the sides of the superiors ; female generally without
thornlike vertical spines.

a) Imago A single cell between veins Ai and A2 at their origin; seg-
ments 8 and 9 of abdomen of about equal length, 7-9 greatly dilated, in
width almost equaling the thorax; vulvar lamina of the female about half
as long as the ninth abdominal segment. Nymph with a broad, obtusely
pointed abdomen ; lateral spines on the ninth abdominal segment twice
as long as the 10th segment, the latter segment thus appearing incased
in the ninth ; median impressed line on abdomen distinct, and no dorsal
hooks except the merest rudiments on segments 8 and 9.

Z>) Face of imago lineate with black. Length of full grown nymph

29mm G. adelphus

ii) Face of imago entirely yellow. Length of full grown nymph

33 mm G. fr a tern us

aa) Imago Normally two cells between veins Ai and A2 at their origin ;
ninth abdominal segment a little longer than eighth; segments 7-9
less dilated ; vulvar lamina of female one third to one 10th as long as
the ninth segment. iVj/mj)7i with lanceolate, pointed abdomen ; the lateral
spines on the ninth segment generally shorter than the 10th segment and
not inclosing it; dorsal hooks represented by rudiments of some of the
segments before the eighth; impressed middorsal line visible only toward
the bases of the middle segments.

&) Imago Length 45 mm ; legs all black ; nymph unknown

G. quadricolor
1)1)) Imago Length over 50 mm ; fore femora yellow or green below ;
nymph with very low, obtuse, inconspicuous rudiments of dorsal hooks,
c) Imago Tibiae black externally ; inferior abdominal appendage
male with an inferior tooth ; vulvar lamina of the female about one
third the length of the ninth abdominal segment. Nymph with about '
eight to 10 teeth on the inner margin of the lateral lobe of the labium

G. descriptus
cc) Imago. Tibiae yellow externally ; superior abdominal append-
age of the male with an obtuse inferior lobe; vulvar lamina of the
female about one lOtb as long as the ninth abdominal segment.
Nymph with about six to eight teeth on the inner margin of the

lateral lobe of the labium G. sordidus

bM) Imago Length about 48 mm; tibiae yellow externally ; yellow
on the dorsum of abdominal segments 9 and 10. Nymph with pointed
rudimentary dorsal hooks on segments 6-9 G, exilis

Subgenus gomphurus

Imago. A single cell between veins Ai and A2 at their origin, hav-
ing a thickened margin, forming an anal loop; abdominal segments 7-9
greatly dilated, as wide as or wider than the thorax : eighth segment cut
squarely on apex ; posterior hamule of male perpendicular ; hind femora
similar in the two sexes.

AQUATIC INSECTS IN THE ADIRONDACKS 447

Nymph. Abdomen a little wider than the head, the ninth segment
hardly longer than the eighth ; lateral spines on segments 6-9, a well
marked middorsal impressed line extending to the eighth segment, and
very minute rudiments of dorsal hooks on segments 8 and 9 ; tibial bur-
rowing hooks large; front border of median lobe of labium straight,
lateral lobe with its terminal hook bent inward at almost or quite a right
angle; apex of abdomen regularly narrowed beyond the middle.

KEY

a) Imago Face entirely yellow; nymph, unknown G. ventricosus

aa) Imago Face with ijarrow black lines on sutures ; sides of hind femora

yellow ; nymph unknown G. amnicola

aaa) Imago Face with broad transverse bands of black ; hiud femora black ;
abdominal segments with basal rings of yellow ; nymph with the lateral
spines of the ninth segment less than half as long as the 10th segment

G. scudderi

aaaa) Imago Face with broad transverse bands of black; hind femora black;

yellow of middle abdominal segments restricted to triangular spots on

the dorsum; nymph with the lateral spines of the ninth segment about

as long as the 10th segment G. vastus

Subgenus stylurus

Imago. A single cell between veins Ai and Ag at their origin, that cell
strongly bordered ; abdominal segments 7-9 not greatly dilated (much
narrower than the thorax), but considerably elongated; eighth segment
cut squarely at apex ; posterior genital hamule of male strongly directed
anteriorly ; hind femora similar in the two sexes.

Nymph. Abdomen narrower than the head, and greatly elongated ;
tibial burrowing hooks very small ; lateral spines, middorsal suture and
dorsal hooks of abdomen as in Gomphurus; ninth abdominal seg-
ment longer than the eighth, sometimes twice as long.

KEY
a) Imago. Ninth abdominal segment of imago mnch shorter than the
seventh. Nymph with the lateral spines of the ninth abdominal seg-
ment longer by half than the 10th segment .- G. plagiatus

aa) Imago with segments 7 and 9 of abdomen about equal in length. Nymph,
with the lateral spines of the ninth abdominal segment shorter by half
than the 10th segment * G. spiniceps

Subgenus arigomphus
Imago. Two cells between the base of veins Ai and A3 at their origin ;
eighth abdominal segment obhquely cut at apex, longer on the dorsal
side; hind femora different in the two sexes, in the male hairy, and in

448 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM

the female armed with numerous stout spines below; posterior hamule
of male directed posteriorly.

Nymph. Abdomen wider than the head ; flattened, lanceolate pointed,
suddenly narrowed on the ninth segment, which is longer than its apical
width; no impressed middorsal line, instead, a ridge without distinct
dorsal hooks; lateral spines on segments 7-9 or 8-9, none on segment 6;
median lobe of labium prominently rounded or dome shaped, and usually
bearing, besides the usual brush of flattened hairs, a median tooth.

KEY

a) Imago with abdominal appendages black ; superiors of male with an in-
ferior tooth ; nymph with bare median narrow ridge on the abdomen;

lateral spines on segments 7-9 G. spicatus

aa) Imago with a tooth in the middle of the occipital border. Abdominal
appendages yellowish, no inferior tooth on the male superiors. Nymph
with an obtuse scurfy or rough pubest-ent middorsal ridge on the abdo-
men ; lateral spines on segments 7-9 G. villosipes

aaa) Imago with no tooth in middle of hind border of the occiput; abdominal
appendages yellow ; male superior appendages apparently bifurcated at
apex; nymph unknown G. furcifer

Gomphus abbreviatus Selys

1878Gomphus abbreviatus Selys, Acad. Belg. (2) Bui, 46 : 464 (original

description)
1890 Aeshna abbreviata Kirby, Cat. Neur, Odon. p. 66 (bibliography)

1892 Gomphus abbrev i atus Banks, Am. ent. soc. Trans. 19 : 351 (bibli-

ography)

1893 Gomphus abbreviatus Calvert, Am. ent. soc. Trans. 20:243 (de-

scription)
This species is not recorded from New York state. In June of 1897 I
found some nymphs at Ithaca N. Y. in Fall creek opposite the Cornell
insectary, and bred a few of them. The imagos I did not observe at
large. Nothing has been written as to their habits. The species appears
to be distributed through the northeastern states as far south as Penn-
sylvania. It was not found at Saranac Inn.

Nymph. Measures in length 23-24 mm; abdomen 14 mm; hind
femur 5 mm; width of head 5 mm, of abdomen 6.5 mm. It diiffers from
G. b r e V i s nymph only in size and in the relative length of the foremost
lateral spines on the abdomen, characters already stated in the table;
there is no need, therefore, of a separate description of it, since G,
b r e V i s is described in full below, and the description would be but
repetition of the characters stated for that species. I will therefore add
but a note as to the differences of the situations in which I found the two
nymphs : a b b r e v i a t u s in the rocky basins of a gorge trav^ersed by a
foaming creek, destitute of the commoner large aquatic plants ; b r e v i s ,
in the bed of a reed-choked, slow flowing, upland stream.

AQUATIC INSECTS IN THE ADIRONDACKS , 449

Gomphus brevis Hagen

1854 Emmons, Agric. N. Y. v. 5, Insects, pi. 15, fig. 2, (colored

figin'e, no name or description)
1878 Go mp bus brevis Hagen, Acad. Belg. (2) Bui. 46 : 461 (original de-
scription'*
1890 Aesbna brevis Kirby, Cat. Neur. Odon. p. 66. (listed)
1892 Gomphus brevis Banks, Am. ent. soc. Trans. 19:351 (listed)
1895 Gomphus brevis Calvert, N. Y. ent. soc. Jour. 3:45
1897 Gomplius brevis Calvert, N. Y. ent. soc. Jour. 5 : 93

This species, originally described from specimens obtained by Dr
Lintner at Schoharie N. Y., v/as common at Saranac Inn. I captured
but a single imago, and saw but few, but the nymphs were very plentiful
in Little Clear creek. The few imagos seen flitted about the edge of the
water in the warm sunshine in a manner very similar to that of other
small gomphines; oviposition was not observed.

The season of transformation was apparently about ended on our
arrival at Saranac Inn in the middle of June ; exuviae which I, having
bred abbreviatus before, was able at once to refer to this species
were thickly sprinkled over the boards on the sides of the fish ponds
made by impounding the creek. I collected many of them during the
first two or three days of our stay; thereafter but few additional exuviae
appeared, the season being past. The species was not bred, but there
can be scarcely a doubt that the nymphs, referred to it here by supposition,
belong to it.

The original description of this species is not generally accessible in
this country ; no other has been published, apparently. Therefore, be-
lieving th.it an accessible English description will be of service to some,
I give a brief one below, and follow it with a description of the nymph,
hitherto unknown.

Imago. Measures in total length 42-45 mm ; abdomen 30-33 mm ;
hind wing 25-27 mm.

Colors black and green ; face with heavy black lines on all its sutures
and margins, these lines sometimes overspreading the whole face except
the upper part of the frons and the sides of the post-clypeus and the
labium ; rear of the frons, all of the vertex (excepting the tips of its
horns), and the front and lateral margins of the occiput black; the occi-
put otherwise clear yellow, distinctly wider and more convex in the
female.

Middorsal thoracic stripe short, with parallel sides, narrowed to a
median line before the collar, divided by a yellow carina ; humeral and
antehum.eral stripes contiguous near their upper ends, leaving an isolated
yellow triangular spot above, and an isolated narrow line below between
them; midiateral thoracic stripe incomplete above, disappearing above
the spiracle; stripe on the third lateral suture complete but narrow; legs
all black ( ,3 ) or with the front femora green beneath ( $ ).

Wings hyaline; costa black; stigma brown.

450 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM

Abdomen black with a middorsal line of yellow triangles pointing pos-
teriorly, elongate and twice constricted on the basal segments, becoming
very short and restricted to the base on several segments before the
ninth, and entirely absent from the ninth and loth segments. There is a
line of yellow at the extreme apex of some of the terminal segments
beyond the spiniferous, apical, transverse carina; the nth segment,
"anal tubercle," of the female yellow except at the sides; appendages
black; sides of segments 1-3 mainly yellow ; segments 4-7 with small
basal lateral yellow spots in the female; the slightly expanded lateral
margins of segments 8 and 9 yellow in both sexes.

Described from a $ from Saranac Inn taken July 2, 1900, and from a
$ collected on Mt Tom in Massachusetts ; the larger measurements are
for the female specimen.

This Saranac Inn female was the first imago seen there, and it will be
noted that the date is two weeks after the nymphs had ceased emerging.
I think this time represents the period necessary for the maturation of
the eggs after transformation. A similar lapse of time between the period
of transformation and that of oviposition was observed in the case of a
number of other gomphines. I believe these insects live longer as
imagos than is commonly supposed. As is well known, they will die
within a week after transformation if kept in confinement, but apparently
no one has tried feeding them well while keeping them as yet. May
they not die of starvation ?

Nymph. PI. 18, fig. 3. Total length 26 mm; abdomen 17 mm; hind
femur 5 mm; width of head 5 mm, of abdomen 6.5 mm.

Body depressed, abdomen with sides parallel to the eighth segment,
then rather abruptly narrowed to an obtuse point; lateral spines on seg-
ments 6-9, the margins which bear them thin, and on the ninth segment
finely spinulose serrate ; spines of the ninth segment about as long as the
loth segment ; very minute rudiments of dorsal hooks on segments 8 and
9; before the eighth segment there is an observable trace of the median
impressed longitudinal line of the typical Gomphus nymph. The
loth segment is about one third the length of the ninth.

The mentum of the labium is rather short, little longer than broad ; the
lateral lobe is very moderately arcuate, its apex forming a short end hook
not greatly differentiated from the teeth before it; of these teeth on the
inner margin of the lateral lobe there are eight or nine, unequal, the mid-
dle ones being shghtly largest, angulate, sharp, the fine of their apices
being convex internally, rather than concave, as in all the following
members of the genus.

The color, usually obscured by dirt excepting after molting, is greenish
brown, with darker motthngs arranged in transverse bands on abdominal
segments, scars on abdomen surrounded with paler color.

The third antennal segment is linear, a little depressed and widened
apically, hairy, as is usual, on the margins.

AQUATIC INSECTS IN THE ADIRONDACKS 45I

Gomphus fraternus Say

1839 Aeschna fraterua Say, Acad. nat. sci. Phil. Jour. 8: 16

1861 Gomphus fraternus Hagen, Synopsis Neur. N. Am. p. 104

1862 Gomphus fraternus Walsh, Acad. nat. sci. Phil. Proc. p. 393

1863 Gomphus fraternus Walsh, Ent. soc. Phil. Proc. 2 : 238

1890 Aeshna fraterna Kirby, Cat. Neur. Odon. p. 66 (bibliography)
1892 Gomphus fraternus Banks, Am. ent. soc. Trans. 19 : 352 (listed)

1894 Gomphus fraternus Banks, Can. ent. 26 : 77 (listed from Ithaca)

1895 Gomphus fraternus Calvert, N. Y. ent. soc. Jour. 3:45 (listed from

Ithaca)
1897 Gomphus fraternus Van Duzee, N. Y. ent. soc. Jour. 5 : 89 (listed

from Niagara)
1897 Gomphus fraternus Calvert, N. Y. ent. soc. Jour. 5:93 (listed)

1899 Gomphus fraternus Kellicott, Odon. Ohio, p. 59 (description and

figures)

1900 Gomphus fraternus Williamson, Dragon flies Ind. p. 289 (descrip-

tion and figures)
1897 Gomphus fraternus Needham, (nymph) Can. ent. 29, pi. 7, fig. 11
and 12 (figures only; those are reproduced in plate 20 of this bulletin)

This vigorous species seems to prefer the larger bodies of water. The
imago is a very strong flyer. It skirts the edge of streams with dashing
sweeps which seem to proclaim it master of the situation. I have several
times seen it feeding on other dragon flies as large as Mesothemis
simplicicollis. The nymph is an active burrower in the bare clay
bottoms of streams and lakes under water of considerable depth. I
repeat herewith the figures of the nymph (cited above) and add a brief
description.

Nymph. Length 31 mm; abdomen 20; hind femur 6.5 ; width of
head 5, of abdomen 9 ; colors obscured ; margins all hairy ; tibial bur-
rowing hooks very strong, as long as tibia is wide. Third segment of
antenna twice as long as the first and second together, hairy on margins ;
fourth a minute ovoid rudiment.

Mentum of labrum (pi. 20,' fig. 12) squarish before the contracted basal
fourth; median lobe very slightly convex, densely frmged; lateral lobe
bluntly angular at the apex with 7-1 1 small teeth on inner margin.

Abdomen (pi. 20, fig. 11) broad, depressed, with sides parallel most of
its length, abruptly narrowed beyond the sixth segment, minute dorsal
hooks on segments 8 and 9 ; median groove on anterior segments, well
developed lateral spines on segments 6-9 those of 9 about equaling the
appendages.

Gomphus adelphus Selys

1857 Gomphus adelphus Selys, Monographie des gomphines, p. 413
1861 Gomphus adelphus Hageu, Synopsis Neur. N. Am. p. 104

1896 Aeshna adelpha Kirby, Cat. Neur. Odon. p. 67 (bibliography)
1892 Gomphus adelphus Banks, Am. ent. soc. Trans. 19 : 351 (listed)

452 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM

1895 Gomphus adelphus Calvert, N. Y. ent. soc. Jour. 3 : 45 (listed from

Bethlehem)
1897 Gomphus adelphus Calvert, N. Y. ent. soc. Jour. 5:93 (listed from
Kenwood)

The specimens above described and listed were collected in New
York state by Drs Fitch and Lintner. The species is also known from
Massachusetts. I have not met with it in either immature or adult
stage, and know nothing of its habitat or habits.

Dr Hagen has carefully described a nymph from Cambridge Mass.,
referable by supposition to this species in the Trans. Am. ent. soc. 1885,
12 : 262. If the nymph be full grown, as he thought, there can be but
little doubt that it belongs to this species. However, his description
agrees in every point excepting size with G. fraternus bred by me in
Illinois. Unfortunately I did not get time while in Cambridge for the
comparison of my own nymphs with Hagen's types. I have stated the
difference in size in the foregoing table. These being all the differences
known to me, I have nothing farther to add concerning this species.

Gomphus quadricolor Walsh

1863 Gomphus quadricolor W-ilsh, Ent. soc. Phil. Proc. 2 : 246

1890 Aeshna quadricolor Kirby, Cat. Neur. Odon. p. 66 (bibliography)

1892 Gomphus quadricolor Banks, Am. eut. soc. Trans. 19: 352 (listed)

1899 Gomphus quadricolor Kellicott, Odon. Ohio, p. 58 (description and

figures)

1900 Gomphus quadricolor Williamson, Dragon flies Ind. p. 288-89 (de-

scription and figures)

This species is abroad during the first two weeks of June. It has not
hitherto been reported from New York state, but I have seen a specimen
collected near Ithaca. The nymph is unknown. I have not seen the
imago alive. Prof. Kellicott wrote of it, " It rests on rocks projecting
from rapids, or on the banks near by the most rapid parts of streams."
(Odon. Ohio, p. 58)

Gomphus descriptus Banks

1896 Gomphus descriptus Banks, N. Y. ent. soc. Jour. 4 : 195 (from Ithaca)

1897 Gomphus descriptus Calvert, N. Y. ent. soc. Jour. 5 : 95 (listed)
1900 Gomphus descriptus Williamson, Dragon flies, lud. p. 293 (descrip-
tion and figures)

1897 Gomphus descriptus Needham, Zool. bul, 1:103-13 (digestive

epithelium)

This species is quite abundant at Ithaca, and has not as yet been

reported from any other locaHty. It flies during the latter part of May

and the first week of June. I found a meadow beside a patch of woods

AQUATIC INSECTS IN THE ADIRONDACKS

453

a favorite foraging ground for the adults ; May 30, 1897, and for several
days thereafter, they were flitting about this meadow in numbers, but
were so active that it required some time to capture many specimens. I
collected once enough nymphs to fill a quart fruit jar from Six Mile

Pig. 11 Genitalia of Gomplius descriptiis Banks, a lateral view of end of abdomen of
male; & lateral view of the genital hamules of the male (inverted position) ; c dorsal view of the
terminal abdominal appendages of the male ; d ventral view of the vulvar lamina and end of abdo-
men of female

creek near Ithaca in an hour. I will mention a variety of this species
which occurred at Saranac Inn, before describing the nymph. I bred
the species at Ithaca and collected the variety at Saranac Inn, but am
unable to find any differences between them in the immature stages ;
the description will therefore stand for both.

G. descriptus borealis n. var. This is the dragon fly figured
by Hagen in Selys's Monographie des Gomphines (pi. 9, fig. 2, dorsal view)

y A,\jui^

?-^

Fig. 12 Gomphus descriptus borealis n. I'ar. Letterlngasinfig.il

asGomphus spicatus. There are several points of difference
between this insect and G. spicatus, one of the most obvious of
which is the yellow color of the external face of the tibiae in s pi c a t u s.
The appendages and the proportions of the apical segments of the
abdomen are different.

454 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM

The variety differs from the typical d e s c r i p t u s, so far as observed,
only in the form of the appendages of the male abdomen. These
differences are shown in the accompanying figures, wherein it will be seen
there is a radical difference in the form of the anterior hamule of the
male, and that in the variety the superior appendage is shorter, less acute
at apex and with the inferior tooth directed more inward than in the typical
descriptus.

The variety was first received from Franconia N. H. among some
specimens sent me by Mrs Annie Trumbull Slosson. It was not
uncommon about Saranac Inn. A few were observed foraging about the
Otisville road, and a few others were seen resting on the bare sand of
the railroad embankment at the outlet of Little Clear pond. Oviposi-
tion was not observed.

Nymph, (PI. i8, fig. 4) Total length 32 mm; abdomen 20 mm; hind
femur 5.6 mm; width of head 5 mm, of abdomen 7 mm.

Body depressed, lanceolate, hairy on all lateral margins, tapering
beyond the middle of the rather pointed abdomen. Colors generally
entirely obscured by adherent dirt, but after molting there is often seen
a darker band across the base of each abdominal segment.

Third segment of the antenna depressed and somewhat widened api-
cally.

Labium with the mentum one third longer than wide; median lobe
nearly straight on its front border, fringed with flat hairs, but unarmed ;
lateral lobe regularly incurved with a long terminal hook, exceeding the
six to eight teeth before it on the inner margin.

Lateral spines on abdominal segments 6-g, sometimes obscured by
tufts of hairs on the sixth segment, those of the ninth segment short,
hardly surpassing the base of the loth segment, straight, but not closely
appressed. loth segment half as long as the ninth, and a little shorter
than the appendages; lateral appendages a sixth to a seventh shorter
than the others. Dorsal hooks represented by low, inconspicuous rudi-
ments on segments 3-9, with traces of the median impressed line on the
anterior end of the middle segments.

Nymphs of this species were taken at two places : Colby pond, just
west of the town of Saranac Lake, and Bone pond. They were associ-
ated with and greatly outnumbered by G. sp i c a t u s in both places.

Gomphus sordidus Hagen

1854 Gomphus sordidus Hagen, Acad. Belg. (2) Bui. 21 : 54

1861 Gomphus sordidus Hagen, Synopsis Neur. N. Am. p. 106

1875 Gomphus lividus Hagen, Host. soc. nat. hist. Proe. 18 : 45 (listed)

1893 Gomphus minutus Calvert, Am. ent. soc. Trans. 20 : 244 (5 only)

1899 Gomphus lividus Kellicott, Odon. Ohio, p. 66 (description and
figures)

AQUATIC INSECTS IN THE ADIRONDACKS 455

1897 Gomplius umbratus Needham, Can, eut. 29:184 (described, from

Ithaca)
1900 Gomphus sordidns Williamson, Dragon flies Ind. p. 292

There are plenty of descriptions and figures of this troublesome species,
as will be seen from the above bibhography. I found both imagos and
nymphs associated with the same stages ofG. descriptus Banks at
Ithaca. It is entirely similar to that species in habits, and in appearance,
but will be readily distinguished by the characters given in the tables.
The nymph is not easy to distinguish, however; in fact, I find it
necessary to make a microscopic examination of the labium before
being sure as to the species. I bred a good many specimens at Ithaca.
By way of description, I will only say that it is entirely similar to the
nymph of d e s c r i p t u s , so far as known to me, excepting in the dif-
ferential character stated in the table.

Gomphus exilis Selys

1854 Gomphus exilis Selys, Acad. Belg. (2) Bui. 21 : 55
1861 Gomphus exilis Hagen, Synopsis Neur. N. Am. p. 108
1872 Gomphus exilis Hagen, Bost. soc. nat. hist. Proc. 15 : 273
1875 Gomphus exilis Hagen, Bost. soc. nat. hist. Proc. 18 : 45
1885 Gomphus exilis Hagen, Am. ent. soc. Trans. 12:263-64 (descrip-
tion of the nymph, and remarks on distribution)

1893 Gomphus exilis Hagen, Am. ent. soc. Trans. 20 : 243 (description)

1894 Gomphus exilis Banks, Can. ent. 26 : 77 (listed from Ithaca)

1895 Gomphus exilis Calvert, N. Y. ent. soc. Jour. 3 : 45 (listed from

Keeseville)

1899 Gomphus exilis Kellicott, Odon. Ohio, p. 65 (description and iigure)

1900 Gomphus exilis Williamson, Dragon flies Ind. p. 293 (description

and figure)

This is one of the most generally distributed, and perhaps the com-
monest of the gomphines of the northeastern United States. At
Saranac Inn it was abundant, flitting by every roadside throughout the
month of June and well along into July. The nymphs were found in all
waters, and about the first of July the exuviae fairly sprinkled every
bank. Few imagos were observed in the immediate vicinity of the water,
after leaving it at transformation, and these few were mostly females
ovipositing. These spin along through the air at a lively rate, unattended
by the male, descending here and there to strike the surface and liberate
eggs, making but one or two dips in a place, and flying some distance
before descending again. The nymphs transform at the very edge of
the water, seldom crawling more than an inch or two above the surface
of it. Moss-grown logs in the edges of Little Clear pond were in many

4S6 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM

places piled several layers deep with the exuviae of this species, inter-
mixed with a lesser number ofG. spicatus skins.

Nymph. Total length 26 mm; abdomen 18 mm; hind femur 5.5
mm; width of head 5 mm, of abdomen 6 mm.

Abdomen depressed, lanceolate, regularly narrowed beyond the sixth
segment to a rather pointed apex; the loth segment two thirds as long
as the eighth, a little less than half as long as the ninth ; lateral spines on
segments 6-9, very minute, specially on segment 6, increasing in size
posteriorly, on segment 9 one half as long as segment 10 : dorsal hooks
low and obscure, but pointed on sixth to ninth segments.

Labium with its median lobe a very Httle convex on the front margin,
and sometimes with an imperfect median tooth ; lateral lobe considera-
bly arcuate, with a strong end hook, and with 4-7 very variable teeth on
its inner margin, each tooth obliquely truncate, with the longer angle
directed to the rear.

This species and G. sordidus, offer an easy transition to the
Arigomphus group, below.

Gomphus ventricosus Walsh

1863 Gomphus ventricosus Walsh. Ent. soc. Phil. Proc. 2 : 249

1875 Gomphus ventricosus Hagen, Bost. soc. nat. hist. Proc. 18:47

(listed)
1900 Gomphus ventricosus Williamson, Dragon flies Incl. p. 287 (de-
scription and figure)

This apparently rare species has not yet been taken in New York. I
include it in this list because of its occurrence in Illinois and Massachu-
setts; it will doubtless yet be found within the state. Its nymph is

unknown. ,

Gomphus amnicola Walsh

1862 Gomphus amuicola Walsh, Acad. nat. sci. Phil. Proc. p. 396

1863 Gomphus amnicola Walsh, Ent. soc. Phil. Proc. 2 : 256 (note)

1897 Gomphus amnicola Calvert, N. Y. ent. soc. Jour. 5 : 95 (listed from

Bethlehem N. Y.)
1900 Gomphus amnicola Williamson, Dragon flies Ind. p. 294 (descrip-
tion and figure)

Another species which is apparently rare, once collected within the
state by Dr Lintner at Bethlehem. The nymph is unknown.

Gomphus scudderi Selys

1878 Gomphus scudderi Selys, Acad. Belg. (2) Bui. 46 : 460 $

1898 Gomphus scudderi Harvey, Ent. news, 9 : 62-63 5 (description

and figures)
This handsome black species (pi. 17, fig. 2), unique in the yellow
basal rings on its abdominal segments, has not been reported hitherto

AQUATIC INSECTS IN THE ADIRONDACKS 457

from this state. It was common at Saranac Inn, and even more common,
judging by the numbers of exuviae in evidence along the bank, at Axton
along Stony brook. But few images were seen at large, but many were
bred from nymphs taken from Little Clear creek beside the hatchery.

This species, unlike most Odonata, seems to prefer daylight, and even
midday as a time for transformation. The boarded banks of the im-
pounded creek beside the hatchery were watched through the entire
season, and each day the exuviae left there were gathered. Rarely were
any fresh skins found there early in the morning. July was so rainy there
was comparatively Httle time suitable for transformation; and, when the
clouds would break away about noon and the sun shine out, I could be
sure, on going out, to find some nymphs in transformation. On the few
clear days, this was most often observed about noon. All the skins
observed were left 3-30 inches above the surface of the water. The
nymphs are rather slow and sprawHng. The images seem to spend
little time in flight, preferring to rest on timbers about the rapids of the
stream.

Nymph. (PI. i8, fig. 2) Measures in total length 42 mm ; abdomen
28 mm; hind femur 5.2 mm; width of head 6.3 mm, of abdomen 8 mm.

Body elongate, depressed, with the long abdomen regularly tapering
for half its length ; the fringe of hairs on lateral margins very dense and
soft; color yellowish brown, darker on the sides of the thorax; eyes
black; ocelh yellowish; a double row of trapezoidal blackish spots on
the abdomen between the middorsal line and the line of scars each side,
each spot with a prolonged external apical angle reaching the apical
carina on each segment, the spots on segments 9 and 10 becoming
diffused over the sides of the segments ; a series of minute, longitudinal
yellowish dashes in the apical sutural area of each segment. That so
much of color pattern is observable is doubtless due to the fact that these
nymphs live in comparatively clean sand.

Abdomen depressed, and with a well marked middorsal impressed
line, and no dorsal hooks, save the merest rudiment on the apex of the
ninth segment ; lateral spines well developed on segments 6-9 (there are
tufts of hairs on the latter apical angles of segments before the sixth) in-
creasing a little in size posteriorly, those of the ninth segment closely
appressed, and hardly surpassing the base of the tenth segment.

Mentum of labium a third longer than Avide ; front border of median
lobe nearly straight, with a sparse fringe of flattened scale Hke hairs;
lateral lobe strongly incurved at about a right angle beyond the base of
the movable hook; about four teeth on the inner margin, increasing a
little in size posteriorly.

While nymphs of several sizes were taken together in the creek, they
seemed to have a definite period, including hardly more than the month
of July, for transforming.

Aug. 2 was the date of the first imago captured at large. June 30
was the date of the first imago bred.

458 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM

GoiTxphus vastus Walsh

1862 Gomphus vastus Walsh, Acad. nat. sci. Phil. Proe. p. 391

1875 Gomphus vastus Hagen, Bost. soc, nat. hist. Proe. 18 : 47 (listed from

New York)
1872 Gomphus vastus Cabot, Mus. compar. zool. Mem. v. 3, pi. 2, fig. 4

(description and figure of nymph)
1885 Gomphus vastus Hagen, Am. ent. soc. Trans. 12 ; 265-66 (description

of nymph)
1890 Aeshna vasta Kirby, Cat. Neur. Odon. p. 66 (listed)

1892 Gomphus vastus Banks, Am. ent. soc. Trans. 19 : 352 (listed)

1893 Gomphus vastus Calvert, Am. ent. soc. Trans. 20 : 245 (description)
1895 Gomphus vastus Calvert, N. Y. ent. soe. Jour. 3 : 45 (listed from

New York)

1899 Gomphus vastus Kellicott, Odon. Ohio, p. 57-58 (description and

figure)

1900 Gomphus vastus Williamson, Dragon flies lud. p. 287 (description

and figure)

This striking species frequents the shores of the Great lakes and the
larger streams. The nymphs hve on the bottom at some depth. In the
above bibliography are indicated numerous descriptions and some
figures of both nymph and adult. The species may be recognized by
the characters stated in the tables.

Gomphus plagiatus Selys

1854 Gomphus plagiatus Selys, Acad. Belg. (2) Bal. 21 : 57

1861 Gomphus plagiatus Hageu, Synopsis Neur. N. Am. p. 109

1885 Gomphus plagiatus Hagen, Am. ent. soc. Trans. 12:269-70 (de-
scription of the nymph)
1893 Gomphus plagiatus Calvert, Am. ent. soe. Trans. 20 ; 244 (descrip-
tion)
1897 Gomphus p 1 a g i a t u.s Calvert, N. Y. ent. soc. Jour. 5 : 95 (listed from
New York)

1899 Gomphus plagiatus Kellicott, Odou. Ohio, p. 69-70 (description and

discussion)

1900 Gomphus plagiatus Williamson, Dragon fiies Ind. p. 295-96 (descrip-

tion and figure)

A very large species, apparently commonest about broad marshy tracts,
taken but once as yet in this state. It will be easily recognized by the
characters stated in the tables.

Gomphus spiniceps Walsh

1862 ?Macrogo mphus spiniceps Walsh, , Acad. nat. sci. Phil. Proe.

p. 389
1854 Gomphus spiniceps Selys, Acad. Belg. (2) Bal. 21 : 57

AQUATIC INSECTS IN THE ADIRONDACKS 459

1885 Gomphus spiaieeps Hageu, Am. ent. soc. Trans. 12 : 270-71 (de-
scription of nymph)

1899 Gomplius spiniceps Kellicott, Odon. Ohio, p. 69 (description and

figure)

1900 Gomphus spiniceps Williamson, Dragon flies Ind. p. 295 (descrip-

tion and figure)
A strong flying species, frequenting rapid streams. Transforms in mid-
summer, and appears in flight and ovipositing late in the summer or
early in autumn. " Observed flying late in the afternoon, and oviposit-
ing in a small brook that was rippling over pebbles." KeUicott {Joe. cit.)
The species has not been recorded from this state hitherto, but there are
New York specimens in the Museum of comparative zoology, and the
species has long been known from Illinois and Massachusetts.

Gomphus spicatus Hagen

1854 Gomphus spicatus Hagen, Acad. Belg. (2) Bui. 21 : 54

1861 Gomphus spicatus Hagen, Synopsis Neur. N. Am. p. 107

1875 Gomphus spicatus Hagen, Bost. soc. nat. hist. Proc. 18 : 47 (listed ;

distribution given)
1890 Aeshna spicata Kirby, Cat. Neur. Odon. p. 64 (listed : bibliography)
1892 Gomphus spicatus Banks, Am. ent. soc. Trans. 19 : 353 (listed)
1895 Gomphus spicatus Calvert, N. Y. ent. soc. Jour. 3 : 45 (listed)
1897 Gomphus spicatus Van Duzee, N. Y. ent. soc. Jour. 5 : 89 (listed

from Clarence)
1897 Gomphus spicatus Calvert, N. Y. ent. soc. Jour. 5 : 93 (listed from

Clarence)

1899 Gomphus spicatus Kellicott, Odon. Ohio, p. 97-98 (description and

figure)

1900 Gomphus spicatus Williamson, Dragon flies Ind. p. 292 (description

and figure)

This is a common species in the northeastern United States, ranging
from Illinois eastward ; it is more generally distributed throughout its
range than are most gomphines. Next to G. exilis it was the com-
monest Gomphus at Saranac Inn, where it frequented all sorts of waters.
Imagos were common during the latter part of June and the first two
weeks of July along the wagon road and railroad between Little Clear
and Big Clear creeks ; they were foraging there, and, while a little shy
and wary, were not very difficult to catch with a net.

Nymph. Total length 31 mm ; abdomen 20 mm ; hind femur 6.2 mm ;
width of head 5 mm, of abdomen 7 mm.

Body elongate, somewhat depressed; abdomen lanceolate, pointed.

Color dark brownish, with some black marks on the sides of the
thorax ; margins of the abdominal segments darker ; a pair of black dots
on the dorsum of each of the middle abdominal segments.

460 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM

Dorsal hooks of abdomen represented only by minute backward pro-
longations of the median ridge on all the segments; lateral spines on
segments 7-9, increasing in size posteriorly, small, on the ninth segment
much shorter than the loth segment, against which they are closely ap-
pressed; loth segment two thirds as long as the eighth, and a httle less
than half as long as the ninth.

Labium with its median lobe distinctly convex anteriorly, and with a
brown tooth in the middle in the midst of the usual flat, fringing hairs ;
lateral lobe regularly arcuate, with about nine coarse, trapezoidal, ser-
rately recurved teeth on its inner margin.

A goodly number of specimens of the nymphs were collected from Little

Clear creek on the hatchery grounds, Little Clear pond near its outlet,

and from Bone pond.

Gomphus villosipes Selys

1854 Gomphus villosipes Selys, Acad. Belg. (2) Bui. 21 : 53
1861 Gomphus villosipes Hagen, Synopsis Neur. N. Am. p. 105
1890 Aeshna villosipes Kirby, Cat. Neur. Odon. p. 64 (bibliography)

1893 Gomphus villosipes Calverfc, Am. ent. soc. Trans. 20 : 244-45 (de-

scription)

1894 Gomphus villosipes Banks, Can. ent. 26: 77 (listed from Ithaca)

1895 Gomphus villosipes Calvert, N. Y. ent. soc. Jour. 3 :45 (listed from

Ithaca)
1897 Gomphus villosipes Van Duzee, N. Y. ent. soc. Jour. 5 ; 89 (listed

from Grand Island)
1897 Gomphus villosipes Calvert, N. Y. ent. soc. Jour. 5 : 93 (listed

from Grand Island)
1897 Gomphus villosipes Needham, Can. ent. 29: 166 (note on rearing

the nymph at Ithaca)

1899 Gomphus villosipes Kellicott, Odon. Ohio, p. 63 (description and

figure)

1900 Gomphus villosipes Williamson, Dragon flies Ind. p. 291

This is an exceedingly common species at Ithaca, where I have picked
up thousands of the exuviae at a time along the borders of the Cascade
pond in June. The imagos fly about or rest on the snags and pro-
jecting rocks, which are common in the turbulent creeks about Ithaca.
The nymphs burrow in the bottom in shallow water, seeming to prefer
banks of somewhat clayey mud. They are slow moving, stiffly sprawl-
ing creatures, powerful, rapacious, and seemingly the dominant animals
in the bottom mire.

Nymph. Total length 35 mm; abdomen 23 mm; hind femur
7.5 mm; width of head 6 mm, of abdomen 8.5 mm.

Body depressed, with legs wide apart and very sprawhng ; abdomen
lanceolate, pointed, rapidly narrowed beyond the fifth to the base of the
ninth segment, more slowly narrowed thereafter. The whole body and
all appendages, clothed with a dense scurfy pubescence, which is con-
spicuously marked with bare lines or "scars."

AQUATIC INSECTS IN THE ADIRONDACKS 461

Abdomen with obtuse, continuous middorsal ridge, showing no trace
of dorsal hooks ; lateral spines very small, closely appressed, and incon-
spicuous, present only on segments 8 and 9, on 8 very short, on 9
longer, but closely applied to the sides of segment 10. The loth segment
is hardly shorter than the eighth, but it is less than half as long as the
ninth.

The mentum of the labium is distinctly produced and rounded on its
front border, with a median brown tooth in the midst of the fringing flat
hairs. The lateral lobe is broad and strongly arched, with about six
coarsely serrate teeth on its inner margin.

Gomphus furcifer Hagen

1878 Gomphus furcifer Hagen, Acad. Belg. (2) Bui. 46 : 458

1899 Gomphus furcifer Kellicott, Odon. Ohio, p. 64 (description and figure)

1900 Gomphus furcifer Williamson, Dragon flies Ind. p. 292 (description

and figure)

This species has not hitherto been recorded from New York state, and
I have not seen it there at large ; but there is a specimen bearing an
Ithaca label in the Cornell university collection. The nymph is unknown.

DROMOGOMPHUS

A single species of this genus belongs to the New York fauna.
Dromogomphus spinosus Selys

1854 Gomphus spinosus Selys, Acad. Belg. (2) Bui. 21:59

1861 Gomphus spinosus Hagen, Synopsis Neur. N. Am. p. 102

1862 Gomphus spinosus Walsh, Acad. nat. sci. Phil. Proc. p. 391 (note)

1863 Gomphus spinosus Hagen, Stett. ent. zeit. 24 : 37.3

1873 Gomphus spinosus Hagen, Bost. soc. nat. hist. Proc. 16 : 359
1875 Gomphus spinosus Hagen, Bost. soc. nat. hist. Proc. 18 : 44 (bibli-
ography)

1893 Dromogoraphus spinosus Calvert, Am. ent. soc. Trans. 20:245

(description)

1894 Dr o mogo mp h us s p in o s u s Banks, Can. ent. 26:77 (listed from

Ithaca and Baldwinsville)

1895 Dromogomphus spinosus Calvert, N. Y. ent. soc. Jour. 3:45

(listed from Ithaca and Baldwinsville)

1897 Dr 0 m o go mp h u s spinosus Calvert, N. Y. ent. soc. Jour. 5:93

(listed from Earner)

1897 Dromogomphus spinosus Needham, Can. ent. 29 : 186 (characters

of the nymph)

1899 Dromogomphus spinosus Kellicott, Odon. Ohio, p. 71 (description)

1900 D r o m o go m p h u s s p i n 0 s u s Williamson, Dragon flies Ind. p. 296

(description)

This species has been taken sparingly and in a few places within the
state, but it is probable that it frequents the borders of most of the larger

462 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM

bodies of water. Prof. Herrick of the Agricultural college of Mississippi
found it transforming abundantly on the shore of Canandaigua lake at
the natural science camp in June 1897. I have found it at Ithaca and
at Saranac Inn; at the latter place only in Little Clear pond, near the
outlet. That was during the week which included June 30. The
nymphs were crawling up out of rather deep water on stumps and logs
on the bank to transform.

A big pine stump that stood partly in the water, halfway between the
outlet and the cold water pipe, seemed a favorite place of transformation.
It was fairly dotted over with exuviae, most of which were several feet
above the water. No imagos were seen, excepting the few that were
bred.

Nymph. (PI. 18, fig. i) Total length ^^ mm; abdomen 22 mm;
hind femur 7 mm; width of head 6 mm, of abdomen 7 mm.

Body elongate, little depressed, little hairy; color dirty brownish,
becoming clear brown on the apex of the abdomen ; some darker mark-
ings on the sides of the thorax and at the lateral margins of the abdo-
men, and across the base of the dorsum of the middle abdominal
segments.

Head cordate in outline, the hind margin being broadly emarginate ;
antennae long, considerably surpassing the tip of the labrum, and
upturned beyond the end of it; first segment twice as large as the second,
both globular ; third segment narrowly cylindric, more than twice as long
as the two basal ones together, bearing the minute, rudimentary,
globular, fourth segment on its upturned tip ; burrowing hooks well
developed.

Abdomen narrowed beyond the sixth segment rather regularly ; dorsal
hook on segments 2-9 regularly increasing in size and sharpness, and
regularly increasingly declined posteriorly, that on segment 9 being a
direct continuation of the sharp middorsal ridge of the segment, black
tipped, lateral spines on segments 6-9 increasing in size posteriorly, those
of the ninth segment reaching the level of the middle of the loth seg-
ment; the eighth segment is a third longer than the loth; the ninth
segment is two and one half times as long as the loth; the superior and
inferior appendages are somewhat longer than the loth segment, but the
laterals are about equal to it, being about one fourth shorter than the
other appendages.

The mentum of the labium is rather regularly widened anteriorly, with
a straight front border; lateral lobes strongly arcuate, with end hook
distinctly more prominent than the nine or ten coarse, angulately serrate
teeth before it on the inner margin.

Subfamily aeschninae
This group includes the largest, fleetest, and most voracious of our
dragon flies. Many of them are common and very well known. Most
of the species are marked with bright blues and greens. They roam far
from water, and often find their way into houses in warm weather. Several
species are commonly seen coursing over lawns in the evening twilight.

AQUATIC INSECTS IN THE ADIRONDACKS 463

The nymphs are known for a larger proportion of the genera than in
any other subfamily. They are climbers among green plants, over tim-
bers, on swaying roots, etc., preferring the border of open water or the
edge of a current. They are slender, active, clean, with smooth bodies
marked with a color pattern of greens and browns, well adapted to con-
cealment in the midst of their natural environment. They will eat al-
most any living animal that they can capture and hold, and they eat
one another with evident relish.

The nymphs agree in the possession of the following characters : Head
depressed; antennae (when grown) six to seven-jointed, filiform ; eyes
large, very prominent, covering the anterolateral angles of the head ;
labium very long, reaching between the bases of the middle legs, men-
tum flat, not covering the face, median lobe with a minute median cleft,
lateral lobe denticulate on inner side, and with a terminal hook, as well
as the usual movable hook ; legs slender, fitted for climbing and cling-
ing; tarsi three-jointed; prothorax with a transverse, dorsal, flattened
area, and a pair of conic processes above each coxa; spiracles large,
conspicuous ; abdomen somewhat spindle-shaped, with lateral margins
becoming acute posteriorly; lateral spines present on a variable number
of the segments ; inferior abdominal appendages at least twice as long
as the lateral appendages.

The following tables will enable any one to distinguish the members
of our few genera.

KEY TO GENERA

Imagos
a The radial sector (Es., fig. 9) simple

\) But two cubito-ana] cross veins ; vein M2 undulate ; supratriangle with-
out cross veins ; but one cross vein under the stigma..Gom p haeschna
6& With three or more eubito-anal cross veins ; vein Ms not undulate ; supra-
triangle divided by cross veins ; several cross veins under the stigma

c Basal space traversed by cross veins Boyeria

CO Basal space open , Basiaeschna

aa Eadial sector bearing an apical fork
6 Sectors of the arculus (veins M1-3 and M4 ) separating from the arculus at or
below its middle

c The radial sector symmetrically forked, between it and the supplementary

vein below it, one or two rows of cells

d Face strongly produced above, the upper margin of the frons very acute ;

the veins Mi and M3 parallel to the level of the stigma ; radial sector

and the supplementary vein below it separated by a single row of cells

Nasiaeschna
dS, Face vertical, not sharply angulate at upper edge of frons ; veins Mi
and M2 approximated at the stigma ; the radial sector and the supple-
mentary vein below it separated by two rows of cells

Epiaeschua

cc The radial sector strongly deflected toward the stigma at the base of its

fork, unsymmetric; between it and the supplementary vein below it,

three to seven rows of cells Aeschna

&& Sectors of the arculus springing from above the middle of the arculus. An ax

464 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM

Nymphs

These are known for all the foregoing genera except G o m p h -
aeschna: the nymphs figured and described by Cabot and referred
by supposition to that genus, were the males of Boyeria (see below
under the account of that genus) . Among all our nymphs that are still
unknown, that of Gomphaeschna remains one of the most de-
sirable discoveries yet to be made.

a Hind angles of the head viewed from above, sharply angulate

& Lateral lobe of labium squarely truncate on apex Boyeria

Z>& Lateral lobe of labium with taper-pointed apex Basiaeschna

aa Hind angles of the head obtusely rounded

fe With lateral spines on abdominal segments 4-, 5-, or 6-9.
c With lateral spines on segments 4-, or 5-9

d With dorsal hooks on abdominal segments 7-9 Nasiaeschna

dd With no dorsal hooks on abdomen Epiaeschna

CG With lateral spines on abdominal segments 6-9 Aeschna

lib With, lateral spines on abdominal segments 7-9 Anas

So well marked are these genera that their nymphs may be recognized
by the following

Single distinctive characters

Nasiaeschna alone has dorsal hooks on the abdomen.
Basiaeschna alone has the apices of its lateral labial lobes pointed.
A n a X alone has lateral spines on abdominal segments 7-9 only.
Aeschna alone has lateral spines on abdominal segments 6-9 only.
Boyeria alone has two teeth on the front border of the median lobe

of the labium, at a distance either side from the median cleft.
Epiaeschna alone is lacking in all the above characters.

GOMPHAESCHNA

The single regional species G. furcillata Say has not been taken
as yet within this state, so far as records show. Its nymph is unknown,
that one referred to this species by Cabot on supposition proving to be
the male nymph of Boyeria, described below.

BOYERIA

This genus includes the single North American species.
Boyeria vinosa Say

1839 Aeschna vinosa Say, Acad. nat. sci. Phil. Jour. 8 : 13
1839 Aeschna 4-guttata Burmeister, Handb. ent. 2 : 837
1861 Aeschna 4-guttata Hagen, Synopsis Neur. N. Am. p. 130
1875 Neuraeschna vinosa Hagen, Bost. soc. nat. hist, Proc. 18:37 (full
bibliography and distribution)

AQUATIC INSECTS IN THE ADIRONDACKS 465

1892 Aeschna vinosa Banks, Am. ent. soc. Traus. 19:353 (listed from New

York)

1893 Fon scolombia vinosa Calvert, Am. ent. soc. Trans. 20:247 (de-

scription)
1895-97 Fon scolombia vinosa Calvert, N. Y. ent. soc. Jour. 3 : 45 and 5 : 93
(listed from Keeseville, Ithaca, Schoharie, Piseco lake, Elk lake, Colden,
and Westchester co.)

1899 Fon scolombia vinosa Keliicott, Odon. Ohio, p. 90 (description)

1900 Boyeria vinosa Williamson, Dragon flies Ind. p. 300-1 (description)
1881 Neurae schn a vinosa Cabot, (Nymph) Mus. compar. zool. Mem.

8 : 29, 39, pi. 2, fig. 3

This interesting species, which seems likely to be found inhabiting
almost every woodland creek in the state, was very common at Saranac
Inn in Little Clear creek, and in the borders of the pond above. The
nymphs were transforming commonly on the sides of timbers in the edge
of the water from the beginning of our session till the latter end of July.
A number of both sexes were reared in our cages. A few images might
be seen, specially afternoons in favorable weather from midsummer till
the end of our session, about the creek on the hatchery grounds. They
glide along above the stream, not vety rapidly, on well poised, transpar-
ent wings, which against the background of the water are well nigh in-
visible. The two big round yellow spots on each side of the thorax dis-
tinguish this species from all its kin, even while in flight.

The nymphs, which are generally quite dark colored, seem to prefer
timbers, trailing roots, driftwood, etc., as a foraging ground. I have
rarely taken them from green vegetation.

Nymph. Total length $ 33, $36 mm; abdomen, $ 22.5, $25mm;
hind femur 5.5 mm; width of head 7 mm, of abdomen 7.5 mm.

Body elongate, slender, smooth; color blackish brown, obscurely
marked with paler in transverse rings on the legs, and in dashes, tending
to become arranged in interrupted, longitudinal rows on the abdomen.

Head concave behind, with truncated hind angles; sides straight,
diverging strongly anteriorly to meet the very prominent eyes ; labium
moderate ; middle third of front margin of median lobe straight, with a
tooth at each side remote from the median cleft.

Abdomen widest across the fifth and sixth segments, tapering unequally
to the ends ; no dorsal hooks ; lateral spines on segments 5-9, on 5
small, on 6-9 conspicuous, increasing a little in size posteriorly, those of
the ninth segment three fourths as long as the loth segment; the ab-
dominal segments are longest in the middle, and decrease a little toward
both ends ; the appendages are longer than the last two segments
together, and differ in the two sexes in the form of the apex of the super-
ior appendage; in the $ this has a distinct narrow apical cleft, in the ?
the cleft is closed when grown ; in small female nymphs, however, I have
seen it quite as widely open and as distinct as in the male : in both sexes

466 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM

the laterals are one fourth as long, and the superiors eight ninths as long
as the inferiors.

Some smaller nymphs from the creek show a middorsal black band on
the abdomen, divided by a median row of small yellow spots, largest on
the eighth segment.

Basiaeschna Janata Say

1839 Aeschna Janata Say, Acad. nat. sci. Phil. Jour. 8 : 13
1842 Aeschna minor Eambur^ Ins. Neur. p. 207
1861 Aeschna Janata Hagen, Synopsis Neur. N. Am. p. 125
1875 Aeschna Janata Hagen, Bost. soc. nat. hist. Proc. 18 : 33 (full bibli-
ography and distribution)
1895 Basiaeschna Janata Calvert, N. Y. ent. soc. Jour. 3 : 45 (listed from
Keeseville)

1899 Basiaeschna Janata Kellicott, Odon. Ohio, p. 81 (description)

1900 Basiaeschna Janata Williamson, Dragon flies Ind. p. 301 (descrip-

tion)

This species is perhaps the earliest of the Aeschninae. It was
common about the hatchery grounds on our arrival, and had about dis-
appeared by midsummer. I got mostly immature nymphs at Saranac
Inn, but I bred the species abundantly at Ithaca several years ago.
I saw females ovipositing several times during the first week of our stay
at Saranac Inn, and watched the process once in detail. In each
instance observed the eggs were deposited in leaves of a species of bur-
reed, Sparganium, which, where it grew in the deeper water of the
creek, trailed its long leaves on the surface of the stream. The female
flitted from plant to plant, making a few thrusts with her ovipositor into
each at the water line, and then settled and balanced herself carefully on
a long, floating leaf; this was doubtless a most favorable place for the
eggs, and she settled down to more extensive operations. Backing down
into the water till the abdomen was wholly submerged, she began
thrusting with her ovipositor, first to right and then to left, moving for-
ward a little between thrusts, leaving behind a double row of egg punc-
tures, as regular as the neatest double stitching that might be done with
a needle. Several such double rows of eggs were placed in the tissues
of this leaf before she left it. The leaf was found to be thickly covered
on the under side (as all submerged surfaces were covered in the creek
at that time) with hundreds of red hydras, in all stages of budding. I
placed the leaf in a hatchery trough, where the hydras remained in good
condition till after the hatching of the eggs.

Nymph. Total length 43 mm; abdomen 30 mm; hind femur 6 mm;
width of head 7.5 mm; of abdomen 8 mm.

Body elongate, slender, nearly smooth ; color brownish black, with
paler rings on the femora and tibiae, three or four rings on each ; pale

AQUATIC INSECTS IN THE ADIRONDACKS 467

marks on the lateral margins of the abdominal segments at base ; a broad
middorsal pale band on abdomen, motded with brown, and including
two blackish spots on the eighth segment; appendages, spines, tarsal seg-
ments and claws, yellow, blacktipped.

Head with very prominent, anteriorly directed eyes, narrowed behind
the eyes to very sharp hind angles ; between these angles the rear of the
head is slightly concave ; the labium has its median lobe prominent,
fringed, distinctly cleft; the lateral lobe, rather small, tapering to its
incurved apex, rather regularly.

Abdomen without dorsal hooks, with lateral spines on segments 3 or
4-9, increasing in size posteriorly, those of the ninth segment about equal-
ing in length the loth segment; inferior appendages long and very sharp,
distinctly longer than the last two abdominal segments; superior one half
to three fifths as long as the inferiors, its apex with a round notch; later-
als about half as long as the superior.

The unusual brevity of the superior appendage is about as distinctive
as the shape of the lateral labial lobe, indicated in the above table.

NASIAESCHNA^

There is a single species.

Nasiaeschna pentacantha Rambur

1842 Aeschna pentacantha Eambur, Ids. Neur. p. 208

1861 Aeschna pentacantha Hagen, Synopsis Nenr. N. Am. p. 129 (de-

scription)

1862 Aeschna pentacantha Walsh, Acad. nat. sci. Phil. p. 397 (notes)
1875 Aeschna pentacantha Hagen, Bost. soc. nat. hist. Proc. 18 : 37

(bibliography and distribntion)

1888 Epi aeschna heros (nyinph) Garman, 111. state lab. nat. hist. Bui. 3 : 178
(descriptive notes)

1895 Aeschna pentacantha Banks, Ent. news, 6:124 (recorded from
Baldwinsville)

1897 Aeschna pentacantha Calvert, N. Y. ent. soc. Jour. 5:95 (recorded
from Baldwinsville)

1900 Aeschna pentacantha Williamson, Dragon flies Ind. p. 305 (descrip-
tion)

This species ranges from Massachusetts to Texas, and from lUinois to
Georgia : it is apparently rare throughout its range. Probably not more
than a dozen specimens of the adult insect exist in collections.

As to the nymph, Garman first found it in the Mississippi bottoms near
Quincy 111. His types were lent me for study several years ago by
Prof. Forbes. I was able to refer them by exclusion to this species. Mr
Hart of the Illinois state laboratory, has since written me that he has suc-
cessfully reared similar nymphs obtained by him in a creek near Cham-
paign 111. Thus their identity is settled. I have since obtained well

1 de Selys 1900: diagnosis in French, included in a paper "Odonaten aus Neu-Guinea" by F.
Forster, In Termeszetrajzi Filzetek, v. 23 (Budapest).

468 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM

grown nymphs from Moline 111. Two images taken by Prof. R. H.
Pettit at Baldwinsville, Onondaga co., constitute the only record of the
species for this state.

Nymph. (The largest I have before me, not grown^ as shown by the
shortness of the wing cases.) Measures 24 mm; abdomen 16 mm; hind
femur 4 mm; width of head 5.5 mm, of abdomen 6 mm.

Color blackish, labium and tarsi yellowish ; body rough granulate, but
not hairy, with paired tubercles obtuse above the base of the antennae,
and on the middle of the vertex, and on the middle of the superolateral
ridge that extends from the rear of the eyes to the hind angles of the
head; a pair also on the superolateral angles of the prothorax; and the
usual two pairs above the bases of the coxae, the anterior a little longer
and stouter, but both directed anteriorly ; three or four pairs above the
middle and hind coxae, running down into a ridge which extends on
these coxae; a dorsal, tuberculate, superior ridge on all the femora;
dorsal hooks represented on all the segments of the abdomen, becoming
prominent and pointed on segments 6-9; lateral spines on segments 5-9,
increasing in length posteriorly, those of the ninth segment, two thirds as
long as the loth segment; appendages more than twice as long as the
loth segment, superior and inferiors of equal length, laterals one
fourth to one fifth as long as the others, superior, obtuse at tip, inferiors
finely denticulate exteriorly.

Head considerably narrowed behind the eyes, and with a deep, quad-
rangular excavation of the hind margin ; eyes with a very long anterior
border, and a long pointed hind angle lying on the vertex; labium with
the cleft of the median lobe somewhat v-shaped, not closed; lateral lobe
truncate on apex, with about 18 denticles on inner margin.

EPIAESCHNA

There is a single North American species.

Epiaeschna heros Fabricius

1798Ae8hna heros Fabricius, Ent. syst. Suppl. j). 285

1839 Aeshna multicincta Say, Acad. nat. sci. Phil. Jour. 8:9

1861Aeschna heros Hageu, Synopsis Neur. N. Am. p. 128

1869Aeschua heros Harris, Ent. correspondence, p. 326 (notes)

1862Ae8chna heros Walsh, Acad. nat. sci. Phil. Proc. p. 397 (notes)

1875 Aeschna heros Hagen, Bost. soc. nat. hist. Proc. 18:36 (bibliography

and distribution)
1881 Epiaeschna heros (nymph) Cabot, Mus. comp. zool., Mem. 8:30,

39, pi. 1, fig. 3
1893 Epiaeschna heros Calvert, Am. ent. soc. Trans. 20 : 246-47 (de-
scription)
1895-97 Epiaeschna heros Calvert, N. Y. ent. soc. Jour. 345 ; 5 : 93
(listed from Dobbs Ferry, New York, Itbaca, Albany and Buffalo)

1899 Epiaeschna heros Kellieott, Odon. Ohio, p. 81 (description)

1900 Epiaeschna heros Williamson, Dragou flies Ind. p. 302 (descrip-

tion)

This, our largest dragon fly, is widely distributed throughout the state,
and, for that matter, throughout the whole eastern United States. Its

AQUATIC INSECTS IN THE ADIRONDACKS 469

Strikingly large size, and its habit of flying into houses not unfrequently,
and its apparent migrations in numbers, have made it a rather well
known species.

Since the nymph has been described and figured by Cabot, it will suf-
fice here to give a brief statement of its more distinctive characters.

Nymph. Apparently full grown, measures in total length 46 mm ;
abdomen 32 mm ; hind femur 7.5 mm ;
width of head 10 mm, of abdomen
10 mm.

Body very elongate, widest across the
eyes and the seventh and eighth ab-
dominal segments. Head flat, much
narrowed behind the eyes, with a deep,
well rounded concavity on the hind mar-
gin, and obtuse hind angles ; labium
long extending posteriorly between the
bases of the middle legs; mentum
(fig. 13) with sides parallel for half its
length, then suddenly widened in a regu-
lar curve to the bases of the lateral
lobes; median lobe with convex front
border divided by a shallow open cleft,
bearing a fringe of short scales on either
side of the cleft ; lateral lobe truncate
on tip with a short hook on inner angle
at tip, before which are some 12 to 15
denticles.

Abdomen with an obtuse middorsal
ridge ; lateral spines on segments 5-9,
increasing in size posteriorly, on 9 hardly Fa^tJf;. from^^^tmn' fifo'to by j^'S. Neelham
longer than half of the length of the

loth segment, but broadly triangular; superior appendage almost as long
as the inferiors, not cleft at apex ; laterals half as long, inferiors not quite
as long as segments 9 and 10 together.

ABSCHNA

Three closely related species of this genus are known from the state.
Male imagos of these species may be separated by the following key.

KEY TO SPECIES OF AESCHNA

a Anal triangle of hind wing of male consisting usually of three cells. Superior

abdominal appendages of male with a prominent inferior spine at the distal

end ; genital valve of female strongly elevated at the apex .. constricta

aa Anal triangle of the hind wing of the male consisting generally of two cells;

sui^erior appendage of the male without prominent inferior spine; genital

valve of female not strongly elevated at its ajiex

& Superior abdominal appendages of the male with a superior longitudinal

carina denticulated clepsydra

hi Superior appendages of the male with the superior longitudinal carina not
denticulated verticalis

470 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM

I am not able to distinguish between the nymphs of these species.
Constricta and clepsydra were both common at Saranac Inn
during the latter half of the summer. I collected many nymphs, and it
would seem likely that I should have both species; but I have found
hitherto no specific differences between them. The images of the three
species are similar in habits and are often found flying together. It is
probable that the nymphs are likewise similar in habits. The nymph of
Aeschna constricta is described and figured by Cabot^ . Descrip-
tions of these three species will be found in the monographs of Calvert,
Kellicott and Williamson, frequently cited in the preceding bibliographies
of species. Under these circumstances it seems unnecessary to enter
into a detailed discussion of them. It will suffice, for the certain recog-
nition of nymphs of the genus, to restate the chief characters of the
nymph of A. constricta, a species which I have bred abundantly
at Ithaca and at Saranac Inn.

Nymph. Fully grown measures in total length 43 mm, abdomen 31
mm, hind femur 6.5 mm ; width of head 7.5 mm, of abdomen 7.5 mm.

Body elongate, graceful, active ; color varied green and brown, the
amount of either color varying to agree with environment, the paler
markings of the dorsum generally tending to form longitudinal inter-
rupted streaks.

Head with prominent, well-rounded eyes, whose hind angles almost
meet on the vertex ; rear of head hardly convex posteriorly ; hind angles
broadly rounded ; labium moderately widened in distal half of mentum ;
middle lobe with closed median cleft ; lateral lobe squarely truncate on
end, denticulate within.

Abdomen widest in the middle, where the segments are also longest ;
lateral spines on segments 6-9, on 6 minute, on 9 a little longer than
half the length of the loth segment; inferior appendages longer than
segments 9 and 10; the deeply notched superior appendage three fourths
as long as the inferiors, the laterals one half as long as the inferiors and
with very sharp, incurvate points.

ANAX

The single species discussed below properly belongs to our fauna:
another tropical species, Anax longipes is occasionally picked up
on our Atlantic coast.

1773 Libellula junia Drury, Illus. exotic eut. v. 1, pi. 47, fig. 5n

1842 Aeschna spiniferus Rambur, Ins. Neur. p. 186, pi. 1, fio;. 14

1854 Emmous, Agric. N. Y. v. 5, pi. 15, fig. 3 (colored figure of the

male; no description ; no name)
1861 Anax Junius Hagen, Synopsis Neur. N. Am. p. 118
1875 Anax Junius Hagen, Bost, soc. nat. hist. Proc. 18 : 32 (full bibliography

and distribution)

^ Immature state of the Odonata. 1881. pt 2.

AQUATIC INSECTS IN THE ADIRONDACKS

471

1890 Anas Junius Hagen, Psyche, 5 : 305 (critical account of tlie species)
1893 Anax jnnivis Calvert, Am. ent. soc. Trans. 20 : 249 (description)
1897 Anax Junius Calvert, N. Y. eut. soc. Jour. 3 : 46 and 5 : 93 (listed from
New York, Ithaca, Schoharie and Buffalo)

1899 Anax Junius Kellicott, Odon. Ohio, p. 77

1900 Anax Junius Williamson, Dragon flies Ind. p. 306

1881 Anax Junius Cabot, (nymph) Mus. comp. zool. Mem. 8 : 15, 36, pi. 1,
fig. 2

Anax Junius Drury

This well known species, which is very common in most parts of the
state, was rather rare at Saranac Inn. A single nymph was taken from
the little bog pond on the inn wagon road,
and a single male imago was observed fly-
ing over the same pond. Elsewhere the
imagos are on the wing from March till
November; they fly from daylight to
dark, and are fleet, powerful and fearless.

The female in ovipositing is often held
by the male, specially in early spring,
often is unattended, and sometimes de-
scends bodily into the water. In early
spring the eggs are inserted in the water-
soaked stems of reeds, in floating sticks,
etc. ; later in the season they are placed
in the tissues of green and growing

aquatic plants. Fig. 14 Early stages of nymph of Anax

rr-ii 1 r ^ • • • --111 Junius Dru., showing changes of color

Ihe nymph or this species is probably pattern a, newly hatched : B, one fourth

grown ; (J, one half grown

better known than that of any other.

It is sure to get into the net of the aquatic collector. It clings to
water weeds nearer the surface, usually, than the bottom, in an atti-
tude of alertness, with head poised low and abdomen slightly elevated.
Locomotion is relatively rapid, either by walking, or by swimming by
ejections of water from the respiratory chamber. It is a notoriously can-
nibalistic species : among abundant and choice food, the larger nymphs
will eat the smaller ones, and two of equal size can not be safely kept to-
gether in close quarters.

Cabot ^ has figured and described the nymph, and many indifferent re-
productions of his figure are current. The following brief diagnostic
statement of its principal characters will serve for its recognition.

Nymph, (fig. 14) Measures in total length 39 mm ; abdomen 29
mm ; hind femur 8 mm ; width of head 8 mm, of abdomen 8.4 mm.

^ Immature state of the Odonata. 1881. pt 2.

472 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM

Body slender, smooth ; colors brown and green, in a pattern of longi-
tudinal streaks, well adapted to concealment among plant stems, the
depth of the color varying to suit the environment.

Head strongly depressed, with the eyes covering the greater part of the
sides of it; labium very long, reaching posteriorly the base of the hind
legs ; the mentum regularly widened from base to apex, produced median
lobe with a closed median cleft ; lateral lobe suddenly rounded off at end
to the incurved internal end hook, but hardly truncate; legs long and
slender as befits its climbing habits, tibiae and femora faintly ringed with
brown ; abdomen with strong and evident lateral spines on segments 7-9
only ; superior abdominal appendage with a well rounded apical notch,
its length about seven eighths that of the inferiors, which are longer than
segments 9 and 10 together; lateral appendages two fifths as long as the
inferiors; spines of the ninth segment about as long as the loth seg-
ment.

Subfamily petj^lurinab

There is but one genus and species occurring in the eastern United

States : both will be recognized by the characters given in the table for

major groups.

Tachopteryx thoreyi Selys

1857 Uropetala tlioreyi Selys, Monographie des goniphines, p. 373 ( ^ )
1861 Petalura thoreyi Hagen, Synopsis Neur. N. Am. p. 117
1878 Tachopteryx thoreyi Selys, Acad. Belg. (2) Bui. 46:696 ( ? )
1898 Tachopteryx thoreyi Calvert, Am. ent. soc. Trans. 20:241 (descrip-
tion)
1900 Tachopteryx thoreyi Williamson, Ent. news, 11:398-99 (habits)
1900 Tachopteryx thoreyi Williamson, Dragon flies Ind. p. 281 (descrip-
tion)
This species, originally described from a single male specimen taken
in the vicinity of New York, has apparently not been found in the state
since that time. It is now known to be distributed from Massachusetts
to Florida and Texas. According to Mr Wilhamson, who has published
the little that is known concerning its habits, it flies in Pennsylvania
during the whole of June and the first half of July. It is ''usually
observed resting in sunny situations on fences or trees, at the edges of
woodland . . . stream and small marshy area near . . . Easily approached
. . . once aroused, its flight is swift and strong."

On June 4, 1900 D. A. Atkinson took in transformation a single female
nymph of this species near Pittsburg Pa. E. B. Williamson described
and figured this nymph in Entomological news. 1901. 12 : 1-3, pi i,
and then very kindly loaned me the specimen for study. From this
specimen I have drawn the labium and antenna shown in figure 15 and
the brief statement of characters given herewith.

' Nymph. Length 38 mm.

Antennae 7-jointed, depressed, hairy on lateral margins, the segments
short and broad.

AQUATIC INSECTS IN THE ADIRONDACKS

473

Labium short and stout, median lobe with a narrow median cleft and
denticulate margin ; lateral lobes truncate on end, scarcely denticulate :
no raptorial setae.

Legs stout, with prominent, twisted, hair-fringed, longitudinal carinae;
tarsi 3-3-3 jointed.

Wing cases laid parallel along the back, their apices reaching the mid-
dle of the fifth segment.

Abdomen tapering beyond the fifth segment with thin flaring lateral
margins showing on each of segments 4-9 an angle at the middle and a
flat tooth at the apex, and with a dorsal row of hairy tubercles on seg-
ments 5-9, parallel to the lateral margin but nearer the median line : ap-
pendages obtuse, the superior with a broad, shallow, apical emargination.

The eggs are deposited in wet, boggy places, when there is hardly any

water standing, and the nymph lives in the mud in such places.

Subfamily cORDULEGJVSTERirsrAE

A small group of large species, inhabiting mainly clear streams that
flow through upland marshes, spring bogs, etc. The imagos are strong
of flight, and are oftenest seen cours-
ing back and forth over some small
stream, flying on a regular beat, and
passing and repassing the same
point at intervals of a few minutes.
The collector may take advantage
of this habit, and so station himself
that he may reach the specimen as
it passes, and capture it, if dextrous
with a net.

The nymphs live on the bottom
in shallow water, buried in clean
sand or in vegetable silt. Though
buried they do not burrow, but descend by raking the sand from beneath
them by sweeping, lateral movements of the legs. When deep enough,
they kick the sand up over the back till only the elevated tips of the eyes
and the respiratory aperture at the tip of the abdomen are exposed. By
placing a live nymph in a dish of sand and water and watching, its
method may be observed in a very few minutes. The whole comical
performance reminds one strongly of the descent of an old hen in a
dustbath.

Once adjusted in the sand, a nymph (unless food tempts) remains
motionless a very long time. In a dish of sand on my table, I have had a
nymph remain without change of position for weeks, no food being
offered it. Let any little insect walk or swim near the nymph's head,

Fig. 15 Tachoptery X thoreyl Selys ; a la
blum and b antenna of a female nymph. ( Mr
Williamson's type )

474 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM

and a hidden labium springs from the sand with a mighty sweep and
clutches it. I fed to a nymph of Cordulegaster diastatops
14 full grown nymphs of C apni a in rapid succession, which should
represent a bulk about equal to that of the nymph that ate them. It ate
a dozen quickly, the last two more slowly : it had been without food sev-
eral weeks. Nymphs of the species described below as C. maculatus
supposition, at Saranac Inn, captured and ate young brook trout as long
as themselves, when placed in their cage. So eager were they, they
would rise partly from the sand on approach of a trout. Like the
nymphs of the Aeschninae, they seem to have a decided preference for
big game, if one may judge by the strenuous efforts they put forth when
something at the limit of their capacity for capturing approaches.
Our species belong to a single genus.

CORDULEGASTER Lcach

Of the seven species occurring north of Mexico six are found in the
eastern United States, and of these six, five are likely to be found in New
York state when careful collecting is done for them. But two of these,
C. erroneus (from Keene valley) and C. diastatops, are on rec-
ord from the state ; a third, C. maculatus is recorded below from
Saranac Inn.

Imagos of the six species of the eastern United States may be sepa-
rated by the following table :
a Eyes not contiguous ; the proximal inferior tooth of the superior abdominal
appendage of the male almost completely incased within the 10th segment
(subgenus Zoraena)

T) Abdomen with yellow lateral spots; stigma browu diastatops

hi) Abdomen with yellow half rings ; stigma yellow sayi

aa Eyes contiguous ; proximal inferior tooth of superior appendage of male
more or less completely exposed
h Two cubito-anal cross veins before the triangles ; triangle open, or divided
by a single cross vein ; stigma moderate (subgenus Cordulegaster)

c Abdomen with yellow lateral spots maculatus

cc Abdomen with yellow half rings erroneus

6& Usually three cubito-anal cross veins before the triangle ; triangle often
divided by more than one cross vein ; stigma very long (subgenus
Taeniogaster)

d Abdomen witb lateral yellow spots (southern) fasciatus

dd Abdomen with a middorsal line of spots obliquus

ARTIFICIAL KEY TO THE SAME SPECIES

a Abdomen with a middorsal line of spots obliquus

aa Abdomen with yellow half rings on the segments

& Face yellow sayi

AQUATIC INSECTS IN THE ADIRONDACKS 475

lb Face blackish erroneous

aaa Abdomen with lateral spots

c Abdomen 65 mm or more in length (southern) fasciatus

cc Abdomen less than 60 mm in length

d Spots single on sides of abdominal segments diastatops

dd With large, separate, median and apical spots on sides of middle abdom-
inal segments maculatus

As to the nymphs, few of them are known. Cabot^ has figured and
described as C. sayi (supposition) nymphs, which, later, Hagen^ has
referred to C. diastatops (supposition). These nymphs were from
Maine, Massachusetts, Maryland and Virginia. It is very doubtful
whether C. sayi occurs so far north as Massachusetts : owing to con-
fusion of species, published records of distribution of our species of
Cordulegaster need sifting. I have bred C. diastatops at Ithaca
and my nymphs agree with Hagen's description, and thus confirm his
supposition. In the above cited paper Dr Hagen also published brief
descriptive notes on two other Cordulegaster nymphs which he
referred by supposition to C. dorsalis (of the Pacific slope) and C.
obliquus (the latter one, a single imperfect specimen from Texas).
This is all that has been published concerning the nymphs of American
species of this genus.

I describe below nymphs of C. diastatops (raised) and C.
maculatus (supposition), and in order to avoid repetitions, I will give
herewith a general statement of the characters of nymphs of the genus :
they are all very much alike.

Nymphs of this genus agree in the following points : the body is stout,
rough, hairy, cylindric, tapering beyond the middle of the abdomen to a
pointed apex, the longitudinal axis upcurved at both ends, the tips of the
eyes and the abdominal appendages being the highest points. The
antennae are seven-jointed, slender. The eyes cap the angular antero-
lateral prominence of the head and extend a pair of sharp points inter-
nally on the vertex from their hind angles. Hind angles of the head
rounded, the hind margin not obviously concave posteriorly. The
labium is very large, extending posteriorly between the bases of the mid-
dle legs, its dilated, spoon-shaped anterior end covering the face up to
the antennae, and meeting above a convex frontal prominence, whose
margin is fringed with sensory hairs. The mentum is triangularly
widened beyond the middle; its median lobe is produced in a median
tooth which is bifid on the median line; its lateral lobes are broad, tri-
angular, concave, and bear a row of short raptorial setae just within the
externa] margin, a stouter, but not longer movable hook at the end of
this row, and a series of coarse, irregular interlocking teeth on the distal
margin.

1 Immature state of the Odonata. 1872. pt 1, p. 13, pi. 3, fig. 2.

2 Monograph of the earlier stages of the Odonata, Am. ent. soo. Trans. 1S85. p. 290.

476 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM

Prothorax with a transverse dorsal flattened area, which is fringed
with stiff hairs ; legs slender and not very long, adapted, not for running
as stated by Hagen {loc. cit. p. 288), but for raking the sand aside;
femora and tibiae with dorsal and ventral rows of long hairs, the ventral
row on the tibiae graduating into spines at the tip, these becoming
arranged in a double row on the ventral side of the tarsal segments;
tarsi three-jointed; wings a little divergent on the two sides, when
grown, reaching the fourth abdominal segment.

Abdomen, subcylindric, arcuately upcurved toward the tip; no dorsal
hooks ; lateral appendages less than one fourth as long as superior and
inferiors; the transverse apical rings on the abdominal segments are
somewhat remote from the apices of the segments and bear rows of very
stiff" hairs, which are incurved at the tip and serve to hold a layer of
sand, dirt, etc. about the body.

The two species of nymphs described below may be easily separated
as follows.

a Lateral margins of abdominal segments 8 and 9 sharp, ending posteriorly in

stout triangular, conspicuous lateral spines diastatops (raised)

aa Lateral margins of abdominal segments 8 and 9 hardly acute, at their pos-
terior ends a pair of minute, slender, cylindric, pointed spines, that are

shorter than the hairs among which they are hidden maculatus

(supposition)

Of the eggs of Cordulegaster I know nothing. Field observa-
tions are much needed on the matter of oviposition to observe whether
they are dropped into the water, attached to supports, or inserted into
plant tissues, and, if the latter, how the long, imperfect ovipositor of the
female is used.

Cordulegaster maculatus Selys

1854 Cordulegaster maculatus Selys, Acad. Belg. (2) Bui. 21 : 105
1861 Cordulegaster maculatus Hagen, Synopsis Neur. N. Am. p. 115
1875 Cordulegaster maculatus Hagen, Bost. soc. nat. hist. Proc.

18 : 50 (bibliography and distribution)
1893 Cordulegaster maculatus Calvert, Am. ent. soc. Trans. 20 : 246

(description)

This species was not uncommon at Saranac Inn. It was to be seen
during the greater part of the summer on sunshiny days coursing up and
down Little Clear creek on the hatchery grounds: it was observed
nowhere else. It has not been reported from New York state hitherto.

The nymphs referred to this species by supposition (none of them
being reared) were common in the sandy bed of Little Clear creek, in
the places over which the images were observed flying; but one species
was seen ; that is the reason for referring the nymphs to this species. A
number of exuviae were found on the edges of the fish ponds within a
few days after our arrival, but none appeared later, and, though nymphs
apparently fully grown were repeatedly taken and a good many of them
kept in our cages through the remainder of the season, none of them trans -

AQUATIC INSECTS IN THE ADIRONDACKS

477

Fig. 16 Labium of nymph of Cordulegaster

formed. I believe that the season for their transformation was past and
that the period of adult life for this insect is a long one. The few speci-
mens captured were all males.

Nymph. Measures in total
length 41 mm ; abdomen 30 mm ;
hind femur 6 mm ; width of
head 7 mm, of abdomen 8 mm.

Body very densely rough
hairy; colors (entirely obscured
except after molting) yellowish
marked with brown spots ; a pair
of these at the base of the fore
wings, a double submedian row
along the dorsum of the abdo-
men, oval, with apices con-
vergent in each pair; external
to these, another row each side
with apices divergent; external
to these, a less conspicuous row
each side, of spots lying nearer
the bases of the segments; supe-
rior and inferior appendages
yellow, black tipped, fringed
densely on their internal mar-
gins with soft black hairs ; laterals maculatus Say, supposition
one fifth as long, not fringed.

Mentum of labium bell-shaped in outline (fig. 16) ; median lobe very
long and dilated on the cleft apex in a pair of flat ovoid lobes, with ser-
rulated margins and each with an external apical denticle ; lateral lobe
with 10 or II very unequal sharp teeth on distal margin, the longest of the
teeth, the movable hook and the setae of about equal length, the hook
several times as thick as the setae; setae five; setae on mentum 10 or 11,
six or seven longer ones in a longitudinal row at the sides, and four small
ones extending from the proximal end of this row toward the median line.

Abdomen with segments about equal in length as far as the loth,
which is about one third shorter; appendages equal the ninth segment in
length ; in the female the long triangular lobes of the ovipositor extend
to the apex of the ninth segment, against which they are closely applied ;
lateral spines, minute cylindric pointed rudiments, hidden among the
hairs of the lateral margins, on the eighth and ninth segments.

Cordulegaster diastatops Selys

1854 Thecapliora diastatops Selys, Acad. Belg. (2) Bui. 21; 101

1886 Cordulegaster lateralis Scudder, Bost. soc. nat. hist. Proc, 10: 211

1872 Cordulegaster sayi (nymph) Cabot, Mus. compar. zool. Mem. v. 2,

art. 5, p. 13, pi. 3, fig. 2
1885 Cordulegaster diastatops (nymph, supposition) Hagen, Am. ent*

soc. Trans. 12:290 (description)
1878 Thecaphora diastatops Selys, Acad. Belg. Bui. p. 685 (descrip-
tive notes and corrections)
1895 Cordulegaster diastatops Calvert, N. Y. ent. soc. Jour. 3:45
(listed from New York state)

478

NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM

This is a common species about the upland spring bogs near Ithaca
and McLean N. Y. I have collected the nymphs by hundreds from
the brownish vegetable debris of the puny streams trickhng through such
places.

The nymph differs from the preceding species in being a trifle smaller,
and considerably less hairy; the lateral margins of segments 8 and 9 of
abdomen are thin and sharp and bear sharp triangular spines; the labium
is less widened just before the bases of the lateral lobes ; the median lobe
is less produced, more deeply notched in the middle, and the two lobes
separated by this median notch are again cleft by a lesser notch.

Possibly these differences in median lobe of labium and in lateral
margins of abdominal segments 8 and 9 may prove constant for the sub-
genera Z o r a e n a and Cordulegaster.

Skirmners
This family is a host, and includes many of the commonest of our
species. Most of them are of well sustained flight, and are seen con-

^, . tinually hovering over the sur-

face of still water, or are met
with on the uplands while for-
aging. The females do not
insert their eggs into the tis-
sues of plants, but drop them
loosely into the water, or hang
them in strings about plant
stems at the surface of the
water.

The nymphs are sprawlers
on the bottom, mainly in shal-
low water, or clamberers over
fallen plant stems, and are
protectively colored. They
agree in the following char-
acters: the labium (fig. 17)
is maskhke, spoon-shaped,
with raptorial setae, and with
its lateral lobe toothed on its
distal margin; the antennae
are seven-jointed, and setiform; the tarsi are three-jointed, with the third
joint never as long as the two basal ones together; the wing cases are

Fig. 17 Diagram of the Libellulid nymph labium (P e ri-
themis dom.itia). Sm submentum ; m, mentum ;
ms mental setae ; ml median lobe ; II lateral lobes ; Is late-
ral setae; t teeth; h movable hook

AQUATIC INSECTS IN THE ADIRONDACKS

479

long, reaching the sixth abdominal segment when the nymph is grown ;
lateral spines are present on abdominal segments 8 and 9, but the dorsal
hooks are very variable, and often wanting.

Of the three subfamilies characterized below, the first one is here
newly set apart; the other two are so closely allied that no single abso-

Fig. 18 Bases of wings of Leucorhinia glacialis Hagen. Ccosta; Scsubcosta; K radius;
JIf media; Cw cubitus; A anal vein; ar areulus; t triangle; f ' subtriangle ; s supra triangle ; a. anal
loop

lately distinctive character has yet been found that will separate all the
imagos. A combination of characters seems to be necessary for dis-
tinguishing both imagos and nymphs: a combination is therefore used in
the following tables.

KEY TO SUBFAMILIES

Imagos

a The triangle of the hind wing placed considerably beyond the areulus ; the
anal loop well developed, and hardly longer than broad; with more than

two cubito-anal cross veins . , Macromiinae

aa The triangle of the hind wing (fig. 18) retracted to the level of the areulus,
or even passing it a little sometimes; the anal loop, greatly elongated
(except in Nannothemis) and becoming foot-shaped: one or two
cubito-anal cross veins.

480 NEW YORK, STATE MUSEUM

h Sectors of the arculus (veins M1-3 and M4 ) distinctly separate at tlieir
departure from the arculus; anal loop elongate, but not distinctly foot-
shaped, the toe part being little or not at all developed ; the last antenodal
cross vein extending from the costal to the radial veins (except in D.
lintneri, in which it generally extends only from the costal to the
subcostal) ; colors often metallic blue or green on thorax and abdomen

Cordulinae p. 484

hh The sectors of the arculus in close apposition or completely fused for a little

way beyond the arculus; anal loop generally distinctly foot-shaped, with

well developed "toe"; the last antenodal cross vein often discontinuous

at the subcostal vein Libellulinae p. 506

Nymphs

a Head with a prominent pyramidal frontal horn ; abdomen flat, and almost
circular in outline as seen from above ; legs long, giving a spiderlike
aspect to these big nymphs; 10th abdominal segment well exposed, not
telescoped in the apex of the ninth segment; teeth on the lateral lobes of

the labium with deep incisions between them Macromiinae

aa Head without pyramidal frontal horn ; abdomen less flattened, more elongate ;
teeth on the lateral lobes of the labium much wider than high.

& Lateral appendages of the abdomen more than half as long as the inferiors ;
hind femora longer than the head is wide; when the lateral spines are
long (fig. 19s), then there is a fall series of big, cultriform dorsal hooks on
the abdomen Cordulinae

&& Lateral abdominal appendages generally less than half the length of the
inferiors ; hind femora generally as long as the head is wide ; often when
the lateral spines of the abdomen are long the dorsal hooks are wanting or
reduced Libellulinae

Subfamily ivia^croiviiinae.

A small group of large species, more distinct than any other group
within the family. The imagos are bulky and not very graceful, hairy
and not strikingly beautiful in their coloration, but their flight is strong
and well sustained : they gHde through the air with the fearless abandon
of masters of a situation.

The nymphs are quite unique in the family in the possession of a flat
abdomen, almost circular in outline, recalling that ofHagenius,
though less flat and circular than that, and an erect pyramidal horn on
the front of the head ; in this last character, they are unique among all
Odonata. They He flat on the bottom where there is Httle mud, or
oftener, on some nearly bare ledge in the border of a stream, with their
thin legs radiately arranged, and the body almost completely covered
with silt. Thus they await their prey and seize it when it approaches.
They are all an undetermined number of years reaching maturity.

Our two genera may be separated as follows :

AQUATIC INSECTS IN THE ADIRONDACKS 481

Imagos

a Dorsal surface of the bead Tvifcli the occiput larger than the vertex; suh-
triangle of the fore wings usually divided by a cross vein ; four to six cross

veins in the space above the bridge (see fig, 9) Didymops

aa Dorsal surface of the head ■with the occiput much smaller than the vertex ;
subtriangle of the fore wings generally open; two or three cross veins in
the space above the bridge Macromia

Nymphs

a Head hardly as wide across the eyes as across the bulging hind angles ;
lateral spines not incurved, those of the ninth abdominal segment hardly
surpassed by the tips of the appendages ; dorsum of the 10th abdominal seg-
ment with no trace of a dorsal hook Didymops

aa^Head widest across the eyes ; spines of the ninth abdominal segment shorter,
not nearly reaching the level of the apices of the appendages ; dorsum of
the 10th segment with a very rudimentary dorsal hook Macr omi a

DIDYMOPS

There is a single species,

Didymops transversa Say

1839 Libellula transversa Say, Acad. nat. sei. Phil. Jour. 8:19
1861 Didymops transversa Hagen, Synopsis Neur. N. Am. p. 135
1875 Macromia transversa Hagen, Bost. soc. nat. hist. Proc. 18 : 57

(full bibliography, and distribution)
1890Macromia transversa Cabot, Immature state Odon. pt 3, p. 14-16,
pi. 1, fig. 3 (full bibliography, description of nymph and distribution)
1893 Didymops transversa Calvert, Am. ent. soc. Trans. 20:250 (de-
scription)

1899 Didymops transversa Kellicott, Odon. Ohio, p. 88 (description)

1900 Didymops transversa "Williamson, Dragon flies Ind. p. 307 (de-

scription)

This is a common species in woodland streams and ponds, in water
of a little depth, in shaded pools, etc., where there is little vegetation.
It was not very common at Saranac Inn, but nymphs were taken in the
borders of Little Clear pond and creek, and exuviae were found along the
eastern shore of Lake Clear, hung up in the bushes, or attached to large
rocks several yards from the water's edge. Imagos were observed only
about the borders of the larger bodies of water. They could always be
seen darting in and out of the edges of the woods on the fragrant shores
of Little Green pond.

Nymph. (PL i8, fig. 8) Measures in total length, $ 2j mm, ? 29
mm; abdomen 19mm: hind femur 11 mm; width of head 7 mm, of
abdomen 13 mm. Body flat, thin edged, with legs wide apart at bases
and sprawhng. Color yellowish below, mottled brownish above, the

482 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM

mottlings darker toward the middle line, and on the lateral ridges of the
thorax; a darker band covering the top of the head, including the eyes,
but not the frontal horn, which is yellowish, sprinkled on its upper side
with brownish prickly granulations.

Head compact, bulging behind the eyes, which cap the elevated
anterolateral angles; antenna with the basal segment twice as long as
the second, about as long as the third; the succeeding segments gradu-
ally becoming a little shorter; hind angles of the head obtuse angled
superiorly; rear of head a little concave; prothorax with a flat, angular
fringed process each side, fitted snugly against the sides of the head;
tarsi with the second and third joints of about equal length, the first joint
about one third as long; femora and tibiae ringed obscurely with brown;
wing cases reaching almost to the apex of the sixth abdominal segment.

Abdomen flat, with thin, flat lateral margins, and a median row of
large, cultriform, dorsal hooks on segments 3-9, these same segments
longer at the sides than on the median line; long, straight, lateral spines
on segments 8 and 9, on 8 slightly divergent, on 9 parallel, as long as or
longer than the body of the segment ; loth segment annular, inserted into
an apical excavation of the ninth, one third as long as the length of the
ninth on its middorsal hne; appendages about as long as 9 above,
subequal, or the laterals a very little shorter. Thorax broadly excavate
below for the reception of the labium, with a pair of supporting humps
beside it on the mesothorax and another one behind it on the metathorax.

Labium large; mentum broadly triangular, strongly contracted at its
basal fourth, with a moderately prominent and declined median lobe,
and about seven raptorial setae each side, the two inner ones quite
small ; lateral lobe ample, concave, with five raptorial setae and a hook
that is stouter but httle longer than the setae; distal margin with about six
or seven crenate oval teeth, each bearing several graduated spinules.

MACROMIA

Two species are regional, but only one of them has as yet been taken
within the state (M. illinoien sis); the other (M. t aen iola t a) is
found from Pennsylvania southward as far as Florida. Neither has as
yet been bred. Cabot ^ has described nymphs referred by supposition to
each. Till these are reared it is hardly worth while to repeat descrip-
tions in detail. It will suffice to give a general account of the characters
of nymphs of this genus, and to state in tabular form the chief differences
between the two species of nymphs believed to be the two species named.

The nymphs of the genus are short and flat, with widely sprawHng
legs. The shape of the prominent eyes, elevated on the laterosuperior
angles of the head, and of the frontal horn, offer specific characters : the
head is widest across the eyes, and slowly narrowed behind them, to the
obtuse hind angles, each of which bears a tubercle on its upper aspect.
The wings reach well over the sixth abdominal segment. There are
strong cultriform, dorsal hooks on abdominal segments 2-9, and there is

1 Immature state of the Odonata. 1890. pt 3.

AQUATIC INSECTS IN THE ADIRONDACKS 483

a low median ridge representing another on the loth segment, often httle

evixient. The lateral spines, which occupy the sides of the eighth and

ninth segments, are generally stout and flattened, and do not reach the

level of the tips of the appendages. The loth abdominal segment is a

little shorter than the ninth.

Imagos

a Length of abdomen generally less tban 50 mm ; expanse of wiug less tban 100

mm; thoracic dorsum usually without yellow stripes illinoiensis

aa Length of abdomen about 60 mm ; expanse of wing more than 110 mm; dor-
sum of the thorax with a pair of short, yellow stripes taeniolata

Nymphs

a Lateral spines of abdomen directed posteriorly, hardly incurved; pyramidal

horn on the front of the head acute at apex. ..illinoiensis, supposition

aa Lateral abdominal spines strongly incurved at the tip; pyramidal horn on

the front of the head obtuse, hairy taeniolata, supposition

Macromia illinoiensis Walsh

1862 Macromia illinoiensis Walsh, Acad. nat. sci, Phil. Proc. p. 397
1893 Macromia illinoiensis Calvert, Am. eut. soc. Trans. 20: 251 (de-
scription)
1897 Macromia illinoiensis Van Duzee, N. Y. ent. soc. Jour. 5:89
(listed from Grand Island)

1899 Macromia illinoiensis Kellicott, Odon. Ohio, p. 87 (description)

1900 Macromia illinoiensis Williamson, Dragon ilies Ind. p. 308

(descriptiou)
1890 Macromia illinoiensis (nymph supposition) Cabot, Immature
state Odon. 3 : 16, pi. 1, fig. 2 and pi. 2, fig. 1

A species which ranges from New Hampshire to Texas. Though taken
but once as yet within the state, it probably dwells in the borders of a
number of our larger bodies of water. I have not seen the imago at
large. I have seen a few of the nymphs referred to this species, and
may add a descriptive note covering some points unnoticed by Cabot.

A nymph 26 mm long has a length of abdomen of 16 mm ; of hind
femur of 11 mm; a width of head of 7.5 mm, of abdomen of 11 mm.

Head a little narrowed behind the very prominent eyes to the hind
angles, above each of which is a little superior tubercle ; labium greatly
widened anteriorly, and concave, forming an immense mask; lateral
setae six, with two little axial setae at the base of the lateral lobe within;
mental setae five each side, close together in row, with several more
minute, detached ones nearer the median line; teeth about five, large,
oblique, each armed with about four or five spinules.

484 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM

The few nymphs I have found were all obtained from clayey banks
among wave-washed roots of trees, in places most difficult to use a
net.

Macromia taeniolata Rambur

1842 Macromia taeuiolata Rambur, Ins. Near. p. 139
1861 Macromia taeniolata Hagen, Synopsis Neur. N. Am. p. 132
1874 Macromia taeniolata Hagen, Bost. soc. nat. hist. Proc. 16 : 359
1893 M acrom i a tae n io la ta Calvert, Am. ent. soc. Trans. 20:250 (de-
scription)

1899 Macromia taeniolata Kellicott, Odou. Ohio, p. 86 (description)

1900 Macromia taeniolata Williamson, Dragon flies Ind. p. 309 (de-

scription)
1890 Macromia taeniolata (nymph, supposition) Cabot, Immature state
Odon. Pt 3, p. 9, pi. 2, fig. 4.

Distributed from Pennsylvania to Florida and Illinois.

KEY TO NORTH AMERICAN GENERA OF CORDULINAE (s. sir.)

Images

a Veins M4 and Cui in the fore wing parallel or a little divergent apically, the
number of rows of cells between them increasing toward the margin of the

wingi Neurocordulia

aa Veins M4 and Cui in the fore wing approximated toward the margin of the wing
b The second cubito-anal cross vein (and therefore, the subtriangle) normally
present in the hind wing (absent occasionally in Helocordulia)

c Triangle of hind wing divided by a cross vein Epicordulia

cc Triangle of hind wiug without cross vein, open

d Anal loop symmetrically truncated at its distal end, with but three
cells at the end ; stigma very narrow and sharp-pointed at its ends

Helocordulia
dd Anal loop unsymmetrieally truncated at its distal end, with more than
three cells at the end ; stigma wider and less sharply pointed

Somatochlora
ib The second cubito-anal cross vein absent in the hind wing

c Triangle of the fore wing traversed by a cross vein, with two complete
rows of cells in the space beyond it
d Wings with black basal markings; inferior appendage of the male, not
bifurcated Tetragoneuria

1 One species, the little Cordulla Untneri of Hagen, may seem to belong in this section of
the table, though of course, not in the genus Neurocordulia; it is also a synthetic type, lack-
ing the special corduline features of venation, which I take to be 1) the approximation of veins
M^ and CUj,and 2) the general reduction of cross veins ; it shows strong libellullne affinities in
tbe conformation of the anal loop and in the possession of a half-antenodal cross vein just before
the nodus. We may expect that its nymph when discovered will throw light on its true relation-
ships. I leave it here in the genus D or o cor dull a beside the two species with which it has
hitherto been associated.

AQUATIC INSECTS IN THE ADIRONDACKS 485

dd Wings clear; inferior abdominal appendage of the male deeply bifur-
cated, the forks again notched at tips; never with less than five
antenodals in the hind wing, or with the triangle of that wing

traversed by a cross vein Cordulia

cc Triangles of the fore wings open D o r o c or dul i a

So well marked are these genera that they may generally be recognized
at a glance by the following.

Single distinctive characters
Epicordulia alone has large brown spots at base, nodus and stigma

of all wings.
Tetragoneuria alone has but four antenodals in the hind wing.
Helocordulia alone has the stigma very narrowly diamond-shaped,

with the ends of it meeting the sides by an angle of 3o°-35°.
Cordulia alone has the inferior abdominal appendage of the male

deeply bifurcated.
Dorocordulia alone has the triangle of the fore wing free from cross

veins.
Neur'ocordulia has been sufficiently distinguished above ; S o m a t -

o c hi or a possesses none of the characters of this list.

Ny77iphs

a Lateral setae four or five ; mentum about as long as wide.. Epicordulia
aa Lateral setae seven ; mentum of labium longer than wide

h Abdomen with large, laterally flattened, generally cultriform dorsal hooks

c Lateral spines of the ninth segment longer than half the length of that

segment ; dorsal hooks on segments 3-9, highest on 6, cultriform, and

sharp Tetragoneuria

cc Lateral spines of the ninth segment shorter than half of that segment ;
dorsal hooks less developed
d Dorsal hooks on segments 4-9 laterally flattened, but obtuse at apices,

and not cultriform Somatochlorai

dd Dorsal hooks on segments 6-9, longest on 8 and cultriform

Helocordulia
M Abdomen witb no dorsal hooks, or with these rudimentary, not flattened
laterally or cultriform, but small obtuse or pointed prominences
c Hind angles of the head rounded ; lateral spines of the ninth abdominal

segment one fifth as long as that segment Cordulia

cc Hind angles of the head angulate superiorly ; spines of the ninth abdom-
inal segment one third as long as that segment Dorocordulia

1 There can be little doubt that the unknown nymphs of the numerous species of this genus will
necessitate an amplification of the characters herein stated. S. elongata appears to be the only
American species yet reared. Cabot described a nymph as that of Som. alb lei net a, supposition,
but I am unable to say whether the supposition was correct : so far as one may judge from his figure,
that one might as well have been Cordulia shurtleffl. The typical Somatochlora
metallica of Europe has dorsal hooks on segments 3-9 of abdomen, with the posterior ones bet-
ter developed than in S. elongata. It must be borne in mind by those who use this table that it
is based only on the nymphs of the species herein described.

486 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM

NEUROCORDULIA

No species of this genus has been taken within the limits of this state,
but the following one is regional, being distributed from Massachusetts to
Indiana. The nymph of the genus is unknown, unless the one described
below be it. That nymph described and figured by Cabot and indicated
as belonging possibly to this species, is Libellula pulcheUa.

Neurocordulia obsoleta Say

1839 Libellula obsoleta Say, Acad. nat. sci. Phil. Jour. 8 : 28

1839 Libellula polysticta Burmeister, Handb. ent. 2 : 856

1861 Di dy mop s obsoleta Hagen, Synopsis Neur. N. Am. p. 136

1873 Epitbeca obsoleta Hagen, Bost. soc. nat. hist. Proc. 15 : 269

1863 Cordulia modesta Walsb, Eut. soc. Phil. Proc. 2 : 254

1890 Epitbeca obsoleta Hagen, Psycbe, 5:369, pi. 1, %. 7-9 (critical

notes, with figures of the accessory genitalia)
1893 Neur o c or dull a obsoleta Calvert, Am. ent. soc. Trans. 20:252

(description)
1900 Neurocordulia obsoleta Williamson, Dragon flies Ind. p. 312

This species seems to be everywhere rare. I have not seen it at
large. There are very few specimens in collections. It is very different
in many particulars from all the other Cordulinae. It is very desirable
that some one should rear it. The imago will be easily recognized by
the characters given in the table. I describe below a nymph from Penn-
sylvania which probably belongs here.

Nymph. (Not grown) Measures in total length i8 mm; abdomen
8mm ; hind femur 5 mm ; width of head 5 mm, of abdomen 8 mm ;
length of body without antennae 17 mm.

A singularly flat-bodied, short-legged nymph with exceptionally con-
tracted abdomen, smooth, blackish m color, with traces of paler bands on
the femora and tibiae.

Head dorsally flattened, with a pair of low, submedian, vertical
tubercles, and a shelf-like, scurfy pubescent frontal ridge, as long as the
two basal segments of the antennae; antennae seven jointed; joint i
cylindric, 2, globular, these of equal length ; segments 3-7 slightly decreas-
ing in length to the conic seventh segment. Hind angles of the head
obtuse, but prominent posteriorly, overhanging the front of the protho-
rax; hind margin of the head excavate between the hind angles.

Labium short and broad, hardly extending posteriorly beyond the
bases of the fore legs; mentum broadly triangular, contracted at its base,
concave within, its sharp superolateral margins spinous at both ends;
median lobe moderately prominent, with a few minute spinules on the
front border of it, declined ; mental setae eight or nine, the three or four
innermost ones quite small each side; lateral lobes triangular, concave
within, its distal border cut in about seven semi-elhptic teeth, each armed
at its tip with two or three spinules , lateral setae five ; movable hook a
little longer and stronger than the setae, gently arcuate.

There is a distinct occipital ridge on the rear of the head below the
level of the vertex, closely apphed to a corresponding ridge on the front

AQUATIC INSECTS IN THE ADIRONDACKS 487

margin of the prothorax. The dorsal shield of the prothorax farther
bounded on the posterior side by a transverse ridge, which curves forward
at its ends to terminate in a pair of prominent lateral processes ; there is
also an obtuse supra-coxal process each side which extends forward close
beside the head halfway from the hind angles of the head to the eyes.

Body depressed; legs smooth, wide apart, the three pairs successively
more remote from each other at base, the middle and hind femora each
with a superior ridge, the fore and middle tibiae each with a ridge, start-
ing at its base exteriorly (dorsally) and at once curving to extend down
its anterior face; tarsi three-jointed, the third joint about as long as the
two basal together, the claw short and stout, about as long as the basal
joint.

Abdomen flat, suborbicular, granulate, with a row of oval smooth scars
midway between the median line and the lateral margin each side on
segments 4-8; wing cases reaching but to the middle of the fourth
abdommal segment (the nymph is apparently not grown); there is a row
of conspicuous dorsal hooks starting from between the wing cases and end-
ing on segment 9 ; strongly flattened laterally, not hooked at all, but erect,
and rounded on tips, highest on the sixth segment; ventral sutures wide
apart, slightly convergent posteriorly, disappearing on the ninth segment;
basal abdominal segments extremely contracted, segment 1 telescoped by
the metathorax, visible only in the middle of the ventral side; genitalia
( S ) visible at the midventral apex of segment 2; lateral spines on 8 and
9, long and sharp, divergent on 8, parallel on 9 and as long as the
segment, greatly surpassing the appendages; segment 9 excavate above
between the lateral spines, to inclose the annular loth segment and the
appendages, one half as long on the middorsal as on the midventral line ;
inferior appendages about as long as segment 9 is on the dorsal side, the
superior and the laterals successively shorter, the latter a little longer
than half the inferiors; segment 10 about half the dorsal length of the
ninth segment ; inferior apical and lateral margins of the ninth segment
fringed with long hairs.

A single nymph^, sent me by Dr Calvert, from the collection of the
Academy of natural sciences of Philadelphia, bearing the label,
"H. C. Borden, Pa. Oct. 26, '95 ".

The flat abdomen with erect blunt dorsal hooks and smooth lateral scars,
and the elongate third tarsal segment recall Ha genius, while the
broad mask- shaped labium, the vertical tubercles and the frontal ridge
recall Epicordulia. The transverse occipital ridge, the curving
carina on the fore and middle tibiae, and the extreme abbreviation of the
basal abdominal segments are characters which I do not recall having
observed in any other nymphs whatever.

1 Since the above was written I have received exuviae from Dr Calvert, taken at White lake in
the Catskllls, and from E. B. Williamson, taken at Nashville Teun., of this same species. The
length of the nymyh when grown is 21 mm. I now feel quite certain that these belong to Neu-
rocordulia.

488 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM

EPICORDULIA

We have a single species.

Epicordulia princeps Hagen

Water prince (PI. 22, fig. i)

1861 Epitbeca princeps Hagen, Synopsis Neur. N. Am. p. 134

1875 Cordulia princeps Hagen, Bost. soc. nat. liist. Proc. 18 : 61

(bibliograpLy)
1893 Epicordulia princeps Calvert, Am. ent. soc. Trans. 20 : 251 (de-
scription)

1899 Epicordulia princeps Kellicott, Odon. Ohio, p. 88 (description)

1900 Epicordulia princeps Williamson, DragOQ flies Ind. p. 310 (de-

scription)
1890 Epitheca princeps Cabot, Immature state Odon. pt 3, p. 25, no.

12, pi. 3, fig. 3 and no. 13, pi. 4, fig. 3 (juv. nympb)
1889 ''Libellulina nymphs nos. 10 and 12." Garman, 111. state lab. nat.

hist. Bui. 3, 3 : 179

This species is distinguishable from all the following even in flight by
its large size and its brown wing blotches at nodus and stigma. It is a
widely distributed species, locally common where there are ponds or
sluggish streams with muddy, reed-grown banks. Images appear on the
wing in May and continue flying through midsummer. They seem ab-
solutely tireless in flight; very rarely indeed is one seen resting. The
males at least prefer the surface of still water, over which they will
sweep back and forth in zigzag lines and broad curves hour after hour.

The nymphs sprawl on the bottom amid fallen reeds, or clamber over
submerged logs. In winter I have found numbers of them crowded in
the crevices of a submerged stump.

Transformation takes place very early in the morning. The nymphs
will crawl several meters from the edge of the water if necessary in order
to find a proper support. They are stift' creatures with legs set wide
apart, and, not being good climbers of reeds, generally seek some
broader supporting surface, such as the side of a stump, or a cluster of
grass blades. The eggs are dropped by the female while flying alone,
dips being made far out in open water, and widely distributed.

Nymph. (PL 21, fig. 2) Measures in total length 27 mm ; abdomen
17 mm; hind femur 8 mm; width of head 7.5 mm, of abdomen 8 to
12 mm, there being very great variation in this last measurement.

Since this nymph has been figured and described by Cabot, it will
suffice here to give a brief statement of the more distinguishing charac-
teristics. Head a little narrowed behind the small eyes, which cover
the anterolateral angles; there is a pair of low conic tubercles on the top
of the head, these larger in younger nymphs, and sometimes even cultri--
form. The statement that the young nymphs of this species do not differ

AQUATIC INSECTS IN THE ADIRONDACKS 489

from the grown nymph in this respect is sometimes (but very rarely)
true. Labium with four (less often five) lateral setae, and four larger
mental setae each side, with one or two lesser ones near the median line.
Thorax with broad sterna.

Abdomen depressed, triquetral ; dorsal hooks large, cultriform, in a
very regular series, on segments 2-9 ; lateral spines on segments 8 and g,
those of the ninth segment surpassing the level of the tips of the append-
ages; superior appendage very nearly as long as the inferiors, laterals a
little more than half as long as the inferiors.

There are two indistinct and interrupted bands of brownish markings,
extending from the hind angles of the head to the bases of the spines on
the ninth abdominal segment, and there are darker rings on tibiae and
femora, discoverable specially after molting.

This species was seen but a few times at Saranac Inn, and no speci-
mens were taken either as nymphs or imagos. It is not uncommon in
other places in the state, and will probably be found quite generally dis-
tributed when proper search is made for it.

TETRAGONEURIA

This North American genus is one of the most important, most
generally distributed, and most common in the subfamily. The imagos
are somewhat scarce in collections, but they are by no means so in
nature. Because of their superb aerial powers they are not often taken
in flight. They depart widely from the regular haunts of the less active
species Avhile foraging, and thus often escape the specialist who is collect-
ing for dragon flies in particular. The roving habits of the imagos
account sufficiently for the wide distribution of most of our species.

About an lUinois pond in which Epicordulia princeps and
Tetragoneuria cynosura were the only Corduhnae present, I
have watched day after day the little Tetragoneuria chasing the big
Epicordulia about in air, much as a kingbird chases and harasses a
crow, surpassing by its swiftness and by its ability to make quick
turns in air.

Nymphs of this genus may be found in almost any pond; they are
often found in enormous numbers. By far the easiest way to get imagos
is to capture well grown nymphs and rear them.

Nymphs of this genus agree so closely that I give here a general

account of thiem, which, for specific descriptions will only need to be

supplemented by the specific characters stated in the following table ;

the differences therein stated are the only differences I know between the

species.

The nymphs are trim and smooth, with depressed abdomen and long
lateral spines. The general color is greenish or yellowish, with a

490 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM

longitudinal band of brown each side of the thorax, rings on femora and
tibiae, and obscure, interrupted, longitudinal rows of spots on the
abdomen. Head compact, with eyes very prominent laterally, and the
front somewhat swollen between the bases of the antennae ; labium with
its mentum distinctly longer than wide, the median lobe prominent,
dechned, minutely spinulose on its front border, with two stouter spinules
at the sides of the apical angle; lateral setae seven ; mental setae six to
nine; movable hook shghtly incurved, and sharply pointed; teeth crenate,
spinulose.

Abdomen roof-shaped ; segments 3-9 about equal in length, the loth
a minute annular segment almost included within the apex of the ninth;
dorsal hooks on segments 2-9, spine-like anteriorly where covered by the
wings, distinctly cultriform posteriorly ; lateral spines on segments 8 and

9 long and broad at base.

Four species are tabulated below: one of these, T. spinosa, has
not been hitherto recorded from this state. These four were all common
at Saranac Inn, excepting the typical T. cynosura. So common
were they, in fact, that I stumbled on two desirable bits of information
concerning the genus that I should probably have missed had they not
been very common. The first of these relates to the proportionate
abundance of the sexes. Males mainly are collected by the ordinary
methods ; and for half a century or more students of the group have been
remarking on the striking preponderance of males in this and other
genera. 1 collected on Blueberry island in Little Clear pond in about

10 minutes in cast skins of T. spin i ger a and T. s e m i a qu e a ,
intermixed, taking them as they came, without any selection whatever.
These were separated as to species and sexes (the males being easily
recognized by the indications of the secondary genitalia on the ventral side
of the second abdominal segment) and counted, with the following results :
T. spinigera, ,3522, $824; T. semiaquea, ^s 25, $ s 40,
in both cases a slight excess of females. I once counted a lai'ge number
of skins ofT. cynosura, and E. princeps taken from Purington
lake at Galesburg 111. I have not the figures resulting from the count,
but I remember distinctly that there was in each case a slight excess of
females. The females are more shy and seclusive, and therefore less
often taken. My breedings have never revealed any material excess in
numbers of either sex for any species; and these are certainly more reli-
able than chance captures in air.

An acquaintance with the eggs of Tetragoneuria was likewise
almost forced on me. These are laid in strings, attached together in
masses (as shown in fig. 19) and hung on partly submerged twigs at the
surface of the water. These were very common objects about the shores
of Little Clear pond. I did not see any of them laid. That they belong

AQUATIC INSECTS IN THE ADIRONDACKS

491

to Tetragoneuriais, therefore, an inference : it is sufficiently justi-
fied by the following considerations.

i) Tetragoneuria was the only Hbellulid sufficiently common at
the pond to have produced the enormous number of eggs observed there.
I think one might easily have filled a barrel with the clusters that could
have been picked up at the surface of this pond : the cluster shown in
the figure (which was smaller than the average) contained about 110,000
eggs (counted in part, and estimated), and with its enveloping gelatin

Fig. 19 Eggs of Tetragoneuria hung on submerged twigs near surface of the water

would have about filled a half pint measure. These clusters are doubtless
the work of a number of females; the separate strings are often indicated
by the ends left hanging free. These are undoubtedly libellulid eggs : none
of our larger Libellulinae lay their eggs in strings; nor do the smaller
Cordulinae, but the European genus E p i t h e c a , not distantly related
to Tetragoneuria, does so.

No other Cordulinae were common at this pond. I did not get more
than a single nymph or imago of any other save C'ordulia shurt-
leffi, and of that less than a dozen in all, there. But Tetragoneurias
were abundant above all that I have ever seen elsewhere. They were
scattered all about the margin excepting, perhaps, the bare shores of part
of the north side, and were apparently rather uniformly distributed. I
counted the number of cast skins of Tetragoneuria, without regard
to species, clinging to the thin grass tussocks and fallen twigs along the
water's edge for a distance of several rods at two places : at the north

492

NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM

side of the bay in Blueberry island, and on the outside of the cape which
projects across the outlet, and found the number averaged 30 to a meter
in distance along the shore line. When one reflects that there were miles
of favorable shore line in this pond, the number of images suggested by
a little calculation will account for a considerable quantity of eggs.

2) I hatched thousands of these eggs. While the nymphs of Libellu-
lidae, when new-hatched, look much alike, these showed corduline char-
acters quite as much like Tetragoneuria as any other.

Fig. 20 Lateral and dorsal views of the abdomen of ttie nymph of Tetragoneuria cynosura
Say. a Appendages ; h dorsal hooks ; s lateral spines

Of the three species found at Saranac Inn I bred two species of the
nymphs, and found other nymph skins which I have below referred by sup-
position to the other species (T. spin OS a). The recognition charac-
ters for imagos and nymphs of the four species of the state are given
below in tabular form.

AQUATIC INSECTS IN THE ADIRONDACKS 493

SPECIES OF TETRAGONEURIA

hnagos

a Frons with a black T snot above; triangle of hiad wings generally without

a cross vein spinigera

aa Frons without a T-spot above ; triangle of hind wiugs generally traversed by

a cross vein

Z) Superior appendage of the male not declined at tip, and without superior

ante-apical spine. Hind wings generally with four antenodal cross veins.

c Hind wing with isolated basal streaks which hardly surpass the level of

the first antenodal cross vein cynosura

cc Hind wings with broader, and more confluent markings, reaching the

level of the third or fourth antenodal cross vein semiaquea

Z»6 The superior appendage of the male strongly declined at the lip beyond a
superior ante-apical spine ; hind wings generally with five antenodal cross
veins, some of the antenodals surrounded by fuscous spots. .. s p i n o s a

Nymphs

a Spines of the ninth abdominal segment strongly divergent, their tips dis-
tinctly wider apart than their bases on the outer sides spinigera

aa Lateral spines of the ninth segment, very slightly or not at all divergent
h Spines of the ninth abdominal segment longer than the segment
c Spines of the ninth segment hardly longer than is the segment on its

dorsal side ( fig. 20) cynosura

CO Spines of the ninth segment one third to one half longer than is the

segment on its ventral side semiaquea

5& Spines of the ninth segment distinctly shorter than that segment, and
slightly incurved at tips spinosa, supposition

Tetragoneuria spinigera Selys

1871 Tetragon euria spinigera Selys, Acad. Belg. (2) Bui. 31:269
1897 Tetragoneuria spinigera Van Duzee, N. Y. ent. soc. Jour. 5:90

(listed from Buffalo)
1897 Tetragon euria spinigera Calvert, N. Y. ent. soc. Jour. 5:95

(listed from Buffalo)
1900 Tetragone u ria spinigera Williamson, Dragon flies Ind. p. 311

(description)
To the above record by Van Duzee of this species from Buffalo
(repeated by Calvert in his list), I have to add two localities. It was
exceedingly abundant at Saranac Inn during the month of June, flying
about the grounds of the hatchery in company with the other two species
occurring there — flying, also, about every other little clearing in the
forest, foraging. It was very common toward the mouth of Buttermilk
creek near Ithaca in June 1897.

494 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM

Tetragoneuria cynosura Say

Dog-tail

1839 L ibell nla cynosura Say, Acad. uat. sci. Phil. Jour, 8:30
1839 Ep oph thalmi a lateralis Burmeister, Handb. ent. 2:847

1873 Cordulia cynosura Hagen, Bost. soc. nat. hist. Proc. 15 : 271

1861 Cordulia lateralis Hagen, SynopsisNeur.N. Am. p. 139(descriptiou)
1893 Tetragou euri a cynosura Calvert, Am. ent. soc. Trans. 20:252

(description)
1895-97 Tetragon euria cynosura Calvert, N. Y. ent. soc. .Jour. 3:46

and 5 : 93 (listed from Ithaca, Lake George, Black Eock)
Tetragoneuria cynosura Kellioott, Odon.Ohio,p. 89 (description)
1900 Tetragoneuria cynosura Williamson, Dragon flies Ind. p. 311
1890 Epitheca cynosura (nymph) Cabot, Immature state Odon. pt 3, p. 28

This species, which has hitherto been recorded from but few localities
within the state, is likely to be found in most large ponds in central and
western New York. I have but one additional locality to record. I
have received specimens from Prof. Herrick collected at Canandaigua.

I have not united with this species semiaquea Burmeister, notwith-
standing that I think them one species showing racial variations, because
there is no difficulty, so far as I have observed, in separating the imagos
on the basis of the color distinction long in use, and because my bred
nymphs do not agree very closely, and I have not had time for the study
of a long series of these nymphs. I would call attention, however, to
a fact indicating either that they will probably be found to intergrade, or
that some one has made an error or mixed his specimens. Cabot de-
scribed a longer and a shorter type of nymph of the straight-spined
form : the one with the longer spines was bred and was T. cynosura;
the one with the shorter spines was referred to T. s e m i a q u e a on sup-
position. From the shorter spined of my two with straight spines I bred
abundantly in Illinois the typical T. cynosura. I have observed,
however, that there is considerable variation in the length of these
spines: there seems to be much less of it in their direction. While it
seems likely that T, semiaquea will eventually rank as a race of T.
cynosura, pending farther study, I have listed them separately
here.

Tetragoneuria semiaquea Burmeister

1839 Lib ell u la semiaquea Burmeister, Handb. ent. 2 : 858
1842 Cordulia complanata Eambur, Ins. Neur. p. 145

1874 Cordulia semiaquea Hagen, Bost. soc. nat. hist. Proc. 16 : 360

1861 Tetragoneuria semiaquea Hagen, Synopsis Neur. N. Am. p. 140

(description)
1893 Tetragoneuria semiaquea Calvert, Am. ent. soc. Trans. 20 : 252
1895-97 Tetragoneuria semiaquea Calvert, N. Y. ent. soc. Jour. 3 : 46

and 5 : 93 (listed from Ithaca, Baldwinsville, Black Eock)

AQUATIC INSECTS IN THE ADIRONDACKS

495

Tetragoneuria spinosa Hagen
1878 Tetragoueuria spinosa Hagen, Acad. Belg. (2) Bui. 45 ; 188

This species was less abundant at Saranac Inn than the others of the
genus mentioned as occurring there ; but I captured at random a number
of specimens of both sexes. The female shown in pi. 22, fig, 2, exhibits
a singular type of coloration for this genus. The wings were of a rich fla-
vescent brown, with spots of black on a number of the antenodal cross
veins. This specimen I captured among the wild raspberry bushes
near the house of the station agent at dusk, June 27.

Owing to the striking difference between the male appendages in this
and the other species of the genus, there is probably no need here of a
new description, notwithstanding that the original one in French seems
as yet to be the only one, and it is not generally accessible in this
country.

HELocoRDULiA gen. nov.

The two species constituting this genus, C. uhleri Selys and
C. s e 1 y s i Hagen, have been included hitherto in the genus
Neurocordulia. There is hardly another genus within the corduline
series as here restricted, with which these have less affinity. A tabular
statement of the differences between Helocordulia and Neuro-
cordulia (as here restricted) with respect to wing venation will show
the great discrepances for a single organ — the only one T have critically
studied.

CHARACTEE

NEUROCOEDULIA

HELOCOKDULIA

Veins M4 and Cui

divergent apieally with
the cell rows between
increasing from 2 to 5

convergent apieally with
but two cell rows be-
tween

Stigma

broad and slightly ob-
lique

narrow and very oblique
at its ends]

Antenodals of hind wing-

five

six

Triangle of fore wing

of three cells

of two cells

Triangle of hind wing

of two cells

open : no cross vein

Apex of anal loop

with a long posterior
angle, and at least five
cells resting against
the distal margin

squarely truncate or near-
ly so, with but three
cells on the distal end

496

NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM

Helocordulia is most nearly allied to Tetragoneuria.
There are however a few venational characters which readily distinguish
the two genera.

CHAEACTEE

TETEAGONE0EIA

HBLOCOEDULIA

2d cubito-anal cross vein

absent

nearly always present

Under the stigma

a single cross vein fol-
lowed by a wide space

two cross veins and more
normal spaces

Autenodal cross veins of
the hind wing

four or five

six

The anal loop is slightly wider and more oblique at the apex in Tetra-
goneuria. T. spinosa has the antenodal cross veins spotted with
fuscous much as in Helocordulia.

The nymph of H elo cord ulia is peculiar among the known cor-
duline nymphs in having dorsal hooks on segments 6-9 only, with some

Fig. 21 Helocordulia, genitalia: x,v [$) and z (?) of H. uhleri Selys: a, b (ventral
view), c ( ^ ) and (J ( $ ) of H. selysi Hag.

of these distinctly cultriform, and in the extreme abbreviation of the
ninth abdominal segment on the dorsal side, so that its dorsal length is
less than half its ventral.

The two species of the genus may be separated as images by reference
to the figures herewith presented. The nymph is known for but one of
these, H. uhleri, the only one apparently belonging to the New
York fauna.

AQUATIC INSECTS IN THE ADIRONDACKS

497

Helocordulia uhleri Selys

1871 Cor dull a uhleri Selys, Acad. Belg. (2) Bui. 21:274

1890 N euro c orduli a uhleri Beutenmiiller, Dragon flies vs mosquitos,

p. 164 (listed from New York)
1895 Neuroeordulia uhleri Calvert, N. Y. ent. soc. Jour. 3:46 (listed

from New York)

This species was not uncommon in Little Clear creek on the hatchery
grounds. Images were seen flying a few times about the banks of Little
Clear pond close in shore and low above the water. They are so swift
and agile, and their wings are so transparent that the eye follows them
with difficulty. They are not very difficult to capture however, if one
will place himself beside a regular " beat ", and bring his net up behind
the dragon fly with a quick stroke when it is passing. I found the ima-
ges showing no disposition to avoid me even after escaping a stroke of
the net several times. Twice I saw three males chasing one another up
and down Little Clear creek, and had little difficulty in capturing them.

The nymph was not reared. Some of them, apparently about grown,
were kept through the season without result. Apparently, the season for
their transformation was over before any were found, There can be

Fig. 22 Parts of nymph of Helocordulia uhleri Selys. a dorsal view of the head ; b labium,
from within, details In part omitted on the right ; c a single tooth from the front border of the
lateral lobe of the labium ; d dorsal view of the abdomen ; e lateral view of apex of abdomen, to
show^ better the dorsal hooks

scarcely a doubt, however, as to the correctness of the reference of them
to this species, when one considers that the only other corduline observed
here like this one in size was D . libera, which I reared.

The nymphs live in the borders of the creek, mainly in the shallow
places, filled with red-rotten vegetable debris — the haunts of the giant

498 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM

crane fly, Tipula abdominalis, and the phantom fly, B i 1 1 a c o -
morpha clavipes, larvae. But little collecting was done in such
net-clogging situations, and hence, but a few of the nymphs were
obtained. A single cast skin was found on a stump in the edge of a
boggy place in Little Clear outlet, about eight inches above the surface
of the water.

Nymph. Measures in total length 20 mm, abdomen 11 mm; hind
emur6mm; width of head 5 mm, of abdomen 7 mm.

Color brownish, due to copious incrustation in all my specimens, with
no visible color pattern.

Head compact, shghtly broader than long; eyes only moderately
prominent, with parabolic curve on the anterior side ; antennae with
segments about equal, the last, perhaps, a httle shorter and pointed;
labium reaching posteriorly between the bases of the fore legs and hardly
beyond them ; mentum triangular, channeled ; the median lobe rather
prominent, dechned, fringed sparsely with short spinules along its fore
margin; mental setae about 10 or 11, the fifth or sixth (counting from
the side) longest ; lateral setae seven or six, when seven the basal one
smaller than the others ; movable hook hardly longer than the setae, but
much stouter ; lateral lobe with about seven low crenate teeth on its
distal border, each armed with two or three graduated spinules.

Prothorax with a prominent lateral process at each side of the dorsum
and a similar anteriorly directed process above the fore coxa; legs
slender and sparsely hairy ; tarsi with the first joint about half as long as
the second, which about equals the third in length.

Abdomen broadly oval, with dorsal hooks on segments 6-9, on 6
rudimentary, a mere low pointed tubercle, on 7-9 cultriform, largest on 8.
Lateral spines on segments 8 and 9, a little larger on 9, short, triangular,
sharp, those of 9 about one third as long as that segment, and about
reaching the level of the tips of the appendages. Segment 10 is minute,
annular, inserted into the apex of the ninth segment, which is less than
half as long on its middorsal as on its midventral line ; superior and
inferior appendages about as long as segment 9 above, laterals one third
shorter.

SOMATOCHLORA

This genus is by far the largest in our corduHne fauna. I have set
apart three species hitherto placed in it, and, with these aside, it still
comprises about half of the subfamily. The species seem to be common
only in high altitudes in the northern part of the United States, and in
British America. In all my collecting I have observed but one species
in flight. This species was S. e 1 o n g a t a , of which a few specimens
were seen flying about the borders of Bone pond on Aug. 14. I obtained
one nymph only of the species. That one was from Little Clear pond.
From it I bred a fine male imago July 5. This seems to be the only
specimen bred for all of our species ; and so diverse are the images among
themselves that the nymphs may hardly be expected to conform closely
to the characters of this one in details. I give herewith figures of the

AQUATIC INSECTS IN THE ADIRONDACKS

499

genitalia of both sexes of the five species listed below. These are the
characters most used in characterizing them, and are the ones most
reliable in determining specimens. These figures show the appendages
to be unusually well marked with individuality. The nymphs of this
genus offer an open field for study by collectors in boreal latitudes.
Four species, tenebrosa, walshii, linearis and el on gat a,
are recorded from the state. To this I have nothing to add but a new
locality for the last named, and a partial life history of it. One other
species occurs farther southward, and is almost certain to be taken in this
state eventually, and is therefore included among the species listed below.

Somatochlora elongata Scudder

Plate 21, fig. 13
1866 Cordulia elongata Scudder, Bost. soc. nat. hist. Proc. 10:218
1895 Somatochlora elongata Calvert, N. Y, ent. soc. Jour. 3:46 (listed
from Ithaca)
The few imagos I saw of this species were flying with great swiftness
about the borders of Bone pond. The single nymph I found was taken

rig. 23 Somatochlora elongata Scudd., end of abdomen ; d and e of male ; /of female

from Little Clear pond, as stated above, and transformed July 5. A cast
nymph skin was found later in the season on the north side of the outlet
of Little Clear, sprawling on a bed of moss but a few inches above the
water line.

500

NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM

Nymph. Measures in total length 26mm; abdomen 15mm; hind
femur 7.5 mm ; width of head 7 mm, of abdomen 9 mm.

Body of the form ofCordulia, or slightly broader, sparsely hairy
on appendages and margins; head with hind angles well rounded, the
eyes moderately prominent ; labium as in Cordulia, but with 13 or
14 mental setae, of which the fifth or sixth (counting from the side) is
longest, the four or five internal ones being quite minute ; lateral setae
seven; teeth low, crenate, each armed with four or five graduated
spinules.

Abdomen oblong, with not very sharp lateral margins, most narrowed
posteriorly on the ninth segment; lateral spines on the eighth and ninth
segments, those of the ninth segment about one fourth as long as the
body of the segment ; dorsal hooks on segments 4 to q, small
and erect points on segments 4 and 5, larger and laterally flattened
and nearly equal on segments 6-9, but without sharp decurved
apices ; ninth segment about half as long on the middorsal as on the mid-
ventral line, inclosing the annular tenth segment ; lateral appendages
hardly shorter than the equal lateral and superior appendages.

Somatochlora filosa Hagen

1861 Cordulia filosa Hageu, Synopsis Near. N. Am. p. 136
1893 Somatoclilora filosa Calvert, Am. ent. soc. Trans. 20:253 (descrip-
tion)
1900 Somatochlora filosa Williamson, Dragon flies lud. p. 313

Fig. 24 Somatochlora filosa Hag., end of abdomen ; m and n of male ; o of female

This species is recorded from New Jersey and southward, and is very
likely to be met with in New York state eventually.
Nymph unknown.

AQUATIC INSECTS IN THE ADIRONDACKS

501

Somatochlora linearis Hagen

1861Cordulia linearis Hagen, Synopsis Neur. N. Am. p. 137

1893 Somatochlora linearis Calvert, Am. ent. soe. Trans. 20:253 (de-
scription)

1897 Somatochlora linearis Calvert, N. Y. ent. soc. Jonr. 5 :'95 (listed
from Oswego cc, and Grand Island N. Y.)

1900 Somatochlora lateralis Williamson, Dragon flies In d. p. 313 (de-
scription)

A species I have not met with. Its nymph is unknown.

Fig. 25 Somatochlora linearis Hag. end of abdomen ; g and h of male ; i of female

Somatochlora walshii Scudder

1866 Cordulia walshii Scudder, Bost. soc. nat. hist. Proc. 10 : 217

1897 Somatochlora -walshii Calvert, N. Y. ent. soc. Jour. 5:95 (listed
from Keene Valley)

Nymph unknown. i

Fig. 26 Somatochlora walshii Scudd., s dorsal, and t lateral views of appendage of the male

Somatochlora tenebrosa Say

1839 Libellula tenebrosa Say, Acad. nat. sci. Phil. Jour. 8 : 19
1861 Cordulia tenebrosa Hagen, Synopsis Neur. N. Am. p. 137
1895-97 Somatochlora tenebrosa Calvert, N. Y. ent. soe. Jour. 3:46

and 5 ; 93 (listed from New York, Clarence and Oswego co.)
1900 Somatochlora tenebrosa Williamson, Dragon flies Ind. p. 314

(description)

Nymph unknown.

502

NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM

For location of descriptions of other species of the genus, some of
which are Hkely to be taken in this state when careful collecting is done,
consult the three bibUographic lists mentioned on p. 431.

Fig. 27 Somatochlora tenebrosa Say, end of abdomen, j and k of male ; I of the female
(appendages omitted)

CORDULIA

There is a single species belonging to our fauna.

Cordulia shurtleffi Scudder

1866Cordulia shurtleffi Scudder, Bost. soc. nat. hist, Proc. 10: 217
1871 Cordulia shurtleffi Hagen, Bost. soc. nat. hist. Proc. 15 : 377

This species seems not to have been recorded hitherto from New York
state. It was common at Saranac Inn. A few imagos were observed
flying about the hatchery grounds, and along the creek, but their favorite
resort for foraging and sport was the edge of a boggy pond hidden in the
deep woods — such a pond, for instance, as the one a quarter of a mile
south of the station, or the one north of the outlet of Little Clear
pond back of the cabins. I spent a few of the pleasantest hours of
the summer collecting on the springy border of the pond first named,
immersed to the knees in the sinking sphagnum moss, a floating islet of
sphagnum, decked with beautiful orchids, cut off by a narrow strait
of clear green water at my feet. The Cordulias would fly along
this slrait between the islet and the moss on which I stood, and
within reach of my net. There were generally a dozen or more about at
a time, and one could be expected to traverse the strait every few min-
utes— often enough to keep a collector interested. So fleet are they,
however, and so artful at dodging a net that generally a good many
minutes elapsed between captures. Their flight is as free and graceful
as their coloration is beautiful. Rarely was one seen to alight, but oc-

AQUATIC INSECTS IN THE ADIRONDACKS 5^3

casionally one would sweep out into the forest and disappear among the
hemlocks.

The nymphs obtained were gathered from a shaded trashy place in the
edge of Little Clear pond and from Bone pond. They lie sprawling
amid the trash after the manner of the better known Libellulas.

I did not rear these nymphs, the season of their transformation being
over, apparently, before I obtained any of them. I kept a few in a cage
through the greater part of the season : nevertheless, there is not the
slightest doubt as to their identity. They agree very closely with the
nymphs of the European C. a e n e a Linn., with specimens of which I
have compared them. Male nymphs show in the stretched skin of the
superior appendage the forked tip of the inferior appendage of the imago.
The nymphs, like the images, were in numbers second only to the Tet-
ragoneurias among the Saranac Cordulinae.

Nymph. Total length 21 mm; abdomen 12 mm; hind femur 6.5
mm; width of head 6 mm, of abdomen 7 mm.

Body elongate, sparsely fringed with coarse hairs on the appendages,
edge of frons, rear of head, and lateral margins of abdomen; color
greenish brown marked with blackish brown as follows : a tranverse
band across the head including the eyes (almost divided by the median
yellow ocellus when the nymph is grown) an urceolate median band on
the prothorax not attaining its front margin, and divided by a fine yellow
median line; a broad oblique lateral yellow band extending from above
the base of the fore leg to the middle of the hind wing; below the last, a
narrower parallel stripe above the base of the hind leg ; a pair of sub-
median rows of blotches on the abdomen extending posteriorly from
beneath the tips of the hind wings; and rings on femora and tibiae.

Head with the eyes laterally prominent and well rounded, hind angles
obtuse and the hind margin slightly concave; no vertical tubercles;
frontal ridge low obtuse; labium reaching posteriorly between the
bases of the second pair of legs, triangular elongate, channeled above ;
median lobe prominent, declined; mental setae about 14, regularly
graduated in size, the fourth (counting from the side) longest; lateral
setae seven ; movable hook hardly longer than the setae, nearly straight ;
teeth about nine, low, crenate, increasing in breadth inferiorly, each with
several spinules.

Abdomen oblong, a little widened to the seventh segment, most
narrowed apically on the ninth segment; loth segment annular, half as
wide as the ninth, and one fourth to one third as long as the ninth is on
its middorsal line ; ninth segment one half as long on the middorsal line
as on the midventral ; appendages almost equal, the superior and the
laterals successively a very little shorter than the inferiors, which are
about as long as segment 9 is on its dorsal side; lateral spines on
segments 8 and 9 very short (about one fifth the length of the body of
the segments which bear them), but pyramidal.

The first cast nymph skin was obtained June 16. The imagos were
flying commonly throughout the month of July.

504 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM

DOROCORDULiA gcn. nov.

Cordulia libera Selys, type

The three species here separated from Somatochlora and placed
in this new genus dififer from Somatochlora by a number of
important venational and other characters, among which are the following :

1 The triangle of the fore wing is open : it is traversed by a cross vein in

Somatochlora.

2 There are never more than two complete rows of cells beyond the triangle in

the fore wings : there are more than two in Somatochlora.

3 The second cubito-anal cross vein (and, therefore, an internal triangle or sub-

triangle) is wanting in the hind wing ; it is present in Somatochlora.

4 There is a long space beyond the single cross vein under the stigma: in

Somatochlora the spaces are more nearly equal, and there are often
two cross veins under the stigma.

The Cordulia lintneri of Hagen may not belong here: in
fact it may belong in the subfamily Libellulinae, I leave it here beside
the species with which it has been associated pending farther study, and
awaiting the discovery of its nymph. It will be found not to agree with
characters 2 and 4 of the above statement.

This genus is more closely aUied to Cordulia than to Somat-
ochlora, but it differs from Cordulia by characters i and 2 as
stated above, as well as by the lack of the deep bifurcation of the inferior
appendage of the male which is characteristic of Cordulia. The
nymph also, I found much more easy to distinguish from that of
Somatochlora elongata than from that of Cordulia shurt-
1 e f f i. The nymph is known for the single species D. libera.

Our imagos are readily separable into species by the following key :

a Abdomen with segments 7 to 10 spatulately dilated libera

aa Abdomen gradually and very moderately widened at apex

h The articulations of the abdominal segments yellow le pida

lb The articulations of the abdominal segments not yellow lintneri

Dorocordulia libera Selys

1871 Cordulia libera Selys, Acad. Belg. (2) Bui. 21:262
1895 Somatochlora libera Calvert, N. Y. ent. soc. Jour. 3 : 46 (listed
from the Catskill mountains)
This dainty and beautiful corduline species was not uncommon at
Saranac Inn. But few specimens were taken, because no special effort
was made to get them. The imagos obtained were taken when flying
with Cordulia shurtleffi about the borders of the bog ponds
mentioned under the account of that species. They are less swift of

AQUATIC INSECTS IN THE ADIRONDACKS

505

flight than that species, but they dash along shore on shining, transparent
wings, dancing in and out of the Httle coves in the edge of the sphagnum
fringe, and once in a while are seen resting on the tall summit of some
pitcher plant flower.

The one nymph I obtained was taken from the edge of Little Clear
pond at the outlet, and was reared, transforming July 7. From that
cast skin the following description of the nymph was drawn up. The

Fig. 28 Dorocordulia, end of abdomen, o, b and c of D. libera Sel.; a;, j/and ^ D. lepida
Hag.

specimen is in the New York state collection at Albany. The study of
this specimen, which was preserved and labeled by myself with such
promptness and care as to preclude error or confusion of species among
my specimens, reveals an error in Cabot's work on the corduline nymphs.
The one he described asSom. libera, raised, can not have been of
that species . I have not seen his specimen, but both his description and
his figure disagree utterly with my specimen. They agree quite well with
the nymph of Helocordulia uhleri, and I think they may have
belonged to that species or to H. s e 1 y s i .

Nymph. Total length 21 mm; abdomen 11 mm; hind femur
6 mm; width of head 5.5 mm, of abdomen 7 mm.

Very similar to the nymph of C. s h u r 1 1 e f f i , but smaller, and with
the black band across the head broader between the eyes, the eyes them-
selves more prominent laterally, and the hind angles of the head more
angulate; labium similar; lateral setae seven; mental setae 12-13, e^ch
side, the fifth (counting from the side) longest, the others regularly
grading up to it; abdomen similar, but the very rudiinentary dorsal
hooks a little more prominent on the middle segments (perhaps a httle
less obscured by tufted hairs about them) ; lateral spines longer on
segments 8 and 9, about a third the length of their respective segments ;
inferior appendages longer than the superior, which in turn is longer
than the laterals.

506 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM

Dorocordulia lepida Selys

1871 Cordulia lepida Selys, Acad. Belg. (2) Bui. 31 : 264

1872-75 Cordulia lepida Hagen, Bost. soc. nat. hist. Proc. 15 : 270 and

18:60
1895 Somatochlora lepida Calvert, N. Y. ent. soc. Jour. 3 : 46 (listed

from Albany)
This species was originally described from specimens sent from
Albany; it seems not to have been taken in the state since that time.
Its nymph is unknown.

Dorocordulia lintneri Hagen

1854 Emmons, Agric. N. Y. v. 5, pi. 15, fig. 1 Ccolored fig. : no

name or description)
1878 Cordulia lintneri Hagen, Acad. Belg. (2) Bui , 45 : 187
1890 Cordiilia lintneri Hagen, Psyche, 5:272, pi, 1, fig. 10-17 (a full

account)
1895 Somatochlora lintneri, Calvert, N. Y. ent. soc. Jour. 3 : 46 (listed

from Center, Albany co.)

But few specimens are known of this very interesting species, which
has a distribution from New York to Saskatchewan. Its nymph is
unknown.

Subfamily libelujlinab

This extensive group includes the commonest and best known of all
our Odonata. The images are familiar figures above every pond and
ditch, and by every roadside. The nymphs are less well known, not-
withstanding their relative abundance, than in some of the smaller groups.
Our tables which follow are the first to be given for American forms,
and the descriptions also are entirely new, with the exception of the
nymphs of P a n t a 1 a and T r a m e a, which alone have been described
by Cabot. The following keys will serve for the separation of both
nymphs and imagos.

KEY TO GENERA

Imagos

a Triangle of the fore wings four-sided; anal loop poorly developed, not foot-
shaped ~ Nannothemis p. 509

aa Triangle of the fore wing fully differentiated, three-sided; anal loop well

developed and foot-shaped

i Triangle of the fore wing with its front and inner sides meeting by an angle

of about 100° ; the subtriangle without cross veins; the vein which

bisects the anal loop straight Perithemis p. 511

AQUATIC INSECTS IN THE ADIRONDACKS 507

Triangle of the fore wing with its front and inner sides meeting by an angle
of about 90°; subtriaugle divided into three or more cells; bisector of the
anal loop sinuous
c Triangle of the fore wing not placed distinctly beyond the level of the
apex of the triangle in the hind wing; pterostigma with its ends parallel
or not distinctly divergent
d The sectors of the arculus (veins M1-3 and M4) in the fore wing more or
less completely fused for a short distance beyond the arculus ; the
triangle of the fore wing not greatly produced posteriorly, and
(except in Celithemis) normally containing but a single cross
vein, and followed by two or three rows of cells
e Vein Cm of the hind wing departing from the triangle at the hind angle
/ Sectors of the arculus (veins M1-3 and M4) contiguous, but in-
completely fused for a distance beyond the arculus; wings
generally conspicuously spotted with yellow or reddish brown

Celithemis p. 513

ff Sectors of the arculus in the hind wing distinctly fused for a distance

beyond the arculus

g Stigma short and thick, about twice as long as wide ; anal loop

with a big heel, there being generally four cells between the

bisector and the heel point ; face pure white

Leucorhinia p. 516
gg Stigma more than three times as long as wide; anal loop generally
with but two cells between the bisector and the heel point

Sympetrum p. 519
ee Vein Cui of the hind wing migrated a little way up the outer side of
the triangle, separating itself at a distance from the hind angle
/ With a single cross vein under the stigma, and a long vacant

space before that cross vein Pachydiplax p. 526

ff With two cross veins under the stigma and the adjacent spaces
more normal
g With a single row of cells between veins M2 and Rs

Mesothemis p. 527
gg With two rows of cells for a distance between veins M2 and Es

Micrathyria p. 528

dd Sectors of the arculus in the fore wing contiguous, but not completely

fused beyond the point of their departure from the arculus ; radial

sector distinctly undulate (except in L a d o n a) ; triangle of the fore

wing very much elongated posteriorly and narrow and generally

traversed by two or more parallel cross veins, and followed by three

to seven rows of cells

e Vein Mia arising under the proximal fourth of the stigma; fore wings

with the subtriaugle consisting of three cells, and the triangle

followed by three rows of cells Ladona p. 528

ee Vein Mia arising under the middle of the stigma; fore wings with the
subtriangle consisting of four to 11 cells, and the triangle usually
followed by four to six rows of cells

5o8 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM

/ Male -with no ventral hooks on the first abdominal segment ;
female with the hind tibia a little longer than the hind femur;

the sexes alike in wing pattern Libellula p. 530

ff Male with a pair of ventral hooks on the first abdominal segment ;
female with the hind femur and tibia of equal length; wings

dissimilarly colored in the two sexes Plathemis p. 536

cc Triangle of the fore wing placed beyond the level of the apex of the

triangle of the hind wing; stigma with its inner end perpendicular, its

outer end very oblique to the bordering veins; wings broad at base

and pointed at apex

d Kadial sector regularly curved; hind wings with a broad, basal colored

band Tramea p. 537

M Eadial sector distinctly undulate; hind wings not covered at base by
a broad colored band Pantala p. 539

Nymphs

a Unknown.... Nannothemisi and Mi cr athyria

aa With large, cultriform dorsal hooks on abdominal segments 3-9 ; eyes small
and situated on the midlateral margin of the head and directed laterally

Perithemis

aaa With no dorsal hook on the ninth abdominal segment; eyes overspreading

more or less the anterolateral margins of the head

6 Basal segment of the hind tarsus more than half as long as the second

segment; lateral appendages of the abdomen not more than half as long

as the inferiors (except in Libellula quadrimaculata); superior

abdominal appendage regularly tapering to a point

c Abdominal appendages strongly decurved; lateral spines wanting or

extremely rudimentary Mesothemis

cc Abdominal appendages straight or very slightly declined ; lateral spines
evident on abdominal segments 8 and 9
d With no dorsal hooks at all ; abdomen smooth, depressed ; head twice as
wide as long, with eyes very prominent laterally.. Pachydiplax
dd Dorsal hooks present, at least on the middle abdominal segments
e Abdomen ovate in outline, rather abruptly narrowed to the posterior
end; hind margin of the eyes behind the middle of the head
/ Lateral spines long and straight ; abdomen not narrowed posteriorly

before the eighth segment Celithemis

ff Lateral spines shorter and more or less incurvate ; the abdomen
more or less narrowed before the eighth segment
g Dorsal hooks as long as the segments which bear them

Leucorhinia
gg Dorsal hooks shorter than the segments which bear them

Sympe trum

ee Abdomen lanceolate in outline, slowly narrowed to the pointed

posterior end ; eyes capping the i)rominent anterolateral angles of

the head, their hind margin generally before the middle of the top

of the head ; body generally hairy

1 Discovered since this key was prepared, and described below under tlie account of the genus.

AQUATIC INSECTS IN THE ADIRONDACKS 509

/The 10th abdominal segment with subcarinate lateral margins;

appendages very long ; lateral setae 0-3 Lad on a

ff The 10th abdominal segment shorter, cylindric ; appendages shorter ;
lateral setae 5-10
g Head a little narrowed behind the eyes; front border of the

median lobe of the labium entire L i b e 11 11 1 a

gg Head not narrowed behind the eyes to the hind angles ; front

border of the median labial lobe crenulate Plathemis

yh BasaFsegment of the hind tarsus half as long as the second segment ; lateral

appendages of the abdomen at least three fourths as long as the inferiors ;

lateral setae 10 or more ; superior appendage of the abdomen suddenly

contracted at its basal third, the dorsal two thirds forming a long slender

point

c Movable hook of labium long and slender, setiform ; teeth much broader

than high; spines of the eighth segment one half longer than the ninth

segment; superior abdominal appendage shorter than the inferiors

T r a m e a

CO Movable hook of the labium short, hardly longer than the teeth ; teeth

higher than broad; spines of the eighth segment as long as the ninth

segment; superior appendage equaling the inferiors Pantala

NANNOTHEMIS

There is a single species occurring within the state.
Nannothemis bella Uhler

1857 Nannophya bella Uhler, Aead. nat. sei. Phil. Proc. p. 87

1861 Nannophya bella Hagen, Synopsis Neur. N. Am. p. 186

1867 Nannoph ya bella Packard, Am. nat. 1:311, pi. 9, fig. 6

1893 Nannothemis bella Calvert, Am. ent. soc. Trans. 20:260 (description)

1895 Nannothemis bella Calvert, N. Y. ent. soc. Jour. 3 : 48 (listed from

Westchester co. and New York)
1900 Nannothem is bella Williamson, Dragon flies Ind. p. 327

This is apparently a somewhat rare species, I have not seen it alive.
It is known to be distributed from Quebec and Indiana to Florida.
Since the foregoing key was prepared its nymph has been discovered by
Mr R. Weith near Elkhart Ind. and he has published some notes on the
life history of the species and I have described the nymph (Can, ent,
1901. 33:252-255). Mr Weith's notes are abstracted below, and my
own description and figure are appended.

This species occurs in very restricted areas (50 yards in length by
25 yards in width from margin of the lake) in two places near Elkhart
Ind. Unlike most other Odonata, the images do not fly higher than a
few feet above the ground, preferring to alight on marsh grasses and
bask in the sunshine, where numerous small Diptera suitable for food

510

NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM

hover over the Httle stagnant pools. Nymphs were first found in small
holes in the almost dry marsh land, too small to allow the use of a net
and containing but a few inches of water. A larger number was obtained
later from debris deposited in the marsh during high water and still sub-
merged a few inches. Removed from the water the nymph clings closely
to the debris of exactly its own color, and does not stir even after letting
this dry; so it is very hard to see and a difficult subject for collection.

Fig. 29 N anno them is bella Uhl. Nymph, labiallobe of nymph, and eggs

The females oviposit in the shallow places where the nymphs live, in
temporary water of one to two inches depth, and very warm. The
female dips the tip of her abdomen to the surface after the manner of all
Libellulines, but only about three or four times ; then rests; then repeats.
The eggs are creamy white turning dark in a short time, and with
scanty gelatinous envelop. (From the account by Mr Weith)

AQUATIC INSECTS IN THE ADIRONDACKS 5II

Nymph, (fig. 29) Fully grown, measures in total length of body
10 mm; abdomen 5.5 mm; hind femur 3.5 mm; width of head 3.5
mm, of abdomen 4 mm.

Color almost uniform tawny yellowish brown, paler below and on the
sutures, more or less completely obscured by adherent vegetable debris.
Body moderately hairy on lateral margins, specially hairy toward the
end of the abdomen.

Head compact, one third wider than long, scurfy hairy above excepting
a pair of bare spots near the hind margin, with prominent hemispheric,
eyes covering the anterolateral angles, narrower behind the eyes with
parallel sides, rounded hind angles, and almost straight hind margin.

Antennae shorter than the head is long, seven-jointed, with scattering
hairs along the distal joints. Labium extending posteriorly between the
bases of the fore legs ; median lobe broadly triangular, half as long as
wide, rounded on tip, with two spinules close together just before the
tip, and several others each side along the front border farther apart;
raptorial setae on the mentum, 10 each side, the fourth or fifth (counting
from the side) longest, the three innermost ones quite small; lateral
labial lobes ample, with six raptorial setae, and a spinule at the base ;
hook straightish to the slender slightly curved tip, hardly longer than the
setae, but much stouter ; teeth almost obsolete, bispinulose.

Prothorax with prominent spiracles; legs hairy, specially the tibiae
externally; tarsal claws not strongly incurved; second tarsal joint one
half longer than the first, and the third one half longer than the second;
wings reaching well on the sixth abdominal segment.

Abdomen somewhat depressed, oblong, widest on the sixth segment,
the ninth segment as wide as the second ; narrowed with extraordinary
abruptness on the loth segment, which is almost included within the
apex of the ninth. No dorsal hooks at all ; in their places are tufts of a
few long hairs, and whitish spots in the ante-apical membrane of the
segments. Lateral spines on segments 8 and 9, hookUke, starting
outward at base, and incurved at tip, on eight one half the length of the
segment, on nine, a little longer than on eight. Hairs on the apical
carinae well developed, specially so on segment nine, which they com-
pletely incircle, constituting a long fringe which completely overhangs
the loth segment and the appendages. Appendages about as long as
the ninth segment is on its slightly shorter dorsal side ; lateral appendages
a third shorter.

Since the discovery and description of the nymyh of Tachopteryx
t h o r e y i Selys by Messrs Graf and Williamson, last year, this species
has remained the most important discovery to be made. It is our only
representative of that singular group of Libelluline genera which Karsch
called the Nannophyae.^ Mr Weith's zeal and industry have brought
this nymph to light, and there now remains of all the genera of Odonata
of the northern United States and Canada but two in which no nymph
are known, and they are Goraphaeschna and Micrathyria.

PERITHEMIS

There is a single species occurring within the state.

^ Ent. Nachr. 15 ; 245-63.

512 NEW YORK, STATE MUSEUM

Perithemis domitia Drury

Plate 24, fig. 3 and 4

Amber wing

I use the above scientific name in this place without having entered into the
question of synonomy — a question for the determination of which. I have no
adequate material. Domitia is the name that has heen used hitherto in
most American descriptive papers. Dr Haj^en regarded ten era and
tenuicincta Say, chlora Eambur, metella Selys, Siud iris Hagen,
as synonyms of domitia. Forms like those occurring in New York state
were described by Say (1839) under two names, tenuicincta (^) and
tenera (5)- Should these be ranked as a species distinct from domitia
the latter name, having precedence of position in Say's list, would be the name
for the species. Hagen's Synopsis of the Odonata of America'^ and Kiiby's Cata-
logue of the Neuroptera Odonata 2, represent the extreme views.

1773 Libel lula domitia Driiry, Illus. exotic ent. v. 1, pi. 47, fig. 4

1861 Perithemis domitia Hagen, Synopsis Neur. N. Am. p. 135

1893 Perithemis domitia Calvert, Am. ent. soc. Trans. 20:264 (descrip-

tion)
1895 Peritliemis domitia Calvert, N. Y. ent. soc. Jour. 3:48 (listed from

Westchester co.)

1898 Perithemis domitia Needham, Outdoor studies, p. 59, fig. 58 ( 5 )

and 59 ( $ )

1899 Perithemis domitia Kellicott, Odon. Ohio, p. 112 (description)

1900 Perithemis domitia Williamson, Dragon flies Ind. p. 317 (descrip-

tion)

This is a pretty, little brown species, with amber tinted wings. It is
apparently not common in New York state, having been taken as yet
only in the vicinity of New York city. I studied the species in Gales-
burg 111., in 1895, and there worked out its life history.

It appears on the wing about the end of May, and flies through June.
Its flight is rather weak, and a bit clumsy and slow. When over water
it habitually avoids the altitude of the larger and stronger species, keep-
ing down nearer the surface. It is very sensitive to cloudiness and
moisture, being seldom seen in flight except when the sun is shining.

The female is sometimes held by the male while ovipositing, but I
have seen her oftener unattended, dropping her eggs on bits of floating
dead pond scum by many successive dips made at very nearly the same
spot. When a female was taken in hand and " dipped " to the surface
of water in a tumbler, lo to 20 eggs were liberated by her at each de-
scent.

1 Bost. soo. nat. hist. Proc. 1875. 18 :82-83.
2 1890, p. 10.

AQUATIC INSECTS IN THE ADIRONDACKS 513

The egg (pi. 19, fig. 8) is oblong oval, at first white, turning brownish
gray after a few hours ; its surface is closely beset with minute tubercu-
late granulations. The gelatinous envelop is scanty.

The nymphs clamber about over trashy submerged vegetation ; they
climb well, but swim very poorly. They are cleaner and less sprawling
than the Libellulas. The nymph goes no farther from the edge of the
water to transform than is necessary to find a suitable place — generally
but a few inches.

Nymph. Total length 15 mm; abdomen 9 mm; hind femur 5.5 mm;
width of head 4.5 mm, of abdomen 6 mm.

Head wider than long, slightly concave behind, widest across the
rounded eyes, which are at the middle of its length; labium (fig. 8A)
short, not extending posteriorly beyond the bases of the first pair of legs;
lateral setae five; mental setae about nine or 10, the two innermost ones
minute and out of hne with the others, the fifth (counting from the side)
longest ; teeth crenate, well marked, each armed with several spinules ;
hook short, little curved, differing much from the setae behind it in its
greater thickness and less length.

Femora twice ringed with black ; wing cases extending over the sixth
abdominal segment.

Abdomen (fig. 8C) broad, depressed, triquetral, in outline oblong oval ;
lateral spines on segments 8 and 9, short ; dorsal hooks on segments 3-9 ;
these form a regularly descending curve, and, viewed laterally, look like
a segment of a circular saw; superior and inferior appendages equal;
the laterals half as long.

celithemTs

Two species of this genus, C. e p o n i n a and C. e 1 i s a, are known
from this state, and a third, C. o r n a t a, may be looked for toward the
coast. These are three of the most beautiful among all our smaller
species. Their colors are shades of black, red, yellow and brown ; and
the wings in all have a distinct color pattern.

The nymphs are known for the two species recorded from the state.
They agree in having smooth bodies with depressed abdomen and long
lateral spines. The head is wider than long, widest across the very
prominent eyes, which at their sides are almost angulate, they project so
sharply; the labium is very large, and has numerous very long and
slender raptorial setae, and a pair of very long thin movable hooks ; the
teeth are almost obsolete, but the spinules which arm them remain. The
abdomen is scarcely narrowed posteriorly before the ninth segment, so
that the side margins seem to be continued posteriorly in the long spines
of that segment. The superior appendage is one fourth, and the lateral
appendages are one half shorter than the inferiors. Images and the two
known species of nymphs may be separated by the following key.

514 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM

KEY TO SPECIES OF CELITHEMIS

Imagos

a Wings spotted with brown beyond the nodus

& Expanse of wings at least 65 mm ; a band of brown on the wings at the

nodus reaching almost across the wings eponina

Tab Expanse of wings not over 60 mm ; a small rouuded spot of brown just

beyond the nodus elisa

aa Wings with no brown markings except at base ornata

Nymphs

a Unknown ornata

aa Dorsal hooks well developed on abdominal segments 4 to 7, longest
on segment 6 and sharp ; lateral spines of the ninth segment reaching
level of the apices of the iuferior appendages ; lateral setae eight or

nine eponina

aaa Dorsal hooks weakly developed on segments 5 to 7, short, but pointed ;
lateral spines of the ninth segment attaining only the level of the tip
of the superior appendage; lateral setae seven elisa

Celithemis eponina Drury

Plate 24, fig. 2
1773 Libellula eponina Drury, Tllus. exotic ins. v. 2, pi. 47, fig. 2
1861 Celithemis eponina Hagen, Synopsis Neur. N. Am. p. 147
1875 Celithemis eponina Hagen, Bost. soc. nat. hist. Proc. 18:66-67
1893 C elithemis eponina Calvert, Am. ent. soc. Trans. 20:261 (des-
cription)
1895-97 Celithemis eponina N. Y. ent. soc. Jour. 3:48 and 5:94 (listed
from Westchester co. New York, Lake Bluff, Wayne eo.)

1898 C el i them i s eponina Needham, Outdoor studies, p. 60, fig. 60,

(habits)

1899 Cell themis eponina Kellicott, Odon. Ohio, p. 103

1900 Celithemis eponina Williamson, Dragon flies Ind. p. 318

This beautiful skimmer is abroad about the latter end of June and the
first weeks of July in our latitude. It frequents the borders of ponds
and neighboring grassy slopes, and sometimes when foraging, it is carried
far from water by the winds. Its flight is not the swiftest or the most
continuous, and there is a flutter to it suggestive of the flight of a butterfly.
So far as I have observed, the female in ovipositing is held by the male,
and both are apt to be seen on windy days when other species are in
shelter, dipping to the surfaces of foaming waves, far out from shore.
The eggs are better distributed than in most related species, and, pos-
sibly for this reason, they seem to be somewhat fewer, and of larger size.
Each egg is rotund oblong, whitish at first, soon turning yellowish.

AQUATIC INSECTS IN THE ADIRONDACKS 515

Nymph. Total length 21 mm; abdomen 12.5 mm; hind femur 6
mm; width of head 6 mm, of abdomen 7 mm.

To the foregoing generic characterization of the nymphs of C el i t h e-
m i s and to the statement of the characters made for this species in the
table, It need only be added here that in this nymph there is a blackish
band between the eyes, and the femora are ringed with the same color ;
the abdomen is widest across the sixth segment, beyond which the sides
seem scarcely narrowed to the tips of the lateral spines of the ninth
segment; the lateral margins of segments 8 and 9 are conspicuously
spinulose serrate.

The nymphs clamber about on submerged objects, and climb up

stumps, etc., at the bank to transform, going but a little way, usually not

farther than a foot.

Celithemis elisa Hagen

1861 Diplax elisa Ha^en, Synopsis Near. N. Am. p. 182
1867 Diplax elisa Packard, Am. nat. 1: 311, pi. 9, fig. 5

1862 Celitliemis elisa Walsh, Acad. nat. sci. Phil. Proc. p. 400
1875 Celithemis elisa Hagen, Bost. soc. nat. hist. Proc. 18 : 67

1893 Celithemis elisa Calvert, Am. eut. soc. Trans. 20:261 (description)
1895 Celithemis elisa Walsh, N. Y. ent. soc. Jour. 3 : 48 (listed from Long
Island, New York and Ithaca)

1899 Celithemis elisa Kellicott, Odon. Ohio, p. 104 (description)

1900 Celithemis elisa Williamson, Dragon flies Ind. p. 318 (description)
This species has about the same seasonal range as the preceding.

E. B. Williamson has written {loc. cit. p. 319-20) very interestingly of the
habits of the imago, as follows.

This species may often be found resting on the inflorescence of some of
the rushes, preferably the bulrush, Scirpus lacu s tri s , growing in
the shallow waters of our lakes. So perched on a swinging rush, they
have a wide view of what is going on about them and at the same time
are inconspicuous, harmonizing well with the dingy brown of the over
ripe flowers to which they cling. From this vantage ground they make
sudden dashes at passing Diptera and smaller dragon flies, often returning
to the identical sedge time and again. Each is the proprietor of a par-
ticular locality. When one encroaches on the hunting territory of an-
other, he is quickly hustled away by the rightful and irate owner . . . The
females are more retired, and are usually found among the sedges back
from the water's edge.

Nymph. Measures in total length 14.5 mm; abdomen 8 mm; hind
femur 4 mm ; width of head 4 mm, of abdomen 5 mm. These measure-
ments are taken from a rather small nymph skin, from New England — a
bred specimen, and the only specimen in my possession. I should expect
the typical elisa nymphs from localities farther west would be of
somewhat larger size.

5l6 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM

? Celithemis ornata Rambur

1842 Libellula oruata Rambur, Ins. Neui*. p. 96
1861 Diplax ornata Hagen, Synopsis Neur. N. Am. p. 182
1861 Diplax amanda Hagen, Synopsis Neur. N. Am. p. 183
1893 Celithemis ornata Calvert, Am. ent. soc. Trans. 20: 261 (description)
Maine to Florida along the coast; not as yet recorded from this state.
Nymph unknown.

LEUCORHINIA

A single species, the common L. intacta, has been recorded
hitherto from this state. A second species is now added, L. glacialis,
which was common at Saranac Inn. I have bred, and describe below
the nymphs of both these species, as well as the female imago of the
latter species which has not hitherto been known.

Imagos of this genus flit about the vegetation of marshy shores, or go
foraging along weedy roadsides near by. Their flight is not long sus-
tained, consisting mainly of short sweeps from one resting place to another.
The nymphs clamber among the submerged stems of aquatic plants.
They are smooth, clean, and generally show a definite and well marked
color pattern, of brown on a greenish ground, harmonizing well with the
environment of mixed green and dead stems. They agree in having the
eyes laterally prominent, but a little less so than in Celithemis,
lacking the tendency toward the lateral angulation seen in that genus, in
having a larger number of lateral setae on the labium (lo-ii), in having
the abdomen a httle narrowed beyond the sixth segment, and the dorsal
hooks on segments 5-8 sharply bent posteriorly just above their bases,
and long — as long as their respective segments — and very sharp.

Our two species mdy be separated by the following keys.

KEY TO SPECIES OF LEUCORHINIA

Imagos

a Inferior appendage of the males bifurcated ; generally, a yellow twin spot on
the dorsum of the seventh abdominal segment; females with the two lobes
of the vulvar lamina long and slender, each much longer than wide

intacta

aa Inferior abdominal appendage of the male not bifurcated, with only a

shallow angular notch in its end, no twin spot on segment 7 ; valvar

lamina of the female with its two lobes little developed, much shorter than

broad glacialis

Nymphs

a Dorsal hook of the eighth abdominal segment directed straight posteriorly

at its apex ; lateral setae 10 intacta

aa Dorsal hook of the eighth abdominal segment strongly declined at its tip;
lateral setae 11 resting on the dorsum of the ninth segment glacialis

AQUATIC INSECTS IN THE ADIRONDACKS 51/

Leucorhinia intacta Hagen

White face

1861 Diplax intacta Hageu, Synopsis Neur. N. Am. p. 179

1890 Leuc orli in i a i n t ae t a Calvert, Am. ent. soc. Trans. 18:39, pL 5,

fig. 1, 7-9
1890 Leucorliinia intacta Hageu, Am. ent. soc. Trans. 17:235, pi. 10, fig.

6, 8, 15, 16 and 23
1893 Leucorhinia intacta Calvert, Am. ent. soc. Trans. 20:262
1895-97 Leucorhinia intacta Calvert, N. Y. ent. soc. Jour. 3;48 and 5:94
(listed from Center, Keeseville, Ithaca, Westchester co., Croton on Hud-
son, Niagara river, etc.)

1899 Leucorhinia iotacta Kellicott, Odon. Ohio, p. 106 (description)

1900 Leucorhinia intacta Williamson, Dragon flies Ind. p. 321 (descrip-

tion)

This species was not observed at Saranac Inn, but it is very common
at Ithaca in the marshy flats below the city, at the head of Cayuga lake
and in the shallow ponds between McLean and Freeville N. Y., where
I have collected the nymphs in great numbers. I have observed the
female images ovipositing in two quite different ways : descending and
striking the water with the tip of the abdomen while in flight after the
manner most common among Libellulidae, and at rest on some vertical
stem at the surface of the water, plying with the tip of the abdomen just
below the surface. In both cases the female was unattended by the male.

Nymph. Total length 17.5 mm; abdomen 10 mm; hind femur 5
mm; width of head 5 mm, of abdomen 6.5 mm.

In coloration the body shows generally very distinctly the following
marks, besides others less distinct and constant. There is the usual black
band across the head including the eyes, and the usual rings of brown are
on the legs, and oblique stripes on the sides of the thorax; there is a
pair of black bands emerging from beneath the tips of the wing cases,
and extending to the sides of the loth abdominal segment; there is
a submedian, double row of round dots on the ventral side, running the
length of the abdomen ; and between these and the lateral margins of
the abdomen there are two blackish, interrupted bands, one on each side.

The labium is ample, and has 10 lateral setae, and about 13 mental
setae, of which the sixth (counting from the side) is longest; the teeth
are obsolescent, but still distinctly crenate in form, and armed with sev-
eral spinules each ; the abdomen is widest across the sixth segment,
narrowing slowly to the eighth segment, and then suddenly narrowed at
the ninth; the lateral spines of the eighth segment surpass the middle
of the ninth segment on its dorsal side; those of the ninth segment about
attain the level of the tip of the superior appendage; the lateral append-
ages are half as long as the inferiors, and these exceed the superior a
little; dorsal hook of the third segment very minute, erect; that of the
fourth segment erect also but larger, the remaining hooks of more nearly
equal size, laterally flattened, and above their bases strongly bent pos-
teriorly, the tip of the hook of the eighth segment being scarcely more
declined than the tip of the hook of the segment before it.

5l8 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM

Leucorhinia pflacialis Hagen

Plate 10.

1890 Leuc orhini a glacialis Hagen, Am. ent. soc. Trans. 17:234, pi
10, fig. 3 and 14

This species has been known hitherto from a few male specimens col-
lected at Cape Breton, N. S., London, Ont.; Michipicoten on Lake
Superior; Reno, Nev. ; and in the White mountains of New Hampshire.
It has not been recorded from New York state, but I found it common at
Saranac Inn. During the irrst week or two of adult Hfe, before age and
pruinosity have obscured its remarkably fine coloration, it is a singularly
beautiful insect. One who sees only preserved specimens would not sus-
pect this however, for in such, faded browns have replaced the ruby red
color of the males and the brilliant yellow of the females. I well remember
with what dehghted surprise I greeted my first specimen. It was a
young male, with a brilliant red body phalerate with jet black, a flaves-
cent tinge beyond the basal markings of the wings, a rich red-brown
stigma, with a touch of yellow on the costa either side of it, and a face
with the whiteness and subopaqueness of fine china. That specimen
was captured beside the Inn road in the last week of June ; soon after,
ward I found plenty of them — females as well — about the bog pond that
lies near this road south of the station ; they were flying with C o r d u 1 ia
shurtleffi, Dorocordulia libera, and Lestes eurina
— a group of rare beauties.

Early in July I found them commonly about the outlet of Little Clear
pond, and there obtained nymphs (which later were reared), saw the
females ovipositing and obtained the eggs.

Female imago (hitherto undescribed; pi. lo, fig. 3). Length 34
mm ; abdomen 23 mm; hind wing 25 mm.

Similar to the male, with only the middle half of the labium black,
the sides white (I have a small male that is so, also); face opaque
white. Thorax and basal segments of the abdomen brilliant yellow in
life, phalerate with black ; the middorsal thoracic stripe of black con-
stricted above, dilated below ; a short, not very distinct, isolated humeral
stripe of black; complete stripes that are broad and irregular on the
humeral and third lateral sutures, and an oblique lateral stripe crossing
the midlateral suture and joining the humeral stripe; a black mark on
the mesothoracic spiracle; dorsal and lateral yellow areas almost envel-
oping the basal abdominal segments, but isolated on the first and second
segments, fused on the third, which is all yellow except an apical ring
and a mark at each side below; there is a yellow dorsal mark on the
fourth segment, and there are dorsal yellow triangles on segments
5-7 ; there is also a lateral yellow basal triangle on each side of the
fourth segment. The wings have the basal marking and the yellow

AQUATIC INSECTS IN THE ADIRONDACKS 519

points at the ends of the stigma as in the male, but they are more flaves-
cent in their basal half. The vulvar lamina is very short, being very
much broader than long, with a quadrangular excavation in the middle
separating its two low lobes widely; far beyond the apices of these two
lobes and near the middle of the venter of the ninth segment there is a
pair of minute, erect quadrangular prominences ; the apical margin of
the venter of the ninth segment is very convex.

I observe in my specimens considerable variation in the size of the
males : 32 to 37 mm in length ; the genitalia, however, are quite constant
in form and agree well with the figures by Hagen cited above.

Nymph. (PI. lo, fig. i, 2) Total length 18 mm; abdomen 10 mm;
hind femur 5.5 mm; width of head 5.5 mm, of abdomen 6.7 mm.

Unfortunately, I obtained but few nymphs, and reared them all, so
that I have nothing left but the cast skins for description; these do not
preserve well the nymphal color pattern when dry ; there is enough of it
left to show that the coloration is similar to that of L. in tact a de-
scribed above, though probably not so well marked. The nymph is so
very similar to the preceding, it is hardly worth while to repeat the de-
scription in detail. The more salient points are as follows. The lateral
setae are 11; the mental setae about 13, of which the sixth (counting
from the side) is longest; the lateral spines of the eighth abdominal seg-
ment are a trifle longer than half the dorsal length of the ninth segment ,
the lateral spines of the ninth segment attain to the level of the tips of
the inferior appendages, which are scarcely longer than the superior ap-
pendage. The dorsal hooks are as described above for L. in tact a;
excepting that the apex of the hook of the eighth segment is declined so
that it rests at its apex on the dorsum of the ninth segment.

This last and most distinctive character between the two species is
shown by some nymphs which were collected for me by Chester Young
at EUenville N. Y., May 30, 1897. These, from the Catskills, may be
the nymphs of L. glacial is also; but, among so many species so
much alike, and so few of them bred, they can not be so determined with
certainty as yet.

The eggs are roundish oval, with a moderate investment of gelatin.
They are white at first, but turn a pale lemon yellow after a number of
hours. They are dropped by the female in flight in the little clear pools
along shore, strewn over the bottom with hemlock leaves.

SYMPETRUM

This large genus is represented in New York state by seven nominal
species, and an eighth is regional. Most of these species are exceed-
ingly common along marshy shores and in wet meadows. The imagos
travel often considerable distances from the water, and at the proper
season are met with on upland meadows very commonly. Because of
their famihar habits and their strikingly brilliant red coloration, they are
very well known.

The nymphs are very like those of Leucorhinia, specially the
species placed first in our list; but they are (except S. corruptum)

520

NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM

of smaller size and have the dorsal hooks of the abdomen less developed.
The following keys will serve for the separation of our imagos and also of
the nymphs as far as I have been able to find any differences between
them.

albifronB

coBtifemm

Fig. 30 Genitalia of the New York species of Sympetrum (excepting S. cor rup turn Hagen);
first column, external view of the male genital hamule ; second column, lateral view of male ab-
dominal appendages ; and third column, ventral view of vulvar lamina of the female, for the
species named In the figure

KEY TO SPECIES OF SYMPETRUM

Iniagos

a Witli a median transverse ridge incircliug the fourth abdominal segment (in
addition to the normal apical ridge) corruptum

aa With no such added ridge on the fourth abdominal segment

& Superior appendages of the male with a prominent median inferior tooth,
having some denticles before it; vulvar lamina of the female divided by
a median cleft into two pointed lobes

AQUATIC INSECTS IN THE ADIRONDACKS 521

c Tibiae and tarsi yellow externally ; tbe black of the abdominal segments

tending to form apical rings albifrons

cc Tibiae and tarsi wholly black; the black of the abdominal tending to
form apical lateral triangles
d Wings with the basal half (or somewhat less) flavescent ; branches of
the genital hamule of the male inclosing an angular notch; vulvar
lamina of the female with its lobes short and sharply recurved up-
ward, their apices meeting the venter of the ninth segment vertically

assimilatum

dd Wings flavescent only at the extreme base ; branches of the genital

hamule of the male inclosing an oval or a rounded notch ; vulvar

lamina of the female with appressed lobes which meet the venter of

the ninth segment more obliquely

e Branches of the genital hamule of the male inclosing an oval notch,

the outer about twice as stout as the inner, about equally curved;

the vulvar lamina of the female with its sides regularly sloping

rubi cundulu m
ee Branches of the genital hamule of the male inclosing a short rounded
notch, the inner branch more sharply incurved, the outer about four
times as thick as the inner ; the vulvar lamina of the female some-
what contracted at about midway its length, the sides more con-
vergent in the basal half obtrusum

66 Superior abdominal appendage, of the male without a prominent inferior
median tooth, but only with small inferior denticles of about equal size ;
vulvar lamina of the female not cleft

c Wings with the basal half flavescent semicinctum

ec Wings flavescent only at the extreme base

d Femora and tibiae entirely yellow -- vicinum

dd Femora and tibiae marked with black on the sides costiferum

Nymphs'^

a Dorsal hooks of abdominal segments 6-8 long and sharp, about as long as
their respective segments
& Lateral spines straight on both outer and inner margins costiferum

1 The nymphs of albifrons and corruptum are unknown; that of the former species Is
likely to be of the type of the nymph of rublcundulum. I give a figure (pi. 25, fig. 1) of a
nymph from southern California of S. illotum, the nearest ally of corruptum. The nymph
of corruptum will probably be of this type.

I have nymphs of rubicundulum raised at Ithaca, of obtrusum, raised at Lake Forest
111., and of assimilatum raised at Saranac Inn. Between the nymphs of rubicundulum .
and obtrusum I find only a scarcely perceptible difference in size, that of obtrusum being a
little smaller, in the bred specimens. Both these are a very little smaller than assimilatum; and
I note that In the bred specimens the dorsal hooks on the fourth and fifth abdominal segments
(hidden between the wing cases) are larger and more nearly equal in size in assimilatum,
smaller and more unequal in size and paler in the other two. These differences are so slight and
have been studied in so few specimens that I have not thought best to introduce them as yet into
the table.

As to the images of these three nominal species, I know of no absolutely constant differences
either in size, coloration, structure, distribution or habits that will In every case distinguish be-
tween them. The typical rubicundulum is of course, intermediate between the other two. I
have examined hundreds of specimens of each, and say unhesitatingly tliat they intergrade eoju-
pletely; nevertheless, it is convenient to recognize the three forms, and practically, there is little
difficulty generally in distinguishing between them. I have therefore listed them separately.

522 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM

M Lateral spines of the ninth segment straight on the inner, but incurvate
on their outer margins
c Lateral spines of the eighth segment thin, flat and sharp, attaining the
level of the apical margin of the ninth segment on the middorsal line

vieinum
cc Lateral spines of the eighth segment stouter, their tips hardly surpassing

the middle of the dorsum of the ninth segment semi cin turn

aa Dorsal hooks of abdominal segments 6-8 shorter than the segments bearing
them, andlesspointed. assimilat um, r ubieundulum, obtrusum

Sympetrum costiferum Hagen

Figure 30

1861 Diplax costifera Hagen, Synopsis Neur. N. Am. p. 175
1895 Diplax costifera Calvert, N. Y. ent. soc. Jour. 3:48 (listed from
Amherst)

This species came up quite unexpectedly in one of my breeding cages
at Saranac Inn. I had collected a number of nymphs from the shore of
Little Clear pond near the outlet, and put them in this cage, supposing
them to be of one species; they yielded at transformation imagos of
S. vieinum, but one nymph yielded a fine male specimen of this
species. It is the one from which the characters stated herewith are
drawn. No imagos were seen at large. This one appeared on August 8.
The cast skin was left in a somewhat collapsed condition, so that it is
hard to measure accurately; but the measurements are, as nearly as

I can make out, as follows: total length 14.5 mm; abdomen, g mm;
hind femur 5 mm ; width of head 5 mm, of abdomen, 6 mm.

The eyes are a trifle less prominent than in S. vieinum; there are

II lateral setae, and about 13 mental setae, of which the fifth, counting
from the side, is longest, the movable hook is somewhat shorter and
thicker than in S. vieinum, and the teeth are more nearly obsolete;
the lateral spines of the eighth abdominal segment are about half as long
as is that segment; those of the ninth segment are much longer, slender,
straight on both margins, and their tips scarcely attain the level of the
tips of the appendages. The superior appendage is scarcely shorter than
the inferiors, but these laterally are less than one half as long.

Sympetrum vieinum Hagen

Figure 30
1861 Diplax vicina Hagen, Synopsis Neur. N. Am. p. 175
1893 Diplax vicina Calvert, Am. ent. soc. Trans. 20:264 (description and
figure)

AQUATIC INSECTS IN THE ADIRONDACKS 523

1895-97 Diplax vicina Calvert, N. Y. ent. soc. Jour. 3 : 48 and 5 : 94 (listed
from Lake St Regis, Keesevilie, Dobbs Ferry, New York, Ithaca, Cats-
kill mouutains, Schoharie, Piseeo lake and Bnifalo)

1899 Diplax vicina Kellicott, Odon. Ohio, p. 110 (description aud figure)

1900 Diplax vicina Williamson, Dragon flies lud. p. 323

This pretty, little, yellow-legged, autumnal species is likely to be found
about every marsh-bordered pond in the state. It flits about the shore
vegetation and is not at all difficull to capture with a net. At Cascadilla
pond near Ithaca I have watched the females ovipositing on beds of wet
and matted dwarf club-rush, sometimes alone, but oftener held by the
male, both descending together and rising every time the tip of the ab-
domen was brushed against the wet mats. Some eggs obtained in Sep-
tember at Ithaca hatched the following January, having been kept the
Avhile in a laboratory of the normal temperature. Doubtless, under nor-
mal conditions they do not hatch before spring.

Nymph. Total length 13 mm; abdomen 8 mm; hind femur 4.5
mm; width of head 4.5 mm, of abdomen 5 mm.

The eyes are a little more prominent laterally than in other members
of the genus; the lateral setae are nine; mental setae about 12 or 13,
the fifth (counting from the side) longest; the movable hook is exces-
sively long and slender; the superior appendage is one third shorter than
the inferiors, and the laterals less than one half as long as the inferiors.

At Saranac Inn, the nymphs were found at the north side of the outlet
of Little Clear pond, on the shelving bank behind the hummock of cat-
tails. They are rather daintily colored with bands of black across the
head, including the eyes, around the femora, and across the middle of
the abdominal segments. They clamber about amid the semiaquatic
vegetation.

Sympetrum semicinctum Say

Figure 30

1839 L i bell ul a semicincta Say, Acad. nat. sei. Phil. Jour. 8 ; 27
1861 Diplax semicincta Hagen, Synopsis Neur. N. Am. p. 176
1893 Diplax semicincta Calvert, Am. ent. soc. Trans. 20:263 (descrip-
tion and figure)
1895 Diplax semicincta Calvert, N. Y. ent. soc. Jour, 3:48 (listed from
Ithaca, Staten Island, Westchester co.)

1899 Diplax semicincta Kellicott, Odon. Ohio, p. 110 (description and

figure)

1900 Sympetrum semicinctum Williamson, Dragon flies lud. p. 324

(description and figure)

This species, which I have observed at Ithaca, and have bred in Illinois,
did not appear at Saranac Inn. It is quite like the others of the genus.
I have observed the female ovipositing alone in muddy pools among
dead smartweed stems on a mud flat beside a pond.

524 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM

Nymph. (PI. 25, fig. 2) Of much the same form as that of S.
vie in um, but a httle larger (at the time of writing this 1 have not my
specimens at hand for reference, and can not therefore give the exact
measurements; I have all the other details carefully recorded in note
and drawings, but the measurements have been accidentally omitted) ;
the eyes are laterally prominent, but well rounded; lateral setae nine;
mental setae about 12, of which the fifth (counting from the side) is
longest; the dorsal hooks on the fourth and fifth abdominal segments
are less than one third as large as those on the three following segments ;
the superior abdominal appendage is one fourth shorter and the laterals
are one half shorter than the inferiors ; the spines of the ninth segment
surpass the apices of the superior appendage, and are strongly incurved,
and spinulose serrate on their exterior margins.

Sympetrum assimilatum Uhler

Figure 30

1857 Libellula assimilata Uhler, Acad. nat. sci. Phil. Proc. p. 88

1893 Diplax rubicundula var. assimilata Calvert, Am. ent. soc. Trans.

20 : 263
1899 Diplax rubicundula Kellicott, Odon. Ohio, p. 109 (description)

This was very common at Saranac Inn in Little Clear creek. During
the latter part of July the nymph could be seen any clear morning
climbing up the Sparganium stems, and transforming. The
nymphs were obtained whenever collecting was done from the beds
of standing vegetation along the creek.

Sympetrum rubicundulum Say

Figure 30

1839 Libellula rubicundula Say, Acad. nat. sci. Phil. Jour. 8 : 26
1861 Diplax rubicundula Hagen, Synopsis Neur. N. Am. p. 176
1866 Diplax rubicundula Scudder, Bost. soc. nat. hist. Proc. 10:219
1893 Diplax rubicundula Calvert, Am. ent. soc. Trans. 20:262 (descrip-
tion)

1899 Diplax rubicundula Kellicott, Odon. Ohio, p. 109 (description)

1900 Diplax rubicundula Williamson, Dragon flies Ind. p. 322 (descrip-

tion)

Pale, teneral, yellowish specimens of this species begin fluttering up
out of the grasses that fill the shallow water in the upper reaches of
most ponds about the latter end of June. A month later, when they
have assumed their brillant black and red coloration, and have become
more numerous, we find them scattered everywhere. They seem most
numerous, however, about wet meadows, where they delight to go
foraging.

AQUATIC INSECTS IN THE ADIRONDACKS 525

The nymph, like that of the preceding and that of the following
species (the only differences that I have observed between these I have
already stated in a footnote to the nymph table) has nine lateral setae,
and 12 mentals, of which the fifth (counting from the side) is longest;
the dorsal hooks on segments 4-8 are low, less considerable in length
than the segments which bear them, but sharp ; the lateral spines of the
eighth and ninth segments are less developed, and follow in their external
contour the incurvate lines of the posteriorly narrowing abdomen ; the
lateral appendages are half as long as the inferiors, which are distinctly
longer then the superior.

Sympetrum obtrusum Hagen

Figure 30

1867 Diplax obtrusa Hagen, Stett. ent. zeit. 28 : 95

1893 Diplax obtrusa Calvert, Am. ent. soc. Trans. 20:264 (description and
figure)

1899 Diplax obtrusa Kellicott, Odon. Ohio, p. 109 (description and figure)

1900 Diplax obtrusa Williamson, Dragon flies Ind. p. 323 (description)

For this and the two foregoing species I have hardly thought it worth
while to state the distribution in detail, it is so general throughout the
state, whenever any collecting has been done.

Sympetrum albifrons Charpentier

Figure 30
1841 Libellula albifrons Charpentier, Lib. Europ. p. 81, pi. 11, fig. 3
1861 Diplax albifrons Hagen, Synopsis Neur. N. Am. p. 177
1900 Sympetrum albifrons Williamson, Dragon flies Ind. p. 323 (descrip-
tion)

Not yet found in the state ; nymph unknown.

Sympetrum corruptum Hagen

1861 Mesothemis corrupta Hagen, Synopsis Neur. N. Am. p. 171

1893 Diplax corrupta Calvert, Am. ent. soc. Trans. 20:264 (description)

1897 Diplax corrupta Calvert, N. Y. ent. soc. Jour. 5:95 (listed from

Staten. Island)
1897 Diplax corrupta Van Duzee, N. Y. ent. soc. Jour. 5: 91 (listed from

Lake Erie)

1899 Diplax corrupta Kellicott, Odon. Ohio, p. Ill (description)

1900 Diplax corrupta Williamson, Dragon flies Ind. p. 324 (description)
This species is much more common westward; its nymph is unknown.

526 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM

PACHYDIPLAX

There is a single species.

Pachydiplax longipennis Burmeister

1839 Libellula longipennis Burmeister, Handb. ent. 2 : 850
1861 Mesothemis longipennis Hagen, Synopsis Neur. N. Am. p. 173
1893 P a c hydi plax longipennis Calvert, Am. ent. soc. Trans. 20 : 265
1895-97 Pachydiplax longipennis Calvert, N. Y. ent. soc. Jour. 3 : 48
and 5 : 94 (listed from New York, Westchester co., Ithaca and Black-
rock)

1899 Pachydiplax longipennis Kellicott, Odon. Ohio, p. 114 (descrip-

tion)

1900 Paehy d iplax longipennis Williamson, Dragon flies Ind. p. 326

(description)

This is a species of very wide distribution. It has been recorded
from most regions of North America, south of the Canadian, from
Mexico, and from the Bahama islands, and last summer Dr O. S. West-
cott, stopping to visit our station on his return from the Bermuda islands,
brought a number of specimens collected in that new quarter. The
species was not observed at large at Saranac Inn. It is likely to be
found rather generally distributed throughout the state at lower alti-
tudes.

Imagos of this species are swift of wing, and somewhat difficult to
capture with a net. The males hover near the surface of the water,
darting hither and thither, meeting every newcomer, perching on a twig
and immediately quitting it; and, when two males meet in combat, they
have the curious habit of darting upward together into the air and flying
skyward, often, till lost from view. The females are less in evidence.
They rest habitually, except when foraging or ovipositing on trees back
from the shore. When ovipositing over open water, they have a curious
habit which I have not observed in other dragon flies : they do not rise
and descend again between strokes of the end of the abdomen against
the surface of the water, but fly along horizontally close to the surface
and from time to time strike downward with the abdomen alone, pre-
sumably washing off the eggs. In the midst of vegetation, however, they
fly down and up again, as do other species.

The nymphs clamber about among the trash, and, when grown, trans-
form within a few inches of the margin of the water, if suitable place be
found so near; otherwise they may go a distance of several feet. They
are smooth, generally of dark color, with little pattern of color showing,
except in the transverse banding of the femora.

AQUATIC INSECTS IN THE ADIRONDACKS 527

Nymph. Total length 21 mm; abdomen 12 mm ; hind femur 6 mm ;
width of head 6 mm, of abdomen 7.5 mm.

Easily recognizable among other libelluline nymphs (when well grown
at least) by the head twice as wide as long, the entire absence of dorsal
hooks, the smooth and depressed body, and by the superior appendage
being one third shorter than the inferiors and twice as long as the
laterals. The labium is large, and the median lobe is at its maximum
size; hook long and slender; laterals 10; mentals about 12, the fifth or
sixth (counting from the side) longest; the lateral spines of the eighth
and ninth segments of the abdomen are very similar in size and shape,
those of the ninth segment extending posteriorly almost to the level of
the tips of the inferior appendages.

MESOTHEMIS

There is a single species occurring within the state.
Mesothemis simplicicollis Say

1839 Libel lula simpliGicollis Say, Acad. nat. sci. Phil. Jour. 8:28
1861 Me sot h em is simplicicollis Hagen, Synopsis Neur. N. Am. p. 170
1893 Mesothemis simplicicollis Calvert, Am. ent. soc. Trans. 20:265

(description)
1895-97 Mesothemis simplicicollis Calvert, N. Y. ent. soc. Jour. 3:48

and 5 : 94 (listed from New York, Westchester co., Ithaca and To-

wanda creek)

1899 Mesothemis simplicicollis, Kellicott, Odon. Ohio, p. 113 (descrip-

tion)

1900 Mesothemis simplicicollis, Williamson, Dragon flies Ind. p. 325

This is another species of wide distribution, that is much more common
southward and westward : a single specimen was seen at Saranac Inn.
I remember having seen but very few at Ithaca. I bred this species and
P. longipennis in Illinois in 1895. The imagos of this species have
more of the gomphine habit of squatting on the ground than any other
libellulines known to me. That may be the meaning of the long spines
on the hind femora. They do not seek the topmost twigs of reeds, as do
most other shore-frequenting species, but settle by preference in some
bare path, or aslant a board at the edge of the water. The nymphs are
rapid climbers among reed stems. In life their eyes are yellowish exter-
nally, and the teeth on the edges of the labial lobes are white. The
bodies of the nymphs are greenish with little pattern showing.

Nymph. Measures in total length 17 mm; abdomen 9 mm; hind
femur 5 mm ; width of head 5 mm, of abdomen 5.5 mm.

It is recognizable at a glance among all other libelluline nymphs known
to me by the thickness of the body, the bulging prominence of the eyes,
the relative brevity of the abdomen, and the decurved appendages at the
apex of the abdomen.

528 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM

The median labial lobe is very prominent; the teeth on the edges of
the lateral lobes are obsolete; the lateral setae are eight, and of these the
proximal one is a small one; the mental setae are about 13, of which the
eight outermost are a series of larger size. There are no dorsal hooks,
but there are some coarse hairs on the transverse apical carinae of the
segments, and there is a long brush of these springing from the apical
ventral margin of the ninth segment; there are no lateral spines, or the
merest vestiges of them remain sometimes on the ninth segment: the
appendages are all decurved, the inferiors most strongly ; the superior is
a little shorter than the inferiors, a little longer than the laterals; the
prothoracic spiracles are elevated to the highest point of the body. So
unique are a number of these characters, there is no confusing this nymph
with the others of the subfamily.

MICRATHYRIA

A single species of our fauna is referred to this genus.
Micrathyria berenice Drury

1773 Lib e 11 ul a berenice Drury, Illus. exotic en t. v. 1, pi. 48, fig. 3
1839 Lib ell ul a berenice Say, Acad. nat. sci. PhiL Jour. 8:25
1861 Di pi ax berenice Hagen, Syuopsis Neur. N. Am. p. 178
1867 Diplax berenice Packard, Am. nat. 1 : 311, pi. 9, fig. 3 and 4
1893 Micrathyria berenice Calvert, Am. ent. see. Traus. 20 : 260 (de-
scription)
1895-97 Micrathyria berenice Calvert, N. Y. ent. soc. Jour. 3:47 and

5 ; 94 (listed from Thousand Islands, New York and Sheepshead bay,

L. L)

This is a species I have never seen alive. It is said to be common
down the valley of the Hudson. Its nymph is unknown.

LADONA

Of the three forms comprising this genus, originally described as
distinct species, two probably occur within the limits of New York state.
In what I have written concerning these hitherto, I have followed with-
out question the synonymy as given by Hagen and Calvert, according to
which both deplanata of Rambur and j u 1 i a of Uhler are but
varieties of e x u s t a Say, not even bearing a varietal name. A. P.
Morse has called my attention to some facts which seem to indicate that
these three may yet have to be considered as distinct species. I may add
that my breedings have furnished farther facts corroborating this opinion.

Before the " lumpmg " process began the bibliography of these forms

was as follows.

1839 Libellula exusta Say, Acad. nat. sci. Phil. Jour. 8 : 29

1842 Libellula deplanata Eambur, Ins. Neur. p. 75

1857 Libellula julia Uhler, Acad. nat. sci. Phil. Proc. p. 88

AQUATIC INSECTS IN THE ADIRONDACKS 529

Then Hagen, in his Synopsis of the Neuroptera of North America
(186 1), ranked deplanata and exusta as synonymous (under the
later name, however) ; in his Synopsis of the Odoiiata of America (1875)
he ranked them separately, remarking that deplanata was probably
but a dwarf southern form of exusta, but he wrote down j u 1 i a as a
synonym of exusta. In 1893 Calvert in his Odonata of Philadelphia
and vicinity again added deplanata to the exusta lump. The
three have been treated as one ever since, and in all recent descriptions
and lists, dimensions, coloration, structural characters and distribution
are hopelessly confused; and it becomes necessary to revert to the
original descriptions to find statement of differences between them.

The two which concern us here in New York are L. e x u s t a Say and
L. Julia Uhler. So far as I am able to judge by my own specimens
and by those in the Museum of comparative zoology at Cambridge, these
seem to be distinguished by the following characters.

a Dorsum of the thorax pale with a black stripe each side on the humeral
suture, no ante-humeral stripe of white; the fuscous spot on the base
of the hind wing not enveloping the triangle ; the eii^hth abdominal
segment of the male narrower than the seventh ; the apex of the anterior

branch of the genital hamule of the male directed laterally julia

aa Dorsum of the thorax blackish brown, with a white ante-humeral stripe each
side; the fuscous spot of the hind wing envelops the triangle ; the eighth
abdominal segment in the male is as wide as or wider than the seventh;
the apex of the anterior branch of the genital hamule of the male is
directed posteriorly „ exusta

I have described in the Canadian eiiiomologist for 1897 (29:144-46)
the nymphs of deplanata from Florida. These differ from the
nymphs of L. j uli a described below by some unusu-
ally good specific characters, such as the entire absence
of raptorial setae from the median lobe of the labium,
and the hooked teeth on the margin of the lateral lobes.
It remains now to discover the nymph of exusta, and ^ \j^

to learn whether deplanata agrees with it. (^[j /

It will be observed that the characters given in the W.^-^ t) (
generic table for nymphs at the beginning of this sub- ^.^ 3^ ^^,^ ^^^^^^
family abundantly justify the erection of Ladona as T^il%^t iu)^t^al

r T •! -11 1 exusta Say (1)1

a genus separate from Libellula.

L. e X u s t a is recorded in Calvert's list of the Odonata of New York
state from Lake George, and Croton on Hudson. Whether the record be
for exusta or for julia, is uncertain. The characters given above
will I trust, enable the collector in the future to distinguish between these

530 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM

two ; and if some collector find the typical e x u s t a to be common, he
may aid the farther solution of this question by setting about to find its
nymph. I discuss below the single form which I have found within the
state.

Ladona julia Uhler

1857 Libellula julia Uhler, Acad. nat. sci. Phil. Proc. p. 88
1861 Libellula Julia Hagen, Synopsis Neur. N. Am. p. 153
1867 Libellula julia Hageu, Stett. ent. zeit. 28 : 192

This species was very common at Saranac Inn. It was beginning to
appear in numbers on the wing at the time of our arrival, June 13. I
went out to the banks of Little Clear pond at sunrise of the morning of
the 14th and found a number of nymphs transforming, associated with
Tetragoneuria. The imagos were abundant along every roadside
during the month of June, and females were only a little less in evidence
than the males. Nymphs were taken abundantly from the trashy places
in the borders of Little Clear and Bone ponds, and a few were found in
Little Clear creek; exuviae were seen in numbers clinging to the banks
of Colby pond, and a few along Stony brook near Axton.

Nymph. Total length 24 mm; abdomen 15.5 mm; hind femur 5.5
mm; width of head 5 mm, of abdomen 5.5 mm.

Body slender, elongate, moderately hairy, dark colored, without distinct
pattern, but paler on the sutures and below.

Head somewhat wider than long, with eyes not very prominent, and
hind margin slightly concave; median lobe of the labium with a median
flat, toothlike prominence in the middle of its free border, on either side
of which the border is crenulate, with spinules inserted singly in the
notches between the crenulations; lateral setae six; hook slender, and
not very long; mental setae three each side.

Abdomen with sharp lateral spines, relatively shorter than on the
nymph of deplanata; dorsal hooks on segments 4-8 straight and.
sharp ; superior and inferior appendages of about equal length, and
about as long as the last two abdominal segments; lateral appendages
one fifth to one fourth as long as the others.

The presence of three mental setae on the labium will distinguish this
species at a glance from the nymph ofL. deplanata of the south.

LIBELLULA

This genus contains the species which are, perhaps, the best known of
all our dragon flies. The imagos hover habitually over ponds in summer,
are large, and for the most part beautifully colored, and are everywhere
common. Eight species are known from the state, and it is not likely
that any others will be found resident in numbers. It is of course always
possible for a few strays to be blown into new territory from distant
regions by high winds. The nymphs of five of these eight species are

AQUATIC INSECTS IN THE ADIRONDACKS 53I

known, and are described and distinguished below. So much alike are
they that a general account of the nymphal characters will save much
restatement.

The known nymphs of this genus agree in having the body elongate,
tapering to the pointed apex of the abdomen, hairy, the hairs serving to
hold an ambuscade of silt about the body. Head compact, little wider than
long, with the eyes capping the anterolateral angles, and directed ante-
riorly; head little narrowed behind the eyes; labium large, reaching
posteriorly between the bases of the middle legs ; median lobe with its
front border not crenate ; mental setae always present, variable in
number; lateral setae five to nine; prothorax with a flatish dorsal shield,
whose margins are generally fringed with coarse hairs ; wing cases reach-
ing the base of the sixth abdominal segment; abdomen triquetral,
its lateral margins becoming acute posteriorly, with short lateral spines
on segments 8 and 9 ; a variable number of dorsal hooks beginning
on the third or fourth segment, sometimes quite rudimentary ; ninth
segment two to three times as long as the loth ; lateral appendages half
as long as the others; tarsi with the second and third joints successively
each a very little longer than the first.

The imagos discussed below, and the known nymphs of the same
species may be separated by the following keys.

KEY TO SPECIES OF LIBELLULA

Imagos

a Wings with no spot at the nodus

b With a broad basal band of black covering the basal third of both wings

b as al is

hb With the black color of the base of the wings confined to a narrow streak

in the subcostal space, or entirely wanting

c Stigma bicolored

d Inner half of stigma white or yellow, outer half dark brown, c y a n e a

dd Stigma mainly yellow, but distinctly darker at the outer end

plumbea
cc Stigma not differing in color at its inner and outer ends

d Stigma red or yellow; wings flavescent, unspotted auripennis

dd Stigma black incesta

aa Wings with a small nodal spot which is restricted to the outer (distal)

side of the nodus

6 With a large triangular patch of black extending from the triangle to the

hind margin qxia d ri m ac u 1 a t a

ih Without a black patch between the triangle and the huid margin in the

hind wing vibrans

aaa With a large nodal spot which completely surrounds the nodus

i Nodal and apical wing spots yellowish or reddish semifasciata

lb Nodal and apical wing spots blackish pulchella

532 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM

Nymphs

a Dorsal hooks on the seventh and eighth abdominal segments long and sharp

h Lateral setae five auripennis

ih Lateral setae six cyanea

ihi Lateral setae seven has alia

aa Dorsal hooks on the seventh and eighth abdominal segments rudimentary
(and hidden among scurfy hairs) or wanting

b Lateral setae seven quadrimaculata

hh Lateral setae eight to nine pulchella

aaa Nymphs unknown

axillena, plumbea, incesta and semifasciata

Libellula basalis Say

1839 Lib ell ul a basalis Say, Acad. nat. sci. Phil. Jour. 8:23
1839 Libellula luctuosa Burmeister, Handb. ent. 2:861
1861 Libellula luctuosa Hagen, Synopsis Neur. N. Am. p. 152
1875 Libellula basalis Hagen, Bost. soc. nat. hist. Proc. 18: 70
1893 Libellul a basalis Calvert, Am. ent. soc. Trans. 20:255 (description)
1895-97 Libellula basalis Calvert, N. Y. ent. soc. Jour. 3:47 and 5:94
(listed from Dobbs Ferry, Ithaca, Kenwood, Niagara river)

1899 Libellula basalis Kellicott, Odon. Ohio, p. 96 (description)

1900 Libellula basalis Williamson, Dragon flies Ind. p. 329

This is not one of the more common species apparently in New York
state. I have taken a few specimens at Ithaca ; I saw one imago at
Saranac Inn, and took one nymph there. I studied and reared the
species in 1895 at Galesburg 111., where it is abundant. Of a June
morning half an hour after sunrise, I have seen scores of the nymphs
transforming at a time on the blue-grass bordered banks of a little pond.

Nymph. Total length 25 mm; abdomen, 14 mm; hind femur 5.5
mm; width of head, 5.5 mm, of abdomen, 6.5 mm.

The points which will chiefly serve for comparison with other species
are as follows : body not very hairy, generally dirty and showing little
color pattern; lateral setae, seven; mental setae about 10 or 11, the
outer five or six in a longer series ; movable hook, long, slender, little
curved; dorsal hooks on abdominal segments 4-8 all sharp and well
exposed, but the sixth longest.

Libellula auripennis Burmeister

Golden-wing

1839 Libellula auripennis Burmeister, Handb. ent. 2 : 861
1861 Li bell u la auripeunis Hagen, Synopsis Neur. N. Am. p. 155
1866 Libellula auripennis Scudder, Bost. soc. nat. liist. Proc. 10:191
1893 Libellula auripennis Calvert, Am. ent. soc. Trans. 20:256 (de-
scription)

AQUATIC INSECTS IN THE ADIRONDACKS 533

1895 Libellula auripennis N. Y. ent. soc. Jour. 3:47 (listed from the
vicinity of New York)

1899 Libellula auripennis Kellicott, Odori. Ohio, p. 97 ^description)

1900 Libellula auripennis Williamson, Dragon flies Ind. p. 329 (de-

scription)

This beautiful, golden-winged, southern species is not likely to be found
in the state except near the coast. . A few years ago Prof. A. L. Quaint-
ance reared the species at Lake City Fla., and very kindly sent me the
bred specimen with its cast skin, and some nymphs in alcohol. I have
several times since received the nymphs from other localities in the south.
I have not seen the species at large.

Nymph. Total length 27 mm; abdomen 17.3 mm; hind femur 6 mm;
width of head 6 mm, of abdomen 7 mm.

The body is a trifle heavier than in the nymph of b a s a 1 i s and more
hairy; the median lobe of the labium is decidedly pointed in the middle
of its front border; lateral setae five; mental setae eight to ten, the six
outer ones forming a larger series; movable hook rather stout and little
curved ; ninth abdominal segment twice as long on the ventral as on the
dorsal side, twice as long above as the loth segment; dorsal hooks on
segments 3 or 4-8, straight, and sharp; appendages as long as the two
last abdominal segments, the laterals half as long as the others.

Libellula vibrans Fabricius

1793 Libellula vibrans Fabricius, Ent. syst. 2 : 380
1861 Libellula 1yd ia Hagen, Synopsis Neur. N. Am. p. 155
1893 Libellula axillena vibran s Calvert, Am. ent. soc. Trans. 20: 257
1895 Libellula axillena vibrans Calvert, N. Y. ent. soc. Jour. 3:47
(listed from Staten Island and Westchester co.)

1899 Libellula vibrans Kellicott, Odon.Ohio, p. 98 (description)

1900 Libellula vibrans Williamson, Dragon flies Ind. p. 330 (description)

Another handsome, graceful, well proportioned insect, of very swift
flight; apparently not common in this state. Its nymph is unknown,

Libellula incesta Hagen

1861 Libellula incesta Hagen, Synopsis Neur. N.Am. p. 155

1893 Libellula axillena incesta Calvert, Am. ent. soc. Trans. 20 : 257

1899 Libellula incesta Kellicott, Odon. Ohio, p. 99 (description )

1900 Libellula incesta Williamson, Dragon flies Ind. p, 330

This species has not as yet been taken in the state : it is almost sure
to be found there eventually. It ranges from New Hampshire to Texas,
and is said to be common in places in Ohio. Its nymph is unknown.

534 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM

Libellula plumbea Uhler

1857 Libellula plumbea Uhler, Acad. uat. sci. Phil. Proc. p. 87
1861 Libellula plumbea Hagen, Synopsis Neur. N. Am. p. 157
1893 Libellula plumbea Calvert, Am. ent. soc. Trans. 20 : 256 (description)
1895 Libellula plumbea Calvert, N. Y. ent. soc. Jour. 3 ; 47 (listed from
Westchester co.)

This is another southern species which seems not likely to be found
commonly in the state excepting possibly in the lower valley of the
Hudson river. Its nymph is unknown,

Libellula cyanea Fabricius

1775 Libellula cyanea Fabricius, Syst. ent, p. 424
1839 Libellula quadrupla Say, Acad, nat, sci, Phil, Jour. 8 ; 23
1857 Libellula bistigma Uhler, Acad. nat. sci. Phil. Proc, p. 87
1861 Libellula quadrupla Hagen, Synopsis Neur, N, Am. p. 1.57
1893 Libellula cyanea Calvert, Am, ent. soc. Trans, 20:556 (description)
1895 Libellula cyanea Calvert, N, Y. ent, soc. Jour. 3:47 (listed from the
vicinity of New York)

1899 Libellula cyanea Kellicott, Odon. Ohio, p. 97 (descrijition)

1900 Libellula cyanea Williamson, Dragon flies lud. p. 330.

This species ranges from Massachusetts to Indiana and South Carolina ;
it is likely to be found eventually in numerous unreported localities in
New York state, I have not seen it at large, but I have been allowed to
study a bred specimen kindly lent me by Samuel Henshaw, and from
that specimen, the following characters of the nymph are drawn.

Nymph. Total length 20 mm; abdomen 13.5 mm; hind femur 5 mm;
width of head 5 mm, of abdomen 6.5 mm.

The head is considerably narrowed behind the eyes, and the hind
angles are rough hairy; lateral setae six; mental setae eight or nine,
the six or seven external ones forming a stronger series ; the movable
hook is stout, short and almost straight ; dorsal hooks on abdominal seg-
ments 4-8, straight and sharp ; lateral spines spinulose hairy externally,
those of the ninth segment shorter than the loth segment, 9th segment
a little more than twice as long as the loth ; appendages as long as the
last two segments, the lateral appendages half as long as the others.

Libellula quadrimaculata Linnaeus

1785 Libellula quadrimaculata Linnaeus, Syst. nat. 1 : 543
1861 Libellula quadrimaculata Hagen, Synopsis Neur. N. Am. p. 150
1867 Libellula quadrimaculata Packard, Am. nat. 1 : 310, pi. 9, fig. 2
1893 Libel lu la quadrimaculata Calvert, Am. ent. soc. Trans. 20:258
1893-97 Libellula quadrimaculata Calvert, N. Y. ent. soc. Jour, 3 : 47
and 5 : 94 (listed from New York, Ithaca, Schoharie, Karner and Buffalo)

1899 Libellula quadrimaculata Kellicott, Odon, Ohio, p. 100 (descrip-

tion)

1900 Libellula quadrimaculata Williamson, Dragon flies lud, p, 331

(description)

, AQUATIC INSECTS IN THE ADIRONDACKS 535

This species occurred sparingly at Saranac Inn. A few images were
seen sitting on twigs which rose directly a few feet out of the water.
They were shy and difficult to capture, and, when disturbed, would rarely
return to the same vicinity. I have not been able to find this so common
species in its immature stages in person, but I have nymphs sent me from
EUenville N. Y, by Chester Young, and others from the state of Wash-
ington; these agree well with specimens from France which I have
received from my esteemed correspondent, M. Rene Martin, of Leblanc.
The nymph of this species has long been known in Europe.

Nymph. The largest EUenville nymph, apparently full grown, meas-
ures in total length 26 mm; abdomen 18 mm ; hind femur 6 mm ; width
of head 6 mm, of abdomen 8 mm.

The head is very compact in this nymph, scarcely narrowed behind
the eyes ; the median lobe of the labium is produced at the middle of its
free border into a flat, toothlike prominence ; lateral setae seven ; mental
setae about 13, of which the seven outermost are longest; movable
hook slender and incurvate ; the dorsum of the body is scurfy hairy (hardly
less so than in L. p u 1 c h e 1 1 a , described below), and the hairs partly
obscure the dorsal hooks which are present on segments 3-8 of abdomen,
that of the eighth segment short and rudimentary ; lateral spines very
short; segment 10 about half as long on the dorsal as on the ventral
side ; appendages fully as long as the last two abdominal segments.
The laterals have unusual length for a member of this genus in being
but about one fourth shorter than the others.

Libellula semifasciata Burmeister

Plate 23, fig. 1
1839 L ib ellula semifasciata Burmeister, Handb. eut. 2 ; 862
1861 Libellula semifasciata Hagen, Synopsis Neur. N. Am. p. 151
1839 Libellula ternaria Say, Acad. nat. sci. Phil. Jour. 8: 21
1842 Libellula maculata Rambur, Ins. Neur. p. 55
1893 Libellula semifasciata Calvert, Am. ent. soc. Trans. 20 : 258
1895-97 Libellula semifasciata Calvert, N. Y. ent. soc. Jour. 3 : 47 and
5 : 94 (listed from New York, Dobbs Ferry and Buffalo)

1898 Lib ellula semifasciata Needham, Outdoor studies, p. 55, fig. 54

1899 Libellula semifasciata Kellicott, Odon. Ohio, p. 100 (description)

1900 Libellula semifasciata Williamson, Dragon flies Ind. p. 332 (de-

scription)

In the north this species is the earliest of the genus to be abroad in
the spring, making its appearance before the middle of May. I have
oftenest found the imago about woodland brooks — rarely about ponds.
I have never found the nymph ; it is still unknown.

53^ NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM

Libellula pulchella Drury

Plate 23, fig. 3
1773 Libellula pulchella Drury, Illus. exotic eot. v. 1, pi. 48, fig. 5
1857 Libellula confusa Uhler, Acad. uat. sci. Phil. Proc. p. 87
1861 Lib el lu la pulchella Hagen, Synopsis Neur. N. Am. p. 153
1893 L i bel 1 ula pulchella Calvert, Am. ent. soc. Trans. 20:259
1895-97 Libellula pulchella Calvert, N. Y. ent. soc. Jour. 3:47 and
5 : 94 (listed from Keesevllle, Dobbs Ferry, New York, Ithaca, Scho-
harie and Buffalo)

1898 Libellula pulchella Needham, Outdoor studies, p. 56, fig. 55

1899 Libellula pulchella Kellicott, Odon. Ohio, p. 101 (description)

1900 Libellula pulchella Williamson, Dragon flies Ind. p. 332 (descrip-

tion)

This beautiful, pond-loving species is one of the best known of all
Odonata peculiar to North America. The old and white pruinose males
hovering over the open water under the summer sun are certainly suffi-
ciently striking to catch the eye of the most casual observer. The
species was not common at Saranac Inn. But a few specimens were
seen there. I reared one specimen there, many at Ithaca (where the
species is abundant) and many in Illinois.

Nymph. Total length 26 mm; abdomen 16 mm; hind femur 6 mm;
width of head 6 mm, of abdomen 8 mm.

All the ridges on the dorsum of this nymph are fringed with stiff,
strong, erect hairs ; these are specially marked about the borders of the
prothbracic shield, and on the rear of the head; the labium is rather
regularly rounded on the prominent median lobe, lacking the median
toothlike prominence of some of the other species; the lateral setae are
eight to nine ; mental setae 12-13, the seven outermost each side longest;
the lateral spines are moderate ; the dorsal hooks are quite distinctive,
being represented only on segments 4-6, rudimentary, or sometimes
wanting altogether. Among my Ithaca nymphs were a good many on
which I could find no dorsal hooks at all. My Illinois specimens agree
with the nymph from Peoria 111., figured by Cabot, ^ and referred by
doubtful supposition to Neurocordulia obsoleta.

PLATHEMIS

There is a single species within our limits.

Plathemis lydia Drury

Plate 21, flg. :
1770 Libellula lydia Drury, Illus. exotic ent. 1 : 112, pi. 47, fig. 4
1773 Lib ell ula trimaculata DeGeer, Mem. ins. 3 : 556, pi. 26, fig. 2

1854 Emmons, Agric. N. Y. v. 5, pi. 15, fig. 4 and 5 (no name or

description)

1 Immature state of the Odonata. pt 3, pi. 6, fig. 6.

AQUATIC INSECTS IN THE ADIRONDACKS

537

1867 Libellula trimaculata Packard, Am. nat. 1 ; 310, pi. 9, fig. 1
1861 Pla the mis trimaculata Hagen, Synopsis Neur. N. Am. p. 149
1873 Libellula trimaculata Eiley, Ins. Mo. 5tb rep't, p. 14 (This article

contains a woodcut of this species which has been most extensively

copied in this country.)

1893 Plathemis trimaculata Calvert, Am. ent. soc. Trans. 20 : 259
1895-97 Plathemis trimaculata Calvert, N. Y. ent. soc. Jour. 3 ; 47

and 5 : 94 (listed from New York, Dobbs Ferry, Itbaca, Sctioharie,

Albany and Buffalo)

1898 L i b ell ul a trimaculata Needham, Outdoor studies, p. 57 and 65,

fig. 56 and 66

1899 Plathemis trimaculata Kellicott, Odou. Ohio, p. 102 (description)

1900 Plathemis lydia Williamson, Dragon flies Ind. p. 333 (descriijtion)
This is another well known, widely distributed and generally common

species^ which inhabits ponds and ditches generally. I present herewith
(fig. 32) a figure of its nymph, which I have pre-
viously published in Outdoor studies. It differs firom
Libellula and L a d o n a in having the head
widest behind the eyes, and firom Libellula in
having the front margin of the median lobe of the
labium crenulate.

Nymph. Total length 24 mm ; abdomen 14 mm ;
hind femur 4.5 mm; width of head 4.5 mm, of abdo-
men 5.5 mm.

Body elongate, rather smooth, and more free from
dirt than most Libellulas, generally showing two
bands of blackish brown extending from beneath the
tips of the wing cases to the bases of the lateral ap-
pendages. Head not widened behind the eyes, but

•.| .J 111 I'll rli- ■ -TIJ,. a<i i-'ursai vit;w Ui.

With sides parallel; median lobe of labium promi- nymph of piathemis
nent, but with no middle tooth on its fore margin ; '^^'^ °™-
lateral setae 10; mental setae eight; of which the five outer ones are
longer; abdomen triquetral, with moderate lateral spines on segments
8 and 9, and with rudimentary dorsal hooks on segments 3-5, highest on
the fourth segment, absent from the hinder segments; lateral appendages
about half as long as the equal superior and inferiors.

Fig, 32 Dorsal view of

TRAMEA

But two species of this large genus seem to belong to the New York
fauna. These are insects of superb aerial powers, representing, together
with the next genus, the extreme of specialization in wing development,
at least for the subfamily. Our two species may be recognized, even
while in flight, by the broad, basal colored band on the hind wings. The
nymphs agree in having the body smooth, depressed, unusually clean and
marked with a pattern of brownish on a ground of clear transparent green;

538 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM

head widest across the eycb, which are set well back toward the hind
angles, the widest point being a little posterior to the middle of the head;
rear of head abruptly rounded and a little concave on the hind margin;
legs long, thin; tarsi with the second and third joints each twice the
length of the first; abdomen strongly depressed, without dorsal hooks;
dorsum smooth, with a pattern of paler mottlings on a darker ground;
lateral spines of the eighth segment one and one half times as long as the
body of the ninth segment, those of the ninth segment longer, reaching
the level of the tips of the superior appendage ; loth segment about half
as long as the ninth ; appendages longer than the last two abdominal
segments, superior a very little shorter than the inferiors, laterals one
fourth as long; external margins of superior and inferior appendages and
of the lateral spines spinulose.

These unusually attractive nymphs live in the midst of green vegeta-
tion about the shores of ponds and lakes.

Our two species may be distinguished as follows.

Imagos

a Mature coloration of the basal patch of the hind wings reddish . . Carolina
aa Mature coloration of the basal patch of the hind wing blackish .. lacerata

Nymphs

a Fourth joint of the antenna three fourths as long as the third ... Carolina
aa Fourth joint of the antenna one half as long as the third laeerata

Tramea Carolina Linnaeus

1763 Libollula Carolina Linnaeus, Ceutur. ins. p. 28
1861 Tramea Carolina Hageu, Synopsis Neur. N. Am. p. 143
1890 Tramea Carolina Cabot, Immature state Odon. pt 3, p. 46, pi. 6, fig. 2
1893 Tramea Carolina Calvert, Am. ent. soc. Trans. 20 : 255
1895-97 Tramea Carolina Calvert, N. Y. ent. soc. Jour. 3:47 and 5:94
(listed from New York city and Schoharie)

A large and very handsome species that is common all along our
southern coast, and is distributed sparingly throughout the Mississippi
valley.

Nymph. Total length 25 mm ; abdomen 15 mm ; hind femur 7.5 mm ;
width of head 7.5 mm, of abdomen 9 mm.

Save for the slightly larger size and a slightly darker general color, I
can find no differences between this nymph and that ofT. lacerata
excepting the ones stated in the table: I find but 10 lateral setae in my
nymphs of Carolina, while generally there is an added shorter one ,
at the proximal end of the row in lacerata.

AQUATIC INSECTS IN THE ADIRONDACKS 539

Tramea lacerata Hagen

1861 Tramea lacerata Hagen, Synopsis Neur. N. Am. p. 145
1890 Tramea lacerata Cabot, Immature state Odon. pt 3, p. 46, pi. 6, fig. 1
1893 Tramea lacerata Calvert, Am. ent. see. Trans. 20 : 255
1895-97 Tramea lacerata Calvert, ]SI. Y. ent. soc. Jour. 3:47 and 5:94
(listed from Freeville and Buffalo)

1899 Tramea lacerata Kellicott, Odon. Ohio, p. 94 (description)

1900 Tramea lacerata Williamson, Dragon flies Ind. p. 316 (description)

This species is likely to be found more generally distributed through
the central part and in the higher altitudes of New York state than the
preceding one. It flies throughout the greater part of the season. Pairs
are often seen coursing the borders of ponds and ovipositing in early
spring, and in August males are often seen out on the uplands, miles
from water, foraging. They are exceedingly difficult to capture ; but the
nymphs are often found quite abundantly and are easily reared.

Nymph. Measures in total length 24 mm ; abdomen 14 mm ; hind
femur 7.5 mm; width of head 7.5 mm, of abdomen 9 mm.

Characters as stated for the genus : there is a middorsal paler line on
the abdomen, distinguishable among the other paler markings ; there is a
little proximal seta on the lateral labial lobe added to the 10 that are
always present in Carolina; the hook is very long and slender and
incurvate at end as in that species; the mental setae are 14-15, as in
that species, with the outer 8 or 9 very close set and longer.

PANTALA

Our state can claim but a single species.

Pantala flavescens Fabricius

1798 Libellula flavescens Fabricius, Ent. syst. snppl. p. 285
1861 Pantala flavescens Hagen, Synopsis Neur. N. Am. p. 142
1890 Pantala flavescens Cabot, Immature state Odon. pt 3, p. 43, pi. 6,

fig. 5
1893 Pantala flavescens Calvert, Am. ent. soc. Trans. 20:254
1895 Pantala flavescens Calvert, N. Y. ent. soc. Jour. 3:47

1899 Pantala flavescens Kellicott, Odon. Ohio, p. 93 (description)

1900 Pantala flavescens Williamson, Dragon flies Ind. p. 315 (descrip-

tion ; recorded from New York state)

This cosmopolitan species is apparently rare within our limits.

Nymph. Measures in total length 25 mm; abdomen 15 mm; hind
femur 7 mm; width of head 7 mm, of abdomen 8 mm.

Body clean, smooth, depressed, very similar to Tramea, with rows
of four to six black dots arranged transversely near the apex of abdominal
segments 5-8, paired blotches at the middle of the sides of segment 7,
at the lateral margins of segment 8, and near the middorsal line of

540 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM

segment 9; black markings suffusing segment 10; a black mark on the
middle of each of the inferior appendages; lateral setae 12 to 14; mentals
about 15, the nine outer ones longer; teeth obliquely oval, as high as
wide, spinulose at apex; tarsus with its second joint twice as long and
its third, thrice as long as the first.

No dorsal hooks at all; lateral spines long, a httle incurvate; those
of the eighth segment reaching the level of the apical border of the ninth
segment; those of the ninth segment twice as long as that segment,
their apices reaching the level of the tips of the lateral appendages;
superior appendage as long as or a little longer than the inferiors ; laterals
one fifth shorter.

The nymphs of this genus may be distinguished from those of
Tram e a by the greater length of the superior abdominal appendage,
by the greater depth of the incisions between the teeth on the opposed
margins of the lateral labial lobes, and by the brevity of the movable
hook — hardly longer than the teeth, while in T r a m e a it is nearly as
long as the setae.

Order NEUROPTEEA.

Ant liojis, aphis lions, dobsons, etc.

Of this group as now delimited by most entomologists, a small pro-
portion is aquatic, constituting one family (Sialidae) and part of another
(Hemerobiidae). Members of the order agree in the possession of
carnivorous habits and in their type of metamorphosis, and in Httle else.
The families of Neuroptera occurring within the state of New York may
be separated by the following table.

KEY TO THE FAMILIES OF NEUROPTERA

a Antennae enlarged toward the tip, club-sbaped, or witli a terminal knob
(Larvae terrestrial: ant lions, etc.; the commoner oues make the well-
known "pitfalls" in sand or dust iu sequestered places. Pupa inclosed in
cocoon of silk, hidden in the same jilaces as those in which the larva lives)

Myrmeleonidae
aa Antennae without terminal enlargement

6 Fore legs fitted for seizing prey, stouter than the other legs ; attached to
the front end of an extremely long prothorax

(The larvae, so far as known, live parasitically in the nests of spiders
and wasps, and transform to pupae in the same places within a cocoon

of silk) - Mantispidae

&& Fore legs not thicker than other legs; not fitted for grasping ; not attached
at the front end of a very long prothorax
c Wings with few and simple veins, and covered with a whitish powder
(Minute and rare insects ; larvae, so far as known, arboreal ; feed-
ing on aphids ; pupating in a double layered cocoon of silk)

Coniopterygidae

AQUATIC INSECTS IN THE ADIRONDACKS 54I

cc Wiugs with many veins and not covered with whitish powder

d Wing veins all terminating at the distal border of the wing in a suc-
cession of symmetric forks, the ultimate forks often forming a
peripheral zone around the distal margin of the wing
e Cross veins between the radius and its sector numerous (ten or more)
(Green or yellowish insects : lace wing flies ; larvae, aphis lions,
arboreal; pupating in cocoon of silk, attached to the plants on

which they have lived) Chrysopidae

ee Cross veins between the radius and its sector few (two to six)

Hemerobiidae

dd Wing veins meeting the outer wing margin in straight lines. Forks

fewer, more remote from the margin and less symmetric .. Sialidae

The two families which contain our aquatic species will now be con-
sidered in detail. Their larvae have already been distinguished in the
key to the orders of aquatic insect larvae.

Family &iJ>>^i^nDJs.E.

Alder flies ^ fish flies, dob sons, etc.

This family comprises but few genera and species ; but the large size
and the enormous number of individuals of some of the species make
them a well known part of the aquatic population. Few insects of incon-
spicuous coloration and secretive habits are so well known. Every
species, in larval as well as adult stages, is attractive food for fishes, and
many of them are among the insects most highly prized and most com-
monly used for bait.

The adult insects do not wander far from the borders of their native
streams or ponds; they are generally found sitting closely on some
support, with wings folded like a roof over the back. They fly but little.

The larvae are somewhat cylindric, with large heads and very large
raptorial mandibles, and have on the sides of each of the first seven or
eight abdominal segments a pair of long, conspicuous lateral filaments.

The eggs are deposited on any convenient support near the water, in
clusters whose form varies with the genus, and to a less extent, with the
species.

Our three genera may be distinguished as follows.

KEY TO GENERA OF SIALIDAE

Ijnagos

a Fourth segment of the tarsus bilobed ; posterior branch of the radial sector

forked. No ocelli Sialis

aa Fourth segment of the tarsus simple, cylindric ; posterior branch of the
radial sector simple. Three ocelli

542 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM

h Hind angles of the head rounded ; the median vein two branched ; anten-
nae with segments enlarged distally Chauliodes

66 Hind angles of the head hearing a sharp angulation or tooth ; median
vein ihree-branched; segments of the antennae cylindric

Corydalis
Larvae

a The last abdominal segment produced in a long, median, laterally fringed
tail like process; a pair of lateral filaments on abdominal segments 1-7

S ialis
aa Last abdominal segment bifurcated, the fleshy forks each bearing a pair of
hooks and a minute, external, lateral filament; conspicuous lateral fila-
ments on abdominal segments 1-8
6 Lateral filaments with no tuft of fine tracheal gills at their bases]

Chauliodes
66 Lateral filaments each with a tuft of fine tracheal gills at its base

Corydalis
SIALIS

Alder Jly^ : orl fly
A single species of this genus is recorded from this state.

Sialis infumata Newman
Smoky orl fly

Plate 29, fig. 3

1838 Sialis infumata Newman, Ent. mag. 5 : 500

1853 Sialis infumata Walker, Cat. neur. ins. Brit. mus. 3 : 195

1861 Sialis infumata Hagen, Synopsis Neur. N. Am. p. 188

1863 Sialis infumata Hagen, Ent. soc. Phil. Proc. 2 : 180

1863 Sialis infumata Walsh, Ent. soc. Phil. Proc. 2 : 261-62 (figure of male

genitalia)
1892 Sialis infumata Banks, Am. ent. soc. Trans, (listed)
1888 Sialis infumata Howard, Insect life, 1:99 (Sialis larvae in pools

with Simulium)

This is a dusky brownish fly, often seen with wings closely folded sit-
ting on sedge leaves near quiet waters. It may be taken with the fingers;
but, if the fingers close too slowly, it will fall to the ground, kick vigor-
ously several times to push itself into some crevice or tangle of stems and
lie very quietly ; then it will be difficult to find again. The collector may
take advantage of this habit by bringing his opened cyanid bottle up to
the insect from below.

This species is widely and generally distributed over the United States,
and is often very abundant, specially westward. I have seen the grassy

1 So called in England because often found on alders overhanging tranquil streams.

AQUATIC INSECTS IN THE ADIRONDACKS 543

shores of a pond at Galesburg 111. black with these flies about the begin-
ning of June.

Several adults were taken on both Little Clear and Big Clear creeks,
during the latter half of June. Larvae were obtained in small numbers
from Little Clear creek on the hatchery grounds. No attempt was made
to rear them. I have reared the species in Ithaca N. Y. in 1897. Larvae
obtained here agree entirely with others from Ithaca and from Galesburg
III.

The larvae live in trashy places filled with aquatic plants in the borders
of streams and ponds. They clamber through fallen vegetation with
great agility, and push their way readily through sediment fallen on the
bottom. In an aquarium, and probably outside, the abdomen maintains
an undulating motion, the long tail being intermittently lashed up and
down. This causes a swirl in the water, which is doubtless useful in bring-
ing a fresh supply of water into contact with the lateral filaments.

The larvae, when fully grown, transform in moist soil at some little
distance from the edge of the water. At a depth of several inches or a
foot or more, depending on the character of the soil, an oval cell is
formed in which the larva curls itself up, and without making a cocoon
becomes a pupa. Two or three weeks after the making of the pupal cell
the adult fly emerges.

Excellent available accounts of European species of Sialis are:

Pictet, F. J. M6iiioire sur le genre Sialis Latreille, etc. Ann. sci. uat. (2)

1836. 5 : 69-80, 1 colored pi. (life history)
Nunney, W. H. Development of the alder fly. Science gossip, n. s. 1895

2 : 257-58.
Miall, L. C. The alder fly. Natural history of aquatic insects, p. 273-8, 1895.

Larva (PI. 29, fig. 3) Measures in length 22 mm, including a
tail 4 mm long; width 2.3 mm. Head and thorax of equal width,
abdomen very slowly tapering.

Color yellowish, darker on the abdomen; a middorsal Hne of brown
extending from the middle of the head to the base of the abdomen, in-
terrupted on the middle of the prothorax ; an arrow-shaped mark on the
frons, and a brown line extending obliquely inward from the hind angles
of the head. Sides of thorax mottled with yellow and brown. Abdomen
brownish or purphsh with paler sutures and a pair of submedian, dorsal
()-marks on the middle abdominal segments.

Head depressed, subquadrangular, with rounded angles, and pro-
jecting mouth parts; prothorax subquadrangular, as large as the head,
and about as large as the two succeeding segments of the thorax taken
together.

Abdominal segments 4-7 of about equal length, 3, 2 and i, succes-
sively, each a little shorter; segment 9 a Httle shorter than 8; 10 drawn
out into the tapering, lashlike filament 4 mm long; the filament marked
with black at two thirds its length and laterally fringed with yellowish

544 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM

hairs; lateral filaments more or less distinctly 5-segmented, tapering,
sparsely fringed with hairs, increasing in length posteriorly, on segment i
as long as the width of that segment; on segment 7 twice as long as
on I.

Body smooth ; legs smooth at bases, hairy toward the tip, yellow ;
tarsal claws unequal, tipped with black. As with other semi-burrowers
and burrowers, the forelegs are closer together at base that are the legs
of the other pairs.

Pupa. (PI. 29, fig. 2.) Length (coiled) 9 mm ; width of head 3.7 mm,
of abdomen 4 mm.

Body clad with soft, fine hairs, specially on head and thorax ; head
and appendages pale yellow, varying with age. Thoracic dorsum yel-
lowish with broad, brownish or purplish marks at sides and on front
margins of segments ; abdomen short, thick, accurate, with obtuse but
prominent lateral margins, narrowed a little at both ends ; no sharp
angles or spines on any of the segments; apical segments mainly yellow ;
the others suffused more or less with brown or purple tending to be
arranged in a pattern as follows : a middorsal, narrow line ; a dorsolateral
interrupted band; a lateral row of dots, three ventral rows each side of
unequal marks, confluent in stripes or interrupted ; sutures all darker.
There is a transverse, anteapical, impressed line of brown on the middle
abdominal segments.

CHAULIODES

Of the eight nominal North American species of this genus, but two
are recorded from this state. These two and a third occur at Saranac
Inn.

These insects are less secretive than those in other genera of the
family. Images of some species ofChauliodes at least are abroad
habitually during hours of sunshine, making short, fluttering flights
from stem to stem. They rest most of the time : resting or flying, they
are easily taken with a net.

The eggs are placed in somewhat regular rows on the surface of some
leaf or other support; sometimes over water, but oftener at a short
distance from it.

The larvae Hve in wet places at the edge of the water, or in water
close to the surface, and are perhaps oftenest found clinging to the under
side of floating logs or crawling beneath the loosened bark. They crawl
rapidly and cling securely by means of the claws on the thoracic legs and
on the bifurcated tenth abdominal segment. They swim but poorly by
means of undulations of the abdomen and lashing of the lateral filaments.

The lateral filaments are less important respiratory organs than in
Sialis. While they contain tracheae, they also contain a larger pro-
portion of muscle and are covered by thicker integument. There are
nine pairs of well developed spiracles, one pair in the sides of the pro-
thorax at its hind margin, and one on each of the first eight abdominal

AQUATIC INSECTS IN THE ADIRONDACKS 545

segments, situated just above the bases of the lateral filaments. The
pair on the eighth segment is more or less elevated above the surface of
the segment, being more or less extended in flexuous respiratory tubes.
These tubes may reach a length exceeding that of the lateral filaments.
They enable the larva to remain below while taking air at the surface of
the water.

The genus is semiaquatic.

The full grown larva finds a place above the level of the water under a
stone or log or layer of moss or in a rotten log and excavates a cell in
moist soil or in rotten wood, in which without spinning a cocoon it
enters on a pupal period of about two weeks' duration.

Three species of Chauliodes larvae were taken in the edges of
Little Clear pond and creek. None of them were raised. One of them
agrees with the larva figured asCh. pectinicornis^ by J. Bridgham
in Dr Lintner's eighth report as entomologist of the state of New York
(1893. pi. i). Another is distinguished by its size : it is too large to be
the larva of any known New York species save Ch. pectinicornis.
The third one should belong to Ch. rastricornis,^ and probably it
does; for it agrees with the larva of that species as figured by Prof.
Weed, and copied in the above mentioned report of Dr Lintner. Since
no specific differences m habits were noted for these larvae save that the
one referred toCh. pectinicornis was less aquatic, and since they
can not be referred to the species discussed below with positive certainty,
the structural differences between them may as well be briefly indicated
here.

a The spiracles of the eighth abdominal segment widely separated, their
margins elevated but slightly above the level of the segment

Ch. pectinicornis, supposition

aa Spiracles of the eighth abdominal segment approximated and drawn out into

a pair of long, flexuous, contractile respiratory tubes which surpass the

tip of the abdomen

b Respiratory tubes conspicuously unequal in length; the 10th abdominal

segment including its claws two and a half times the length of the

ninth ; the lateral filament of the 10th segment surpassing the tips of

the claws by more than the length of the claws

Ch. serricornis, supposition

hb Respiratory tubes about equal in length ; the 10th abdominal segment

with its claws one and a half times the length of the ninth ; the lateral

filament of the 10th segment surpassing the tips of the claws by less

than the length of the claws Ch. rastricornis, supposition

1 This, I take it, was a case of mistakeu determination. The larva was not reared ; it is too
small to belong to pectinicornis; it is like larvae of Ch. serricornis, bred byMrHen-
shaw and in the Museum of comparative zoology. I therefore refer it to that species.

aOhloagric. esp. sta. Tech. ser. Bui. 1889. 1:7-10, pi. 1, fig. 3.

546 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM

Chauliodes rastricornis Rambur

1842 Ch. rastricornis Rambur, Ins. Neur. p. 444
1853 Cli. rastricornis Walker, Cat. neur. ins. Brit. mus. 3 : 198
1861 Cb. rastricornis Hagen, Synopsis Neur. N. Am. p. 189
1863 Ch. rastricornis Hagen, Eut. soc. Pbil. Proc. 2 : 181
1863 Ch. rastricornis Walsh, Ent. soc. Phil. Proc. 2: 263-64 (larva de-
scribed and distiuguisbed from Corydalis larva)
1889 Ch. rastricornis Weed, Ohio agric. exp. sta. Tech. ser. Bui. 1 : 7-10,

pi. 1, fig. 3 (life history)
1892 Ch. rastricornis Banks, Am. ent. soc. Trans. 19 : 357 (listed)

Ch. rastricornis Lintner, N. Y. state ent. 8th rep't. p. 158-59 (notes
on distribution)

To the excellent account of this insect given by Professor Weed we
have nothing to add save a few notes as to its occurrence at Saranac
Inn, The imago was not observed at all outside our breeding cages.
Larvae and pupae were obtained in several places about the shores of
Little Clear pond.

June 14 Dr Felt and I, while looking over the ground preparatory to
beginning regular operations, rowed into the little bay on the west side of
Blueberry island in Little Clear pond and found the species in abundance.
The bank was overhung with clumps of fragrant Labrador tea, and here
and there lay a rotting hemlock log half in the water and half out, the
exposed portion bearing an ornamental covering of matted moss and
sundew plants. Our boat touched shore beside one of these logs; and
there was a hole i'n the rotten wood, with an empty pupa skin hanging
out of it. We followed this clue, and, examining the log, found the
Chauliodes pupae. By pulling apart the crumbling fragments with
our fingers, we in a very little while found in this and a few other logs
near by, 25 pupae. One of these transformed on the way home, and the
imago was lost ; three were raised ; a number were preserved for specimens,
and the remainder died. On the i6th I returned to this place again,
and found that by this time many had transformed. There were still
plenty of pupae to be found, however, by dihgent searching of the partly
submerged and crumbling logs.

Chauliodes eggs, which I took to belong to this species, were not
uncommonly found attached to the flat surface of some old, gray snag or
board several feet above the surface of the water. They were more
grayish in color than the eggs of Ch. serricornis, and were ar-
ranged in somewhat more regular V-shaped rows, and never more than
one layer in depth. I saw a number of clusters about July i on the
side of the boathouse facing the pond. These, as well as the clusters

AQUATIC INSECTS IN THE ADIRONDACKS 547

found on snags about the lake shores, were very generally parasitized, by
the very minute egg parasite, Trichogramma minutum Riley.
The proportion of the eggs thus destroyed in a number of clusters col-
lected in several places, was found by count to exceed 70%. As will be
noted below, a great number of clusters of eggs ofCh. serricornis
were hatched under observation. Among these not a single egg parasite
was observed.

Chauliodes pectinicornis Linnaeus
Comb-horned fish fly

Plate 26, fig. 1
1763 H e merobi u s pectinicornis Linnaeus, Amoea. acad. 6:412
1767 H e m er o bi u 8 pectinicornis Linnaeus Syst. nat. Ed. 12, v. 1,

pt 2, p. 911
1775 Hemerobius pectinicornis Fabricius, Syst. ent. p. 309,
1781 Semblis pectinicornis Fabricius, Spec. ius. 1 : 386
1787 Semblis pectinicornis Fabricius, Mant. ins. 1 : 244
1807 Chauliodes pectinicornis Latreille, Gen. crust, ins. 3 : 198

1862 Chauliodes pectinicornis Hagen, Synopsis Neur. N. Am. p. 189

(description of imago)

1863 C haulio d es pectinicornis Hagen, Eut. soe. Phil. Proc. 2:181

(mention)

1869 Ch au 1 io d e 8 p e cti n i c o r n i s Walsh-Riley, Am. ent, 1:245 (char-
acters of imago)

1869 Chauliodes pectinicornis Packard, Guide study ins. p. 607

1873 Chauliodes pectinicornis Hagen, Bost. soc. nat. hist. Proc. 15 : 29

(mention)

1874 Ch aulio des pec t i n i corni s Pettit, Can. ent. 6:45 (occurrence in

Canada)

1877 C h a n liod es pectinicornis Moody, Psyche. 2:52 (description

(in part) and habits of larva)

1878 Chauliodes pectinicornis Riley, Can. ent. 11 : 97-98

1879 C h auliode 8 pectinicornis Riley, Am. ass'n adv. sci. Proc.

p. 286-87 (eggs and characters of larvae)
1888 Chauliodes pectinicornis Comstock, Introd. ent. p. 220
1888 C h a ul i o d e s pectinicornis Packard, Eut. for beginners, p. 87

(mention)
1895 Chauliodes pectinicornis Comstock, Manual stud. ius. p. 178
Chauliodes pectinicornis Lintner, N. Y. state ent. 8th an.
rep't. p. 155-59 (a full account with digest of preceding papers and origi-
nal figure of imago (text fig. 15) and remarks as to its probable econ-
omic status)

A single female^ specimen was bred from a pupa found in an old pine

1 This female was caged in a trap lantern (from which the cyanld was omitted; for a night and
part of two days, in the hope of luring males, but without result.

548

NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM

stump in the edge of the water near the outlet of Little Clear pond. The
pupal cell was located in red -rotten wood, fracturing, but not crumbling,
and was about a foot above the level of the water. Soon after trans-
formation the photograph reproduced in pi. 26, fig. i was taken. It
shows beside the imago, a piece of the stump, the broken cell, and the
pupal skin.

This is the largest of the ashen gray species of Chauliodes. It meas-
ures in length to tip of wings 54 mm. Expanse of wings 95 mm. It has
sometimes been confused with the other common gray species Ch.
rastricornis, but may readily be distinguished by the characters
tabulated below.

CHAEACTEES COMPAEED

EASTEICOENIS

PECTINICOENIS

antennae of female

serrate

pectinate

embossed markings on
head and prothorax

black on a paler ground

yellow on a black ground

prothorax

longer than wide

not longer than wide

radial sector

5-6 branched

7 branched

pale fuscous spots on fore
wings

indistinct, isolated

meeting in narrow, trans-
verse bands across the
middle of the wing

base of the upper limb of
first fork of radical sec-
tor, as far as the first
cross vein in cell Ei

black

mostly white

Near the place where the insect was found in a stump the larvae
referred to this species by supposition were taken: one on July 18,
apparently fully grown, and two smaller ones June 30.

The full grown larva measured 55 mm in length; width of prothorax
5 mm; length of respiratory tubes on eighth abdominal segment only .7
mm. (Ch. serricornis larvae, length ;^6 ; of respiratory tubes 5;
width of prothorax 3).

Color yellowish brown, darker on head and prothorax ; margins of
sclerites yellowish ; clypeus yellow ; labrum reddish brown. Legs yel-
lowish, washed with brown exteriorly. A longitudinal mark of brown at

AQUATIC INSECTS IN THE ADIRONDACKS 549

the base of each of the lateral filaments of the tenth abdominal segment
on its inner side. Other characters as given in the table for larvae

above.

Chauliodes serricornis Say

Saw-horned fish fly

Plate 27
1821 Chauliodes serricornis Say, Acad. nat. sei. Phil. Jour. v. 2, appen-
dix p. 307
1839 Chauliodes serricornis Burmeister, Handb. ent. 2:949
1842 Neuromus maculatus Eambur, Ins. Neur. p. 442, pi. 10, fig. 2
1853 Neuromus maculatus Walker, Cat, Neur. ins. Brit. mus. 3:202
1861 Chauliodes maculatus Hagen, Synopsis Neur. N. Am. p. 190
1863 Chauliodes serricornis Walsh, (Corrects Hagen's names) Ent.
soc. Phil. Proe. 2 : 262

1892 Chauliod 68 serricornis Banks, Am. ent. soc. 19 : 357 (listed)

1893 Chauliodes serricornis Lintner, N. Y. state ent. 8th an. rep't,

p. 157 (notes on its occurrence in New York state, with original figure ;
larva described and figured as Ch. pectinicoruis?)

This species was very common on Little Clear creek between the
hatchery and the railroad. Half a dozen specimens could be picked
from the sedges and flowering ferns in walking across this short open
space any day in July. When resting on the under side of the leaves of
the flowering fern, Osmunda regalis Linn., they were not easily dis-
turbed ; several were carried into the hatchery on a fern spray. A pair
found in copido was thus carried in and photographed (pi. 27) ; these
pictures show the singular position assumed by the male in copulation.
In this case, though not in any other of the many observed, the female
had apparently already deposited a large number of eggs. Shortly after
photographs a and b of the plate were taken the male departed, and the
female resumed ovipositing. She added eggs at first in regular series,
following the lines of the cluster already laid down ; finally depositing a
partial second layer in less regular order on the top of the first. While
thus at work, the photograph reproduced as fig. c of the plate was taken.

A large number of egg clusters were seen, all of them on the under

side of leaves of the above mentioned fern. In the cluster shown in these

figures there were about 900 eggs. Some larger clusters were seen ; many

of them were smaller. These eggs hatched in 1 7 days. There appears to

be great uniformity in incubation period with eggs of the same cluster.

Numerous clusters were picked with the eggs all hatching at once, heads

protruding, and jaws widely swung open, a most curious sight, a veritable

cheval de frise of great rapacious mandibles.

The newly hatched larva of Ch. serricornis is 3 mm long, and
has much the same aspect as older larvae of the genus have. The head

550 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM

and mouth parts are relatively larger. The lateral filaments bear two
spinules at their apex, the posterior one minute. Each filament shows
a central tracheal branch, without distinguishable tracheoles and with a
rough prickly surface which is certainly not suggestive of a respiratory
organ . The circulation of the blood, easily seen in other parts of the
body, I could not observe in these at all.

Respiratory tubes from the spiracles of the eighth abdominal segment,
wide apart, short, not half as long as the segment. The lateral filaments
of the tenth abdominal segment are short, bearing three setae, of which
the two exterior are longer than the filament itself: filament not surpas-
sing the tips of the claws. The two longitudinal tracheal trunks within
the body terminate in the tubes springing from the spiracles of the eighth
abdominal segment, but they are much stouter anteriorly where passing
the other spiracles, and they bend distinctly outward to meet the
spiracles of the prothorax.

Antennae three-jointed, the second joint bearing at its distal end ex-
teriorly a pair of spinules close beside the base of the terminal joint.

The brevity of the respiratory tubules on the eighth abdominal segment
is doubtless ancestral; and the spinules on the lateral filaments may mean
that these filaments are but modified larval setigerous tubercles. The
function of the filaments is largely locomotor ; they are used as fins in
swimming. But they are also "outriggers," if we may so speak, serving
to maintain the proper position of the long abdomen while crawhng
about over submerged logs.

Ch. serricornis was first taken June 20, and was quite common
for a month thereafter. The pupa was searched for, but not found.

Corydalis

Our sole species, C. cornuta Linn, is too well known to need
another description. It will be recognized by the characters stated in
the keys, and by Dr Lintner's figures, reproduced herewith as Plate 28.

Family hea^ierobiidae
This family has received little attention from entomologists in America.
I do not now recall a single American species whose life history is known
in full. A single species supposed to be aquatic has been twice reported
from the United States— once from New York state. It is gratifying
therefore to be able to add another genus, C 1 i m a c i a , to the list of
aquatic genera, and to make a slight contribution to the knowledge of
its habits and life history.

AQUATIC INSECTS IN THE ADIRONDACKS 55I

KEY TO GENERA OF HEMEROBIIDAEi

a Branches of the radical sector arising (i. e. separating from vein Ei ) hy a
common stalk (fig. 32)
& Humeral cross vein recurrent, and bearing several branches on its outer

side Polystoec botes

1)1) Humeral cross vein unbranched and not recurrent

c The median vein repeatedly forked; some of the branches of vein Cui

forked Sisyra

cc The median vein but once forked ; the branches on vein Cui simple

C 1 i maci a
aa Branches of the radial sector arising separately from vein Ri
d Humeral cross vein recurrent and bearing several branches on its outer

side Hemerobius

dd Humeral cross vein unbranched and not recurrent Micromus

The typical genus, Hemerobius, includes the majority of the
described species of the family. Its larvae are commonly arboreal, and
feed on aphids, small moth larvae, etc. They commonly spin their loose
cocoons of silk in crevices of the bark and there undergo their transfor-
mations.

Of the American genus Polystoechotes, which contains our
largest species, the life history has not been recorded. Hagen, char-
acterizing the genus in 1861 (^Synopsis Neuroptera of North America),
wrote " Larvae perhaps aquatic "; and this opinion has been handed down
to the present time. I obtained some of the eggs in July by confining some
of the females of P olys toe ch o tes in a pastebbard box. The eggs
were dropped at random on the bottom of the box, where they rolled
loosely about. They were chalky white in color, oblong oval in outline,
with surface minutely granular. Some were dropped on water in a glass,
where they floated high and dry ; and the next day were overgrown
with molds. The others were left in the box, and the box closed that
more eggs might be obtained : instead, the females ate the eggs already
laid, and then began to devour one another. Thus I lost an excellent
opportunity for studying the earlier part of the life history of this interest-
ing insect. The character of the eggs, and the haunts of the females
lead me to suppose rather that the larva is terrestrial or arboreal, as in
Hemerobius.

Polystoechotes punctatus (pi. 26, fig. 2) Fabr. was not un-
common during the month of July. It was taken a few times in our trap
lanterns ; but, for some, to me unknown reason, was found in numbers only
in the Saranac Inn railway station. At the windows of the depot one might
expect to gather with little effort a dozen or more specimens in an evening.

1 Three North American genera remain as yet unreported from New York state: Dilar, with a
single species, distinguished from the remainder of the family lay the possession of ocelli;
Psectra, with a single species, distinguished by its having normally but two wings; and
Berotha, with three species, distinguished by having the apes of the wing very acute, and a
notch or excision in the outer wing margin.

552 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM

Clearly, Dr Lintner found this species in far greater abundance at Long
lake, Hamilton co, N. Y. in August 1885^; for he wrote of it, " Hundreds
could be seen resting on the parlor walls."

But two hemerobian genera have been accounted aquatic hitherto.
These are Osmylus, a European genus, whose life history has been
fully made known by Hagen and Brauer, and Sisyra, whose larvae,
common in fresh-water sponges in Germany and in England, seem to
have been determined by exclusion ; at least I have been unable to find
any account of the rearing of the larvae or any description of the pupae
or the cocoons. I reared many of the larvae at Saranac Inn during the
past season; and bred also the American genus C 1 i m a c i a , of whose
habits nothing seems to have been known hitherto. It also is aquatic,
and, like Sisyra, lives on fresh-water sponges.

Larvae and pupae of these two genera may be separated as follows.

Larvae

a Setae on tlie dorsum of the thorax pedunculate (i. e. the setigerous tubercles

elevated considerably above the level of the integument) Climacia

aa Thoracic setae sessile Sisyra

Pupae

a Tips of the fore tarsi extending posteriorly beyond the apices of the maxillary
palpi ; the fifth segment of the latter less than twice the width of the fourth .
Outer covering of pupal case of open regular hexagonal mesh

Climacia

aa Fore tarsi and palpi with apices about on a level; fifth segment of the

maxillary more than twice the width of the fourth. Outer covering of

pupal case close woven - Sisyra

Sisyra

1771 DeGeer, Mem. pour servir k V histoire nat. ins. v. 2, pt 2. German transla-
tion 1779 : index, " Die schwarze haarichte Hem er obius, eine neue
gattung," v. 2, pt 2, p. 71, no. 3. "Die echwarze, haarichte Heme-
r obi us, mit hellbraunen flilgeln und br aungelb 1 i che n fiiszen."
(A good detailed description of the species afterward named H e m e -
robius fuscatus by Fabricius, and made the type of the new
genus Sisyra by Burmeister. PL 22, fig. 8 nat. size, fig. 9 more en-
larged imago, fig. 10 head still more enlarged, fig* 11 fore wing)

1835 Stephens, Section C of genus Hemerobius. Illus. Brit. ent. 6 : 114

1839 Sisyra Burmeister, Handb. ent. v. 2, pt 2, p. 975 (original description

of the genus)

1840 Sisyra Wesmael, Acad. Brux. Bui. 8:4 of reprint, which only I have

seen. The article is "Notice sur les hemerobides de Belgique." 19 p.
4 pi.

1 "CoUeetlons in the Adirondack region In 1885," ia his fifth report on the Injurious and other
Insects of the state of New York. Albany 1889. p. 286.

AQUATIC INSECTS IN THE ADIRONDACKS 553

1842 S i s y r a Rambur, Ins. Neur. p. 414-15

1851 S i 8 y r a Hagen, Stett. eat. zeit. 12 : 185-86 (bibliography)

1857 8 i s y r a Brauer, Fauna Austriaca ; Neur. p. 55 and p. 22 of introduction

1858 S i s y r a Hagen, Ent. annual p. 25

1861 S i s y r a Hagen, Synopsis Neur. N. Am. p. 197
1868 S i s y r a Brauer, Verb. k. k. zool.-bot. ges. in Wien. p. 398
1868 S i s y r a McLachlan, Ent. soc. Lond. Trans, p. 166-67 (the fullest
characterization of the genus)

Larva

1839 Westwood, "an anomalous insect fouud in theSpongilla fluvia-

t ills" Mag. nat. hist. (2) 3:200; An. sci. nat. (2) 11:380

1840 Westwood, Introd. modern classification of ins. 2: 586 (notes on the larvae,

with some bad guesses as to their place in the system)
1840 Hogg. "Observations on Spongilla f lu v ia tills," Linn. soc.

Lond. Trans. 18 : 390-92 ; Isis for 1843, review, p. 466
1842 Westwood. " Descriptions of some insects which inhabit the tissues of

Spongilla fluviatilis," Ent. soc. Lond. Trans. 3 : 105-8, fig.

(Names the larvae Branchiostoma spongilla e)
1842 Erichson. Wiegm. arch. f. uaturg. p. 91

1842 Rambur in Ins. Neur. p. 415, says the larva of S i s y r a is aquatic
1844 Grube. Beschreibung einer auffallenden, an siisswasserschwammen lebeu-

den larve, Wiegm. arch. f. naturg. 11 : 331-37, fig. (refers the larvae to

Sisy r a)

1847 Haliday. On the Branchiostoma spongilla e, and on Coniop-

teryx, Ent. soc. Lond. Trans. 5 : Proc. 31-32

1848 Westwood. TheSpongilla insect, Gardener's chronicle, p. 557

1851 Hagen. "Uebersicht der neueren litteratur betreffend der Neuroptera,
Linne." Stett. ent. zeit. 12:185-86 (under Hemerobius [Sisyra]
f u s c a t u s Fabr., says that the larva is not known, but that it is prob-
ably the Branchiostoma spongillae of Westwood, since the
adults are very abundant all through the summer, and are found only
near water)

1855 Brauer. " Beitrage zur kenntniss des inneren banes und der verwandlung
der neuropteren," Schriften des zool.-bot. vereins in Wien, p. 1-26, 5 pi.
p. 3, " Die f ragliche S i s y r a-larve "

1858 Hagen. " Synopsis of the British planipennes," Ent. an. p. 25 (under
Sisyra, says: "Larva lives in the water (Branchiostoma
spongillae Westwood : cocoon ?")

1866 Hagen. " Hemerobidarum synopsis synonymiea." Stett. ent. zeit. 27 : 369-
462 (on p. 388, says that the Branchiostoma is the larva of
Sisyra fuscata Fabr.)
Subsequent papers repeat this statement, but I have been unable to find any

account of the life history of the genus, or any description of the pupa or

cocoon.

Anyone who will take the trouble to look through the published
records of the larva of this dusky little fly will discover that it has had

554 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM

an interesting history, and has occupied a unique place in our entomo-
logic Uterature. Unhke the larva of the beetle, P s e p h e n u s, or that
of the syrphus fly, Microdon, or the larval case of the caddis fly
Helicopsyche, or the nymph of the May fly, Prosopistoma,
all of which were for a time mistaken for mollusks, the S i s y r a larva,
was clearly an insect, but not referable by its discoverers to any
definite place in the insect series. James Hogg first found it while
studying fresh-water sponges, and J, O. Westwood brought it to the
notice of the public. A discussion was then raging in the learned
societies of the old world as to whether sponges belong to the plant or
to the animal kingdom, and the Sisy r a larva was dragged, an innocent
victim, into this controversy. Dujardin, maintaining that sponges are
animals, told the French academy that he found in the sponge body
numerous fine filaments that moved to and fro. James Hogg, on the
other hand, believing that sponges are plants, maintained before the
Linnaean society of London that the filaments seen by Dujardin were the
setae on the back of these larvae, which had crawled, as is their wont,
into the sponge through the open osteoles.

The larva possessed two structures, also, so unique in character that
interest in them has survived the sponge controversy, and on account of
which the original figures of Westwood and Grube are handed down in
textbooks of the present day. These peculiar parts are i) paired,
jointed appendages beneath the abdominal segments, and 2) long, de-
curved, piercing mouth parts, of a unique suctorial type.

Notwithstanding the interest attaching to this larva, it seems not to
have been reared. That it belonged to S i s y r a was, I take it, a logical
deduction. The brief quotations which I have inserted in the above
bibliography will serve to show how the conviction grew. The small
size of the larva, and its certain Hemerobian affinities (the larva of other
genera being known) left no doubt that it was S i s y r a. I was unwill-
ing to believe that it had not been reared till after consulting all the
hterature in which I could find any mention of it, and examining at Cam-
bridge Dr Hagen's manuscript drawings illustrating hemerobian life his-
tories and finding among them a larva well drawn, but no pupa or
cocoon.

There are several European species of Sisyra: there is one North
American species, S. vie aria Walker, described from Georgia, and
afterward reported from New York.^ The species I found at Saranac
Inn is very close to the typical Sisyra fuscata Fabr. It differs

1 Banks. Am. ent. soc. Trans. Possibly not v 1 c a r i a.

AQUATIC INSECTS IN THE ADIRONDACKS 555

from S. V i c a r i a in being much larger, according to the measurements
given in the extremely brief and uncritical published descriptions of that
species. There is a specimen from Illinois in the Museum of comparative
zoology, and I collected many specimens of both larvae and adults at
Lake Forest 111. in June 1899. I did not at that time rear the species,
however. I describe it below as Sisyra umbrata n. sp.

In passing, I should call attention to an error almost uniformly com-
mitted in the characterizing of this genus : there is said to be no cross
vein in the basal part of the subcostal space. As a matter of fact, that
cross vein is almost always present, though it is sometimes not very dis-
tinct. I have examined specimens of three European species in the
Museum of comparative zoology, among them a large series of specimens
of the typical S. fuscata, as well as hundreds of specimens of the
species described below, and have not noted the absence of this cross
vein in a single case.

Sisyra umbrata sp. nov.

PI. 12, fig. 6, 7 and 33, 34, 36 text figures

Length to tip of wings, male 6 mm ; female 8 mm ; expanse of wings,
male 12 mm, female 13 mm.

Color nearly uniform blackish brown. There is a faint wash' of rufous
on the face, the legs and the apex of the abdomen are dirty yellowish.

Fig. 33 Fore wing of Sisyra umbrata

Lake Forest 111. June 1899; Saranac Inn N. Y. June 28 to July 16,
1900; abundant.

This is a stouter, larger, blacker, more hairy species than S. f u s c a t a.
The second segment of the antennae is nearly as large as the third and
fourth together, and the third is little more than half the size of the
fourth; in S. fuscata the second, third and fourth antennal segments
are subequal, and the third is not distincdy smaller than the fourth. In

556

NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM

S. umbrata ths last joint of both palpi is distinctly pediform (fig.
34, 36) ; I have not been able to examine the palpi with any degree of
satisfaction in any specimen of S. fuscata, but according to Wes-
mael's figure^ the terminal segment should be simply conic.

During the first week of our stay at Saranac Inn we scraped the surface
water supply trough in the hatchery, and in the scrapings found about
100 small fresh-water sponges. A few of the larvae of this species were
found on the sponges. Shortly the cocoons began to appear on the sides
of the supply trough, and in such numbers that it was evident that the
larvae were coming in from the pipes. The cocoons were located, some
inside the supply troughs on the smooth, tarred, vertical sides just above
the water, some on the upper edges, some on the sides and edges of the

hatching troughs below, but
mostly on the outside of the
supply troughs and in the
angles which they make with
the hatching troughs, or in
the thread grooves at the base
of the faucets. Each larva
spins over itself, a hemispheric
cover of close woven silk (pi.
12, fig. 11), attached by its
edges to the supporting sur-
face, and a complete inner co-
coon of considerably smaller
size, likewise close woven.

Larvae of this species taken
from unfinished cocoons and
placed in a vial spun new co-
coons in the corners of it
under observation. It was
interesting to watch them
weaving back and forth their
anal spinnerets, as the threads
were laid down.

Two larvae of this species, taken just as they were leaving the water
June 21 and placed in a vial plugged with cotton, spent at least 12 hours
in spinning their cover and cocoon, and remained inactive larvae 24
hours longer. Then they transformed to pupae, which remained suffi-

Fig. 34 Maxillae:

a of Climacia dictyona Ndm.
bofSisyra umbrata Ndm.

1 Acad. Brux. Bui. 1840. v. 7, flg. 3 of plate.

AQUATIC INSECTS IN THE ADIRONDACKS 557

ciently active thereafter to kick vigorously whenever the vial w^as moved,
The imagos emerged July 2, ii days after leaving the water. The pupa
makes its way through the side of the cocoon, and the empty pupal skin
is left sticking in the hole when the imago flies away.

In the supply trough in the hatchery fresh-water sponges of small size
were easy to find, and I saw the S i s y r a larvae clinging to them,
crawling over them, and apparently piercing them with their long, sharp
decurved jaws. I also observed this later on a sponge-covered log in
Little Clear pond. The larva clings closely to the sponge surface, lies in
the hollows of it, or, sometimes, descends bodily into an open osteole.
The numerous spines on its back usually carry a load of debris beneath
which its form is well concealed. It can readily be driven about over
the sponge surface, but will hardly be induced to take a step away from
it on the bare wood.

The respiratory filaments are jointed and folded beneath the abdomen.
They are moved intermittently in a rapid shuttle-like vibration.

Imagos on emergence seemed by preference to fly at once to the
hatchery ceiling. They congregated on the best lighted portions of it.
I stood in one spot on my work table and collected from the part of the
ceiling within reach hundreds of specimens at a time. Nothing was
easier. They would jump directly into an unstoppered bottle held close
below them. Their flight to the ceiling on emergence suggests a prob-
able reason why I was able to see so few specimens out of doors. There
they probably fly directly to the tree tops — the home of their nonaquatic
kin. A few specimens were taken at a trap lantern placed near the out-
let of Little Clear pond. I caught one or two specimens close above
the water while sweeping aquatic vegetation in Little Clear creek. These
may have been females ovipositing, but I did not find their eggs. Neither
did I get them, though I several times inclosed females in cages supplied
with aquatic plants and with sponge-bearing pieces of wood.

•A student in my laboratory at Lake Forest college is working on the
anatomy and metamorphosis of this species. I prefer to leave the farther
characterization of the several stages to the paper which will result from
that work.

CLIMACIA

1869 McLachlan. " New species of Hemerobina, with, synonymic notes", Eut.
month, mag. 1 : 27. The genus is caref ally characterized, and is cor-
rectly allied with S i s y r a , from which it is distinguished by the fol-
lowing characters, the first of which will not hold:

1 A single basal cross vein in the subcostal space

2 Two well defined series of gradate veins

3 Pro thorax elongate

4 Face long and triangular

? 5 Two curious setiform organs, apparently attached to the maxillae

558

NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM

That these last, whatever they may have been, were extraneous, is evident
from an examination of the maxillae of fresh or alcoholic specimens (fig. 34).
McLachlan had for examination only a few dried specimens. "Larva probably
aquatic".

The single species of this genus hitherto known, C. areolaris Hagen
has been reported only from the southern states. There are numerous
specimens of it, however, in the Museum of comparative zoology from
Waltham and Cambridge Mass., as well as a number from Florida. The
species found at Saranac Inn and described below differs from areolaris
in being of darker color on the wings (black, where areolaris is but
brown), of larger size (females of areolaris do not exceed the measure-
ments given by Hagen^ ), and in having the vein Cuj seven-branched (it
is six-branched in a r e o 1 a r i s) .

Climacia dictyona sp. nov.

PI. 12, fig. 1,2 and 34-36 text figures

Imago. Length to tip of wings, male 6 mm, female 8 mm; expanse
of wings, male ii mm, female 13 mm; length of antennae 5 mm.

Face yellow; eyes blackish; top of head rufous; thorax black; legs
clear yellow beyond the coxae, excepting the extreme tips of the tarsi.

Wings smoky brown, varied with yellow and black. Pterostigma
yellow, with a black mark each side; the proximal one curving

Fig. 85 Fore wing of Climacia dictyona Ndm

posteriorly and then anteriorly to the base of the wing, leaving the
greater part of the costal area yellow. A triangular yellow spot on the
fork of the median vein, its apex directed toward but hardly reaching the
hind margin of the wing; from its proximal side a less distinct yellowish
streak extends to the base of the wing on the hind margin. Veins black
except where crossing the yellow areas. In the wider spaces there are
distinct fuscous, longitudinal streaks midway between the veins.

Abdomen brownish, paler apically.

Saranac Inn N. Y. Common. June 18 to July i, and Aug. 10 to 20.

Figures: wing, fig. 35; maxilla, fig. 34; labium, fig. 36.

1 Synopsis Neur. N. Am. p. 199.

AQUATIC INSECTS IN THE ADIRONDACKS

559

Larva. Length 5.5 mm; greatest breadth of body exclusive of
spines i mm.

Color yellowish to greenish, varying with the color of the sponge,
obscurely marked with brown ; a middorsal incomplete stripe, darkest on
the thorax (where also is a lateral one each side), divided and more
interrupted on the abdomen.

Antennae setaceous, very sharp pointed, a very little longer than the
piercing mouth parts, 15-jointed, the two basal joints turgid, meeting at
an angle, the other segments narrowly cylindric.

Mouth parts adapted for piercing and sucking the sponge substance ;
labrum and labium rudimentary; mandibles and maxillae developed as
long, channeled, decurved stylets, which may be applied in pairs, or all
four together.^

Body with two rows each side of dorsum of mostly trifurcate, triseti-
gerous tubercles; a pair of simple, unisetigerous tubercles on the ventral
side of the eighth abdominal segment. loth abdominal segment not
setigerous; extensile, bearing the spinneret.

Fig. 36 Labia

a of Climacla dlctyona Ndm
bof Sisyra umbrata Ndm

Very soon after my arrival at Saranac Inn, M. A. Roberts, a careful
and observant employee of the Adirondack hatchery, called my attention
to some minute, hemispheric, silken pupa cases, attached to the sides of
the supply troughs in the hatchery building. There was an outer covering
of coarse silk (pi. 12 fig. 4., 5) woven in hexagonal meshes, like bobbinet ;

1 These are cast off, and the normal biting mouth parts developed during metamorphosis.

560 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM

and there was an inner cocoon of finer threads closely woven. An exam-
ination of the contained pupa showed it to be a hemerobian. From some
pupa cases stripped from the trough and placed in a vial plugged with
cotton, I first bred on June 18 the species described above as C 1 i m a c i a
d i c t y o n a n. sp. The same day I found my first specimen at large
in one of the hatchery windows.

During the remainder of June the imagos of this species were fairly
common. Then they disappeared, to reappear in some numbers about
the middle of August. Whether this means another distinct brood I
can not say, with certainty.

The larvae and pupae are very similar in form and in habits to those
of S i s y r a , described above. The cocoons are similarly located, and
are often intermixed with those of S i s y r a , but are much more beauti-
fully and skilfully wrought. The imagos were taken a few times at trap
lanterns, and in sweeping of aquatic vegetation, but the hatchery ceiling
was the best collecting ground. The eggs were not found. The larvae,
as in S i s y r a , live on fresh- water sponges,

I could find none of these sponges in condition fit for determination;
up to the time of leaving Saranac Inn no gemmules were developed on
them. The commoner species, and the one on which larvae of both
S i s y r a and C 1 i m a c i a were observed, was probably Spongilla
fragilis Leidy; for they appeared to be quite the same species as
that on which I found S i s y r a larvae at Lake Forest, and that was
certainly S. fragilis. It was not without interest that I noted a
striking difference in the behavior of this sponge in the two localities.
At Lake Forest it grows on logs in a very shallow, exposed pond, which
generally dries up about midsummer, leaving the logs exposed, usually
to remain so for several months. There, gemmules were fully formed
before the first of July. In the cool, deep, permanent water of Little
Clear pond, however, where sponges were likewise abundant on the logs
but not subject to exposure and evaporation, I could find no gemmules
at all up to the time of my departure, August 20.

I would suggest that as a common name for the insects of these two
genera, spongilla flies, or sponge flies, would not be inappropriate.

AQUATIC INSECTS IN THE ADIRONDACKS 561

Order TRICHOFTEEA

Caddis flies

BY CORNELIUS BETTEN

Insects of this order were found to be very abundant at Saranac Inn.
Larvae and pupae were very common in Little Clear creek and along
the edges of the lakes and ponds of the vicinity, while adults were taken
in great numbers by the trap lanterns. Throughout the period of work,
swarms of adults, mainly of three species, settled on the hatchery win-
dows, having doubtless transformed in the fish troughs. While the ma-
terial was therefore abundant, only four species were successfully reared.
Of many species the time of transformation did not fall within the period
of the work, and consequently a full life history could not be recorded.

The larvae of these insects, as is well known, build for themselves
cases differing greatly in manner and material of construction. Several
species of larvae were reared from the egg, and the larvae were observed
to begin making their cases almost immediately after hatching. Before
building their cases the young larvae are doubtless at the mercy of many
enemies. Hydras were seen killing many of them in rapid succession
but were unable to use them as food because of their size. The charac-
teristic forms of the cases may be recognized almost from the beginning.
The cases are enlarged as the growth of the insect demands. The food
of the larvae is doubtless largely vegetable. Several species were ob-
served feeding on stonewort, Nit ell a, and river weed, Potamo-
g e t o n , which flourished in the creek. Some species are however
known to be carnivorous in their habits.

Well protected by its case, the body of the caddis fly larva needs no
hard covering of chitin. The head and the thorax, with the three pairs of
legs, protrude from the case when the larva is moving about or feeding, and
these parts are protected somewhat more than the other parts. The legs
terminate in one-jointed tarsi, each of which has a single claw. A spur is
very prominent at the base of each hook. The abdomen has nine well
defined segments and an anal appendage terminated by a pair of hooks
pointing outward. These hooks can be fastened into the sides of the
case and thus prevent the forcible eviction of the larva. The dorsal
side of the first segment is marked by a large protractile tubercle. Two
smaller tubercles are located on the ventral side of the same segment.
These tubercles are supposed to serve the larva as a means of maintain-
ing its position in its case. This view is supported by the fact that a
species of Hydropsychidae reared at Saranac Inn constructed no larval

562 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM

case and had no tubercles on the abdomen. Numerous filaments on the
abdomen serve as respiratory organs, obtaining oxygen from the water
which is kept circulating through the case by the undulatory motion of
the body.

When the time for transformation approaches, the larva closes the
opening of its case, sometimes with the same material as that used in the
case itself, but frequently with other things. Sometimes only a web of
silk is spun across the opening, and in every case sufficient space is left
for the circulation of the water. During the pupal period the cases are
generally fastened to submerged sticks, stones or other supports. In
size the pupa does not differ greatly from the larva. The eyes have
become far more prominent. Wings and antennae appear and are folded
backward and downward under the body. The legs and palpi are also
folded beneath the body. In place of prolegs and hooks, two long tube-
like processes (fig. 38) terminate the body. The pupa holds its position
by means of hooks on the dorsal side. Generally there are hooks point-
ing backward at the anterior edge of several segments, while at the
posterior edge of one or two segments is a pair of plates bearing spikes
which point forward. The respiratory filaments remain, and breathing is
doubtless accomplished by the same method as in the larval stage.
When the time of transformation arrives, the pupa leaves its case, climbs
up some support, casts its skin . and emerges as an adult insect. Some
species emerge directly from the surface of the water.

So far as observed, the adult caddis flies do not feed. They spend
their lives near the place of emergence, most of them flying but little, at
least durmg the day, but some species may be seen swarming just over
the surface of the water. The large number taken by the trap lantern is
evidence of the nocturnal habits of the adults. The laying of the eggs
was not observed but must of course take place in or directly above the
water. Many clusters of eggs were found under the bark of submerged
trees, which would lead to the conclusion that in some cases the female
insect goes under water to deposit the eggs. The circular cluster of
greenish eggs shown in plate ;^^, figure 4 was found suspended on a sub-
merged twig under a log floating in deep water. The number of eggs in
this cluster was estimated at 450.

In the description of species given below, there was no opportunity
for comparison with other work of the same kind. In fact, no descrip-
tions of the immature stages of the American species of Trichoptera has
heretofore been published, except the paper of Miss Cora Clarke^ which

1 Clarke, Cora H. Caddice worms of Stony brook. Psyche. 1891. p. 153.

AQUATIC INSECTS IN THE ADIRONDACKS 563

deals chiefly with the cases and the habits of a few species. Two of those
described by her seem to correspond with two described below, viz,
Molanna cinerea Hag. and Polycentropus lucidus Hag.
There have subsequently come to hand the very valuable papers ot
Prof. Klapalek^ in which the cases, larvae and pupae of 53 European
species are described. It is from these papers and from that ot
Dr Struck^ that the following table for the determination, by families,
of caddis fly larvae has been compiled. The undetermined species herein
described have been arranged according to this table. I regret exceed-
ingly that a closer determination has been impossible. The first three
species discussed below were reared and subsequently determined from
the adults. The fourth in the hst was also reared. Its adult was sent to
MacLachlan but no report of its identification has yet been received. I
have found that adult characteristics are sufficiently evident in the pupae
to admit of determination, to families, by the use of Banks'^ table for
adults.

For the identification of the adults herein listed, I am largely indebted
to Mr Nathan Banks of Washington D. C. The drawings of the cases,
larvae, pupae and adults are all by Mrs J. H. Comstock of Cornell uni-
versity. I am indebted most of all to Dr J. G. Needham, under whose
direction this work has been done.

KEY TO FAMILIES OF CADDIS FLY LARVAE
a Larva larviform, i. e. with head bent downward at an angle with the body,
tubercles generally present on the basal abdominal segment, gill filaments,
when present, simple (except in some Limnophilidae), lateral fringe gener-
ally present.
h Hind legs not more than twice as long as the first pair.

c Head longitudinally elliptic, at slight angle with the body, pronotum only
chitinized, abdominal constrictions deep, third pair of legs slightly
longer than the first. Cases of vegetable matter laid longitudinally
and forming a spiral, widening at the anterior end...Phryganeidae
cc Head oval to round, pronotum chitinized, mesonotum often, metanotum
seldom chitinized, abdominal constrictions slight.

d Lateral fringe well developed ,• cases various Limnophilidae

dd Lateral fringe slightly developed, cylindric case of sand or small

stones Sericostomatidae

e Three tubercles

^ Klapalek Pr. Metamorphose der Trichopteren, Archlv der Naturwissenschaf tl. Landdurch-
forschung von Bohmen 6, Band No. 5 and Band 7, No. 6.

2 Struck, R. Neue und Alte Trichopteren-Larven-gehause. lUus. Zelts. Ent. Bd 4. No. 8, 10, 13,
17, 19, 21, 22.

^Banks, Nathan. A synopsis, catalogue, and bibliography of the Neuropteroid insects of tem-
perate North America. Am. ent. soc. Trans. 1892. 19:338.

564 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM

/ Tubercles low and broad, pronotum quadrilateral, claws with two

basal hooks S eric ostoma, Oecismus, Notidobia

//■ Tubercles conical, pronotum transversely elliptical

Goera, Silo, Lithax
ee No dorsal tubercle
/ No lateral tubercles

Brachycentrus, Oligopletrum, Micrasema
ff Lateral tubercles present

Crunoecia, L ep i d ost oma, Lasiocephala
hh Hiud legs more than twice as long as the first pair, abdominal constrictions

slight, cylindric case of sand and small stones Leptoceridae

aa Larva campodeiform, i. e. with head in line with the main axis of the body,
tubercles and lateral fringe wanting, gill filaments, when present, branched
h Abdomen little, if any, thicker than the thorax
c Third pair of legs about the same length as fi.rst pair, no portable larval

case Hydropsychidae

cc Third pair of legs a little longer than the first. No larval cases

Ehyacop h ilid ae

M Abdomen much thicker than the thorax: case kidney shaped, of small

stones, or flat and parchment-like Hydroptilidae

SPECIES REARED AT SARANAC INN

Molanna cinerea Hagen

Plate 13, figures 1-6
1861 Molanna cinerea Hagen, Synopsis Neur. N. Am. p. 276
1892 Molanna cinerea Banks, Am. ent. soc. Trans. 19 : 366 (listed)

Habitat. Larvae and pupae were found in great abundance on sand
bottoms with little or no vegetation. Adults rest on vegetation or other
support near the place of emergence, their appearance, specially their
position (pi. 13, fig. 5), with antennae laid flat on support, wings and
abdomen elevated, causing them to be easily mistaken for small snags.

Occurrence. Abundant throughout the period of work.

Case. (PI. 13, fig. 6) Flat case of sand and very fine stones.
Rounded at both ends. Forward end extended on dorsal side, forming
a protection to the larva even when reaching out of its case. Length 20
mm. Greatest width of 10 mm near the forward end.

Larva. (PI. 13, fig- J-2) Length 12 mm. Width 2 mm. The head,
prothorax, and mesothorax are hght brown or yellowish. Metathorax and
abdomen are light green . A black Y-shaped Hne extends over the head and
prothorax, the arms of the Y running from the corners of the mouth and
joining at the rear of the head. The pedicel of the Y extends over the

AQUATIC INSECTS IN THE ADIRONDACKS 565

prothorax. Another black line incircles the head and prothorax, running
through the base of the Y, passing obliquely downward to the gula
which is of the same color. The mesothoracic shield is spotted with
black and brown. The legs are light brown, the coxa, trochanter,
and proximal part of the femur being margined with black. The
first and second pairs of legs each have one prominent spur on
the tibia. The third pair of legs is more slender and hairy than
the others, and the tarsi are terminated by small, feathery brushes
instead of hooks. Two rows of respiratory filaments occur on the dorsal,
and two on the ventral side. The number of filaments issuing at the same
spot on the dorsal side is o, 4, 4, 4, 3, 2, 2, o, o, and on the ventral side
°i 3j 3> 3) 2, 2, o, o, o, the figures representing the segments in order.
These filaments are placed at the anterior margins of the segments. The
hooks terminating the body are supported on two-jointed prolegs.

Pupa. (PI. 13, fig. 3) Length 12 mm. Width 2 mm. Antennae
10 mm. Wings 7 mm. Head and thorax white; abdomen pink or
green. Two black lines run the length of the body both above and
beneath. Respiratory filaments persist on both dorsal and ventral sides.
The lateral fringe which forms a loop under the eighth segment is com-
posed of soft black hairs. The spurs on the tibiae, which appear as
feathery brushes, number 2, 4, 4 on the first, second and third pairs
of legs respectively. Hooks pointing backward occur in two rows on the
dorsal side of the third, fourth, fifth and sixth segments at the anterior
edge of the segments. Two plates with spikes pointing forward are at
the posterior edge of the fifth segment.

Polycentropus lucidus Hag. ?

Plate: 3, figures 7-11

Habitat. Larvae and pupae were found in sandy bottoms with Httle
or no vegetation. Adults were commonly found resting on vegetation
in the creek and on the side of the hatchery near the stream.

Occurrence. Abundant throughout the period of work.

Case. (PI. 13, fig. 10) Very soft tubular case of fine sand. It is
frequently branched and where the insect lies has two distinct layers.
The tube is much longer than the larva and is not portable. The
position of the larva or pupa is readily recognized. They lie in a part of
the case twice the diameter of the rest of the tube.

Larva. (PI. 13, fig. 7) Length 14 mm. Width 2 mm. Head
yellow ; prothorax yellow with black line incircling its rear margin. The

566 ' NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM

remainder of the body white; legs yellow with black line extending
backward from the coxa of the second and third pairs of legs over the
mesothorax and metathorax respective!}''. No respiratory filaments,
tubercles or lateral fringe are present. The terminal hooks are each
supported on a very long two-jointed proleg.

Pupa. (PI. 13, fig. 8) Length 12 mm. Width 2 mm. Antennae
7 mm. Wings 4 mm. Head and thorax yellowish white; antennae
and legs yellow; abdomen pinkish with slightly darker band on the
middle of the dorsal side. A single respiratory filament occurs on each
side of the first segment. A pair of filaments occur in similar position
on the second, third and fourth segments. The hairy tibial spurs on the
legs, are 3, 4, 4 on the first, second and third pairs respectively. The
body ends in two blunt, hairy, appendages of two lobes each. Hooks
pointing backward occur in two rows on the dorsal side of the third,
fourth, fifth, sixth and seventh segments at the anterior edge. Two
plates with spikes pointing forward are found at the posterior edge of the
fifth segment.

Eggs. Eggs of this species laid by an adult which was bred, are
shown in plate 13, figure 11.

Hvdropsyche species? (near phalerata Hag.)

Plate 15, figures 1-4, 7

Habitat. Larvae and pupae found in rapid currents in Little Clear
creek. Adults settled in great numbers on the hatchery windows.

Occurrence. Abundant throughout the period.

Case, No larval case, only strands of silk between the rocks. Pupal
case (pi. 15, fig. 4) of rather coarse stones fastened to larger stones or
other supports.

Larva. (PL 15, fig. 3) Length 16 mm. Width 3 mm. Head
brownish yellow. A dark brown patch in front, and in the center of this,
a horseshoe shaped, yellow mark opening posteriorly. Labium almost
black. Prothorax brownish yellow margined with black. Mesothorax
same except that the black margin is not complete. Instead, there is a
semicircular black line at posterior margin. Mesothorax is similar with
black spot instead of the semicircle. Legs yellow with white spots on
coxa and femur. Abdomen white, the dorsal side thickly set with blunt,
brown hairs. No tubercles on the first segment. Filaments occur only
on the ventral side. They are set in two rows on the mesothorax, the

AQUATIC INSECTS IN THE ADIRONDACKS 56/

metathorax and the first seven segments of the abdomen. Two stalks
occur together on each side of the segment, and these are in turn divided
into six or nine filaments. Instead of four stalks the mesothorax has two,
the metathorax three and the seventh abdominal segment one. Two
brown spots are very prominent on the ventral side of the eighth and of
the ninth segments. The anal hooks are on very large prolegs of one
joint each. A bunch of hairs is at the base of each hook. One or two
stout hairs arise near the base of the hook and extend to meet its point.
Pupa. Length 11 mm. Width 2 mm. Head pinkish. Thorax
white. Spurs on the tibiae arranged in the order 1-4-4. Abdomen
white with brick red on the dorsal side. Hooks pointing backward are
on the third, fourth, fifth, sixth, seventh and eighth segments. Plates
with spurs pointing forward are on the third and fourth segments. I was
able to make out but eight abdominal segments in this pupa.

I Halesus species?

Plate 32, figures 3, 6; plate 33, figure 3

Habitat. Larvae and pupae were found in Little Clear creek and
along the shore of Little Clear lake, specially on wood strewn bottoms.

Occurrence. Larvae were quite plentiful during the entire period.
Pupae were obtained only at the last. Only two or three adults were
seen and those during the last week of work. A single specimen of this
species was bred Aug. 31, 1900.

Case. (PI. 33, fig. 3) Case of thin pieces of wood placed at right
angles to the length of the case with their ends crossed. The coarseness
of the material used varies but is uniform
for each case. Length 18 to 20 mm.
Width 7 mm.

Larva. (PI. 32, fig. 3) Length 15 mm.
Width 4 or 5 mm. Head brownish black
with broad white stripes running obliquely
from the corners of the mouth along both
dorsal and ventral sides of the eyes. There
is a white spot where the inner pair of stripes

Fig. 37 Dorsal view of end of abdo-

would unite if continued. The anterior half men of larva
of the dorsal side of the prothorax is black, the posterior half white.
The mesothoracic shield blackish brown bordered with black. Meta-
thorax yellow with large brown spots. Legs yellow with triangular white
spot on the outside of each femur at its joint with the tibia. Two spurs
on each tibia. Abdomen purplish, whiter beneath. Anal hooks are on

568

NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM

single jointed prolegs. The position and number of respiratory filaments
may be represented diagrammatically.

Dorsum Venter

3 3 3 3 3 3

3 3 3 3 3 3

3 3 3 3 3 3

2 3 3 2 3 3 3 3

2 2 3 3

22 2223 32

2 2 3 3

12 21 13 31

2 2 ' 2 2

2 2 2 2

2 2

I I

Fig. 38 Caudal processes of
the pupa

Pupa. (PI. 32, fig. 6) Length 16 to 18 mm. Width 4 to 5 mm.
Antennae as long as the body. Wings 10 mm. Head yellow, thorax
white. Spurs on the tibiae occur in order 1-3-3.
V /' Abdomen white with dull brick red on the dorsal

side, specially on the anterior segments. Fila-
ments are also of a dull brick red color. Hooks
pointing backward are on the third, fourth, fifth
and sixth segments. Plates with spikes pointing
forward are at the posterior edge of the fifth
segment.

■ggs. The eggs of this species are laid in a
compact cluster with abundant gelatin. A cluster of about 300 eggs
was kept till the larvae hatched and their identity was shown by the
characteristic cases they made.

other larvae found at saranac inn
(arranged by families)

LIMNOPPilLIIDAHi

2 Halesus species?

Plate 32, figure 2 and 5; plate 33, figure 2

Habitat. Larvae and pupae found in Little Clear creek. The pupae
are commonly fastened to submerged tree branches closely resembling
broken twigs.

Occurrence. Larvae common throughout the period. Pupae not
found till the very last.

AQUATIC INSECTS IN THE ADIRONDACKS 569

Case. (PL ss> fig- 2) Case of irregular pieces of wood placed
longitudinally with slender stick extending beyond the posterior end.
Length 23 mm. Width 8 mm. Length of stick beyond the case about
19 mm.

Larva. (PI. 32, fig. 2) Length 18 mm. Width 4 mm. Head,
prothorax and mesothorax reddish brown with a pattern of black spots.
Mesothorax has right angled black lines in the
posterior corners. Metathorax is yellowish
brown. Legs brown, margined with black.
Spurs on the tibiae arranged in order 2-2-2.
Abdomen whitish with red patch on the
dorsal side. Respiratory filaments occur with
or near the divisions between the abdominal
segments. Beginning at the division between

, ^ J , . Fig. 39 Dorsal view of end of ab-

the first and. second segments, they occur in domen of larva

the following order on the dorsum, o^ o, 3, 3, 2, i, o, o, o.
On the ventral side their arrangement is o, o, 3, 3, 3, 2, 2
I, o. Anal hooks are on two-jointed prolegs.

Pupa. (PI. 33, fig. 5) Length 19 mm. Width 4 mm.
Antennae 16 mm. Wings 8 mm. 3 ocelli. Head reddish
yellow. Thorax and legs yellow. Spurs on the tibiae
arranged in order i, 3, 3. Black spines numerous on the
legs. Abdomen white with reddish brown above and yellow
beneath. Heavy black fringe along the rear four segments.

Fig. 40 Lateral .^ o o o

fringe of an jjooks pointing backward on the anterior edge of third,

abdominal seg- r- o o '

ment of t^ie |-q^j.|.j^^ ^^^j^^ gj^^j^ and Seventh Segments. Plates with spikes

pointing forward at the posterior margin of fifth segment. Respiratory

filaments remain.

3 Halesus species?

Plate 32, figures 3 and 6; plate 33, figure 3

Habitat. Larvae and pupae found in Little Clear creek.

Occurrence. Larvae quite common throughout the period. Pupae
found only during the last four days of the session.

Case. (PI. 33, fig. 3) Cylindric case of wood and sand ©r small
stones, often finely colored. Length 24 mm. Width 6 mm.

Larva. (PL 32, fig. 3) Length 16 mm. Width 4 mm. Fewer
black spots on head but otherwise same as larva just, described. The
length of the pupae of this species would seem to indicate that the larvae
taken were not full grown.

570

NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM

Pupa. (PI. 32, fig. 6) I could distinguish no difference between
this and the pupa just described.

Flsf. 41 End of abdomen of larva Fig. 43 Head of pupa, showing "moustache"

4 Halesus species?
One specimen found.

Case. This larva was found among some of no. 3 of this genus and
presumably was accidentally placed there because of similarity of case.

Larva. Length 18 mm. Width 5 mm. Head, prothorax and
mesothorax yellowish brown spotted with black . Mesothorax has a black
mark like that of no. i and 2. Abdomen white with brick red on dorsal
side. Legs have white spot on the outside of the femur at the joint with the
tibia. A white dot occurs at the anterior edge of each half of the
third, fourth, fifth, sixth and seventh segments. Anal hooks are on
two-jointed prolegs. The respiratory filaments occur in position and
number indicated in the diagram.

Dorsum

Venter

23 32
23 32

to OJ
OJ OJ OJ OJ

OJ OJ OJ OJ
to OJ

3 3 3 3
3 3

23 32
3 3

3 3

23 32

12 21
2 2

3 3
22 22

2 2
2 2

2 2
22 22

2 2
2 2

2 2
12 21

I I

AQUATIC INSECTS IN THE ADIRONDACKS 57I

SERICOSXOIMAXIIDJS^B
I

One specimen taken from hatchery trough June 19, 1900.

Case. Cyhndric yellow case slightly curved, composed mainly of
silk with multitudes of spicules of fresh- water sponge. Length 10 mm.
Width tapers from 3 at the anterior end to 2 mm. at the posterior end.

Larva. Length 8 mm. Width 1.5 mm. Head and thorax light
yellow. Lines of black chitin over each side of the mesothorax and also
on the dorsal side of the first segment, extending obliquely over the lower
tubercles. Numerous respiratory filaments occur on the second, third,
fourth, fifth, sixth and seventh segments both above and below. The
anal hooks are supported on two-jointed prologs.

2

One specimen taken from hatchery trough June 19, 1900.

Case. Length 8 mm. Tapers from 3 to i mm. in diameter. Com-
posed of small pieces of wood or bark and is of a straight cylindnc shape.

Larva. Length 7 mm. Width i mm. Head and prothorax yellow-
ish brown with numerous lighter dots. Mesothorax and metathorax
white. A black line curved outward is on each half of the dorsal side
of the mesothorax. Black line on margin of each coxa. In case of
the second and third pairs of legs this line extends nearly to the
rear margin of the mesothorax and metathorax. Abdomen white. On
the first abdominal segment a black line runs from the rear of the seg-
ment downward to the top of the lower tubercles. Numerous small fila-
ments occur on the second, third, fourth, fifth, sixth and seventh seg-
ments on both dorsal and ventral sides. The two two-jointed prolegs
each supports a single large hook with a smaller one at its base.

LB fTOCERID AB
I

One specimen taken June 19, 1900.

Case. Cylindric case of bark slightly curved. Length 11 mm.
Width I mm. A slender piece of light colored wood is fastened along
one edge, extending two or three mm beyond the case at each end, and a
rectangular piece of wood is fastened to the case at the rear end on
the side opposite the slender stick.

572 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM

Larva. Length 7 mm. Width 5 mm. Head and thorax yellowish
white with a pattern of dark brown spots. The legs are long and slen-
der. Abdomen is white. The ninth segment is incircled by a row of
spines pointing backward. There are no respiratory filaments. The
two single-jointed prolegs each have four hooks.

CASES FOUND WITHOUT LARVAE OR PUPAE
I

Case composed of pieces of wood 7 mm long placed lengthwise in a
spiral band. This case has three complete turns of the band. Diameter
tapers from 8 to 6 mm. Found in Little Clear creek July 14, 1900. This
case was evidently of a Phryganeid larva.

2

Slightly curved cylindric case of very fine sand. Length about
15 mm. Diameter decreases from 3 to 2 mm. Found in very great
abundance in Bone pond.

3

Tubular case, slightly curved, composed mainly of silk closely woven
with some material resembling the bark of young twigs, having a yellow
appearance within and brownish black without. Length 15 mm. Diame-
ter decreases from 3 to 2 mm. Found in hatchery trough June 19, 1900.

4

Cylindric case of small pieces of wood. A large, flat, rectangular piece
of wood 10x12 mm is beneath the forward end. A long round piece
runs along the upper side. Length of this piece 10 mm ; diameter 2 mm.
The case proper measures 10 mm, with a diameter of from 4 to 6 mm.

5

Case of hemlock leaves fastened by their bases. The other ends stand
out obliquely from the case. Length 17 mm. Diameter 8 mm.

6

Cyhndric case made of silk with bits of bark; a hemlock leaf lies flat
on each side of the case. Length 11 mm. Width 2 mm.

LIST OF ADULT CADDIS FLIES FOUND AT SARANAC INN

Phryganeidae

Phryganea cinerea Hag. (pi. 30, fig. i) August 5
Phryganea vestita Walk. July 25
N e u r o n i a do s s u a r i s Say. August 10
Neuronia postica Walk. July 1 6

AQUATIC INSECTS IN THE ADIRONDACKS 573

Limnophilidae

Limnophilus ornatus Banks July 1 8

Goniotaulius dispectus Walk. ? (pi. 30, fig. 2) August 8

Goniotaulius pudicus Hag. July 18

Halesus indistinctus Hag. (pi. 30, fig.3) August 14

Halesushostis Hag. (pi. 31, fig. i) July 30

Stenophylax scabripennis Ramb. July 22

An undetermined Limnophilid. August 20

Leptoceridae

Molanna cinerea Hag. (reared) (pi. 13, fig. 1-6) July 6 to August

20
Triaenodes ignita Walk. (pi. 34, fig. 2) July 16, 18
Leptocerus species ? August 4

Leptocerus species ? {tiear flaveolata) June 29, July 7
Leptocerus resurgens Walk. (pi. 34, fig. i) July 2, August 8
Mystacides nigra Linn. August i

Hydropsychidae

Hydropsyche scalaris Hag. (pi. 34, fig. 3) July 3, August 12
Hydropsyche species? near phalerata (reared) (pi. 15, fig. 1-4)

July 5, August 14
Polycentropus lucidus Hag ? (reared) (pi. 13, fig. 7-1 1) July 7,

August 19

Rhyacophilidae

Chimarrha aterri-ma Walk. July 15, 19
Chimarrha species ? July 18

Order DIPTERA

Of this immense group a considerable part is aquatic. That part is
abundantly represented at Saranac Inn, but did not receive a fair
measure of attention. Dipterous larvae, comparatively speaking, are
somewhat better known than are the immature stages of the "lower"
orders to which we gave our principal attention. Only those Diptera
which in their immature stages were most accessible, or seemed likely to
yield new or interesting forms, were studied. Below is an annotated
list of the groups which came more or less under observation.

Tipulidae — Crane flies. Abundant in individuals, representing a con-
siderable number of species. No attempt was made to determine
the few specimens collected, save the giant Tipula abdominalis
Say, whose larva is described below. A small species with beautifully
spotted wings was bred from a floating pupa, but the single, imperfect,
alcoholic specimen is insufficient for description. During the month of

574 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM

July numerous pupal cases of an unknown species were seen sticking out
between the boards which covered the bank of the creek beside the
hatchery. Many larvae and pupae of the singular Bittacomorpha
clavipes were collected from the rotting vegetation in little shallow
bays in the borders of Little Clear creek, where they were very
abundant; the imagos were seen commonly, also, gliding slowly along
through the air with a singularly phantom-like appearance and motion.
The few that retained their six caducous legs after pinning are in the
state collection at Albany.

Chironomidae and Culicidae — gnats, mosquitos, midges, etc. These
families were abundantly represented, and a goodly number of species
were reared, but, unfortunately, there has not been opportunity for the
preparation of descriptions in time for incorporation into this report.

Mycetophilidae. During the last days of our session the large A s i n -
dulum montanum Roeder was common in the hatchery windows.

Siniuliidae. The single, unobtrusive species, S. venustum Say,
was very common; during the earlier part of our session the hatchery
windows, specially the windows nearest the inflow pipes, swarmed
with them. Some new observations on the oecology and habits of the
black fly in its earlier stages are recorded on pages 407-8 and illustrated
in plate 15, figures 9-1 1, 18-20.

Stratiomyiidae. Soldier flies. But few specimens were taken belong-
ing to this family. These belonged to two very interesting species,
one to our largest and handsomest, Strationiyia badius Walk.,^
whose larva is described on page 576 ; and the other, one of the smallest
members of the family, representing a new genus and species, is described
below by D. W. Coquillett, and named by him Zabrachia polita.

Empididae. A new genus and species was found in its immature
stages associated with S i m u 1 i u m in rapids and reared : it is de-
scribed below by Mr Coquillett as Roederiodes juncta.
Hilara mutabilis Loew was common about the shores of Lake
Clear during the last week in June. Little companies would start before
one's feet when approaching the edge of the water, disperse and settle
again near by.

Sciomyzidae. Two interesting swale flies, Sepedon fuscipen-
n i s Loew and Tetanocera pictipes Loew, were reared in
large numbers. Their larvae and pupae are figured and described here-
with. These were from below the hatchery on Little Clear creek. Above
the hatchery, nearer the railroad in the natural meadow beside the water,
were collected, while sweeping, several additional species of T eta no-

AQUATIC INSECTS IN THE ADIRONDACKS 575

c e r a, whose immature stages were not observed : T. b_o s c i i Desv.
T. saratogensis Fitch, and T. c 1 a r a Loew.

Ortalidae. All along the above mentioned creek the handsome fly,
Melieria (Ceroxys) similis Loew, was very common in the
grass ; it was always abundantly represented in sweepings. Its imma-
ture stages were not observed.

Tabanidae. These should be mentioned if only for their abundance.
We collected quite a number of species from the hatchery windows ; we
obtained many larvae but did not undertake to rear them ; all these were
sent, undetermined, to the state collection.

Conopidae and Bombyliidae. It may be worth while mentioning that
the splendid wasp-mimicker, Physocephala furcillata Will,
was a y^ry common insect on the flowers of thistle and goldenrod, and
that a number of species of bombyliids flitted in numbers along every
roadside and path through the forest.

Tipula abdominalis Say

Plate 35, figure 2

1823 Tipula abdominalis Say, Acad. nat. sci. Phil. Jour. 3:18 (The

original description is excellent.)
1828 C t en o pho ra abdominalis Wiedmann, Aus. zw^eifl. ins. 1:37
1848 Tipula albilatus Walker, List dipt. ins. Brit. mus. 1 : 65
1859 C ten ophora abdominalis Leconte, Complete writings T. Say,

2 : 45
1878 Tipula abdominalis Osten-Sacken, Cat. Dipt. N. Am. p. 37 (listed)
1900 Tipula abdominalis? larva, Johnson, Ent. news. 11 : 578 (note)

This giant crane fly was not raised. It was common about the
hatchery during August, and the workmen, impressed by its great size
and sprawling attitudes, frequently brought in specimens picked from the
sides of the building. In the borders of the creek back of the hatchery
were found numerous tipuline larvae so large they could hardly belong
to any of our species except this one. They certainly could not be the
larvae of any other species we found at Saranac Inn. Therefore, I have
referred them by supposition to this species, and give herewith a descrip-
tion and figures.

These larvae were associated with Bittacomorpha clavipes
in shallow bays filled with red-rotten trash in the edges of the creek,
various sizes from half grown to full grown occurring together. Pupae
were not found.

Larva. PI. z^, fig. i, 2. Length 51 mm ; diameter 6 mm.
Body cylindric except at ends, tapering anteriorly on the thoracic seg-
ments, a little less narrowed on the two posterior segments abdominal.

576 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM

Head retracted within the prothorax, only the blunt tips of the antennae
showing at the sides.

Color greenish brown, darker toward the head and on the dorsum of
the penultimate segment, paler on the ventral surface, and most trans-
parent on the sides of the body.

Each of the middle abdominal segments has a secondary transverse
groove at two thirds its length, and on its posterior third a transverse
line of setigerous tubercles, from which another line extends anteriorly
at the sides of the dorsum ; the seta at the posterior end of this lateral
row is much longer than any of the other setae. The yellow color on
these setigerous ridges forms the basis of the color pattern, which con-
sists elsewhere of multitudinous spots that are mainly arranged sym-
metrically in pairs.

Anal prominence pale yellowish, bearing at its sides three pairs of
similar, equal appendages, each about as long as the greatest diameter
of the body. The respiratory disk bears three pairs of marginal lobes or
teeth, and, between the base of the lowermost or ventral pair and the
anal prominence, a conspicuous, setigerous tubercle. The six marginal
lobes are all blunt at the apex, where they bear a few, fragile hairs, and
are covered except on the posterior face with a close, brownish
pubescence. Paired black lines extend up the posterior face of each lobe,
and at the base of these lines there is, on each lobe of the lowermost
pair, a pair of black spots. Between the brown, cup-shaped, spiracular
openings there is a pair of black marks.

Saranac Inn, Little Clear creek, July and August 1900.

Stratiomyia badius Walker

Plate 35, flg. 1
1849 Stratiomyia b'adius Walker, List dipt. ins. Brit. mus. 3:529
1849 Stratiomyia ischiaca (Harr.) Walker, List dipt. ins. Brit. mus.

3:529
1866 Stratiomyia picipes Loew, Centur. 7 : 21

1878 Stratiomyia picipes Osten-Sacken, Cat. Dipt. N. Am. p. 48 (listed)
1895 Stratomyia badius Jolinson, Am. ent. soc. Trans. 22:243 (a full

description)
This fine soldier fly was not uncommon along the railroad track east
of the Saranac Inn station on small clumps of goldenrod during August.
On August 12 Dr O. S. Westcott and I collected a few, finding them asso-
ciated with the wasp-mimicking conopid, Physocephala furcil-

1 a t a Will., and wasps of many species and cerambycid beetles. The flower
clumps were rather few and small, and collecting from them was ex-
cellent.

A single stratiomyiid larva was taken during the season. It clearly
belonged to the genus Stratiomyia, of which this was the only
species observed.

Larva. Length of body 27.5 mm, caudal tuft of plumose hairs

2 mm additional ; greatest diameter (across base of abdomen) 4 mm ;
width of head 1.7 mm. Color uniform blackish.

AQUATIC INSECTS IN THE ADIRONDACKS 577

Head depressed, in outline conic as seen from above; mouth parts in-
serted in a rectangular notch at its anterior end, the hind margin of the
notch straight or nearly so ; from the hind angles of the buccal notch
there extends posteriorly on the top of the head a pair of grooves, parallel
or a little convergent for two thirds of their length, where connected by
a transverse groove, thereafter divergent toward the hind angles of the
head ; the depth of the buccal notch equals one fourth of the length of
the head ; the sides of the head are rugulose. The head bears setigerous
punctures as follows : a pair on the hind angles of the buccal notch, a
pair posterior to these between the grooves, a postocular pair, and a sub-
ocular pair, and two pairs still lower on the sides of the head.

The anterior third of the thoracic segments (which become successively
wider from the front) is closely beset with whitish recurved hairs, which
disappear on the foremost abdominal segments; there are a few long
straight hairs at the lateral margins of all the body segments excepting the
the last, which bears on its lateral margins a line of pubescence. Hairs
of caudal circlet plumose their whole length, yellowish with a blackish
tinge just beyond the base.

This larva differs from that of Str. norma Wied. as figured and
described by Hart^ farther, in that the pro thorax is longer than meso or
metathorax, the anal groove on the ventral side of the caudal segment is
closed and obsolete for the greater part of its length, only the T-shaped
anterior third of it remaining ; there are no paired markings beside it, and
there are no grooves on the ventral side of the two preceding segments.

Stratiomyia seems to differ as a larva from Odontomyia, in
the squarely cut hinder margin of the buccal cleft, in the absence of ven-
tral hooks from the apices of the penultimate and antepenultimate seg-
ments as well as in the greater elongation of the last segment indicated
by Hart.

A single larva was obtained from the surface of Little Clear creek back
of the hatchery building July 27, 1900. It was an old larva, perhaps in
transformation to puparium. A younger larva would probably have shown
something more of color pattern ; structural characters, however, should
be as described.

During the last fortnight of our session a few specimens of a minute
soldier fly were picked from the hatchery ceiling, where at first they were
mistaken for Simulium, till a more careful glance discovered their
rotundity of outlines. These proving to be new to science, D. W. Co-
quillett has, at our request, prepared the descriptions given on p. 585.

Sepedon fuscipennis Loew

Plate U, fig. 1-8

1859 Sepedon fuscipennis Loew, Wiener ent. monatschr, 3 : 299
1862 Sepedon fuscipennis Loew, Monographs Dipt. N. Am, 1 : 124
1878 Sepedon fuscipennis Osten-Sacken, Cat. Dipt. N. Am. p. 178
(listed)

This species is reported in Osten-Sacken's catalogue from the middle
states. There are specimens of it in the Museum of comparative zoology

^111. lab. nat. hist. Bui. 4:249-52, pi. 14, fig. 57.

578 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM

from the District of Columbia, from Cambridge Mass. and from Nor-
way Me. It was quite common at Saranac Inn in Little Clear creek, in
places where the creek flows through beds of bur reed, Sparganium,
intermixed below the surface of the water with river weed, Potamoge-
t o n, and algae.

The flies sit on the erect burred leaves, with wings laid flat on their
backs, their long hind legs folded together, the tip of the abdomen slop-
ing down and nearly touching the leaf and the head lifted up high above
it, in quite a froglike attitude. They fly but little — that little rather
poorly — sweeping betimes, from one resting place to another near by.
They rest on the leaves head downward more often than otherwise; I
have frequently seen them sitting thus, close to the surface of the water,
and apparently feeding on the stuff which collects about the bases of the
leaves just above the water line.

Nothing has been written' concerning the life histories of any of our
few American species. When, in the course of a quantitative study of a
little section of the creek border, I first noticed the singular pupae, after
handling them for half an hour and throwing a number aside, having mis-
taken them for floating seeds (see pi. 14, fig. 4 and 6), and when I found
also the larvae, likewise floating, exhibiting a muscid anterior and a tipu-
loid posterior end, and hook-bearing, dorsal prolegs for crawling beneath
the surface film, I was sure I had found something of which I had read
no account, and something it would be worth while to raise, if possible. So
I stocked several of my floating cages (fig. i) with larvae and pupae.

When imagos had emerged and had been determined, I found in
Brauer's list of the described transformations of Diptera^ that immature
stages were known for two European species of the genus: S. s p h e g i u s
and S. s p i n i p e s ; but I have not been able to find the paper in which
these are described "" .

Larva. (PI. 14, fig. 1,2.) Length full grown 11-12 mm; greatest
diameter 2 mm.

Color yellowish or greenish brown of varying depth in different spec-
imens, with tracheae showing through the thin integument more or less
distinctly.

Body cylindric, strongly tapering anteriorly from the second abdominal
segment, slightly tapering on the upturned posterior end behind the sev-
enth abdominal segment ; skin granular ; head segment minute, blackish,
retractile within the prothorax ; the thoracic segments strongly retractile
and protrusible, almost telescopic; mesothoracic twice as long, and meta-

1 Brauer, F. (Syst. studien Dipt, larv.) Denkschr. math-nat classe k. acad. wiss. WIen. 1883.
47 : 1-100, 5 plates.

2 Gerke. Vehr. d. nat. unterhalt. Hamburg 1876. 3: 145, pi. 3.

AQUATIC INSECTS IN THE ADIRONDACKS 579

thoracic three times as long as the prothoracic segment, smooth except
for a single piliferous tubercle each side.

Abdominal segments 1-7 similar, and of nearly equal length, each
bearing three rings of tubercles, a median ring of tubercles of moderate
size, and at each end close beside the suture separating the segments a
ring of minute tubercles; median ring, with the pair of tubercles beside
the middorsal line (pi. 2)^, fig. 3a) very mobile, transversely elongated,
bearing a stiff brush of recurved or hooked bristles, well adapted for crawl-
ing beneath the surface film ; on the ventral side, two pairs of prominent
rounded tubercles ; between the dorsal and the ventral there are on either
side four or five lesser tubercles, mostly unisetigerous, sometimes not very
distinct, the third of them, counting from above, a httle out of line, in
advance of the others. There is a broad median ventral lobe on the eighth
abdominal segment, liplike rounded, covered with very minute re-
curved prickles.

Apex of the abdomen (pi. 36, fig. 3^) upturned, flattened, tipuloid,
fashioned into a disk which surrounds the frmged respiratory apertures.
There are two pairs of long processes on the ventral half of the margin of the
disk and three pairs of lov/ tubercles on the dorsal half of it. The two
submedian ventral processes are long, triangular, almost lanceolate, simple;
those of the pair external to these are two-jointed, the joint midway
their length ; both pairs are pilose, and about equal in length to the
diameter of the disk. Respiratory apertures in two groups of three
each, slitHke, radiating in arrangement. From the notches between the
apertures and at their sides arise tufts of black, floating filaments
arranged in a flat whorl, well adapted to holding the breathing apertures
up to the surface of the water; these filaments are black, dichotomously
(often irregularly) four or five times branched, about 10 or 12 in number,
and extending almost to the margin of the disk.

The larva when undisturbed lies quietly at the surface of the water

amid a tangle of vegetation. It can swim when disturbed, and its

swimming is most curious. It pulls itself below the surface, turns over on

its back, and then progresses by bending and straightening its body,

striking the water sharply with the flat face of its caudal disk.

Puparium. (Pl._ 14, fig- 3-5)- Length 6 mm; greatest horizontal
diameter 3 mm; vertical diameter 2.5 mm.

Color reddish brown, closely marked with yellowish on the ventral side.
Body shaped like an undetermined seed, which was not uncommon, float-
ing on the surface of the creek. I first mistook the pupae for seeds, and
afterward occasionally mistook seeds for pupae, so good was the
resemblance.

Body ovate, dorsally flattened and ventrally rounded, broadly canoe-
shaped, but suddenly contracted anteriorly into a flat, truncate, rostral
prominence .5 mm wide and .9 mm long. There is a black, middorsal
curved mark (concave anteriorly) just behind the base of this beak.
(When the imago emerges, this beak splits down its sharp lateral margins,
and across the dorsum of the body near to the aboved mentioned black
mark, and comes off as one half of the cap.)

The posterior end is suddenly, and strongly contracted into a cyhndric
tail, which is directed upward at an angle of 75° with the axis of the
body. The float of the larva persists on the summit of this tail, and

580 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM

doubtless continues functional. The fleshy processes and tubercles which
surrounded the float in the larva are Avithdrawn anteriorly in the pupa and
flattened down against the sides of this taillike projection so as to be
barely distinguishable.

Larvae, pupae and images were easy to find through July and August,
never in open water, and the imagos were not found away from water.

A single parasite bred from a puparium of this species, sent to Mr
Ashmead for determination, proved to be new to science. At our re-
quest he has prepared the description of it, given on p. 588. Mr Ash-
mead says he believes that hitherto nothing has been known of the habits
of wasps of the genus Atractodes.

Tetanocera pictipes Loew

Plate 14, fig. 9-14
1859 Tetanocera pictipes Loew, Die nordamerikanisclien arten der Gat-
tungen Tetanocera und S e p e d o n Wiener, ent. mouatschr. 3 : 292
1862 Tetanocera pictipes Loew, Monograpli N. Am. Dipt. 1 : 111
1878 Tetanocera pictipes Osten-Sacken, Cat. Dipt. N. Am. p. 177.

I find no published account of the immature stages of any species in
this large genus, save an antiquated one by Dufour for the European
species T. ferruginea^. The figures are poor. There is an imago of
this species, T. pictipes, in the Museum of comparative zoology,
reared from the pupa by H. G. Hubbard at Milton Mass. Mar. 27, 1874,
and another pupa is pinned beside it. I found larvae, pupae and imagos
common at Saranac Jnn, associated in all stages with S e p e d o n
f u s c ip e n n i s. The larvae and pupae are similar to the same stages
inSepedon, but more slender, and with good differential characters ;
they are apparently entirely similar in habits.

The imagos are found in the same bur reed beds, but they rest on the
leaves habitually near the surface of the water, and so are little in evi-
dence. Imagos of S e p e d o n, while not more common, were much
more easily taken. In fact, I should probably not have found imagos
of Tetanocera pictipes, had I not, after breeding one, gone out
specially to look for them.

Larva. (PI. 14, fig- 9, 10) Full grown. Length 10-12 mm;
greatest thickness 1.8 mm.

Color transparent yellowish or greenish brown, lighter shades prevail-
ing. Body cylindric, tapering anteriorly to a long point, and narrowed
a very little just before the disk at the posterior end of the body. The
relative lengths of the segments are about as given for the larva of
S e p e d o n. The three rings of tubercles on each of the abdominal seg-

1S49 Soc. ent. France. Ann. (2) 7 : 67, pi. 3.

, AQUATIC INSECTS IN THE ADIRONDACKS 581

ments are much the same, but the individual tubercles are in general
a little more distinct in T. p i c t i p e s ; the brush of hooked bristles on
the dorsal locomotor tubercles is a little shorter (this is omitted altogether
from Dufour's figure of the larva of T. ferruginea); there are four
fairly distinct lateral tubercles each side in the median ring of the seg-
ment ; the subterminal ring of lesser tubercles is less distinct than in
S. fuscipennis, except on the ventral side where it is more distinct,
and has the pair of little tubercles beside the midventral line fused more
or less completely into one.

The respiratory float at the end of the body (pi. 36, fig. 4) is similar
to that of S. fuscipennis, but is a little less copiously fringed, and
the fringe is a little shorter, reaching but about two thirds of the distance
to the margin of the disk. The fleshy processes and tubercles bordering
the disk are very different. The ventral, submedian pair of processes are
broad and blunt. The lateral processes have a broad obtuse base sup-
porting a slender second joint. The tubercles forming the dorsal border
of the disk, excepting the external one each side, are nearly obsolete.
By the characters mentioned in this paragraph the larva of this species
(possibly, of this genus) may readily be distinguished from S e p e d o n —
at least, from Sepedon fuscipennis.

Puparium, (PI. 14, fig. n, 12) Length 6 mm; diameter 2 mm.

Color reddish brown, more reddish on the obsolescent larval tubercles,
and on the upper side of the beak into which the body is contracted at
the front end. There is no black arcuate mark at the base of the beak
on the dorsal side.

Body more slender than in Sepedon, less convex below, less
flattened above, though of much the same general appearance. The tail-
like prominence at the posterior end bears at its apex the unaltered
larval float, and at its sides the scarcely distinguishable remains of the
processes and tubercles which surrounded the caudal disk of the larva.
This " tail " is bent upward at an angle of about 45° with the axis of the
body. By this lesser degree of angulation, as well as by the general
slenderness of form, this species is readily distinguished from S. fusci-
pennis in the pupal stage.

Roederiodes juncta Coquillet

Plate 15, fig. 5-8

The reader is referred to page 586 for the technical description of the
imago of this species. It was found in a rapids in Little Clear creek just
below the railroad embankment. Larvae and pupae were found first, the
former crawHng among the pupa cases of S i m u 1 i u m , the latter
usually resting within an abandoned Simulium pupa case. After
these had been bred, the imagos were found, clinging in companies to
the under side of pieces of boards which rested just above the level of
the water. They were not seen flying, except when disturbed, and then
they took flight slowly and flew poorly. A piece of board might be lifted
with a score of the flies sticking to it within an area of a few square
inches, and most of them could be gathered into a cyanid bottle before

S82 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM

attempting to escape. The spot on the board where these groups
occurred was always a wet one, and on it there was to be seen a mass of
very minute white eggs in the midst of a matrix of thin, transparent gela-
tin. In these companies of adults, males and females were intermingled.

Larva. (PI. 15, fig. 6) Length 5.7 mm; greatest diameter i mm.

Body cylindric, tapering anteriorly on the thoracic segments to the
head, which is minute and more or less completely retracted within the
prothorax. Segments increasing a little in thickness to the sixth abdom-
inal, and in length to the seventh abdominal.

Color uniform whitish. Skin finely rugulose striate.

There are paired prominent ventral prolegs on the first eight abdominal
segments; those on segments 1-7 similar, blunt, cylindric, equaling
in length one third the diameter of the abdomen, bearing two termi-
nal rows (of six to nine each) of thin, flat sharp, strongly curved
exteriorly directed claws. Prolegs of the eighth segment longer, curved
posteriorly, bearing a greater number of thin claws or hooks with apices
directed anteriorly, the innermost much the largest.

There are two fine setae on the ventral side of the prothorax near its
anterior end. The apex of the abdomen bears two pairs of setigerous
processes, and below and at the sides of these a pair of low, bare, blunt
prominences. The processes of the upper of the two above mentioned
pairs, divaricate, wide apart, as long as the anterior prolegs, bearing each
three setae longer than itself. The lower pair shorter, approximated on
the apex of the abdomen, each with two shorter setae.

Pupa. Length 4.2 mm.

Free, cylindric, arcuate; clear yellow, with brownish spines and angles.

Face directed ventrally ; two pairs of strong setae on the top of the
head, with a corrugated surface between them; cases of the antennae
simple, short, not exceeding half the length of the face. Mouth parts,
wings and legs as usual, the hind legs under the wings. Prothorax at
its anterior margin elevated in a pair of pyramidal triangular processes,
directed above the hind angles of the head.

There are a few stiff setae on the thoracic dorsum ; abdominal segments
1-8 bear each a median transverse whorl of stiff setae, alternating larger
and smaller, and becoming much stouter dorsally toward the hind end of
the abdomen and much fewer on the eighth segment ; ninth segment
very short, with a pair of apical lobes, each of which bears a strong, long,
ventrally curved hook, as long as segments 8 and 9 together. On
the inner side of this hook at its base is a minute, erect spinule.

STRAY NOTES ON OTHER ORDERS
ORTHOPTERA

No effort was made to collect these, but a few that were picked up

incidentally were taken to Mr Scudder, who has kindly given me the

following list of their names.

Acrididae

Tettix granulatus Kirby. This was not uncommon on the dry

lichen mats on Blueberry island in Little Clear pond.

Tettigideaparvipennis Harris. In bogs on sphagnum.

AQUATIC INSECTS IN THE ADIRONDACKS 583

Camnula pellucida Scudder

Dissosteira Carolina Linnaeus

Spharageraon sp. ? (nymph)

Podisma glacialis Scudder. On bushes in openings in the

woods.

Locustidae

Scudderia pistillata Brunner
Xiphidium fasciatum DeGeer

HEMIPTEKA

I was struck with the absence of the larger aquatic Hemiptera, such
asBelostoma, Zaitha, Nepa, etc., from, all the waters in
which I did any collecting about Saranac Inn, I was not looking for
them; but, if they had ever got into my net, as they have done unfail-
ingly in every other locality in which I have ever collected, they could
not but have been seen. OfRanatra I caught a few specimens in
the vegetation about the shores of Bone pond. Of terrestrial Hemiptera
there seemed to be no scarcity.

MECOPTERA
Panorpa signifer Banks
Panorpa nebulosa Westw.

These were not uncommon in the damp woods along the road between
the railroad and Little Green pond.

COLEOPTERA

Though little attention was paid this order, considerable material was
collected. But two species were reared, however: Galerucella
n y m p h a e and Donacia emarginata. The latter species
was associated with D. sub tills Kunze and D. pusilla Say;
and, because of unfamiHarity with the distinctive characters of Donacia
larvae and pupae, I have been unable to determine as yet whether I have,
among the numerous larvae collected, those of more species than the one
that was reared. For the present, I content myself with giving a few
biologic notes and figures. Plate 9, from photographs made from life,
of Donacia emarginata Kirby on Sparganium in several
stages will doubtless be welcome to entomologists. The material for
these photographs was obtained while making the second quantitative
study detailed in part 2, and farther oecological information is there
recorded (see pages 404, 405).

A figure is also given of the singular bug-like Macronychus
glabratus in plate 12 (fig. 9) a species commonly found associated

584 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM

with fresh-water sponges on the under side of submerged logs. I found
them mainly on logs which had shed their bark, but this may have been
due to the greater ease of discovery on the smooth logs.

HYMENOPTERA

A few representatives of this order, parasitic on aquatic insects, were
found. Under the account of Chauliodes on page 547 there has
been mentioned the minute egg parasite, Trichogramma minu-
t u m which was found a very abundant parasite of the eggs of one
species of the above mentioned genus, destroying at least 70% of the eggs.

A new species of Atractodes was found parasitic on the swale fly,
Sepedon fuscipennis, mentioned under the account of that species
on page 580. A description of the parasite, furnished by Mr Ashmead,
under the name Atractodes sepedontis Ashm. is given on
page 588.

Four species of parasitic micro-hymenoptera were taken in the first
qualitative study detailed above in part 2, page 403, all new to science.
Mr Ashmead has at our request furnished descriptions (see pages
586-88).

A few sawflies, collected at random during the summer, were sub-
mitted to A. D. MacGillivray, who reports on them as follows.

LIST AND TWO NEW SPECIES OF SAWFLIES

BY A. D.' MACGILLIVRAY, CORNELL UNIVERSITY, ITHACA N. Y.

Trichiosoma angulatum Kirby
Tentliredo verticalis Say
Tenth redo rufipes Say
Pachyprotasis omega Norton
Pontania hyalina Norton
Dolerus bicolor Norton
Strongylogaster annulosus Norton

Pachynematus corticosus sp. nov.
$ Black, with the following parts yellowish rufous, the clypeus, the
tegulae, the apical margin of the pronotum, the apices of the coxae,
the trochanters, the femora, the tibiae, except the posterior pair at apex,
the front and middle tarsi, the middle pair slightly infuscated at apex,
apical margin of abdominal tergites two to four, and the venter; the
clypeus roundly emarginate, the lobes broad and evenly rounded, the
head expanded back of the eyes, the vertex finely punctate, the lateral
walls of the ocellar basin sharp and moderately well defined, the frontal
crest well developed and not interrupted, the antennal fovea deep
and elongate ; the antennae elongate, tapering, the third segment slightly
longer than the fourth ; the sheath broad, its upper margin horizontal,

AQUATIC INSECTS IN THE ADIRONDACKS 585

its lower margin strongly oblique and straight, and its apex broadly
rounded ; the veins and stigma black, the costa pale at base. Length,
7 mm. Habitat, Saranac Inn N. Y.

Taxonus innominatus sp. nov,
9 Black, with the following parts rufous: the labrum, the apical half
of the mandibles, the femora, the tibia, the front tarsi, the apex of the
second, and the entire third and fourth abdominal segments; the tegulae,
the apices of the front and middle coxae, and trochanters lutescent;
the clypeus deeply roundly emarginate ; the third segment of the antennae
longer than the fourth ; wing veins blackish. Length, 8 mm. Habitat,
Saranac Inn N. Y.

ORIGINAL DESCRIPTIONS OF NEW DIPTERA

BY D. W. COQUILLETT, U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM, WASHINGTON D. C.

ZABRACHiA, gcu. nov. Stratiomyiidae
Closely related to Pachygaster, differing chiefly in the shortened,
simple third vein. Head in profile only slightly higher than long; face
and lower part of the front almost perpendicular; eyes nearly orbicular;
antennae shorter than the head, the complex third joint transversely el-
liptic, the apical, slender style slightly longer than remainder of antennae;
third vein of wings simple, terminating at about one third of the length of
the second vein beyond the apex of the latter; four posterior cells, a part
of each of them bordering on the discal cell. Type, the following
species.

Zabrachia polita sp. nov.

Black, polished, the antennae except the styles, also the tibiae, tarsi and
apices of femora, yellow, knobs of halteres white, each marked with a
black spot on basal half of the upper side ; wings hyaline, stigma pale
yellowish; length, 2.5 mm. Two females, collected Aug. 8, 1900, by
Prof. James G. Needham.

Type. Cat. no. 5344, U. S. national museum
Habitat. Saranac Inn N. Y.

ROEDERiODES, geu. nov. Empididae
Closely related to C 1 i n o c e r a. Face bare, not separated from the
cheeks by a groove ; cheeks two thirds as broad as the eye hight ; pro-
boscis nearly as long as hight of head, rigid, the labella not developed;
third joint of antennae oval, pointed at the apex, the apical style about
as long as remainder of antennae; no acrostichal bristles, scutellura
bearing bristly hairs in addition to the two marginal bristles ; wings
destitute of a brown stigmal spot, third vein forked, discal cell complete,
sending two veins to the wing margin, of which the upper vein is forked,

586 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM

hind cross vein very oblique, vein at apex of anal cell nearly perpen-
dicular, sixth vein not prolonged beyond apex of anal cell ; legs slender,
destitute of bristles and of long hairs, pulvilli and empodia well developed.
Type the following species.

Roederiodes juncta, sp. nov.

Black, the coxae and femora yellow, tibiae and tarsi brown; head
whitish pruinose, the front and upper part of the occiput grayish black ;
thorax opaque ; mesonotum grayish black pruinose, an elongated spot in
front of the scutellum and the pleura whitish pruinose ; five pairs of
dorsocentral bristles, scutellum, except its extreme base, gray pruinose,
abdomen opaque, almost velvety; wings grayish hyaline, unmarked;
length, 2.5 mm. Three female specimens, also one male without a head.
Collected July 29, 1900, by Prof. James G. Needham. (Plate 15,
figures 5-8)

Type. Cat. no. 5345, U. S. national museum

Habitat. Saranac Inn N. Y.

This genus is apparently nearest related to the European genus
R o e d e r i a Mik, from which it differs in the absence of the stigmal
spot and of the long hairs near the apices of the front femora; the
venation also is different.

DESCRIPTIONS OF FIVE NEW PARASITIC HYMENOPTERA

BY WILLIAM H. ASHMEAD, ASSISTANT CURATOR, U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM

Family 56 scelionidae-
TELENOMUS HaKday
Telenomus longicornis sp. nov.
$ Length 1,4 mm. PoHshed black ; the antennae are much longer
than the body, asinT. dolichocerus Ashm. the flagellum brown-
black, hairy, the first joint of same being about the length of the third,
the second joint very long, much longer than either the first or third, the
fourth a Httle shorter than the third, the following joints very impercepti-
bly shortening. Wings hyaline, iridescent, the veins brown, the tegulae
black. Legs black, the trochanters and tibial spurs pale yellowish, a dot
on knees testaceous, the tarsi fuscous. Abdomen normal, the first seg-
ment longitudinally striate, the following smooth and polished.

Type. Cat. no. 5365, U. S. national museum

Habitat. Saranac Inn N. Y. One specimen taken in June 1900,
by Prof. James G. Needham.

AQUATIC INSECTS IN THE ADIRONDACKS 587

Family 77 alysiidjve

BRACHYSTROPHA Forstcr

Brachystropha quadriceps sp. nov.

$, Length 1.8 mm. Polished black ; mandibles rufous, palpi white;
antennae black, 23 jointed, the scape beneath reddish, the extreme apex
of the pedicel yellowish white ; legs flavo-testaceous, the tibiae and tarsi
darker, more of a reddish color, the tarsi fuscous. Wings hyaline, iri-
descent, the stigma and veins dark brown, the stigma subtriangular in
shape, wider than the first abscissa of the radius and scarcely extending
to half the length of the marginal cell.

The head is quadrate, with the temples broad, full, the face below the
antennae smooth, impunctate, but with a deHcate median ridge. The
median fovea on the mesonotum posteriorly, so conspicuous in many
forms, is very minute, nearly obsolete. The scutellum is bifoveate at
base. The metathorax is rugulose, bare, but with a median carina. The
mesopleural suture is distinct, crenate. The abdomen is clavate, the
petiole being long and striate with prominent spiracles, the following
segments all smooth, shining.

Type. Cat. no. 5366, U. S. national museum

Habitat. Saranac Inn ; N. Y. One specimen in July by Prof.

James G. Needham.

RHiZARCHA Forster

Rhizarcha astigma sp. nov.

$ Length 2 mm. Polished black; mandibles rufous; palpi white;
antennae black, 24 jointed, the scape and pedicel rufo-piceous, the latter
narrowly yellow at apex; legs rufo-testaceous, the coxae and trochanters
paler, more or less pale yellowish ; wings hyaline, the veins brown.

The face below the antennae is feebly punctate and with a short
median carina. The mesonotum posteriorly has a median fovea and a
short grooved line just in front of the scutellum. The scutellum is
bifoveate at base. The metathorax is rugulose but so densely clothed
with a pale pubescence as to be obscured and the sculpture overlooked.
The stigma in the front wings is not developed, being narrow and linear
as in A s p i 1 o t a . The mesopleural suture is distinct but smooth, not
at all crenate. The abdomen is oblong oval, scarcely as long as the
head and thorax united, the ovipositor not prominent, at the most sub-
exserted, the first segment longitudinally striate, those beyond smooth
and shining.

588 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM

$ Differs from the $ in having the antennae longer, 26 jointed,
while the legs are sHghtly differently colored, the extreme apices of the
middle and the hind tibiae and their tarsi being fuscous.

Type. Cat. no. 5367, U. S. national museum

Habitat. Saranac Inn N. Y. Taken in June and July by Prof.
James G. Needham.

Family 78 braconidak

APHiDius Nees.

Aphidius nigripes sp. nov.

^Length 1.5 mm. Entirely black except as follows: the extreme
apex of the clypeus, the mandibles, the second joint of the trochanters
and the knees are honey-yellow, the tibiae and tarsi dark brown or fus-
cous, almost black. The antennae are 19 jointed, longer than the body,
the joints of the flagellum being not quite thrice as long as thick. Wings
hyaline ; tegulae and veins brown, the stigma within, the recurrent ner-
vure, the transverse cubitus and the second abscissa of the radius being
pallid or subhyaline.

Type. Cat. no. 5368, U. S. national museum

Habitat. Saranac Inn N. Y. Taken in June and July by Prof.
James G. Needham.

This species in a table of our species, prepared for my Monograph of
the North American Braconidae, falls next to A. obscuripes, but is
distinguished by the color of the legs and differences in antennal char-
acters.

New stilpnine parasitic on dipterous puparia

Atractodes sepedontis sp. nov.

$ Length 5 mm. Black, with the second and third abdominal segments,
the mandibles, and the legs, except the hind tarsi rufous ; hind tarsi dark
fuscous or black. Antennae 21 jointed, black, the third joint the longest,
a httle longer than the second, the following gradually and almost imper-
ceptibly shortening. Head and thorax polished, the parapsedal furrows
well defined anteriorly, gradually becoming obsolete posteriorly before
attaining the base of the scutellum. Mesosternum and metathorax
rugulose opaque, the latter sloping from the base to apex, with the basal
lateral and pleural areas alone well defined. Wings hyaline, the stigma
and veins dark brown, the tegulae, the median and submedian veins in
the front wings toward the base and the subcostal vein in the hind wings

AQUATIC INSECTS IN THE ADIRONDACKS 589

yellowish; areolet open, the submedian cell a little longer than the
median. Abdominal petiole about twice as long as the hind coxae,
bifurrowed and subcoriaceous above.

Type. Cat. no. 5316, U. S. national museum

Habitat. Saranac Inn N. Y.

Host. Diptera: Sepedon f u s cipenni s' Loew. Bred Aug. 24,
1900, from a puparium of Sepedon fuscipennis Loew, by Prof.
James G. Needham.

This species comes very close to the European Atractodes
gravidus Haliday; but is readily distinguished by a slight difference
in color and by decided differences in antennal and metathoracic
characters.

590 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM

EXPLANATION OF PLATES

PLATE 1

Outlet of Little Clear pond ; view, looking northward from the railroad.

Photo by J. G. Needham

PLATE 2

Little Clear pond ; view from the outlet, looking toward Green hill : St Regis
mountain in the distance. Photo by J. G. Needham

PLATE 3
Little Clear creek on the grounds of the Adirondack hatchery; looking down
stream from the railroad. Photo by C. Betten

PLATE 4
Little Clear creek Just below the hatchery. Photo by K. C. Spears

PLATE 5

Little Clear creek at the edge of the woods below tbe hatchery; cages, nets

and trap lantern. From the bare strip partly occupied by a single screen cage

in the foreground the first quantitative study detailed in part 2 was made.

Photo by J. G. Needham

PLATE 6

Little Clear creek on the hatchery grounds, looking toward tbe railroad.
F'rom the boarded bank of the pool in the foreground the dragonfly exuviae
were collected for the count recorded in part 2. Photo by J. G. Needham

PLATE 7
View across Little Bog pond, from the " carry ". Photo by J. G. Needham

PLATE 8

Shore of Little Bog pond. Photo by C. Betten

PLATE 9

Bur reed (Sparganium) with long-horned leaf beetles (Donacia
emarginata Kirbyj. a summit of the plant, with beetle on the leaf
(greatly reduced); h roots as withdrawn from the water, with larval and pupal
cases of the beetle attached (slightly reduced). Photos by J. G. Needham

PLATE 10
Fig. Leucorhinia glacialis Hagen

1 Two nymphs on the bottom of the pond

2 The empty nymph skin, left clinging to a branch after transformation

3 The female imago

4, 5 Dorsal and lateral views of the male imago

AQUATIC INSECTS IN THE ADIRONDACKS 59I

PLATE 11

Ephemera varia Etn., and Siphlurus alternatus Say

FIG.

1 Lateral view of the nymph of E . varia

2 Dorsal view of the nymph of E . v a r i a

3 Lateral view of the male imago of E. varia

4 Dorsal view of the male imago of E . varia

5 Lateral view of the nymph ofri. alternat u's

6 Dorsal view of the nymph of S. alternatus

7 Lateral view of the male imago ofS. alternatus

PLATE 12

Climacia dictyona Needham, nov. sp., and Sisyra umbrata

Needham, nov. sp.

Fig.

1 Imago of C. dictyona, lateral view, x 4

2 Imago of C. dictyona, dorsal view, x 3

3 Larva of C. dictyona, dorsal view, x 6

4 Pupal cases of C. dictyona, in situ, natural size

5 One of the same, enlarged, showing the hexagonal meshes of the outer cov-

ering

6 Imago of S. u m b r at a, lateral view, x 4

7 Imago of S. umbrata, dorsal view, x 3

8 Two newly formed pupae of S. umbrata, lateral and ventral views, x 6
9Macronychus glabratus Say (Coleoptera: Parnidae); an associate

of the sponge fly larvae, on submerged timbers

10 Fresh-water sponges (Spongilla ?fragilis Leidy) in situ, with the

sponge fly larvae crawling about over them

11 Two pupal cases of S. umbrata, showing the closely woven outer cover-

ing, natural size

PLATE 13

Molanna cinerea Hagen and Polycentropus lucidus Hagen

Fig.

1 Dorsal view of larva of Molanna cinerea, x4

2 Lateral view of larva of M. cinerea, x5

3 Lateral view of the pupa of M. cinerea, x4|^

4 Dorsal view of imago of M. cinerea, x4

5 The accustomed resting position of the imago of M. cinerea

6 Ventral view of the flat larval case ofM. cinerea, x2

7 Lateral view of larva of Polycentropus lucidus, showing the very

long anal prolegs, and the absence of gill filaments, x5

8 Lateral view of pupa of P. lucidus, x6

9 Dorsal view of imago of P. lucidus, x3i

10 Larval case of P. lucidus; tube composed of sand and silk; the enlarge-

ment near the end is two layered, and contains the pupa.

11 Eggs laid by P. 1 u ci d us female on a stick protruding from the water in a

breeding cage

592 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM

PLATE 14

Sepedon fuscipennis Loew and Tetanocera pictipes Loew

Fig.

1 Larva of S. fuscipennis, dorsal view, x 5

2 Larva ofS. fuscipennis, lateral view, x 6

3 Puparium ofS. fuscipennis, dorsal view, x 5

4 Puparium ofS. fuscipennis, lateral view, x 5

5 Open puparium of S. fuscipennis, x5

6 A seed floating which the puparium simulates, x 5

7 Imago of S. fuscipennis, dorsal view, x 5

8 Imago ofS. fuscipennis, lateral view, x 5

9 Larva of T. pictipes, dorsal view, x 6

10 Larva of T. pictipes, lateral view, x 6

11 Puparium of T. pictipes, lateral view, x 6

12 Puparium of T. pictipes, dorsal view, x 5

13 Imago of T. pictipes, dorsal view, x 5

14 Imago of T. pictipes, lateral view, x 5

PLATE 15

Simulium Society

Simulium venustum Say, Hydropsyche sp.?, Heptagenia
pulchella "Walsh, Baetis pygmaea Hagen, Leuctra tenella
Provancher and Eoederiodes juncta Coqaillett.

Fig.

1 Two imagos of Hy dro psyche sp.?, at rest, natural size

2 Imago of Hydropsyche sp. ?, lateral view, x 6

3 Larva of H y d r o p s e h e sp. ?, lateral view, x 3^

4 Pupal case of Hydropsyche sp. ?, x2

5 Imago of Eoederiodes juncta, lateral view, x 10

6 Larva of Eoederiodes juncta, lateral view, x 5

7 Pupa of Eoederiodes juncta, lateral view, x 5

8 Pupa of Eoederiodes juncta in an habitual position in the abandoned

pupal case of Simulium venustum

9 Egg masses of S. venustum, and two females ovipositing

10 Pupae, empty pupa skins, and pupal cases ofS. venustum

11 Larva of S. venustum, x5

12 Male imago of Leuctra tenella, dorsal view, x 4

13 Imago of Bae t is pygmaea, lateral view, x 5

14 Imago of Baet i s pygmaea, dorsal view, x 5

15 Imago of Heptagenia pulchella, x2

16 Nymph of Heptagenia pulchella, natural size

17 Pupal eases of Hydropsyche sp.?, in situ, natural size

18 Pupae of Simulium venustum, in situ
19, 20 Larvae of S. v e n u s t u m in situ

AQUATIC INSECTS IN THE ADIRONDACKS 593

PLATE 16

Hexag-enia variabilis Eaton

Fig.

1 Female imago, natural size. Photo from life by J. G. Needham

2 Dorsal view of the head of the nymph

3, aPore and ^hiud feet of the nymph ; /femur; *tibia

PLATE 17

Dragonflies

Fig.

1 Aeschna constricta Say

2 Gomphus scudderi Selys

Natural size: photos from life by J, G. Needham

PLATE 18

Dragonfly nymphs: photos by J. G. Needham
Fig.
IDromogomphus spinosus Selys
2 Gomphus scudderi Selys
3G. brevis Selys
4G. spicatus Selys
5 Ophiogomphus aspersus Morse
GLantlius parvulus Selys
THageniuS brevistylus Selys
SDidymops transversa Say
Fig. 1 to 7 are from cast skins.

PLATE 19

Eggs of nine genera of dragonflies (Odonata-Anisoptera)
Fig.

1 Egg of An ax Junius Dru: the line k-k indicates the depth of its inser-

tion into cat-tail (T y p h a ) stems.

2 Egg of Hagenius brevistylus Selys

3 Egg of Gomphus descriptus Banks var. b o r e a 1 i s Ndm.

4 Egg of Cordulia Shurtleffi Sciuld.

5 Egg ofPlathemislydia

6 Egg of Leucorhinia glacialis Hagen

7 Egg of C eli t h e m i s eponina Dru.

8 Egg of Perithemis domitia Dru.

9 Egg of Tramea lacerata Hagen

Gelatinous euvelops (g) are indicated for all the figures except 1 and 8:
all are magnified about 50 diameters.

PLATE 20

Gomphinae

Fig.
1-4 Occiput of the female of Ophiogomphus carolus Ndm., seen

from the front, showing variations in occipital spines
5 Genital hamules of O.johannus Ndm., from the left side, inverted

594 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM

FIG.

6 Genital hamules of O. carol us Ndm.

7 Inferior abdominal aj)pendage of O. carolus Ndm., seen from below

8 Head of nymph of Lanthus parvulus Selys, seen from above and in

front

9 Mentum of labium of L. parvulus from above

10 End of abdomen of L. parvulus

11 End of abdomen of Gomphus frateruus Say, nymph

12 Part of labium of G. fraternus Say, nymph

13 End of abdomen of Go mphu s pa 11 id us Selys, nymph

14 Part of labium of Gomphus pallidus Selys, nymph

15 End of abdomen of Gomphus spiniceps Walsh, nymph

16 Part of labium of Gomphus spiniceps Walsh, nymph

From the Canadian entomologist, 1897, v. 29, pi. 7, "Preliminary studies
of North American Gomphinae," by James G. Needham.

PLATE 21

Cordulinae

Fig.

ISomatochlora elongata Selys. Photo from life by J. G. Needham
2 Cast nymph skin of E p i c o r d u 1 i a p r i u c e p s Hagen : drawn by Mrs
Needham

PLATE 22

Cordulinae

Fig.

1 Epicordulia princeps Hageu, $ : drawing by Mrs Needham

2 Tetragoneuria spinosa Selys, ^ showing peculiar wing markings.

Photo by H. N. Howland.

PLATE 23

Libellulinae

Fig.
1 Libellula semifasciata Burm.
2L. pulchella Dru.

PLATE 24

Libellulinae

Fig.
1 Plathemis lydia Dru.
2Celithemis eponina Dru.
SPerithemis domitia Dru. 5
4 P. domitia Dru. 5

PLATE 25

Nymphs of S y m p e t r u m

Fig.

1 Sympetrum illotum Hagen

2 Sympetrum semieinctum Say

AQUATIC INSECTS IN THE ADIRONDACKS 595

PLATE 26

Neuroptera

Fig.
1 Chauliodes serricornis Say, newly transformed. The east off
pupal skia is seen banging out of burrow in rotten wood. Photo from life
by J. G. Needham
2Polystoechotes punctatus Say. Photo by J. G. Needham

PLATE 27

Chauliodes serricornis Say

a k. pair in copulo beneath a leaf of the flowering fern (Osmunda

recalls L. ; a large number of eggs already present.
& Same pair, enlarged
c Female of the same pair, ovipositing later

Photos from life by ,T. G. Needham

PLATE 28
Horned Corydalis, C o r y d a 1 i s cornuta Linn.: «the larva ; ''the pupa
cfhe male imago ; <*head and thorax of the female (after Riley)

PLATE 29

Sialis infumata Walk.

Fig.

1 Wing of the imago

2 Lateral view of the pupa

3 Dorsal view of the larva

Drawings by Miss Anthony

PLA-TE 30

Caddis flies (Trichoptera)

Fig. f I

IPhryganea cinerea Walker

2 Gouiotaulius dispectus Walker

3 Hales us indistinctus Hagea

PLATE 31
Caddis flies (Trichoptera)

1 Halesus hostis Hageu

2 H. sp. ?

PLA.TE 32

Caddis flies (Trichoptera)

Fig. ^ ^ '

1 Larva of H a 1 e s u s sp. ? no. 3, dorsal view

2 Larva of Halesus sp. ? no. 2, dorsal view

3 Larva of H a 1 e s u s sp. ? no. 1, dorsal view

4 Pupa of Halesus sp. ? no. 3, lateral view

5 Papa of H al e s n s sp. ? no. 2. lateral view

6 P(ipa of H a 1 e s u s sp. ? no. 1, lateral view

596 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM

PLATE 33

Caddis fly cases and eggs

Fig.

1 Larval case of H a 1 e s u s sp. ? no. 3

2 Larval case of H a 1 e s u s sp. ? no. 2

3 Larval ease of H a 1 e s u s ep. ? no. 1

4 Egg ring of an unknown caddis fly. Photo by C. Betten from life

PLATE 34

Caddis flies ( T r i c h o p t e r a )

Fig.
1 Leptocerus resnrgens Walker
2Triaenodes ignita Walker
3 Hydropsyche scalaris Hagen

PLATE 35

Diptera

Fig.

1 Strati omyia badius Walker; drawing by Miss Anthony

2 Tipula abdominalis Say, photo by H. N. Howland.

PLATE 36

Larvae of Diptera

Fig.

1 Dorsal view of larva of Tipula abdominalis Say

2 End- of abdomen of same, more enlarged

3 a Dorsal prolegs of one segment of larva of Sepedon fuscipenuis
. Loew (developed for crawling beneath the surface film)

& End of abdomen of larva of Sepedon fuscipennis Loew

4 End of abdomen of larva of Tetanocera pictipes Loew

a
o
n

^ OS

o •«

Plate 5

Photo by J. G. Xi ed'aam

Little Clear creek at edge of woods below the hatchery. Cages, nets
and trap lantern

Plate 6

Photo by J. G. Needham
Little Clear creek on the hatcherA' cronnds lookiiiji' tdward tl)e railniiid

Plate T

Photo by J. G. Needham

General view of Little Bog pond

Plate 8

\ %%

a Mi? #*»**^: ,

"»•>»«»( t-i<^:

Shore of Little Bog pond

Photo by C Betten

Plate 9

Photo from life, by J. G. Needham
Sparganium with long-horned leaf-beetles (Donacia): larval and pupal
cases on the roots

Plate 10

L. H. Joutel, 1900

James B. Lyon, State Printer

Leucorhinia glacialis

Plate 11

L. H. Joutel, 1900

James B. Lyon, State Printer

Mayflies

Plate 12

L. H. Joutel, 1900

James B. Lyon, State Printer

Spongilla flies

Plate 13

L. H. Joutel, 1900

James B. Lyon, State Printer

Caddis flies

Plate 14

U. H. Joutel, 1900

James B. Lyon, State Printer

Sepedon and Tetanocera

Plate 15

L. H. Joutel, 1900

James B. Lyon, Stale Printer

Bimulium society

Plate 16

Hexagenia variabilis Etn,

Plate 17

/-'"'

1 Aeschna constricta Say

2 Gomphus scudderi Selys

Plate 18

Photos by J.
Dragon-fly nymphs

G. Needham

Plate 19

^^^^^^'^

Eggs of nine genera of dragon-flies

Plate 20

Prom Canadian entomologist v. 29, pi. 7 (1897)
Structural characters of Gomphinae

Plate 21

^ L

Photo from life by J. G. Needham

Drawing by Mrs J. G. Needham.

1 Somatochlora elongata Selys

2 Epicordulia princeps Hagen

COEDULINAE

Plate 22

Drawing by Mrs J. G. Needham

*v.

Photo by H. N. Rowland

1 Epicordulia princeps Hagen $

2 Tetragoneuria spinosa Selys $ nat. size

COEDULINAE

Plate 23

1 Libellula semifasciata Burm.

2 Libellula pulchella Dru.

LIBELLULINAE

Plate 24

1 Plathemis lydia Drury

2 Celithemis eponina Drury

3, 4 Perithemis domitia Drury, S and $

LIBELIiULJNAE

Plate 25

1 S. illotum Hagen

2 S. semieiuctum Say

NYMPHS OF SYMPETRUM

Plate 26

Photo from life hy J. G. Needh. m, nat. siz.e
1

Photo of living but partly anesthetized specimen hy J. G. Needham

1 Cbanliodes serricornis Say, newlj' transformed

2 Polystoechotes punctatus Say

NEUROPTERA

Plate 27

1^^^

^Hh

Photos from life by J. G. Xeedham
Chauliodes serricornis Sav

Plate 28

a. y^^ ^'^ c

Horned Corydalis, Corydalis cornuta (After Riley)

Plate 29

Drawings by Miss Anthony

Sialis infumata Walk

Plate 30

1 Pbrygauea ciuerea Walk.

2 Goniotaulius dispectus Walk.

3 Halesus indistinctus ?Iagen

CADDIS FLIES

Drawings by Mrs J. H. ComstccU

Plate 31

-V

^

1 Halesus hostis Hagen

2 Halesus species

Drawings by Mrs J. H. Comstock

CADDIS FLIES

Plate 32

Drawings by Mrs J. H. Comstock

Caddis flies larvae and pupae

Plate 33

Photo from life by C. Betten
4
Drawings (fig. 1-3) by Mrs J. H. Comstock
Caddis fly cases and eggs

Plate 34

Drawings by Mrs J. H. Comstock

1 Leptocerus resurgens Walk.

2 Triaenodes Ignita Walk.

3 Hydropsyche scalarls Hagen

CADDIS FLIES

Plate 35

M

Drawing by Miss Anthony

Photo by H. N. Howland

2

1 Stratiomyia badius Walk.

2 Tipula abdoimlnalis Say ? nat. size

DIPTERA

Plate 36

1, 2 Tipula abdominalis Say

3 Sepedon fuscipennis Loew

4 Tetanocera pictipes Loew

DIPTEKA

Fig. 3, 4. Drawings by Miss Anthony

AQUATIC INSECTS IN THE ADIRONDACKS 597

TEXT ILLUSTRATIONS

PIG,

PAGE

Drainage map of Saraaac region 386

Map of Saranac Inn and vicinity --- 388

1 Floating cage 398

2 Homemaue cage 398

3 Trap lantern, sectional diagram 399

4Leuctra tenella, parts of adult 416

5 " wings.... 417

6 Face of dragon fly nymph (Sympetrum illotum).. 429

7 Transformations of dragon fly (Plathemis lydia) 430

8 Dragon fly uymph characters 433

9 Dragon fly wings (Gomphus de script us) 433

10 Dragon fly head and thorax 434

11 Gomphus descriptus, genitalia 453

12 " horealis, n. var., genitalia 453

13Epiaeschna lieros, labium 469

14 An ax Junius, nymphs 471

15 Tachopteryx thoreyi, labium antenna 473

16Cordulegaster maeulatus, nymph labium 477

17 Libellulid nymph labium (Peritherais domitia) 478

18 " wing venation (L eu c or hini a glacialis) 479

19 Te t r agon eur i a eggs 491

20 " cynosura, nymph characters 492

21 Helocordulia genitalia 496

22 " nymi)h characters 497

23 Somatochlora elongata, end of abdomen 499

24 " filosa " 500

25 " linearis " 501

26 " walshii " 501

27 " tenebrosa " 502

28 Dorocordulia, end of abdomen , 505

29Nannothemis bella, nymph 510

30 Symi^etrum, genitalia 520

31 Ladona, genitalia 529

32Perithemis lydia, nymph 537

33 Sisyra umbrata, wing - 555

34 Maxillae of Climacia and Sisyra 556

35Climacia dictyoua, wing 558

36 Labia of C 1 i m ac i a and Sisyra 559

37 Halesus larval characters 567

38 " pupal " 568

39 " larval " 569

40 " " " 569

41 *' '< <' 570

42 •' pupal " 570

I N DEX

The superior figures tell the exact place ou the page in ninths; e. g. 458'
means page 458, beginning in the third ninth of the page, i. e. about one
third of the way down.

abbreviata, Aeshna, 448^
abbreviatus, Gomphus, 43r, 444",
445^^ 448=.

abdominalis, Otenophora, 575°.

Tipula, 410^ 498\ 573', 575^-76=;
explanation of plates, 596^
596^
Acrididae, 582»-83^
Acroneuria, 413".
adelpha, Aeshnt/, 451^
adelphus, Gomphus, 445-, 446^ 45r-

52^
Aeschna, 463», 464\ 469'-70=.

clepsydra, 469°.

constricta, 402^ 403°, 405^ 407%
469*, 470"; explanation of
plate, 593\

fraterna, 45r.

Janata, 466'.

minor, 466'.

pentacantha, 467".

quadriguttata, 464^

spiniferug, 470^

verticalis, 469'.

vinosa, 464".
Aeschnidae, 432^ 432", 434^-78'.
Aeschninae, 430=, 434% 434% 462"-72%
Aeshna abbreviata, 448".

adelpha, 451".

albistyla, 443^

brevis, 449".

heros, 468'.

multicincta, 468^

naevius, 443%

parvula, 441%-

quadricolor, 452%

spicata, 459%

vasta, 458%

villosipes, 460%

Agrionidae, 430=.
albicincta, Somatochlora, 485%
albifrons, Diplax, 525%
Libellula, 525%
Sympetrum, 521% 521^, 525%
albilatus, Tipula, 575%
albistyla, Aeshna, 443%
albistyius, Gomphus, 443%

Lanthus, 443%
Alder flies, 541%
alternatus, Baetis, 423".

Siphlurus, 391% 423^-25"; ex-
planation of plate, 591%
Alysiidae, 587^-88%
amanda, Diplax, 516%
Amber wing, 512^-13%
Amblystoma, 402%
amica, Caenis, 426%
amnicola, Gomphus, 444", 447% 456%
Amphipods, 409^.
Anax, 463", 464% 470^-72%

Junius, 433, 471=-72^; explana-
tion of plate, 593%
longipes, 470%
anchora, Notoxus, 403%
angulatum, Trichiosoma, 584%
Aaisoptera, 397% 430"-r.40%- explana-
tion of plate, 593%
annulata, Baetis, 424%
annulatus, Siphlurus, 424%
annulosus, Strongylogaster, 584%
Ant lions, 540%
Anthicid beetle, 403%
Anthony, M. H., figures of Diptera,
Plecoptera and Ephemerida by,
399^.
Aphidius nigripes, 403% 588%
Aphids, 403%
Aphis lions, 540%

6oo

NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM

Apparatus and methods, 397°-99\

areolaris, Climacia, 558^

Argia violacea, 402^ 405^ 407\

Arigomphus, 447''-48*.

Ashmead, W. H., cited, 393^ ac-
knowledgments to, 399"; descrip-
tions of five new parasitic Hy-
menoptera, SSG^-Sg'.

Asindulnm montanum, 574*.

aspersus, Ophiogomphus, 403^ 405*,
407^ 43r, 436^ 437'-3S^; explana-
tion of plate, 593°.

assimilata, Libelhila, 524'.

assimilatum, Sympetrum, 403', 405%
52r, 52r, 522^ 524'.

astigma, Rhizareba, 403% 587''-88-.

aterrima, Cliimarrba, 573%

Atractodes, 584%
gravidus, 589^
sepedontis, 584% 5S8"-89%

anripennis, Libellula, 531% 532% 532^

axillena, Libellula, 532', 533% 533^

badius, Stratiomyia, 574% 576"-77';

explanation of plate, 596%
Baetinae, 419'.
Baetis, 408^ 419%
alternatus, 423%
annulata, 424%
femorata, 424%

pygmaea, 393% 408% 405% 42r-
23^; explanation of plate, 592%
Baetisca, 419%
obesa, 420%
Baker, F. C, acknowledgments to,

399^.
Banks, Nathan, acknowledgments
to, 399% 563*; cited, 414% 417% 418%
43 r, 563%
basalis, Libellula, 531% 532% 532%
Basiaeschna, 463% 464%

Janata, 403% 407*, 466--67%
Beetles, 396% 405^ 412%
bella. Nannophya. 509%
Nannothemis, 509^.
berenice, Diplax, 528%
Libellula, 528%
Micratbyria, 52S%
Betten, Cornelius, study of caddis
flies, 397% 56r-73%

Bibliographies of Odonata, 43r-32%
bicolor, Dolerus, 584%
bilineata, Chloroperla, 409% 414''-15%
Palingenia, 427^
Sialis, 414%
Biologic features of locality, 385*-

92%
Birge, E. A., acknowledgments to,

399%
bistigma, Libellula, 534%
Bittacomorpha clavipes, 404% 410%

498% 574^ 575%
Black flies, 407% 408*, 408^ 409% 574%
Blasturus, 419^
Blueberry island, 390%
Bog ponds, 39r-92%
Bombyliidae, 575'.
Bone pond, 389--90*.
boscii, Tetanocera, 575%
Boyeria, 463% 464% 464^-66%

vinosa, 407% 464^-66%
Brachycentrus, 564%
Brachystropha quadriceps, 403% 587%
Braconidae, 588'-89".
Brauer, F., cited, 578%
brevis, Aeshna, 449%

Gomphus, 407% 445% 445% 449'-

50°; explanation of plate, 593*.

brevistylus, Hageuius, 394% 407%

407% 440'-41=; explanation of

plates, 593% 593^
Briggs, C. A., cited, 414%
Bugs of Little Clear creek, 402'-3%
Bullfrogs, 401% 402\ 404%

Cabot, cited, 431% 470% 471^ 475^
• 482%

Caddis flies, 389% 391% 392', 394\
394*, 397% 402\ 404% 404°-5-, 408%
408^ 411^ 561^-73°; adult, found at
Saranac inn and time of appear-
ance, 572^-73°; explanation of
plates, 595"-96*.
Caenis, 419".

arnica, 426%
diminuta, 403', 426^-27%
Cages, 398%
Callibaetis, 419%

ferruginea, 425%
Calopteryx maculata, 401% 407*, 407%

INDEX TO AQUATIC INSECTS IN THE ADIRONDACKS

60 1

Calvert, Dr P. P., cited, 393S 430*,

431', 432-, 528', 529", 529".
Oamuula pellucida, 5S3\
Campeloma, 404^ 406".
canadensis, Leptura, 409".
Capnini, 418\
Carolina, Dissosteira, o63\
Libellula, 538°.
Tramea, 538=, 538^
carolinus, Ophiogomphus, 440\
carolus, Ophiogomphus, 431-, 436",
437S 439^; explanation of plates,
593^ 594\
Carpenter ant, 401°.
Castle, Dr W. E., acknowledgments

to, 399'.
Celithemis, 507*, 508', 513°.
elisa, 513°, 514=, 514*, 515^
eponiua, 513°, 514\ 514*, 514^-15=';
explanation of plates, 593S
594^
ornata, 513°, 514^ 516*.
Centroptilum, 419*.
Ceratopogon, 402^ 404=.
Ceroxys similis, 575^
Chauliodes, 542*, 542^ 544=.
sp.? 402^
maculatus, 549'.
pectinicornis, 545*, 547^-49*.
rastricornis, 390^ 545% 546*.
serricornis, 545°, 549^-50°; ex-
planation of plates, 595-, 595^
Chermes sp. ? 403=.
Chimarrha sp. 573°.
aterrima, 573°.
Chironomidae, 389', 394*, 402=, 403^

404', 407^ 409*, 574^
Chironomous sp. ? 402^
Ohloroperla, 414*-15'.

bilineata, 409*, 414°-15'.
picta, 414'.
transmarina, 414'.
Chrysopidae, 541-.
Cicadula divisa, 403*.

sexnotata, 402'.
cinerea, Molanna, 404*, 404°, 563*,
564% 573'; explanation of
plate, 591'.
Phryganea, 572°; explanation of
■plate, 595'.

Clams, 402=, 404^

Clara, Tetanocera, 575*.

Clarke, C. H., cited, 562°.

clavipes, Bittacomorpha, 404% 410%

498*, 574% 575^
clepsydra, Aeschna, 469°.
Climacia, 550% 551% 552=, 552°, 557^-
60°.
areolaris, 558%

dictyona, 393', 558*-59°; explana-
tion of plate, 591%
Cloe pygmea, 421%
Cloeon, 419-".

Coleoptera, 396% 405% 412*, 583°-84*.
communis, Helochara, 402°.
complanata, Cordulia, 494%
Comstock, J. H. & A. B., Manual for

the study of insects, 410°.
Comstock, Mrs J. H. figures of

Trichoptera by, 399^ 563=.
confusa, Libellula, 536%
Coniopterygidae, 546''.
Conopidae, 575%

constricta, Aeschna, 4€3% 405% 407=,
469% 470=; explanation of plate,
593%
Coquillet, D. W., cited, 393^ ac-
knowledgments to, 399°; Original
descriptions of new Diptera, 585"-
86=.
Cordulegaster, 474*.

diastatops, 474*, 474=, 474°, 475%

475% 475% 475=, 476*, 477^-78%
dorsalis, 475%
erroneus, 474=, 474^, 475%
fasciatus, 474% 475*.
lateralis, 477%

maculatus, 403°, 405^ 407% 407°,
431% 474*, 474=, 474% 475% 475=,
476*, 476°-77'.
obliquus, 474% 475=.
sayi, 474', 474°, 475% 477%
Cordulegaster inae, 430*, 434% 434%

■473*-78%
Cordulia, 485*, 485*, 485^ 502=-3°.
complanata, 494%
cynosiu'a, 494=.
elongata, 499*.
filosa, 500%
lateralis, 494%

6o2

NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM

Oordulia lepida, 506\
libera, 504\ 504^
linearis, 50r.
lintneri, 484^ 504^
modesta, 486\
princeps, 4SS-.
selysi, 495^
semiaquea, 494^

shurtleffi, 391^ 431^ 491^ 502°-
3^ 518^; explanation of plate,
593^
tenebrosa, 501^
uhleri, 495*, 497\
walshii, 50r.
Cordulinae, 480=, 480=. 484^-506^ ex-
planation of plates, 594*.
cornuta, Corydalis, 550°; explanation

of plate, 595*.
corrupta, Diplax, 525^
Mesothemis, 525^.
corruptum, Sympetrum, 520^ 521^

525^.
corticosus, Pachynematus, 584'.
Corydalis, 542^ 542*, 550^

cornuta, 550°; explanation of
plate, 595*.
costifera, Diplax, 522'.
costiferum, Sympetrum, 521°, 521',

522^
Crane flies, 40r, 403', 404*, 405', 410%

498\ 573^-74', 575^
Crawfish, 404'.
Crunoecia, 564^
Ctenopliora abdominalis, 575°.
Culicidae, 574'.

cyanea, Libellula, 531', 532=, 534'.
cynosura, Cordulia, 494=.
Epitbeca, 494'.
Libellula, 494\

Tetragoneuria, 489°, 490*, 492,
493', 493% 494\

Damsel flies, 4ir, 430'.

decora, Ephemera, 429^

deplanata, Libellula, 528°.

descriptus, Gomphus, 393^ 431',
433, 444^ 446°, 452'-54^ 455=; ex-
planation of plate, 593^

Diastatomma rupiusulense, 437'.

diastatops, Cordulegaster, 474\ 474',
474°, 475^ 475', 475*, 475% 476*,
477^-78'.
Thecapbora, 477'.
dictyona, Climacia, 393% 558*; ex-
planation of plate, 591'.
Didymops, 481% 481', 481%
obsolete, 486'.

transversa, 407', 407°, 481'-82°;
explanation of plate, 593%
diminuta, Caenis, 403^ 426^-27%
Diplax albifrons, 525%
amanda, 516=.
berenice, 528*.
corrupta, 525%
costifera, 522'.
elisa, 515%
intacta, 517%
obtrusa, 525%
ornata, 516%
rubicundula, 524*, 524%

var. assimilata, 524%
semicincta, 523%
vicina, 522%
Diptera, 393% 394\ 396% 397% 403=,
404% 405°, 406% 409% 410% 412=,
573°-82'; original descriptions of
new, 585'-86°; explanation of
plates, 596*.
dispectus, Goniotaulius, 573^; ex-
planation of plate, 595%
Dlssosteira Carolina, 583%
Diving beetle, 392'.
divisa, Cicadula, 403%
Dobsons, 540% 541*.
Dolerus bicolor, 584%
domitia, Libellula, 512*.

Perithemis, 433, 512'; explana-
tion of plates, 593% 594%
Donacia, 406=.

emarginata, 405=, 583'; explana-
tion of plate, 590%
pusilla, 583%
subtilis, 583%
Dorocordulia, 485=, 485% 485% 504%
lepida, 506%
libera, 504^-5% 518%
lintneri, 506'.
dorsalis, Cordulegaster, 475%
dossuaris, Neuronia, 572%

INDEX TO AQUATIC INSECTS IN THE ADIRONDACKS

603

Dragon flies, 3S9«, 391^ 392^ 393',
394^ 394^ 396^ 401^ 402^ 403°,
405^ 406S 4ir, 4'29«-540^ explana-
tion of plates, 593^

Dragon fly exuviae, count of, 406^-7'.

Drainage map of Saranac I'egion,
386.

Dromogomplius, 435', 436^ 461\

spinosus, 461^-62^; explanation
of plate, 593^

Eaton, cited, 418', 418^
elisa, Celithemis, 513^ 514^ 514^
515^
Diplax, 515^
elongata, Cordulia, 499*.

Somatochlora, 485^ 498^ 499^;
explanation of plate, 594^
emarginata, Donacia, 405^ 583"; ex-
planation of plate, 590^
Empididae, 40S^ 574^ 585^-86=.
Enallagma sp.? 407^
Entomostrachan, 409^
Eptiemei'a, 420\
decora, 429'.

varia, 403^ 405", 428% 429'; ex-
planation of plate, 591\
Ephemerella, 419^.

excrucians, 403^ 405% 409^ 420%

425'=-26%
invaria, 425^
Epliemeridae, 391^ 393^ 394% 397^
403^ 405% 406', 408^ 408^ 409%
411% 418--29%
Ephemerinae, 419%
Epiaeschna, 463% 464*, 468%

heros, 467% 468°-69%
Epicordulia, 484% 485% 485% 488%
princeps, 488'-89% 489% 490' ; ex-
planation of plates, 594% 594%
Episcbura lacustris, 409^.
Epitheca cynosura, 494%
obsoleta, 486%
princeps, 488%
eponina, Celithemis, 513^ 514', 514*,
514^; explanation of plates,
593^ 594^
Libellula, 514\
Epopbthalmia lateralis, 494^
Erpetogompbus rupinsulensis, 437".

erroneus, Cordulegaster, 474% 474%

475'.
eurina, Lestes, 518%
excrucians, Ephemerella, 403', 405",

409% 420^ 425"-26%
exilis, Gomphus, 405% 407% 444%

446', 455*-56%
exusta, Ladona, 529'.
Libellula, 528%

fasciatum, Xiphidium, 583-.
fasciatus, Cordulegaster, 474^ 475'.
Felt, Dr E. P. acknowledgments to,

384%
femorata, Baetis, 424%
ferruginea, Callibaetis, 425%

Tetanocera, 580°.
filosa, Cordulia, 500%

Somatochlora, 500%
Fish flies, 541%

comb-horned, 547%
saw-horned, 549".
Fisheries, game and forest commis-
sion, acknowledgments to, 384%
Fishes and insects, food relations,

395=-96%
flavescens, Libellula, 539%

Pantala, 539%
Flies, 393', 394', 396', 397', 403% 404%

405% 406', 409', 410', 412=; of Little

Clear creek, 403^
Floating cage, 398%
Flora, of locality, 387"; of Bog

ponds, 392'; of Bone pond, 389^;

of Little Clear creek, 400', 401"; of

Little Clear pond, 391*; of Little

Green pond, 390%
Fonscolombia vinosa, 465'.
Food relations of insects and fishes,

395^-96*.
fragilis, Spongilla, explanation of

plate, 591%
fraterna, Aeschna, 451'.
fraternus, Gomphus, 444% 446^ 451';

explanation of plate, 594%
Frogs, 402%
furcifer, Gomphus, 431% 444', 448%

461'.
furcillata, Gomphaeschna, 464%
Physocephala, 575%

6o4

NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM

fuscata, Sisyra, 554^

fuscipenuis, Sepedon, 404', 574^ 577^-

80=, 580=, 584'; explanation of

plate, 592\ 596".

Galerucella nympliae, 583'.
Gerke, cited, 578'.

glabratus, Macronychus, 583°; ex-
planation of plate, 591".
glaeialis, Leucorhinia, 39r, 393^
431^ 516', 516^ 516^ 518'; ex-
planation of plates, 590^ 593^
Podisma, 583-.
Glossipbonids, 402".
Gnats, 389^ 394*, 402', 403', 404*,

407S 409*, 574'.
Goera, 564\
Golden-wing, 532^-33^
Gompliaeschna, 431*, 464".

furcillata, 464'.
Gomphinae, 429^, 434', 434% 434'-62^;

explanation of plate, 593°-94'.
Gomphiirus, 446^-47%
Gomphus, 389^ 390°, 407", 435", 436',
443°-62^
abbreviatus, 431=, 444", 445^

448'.
adeipbus, 445% 446', 45r:52*.
albistylus, 443\
amnicola, 444", 447', 456".
brevis, 407^ 445\ 445°, 449'-50°;

explanation of plate, 593*.

descriptus, 433, 444S 446", 452^-

54", 455'.

var. borealis, .393', 431', 453°;

explanation of plate, 593".

exilis, 40.5*, 407-, 444% 446^ 455*-

56*.
fraternus, 444% 446', 451'; ex-
planation of plate, 594^
furcifer, 43r, 444^ 448% 461^
lividus, 454^
minutus, 454°.
uaevius, 44.3".
pallidus, explanation of plate,

594'.
parvulus, 441'.
plagiatus, 445% 447', 458".
quadricolor, 43r, 444^ 446% 452%

Gompbus scudderi, 403", 410', 431%
44.3S 444% 447*, 456^-57°; ex-
planation of plates, 593%
593*.

sordidus, 431', 444", 446", 454^-55'.

spicatus, 403", 407S 444% 448',
453% 459*-60-; explanation of
plate, 593".

spiniceps, 443', 445', 447% 458°-
59^; explanation of plate, 594'.

spinosus, 461".

umbratus, 455*.

vastus, 445-, 447% 458%

ventricosus, 444", 447', 456*.

villosipes, 444*, 448*, 460'-61\
Goniotaulius dispectus, 573*; ex-
planation of plate, 595%

pudicus, 573^
granulatus, Tettix, 582°.
gravidus, Atractodes, 589'.

Habits of insects, study of, 394°-95'.
Haemopis, 402%

Hagen, Dr H. A. cited, 393*, 431%
431°, 432% 452', 475', 512', 528% 529*,
55r.
Hagenius, 435", 436% 440'-41".

brevistylus, 394% 407', 407", 440'-
41"; explanation of plates,
593% 593%
Halesus, 404% 405*.

sp., 567*-70°; explanation of

plates, 595% 596%
bostis, 573-; explanation of

plate, 595%
indistinctus, 573=; explanation of
plate, 595%
Hatcbery pipes and trougbs, life of,

4O8'-10%
Helocbara communis, 402°.
Helocordulia, 484% 485', 485% 495%

ubleri, 496°, 497*-98".
Hemerobiidae, 397% 411% 541', 550"-

60°.
Hemerobius, 551'.

pectinicornis, 547'.
Hemiptera, 411% 583', 583*.
Hensbaw, Samuel, acknowledg-
ments to, 399%
Heptageuia, 408% 419%

INDEX TO AQUATIC INSECTS IN THE ADIRONDACKS 605

IJeptagenia pulchella, 408=, 409*,
420'-21'; explanation of plate,
592=.
vicaria, 421\
Heptageninae, 419^
heros, Aeshna, 468^

Epiaeselina, 467^ 468°-69''.
Herpetogomphus pictus, 437^
Hexagenia, 420\
sp.? 428\
limbata, 427^

variabiUs, 403^ 427"-28»; ex-
planation of plate, 593\
Hilara mutabills, 574^
Horseflies, 405', 409^
bostis, Halesus, 573'; explanation of

plate, 595^
Howland, H. N., acknowledgments

to, 385^
hyalina, Pontania, 584^
Hydras, 409^

Hydrellia scapularis, 403^ '
Hydropsyebe, 408^ 409^

sp.? 404^ 408=, 566'-67^ 573"; ex-
planation of plate, 592°.
scalaris, 573=; explanation of
plate, 59Q\
Hydropsycbidae, 564*, 573=.
Hydroptilidae, 564*.
Hygrotrecbus sp.? 402\ 402^
Hymenoptera, parasitic, 393^ 403%
584=; descriptions of five new,
586''-89^

ignita, Triaenodes, 573^; explana-
tion of plate, 5961

illinoiensis, Macronaia, 482% 483=,
483^

illotum, Sympetrum, 429^; explana-
tion of plate, 594".

incesta, Libellula, 53r, 532^
533^

indistinctus, Halesus, 573=; explana-
tion of plate, 595^

infumata, Sialis, 542=; explanation
of plate, 595=.

innominatus, Taxonus, 585\

Insects, place of in natural societies.
394=; and fisbes, food relations,
395^-96*; life bistories, 396*-97^

410*-582^; new species of, 555*-57^

584'-89\
intacta, Diplax, 517\

Leucorbinia, 516^ 516^ 516^ 517^
invaria, Epbemerella, 425^
Irene, Neballennia, 402^
iscbiaca, Stratiomyia, 576".
Iscbnura verticalis, 402^

Janata, Aescbna, 466'.

Basiaescbna, 403', 407*, 466=-67*.

jobannus, Opbiogompbus, 431=, 436',
439'-40'; explanation of plate, 593^

Joutel, L. H., colored plates made
by, 399^

julia, Ladona, 43r, 529*, 530=.
Libellula, 528^ 530=.

juneta, Roederiodes, 408^ 409\ 574",
581^-82^ 586=; explanation of plate,
592^

junia, Libellula, 470^

Junius, Anax, 433, 471=-72'; explana-
tion of plate, 593^

Kellicott, cited, 431", 432=, 452^ 459^

Keys, to Aescbna, 469^; Aescbnidae,
434=; Aescbninae, 463=-64°; Aquatic
insect larvae, orders of, 41P-12=;
Arigompbus, 448'; Caddis fly
larvae, 563''-64*; Celitbemis, 514";
Cordulegaster, 474='-75=; Cordu-
linae, Nortb American genera,
484*-85''; Epbemerid nympbs, 419^-
20=; Gompbinae, 435^-36^ Gom-
pburus, 447'; Gompbus, 445M6^;
Gompbus, images, 444' -45'; Heme-
robiidae, 551*; Ladona, 529*; Leu-
corbinia, 516'; Libellula, 53r-32=;
Libellulidae, 479^-80°; Libellulinae,
506^-9*; Macromia, 483=; Macro-
miinae, 481*; Neuroptera, 540^-
41'; Odonata, 432'; Opbiogompbus,
436'-37*; Sialidae, 541^-42'; Sty-
lurus, 447'; Sympetrum, 520^-22=;
Tetragoneuria, 493*; Tramea, 538=.

Kirby, W. F., cited, 43r, 512'.

Klapalek, Fr., cited, 563=.

lacerata, Tramea. 538=, 538°, 539*;

explanation of plate, 593^
lacustris, Episcbura, 409'.
Ladona, 507^ 509*, 528''-30^

6o6

NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM

Ladona exusta, 529*.

Julia, 531^ 529^, 530-.
Lanthus, 435^ 436^ 441'=-43^

albistylus, 443\

parvulus, 441^-42°; explanation
of plates, 593=, 594\
Lasiocephala, 564".
lateralis, Cordulegaster, 477^.

Cordulia, 494-.

Epophthalmia, 494'.
Leeches, 402\
lepida, Cordulia, 506\

Dorocordulia, 506^

Somatochlora, 506-.
Lepidoptera, 411'.
Lepidostoma, 564-.
Lepomis, 402^

Leptoeeridae, 564^ 571''-72®, 573^
Leptocerus sp., 573^

resurgens, 573*; explanation of
plate, 596'.
Leptophlebia, 419'.
Leptura canadensis, 409°.
Lestes eurina, 518".

unguiculata, 402^
Leucorliinia, 507^ 508^ 5161

glacialis, 391^ 393^ 431^ 516=,
516^ 516^ 518^-19'; explanation
of plates, 590^ 593^

intacta, 516^ 516^ 516^ 517^
Leuctra, 415^-18\

tenella, 393°, 405% 408^ 416^-18^;
explanation of plate, 592%
Libellula, 508\ 509", 529^ 530^

albifrons, 525°.

assimilata, 524*.

auripennis, 531^ 532% 532'-33%

axillena, 532%

incesta, 533^
vibrans, 533%

basalis, 531«, 532^ 532%

berenice, 528%

bistigma, 534%

Carolina, 538%

confusa, 536%

cyanea, 531', 532% 534%

cynosura, 494%

deplanata, 528%

domitia, 512%

eponina, 514%

Libellula exusta, 528%

fiavescens, 539%

incesta, 53r, 532^ 533%

Julia, 528% 530%

junia, 470^

longipennis, 526^.

luctuosa, 532%

lydia, 533% 536%

maculata, 535%

obsoleta, 486%

ornata, 516%

plumbea, 531% 532^ 534%

polysticta, 486%

pulchella, 486% 53r, 532% 536';
explanation of plate, 594%

quadrimaculata, 431^ 53r, 532%
534^-35%

quadrupla, 534%

rubicundula, 524%

semiaquea, 494%

semicincta, 523'.

semifasciata, 531% 532% 535^ ex-
planation of plate, 594'.

simplicicollis, 527%

tenebrosa, 501%

ternaria, 535%

transversa, 481%

trimaculata, 536'.

vibrans, 531% 533%
Libellulidae, 432^ 432% 478*-540*.
Libellulinae, 430% 480% 480«, 488%
506''-40*; explanation of plates,
594'.
libera, Cordulia, 504^ 504%

Dorocordulia, 504% 518%

Somatochlora, 504%
Liburnia pellucida, 403%
Life histories of insects, 396*-97%

410*-582%
Life of Little Clear creek, 400^-10%
limbata, Hexagenia, 427^.

Palingenia, 427%
Limnaea, 402% 402% 404%
Limnicolous oligochaetes, 404%
Limnophilidae, 563^ 568', 573S 573%
Limnophilus ornatus, 573%
linearis, Cordulia, 501%

Somatochlora, 501%
Lintner, Dr J. A., cited, 393*, 545*,
552%

INDEX TO AQUATIC INSECTS IN THE ADIRONDACKS

607

liutueri, Cordulia, 484^ 504*.

Dorocorclulia, 506\

Somatochlora, 506*.
Littiax, 564^.

Little Clear creek, life of, 400'-10^
Little Clear pond, seO'-Ol".
Little Green pond, 390^.
lividus, Gomplixis, 4.54^
Locnstidae, 583'.
Longicorn beetle, 40U'\
lougicornis, Teleuomiis, 403'', 586'.
lougipeunis, Libellula, 526-.

Mesothemis, 526'^

Pachydiplax, 526".
longipes, Anax, 470'.
Incidus, Polycentropus, 404', 405',
563\ 565', 573'; expln nation of
plate, 59r.
luctnosa, Libellula, 532\
lydia, Libellula, 533«, 536^

Plathemis, 430-', 536^; explana-
tion of plates, 593', 594\
Lygaeid, 408-.

MacGillivray, A. D., Sawflies, 393\

584^-85-.

McLaclilan, cited, 415'.

Macrogomplins spiniceps, 458''.

Macromia, 48r, 481\ 482".

i'llinoiensis, 482°, 483=, 483*-84\
taeniolata, 482', 483^ 483^ 484-.
transversa, 481*.

Macromiinae, 430', 479", 480\ 480"-

84^

Macronychus glabratus, 583"; ex-
planation of plate, 591".
maculata, Galopteryx, 401", 407',
4071
Libellula, 535'.
niacnlatus, Chaitliodes, 549''.

Cordulegaster, ' 403", 405', 407',
407", 431^ 474\ 474=, 474^ 475^
475^ 476*, 476"-77'.
Neuromus, 549''.
niadidns, Peripsocus, 403'.
niainensis, Ophiogoniphus, 431",

436^
Mantispidae, 540'.
Maps of Saranac region, 386, 388.
May flies, 391=, 393', 394*, 397=, 403^

405^ 406'-, 408=, 408', 409', 411^

418=-29^
Mecoptera, 583^
Melieria simills, 575=.
Mesothemis, 507', .508", 527'.
corrupta, 525'.
lougipeunis, 526=.
simplicicollis, 527*-28=.
metallica, Somatochlora, 485°.
Mia 11, L. C, cited, 543".
Micrasema, 504=.
Micrathyria, 43P, 507', 508*, 528'.

berenice, 528*.
Micromiis, 551'.
Midges, 574'.
minor, Aeschna, 466\
minutum. Trichogramma, 584'.
niinutus, Gomphus, 454".
modesta, Cordulia, 486*.
Molanna cinerea, 404\ 404^ 503\

504-'^-6.5", 573'; explanation of plate,

591'.
Mollusks, 402*, 404'.
montannm, Asindulum, 574*.
Moore, Dr J. P., cited, 393*; ac-

knoAvledgments to, .399^
Morse, A. P., referred to, 528'.
Mosquitos, 403', 405', 574'.
Moths, 4ir.

mnlticincta, Aeshna, 468'.
Muscidae, 403'.
mutabilis, Hilara, .574'.
Mycetophilidae, 574*.
Myrmeleonidae, 540'.
Mystacides nigra, 573*.

naevius, Aeshna, 443=.

Gomphus, 443=.
Nannophya bella, 509".
Nannothemis, 506^ 508*, 509".

bella, 509^-11'.
Nasiaeschna, 463", 464', 467*.

pentiicantlia, 467^-68".
Natural societies, place of insects in,

394=.
nebulosa, Panorpa, 583\
Needham, Dr J. G., acknowledg-
ments to, 563".
Nehallennia irene, 402'.
Nemourinae, 417'-18*,

6o8

NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM

Neuraeschna vinosa, 464®.
Neurocordiilia, 484", 485% 486\ 495*.

obsoleta, 486^-87', 536^

ulileri, 497\
Neuromus maculatus, 549'''.
Neuronia dossuaris, 572".

postica, 572".
Neuroptera, 397% 411', 4ir, 540*;

explanation of plate, 595\
nigra, Mystacides, 573^
nlgripes, Aphidius, 403% 588'.
Notidobia, 564%
Notoxus ancliora, 403*.
Nunney, W. H., cited, 543%
nympbae, Galerucella, 583'.

obesa, Baetlsca, 420^

Objects and results of work, 384^*-

85=, 392*-99*.
obliquus, Cordulegaster, 474^ 475°.
obscurus, Progomphus, 436%
obsoleta, Didymops, 486%
Epitheca, 486%
Libellula, 486%
Neurocordulia, 4S6^ 536%
obtrusa, Diplax, 525*.
obtrusum, Sympetrum, 52r, 521%

522% 525^
Odonata, 392% 393% 394', 394% 396^
401^ 402% 403% 405^ 406\ 411% 429'-
540*; bibliographies of, 431"^-32%
explanation of plate, 593%
Oecisnins, 564%

oligochaetes, Limnicolous, 404^.
Oligopletrum, 564"^.
omega, Pachyprotasis, 584%
Opliiogomplms, 407% 435=, 436S 436'-
40=.
aspersus, 403% 40.5*, 407% 431%
436% 437'-,38''; explanation of
plate, 593=.
carolinus, 440*.

carolus, 431=, 436^ 437*, 439'; ex-
planation of plates, 593°, 594%
johannus, 431% 436% 439'-40^; ex-
planation of plate, 593".
mainensis, 431-, 436%
rupinsnlensis, 436^ 437%
Orl fly, 542*.
ornata, Celitbemis, 513", 514\ 516'.

ornata, Diplax, 516*.

Libellula, 516*.
oruatus, Limnopbilus, 573'.
Ortalidae, 575'.
Orthoptera, 582^-83%
Osborn, Herbert, acknowledgments

to, 399«.
Osmjdus, 552=.

Pachydiplax, 507% 508% 526*.

longipennis, 526=-27=.
Pacbynematus corticosus, 584%
Pachyprotasis omega, 584%
Palingenia bilineata, 427%
limbata, 427%
pnlchella, 420*.
pallidus, Gomphus, explanation of

plate, 594%
Panorpa nebulosa, 583%

signifer, 583%
Pantala, 508^ 509*, 539%
flavescens, 539"-40%
parvipennis, Tettigidea, 582%
parvulus, Aeshua, 441%
Gomphus, 441%

Lanthus, 44r-42''; explanation
of plates, 593% 594'.
pectinicornis, Chauliodes, 545*, 547°.
Hemerobius, 547%
Semblis, 547*.
pellucida, Gamnula, 583*.

Liburnia, 403*.
pentacantha, Aeschua, 467'.

Nasiaoschna, 467''-68%
Peripsocus madidus, 403%
Perithemis, 506^ 508% 511%

domitia, 433, 512'-13-'; explana-
tion of plates, 593% 594%
Perlinae, 417%
Perlini, 417%
Petalnra thoreyi, 472%
Petalurinae, 43r, 434*, 434% 472=-73%
Phantom flies, 410% 498*.
Phryganea cinerea, 572'; explana-
tion of plate, 595'.
vestita, 572%
Phryganeidae, 563', 572%
Physa, 401^ 402% 402*.
Physocephala furcillata, 575%
picipes, Stratiomyia, 576%

INDEX TO AQUATIC INSECTS IN THE ADIRONDACKS

609

picta, Cliloroperla, 414'.

Pictet, F. J., cited, 412^ 418^ 543^

pictipes, Simulium, 393*.

Tetanocera, 574», SSO^-Sr; ex-
planation of plate, 592\ 590".
pictus, Herpetogomplius, 437''.
pistillata, Scudderia, 583-.
plagiatns, Gomphus, 445", 447', 458°.
Plates, explanation of, 590^-96''.
Plathemis, 50S-, 509-, 536^

lydia, 430=, 536^-37'; explanation

of plates, 593', 594^
trimaculata, 537^
Plecoptera, 394\ 39r, 408^ 40U\ 411*,

412=-18\
plumbea, Libelhila, 531', 532^ 534\
Podisma glacialis, 5831
polita, Zabrachia, 409", 574', 585".
Polycentropus lucidus, 404S 405\
563S 565'-66% 573^ explanation of
plate, 591'.
Polymitarcys, 419^
polysticta, Libellula, 486'.
Polystoecljotes, 55P, 551*.

punctatus, 551'; explanation of

plate, 595^

Pontania hyalina, 584".

postica, Neuronia, 572".

princeps, Oordulia, 488^

Epicordulia, 488\ 489", 490'; ex-
planation of plates, 594% 594".
Epitheca, 488^
Progomphus, 435*, 435°.

obscurus, 436*.
Propagating ponds, 389--92^
Psoeid, 403*.
Pteronarcini, 417'.
pudicus, Goniotaulius, 573°.
pnlehella, Heptagenia, 408°, 409*,
420*-2r; explanation of plate,
592=.
Libellula, 486% 53r, 532^ 536';

explanation of plate, 594'.
Palingenia, 420''.
punctatus, Polystoecbotes, 551'; ex-
planation of plate, 595-.
pusilla, Donacia, 583'.
pygmaea, B'aetis, 393', 405', 408',
421'-23^• explanation of plate, 592'.
pygmea, Oloe, 421^

quadriceps, Bracbystropba, 408%

587°.
qnadricolor, Aesbna, 452%

Gompbus, 431=, 444% 446', 452%
quadriguttata, Aescbna, 464%
quadrimaculata, Libellula, 431% 531',

532=, 534%
qnadrupla, Libellula, 534%
Quantitative studies of insect life.

400''-6*.

Rana, 401% 402% 404'.

Ranatra, 583*.

Rapids, life of, 407'.

rastricornis, Cbauliodes, 390', 545%

546*.
Reproductive capacity of insects,

394%
resurgens, Leptocerus, 573*; ex-
planation of plate, 596%
Rbizarcba astigma, 403% 587"-88=.
Rbyacopbilidae, 564*, 573".
Roederiodes, 585'-S6%

juncta, 408% 409% 574', 581'-82',
586=; explanation of plate,
592%
Rotifers, 409*.
rubicundula, Diplax, 524% 524'.

Libellula, 524".
rubicundulum, Sympetrum, 521%

521', 522% 524".
ruflpes, Tentbredo, 584%
rupinsulense, Diastatomma, 437'.
rupinsulensis, Eirpetogompbus, 437=.
Opbiogompbus, 436', 437^

Salamandier, 402'.

Saranac Inn and immediate vicinity,
map, 388.

Saranac region, map, 386.

saratogensis, Tetanocera, 575*.

Sawflies, 393', 584^-85%

sayi, Cordulegaster, 474% 474% 475=,
477'.

scabripennis, Stenopbylax, 573=.

scalaris, Hydropsycbe, 573^; ex-
planation of plate, 596%

seapularis, Hydrellia, 403'.

Scarabaeid beetle, 401%

Sceliouidae, 586".

6io

NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM

Schiller, cited, 418^

Sciomyzidae, 574^-75\

Screen cage, 398^

Scudder, S. H., acknowledgments to,

399'.
scudderi, Gomphus, 403', 410^ 431%
443'', 444^ 447\ 456^-57"; explana-
tion of plates, 593^ 593^
Scudderia pistillata, 583'.
Selys, cited, 453°.
selysi, Cordulia, 495^
Semblis pectinicoruis, 547\
semiaquea, Cordulia, 494^
Libellula, 494'.

Tetragoneuria, 407', 490\ 493",
493^ 494S 494^
semicincta, Diplax, 523'.

Libellula, 523'.
semicinctum, Sympetrum, 521^ 522",

523^; explanation of plate, 594".
semifasciata, Libellula, 531^ 532^

535°; explanation of plate, 594'.
Semiscolex, 402%

Sepedon fuscipennis, 404^ 574-, 577*-
80\ 580°, 584=*; explanation of
plate, 592% 596°.
spliegius, 578'.
spinipes, 578'.
sepedontis:, Atractodes, 584*, 588'-S9\
Sericostoma, 564\
Sericostomatidae, 583% 571%
serricornis, Chauliodes, 545% 549%

explanation of plate, 595% 595^
sexnotata, Cicadula, 402'.
Sheraton, W., cited, 393%
shurtleffi, Cordulia, 391% 431% 491%
502% 518% explanation of plate,
593%
Sialidae, 397% 411% 541% 541%
Sialis, 541% 542% 542%
bilineata, 414°.

infumata, 542^-44% explanation
of plate, 595%
Sieve net, 397%
signifer, Panorpa, 588%
Silo, 564%
similis, Ceroxys, 575-.

Melieria, 575%
simplieicollis, Libellula, 527%
Mesothemis, 527^

Simuliidae, 574%

Simulium, 408% 408% explanation of
plate, 592%
pictipes, 393'.

venustum, 404% 407^, 574% ex-
planation of plate, 592\
Siphlurus, 419%

alternatus, 391% 423'*-25% ex-
planation of plate, 591%
annulatus, 424-.
Sisyra, 551% 552% 552% 552% 552'-57'.
fuscata, 554".

umbrata, 393% 555S57% explana-
tion of plate, 591^
vicaria, 554%
Skimmers, 478'-540%
Snails, 401% 402% 402% 404%
Soldier flies, 574% 576%
Somatochlora, 484% 485% 498% 504%
albicincta, 485%
elongata, 485% 498% 499^-500%

explanation of plate, 594%
fllosa, 500*.
lepida, 506-.
libera, 504%
linearis, 501'.
lintneri, 506%
metallica, 485%
tenebrosa, 501°-2%
walshii, 501%
sordidus, Gomphus, 431% 444% 446%

454'-55%
Sphaerium, 402% 404%
Spharagemon sp.? 583\
sphegius, Sepedon, 578%
spicata, Aeshna, 459%
spicatus, Gomphus, 403% 407% 444%
448% 453% 459^-60% explanation of
plate, 593%
spiuiceps, Gompihus, 443% 445% 447%
458'-59^; explanation of plate,
594%
Macrogomphus, 458%
spiniferus, Aeschna, 470^%
spinigera, Tetragoneuria, 490% 493%

493% 493°.
spinipes, Sepedon, 578'.
spinosa, Tetragoneuria, 431^, 490^,
493% 493°, 495'; explanation of
plate, 594%

INDEX TO AQUATIC INSECTS IN THE ADIRONDACKS

6ii

spinosus, Dromogomphus, 461°-62';
explanation of plate, 598*.
Gomphus, 461".
Sponge flies, 560^
Spongilla flies, 397', 409-, 560\
Spongilla fragilis, explanation of

plate, 591".
State museum, additions to, 392'-

93='.
Stenopliylax scabripeunis, 578-.
Stone flies, 394\ 397-, 405% 408\ 409\

411\ 412--18'.
Stratiomyia badius, 574", 576^-77';
explanation of plate, 590*.
isehiaca, 57G".
plcipes, 570".
Stratiomyidae, 409", 574".
Strongylogaster anuulosus, 584".
Struck, Dr R., cited, 5G3-.
Stylurus, 447%
subtilis, Donacia, 588'.
Sunfish, 402%
Swale flies, 574^
Swett, L. W., acknowledgments to,

385%
Sympetrum, 507% 508^ 519"; explana-
tion of plate, 594%
albifrons, 521% 52r, 525%
assimilatum, 403^ 405% 521=, 521«,

522", 524^
cori'uptum, 520% 521% 525%
costiferum, 521% 521^ 522%
illotum, 429^; explanation of

plate, 594%
obtrusum, 521% 521% 522^ 525%
rubicundulum, 521*, 521', 522^

524°-25%
semicinctum, 521% 522-, 523'-24=;

explanation of plate, 594%
vicinum, 521°, 522^ 522^-23%
Syrphus fly, 401%

Tabanid larvae, 404%
Tabanidae, 405', 409', 575%
Tachopteryx thoreyi, 431", 472*-78%
taeniolata, Maeromia, 482", 488^ 483%

484%
'"neniopteryx, 418%
-•axoiuis innomlnatns, 585%
Telenomus longicoruis, 403% 586%

tenebrosa, Cordulia, 501%
Libellula, 501%
Somatochlora, 501%
tenella, Leuctra, 393", 405% 408% 416'-

18^^; explanation of plate, 592%
Tentliredo rufipes, 584".

verticalis, 584%
ternai'ia, Jjibellula, 535".
Tetanocera, 574%
boscii, 575% .
Clara, 575%
ferruginea, 580%
pictipes, 574% 580^-81"; explana-
tion of plates, 592% 596%
saratogensis, 575%
Tetragoneuria, 390", 484^ 4S5^ 485",
489^-95% 496%
cynosura, 489", 490% 492, 493%

493% 494%
semiaquea, 407^ 490^ 493^ 493",

494% 494^
spinigera, 490% 493=, 493*, 493".
spiuosa, 431% 490^ 493*, 493",
495'; explanation of plate,
594".
Tettigidea parvipeunis, 582%
Tettix granulatus, 582%
Thecapbora diastatops, 477%
thoreyi, Petalura, 472%

Tachopteryx, 431", 472*-73%
Uropetala, 472%
Thysanura, 411%

Tipula abdominalis, 410% 498% 573%
575'-7G^; explanation of plate,
596^ 596%
albilatus, 575".
Tipulidae, 405', 573^-74%
Tramea, 508', 509*, 53r-39%
Carolina, 538% 538%
lacerata, 538^ 538% 539^; ex-
planation of plate, 593%
transmarina, Ohloroperla, 414%
transversa, Didymops, 407^ 407",
48r; explanation of plate,
593%
Libellula, 481%
Maeromia, 481%
Trap lanterns, 398"-99*.
Triaeuodes ignita, 573'; explanation
of plate, 596%

6l2

NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM

Trichiosoma angulatum, 584^.

Tricbogramma minutum, 5S4^

Trichoptera, 39r, 392^ SM\ 394^
397^ 402S 404S 4€4»-5=, 408=, 408^
411«, 561^-73'; explanation of
plates, 595''-9G^

trlmaculata, Libellnla, 53G'.
Platliemis, 537\

uhleri, Cordulia, 495', 497\
Helocorclulia, 496', 497\
Neurocordulia, 497\ '

umbrata, Sisyra, 393°, 555*; explana-
tion of plate, 591'. •

umbratus, Gomplius, 455\

unguiculata, Lestes, 402".

TJropetala thoreyi, 472\

varia, Epbemera, 403S 405', 428=,

429'; explanation of plate, 59r.
variabilis, Hexagenia, 403', 427^-28";

explanation of plate, 593\
vasta, Aeslina, 458^
vastus, Gomplius, 445', 447^ 458\
Vaysseire, cited, 418'.
ventricosus, Qiomplius, 444', 447^

456^
venustum, Simulium, 404*, 407^ 574°;

explanation of plate, 592^
verticalis, Aescbna, 469'.
Isehnura, 402'.
Tenthredro, 584".

vestita, Phryganea, 572'.
vibrans, Libellula, 531", 533^
vicaria, Heptagenia, 421^

Sisyra, 554\
vicina, Diplax, 522".
vieinum, Sympetrum, 521'', 522',

522^
villosipes, Aeshna, 460\

Gomphus, 444*, 448*, 460^-61=.
vinosa, Aeschna, '464".

Boyeria, 407*, 464"-66=.

Fonscolombia, 465\

Neuraescbna, 464'.
violacea, Argia, 402\ 405*, 407*.

Walsh, B. D., cited, 413'.

walsbii, Cordulia, 50r.
Somatocblora, 501*.

Wasp-mimicker, 575^

Water skaters, 402\ 402^

Weitli, R., cited, 509^

Westcott, Dr O. S., acknowledg-
ments to, 385^

Williamson, E. B., cited, 43r, 431',
432', 472', 472^ 515^

Xiphidium fasciatum, 583-.

ZabracMa, 585*.

polita, 409», 574', 585".
Zoraeua, 478^
Zygoptera, 430*.

University of the State of New York

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Portage and Chemung groups. 62+293p. 51pl. 1885. $2.50
pt2 Gasteropoda, pteropoda and cephalopoda of the upper Helderberg,

Hamilton, Portage aud ChemuQg groups. 2v. 1879. v. 1, text. 15-|-492p.

V.2, 120pl. $2.50 for 2 V.

V. 6 Corals aud bryozoa of the lower and upper Helderberg and Hamilton

groups. 24-f298p. 67pl. 1887. . $2.50

V. 7 Trilobites and other Crustacea of the Oriskany, upper Helderberg, Hamil-
ton, Portage, Chemung and Catskill groups. 64-f236p. 46pl. 1888. Cont.

supplement to v. 5, pt 2. Pteropoda, cephalopoda and annelida. 42p. 18pl.

1888. ' _ $2.50

V. 8 ptl Introduction to the study of the genera of the paleozoic braehiopoda.

$2.50
pt2 Paleozoic braehiopoda. i6-f394p. 85pl. 1894. $2.50

Museum handbooks. 7j^.xi2^ cm. Albany 1893-date. /

Prices in quantities, 1 cent for each 16 pages or less. Single copies postpaid
as below.

H5 New York state museum. i4p. il. ,1 3c

Outlines history and work of the museum; with list of staff and scientific
publications, 1893.

H13 Paleontology. 8p. 2c

Brief outline of state museum work in paleontology under heads : Definition ;
Relation to biology : Relation to stratigraphy : History of paleontology in New
York.

H15 Guide to excursions in the fossiliferous rocks of NewYork. i2op. 8c
Itineraries of 32 trips covering nearly the entire series of paleozoic rocks, pre-
pared specially for the use of teachers and students desiring to acquaint them-
selves more intimately with the classic rocks of this' state.

H16 Entomology. 8p. Out of print

H17 Geology. In preparation

Maps. Merrill, F: J." H. Economic and geologic map ot the state
of New York. 59x67 cm. 1894. Unmounted 25c, backed on muslin 75c
Scale 14 miles to 1 inch. New edition in preparation.

— Geologic map of New York. 1900. j^ $2.50

Scale 5 miles to 1 inch.