s 3£*.*>C STATE DOCUMENTS Ltir REPORT to the Montana Livestock Sanitary Board July 1, 1958 through June 30, 1959 Montana State Library 3 0864 1005 0972 1 MONTANA LIVESTOCK SANITARY BOARD ********** John W. Black, Hinsdale, President William G. Ragen, Townsend, Vice-President Joe C. King, Lev/is town Melvin Peterson, Wisdom Archie Wilson, Jr., St, Xavier Manly A. Moore, Powderville ********** JOHN W. SAFFORD Executive Officer State Veterinarian Helena, Montana July 1, 1959 Honorable J. Hugo Aronson, Governor of Montana Helena, Montana Dear Governor Aronson: In compliance with Section 46-242, ROM 1947, we transmit herewith the report of the State Veterinarian to the Montana Livestock Sanitary Board for the year July 1, 1958, through June 30, 1959. Respectfully submitted, MONTANA LIVESTOCK SANITARY BOARD J. \'I. Safford, Executive Officer. Helena, Montana Jul;/ 1, 1959 Hon. Livestock Sanitary Board Helena, Montana Gentlemen: In compliance with Title 46, Section 242, RCM 1947, I submit the report of the State Veterinarian and Executive Officer to the Livestock Sanitary Board for the year ending June 30, 1959. There were six meetings of the Livestock Sanitary Board during the year. A meeting was held in Helena, August 22, 23, and 24, 1958. A meeting was held in Great Falls, December 2, and 3, 1958. A meeting was held in Helena, December 21, 1958. A meeting was held in Helena, March 13, 14, and 15, 1959. A meeting was held in Bozeman, April 26, 1959. A meeting was held in Miles City, May 21, 1959. At these meetings the varied activities and responsibilities of the Livestock Sanitary Board were discussed and acted upon. All actions taken and regulations and orders issued by the Executive Officer, in the interim between meet- ings of the Board, were approved. The complete minutes of all meetings are on file in the office of the State Veterinarian at the Livestock Building at the Capitol in Helena. FOREWORD GROSS INCOME - 1957 (Taken from Mont. Agricultural Statistics Vol. VII, Dec. '58) All cattle $144,417,000 Farm value of milk 18,900,000 Sheep and lambs 13,616,000 Wool 8,316,000 Swine 7,605, 0C0 Chickens 1,664,000 Chicken eggs 6,921,000 Turkeys 235,000 TOTAL GROSS INCOME 3203,674,000 -1- These figures not only represent a most important factor in the economy of Montana, but also represent gross returns from supplying the most important item absolutely essential to any person, state or nation — that item is healthful, wholesome , nutritious food. We believe that too much is taken for granted in this country — that food and fiber are just things you can call up and order, and always obtain. It is sincerely hoped that in these years of abundance that we do not become careless in guarding the source of our food supply — the primary source of our strength and vigor as a state and nation. The ingenuity of the American rancher, the blessings of a fertile land, and an abundance of water, have made it possible for many to turn their full-time endeavors to creative works — industrial development, invention, scientific re- search and development, construction, art, music, and on, indefinitely — the results of which have been unparalleled in history. How much of this could have been done if man had had to devote a good many of his waking hours to obtaining food to merely keep the body alive? To me, the ability of the American ranchers and farmers to not only supply enough wholesome, nutritious food for their families, but for many others, is the primary source of American strength — its secret weapon. Let us guard it well. It is with these thoughts in mind that the entire staff of the Livestock Sanitary Board have conducted their day-to-day operations, planned their work, and established their organizational structure. The responsibilities of the Board, as prescribed by legislative acts, are: (1) To guard against the serious threat of disease laying waste to the livestock and poultry industry. (2) To prevent the transmission of animal diseases to man by animal contact and to prevent the transmission of all diseases through meat and milk. The diseases in Montana livestock and the threat of the introduction of diseases is a most serious threat to a most important source of food and fiber, as this report will show. The seriousness can be expressed in the estimated annual loss from disease and pestilence which has been variously estimated between $15, 000,000 and $25,000,000. Yet, we have no rapidly spreading animal plagues and have eradicated a number of dangerous diseases in the past. The wasteful toll re- sulting from the introduction of just one rapidly spreading disease, on top of the already huge loss to disease, would indeed be frightful. Perhaps the most important development, the past year, which will provide the livestock industry with a badly needed facility to fight the diseases of their herds and flocks, is the authorization of the Thirty-sixth Legislature for the live- stockmen to spend their mill levy money to replace the 1918 Livestock Sanitary Board diagnostic laboratory with a new laboratory. An up-to-date, well staffed, diagnostic laboratory is absolutely essential in meeting the challenge of any disease problem. -2- It will be the intense purpose of the Board to construct and operate the new diagnostic laboratory in such a way that the people of Montana and the livestock industry will soon realize a return of many, many times their original investment. As this report will show, the scope of disease problems in protection of animal health and food supplies is wide and technically complicated. New develop- ments and knowledge in medical and veterinary medical science are adopted and applied as soon as possible in carrying out the responsibilities of the Board. These new developments must be applied to the Board's medical-legal approach to the control of animal diseases. This requires the coordination of the activities of many, in variou fields of endeavor. It is a pleasure to report to the Board that we have enjoyed the excellent cooperation of many people and organizations in obtaining the accomplish- ments shown in this report. -3- CATTLE DISEASES Veterinarians in Montana reported 51 cattle diseases in 10,940 cattle on 3,929 ranches for the fiscal year of 1958-59. It would be most interesting if every disease could be reported. The figure would, perhaps, be more startling. Those losses, valued at $100.00 a head, involve $10, 940,000 worth of cattle! We wish to call the following diseases to your special attention: Actinobacillosis and Actinomycosis Twice as many cases of cattle infected with either of these two infections were reported this year as last — 1,824 cases this year. We again urge early de- tection, prompt treatment,' isolation of the infected discharging animals, and cleaning and disinfection of contaminated premises and equipment. Anaplasmosis Twenty-eight clinical cases of anaplasmosis i-/ere reported on seven ranches this past year. Four hundred twenty-nine cattle were negative, 17 suspicious, and seven positive to the complement-fixation test for anaplasmosis. Three antelope, 3 Bighorn Sheep, 58 deer, and 7 elk were negative, and 9 deer and 11 elk gave posi- tive reactions to the complement-f ixation t est for anaplasmosis. Anaplasmosis was diagnosed in Liberty, Fergus, McCone, Rosebud, Big Horn, Yellowstone, and Stillwater Counties. Over the year, it has been established that anaplasmosis is enzootic in southeastern central, and north-central Montana. Anaplasmosis has never occurred in native cattle in western Montana, yet all the deer and elk found to be positive to the complement-fixation test were in Ravalli and Missoula Counties. In the areas of Montana where the disease is enzootic in cattle, the few deer and antelope tested were negative. Thirteen per cent of all the deer tested in the state; 36?0 of the deer tested in Missoula County; and 64% of the elk tested in Ravalli County gave positive reactions to the C-F test for anaplasmosis. Although the numbers in this preliminary- observation are small they appear significant. This points up the very important need of further studies on this disease before we can hope to give the livestockmen satisfactory relief from it. As reported last year, we are certain quite a number of cases of anaplas- mosis occur in Montana that are not reported. It is indeed unfortunate that a few cattlemen choose to hide and cover up such a disease. It does three things: (1) It affords no opportunity for obtaining true knowledge of the mode of spread, (2) it hides the importance of the disease to the industry and (3) it permits the wider dissemination of disease through the carrier animal. We recommend that the cattle industry demand more research and more effective control over anaplasmosis. -4- Anthrax No cases of anthrax were reported during the year. The outbreak in Richlanc County during the 1957-58 fiscal year has been kept under close observation. It ap- pears that the control measures taken, the use of Sterne's vaccine, and the excellent cooperation of the ranchers in Richland County, were effective. It is recommended that the ranchers in Richland County, in the West Charlie Creek area, continue to keep their livestock vaccinated. Bacillary Hemoglobinuria (Redwater) Redwater disease continues to increase in Western Montana. The reported cases, since its introduction in 1939, each year, are as follows: 1940 to 1952 23 cases per year (avg.) 1953 to 1955 52 " ' " 1956 91 cases 1957 143 " 1953 246 " 1959 270 " The above table means that Montana lost, this past year, 12 times as many cattle from redwater than were lost each year during the 12-year period from 1940 to 1952, There was approximately a 9% increase over last year, which was the all- time high. Eighty-one per cent of the cases were reported in Lake and Ravalli Counties. It was reported last year that the disease was enzootic in Lake, Ravalli, Powell, Granite, and Missoula Counties. Because of reports this last year, we be- lieve that two counties can be added — Sanders and Lewis and Clark. Nine cases were reported in Sanders County in the vicinity of Lone Pine. The pattern of the Sanders County outbreak seems to indicate that this area will become an established infected area. The outbreak on one ranch in Lewis and Clark County is an extension of the Powell County enzootic area up the Blackfoot River. In Lake County 12,148 cattle were vaccinated against redwater. This is a reduction of ever 7,000 reported the year previous. A preliminary investigation into the effectiveness of the redv;ater bacterin demonstrates that it will protect the cattle for six months, provided the vaccine is properly prepared from an immunogenic strain of Clostridium hemolyticum. Livestockmen in the serious redwater areas, par- ticularly Lake and Ravalli Counties, must keep their cattle vaccinated every six months to avoid losses. The research program on this disease at the Montana Veterinary Research Laboratory is being re-evaluated and intensified. Blackleg Blackleg has been known to exist in Montana probably since there have been cattle. The causative organism is a spore-former and can live in the soil for long -5- periods of time. The only thing that can be done is to vaccinate the calves. This department has recommended and urged for years that the calves be vaccinated in the spring before turn-out time and again in the fall. This will prevent the disease. Last year 89 cases were reported on 55 ranches. We have no way of knowing how many were not reported. Simple arithmetic adds up to something like this: The cost to vaccinate 89 calves for blackleg twice is about $22.00 - the value of the 89 calves at this fall's contracted price is about $10,000. For failure to vaccinate 39 calves at a cost of $22.00, 55 Montana cattle owners lost $10,000. Why? This gives an idea of the cost of disease — even a disease considered of minor importance. Brucellosis There was a marked reduction in the brucellosis-eradication program activ- ities during the year, the reason being that 52 of Montana's counties are now modi- f ied-certif ied areas, and only five counties were recertified. One county. Rosebud, which has nearly completed the certification test, was held up because of litigation. Big Horn County is in the final phase of finishing up the certification test. Custsr and Powder River Counties do not choose to have a brucellosis-eradication program. During the fiscal year 45,789 head of cattle were tested for brucellosis with 287 reactors — an infection rate of 0.62%. This is 0.07% higher than last year. This is to be expected, but is remarkabl^r low, because more of the year's testing was devoted to testing and cleaning up infected herds than the previous year. During the year 9,988 .PER (milk ring) tests were made. The 141 suspicious ABR tests made are being followed up with blood tests of the herds. There was an increase of 1,435 ABR tests over last year, yet the number of suspicious ring tests was reduced from 162 to 141. This inexpensive method of detecting brucellosis- infected dairy herds should be continued as a regular procedure. On original area tests of 54 Montana counties 2,434 herds (7.96%) were found to be infected. The reduction of brucellosis-infected herds has been as follows : July 1, 1957 - 666 infected herds (2.36%) January 1, 1953 - 439 " " (1.57%) July 1, 1953 - 357 " " (1.24%) January 1, 1959 - 278 " " (0.99%) July 1, 1959 - 238 " " (0.92%) Can there be any doubt as to the effectiveness of the brucellosis-eradication program when the cattle infection rate can be reduced from 5% to 0.62%, and the herd infec- tion rate from 7.967o to 0.92% in approximately five years? -6- The following table shows the progress of the bovine brucellosis- eradication program in Montana: Herds Ini :ected Herds Infected Countv Init ial Test June 30 . 1959 Beaverhead 75 - 13.7% 1 - 0.02% Big Horn* 91 - 13.2% 31 - 4.3% Blaine 30 - 4.6% 4 - 0.6% Broadwater 54 - 23.6% 3 - 1.3% Carbon 149 - 13.9% 4 — 0.3% Carter 34 - 7.9% 1 - 0.2% Cascade 140 - 13.9% 3 - 0.3% Chouteau 35 - 5.2% 4 - 0.6% Custer** •? ? Daniels 18 - 5.9% 1 - 0.3% Dawson 34 - O . O /a 3 - 0.4% Deer Lodqe 26 - 24 . 7% 0 — 0 Fallon 18 - J|w/o 2 - 0.5% Fergus 105 - 10.7% 20 - 2.0% Flathead Gallatin 30 62 : 2.6% 6.4% 0 4 — 0 0.4% Garfield 27 - 7.5% 3 - 0.9% Glacier 88 - 17.7% 11 - 2.2% Golden Valley- 24 - 12.1% 1 - 0.5% Granite 28 ~ 16.3% 1 - 0.5% Hill 31 ~ 6.1% 3 - 0.6% Jefferson 32 - 13.6% 0 - 0 Judith Basin 59 - 12.6% 4 - 0.9% Lake 105 - 7.8% 5 - 0.3% Lewis and Clark 67 - 17.1% 0 - 0 Liberty Lincoln 7 15 — 4.2% 5.3% 0 1 — 0 0.3% Madison £7 - 14.2% 9 - 1.4% McCone 17 - 3.6% 1 - 0.2% Meaghe r 54 - 34.3% 3 - 1.9% Mineral 3 - 4.3% 0 - 0 Missoula 60 - 10.3% 0 - 0 Musselshell 27 - 9 . 0% 0 - 0 Park 50 - 10.6% 4 - 0.9% Petroleum 27 - 19.1% 0 - 0 Phillips 30 - 4.8% 3 - 0.4% Pondera 36 - 6.4% 9 - 1.8% Powder River** *p ? Powell 51 - 17.4% 3 - 1.0% Prairie 30 - 11.9% 1 - 0.3% Ravalli 35 - 0 . L /o 8 - 0.8% Richland 45 - 3.9% 1 - 0.08% Roosevelt 50 ■* 8.4% 3 ~ 0.5% *Area test not completed **No eradication program -7- Table (Continued) Herds Infected Countv Init ial Test Rosebud* 39 — 9 . 3"/o Sanders 47 — 7.4% Sheridan 23 - 3.7% Silver Bow 8 — 8.7% Stillwater 52 - 7 "1 e? Sweet Grass 56 — 12.1% Teton 35 — 5.2% Toole 13 — 4.6% Treasure 25 — 15.3% Valley 33 - 4.4% Wheatland 17 — 12.3% Wibaux 23 - 3.4% Yellowstone 91 — 7.7% Herds Infected June 30 . 1959 1C - 2.4% 3 - 0.4% 1 - 0.3% 0 u — 0 0.5% 2 — 0.4% 8 - 1.2% 0 5 — 0 3.0% 0 1 — 0 0.7% 3 - 1.1% 9 - 0.9% *Area test not completed **No eradication program Twelve counties (indicated by those underlined) have no known; brucellosis- infected herds. These counties had 323 brucellosis-infected herds, an average of 10.37o infection rate. With the elimination of brucellosis in 12 counties, and the marked reduction in 42, there can be no doubt that the disease can be eradicated, if the cattle owners insist that only proven brucellosis-free cattle enter their counties and insist on the elimination of the infection from the few remaining in- fected herds in Montana. Brucellosis vaccination is playing a major role in the reduction of bovine brucellosis; 290,550 calves were vaccinated this past year with Brucella abortus vaccine. Approximately six dollars were spent to have calves vaccinated, compared to one dollar spent for testing this past year. To determine the effectiveness of Brucella abortus calfhood vaccination under overall conditions in Montana, a detailed study was made of all beef cattle tented in Montana under the area program. The data were assembled, statistically ai-Uyzed, and published in Pamphlet ARS-91-12 in April 1959, by the United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service. A summary quoted from the pamphlet is as follows: "To determine the efficiency of Brucella abortus Strain 19 vaccine in beef cattle, a comprehensive survey was conducted in the State of Montana at the time of the first area test for certification. Data on 951,014 cattle in 21,418 herds are presented. The vaccination status of each animal was determined at the time of test. The data are ana- lysed on the basis of percentage of animals vaccinated within each herd, and comparisons of vaccinated and nonvaccinated populations. The following facts are evident: -8- "1. The herd infection rate was only 23 percent lower in those herds in which all animals were vaccinated than it was in those herds in which none of the cattle were vaccinated. "2. The infection rate within the entire vaccinated cattle population was approximately 80 percent lower than that within the entire non- vaccinated population. "3. Vaccinal titers were not a primary cause for the presence of suspect animals in herds containing suspects, but no reactors. "4. Suspects occurred 36 percent less frequently within the vac- cinated population than within the ncnvaccinated population. "5. In partially vaccinated infected herds, brucellosis occurred 65 percent less frequently within the vaccinated population than it did within the nonvaccinated population. This, then, is a pro- tection rate of 65 percent in the face of known exposure. "6. In infected herds in which all animals were vaccinated, brucel- losis occurred 60 percent less frequently than it did within non- vaccinated cattle in partially vaccinated infected herds, "7. The relative protection afforded by Strain 19 vaccine did not influence the rate of infection within nonvaccinated populations in infected herds, regardless of the percent of animals vaccinated. "8. Vaccination alone cannot be expected to eradicate brucellosis nor to free the majority of infected herds from the disease. In- fected animals must be identified and eliminated. "9. Vaccination is very useful in building the resistance of sus- ceptible animals against brucellosis, but its limitations must be recognized." The effectiveness of the bovine brucellosis-eradication program in reducing the incidence of human brucellosis can be no better expressed than in the graph "Reported Human Brucellosis" prepared by the U. 5. Public Health Service, and which is reproduced on the following page. In cooperation with the Fish and Game Commission and Dr. Clyde Senger, of the University of Montana, 16 antelope, 5 Bighorn Sheep, 142 deer, and 87 elk from 30 counties were tested for brucellosis. Not one gave a positive reaction to the rapid plate agglutination brucellosis test. It is realized that the number is com- paratively small, but the results are encouraging. It is hoped that more tests can be made. -9- 7,oco - NUMBER OF CASES 6321 I . :: 6,000-1 i :• . REPORTED HUMAN BRUCELLOSIS UNITED STATES 1947-1956 ! i i • I ! 5,000- 4,000-! 3,000- 2,000- 4991 1,000- \; , J 4235 3510 .'. ! i.' 3139 2537 2032 1S23 0- 1947 46 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 YEAR Atlanta, Ga. April, 1958 CtJ 1 i 1 i 1 1 1 t 1 • L444 L300 983 u P-, 802 ; ' \' ■ , 1 i 1 58 -10- In summary, if the cattlemen can make as good progress toward the eradi- cation of bovine brucellosis the next fix'e years, this once most costly cattle dis- ease and public health menace will become a disease of the past. Montana cattlemen can be particularly proud of their accomplishments to date because the entire area eradication program has been, and is, carried on without the cattle owners receiving one cent of indemnity for animals found to be affected with the disease. This cannot be said in the vast majority of states. If the brucellosis-eradication program is carried on to its successful con- clusion, the money spent will be returned to the livestock industry many times. The effort made to date has been repaid by the marked reduction of the disease that has already been made in the state. For example, 2,440 herds were found to be infected. The average size herd tested in Montana was 44 head. The 2,440 herds would contain about 107,360 cattle. If the calf loss was only 5% from brucellosis (losses often run as high as 6C%), with calves worth $50 each as they were this summer, this would be a very minimum annual loss of $268,400. If the calf loss was 15% (the average loss in infected herds) the monetary value of the calves lost in one year would be $805,200. These figures do not include the loss from increased sterility, reduced milk production, and the danger to public health. Is it not wise to eliminate a disease that continues to spread and in- crease and cause such losses? Cancer Eye (Epithelioma) This past year 1,504 cases of cancer eye were reported. This is about 200 more than last year. At $150 each, 1,504 cows are worth $225,600 — a quarter of a million dollars, but many times these animals marred by cancer will bring $5, $10, or $20 apiece. At $20 a cow, 1,504 cows would be worth $30,080 — a possible loss to livestock owners of $194,800 a year. Cancer research will give us the answers whether it be human or animal re- search. In the meantime, we would recommend that the Livestock Sanitary Board urge the breed associations, and other cattle groups, to do all they can to reduce losses by applying the knowledge, already available, of hereditary susceptibility. Coccidiosis The number of cases reported this past year — 1,944 — was slightly less than the previous year and about one-third less than the year before that. It would seem that the mild fall and winter contributed to this reduction. The stress of weaning, change of feed, and sudden changes to severe weather, apparently play a big part in the occurrence of this disease. We again recommend the adoption of weaning and management practices that are known to reduce the incidence of coccidiosis. Research on the disease may lead to effective immunizing procedures and more knowledge of its transmission, especially in the winter when Montana livestock- men sustain their heaviest losses. -11- Foot Pot The loss of weight, loss of breeding ability, the risk of permanent lame- ness, and, on rare occasions, even death, makes this disease of real concern. Foot rot was reported in 4 22 cases on 130 ranches. Immediate treatment is most always effective. Preventive measures, espe- cially when the disease occurs spontaneously in a number of cattle on a dry summer range, are not known. More will simply have to be known as to the cause and the exact nature of the transmission of the disease before the Board can offer concrete suggestions for its prevention. Grass Tetany One hundred thirty-five cases of grass tetany were reported. All cases occurred in March, April, May, and June. The cases are usually lactating cows that have been placed on green grass for the first time in the spring. In some areas it is quite a serious problem every spring. For a good while this has been associated with hypcmagnesia. This concept of low plasma magnesium as the cause of tetany has been questioned by recent research work at the University of Pennsylvania. Other workers, in the field of mineral metabolism, indicate that there may be a substance in new spring grasses that pro- hibits full utilization of magnesium. One Montana veterinarian has reported that it seemed as if grass tetany was prevented on one ranch by filling the cows with hay that had been wet down with a saturated solution of magnesium sulfate before turning them out on the spring meadows. Leptospirosis There was a fourfold increase in the number of clinical cases of lepto- spirosis reported in cattle this year over those reported last year; 542 cases were reported in 98 herds. Cases were reported every month of the year, but 297 were reported in November and December, the rest being distributed about equally in the other months . During the year 33,014 leptospirosis tests were made on cattle — 769 (2.3%) were positive in dilutions of 1:40 or higher; 510 (1.67o) were suspicious. This is about double the number of reactors found in approximately the same number of cattle tested last year. Stoenner's rapid plate test and L_;_ pomona antigen were used in making all these tests. The Fish and Game Commission and Montana University submitted blood sam- ples for leptospirosis tests as follows: Antelope 47 negative 4 positive (8+%) 1 suspicious Bighorn Sheep 15 " 0 " 3 " Deer 405 " 1 " (0.4%) 4 " Elk 213 " 3 " (1.4%) -12- All antelope, deer, and elk that gave positive reactions were obtained in Missoula and Lake Counties. Investigations made in other states have shown many animals such as opos- sums, skunks, rabbits, dogs, and others, can carry Leptospira pomona . The list at this time is no doubt incomplete. This indicates the wide dissemination of the dis- ease and the difficulties that are presented in the consideration of a control pro- gram. The department has distributed, on several occasions, recommendations for control and prevention methods that should be adopted. Montana's livestock industry must be alerted to, and become familiar with, leptospirosis in order to reduce losses from this so-called "self-limiting" disease. Infectious Keratitis (Fink Eye) On 29 ranches 1,039 cases were reported. This has been a much studied disease, yet the cause remains obscure and no satisfactory preventive measures are available. This should be approached through an intensive coordinated research project. Pulmonary Emphysema (Asthma) Less cases of pulmonary emphysema (308) were reported this year. than the previous two years. The vast majority of the cases were reported during August through November. Probably less is known about the cause and nature of this dis- ease than any disease of livestock in Montana. We have been recommending that pulmonary emphysema be made a full-time research project at the Veterinary Research Laboratory. Preliminary investigations have been made in attempts to establish avenues of approach. We believe that if the cattlemen would take a good look at this situation they would demand that something be done about it. The average number of cases re- ported the past three years is 356. (How many are not reported, we don't know.) We know the disease has been present at least 25 years. If cows are worth 3200, that is a loss of 371,200 a year. For 25 years it would amount to a loss to the cattle- men of $1,780,000. It would seem to me that this kind of loss would warrant a rela- tively small expenditure for a well planned, coordinated research approach to reduc- ing the loss. Q Fever Dr. Lauri Luoto, Senior Veterinarian on the staff of the Rocky Mountain Laboratory, U. S. Public Health Service, U. 5. Department of Health, Education, and Welfare, as a result of rather extensive outbreaks of Q fever in man in Idaho, wished to carry out an extensive survey in Montana to determine the incidence of Q fever in Montana cattle. This was part of an overall survey being conducted in the United States. -13- The Livestock Sanitary Board and the U. S. Department of Agriculture, ARS, ADED, as part of the brucellosis-eradication program, were collecting milk and cream samples every six months from dairies in Montana. The Livestock Sanitary Board routinely collects grade A milk samples for bacterial and chemical analyses. It was directed that all samples collected for these routine examinations be forwarded to Doctor Luoto for his use in making capillary agglutination tube tests for Q fever. It was further directed that all district deputy state veterinarians, in the course of their district work, assist Doctor Luoto in his investigations. Results of the survey show that about every dairy producing milk or cream for any purpose was tested. Approximately 8,000 milk samples from that many dairies and ranches have been checked. Herds found positive to the Q fever test are as follows: County No. Positive Herds Broadwater 1 Carbon 1 Cascade 10 Custer 3 Dawson 1 Flathead 1 Gallatin 25 Jefferson 1 Lake 8 Missoula 1 Park 10 Phillips 1 Pondera 1 Ravalli 15 Sweet Grass 1 Teton 12 Yellowstone 11 TOTAL 103 The disease was determined to be on the increase in the infected areas. The number of infected herds doubled in a 9-months period in Lake, Ravalli, and Gallatin Counties. For example, the number of infected herds in Gallatin County, in nine months, increased from 2.2% to 4.3% of the herds in the county. Investigations were carried on to determine the number of cattle infected in seme of the positive herds. It was found that up to 33%, 40%, and 50% of the cows in these herds gave a positive milk capillary agglutination test for Q fever. The results of the survey to date show; (1) Q fever is well established in the state; (2) the number of infected animals is increasing; (3) and the disease is spreading. Q fever is caused by a Rickettsia, Coxiella burneti . In animals this or- ganism has been found to localize in the placenta and udder. At the present time the disease is not considered of veterinary significance. Animals carrying the organism, under natural conditions, do not show any signs of illness. Cattle that have been experimentally infected have shown a temperature rise and a slight illness for a relatively short time. -14- The milk, and especially the placenta, of Q fever-infected cows carry large numbers of the organisms. Q fever infects man by his occupational exposure to infected livestock, by his residence near infected premises and, according to recent findings in England, by the use of raw infected milk or milk improperly pasteurized. Q fever in man may be a mild to a severe illness. The symptoms of the disease are similar to those of influenza, brucellosis, virus pneumonia, and "atypical" pneumonia. The significance of the results of the survey, therefore, are of first importance to public health. (For action taken by the Board and recommendations, see "Milk and Dairy Inspection" on page 39 of this report.) Just what the signif- icance of the survey may mean in terms of continual spread, human health, necessity for control measures, etc. remains to be determined. Rhinotracheitis One hundred three cases were reported which is a reduction over last year. The use of the newly developed vaccine can be considered as contributing to the reduction in the number of cases. Scabies It was necessary for the Board to issue orders to safeguard Montana's livestock from the introduction of scabies from outbreaks in Kansas and Texas last year. We are again happy to report no cattle scabies was diagnosed in Montana during the year. Shipping Fever There was a marked reduction in the number of cases cf shipping fever (961) this past year compared to the previous year. An almost ideal fall and a mild winter were no doubt important factors in this reduction, U. S. Department of Agriculture and California workers have both isolated a virus they believe to be the primary cause of shipping fever. This has long been suspected and it has been thought that the Pasteurella organisms associated with the disease were secondary invaders. We believe this recent break-through will lead the way for the livestockmen to more effectively reduce their losses from this very serious problem. Tuberculosis The tuberculin test was applied to 14,680 dairy cattle and 19,780 beef cattle. Three cattle in two dairy herds were classified as reactors to be able to obt?xn post-mortem examinations following atypical reactions to the test. On post- mortem examination no lesions of tuberculosis were observed. The herds were retested after 60 days and were negative. -15- No Montana cattle were reported to have tuberculosis lesions at slaughter. All Montana counties have been reaccredited as modified tuberculosis-free. Only 0.009"7o of the cattle tested gave a reaction to the tuberculin test. This percentage of reaction could not be considered to indicate a "typical" reaction or the presence of tuberculosis. It is recommended that the Board be very concerned about the increase in bovine tuberculosis in the Great Lakes region. Should the increase in these areas not be reduced, the Board should impose regulations to safeguard Montana's livestock industry from an introduction of tuberculosis from these areas. It will be of utmost importance to the cattle industry to maintain their herds free of this disease. It has been recommended, through representation on the Tuberculosis Commit- tee of the U. S. Livestock Sanitary Association, that the major portion of moneys available to the U. S. Department of Agriculture, AR3, ADED, for tuberculosis eradi- cation, be allocated to controlling and eradicating bovine tuberculosis in the Great Lakes region and in California. Historically, Montana imported all of the bovine tuberculosis from the Great Lakes region, primarily through the importation of dairy cows, the early part of the twentieth century. As a result, the incidence of bovine tuberculosis was high in certain areas of Montana. The loss to the dairy industry was enormous and children becoming affected with bovine tuberculosis was not un- common. The Montana livestockmen effectively eradicated the disease at considerable cost and have taken all measures to see that it will not become re-established. We again urge the cattlemen of Montana to insist and assist those states, in which bovine tuberculosis is on the increase, to eradicate the disease once and for all. It can be done. As long as there is any bovine tuberculosis in the United States, it will be a threat to the health of the livestock and people of Montana. Urolithiasis (Water Belly) This condition was reported in 600 cattle on 432 ranches this past year. This is a reduction over the past two years. The research workers at the Veterinary Research Laboratory have shown that during extremely cold weather weaner steer calves do not drink enough water. Perhaps the mild winter contributed to the reduced in- cidence of urolithiasis. We wish to call to the attention of the Board the exceptional work that is being done by the workers at the Veterinary Research Laboratory at Bozeman. We would recommend that all their findings, to date, be utilized to reduce losses. We feel confident that many more important facts will be forthcoming. White Muscle Disease This disease was reported in 222 calves on 120 ranches in Montana. This is a considerable increase over the past two years. There is no satisfactory explan- ation for the increase. The disease was diagnosed in Broadwater County this past spring. We believe this is the first confirmed case in that area. -16- Remarkable headway has been made the last few years by research workers throughout the world in solving the mysteries of this disease. There is more to be done. The disease is a major project at the Veterinary Research Laboratory and they are making major contributions to the world's knowledge on this problem. Their find- ings to date should be applied to help reduce losses. This past year research workers in Oregon have indicated that selenium must be present in addition to vitamin E to prevent the occurrence of white muscle. We feel this is an important finding and will assist materially in arriving at the final solution. Miscellaneous Diseases of Cattle Perhaps equally important cattle disease losses in Montana, not mentioned in this narrative report, are listed in the Montana Veterinarians' Disease Report for 1958-59, which is included in this annual report. We recommend you study this summary of all cattle diseases reported by veterinarians. -17- SHEEP DISEASES Montana veterinarians reported 24 sheep diseases in 15,074 sheep on 240 ranches. Estimating the value of sheep at $25 per head, the reported diseases in- volve an estimated $275,000 worth of sheep. We believe the following sheep disease problems should be called to your attention. Bluetongue The sheep disease - bluetongue - exists in 12 southwestern and western states in the United States. No cases have been reported in Montana. The Livestock Sanitary Board Order No. 183 issued June 28, 1958, remains in effect. We are hopeful enforcement of this order will assist in preventing a bluetongue outbreak in Montana. Coccidiosis This disease, primarily of feeder lambs, was reported on seven premises in 666 sheep. Much wo rk has been done on coccidiosis by this department and the Montana Veterinary Research Laboratory in the past. The findings and results of these studies have shown that management and feeding of lambs, in the change-over from pasture and weaning to feed lots, can do much to reduce the incidence of the disease. It is recommended that feed lot operators become familiar with these recommendations . Contagious Ecthyma (Soremouth) Soremouth in sheep was reported in 1,835 sheep on 31 ranches. R very in- expensive vaccine prevents the disease. It would appear that vaccination of lambs should be more widely used. Foot Rot Montana has long prided itself on the action taken in ridding range bands of sheep of infectious foot rot. Prompt and vigorous regulatory action proved most successful. The picture of the sheep industry in the state is changing from one of large open-range bands tc mere of the farm-flock operations. Foot rot in the large bands proved most costly because of loss of condition, sometimes loss of sheep, loss of wool, low conception, and starvation of lambs. These same losses occur in a foot rot-infected farm flock, but since the total loss does not affect the overall ranch economy, as it did in the large sheep operation, foot rot does not demand and re- ceive the attention it should. The disease as reported this year is in the farm flocks. The number of cases reported is 1,126 compared with 616 last year. The flocks are quarantined and treatment instituted to rid the flock of the disease. -18- We would like to recommend to the Board that a systematic procedure of in- spection be put into effect on all of the farm flocks in and around Lake, Sanders, and Missoula Counties, to once and for all locate the source of infection in that area and eradicate the disease. For a good many years this one area has continued to have foot rot in sheep. This source of infection endangers all flocks of sheep in Montana. We believe the employment of one man, who can recognize true infectious foot rot of sheep, for about six months, could locate the infected flocks in this area. Internal Parasites As reported to the Board one year ago, we believe that internal parasites, such as nasal bots, stomach worms, intestinal worms, lungworms, etc., in many hidden or obvious ways, cause the greatest loss to the sheep industry. We know that sheep- men could reduce most of the losses from internal parasites if they would take the time to have parasites identified, learn the life cycle of the parasites infecting their sheep, and then use all known management practices to break the life cycle to prevent reinfection. Many modern helminthics, properly used, will do much to bring greater returns from parasitized animals. Practically all practicing veterinarians have laboratory equipment available to identify parasite ova. The Livestock Sanitary Board laboratory stands ready to assist in every way possible to identify, and outline procedures for prevention and control of, internal parasites. We recommend that the Board continue to call to the attention of the sheep industry the importance of the internal parasite problem. Johne's Disease (Paratuberculosis ) The experimental vaccination of lambs in a flock infected with paratuber- culosis was continued this year. On October 10, 1958, all lambs (1,490) retained in the flock were vaccinated with a Johne's vaccine produced at the Veterinary Research Laboratory. This is the second year of vaccination of the lambs in attempts to con- trol the incidence of the disease. It is planned to continue the vaccination each fall. In three or four years, it is hoped that the results of the vaccination program, in reducing the incidence of Johne's disease in the flock can be evaluated. The ranch is also maintaining 175 head of control and young lamb vaccinates (between three and four weeks of age) in a small known infected flock to determine the effects of vaccinating lambs at an early age in preventing Johne's disease. Routine allergic and blood tests are made about every six months on these sheep. We are confident the work done by this ranch will yield information that will be of value to the entire sheep industry. Pediculosis (Louse Infestation) For many years louse infestation of Montana sheep was unknown. In about 1945, Dr. Lee Seghetti observed some badly infested sheep in Park County in a small flock. The lice were identified as Bovicola ovis. Since that time, lice have been observed in sheep from time to time at sporadic intervals. -19-- The past year considerable numbers of sheep from several sources were found to be infested with lice. Buyer resistance to Montana lambs was expressed on several occasions because of louse infestation. On direct order from the State Veterinarian's office it was ordered that all louse-infested sheep were to be quarantined until officially dipped. It was further ordered that all flocks of origin of louse-infested sheep be closely in- spected and if found infested, quarantined until dipped. This action was taken to attempt to eradicate the pest before it became too widely spread with consequent loss to the industry. The entire problem was reviewed with representatives of sheep producers and lamb feeders. As a result, the Board directed that sheep lice be eradicated wherever found. ■ To implement this action, the regulations in Chapter 11 were adopted. A total of 6,412 sheep on 29 ranches were found infested with lice. Scabies Montana sheep flocks continue to remain free of this once frightful in- festation, since the eradication of scabies in 1919. Outbreaks of scabies in Cass County, North Dakota, and in Carbon County, Wyoming, which originated from the Central States, necessitated the issuance of orders requiring the dipping of sheep originating in those areas and shipped into Montana. Mew Mexico, a state that has remained free of sheep scabies, experienced an outbreak this past year. A good many years ago all western states proved conclusively that sheep scab could be eradicated and those states could remain free from this disease. The result has been that western sheepmen were returned many times their investment in eradication costs. Sheep scab continues to remain in the central and eastern states. This poses a continual threat to Montana sheepmen. The Board has made every effort this past year to prevent the introduction of the disease. It is recommended that the Board continue to urge the complete eradication of sheep scab from the United States and eliminate this threat to Montana's sheep industry. Scrapie With the continued appearance of scrapie in sheep in the United States, Montana is again most fortunate in that scrapie was not diagnosed in sheep this past year. Scrapie was diagnosed in two flocks in Wyoming. At the close of the fis- cal year, all sheep shipped into Montana from the infected flocks in Wyoming were being located. Preliminary investigations indicated approximately 24 rams and 28 yearling ewe lambs were sold from the Wyoming infected flocks into 12 Montana flocks. Plans and directives are being drawn up to take every safeguard to prevent outbreaks in Montana. -20- The Animal Disease Eradication Division of the U.S. D. A. has done an ex- cellent job of determining the source of all scrapie outbreaks in the United States. The material has been made available to all the states. This study clearly shows that approximately 75 outbreaks of scrapie in 20 states were in sheep or the progeny of sheep that originated in Canada. The recent outbreaks in Wyoming originated from sheep that had been associated with an infected flock in Canada. Starting in 1954, with the ADED, USDA, cooperating, sheep originating from flocks associated with infected Canadian flocks have been kept under surveillance (that is, inspected periodically every six months or oftener) for a period of four years. In 1956 over 60,000 such sheep on 61 ranches were under surveillance. The flocks being closely watched contained sheep from the same source that was respons- ible for the Wyoming outbreak. This past year 23,000 sheep on 10 ranches still re- main under surveillance. There is no known method of treating or preventing scrapie. If the disease becomes established, up to 20% losses in infected flocks can be expected annually. The disease is almost always fatal. The incubation period can extend up to 3-k years and it is possible to transmit the disease from adult sheep through to their progeny. The nature of the disease warrants every measure possible to prevent it from becoming established in Montana. Vibriosis The reports for the year indicate outbreaks of vibriosis on 21 ranches. Virus Abortion (Enzootic Abortion ) Virus abortion was reported in 83 sheep in four flocks in Montana this past year. This new disease, first reported last year, posed many problems as to regulatory action that should be taken in regard to the outbreaks. There was considerable pressure that the Board should take strict regula- tory action against the flocks in which the disease was discovered. From inform- ation available on work done with testing sheep sera, in connection with other dis- ease investigations, with psittacosis, and psittacosis -lymphogranuloma venereum group antigens, it appeared that virus abortion in sheep was not recently introduced and was widespread, particularly in the northwest United States. It was also appar- ent that the disease was not a reportable disease in Scotland, France or Germany, and that it wzs being successfully controlled by vaccination. As a result, the Board re- fused to consider strict regulatory action or eradication procedures against the three known infected flocks until it could be determined how extensive the disease actually was in the United States. If the disease was as widespread as seemed ap- parent, then any action against the three infected flocks would be unnecessary and any control would not be well founded. Dr. Kadleigh Marsh, of the Montana Veterinary Research Laboratory, Dr. Paul DeLay of the USDA, Animal Disease and Parasite Research Division, and Dr. E. E. Saulmon of the USDA, Animal Disease Eradication Division, were sent to Scotland and -21- France, by the U. S. Department of Agriculture, ARS, to study control measures and to confirm the Montana diagnosis with Doctor Stamp of Scotland, who first isolated the enzootic abortion virus in 1950. At the request of the USDA, ADED, the Executive Officer of the Montana Livestock Sanitary Board attended a meeting in Washington, D. C, to determine con- trol procedures of enzootic abortion in the United States with representatives of the ARS and the study group on their return frcm Great Britain. The meeting was held August 8, 1953. The results of the meeting can be summarized in the following announcement from Dr. R. J. Anderson, in an ADED notice dated August 14, 1958: "Subject: Report of Study Group on Enzootic Abortion in Ewes"' "In reference to our letter of August 7, 1953, the study group, mentioned in the third paragraph, returned Friday, August 8. Their findings were: "1. The Montana material that was taken by the group was compared with the enzootic abortion virus isolated by Dr. Stamp in Scotland and was considered to be the same. Further comparison tests are being conducted. "2. The disease is not a reportable disease in countries such as England, Scotland, and France. The regulatory officials of those countries state that the economic effects of the disease on the sheep within their country does not warrant an eradication program. "3. A voluntary vaccination program is followed in the countries mentioned. The vaccine is reported to be effective. Even in infect- ed flocks, the rate of abortion appears to decrease rapidly if the herd owner will vaccinate all ewes promptly and any other ewes as they are added. "4. A psittacosis lymphogranuloma group antigen is produced from enzootic abortion virus. The current test is not specific and not too effective on individual animals. It is fairly accurate when used to diagnose the condition in flocks, provided 30 percent of the flock is tested. "Based on these findings the following conclusions were reached: "A. Tentative confirmation of enzootic abortion in the United States is established. "B, It is believed that many of the undiagnosed cases of abortion in sheep in this country may be due to this virus and, therefore, it is suspected that the disease is widespread. -22- "C. Additional research information is needed to develop a more specific test. "D. The disease is not the type that compels drastic action, such as foct-and-mouth disease, rinderpest, or African Swine Fever. "E. Considering the economic effect of the disease in other countries and the above-mentioned points, the Animal Disease Eradication Div- ision will not participate in the control of the disease unless ad- ditional information and conditions warrant it, "F. A meeting of research and regulatory authorities will be called to establish procedures for conducting a survey to determine national incidence and economic effects. "G. A means of providing vaccine must be considered for use in in- fected flocks if the surveys indicate this necessity. "H. It is urged that all State and Federal regulatory officials review flock histories of undiagnosed cases of abortion in sheep within their State and report the incidents to the Division. This would be extremely beneficial in developing the surveys contem- plated. "I. A report made by the study group should be sent to all State and Federal officials. A copy will be forxvarded promptly." The Board approved granting the Montana Veterinary Research Laboratory $3,000 from the 151 Fund for making a specific diagnostic virus abortion antigen, to assist in running diagnostic complement-fixation tests, and to survey the inci- dence of the disease in Montana. The USDA, ARS, assigned Doctor Younger, as an associate virologist to the Veterinary Research Laboratory to conduct studies and surveys of the disease in the United States. A complete report of the virus abortion studies the past year can be found in the Montana Veterinary Research Laboratory M. S, 1098 Project Report. Preliminary serological survey reports indicate the disease to be present in widely distributed areas of the United States. -23- SWINE DISEASES A total of 17 diseases in 1,253 swine on 186 premises were reported during the year. It is apparent, although the swine industry is not large comparatively speaking, that swine are remarkably free of disease in the state. There are indi- cations that this industry is increasing. We sincerely hope that swine producers will use the utmost care in selecting disease-free animals from disease-free herds, when replacing or increasing their breeding stock. Atrophic Rhinitis There was an increase of reported cases this past year. Ninety hogs were reported affected on seven premises. Elimination of infected breeding stock and cleaning and disinfecting before restocking are procedures of control being recom- mended. Erysipelas A total of 663 cases were observed on 151 ranches. This disease is the foremost problem of swine growers in the state. Hog Cholera The garbage-cooking law, and prohibiting the use of live virus vaccine, continue to be effective in preventing the once disastrous hog cholera outbreaks. No natural outbreaks were reported this past year. One case was reported following the use of an attenuated vaccine. It is recommended that hcg cholera outbreaks be looked upon and handled very much the same as foot-and-mouth disease outbreaks. For all good purposes, the state is free of hog cholera and if any introduction can be promptly and permanently dealt with, it will prevent the disease from again taking its terrific toll. Sarcoptic Mange A total of 394 cases of mange on 12 premises was reported this past year. This definitely indicates a considerable increase over the past years. We believe that the regulations of the Board concerning mange in swine have not been seriously enforced. Attempts will be made to require more strict enforcement in order to stop the increase of sarcoptic mange and if possible eradicate it. -24- HORSE DISEASES A total of six diseases were reported in 434 horses on 227 premises during the fiscal year. There is a continued increase in the number of good horses in Montana. The overall monetary value of the good horses reaches guite a high figure. The control of infectious diseases, therefore, is important to protect the invest- ment made in the horse population. Distemper Montana veterinarians reported 403 cases of distemper on 1S6 premises. This is a reduction in the number reported last year. Cases were reported each month of the year, although at least 75% of the cases were reported during the months of May through September. Dourine Dourine was eradicated from horses in Montana, using a blood test, during the first World War. It has been reported that the disease is still prevalent in Mexico. A number of Mexican ponies were imported into Montana this past year. In June, a practicing veterinarian observed lesions quite suggestive of dourine in some of these ponies. Blood samples were taken and forwarded to the ARS laboratory at Beltsville, Maryland, and were negative to tests for both dourine and glanders. This is reported to the Board to illustrate just one of the many activities of Montana veterinarians by which they assist the Montana livestock industry in keeping their flocks and herds free from dangerous diseases. Encephalomyelitis Twenty-three cases (9 less than last year) were reported on 23 ranches in Montana. All cases were reported in June, July, and August. This department will continue to urge owners to vaccinate their horses annually for this disease. This should be done not only for the protection of the horses but for the public health protection it might afford. At the request of the State Veterinarian's office, five convalescent serum samples were collected from horses. Dr. H. A. Fieldsteel, of the State Board of Health, ran complement-fixation tests which indicated all five horses v/ere infected with the western equine encephalomyelitis virus. Leptospirosis Although no cases of leptospirosis in horses were reported during the fis- cal year, we recommend that veterinarians and horse owners be alerted to this disease because of its widespread prevalence in cattle, swine, and wild animals. -25- DOG DISEASES Leptospirosis The number of cases of leptospirosis in dogs was again less than the previous year — 196 cases were reported. The disease incidence is evenly distributed throughout the year. Canine leptospirosis, primarily reported in urban dogs, should be of real concern to all health officers because of the transmissibility to humans. Rabies For several years the Rocky Mountain Laboratory at Hamilton has diagnosed rabies in bats. Last year one bat was found to be positive. This is the only case of rabies reported in Montana. The epidemiology of bat rabies is quite mystifying. The virus isolated is similar in all respects as to virulence as the virus isolated from other mammals. Just why rabies is confined to bats in Montana, and over the years not found in dogs, cattle, or other animals, should be understood. Does it mean that we can expect an outbreak of rabies in dogs, cattle, humans, and other animals from this bat source? Much remains to be learned about rabies in bats and other animals, such as skunks, foxes, etc., if we are to be in a position to be cer- tain of preventing outbreaks in domestic animals. With 4,814 cases of rabies in most of the states of the United States last year, there is a continual threat of its introduction through dog imports. Every effort is being made to prevent the introduction. This requires considerable time and effort, but if one outbreak can be prevented it will be worthwhile. Biting dogs, cats, gophers, and other animals, along with suspicious symp- toms of sick animals, necessitate a continual call on the diagnostic laboratory for rabies examinations and mouse-inoculation tests. Fifty-two rabies examinations and mouse-inoculation tests were made, and all were negative. -26- POULTRY DISEASES Pullorum Disease The Montana Livestock Sanitary Board requirement that all hatching eggs originate from pullorum-typhoid-free flocks was met this year. With cocperation of the Poultry Improvement Board, 84,165 chickens were tested. Thirty-two reactors were found. This is a 0.033% infection rate. Montana hatcheries distributed chicks from only pullorum-typhoid-clean flocks. Twenty-five chicks were found to be infected with pullorum when examined by the laboratory. These were shipped in from an out-of-state hatchery. Leukosis This disease no doubt causes the greatest loss to the poultry industry. Fowl Pox, Larynootracheitis, Infectious Bronchitis No reports of the occurrence of these diseases were received during the year. General The Thirty-sixth Legislature appropriated sufficient funds to the depart- ment to employ a veterinarian to specialize in poultry disease investigation and control xrork. Every effort will be made to obtain a qualified man for this needed position. -27- LIVESTOCK IMPORTS The Montana Livestock Sanitary Board is charged by law to prevent the introduction of dangerous diseases of livestock into Montana. This responsibility takes considerable time and effort of the staff. The methods of transportation; the ever- increasing number of animals being imported; sheep scabies in the Central States and outbreaks in North Dakota, Wyoming, and Hew Mexico; outbreaks of cattle scabies in Nebraska and Texas; bluetongue in sheep in the Southwest; scrapie in 20 states and Canada; hog cholera in the Central States; rabies in all states but 12 and the District of Columbia; an increase of bovine tuberculosis in the Great Lakes regions; the movement of brucellosis-infected herds and cattle; dourine in Mexico; foot-and-mouth disease in Europe and Asia; rinderpest, fowl pest, and Newcastle dis- ease in the Orient; pullorum in out-of-state hatcheries, are all situations that had to be dealt with this past year in a continual effort to prevent loss from these diseases. We again recommend that the Board call upon the various livestock indus- tries to assist in every way possible to prevent the introduction of diseases that could be very costly. We are certain that if all livestockmen would use great care in their purchases, much needless loss would be avoided and the enforcement of the important import regulations would be much easier and less costly. A summary of livestock imports the past three years is: 1956-57 1957-58 1958-59 Cattle 34,289 68,481 78,424 Horses 1,030 1,397 1,888 34, ,289 1, ,030 73, ,701 23, ,687 132, ,706 Sheep 73,701 83,077 117,905 Swine 23,687 26,238 20,524 TOTAL 132,706 179,243 218,741 A recapitulation of all livestock imports, showing state of origin, for the fiscal year is as shown on the following page. -28- COMPILATION MONTANA LIVESTOCK SANITARY BOARD REPORT OF IMPORTATIONS July 1, 1958-June 30, 1959 HEALTH TEST HORSES C. iTTLE SHEEP SWINE BUFFALO DOGS STATE CERT! CHARTS HC TC Canada 843 1109 22655 20294 748 Alaska 17 1 21 Arizona 22 1 40 1623 1 10 11 Arkansas 4 1 5 2 California 79 9 40 1727 68 53 Colorado 107 25 41 636 50 1 17 Connecticut 3 7 Florida 2 2 Idaho 386 6 56 19718 50 8172 5 25 Illinois 46 1 2 22 1 1 13 8 23 Indiana 3 1 3 Iowa 40 49 o J 2 97 36 Kansas 8 18 32 112 87 5 Kentucky 3 3 Louisiana 3 4 Maryland 1 2 Mexico 2 43 Michigan 6 4 4 3 3 Minnesota ississippi 58 37 20 66 411 18 42 1 1 Missouri 23 11 2 25 3 21 Nebraska 130 . 9 9 124 529 225 15055 18 Nevada 25 1 4929 13 64 3 ^ew Mexico 18 2 33 16 2 2216 3 New York 2 1 20 1 2 North Carolina 1 2 North Dakota 294 162 32 2682 564 4464 4980 11 Ohio 17 8 74 1 17 Oklahoma 35 2 5 65 16 20 Oregon 163 2 38 3258 4 14409 1 36 Pennsylvania 1 1 South Carolina 1 1 South Dakota 147 20 10 525 167 16113 458 11 Tennessee 2 2 Texas 59 6 66 5774 47 24 Utah 55 53 547 816 13 Virginia 1 4 1 19 Washington 239 24 72 2384 134 ■ *35844 12 106 Wisconsin 24 65 4 270 518 19 Wyoming 407 115 215 7850 479 15277 225 13 TOTALS: 3275 585 1888 75056 3368 : L17905 21524 8 573 ^-Includes 10 goats. -29- OFFICIAL ANIMAL INSPECTIONS 7/1/58 - 6/30/59 The following animal inspections were made by employees of the Livestock Sanitary Board in the course of their routine work and investigations during the year. (The number tested for brucellosis is recorded in the Bacteriologist's report). HORSES: Inspected for interstate shipment Inspected at markets Miscellaneous inspections CATTLE: Dairy cat1?.e tested for tuberculosis Reactors Range cattle tested for tuberculosis Reactors Accredited tuberculosis-free herds tested Cattle in accredited TB-free herds tested Reactors Tuberculin tested for interstate shipment Inspected at destination Tuberculin tested at destination Inspected for interstate shipment Inspected at markets Vaccinated against redwater Miscellaneous inspections SHEEP; Inspected for interstate shipment Inspected at markets Miscellaneous inspections SWINE; Inspected for interstate shipment Inspected at markets Miscellaneous inspections POULTRY: Tested for pullorum-typhoid Miscellaneous inspections DOGS: Inspected for interstate shipment Miscellaneous inspections Grand total: TOTAL 1,460 3,256 387 5, J- 03 14,366 3 18,364 n 2 314 0 1,416 123 148 554,019 57^,016 12,148 19,154 1,194,068 469,304 215,279 66,740 751,323 346 50,2Z,8 2.356 59,950 34,165 342 85,007 1,174 1,179 2,142,530 -30- MONTANA VETERINARIANS' DISEASE REPORT July 1, 1958 - June 30, 1959 Total Total Total Total CATTLE: Cases Herds SHEEP: Cases H or better. We will continue to work toward this goal for the entire state, -40- One member of the staff has been approved by the U. S. Public Health Ser- vice and the Livestock Sanitary Board to conduct laboratory inspections of local laboratories to determine if their bacterial count methods and facilities are in ac- cordance with "Standard Methods for Procedures of Examination of Dairy Products''', thus making that laboratory eligible to perform official bacterial counts recognized by the Board and recognized by the U. S. Public Health Service for interstate ratings, The following laboratories have been approved and their counts are recognized as of- ficial by the Livestock Sanitary Board: City-County Health Department Billings City -County Health Department Great Falls City-County Health Department Missoula City Laboratory • Havre Custer County High School Miles City Livestock Sanitary Board Helena Montana State College Bozeman Physicians Medical Laboratory Kalispell St. Ann's Hospital Anaconda St. James Hospital Butte The presence of Q fever in dairy cattle (see "Q Fever" under "Cattle Diseases" in this report) poses a public health problem associated with milk. This has heretofore not been a problem in Montana. The following is a copy of a letter from Dr. Otis L. Anderson, Assistant Surgeon General, Chief, Bureau of State Ser- vices, Department of Health, Education, and 'ielfare, 'Washington, D. C.: "Epidemiological investigations have revealed that cows, sheep and goats, when infected with Coxiella burnetii, are important sources of Q fever infection in man and that organism is shed in the milk as well as other secretions and er.creticns of such animals. Al- though most studies of the occurrence of Q fever point to the in- halation of dust contaminated by excretions of infected animals as the most common source of human infection, studies in endemic areas, where dairy cattle represent the primary source, show that the in- cidence of Q fever infection is much hicher in persons using raw milk than in those using pasteurised milk . "A research project was undertaken to determine pasteurization time and temperature necessary to assure destruction of this organism in milk. This project, a cooperative undertaking of the Universitv of California, the Milk Industry Foundation, the Dairy Industries Supply Association, and the Public Health Service, has shown when large numbers of the organisms are present, some may survive pasteurization of milk at 143° F. for 30 minutes. However, the findings indicate that pasteurization of milk at 145° F. for 30 minutes by the vat method, or at 161° F. for 15 seconds by high temperature short-time method, is adeguate to protect the public health," -41- The Board, on March 14, 1959, revised Livestock Sanitary Beard Regulation 101 by increasing the required pasteurization temperature from 143° F. to 145° F. for vat pasteurization. This requirement is statewide and affects all milk plants and pasteurization plants in Montana. The problem of raw milk, in face of the increasing incidence of Q fever in dairy cattle, must be met. It is recommended that because of Q fever, along with several other diseases in dairy cattle, all milk consumed in Montana be properly pasteurized. Thirty-two raw milk dairies are licensed and approved in the state. It is imperative, from a public health standpoint, that the Beard require that adequate and routine testing procedures be developed to assure the relatively few consumers of raw milk that the dairy herds are free from Q fever organisms. MEAT INSPECTION MD SLAUGHTERHOUSE Fifty-nine slaughterhouses were found to comply with the sanitary regu- lations promulgated by the Board and were issued licenses during the year. A very few slaughterhouse operators still have the mistaken idea that animals prepared for human consumption can be slaughtered, handled and processed under most unclean cir- cumstances, without refrigeration and with complete disregard to the causes of food poisoning or diseases of animals transmissible to man. The staff of the Livestock Sanitary Board makes every effort to immediately correct such conditions. Overall it is indeed a pleasure to report to the Board that Montana has a vast majority of slaughtering establishments that are outstanding in sanitary construction and oper- ation. We believe the consumers of meat and meat products, and the livestock in- dustry, can take pride in these plants and should encourage them in their efforts to obtain and maintain the very best in sanitation. Meat Inspection Of the 59 slaughtering establishments licensed by the Beard, four operate under meat inspection of the Meat Inspection Division of the U. S. Department of Agriculture, and 14 operate under meat inspection of the Livestock Sanitary Board. Meat inspection is a most important public health service. The "Disposi- tion of Carcasses and Parts", in this report, clearly shows the number of animals and parts of animals that were found unfit for human consumption in the plants oper- ating under state meat inspection. As revealing as these reports are, they fail to show the additional precautions taken to avoid focd poisoning due to contamination by unclean equipment, improper and unsanitary slaughter methods, and food handling. The following table shows the number of animals inspected on ante-mortem and post-mortem inspection in the 14 state-inspected plants during the year. The estimated dressed weight expresses the volume in pounds involved. -42- Number of Animals Es ;timated Dressed T,Ieight 29,734 Cattle 14,867,000 pounds 59,892 Swine 7,195,340 " 2,243 Calves 448,600 " 4,159 Sheep 2C7,950 " 96,108 TOTAL 22,720,390 " The following animals were condemned as totally unfit for human consumption and removed from human food channels: Number of Animals Estimated Dressed '.''eight 35,750 pounds 6,120 " 750 " 700 " 71 i. /j-2 Cattle 51 S"vtfine 5 Calves 14 1414 Sheep TOTAL 43,520 A total of 29,259 parts of animals were found unfit for human consumption and removed from food channels through condemnation. One large item of parts con- demnation was a total of 7,403 beef livers - at an estimated 74,030 pounds. A total estimated weight of unfit food condemned is 139,205 pounds. The estimated value of animals and parts condemned, based on healthy animal values, amounts to £32,189.00. A detailed report of meat inspection findings and dispositions follows on the next page. -43- SUMMARY OF POST-MORTEM INSPECTION Species Cattle Swine Calves Sheep Food Cooking Condemned 29, 661 j 2 714 59,920 1 51 2,233 5 4,145 14 Totals: 29.735 59.972 2.243 4.159 DISPOSITION OF CARCASSES AND PARTS Diagnosis: Cattle Parts Swine Farts Food Cook. Cond.Cond. Cook. Cond. Parts Calves Parts Sheep Ccnd. Cond. Cond. Food Cond. Cond. Abscesses Actinomycosis Adhesions Anasarca Anemia Arthritis Ascites Avitaminosis Bruises Cachexia Caseo lymphadenitis Cirrhosis Contamination Cysticerccris,bovis Cysticercosis,ovis Cystitis Cysts Degen. heart muscle Edema Emphysema Enteritis Erysipelas Epithelioma Fatty degeneration Gastroenteritis Gastritis Hydronephrosis Icterus Johne's disease Leptospirosis Livers, misc. lesions Lymphocytosis Lymphosarcoma Mastitis Melanoma Metritis Neolympho sarcoma Nephritis Osteoporosis Tr. pericarditis Peritonitis Pleuritis Pneumonia Pyelonephritis Pyemia Redwater Sarcosporidiosis Septicemia Sex odor Sinusitis Sutmax . phlegmon Tuberculosis Uremia Urolithiasis TOTALS: 417 233 6 4 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 1 3k 338 9 10 1 1 2 1 1 6 1 4 5 1 1 I 2 2 80 1 4 32 91 1 1 1 24 2 29 1 6 5 1 4 1 2 7>* 1341 7 5 2 2 3 lo34 1 21 860 69 467 2 44 2 4 1 11 1 12 8 9 507 1 1 13714 1 1 1 2 1 1 158 1 4 157 2 48 20 1 2 4 1757 51 19504 4 3 2 15 2 1 2 2 1 2 1 28 954 1 1 37 14 974 -44- Summary of Post-Mortem Inspection (Continued) Beef livers condemned: Abscess 4,405 Cirrhosis 43 Telagiectasis 94 Sawdust 196 Corotenosis 70 Distomiasis 2,514 Echinococcosis 2 Melanosis 3 Miscellaneous 71 TOTAL 7,403 Disposition of Carcasses and Parts State meat inspection is maintained by fees paid to the Livestock Sanitary Board by the plants maintaining inspection. The 14 establishments paid $45,464.30 during the year for the service. The Thirty-sixth Legislature granted $70,000 for the year 1960-61 to pay for meat inspection. It is anticipated that several plants not maintaining meat in- spection will request the service when public moneys become available. Plans and preparations are being made to enable the Board to meet the demand on July 1, 1960. The meat packing industry and the consuming public are demanding that the Livestock Sanitary Board increase the meat inspection service to include enforcement of the meat processing and labeling requirements of Regulations 2315 and 2316. A study is being made at the present time to determine if this additional service can be made available following July 1, 1960, when public funds become available. It must be reported to the Board, because of the demand for veterinarians in other fields, and because of comparatively low salaries paid for meat inspectors, it remains extremely difficult to employ and hold qualified meat inspectors. This difficulty poses a real problem to be met when the anticipated additional meat in- spection will be requested July 1, 1960. We do wish to express our sincere thanks to those veterinarians who take time from their busy private practice to perform this important public health service at several plants. Without this, it would be impossible in many instances to pro- vide the consumers in those communities with meat inspected and passed by the Board. -45- RENDERING PLANTS During the year, nine rendering plants were found to comply with Livestock Sanitary Board regulations and were licensed as required by law. A properly operated rendering plant can be a real asset to a rural commun- ity. It can aid materially to cut down the spread of livestock diseases and utilize a product that would otherwise be a complete waste. It is essential to the welfare of the livestock industry that rendering plants and their vehicles be operated strictly in accordance with the concepts of modern sanitation and disease control. SWINE GARBAGE FEEDING The Livestock Sanitary Board, as required by law, approved and licensed 24 swine garbage-feeding establishments during the year. The law was enforced by prohibiting the feeding of raw garbage in several instances. An employee of the U. S. Department of Agriculture routinely inspects all garbage-feeding establishments to assure the garbage is thoroughly cooked as re- quired by Livestock Sanitary Board regulations. Since the advent of garbage cooking, vesicular exanthema and hog cholera have become nonexistent in Montana, Proper cooking of garbage fed to swine material- ly reduces the incidence of trichinosis in man. ARTIFICIAL INSEMINATION A total of 18 men possess valid licenses from the Board to practice arti- ficial insemination in Montana. This is six less than one year ago. Montana State College continues to give a short course and also has a quar- ter course on artificial insemination. We wish to express our thanks to the m€n at Montana State College who assist very materially in determining the qualifications of applicants to be licensed by the Board, QUARANTINED FEED LOTS During the year eleven quarantined feed lots were inspected, approved, and are being maintained in accordance with the regulations contained in Chapter 20. LITIGATION Unfortunately, it was necessary to file complaints against three dairymen for selling milk without a license and/or not complying with the sanitary require- ments of the Livestock Sanitary Board regulations. Two cases were tried in Justice of the Peace Court in Flathead County. Each defendant was found guilty and fined $50. -46- One case was tried in the Missoula County District Court. The defendants were found guilty, and fined 85. The decision of the district court in granting A. G. Lee a writ of prohi- bition agains the Montana Livestock Sanitary Board, preventing the Board from brucel- losis testing the Lee cattle, was appealed to the supreme court. The unanimous de- cision of the supreme court reversed the action of the district court. The conclu- sions of the supreme court decision were: "We therefore conclude that since the ac- tions of the Board herein are ministerial in nature, the district court was without authority to issue a writ as it did. This is a case notwithstanding the provisions of Section 93-9201, R.C.M, 1947, and so far as that section purports to authorize the writ in such cases it is inconsistent with the Constitution and therefore inval- id. The motion to quash should have been granted. "The judgment is reversed, the motion to quash must be granted. It is so ordered." LABORATORY AND OFFICE FACILITIES The very serious need for adequate office space and a new Livestock Sani- tary Board diagnostic laboratory was met by the Thirty-sixth Legislature. Chapter 262, Laws of 1959, authorizes the Board to construct a Livestock Sanitary Board lab- oratory in Gallatin County from moneys in Fund 151, derived from a mill levy on live- stock. An architect has been employed by the Board of Examiners and plans are be- ing drawn up. To obtain the maximum return from scientists available in Montana, from laboratory equipment and facilities available in Montana, and to have space to handle animals, the laboratory is being planned to be built adjacent to and in combination with the Montana Veterinary Research Laboratory, at Montana State College. It is hoped the laboratory will be in operation by the fall of 1960. The need for an up-to-date laboratory capable of utilizing all modern diag- nostic procedures is great. We are confident that the new laboratory will bring a return to the livestockmen and pcultrymen of the state equal to that received frcm the live stockmen's investment in the present laboratory, which was made in 1918. Office space in the Livestock Building remains critical. There is no of- fice space for the Chief Deputy, or the head of the Milk and Dairy Inspection De- partment , The brucellosis office is in the basement with the laboratory animals and storage. When the new laboratory becomes available, it is planned to convert the two laboratory rooms into offices. This will provide adequate office space. -47- PERSONNEL All full-time positions on the Livestock Sanitary Board staff were filled during the year. On behalf of the Board, I wish to express our sincere thanks for the work of the field force, the office force, the laboratory staff, and the resident deputy state veterinarians. Their sincere endeavors, long hours, and constant study for the control of animal diseases, and the safeguarding of Montana's meat and milk supply, is appreciated by many. REVISION OF REGULATIONS The following regulations were revised and adopted during the year: Effective February 1, 1959 - Chapter 9 - Scabies, replacing Regulations 23, 24, and 69. Effective June 1, 1959 - Chapter 11 - Lice in Sheep, a new regulation. Effective February 1, 1959 - Chapter 14 - Reporting Tests and Vaccination, replacing Regulation 35. Effective February 1, 1959 - Chapter 27 - Cleaning and Disinfection of Vehicles Used for Transportation of Livestock, replacing Regulation 37. Effective February 1, 1959 - Chapter 18 - Animal Foods, replacing Regulations 41, 57, and 64 ORDERS ISSUED The following orders were issued during the fiscal year: January 29, 1959 - Order No. 189, prohibiting movement of cattle from Kansas into Montana without dipping. February 17, 1959 - Order No. 190, prohibiting the movement of sheep from Cass County, North Dakota, into Montana with- out dipping. March 9, 1959 - Order No, 191, prohibiting the movement of cattle from Texas into Montana without dipping. -48- COOPERATING AGENCIES The Montana Livestock Sanitary Board's duties and responsibilities are ac- complished through the cooperation, advice, and assistance of many. To the follow- ing we express our sincere thanks : 1. Agricultural Research Service, U. S. Department of Agriculture, and Dr. Dale Suplee, who is in charge of their Montana activities. 2. Montana Veterinary Research Laboratory, Bozeman. 3. Rocky Mountain Laboratory, Hamilton. 4. Montana State Board of Health.' 5. U. S. Public Health Service. 6. Montana Agricultural Extension Service. 7. City and county health departments. 8. Montana Poultry Improvement Board. 9. Montana Stockgrowers. 10. Montana Wool Growers. 11. Montana Milk Distributors. 12. Montana Milk Producers. 13. Montana Hatcherymen, 14. The many local livestock organizations. -49- FINANCES The financial report for the year ended June 30, 1959, is as follows: INCOME (INCLUDING BALANCES AND REFUNDS) Appropriated Funds - General Operation Cash Balance 6-30-58 - Carried Forward 8 14,910.39 1953-1959 Appropriation 225,400.00 Refunds 667.66 8240,973.05 Appropriated Funds - Brucellosis Cash Balance 6-30-5S - Carried Forward .80 1958-1959 Appropriation 25,000.00 Refunds 365.74 25,356.54 Livestock Sanitary Board Fund 151 Cash Balance 6-30-58 - Carried Forward 95,378.92 Income - Livestock Taxes* 107,973.31 . Income - Interest on Bonds 2,070.00 Income - Inspection Fees 441.57 205,863.80 Refunds - Meat Inspection 45,464.30 TOTAL INCOME 8517,672.69 EXPENDITURES Appropriated Funds - General Operation 227,835.71 Appropriated Funds - Brucellosis 25,306.43 Livestock Sanitary Board Fund 151 General Operation 45,550.24 To Veterinary Research Laboratory for : Annual Research Allocation 10,000.00 Virus Abortion '.Jork 3,000.00 58,550.24 TOTAL EXPENDITURES 8311,692.38 BALANCE - OPERATING FUNDS 6-30-59 205,980.31 Unencumbered Balance Appropriated Funds Returned to State General Fund 6-30-59 - End of 1957-59 3iennium 13,130.43 TOTAL FUNDS CARRIED FORWARD TO 1959-1961 BIENNIUM** 8192,849.88 ********* Reserve in Bonds - Fund 151 75,000.00 Reserve in Eonds and Accrued Interest - Fund 150 74,822.24 TOTAL RESERVE FUNDS 8149,822.24*** * 3 mills on cattle and sheep. ** To be applied on construction of new diagnostic laboratory as authorized by the rhlrty-sixth Legislature. *** Designated to be held in emergency reserve to be used to control dangerous disease outbreaks. -50- SUMMARY OF MAJOR ACTIVITIES DURING THE YEAR Dairy and milk plant inspections 1,849 Slaughterhouse inspections , 39 Rendering plant inspections ..... 9 Calves vaccinated against brucellosis 290,550 Cattle bled for brucellosis tests 45,789 Cattle tuberculin tested. ... 34,171 Cattle vaccinated against red^ater 12,148 Animals inspected at markets 841,220 Miscellaneous animal investigations 39,479 Animal inspection - meat inspection 96,109 Quarantined feed lot inspections 12 Pullorum tests 84,165 Laboratory tests and examinations . 272,835 Chemical analyses 3,364 TOTAL TESTS, ANALYSES AND INSPECTIONS 1,771,339 Respectfully submitted, J. VI. SAFFORD, State Veterinarian. -51- MONTANA VETERINARY RESEARCH LABORATORY E. A. Tunni cliff, Head of the Montana Veterinary Research Laboratory, submits the following report: "The research budget of the Veterinary Research Laboratory is supported by the Livestock Sanitary Board to the extent of $10,000 per year. This financial assistance is supplemented by the work of the deputy state veterinarians who make a very considerable contribution through the information supplied by the field studies related to the research problems. The State Veterinarian serves as a member of the Advisory Committee of the Laboratory. The research pro- jects under study are as follows: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. A study of Immunization Products Against Pasteurella Ovine Mastitis. Ulcerative Dermatosis of Sheep. Bacillary Icterohemoglobinuria of Cattle. Nutritional Muscular Dystrophy of Lambs and Calves. Bionomics of Eimeria zurnii . Bionomics of Nematodirus spathiger. Ovine Vibriosis. Urolithiasis of Beef Cattle. The Chemo prophylaxis of Nematode Infestation in Sheep. Identification of Tapeworm Larvae. Ovine Virus Abortion - Incidence of the Disease and Characteristics and Relationship of Etiological Agent to Viruses of the Psittacosis- Lympho granuloma group. Miscellaneous Studies. (a (b (c (d (e (f (g (h Investigation of miscellaneous unpredictable death losses. Anaplasmosis study of cattle at North Montana Branch Station. Entero toxemia-enteritis complex of lambs and calves. Fluorosis survey of land and animals near Silver Star, Montana. Progressive pneumonia of sheep. Bovine asthma. Vaccination of paratuberculo sis-exposed sheep with Johnin vaccine. Study of bovine grub and louse control with systemic insecticides, A list of technical publications issued from the Veterinary Research Laboratory is as follows: Fritts, D. H., W. W. Hawkins and W. C. Marquardt. A Comparison of Three Anthelmintic Preparations Against Nematodes of Sheep. JAVMA 133,1958, 113-115. Marquardt, W. C, and W. W. Hawkins. Experimental Therapy of Fly Strike in Sheep Using a Systemic Insecticide. JAVMA. 132, 1958, 429-432. Young, Stuart and B. D. Firehammer. Abortion Attributed to Listeria mono- cytogenes Infection in a Range Herd of Beef Cattle. JAVMA. 132, 1958, 434-438, Seghetti, Lee and C. M. Senger. Experimental Infections in Lambs with Nematodirus spathiger. Am. J. Vet. Res., 19, 1958, 642-644. -52- Young, Stuart, H. Parker, and B. D. Firehararner. Abortion in Sheep Due to a virus of the Psittacosis-Lymphogranulcma Group. JAVMA., 133, 1958,374-379. Marsh, Hadleigh. Newsom's .SHEEP DISEASES, 2nd Edition, The Williams & Wilkins Company, Baltimore, Md. 406 pages. 1958. Gray, M. L. Listeriosis in Fowls - A review. Avian Diseases, 2, 1953, 296-31A Siringle, K. F., S. Young, and K. C. Dang. The Relationship of Serum Glu- tamic Oxalacetic Transaminase to Nutritional Muscular Dystrophy in Lambs. Am. J. Vet. Res., 20, 1959, 75-77. Smith, L.DS. and T. Matsuoka. Maternally Induced Protection of Young Lambs Against the Epsilon Toxin of Clostridium perfrin~ens using Nonactivated Vaccine. Am. J. Vet. Res., 20, 1959, 91-93. Cartan, G. K. and K. F. Swingle. A Succinoxidase Inhibitor in Feeds Associat- ed with Muscular Dystrophy in Lambs and Calves. Am. J. Vet. Res., 20, 1959, 235-238. Keeler, R. F. and K. F. Swingle. A Partial Chemical Analysis of the Muco- protein of Siliceous Urinary Calculi of Bovine Origin. Am. J. Vet. Res., 20, 1959, 249-254. Keeler, R. F. and S. A. Lovelace. The Metabolism of Silicon in the Rat and Its Relation to the Formation of Artificial Siliceous Calculi. J. Exp. Med., 109, 1959, 601-614. Keeler, R. F. Color Reaction for Certain Amino Acids, Amines and Proteins. Science, 129, June 1959, 1617-18. Marquardt, W. C. and D. H. Fritts. Internal Parasites of Sheep. Circular 224, 1959/' -53- INDEX Actinobacillosis 4 Actinomycosis 4 Anaplasmosis. 4 Anthrax 5 Artificial Insemination 46 Asthma 13 Atrophic Rhinitis 24 Bacillary Hemoglobinuria 5 Blackleg 5 Bluetongue 18 Brucellosis 6 Cancer Eye 11 Coccidiosis - Cattle 11 Sheep 18 Contagious Ecthyma 18 Cooperating Agencies 49 Diseases - Cattle 4 Dog 26 Horse 25 Poultry 27 Sheep 18 Swine 24 Veterinarian's Report... 31 Distemper - Horses. 25 Dourine 25 Encephalomyelitis. 25 Enzootic Abortion 21 Erysipelas , 24 Feed Lots - Quarantined 46 Finances 50 Foot Rot - Cattle 12 Sheep 18 Foreword 1 Fowl Fox 27 Garbage-Feeding 46 Grass Tetany 12 Hog Cholera 24 Importation Report 29 Infectious Bronchitis 27 Infectious Keratitis 13 Inspections - Animal 30 Dairy 39 Heat 42 Milk 39 Milk Plant 40 Post-Mortem 44 Rendering Plant . ..... 46 Slaughterhouse 42 Johne's Disease 19 Laboratory Facilities 47 Laboratory Reports - Bacteriological 33 Chemical.. 37 Pathological 33 Serological 35 Laryngotrache itis 27 Leptospirosis -Cattle 12 Dogs 26 Horses. 25 Leukosis 27 Litigation 46 Livestock Iirports , 28 Livestock Markets 29 Louse Infestation - Sheep,.... 19 Morbidity Report 31 Office Facilities 47 Orders Issued 48 Parasites, Internal - Sheep 19 Paratuberculosis 19 Pediculosis - Sheep........ 19 Personnel. 48 Pink Eye 13 Pullorum Disease 27 Pulmonary Emphysema 13 Q Fever 13 Rabies 26 Redwater 5 Regulations, Revision of 48 Rhinotracheitis 15 Sarcoptic Mange -Swine 24 Scabies - Cattle 15 Sheep 20 Scrapie 20 Shipping Fever 15 Soremouth 18 Summary of Activities........ 51 Tuberculosis , 15 Urolithiasis 16 Vibriosis , 21 Virus Abortion 21 Water Belly... 16 White Muscle 16