r KXCHA OCCASIONAL PAPERS OF THE CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES X THE REPTILES OF WESTERN NORTH AMERICA BY JOHN VAN DENBURGH Witt One Hundred and Twenty-eignt Plates Volume I. Lizards SAN FRANCISCO PUBLISHED BY THE ACADEMY NOVEMBER 23, 1922 THE REPTILES OF WESTERN NORTH AMERICA An Account of tne Species Known to Inhabit CALIFORNIA AND OREGON, WASHINGTON, IDAHO, UTAH, NEVADA, ARIZONA, BRITISH COLUMBIA, SONORA and LOWER CALIFORNIA BY JOHN VAN DENBURGH WitL One Hundred and Twcnty-eignt Plates Volume I. Lizards SAN FRANCISCO CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES NOVEMBER 23, 1922 To one largely responsible for its completion this book is dedicated June 25, 1922. PREFACE The present work may be regarded as, in one sense, a second edition of an earlier volume, entitled "The Reptiles of the Pacific Coast and Great Basin." At the time that publication was issued, knowledge of the reptiles of the western United States was very limited and had nowhere been brought together in such a way as to be readily avail- able. The earlier work was originally written as a herpe- tology of California, but, before publication, was enlarged to include, also, the reptiles of Oregon, Washington, Idaho and Nevada. The years which have past since this earlier work was published have added greatly to our knowledge. Partly on this account and partly because a large portion of the original edition was destroyed in the San Francisco con- flagration of 1906, it seems desirable to bring out a new volume covering much the same field. In doing so it has been thought best to enlarge the scope of the work by extending the geographical limits to include Arizona, Utah, Sonora, Lower California, the islands in the Gulf of California, and the Revilla Gigedos. Thus it will be seen that, while the present work is based upon the former one, it has been so much enlarged by the addition of other material as to considerably change its character. It is hoped that this will add to its usefulness. The following new names are proposed: Dipsosaurus carmenensis, Dipsosaurus catalmensls^ Sauromalus sieving and Ufa slevini. The illustrations have been made from original photo- graphs taken by the author. With few exceptions, stated on PREFACE the plates, these photographs are from living reptiles, and they, therefore, set forth something of the natural attitudes of the various species as well as many details of coloration and scale characters. The securing of living individuals of so many species, and the photographing of them, has in itself involved a vast amount of labor extending over many years. Some of these photographs have already been published in other papers on our western reptiles ; others appear here for the first time. Two photographs have been contributed by friends, Miss S. R. Atsatt and Mr. W. O. Backus. This work is primarily based upon the collections in the California Academy of Sciences, which now number more than 46,000 specimens, but use has also been made of material belonging to Leland Stanford Junior University, the University of California, the United States National Museum, Harvard University, the University of Michigan, and the American Museum of Natural History. For the privilege of using these collections I wish to express my obligation to my friends, Doctors Charles H. Gilbert, John O. Snyder, Joseph Grinnell, Leonhard Stejneger, Thomas Barbour, Alexander G. Ruthven, G. K. Noble, and Mr. K. P. Schmidt. I also am indebted, for help in many ways, to my assistant, Mr. Joseph R. Slevin, who captured most of the living reptiles which have been photographed. My thanks are also extended to other friends too numerous to mention here. THE AUTHOR. San Francisco, California. February 1, 1922. CONTENTS VOLUME I PAGE INTRODUCTION 17 Reptiles Distinct from Amphibians 17 Synopsis of Classes 1 g Groups of Living Reptiles 1 8 Reptiles of Western North America 1 8 Kinds and Number 1 8 Distribution 1 9 Reptiles of California 21 Reptiles of Oregon 24 Reptiles of Washington 24 Reptiles of British Columbia 25 Reptiles of Idaho 25 Reptiles of Nevada 26 Reptiles of Utah 27 Reptiles of Arizona 29 Reptiles of Sonora 31 Reptiles of the Peninsula of Lower California 33 Reptiles of the Islands of the Pacific Coast 37 Reptiles of the Islands in the Gulf of California 39 Variation 42 Collecting and Preserving '. 42 Explanations 43 Colors 43 Measurements 43 Illustrations 43 Glossary . 44 CONTENTS PAGE SYSTEMATIC DESCRIPTION 48 Class REPTILIA 48 Order I. SQUAMATA 48 Suborder I. Sauna (Lizards) 51 Family 1. GEKKONID^E 51 1. Phyllodactylus 51 tuberculosus (Tubercular Gecko) 51 unctus (San Lucan Gecko) 55 Family 2. EUBLEPHARID^E 57 2. Coleonyx 57 variegatus (Banded Gecko) 58 Family 3. IGUANID;E 61 3. Ctenosaura 64 multispinus (Black Spiny-tailed Iguana) 64 hemilopha (San Lucan Spiny-tailed Iguana) 66 4. Dipsosaurus 71 dorsalis dorsalis (Northern Crested Lizard) '. 73 lucasensis (San Lucan Crested Lizard) 78 carmcnensis (Carmen Island Crested Lizard) 81 catalinensis (Catalina Island Crested Lizard) 83 5. Sauromalus 84 ater (Northern Chuckwalla) 86 townsendi (Tiburon Island Chuckwalla) 93 interbrachialis (Espiritu Santo Island Chuckwalla) 95 slevini (Slevin's Chuckwalla) 97 hispidus (Spiny Chuckwalla) . 99 varius (San Esteban Island Chuckwalla) 101 6. Crotaphytus 104 collaris baileyi (Western Collared Lizard) 104 insularis (Angel Island Collared Lizard) 114- wislizenii (Leopard Lizard) 116 silus (Short-nosed Leopard Lizard) 128 7. Uma 131 notata (Ocellated Sand Lizard) 132 8. Callisaurus 138 crinitus (Cope's Gridiron-tailed Lizard) 140 CONTENTS Callisaurus (Continued) draconoidcs PAGE draconoides (San Lucan Gridiron-tailed Lizard) 142 carmenensis (Lower Californian Gridiron-tailed Lizard) 145 splendidus (Angel Island Gridiron-tailed Lizard) 148 inusitatus (Sonoran Gridiron-tailed Lizard) 150 ventral is ventralis (Desert Gridiron-tailed Lizard) 152 myurus (Northern Gridiron-tailed Lizard) 164 9. Holbrookia 169 maculata approximans (Western Earless Lizard) 170 elegans (Mexican Earless Lizard) 175 texana (Banded-tailed Earless Lizard) 177 10. Uta 180 (Petrosaurus) thalassina (San Lucan Giant Uta) 186 repens (Short-nosed Giant Uta) 189 mearnsi (Mearns Giant Uta)..: 191 slevini (Angel Island Giant Uta) 194 (Urosaurus) darionensis (Clarion Island Uta) 196 auriculata (Socorro Island Uta) 197 ornata lateralis (Mexican Tree Uta) 199 symmetrica (Arizona Tree Uta) 202 levis (Rocky Mountain Tree Uta) 208 graciosa (Long-tailed Uta) 212 nigricauda (San Lucan Uta) 216 microscutata (Small-scaled Uta) 219 (Uta) palmeri (San Pedro Martir Island Uta) 221 nolasccnsis (San Pedro Nolasco Island Uta) 223 stcllata (San Benito Island Uta) 225 stansburiana stansburiana (Northern Brown-shouldered Lizard) 227 hesperis (California Brown-shouldered Lizard) 233 elegans (Southern Brown-shouldered Lizard) 240 martinensis (San Martin Island Uta) 247 squamata (Santa Catalina Island Uta) 249 mannophorus (Carmen Island Uta) 252 CONTENTS PAGE 11. Sator 254 angustus (Santa Cruz Island Sator) 256 grandaevus (Ccralbo Island Sator) 259 12. Sceloporus 261 scalaris (Orange-sided Swift) 268 graciosus graciosus (Sage-brush Swift) 273 gracilis (Mountain Swift) 280 vandenburgianus (Southern Mountain Swift) 286 consobrinus (Striped Swift) 290 elongatus (Stejneger's Blue-bellied Lizard) 295 occidental is occidental (Pacific Blue-bellied Lizard) 297 biseriatus (Western Blue-bellied Lizard) 304 taylori (Tenaya Blue-bellied Lizard) 315 bccki (Channel Island Blue-bellied Lizard) 318 jarrovii (Yarrow's Scaly Lizard) 321 poinsettii (Mexican Scaly Lizard) 326 magister (Desert Scaly Lizard) 329 rufidorsum (Belding's Scaly Lizard) 338 monserratensis (Monserrate Island Scaly Lizard) 342 lineatulus (Santa Catalina Island Scaly Lizard) 345 zosteromus (San Lucan Scaly Lizard) 348 orcutti (Dusky Scaly Lizard) . 352 licki (Painted Scaly Lizard) 356 clarkii (Arizona Scaly Lizard) 359 13. Phrynosoma 364 douglassii douglassii (Pacific Short-horned Horned Toad) 368 ornatissimum (Eastern Short-horned Horned Toad) 377 hernandesi (Arizona Short-horned Horned Toad) 382 ditmarsi (Hornless Horned Toad) 386 blainvillii blainvillii (Blainville's Horned Toad) 388 frontale (California Horned Toad) 395 cerroense (Cerros Island Horned Toad) 401 coronatum (Lower California Horned Toad) 403 solare (Regal Horned Toad) 406 cornutum (Texas Horned Toad) 409 CONTENTS Phiynosoma (Continued) PAGE platyrhinos (Desert Horned Toad) 421 goodei (Sonoran Horned Toad) 4-26 m'callii (Flat-tailed Horned Toad) 428 modcstum (Round-tailed Horned Toad) 430 Family 4. ANGUID;E 433 14. Gerrhonotus 434 principis (Northern Alligator Lizard) 437 coeruleus (Burnett's Alligator Lizard) 440 palmeri (Mountain Alligator Lizard) 445 multicarinatus (San Lucan Alligator Lizard) 448 scincicauda scincicauda (Western Alligator Lizard) 450 webbii (San Diegan Alligator Lizard) 455 kingii (Sonoran Alligator Lizard) : 461 Family 5. ANNIELLIDJE 4-64 15. Anniella 464 pulchra (Silvery Footless Lizard) 465 nigra (Black Footless Lizard) 467 Family 6. HELODERMATIDJE . 470 16. Heloderma 471 suspectum (Gila Monster) 471 Family 7. XANTUSIID^E . 476 17. Xantusia 476 vigilis (Desert Night Lizard) 477 gilberti (San Lucan Night Lizard) 482 henshawi (Henshaw's Night Lizard) 484 rivcrsiana (Island Night Lizard) 486 Family 8. TEIID;E - 489 1 8. Cnemidophorus 489 perplexus (Seven-lined Whip-tail Lizard) 495 disparilis (Tiburon Island Whip-tail Lizard) „, 497 gularis (Sonoran Whip-tail Lizard) 499 labialis (Striped Whip-tail Lizard) 504 maximus (Giant Whip-tail Lizard) 506 tessellatus tessellatus (Desert Whip-tail Lizard) 508 mundus (California Whip-tail Lizard) 516 stejnegeri (Stejneger's Whip-tail Lizard) 519 10 CONTENTS Cnemidophorus (Continued) PAGE bartolomas (San Bartolomc Whip-tail Lizard) 523 multiscutatus (Cerros Island Whip-tail Lizard) 526 melanostethus (Black-throated Whip-tail Lizard) 529 dickersonas (Dickerson's Whip-tail Lizard) 533 estebanensis (San Esteban Island Whip-tail Lizard) 536 martyris (San Pedro Martir Island Whip-tail Lizard) 538 can us (Sal Si Puedes Island Whip-tail Lizard) 54-0 catalinensis (Santa Catalina Island Whip-tail Lizard) 542 bacatus (San Pedro Nolasco Island Whip-tail Lizard) 544 rubidus (Reddish Whip-tail Lizard) 546 celeripes (San Jose Island Whip-tail Lizard) 549 19. Verticaria 551 ccralbensis (Ceralbo Island Verticaria) 554 hyperythra hyperythra (Cape Orange-throated Lizard) 556 beldingi (Belding's Orange-throat) 560 schmidti (Schmidt's Orange-throat) 563 espiritensis (Espiritu Santo Island Verticaria) 566 franciscensis (San Francisco Island Verticaria) 568 scricea (San Jose Island Verticaria) 571 caerulea (Carmen Island Verticaria) 573 picta (Monserrate Island Verticaria) 575 Family 9. SCINCIOE: „_ 577 20. Plestiodon . 577 skiltonianus (Western Skink) 578 lagunensis (San Lucan Skink) 587 obsoletus (Sonoran Skink) 589 guttulatus (White-spotted Skink) 594 Family 10. BIPEDID^E 597 21. Euchirotes 597 biporus (Belding's Mole Lizard) 597 INDEX TO VOLUME /._ 599 CONTENTS 1 1 VOLUME II. PAGE Suborder II. Ser^entes (Snakes) . 623 Family 11. LEPTOTYPHLOPIM; 624 22. Siagonodon 624 humilis (Western Worm Snake) 625 23. Leptotyphlops 627 dulcis (Eastern Worm Snake) 628 Family 12. BOID;E 630 24. Lichanura 630 roseofusca (California Boa) 631 trivirgata (San Lucan Boa) 636 25. Charina 638 bottas bottae (Pacific Rubber Snake) 638 utahensis (Great Basin Rubber Snake) 642 Family 13. COLUBRIDJE 644 26. Diadophis 647 amabilis (Western Ring-neck Snake) 648 regalis (Sonoran Ring-neck Snake) 652 27. Heterodon 654 nasicus (Western Hog-nose Snake) 655 28. Coluber 658 constrictor mormon (Western Yellow-bellied Racer) 660 flagellum piceus (Western Whip Snake) 664 anthonyi (Clarion Island Racer) 673 semilineatus (Sonoran Racer) 675 lateralis (California Racer) 678 barbouri (Espiritu Santo Island Racer) 681 aurigulus (Cape San Lucas Racer) 683 tosniatus tcEniatus (Western Striped Racer) 685 29. Salvadora 688 hexalepis (Western Patch-nosed Snake) 688 30. Phyllorhynchus 692 browni (Brown's Leaf -nosed Snake) 693 decurtatus (Lower California Leaf-nosed Snake) 695 12 CONTENTS PAGE 31. Elaphe 697 rosali* (Yellow Snake) 698 chlorosoma (Mexican Green Snake) 700 32. Arizona 701 clegans (Faded Snake) 702 33. Pituophis 705 catenifer catenifer (Coast Gopher Snake) 707 heermanni (Valley Gopher Snake) 715 annectens (San Picgan Gopher Snake) 719 deserticola (Desert Gopher Snake) 725 stejncgeri (Utah Gopher Snake) 729 rutilus (Arizona Gopher Snake) 733 vertebralis (San Lucan Gopher Snake) 737 34. Lampropeltis 740 triangulum gentilis (Ringed King Snake) 743 pyromelana (Arizona King Snake) 746 zonata (California King Snake) 748 getulus boylii (Boyle's Milk Snake) - 752 yumensis (Desert Milk Snake) „ 757 conjuncta (San Lucan Milk Snake) 760 splendida (Sonoran Milk Snake) 763 California: (California Milk Snake) 765 nitida (Lower California Milk Snake) 767 catalincnsis (Catalina Island Milk Snake) 769 35. Contia 770 tenuis (Sharp-tailed Snake) 771 36. Rhinocheilus . 773 lecontei (Long-nosed Snake) 774 37. Ficimia 777 cana (Pug-nosed Snake) 777 38. Hypsiglena 779 ochrorhynchus ochrorhynchus (Spotted Night Snake) 780 39. Natrix 783 valida (Western Water Snake) 784 CONTENTS 13 PAGE 40. Thamnophis 787 sirtalis parictalis (Prairie Garter Snake) 792 concinnus (Northwestern Garter Snake) 795 infernalis (Pacific Garter Snake) 802 eques (White-bellied Garter Snake) 808 ordinoides ordinoides (Puget Garter Snake) 812 atratus (Coast Garter Snake) 817 elegans (Mountain Garter Snake) 824 vagrans (Wandering Garter Snake) 829 biscutatus (Klamath Garter Snake) 834 couchii (Giant Garter Snake) 838 hammondii (California Garter Snake) 843 marcianus (Marcy's Garter Snake) 849 megalops (Mexican Garter Snake) 852 angustirostris (Brown-spotted Garter Snake) 855 41. Sonora 858 occipitalis (Tricolor Ground Snake) 859 semiannulata (Bicolor Ground Snake) 863 episcopa (Striped Ground Snake) 866 42. Chilomeniscus 868 cinctus (Banded Burrowing Snake) 869 punctatissimus (Island Burrowing Snake) 872 stramineus (Dotted Burrowing Snake) 874 43. Tantilla 875 eiseni (California Tantilla) 876 nigriceps (Sonoran Tantilla) 878 planiccps (Lower California Tantilla) 880 wilcoxi (Arizona Tantilla) 882 44. Trimorphodon 884 lyrophanes (Lyre Snake) 884 Family 14. ELAPIDJE 887 45. Micrurus 888 euryxanthus (Sonoran Coral Snake) 889 Family 15. HYDRIDJE 891 46. Hydrus 892 platurus (Bicolor Sea Snake) 892 14 CONTENTS PAGE Family 1 6. CROTALIDJE . 893 The Poison Apparatus 894 The Nature and Action of Venom 899 Treatment of Snake Bite 901 47. Sistrurus 905 catenatus edwardsii (Edwards Massasauga) 905 48. Crotalus 908 molossus (Black-tailed Rattlesnake) 911 atrox (Desert Diamond Rattlesnake) 914 tortugensis (Tortuga Island Diamond Rattlesnake) 918 exsul (Red Diamond Rattlesnake) 919 lucasensis (San Lucan Diamond Rattlesnake) 925 confluentus (Prairie Rattlesnake) 926 oreganus (Pacific Rattlesnake) 930 enyo (Lower California Rattlesnake) 945 tigris (Tiger Rattlesnake) 947 mitchellii (Bleached Rattlesnake) 949 cerastes (Horned Rattlesnake) 953 willardi (Willard's Rattlesnake) 958 lepidus (Blue Rattlesnake) 961 pricei (Price's Rattlesnake) . 963 Order II. TESTUDINATA 965 Family 1 7. KINOSTERNID^E 96° 49. Kinosternon 966 sonoriense (Sonoran Mud Turtle) . 967 flavescens (Yellow-necked Mud Turtle) 970 Family 1 8. TESTUDINIDJE 972 50. Clemmys 973 marmorata (Pacific Terrapin) 974 51. Pseudemys 978 nebulosa (Lower California Turtle) 978 52. Chrysemys 980 marginata bellii (Western Painted Turtle) 981 53. Terrapene 984 ornata (Ornate Box Tortoise) 985 54. Gopherus 986 agassizii (Desert Tortoise) 987 CONTENTS 15 PAGE Family 19. CHELONIIDJE 993 55. Erctmochelys 994- squamosa (Pacific Tortoise-shell Turtle) 995 56. Chelonia 996 agassizii (Pacific Green Turtle) 996 57. Caretta 998 olivacea (Pacific Loggerhead Turtle) 998 Family 20. DERMOCHELIDJE 999 5 8. Dermochelys 1000 schlegelii (Pacific Leather-back Turtle) 1000 INDEX . -loos THE REPTILES OF WESTERN NORTH AMERICA INTRODUCTION The term reptile is popularly applied to all cold-blooded vertebrates other than fishes. Thus used, it includes two groups of animals which differ in many important respects. These are the amphibians and the reptiles proper j the former more closely allied to the fishes 5 the latter, to the birds. The typical amphibians, such as most frogs, toads, sala- manders, and newts, lay their eggs in the water, and the young, for a time, breathe by means of gills, very much as do the fishes. Later on, they undergo a metamorphosis, during which the gills and other larval characteristics dis- appear, the tadpole assumes the form and structure of its parents and emerges from the water to breathe air and spend a greater or less portion of its life on land. The skin of our amphibians is not provided with scales, but is smooth or warty, very glandular, and often covered with a slimy secretion. The true reptiles, such as alligators, turtles, lizards, and snakes, on the other hand, never lay their eggs in the water, even the marine species coming to land for this purpose. Their young never breathe by means of gills, but are hatched or born with the form and structure of the adult. The skin, except of some turtles, is covered with scales, and is dry, never slimy. There are, also, many anatomical and embryological dif- ferences between the two classes, but these need not be stated here. Our reptiles and amphibians may be distin- guished by the following 18 INTRODUCTION SYNOPSIS OF CLASSES a. — Anal opening transverse or round j skin furnished with scales (varying from large plates to minute granules )j or, if skin smooth, tail and claws present and jaws without teeth. (Turtles, lizards, snakes, etc.) Reptilia.— p. 48. a.a — Anal opening longitudinal or round j skin smooth or warty, without scales; no claws.* (Frogs, toads, sala- manders, newts, waterdogs, tadpoles, etc.) Amphibia. Long ago, reptiles existed in greater numbers and more varied form than now. Many of them were of huge size. They lived not only on land and in water, but certain kinds had wings and flew through the air. The remains of these large and often grotesque creatures are found in' the rocks. None of these reptilian monsters remains alive j only the smaller forms have survived. Living reptiles fall natur- ally into four groups. One of these contains but a single lizard-like1 animal, the Sphenodon of New Zealand, inter- esting to the morphologist because of its generalized struc- ture. The other three groups are numerously represented in the warmer portions of both the Old and New Worlds. They are: first, the alligators and crocodiles j second, the turtles j third, the lizards and the snakes. The alligators and crocodiles are of chiefly tropical and sub-tropical distribution, and do not enter the territory we are considering. The turtles are most numerous in moist regions, and, consequently, are represented on the Pacific Coast and in the Great Basin by few species. The lizards and snakes, on the contrary, find our warm, dry climate well adapted to their needs, and are very numerous. In the following pages there are admitted to the fauna of the states under consideration 232 species and subspecies of Tips of digits sometimes horny. DISTRIBUTION 19 reptiles, belonging to 58 genera, 20 families, and two orders. Of these, 11 are turtles, 134 are lizards, and 87 are snakes. While it is probable that the areas occupied by no two of these species have exactly the same geographical limits, yet the ranges of certain species are, in a general way, conter- minous with those not only of other reptiles but of other kinds of animals and plants as well. Thus, if we map out the areas occupied by the different kinds of mammals, birds, reptiles, insects, plants, etc., we find that the boun- daries of the ranges of many species are nearly coincident, so that in one area we have certain genera and species asso- ciated, while more or less closely related kinds inhabit ad- joining districts. From such study of its animals and plants temperate North America has been divided into a number of life zones, each of which may be subdivided into minor areas technically known as Faunas. The life zones of western North America, with which the student of reptiles is concerned, are chiefly those now usu- ally called the Lower Sonoran, the Upper Sonoran and the Transition zones. These zones differ in temperature, in vegetation and in animal life. The Lower Sonoran Zone in California includes the great desert areas of the southeastern portion of the state, the lower, hotter parts of the San Joaquin Valley, and small areas farther west. This zone also embraces a large part of Arizona, most of Lower California, and parts of Nevada and Utah. The Upper Sonoran Zone in California includes the foot- hill regions and lower mountains, most of the valleys west of the Lower Sonoran Zone, and the southern coast and islands. It extends into the northwestern part of Lower California, and reappears in other states where conditions of temperature are similar. 20 INTRODUCTION The Transition Zone is one of cooler climate. It there- fore occurs on higher levels in the mountains and along the northern coast. Owing to the great variation in topography and the in- fluence of a cool ocean current, with resultant winds and fogs, the life zones, particularly in California, often have very irregular outlines. Each of these zones may be divided into minor units, technically known as Faunas. These also, doubtless, are dependent for their origin upon certain climatic differences, probably largely of humidity. Each of these Faunas is characterized by the presence of certain species which do not live in the others, and the ab- sence of other species peculiar to the adjoining areas. Other species, though not restricted to one, conform more or less closely to the geographical limits of two or more of these life areas. Our knowledge of the distribution of reptiles is still so imperfect as to leave much to be desired. The following lists show, in a general way, the known dis- tribution of the various species and subspecies. The desert is Lower Sonoran; the southern coast and valleys are, in the main, Upper Sonoran; the northern coast and Sierra Nevada are Transition. CALIFORNIA REPTILES 21 M M M M M M M : : M : : : M x 55 £ 8 CJ S 22 INTRODUCTION 1 I I ! ' x x ' I ; MM M MM M XXXX X ° " '. ' '. '.'.'. 1 1 :::xx::x:::xxx x xxxx XX XX lu : : : : : : : : « 2 : x x:::::x::x :xxxxx X X Is X X * * X X * * M X X * * X ' * * X * ' * > 1* S*rt \ND SUBSPECIES :: ^ :::::: 2 o, fe :::::::•: • :-c:3 • : : 1 §•& : : : : : : : : SPECIES J u -i -S « co 5 -5- t! ?, 2 's *o -° ^ o | .0 1 !li!ll1!l 1 =2 1 1 1 1 1 S lii : 1 1 3 a Iliaall ! taeniatus tsematus. . . Salvadora hexalepis Phyllorhynchus decurtatus. . Arizona elegans Pituophis catenifer catenifer. heermann annectens deserticols LamoroDeltis zonata. . 5> £ & 3 3 S'S, $ r> S» ^- ^ 3- ? ? ^^- ^°5- 3 & •i ct co ^ vo\O l^oo O1 .s *-D c o U w u t, o 55 O CALIFORNIA REPTILES 23 • x : : : i : : : i .' i i i i i : i : : i : : x : : : : : : : 1 xi xx ;;:;;;;: x x x x x xxxx x Sierra Northern v .. Southern Nevada Coast Coast X X x xxxx x:::::x::::;x::x::::x:: : : x : : x x x :::::::::::: x : : : : x x i i x : : : x : : x x x x : : : : : : : : x : : : : x : : SPECIES AND SUBSPECIES 60 . Lampropeltia getulus boylii :::::•: :| i ! J .: if ::::::::::::::: 2 • • : a .9 *f 3 8 3 § :3 s • • |i Nlliiiililin IH • ; 3 . ,%u.uOaiujai>(jjG' R.S :H §^ 8 §.:::::::-::s- .. I iir-i; ; Ilii iiiijila I yif! i illg'i :: : if •|i* " S-ff 1 1 1 «| :'U1J ii J iiiJlliiiiiilll • U rt E H c/3 -UHU WuOQ 5 vS N?s2"vo ^o vS>S^R?.?.^^tcv^r:~ri^»^«5-S I c G O U w rt fc T :::': i BSO^[ BJUBS ::::::::::: M : : : : : M !PM UBS : x : : • x | • • • • • • j • • • X • • • • • • ; • uBnf UBS :::::::::::::::*:::::::: ; X • • •at *~ !•....• »v3 ••• * ft fl jl|J : :|I Sll'llll ig'lTl "filll j j- g Sa^HI I .;l!jj| 5 |||«|1||||l||g|||||l||l| "O 3 "Q^ 5 rt 3 60 "u rtrtrtOOOOooOO""*'"''^'^*^ -2 o g.2 "urt'cwS^^g'g'g' c ^ .g -g ^ ^ B *E '1 "I ^.S- E^2552522"w"«"«^fcbfefecrtcGs CL^>vo t^oo o\ o « e< «*5 ^ »^vo r^oo o> O M c< «o ^f CO O u O a! w fa o CO p fc < HJ CO HH S5 O CO w »J E u P^ fa o ^ o n »H & H CO 38 INTRODUCTION ::;::::: * ::::::::::: OJJODOS I ' '. '. '. I I '. '. '. '. I .' ! '. '. '. ' '. '. ! ., *•••„, I*::::::*:::*:::::::: I X X • • X • Trr; i i i i i i i i i ft i i : i : i SOJJ33 I : x I x : | j | j : : : : : | j | | j x ag UBS .:::::::::::::::::::: i • PpBnc) I I::::::::::::::::::: OIUTUOJ3Q UB§ I UBS | : : : : : ** : : : : x : ' '• • '• '• '• '• • | x • • x • : x x • • x UBg B5UBs I rix::^::::'-:^:::::::^::: BJBqaBg B5UB§ j : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : SBJODI^ UB§ | BdB3 BUV | :::::::::::::::::::::::: 2013 B5UB§ I ::::::^::^:::::::::::::: BSO^; BiuBg I UBS I I::::::::::::::!!::::::: D-v | :::::::::::::::::::::::: ;HA\ | i::::::::::::::::::::::: 1SB3 I i::::::::::::::::::::::: UBS i ::::::::::::::: x x x :::::: • X • • X • X X • • X • iiiNNnNNuUjNNN i^i j j if § jij^ i|||ij ; \ti u > £ a u H o O u ffi S ffi *3 O ffi H P H 0 u o u Oi5 •8 3 C! '•H C O U C E 01 Q GC7LF ISLAND REPTILES 39 HE GULF OF CALIFORNIA BU3JJBg OJUBS njuidsg O3SI3UB4J UBS 3SOJ[ UBS OS3IQ UBS (5S3M) SBJ3JBJ) SB"[ (5SBg) SBJSpJr) SBq 35UBZUBQ U31UJB3 SOpBUO-KT) OSUOj3PII SOOJBJ^ UBS BSnjjoj^ OOSBIONT OJD3J" UBC 'X X x x X---X X x x x x X'-'X X x x • • • X X'-'X ••X-X'-'-X X DISTRIBUTION OF REPTILES ON ISLANDS IN T "J0lil"lx "Jh"'d. utsb jrjjBp^ ojpSjj UBS uoanqix SOJBJ ozusjo'j UBS H}n°S ozusjo'j UBS M'JON BZB^ BIS! puoj BipJBnrj BJ sp pSuy S^IUBJQ Blf3J^ sinuuc smq UBS X-'«'X'-''X''-'X- X'-X X x • x '••••. X'-'X x--X--X-''-X'- x x x • • x • • • • x x : : : : :-S ::::::::::::::::::: "3 J :al^'|fa:l : : ilj'lifii'S : H 1 Iliilllllljs •sliilll .a 1 IMllif lll-iiJII ifli "§ ll'Pil ! ! 2.1111113^11 ^ j li rt rt X3 3 3 3 3"rt"3"rt'c3"c3 j~ j~ *-2222jS5'£rt'n « « co -*»ovo 1^00 ON 0 M « £>;* J?^ ^"S^g^g^^-^ 40 INTRODUCTION OJUBS muidsg ODSIDUBJ^ UBS 3 asof UBS •J OS3IQ UBS 3 zru;} B:JUBS ,) 3}BJJ3SUOp*J Z 3}UBZUBQ D 23UJ BJUBS lpn°S t, < SOpBUOJO^ ' osuoppji 2 SODJBJ\[ UBS j • • ' X X X--X X X'-X X x x . . « -x x x. ... x x x • « • • x X-'.'X X • • • x x X-'X X • • -x x •^ OOSBJO^ OJpSjJ UBS ij UBDIJ3J uojnqi T 2 SO:JB,J 3 ozuaao^ UBS i{5noS 5 ozuajoq UBS H5JON J sapanj iS ps BpUJB,J B[SJ 3 : ^ BipJBru) BI ap jaSuy 3JIUBJQ 3* Blf3J^ y^ SU)IUIC fe smq UBS 0 ' z; H ••x x x • x x • • • • • • -x « • -x • • -x x x • . • x x • •- x «- x : 1 : ^ jls'l : -: :lllill|||S H | 3< 7* LlWIIillslliliiilliill l||i I lliii in I illllilllll 4J4J4J*-»4-»-4JCT*njcjcjcJOOOO^^^*^^^^^CS5 DiDjDDD£c/3cflc/383-3-3-3$ X^ ^°5- 5 S, GULF ISLAND REPTILES 41 1 c O?UB§ njuidsg BptJJBJ B|SJ OOSIDUBJJ UB§ 3SOf UBS oSaiQ UBS • • x ••••x x---x •X----X---X M • • • • • • X • X • • LLIFORNIA Cont 3JUBZUBQ Z3UJ B}UBS Hjn°S x • • x • x x x x x- • • -X r ) SOpBUOJCT) fa 0 fa J £3 osuoppn SODJBJ^ UBS BStVJJOJ^ ODSBJO^ ojpa,j UBS X--X X- • • -x 0 u UBOIpJ x • x • • • X • X • • • • X X HH SOJBJ Q ozusacrj u«s H'n°S OZUSJOq UB§ X{iJO^[ • • -x CO HH S5 0 sapsnj !S TBS BZB^[ BJSJ x • EPTILES puoj : : : x : : * : : K fa 0 fc o sin^ UBS « 8 • r» : :-S I'l J.ff j-xi j'3 • • • : s ' : S-s'l CQ — pi C/5 Q a i 1 1*1 HI : j : S'S, :.2'|J 1 2SjE«^rt« :v2s-d&«'53 OT tn'^'^'nT' Ul—< cj O 3 3 rt ° ^ SMD SO ^O ^O VO VO ^O voSovo R. t^?> f^ it JO 4-2 INTRODUCTION Many kinds of reptiles vary so much that it is difficult to find two specimens which are quite alike in color and squamation. Sometimes the variations correspond with definite geographical areas, as in the genera Cnemidophorus, Phrynosoma, Gerrhonotus, and Thamnophis, but frequently they are purely individual. Many reptiles and amphibians are subject to chameleonic changes, or changes in accordance with the intensity of the light, or with the colors of objects by which they are surrounded. For these reasons, the col- lector should strive to secure many specimens of each species. Reptiles are to be found in all sorts of situations. The collector should study their habits if he would be successful in his search. Some kinds prefer moist places, while others are most abundant on barren hillsides or on the open desert. As a rule, reptiles like sunlight and warmth, but some spe- cies live in the thicker forests, and not a few are nocturnal. Amphibians usually are found in moist places, often actu- ally in water. Some reptiles and amphibians may be caught with the hands unaided by any apparatus. Other species, too agile to be captured thus, may be secured by means of a slip-noose of horse-hair, wild-oats, thread, or fine wire, deftly placed over the head of the victim and then tightened with a sud- den jerk. However, by far the most satisfactory method of procuring reptiles and frogs is to shoot them. For this purpose/ small charges of fine shot are used in an auxiliary barrel, collecting pistol, or small caliber rifle. The last will prove much more effective if the rifling has been removed. When taken in the hands our reptiles often bite fiercely, but even if they succeed in drawing blood, none except the rattle- snakes, the coral snake and the Gila Monster can cause any serious injury, for only these are poisonous. Nothing is better for preserving reptiles than alcohol, though formalin may sometimes be used when little space PRESERVING— EXPLAN A TIONS « is at the collector's disposal. Care should be taken to have the alcohol enter the body cavity, for if it does not do so the specimens will not be well preserved. The alcohol may be injected by means of a hypodermic syringe, or slits may be cut through the skin of the belly. These slits usually should be about half an inch long. One is ordinarily suffi- cient in case of a lizard, but in snakes several incisions should be made at intervals of three or four inches. The specimens having been, thus prepared, and labeled with the exact locality and date of collection, as well as with the collec- tor's name, and any notes upon habits, colors, etc., should be placed in strong alcohol. Care should be taken not to crowd the specimens into small jars with too little alcohol, for if this be done the reptiles will decay. If the number of jars at hand is so small as to necessitate crowding, the alcohol should be renewed each day until the specimens are thor- oughly cured, after which only enough alcohol to cover them is needed. Amphibians and geckos will become shriveled and brittle if hardened in strong alcohol. For these, the alcohol should be diluted with water; about 65% alcohol gives good results. The descriptions in the following pages are based upon alcoholic specimens, except in a few instances where it is distinctly stated that fresh specimens have been used. Al- cohol does not preserve the colors of reptiles well, so that living reptiles usually are more brightly colored than the descriptions indicate. In the determination of colors Ridgway's "Nomenclature of Colors" has been used as a guide. Measurements are given in millimeters, but may readily be converted into inches by allowing 25 (25.4) millimeters to one inch. The tail is measured from the anus. Limbs are measured from the side of the body to the tip of the longest toe, excluding the claw. I add here a glossary of some of the terms used in works upon herpetology. INTRODUCTION GLOSSARY Abdominal. — Pertaining to the lower surface of the body. Abdominal plates. — Gastrosteges of snakes $ the fourth pair of plastral plates of turtles. Alveolar surface. — Masticatory surfaces just within the cut- ting edges of the jaws of turtles.. Anal $late. — The large scale just in front of the anus in most snakes, sometimes divided $ one of the last pair of plastral plates. Anteorbital. — See preocular. Anterior. — Toward the head. Antocular. — See preocular. Anus. — The external opening of the cloaca. Axilla. — The armpit. Axillary. — Plates on the anterior surface of the bridge of turtles. Azygous. — Single ; not one of a pair. Brachials. — Large scales on the arm. Bridge. — That portion of the shell of a turtle which at- taches the plastron to the carapace. Canthus rostralis. — A slight continuation of the super- ciliary ridge separating the top from the side of the snout. Carapace. — The upper portion of the shell of turtles. Carinate. — Keeled. Chin shields. — See genials. Cloaca. A common chamber at the posterior ends of the alimentary and urogenital canals. Collar. — Gular fold, especially of Teiidae. Costals. — The large plates on the sides of the carapace. Dermal. — Pertaining to the skin. Femoral 'pores. — Glands along the lower surface of the thigh. Femorals. — Of turtles, the fifth pair of plastral plates 5 of lizards, plates on the thigh. Frenal. — See loreal. GLOSSARY 45 Frontal. — The large plate or plates on top of the head be- tween the supraoculars. Sometimes applied to the pre- frontals. Fronto'parietal. — Plates on top of the head between the parietals and the frontal. Gastrosteges. — Large plates along the lower surface of the body in most snakes. Gastrostiga. — See gastrosteges. Centals. — Large scales behind the mental of many snakes, often in two pairs — anterior and posterior. Gular fold. — Transverse fold of skin of throat. Gular flate. — The first pair of plastral plates. Gulars. — Scales on throat. Humerals. — The second pair of plastral plates. Imbricate. — Lapped, like shingles. Inferior. — Lower. Infralabials. — Plates on the lower lip. Inguinal. — Plates on the posterior surface of the bridge of turtles. Inter nasals. — Scales on top of the snout just behind the rostral plate. Inter^arietal. — A plate on top of the head (of lizards) between the parietals and usually containing the pineal spot. Juxtaposed. — Placed side by side, not imbricate. Keel. — A ridge along a scale like the keel of an overturned boat. Labials. — Plates on the lips; specially, on the upper lip. Laterals. — Scales on the sides; the costals of turtles. Loral. — See loreal. Loreal. — In the space between the preoculars and nasals. Maculate. — Marked. Marginals. — The plates around the edge of the carapace. Mental. — Same as symphyseal, but usually of snakes. Mucronate. — Provided with a point or spine. 46 INTRODUCTION Nuchal ^plate. — The unpaired marginal plate of turtles on the median line at the front of the carapace. Occipital*. — Plates behind the parietals. Sometimes applied to the parietals. Parietals. — In most snakes, the largest and last plates on top of the head 5 in lizards, plates at the side of the inter- parietal and behind the frontoparietals. Pectoral plates. — The third pair of plastral plates. Plastral. — Pertaining to the plastron. Plastron. — The lower portion of the shell of turtles. Postabdominal. — Anal plate. Postanal. — Behind the anus, especially a pair of large plates in the males of some lizards. Posterior. — Toward the tail. Postfrontals. — See prefrontals. Postgenials. — The posterior pair of genials. Postmentals. — Plates behind the mental. See sublabial and genial. Postocular. — Bounding the orbit behind. Preanal. — In front of the anus. Preanal 'pores. — Glands opening in front of the anus. Pre frontal. — Scales between internasals and frontal. Some- times applied to the internasals. Pregenials. — The anterior pair of genials. Prenasal. — Anterior nasal. Preocular. — Bordering the orbit in front. Pseudo$reocular. — Small plate or plates below the pre- ocular. Reticulate. — Marked with lines like the meshes of a net. Rostral. — Plate on the tip of the snout. Scute. — A scale, especially a large flat one. Subcaudals. — Urosteges. Sublabials. — Plates below the infralabials. Subocular. — Scales between the eye and supralabials. GLOSSARY 47 Superciliary. — Along the upper, outer edge of the orbit. Sometimes applied to the supraoculars of snakes. Superior. — Upper. SupracaudaL — Over the tail 5 the last pair of marginal plates of turtles, sometimes united. Supralabials. — Upper labials. Also called superior labials or labials. Supraocular. — Of snakes, the large scale over the eye 5 of lizards, the scales over the eye excepting the superciliaries. Suture. — The line of joining. Symfhysal. — See symphyseal. Symphyseal. — The scale on the tip of the lower jaw, espe- cially of lizards. See mental. Symphysial. — See symphyseal. Urosteges. — Large scales on the lower surface of the tail in most snakes. Vent. — The anus. Ventrals. — Gastrosteges. Vertebrals. — The large plates along the middle of the carapace. Vertical. — Frontal. -f8 REPT ILIA— SQUAMA TA Class REPTILIA The reptiles of Western North America belong to two great groups, to which they may be referred by the follow- ing SYNOPSIS OF ORDERS a. — Body not protected by a bony carapace; jaws provided with teeth. (Lizards and snakes) Squamata. — p. 48. a*. — Body protected by a bony carapace or shell, covered with horny plates or leathery skin; jaws horny, with- out teeth. (Turtles) Testudinata. — p. 965. Order I. SQUAMATA The order Squamata contains the lizards and the snakes, which are regarded as constituting two suborders — Sauna and Serpentes. These suborders are very closely allied and for convenience are treated together in the following: SYNOPSIS OF FAMILIES a. — Limbs well developed, pentadactyle. b. — Limbs four, both anterior and posterior present. c. — Tips of digits dilated into disks or pads; eye with- out lids. Gekkonidae. — p. 51. c*. — Tips of digits not broadened into disks or pads, d. — Eye with movable lids. e. — Pupil elliptical, vertical; skin of top of head soft, free from skull, and covered with minute granules which are not appreciably larger than those on the back. Eublepharidae. — p. 57. SQUAMATA 49 e'. — Pupil round j top of head with plates or scales, not movable. f . — A series of femoral pores, g. — Lateral scales not abruptly smaller than ven- trals; ventrals in numerous series; tongue not deeply divided at tip. Iguanidae. — p. 61. g* — Lateral scales granular like dorsals, abruptly smaller than ventrals; ventrals in eight longi- tudinal series 5 tongue ending in two long slender points. Teiidae. — p. 489. f. — No femoral pores. gg. — Lateral scales very much smaller than dor- sals and ventrals (usually hidden by a lateral fold) ; dorsal scales keeled. Anguidas. — p. 433. gg\ — Lateral scales not much smaller than dorsals and ventrals; no lateral fold 5 scales smooth. h. — Scales on body flat, thin, and imbricate. Scincidae. — p. 577. h*. — Scales on body wart-like tubercles, usually bony, separated by narrow granular spaces. Helodermatidae. — p. 470. d*. — Eye without lids; pupils elliptical. Xantusiidae. — p. 476. b\ — Limbs two, anterior pair only present. Bipedidas.— p. 597. a*. — Limbs absent (or rudimentary in Boidx). bb. — Tail cylindrical or conical, not oar-shaped. cc. — Ventral scales less than twice as broad as dorsals, dd. — Plates on top of head much larger than those on body; anus bordered in front by several scales; no spine at end of tail. Anniellidae. — p. 464. 50 SQUAMATA dd*. — Plates on top of head not larger than those on body 5 anus bordered in front by a single plate j a small spine at end of tail. Leptotyphlopidae. — p. 624. cc*. — Ventral plates more than twice as broad as dorsal scales. ddd. — No rattle at end of tail 5 no pit between nostril and eye. ee. — A small spur at each side of the anus 5 tail short and truncate ; or top of head with small scales 5 pupil vertical. Boidae. — p. 630. ee". — No spur at side of anus; tail tapering j top of head with large plates 5 pupil round or vertical. ff. — No enlarged fangs at front of mouth j coloration, if in rings, not red separated from black by white (yellow). Colubridae. — p. 64-4. f f ". — A pair of large, permanently erect fangs near front of upper jaw; coloration, in rings, red separated from black by white (yellow) . Elapidae. — p. 887. ddd2. — A horny rattle at end of tail; a pit between nostril and eye; a pair of large erectile fangs; pupils vertical, Crotalidae. — p. 893. bb*. — Tail short, strongly compressed laterally, paddle- shaped. Hydridae. — p. 891. 1. PHYLLODACTYLUS 51 Suborder I. SAURIA (Lizards) Family 1. GEKKONIM; This family of many genera of small lizards differs from the Eublepharidse chiefly in the possession of amphicoelous vertebra, and ununited parietal bones. The clavicle is ex- panded proximally. The eyes are large, without movable lids. One representative of this family has been found in the western part of the United States, but two species of the genus Phyllodactylus occur in Lower California. Genus 1. Phyllodactylus PAyllodactyltts GRAY, Spicil. Zool., 1830, p. 3. This genus includes a large number of species from Tropical America, Africa and Australia. The digits are rather slender, free, with transverse lamellae or tubercles in- f eriorly, and with tips dilated and covered below by two large plates separated by a longitudinal groove. The pupil is ver- tical. Males have no pores. The Lower Calif ornian species may be distinguished by the following SYNOPSIS OF SPECIES a. — Back with enlarged tubercles among the smaller granular scales. P. tuberculosus. — p. 5 1 . a2. — Back covered with nearly uniform granular scales. P. unctus. — p. 55. 1. Phyllodactylus tuberculosus Wiegmann TUBERCULAR GECKO Phyllodactylus tuberculosus WIEGMANN, Acta. Acad. Qes. Leop. Carol., Vol. XVII, 1835, p. 24-1, pi. XVIII, fig. 2 (type locality "Cali- fornien"); BAIRD, U. S. Mcx. Bound. Surv., Vol. II, Kept., 1859, p. 12, pi. 23, figs. 1-8; COPE, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., No. 32, 1887, p. 28; BOULENGER, Cat. Lizards Brit. Mus., Vol. I, 1885, p. 79; VAN DENBURGH, Proc. Cal. Acad. Sci., Ser. 2, Vol. 5, 1895, p. 85; 52 1. GEKKONIDM MOCQUARD, Nouv. Arch. Mus. Paris, Scr. 4, Vol. I, 1899, p. 300j CopE,Report U.S. Nat. Mus.for 1898, 1900,p.4-58, fig. 83; DITMARS, Reptile Book, 1907, p. 98; STEJNEGER & BARBOUR, Check List N. Amer. Amph. Rept., 1917, p. 42; STEPHENS, Copeia, 1921, No. 91, p. 16; STEPHENS, Trans. San Diego Soc. Nat. Hist., Vol. Ill, No. 4, 1921, p. 60; VAN DENBURGH & SLEVIN, Proc. Cal. Acad. Sci., Scr. 4, Vol. XI., No. 4, 1921, pp. 50, 54; NELSON, Mem. Nat. Acad. Sci., Vol. XVI, 1921, pp. 114, 115, 123. PAyllodactylus xanti COPE, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1863, p. 102 (type locality, Cape St. Lucas); COPE, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1866, p. 312; COPE, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., No. 1, 1875, pp. 50, 93; YARROW, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., No. 24, 1883, p. 73; GARMAN, Bull. Essex Inst., Vol. XVI., No. 1, 1884, p. 12; BELDING, West. Amer. Scientist, Vol. Ill, No. 24, 1887, p. 98. Description. — Head much longer than broad. Snout rounded, longer than distance between eye and ear opening. Lips very prominent. Ear opening narrow, oblique. Edge of eyelids rather inconspicuously dentate. Digits slender, covered below with a series of transverse lamellae, terminated by two large plates which are somewhat wider distally than proximally. Nostril between rostal, first labial, and three nasals, the upper of which is in contact with its fellow of the opposite side and may be merged with the rostral. Seven or six upper, and six or five lower, labials to a point under the pupil, behind which are several smaller ones. Two large plates behind the large pentagonal mental, followed by others which become gradually smaller posteriorly as they approach the small flat gulars. Top and sides of head back to posterior borders of orbits covered with small, subequal granular scales without enlarged granules. Rest of top and sides of head, upper surfaces of limbs, neck, back, sides, and base of tail with series of large, conical or trihedral, smooth or weakly keeled, tubercles, separated by small granular scales. Lower surfaces covered with smooth, flat, imbricate scales much larger than gulars. Tail conical, somewhat flat- 1. PHYLLODACTYLUS tened at base, with large plates below, and covered above with imbricate scales of various sizes, of which the larger tend to form indistinct whorls. No femoral or preanal pores. The color above is pale gray, yellowish white, or pale brown, irregularly spotted, blotched, cross-barred or banded above with dark brown or slate. A longitudinal brown line often present behind the eye, sometimes with a second similar line on the upper temporal region. One or two similar lines sometimes may be seen running forward from the orbit to the snout. The lower surfaces are yellowish or brownish white, unmarked. Length to anus ___________ 42 49 52 53 55 65 Length to tail ____________________ 47 __ Snout to ear... ...... _________________ 11 13 13 14 14 17 Snout to orbit ___________________ Sl/2 6J/2 6668 Diameter of orbit ________________ 3 3T/2 3 31/* 4 4 Width of head __________________________ 8 9*/> 1 1 11 11 13 Fore limb _______________ ..... ____________ 14 15 19 18 18 23 Hind limb ____________________________ 18 20J^ 24 22 24 30 Base of fifth to end of fourth toe 5 5 6^2 6 6 8 Distribution. — This gecko ranges from Ecuador to Cali- fornia. The only California record is of one specimen recently captured by Mr. Frank Stephens on Coyote or Car- rizo Mountain in Imperial County. It has long been known from Lower California, where it has been found at Cape San Lucas, San Bartolo and La Paz in the Cape Region, and at San Nicolas Bay, Loreto, Puerto Escondido, Santa Rosalia, and Aqua Verde Bay, farther north on the peninsula. It has been taken also on Santa Margarita Island on the west coast, and on San Francisco, San Jose, San Diego, Santa Cruz, Santa Catalina, Monserrate, Danzante, Carmen, Coronado, Ildefonso, South San Lorenzo, Sal Si Puedes, Isla Raza, Angel de la Guardia, San Esteban, and San Pedro Nolasco islands, in the Gulf of California. 54- 1. GEKKONID& Habits. — Very little is known regarding the habits of this gecko. Mr. Slevin found one under a loose flake of granite on the side of a boulder. Mr. Stephens gives the following account of the capture of his specimen: "I captured a specimen of Phyllodactylus tuberculosus in western Imperial County under the following circumstances: Nov. 26, 1920, Mr. Charles Sternberg and I were collecting fossils on what is known locally as Coyote Mountain. On most maps it is called Carrizo Mountain. It is a dozen miles north of the Lower California boundary. Late in the after- noon we started for camp, following down a rather steep canon on the eastern slope. The day had been warm and although the sun had been behind the high peak to the west an hour or more the rocks were still warm. About half way down the canon, at about 1500 feet altitude, I passed a big marble boulder that had long before rolled down from the steep hillside. A lizard ran across the perpendicular polished side of the boulder, stopping at the edge of a crevice. At the moment I thought it was a fence lizard and made to grab for it. All I got was its tail as it darted into the crevice. The crevice was shallow and taking the hammer and chisel I had been using in cutting shells out of the limestone, I soon cut away enough of the shallow crevice to uncover the lizard and took it out. On getting it free I saw that the toes had pads at the tips, the pads appearing white or translucent in the rather dim light. It struck me then that no fence lizard could have run across the nearly perpendicular polished face of the boulder, and that I had a gecko. I had carelessly dropped the tail and was unable to find it in the brief time I could spare to hunt for it in the coarse gravel at the base of the boulder." 1. PHYLLODACTYLUS 55 2. Phyllodactylus unctus (Cope) SAN LUCAN GECKO Diflodactylus unctus COPE, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1863, p. 102 (type locality, Cape St. Lucas) j COPE, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1866, p. 312; COPE, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., No. 1, 1875, pp. 50, 93; STREETS, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., No. 7, 1877, p. 35; YARROW, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., No. 24, 1883, p. 73; CARMAN, Bull. Essex Inst., Vol. XVI, No. 1, 1884, p. 12; BELDING, West Amer. Scientist, Vol. Ill, No. 24, 1887, p. 98. Phyllodactylus unctus BOCOURT, Miss. Sci. au Mex., Reptiles, 2e livr,, 1873, p. 43; BOULENGER, Cat. Lizards Brit. Mus., Vol. I, 1885, p. 94; COPE, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., No. 32, 1887, p. 28; TOWNS- END, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., Vol. 13, 1890, p. 144; VAN DENBURGH, Proc. Cal. Acad. Sci., Ser. 2, Vol. 5, 1895, p. 86; COPE, Report U.S. Nat. Mus.for 1898, 1900,p.460,fig.84; DITMARS, Reptile Book, 1907, p. 99; STEJNEGER & BARBOUR, Check List N. Amer. Amph. Rept., 1917, p. 42; VAN DENBURGH & SLEVIN, Proc. Cal. Acad. Sci., Ser. 4, Vol. XI, No 4, 1921, pp. 50, 55; NELSON, Mem. Nat. Acad. Sci., Vol. XVI, 1921, pp. 114, 115, 123; TERRON, Mem. y Rev. Soc. Cient. Antonio Alzate, Vol. 39, 1921, p. 164. Description. — Head much longer than broad. Snout rounded, longer than distance between eye and ear opening. Lips very prominent. Ear opening a narrow slit, about length of pupil, with a slight denticulation posteriorly. Scales on eyelids forming a rather conspicuous comb. Digits slender, covered below with a series of transverse lamellse, terminated by two large plates which are somewhat rounded, and wider distally than proximally. Nostril between rostral, first labial, and three nasals, the upper of which is in contact with its fellow of the opposite side. Seven upper and six lower labials, the last of each, under the pupil, very small. Two plates behind the large pentagonal mental, followed by several about the size of the dorsals, which in turn are gradu- ally replaced by the small flat gulars. Back and limbs cov- ered with smooth, flat, rounded, equal-sized scales, without 56 1. GEKKONIDM tubercles or granules. Muzzle with convex plates, smaller than the dorsals, but larger than those on occiput, which are also convex. Lower surfaces covered with smooth flat scales, larger than those on back. Conical tail slightly flattened at base, with large plates below, covered elsewhere with smooth flat scales which are somewhat larger than those on the back. There is great variation in the ground color of the head and back. In some specimens it is pale gray or creamy white, while in others the prevailing tint is a dark seal brown. There are, however, some fairly constant markings, brighter in young than in old individuals, but apparently subject like the ground color, though to a less extent, to modification in accordance with the amount of light, or perhaps in obedience to the will of the animal. These markings are of a deeper seal brown than the ground color of the darkest individuals. A line originates on the second labial plate, and, passing through the eye and the upper end of the ear opening, runs for some distance along the neck. The upper surface of the head is blotched and spotted, as are also the limbs. The tail has about nine cross-bars on its upper surface. All the lower surfaces are creamy white, slightly tinged with brown in the darkest specimens. The scales are everywhere minutely punctuated with dark brown. Length to anus Tail 35 31* 42 45 48* 46 40* 52 52 Snout to car 10 IQT£ 12 12 13 13J4 Snout to orbit ... 4 V/2 5 6 6 Diameter of orbit- 3 3 3}4 3 3J4 Fore limb . 11 14 15 15 17 16 Hind limb . 15 17 18 18 22 21 •Reproduced. 1. PHYLLODACTYLUS—2. COLEONYX 57 Distribution. — Phyllodactylus unctus has been recorded from Cape San Lucas (the type locality), collected by Mr. Xantusj from Triunfo, by Dr. Streets ; from La Pax, by Messrs. Belding and Townsend; and I have examined speci- mens from Agua Caliente, Miraflores, Santa Anita, and San Jose del Cabo. Its range seems to be confined to the Cape Region or San Lucan Fauna of Lower California, except that it has been found on Ballena Island and Isla Partida near Espiritu Santo Island, in the Gulf of California. Habits. — Unknown. Mr. Slevin found two specimens under loose bark. Family 2. EUBLEPHARID^E The members of this family are most closely related to the Gekkonidse or true geckos from which they are distin- guished by procoelian vertebrae and united parietal bones. The clavicle is dilated and loop-shaped proximally. The digits are slender and the claws wholly or partially retractile into a sheath composed of two lateral plates whose superior edges are covered by a third. The eyes are rather large, with movable lids and vertically elongate pupil. GENUS 2. Coleonyx Coif onyx GRAY, Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist., Vol. XVI, 184-5, p. 162 (type, elegant) . Brachydactylu: PETERS, Mon. Bcrl. Acad., 1863, p. 4-1 (type, mitratus). In this genus the lower surface of each digit is provided with a series of small transverse plates. There are no en- larged chin-shields behind the symphyseal plate. The skin is very soft, finely granular, and not attached to the bones of the skull. A small ear-opening is present. Males have a few preanal pores. A single species occurs within the limits of this work. 58 2. EUBLEPHARIDJE 3. Coleonyx variegatus (Baird) BANDED GECKO Plate 1 Stenodactylus variegatus BAIRD, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1858, p. 254 (type locality, Colorado Desert); BAIRD, U. S. Mex. Bound. Surv., Vol. II, Kept., 1859, p. 12, pis. 23, figs. 9-27, 24, figs. 11-19; BOCOURT, Miss. Sci. Mex., Kept., 1873, p. 51 j COOPER, Proc. Cal. Acad. Sci., Vol. IV., 1873, p. 67. Coleonyx variegatus COPE, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1866, p. 310; COPE, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1867, p. 85; COPE, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., No. 1, 1875, p. 50; COUES, Surv. W. 100th Merid., Vol. V., 1875, p. 590; YARROW, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., No. 24, 1883, p. 72 (part); STEJNEGER, N. Amer. Fauna, No. 7, 1893, p. 162; VAN DENBURGH, Occas. Papers Cal. Acad. Sci., V, 1897, p. 40, fig.; COPE, Report U. S. Nat. Mus. for 1898, 1900, p. 466 (part); MEEK, Field Columbian Mus., Zool. Ser., Vol. VII, No. 1, 1906, p. 4; RUTHVEN, Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., Vol. XXIII, 1907, p. 554; VAN DENBURGH, Proc. Cal. Acad. Sci., Ser. 4, Vol. 3, 1912, p. 152; VAN DENBURGH & SLEVIN, Proc. Cal. Acad. Sci., Ser. 4, Vol. 3, 1913, p. 397; GRINNELL & CAMP, Univ. Cal. Publs. Zool., Vol. 17, No. 10, 1917, p. 149; STEJNEGER & BARBOUR, Check List N. Amer. Amph. Rept., 1917, p. 43; STEPHENS, Copeia, No. 54, 1918, p. 34; PACK, Copeia, No. 88, 1920, p. 101; STEPHENS, Trans. San Diego Soc. Nat. Hist., Vol. Ill, No. 4, 1921, p. 60; VAN DENBURGH & SLEVIN, Proc. Cal. Acad. Sci., Ser. 4, Vol. XI, 1921, pp. 28, 50, 55; NELSON, Mem. Nat. Acad. Sci., Vol. XVI, 1921, pp. 114, 126. Eublefharis fasciatus BOULENGER, Cat. Liz. Brit. Mus., Vol. I, 1885, p. 234 (type locality, Ventanas, Mexico). Eublefharis variegatus COPE, Report U. S. Nat. Mus. for 1898, 1900, p. 466, fig. 86 (part); MOCQUARD, Nouv. Arch, du Mus. Paris, Ser. 4, Vol. I, 1899, p. 300; DITMARS, Reptile Book, 1907, p. 100, pi. XXXIII, fig.; VORHIES, Univ. Ariz. Agric. Exper. Station Bull. No. 83, 1917, fig. p. 367. Description. — Snout narrow but rounded and a little longer than distance between orbit and ear-opening. Head and upper surface of body covered with minute granules Oc. PAPERS, CAL. ACAD. Sci., VOL. X [VAN DENBURGH] PLATE 1 cd ol e J« £ p a i 2. COLEONYX 59 slightly larger on snout than elsewhere. Rostral plate some- what broader than high, and presenting five edges. Behind it the slender prenasals, meeting on the median line. A small supranasal plate. Symphyseal large, longer than wide. Six to eight upper and as many lower labials, decreasing in size posteriorly. Eyelids bearing a fringe of pointed scales. Ear- opening small, oval and oblique. Feet, belly and tail cov- ered with small, smooth, imbricate scales. Digits short. Tail conical, about as long as head and body. A small spur on each side of tail near its base. Males with a short series of six to eight preanal pores. The back is crossed by about five broad bands of dull brown between which are narrower wavy bands of white. A white horseshoe-shaped line on the neck passes just above the ears and ends near the eyes. The head is brown, or whitish with irregular brown spots. A dark brown band runs from the eye to the nostril. The labials are spotted with brown and white. The tail is cross-barred with the colors of the back, but the white areas are often partly occupied by brown spots. One specimen has the brown bands of the back narrower than the white ones. In some specimens the brown bands are represented by large or small, irregular brown spots or blotches. The lower surfaces are white. A living specimen of Coleonyx variegatus was colored as follows: — Across the back are five wide bands of dark wal- nut brown, palest centrally, and separated from one another by dull Naples yellow bands of about half their width. The tail is similarly cross-banded. The upper surfaces of the head and limbs are fawn color, the limbs being faintly and the head strongly marked with small irregular spots of wal- nut brown. The edges of the eyelids are white. A white Jine runs back from the eye to the top of the neck where it meets or almost meets its fellow of the opposite side. A walnut line, bordered above and below with white, connects 60 2. EUBLEPHARWJE the eye and nostril. The tongue is rich pink with a brighf red tip. The lower surfaces are white. The eye is pale grayish yellow with a network of fine black lines. Length to *mi« 32 57 5 13 5 19 27 6 61 5 13 5 22 28 7 62 64- 5/2 13 5 20 27 8 65 6 14 6 23 28 8 68 66 6 14 6 20 28 8 Length of t^il Snout to orbit . „. 3 Snout to ear r g Orhit tn Mf 3 F^re Umh a --,--, . 12 Hind 1imh 16 Base of fifth to end of fourth toe 4 Distribution. — The Banded Gecko probably ranges over the greater part of the Mohave and Colorado Deserts of southeastern California. In the north, it has been taken in Owen's and Death Valleys in Inyo County j in the west, at Mohave, in Kern County, San Jacinto, in Riverside County, and at Poway, in San Diego County $ and in the southeast, at Fort Yuma in Imperial County. Additional California localities are Fort Yuma, Palo Verde, Calexico, and El Centro, Imperial County $ Coachella, Mecca, and Palm Springs, Riverside County 5 Col ton, San Bernardino County $ and Big Pine, Inyo County. In Nevada, it has been taken on the desert near Jean, Clark County. In Utah, it has been secured near St. George, Washing- ton County. The American Museum has a specimen labeled Farmington, Davis County. In Arizona, it has been taken at Yuma, Yuma County j Gila Bend, Maricopa County; Fort Mohave, Mohave County 5 Canon del Oro, Pinal County ; Tucson, Pima County j Nogales, Santa Cruz County; and the Huachuca Mountains, Turner and Tombstone, Cochise County. Mocquard has recorded it from Santa Rosalia and 2. COLEONYX 61 Mulege, Lower California, and Heller secured one at San Felipe. It occurs on San Marcos and South Santa Inez islands, in the Gulf of California. It has been taken also in Sonora, at San Miguel de Hor- casitas, and at Tepoca Bay. Habits. — Very little is known of the habits of this lizard. An individual kept in confinement for more than a year spent most of his time in a hole provided in the ground of his cage. His food during this period consisted entirely of house- flies. His usual time of feeding was after dark, but not in- frequently he would snap up a fly which chanced to stray into the mouth of his burrow during the day, and sometimes would come forth in search of prey while the sun was shining brightly on his den. When stalking flies, his movements were so slow as almost to be imperceptible until he was within range and could seize the coveted morsel with one instan- taneous snap. If blown upon, he would raise himself and stand with legs straight and rigid. When first sent to me, this lizard had the skin of the occiput raised into a large hood, but whether this was a nuptial ornament or due to some accident I cannot tell. Diguet states that this lizard lives under stones and in fissures in walls. It emits a faint, squeaking sound when caught. Family 3. IGUANID^ The members of this family present, in their strange diversity of form, a series of pleurodont lizards which closely parallels in the New World the acrodont Agamidas of the Old. The Iguanidse are diurnal lizards having eyes with round pupils and well developed lids. The tongue is short, thick, and but slightly notched anteriorly. Femoral pores are present in North American species. The clavicle is not 62 3. IGUANIDJE dilated, except in the Central American Basiliscinae. Some species of Sceloporus and Phrynosoma are ovoviviparous. The iguanians of the area we are considering may be distin- guished by the following: SYNOPSIS OF GENERA a. — A dorsal crest composed of one longitudinal series of enlarged scales. b. — Tail with whorls of strong spinelike scales. . Ctenosaura. — p, 64. b2. — Tail without enlarged strongly spinose scales. Dipsosaurus. — p. 71. a2. — No dorsal crest, bb. — Head without spines. c. — One or more well developed transverse gular folds; or a lateral fold between limbs, d. — Superciliaries not imbricate. Ear with strong denticulation and neck with numerous spinose tubercles on lateral folds; size very large; tail scarcely longer than distance from snout to vent. Sauromalus. — p. 84. d'. — Superciliaries imbricate. e. — Supralabials strongly imbricate; symphyseal plate smaller than largest infralabial. f. — Interparietal plate much smaller than ear- opening; toes fringed laterally with prominent movable spines. Uma. — p. 131. f2. — Interparietal plate larger than ear-opening; or toes without later fringe of long spine-like scales, g. — An ear-opening. Callisaurus. — p. 138. 3. IGUANID& 63 g8. — No ear-opening. Holbrookia. — p. 169. e\ — Supralabials not imbricate; symphyseal plate not smaller than largest inf ralabial. ff. — No large interparietal plate; caudal scales small, not strongly keeled not sharply pointed. Ear without strong denticulation and neck without spinose tubercles ; superciliaries im- bricate; tail long and tapering. Crotaphytus. — p. 104. fF. — A very large interparietal plate; caudal scales often large, strongly keeled, and sharply pointed. gg. — Body and tail more or less depressed, no vertebral ridge; gular fold well-developed, fixed, with differentiated scales; males with postanal plates. Uta.— p. 180. gga. — Body and tail compressed, a slight verte- bral ridge; gular fold sometimes indefinite, with scales little or not differentiated; males without enlarged postanals. Sator. — p. 254. c*. — No complete transverse gular fold; no lateral fold between limbs. Sceloporus. — p. 261. bb*.— Head with spines pqgteriorly. Phrynosoma. — p. 364. 64 3. IGUAN1DJE Genus 3. Ctenosaura Ctenosaura WIEGMANN, Isis von Oken, 1828, p. 371 (type, cycluroides). Enyaliosaurus GRAY, Cat. Lizards Brit. Mus., 1845, p. 192. This genus includes the large lizards or iguanas which have the tail armed with strong spines. The scales of the median dorsal row are much enlarged, forming a conspicuous crest. The head is covered with small scales. There is a very strong transverse gular fold, but no gular pouch. The dorsal scales are small. Many of the caudal scales are spin- ose. There is a short series of femoral pores. The digits have keeled plates below. A number of species are known from Central America and Mexico. One of these has been reported from Nogales, Arizona. Another is common in the Cape Region of Lower California. These may be dis- tinguished by the following: SYNOPSIS OF SPECIES a. — Dorsal crest extending back to rump. C. multispinis. — p. 64. a3. — Dorsal crest on anterior portion of dorsal region only. C. hemilopha. — p. 66. 4. Ctenosaura multispinis Cope BLACK SPINY-TAILED IGUANA Cyclura acanthura COPE, Proc. Amer. Philos. Soc., 1879, p. 261. Ctenosaura multisfinis COPE, Proc. Amer. Philos. Soc., Vol. XXIII, 1885, p. 197 (part). Ctenosaura multispnis COPE, Proc. Amer. Philos. So., Vol. XXIII, 1885, p. 267 (type locality, Dondomingvillo, Oaxaca, Mexico); COPE, Report U. S. Nat. Mus. for 1898, 1900, p. 240; DITMARS, Reptile Book, 1907, p. 107; STEJNEGER & BARBOUR, Check List N. Amer. Amph. Kept., 1917, p. 44. 3. CTENOSAURA 65 Description*. — Head elongate, flat above, muzzle nar- rowed 5 nostril in the second third of the length to the orbit. Three scales on canthus rostralis, each deeper than long. Seven flat scales across muzzle between anterior angles of orbits. Two rows between supraorbital series. Scales above temporal muscles rather large, weakly keeled. Five series of infralabial plates, not separated by 'smaller ones. Dorsal crest rather elevated in adult, terminating at the rump. Median caudal crest composed of conical scales, beginning above the posterior margin of the femora. Tail cylindrical at base, covered by whorls of prominent scales with conical points which project strongly and which are separated by one row of smaller flat scales on the upper half of the tail. On the inferior side of the tail the whorl rows are separated by two intervening rows, which are just like them, having a keel and a mucronate apex. Beyond the middle of the length (end lost) the tail is strongly compressed, but whether this is due to shriveling on drying I am not sure. Median series of spinous scales uninterrupted. The abdominal scales are larger than the dorsal, which are longer than the lateral scales 5 all are subquadrate, and none keeled. Seven femoral pores. Color black, above and below. Length of arm? ?.<;* Snnnt tn axilla , 125 Sno^t to tyrnpanum _ , . _.„_„_ . , , 62 W^th nf li^d 42 For^ lirnb . . 93 Hind 1imh 150 Distribution. — The original specimens were secured at Dondomuiguillo, Oaxaca, and Batopilas, Chihuahua, Mexico. It has been stated that the range of this species includes the extreme southern portion of Arizona, where one was secured at Nogales. That this iguana really occurs naturally * Original description by Cope. 66 3. IGUANIDJE in any part of Arizona is extremely doubtful. Dr. Stejneger informs me that the specimen upon which the Arizona record is based "was obtained alive by Mr. P. L. Jouy, at Nogales, from a Mexican peasant who brought it to town tied by a string. It was probably taken not far from there." 5. Ctenosaura hemilopha Cope SAN LUCAN SPINY-TAILED IGUANA Iguana acanthuTa BLAINVILLE, Nouv. Ann. Mus., Vol. IV, 1835, p. 288, pi. XXIV, fig. 1. Cyclura acanthura DUMERIL & BIBRON, Erpetologie Generale, Vol. IV, 1837, p. 222 (part) ; YARROW, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., No. 24-, 1883, p. 71 ; BELDING, West. Am. Scientist, Vol. Ill, No. 24-, 1887, p. 98* Ctenosaura sp.y BAIRD, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1859, p. 300. Cyclura (Ctenosaura) hemilopha COPE, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1863, p. 105 (type locality, Cape St. Lucas); COPE, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., No. 1, 1875, pp. 50, 93; YARROW, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., No. 24, 1883, p. 71; CARMAN, Bull. Essex Inst., Vol. XVI, No. 1, 1884, p. 19; BELDING, West. Am. Scientist, Vol. Ill, No. 24, p. 98. Ctenosaura hemilopha COPE, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1866, p. 312; BOULENGER, Cat. Lizards Brit. Mus., Vol. II, 1885, p. 197; COPE, Proc. Amer. Philos. Soc., Vol. XXIII, 1886, p. 266; COPE, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., No. 32, 1887, p. 33; VAN DENBURGH, Proc. Cal. Acad. Sci., Ser. 2, Vol. V, 1895, p. 88; MOCQUARD, Nouv. Arch. Mus. Hist. Nat. Paris, Ser. 4, Vol. I, 1899, p. 300; COPE, Report U. S. Nat. Mus. for 1898, 1900, p. 238, fig. 17; DITMARS, Reptile: Book, 1907, p. 107; STEJNEGER & BARBOUR, Check List N. Amer. Amph. Rept., 1897, p. 44; TOWNSEND, Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist^ Vol. XXXV, 1916, p. 430; VAN DENBURGH & SLEVIN, Proc. Cal. Acad. Sci., Ser. 4, Vol. XI, 1921, No. 4, pp. 50, 55; NELSON, Mem. Nat. Acad. Sci., Vol. XVI, 1921, pp. 84, 114, 115, 123; TERRON, Mem. y Rev. Soc. Cient. Antonio Alzate, Vol. 39, 1921, pp. 164, 165, 168. Ctenosaura acanthura BOCOURT, Miss. Sci. Mex., Reptiles, 1874, p. 138. Ctenosaura interrufta BOCOURT, Le Naturaliste, Vol. II, 1882, p. 47. Cyclura teres YARROW, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., No. 24, 1883, p. 71. 3. CT EN OS AURA 67 Cunosaura consficuosa DICKERSON, Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., Vol. XLI, 1919, p. 461 (type locality, San Esteban Island, Gulf of California, Mexico) ; NELSON, Mem. Nat. Acad. Sci., Vol. XVI, 1921, p. 171. Ctcnosaura insulana DICKERSON, Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., Vol. XLI, 1919, p. 462 (type locality, Cerralvo Island, Gulf of California, Mexico) ; NELSON, Mem. Nat. Acad. Sci., Vol. XVI, 1921, pp. 114, 115, 171. Description. — Body considerably compressed. Tail coni- cal except at base, where almost square in sections. Limbs and head large, latter sharply triangular and with flattened top and almost vertical sides. Nostril large, in a round plate whose posterior edge is nearer to orbit than to end of snout. Rostral and symphyseal plates very broad and low. Ten labials. A very large plate below the eyes 5 a series of large superciliaries. Entire top and sides of head covered with small, irregularly hexagonal plates, convex, except on snout and lores. Ear opening very large, almost vertical, and without denticulation. Several series of large sublabial plates, passing gradually into the gulars. Dorsal crest begins some distance behind shielded part of head, is composed of high spines on nape, and gradually diminishes in height posteriorly. It is continued on middle third or vertebral line of the body as a series of enlarged flat plates, but is not traceable on the posterior third. Back and sides covered with small, smooth, subquadrate scales, which pass gradually into larger ventrals. Gular regions covered with smooth scales, which become gradually larger posteriorly. Smallest gulars larger than dorsals, the largest smaller than ventrals. Scales on limbs all smooth. Tail bearing whorls of spinose scales j first three of these whorls separated from one another by three series of smaller smooth scales; fourth, fifth and sixth spiny whorls each preceded by two series of smooth scales, and more distal whorls by single series which gradually become spinose. 68 3. IGUANIDJE The top and sides of the head are dull pea green. The back, sides, and hind limbs are pale straw color, heavily washed with pale olive, and spotted and reticulated with seal brown and black. There are five black blotches on the vertebral line, separated by areas paler than the general tint. The first of these black markings is very small 5 the second is broader than longj the third and fourth are very large and faintly continuous with the blackish brown of the ventral surfaces; the fifth is almost confined to the enlarged medial scales. There are two longitudinal black blotches on the side of the neck, and two corresponding lines on the temple. The chin, gular region, chest, and f orelimbs, are blackish brown. The tail has a ground color of straw yellow clouded with olive, but is dull pea green on the spines, and barred with seal brown terminally. The youngest individuals (58 to 76 mm. from snout to vent) are bright terre-verte green above, except on the tail, which has broad rings of dark olive separated by narrow ones of broccoli brown. There are very faint indications of dark vertebral bars. The lower parts are yellowish white, tinged with green. As the animals increase in size, the green gradually disappears and the dark markings increase in size and number until the adult coloration is assumed. The number of femoral pores ranges from four to eight. The dorsal crest seems to be higher in the males than in the females, but is never continued on the posterior part of the back. A living specimen was colored as follows: The back and sides are grayish, mottled with black. Three transverse black bands cross the shoulders. The upper surfaces of the fore limbs are black, spotted with gray; of the hind limbs, gray mottled with black. The gular region is black, bordered 3. CT EN OS AURA 69 with gray. The ventral surface between the fore limbs is black. The belly is grayish. Length to anus 128 186 217 220 224 Length of tail 228 Snout to car 26 4-0 50 49 53 Snout to edge of fold 40 59 75 71 76 Highest dorsal spines 14859 Fore limb 36 44 52 82 84 Hind limb . 55 96 98 101 129 Base of fifth to end of fourth toe 33 45 46 50 Remarks. — There is great variation in the height and length of the dorsal crest and the point at which the en- larged series of scales stops on the back. The size of the large caudal scales also is very variable, as is also the extent of the keeling on the scales of the limbs. The ground color may be anything from a pale yellowish gray to a dark slaty- brown, and the black markings vary in number, size and shape. Indeed, the variation is so great as to lead one to doubt the distinctness of the two island species recently described. Ctenosaura msulanay based upon specimens from Ceralbo Island, and Ctenosaura conspcuosa, from San Esteban Island, have recently been described. With good series of specimens from both these islands, and from San Pedro Nolasco Island and the Cape Region of Lower California before me, I am unable to detect any difference in propor- tions or in coloration, or in the size of the spines of the caudal whorls, or the height or length of the dorsal crest, which are not fully covered by individual variation in each locality. As regards the keeling and mucronation of the scales on the leg and foot, the same is true, great individual variation in the strength of the keeling and mucronation be- ing found in all four localities. These specimens, therefore, 70 3. IGUANIDJE are all referred to the one species, C. hemilofha. Femoral pores in specimens from San Esteban Island vary from five to eight; in those from San Pedro Nolasco Island, from six to nine; in ten from Ceralbo Island, from six to eight; in 50 from the Cape Region, from four to seven. Distribution. — This species occurs in the southern por- tion of the Lower California Peninsula, where it has been taken at Cape San Lucas, San Jose xlel Cabo, Miraflores, Agua Caliente, Sierra San Lazaro, Pescadero, La Paz, San Pedro, Triunfo, San Antonio, San Bartolo, Buena Vista, Santiago, and Todos Santos. It has been collected also on Ceralbo, San Pedro Nolasco, and San Esteban islands in the Gulf of California. Habits. — This large lizard is very common in many parts of the Cape Region, where it lives either among rocks or trees. It ordinarily lives upon vegetable food, but it may eat crabs when its usual food is scanty. It is locally known as the Iguana, and is eaten by the natives. Its spiny tail is used by it as a means of defense. Mr. Slevin notes that: "It is fairly abundant where found, and inhabits the large granite boulders in company with Uta thalassina. Where boulders are not plentiful these iguanas resort to the trees. At San Bartolo they were seen only among the granite boulders, which abound in that vicinity, but at San Pedro and Agua Caliente they were found in the trees. None was observed on the ground. They seem to live strictly on vegetable matter, and the stomachs of all the specimens collected contained the leaves' of one of the common trees. On breaking off the hollow limb of a tree, at San Pedro, a specimen was found so tightly wedged within that it could be secured only by cutting it out with a small hand ax. They have the same habit as 3. CTENOSAURA—4-. DIPSOSAURUS our Chuckwalla (Sauromalus ater) of getting into crevices and holding tight by puffing up the body. Large specimens are very rare, as the natives kill them for food whenever they find one of desirable size. They are somewhat vicious when captured, and when held by the tail will always keep the mouth open ready to seize whatever comes within reach." Mocquard quotes M. Diguet, as follows: "On les trouve en grand nombre en certains endroits de Pile de Ceralbo, principalement au bord de la mer, pendant la saison ou la vegetation est suspendue; a ce moment, en effet, ce Saurien se nourrit de Crabes, qu'il poursuit j usque dans la mer." Genus 4. Dipsosaurus bipo-saurus HALLOWELL, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., Vol. 7, 1854, p. 92 (type, dorsalis). The scales of the median dorsal row are slightly en- larged, forming a small crest. The head is covered with small convex subgranular plates. The dorsal and caudal scales are small. There is one strong transverse gular fold. Femoral pores are numerous. Males do not have enlarged postanal plates. Digits each have a series of keeled plates below. This genus includes three species, of moderately large size, which resemble in many ways the much larger iguanas of more southern regions. One species, however, may be divided into two subspecies by a character which is not con- stant in all specimens but is found in so large a majority of them that it seems best to recognize the fact in nomen- clature. Specimens of this lizard from the "Cape Region" of Lower California usually, have but one row of scales separating the rostral and nasal plates, while those from northern Lower California, California and Arizona more 72 3. 1GUAN1D& frequently have two rows. The following table, based upon 557 specimens, shows this quite plainly. Number of scale rows separat- ing rostral from nasal 2-2 2-1 I-I 2-O Northern specimens (206) Specimens from the "Cape Region'* (•?«) . 171=83% r^= jr% 12 = 6% 2hceralcea munroanay and Efhedra viridis." Mr. Camp gives some interesting notes as follows: "This clumsy, vegetarian lizard is common on the rocky slopes of the Turtle Mountains and may occasionally be seen in the patches of scorise out from the base of the range. It was never noticed elsewhere, and having rather feeble powers of locomotion, doubtless depends upon the security of the rocks to a greater extent than do swifter lizards. It lacks the curiosity of smaller species and loses no time in slipping to safety at the approach of danger. "Chuckwallas were seen perching on rocks so hot as to be unbearable to the hand, and big, gorgeously colored males were noted in pursuit of each other over hillsides in the middle of the hottest July days. In the latter part of June one pair, male and female, were seen near one another. "The chuckwalla has a curious habit of sticking out the fleshy tongue at every few steps when walking along. Like toads and Phrynosoma, Sauromalus can be made to assume a rigid hypnotic posture by gentle rubbing on the belly. In this condition an individual may remain half an hour without moving. "The half-eaten body of a large female was picked up near a nest containing two young prairie falcons. When attacked in its retreats, the chuckwalla inflates itself and lashes the heavy stub-tail about vigorously. Aside from this it appears to be utterly innocuous, and the writer has never known one to attempt to bite even when handled roughly. Mr. Dane Coolidge states that the desert In- dians, to whom the chuckwallas are a delicacy, puncture the lizards' sides with sharpened wire in order to deflate them and then draw them from; their retreats among the rocks. "Old chuckwallas often have scars on the back caused 5. SAUROMALUS 93 perhaps by crawling about in crevices. One individual se- cured had lost the front foot on one side and the hind foot on the other, and in spite of its misfortune was lively and had a stomach full of food. One chuckwalla was seen up in a small creosote bush from which most of the leaves had been stripped. The three stomachs examined contained plant remains. In two cases the leaves were swallowed entire and belonged to a composite (Franseria, dumosa) and a spurge (Euphorbia folycar'pa); the other stomach con- tained many chewed leaves and stems.'' 1 1 . Sauromalus townsendi Dickerson TIBURON ISLAND CHUCKWALLA ? Sauromalus BELDING, West. Amer. Scientist, Vol. Ill, 1887, p. 97. Sauromalus townsendi DICKERSON, Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., Vol. XLI, 1919, p. 464 (type locality, Tiburon Island, Gulf of Cali- fornia, Mexico) ; NELSON, Mem. Nat. Acad. Sci., Vol. XVI, 1921, p. 171. Description. — Head and body large, much depressed, the latter very broad. Head almost triangular,1 With nar- row rounded snout, and covered with small plates largest on frontal and temporal regions. Nostrils opening up- ward, outward, and slightly backward, in round plates a little nearer to end of snout than to orbits. Superciliaries Jike supraoculars, small and juxtaposed. Suboculars all short, but slightly keeled. Rostral plate very small. Labial plates small and of about equal size. Symphyseal plate long but very narrow. Several series of slightly en- larged sublabials passing gradually into the finely granular gulars. Gular fold covered with very small scales. Ear- opening large, almost vertical, with strong anterior denti- culation of spinose scales. A- strong fold on each side of neck, bearing numerous spinose tubercles. Nuchal scales 94 3. IGUANID& somewhat enlarged, feebly spinose. Scales on back and sides small, largest medially and on strong lateral fold, smooth and juxtaposed except laterally, becoming there tubercular or keeled and slightly mucronate. Dorsals averaging 30 to a head-length. Ventral (scales smooth, smaller than dorsals, about 1 54 to 1 63 rows between gular fold and anus. Tail little longer than head and body, conical, very stout, and covered with whorls of small, smooth or weakly keeled, feebly spinose scales j about 63 to 65 scales in a whorl -at largest part of tail. Scales on arm, forearm and lower leg somewhat larger and more strongly keeled than in S. ater. Femoral pores very large in males, small in females, varying in number from twelve to seventeen j average 14.13. The head, neck, and limbs are pale yellowish olive or dull brownish black, with scattered scales of grayish yellow. The back is yellowish olive, or a dull straw-color, speckled or suffused with dark reddish brown or black and sometimes crossed by broad bands of dark brown or black. The tail is dull straw-color with or without wide rings of olive or yellowish brown. The ventral surfaces are dull yellow, suffused in the male with brownish olive on the limbs, chest, gular region and chin, and more or less speckled with dark brown or black. Length to anus 148 150 166 Length of tail 149 142 Snout to orbit 11 11 Snout to ear 27 30 Width of head 24 28 36 Fore limb 60 60 Hind limb 87 86 100 Base of fifth to end of fourth toe 27 27 34 Distribution. — This species is known only from Tiburon Island, Gulf of California, Mexico, but the chuckwalla re- 5. SAUROMALUS 95 ported by Belding from Guaymas, Mexico, probably indi- cates its occurrence in Sonora. Remarks. — This species is very similar to S. ater. It differs chiefly in the larger and more strongly keeled scales on the limbs. 12. Sauromalus interbrachialis Dickerson ESPIRITU SANTO ISLAND CHUCKWALLA Sauromalus ater YARROW, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., No. 24, 1883, p. 51 (part) ; BELDING, West American Scientist, Vol. Ill, No. 24, p. 97. Sauromalus species STEJNEGER, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., Vol. 14, 1891, p. 409; VAN DENBURGH & SLEVIN, Proc. Cal. Acad. Sci., Ser. 4, Vol. 4, pp. 132, 148. Sauromalus interbrachialis DICKERSON, Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., Vol. XLI, 1919, p. 463 (type locality, La Paz, Lower California, Mexico); NELSON, Mem. Nat. Acad. Sci., Vol. XVI, 1921, pp. 114, 115, 171. Description. — Head and body large, much depressed, the latter very broad. Head almost triangular, with nar- row rounded snout, and covered with small plates largest on frontal and temporal regions. Nostrils opening upward, outward and slightly backward, in rounded plates a little nearer to end of snout than to orbits. Superciliaries like supraoculars, small and juxtaposed. Suboculars all short, but slightly keeled. Rostral plate very small. Labial plates small of about equal size. Symphyseal plate long but very narrow. Several series of slightly 'enlarged sublabials, passing gradually into the finely granular gulars. Gular fold covered with very small scales. Ear-opening large, almost vertical, with strong anterior ,denticulation of spinose scales. A strong fold on each side of neck, bear- ing numerous spinose tubercles. Scales on back and sides small, largest medially and on strong lateral fold, smooth 96 3. IGUANID& or very slightly spinose medially, laterally sometimes keeled, and usually ending in an obtuse spine. Dorsals 25 to 31 to a head-length. Ventral scales smooth, a little smaller than dorsals, about 128 to 150 rows between gular fold and anus. Tail little longer than head and body, conical, very stout,and covered with whorls of fairly large, weakly keeled, spinose scales 5 about 51 to 64 scales in a whorl at largest part of tail. Scales on fore and hind limbs rather bluntly spinose, sometimes keeled on distal part of scale. Femoral pores very large in males, small in females, varying in number from 12 to 19 j average in 32 thighs, 16.35. The back and sides of the body are dull yellowish or brownish olive with scattered dots, spots, blotches, or cross- bars of black, blackish or reddish brown, yellow or grayish yellow. The head, limbs and tail are yellowish or brown- ish olive, unicolor or speckled on the limbs and cross-banded on the tail with darker brown and yellow. The ventral surfaces are dull brownish yellow, often darker brown or slaty on the throat and chest, and sometimes speckled or spotted on the limbs, chest and gular region with dark brown. In the following table of measurements, the first speci- men came from Santa Cruz Island, the second from San Francisco Island, and the other four from Espiritu Santo Island. Length to anus -.125 137 139 165 170 172 Length of tail 144 170 151 198 Snout to orbit 9^ 11 11 13 14 13 Snout to ear 24 28 25 34 36 35 Width of head 20 25 23 32 35 33 Fore limb 51 59 54 66 72 74 Hind limb 70 83 76 90 99 99 Base of fifth to end of fourth toe.._ _ 25 27 25 28 31 30 5. SAUROMALUS 97 Distribution. — Specimens are at hand from Espiritu Santo, San Francisco, San Diego, Santa Cruz and San Mar- cos islands, in the Gulf of California, Mexico. Miss Dickerson states the type locality as La Paz, Lower California. Remarks. — This species resembles S. ater in size and general appearance, but its scale counts are quite different. The coloring of the gular region in the specimens from Espiritu Santo seems to differ from that shown by those from the more northern islands, being clearly spotted rather than obscurely marbled, but our series are too small to enable one to judge whether this difference is constant. The specimen from San Marcos Island agrees with this species, rather than with S. atery in its scale counts, although one from Agua Verde Bay has the counts of S. atery and is referred to that species. 13. Sauromalus slevini, new species SLEVIN'S CHUCKWALLA Description. — Head and body large, much depressed, the latter very broad. Head almost triangular, with nar- row rounded snout, and covered with small plates largest on frontal and temporal regions. Nostrils opening up- ward, outward, and slightly backward, in round plates a little nearer to end of snout than to orbits. Superciliaries like supraoculars, small and juxtaposed. Suboculars all short, but slightly keeled. Rostral plate very small. La- bial plates small and of about equal size. Symphyseal plate long but very narrow. Several series of slightly en- larged sublabials, passing gradually into the finely granu- lar gulars. Gular fold covered with very small scales. Ear-opening large, almost vertical, with strong 'anterior denticulation of spinose scales. A strong fold on each side 98 3. IGUANIDJE of neck, bearing numerous spinose tubercles. Scales on back and sides small, largest medially and on strong lateral fold, smooth or slightly spinose medially, laterally some- times keeled and usually ending in an obtuse spine. Dor- sals 20 to 25 to a head length. Ventral scales smooth, smaller than dorsals, about 108 to 125 rows between gular fold and anus. Tail little longer than head and body, conical, very stout, and covered with whorls of fairly large, strongly keeled, spinose scales 5 about 35 to 48 scales in a whorl at largest part of tail. Scales on fore and hind limbs rather obtusely spinose, sometimes keeled on distal part of scale. Femoral pores very large in males, small in females, varying in number from 12 to 17 j average in 66 thighs, 14.62. The ground color above is brownish, yellowish or green- ish olive, sometimes with 'a yellowish middorsal band, spotted, marbled, or cross-banded with reddish or blackish brown. The head, tail and limbs are unicolor, or the tail may be faintly cross-banded with darker brown. The ven- tral surfaces are dull brownish or greenish yellow, more or less clouded, marbled or spotted with dark brown, espe- cially on the throat. Length to amis 162 187 192 194- 195 210 Length of tail 198 216 240 220 226 Snout to orbit 12 13 16 15 13 16 Snout to ear 30 33 38 37 33 41 Width of head 28 28 34 32 30 37 Fore limb 70 66 78 80 75 78 Hind limb 98 94 108 116 103 112 Base of fifth to end of fourth toe 33 30 38 35 32 37 Remarks. — This species is intermediate in size, color, and scale characters between S. hispidus and S. ater. Speci- mens from the three islands where it occurs seem to be indistinguishable. Oc. PAPERS, CAT,. ACAD. Sci., VOL. X [VAN DENBURGH] PLATE 5 CO ll 3 5. SAUROMALUS 99 Distribution. — Monserrate, Carmen and Coronado islands, in the Gulf of California, Mexico. Type.— Adult male, No. 50503, Mus. Calif- Acad. Sci.; Joseph R. Slevin, collector, May 25, 1921. Type locality. — South end of Monserrate Island, Gulf of California, Mexico. 14. Sauromalus hispidus Stejneger SPINY CHUCKWALLA Plates 5 and 6 Sauromalus ater STREETS, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., No. 7, p. 36; TOWN- SEND, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., Vol. XIII, 1890, p. 144. Sauromalus hispdus STEJNEGER, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., Vol. XIV, 1891, p. 409 (type locality, Angel de la Guardia Island, Gulf of California); STEJNEGER, N. Amer. Fauna, No. 7, 1893, p. 174; VAN DENBURGH, Proc. Cal. Acad. Sci., Ser. 2, Vol. 5, 1895, p. 99; COPE, Report U. S. Nat. Mus. for 1898, 1900, p. 266, fig. 23; VAN DENBURGH & SLEVIN, Proc. Cal. Acad. Sci., Ser. 4, Vol. 4, 1914, pp. 132, 146; TOWNSEND, Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., Vol. XXXV, 1916, p. 426; STEJNEGER & BARBOUR, Check List N. Amer. Amph. Kept., 1917, p. 46; NELSON, Mem. Nat. Acad. Sci., Vol. XVI, pp. 84, 114, 126. Description. — Head and body very large, much de- pressed, the latter very broad. Head almost triangular, with narrow rounded snout, and covered with small plates largest on frontal and temporal regions. Nostrils opening upward, outward, or slightly backward, in round plates a little nearer to end of snout than to orbits. Superciliaries like supraoculars, small and juxtaposed. Suboculars all short, but keeled. Rostral plate very small. Labial plates small and of about equal size. Symphyseal plate long but very narrow. Several series of slightly enlarged sublabials passing gradually into the finely granular gulars. Gular 100 3. IGUANID& fold covered with very small scales. Ear-opening large, almost vertical, with strong anterior denticulation of spi- nose scales. A strong fold on each side of neck bearing numerous spinose tubercles. Scales on back and sides small, largest medially, ending posteriorly in an obtuse spine. Dorsals 15 to 20 to a head-length. Ventral scales smaller than dorsals, about 113 to 119 rows between gular fold and anus, smooth or with the outer posterior corner some- what projecting. Tail little longer than head and body, conical, very stout, and covered with whorls of large, keeled scales many of which are strongly spinose, especially on basal half of tail 5 about 43 to 50 scales in a whorl at largest part of tail. Scales on fore and hind limbs strongly spinose, and keeled on distal part of scales. Femoral pores very large in males, small in females, varying in number from 12 to 165 average in 40 thighs, 13.67. All the upper surfaces in adults are olive, dark brown or dull brownish black without markings or with a few small brown spots, while young are speckled with scattered scales of grayish yellow on a brown or olive ground and sometimes are cross-barred dorsally on the body with dark brown. The tail in adults may be unicolor or show traces of cross-bands. These cross-bands are very distinct in the young. The ventral surfaces are blackish, dark brown, or yellowish brown, sometimes speckled with dark brown. Length to anus 103 273 281 283 288 298 Length of tail 98 286 280 286 305 305 Snout to orbit 9 19 21 21 21 23 Snout to ear 20 49 47 50 55 52 Width of head 17 44 46 46 53 49 Fore limb 44 109 104 114 116 114 Hind limb 63 157 146 157 161 159 Base of fifth to end of fourth toe -20 49 47 52 52 52 Oc. PAPERS, CAL. ACAD. Sci., VOL. X [VAN DENBURGH] PLATE 6 I? 5. SAUROMALUS 101 Distribution. — This very large species is not confined to Angel de la Guardia Island, but occurs also on Smiths, Mejia, Granite, Pond, and South San Lorenzo islands, in the Gulf of California. Remarks. — This species is most closely related to S. slevini, but is a much larger, rougher and more unicolor lizard. S. hispdus and S. varius are the largest of the chuckwallas, and are not exceeded in size by the spiny- tailed iguanas (Ctenosaura). S. varius is a very smooth species and very different in color. Habits. — This chuckwalla was abundant in rocky can- yons. They were found by looking for the spiny tails protruding from under rocks. On Pond Island they carried about great numbers of long sharp spines of a cactus, Opun- tia, which grew in scattered clumps over the island and under which they ran for shelter. Several were found with spines sticking even into their eyes. All stomachs ex- amined contained vegetable matter. On Granite Island, a small rock near the north end of Angel de la Guardia Island, many dead chuckwallas were found strewn about the tops of the ospreys' nests. 15. Sauromalus varius Dickerson SAN ESTEBAN ISLAND CHUCKWALLA Sauromalus TOWNSEND, Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., Vol. XXXV, 1916, p. 4-28. Sauromalus varius DICKERSON, Bull. Amer, Mus. Nat. Hist., Vol. XLI, 1919, p. 464 (type locality, San Esteban Island, Gulf of Cali- fornia, Mexico) ; NELSON, Mem. Nat. Acad. Sci., Vol. XVI, 1921, p. 171. Description. — Head and body very large, much de- pressed, the latter very broad. Head almost triangular, *02 3. IGUANIDJE with narrow rounded snout, and covered with small plates largest on frontal and temporal regions. Nostrils opening upward, outward, and slightly backward, in round plates a little nearer to end of snout than to orbits. Superciliaries like supraoculars, small and juxtaposed. Suboculars all short, but slightly keeled. Rostral plate very small. La- bial plates small and of about equal size. Symphyseal plate long but very narrow. Several series of slightly en- larged sublabials passing gradually into the finely granu- lar gulars. Gular fold covered with very small scales. Ear-opening large, almost vertical, with strong anterior den- ticulation of spinose scales. A strong fold on each side of neck, bearing numerous small conical or slightly spinose tubercles. Scales on back and sides small, largest medially, smooth and juxtaposed except laterally, becoming there somewhat thickened or elevated posteriorly. Dorsals 28 to 35 to a head length. Ventral scales smooth, smaller than dorsals, 140 to 156 rows between gular fold and anus. Tail little longer than head and body, conical, very stout, and covered with whorls of small, smooth, very feebly spinose scales ; about 63 to 76 scales in a whorl at largest part of tail. Scales on limbs smooth or with small pos- terior spinose tubercles. Femoral pores very large in males, small in females, varying in number from 13 to 20 5 average in 40 thighs, 16.35. The ground color both above and below is bright olive yellow more or less suffused with orange, coarsely marbled, blotched, or spotted above, on the head, body and limbs, and speckled on the tail, with black or blackish brown. The lower surfaces are sparsely spotted or speckled with black- ish brown. 5. SAUROMALUS 103 Length to anus 230 173 244 304 304 314 Length of tail 192 263 311 311 340 Snout to orbit 18 23 19 25 27 24 Snout to ear 44 58 48 62 63 60 Width of head 42 57 48 62 64 50 Fore limb 101 119 104 120 120 123 Hind Limb 133 158 142 165 158 165 Base of fifth to end of fourth toe 46 54 50 56 53 55 Distribution. — San Esteban Island, Gulf of California, Mexico. Remarks. — This species grows even larger than S. hispdus. Some specimens are more than 25 inches long and weighed two pounds when caught. While S. hispdus is the most spiny of the chuckwallas, S. varius is the smoothest. Its coloration is very striking, some of the more coarsely blotched individuals suggesting the name Piebald Chuck- walla applied to them by Miss Dickerson. Habits. — These huge lizards were abundant in the dry washes and small rocky canyons of San Esteban Island. Here they lived under rocky ledges and piles of lava. Nu- merous droppings about the mouths of their dens, and often their protruding tails, made it easy to find them. They were easily captured by pulling them out of their retreats by their tails, and made no attempt to bite when caught. Five were found in a compact mass in the center of a patch of Opuntia. 104 3. IGUANIDJE Genus 6. Crotaphytus Crotafhytus HOLBROOK, N. Amer. Herpetology, Ed. 2, Vol. II, 184-2, p. 79 (type, collaris). The head and body are somewhat depressed, and much shorter than the tapering tail. All of the head plates are email. The labials not imbricate. The ear -opening is large, without strong denticulation. The dorsal scales are small and nearly uniform. Long series of femoral pores and one or more transverse gular folds are present. There are no spinose tubercles on the neck, and no dorsal crest. The superciliaries are imbricate. Males have enlarged postanal plates. SYNOPSIS OF SPECIES a . — One or two black bars across the shoulders. b. — Collar of two barsj snout shorter. C. collaris baileyi. — p. 104. b\ — Collar a single barj snout longer. C. insularis.— -p. 114. a*. — No black bars across the shoulders. bb. — Greatest width of head less than distance between . the nostril and ear-opening. C. wislizenii. — p. 116. bb8. — Greatest width of head equal to or greater than distance between the nostril and ear-opening. C. silus. — p. 128. 16. Crotaphytus collaris baileyi (Stejneger) WESTERN COLLARED LIZARD Plate 7 collaris BAIRD, U. S. Mex. Bound. Surv., Vol. II, 1859, Kept., p. 6; BAIRD, Rep. Pac. R. R. Surv., Vol. X, 1859, p. 17; BAIRD, Rep. Pac. R. R. Surv., Vol. X, Pt. VI, No. 4, 1859, p. 37; COPE, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1866, p. 302; COPE, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., No. 1, 1875, p. 47 (part); YARROW, Surv. W. 6. CROTAPHYTUS 105 100th Merid., Vol. V, 1875, p. 565; COUES, Surv. W. 100th Merid., Vol. V, 1875, p. 598; YARROW & HENSHAW, Ann. Rep. Chief of Engineers for 1878, Surv. W. 100th Merid., Appendix NN, 1878, p. 221; YARROW, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., No. 24-, 1883, p. 52 (part); GUNTHER, Biologia Centrali-Americana, Kept., 1890, p. 59 (part); HERRICK, TERRY & HERRICK, Bull. Sci. Labor. Denison Univ., Vol. XI, 1899, p. 141; HERRICK, TERRY & HERRICK, Bull. Univ. New Mexico, Vol. I, 1899, p. 14-1, pis. XXII, XXIII; COPE, Report U. S. Nat. Mus. for 1898, 1900, p. 248, fig. 19 (part); DITMARS, Reptile Book, 1907, p. 113 (part); FRANKLIN, Copeia, 1913, No. 1, p. 2. Crotafhytus collaris var.y BOCOURT, Miss. Sci. Mex., Rept., 1874, p. 155, pi. XVII bis., figs. 5 and 6. Crota-phytus baileyi STEJNEGER, N. Amer. Fauna, No. 3, 1890, p. 103, pi. XII, fig. 1 (type locality, Painted Desert, Little Colorado River, Arizona) ; STEJNEGER, N. Amer. Fauna, No. 7, 1 893, p. 165; VAN DENBURGH, Proc. Cal. Acad. Sci., Ser. 2, Vol. 6, 1896, p. 339; VAN DENBURGH, Occas. Papers Cal. Acad. Sci., V, 1897, p. 53, fig.; VAN DENBURGH, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1897, p. 461; McLAiN, Critical Notes, 1899, p. 2; STEJNEGER, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., Vol. 25, 1902, p. 149; GRINNELL, Univ. Cal. Publs. Zool., Vol. 5, No. 1, 1908, p. 160. Crotafhytus collaris baileyi STONE & REHN, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1903, p. 30; BAILEY, N. Amer. Fauna, No. 25, 1905, pp. 35, 40; MEEK, Field Columbian Mus., Zool. Ser., Vol. VII, No. 1, 1906, p. 8; RUTHVEN, Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., Vol. 23, 1907, p. 512; COCKERELL, Univ. Colorado Studies, Vol. VII, No. 2, 1910, p. 131; STONE, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1911, p. 224; GARY, N. Amer. Fauna, No. 33, 1911, p. 25; VAN DEN- BURGH, Proc. Cal. Acad. Sci., Ser. 4, Vol. 3, 1912, p. 147; TAY- LOR, Univ. Cal. Publs. Zool., Vol. 7, No. 10, 1912, p. 346; ELLIS & HENDERSON, Univ. Colorado Studies, Vol. X, No. 2, 1913, p. 66, pi. I, figs. 3, 4; VAN DENBURGH & SLEVIN, Proc. Cal. Acad. Sci., Ser. 4, Vol. 3, 1913, p. 398; ATSATT, Univ. Cal. Publs. Zool., Vol. 12, No. 3, 1913, p. 33; RICHARDSON, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., Vol. 48, 1915, p. 406; RUTHVEN & GAIGE, Occas. Papers, Mus. Zool. Univ. Michigan, No. 8, 1915, p. 17; VAN DENBURGH & SLEVIN, Proc. Cal. Acad. Sci., Ser. 4, Vol. 5, 1915, p. 102; STRECKER, Baylor Bulletin, Vol. XVIII, No. 4, 1915, p. 16; ELLIS & HENDERSON, Univ. Colorado Bull., Vol. XV, No. 6, 1915, 106 3. IGUANIDJE p. 259; CAMP, Univ. Cal. Publs. Zool., Vol. 12, No. 17, 1916, p. 521; CAMP, Univ. Cal. Publs. Zool., Vol. 17, No. 7, 1916, p. 70; GRINNELL & CAMP, Univ. Cal. Publs. Zool., Vol. 17, No. 10, 1917, p. 153; STEJNEGER & BARBOUR, Check List N. Amcr. Amph. Kept., 1917, p. 45; COWLES, Journ. Entomolo. & Zool., Pomona College, Vol. XII, No. 3, 1920, p. 64; STEPHENS, Trans. San Diego Soc. Nat. Hist., Vol. Ill, No. 4, 1921, p. 61; VAN DEN- BURGH & SLEVIN, Proc. Cal. Acad. Sci., Ser. 4, Vol. XI, 1921, pp. 28, 31, 40, 51 ; NELSON, Mem. Nat. Acad. Sci., Vol. XVI, 1921, pp. 114, 126. Description. — Head large, depressed, and very distinct from the neck on account of swollen temples. Its plates all small but largest and somewhat convex on snout. Two longitudinal rows of shields separating supraociilar regions. Nostrils large and opening laterally, each in a round plate nearer to end of snout than to orbit. Superciliaries small but imbricate. Supralabials rather prominent and of nearly equal size. A large subocular plate. Ear-opening large, oblique, with very slight anterior denticulation. Supra- oculars, temporals and gulars subgranular. Lower labials a little larger than upper, bordered below by several series of plates larger than gulars. Symphyseal plate large, fol- lowed by a pair of large shields. One or two gular folds, continued on sides of neck. Back and sides covered with small granules which pass gradually into larger smooth flat scales on belly. Sides irregularly plicate. Tail tapering, nearly twice as long as head and body, and furnished with whorls of small, smooth plates. Femoral pores varying in number from 14 to 22 in each series. Males with enlarged postanal plates. The general color is greenish, bluish, olive, grayish, or pale brown, variously dotted, blotched, reticulated and cross-lined with pale gray or white. Two parallel oblique bands of intense black or very dark brown cross the shoulders, but often do not meet on the nape. The tail Oc. PAPERS, CAL. ACAD. Sci., VOL. X [VAN DENBURGH] PLATE 7 5 a 4* O ft M " W P ^§ | * 6. CROTAPHYTUS 107 sometimes bears large brown spots. The head is irregularly spotted and reticulated laterally and inf eriorly. The throat .ind belly are white more or less suffused with blue; the latter sometimes with large brown lateral blotches. Dr. Stejneger has given the following description of the fresh colors of a young individual obtained near the Little Colorado River, Arizona. "Head above pale sepia, inclining to clay color 5 anterior portion of upper neck in front of the first black collar pale blue, with several longitudinal marks of 'coral red;' space between the two black collars pale 'oil green', with a nar- row transverse collar of coral red 5 ground color of black dull oil green, fading posteriorly on hind legs and tail to grayish 'pea green', the back densely covered with rather large dark grayish olive blotches, which only allow the ground color to show through as a fine reticulation; the second black collar bordered posteriorly with a wide line of 'lemon yellow', the back being crossed by five similar lines, fading posteriorly and more or less alternating on the lat- eral halves of the body; tail with transverse bars of dark grayish brown; fore legs above 'apple green', nearly yellow on hand and faintly barred with the latter color; under sur- face pale greenish-white, palms slightly pinkish, tail nearly white. Tongue deep pink; pharynx blackish carmine; palate ultramarine blue. Iris brassy greenish-yellow." Length to anus 60 82 90 99 100 106 Length of tail 111 173 175 242 210 229 Snout to orbit 5 8 9 9 10 12 Snout to ear 16 23 25 30, 29 32 Width of head . 14 20 23 25 25 26 Fore limb 27 39 42 50 48 55 Hind limb 54 82 82 98 90 103 Base of fifth to end of fourth toe .. 20 29 29 33 31 37 108 3. IGUANIDJE Distribution. — This is a lizard of the desert regions, but seems not to live upon the lower levels, preferring the more mountainous portions between the altitudes of about 2000 to 8000 feet. In such situations it often is found on the tops of boulders, but also occurs in sandy spots. Its range extends from western Texas to eastern California, and from Idaho to northern Lower California and Sonora. In California, it has been collected in Inyo (White Mountains, Inyo Mountains, Coso Valley, Argus Moun- tains, Panamint Mountains, Death Valley, Lone Pine Creek, Shoshone, Beveridge Canyon, Emigrant Canyon, Wild Rose Springs, Hannopee Canyon), Kern (Kern River five miles above Kernville), San Bernardino (Needles, Turtle Moun- tains, 14 miles northeast from Blythe Junction, Providence Mountains, Lytle Creek, Victorville, desert slope of the San Bernardino Mountains at 5000 feet altitude between Cactus Flat and Cushenbury Springs), Riverside (Palm Canyon at 800 feet, Snow Creek at 1500 to 2000 feet, Hall Grade at 2000 feet, San Jacinto Mountains near Ca- bazon), and San Diego (Mountain Spring), counties. In Nevada, it has been taken in Lincoln (at Quartz Spring in the Desert Mountains, Juniper Mountains, Cali- ente), Nye (Oasis Valley, North Kingston Mountains, Rhyolite, Tonopah), Esmeralda (Palmetto Mountains), Lyon (Mason at 4,500 feet altitude), Eureka (Cortez Mountains at the Humboldt River), Washoe (between Reno and Pyramid Lake, Truckee River, Derby, Pyramid Lake Indian Agency), and Humboldt (Red Hills Quinn River Crossing, Thousand Creek Basin, Limestones and Big Creek Ranch, Pine Forest Mountains), counties.^ In Oregon, it has been found at Vale, Malheur County. In Idaho, it has been secured at the mouth of the Bruneau River. In Utah, it occurs in Washington (Diamond Valley 1 0 6. CROTAPHYTUS 109 miles northwest from St. George, Toquerville, Springdale, Rockville, Black Ridge at 4,500 feet, Bellevue Ridge at 4,500 feet, Echo Farm at 3,500 feet, Lower Kolob Moun- tains at 7,000 feet, Virgin City at 4,000 feet), Sanpete (Riverview), Iron (Rush Lake), Beaver (Newhouse, Beaver Creek Hills at 5,500 feet), Millard (seven miles south from Kanosh, Dome Canyon), and Grand (Thomp- son), counties, and in Carson's Pass. In Arizona, this lizard has been collected in Mohave (Camp Mohave), Coconino (Bright Angle Trail, Grand Canyon of the Colorado, Painted Desert, Little Colorado River, near Cameron, Cedar Ranch Colorado Canyon, Lee's Ferry, Oak Creek), Navajo (St. Joseph, Winslow, Camp Apache), Apache (Fort Defiance, Chin Lee), Yavapai (Fort Whipple, Prescott, Fort Verde, Seligman, Oak Creek), Maricopa (Agua Caliente, Montezuma), Gila (Sierra Ancha, Rice), Pinal (Oracle), Pima (Tucson, Catalina Mountains), Graham (Bonito Canyon), Santa Cruz (Patagonia, Nogales), and Cochise (Cave Creek, Chirica- hua Mountains, Fort Bowie, Tombstone, at 7,500 feet in Morse's Canyon near Fairbank, Bisbee, Fort Huachuca, Huachuca Mountains on the flat between Ramsey and Ash canyons and in Montezuma Canyon), counties. In Sonora, it has been taken at Hermosillo and Sierra Tule, and on Tiburon Island in the Gulf of California. In Lower California, it has been reported from San Salada, Trinidad, Canon Esperanza, and the foothills near San Felipe Bay, and it is probable that the whole north- eastern portion of the peninsula is included in its range. In the western portions of its range this lizard usually is found on rocks or boulders in the hills. In New Mexico and western Texas it seems to descend to lower levels and often is found on the plains, as is the eastern subspecies 110 3. IGUANIDM C. collans collans with which it intergrades in the region immediately east of the East Front Ranges in Texas. Habits. — Regarding the habits of this lizard Dr. Coues wrote: "The length of this species, as commonly observed, is 11 or 12 inches. The colors in life, when the animal is in full vigor are strikingly rich and varied 5 they fade notice- ably before death when the creatures fret and pine in cap- tivity, and certainly no description taken from alcoholic specimens, even comparatively fresh, conveys an accurate idea of the richness of the tints. The throat is loose and dilatable, and the animal has a habit of puffing it out when hissing under irritation or in anger. "This lizard is one of the more agile species of its group, though not so remarkably swift-footed as some of the Cnemidofhoriy and is difficult to capture alive without in- jury. It is one of the boldest, fiercest and most irascible of its kindj those that I kept in confinement proved entirely untamable. They not only defended themselves with spirit and vigor by biting when handled or irritated, but some- times assumed the offensive, leaping to attack to the full length of the cord which confined them. Their behavior was in striking contrast to that of the Horned Frogs picketed with them. The lizards lay sullen, but not cowed, watch- ing every movement of the persons around them with glitt- ering eyes, ready to spring upon an intruder without warn- ing. They clung tenaciously to a stick or the finger, in which they might fix their teeth, and suffered themselves to be suspended in this manner for some time before relin- quishing hold. Now and then they seemed to have fits of ungovernable rage, during which they leaped aimlessly about, and tugged persistently at the cord. They refused to eat, apparently from pure chagrin, and all died within a few days." 6. CROTAPHYTUS 111 Dr. Ruthven who observed them in New Mexico, states: "Here they may be seen on sunny days running about on the ground between the bushes or occasionally climbing among their branches. When approached carefully they will occasionally lie very quietly until one is within a couple of yards, their colors harmonizing so perfectly with the light soil that, unless one is aware of their exact whereabouts, it is difficult to detect them. They can seldom be approached in this way, however, as they are very shy, and usually the first intimation that one has of their proximity is a fleeting glimpse of a light colored body dashing off across the desert. When frightened they run with great swiftness from bush to bush, often for several rods, which is in contrast with the habits of the smaller lizards in the same habitat, which usually stop beneath the first clump of vegetation. They are very pugnacious, fighting furiously when wounded, but their food does not indicate as fierce a nature as that of C. wislizenii. As far as observed their diet consists ex- clusively of insects — grasshoppers, beetles and locusts being found in the stomachs of those examined. A large grass- hopper forms the bulk of the contents of these stomachs." Walter P. Taylor, in western Nevada, "looked in vain for this lizard on the open desert and on certain of the lower slopes of the mountains. All but one were secured on top of a steep-sided, rocky ridge (altitude 5000 feet) near Big Creek Ranch. The exception was collected in Big Creek Canyon just below the Dugout Camp (4800 feet) and at the base of the steep-sided ridge just mentioned. "One was apparently resting in a groove on one of the stones. We saw none on very large boulders. Crotaphytus c. baileyi does not seem to be as adept at clinging to rocks in any position as is Scelo-porus biseriatus. The movements of Crotafkyfus c. baileyi resemble those of C. wislizenii. 112 3. IGUANID& "Some of the individuals taken were probably paired ; at any rate, their being secured close together might so in- dicate. "The Bailey lizard is a nimble animal, jumping short distances from rock to rock. Frequently individuals allowed of very close approach, remaining perfectly quiet, but at other times they retreated with great rapidity. "The example taken in Big Creek Canyon was just shed- ding its epidermis, fragments of the old skin being still adherent." Ruthven and Gaige, in eastern Nevada, found it not common. "On one or two occasions we observed individuals on the ground, but they were mostly found on the rocks. Apparently they do not climb with the facility of the Scelo- 'porus biseriatus and Uta stansbunana nevadensis, but are usually found upon the tops of rocks or clinging to sloping rock faces and not on cliffs. When alarmed they rush down into the crevices. The stomach of one specimen contains only insects and spiders 5 another contains insects and some vegetable matter, the latter probably taken accidentally." Mr. Camp, in southeastern California, found that "These grotesque lizards inhabit the rocky slopes of the Turtle Mountains in numbers and live also among the rocks about the bases of the hills, but they were never seen on the open desert. This agrees with observations by Taylor (1912, p. 326) in northern Nevada. Like the chuckwallas, the Bailey lizards mount rocky eminences and lie for hours in the sun during the hottest part of the day. When approached they slip down into crevices or run with alacrity over the roughest ground, clearing obstacles up to two feet in height with great leaps. The males distend their dark throats when 'showing off.' They seem hard to kill, and when thought dead will sometimes 'come to life' in the collecting sack, blinking their yellow eyes and looking ferocious. When 6. CROTAPHYTUS U3 under excitement the brilliantly colored throat is distended and the huge mouth is sometimes opened in anger." "One stomach contained two chewed grasshoppers, and another three orthopterous insects, more or less chewed, and four small beetles." Mr. Slevin, in southeastern Arizona, observed that "These lizards are very timid. They seem to come out late in the afternoon, and then appear on the tops of boulders, where they may be seen bobbing up and down as many lizards do. This seems to be distinctively a rock-loving species, while C. wislizemi is found on the ground." Mr. Dwight Franklin writes: "Last summer it was my good fortune to be able to study Bailey's Collared Lizard (Crotaphytus collans) in the Painted Desert of northern Arizona. Those which I observed were found only in localities where the volcanic or other rock occurred in piles, or was scattered over the ground. The lizards were gen- erally seen perched upon one of these rocks. During the cooler hours of the day they were nearly always a dark, dirty gray, but when the air was warm and the lizards became more active, the color changed to a bright emerald green. This was in the country of the sandstone rocks. Where the black lava rock occurred the great majority of the lizards were of the same dark color, even when active and during the sunny part of the day. In this latter country they were a perfect example of protective coloration, but the green ones seem quite conspicuous, unless one could imagine a resemblance to the short grass, which occurred irregularly. "I have two specimens in captivity, and notice this same color change during the day. In the morning, or when the air is cool, they lie sluggishly on the bottom of the cage, or under a rock, and at such times they are of this dark color and show no desire to feed. When the sun strikes their 114 3. IGUANID& cage, however, they scramble around in a lively manner, their lighter colors begin to show, and they snap up meal worms eagerly. They are good feeders, quite hardy, and are very gentle, never offering to bite." Those which I have observed have always been on the tops of boulders, and when caught have been very gentle and tame, never attempting either to bite or to escape. As may be seen in the photograph of a pair, the females differ from the males in having but few dark spots on the throat. Ditmars, writing either of this or the eastern subspecies, states that smaller lizards are not safe in a cage with them. They devour fence lizards, horned toads, and even young snakes, as well as grasshoppers, crickets, mealworms, and small flowers and tender leaves. They dig hollows in the sand under stones. A captive female laid 2 1 eggs early in August. The eggs measured about 16x11 mm. and were covered with a thin, soft membrane. Ditmars also states that these lizards, when at full speed, sometimes raise the body, forelimbs and tail, and run for many feet on the hind legs alone. By Mr. Raymond Cowles: "These lizards were found on the rocky hill-sides and were very active and rather shy. Their strong jaws and great speed fit them for the preda- ceous life which they lead. In the largest specimen was found an eight inch Cnemido'phorus tigris tigris, partially digested." 17. Crotaphytus insularis Van Denburgh & Slevin ANGEL ISLAND COLLARED LIZARD Crotafhytus insularis VAN DENBURGH & SLEVIN, Proc. Cal. Acad. Sci., Ser. 4-, Vol. XI, No. 6, 1921, p. 96 (type locality, Angel de la Guardia Island, seven miles north of Pond Island, Gulf of California, Mexico). 6. CROTAPHYTUS 11$ Description. — Head large, depressed, and very distinct from the neck on account of swollen temples. Snout larger than in C. c. baileyi. Its plates all small but largest and somewhat convex on snout and frontal region. Two longi- tudinal rows of shields separating supraocular regions. Nostrils large and opening laterally, each in a round plate nearer to end of snout than to orbit. Superciliaries small but imbricate. Supralabials rather prominent and of nearly equal size. A large subocular plate, sometimes divided. Ear-opening large, oblique, with very slight anterior dcn- ticulation. Supraoculars, temporals and gulars subgranular. Lower labials a little larger than upper, bordered below by several series of plates larger than gulars. Symphyseal plate large, followed by a pair of large shields. One or two gular folds, continued on sides of neck. Back and sides covered with small granules which pass gradually into larger smooth flat scales on belly. Sides irregularly plicate. Tail tapering, nearly twice as long as head and body, and furnished with whorls of small, smooth plates which become keeled distally. Femoral pores varying in number from 1 7 to 22 in each series. Males with enlarged postanal plates. The general color is bluish, grayish, or yellowish brown, variously marbled, blotched, reticulated and cross-lined with pale gray or white. A whitish or grayish band crosses the shoulders. In front of this is an incomplete black collar or blotch in front of the shoulder. The head is spotted and reticulated with dark brown laterally and inferiorly. The throat and sides of belly are white more or less suffused with grayish blue 5 the belly sometimes with large brown or black lateral blotches and spots, the largest often just in front of the thigh. The upper surfaces of the limbs and tail are grayish or yellowish, spotted or reticulated with brown. 116 3. IGUANIDJE JL.ength to anus 80 90 207 9 25 20 41 90 95 206 10 27 20 44 92 97 208 10 25 19 43 89 108 219 12 31 25 46 96 114 243 12 32 24 54 103 Length to tail Snout to orbit 182 8 Snout to ear 22 Width of head Fore limb 17 . .... 37 Hind limb .. 78 Base of fifth to end of fourth toe 28 31 34 31 32 36 Distribution. — Angel de la Guardia Island, Gulf of California, Mexico. Remarks. — This species differs from C. c. baileyi chiefly in the longer snout, narrower head and single, incomplete black collar. 18. Crotaphytus wislizenii Baird & Girard LEOPARD LIZARD Plate 8 CrotapAyfus tvislizenii BAIRD & GIRARD, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., Vol. VI, 1852, p. 69 (type locality, Santa Fe, New Mexico); BAIRD & GIRARD, Stansbury's Exped. Great Salt Lake, 1853, p. 340, pi. Ill; HAI.LOWELL, Sitgreaves' Exped. Zuni & Colorado Rivers, 1853, p. 145; BAIRD & GIRARD, Marcy's Explor. Red River, 1854, p. 205 ; BAIRD, U. S. Mex. Bound. Surv., Vol. II, 1859, p. 7, pi. 31 ; BAIRD, Rept. Pac. R. R. Surv., Vol. X, 1859, p. 17; BAIRD, Rept. Pac. R. R. Surv., Vol. X, Pt. VI, No. 4, 1859, p. 37; COOPER, Rept. Pac. R. R. Surv., Vol. XII, 1860, p. 294; COOPER & SUCKLEY, Nat. Hist. Wash. Terr., 1860, p. 294; COPE, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1866, p. 303, BOCOURT, Miss. Sci. Mex., Rep., 1874, p. 155, pi. XVII bis. figs. 4, 4a; COPE, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., No. 1, 1875; p. 48; YARROW, Surv. W. 100th Merid., Vol. V, 1875, p. 566; COUES, Surv. W. 100th Merid., Vol. V, 1875, p. 590; YARROW & HENSHAW, Ann. Rep. Chief of Engineers for 1878, Surv. W. 100th Merid., Appendix NN, 1878, p. 221; COPE, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1883, pp. 14, 15, 18; YARROW, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., No. 24, 1883, pp. 9, 53 (part); BOULENGER, Cat. Lizards Brit. Mus., 6. CROTAPHYTUS 117 Vol. II, 1885, p. 204; GUNTHER, Biologia Central i-Americana, Kept., 1890, p. 59; STEJNEGER, N. Amcr. Fauna, No. 3, 1890, p. 105; STEJNEGER, N. Amer. Fauna, No. 7, 1893, p. 167; VAN DENBURGH, Bull. U. S. Fish. Com., 1894-, p. 56; COPE, Amcr. Natvralist, Vol. XXX, 1896, pp. 1013, 1015, 1018; VAN DENBURGH, Proc. Cal. Acad. Sci., Ser. 2, Vol. 5, 1896, p. 1004-j VAN DEN- BURGH, Proc Cal. Acad. Sci., Ser. 2, Vol. 6, 1896, p. 339; VAN BURGH, Occas. Papers, Cal. Acad. Sci., V, 1897, p. 56; HERRICK, TERRY & HERRICK, Bull. Sci. Lab. DENISON, Univ., Vol. XI, 1899, p. 140; HERRICK, TERRY & HERRICK, Bull. Univ. New Mexico, Vol. I, 1899, p. 140; McLAiN, Critical Notes, 1899, p. 2; COPE, Rep. U. S. N*t. Mus. for 1898, 1900, p. 255, fig. 21 (part); STONE & REHN, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1903, p. 31; BROWN, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1903, pp. 545, 552; VAN DENBURGH, Proc. Cal. Acad. Sci., Ser. 3, Zool., Vol. 4, No. 1, 1905, pp. 3, 25 ; BAILEY, N. Amer. Fauna, No. 25, 1905, pp. 28, 40; MEEK, Field Columb. Mus., Zool. Ser., Vol. VII, No. 1, 1906, p. 8; GRINNELL & GRIN- NELL, Throop Institute Bull., No. XXXV, 1907, p. 56, fig. 22; DITMARS, Reptile Book, 1907, p. 115, pi. XXXVII, fig. 2; RUTH- VEN, Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., Vol. XXIII, 1907, p. 515; GRINNELL, Univ. Cal. Publs. Zool., Vol. 5, No. 1, 1908, p. 160; STONE, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1911, p. 224; VAN DENBURGH, Proc. Cal. Acad. Sci., Ser. 4, Vol. 3, 1912, p. 152; VAN DENBURGH, Proc. Cal. Acad. Sci., Ser. 4, Vol. 3, 1912, p. 155; TAYLOR, Univ. Cal. Publs. Zool., Vol. 7, No. 10, 1912, p. 346; VAN DENBURGH & SLEVIN, Proc. Cal. Acad. Sci., Ser. 4, Vol. 3, 1913, p. 398; ATSATT, Univ. Cal. Publs. Zool., Vol. 12, No. 3, 1913, p. 34; FRANKLIN, Copcia, 1914, No. 5, p. 1; VAN DENBURGH & SLEVIN, Proc. Cal. Acad. Sci., Ser. 4, 1914, pp. 132, 144, 145; RICHARDSON, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., Vol. 48, 1915, p. 407; RUTH- VEN & GAIGE, Occas. Papers Mus. Zool. Univ. Michigan, No. 8, 1915, p. 16; VAN DENBURGH & SLEVIN, Proc. Cal. Acad. Sci., Ser. 4, Vol. 5, 1915, p. 103; STRECKER, Baylor Bulletin, Vol. XVIII, No. 4, 1915, p. 17; CAMP, Univ. Cal. Publs. Zool., Vol. 12, No. 17, 1916, p. 522; CAMP, Univ. Cal. Publs. Zool., Vol. 17, No. 7, 1916, p. 70; GRINNELL & CAMP, Univ. Cal. Publs. Zool., Vol. 17, No. 10, 1917, p. 152; STEJNEGER & BARBOUR, Check List N. Amer. Am ph. Rept., 1917, p. 46; COWLES, Journ. Entomol. & Zool., Pomona College, Vol. XII, No. 3, 1920, p. 64; STEPHENS, Trans. San Diego Soc. Nat. Hist., Vol. Ill, No. 4, 1921, p. 61; 118 3. IGUANID3E VAN DENBURGH & SLEVIN, Proc. Cal. Acad. Sci., Ser. 4, Vol. XI, 1921, pp. 28, 31, 40, 42, 51; NELSON, Mem. Nat. Acad. Sci., Vol. XVI, 1921, p. 114. Crotafhytus Gambeln BAIRD & GIRARD, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., Vol. VI, 1852, p. 126 (type locality, California) ; BAIRD & GIRARD, Marcy's Explor. Red River, 1854, p. 205. Crotap&ytus fasciatus HALLOWELL, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1852, p. 206 (type locality, Jornado del Muerte, New Mexico) ; HALLOWELL, Sitgreaves' Exped. Zuni & Colorado Rivers, 1853, p. 115, pi. V; HEERMANN, Rept. Pac. R. R. Surv., Vol. X, 1859, p. 24. Leiosaurus hallowelli DUMERIL, Arch. Mus. Hist. Nat., Vol. VII, p. 533, CrotapAytus cofen YARROW, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 1882, p. 441 (type locality, La Paz, Lower California) ; YARROW, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., No. 24, 1883; p. 53; STEJNEGER, N. Amer. Fauna, No. 3, 1890, p. 105; VAN DENBURGH, Proc. Cal. Acad. Sci., Ser. 2, Vol. 5, 1895, p. 93; DICKERSON, Copeia, 1917, No. 50, p. 96; NELSON, Mem. Nat. Acad. Sci., Vol. XVI, 1921, pp. 114, 115. Crotapbytus cofii GARMAN, Bull. Essex Inst., Vol. XVI, No. 1, 1884, p. 16. Crotapbytus cofei COPE, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., No. 32, 1887, p. 45; BELDING, West Amer. Scientist, Vol. Ill, No. 24, p. 97. Crotaphytus silus McL-AiN, Critical Notes, 1889, p. 2 (part). Crotap&ytus fasciatus MOCQUARD, Nouv. Arch, du Mus. d'Hist. Nat. Paris, Ser. 4, Vol. I, 1899, p. 303, pi. XIII, fig. 1 (type locality, Las Palmas, Lower California). Crotafhytus fasciolatus MOCQUARD, Bull. Mus. Hist. Nat. Paris, 1903, p. 209 (new name for C. fasciatus). Description. — Head large, depressed, not so distinct from neck as in C. c. baileyi. Its plates all small, but largest and somewhat convex on snout. Three to five longitudinal rows of shields separating supraocular regions. Nostril large and opening laterally in a round plate much nearer to end of snout than to orbit. Superciliaries small but im- bricate. Rostral plate wide but very low. Supralabials of nearly equal size. A long subocular plate. Ear-opening large, oblique, with very slight anterior denticulation. Supra- 6. CROTAPHYTUS 119 oculars and temporals granular, as also gulars. Lower labials slightly larger than upper, and bordered below by several series of small plates larger than gulars. Symphy- seal plate very large, but shields behind it not so large as in C. c. baileyi. From one to three transverse gular folds, only one well-developed. Back and sides covered with small granules, largest centrally, and passing gradually into the larger scales on the belly. Latter imbricate and some- times keeled. Irregular dermal folds usually present on sides. Tail conical, a little more than twice length of head and body, and covered with whorls of small scales. Femoral pores varying in number from about 14 to 25. Males with enlarged postanal plates. In the young the head is dark brown above, with cream- colored lines surrounding the orbits and supraocular regions and running up the median line of the snout from the rostral plate. The back is grayish brown with white or cream-colored cross-lines, which may either meet or alter- nate, on the median line, with those of the opposite side. Between each pair of these cross-lines is a round spot of dark brown. The tail is marked like the back, but not so regularly. The limbs are brown with irregular spots and lines of white. The lower surfaces are yellowish white, marked on the throat with longitudinal lines of dark brown. As the animals become larger the brown dorsal spots become smaller and more numerous, so that there are several between each pair of light cross-lines. The whole coloration becomes paler, as if faded, and the pattern less distinct. Usually the light cross-lines fade first, leaving the spots fairly dis- tinct, but the reverse order of disappearance may occur. In some very old specimens the cross-lines have entirely van- ished and the brown spots have become very minute. There is also a good deal of purely individual color variation. 120 3. IGUANID& During the breeding season some females have the under surfaces and sides of the tail and body suffused with deep salmon or salmon-red. This color disappears in alcohol. The following color description is of a specimen from Magdalena Island, Lower California: The general ground color is pale hair brown, changing to broccoli brown centrally, finely dotted with white and cream-buff, and with small spots of very dark sepia which increase slightly in size medially and posteriorly. There are two faint, pale clay-colored cross-bars on the back above the hind limbs, and several similar ones on the basal portion of the tail. Between these bars are pairs of rather large dark sepia spots, each with a small cream-colored center. The tail has brown rings separated by narrower pale cream- colored ones. The chest and belly are whitish, more or less fleckled with slate. The throat has longitudinal olive- gray bands and blotches on a pale cream-colored ground. Length to anus 47 69 87 89 107 119 Length of tail 77 160 175 204 225 Snout to orbit 4 6 8 8 10 12 Nostril to ear 10 14 18 18 21 25 Width of head. 9 12 16 16 19 22 Fore limb 19 28 34 34 43 46 Hind limb 32 54 69 74 80 87 Base of fifth to end of fourth toe _ 13 21 27 30 30 33 Remarks. — Mr. Camp has called attention to the fact that specimens from the northern part of the range of this species average fewer pores and shorter tails than those from southern California. In our specimens the pores are as shown in the following table: Oc. PAPERS, CAL. ACAD. Sci., VOL. X [VAN DENBURGH] PLATE 8 6. CROTAPHYTUS 121 Femoral pores H 15 16 I? 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 22 specimens from Utah. 1 7 8 6 4.Q specimens from Nevada. T 0 yo T8 18 T 7 TO in o r 8 specimens from Arizona •a <-> T j T 0 J 2 specimens from Cerros Island. . . . I I I I I am unable to find any difference between specimens from Cerros and Magdalena islands, Lower California (C. copei}, and those from the United States, either in colora- tion or proportions. The following measurements show how little difference there is: Specimen from Utah Cerros Cerrcs Arizona Length to anus in in 126 126 Length of tail 121 121 262 281 Snout to orbit II ii IT H Snout to ear 27 28 11 li Width of head 21 20 24 21 Fore limb . ... 4.0 4.7 47 Hind limb 8l 7Q OO 04. Base of fifth to end of fourth toe 30 30 34 33 Distribution. — The Leopard Lizard ranges from Texas to California and from southern Idaho to Lower California and Sonora. In California, it occupies almost the entire desert region of the eastern part of the state, and has. been collected also on the western slope of Riverside and San Diego counties. Through Walker Pass, it reaches the western slope of the Sierra Nevada, where it occurs in Kern Valley. It has been collected in San Diego (Oak Grove, Campo), Imperial (Fort Yuma, Hanlon Ranch, Salton Lake, Coyote Wells, Colorado River opposite Cibola, Pilot Knob, New River), Riverside (Riverside, San Jacinto, Hemet Valley, Snow Creek, grass fields between Blythe and Mecca, Cottonwood 122 3. IGUANID& Springs, Cabazon, Piny on Flat at 4000 feet on the east slope of the Santa Rosa Mountains, Palm Springs, Andreas Canyon, Vallevista in the San Jacinto Valley), San Ber- nardino (Cushenbury Springs on the desert slope of the San Bernardino Mountains, Warren's Wells, Lyons, Turtle Mountains, Blythe Junction, Needles, Ludlow, Barstow, Victorville, Pilot Knob, Lane's Mill, Garlick Spring), Los Angeles (two miles west from Pallett, Antelope Valley), Ventura (Lockwood Valley at 5000 feet), Kern (Mohave, 15 miles east from Mohave, two miles below Cameron, Fort Tejon, Gold Mountain Divide near Weldon, Bodfish, Kernville, Isabella, Havilla, Walker Pass at 5100 feet, Onyx), Inyo (Carroll Creek west of Owen's Lake, Owen's Lake, Keeler, Lone Pine Creek, Lone Pine, Independence, 20 miles west from Bishop, Kearsarge Pass, White Mts., Inyo Mts., Deep Spring Valley, Saline Valley, Coso, Dar- win, 15 miles north from Darwin, Argus Mts. at Shepherd Canyon, Panamint Valley, Panamint Mts. at Cottonwood Canyon and Wild Rose Spring, Death Valley at Saratoga Spring and Furnace Creek), Mono (Benton), and Lassen (Doyle) counties. In Nevada, it has been secured in Clark (Vegas Valley, St. Thomas, Charleston Mountains, Indian Spring Valley), Lincoln (Quartz Springs in the Desert Mountains, Panaca, Caliente, Timpahute Mountains, Pahranagat Valley, Pahranagat Mountains), Nye (Oasis Valley, Amargosa Desert, Tonopah, Rhyolite, Smoky Valley, Pahrump Valley, Pablo Creek Toiyabe Mountains at 6,200 feet, Clover- dale), Esmeralda (Goldfield, Hawthorne, Tule Canyon, Mount Magruder, Sacrobatus Flat, Grapevine Mountains), Lyon (Mason), Ormsby (Carson City), Washoe (Reno, Truckee River, Wadsworth, Derby, Pyramid Lake Indian Agency, Sutcliffe and the Willows at Pyramid Lake), Hum- boldt (Golconda, Amos at 4,000 feet, Quinn River Cross- 6. CROTAPHYTUS 123 ing at 4,100 feet, Big Creek Ranch at 4,350 feet, Alder Creek, Leonard Creek and Thousand Creek Flat at 5,000 feet), Lander (Battle Mountain), Eureka (Beowawe), Elko (Carlin), and White Pine (Antelope Springs and Snake Creek), counties. In Oregon, it has been found at The Dalles, Wasco County, Summer Lake, Lake County, and Watson, Vale and Rome, Malheur County. In Idaho, it has been collected in Owyhee (plains across river from Glenn's Ferry, mouth of the Bruneau River), Jerome (Blue Lakes to Shoshone Falls) Twin Falls (south side of Snake River near Salmon Falls), Cassia (Cotton- wood Creek), Gooding (plains north side of Snake River between Upper Salmon Falls and Bliss, plains between Bliss and Snake River), Elmore (Glenn's Ferry, Mountain Home), Ada (Boise), Washington (Weiser), and Bing- ham (Fort Hall), counties. In Utah, it has been collected in Washington (St. George, 1 0 miles northwest from St. George, Rockville, Black Ridge at 4,500 feet, Peter's Leap Creek, Bellevue at 4,500 feet, and Virgin City at 4,000 feet, Mountain Meadows), Beaver (Newhouse, Beaver Creek Hills), Tooele (Dugway Moun- tains), Millard (Dome Canyon, Cove Fort), Emery (Green River), and Grand (Elgin, Thompson), counties, and at Meadow Creek. In Arizona, it is known to occur in Mohave (Fort Mohave, Hackberry), Coconino (Lee's Ferry, Painted Desert, Great Falls of the Little Colorado River), Yava- pai (Fort Whipple), Maricopa (Paradise Valley, Phoenix, Vulture), Gila (Gila River), Graham (Safford), Pima (Catalina Mountains, Tucson, Fort Lowell, Sabino Canyon, Snyder's Hill) Santa Cruz (Nogales), and Yuma (Yuma, Papago Wells), counties. In Lower California it has been captured at Gardner's 124 3. IGUANIDJE Lagoon, San Quentin, San Tomas, Las Palmas, Yubay, La Paz, and on Magdalena and Cerros islands. It has been taken in northwestern Sonora, and on Ti- buron Island in the Gulf of California. Habits. — The Leopard Lizard usually is found on desert plains, where it sometimes is quite common. It usu- ally moves rather slowly and is not very easily alarmed. It is, however, capable of great speed. I believe that it, at times, runs on the hind feet alone, but this observation may need confirmation. Its food may consist at times chiefly of blossoms and leaves of plants, as stated by Dr. C. Hart Merriam (N. Amer. Fauna, No. 7, 1893, p. 168), but other observers have found the carnivorous diet to be the rule. Merriam stated that it devours large numbers of insects and lizards in addition to its vegetable diet. Among insects eaten, grasshoppers, robber-flies and beetles are mentioned by Ruthven. Lizards upon which it preys include Sceloporus magistery Sceloporus graciosus, Uta stansbwrianay Crota'phy- tus wislizenii, Cnemid,o/phorus tessellatus tessellatusy Cnemi- dophorus melanostethusy CalUsaurus ventralis, and even a species of Phrynosoma. It is a ferocious cannibal. Taylor states: "When handled the animals make a hissing sound and vigorously attempt to bite. One uttered a low moaning sound. While at rest they keep the head raised from the ground and watch the intruder, but when in motion lower it. One was seen running into a bush after a cicada, which it apparently failed to secure. Next it crawled slowly along, occasionally protruding its tongue. When a fly buzzed about the bush and alighted on the ground some two and a half feet away it raised its head and started a little as if it recognized the sound. Then it crawled slowly up toward the fly and as the insect left the 6. CROTAPHYTUS 125 ground the lizard jumped four inches into the air after it. In executing this leap all four feet necessarily left the ground. Once the lizard crouched down on a gray sage- leaf background with which the color of its body blended perfectly. "Numbers of the females exhibited the red coloration characteristic of some examples during the breeding season. The first specimen showing this character was secured June 8, between Quinn River Crossing and Big Creek Ranch," Nevada. Ruthven and Gaige, in northeastern Nevada, found a large female containing eggs July 13. The first young (129 mm. in total length were seen on August 14. Rich- ardson says: "Two females taken at the Pyramid Lake Indian Agency between May 26 and June 1 contained two and four eggs, respectively. One secured at Derby on June 29 carried two well-developed eggs, and another taken at Carson City on July 10 contained large eggs and had assumed the brilliant red-orange breeding colors." Regarding this red coloration assumed by the breeding females, which has a curiously superficial appearance, Dr. Merriam writes: "In many lizards, as well known, the male assumes a special coloration during the breeding season. The present species is a notable exception, the male remaining the same, while the female undergoes a remark- able change. The whole under surface and sides of the tail become deep salmon or even salmon red, and the sides of the body assume the same color, either uniformly or in blotches. The red markings on the sides usually begin as spots, which soon unite to form transverse stripes. The central part of the back is not affected by the change, and the dark markings on the sides remain distinct. None were seen in this condition until May 20, when the first red one was found on Pahroc Plain, Nev., but dozens were seen 126 3. IGUANID& afterward in Pahranagat Valley, Indian Spring Valley, the Amargosa Desert, Tule Canyon, and numerous other lo- calities. The change does not take place till late in the development of the egg. Many pairs were observed in copulation in Diamond and the Upper Santa Clara Valleys, Utah, and thence northward to Mountain Meadows and the Escalante Desert, and westerly across the Juniper Mountains to Meadow Creek Valley from May 17 to 19, but no trace of the red coloration had appeared. The red individuals were always found to contain large eggs, gen- erally measuring from 12 to 15 mm. in length, with the coriaceous shell already formed." Mr. Camp observed: "One of the females taken in July still displays the red nuptial coloration: the bars on sides of neck, back and hind legs (in ordinary coloration white or yellow) are peach red to scarlet ; base and tip of tail beneath are shrimp pink. The ground color of this individual is light neutral gray on the lighter parts of the back j fuscous spots occur on the back and sides, with bands of the same color on the tail. A female not exhibiting red coloration contained one large egg. A large male has scarcely a trace of the ordinary reticulation on the back, and the brown dorsal spots are reduced to small dots on the body and tail. The longest specimen, a male, has the fol- lowing measurements: total length 364 millimeters, tail length 260 millimeters. "The leopard lizard, probably the swiftest of North American desert reptiles, was fairly common in the Turtle Mountain district at the time I was there. This species does not inhabit the rocky hillsides in that vicinity ; unlike the Bailey collared lizard, it appears to haunt the more level plains and sandy places. Individuals are wary and take to retreats, often before it is possible to get a shot at them. 6. CROTAPHYTUS 127 The tracks of the hind feet of leopard lizards running swiftly in sand were found to be ten inches apart. "A grown gridiron-tailed lizard swallowed whole and head first was found in one stomach. The flabby sides of the leopard lizard are often distended with the remains of smaller lizards which they have run down and swallowed." Mr. Franklin writes: "There seems to be considerable variation in the color and pattern, depending on the sort of country in which they are found. Those living in a region of dark volcanic rocks have a darker pattern than those found in the red sandy desert. The Leopard Lizards which I observed last summer were of the latter type, and were chiefly seen at Tuba, in the Painted Desert, Arizona. The general color of these lizards was light in tone, the ground color was pale buff and the spots of a soft, rich brown which blended at the edges. The females were slightly larger than the males and invariably had a series of brilliant orange-red bars along the sides of the body and tail and along the under side of the tail. None of the males which I examined had any red color. The under sides of both sexes are pure white. "These lizards were feeding largely upon cicadas dur- ing the month of June. An examination of their stomachs showed this. On one occasion I saw a Leopard Lizard leap over two feet up and catch a cicada which was singing in a low grease wood bush. "Leopard Lizards probably lay their eggs during July, although I was unable to make any observations on their breeding habits. During the month of June I saw many adults but no young, while in August and September I saw no adults but quite a few young lizards, evidently of that year's brood. The young were about five inches in length and were slightly darker than the adults." Mr. Cowles notes: "These specimens were found skulk- 128 3. IGUANID& ing under the branches of the creosote bushes. They are very rapid runners, and are predaceous. Their coloring blends admirably into the mottled shade where they lie in wait for their prey. A ten-inch Cnemido'phorus tigris tigris was taken from an eleven inch specimen. Their biting ability was well proved upon the collector who picked up one of the specimens which had been only wounded. One bite tore through the skin of the first finger, causing a de- cided flow of blood." 19. Crotaphytus silus Stejneger SHORT-NOSED LEOPARD LIZARD Plate 9 CrotapAytus wislizeni COOPER, Proc. Cal. Acad. Sci., Vol. IV, 1870, p. 71; YARROW, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., No. 24, 1883, p. 53 (part); COPE, Report U. S. Nat. Mus. for 1898, 1900, p. 255 (part). Crotap/iytus silus STEJNEGER, N. Amer. Fauna, No. 3, 1890, p. 105 (type locality, Fresno, California) ; STEJNEGER, N. Amer. Fauna, No. 7, 1893, p. 170; VAN DENBURGH, Occas. Papers Cal. Acad. Sci., V, 1897, p. 59; McLAiN, Critical Notes, 1899, p. 2 (part); MEEK, Field Columbian Mus., Zool. Ser., Vol. VII,- No. 1, 1906, p. 9; GRINNELL & CAMP, Univ. Cal. Publs., Zool., Vol. 17, No. 10, 1917, p. 152; STEJNEGER & BARBOUR, Check List N. Amer. Amph. Kept., 1917, p. 46. Description. — Head large, depressed, with rather short snout. Its plates all small but largest and somewhat con- vex on snout. Two to five longitudinal rows of shields separating supraocular regions. Nostril large and opening laterally in a round plate much nearer to end of snout than to orbit. Superciliaries small but imbricate. Rostral plate wide but very low. Supralabials of nearly equal size. A long subocular plate. Ear-opening large, oblique, with very slight anterior denticulation. Supraoculars and tem- porals granular, as also gulars. Lower labials slightly larger than upper, and bordered below by several series of 3c. PAPERS, CAL. ACAD. Sci., VOL. X [VAN DENBURGH] PLATE 9 6. CROTAPHYTUS 129 small plates larger than gulars. Symphyseal plate very large, with several series of slightly enlarged plates. From one to three transverse gular folds, only the posterior one well-developed. Back and sides covered with small granules, largest centrally, and passing gradually into the larger scales on the belly. Latter imbricate and sometimes keeled. Irregular dermal folds usually present on sides. Tail conical, about twice lengtH of head and body, and covered with whorls of small scales. Femoral pores vary- ing in number from about 15 to 20 in specimens examined. Males with enlarged postanal plates. The head is dark brown above, with cream-colored lines and irregular spots and marblings about the snout, occiput, temples and supraocular regions. The back is grayish brown or dark hair brown with white or cream-colored cross-bars, which may either meet or alternate, on the me- dian line, with those of the opposite side. Between each pair of these cross-bars the ground color may be unmarked or may show rounded spots of darker brown. The tail is marked like the back, but less regularly and usually is spotted. The limbs are brown with irregular spots of brown and lines of white or cream. The lower surfaces are yellowish white, marked on the throat with longitudinal lines or spots of gray or pale brown. The whole coloration resembles that of young individuals of C. wisliz6iwt but usually with less evident brown spotting. Length to anus 90 91 92 95 100 105 Length to tail 180 177 170 175 178 193 Snout to orbit 888899 Nostril to ear 18 18 19 19 20 20 Width of head 18 19 19 20 21 21 Fore limb 36 38 38 40 39 42 Hind limb 76 73 75 77 76 79 Base of fifth to end of fourth toe „ .. 28 28 27 29 26 30 130 3. IGUANIDJE .1 Remarks. — This subspecies is very similar 'to C. wislizenti, but has a much shorter and more truncate snout. The greatest width of the head is equal to or greater than the distance from the nostril to the ear-opening. The dis- tance between the nostril and the inner anterior orbital angle is considerably less than the vertical diameter of the ear- opening. The coloration also is different. In C. silus the cross- bands are broad and distinct and do not disappear as the animal grows larger. In some specimens the interspaces between the light bands are solidly dark, in others the spots are indicated only by somewhat ill-defined brown patches. Adults in life were bright lemon yellow on the belly and under surfaces of the limbs and tail. Distribution. — This species is known only from Califor- nia, where it occurs only in the San Joaquin Valley and parts of eastern San Luis Obispo County. It may live also in parts of the Sacramento Valley, but has not been re- corded from that region. It has been taken in Merced (Livingston), Madera (five miles south from Madera), Fresno (Fresno, Mendota), Tulare (Tipton, Earli^fcart), Kern (eight miles northeast from Bakersfield, Bakersfield, Caliente Creek, Pampa, Poso, five miles north from Rose Station, Tejon Ranch, Tehachapi Mountains, Edison, Buena Vista Lake, San Emig- dio Creek, Maricopa, McKittrick), and San Luis Obispo (San Emigdio Plains, Carrizo Plains five miles north from Painted Rock, Palo Prieto Canyon, San Juan River south from Shandon), counties. % Habits. — Heller found this species abundant near Rose Station. He states: "The species is very wary, which is doubtless due to the open and exposed nature of their habi- 6. CROTAPHYTUS—7. UMA 131 tat. They are found living in abandoned burrows of the Kangaroo-rat, Perodipus. All the stomachs examined con- tained grasshoppers." Genus 7. Uma Uma BAIRD, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1858, p. 253 (type, no fata). The head and body are moderately depressed, not much shorter than tail. The snout is rounded when seen from above but pointed in profile. The head plates, including the interparietal, are small, the largest being smaller than the ear-opening. The supralabials and superciliaries are im- bricate. The dorsals are small and nearly uniform. The ear-opening is large, with a strong anterior denticulation on a valve like dermal flap. There is a strong gular fold. A long series of femoral pores usually with a second, shorter series, present. There is a series of elongate scales project- ing from each side of the digits and from the external side of the sole of the foot. Four species have been described, but there can be no doubt that all are based upon individual, sexual and age variations of a single species. Some authors have preferred to unite the genera Uma and Callisaurus, but the small size of its interparietal plate, the large anterior ear scales, the dermal ear valve, the greater development of the spines on its toes, the normal duplication of its series of femoral pores, and its different style of coloration seem to justify the retention of the genus Uma. 132 3. IGUANID& 20. Uma notata Baird OSCELLATED SAND LlZARD Plates 10 and 11 Uma notata BAIRD, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1858, p. 253 (type locality, Mohave Desert); COPE, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1866, pp. 310, 360; COOPER, Proc. Cal. Acad. Sci., Vol. IV., 1870, p. 67; COPE, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., No. 1, 1875, p. 47; COUES, Surv. W. 100th Merid., Vol. V., 1875, p. 600; YARROW, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., No. 24, 1883, p. 51; BOULENGER, Cat. Lizards Brit. Mus., Vol. II, 1885, p. 207; COPE, Amer. Naturalist, Vol. XXIX, 1895, p. 939; VAN DENBURGH, Occas. Papers Cal. Acad. Sci., V, 1897, p. 4-7; COPE, Report U. S. Nat. Mus. for 1898, 1900, p. 277, fig. 27; MEEK, Field Columbian Mus., Zool. Ser., Vol. VII, No. 1, 1906, p. 4; DITMARS, Reptile Book, 1907, p. 1 18, pi. XXXVI; VAN DENBURGH, Proc. Cal. Acad. Sci., Ser. 4, Vol. 3, 1912, p. 153; VAN DENBURGH & SLEVIN, Proc. Cal. Acad. Sci., Ser. 4, Vol. 3, 1913, p. 399; CAMP, Univ. Cal. Publs. Zool., Vol. 12, No. 17, 1916, p. 516; GRINNELL & CAMP, Univ. Cal. Publs. Zool., Vol. 17, No. 10, 1917, p. 150; COWLES, Journ. Entomol. & Zool., Pomona College, Vol. XII, No. 3, 1920, p. 63; VAN DENBURGH & SLEVIN, Proc. Cal. Acad. Sci., Ser. 4, Vol. XI, 1921, pp. 51, 56. Uma sco f aria COPE, Amer. Naturalist, Vol. XXVIII, 1894, p. 435, figs. 3, 4 (type locality, Tucson, Arizona) ; COPE, Report U. S. Nat. Mus. for 1898, 1900, p. 282, fig. 29; DITMARS, Reptile Book, 1907, p. 118. Uma inornata COPE, Amer. Naturalist, Vol. XXIX, 1895, p. 939 (type locality, Colorado Desert, San Diego, Cal., now Imperial Co.); VAN DENBURGH, Occas. Papers Cal. Acad. Sci., V, 1897, p. 47; COPE, Report U. S. Nat. Mus. for 1898, 1900, p. 281; DITMARS, Reptile Book, 1907, p. 118. Uma rufofunctata COPE, Amer. Naturalist, Vol. XXIX, 1895, p. 939 (type locality, Yuma Desert, Arizona) ; COPE, Report U. S. Nat. Mus. for 1898, 1900, p. 279, fig. 28; DITMARS, Reptile Book, 1907, p. 118. Callisaurus notatus COPE, Amer. Naturalist, Vol. XXX, 1896, p. 1049; STEJNEGER & BARBOUR, Check List N. Amer. Amph. Rept., 1917, p. 47. Callisaurus scoparius STEJNEGER & BARBOUR, Check List N. Amer. Amph. Rept., 1917, p. 48. 7. UMA 133 Description. — Head rather short and low, with snout rounded when seen from above but pointed in profile. Nostrils large, opening on upper surface of snout. Supra- ocular regions covered with small plates and separated from each other by two or three rows of similar plates. Upper head plates small and irregular, largest on frontal and pre- frontal regions, everywhere smooth and rather flat. Inter- parietal plate small, usually less than half as large as ear- opening. Several (3-6) subocular plates, middle one very long and strongly keeled. Superciliaries rather small, but strongly imbricate. Eyelids bearing a well developed fringe. Ear-opening large, with four to six scales forming a strong anterior denticulation. Supralabials strongly im- bricate, keeled, usually about seven to 1 0 in number. Infra- labials about 11 to 17, small, juxtaposed 5 below them an- teriorly one or two and posteriorly several series of flat sub- labial plates. Gulars granular and smooth, larger centrally and on edge of fold. Back and sides covered with small rounded or diamond-shaped granules, which change gradu- ally into much larger smooth, flat, ventrals, the laterals being somewhat smaller. A dermal fold usually extending along each side between limbs. Tail of moderate length, rather broad and depressed basally, its scales posteriorly becoming slightly imbricate, and along its edge, pointed. Limbs very long and slender. Anterior and upper surfaces of arm with somewhat imbricate, smooth, feebly pointed scales. Hind limbs granular above j anterior sur- face of thigh and ventral surface of leg with enlarged smooth scales. Digits and external margin of foot from fifth to fourth toe with fringes of narrow, elongate, projecting scales, largest on fourth toe and margin of foot, and middle three fingers, very small or lacking on first and fifth toes. Males with enlarged postanal plates. Femoral pores in a long main series and usually a shorter second row on each 134 3. IGUANID& thigh, numbering from about 17 to 35 in the main series and about one to 1 5 in the accessory row, or a total of about 17 to 47 pores per thigh. Although the coloration always is of the characteristic type, it varies considerably in different individuals. If the light areas be regarded as the ground color, this varies from creamy or ashy white, or yellow to light brownish yellow in adults and to pea-green or glaucous blue in young. The entire upper surface of the neck, body and base of the tail, is heavily reticulated with black in such a manner that the ground color appears as more or less regular rings, half circles, ellipses, or short bars, surrounded by black, each ring with a central spot of black or reddish brown. The black markings may be narrowly edged with reddish brown or orange rufous. These ocellations may be less distinct in the young. The sides of the neck and body, the upper surfaces of the limbs, and distal portion of the tail are spotted with black or brown. These spots tend to form broken reticulations or short longitudinal lines on the tail, but are small and rounded on the limbs. The lower sur- faces are white or whitish usually with, but sometimes with- out, blackish markings on the throat, sides of belly, and under surface of tail. Black spots may or may not be present behind one or both thighs. The black markings on the throat may be absent, indistinct, or reduced, or two or three transverse crescents and one to threeV-shaped marks may be present. The black spots on the under surface of the tail vary in number from none to seven. The black ventro- lateral blotch varies much in size (0 to 12 mm.}, and may be margined with green. The eyelids and sometimes the sides of the head and tail in females may be tinged with orange. Mr. Heller describes the coloration in life of an old male as follows: "Above creamy white blotched with irregu- Oc. PAPERS, CAL. ACAD. Sci., VOL. X [VAN DENBURGH] PLATE 10 C t, OS ctf CO £ Snout to ear 15 15 16 16 16 17 Width of head 13 13 14 13 14 14 Fore limb 42 43 43 41 41 43 Hind limb 72 73 73 75 72 74 Base of fifth to end of fourth toe 29 30 29 30 29 30 Variation. — The above description is based upon speci- mens from Carmen Island. Those from other localities show but little variation. In the series from South Santa Inez Island the black latero ventral blotches are blurred or more or less obsolete. Femoral pores vary as follows: Angeles Bay 13 to 16, average 14.2; Las Animas Bay 15 to 17, average 15.77; San Francisquito Bay 12 to 18, average 15.18; Loreto 1 5 ; Agua Verde Bay 1 3 to 1 8, average 1 5.72 ; San Nicolas Bay 12 to 16, average 14.50; Concepcion Bay 14 to 17, average 15.66; San Evaristo 15 to 17, average 15.75; San Marcos Island 13 to 20, average 16.16; South Santa Inez Island 12 to 20, average 15.94; San Jose Island 11 to 17, average 14.69. Distribution. — I have examined specimens from Angeles Bay, Las Animas Bay, San Francisquito Bay, Loreto, Agua Verde Bay, San Nicolas Bay, Concepcion Bay, and San Evaristo, on the peninsula of Lower California, and from San Marcos, South Santa Inez, Carmen, and San Jose islands in the Gulf of California. Specimens which have been col- 148 3. IGUANIDM lected at Mulege, San Xavier, San Ignacio, Santa Rosalia, and on Santa Margarita Island, doubtless belong here. Remarks. — The specimens referred to this name are intermediate in many respects between C. v. ventralis and C. d. draconoldes. The markings on the back and tail are as in C. d. draconoldes^ but the lateroventral black blotches are similar to those of C. v. v entrails, although a few indi- viduals have a third black mark, and some have the blotches less oblique. Some of the specimens from La Pax are typical C. d. draconoldesy but others are indistinguishable from the present subspecies, and various intermediate speci- mens occur there and farther north. I am unable to find any real difference between specimens from various islands in the Gulf of California and those collected on the penin- sula of Lower California. Specimens from Santa Inez Island have the lateroventral black blotches more or less obsolete, but in other respects seem not to be different. 24. Callisaurus splendidus Dickerson ANGEL ISLAND GRIDIRON-TAILED LIZARD Callisaurus dracontoides TOWNSEND, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., Vol. XIII, 1890, p. 144. Callisaurus ventralis VAN DENBURGH, Proc. Cal. Acad. Sci., Ser. 2, Vol. 5, 1895, p. 97 (part); VAN DENBURGH & SLEVIN, Proc. Cal. Acad. Sci., Ser. 4, Vol. 4, 1914, p. 146. Callisaurus draconoid.es ventralis COPE, Report U. S. Nat. Mus, for 1898, 1900, p. 273 (part). Callisaurus splendidus DICKERSON, Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., Vol. XLI, 1919, p. 467 (type locality, Angel de la Guardia Island, Gulf of California, Mexico); NELSON, Mem. Nat. Acad. Sci., Vol. XVI, 1921, pp. 114, 126, 171. Description. — Head rather short and low, with well developed canthus rostralis. Nostrils large, opening on 8. CALLISAURUS 14-9 upper surface of snout. Supraocular regions covered with small plates and separated from each other by one or two rows of slightly larger plates. Upper head plates (except interparietal) small and irregular, largest on frontal and prefrontal regions, everywhere smooth and rather flat. Sev- eral subocular plates, middle one very long and strongly keeled. Superciliaries rather small, but strongly imbricate. Eye-lids bearing a well-developed fringe. Supralabials strongly imbricate, and produced laterally so as to form a series of curves when seen from above. Infralabials small, juxtaposed. Below them, several series of flat sublabial plates. Gulars granular and smooth, growing larger and imbricate on posterior fold. Back and sides covered with small flat- tened granules, which change gradually into much larger smooth ventrals. A dermal fold usually extending along each side between limbs. Tail of moderate length, much flattened, its scales slightly imbricate, and along its edge, pointed. Limbs very long and slender. Ear-opening large, without denticulation. Femoral pores varying from 1 1 to 17; average in 87 thighs, 13.10. The general color above is grayish, dotted or spotted with white or pale gray, often more or less suffused with brown, pink or red, and often with indications of dark dorsal blotches which are most distinct in females and young. The top of the head is gray, brown, cream, or olive, sometimes clouded with dark slaty gray. The upper surfaces of the limbs are crossed by more or less obsolete bands of dark brown or blackish slate. A dark stripe, bordered above and below with white, runs along the back of the thigh. The upper surface of the tail is gray or light brown, with cross- bars of very dark blackish brown or black in females and black in males. The posterior borders of these bars are nearly straight or but little undulate at least from the middle to the end of the tail. The throat is white, more 150 3. IGUANID& or less clouded with gray. The lower surface of the tail is white with about eight (six to 10) cross-bars of intense black. The belly is whitish. Males have a large blue patch, marked with two oblique wedge-shaped black blotches, on each side, which rarely are united ventrally. Some males have a reddish or orange gular and postaxillary suffusion. Females lack the lateral blue patch and have the lateroven- tral dark blotches gray or obsolete. Length to anus. 60 65 65 66 66 67 Length of tail 81 80 90 78 85 97 Snout to back of inter- parietal 11 12J4 11J4 12 12 12 Snout to ear \2^/2 \Zl/2 13 13 14- 13 Width of head 11 11 10 11 11 12 Fore limb 34 34- 35 36 33 37 Hind limb ...._ 60 60 60 61 58 65 Base of fifth to end of fourth toe ..... 24 24 24 24 23 26 Distribution. — Angel de la Guardia Island, Gulf of California, Mexico. 25. Callisaurus inusitatus Dickerson SONORAN GRIDIRON-TAILED LIZARD ? Callisaurus ventralis VAN DENBURGH, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1897, p. 461. Callisaurus inusitatus DICKERSON, Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., Vol. XLI, 1919, p. 465 (type locality, Tiburon Island, Gulf of California, Mexico). Description. — Head rather short and low, with well developed canthus rostralis. Nostrils large, opening on upper surface of snout. Supraocular regions covered with small or moderate sized plates and separated from each other by one or two rows of plates. Upper head plates (except interparietal) small and irregular, largest on frontal and prefrontal regions, everywhere smooth and rather flat. 8. CALLISAURUS 151 Several subocular plates, middle one very long and strongly keeled. Superciliaries rather small, but strongly imbricate. Eyelids bearings a well developed fringe. Supralabials strongly imbricate, and produced laterally so as to form a series of curves when seen from above. Infralabials small, juxtaposed. Below them, several series of flat sublabial plates. Gulars granular and smooth, growing larger and imbricate on posterior fold. Back and sides covered with small flattened granules, which change gradually into much larger smooth ventrals. A dermal fold usually extending along each side between limbs. Tail of moderate length, much flattened, its scales slightly imbricate, and along its edge, pointed. Limbs very long and slender. Ear-opening large, without denticulation. Femoral pores varying from 16 to 22-, average in 75 thighs, 18.4. The general color above is grayish, dotted and spotted with white or pale gray, and often with indications of dark brown dorsal blotches which are most distinct in females and young. The top of the head is rich cream or olive, clouded with dark slaty gray. The upper surfaces of the limbs are crossed by more or less obsolete bands of gray, dark brown or blackish slate. A dark stripe, bordered above and below with white, runs along the back of the thigh. The upper surface of the tail is gray or light brown, with cross-bars of dark brown in females and young, of brown proximally and black or blackish brown distally in males. The posterior borders of these bars are nearly straight or but little undulate, at least from the middle to the end of the tail. The throat is white, more or less clouded with gray. The lower surface of the tail is white with about six (five to nine) cross-bars of intense black. The belly is whitish. Males have a large blue patch, marked with two oblique wedge-shaped blackish blotches, on each side. These blotches are obsolete, and ill-defined, are not sharply con- 152 3. IGUANID& trasted with the blue patches, and often are joined together below. In females the lateral blue patch is absent and the dark blotches are gray. Some males have a reddish or orange suffusion on the back, gular region and axilla. Length to anus 80 85 93 96 98 100 Length of tail 111 119 127 124 134 121 Snout to back of inter- parietal 14 14 16 17 16 16 Snout to ear 16 16 17 18 18 17 Width of head 13 14 14 15 15 15 Fore limb 46 47 49 52 50 50 Hind limb 80 80 85 86 84 84 Base of fifth to end of fourth toe 32 33 33 32 32^ 32 Distribution. — This species occurs on Tiburon Island, in the Gulf of California, and on the mainland of Sonora, Mexico, where it has been taken at Tepoca Bay, San Pedro Bay, Guaymas, and probably San Miguel de Horcasitas. Remarks. — This large species is very closely related to C. v. ventralis. The average number of its femoral pores is a little greater. It may be easily distinguished by the obsolete, poorly defined, lateroventral black blotches of the males, and the fact that these blotches frequently are united ventrally. In all the other species these blotches are well defined, intense black in sharp contrast. 26. Callisaurus ventralis ventralis (Hallowell) DESERT GRIDIRON-TAILED LIZARD Plate 12. Homalosaurus ventralis HALLOWELL, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., Vol. VI, 1852, p. 179 (type locality, New Mexico); HALLOWELL, Sit- greaves' Exped. Zufii and Colorado Rivers, 1853, p. 117, pi. 6; HEERMANN, Rep. Pac. R. R. Surv., Vol. X, 1859, p. 24. 8. CALLISAURUS 153 Callisaurus ventralis, BAIRD, U. S. Mex. Bound. Surv., Vol. II, 1859, p. 8; BAIRD, Rep. Pac. R. R. Surv., Vol. X, 1859, p. 17; COPE, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1866, p. 310; COOPER, Proc. Cal. Acad. Sci., Vol. IV, 1870, p. 67; STEJNEGER, N. Amer. Fauna, No. 7, 1893, p. 170; VAN DENBURGH, Proc. Cal. Acad. Sci., Ser. 2, Vol. 5, 1895, p. 97 (part); VAN DENBURGH, Proc. Cal. Acad. Sci., Vol. 6, 1896, p. 339; VAN DENBURGH, Occas. Papers Cal. Acad. Sci., V, 1897, p. 48, fig.; VAN DENBURGH, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1897, p. 461; McLAiN, Critical Notes, 1899, p. 2; MEEK, Field Columbian Mus. Nat. Hist., Zool. Ser., Vol. VII, 1906, p. 7; RUTHVEN, Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., Vol. XXIII, 1907, p. 518; STONE, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1911, p. 225; VAN DENBURGH, Proc. Cal. Acad. Sci., Ser. 4, Vol. 3, 1912, pp. 148, 152, 153; VAN DENBURGH & SLEVIN, Proc. Cal. Acad. Sci., Ser. 4, Vol. 3, 1913, p. 400; ATSATT, Univ. Cal. Publ. Zool., Vol. 12, No. 3, 1913, p. 33; VAN DENBURGH & SLEVIN, Proc. Cal. Acad. Sci., Ser. 4, Vol. 4, 1914, pp. 132 (part), 145; RICHARDSON, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., Vol. 48, 1915, pp. 409, 410; VAN DENBURGH & SLEVIN, Proc. Cal. Acad. Sci., Ser. 4, Vol. 5, No. 4, 1915, p. 100. ? Callisaurus dracontoides gabbii COPE, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., No. 1, 1875, p. 47; YARROW, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., No. 24, 1883, pp. 9, 189; COPE, Report U. S. Nat. Mus. for 1898, 1900, p. 272 (type locality, Northern Lower California, Mexico). Callisaurus dracontoides ventralis COPE, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., No. 1, 1875, p. 47; YARROW, Surv. W. 100th Merid., Vol. V, 1875, p. 365; COUES, Surv. W. 100th Merid., Vol. V, 1875, p. 600; YARROW & HENSHAW, Ann. Rep. Chief of Engineers for 1878, Surv. W. 100th Merid., Appendix NN, 1878, p. 220; YARROW, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., No. 24, 1883, pp. 5, 51; COPE, Report U. S. Nat. Mus. for 1898, 1900, pp. 272, 273, fig. 25 (part). Callisaurus draconoides BOULENGER, Cat. Lizards Brit. Mus., Vol. II, 1885, p. 206; DITMARS, Reptile Book, 1907, p. 117, pi. XXXVIII. Callisaurus ventralis ventralis CAMP, Univ. Cal. Publs. Zool., Vol. 12, No. 17, 1916, pp. 508, 519; CAMP, Univ. Cal. Publs. Zool., Vol. 17, No. 7, 1916, p. 70; GRINNELL & CAMP, Univ. Cal. Publs. Zool., Vol. 17, No. 10, 1917, p. 151; STEJNEGER & BARBOUR, Check List N. Amer. Amph. Rept., 1917, p. 47; COWLES, Journ. Entomol. & Zool., Pomona College, Vol. XII, No. 3, p. 64; VAN DENBURGH & SLEVIN, Proc. Cal. Acad. Sci., Ser. 4, Vol. XI, 1921, 154 3. IGUANID3E pp. 28, 31, 51, (part); NELSON, Mem. Nat. Acad. Sci., Vol. XVI, 1921, pp. 114, 115, 126. Callosaurus ventralis, STEPHENS, Trans. San Diego Soc. Nat. Hist., Vol. Ill, No. 4, 1921, p. 61. Description. — Head rather short and low, with well de- veloped canthus rostralis. Nostrils large, opening on upper surface of snout. Supraocular regions covered with small plates and separated from each other by one or two rows of slightly larger plates. Upper head plates (except inter- parietal) small and irregular, largest on frontal and pre- frontal regions, everywhere smooth and rather flat. Sev- eral subocular plates, middle one very long and strongly keeled. Superciliaries rather small, but strongly imbricate. Eyelids bearing a well developed fringe. Supralabials strongly imbricate, and produced laterally so as to form a series of curves when seen from above. Infralabials small, juxtaposed. Below them, several series of flat sublabial plates. Gulars granular and smooth, growing larger and imbricate on posterior fold. Back and sides covered with small flattened granules, which change gradually into much larger smooth ventrals. A dermal fold usually ex- tending along each side between limbs. Tail of moderate length, much flattened, its scales slightly imbricate, and along its edge, pointed. Limbs very long and slender. Ear-opening large, without denticulation. Femoral pores varying from eleven to twenty-four, usually 15 to 18. The general color above is grayish, dotted and spotted with white or pale gray, and with indications of dark dor- sal blotches which are most distinct in females and young. The top of the head is rich cream, clouded with dark slaty gray. The upper surfaces of the limbs are crossed by more or less obsolete bands of dark brown or blackish slate. A dark line, bordered above and below with white, runs along the back of the thigh. The upper surface of the Oc. PAPERS, CAL. ACAO. Sci., VOL. X [VAN DENBURGH PLATE 12 o II 1-3 s s 13 8. CALLISAURUS 155 tail is crossed by bars of brown in females and young, of black at least distally in adult males. The posterior bor- ders of these bars may be undulate proximally but are straight or but little undulate from at least the middle to the end of the tail. The throat is white, more or less clouded with gray. The lower surface of the tail is white with about seven (four to eight) cross-bars of intense black. The belly is whitish. Males have a, large vblue patch, marked with two oblique wedge-shaped black blotches, on each side, and very rarely a small additional spot. The following color description was taken from a fresh male shot at Yuma, Arizona, October 1, 1894: The top of the head is cream 5 the upper surface of the forelimbs bright lemon yellow j the hind limbs slightly tinged with yellow 5 neck and foreback pale gray spotted with lighter j back like neck, but suffused with bright lemon yellow which extends down over the sides and changes to orange near the large verdigris green blotches on the sides of the belly. There is a reddish orange area in front of each of these green blotches. The throat is gray with a half-concealed vermilion spot. Mr. Camp describes variations in color in specimens from the Turtle Mountains, thus: "In the examples before me the color above grades from pale smoke gray, with white on top of the head and white in spots down the back, to neutral gray with the usual dark dorsal markings. A specimen taken in the zone of drifting sand below Blythe Junction is the lightest of the lot, and some taken upon a mesa covered with brown lava are among the darkest of the specimens represented. It would appear that in this lizard, as in Phrynosoma, the tone of color is changeable in the individual to suit the surroundings. The throat is dusky in some specimens and light in others. There is a reddish spot behind the arm in the females. The females 156 3. IGUANID/E sdso have pink sacs beneath the throat which are not "in- flated," but are sometimes drawn down by muscles con- nected with the hyoid apparatus. The pink throat sacs are present in only three of the males in the series at hand. The underparts (with the exception of the two black wedges and the blue and green patches of the males) are white and not yellow as in specimens taken at Barstow, farther west. The tail bands number four in one, six in three, seven in three, and eight in 1 1 specimens. The anterior three or four of the ventral tail spots are sometimes entirely blue, and the posterior bands are often margined with blue below." Ruthven describes the coloration of specimens collected near Tucson, Arizona, as follows: "There are some dif- ferences in color but not much variation in color pattern among the Tucson specimens of CalUsaurus ventralis. In the darker specimens the ground color above is brownish ash relieved by small spots of light yellow or white. These light spots may be rather distinct or nearly obscured. The head is yellowish brown. There is nearly always a row cf rounded dark spots on either side of the vertebral line, and often a series of indistinct, partially confluent blotches on the sides, that are quite distinct in the young. The lateral blotches are continued on the base of the tail as a dark horizontal shading, that may be broken up into spots which fuse with those of the dorsal series. The latter series are continued onto the tail, the adjacent spots of each row becoming confluent and intensified in color distally, to form about six broad, dark brown or black cross bars. The fore limbs and thighs are generally indistinctly spotted, and the legs and hind feet cross-banded, with darker. On the posterior side of the thigh there is a light yellowish line which is bordered below by a distinct dark band, and above 8. CALLISAURUS 157 by a narrow dark line formed by the confluence of the dusky markings on the dorsal aspect of the limb. "In the lighter colored specimens the pattern on the tail is the same as in the darker ones. The markings on the dorsal surface of the limbs may also be the same, but are frequently obscure or entirely obsolete. The ground color of the back is gray relieved by numerous minute spots of white. The head is dark yellow or light brown. In the most pallid individuals there are no dark markings above, except the usual ones on the tail, and very faint indi- cations of dark mottlings on the limbs. The head is cream colored, the limbs white faintly tinged with yellow. The ground color of the neck is light brownish ash in the form of reticulations enclosing areas of pure white. The ground color of the body is the same, but increased in amount, so as to constrict the lighter markings to rounded areas which are lemon yellow on the back, changing to orange yellow on the sides. On the base of the tail the cross bars are rather obscure, and separated by lemon yellow areas; dis- tally the bars are black separated by reddish brown inter- spaces. "The coloration of the ventral surfaces is the same in both light and dark specimens. The inferior surface of the tail and limbs is pure white. Throat white or whitish in the females, but in males often suffused with light bluish or reddish purple, although occasionally but faintly. It is ^Iso usually crossed by several oblique, more or less dis- tinct, lines of dusky. In nearly all females and in some males there is a gular patch of brilliant pink, and another on the lateral region of the breast. On the sides of the belly in all of the males there are two extensive patches of bright blue, broadly separated mesially by white, and con- taining two long triangular spots of jet black. The broad- est side of these black spots lies close to the inner margin 158 3. IGUANID3E of the blue areas, and from here the blotches run forwards and upwards to the sides, the apices becoming lighter in color and blending with the dark lateral markings, when these are present. In females the blue patches are want- ing, and the spots are represented by a pair of dusky mark- ings which may be rather distinct but in most specimens are not well defined. Between the bluish patches and the hind limbs in the males, and in the corresponding region in the females the color although occasionally white is usually bright yellow, as are also the sides of the base of the tail, espe- cially in the females. The ventral surface of the tail is white with five to eight broad, jet black markings. These markings are the continuation on the ventral surface of the cross bands of the upper surface, and each of the four or five distal ones are fused with a corresponding one on the dorsal surface to form continuous rings; there are usually one to four proximal ones, however, which do not extend to the sides of the tail but form blotches on the median ventral line." Length to anus 44 72 74 82 86 88 93 Length of tail 59 102 98 107 117 130 Snout to back of interparietal 9 13 13 14 15 15 Snout to ear 10 15 14 16 16 16 Width of head 9 13 13 14 14 14 Fore limb 24 42 41 45 49 46 Hind limb 41 70 65 76 79 Base of fifth to end of fourth toe 17 31 30 33 35 Distribution. — The Desert Gridiron-tailed Lizard seems to be confined to the Lower Sonoran Zone, where it usually is found on gravelly or sandy plains or washes. It ranges over a wide area of desert regions in eastern California, southern Nevada, southwestern Utah, western and southern 8. CALLISAURUS 159 Arizona, northern Lower California north of the range of C. d. carmenensisj and probably in northern Sonora. In California, it has been collected in Inyo (Saline Valley at 2500 feet, White Mountains, Owens Valley near Big Pine, Independence, Lone Pine, Keeler, Olancha, Owens Lake, Shepherd Canyon in the Argus Mountains, Panamint Valley, Lone Willow Springs, Ballarat, Pana- mint Mountains at Emigrant Spring, Emigrant Canyon, Shoshone, Mesquite Valley, Death Valley at Bennett Well, Saratoga Springs and Furnace Creek, Funeral Mountains, Amargosa River), Kern (Kelso Creek near Weldon,Mohave, Cameron, Warren), Los Angeles (western Antelope Val- ley), San Bernardino (Borax Flat, Garlick Springs, Leach Point Valley, Pilot Knob, Lanes Mill, Barstow, Daggett, Ludlow, Providence Mountains, Needles, Turtle Moun- tains, Blythe Junction, Cajon Pass, Lyons, Warren's Wells, Cajon Wash), Riverside (Palm Springs, Vallevista at 1800 feet in San Jacinto Valley, Banning, Cabazon at 1700 feet, Dos Palmos Spring, San Jacinto Mountains west from Coa- chello, Whitewater, Piny on Flat at 4000 feet, Deep Canyon, Palm Canyon, Coach ella, San Berdnardino Mountains east from Coachella, Mecca, Cottonwood Springs, Carrizo Creek in the Santa Rosa mountains, Blythe, Colorado River), Im- perial (Coyote Wells, Silsbee, New River near Salton Lake, Salt Creek, Pilot Knob, Colorado River, Fort Yuma), and San Diego (Oak Grove, Fish Springs, Vallecito, Mountain Springs), counties. In Nevada, it inhabits the desert regions of Esmeralda (Gold Mountain at 6,000 feet, Sarcobatus Flat, at 4,600 feet, Mina), Nye (Amargosa River, Ash Meadows, Rhy- olite, Pahrump Valley) and Lincoln (Callville at the Great Bend of the Colorado River, Vegas Valley, Virgin Valley, valley of the Lower Muddy, Caliente, Meadow Creek Valley, Pahranagat Valley, Desert Valley at 5,300 feet), 160 3. IGUANIDJE and perhaps Lyon (Mason) counties. The specimens from Mina, Mason and Desert Valley, may possible represent the other subspecies, C. » *e3 > O O O O O O O -d c rt >-, "O o ,Q .2 Extremes Tj- 1-1 vo v-> io O ^O vo vo M oo o t^ c* OO ON ON O\ ON OO OO ? ??'??? w c | jq C/3 C/3 C/3 C/3 CO § c *6 J « « < -^ 1 •J !S u u u U U J P^ O O O O O -rj ^^ Xo Vn 10 VO VoW •* • * ' rt ' ' ' . . . g . . . 3 3 Pyramid Lake Pyramid Lake Arizona (all parts) Catalina Mountains, Ariz Cave Creek, Arizona. . . . Yuma, Arizona Yuma and California 168 3. IGUAN1D& Distribution. — This form has been recorded only from Washoe County, Nevada, where it has been collected at Wadsworth, Derby, and, in the vicinity of Pyramid Lake, at the Indian Agency, Sutcliffe, and The Willows. Cope's record of a Holbrookia seen "north of Pyramid Lake" prob- ably relates to this lizard. Habits. — Richardson states: "In our experience this lizard was the most conspicuous and the most abundant saurian in the localities mentioned. It occurred in greatest numbers on the sandy desert among low-growing shrubs. It was never seen in the denser growths of Artemisia triden- tata or on rocky hillsides. Like Callisaurus ventralis, it is very fleet of foot, often running a hundred feet or more when frightened. It seldom runs straight ahead of the in- truder, but describes an arc to the right or left. When in rapid motion, the tail was observed raised considerably above the level of the body, but never 'curled up over the back,' as has been described for C. v entrails (Stejneger, 1 893, p. 171). Several times the tail was seen curled over the back, but always when the lizard was moving very slowly. During a light thunder shower many of these lizards buried themselves in the loose desert sand, where they re- mained until almost trodden on before showing themselves. "An individual wounded by Professor Snyder uttered a high-pitched cry when handled, which, he says, was very suggestive of the note of certain Hawaiian geckos. "Examination of 7 stomachs indicated that the food of myurus consisted of both animals and vegetable matter, the latter absent from only 2 stomachs. The vegetable content usually consisted of bits of green leaves, although small purple flowers were found in 1 stomach. The identified insects were wasps and grasshoppers . Some spiders were also found, and larvae of many kinds were present." 9. HOLBROOKIA 169 Genus 9. Holbrookia Holbrookia GIRARD, Proc. Am. Assoc. Adv. Sci., Vol. IV, 1851, p. 200 (type, maculata). Cofhosaurus TROSCHEL, Arch. f. Nat., 1850, (1852), p. 389 (type, texanus) . This genus contains a number of lizards similar to Calli- saurus but with the ears hidden under the skin. The head, rounded when seen from above but pointed in profile, is covered with irregular plates, the largest of which is the interparietal. The labials are produced laterally, and are strongly imbricate. There is no ear-opening. The dorsal scales are very small and nearly uniform. There are no fringes of movable spines on the digits. Long series of femoral pores are present, as are one strong and one or more weak gular folds. Males have enlarged postanal plates. SYNOPSIS OF SPECIES a. — Smaller ; tail cylindric, shorter than head and body, with- out black bars below. b. — Tip of longest toe usually not reaching eye when carried forward; tail sometimes shorter than head and body ; frontal scales sometimes smaller. Arizona and Northern Sonora. H. m. approximans. — p. 170. b . — Tip of longest toe usually reaching to or beyond eye; tail longer than head and body; frontal scales some- times larger. Southern Sonora and Sinaloa. H. elegans. — p. 175. * — Larger; tail flattened, longer than head and body, with black bars below. H. texana. — p. 177. 170 3. 1GUAN1D& 28. Holbrookia maculata approximans (Baird) WESTERN EARLESS LIZARD Plate 14 Holbrookia approximans BAIRD, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1858, p. 253 (type locality, Lower Rio Grande) ; BOCOURT, Miss. Sci. Mex., Kept., 1874, p. 163. Holbrookia propinqua COPE, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1866, p. 303; MOCQUARD, Nouv. Arch. Mus. Hist. Nat. Paris, Ser. 4, Vol. 1, 1899, p. 306, (?)• Holbrookia maculata propinqua YARROW, Surv. W. 100th Merid., Vol. V, 1875, p. 564-; COUES, Surv. W. 100th Merid., Vol. V, 1875, p. 601. Holbrookia maculata naculata YARROW, Surv. W. 100th Merid., Vol. V, 1875, p. 563 (part); YARROW, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., No. 24, 1883, p. 49 (part); COPE, Report U. S. Nat. Mus. for 1898, 1900, p. 291, fig. 32 (part). Holbrookia maculata COUES, Surv. W. 100th Merid., Vol. V, 1875, p. 601 (part); CRAGIN, Bull. Washburn Laborat., Vol. I, 1884, p. 8; HERRICK, TERRY & HERRICK, Bull. Sci. Laborat. Denison Univ., Vol. XI, 1899, p. 121; HERRICK, TERRY & HERRICK, Bull. Univ. New Mcx., Vol. I, 1899, p. 121, pi. XIV, fig. I. Holbrookia maculata jlavilenta COPE, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1883, p. 10 (type locality, Lake Valley, New Mexico); STEJNEGER, N. Amer. Fauna, No. 3, 1890, p .109; RUTHVEN, Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., Vol. XXIII, 1907, p. 523; STONE, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1911, p. 225; STEJNEGER & BARBOUR, Check List N. Amer. Amph. Rcpt., 1917, p. 48; SCHMIDT, Amer. Mus. Novitates, No. 22, 1921, p. 3. Holbrookia maculaia approximans COPE, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., No. 32, 1887, p. 38; STEJNEGER, N. Amer. Fauna, No. 3, 1890, >p. 109; VAN DENBURGH, Proc. Cal. Acad. Sci., Ser. 2, Vol. 6, 1896, p. 339; VAN DENBURGH, Occas. Papers Cal. Acad. Sci., V, 1 897, p. 5 1 j VAN DENBURGH, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1897, p. 461 (part); COPE, Report U. S. Nat. Mus. for 1898, 1900, p. 297; STEJNEGER, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., Vol. 25, 1902, p. 150; RUTHVEN, Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., Vol. XXIII, 1907, p. 525; STONE, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1911, p. 225; VAN DENBURGH & SLEVIN, Proc. Cal. Acad. Sci., Ser. 4, Vol. 3, 1913, p. 399; STEJNEGER & BARBOUR, Check List. N. Amer. Amph. Rept., 1917, p. 48; SCHMIDT, Amer. Mus, Novitates, No. 22, 1921, p. 3. 9. HOLBROOKIA 171 Holbrookia ^ulchra SCHMIDT, Amer. Mus. Novitates, No. 22, 1921, pp. 1, 2 (type locality, Carr Canyon, 5200 feet, Huachuca Moun- tains, Arizona). Holbrookia maculata cam pi SCHMIDT, Amer. Mus. Novitates, No. 22, 1921, pp. 1, 3 (type locality, about eight miles northwest of Ada- mana, Apache County, Arizona). Holbrookia elegans SCHMIDT, Amer. Mus. Novitates, No. 22, 1921, p. 2 (part). Description. — Head rather short and low. Nostrils large, opening on upper surface of snout. Supraocular regions covered with small plates or granules, and separated from each other by one or two rows of slightly larger plates. Upper head-plates, except interparietal, small and irregular, largest on frontal and pref rental regions, everywhere smooth and rather flat. Several subocular plates, middle one very long and strongly keeled. Superciliaries rather small, but strongly imbricate. Eyelids with well developed fringe. Supralabials strongly imbricate and produced laterally so as to give snout a rounded outline when seen from above. In- fralabials small and juxtaposed. Several series of flat sub- Jabials. Gulars granular and smooth, growing larger and imbricate on posterior fold. Back and sides covered with scales or granules, largest near middle of back and changing gradually to larger smooth ventrals. A dermal fold usually present along each side between limbs. Tail of moderate length, flattened near the body. Its scales feebly keeled and slightly imbricate. Limbs rather long, not very slender. Seven to sixteen femoral pores. The color above is gray, yellow, or brown, with two or four series of dark undulate blotches, and numerous light spots. The blotches are often more or less obsolete, and are most distinct in females and young. The top of the head is colored like the back, but without definite markings. The limbs may be unicolor or crossed by dark bars. The 172 3. 1GUANID& throat is white or yellow, sometimes marbled with dusky. The belly is white or yellow, with two or three black bars on the sides usually surrounded with blue. The tail is grayish or brownish above, white or yellow below. Length to anus 52 53 56 58 64 67 Length of tail 40 58 66 55 56 60 Snout to back of inter- parietal 9 9 10 10 11 II Width of head 9 9 9 10 11 II Fore limb 21 26 29 28 26 30 Hind limb 33 42 44 43 40 45 Base of fifth to end of fourth toe 12 17 17 17 14 17 Distribution. — This Holbrookia is very common in parts of Arizona and has been recorded as taken at Dome Canyon, Nevada, probably in error for Dome Canyon, Millard County, Utah. Whether from Utah or Nevada, this record needs confirmation. Yarrow has recorded a Holbrookia as having been collected at Fort Tejon, California, but there is not the slightest probability that this is correct. Mocquard has reported, under the name Holbrookia $ropnquay two specimens from Santa Rosalia, Lower California, which may belong to this subspecies. In Arizona, it has been collected in Coconino (Painted Desert near Moencopie, Little Colorado River), Yavapai (Fort Whipple, Prescott, Fort Verde), Maricopa (Cave Creek), Navajo (Winslow, Oraibi), Apache (eight miles N. W. of Adamana, Chin Lee), Pima (Tucson, Fort Lowell, Sabino Canyon, Catalina Mountains, Sonora Road Canyon in the Tucson Mountains, Gija River, Sawmill Canyon in the Santa Rita Mountains, Mesa near the Baboquivari Moun- tains, Sycamore Canyon in the Baboquivari Mountains), Santa Cruz (Camp Crittenden, Calabasas, Fort Buchanan, Nogales, Santa Rita Mountains near Pete Mountain and in Oc. PAPERS, CAL. ACAD. Sci., VOL. X [VAN DENBURGH] PLATE 14 §s 3 s 1 1 % < w * c c OJ N II II ^2 O =11 9. HOLBROOKIA 173 Agua Caliente Canyon, and in the Pajarita Mountains), Graham (Fort Thomas), and Cochise (Fairbank, Fort Hua- chuca, desert at the mouths of Carr, Gardner, Ash, Monte- zuma, and Ramsey canyons in the Huachuca Mountains, Bisbee, Willcox, Apache, Rucker Canyon and Cave Creek in the Chiricahua Mountains), counties. This lizard occurs also in Sonora (Duros Millos and the head waters of the San Pedro River). Remarks. — Mr. Karl P. Schmidt has recently studied the genus Holbrookia and published a preliminary abstract of his conclusions. He not only regards H. maculata flavilenta, from the "White Sands" of southern New Mexico, as a dis- linct subspecies, but recognizes five species and subspecies from Arizona. Aside from H. texana, he distinguishes these chiefly by differences in proportions, as follows: a. — Tail longer than body in both sexes, b. — Size large, robust, frequently exceeding 60 mm. 5 femoral pores usually 12 or more. Lower altitudes from Tucson, Arizona, south to Sinaloa. H. elegans. b*. — Size smaller, slender, body less than 60 mm. 5 femoral pores usually less than 12. Altitude above 5,000 feet, Huachuca Mts. to Nogales and Bisbee, Arizona. H. pulchra.- * • — Tail shorter than body in female, usually also in male. bb. — Tail shorter .42 to .50 of total length in male, .42 to .48 in female; hind leg shorter .72 to .83 of total length in male, .65 to .78 in female. Northern Mexico, southern Arizona. H. m. approximans. 174 3. IGUANIDM bb*. — Tail longer .48 to .51 in male, .46 to .50 in female 5 hind leg longer .79 to .88 in female. Central and northern Arizona. H. m. campi. After study and measurement of our series from Ari- zona, I am unable to distinguish more than one species, beside //. texana. Very great differences in the relative length of tail and hind leg exist, but these seem to me to be individual variations. Thus of 1 7 females, collected in the same gen- eral region from about 5000 to 5500 feet on the desert near the base of the Huachuca Mountains, nine have the tail shorter than the length to anus, two have it equal in length, and six have it longer. Four of these females which each measures 55 mm. from snout to anus, have tails 43, 54, 56, and 65 mm. long. Of 12 males from the same region, two have the tail shorter, one equal and nine longer than the length of head and body. Of three males from Cave Creek, Maricopa County, one has the tail shorter, one equal, and one longer than the body length. In females from Tucson, the tail varies from 1 to 1 0 mm. longer than the length to anus, while in males it varies from ^/2 mm. shorter to 1 7 mm. longer. Nine males from the Santa Rita Mountains all have tails exceeding the length of head and body, by from 2 to 14 mm. Four of these, with length to \ent 59 mm. each, have tail lengths 61, 66, 68, and 70 mm. Specimens exceeding 60 mm. in length to vent are four from Tucson and five from the Huachuca and Santa Rita moun- tains. Great variation occurs also in the length of the hind legs. Those of the two sides of the body may vary as much as 2 mm. Five males each measuring 55 mm. to vent have hind legs 44, 45, 45, 45, and 47 mm. long, and four females, from the Huachucas, with this same body length, have legs 38, 40, 42, and 45 mm. long. Three females from Tucson, measuring 58 mm. to anus, have legs 41 J4, 46, and 47^2 9. HOLBROOKIA 175 mm. long, while four 59 mm. males from the Santa Ritas have tails 45, 46, 46, and 49 mm. in length. I am therefore forced to refer all these specimens to the same subspecies. For this subspecies I have followed most recent authors in using the name //. maculata ap-proximanSy although the type is said to have been collected on the "Lower Rio Grande." Although I have followed Barbour and Schmidt in describ- ing the specimens from Guaymas, Sonora, as H. .elegans, they seem to me to be very doubtfully distinct from the present subspecies. Habits. — This species we found always on the ground and usually out on the open desert, while H. texana frequents canyons and hillsides, and usually was seen on the tops of large stones or boulders. 29. Holbrookia elegans Bocourt MEXICAN EARLESS LIZARD Holbrookia elegans BOCOURT, Miss. Sci. Mex., Rcpt., 1874, p. 164, pi. XVII bis., fig. 8, 8a (type locality, Mazatlan, Mexico); Bou- LENGER, Cat. Lizards Brit. Mus., Vol. II, 1885, p. 209; BARBOUR, Proc. New England Zool. Club, Vol. VII, 1921, p. 113; SCHMIDT, Amer. Mus. Novitates,' No. 22, 1921, p. 2 (part). Holbrookia trofinqua BOULENGER, Cat. Liz. Brit. Mus., Vol. II, 1885, p. 208; GUNTHER, Biol. Centrali-Amer., Rept., 1890, p. 60. Holbrookia maculata affroximans VAN DENBURGH, Proc, Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1897, p. 461 (part). Holbrookia thermo'phila BARBOUR, Proc. New Eng. Zool. Club, Vol. VII, 1921, p. 79 (type locality, Guaymas, Sonora, Mexico). 'Description. — Head rather short and low. Nostrils large, opening on upper surface of snout. Supraocular regions covered with small plates or granules, and separated from each other by one or two rows of slightly larger plates. Upper head-plates, except interparietal, small and 176 3. IGUANIDJE irregular, largest on frontal and prefrontal regions, every- where smooth and rather flat. Several subocular plates, middle one very long and strongly keeled. Superciliaries rather small, but strongly imbricate. Eyelids with well developed fringe. Supralabials strongly imbricate and pro- duced laterally so as to give snout a rounded outline when seen from above. Infralabials small and juxtaposed. Sev- eral series of flat sublabials. Gulars granular and smooth, growing larger and imbricate on fold. Back and sides cov- ered with scales or granules, largest near middle of back and changing gradually to larger smooth ventrals. A dermal fold usually present along each side between limbs. Tail of moderate length, flattened near the body, its scales keeled and slightly imbricate. Limbs rather long, not very slender. Eleven to 14 femoral pores. The color above is gray, yellow, or brown, often with a reddish tint, with four series of dark undulate or triangular blotches, and numerous small light spots. The blotches are often more or less obsolete, and are most distinct in females and young. The top of the head is colored like the back, but without definite markings. The limbs are crossed by dark bars. The throat is white marbled with dusky. The belly is white or yellow, with two or three black bars on the sides usually surrounded with blue. The tail is grayish or brownish above, white below without dark cross-bars. Length to anus 50 52 55 64 Length of tail 58 67 76 78 Snout to back of interparietal 9 9^2 10 10 Width of head 9 10 10 \\l/2 Fore limb 23 25 27 29 Hind limb 40 44 49 50 Base of fifth to end of fourth toe 16 18 20 19 Distribution. — Holbrookia elegans originally was de- scribed from Mazatlan, Sinaloa, Mexico. Specimens col- 9. HOLBROOKIA 177 lected near Guaymas, Sonora, have recently been referred to this species. Remarks. — Specimens from Guaymas, Sonora, are very similar to Arizona specimens of H. m. a-p-proximans. No constant or even average scale differences appear, but the hind leg and tail average longer in the specimens from Guaymas. In these the tip of the longest toe of the adpressed hind limb reaches to or in front of the eye while in Arizona specimens the tip of the toe often does not reach the eye. However, there is considerable individual varia- tion and I regard the Guaymas specimens as but doubtfully distinct from H. m. approximates. I have not seen speci- mens from the type locality of H. elegans. 30. Holbrookia texana (Troschel) BAND-TAILED EARLESS LIZARD Cofhosaurus texanus TROSCHEL, Wiegmann's Archiv. f. Naturges., Vol. 1, 1850, (1852), p. 389, pi. IV, (type locality, Neubraunfels, Guadalupe River, western Texas). Holbrookia texana BAIRD & GIRARD, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., Vol. VI, 1852, p. 125; BAIRD, U. S. Mex. Bound Surv., Vol. II, 1859, Kept., p. 8, pi. 30; BAIRD, Rep. Pac. R. R. Surv., Vol. X, 1859, p. 38; COPE, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1866, p. 303; BOCOURT, Miss. Sci. Mex., Rept., 1874, p. 163; COPE, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., No. 1, 1875, p. 47; YARROW, Surv. W. 100th Merid., Vol. V, 1875, p. 564; COUES, Surv. W. 100th Merid., Vol. V 1875, p. 600; COPE, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., No. 17, 1880, p. 14; COPE, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1883, p. 12; YARROW, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., No. 24, 1883, p. 50; CRAGIN, Bull. Washburn Laborat., Vol. I, 1884, p. 8; BOULENGER, Cat. Lizards Brit. Mus., Vol. II, 1885, p. 208; COPE, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., No. 32, 1887, p. 38; VAN DENBURGH, Proc. Cal. Acad. Sci., Ser. 2, Vol. 6, 1896, p. 339, HERRICK, TERRY & HERRICK, Bull. Sci. Laborat. Denison Univ., Vol. XI, 1899, p. 122; HERRICK, TERRY & HERRICK, Bull. Univ. New Mexico, Vol. I, 1899, p. 122, pi. XIV, figs. 2-5; McLAiN, Contributions to Neotrop- ical Herpetology, 1899, p. 2; COPE, Report U. S. Nat. Mus. for 178 • 3. IGUANIDJE 1898, 1900, p. 286, fig. 30; STONE & REHN, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1903} p. 31; STONE, Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. Phila., 1903, p. 540 j BROWN, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1903, p. 54-5; BAILEY, N. Amer. Fauna, No. 25, 1905, pp. 28, 40; DITMARS, Reptile Book, 1907, p. 120; STRECKER, Proc. Biolog. Soc. Washington, Vol. XXI, 1908, p. 71; STONE, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1911, p. 226; VAN DENBURGH & SLEVIN, Proc. Cal. Acad. Sci., Ser. 4, Vol. 3, 1913, p. 399; STRECKER, Baylor Bulletin, Vol. XVIII, No. 4, 1915, p. 17; STEJNEGER & BARBOUR, Check List. N. Amer. Amph. Kept., 1917, p. 49. Holbrookia affinis BAIRD & GIRARD, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci., Phila., Vol. VI, 1852, p. 125 (type locality, San Pedro); BAIRD, U. S. Mex. Bound. Surv., Vol. II, Kept., 1859, p. 8; BOCOURT, Miss. Sci. Mcx., Kept., 1874, p. 163. Description. — Head rather short and low. Nostrils large, opening on upper surface of snout. Supraocular regions covered, with small plates or granules, and separated from each other by one or two rows of somewhat larger plates. Upper head-plates, except interparietal, small and irregular, largest on frontal and prefrontal regions, every- where smooth and rather flat, often with one or more small pores. Several subocular plates, middle one very long and strongly keeled. Superciliaries rather small, but strongly imbricate. Eyelids with well-developed fringe. Suprala- bials strongly imbricate and produced laterally so as to give snout a rounded outline when seen from above. Infrala- bials small and juxtaposed. Several series of flat subla- bials. Gulars granular and smooth, larger and imbricate on posterior fold. Back and sides covered with scales or granules, largest near middle of back and changing gradu- ally to larger, smooth, imbricate ventrals. A dermal fold usually present along each side between limbs. Tail of moderate length, flattened except distally. Its scales feebly keeled, slightly mucronate, imbricate, except base of tail. 9. HOLBROOKIA 179 Limbs rather long, not very slender. Eleven to eighteen femoral pores. The color above is grayish or brownish, often with bluish, greenish or yellowish shading along the back and pinkish suffusion on the sides. Along each side of the back is a series of about eight to 1 0 rounded dark brown blotches on the body. There are similar blotches on the base of the tail, but those of the two sides soon unite to form undulate brown cross-bands corresponding in position to the black bars of the lower surface. On the posterior half of the body are two definite, more or less crescentic, dark bands, blackish in males, brownish in females. Anterior to these are a number (one to six) of less definite dark lateral bars. These anterior dark bars usually carry series of small bluish white spots and often appear only as dark reticulations sur- rounding small bluish white and pinkish gray spots. The limbs usually show more or less indistinct dark cross-bars, and a longitudinal dark line on the posterior surface of the thigh. The lower surfaces are white, sometimes tinged with gray. The throat is reticulated or suffused with bluish slate. The lower surface of the tail shows about six to nine black spots or cross-bars. Males have a large bright blue patch along each side of the belly, surrounding the broad, jet black ventral ends of the two posterior lateral crescents. Length to anus 4-8 50 61 63 66 67 Length of tail 59 60 71 73 87 87 Snout to back of interparietal 9l/2 10 HJ/2 12 12J4 12 Width of head 9 9^11 11 12 12 Fore limb 26 26 32 33 36 35 Hind limb 43 44 51 54 60 62 Base of fifth to end of fourth toe .. .19 19 20 22 24 24 180 3. IGUANID& Distribution. — This lizard ranges from western Texas to central Arizona. In Arizona it has been collected in Navajo County at Camp Apache; in Pima County on a rocky hillside near Fort Lowell, on Mineral Hill south of Tucson, in Ventana, Pima and Sabino canyons and the foot- hills of the Catalina Mountains; in Maricopa County at Cave Creek and Agua Caliente; and in Yavapai County at Fort Verde and Kirkland. The National Museum has this species from "Sonora." Habits. — This is a larger species than H. maculata approximates, being about equal in size to Callisaurus £ 17 18 20 20 20 Width of head 11 15 15 16 16 16 Fore limb 31 39 41 38 42 44 Hind limb 48 59 61 63 62 68 Base of fifth to end of fourth toe 19 21 21 22 22 25 Distribution. — This lizard was first found on the eastern slope of the Coast Range of San Diego County, California, ?.t Mountain Spring near the Mexican boundary line. Here it is said to be extremly plentiful among rocks from the base to the summit of the range. It now is known to occur in various parts of the desert or east slope of the San Jacinto, Santa Rosa, and Coast ranges, of San Diego and Riverside counties. In San Diego County it has been secured at Moun- tain Spring, Jacumba and La Puerta. In Riverside County it has been collected at Palm Springs, Palm Canyon, Andreas Canyon, Tahquitz Canyon, Lower Palm Canyon, Dos Palmos Spring, Snow Creek, White Water, and in the San Jacinto Mountains west from Coachella, Cabazon and Banning. It has been found to be common in northern Lower California (Ensenada, San Salado, San Matias, Canon Espe- ranzo, Parral and Matomi) and extends south at least to Santa Rosalia a little below the middle of the peninsula. Habits. — These lizards usually are found in rocky can- yons, where they may be seen on the side walls and on the 194 3. IGUANIDM surface of boulders. They are shy and move swiftly. They sometimes jump from boulder to boulder, but usually re- treat to some crevice. Like many other lizards, they are said to be less active during the hotter hours of the day. 34. Uta slevini, new species ANGEL ISLAND GIANT UTA Description. — Head considerably depressed, snout elon- gate, very low. Canthus rostralis well-marked. Nostrils large, opening almost upward in rounded plates, much nearer to end of snout than to orbit. Plates on head large, smooth, and but slightly convex ; interparietal largest. Frontal plate usually divided transversely. Two or three posterior series of supraoculars enlarged, separated from f rentals by one or two series of granules. Superciliaries long and imbricate. A long, narrow, strongly-keeled subocular, followed and preceded by similar but smaller plates. Ros- tral very wide and low, as also the five to seven supralabials. Symphyseal plate large and followed by several large chin- shields. First infralabials much larger than others. Sub- iabials long and narrow. Skin on gular region covered with small, smooth, rounded granules, slightly largest centrally and near edge of strong gular fold. A dermal fold on each side between limbs. Back and sides covered with smooth, convex, rounded granules, largest medially, smallest later- ally, and changing gradually to small, smooth, slightly im- bricate scales on belly. Tail and anterior and upper sur- faces of limbs bearing larger imbricate scales each provided with a strong keel ending in a projecting spine. Seventeen to 23 pores forming a series along each thigh; average in 78 thighs, 21.4. Males with enlarged postanal plates. The color above is bluish gray or olive, often strongly tinged with brown, and crossed by irregularly undulate bands 10. UTA 195 of brown or slate, often more or less obsolete. A narrow straight band of intense black crosses from shoulder to shoulder over the back. The spaces between these bands are variously spotted, marbled and reticulated with lighter, and thickly sprinkled with light blue dots or spots. The limbs are irregularly cross-banded with dusky or nearly unicolor. The tail is pale brownish olive with wide more or less obso- lete blackish or dark brown cross-bars, its proximal fourth often bluish on the lighter portions. The lower surfaces are greenish or yellowish white, suffused with deep indigo on the belly and flanks, and reticulated with bluish gray or slate on the chin and throat, where the ground color may be yellowish white, grayish or pinkish. The reticulations on the throat are so arranged as to make the throat appear mottled with a tendency to form cross-bars. Length to anus Length of tail 87 174 95 189 96 97 193 102 104 Snout to orbit 8 9 9 10 0 Snout to ear Width of head Fore limb 21 17 44 22^ 19^ 46 22 20 46 23 18 44 23 20 46 24 19 46 Hind limb _ 64 69 70 71 72 72 Base of fifth to end of fourth toe 22 24 24 24 25 25 Distribution. — This species has been collected on Angel de la Guardia and Mejia islands, in the Gulf of California, Mexico, where it was found in rocky canyons. Remarks. — This lizard is very closely related to Ufa mearnsi, but grows to a larger size and may readily be dis- tinguished by the different pattern of the markings on the gular region. Type.— No. 50506, Mus. Calif. Acad. ScL, Joseph R. Slevin, June 28, 1921. 196 3. IGUANID& Type locality. — Mejia Island, Gulf of California, Mexico. 35. Uta clarionensis Townsend CLARION ISLAND UTA Ufa clarionensis TOWNSEND, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., Vol. 13, 1890, p. 143 (type locality, Clarion Island); STEJNEGER, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., Vol. 23, 1901, p. 715; VAN DENBURGH, Proc. Cal. Acad. Sci., Ser. 3, Zool., Vol. 4, No. 1, 1905, pp. 3, 27; VAN DEN- BURGH & SLEVIN, Proc. Cal. Acad. Sci., Ser. 4, Vol. 4, 1914, pp. 132, 146; STEJNEGER & BARBOUR, Check List N. Amer. Amph. Kept., 1917, p. 50; SCHMIDT, Amer. Mus. Novitates, No. 22, 1921, p. 6. Our only specimens of this lizard were destroyed in the great San Francisco fire of April, 1906. I now know the species only from the original description, which is as follows: Description. — "Body with irregular dorsal and lateral black marking; limbs with transverse black bars on outer sur- faces. Four dorsal ridges, consisting of single, strongly carinate scales, the middle pair separated by an irregular series of smaller simple scales. There is a shorter pair of dorso-lateral ridges of carinate scales, somewhat less regu- lar. Tail more than twice the head and body; otherwise similar in size and proportions to U. symmetric*. Colors bluish, similar to U. auriculata from Socorro Island. Adult; under parts much lighter blue than upper; young, dusky above, whitish below." Distribution. — This lizard is known only from Clarion Island, Re villa Gigedo Islands, Mexico, where it has been collected by Townsend, Anthony and Beck. 10. VTA 197 36. Uta auriculata Cope SOCORRO ISLAND UTA Uta auriculata COPE, Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., Vol. 14, 1871, p. 303 (type locality, Socorro Island) ; BOULENGER, Cat. Lizards Brit. Mus., Vol. II, 1885, p. 214; COPE, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., No. 32, 1887, p. 35; TOWNSEND, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., Vol. 13, 1890, p. 143; COPE, Report U. S. Nat. Mus. for 1898, 1900, pp. 300, 301; VAN DENBURGH, Proc. Cal. Acad. Sci., Ser. 3, Zool., Vol. 4, No. 1, 1905, pp. 3, 26; VAN DENBURGH & SLEVIN, Proc. Cal. Acad. Sci., Ser. 4, Vol. 4, 1914, p. 146; STEJNEGER & BARBOUR, Check List N. Amer. Ampli. Kept. 1917, p. 49; SCHMIDT, Amer. Mus. Novitates, No. 22, 1921, p. 6. Description. — Head and body considerably depressed. Snout rounded but rather narrow, with well-developed canthi, above which the nostrils open much nearer to end of snout than to orbits. Plates on head moderately large, smooth and almost flat; interparietal largest. Frontal plate usually divided transversely. Inner series of enlarged supra- oculars separated from frontal, frontoparietal, and parietal plates by one or two rows of granules. Superciliaries long, very slightly projecting laterally, and strongly imbricate. Middle subocular very long, narrow, and strongly keeled. Rostral very wide and low. Four to six long low supra- labials, to below middle of eye. Symphyseal plate mod- erately large, followed by series of large plates in contact with first pair of lower labials but separated from the others by one or two rows of sublabials. Chin and gular region covered with smooth round or subhexagonal granules largest centrally and becoming imbricate on the strong transverse fold. Edge of the fold with a series of projecting scales. Ear-opening large, with a rather short anterior denticula- tion of from two to four pointed scales of much variation in size} and shape. One or two rows of medium-sized scales along middle of back, bordered on each side by one to three 198 3. IGUANIDM more or less regular rows of larger scales of which the inter- nal row is most regular and composed of largest scales. Scales of all these rows may be either keeled or smooth. Other dorsal scales very small except a more or less distinct row of sometimes widely-separated enlarged scales on pos- terior portion of upper of two lateral longitudinal dermal folds. Tail bearing whorls of strongly or weakly keeled scales, some of which are shortly mucronate. Caudals much broader above than below. Posterior surfaces of thighs and arms covered with small granules similar to those on sides of body. Superior and anterior surfaces of limbs provided with large smooth scales. Ventral scales smooth and about size of those on edge of gular fold. Femoral pores varying from 10 to 13 in number on each thigh. Ten to 17 of largest dorsal scales equaling length of shielded part of head. Tail less than twice as long as head and body. Males with enlarged postanal plates. The general color above is grayish blue, blue, or grayish or yellowish brown, or almost black, clearer on the head and the base of the tail, darkest along the sides of the body where crossed by from six to eight more or less definite bars of black or brown. These cross-bars are often very indis- tinct, usually interrupted on the middle of the back, and sometimes alternating with those on the opposite side. They sometimes have light edgings of blue. The sides are often dotted or marbled with blue and brown or black. The tail is not distinctly ringed; it is blue or brown, unicolor or marbled with blackish brown. The lower surfaces are blue, varying from sky blue to indigo, more or less dotted or suffused with dark brown or black. In very light specimens the chest and lower surfaces of limbs and tail may be gray. There seems to be no sexual difference in color. 1 0. UT. 4 ./ 199 Length to anus Length, of tail 59 121 60 112 61 109 65 115 65 124 74 Gular fold to anus Snout to ear Shielded part of head Width of head 39 13 12 10 40 12 12 10 41 13 12 11 43 13}* 12}* 12 44 14 12 50 15 14 13 Fore limb Hind limb ~ _ 26 40 28 41 28 42 28 43 30 45 30 48 Base of fifth to end of fourth toe 16 17 17 17 18 19 Distribution. — This lizard occurs abundantly on Socorro Island, the largest of the Revilla Gigedo Islands, Mexico. It, doubtless, is confined to this one island, for Clarion has its own peculiar species and San Benedicto seems to have no reptiles. 37. Uta ornata lateralis (Boulenger) MEXICAN TREE UTA Ufa (Ptiymatolepis) lateralis BOULENGER, Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist., Ser. 5, Vol. XI, 1883, p. 342 (type localities, Tres Marias Islands, and Presidio, Sinaloa, Mexico). Uta lateralis BOULENGER, Cat. Lizards Brit. Mus., Vol. II, 1885, p. 214; GUNTHER, Biologia Centrali-Amer., Kept. & Batrach., 1890, p. 61, pi. XXXI, fig. D; SCHMIDT, Amer. Mus. Novitates, No. 22, 1921, p. 6. Uta gularis CRAGIN, Bull. Washburn Lab., 1884, p. 7 (type locality, Guaymas, Mexico). Description. — Head and body considerably depressed. Snout rounded but rather narrow, with well-developed canthi, above which the nostrils open much nearer to end of snout than to orbits. Plates on head moderately large, smooth, convex or almost flat 5 interparietal largest. Fron- tal plate usually divided transversely. Inner series of en- larged supraoculars separated from frontal, frontoparietal and parietal plates by one or two rows of granules. Super- 200 3. IGUANIDJE ciliaries long, very slightly projecting laterally, and strong- ly imbricate. Middle subocular very long, narrow, and strongly keeled. Rostral very wide and rather low. Four to six long low supralabials. Symphyseal plate moderately large, followed by series of large plates in contact with first pair of lower labials but separated from the others by one or two rows of sublabials. Chin and gular region covered with smooth subhexagonal granules, largest centrally and becoming imbricate on the strong transverse fold. Edge of fold with a series of projecting scales. Ear-opening large, with an anterior denticulation of from two to four pointed scales of much variation in size and shape. About two rows of medium-sized or small scales along middle of back, bordered on each side by about two rows of much larger strongly keeled scales of which those of the outer row normally are much smaller and often are absent anteri- orly. Other dorsal scales very small except a row of widely-separated enlarged scales on upper or dorsolateral longitudinal dermal fold. A few enlarged scales on lower or lateral fold. A number of more or less well-developed oblique groups of enlarged granules or tubercles between these folds. A group of large tubercles on dorsolateral fold of neck. Tail bearing whorls of strongly keeled and sharply pointed scales, which are much broader above than below j about every third whorl larger. Posterior surfaces of thighs and arms covered with small granules similar to those on sides of body. Superior and anterior surfaces of limbs provided with large, keeled scales. Ventral scales smooth and about size of those on gular fold. Femoral pores varying from eight to thirteen in number on each thigh. Ten to 13 of largest dorsal scales equalling length of shielded part of head. Tail less than twice as long as head and body. Males with enlarged postanal plates. The general color above is grayish, blackish or brown- 10. VTA 201 ish, sometimes paler on the head and the base of the tail, crossed by from six to eight bars of black or brown. These cross-bars may be very indistinct, usually are interrupted on the middle of the back, and sometimes alternating with those on the opposite side. The light edgings of the dorsal bars may be present, either blue or yellowish. The tail is blackish or bluish sometimes indistinctly ringed with dusky or tinged with ochraceous. The lower surfaces are white or blue, more or less dotted or suffused with dark brown or black. Males usually have an intense blue patch on each side of the belly and an area of lemon yellow, which sometimes acquires a tinge of orange, on the center of the throat. Length to anus 43 49 49 50 Length of tail 78 89 95 Gular fold to anus , 29 33 34 34 Snout to ear 9 10^2 10^ 10 Width of head 7999 Fore limb 15 20 20 21 Hind limb 28 31 31 32 Base of fifth to end of fourth toe 12 12^ \2l/2 13 Distribution. — This lizard originally was described from specimens from Las Tres Marias Islands and Presidio, Sinaloa, Mexico, and probably was later described by Cragin from specimens collected at Guaymas, Sonora. Specimens are now at hand from Tiburon Island, in the Gulf of California. Remarks. — Some of these specimens have two rows of enlarged scales anteriorly, although those of the outer row are of much smaller size than those of the inner enlarged row. A few specimens from Arizona are so similar in the size and arrangement of their large dorsals that it seems necessary to consider the Mexican form a subspecies of U. ornata. 202 3. IGUANID3E 38. Uta ornata symmetrica (Baird) ARIZONA TREE UTA Plate 16 Ufa ornata BAIRD & GIRARD, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1852, p. 126 (part) (type locality, Rio San Pedro, Texas and Sonora) ; U. S. Nat. Mus., No. 1, 1875, p. 48 (part); YARROW, Surv. W. 100th Merid., Vol. V, 1875, p. 568 (part) ; COUES, SURV. W. 100th Merid., Vol. V., 1875, p. 597; YARROW & HENSHAW, Ann. Rep. Chief of Engineers for 1878, Surv. W. 100th Merid., Appendix NN, 1878, p. 222; YARROW, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., No. 24, 1883, p. 56 (part); BOULENGER, Cat. Lizards Brit. Mus., Vol. II, 1885, p. 213 (part); STEJNEGER, North Amer. Fauna, No. 3, 1890, p. 107; COPE, Amer. Naturalist, Vol. XXX, 1896, p. 1013; VAN DENBURGH, Proc. Cal. Acad. Sci., Ser. 2, Vol. 6, 1896, p. 34-0; VAN DENBURGH, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1897, p. 461; HER- RICK, TERRY & HERRICK, Bull. Sci. Lab. Denison Univ. Vol. XI, 1899, p. 138; HERRICK, TERRY & HERRICK, Bull. Univ. New Mexico, Vol. I, 1899, p. 138; COPE, Report U. S. Nat. Mus. for 1898, 1900, p. 315, fig. 41 ; DITMARS, Reptile Book, 1907, p. 125; RUTHVEN, Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., Vol. XXIII, 1907, p. 531; STONE, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1911, p. 226; VAN DENBURGH & SLEVIN, Proc. Cal. Acad. Sci., Ser. 4, Vol. 3, 1913, p. 401; GRINNELL & CAMP, Univ. Cal. Publs. Zool., Vol. 17, No. 10, 1917, p. 157; STEJNEGER & BARBOUR, Check List N. Amer. Amph Rept., 1917, p. 51 (part); VAN DENBURGH & SLEVIN, Proc. Cal. Acad. Sci., Ser. 4, Vol. XI, 1921, pp. 28, 51. Via symmetrica BAIRD, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci., Phila., 1858, p. 253; (type locality, Fort Yuma, California); BAIRD, U. S. Mex. Bound. Surv., Vol. II, 1859, p. 7; COPE, Proc. Acad. Nat. Phila., 1886, p. 303; COOPER, Proc. Cal. Acad. Sci., Vol. IV, 1870, p. 67; YARROW, Surv. W. 100th Merid., Vol. V, 1875, p. 569; COUES, Surv. W. 100th Merid., Vol. V, 1875, p. 597; COPE, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., No. 17, 1880, p. 16; BOULENGER, Cat. Lizards Brit. Mus., Vol. II, 1885, p. 213; STEJNEGER, North Amer. Fauna, No. 3, 1890, p. 108; STEJNEGER, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., Vol. XXV, 1892, p. 150; VAN DENBURGH, Occas. Papers Cal. Acad. Sci., V, 1897, p. 70, fig.; COPE, Report U. S. Nat. Mus. for 1898, 1900, p. 317, fig. 42; DITMARS, Reptile Book, 1907, p. 125, pi. XLIII, fig. 2; STONE, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1911, p. 226; VAN DENBURGH, Proc. Cal. Acad. Sci., Ser. 4, Vol. 3, 1912, p. 153; STEJNEGER & BARBOUR, Check List N. Amer. Amph. Rept., 1917, p. 52. 10. UTA 203 Ufa schottii BAIRD, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1858, p. 253 (type locality Sta. Madelina, Cal.) ; BAIRD, U. S. Mex. Bound. Surv., Vol. II, 1859, p. 7; COOPER, Proc. Cal. Acad. Sci., Vol. IV, 1870, p. 67; COPE, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., No. 1, 1875, p. 48; COPE, Report U. S. Nat. Mus. for 1898, 1900, p. 319. Uta ornata linearis BAIRD, U. S. Mex. Bound. Surv., Vol. II, 1859, p. 7 (type locality, Los Nogales, Sonora); SCHMIDT, Amer. Mus. Novitates, No. 22, 1921, p. 6. Uta schotti, COPE, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1883, p. 10. Uta ornata symmctrica, SCHMIDT, Amer. Mus. Novitates, No. 22, 1921, p. 6. Description. — Head and body considerably depressed. Snout rounded but rather narrow, with well-developed canthi, above which the nostrils open much nearer to end of snout than to orbits. Plates on head moderately large, smooth, convex or almost flat 5 interparietal largest. Fron- tal plate usually divided transversely. Inner series of en- larged supraoculars separated from frontal, frontoparietal and parietal plates by one or two rows of granules. Super- ciliaries long, very slightly projecting laterally, and strongly imbricate. Middle subocular very long, narrow, and strongly keeled. Rostral very wide and rather low. Four to seven long low supralabials. Symphyseal plate moder- ately large, followed by series of large plates in contact with first pair of lower labials but separated from the others by one or two rows of sublabials. Chin and gular region covered with smooth subhexagonal granules, largest cen- trally and becoming imbricate on the strong transverse fold. Edge of fold with a series of projecting scales. Ear-open- ing large, with an anterior denticulation of from two to five pointed scales of much variation in size and shape. About two rows of medium-sized or small scales along middle of back, bordered on each side by about two rows of much larger more or less strongly keeled scales normally of more or less equal size in the two rows both of which usually extend forward to or onto the neck. Other dorsal scales very 204 3. IGUANIDM small except a row of widely-separated enlarged scales on upper or dorsolateral longitudinal dermal fold, sometimes becoming continuous series posteriorly. Sometimes a few enlarged scales on lower or lateral fold. A number of more or less well-developed oblique groups of enlarged granules or tubercles between these two folds. A group of large tubercles on dorsolateral fold of neck. Tail bearing whorls of strongly keeled and sharply pointed scales, which are much broader above than below j about every third whorl larger. Posterior surfaces of thighs and arms covered with small granules similar to those on sides of body. Superior and anterior surfaces of limbs provided with large, keeled scales. Ventral scales smooth and about size of those on gular fold. Femoral pores varying from nine to 16 in number on each thigh. Ten to 16 of largest dorsal scales equaling length of shielded part head. Tail less than twice as long as head and body. Males with enlarged postanal plates. The general color above is grayish or yellowish brown, paler and somewhat ochraceous on the head and the base of the tail, darkest along the upper lateral fold, and crossed by from six to eight light-edged bars of black or brown. These cross-bars are often very indistinct, usually inter- rupted on the middle of the back, and sometimes alterna- ting with those on the opposite side. The light edgings of the dorsal bars may be either blue or yellow. The sides are often dotted with one or both of these colors. Narrow dark lines cross the top of the head, the most distinct being on the supraocular and frontal regions. In the young the dark coloring of the upper lateral fold is continued forward as a line, passing just above the ear-opening, crossing the orbit, and ending at the nostril. The tail is indistinctly ringed with dusky and often tinged with ochraceous. The lower surfaces are white, more or less dotted or suffused Oc. PAPERS, CAL. ACAD. Sci., VOL. X [VAN DENBURGH] PLATE 16 «!w. . Ill 'tH SO < Pn^ SS 10. UTA 205 with dark brown or black. Males usually have a blue patch on each side of the belly and an area of lemon yellow, which sometimes acquires a tinge of blue, on the center of the throat. The coloration of living lizards, in Arizona, was noted in March, as follows: In Yuma specimens the color in life in both sexes varies on the upper surfaces from light clay to blackish brown. Most males show the blackish collar and dorsal blotches much more clearly than females. Males have a blue area on each side of the belly, absent in 1 9 females. One large male had deep "iron rust" orange covering the entire throat and chin. A smaller male had similar coloring of the throat but with a bright turquoise blue central patch. Five large and two medium-sized males had throats bluish yel- low, varying, without respect to size, from nearly clear blue to faintly bluish lemon yellow. One large and one small male had clear lemon yellow throats. One moderately large male had the throat gray without blue or yellow or orange. Nineteen females had no blue on the throat or sides of belly. Eight females had orange-colored, and eight had lemon-colored, throats j while one large and one small female had the throat orange with lemon center. The coloring of living specimens from Tucson shows a similar variation. Females have no blue on belly ; males have. The blue of the throat varies from clear turquoise to the green-blue of old turquoises. The throat is blue in 13 males j orange in eight females j clear yellow in three males and six females 5 orange with yellow center in seven males j orange with blue center in eight males j orange with green center in one male; and plain gray in one female. The coloration of a fresh specimen from the Grand Canyon is given by Dr. Stejneger as follows: Ground color above grayish-drab, more pinkish on tail 206 3. 1GUAN1D& and along the middle line, with a series of eight 'herring- bone' crossbars of dusky, growing pale posteriorly and in- cluding a light spot on the middle line 5 the six anterior cross-bars are bordered behind by a narrow black line, and all, both in front and behind, by a whitish line which is broader behind than in front ; on the sides several rows of indistinct pale spots, many of them bordered anteriorly by dusky ^ a narrow dusky line across the head between the eyes; an indistinct dusky line from nostrils through eyes to above ear; legs and tail with indistinct and irregular cross- bands of a lighter shade than the ground color; underside whitish, with an elongated patch of emerald green on the flanks and a more yellowish one on the middle of the throat. Length to anus 30 36 49 54 55 59 Length of tail 49 58 85 95 102 Gular fold to anus 18 23 32 35 37 37 Snout to car __.„. 8 9 11 12 12 13 Width of head . 6 7 9 9 10 10 Fore limb 14 16 22 23 26 27 Hind limb 18 24 31 36 37 38 Base of fifth to end of fourth toe 7 10 14 14 14 16 Remarks. — Uta ornata and Uta symmetrica were long regarded as distinct species, but when larger series of speci- mens were collected it was found that none of the supposed differences between them were more than individual varia- tions (see Van Denburgh and Slevin 1911, and Strecker .1.911). There seems to be no real difference in the regu- larity of the rows of large dorsal scales, the length of the hind leg, coloration, or habitat. Schmidt recently has pointed out that in Texan speci- mens enlarged tubercles between the dorsolateral and lat- eral lines are absent or feebly developed, while in those from Arizona oblique series of tubercles in this region are evi- dent. This difference is shown also by my specimens, and 10. UTA 207 I therefore follow Schmidt in recognizing an eastern sub- species, U. ornata ornata, and a western one, U. ornata symmetrica. It seems to me that there is too much individual variation in the large series at hand to permit the recogni- tion of a third subspecies, U. ornata linearis. Distribution. — The Tree Uta is common from New Mexico, Arizona and northern Sonora to southeastern California. In California, it has been found only in the valley of the Colorado River in Imperial (Hanlon's Ranch, Fort Yuma, Pilot Knob, five miles north from Laguna, five miles above Yuma, four miles below Potholes, eight miles east from Picacho, 20 miles above Picacho, vicinity of Palo Verde, 28 miles below Ehrenberg), and San Bernardino (Needles) counties. Yarrow also recorded the species from "Nevada," but there has been no confirmation of this record. In Arizona, this species is widely distributed and occurs from the low altitude of Yuma, near sea level, up to at least 6,800 feet on San Francisco Mountain and in the Huachucas. It has been collected in Yuma (Yuma, 10 miles below Cibola, Papago Wells), Mohave (Mohave Desert, Fort Mohave), Coconino (Grand Canyon of the Colorado, San Francisco Mountain, Little Colorado, Walnut Creek near Flagstaff, Flagstaff, Williams, Oak Creek), Navajo (Camp Apache), Yavapai (Fort Whipple, Prescott), Maricopa (Phoenix, Cave Creek), Gila (San Carlos), Pinal (Oracle), Graham (Fort Grant), Pima (Tucson, Santa Cruz River, Fort Lowell, in the Catalina Mountains at the steam pump 1 8 miles north of Tucson, and in Ventana and Sabino Canyons and East Sabino Basin, in the Santa Cata- lina Mountains, Sawmill and Madera canyons in the Santa Rita Mountains, and in the Baboquivari Mountains), Santa 208 3. IGUANIDJS Cruz (the vicinity of Pete Mountain and in Agua Caliente, Josephine and Gardner canyons in the Santa Rita Moun- tains, Mo wry in the Patagonia Mountains, Calabasas, No- gales), and Cochise (Fairbank, Fort Huachuca, Carr, Miller, Montezuma, Brown, and Ramsey canyons in the Huachuca mountains, Warren, Parmalee, Bisbee, and in the Chiricahua Mountains at Rucker Canyon, Cave Creek and Paradise), counties. It also occurs in Sonora (two miles south of Nogales, Pinetos Camp 32 miles south of Nogales, Duros Millos) Habits. — At Yuma this lizard is very abundant but is rarely seen on the ground, preferring to climb over the rough bark of the willows or to hide between the planks of the railroad bridges. It feeds chiefly upon small insects. At Tucson it frequents trees, fences, and piles of stones. Dr. Coues states, that he satisfied himself that the same individual assumed different colors. We know this to be true of other Utas and many other Iguanidse, and it prob- ably is true of most of the members of this family. 39. Uta levis Stejneger ROCKY MOUNTAIN TREE UTA Uta ornata YARROW, Surv. W. 100th Merid., Vol. V, 1875, p. 568 (part); COPE, Report U. S. Nat. Mus. for 1898, 1900, p. 315 (part); GARY, N. Amer. Fauna, No. 33, 191 1, p. 26; ELLIS & HEN- DERSON, Univ. of Colorado Studies, Vol. X, No. 2, 1913, p. 64, pis. I, fig. 5, II, fig. 6, VAN DENBURGH & SLEVIN, Proc. Cal. Acad. Sci., Ser. 4, Vol. V, No. 4, 1915, p. 103. Uta levis STEJNEGER, N. Amer. Fauna, No. 3, 1890, p. 108 (type lo- cality, Tierra Amarilla, New Mexico) ; COPE, Report U. S. Nat. Mus. for 1898, 1900, p. 313, fig 40; STEJNEGER & HARBOUR, Check List N. Amer. Amph. Rept. 1917, p. 50; SCHMIDT, Amer. Mus. Novitates, No. 22, 1921, p. 6. 10. UTA 209 Uta wrighti SCHMIDT, Amer. Mus. Novitates, No. 22, 1921, pp. 3, 6 (type locality, Grand Gulch, San Juan County, Utah, eleva- tion between 4,000 and 5,000 feet). Description. — Head and body considerably depressed. Snout rounded but rather narrow, with well-developed canthi, above which the nostrils open much nearer to end of snout than to orbits. Plates on head moderately large, smooth and almost flatj interparietal largest. Frontal plate usually divided transversely. Inner series of enlarged supraoculars separated from frontal, frontoparietal and parietal plates by one or two rows of granules. Superci- liaries long, very slightly projecting laterally, and strongly imbricate. Middle subocular very long, narrow, and strongly keeled. Rostral very wide and moderately low. Four to seven long low supralabials. Symphyseal plate moderately large, followed by series of large plates in con- tact with first pair of lower labials but separated from the others by one or two rows of sublabials. Chin and gular region covered with smooth subhexagonal granules, largest centrally and becoming imbricate on the strong transverse fold. Edge of fold with a series of projecting scales. Ear-opening large, with a short anterior denticulation of from two to five pointed scales of much variation in size and shape. About two rows of medium-sized scales along middle of back, bordered on each side by about two rows of much larger strongly or feebly keeled or almost smooth scales. Other dorsal scales very small except a row of widely-separated enlarged tubercles on upper or dorsolateral longitudinal dermal fold, where they often are but little enlarged posteriorly and frequently are absent anteriorly. Sometimes a few small tubercles on lower or lateral fold and between the two folds. Tubercles on dorsolateral fold of neck very short, if at all enlarged. Tail bearing whorls 210 3. IGUANID& of strongly keeled, short pointed scales, which are much broader above than below j every third whorl sometimes larger. Posterior surfaces of thighs and arms covered with small granules similar to those on sides of body. Superior and anterior surfaces of limbs provided with large, more or less distinctly keeled scales. Ventral scales smooth and about size of those on gular fold. Femoral pores varying from 12 to 16 in number on each thigh. Fourteen to 17 .of largest dorsal scales equaling length of shielded part of head. Tail less than twice as long as head and body. Males with enlarged postanal plates. The general color above is grayish or yellowish brown, paler and somewhat ochraceous on the head and the base of the tail, crossed by from six to eight light-edged bars of black or brown. These cross-bars are often very indis- tinct, usually interrupted on the middle of the back, and often alternate with those on the opposite side. The light edgings of the dorsal bars may be either blue, gray or yel- low. The sides are often dotted with one or more of these colors. Narrow dark lines cross the top of the head, the most distinct being on the supraocular and frontal regions. There may be a dark stripe on the side of the neck and head, passing just above the ear-opening, crossing the orbit, and ending at the nostril. The tail is indistinctly ringed with dusky and often tinged with ochraceous. The lower surfaces are white, more or less dotted or suffused with dark brown or black. Males usually have a blue patch on each side of the belly and an area of lemon yellow, blue, orange or green on the center of the throat. 10. VTA 211 Length to anus 47 47 48 50 50 52 Length of tail 71 77 81 83 83 84 Gular fold to anus 31 31 32 34 32 34 Snout to ear 10 JQI^ 10J^ 11 11 11 Width of head 8 9 9 9 9 9 Fore limb 19 19 20 22 20 20 Hind limb 30 32 32 33 32 33 Base of fifth to end of fourth toe 10^2 1 \]/2 12 12 12 12 Remarks. — Ufa levis was originally described from two specimens collected at Tierra Amarilla, Rio Arriba County, New Mexico. Tree Utas from Colorado and Utah seem to differ from those from Arizona in having the tubercles on the dorsolateral line much reduced, the large dorsals usually less strongly keeled and beginning usually behind a line joining the insertions of the forelimbs, and the absence of elongate tubercles on the sides of the neck. In a good series of specimens from Thompson, Utah, great individual variation is shown. The large dorsals may be strongly keeled, weakly keeled or nearly smooth. The enlarged scales on the dorsolateral line may be quite evident, or may be absent anteriorly and almost lacking posteriorly. Similar variation occurs in the caudal scales. I, therefore, regard Ufa levis and Ufa wrighti as synonyms. Colorado speci- mens apparently belong to the same form. Distribution. — The Rocky Mountain Tree Uta, if the views stated above are correct, i.s known from northern New Mexico, Colorado, and eastern Utah. In Utah, it has been collected at Thompson, Grand County, and at Grand Gulch, San Juan County, at an alti- tude of 4,000 to 5,000 feet. Yarrow recorded a "Uta or- nata" as collected in "Central Utah." 212 3. IGUANID& 40. Uta graciosa (Hallowell) LONG-TAILED UTA Plate 17 Urosaurus graciosus HALLOWELL, Proc. Acad. Nat.Sci. PJiila., Vol. 7, 18 54-, p. 92 (type locality, "Lower [=Southern? ] California"); HAL- LOWELL, Rep. Pac. R. R. Surv., Vol. X, Pt. 4, 1859, p. 4, pi. VII, fig. la-le. f? Anolis cooferi BAIRD, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1858, p. 254 (type locality, "California"?). Uta graciosa BAIRD, U. S. Mex. Bound. Surv., Vol. II, 1859, p. 92; COPE, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1866, p. 310; COPE, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., No. 1, 1875, p. 48; YARROW, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., No. 24, 1883, p. 54 (part); STEJNEGER, N. Amer. Fauna, No. 7, 1893, p. 177; VAN DENBURGH, Occas. Papers Cal. Acad. Sci., V. 1897, p. 69, fig.; COPE, Report U. S. Nat. Mus. for 1898, 1900, p. 325, fig. 46; MEEK, Field Columbian Mus., Zool. Ser., Vol. VII, No. 1, 1906, p. 10; DITMARS, Reptile Book, 1907, p. 125; VAN DENBURGH & SLEVIN, Proc. Cal. Acad. Sci., Ser. 4, Vol. 3, 1913, p. 402; CAMP, Univ. Cal. Publs. Zool., Vol. 12, No. 17, 1916, p. 525; GRINNELL & CAMP, Univ. Cal. Pubs. Zool., Vol. 17, No. 10, 1917, p. 156; STEJNEGER & BARBOUR, Check List N. Amer. Amph. Rept., 1917, p. 50; STEPHENS, Copeia, No. 54, 1918, p. 34; STEPHENS, Trans. San Diego Soc. Nat. Hist., Vol. Ill, No. 4, 1921, p. 61 ; VAN DENBURGH & SLEVIN, Proc. Cal. Acad. Sci., Ser. 4, Vol. XI, 1921, pp. 28, 51, 58; NELSON, Mem. Nat. Acad. Sci., Vol. XVI, 1921, pp. 114, 126; SCHMIDT, Amer. Mus. Novitates, No. 22, 1921, p. 5. Uta gratiosa COUES, Surv. W. 100th Merid., Vol. V., 1875, p. 596; Bou- LENGER, Cat. Lizards Brit. Mus., Vol. II, 1885, p. 213 (part)?} MOCQUARD, Nouv. Arch. Mus., Hist. Nat., Ser. 4, Vol. I, 1899, p. 307 (?). Description. — Body and tail very slender, former as well as head slightly depressed. Snout rounded but rather narrow, with nostrils opening in small round plates, much nearer to end of snout than to orbit. Plates on head mod- erately large, smooth and almost flatj interparietal largest. Frontal plate usually divided transversely. Inner series of 10. VTA 213 enlarged supraoculars separated from frontal, frontoparie- tal, and parietal plates by one or two rows of granules. Su- perciliaries long, slightly projecting laterally, strongly im- bricate. Central subocular very long, narrow and strongly keeled. Rostral and six or seven supralabials long and low. Symphyseal plate moderately large, and followed by a ser- ies of plates separated from the infralabials, except first pair, by one or two series of sublabial plates. Gular region covered with small smooth subhexagonal granules, which in- crease in size on, and are largest at edge of, strong trans- verse gular fold. Ear-openings large with denticulation of two to four scales, one being much larger than the others. Skin of sides of neck and body more or less folded. About five to eight rows of imbricate, keeled, more or less equal- sized scales forming a band down the middle of back, and changing very abruptly to small scales or granules on its sides. Some of scales on upper lateral fold enlarged. Larg- est scales on the tail, larger above than below, and strongly keeled and pointed. Posterior surfaces of thighs and arms covered with small granules similar to those on sides of body. Superior and anterior surfaces of limbs provided with keeled scales. Femoral pores about nine to 14 in number on each thigh. Tail more than twice as long as head and body. The general color above is grayish, becoming darker on the sides and slightly tinged with yellow on the snout. On the back are rather indistinct undulate blackish cross-bars, which are often interrupted on the vertebral line and some- times alternate. The tail is grayish with faint narrow rings of brown or slate, more or less obsolete. The limbs are cross-barred with dusky above. The lower surfaces are sil- very white more or less flecked with black or slate. Males have a yellow patch on the throat, and a long blue area on each side of the belly, often with whitish dots. 214- 3. IGUANIDJE Length to anus_ 33 50 54 55 55 59 Length of tail _ 75 124 133 121 135 Snout to orbit 3 5 5 5 5 51/ Snout to ear 8 l\l/2 12 \\y-2 12 13 Width of head- 6 9 9 10 Fore limb Hind limb 12 77, 20 34 22 33 19 32 23 34 24 38 Base of fifth to end of fourth toe 9 14 14 13 15 15 Distribution. — This lizard was long thought to be closely restricted to the vicinity of the Colorado River in California, Nevada and Arizona. It has since been found along the western edge of the Colorado Desert and in Lower Cali- fornia. In California, it has been collected in San Bernardino (Needles, Turtle Mountains, Blythe Junction, Goffs, Bar- stow,) Riverside (Mecca), Imperial (Meloland, Pilot Knob, Fort Yuma), and San Diego (La Puerta Valley on the east- ern slope of the Cuyamaca Mountains at an altitude of 2,200 feet), counties. In Nevada, it has been secured at Bunkerville and Call- ville, in Clark County. In Arizona, it has been collected in Mohave (Mellen, Needles Peaks), and Yuma (Parker, Ehrenberg, Colorado River twenty miles north from Picacho, and 10 miles be- low Cibola, and at Pilot Knob, Gila City, Yuma), counties. In Lower California, it has been found 85 miles south from Mexicali, and at San Felipe. It has also been recorded from Santa Rosalia, by Mocquard, but I suspect that his specimens may have been U. microscutata. Habits. — This long slender lizard is chiefly arboreal, but is sometimes seen on the ground. A favorite attitude Oc. PAPERS, CAL. ACAD. Sci., VOL. X [VAN DENBURGH] PLATE 17 eS i| •JS. pH 10. VTA 215 seems to be lying lengthwise on a twig of a mesquite or similar shrub. In such situations they are very easily over- looked. Mr. Camp has published some interesting notes on the habits of this species. "A number of long-tailed swifts were seen in the vicinity of Blythe Junction. Some were in creosote bushes on the open desert some in squaw-tea on the sand dunes, and some on the branches of smoke trees in the washes. They like to sun themselves on the topmost twig of a bush, hanging motionless and head downwards as though pinned there by a shrike. If disturbed they drop to the middle of the bush and flatten themselves against a limb lengthwise, keeping on the side away from the intruder, their wiry tails stretched out stiffly in line with the body. When alarmed while on the ground they make for the nearest bush and jump into it, there to dodge actively about among the branches, quite unlike their brown-shouldered relatives, which usually retreat beneath stones or into holes when pursued. The species under discussion appears to be active at least till dark in the evening, and early in the morning, as well as in the middle of the day. "A pair was seen copulating on July 1 3, in the hottest time of the day. The two lizards were clinging to the in- clined branch of a creosote bush and the female was colored for the occasion, being light orange with two longitudal black stripes down the sides and a row of black lozenges down the center of the back. The male was grayish over the back and yellowish on the sides. The power of color change in these lizards is greater and more rapid than in any other Californian reptile. A nearly white male held in my hand changed rapidly in two or three minutes to yellow- ifh black with cross bands on the back, the originally light greenish ventral patches became blue, and a yellow spot ap- peared under the throat. 216 3. IGUANID& "I saw a female of this species swallow a large-winged insect it had picked up from the sand. The stomach of a male contained chewed plant stems and what appeared to be the broken shells of insect eggs. An elongate, white, tick- like parasite was seen affixed head downwards in the axilla of a long-tailed swift." 41. Uta nigricauda COPE SAN LUCAS UTA Uta ornata BAIRD, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1859, p. 299; YARROW, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., No. 24, 1883, p. 56 (part); BELDING, West American Scientist, Vol. Ill, No. 24, 1887, p. 98. Uta nigricauda COPE, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1864, p. 176 (type locality, Cape St. Lucas, Lower California) ; COPE, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila, 1866, p. 312; COPE, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., No. 1, 1875, pp. 48, 93; YARROW, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., No. 24, 1883, p. 55; CARMAN, Bull. Essex Inst., Vol. XVI, No. 1, 1884, p. 16; BOULENGER, Cat. Lizards Brit. Mus., Vol. II, 1885, p. 212; COPE, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., No. 32, p. 35; BELDING, West Amer- ican Scientist, Vol. Ill, No. 24, 1887, p. 98; VAN DENBURGH, Proc. Cal. Acad. Sci., Ser. 2, Vol. 5, 1895, p. 106; COPE, Report U. S. Nat. Mus. for 1898, 1900, p. 322, fig. 44; VAN DENBURGH, Proc. Cal. Acad. Sci., Ser. 3, Zool., Vol. 4, No. 1, 1905, pp. 3, 25; DIT- MARS, Reptile Book, 1907, p. 125; VAN DENBURGH & SLEVIN, Proc. Cal. Acad. Sci., Ser. 4, Vol. 4, 1914, pp. 132, 145; STEJNEGER & BARBOUR, Check List. N. Amer. Amph. Rept., 1917, p. 51; VAN DENBURGH & SLEVIN, Proc. Cal. Acad. Sci., Ser. 4, Vol. XI, 1921, p. 51, 58; NELSON, Mem. Nat. Acad. Sci., Vol. XVI, 1921, pp. 114, 115; TERRON, Mem. y Rev. Soc. Cient. Antonio Alzate, Vol. 39, 1921, p. 164; SCHMIDT, Amer. Mus. Novitates, No. 22, 1921, pp. 5, 6. Uta schotti YARROW, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., No. 24, 1883, p. 55 (part). ? Uta gratiosa MOCQUARD, Nouv. Arch. Mus. Hist. Nat. Ser. 4, Vol. 1, 1899, p. 307. Description. — Body and tail not very slender, former as well as head slightly depressed. Snout rounded but rather narrow, with nostrils opening in small round plates, much 10. VTA 217 nearer to end of snout than to orbit. Plates on head mod- erately large, smooth and almost flat; interparietal largest. Frontal plate usually not divided transversely. Inner ser- ies of enlarged supraoculars separated from frontal, f ronto- parietal, and parietal plates by one or two rows of granules. Superciliaries long, slightly projecting laterally, strongly im- bricate. Central subocular very long, narrow and strongly keeled. Rostral and six or seven supralabials long and low. Symphyseal plate moderately large, and followed by a series of plates separated from the infralabials, except first pair, by one or two series of sublabial plates. Gular region covered with small smooth subhexagonal granular scales, which become imbricate and increase in size on, and are largest at edge of, strong transverse gular fold. Ear-open- ing large, with anterior denticulation of three to five scales. Skin of sides of neck and body more or less folded. About five to eight rows of imbricate, keeled, nearly equal-sized scales forming a band down the middle of back, and chang- ing abruptly or gradually to smaller keeled scales and then to smooth granules on its sides. Seventeen to 24 of the larg- est dorsals equal length of head to back of interparietal. Two more or less definite longitudinal lateral dermal folds. Rarely a few scales on upper lateral fold enlarged. Largest scales on the tail, larger above than below, and strongly keeled and pointed. Posterior surfaces of thighs and arms covered with small granules similar to those on sides of body. Superior and anterior surfaces of limbs provided with keeled scales. Femoral pores about nine to 1 4 in number on each thigh. Tail less than twice as long as head and body. The general color above ranges from a pale grayish or yellowish brown, through various shades of olive, gray, brown, ard slate to nearly black, but often is lighter on the sides and head. On the back are wide blackish blotches or cross-bars, usually interrupted on the vertebral line and 218 3. IGUANID1E sometimes alternating there. These dark markings may be nearly absent. They often are edged with blue. In many specimens the black bar on the shoulder is particularly dis- tinct. The limbs usually are unicolor, but rarely are cross- barred with dusky above. The sides often show small blue dots. The lower surfaces are yellowish white more or less flecked with black or slate. Males have a long blue area on each side of the belly. The color of the throat in males •varies from canary yellow to deep Chinese orange; in fe- males from white to pale yellow. The upper surface of the tail is gray, brown or black with or without indefinite cross-bands. length to anus ________________ 41 44 44 44 49 Length of tail ____________________ 73 79 79 84 89 Gular fold to anus ______________ 27 31 30 30 34 Shielded part of head ______ 9 9 10 10 Snout to ear __________________ 9 10 10 10 Width of head ______________________ f7I/2 8 9 9 9 Fore limb ____________________________ 17 18 20 19 20 Hind limb ________________________ 26 28 29 31 32 Base of fifth to end of fourth toe ____________________ 11 11 12 12^£ 13 Distribution. — This lizard occurs throughout the south- ern end of Lower California. It is not strictly confined to the Cape Region, for it has been found on Magdalena Is- land and on Espiritu Santo and Ballena islands. In the Cape Region, it has been collected at La Paz, Cape San Lucas, San Jose del Cabo, Miraflores, Sierra San Lazaro, Todos Santos, Agua Caliente, Santiago, San Antonio, Triunf o, San Pedro, and in the foothills of the Sierra Laguna. Habits. — These lizards frequented rock piles, stone fences, and the granite boulders in the canyon bottoms, but more commonly were found in mesquite and other trees 10. VTA 219 growing at the lower levels. They seldom were seen on the ground. On several occasions they were observed eat- ing ants which they had captured crawling up the tree trunks. 42. Uta microscutata Van Denburgh SMALL-SCALED UTA Ufa microscutata VAN DENBURGH, Proc. Cal. Acad. Sci., Ser. 2, Vol. 4, 1894, (type locality, San Pedro MartirMountain, Lower Cali- fornia^ Mexico) ; VAN DENBURGH, Proc. Cal. Acad. Sci., Ser. 2, Vol. 5, 1895, p. 106, pi. VIII, figs. F. and G., and IXj MEEK, Field Columbian Mus., Zool. Ser., Vol. VII, No. 1. 1906, p. 10; STEJNEGER & BARBOUR, Check List N. Amer. Amph. Kept., 1917, p. 50; VAN DENBURGH & SLEVIN, Proc. Cal. Acad. Sci., Ser. 4, Vol. XI, 1921, pp. 51, 59; NELSON, Mem. Nat. Acad. Sci., Vol. XVI, 1921, pp. 114, 115, 159; SCHMIDT, Amer. Mus. Novitates, No. 22, 1921, p. 5. Uta farviscutata COPE, Report U. S. Nat. Mus. for 1898, 1900, p. 324, fig. 45; DITMARS, Reptile Book, 1907, p. 125. Uta stansburiana MOCQUARD, Nouv. Arch. Mus. Hist. Nat., Ser. 4, Vol. I, 1899, p. 306. Description. — Head and body depressed. Snout rounded and rather short, with well-developed canthus. Nostrils large, opening upward and outward, much nearer to end of snout than to orbit. Plates on head large, smooth, and us- ually more or less convex; interparietal largest. A single frontal. Four large supraoculars, separated from frontal by one row of granules. Superciliaries long, somewhat pro- jecting laterally, and strongly imbricate. Central subocular very long and narrow. A strong gular fold, edged with rounded scales slightly larger than those preceding. A dor- solateral dermal fold extends from near upper end of ear- opening to above thigh. Largest dorsal scales along median dorsal line keeled, becoming gradually smaller laterally un- til a granular form is assumed from four to nine rows from 220 3. IGUANID& median line. Thirty-two to 34 of largest dorsals equaling shielded part of head. Dorsal and posterior surfaces of thighs and posterior surfaces of arms finely granular j other portions of limbs covered with scales which are smooth on ventral surfaces of thighs, legs, arms, and forearms, but keeled elsewhere. Caudal scales much larger above than below, all strongly keeled. Femoral pores 11 to 15. En- larged postanal plates present. Sooty black, brown, or slate-gray above, usually with small, scattered pale blue or white dots, and often with more or less definite vertical bars of deeper brown or black. Lower surfaces blackish, gray, or almost white 5 chest and sides of belly indigo, pre- and postanal regions tinged with azure. There is no lateral blue blotch behind axilla, as in U. stans- buriana. Chin and throat azure in male, lemon yellow in female. Length to anus 41 4-2 43 45 46 48 Length of tail 81 76 84 89 Shielded part of head 9 8 9^ 10 9l/2 9T/2 Snout to ear 9 9 10 10 9l/2 9l/2 Width of head 8 7 8J^ 8 8^ 8^ Fore limb 18 17 19 21 19 17 Hind limb 29 27 30 31 29 29 Base of fifth to end of fourth toe 11 10 \2l/2 11 12 11 Distribution.. — This lizard, first described from speci- mens taken at San Pedro Martir Mountain in the northern part of lower California, has been found to range south to San Francisco Island. It has been taken at San Matias, Canon Esperanza, San Salado Canyon, Parral, San Antonio, San Pedro Martir Mountain, San Quintin, Rosarito, An- geles Bay, San Francisquito Bay, San Ignacio, Santa Rosalia, Mulege, Concepcion Bay, San Xavier, San Nicolas Bay, and 10. UTA 221 Puerto Escondido, on the peninsula, and on San Marcos, Coronado, Carmen, Danzante, San Jose, and San Francisco islands, in the Gulf of California. 43. Uta palmeri Stejneger SAN PEDRO MARTIR ISLAND UTA Ufa palmeri, STEJNEGER, North American Fauna, No. 3, 1890, p. 106 (type locality, San Pietro Martir Island, Gulf of California) ; VAN DENBURGH, Proc. Cal. Acad. Sci., Ser. 2, Vol. 5, 1895, p. 106; COPE, Report U. S. Nat. Mus. for 1898, 1900, p. 313, fig. 39; DITMARS, Reptile Book, 1907, p. 124; VAN DENBURGH & SLEVIN, Proc. Cal. Acad. Sci., Ser. 4, Vol. 4, 1914, pp. 132, 147; STEJ- NEGER & BARBOUR, Check List N. Amer. Amph. Rept., 1917, p. 51 ; NELSON, Mem. Nat. Acad. Sci, Vol. XVI, 1921, p. 114; SCHMIDT, Amer. Mus. Novitates, No. 22, 1921, p. 5. Description. — Body and head considerably depressed j snout low, rounded and rather long 5 nostrils large, open- ing upward or outward nearer to end of snout than to or- bit. Head-plates large, smooth, nearly flat, interparietal largest j frontal divided transversely j four or five enlarged iupraoculars, separated from the f rentals and frontoparie- tals by one or two series of granules. Superciliaries long, narrow and projecting. Central subocular very long, nar- row and strongly keeled. Rostral and supralabials long and lowj usually six or seven supralabials. Symphyseal moderately small, followed by several pairs of large plates separated (except first) from the infralabials by one or two series of moderately enlarged sublabials. Gular region cov- ered with small, smooth, hexagonal or rounded scales which change gradually to granules on sides of neck and to larger imbricate scales on strong gular fold, largest usually on den- ticulate edge of gular fold where somewhat larger than ventrals. Several slightly enlarged convex plates in front of ear-opening. Ear denticulation short, of two to four 222 3. IGUAN1D& scales, the largest exceeding in length diameter of largest plate in front of ear. Back covered with scales or tubercles of nearly uniform size becoming granular toward neck and sides of body, scales of posterior part of back strongly or weakly keeled, not imbricate, not mucronate, usually sep- arated by minute granules. Scales largest on tail, strongly keeled, shortly mucronate above and on sides, not imbricate. Posterior surfaces of thighs and arms covered with small granular scales similar to, but smaller than, those on sides of body j other surfaces of limbs provided with keeled scales, which are scarcely if at all imbricate. Femoral pores 1 5 to 19j average in 100 thighs, 16.26. Twenty-one to 25 larg- est dorsals equal shielded part of head. About 106 to 116 scales in a row between interparietal and backs of thighs. Fifth finger not reaching end of second j fifth toe not reach- ing end of second 5 adpressed fore limb not reaching inser- tion of thigh. The head is uniform olive brown or gray above. The central portion of the neck, back and base of tail are uni- form brown or bluish gray, rarely unicolor but usually with thickly scattered dots of light blue on groups of from one to five scales or granules. The sides are colored like the back. The upper surfaces of the limbs and tail are light brown or bluish gray, sometimes dotted with pale blue. The gular region is blackish or grayish indigo. The other lower surfaces are grayish or yellowish white, more or less suf- fused with blackish or grayish indigo. There is a large post- axillary blotch of blackish indigo. No specimens show dark brown dorsal or lateral blotches. 10. VTA 223 Length to anus 46 55 67 68 69 70 Length of tail 78 91 112 106 113 Snout to ear 11 13 15 15 14 15 Shielded part of head 10 12 l3J/2 14 13 14 Width of head 9 10 13 13 13 14 Fore limb . ,__. _ . 21 25 29 29 28 29 Hind limb , „ 37 41 48 49 48 51 Base of fifth to end of fourth toe 14 17 19 19 18 19 Remarks. — This species is a member of the U. stans- buriana group but is easily distinguished by the character of its dorsal and caudal scales, its large size, and its coloration. It is most like Uta stellata but is a much larger, heavier lizard. 'Distribution. — San Pedro Martir Island, Gulf of Cali- fornia, Mexico. 44. Uta nolascensis Van Denburgh & Slevin SAN PEDRO NOLASCO ISLAND UTA Ufa nolascensis VAN DENBURGH & SLEVIN, Proc. Cal. Acad. Sci., Ser. 4, Vol. XI, No. 17, 1921, p. 395 (type locality, San Pedro Nolasco Island, Gulf of California, Mexico) . Description. — Body and head considerably depressed; snout low, rounded and rather long; nostrils large, opening upward and outward, nearer to end of snout than to orbit. Head plates large, smooth, nearly flat, interparietal largest; frontal divided transversely; three to five enlarged supra- oculars, separated from the frontals and f rontoparietals by one or two series of granules. Superciliaries long, narrow and projecting. Central subocular very long, narrow and strongly keeled. Rostral and supralabials long and low; usually six or seven supralabials. Symphyseal moderately small, followed by two or three pairs of larger plates sep- 224 3. IGUANID& arated (except first) from the infralabials by one or two series of moderately enlarged sublabials. Gular region ered with small, smooth, hexagonal or rounded scales which change gradually to granules on sides of neck and to larger imbricate scales on strong gular fold, largest on denticulate edge of gular fold where somewhat larger than ventrals. Several enlarged plates in front of ear-opening. Ear den- ticulation short, of two to four scales, the largest exceeding in length diameter of largest plate in front of ear. Back covered with very small scales of nearly uniform size be- coming granular toward neck and sides of body, scales of central rows very weakly keeled, imbricate, not or weakly mucronate, rarely separated by minute granules. Scales largest on tail, strongly keeled, strongly mucronate above and on sides, imbricate. Posterior surfaces of thighs and arms covered with small granular scales similar to those on sides of body 5 other surface of limbs provided with imbri- cate scales, keeled on arm, forearm, thigh, and upper sur- face of leg. Femoral pores 13 to 16 5 average in 20 thighs, 14.5. Twenty-three to 27 largest dorsals equal shielded part of head. About 110 to 120 scales in a row between interparietal plate and backs of thighs. Fifth finger not reaching end of second; fifth toe not reaching end of sec- ond j adpressed fore limb not reaching insertion of thigh. The color above is grayish or light blue becoming yel- lowish or olive on the head and tail, without any dark or light markings except sometimes a few scattered pale blue dots on single scales. A large blackish blue blotch behind the axilla, and often another smaller blotch of the same color in front of shoulder. The chin and gular region are deep indigo with yellowish markings or suffusion laterally and on the labial plates. The lower surfaces of the body and limbs are indigo throughout, or grayish or yellowish 10. UTA 225 white on feet, distal part of tail, and sometimes on middle of chest and belly. Length to anus _______ 36 36*/2 44 46 49 50 Length of tail ___________ 61 80 81 Snout to ear ____________ 9^ 9 11 11 11 \2l/2 Shielded part of head 9 8^ 10 10j£ IV/2 12 Width of head _________ 8 7 8^ 9 910 Fore limb _____________ 16 16 20 22 20 22 Hind limb ____________ 29 28J^ 35 36J^ 35 40 Base of fifth to end of fourth toe ________ 11 11 y2 15 15 13J^ 15 Remarks. — This species is a member of the U. stans- buriana group but is easily distinguished by the small size of its dorsal scales and the absence of markings. Distribution. — San Pedro Nolasco Island, Gulf of Cali- fornia, Mexico. 45. Uta stellata Van Denburgh SAN BENITO ISLAND UTA Uta stellata VAN DENBURGH, Proc. Cal. Acad Sci., Ser. 3, Zool., Vol. 4, 1905, p. 21, pi. VIII (type locality ,San Benito Island, Lower California) ; VAN DENBURGH & SLEVIN, Proc. Cal. Acad. Sci., Ser. 4, Vol. 4, 1914, pp. 132, 143; STEJNEGER & BARBOUR, Check List N. Amer. Amph. Kept., 1917, p. 52; NELSON, Mem. Nat. Acad. Sci., Vol. XVI, 1921, p. 114; SCHMIDT, Amer. Mus. Novitates, No. 22, 1921, p. 5. Description. — Body and head considerably depressed j snout low, rounded and rather long; nostrils large, opening upward and outward nearer to the end of snout than to orbit. Head-plates large, smooth, nearly flat, interparietal largest; frontal divided transversely; four or five enlarged supra- oculars, separated from the frontals and frontoparietals by one or two series of granules. Superciliaries long, narrow 226 3. IGUANID3E and projecting. Central subocular very long, narrow and strongly keeled. Rostral and supralabials long and low; usually six or seven supralabials. Symphyseal moderately small, followed by two or three pairs of larger plates sep- arated (except first) from the infralabials by one or two series of moderately enlarged sublabials. Gular region covered with small, smooth, hexagonal or rounded scales which change gradually to granules on sides of neck and to larger imbricate scales on strong gular fold, largest on den- ticulate edge of gular fold where somewhat larger than ventrals. Several enlarged plates in front of ear-opening. Ear denticulation short, of two to four scales, the largest not exceeding in length diameter of largest plate in front of ear. Back covered with tubercular scales of nearly uni- form size becoming granular toward neck and sides of body, scales of central rows very weak keeled, not imbricate, not mucronate, often separated by minute granules. ^Scales largest on tail, weakly keeled, shortly mucronate above and on sides, not imbricate. Posterior surfaces of thighs and arms covered with small granular scales similar to those on sides of body; other surfaces of limbs provided with imbri- cate scales, nearly smooth on arm, forearm, and thigh, keeled on upper surface of leg. Femoral pores 12 to 18 usually 14 to 16. Twenty-six to 30 largest dorsals equal shielded part of head. Fifth finger not reaching end of second -y fifth toe not reaching end of second j adpressed fore limb not reaching insertion of thigh. The head is uniform olive brown above. The central portion of the neck, back and base of tail are uniform brown with thickly scattered dots of pale blue on single scales. The sides are yellowish brown with scattered scales of pale yel- low. The upper surfaces of the limbs and tail are light brown or bluish gray, sometimes dotted with pale blue. The chin and gular region are deep indigo with yellowish mark- 10. UTA 227 ings laterally and on the labial plates. The lower surfaces of the body and limbs are grayish indigo. There is a large postaxilliary blotch of blackish indigo. The female is similar but the light dots are less distinct and there are dark brown dorsal and lateral blotches. The limbs have faint brown cross-bars above. Length to anus 49 56 56 58 58 61 Length of tail 59 95 94 88 98 76 Snout to ear 11 12 13J^ 12 13 14 Shielded part of head 11 13 13 12 12 13 Width of head _ 10 11 11 11 11 12 Fore limb 22 23 25 24 25 26 Hind limb 37 41 42 36 41 43 Base of fifth to end of fourth toe 15 16 16 15 17 18 Remarks. — This species is a member of the U. stans- buriana group but it is easily distinguished by the character of its dorsal and caudal scales. Distribution. — This lizard is known only from West, Middle and East San Benito islands, off the west coast of Lower California. It is a ground dwelling species and is most abundant on the lower portions of the islands. 46. Uta stansburiana stansburiana (Baird & Girard) NORTHERN BROWN-SHOULDERED UTA Uta stansburiana BAIRD & GIRARD, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci., Phila., Vol. VI, 1852, p. 69 (type locality, Valley of Great Salt Lake, Utah); BAIRD & GIRARD, Stansbury's Exped. Great Salt Lake, 1853, p. 34-5, pi. V, figs. 4-6; BAIRD, Rep. Pac. R. R. Surv., Vol. X, 1859, p. 37; COPE, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., No. 1, 1875, p. 48 (part); YAR- ROW & HENSHAW, Ann. Rep. Chief of Engineers for 1878, Surv. W. 100th Merid., Appendix NN, 1878, p. 122, (part); YARROW, Surv. W. 100th Merid., Vol. V, 1875, p. 568, (part); YARROW, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., No. 24, 1883, p. 56 (part); COPE, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci., Phila., 1883, pp. 15, 18, 21; BOULENGER, Cat. Lizards Brit. Mus., Vol. II, 1885, p. 211 (part); STEJNEGER, N. 228 3. IGUANIDJE Amer. Fauna, No. 7, 1893, p. 175 (part); VAN DENBURGH, Report U. S. Fish Commiss., 1894, p. 56; VAN DENBURGH, Occas. Papers Cal. Acad. Sci., V, 1897, p. 66 (part); McLAiN, Critical Notes, 1899, p. 3 (part); COPE, Report U. S. Nat. Mus. for 1898, 1900, p. 306 (part); GARY, N. Amer. Fauna, No. 33, 1911, p. 26; VAN DENBURGH, Proc. Cal. Acad. Sci., Ser. 4, Vol. 3, 1912, p. 156; TAYLOR, Univ. Cal. Publs. Zool., Vol. 7, No. 10, 1912, p. 348; ELLIS & HENDERSON, Univ. Colorado Studies, Vol. X, No. 2, 1913, p. 65 ; VAN DENBURGH & SLEVIN, Proc. Cal. Acad. Sci., Ser. 4, Vol. 5, 1915, p. 103; RICHARDSON, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., Vol. 48, 1915, p. 412. Uta stansburiana nevadensis RUTHVEN, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, Vol. 26, 1913, p. 27, fig.(typc locality, Maggie Basin, Cortez Range near Carlin, Nevada) ; RICHARDSON, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., Vol. 48, 1915, p. 413; RUTHVEN & GAIGE, Occas. Papers Mus. Univ. Mich., No. 8, 1915, p. 18. Uta stansburiana stansburiana CAMP, Univ. Cal. Publs. Zool., Vol. 17, No. 7, 1916, p. 68; GRINNELL & CAMP, Univ. Cal. Publs. Zool., Vol. 17, No. 10, 1917, p. 154; STEJNEGER & BARBOUR, Check List N. Amer. Amph. Rept., 1917, p. 51; VAN DENBURGH & SLEVIN, Proc. Cal. Acad. Sci., Ser. 4, Vol. XI, 1921, pp. 28, 33, 40; SCHMIDT, Amer. Mus. Novitates, No. 22, 1921, p. 5. Description. — Body and head considerably depressed. Snout low, rounded and rather short, with well-developed canthus. Nostrils large, opening upward and outward, nearer to end of snout than to orbit. Plates on head large, smooth and usually more or less convex 5 interparietal larg- est. Frontal plate usually divided transversely. Three to five svipraoculars, enlarged, and separated from frontals by one row of granules. Superciliaries long, somewhat project- ing laterally, and strongly imbricate. Central subocular very long, narrow, and strongly keeled. Rostral and supra- labials very long and low. Other plates of upper surface of head very irregular in size and position. Symphyseal plate rather small, followed by three or four pairs of larger smooth plates separated from small inf ralabials by from one 10. VTA 229 to three series of moderately enlarged sublabials. Gular region covered ^vith small, smooth, hexagonal scales, which change gradually into granules on sides of neck, and into larger scales on strong transverse gular fold, where they are about the size of those on belly. Edge of gular fold with a series of larger propecting scales. Ear-opening with strong denticulation of three or four pointed scales. Several longitudinal dermal folds usually present on sides of body and neck. Back covered with weakly keeled scales of nearly uniform size, becoming gradually granular on neck and sides. Number of dorsal scales in a line from interparietal plate to a line joining posterior surfaces of thighs varying from 89 to 116; average, 103.4. Scales on tail largest, strongly keeled, sharply pointed, and larger above than below. Posterior surfaces of thighs and arms covered with small granular scales similar to those on sides of body. Other surfaces of limbs provided with large scales, keeled except on ventral surfaces of thighs, legs, and arms. Femoral pores varying in number from 11 to 17$ average, 14.1. About 23 to 30 dorsal scales equaling the shielded part of head. This lizard displays a very great amount of variation in both the pattern and intensity of its coloring. The back and sides are variously striped, spotted, dotted, or marbled with dark brown, blue, green, gray or yellow \ the former often with a double series of large brown spots, light edged be- hind, which usually are much more distinct in females and young than in adult males. The tail is similarly marked but is often ringed with brown. Below, the general color is yel- lowish white, usually more or less tinged with greenish or bluish on the sides of the belly. The throat in adults is blue, dotted or narrowly banded on the chin and sides with white, yellow or orange. There is a round indigo spot be- 230 3. IGUANIDM hind the axilla, and usually a brown patch in front of the shoulder. Length to anus 44 45 46 46 48 50 length nf tail 72 77 80 66 Snout to ear 10 10J4 10 10 10 Snout to back of v j 4, interparictal — V/2 10 10 10 10J4 10 Width of head 9 9 9 9^2 10 9 Fore limb 19 19 20 21 20 19 Hind limb , 32 33 33 35 34 31 Base of fifth to end of fourth toe 12 12 13 13 12^ 12 Remarks. — Brown-shouldered lizards are probably more generally distributed in western North America than any other species. They range from Texas to the Pacific Ocean and from Idaho and Utah to Cape San Lucas. In such a vast area one might well expect to find geographic varia- tion, and such variation has been described. A number of insular forms have been named, and the mainland specimens have been divided, by Richardson, into three subspecies. The group, however, is a fairly compact one. Some of the in- sular species are well differentiated, but the characters as- signed to the mainland subspecies are average differences in scale-counts and proportions which, to some extent at least, are so concealed by individual variation that identification of specimens by means of a "key" is most difficult and un- certain. The whole group is in need of thorough study and revision. It may be that such study would result in the dis- covery that geographical races are more local and numer- ous, and individual variations Jess important, than they now appear. Color differences in these lizards can be of little aid, for the same individual lizard has been observed to dis- play a whole series of patterns from longitudinal stripes and 10. UTA 231 large dark dorsal blotches to a plain ground color sprinkled with small blue dots. While the distribution of the various subspecies of Ufa stanburiana, as indicated by Richardson and redefined by Camp, will be followed here, there are on record numerous localities at which specimens have been taken but not exam- ined as to their subspecific status. These records are here assigned to the three subspecies purely on a geographical basis, each being referred to that subspecies within whose range, as defined by Richardson and Camp, the locality on record seems to fall. This method, of course, is open to criticism, but, since there was no opportunity to examine the specimens, the alternative was to omit these localities en- tirely. As there is enormous individual variation and the differences are only average differences, the results probably would not be changed much by an actual examination of all specimens. The whole group is in need of thorough study and revision. Until this has been carried through, the pres- ent method of treatment seems best, for the recognition of these various subspecies is rendered so difficult by individ- ual variation that the present arrangement must be regarded as tentative. Thus, Richardson records "almost typical ele- gans" from Pine Mountain near Escondido, San Diego County, not far from the center of the range he assigns to U. s. hesperis, and records the Utas from the San Joaquin Valley as U. s. elegans whereas Camp later refers them to U. s. hesperis. Adequate revision of the group will require so much work that I doubt if anyone will soon undertake it and carry it through thoroughly. It, therefore, seems best to adopt the present method of treatment here. Distribution. — Uta stansburiana stansburiana, as re- stricted by Richardson, occupies most of Utah, northern Nevada, Mono and northern Inyo counties, California, east- 232 3. IGUANID& ern Oregon, and southern Idaho. The places at which it intergrades with U. s. elegans have not been determined, except that such intergradation has been stated to occur in Owens Valley, Inyo County, California, near Laws, Carrol Creek, Kearsarge Pass at 6,000 feet, and Independence (Camp). California specimens, recorded as this subspecies by Rich- ardson and Grinnell and Camp, have been secured in Inyo (Round Valley, Lone Pine, Laws, Independence), and Mono (Benton) counties. Nevada specimens which probably may be referred to this subspecies have been collected in Lyon (Mason), Storey (Virginia City), Washoe (Derby, Little High Rock Can- yon, Pyramid Lake at Indian Agency, Pyramid, Sutcliffe, and Anaho Island), Humboldt (Virgin Valley, Big Creek Ranch at 4,450 to 5,000 feet, Alder Creek, Pine Forest Mountains, Quinn River Crossing), Eureka ( Cortez Range at the Humboldt Valley), and Nye (Toiyabe Mountains), counties. In Oregon, this Uta has been secured in Lake County, near Abert and Summer lakes, and in Warner Valley. In Washington, this lizard has been recorded from Yak- ima Valley, Yakima County. Idaho localities are Twin Falls (south side of canyon be- tween Shoshone Falls and Twin Falls), Jerome (Blue Lakes to Shoshone Falls), and Gooding (plains between Bliss and the Snake River, Snake River bottom near Bliss) coun- ties. Utah records are Tooele (Stansbury Island), Salt Lake (Salt Lake City), Utah (Fairfield), Millard (Fillmore, Dome Canyon, Cove Fort, four miles north of Scipio, Mea- dows), Beaver (Beaver Creek, Newhouse), Iron (Buckhorn twelve miles north from Parowan, Rush Lake), Washing- ton (Springdale, Rockville, Leeds, Virgin City, Bellevue, 10. UTA 233 South Ash Creek, North Ash Creek, St. George), Emery (Green River), and Grand (Elgin, Thompson), counties. 47. Uta stansburiana hesperis Richardson CALIFORNIA BROWN-SHOULDERED UTA Ufa stansburiana COPE, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus. No. I, 1875, p. 48 (part) »' YARROW & HENSHAW, Ann. Rep. Chief of Engineers for 1878, Surv W. looth Merid., Appendix NN, 1878, p. 222 (part); YARROW, Bull- U. S. Nat. Mus., No. 24, 1883, p. 56 (part); COPE, Proc. Acad* Nat. Sci. Phila., 1883, p. 28; TOWNSEND, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus.> Vol. 13, 1890, p. 144; STEJNEGER, N. Amer. Fauna, No. 7, 1893* p. 175 (part); VAN DENBURGH, Occas. Papers, Cal. Acad. Sci., V, 1897, p. 66 (part): McLAiN, Critical Notes, 1899, p. 3 (part); COPE, Report U. S. Nat. Mus. for 1898, 1900, p. 306 (part); VAN DEN- BURGH, Proc. Cal. Acad. Sci., Ser. 3, Zool., Vol. 4, No. I, 1905, pp. 13, 14, 16, 17; GRINNELL & GRINNELL, Throop Inst. Bull., No. XXXV, 1907, p. 19, fig. 2; GRINNELL, Univ. Cal. Publs. Zool., Vol. 5, No. i, 1908, p. 161; STONE, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1911, p. 226 (part); HURTER, First Ann. Rep. Laguna Marine Lab., 1912, p. 67; VAN DENBURGH, Proc. Cal. Acad. Sci., Ser. 4, Vol. 3, 1912, pp. 148, 149, 150, 151; ATSATT, Univ. Cal. Publs. Zool., Vol. 12, No. 3, 1913, p. 35 (part); VAN DENBURGH & SLEVIN, Proc. Cal. Acad. Sci., Ser. 4, Vol. 4, 1914, pp. 132, 136, 138, 139, 140. Uta stansburiana hesperis RICHARDSON, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., Vol. 48, 1915, p. 415 (type locality, Arroyo Seco Canyon, near Pasadena, Los Angeles County, California); CAMP, Univ. Cal. Publs. Zool., Vol. 12, No. 17, 1916, p. 524; CAMP, Univ. Cal. Publs. Zool., Vol. 17, No. 7, 1916, pp. 68-70; GRINNELL & CAMP, Univ. Cal. Publs. Zool., Vol. 17, No. 10, 1917, p. 156; STEJNEGER & BARBOUR, Check List N. Amer. Amph. Rept., p. 52; COWLES, Journ. Entomol. & Zool., Pomona College, Vol. XII, No. 3, 1920, p. 66; STEPHENS, Trans. San Diego Soc. Nat. Hist., Vol. Ill, No. 4, 1921, p. 61; VAN DENBURGH & SLEVIN, Proc. Cal. Acad. Sci., Ser. 4, Vol. XI, 1921, p. 51; NELSON, Mem. Nat. Acad. Sci., Vol. XVI, 1921, pp. 114, 130; SCHMIDT, Amer. Mus. Novitates, No. 22, 1921, p. 5. Description. — Body and head considerably depressed. Snout low, rounded and rather short, with well-developed canthus. Nostrils large opening upward and outward, 234 3. IGUANID/E nearer to end of snout than to orbit. Plates on head large, smooth and usually more or less con vex 5 interparetial larg- est. Frontal plate usually divided transversely. Three to five supraoculars, enlarged, and separated from f rentals by one row of granules. Superciliaries long, somewhat project- ing laterally, and strongly imbricate. Central subocular very long, narrow, and strongly keeled. Rostral and supra- labials very long and low. Other plates of upper surface of head very irregular in size and position. Symphyseal plate rather small, followed by three or four pairs of larger smooth plates separated from small infralabials by from one to three series of moderately enlarged sublabials. Gular region covered with small, smooth, hexagonal scales, which change gradually into granules on sides of neck, and into larger scales on strong transverse gular fold where they are about the size of those on belly. Edge of gular fold with a series of larger projecting scales. Ear-opening with strong denticulation of three or four pointed scales. Several longi- tudinal dermal folds usually present on sides of body and neck. Back covered with small, keeled, imbricate scales of nearly uniform size, becoming gradually granular on neck and sides. Number of dorsal scales in a line from inter- parietal plate to a line joining posterior surfaces of thighs varying from 87 to 1 1 7; average, 1 02.3. Scales on tail lar- gest, strongly keeled, sharply pointed, and larger above than below. Posterior surfaces of thighs and arms covered with small granular scales similar to those on sides of body. Other surfaces of limbs provided with large scales, keeled except on ventral surfaces of thighs, legs, and arms. Femoral pores varying in number from 12 to 17$ average, 14. About 23 to 28 dorsal scales equaling the shielded part of head. This lizard seems not to differ from the other sub- species either in the color pattern or intensity. The amount of variation is equally great. The back and sides are van- 10. UTA 235 ously striped, spotted, dotted or marbled with dark brown, blue, green, gray or yellow. There often is a double series of large brown spots, light-edged behind, along the back. These usually are much more distinct in the females and young than in adult males. The tail is similarly marked or ringed with brown. The ground color below is yellowish white, usually more or less tinged with greenish or bluish on the sides of the belly. The throat in adults is blue, dotted or narrowly banded on the chin and sides with white, yellow or orange. There is a round spot of deep indigo behind the axilla, and usually a brown patch in front of the shoulder. Length to anus 45 47 47 48 51 51 Length of tail 72 __ 83 88 83 88 Snout to ear 1 1 11 11 11 11% 12 Snout to back of intcrparictal 10 10 10 10 10 11 Width of head 9 9 9*4 9J4 9^ 10 Fore limb 19 21 21 22 21 21 Hind limb 37 37 37 38 38 39 Base of fifth to end of fourth toe 13^ 14 14^ 14-J4 14 15 Remarks. — What has been said under this heading in writing of U. s. stansbunana may be applied here. These lizards are very abundant. Large series could be collected in many localities. If such a series were secured and thor- oughly studied it is possible that interesting facts in varia- tion and distribution might result. The amount of study involved would be very great, and individual variation might prevent any really satisfactory conclusions. As Richardson states, this subspecies resembles U. s. ele- gans in size of body and in the character of the squamation, but the dorsal scales are smaller. In other words, U. s. hes- $eris is similar to U. s. stansburiana, except that it has dorsal scales more strongly keeled and changing less gradually to the granular laterals. This difference is manifestly slight and 236 3. IGUANID& difficult to determine. I have not been able to find any material difference in the number of femoral pores in the three races. Distribution. — Uta stansburiana hes^eris is stated to oc- cupy the western parts of southern California and northern Lower California, certain islands off the coast, and the San Joaquin Valley with parts of San Luis Obispo county. It is said to blend completely with U. s. elegans along the Coast Range in Riverside and San Diego counties and in the northwestern part of Lower California (Richardson), and to intergrade with that subspecies also in San Bernardino, Los Angeles, and Kern counties (Camp). Within this area Utas have been collected in San Diego (Pine Mountain near Escondido, Warner's Pass, Cuyamaca Lake, Julian Mountains, Campo, San Diego, Poway, Witch Creek, Oak Grove, Descanso, Sorrento, Cuyamaca, Jacumba Hot Springs), Riverside (San Jacinto Mountains at Snow Creek, Shain's Ranch, Palm Canyon, Strawberry Valley, Andreas Canyon, Tahquitz Canyon, Keen Camp, Kenworthy, and Fuller's Mill, Hall Grade near Cabazon, Dos Palmos Spring in the Santa Rosa Mountains, Riverside, Banning, Hemet Lake, San Jacinto, Hemet Valley, Coahuila Valley, six miles southwest from Beaumont, Temescal Mountains), Orange (Laguna Beach), San Bernardino ( Swart ont Can- yon, Cajon Wash, Reche Canyon near Colton, San Bernar- nino Mountains at Fish Creek, Mill Creek, Santa Ana Can- yon, Seven Oaks, Waterman Canyon, Lytle Creek, War- rens, and Bluff Lake, Ontario, Colton), Los Angeles (Ar- royo Seco Canyon, Pasadena, San Fernando, Tejunga Val- ley, Sierra Madre, Altadena, West Fork San Gabriel River, Mt. Lowe, Roscoe, Claremont, Lankershim, Mt. Wilson, Alhambra, Placerita Canyon, Boquet Canyon, San Gabriel Canyon, San Pedro, Pallett, Gorman Station in Antelope 10. UTA 237 Valley, Santa Catalina Island, San Clemen te Island), Ven- tura (Ana Capa Island, San Buenaventura, Matilija, Mount Pinos), Santa Barbara (Santa Cruz Island, Santa Barbara), Kern (Fort Tejon, Tehachapi Mountains, west side of Wal- ker Pass, head of Kelso Valley near Weldon, Fay Creek six miles north from Weldon, Canebrake east of Onyx, Onyx, Kern River at Isabella and near Kernville, Bodfish, Bakers- field, Edison, McKittrick, Buena Vista Lake, San Emigdio Plains, Caliente, Rose Station), San Luis Obispo (Simmler, Cuyama Valley, San Juan River near Shandon, Edna), Monterey (Metz), Tulare (Tipton, Earlinart, White River), Fresno (Lane Bridge, Fresno, Pleasant Valley 10 miles west from Huron), Madera (Raymond), San Benito (Bear Valley, New Idria), Merced (five miles north from Los Bafios), San Joaquin (five miles south from Lathrop, Corral Hollow near Tracy), and Contra Costa (Mount Diablo), counties, California. How much of northwestern Lower California is occu- pied by this subspecies is not known. It has been reported from Los Coronados Islands (East and South Islands) and Tiajuana, and may range down to or beyond Ensenada. It is said, however, that this subspecies quickly changes to U. stansburiana elegans, which occupies the rest of the penin- sula. Habits. — The Brown-shouldered Lizard is a ground lov- ing species usually found in open fields or deserts or among rocks. Upon the approach of an enemy it quickly retires to some hole or crevice and shyly peeps out from time to time to see if the intruder has departed. At the, old mission at Santa Barbara before its "restoration" these graceful lit- tle lizards were especially tame and abundant, and lived among the stones of the walls and fountains, darting in and out of the crevices which once were filled with mortar, sun- 238 3. IGUANW& ning themselves on the sheltered surfaces, or chasing one another with all the abandon and apparent delight of chil- dren playing tag. Dr. and Mrs. Grinnell write of its habits, in Los An- geles County, as follows: "This is undoubtedly the most abundant and wide spread species of lizard in this region. It occurs from seashore, where we have seen it in the vicinity of San Pedro, to the higher slopes of the San Gabriel mountains. This is the lit- tle lizard which is so often to be seen along hedges close into town, in vacant lots, in sandy 'washes,' and in stubble fields. The boys call it 'sand lizard' and 'swift,' and most often amuse themselves by throwing rocks it it. The lizards take refuge under brush heaps, or in stone piles, or disap- pear down old gopher or ground-squirrel holes. Sometimes they have little burrows, with crescent-shaped mouths, which are probably dug by themselves j for if kept in a box with enough sand in it they very soon dig down out of sight, using their front feet and working the head from side to side. "If injured, even slightly, as one is cornered and a per- son attempts to pick it up, the lizard's tail becomes discon- nected from the rest of the body and squirms independently for some minutes. This is what usually invites the attack of the small boy, who is ever curious, and at the same time oblivious of cruelty. The fusillade of rocks may not prove fatal to the lizard, and while tail squirms energetically, the rest of the animal continues to seek safety, often with suc- cess j or it may 'play possum,' and with both eyes shut, or with but a narrow slit between the lids, look limp and very dead. But it is ready to dart away, as soon as the chance offers, and in course of time grows a new tail. Lizards are to be seen with stub-tails in various stages of elongation. "We do not say that the lizard drops its tail voluntarily, 10. UTA 239 but that only a slight injury is sufficient to loosen its at- tachment to the rest of the animal. "The brown-shouldered lizard is a very useful inhabi- tant of the garden. It takes the place in the day time oc- cupied by the hop-toad at night. Flies, beetles, bugs, and ants are eaten at a surprising rate. "Lizards are ordinarily supposed to spend most of their time 'sunning themselves.' But their quietness is due either to their effort to escape one's notice, for more than likely they have seen you first, or to their cautious maneuvers in endeavoring to catch some lively insect. It is a most inte- resting nature-lesson to watch a lizard on the hunt for in- sects. Sometimes it lies in wait, like a cat, until the unsus- pecting bug crawls within reach, then a quick pounce, a cou- ple of crunching bites, a gulp or two, and the lizard is ready for another. Sometimes it goes after a bug and runs it down dog-fashion. "All summer long the brown-shouldered lizards are ac- tive, but during the mid-winter months they lie in a semi- dormant condition, from which, however, a little warming rouses them into their usual alertness. They can at that season be found by turning over logs and rocks." 240 3. IGUANID& 48. Uta stansburiana elegans (Yarrow) SOUTHERN BROWN-SHOULDERED UTA Plate 18 Ufa stansburiana BAIRD, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1859, p. 299; BAIRD, U. S. Mex. Bound. Surv., Vol. II, 1859, p. 7; COPE, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1864, p. 177; COPE, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1866, p.- 312; COPE, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., No. i, 1875, p. 48 (part); YARROW, Surv. W. looth Merid., Vol. V, 1875, p. 568 (part); COUES, Surv. W. looth Merid., Vol. V, 1875, p. 596; STREETS, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., No. 7, 1877, P- 37; YARROW & HENSHAW, Ann. Rep. Chief of Engineers for 1878, Surv. W. looth Merid., Appendix NN, 1878, p. 222 (part); LOCKINGTON, Amer. Naturalist, 1880, p. 295; YARROW, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., No. 24, 1883, pp. 56, 57 (part); COPE, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1883, p. 12; CRAGIN, Bull. Washburn Laborat., Vol. I, 1884, p. 7; BOULENGER, Cat. Lizards Brit. Mus., Vol. II, 1885, p. 211; COPE, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., No. 32, 1887, p. 35; BELDING, West Amer. Scientist, Vol. Ill, No. 24, 1887, p. 98, COPE, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., Vol. 12, 1889, p. 147; STEJNEGER, N. Amer. Fauna, No. 3, 1890, p. 106; STEJNEGER, N. Amer. Fauna, No. 7, 1893, P- *75 (part); VAN DENBURGH, Proc. Cal. Acad. Sci., Ser. 2, Vol. 5, 1895, P- IO4 (part); VAN DENBURGH, Proc. Cal. Acad. Sci., Ser. 2, Vol. 5, 1896, p. 1004; VAN DENBURGH, Proc. Cal. Acad. Sci., Ser. 2, Vol. 6, 1896, p. 340; VAN DENBURGH, Occas. Papers Cal. Acad. Sci., V, 1897, p. 66 (part); McLAiN, Critical Notes, 1899, p. 3 (part); HERRICK, TERRY & HERRICK, Bull. Sci. Lab. Denison Univ., Vol. XI, 1899, p. 138; HERRICK, TERRY & HERRICK, Bull. Univ. New Mexico, Vol. I, 1899, p. 138, pi. XXI, fig. 19; COPE, Report U. S. Nat. Mus. for 1898, 1900, 306, fig. 38 (part); STONE & REHN, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1903, p. 31; BROWN, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1903, pp. 546, 552; BAILEY, N. Amer. Fauna, No. 25, 1905; p. 41; VAN DENBURGH, Proc. Cal. Acad. Sci., Ser. 3, Zool., Vol. 4, No. i, 1905, pp. 23, 24; MEEK, Field Columbian Mus., Zool. Ser., Vol. VII, No. i, 1906, p. 10; RUTHVEN, Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., Vol. XXIII, 1907, p. 526; STONE, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1911, p. 226 (part); VAN DENBURGH, Proc. Cal. Acad. Sci., Ser. 4, Vol. 3, 1912, p. 152, 153; VAN DENBURGH & SLEVIN, Proc. Cal. Acad. Sci., Ser. 4, Vol. 3, 1913, pp. 392, 400; ATSATT, Univ. Cal. Publs. Zool., Vol. 12, No. 3, 1913, p. 35 (part); VAN DENBURGH & SLEVIN, Proc. Cal. Acad. Sci., Ser. 4, Vol. 4, 1914, pp. 142, 144, 10. UTA 241 145, 148; STRECKER, Baylor Bulletin, Vol. XVIII, No. 4, 1915, p. 18. Ufa elegans YARROW, Proc. U. S. Nat.Mus., Vol. 5, 1882, p. 442 (type locality, La Paz, Lower California); YARROW, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., No. 24, p. 55; BOULENGER, Cat. Lizards Brit. Mus., Vol. II, 1885, p. 211 (part); BELDING, West Amer. Scientist, Vol. Ill, No. 24, 1887, p. 98; TOWNSEND, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 1890, p. 144 (part); MOCQUARD, Nouv. Arch. Mus. Hist. Nat. Paris, Ser. 4, Vol. I, 1899, p. 306; SCHMIDT, Amer. Mus. Novitates, No. 22, 1921, p. 5. Ufa schotti YARROW, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., No. 24, p. 55; BELDING, West Amer. Scientist, Vol. Ill, No. 24, 1887, p. 98. Ufa stansburiana elegans RICHARDSON, Proc. LJ. S. Nat. Mus., Vol. 48, 1915, p. 413; CAMP, Univ. Cal. Publs. Zool., Vol. 12, No. 7, 1916, pp. 68-69; CAMP, Univ. Cat Publs. Zool., Vol. 12, No. 17, 1916, p. 524; GRINNELL & CAMP, Univ. Cal. Publs. Zool., Vol. 17, No. 10, 1917, p. 155; STEJNEGER & BARBOUR, Check List N. Amer. Amph. Kept., 1917, p. 52; COWLES, Journ. Entomol. & Zool., Pomona College, Vol. XII, No. 3, 1920, p. 65; STEPHENS, Trans. San Diego Soc. Nat. Hist., Vol. Ill, No. 4, 1921, p. 6i;VAN DEN- BURGH & SLEVIN, Proc. Cal. Acad. Sci., Ser. 4, Vol. XI, 1921, PP- 51, 59; NELSON, Mem. Nat. Acad. Sci., Vol. XVI, 1921, pp. 114, 115. Ufa concinna DICKERSON, Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., Vol. XLI, 1919, p. 470 (type locality, Cerros Island, Lower California, Mexico); NELSON, Mem. Nat. Acad. Sci., Vol. XVI, 1921, pp. 114, 171; SCHMIDT, Amer. Mus. Novitates, No. 22, 1921, p. 5. Ufa parva DICKERSON, Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., Vol. XLI, 1919* p. 471 (type locality, San Bartoleme Bay, Lower California, Mexico); NELSON, Mem. Nat. Acad. Sci., Vol. XVI, 1921, pp. 114, 126, 171. Ufa stansburiana stejnegeri SCHMIDT, Amer. Mus. Novitates, No. 15, 1921, p. 2 (type locality Mouth of Dry Canyon, Alamogordo, Otero County, New Mexico) ; SCHMIDT, Amer. Mus. Novitates, No. 22, 1921, p. 5. Description. — Body and head considerably depressed. Snout low, rounded and rather short, with well-developed canthus. Nostrils large, opening upward and outward, nearer to end of snout than to orbits. Plates on head large, 242 3. IGUANIDJE smooth and usually more or less con vex j interparietal lar- gest. Frontal plate usually divided transversely. Throe to five supraoculars, enlarged, and separated from frontals by one row of granules. Superciliaries long, somewhat pro- jecting laterally, and strongly imbricate. Central subocular very long, narrow, and strongly keeled. Rostral and supra labials very long and low. Other plates of upper surface of head very irregular in size and position. Symphyseal plate rather small, followed by three or four pairs of lar- ger smooth plates separated from small infralabials by from one to three series of moderately enlarged sublabials. Gu^sr region covered with small, smooth, hexagonal scales, which change gradually into granules on sides of neck, and into larger scales on strong transverse gular fold where they are about the size of those on belly. Edge of gular fold with a series of larger projecting scales. Ear-opening with strong denticulation of three or four pointed scales. Several longi- tudinal dermal folds usually present on sides of body and neck. Back covered with small keeled scales of nearly uni- form size, but larger, more strongly keeled and more acutely pointed than the dorsals of U. s. stansbu- riana, becoming gradually granular on neck and sides. Number of dorsal scales in line from interparietal plate to a line joining posterior surface of thighs varying from 78 to 103$ average, 86.5. Scales on tail largest, strongly keeled, sharply pointed, and larger above than below. Posterior surface of thighs and arms covered with small granular scales similar to those on sides of body. Other surfaces of limbs provided with large scales, keeled except on ventral surfaces of thighs, legs, and arms. Femoral pores varying in number from 12 to 17j average, 14.45. About 20 to 26 d'jrsai scales equaling the shielded part of head. This lizard seems not to differ from the other sub- species either in the color pattern or intensity. The amount Oc. PAPERS, CAL. ACAD. Sci., VOL. X [VAN DENBURGH] PLATE 18 O cj 3 •f 00 10. UTA 243 of variation is equally great. The back and sides are vari- ously striped, spotted, dotted, blotched or marbled with dark brown, blue, green, gray or yellow. There often is a double series of large brown spots, light or dark edged be- hind, along the back. These usually are much more dis- tinct in females and young than in adult males. The tail is similarly marked with brown. The ground color below is yellowish white, often more or less tinged with greenish or bluish on the chest and sides of the belly. The throat in adults is blue, dotted or narrowly banded on the chin and sides with white, yellow or orange. There is a round spot of deep indigo behind the axilla, and often a more or less distinct brown patch in front of the shoulder. Length to anus _ 44 44 46 47 53 55 Length of tail 82 85 82 Snout to ear 10 10 10J^ 11^ 12 12 Snout to back of interparictal 10 9J^ 10 1 0 j£ 1 1 ^ 1 1 */2 Width of head 9 9 9 9J^ 10 10J4 Fore limb 20 21 21 21J4 21 22 Hind limb 35 35 35 39 39 39 Base of fifth to end of fourth toe 14 14 14 14^ 15 15 Remarks. — What has been said in connection with the other subspecies, (7. s. stansburianay need not be repeated here. Richardson states that U. s. elegans is like U. s. stans- burianay but with larger and more heavily carinated and acutely pointed dorsal scales. Also, the general size is lar- ger than that of U. s. stansburianay and the change from keeled dorsals to smooth granules occurs nearer the dorso- lateral line and more abruptly. The general character of the dorsal lepidosis seems to be maintained throughout the range as given below. The dorsal scales are imbricate and strongly keeled, and change 244 3. IGUANID& to graiules rather abruptly on the dorsolateral region. The caudals are spinose, with some variation in the length of the spines. The dorsals vary from about 68 to 109 in a row from the interparietal plate to a line connecting the backs of the thighs, but seem to average fewer than 100 in all localities from which series are at hand. There may be some geographical variation in the number of dorsals, but, if so, it is largely hidden by individual variation. Thus, counts on a few specimens show Cape Region 78 to 95; Es- piritu Santo Island 88 to 98 5 San Jose Island 86 to 100} San Marcos Island 82 to 109; North San Lorenzo Island 84 to 89 ; South San Lorenzo Island 76 to 86; Sal Si Pu- edes Island 82 to 91 5 Tortuga Island 87 to 96 ; Ildefonso Island 92 to 109> San Esteban Island 91 to 96; Monser- rate Island 88 to 95 j Isla Raza 83 to 94 j Isla Partida 80 to 89; Angel de la Guardia Island 76 to 86; Mejia Island 87 to 90; Las Galeras Islands 87 to 89; Patos Island 89 to 95; Tiburon Island 91 to 97; Pelican Island 88 to 92; Te- poca Bay 85 to 94; San Pedro Bay, Sonora, 103, 105; An- geles Bay, Lower California 90 to 99; San Geronimo Is- land 86 to 96; Cerros 96 to 98; Natividad 96 to 98. These counts do not show the extremes of variation for only a few specimens from each locality were counted. In this, as in most other lizards, there is great variation in proportions, particularly in the length of the limbs and toes. Sometimes the measurements of the two sides of the same individual vary much. Certainly, species or sub- species based upon small proportionate differences rest upon a most precarious foundation, as may be seen by anyone who will compare the measurements given of specimens of each species. Distribution. — Ufa stansburiana 'elegansy according to the views of Richardson and Camp, inhabits the whole of 10. UTA 24-5 the peninsula of Lower California, except the northwestern corner, the desert regions of southeastern California north to Inyo County, southern Nevada, all of Arizona, and ex- tends thence to New Mexico, Texas and Sonora. In California, this Uta has been collected in San Diego (La Puerta Valley, Carrizo Creek, Mountain Spring, Val- lecito, Warner Pass), Imperial (Cane Spring, Salt Creek, Salton Lake, Hanlon Ranch, Fort Yuma, Yuma Indian Res- ervation, Pilot Knob, Meloland, Imperial Junction, New River, Colorado River twenty miles above Picacho and op- posite Cibola), Riverside (Colorado River opposite Ehren- berg, Blythe, Riverside Mountain, Mecca, Indio, Cabazon, Carrizo Creek, Santa Rosa Mountains, Palm Springs, Snow Creek), San Bernardino (14 miles northeast from Blythe Junction, Turtle Mountains, Hesperia, Victorville, Barstow, Ludlow, Needles, Goffs thirty miles west from Needles, five miles south from Lovic, Oro Grande, Leach Point Spring, Borax Flat, Pilot Knob, Lone Willow Spring), Kern (Mohave), and Inyo (Olancha, Lee Flat, Shoshone, 15 miles north from Darwin, Keeler, Owens Valley, Coso Valley, Coso, Coso Mountains, Panamint Valley, Ballarat, Panamint Mountains at Johnson Canyon and Emigrant Spring, Mesquite Valley, Death Valley at Salt Wells, Mes- quite Well, Saratoga Springs, and Furnace Creek, Funeral Mountains), counties. It is said to intergrade with U. s. hastens along the western edge of its range, as at Julian and Mountain Springs, San Diego County, Palm Canyon, Snow Creek, and Banning, Riverside County, Cajon Wash, San Bernardino County, Pallett and Gorman, Los Angeles County, and Walker Pass and Weldon, Kern County. Speci- mens from Laws, Kearsarge Pass, Independence, and Car- roll Creek, in Inyo County, are said to show intergradation with U. s. stanburiana. Nevada specimens which probably represent this sub- 246 3. IGUANID& species have been collected in Esmeralda (Goldfield), Nye (Ash Meadows, Rhyolite, Round Mountain, Tonopah, Pah- rump Valley), and Lincoln (Caliente, Las Vegas, Virgin River, Vegas Valley, Pahranagat Valley and Charleston Mountains at Mountain Springs) counties. Utah specimens from Washington County (St. George) may perhaps belong here, or these and some of those from southern Nevada may be closer to U. s. stansbunana. In Arizona, Utas of this species (subspecies?) have been taken in Mohave (Mohave Desert, Topock, Kingman, Hackberry, Mellen, Colorado River above Bill Williams Fork), Coconino (Grand Canyon of Colorado, Painted Des- ert near Little Colorado River, Williams), Yavapai (Fort Verde, Beaver Creek), Yuma (Yuma, Dome, Papago Wells, Tina j as Altas, Gila City, Vicksburg, Parker, Gila River near Adonde), Maricopa (Phoenix, Tempe, Cave Creek, Agua Caliente, Sentinale), Apache (Chin Lee), Pima (Ajo, Tucson, Fort Lowell, Catalina Mountains), and Santa Cruz (Camp Crittenden, Sonoyta), counties, and at Warsaw Mill, Tappan Spring, Soap Creek, Big Sandy River, Har- quahala Mountains, and Cave Spring. In Lower California, this subspecies occurs the whole length of the peninsula and on some of the islands, while the extreme northwestern portion and Los Coronados Is- lands are occupied by Uta s. hes^eris, and some of the other islands have peculiar but closely related species. Specimens from the northern portion of the peninsula, which probably should be referred to Uta stansbunana elegansy have been collected at Hanson's Lagoon, San Antonio, El Alamo, San Salado Canyon, Trinidad, San Matias, Canon 'Esperanza, Agua de las Fresas, San Felipe, San Luis Gonzales Bay, Santa Rosa, Parral, Matomi, San Fernando, San Telmo, San Rafael Valley, Villaderes, San Tomas to Guadalupe, Guadalupe to Colnett, San Pedro Martir Mountains, and 10. UTA 24-7 San Quintin. In the central portion they have been taken between San Quintin and Comondu, at San Bartolpme Bay, Ballenas Bay, Angeles Bay, Concepcion Bay, Santa Rosalia, San Ignacio, San Francisquito Bay, San Nicolas Bay, Puerto Escondido, Agua Verde Bay, San Xavier, and San Evaristo, In the Cape Region, or southern end of the peninsula, this lizard has been secured at La Paz, Cape San Lucas, San Jose del Cabo, Buena Vista, and Todos Santos. It or a closely related species has been taken on San Geronimo, San Martin, Cerros, and Natividad islands, on the Pacific coast of Lower California. In the Gulf of California, it has been collected on Smiths, Mejia, Angel de la Guardia, Isla Partida, Isla Raza, Sal Si Puedes, North San Lorenzo, South San Lorenzo, San Esteban, Patos, Tiburon, Pelican, Tortuga, San Marcos, Ildefonso, East and West Las Galeras, Monserrate, San Jose, San Francisco, Espiritu Santo, and Ballena islands. In Sonora, it occurs at Tepoca Bay, San Pedro Bay, and on Tiburon, Patos and Pelican islands. 49. Uta martinensis Van Denburgh SAN MARTIN ISLAND UTA Uta martinensis VAN DENBURGH, Proc. Cal. Acad. Sci., Ser. 3, Zool. Vol. 4, 1905, p. 1 8, pi. VI (type locality, San Martin Island, Lower California); VAN DENBURGH & SLEVIN, Proc. Cal. Acad. Sci., Ser. 4, Vol. 4, 1914, pp. 132, 142; STEJNEGER & BARBOUR, Check List N. Amer. Amph. Kept., 1917, p. 50; NELSON, Mem. Nat. Acad. Sci., Vol. XVI, 1921, p. 114; SCHMIDT, Amer. Mus. Novitates, No. 22, 1921, p. 5. Description. — Body and head considerably depressed. Snout low, rounded 5 nostrils large, opening upward and outward nearer to end of snout than to orbit. Head plates large, smooth, nearly flat, interparetial largest 5 frontal di- vided transversely 5 three or four enlarged supraoculars, 248 3. IGUANID& separated from f rentals and f rontoparietals by one series of small plates or granules; superciliaries long, narrow and projecting. Central subocular very long, narrow and strongly keeled. Rostral and supralabials long and low; six supralabials. Symphyseal small, followed on each side by a series of five or more large plates which (except first) are separated from the infralabials by one or two series of sublabials. Gular region covered with smooth, hexagonal or rounded scales, changing to granules on the sides of the neck and to larger imbricate scales on the strong gular fold, largest on the denticulate edge of gular fold where larger than scales on belly. A group of enlarged plates in front of ear-opening. Ear denticulation very long, of three scales, largest equalling or exceeding largest plate in front of ear. Back covered centrally with nearly uniform imbri- cate, keeled scales which change gradually to granules on neck and sides of body, and become mucronate posteriorly. Scales largest on tail, strongly imbricate, strongly keeled and mucronate above and on sides. Posterior surfaces of thighs and arms covered with small granular scales similar to those on sides of body; other surfaces of limbs provided with imbricate scales, keeled on upper surfaces of arm, fore- arm, thigh, leg, and foot; adpressed forelimb not reaching insertion of thigh. Femoral pores 12 to 15. Seventeen to 23 of largest dorsals equaling shielded part of head. The head is grayish olive above. The central portions of the neck and back are dark brown with two series of rather indefinite darker brown blotches, each bordered be- hind and sometimes laterally by pale blue scales. There are some scattered pale blue dots on the back and on the upper surfaces of the limbs and tail. The tail is marbled with brown and blue. The sides are mottled with brown and pale bluish or greenish yellow, forming stripes on the sides of the neck. The chin and gular regions are indigo, 10. UTA 24-9 mottled with yellow at the sides. A large postaxilliary blackish indigo blotch is present in both sexes. The lower surfaces of the body, limbs and tail are yellowish white more or less suffused with grayish indigo. Length to anus 53 54 62 63 64- Length of tail 68 77 92 108 Snout to ear 12 13 15 14- 14- Shielded part of head 11 12 14 13 13 Width of head 10 10}£ 13 13 14 Fore limb 20 21 26 25 27 Hind limb 35 35 46 41 45 Base of fifth to end of fourth toe 13 13 18 17 19 Fifth toe 6 610 8 9 Remarks. — This lizard belongs to the U. stansburiana group, but is larger than the other species except U. falmeri The scales of the ear-denticulation are often longer than the longest diameter of the largest temporal. The dorsals are imbricate, mucronate, and strongly carinate, as are also the caudals. Distribution. — This lizard is known only from San Mar- tin Island on the northern part of the coast of Lower Cali- fornia. 50. Uta squamata Dickerson SANTA CATALINA ISLAND UTA Uta squamata DICKERSON, Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., Vol. XLI, 1919, p. 471 (type locality Santa Catalina Island, Gulf of California, Mexico); NELSON, Mem. Nat. Acad. Sci., 1921, pp. 114, 115, 171; SCHMIDT, Amer. Mus. Novitates, No. 22, 1921, p. 5. Description. — Body and head considerably depressed j snout low, rounded and rather long 5 nostrils large, opening upward and outward nearer to end of snout than to orbit. Head plates large, smooth, nearly flat, interparietal largest j 250 3. IGUANIDJE frontal divided transversely 5 three to five enlarged supra- oculars, separated from the frontals and frontoparietals by one or two series of granules. Superciliaries long, narrow and projecting. Central subocular very long, narrow and strongly keeled. Rostral and supralabials long and lowj usually five or six supralabials. Symphyseal moderately small, followed by two or three pairs of larger plates sep- arated (except first) from the infralabials by one or two series of moderately enlarged sublabials. Gular region covered with small, smooth, hexagonal or rounded scales which change gradually to granules on sides of neck and to larger imbricate scales on strong gular fold, largest on den- ticulate edge of gular fold where somewhat larger than ventrals. Several enlarged plates in front of ear-opening. Ear denticulation short, of two to four scales, the largest ex- ceeding in length diameter of largest plate in front of ear. Back covered with scales of nearly uniform size becoming rather abruptly granular on sides of body, scales of central rows strongly keeled, imbricate, shortly mucronate, not sep- arated by minute granules. Scales largest on tail, strongly keeled and mucronate above and on sides, imbricate. Pos- terior surfaces of thighs and arms covered with small gran- ular scales similar to those on sides of body $ other surfaces of limbs provided with imbricate scales, strongly keeled on upper surfaces. Femoral pores 11 to 17$ average in 78 thighs, 14.1. Sixteen to 20 largest dorsals equal shielded part of head. Number of dorsal scales in a row from inter- parietal plate to a line joining backs of thighs varies from 70 to 81 3 average in 30 specimens, 74.6. Fifth finger not reaching end of second j fifth toe not reaching end of second. The head is brownish or grayish olive above, often with light bluish spots. The side of the head is brownish with two longitudinal light bluish or yellowish lines or series of spots along the lip and neck, passing through the ear, and 10. UTA 251 from the eye back along the neck. The back and sides of the body are brownish olive with numerous bright or green- ish yellow scales scattered singly or in small groups. The upper surfaces of the limbs are brownish or bluish with simi- lar spots. The upper surface of the tail is light brown or greenish or grayish olive, sometimes dotted with pale blue near its base. The chin and gular region are washed with light blue or indigo, with yellowish markings laterally and on the labial plates. The lower surfaces of the body and limbs are grayish, more or less suffused with indigo, which may be very intense on the body, thighs and base of tail. There is no definite postaxillary blotch of indigo, but an ill- defined deep indigo suffusion in this area often is present. The female is similar in coloration. Length to anus 44 47 47 52 54 54 Length of tail 83 90 86 89 82 103 Snout to ear 11 11*4 11J4 13 13 13 Shielded part of head— 10 J£ 11 11 12 12 12 Width of head 9 9 9J4 1 1 11 11 Fore limb 20 19 21 24 24 26 Hind limb 34 35 35 40 38 43 Base of fifth to end of fourth toe _ . 13% 14 14 15J/S 15 17 Remarks. — This species is a member of the U. stans- buriana group but is easily distinguished by the size of its dorsal scales and the absence of a definite blue blotch be- hind the axilla. Distribution. — Santa Catalina Island, Gulf of Califor- nia, Mexico. 252 3. IGUANID& 51. Uta mannophorus Dickerson CARMEN ISLAND UTA Ufa elegans TOWNSEND, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 1890, p. 144 (part). Uta stansburiana VAN DENBURGH, Proc. Cal. Acad. Sci., Ser. 2, Vol. 5, 1895, p. 104 (part); COPE, Report U. S. Nat. Mus. for 1898, 1900, p. 310 (part); VAN DENBURGH & SLEVIN, Proc. Cal. Acad. Sci., Ser. 4, Vol. 4, 1914, p. 147. Uta mannophorus DICKERSON, Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., Vol. XLI, 1919, p. 470 (type locality, Carmen Island, Gulf of California, Mexico); NELSON, Mem. Nat. Acad. Sci., Vol. XVI, 1921, pp. 114, 115, 171. Description. — Body and head considerably depressed; snout low, rounded and rather long; nostrils large, opening upward and outward nearer to end of snout than to orbits. Head plates large, smooth, nearly flat, interparietal lar- gest $ frontal divided transversely j four to five enlarged supraoculars, separated from the frontals and frontoparie- tals by one or two series of granules. Superciliaries long, narrow and projecting. Central subocular very long, nar- row and strongly keeled. Rostral and supralabials long and lowj usually six or seven supralabials. Symphyseal moderately small, followed by two or three pairs of larger plates separated (except first) from the infralabials by one or two series of moderately enlarged sublabials. Gular re- gion covered with small, smooth, hexagonal or rounded scales which change gradually to granules on sides of neck and to larger imbricate scales on strong gular fold, largest on denticulate edge of gular fold where somewhat larger than ventrals. Several enlarged plates in front of ear-open- ing. Ear denticulation moderately long, of two to four scales, the largest exceeding in length diameter of largest plate in front of ear. Back covered with scales of nearly uni- form size changing rather abruptly to granules near the dorsolateral line, scales of central region strongly keeled, 10. UTA 253 imbricate, not or very shortly mucronate, not separated by minute granules. Scales largest on tail, strongly keeled, mucronate above and on sides, imbricate. Dorsals in a row from interparietal plate to backs of thighs varying from 93 to 108j average in 30 specimens, 97.56. Posterior surfaces of thighs and arms covered with small granular scales sim- ilar to those on sides of body 5 other surfaces of limbs pro- vided with imbricate scales, which are keeled on all dorsal surfaces. Femoral pores 12 to 18 j average in 80 thighs, 14.71. Twenty-one to 27 largest dorsals equal shielded part of head. Fifth finger not reaching end of second 5 fifth toe not reaching end of second. The head is grayish or brownish olive brown above, often with dark or light dots. The neck, back and base of tail are variously blotched, spotted or marbled with dark brown, light yellowish or reddish brown, yellow, gray, and bright blue. The sides are yellowish brown with scattered spots of pale yellow. The upper surfaces of the limbs and tail are light brown or bluish gray, sometimes cross-barred with brown or dotted with pale blue. The chin and gular re- gion are more or less deeply suffused with indigo, with yellowish markings laterally and on the labial plates. The lower surfaces of the body and limbs are yellowish white more or less clouded with dark gray or grayish indigo. There is no postaxillary indigo blotch. The female is similar but the light dots are less distinct and the dark brown dorsal and lateral blotches are more evident. 254- 3. IGUANID& Length to anus 45 48 51 52 52 56 Length of tail 92 84 94 101 106 86 Snout to ear 11 11J4 12 13 12 13 Shielded part of head 10 11 11 11 11 12 Width of head 9 9 yy* 10 10 10 Fore limb «. „ . ,_ 20 22 23 24 24 25 Hind limb 38 37 40 44 42 45 Base of fifth to end of fourth toe 16 15 16 18 17 19 Remarks. — This species is a member of the U. stans- buriana group but is easily distinguished by the absence of the postaxillary blue blotch and the small size of its dorsal scales. The postaxillary blotch is entirely wanting, while in U. squamata a trace of it may sometimes be seen. Although described from Carmen Island specimens, those from Danzante and Coronado islands seem identical. Distribution. — Carmen, Danzante and Coronado islands, Gulf of California, Mexico. Genus 11. Sator Sator DICKERSON, Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., Vol. XLI, 1919, p. 468 (type, grandavus). The head is little depressed. The body and tail are somewhat compressed, and there may be as slight vertebral elevation or ridge. The tail is more than twice as long as the head and body and is covered with large, keeled, muc- ronate scales. The head-plates are moderately large, the interparietal and frontal largest. The dorsal scales are large, of nearly equal size, strongly keeled, mucronate, and strongly imbricate. The ear-opening is large, with a well- developed anterior denticulation. The labials are juxta- posed. A more or less well developed transverse gular fold usually is present but may be absent. There is little 11. SATOR 255 or no differentiation of scales on this fold, but its situation may be indicated by one or two rows of smaller scales. The lateral scales are very small or granular and a longitudinal dermal fold extends along the side between the limbs. Fe- moral pores are numerous. The superciliaries are imbri- cate. Males do not have large postanal plates, although some specimens show slightly enlarged ones. This genus includes two species from islands in the Gulf of California. It is related to both Uta and Sceloporus. The compressed body and tail, the larger dorsal scales, and the lack of a well differentiated gular fold, distinguish it from Uta. Unlike Scelo-porus, it has a lateral fold and usu- ally a more or less definite gular fold. It differs from both these genera in the absence of enlarged postanal plates in males. Its closest relative is perhaps, Scelo'porus utiformis, of the Mexican mainland, which has very small lateral scales and may have a lateral fold but no gular fold.- SYNOPSIS OF SPECIES a. — Temporals mostly smooth or conical, keeled only over ear; lateral scales on middle of body larger, keeled, changing gradually to larger dorsals and ventrals; 61 to 75 scales in a row between interparietal and backs of thighs; femoral pores 11 to 17, average 13.43; belly with lateral blackish cross-bars in males. S. angustus. — p. 256. a*. — Temporals mostly strongly keeled; lateral scales on middle of body smaller, often granular, changing rather abruptly to larger dorsals and ventrals except some- times in a narrow zone at middle of body; 56 to 69 scales in a row between interparietal and backs of thighs; femoral pores 14 to 22, average 17.04; belly without lateral blackish cross-bars. S. grandaevus. — p. 259. 256 3. IGUANID& 55. Sator angustus Dickerson SANTA CRUZ ISLAND SATOR Sator angustus DICKERSON, Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., Vol. XLI, 1919, pp. 469, 470 (type locality, Santa Cruz Island, Gulf of California, Mexico); NELSON, Mem. Nat. Acad. Sci., Vol. XVI, 1921, pp. 114, 115, 171. Description. — Body and tail somewhat compressed j snout low, narrow, rounded and rather long; nostrils large, opening upward and outward nearer to end of snout than to orbit. Head plates large, smooth, nearly flat or slightly convex, interparietal largest $ frontal not divided transverse- ly j four to six enlarged supraoculars, separated from the frontals, frontoparietals and parietals by one or two series of granules. Superciliaries long, narrow, imbricate and projecting. Central subocular very long, narrow and strongly keeled. Rostral and supralabials long and lowj usually six, or sometimes five or seven, supralabials. Sym- physeal large, followed by a series of large plates separated (except first) from the infralabials by one or two series of moderately enlarged sublabials. Gular region covered with small, smooth, imbricate, rounded scales which change gradually to granules on sides of neck. Usually a trans- verse line of smaller scales across throat and sometimes at this point a more or less well developed or rarely strong gular fold. A patch of enlarged, convex or conical, smooth upper temporals, the posterior ones just above ear often keeled. Ear denticulation short, of two to four scales, the largest exceeding in length diameter of largest plate in front of ear. Back covered with fairly large scales of nearly uniform size, in parallel rows, becoming smaller or granu- lar on sides of body; dorsal scales very strongly keeled, im- bricate, very shortly mucronate, with entire posterior edges 5 61 to 75 scales in a row from interparietal plate to backs of 11. SATOR 257 thighs, average in 30 specimens 67.66. Scales on lower surface of body a little smaller than dorsals, smooth, some- times bicuspid on chest, belly and throat. Lateral scales small and keeled, smaller or granular near limbs and on neck, changing gradually to larger dorsals and ventrals in middle of body. A well developed lateral fold usually present between limbs. Scales largest on tail, imbricate, strongly keeled, and mucronate above, below and on sides. Posterior surfaces of thighs covered with small granular scales -y other surfaces of limbs provided with imbricate scales, keeled on dorsal surfaces. Femoral pores 11 to 17j average in 100 thighs, 13.43. Fifteen to 18 dorsals equal shielded part of head. Males without much enlarged postanal plates. The head is uniform olive brown above and laterally, sometimes speckled with light yellowj often pink or brick red in females. The central portion of the neck and the back of the body are grayish, yellowish or dark olive brown with thickly scattered dots of pale blue or yellow. The sides and limbs are brown, slaty or almost black, often with scat- tered scales of pale blue or yellow. In front of the shoul- der is a blackish blotch or collar, bordered with pale blue or yellow, which rarely extends high on the shoulder and usu- ally is not connected with its fellow across the back. The tail is olive or yellowish brown, more or less distinctly ringed with darker brown. Similar cross-bars are often present on the back of the body. The limbs usually are cross-barred. The lower surfaces are yellowish white more or less heavily suffused with gray on the throat, body, limbs and base of tail. The chin and throat often are obliquely banded and the sides of the belly in males are heavily cross-barred with black. The female and young have the back dark brown with a central row of light yellowish or bluish spots and a dorso- 258 3. IGUANID& lateral light band of yellowish or brownish gray. The limbs are cross-barred. Length to anus. 65 78 80 84 85 87 Length of tail 140 183 173 189 183 175 Snout to ear 15 19 19 20 21 21 Snout to back of interparietal ..__. 14 17 17 18 18 19 Width of head 12 14 15 15 15 15 Fore limb 30 37 35 39 38 39 Hind limb _ .. 53 63 60 67 65 66 Base of fifth to end of fourth toe 21 25 24 26 23# 24 Distribution. — Santa Cruz and San Diego islands, Gulf of California, Mexico. Habits. — Mr. Slevin states that lizards of this species were numerous in rocky canyons and in the thick brush of the dry washes. They were particularly abundant on a small beach at the southwest end of Santa Cruz Island, where they were feeding on the numerous flies attracted by dead turtles and sharks left by the Mexican fishermen. Five or1 six were seen here on the ground about a single tur- tle shell. Up in a rocky canyon one was observed about 1 5 feet above the ground. It was on the- top of a giant cac- tus catching flies or bees which came to feed on the blos- soms about it. When frightened, it immediately turned head downward in one of the grooves of the cactus trunk, steadied itself by pressing its long tail up against the sides of the groove, and rushed down behind the spines. 11. SATOR 259 56. Sator grandaevus Dickerson CERALBO ISLAND SATOR Sator grandavus DICKERSON, Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., Vol. XLI, 1919, p. 469 (type locality, Cerralvo Island, Gulf of California, Mexico); NELSON, Mem. Nat. Acad. Sci., Vol. XVI, 1921, pp. 114, 115, 171. Description. — Body and tail somewhat compressed j snout low, rounded and rather long; nostrils large, opening upward and outward nearer to end of snout than to orbit. Head plates large, smooth, nearly flat or slightly convex, interparietal largest j frontal not divided transversely} four to six enlarged supraoculars, separated from the frontals, frontoparietals and parietals by one or two series of gran- ules. Superciliaries long, narrow, imbricate and projecting. Central subocular very long, narrow and strongly keeled. Rostral and supralabials long and low 5 usually six, or some- times seven supralabials. Symphyseal large, followed by a series of large plates separated (except first) from the in- f ralabials by one or two series of moderately enlarged sub- labials. Gular rgion covered with small, smooth, imbricate, rounded scales which change gradually to granules on sides of neck. Usually a transverse line of smaller scales across throat and sometimes at this point a more or less well de- veloped or rarely strong gular fold. A patch of enlarged, keeled upper temporals. Ear denticulation short, of two to four scales, the largest exceeding in length diameter of lar- gest plate in front of ear. Back covered with fairly large scales of nearly uniform size, in parallel rows, becom- ing rather abruptly smaller or granular on sides of bodyj dorsal scales very strongly keeled, imbricate, shortly muc- ronate, with entire posterior edges $ 56 to 69 scales in a row from interparietal plate to backs of thighs 5 average in 30 specimens 62.93. Scales on lower surface of body a little 260 3. IGUANIDJE smaller than dorsals, smooth, sometimes bicuspid on chest and throat. A well developed lateral fold usually present between limbs. Scales largest on tail, imbricate, strongly keeled, and mucronate above, below and on sides. Posterior surfaces of thighs covered with small granular scales similar to those on sides of bodyj other surfaces of limbs provided with imbricate scales, keeled on dorsal surfaces. Femoral pores 14 to 22 $ average in 100 thighs, 17.04. Thirteen to 1 6 dorsals equal shielded part of head. Males without en- larged postanal plates. The head is uniform olive brown above and laterally, sometimes pink or brick red in females. The central por- tion of the neck and the back of the body are grayish, yel- lowish or reddish brown with thickly scattered dots of pale blue. The sides and limbs are brown, slaty or almost black, often with scattered scales of pale blue which may outline vertical blackish blotches. These blotches may be indefinite or may form a regular series of large rounded ocelli along the side. In front of the shoulder is an intense black blotch or collar, bordered with pale blue or yellow, and sometimes connected with its fellow across the back. The tail is olive or yellowish brown, unicolor or more or less distinctly cross- barred with darker brown. Similar cross-bars may be pres- ent on the body. The lower surfaces are yellowish white more or less heavily suffused with gray on the throat, body, limbs and base of tail. The female and young may have the back dark brown with a central row of light spots and a dorsolateral light band of yellowish or brownish gray. The limbs may be cross-barred. 11. SAT OR— 12. SCELOPORUS 261 Length to anus 58 72 77 77 81 81 Length of tail 123 172 164 187 179 195 Snout to ear 14 18 W/2 l9*/2 W/2 20 Snout to back of interparictal 13 16 17 17 17 18 Width of head 11 14 14 16 14 15 Fore limb 27 36 35 35 35 35 Hind limb 44 63 62 64 65 66 Base of fifth to end of fourth toe 19 24 22 24 23*6 24 Distribution. — Ceralbo Island, Gulf of California, Mexico. Habits. — This lizard was very common on the southern end of Ceralbo Island, where it was found from just back of the beaches up to the heads of the canyons. It was both terrestrial and arboreal, and fed upon insects. Genus 12. Sceloporus Sceloforus WIEGMANN, Isis, 1828, p. 369 (type, torquatus). Tropdoleps CUVIER, Regn. Anim., Ed. 2, Vol. II, 1829, p. 38. Tropdurus WAGLER, Syst. Amph., 1830, p. 146. The head and body are slightly depressed and shorter than the tail. The head-plates are of moderate size, ex- cepting the interparietal which is very large. The dorsal scales are large, nearly equal-sized, mucronate, and strongly imbricate. The ear-opening is large with a well-developed anterior denticulation. The superciliaries are imbricate. The labials are juxtaposed. There is no complete transverse gular fold, but a pouch is present on each side of the neck. There is no dorsal crest. Femoral pores are numerous. This genus includes numerous species of North and Central American lizards, of which about 20 kinds occur in western North America. These are all of small or mod- erate size, and often are brilliantly colored. Most of these 262 3. IGUANID& species and subspecies are common where they occur, at least in certain parts of their range, or perhaps one should say that their habits are such as to make them more readily found than many other reptiles. The following table may be of use in the identification of the lizards of this genus. It shows the number of dorsal scales in a row from the interparietal plate to a line joining the backs of the thighs, the number of dorsal scales equal to the length of the head from the end of the snout to the back of the interparietal plate, and the number of femoral pores, in each species and subspecies. Sceloporus Scales on back Dorsals equal head Femoral pores scalaris 70-42 (4.0.8) 8-io 17-17 graciosus . A-2- : JQ 2 a c •8 3 -I 12. SCELOPORUS 277 while those from Paisley and Summer Lake, in the same county, have much smaller scales and are referred to S. g. gracilis, as are those from Tule Lake, California. Some specimens of S. g. graciosus from Utah are ap- parently identical in dorsal coloration with some well-striped Arizonan specimens of S. consobrinus. These two species, however, may be distinguished readily by the coloration of the chin and throat. This region in S. graciosus is mottled and diffusely washed with blue, without two discrete blue lateral spots. S. consobrinus lacks the blue suffusion and sublabial mottling, but usually has a small blue blotch on each side of the gular region. S. consobrinus is a slightly larger species, and its dorsal scales usually are larger and fewer. Distribution. — Sceloporus graciosus graciosus in most typical form occurs in Utah. Thence, it ranges south to northeastern Arizona, east to Colorado, north to Wyoming, Idaho and Montana, and west, in less typical form, into Ne- vada and eastern Oregon. Utah records are from the type locality, Great Salt Lake, and Salt Lake (Fort Douglas), Wasatch (Wasatch Moun- tains), Utah (Provo, Fairfield), Grand (Thompson), Mil- lard (Dome Canyon, Meadows), Beaver (Beaver, Milford, Indian Creek Canyon Tushar Mountains), Iron (Buckhorn, Rush Lake), and Washington (Zion National Park), coun- ties. It is probable that records of S. consobrinus from Bea- ver and San Francisco Mountains, Beaver County (Cope and Yarrow) also are based upon specimens of this sub- species or of S. elongatus. From northern Arizona, it has been recorded by Cope and Coues from Navajo Springs near the eastern border of the state, and from the Little Colorado River. Dr. Stej- 278 3. IGUANIDJE neger reports a specimen from the Painted Desert at Tan- ner's Gulch. In Nevada, it has been taken in Lincoln (Juniper Moun- tains at 6,700 feet near Sheep Spring 15 miles east from Panaca), White Pine (Antelope Springs), Elko (Wells, Elko, Carlin, Deeth), Eureka (Palisade, Cortez Mountains to 7,500 feet), Lander (Austin), Humboldt (Winnemucca at 4,300 feet, Thousand Creek, Quinn River Crossing at 4,100 feet, Virgin Valley at 5,000 feet, Amas, mouth of Alder Creek at 5,000 feet, Alder Creek Canyon at 6,000 feet, Big Creek Ranch at 4,300 feet, Big Creek Canyon at 4,800 to 6,000 feet, Leonard Creek at 5,000 to 6,000 feet), and Ormsby (Carson City), counties. Specimens from Round Mountain, Nye County, are much more like S. g. graciUsy and are best referred to that subspecies. It seems probable that the same may be true of those recorded from 8,000 feet altitude on Mount Magruder, Esmeralda County. In Idaho, S. g. graciosus has been secured in Bannock (Pocatello), Bingham (Fort Hall, Blackfoot), Bonneville (Idaho Falls), Cassia (plains near Conant), Jerome (plains between Shoshone and Blue Lakes, Blue Lakes Canyon), Gooding (Bliss, plains between Bliss and the Snake River), Butte (Big Lost River), Lemhi (Lemhi Indian Agency at 5,400 feet), Owyhee (plains across river from Glenns Ferry), Ada (Boise), and Washington ( Weiser), counties. Oregon specimens from Voltage, Harney County, and Warner Lakes and Abert Lake, Lake County, are referred to this subspecies. Those from Summer Lake and Paisley, Lake County, and Umatilla and Pendleton, Umatilla County, may best be referred to S. g. gracilis. Habits. — Dr. W. P. Taylor writes of this lizard as ob- served in northern Nevada, as follows: "They were rather 12. SCELOPORUS 279 commonly observed climbing about among the branches of the sage. When pursued they often attempted to escape in this way. Ordinarily, when surprised, they moved with great rapidity to the shelter of a bush, on the ground under which they remained motionless, until the collector came into the near vicinity. Then they retreated into the thicker brush or disappeared into some convenient burrow. Al- though in the open the lizards were very shy, when they were in the shelter of the brush one could approach them closely. "Two females containing eggs were taken at Quinn River Crossing May 21, one at Big Creek Ranch June 18, and another at 4,800 feet on Big Creek June 25. "Crotaphytus ivislizenii is doubtless one of their chief enemies. One of the leopard lizards taken contained the partly digested remains of a Sceloporus graciosus." Ruthven and Gaige, who observed this lizard in Elko and Eureka counties, Nevada, write: "One generally finds this lizard on the ground beneath the sage and other bushes and in this situation the coloration is protective. It climbs about among the branches of the bushes to some extent, but when alarmed generally runs to the ground to seek safety under dead brush or in a conveni- ent burrow. At night it buries itself in the loose soil. The food consists of insects, as shown by the examination of stomachs. Females collected on July 4 contained large eggs apparently about ready to be laid, while those taken on July 1 1 and subsequently, had none." Mr. Herbert J. Pack states of lizards taken near Salt Lake City: "The examination of the stomach contents thoroughly substantiated the common belief that this lizard is insectivorus and beneficial. The chief item of food was found to be the red-legged locust, Melanoplus femurru- brum. This was the smallest and most abundant grasshop- 280 3. IGUANID& per in the localities from which lizards were collected. It is surprising to note the great number of lizards, 69 per cent, that had eaten one or more of these locusts. The next insects in importance were ants. In quantity these are rela- tively unimportant in comparison with grasshoppers. Among the few beneficial insects eaten must be mentioned lady beetles which were taken to a limited extent by 1 1 per cent of the lizards. The occurrence within a stomach of vege- table matter or grains of sand was only occasional, and un- doubtedly was taken in accidentally with food." 56. Sceloporus graciosus gracilis (Baird & Girard). MOUNTAIN SWIFT Sceloporus gracilis BAIRD & GIRARD, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., Vol. VI, 1852, p. 175 (type locality, Oregon); GIRAS.D, U. S. Explor. Exped., Herpetology, 1858, p. 386, pi. 20, figs. 1-9; BOCOURT, Miss. Sci. Mex., Kept., 1874, P- 190, pi. XVIII, fig. 4. Sceloporus graciosus BAIRD, Rep. Pac. R. R. Surv., Vol. X, 1859, p. 9; COOPER & SUCKLEY, Nat. Hist. Washington Terr., 1860, p. 294; LORD, Naturalist Vancouver Island, Vol. II, 1866, p. 308; COPE, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1883, p. 21; COPE, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., No. 32, 1887, p. 36 (part); STEJNEGER, N. Amer. Fauna, No. 7, 1 893, p. 1 83 (part) ; VAN DENBURGH, Bull. U. S. Fish Commiss., 1894, p. 56 (part?); VAN DENBURGH, Occas. Papers Cal. Acad. Sci., V, 1897, P' 74 (part); McLAiN, Critical Notes, 1899, p. 3 (part); COPE, Report U. S. Nat. Mus. for 1898, 1900, p. 386, fig. 63 (part); MEEK, Field Columbian Mus., Zool. Series, Vol. VII, No. i, 1906, p. ii (part); DITMARS, Reptile Book, 1907, p. 141 (part); STONE, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1911, p. 228 (part); VAN DENBURGH, Proc. Cal. Acad. Sci., Ser. 4, Vol. 3, 1912, p. 156 (part); RICHARDSON, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., Vol. 48, 1915, p. 419 (part); DICE, Univ. Cal. Publs. Zool., Vol. 16, No. 17, 1916, pp. 300, 301; CAMP, Univ. Cal. Publs. Zool., Vol. 17, No. 7, 1916, p. 68. Sceloporus gratiosus COUES, Surv. W. looth Merid., Vol. V, 1875, p. 596 (part); BOULENGER, Cat. Lizards Brit. Mus., Vol. II, 1885, p. 230 (part); BOULENGER, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1897, p. 507 (part). 12. SCELOPORUS 281 Sceloporus consobrinus YARROW & HENSHAW, Ann. Report Chief of Engineers for 1878, Surv. W. looth Merid., Appendix NN, 1878, p. 224 (part); YARROW, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., No. 24, 1883, p. 61 (part). Sceloporus consobrinus gratiosus YARROW, Bull. U. S. Mus., No. 24, 1883, p. 62 (part); TOWNSEND, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., Vol. 10, 1887, P- 238. Sceloporus undulatus consobrinus COPE, Report U. S. Nat. Mus. for 1898, 1900, p. 377 (part). Sceloporus graciosus graciosus GRINNELL & CAMP, Univ. Cal. Publs. Zool., Vol. 17, No. 10, 1917, p. 157; STEJNEGER & BARBOUR, Check List N. Amer. Amph. Rept., 1917, p. 54 (part). Description. — Head and body somewhat depressed. Nostrils opening much nearer to end of snout than to orbits. Upper head-shields smooth, moderately large, and slightly con vex j interparietal largest. Frontal usually divided trans- versely. Parietal, frontoparietal, and frontal plates sep- arated from enlarged supraoculars by a series of small plates or granules. Superciliaries long, wide, and strongly imbri- cate. Middle subocular very long, narrow, and strongly keeled. Rostral plate very wide and rather high. Labials long, low, and almost rectangular. Below lower labials, some series of sublabial plates. Symphyseal large and pent- angular. Gulars small, smooth, imbricate, frequently emarginate posteriorly, about size of ventrals. Ear-open- ing large, slightly oblique, with an anterior denticulation of from four to seven acuminate scales. Dorsal scales equal- sized, keeled, pointed, about equal in size to ventrals, and arranged in nearly parallel longitudinal rows. Scales on sides similar to those of the back, but directed obliquely up- ward. No longitudinal dermal folds, and no transverse fold on throat. Superior surfaces of limbs provided with keeled scales. Posterior surface of thigh covered with small, smooth scales. Ventrals smooth, but usually biscuspid. Cau- dal scales very much larger than dorsals, keeled and strongly 282 3. IGUANIDJE pointed. Femoral pores varying in number from 12 to 20 on each thigh. Thirteen to 1 7 dorsal scales equaling length of shielded part of head. Number of scales in a row from interparietal plate to a line connecting posterior surfaces of thighs varying from 52 to 68 j average in 40 specimens, 60.75. Males with enlarged postanal plates. The general color above is brown, olive, bluish or green- ish gray, with one dorsal and two lateral series of closely- set brown spots or undulate blotches on each side. These blotches have dark posterior and lateral edges, are usually larger and more distinct in females and young than in adult males, are often more or less confluent, may form longi- tudinal bands separated by narrower bands of the lighter ground color. The head has no definite cross-lines, but the upper lateral band or series of spots is continued along the temple. The tail is very differently marked in different specimens, but usually shows traces of light and dark rings. Males have a large blue blotch, sometimes bordered inter- nally with black, on each side of the belly, and the throat usually is more or less washed with blue with a tendency to the formation of narrow oblique bands. Females often lack the blue of the throat and sides of belly, but this color is sometimes present, and is not infrequently bordered above by a band of bright reddish orange along each side of the body. Length to anus 51 52 54 54 54 58 Length of tail 60 70 70 62 70 73 Snout to ear 11 11 10J^ \\l/2 12 11 Width of head 10j£ 1^/2 9^ 11 10 9J^ Snout to back of interparietal 10 11 J^ 10^2 11 11 10 Fore limb 22 22 21 22 23 21 Hind limb 34 37 33 37 39 34 Base of fifth to end of fourth toe__ . 13 15 13 14 15 13 12. SCELOPORUS 283 Remarks. — This subspecies differs from S. g. graciosus in coloration and in having smaller dorsal scales. With the exception of a few specimens from BelPs Springs, Mendo- cino County, California, I have not found any with keeled scales on the back of the thigh. The coloration usually is more blended than in S. g. graciosus, and the blotches and longitudinal bands often are less definite. From S. g. van- denburgianus it seems to differ chiefly in coloration, though it seldom, if ever, attains the size of the larger individuals of that subspecies. Distribution. — This subspecies occupies the western parts of Washington and Oregon, and northern California. In California, it occurs south in the coast ranges to Solano County and through the Sierra Nevada to Kern and north- ern Ventura counties. Its eastern boundary cannot be de- fined for it changes gradually into the larger scaled S. g. graciosus. Specimens from Umatilla County, Oregon, have smaller scales than those from Weiser and Boise, Idaho, and in Lake County, Oregon, those from Warner Lakes have larger scales than those from Paisley and Summer Lake. California specimens have the smallest scales. The con- trast between Utah specimens and those from west of the Sierra Nevada and Cascade Mountains is great, but the line of separation of the areas occupied by the two subspecies still must be more or less an arbitrary one. At present it seems best to refer to S. g. graciosus all specimens from Utah and Idaho, from Nevada, except the extreme west and southwest, and from Malheur, Harney and the eastern half of Lake counties, Oregon, while to the present sub- species, S. g. gracilis, are referred all specimens from Wash- ington, northern and western Oregon, northern California, and extreme western and southwestern Nevada. In California, the Mountain Lizard has been collected 284 3. LGUANID& in Del Norte (near State line on road from Crescent City to Grant's Pass, Gasquet), Siskiyou (Fort Jones, Gazelle, Sisson, Sugar Loaf near Sisson), Modoc (Tule Lake, Upper Pit River, South Fork of Pit River near Alturas, Warner Mountains at 4,700 to 5,000 feet, Dry Creek, Head North Fork Parker Creek), Lassen( Bieber, Eagle Lake), Shasta (Delta, Redding, 36 miles north from Redding), Hum- boldt (Philipsville, Garberville), Trinity (South Yolla Bolly Mountain), Tehama (Mount Lynn, Red Bluff), Plumas (Mount Lassen), Glenn (Winslow five miles west from Fruto), Mendocino (six miles south from Covelo, Bell Springs, three miles west from summit of Mount Sanhe- drin), Sonoma (Skaggs Springs, Warm Springs Creek near Skaggs Springs), Napa (Berryessa Valley, mountain near Aetna Springs), Solano (at 700 feet three miles west from Vacaville), Yolo (Rumsey), Sutter (Marysville Buttes), Placer (American River, Michigan Bluff), El Dorado (Fyffe, Summit Sierra Nevada, Tallac), Calaveras (Mo- kelumne Hill), Tuolumne (Hodgdon's near Crocker's, Yo- semite National Park), Mariposa (Yosemite National Park, between Wawona and Yosemite Valley, Porcupine Flat at 8,100 feet, Crane Flat, Ostrander Rocks, Merced Lake, Mono Meadow) Mono (William's Butte, Mono Mills, Mono, Mono Craters, Benton), Inyo (High Sierra at 8,000 feet altitude west of Lone Pine, Carroll Creek, Kearsarge Pass, Panamint Mountains at 6,4-00 feet at Willow Creek, Coal Kilns, Telescope Peak at 10,500 feet, Inyo Mountains 7,000 to 8,500 feet, Beveridge Canyon), Fresno (Bubbs Creek at 7,800 feet), Tulare (Jordan Hot Springs, Cannel Meadow, Taylor Meadow, Trout Creek, above Troy Mea- dow, Jackass Meadow, Monache Meadow, Ramshaw Meadows at 9,000 feet), Kern (Kiavah Mountain near Wal- ker Pass, Bodfish at 2,400 feet, Mount Breckinridge at 12. SCELOPORUS 285 6,500 feet, Lockwood Valley near Fort Tejon), and Ven- tura (Mount Pinos), counties. In Oregon, it has been secured in Josephine (Grants Pass), Jackson (Siskiyou), Klamath (Fort Klamath), Lake (west side of Summer Lake, Chewaucan River near Pais- ley), Wasco (The Dalles), and Umatilla (Umatilla, Pen- dleton), counties. In Washington, it has been taken at Kelso, Cowlitz County, Wallula, Walla Walla County, and near Puget Sound. Nevada specimens from Round Mountain, Nye County, seem nearest this subspecies, and perhaps those from Storey (Virginia City), Ormsby (Carson City), and Esmeralda (Mount Magruder), counties should also be included here rather than under S. g. graciosus. All Nevada specimens seem more or less intermediate. Habits. — Little is known of the habits of this lizard ex- cept that it is a ground-loving species. The eggs are about 7x13 mm.y each enclosed in a tough, leathery, non-calcare- ous shell. In the vicinity of the Yosemite Valley they are laid in June and July. Richardson notes that "the stomachs of seven individual collected at Tallac were examined, with the following re- sults: three contained insects only, while four held insects and bits of plant leaves. The identified insects were small beetles, one ichneumon fly, and ants, beetles being the most abundant. Small larvas were found in two stomachs. "Two females collected at Tallac on June 1 6 held two and three large eggs, respectively. One shot on June 19 contained four eggs." 286 3. IGUANIDJE 57. Sceloporus graciosus vandenburgianus (Cope) SOUTHERN MOUNTAIN SWIFT Sceloporus graciosus VAN DENBURGH, Proc. Cal. Acad. Sci., Ser. 2, Vol. V, 1895, p. 114; VAN DENBURGH, Proc. Cal. Acad. Sci., Ser. 2, Vol. V, 1896, p. 1005; VAN DENBURGH, Occas. Papers Cal. Acad. Sci., V, 1897, P- 74 (Part); McLAiN, Critical Notes, 1899, P« 3 (part); COPE, Report U. S. Nat. Mus. for 1898, 1900, p. 386 (part); MEEK, Field Columbian Mus., Zool. Series, Vol. VII, No. i, 1906, p. ii (part); GRINNELL, Univ. Cal. Publs. Zool., Vol. 5, No. I, 1908, p. 161; STONE, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1911, p. 228 (part); VAN DENBURGH, Proc. Cal. Acad. Sci., Ser. 4, Vol. 3, 1912, p. 149; ATSATT, Univ. Cal. Publs. Zool., Vol. 12, No. 3, 1913, p. 36. Sceloporus vandenburgianus COPE, Amer. Naturalist, Vol. XXX, 1896, p. 834 (type locality, Summit of Coast Range, San Diego Co., California); COPE, Report U. S. Nat. Mus. for 1898, 1900, p. 390, fig. 64; DITMARS, Reptile Book, 1907, p. 136. Sceloporus gratiosus BOULENGER, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1897, p. 507 (part). Sceloporus graciosus vandenburgianus CAMP, Univ. Cal. Publs. Zool., Vol. 17, No. 7, 1916, p. 67; GRINNELL & CAMP, Univ. Cal. Publs. Zool., Vol. 17, No. 10, 1917, p. 159; STEJNEGER & BARBOUR, Check List N. Amer. Amph. Rept., 1917, p. 54; STEPHENS, Trans. San Diego Soc. Nat. Hist., Vol. Ill, No. 4, 1921, p. 6i; VAN DENBURGH & SLEVIN, Proc. Cal. Acad. Sci., Ser. 4, Vol. XI, 1921, p. 51; NELSON, Mem. Nat. Acad. Sci., Vol. XVI, 1921, pp. 114, 131. Description. — Head and body somewhat depressed. Nostrils opening much nearer to end of snout than to or- bits. Upper head-shields smooth, moderately large, and slightly convex j interparietal largest. Frontal usually di- vided transversely. Parietal, frontoparietal, and frontal plates separated from enlarged supraoculars by a series of small plates or granules. Superciliaries long, wide, and strongly keeled. Rostral plate very wide and rather high, labials long, low, and almost rectangular. Below lower labials some series of sublabial plates. Symphyseal large and pentangular. Gulars small, smooth, imbricate, frequently 12. SCELOPORUS 287 emarginate posteriorly, about size of ventrals. Ear-open- ing large, slightly oblique, with an anterior denticulation of acuminate scales. Dorsal scales nearly equal-sized, keeled, pointed, about equal in size to ventrals, and arranged in nearly parallel longitudinal rows. Scales on sides similar to those on back, but directed obliquely upward. No longitud- inal dermal folds, and no transverse gular fold on throat. Superior surfaces of limbs provided with keeled scales. Pos- terior surface of thigh covered with small, smooth scales. Ventrals smooth, but usually biscuspid. Caudal scales usually very much larger than dorsals, keeled and strongly pointed. Femoral pores varying in number from 13 to 19 in each thigh. About 13 to 17 dorsal scales equaling length of shielded part of head. Number of scales in a row from in- terparietal plate to a line connecting posterior surfaces of thighs varying from 48 to 665 average in 45 specimens, 54.78. Males with enlarged postanal plates. The color above is brown, olive, bluish or greenish, with one dorsal and two lateral series of undulate brown blotches on each side. These blotches often have dark posterior and lateral margins, are usually much more distinct in females and young than in adult males, and may be more or less obsolete or confluent. A dorso-lateral light longitudinal stripe usually is present and a lateral one may be seen in some specimens. The head has no definite cross-lines, but the upper lateral band or series of spots is continued along the neck and temporal region. The upper surface of the tail may be unicolor or may show a series of dark spots and the continuations of the dorso-lateral light stripes. In adult males the lower surfaces from the thighs forward to the chin are bright indigo blue, more or less blackish along the middle of the belly and across the chest, sometimes with a little yellowish or greenish white along the mid-ventral line. In females and young the lower surfaces are yellowish white 288 3. IGUANID& more or less washed with blue, often with a tendency to the formation of narrow oblique bands. Length to anus 58 61 61 62 64- 65 Length of tail 90 87 95 95 96 94 Snout to ear 12 13 13 13 12 12 Width of head.... . 11 12 11 12 11^ 1 11/* Snout to back of interparietal 12 12 12 12 11^ 12 Fore limb 24 27 25 27 27 26 Hind limb 43 44 43 43 46 44 Base of fifth to end of fourth toe 17 17 17 18 18 \7l/2 Remarks. — This subspecies agrees with S. g. gracilis in having smaller dorsal scales than are found in typical S. g. graciosus. It differs from S. g. gracilis chiefly in coloration. Mr. Camp states that "the series from the San Gabriel Mountains includes the lightest-colored males of the sub- species, and they are in this respect very good intermediates, despite their isolated station, between the small, light-colored graciosus [gracilis] of Mount Pinos and the large, dark blue specimens of vandenburgianus from the head waters of the Santa Ana River, and farther south." Distribution. — This southern subspecies of the Mountain Swift occupies the higher ranges of southern California and northern Lower California. Specimens from San Bernar- dino and Los Angeles counties are stated by Mr. Camp to be more or less intermediate between the small, light-col- ored, northern subspecies which occurs from Mount Pinos, Ventura County, northward, and the large, dark blue speci- mens of S. g. vandenburgianus from the headwaters of the Santa Ana River, and farther south. Miss Atsatt observes that, in the San Jacinto region, "the range of this lizard is in the Transition zone; but it 12. SCELOPORUS 289 begins at the very lowest margin and also reaches the upper limit of this zone, as for instance in the neighborhood of Hidden Lake, east of Round Valley. Along Fuller's Mill ridge this species replaces Sceloporus biseriatus as the altitude increases, until Sceloporus graciosus [vandenburgianus] reaches its maximum of population between 5,800 and 6,000 feet. In the Transition zone over the higher parts of the Santa Rosa region from the peak to Toro this was the only reptile observed. Here it was abundant everywhere, about logs as well as rock piles." In California, this subspecies has been collected in Los Angeles' (San Gabriel Mountains, vicinity of Mount Wilson at 4,150 to 5,800 feet, Mount Lowe at 4,000 feet, Horse Flats, vicinity of Pine Flats at 5,500 to 5,800 feet), San Bernardino (San Bernardino Mountaines, from Fish Creek at 6,500 to 6,700 feet, South Fork of Santa Ana River at 6,200 feet, Santa Ana River at 5,500 to 8,500 feet, Clark Hill at 6,000 feet, Bluff Lake), Riverside (San Jacinto Mountains, from Schain's Ranch at 5,300 feet, Fuller's Mill at 5,850 to 7,000 feet, Strawberry Valley at 6,000 feet, Hemet Valley Tahquitz Peak at 8,000 feet, Keen Camp, canyon east of Round Valley at 8,500 feet, Thomas Moun- tain at 6,800 feet, Santa Rosa Mountains at Santa Rosa Peak 7,500 feet), and San Diego ("Summit of the Coast Range" probably the Laguna Mountains, Laguna Mountains, Palo- mar Mountains, Cuyamaca Mountains at 6,000 feet), coun- ties. In Lower California, it has been secured in the San Pedro Martir Mountains, at Agua de las Fresas, 6,000 feet, Vallecitos, 9,000 feet, and La Grulla, 8,000 feet. Habits. — In the San Bernardino Mountains, Dr. Grin- nell found these lizards on stumps, logs, and rock-piles, "in the hot part of the day, actively jumping and darting about 290 3. IGUANIDJS in search of insects. It was surprising how far one of these little lizards could jump from one rock to another and how quick its movements were in darting after ants or grass- hoppers." The stomachs of four specimens contained (July 26), (1) ten wood-ants, one small brown June beetle, and two geometrid larvae ; (2) twenty small sand-ants, and two small fragments of green leaves j (3) seven large winged female wood-ants; (4) one small brown June beetle, one small worker wood-ant, and five large winged female wood- ants. Miss Atsatt states: "The adult lizards are found on rocks, pine or cedar trunks or stumps. The juvenals were found more often in the shade in dead grass. Around Ful- ler's Mill they were not shy and were reported as even al- lowing themeslves to be taken with the hand. At Santa Rosa Peak, however, they were too lively to be noosed. The ones observed in the valley by Hidden Lake were surpris- ingly wild, even on a cold gray morning darting immediately under the rocks." 58. Sceloporus consobrinus Baird & Girard STRIPED SWIFT Plate 21 Sceloporus consobrinus BAIRD & GIRARD, Marcy's Expl. Red River, 1853, Rept., p. 237, Zool., pi. 10, figs. 5-12 (type locality, Red River, Roger Mills Co., Oklahoma); BAIRD, U. S. Mex. Bound. Surv., Vol. II, 1859, p. 5; BAIRD, Pac. R. R. Surv., Vol. X, 1859, p. 37; HAYDEN, Trans. Amer. Philos. Soc., Vol. XII, 1862, p. 177; COPE, U. S. Geol. Surv. Montana, 1872, p. 468; COPE, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1866, p. 303; ALLEN, Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., Vol. XVII, 1874, p. 69; COPE, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., No. i, 1875, p. 49; YARROW, Surv. W. looth Merid., Vol. V, 1875, p. 574; COUES, Surv. W. looth Merid., Vol. V, 1875, p. 594; YARROW & HENSHAW, Ann. Rep. Chief of Engineers for 1878, Surv. W. looth Merid., Appendix NN, 1878, p. 224 (part); COPE, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., No. 17, 1880, pp. 17, 44; COPE, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1883, 12. SCELOPORUS 291 pp. 15, 16; YARROW, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., No. 24, 1883, pp. 10, 61; CRAGIN, Bull. Washburn Laborat., Vol. I, 1884, 1885, pp. 7, 101; BOULENGER, Cat. Lizards Brit. Mus., Vol. II, 1885, p. 229; COPE, Proc. Amer. Philos. Soc., Vol. XXII, 1885, PP- 395» 397; GUNTHER, Biologia Centrali-Americana, Reptiles, 1890, p. 69 j STEJNEGER, N. Amer. Fauna, No. 3, 1890, p. in; VAN DENBURGH, Proc. Cal. Acad. Sci., Ser. 2, Vol. 5, 1895, p. 113; VAN DENBURGH, Proc. Cal. Acad. Sci., Ser. 2, Vol. 6, 1896, p. 341; COPE, Amer. Naturalist, Vol. XXX, 1896, p. 1015; BOULENGER, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1897, p. 486; HERRICK, TERRY & HERRICK, Bull. Sci. Lab. Denison Univ., Vol. XI, 1899, p. 128; HERRICK, TERRY & HERRICK, Bull. Univ. New Mexico, Vol. I, 1899, p. 128; STONE & REHN, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1903; p. 31; BROWN, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1903, pp. 546, 552; BAILEY, N. Amer. Fauna, No. 25, 1905, p. 42; CRAGIN, Trans. Kansas Acad. Sci. Vol. VII, reprint, 1906, p. 114; RUTHVEN, Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., Vol. XXIII, 1907, p. 539; STRECKER, Proc. Biolog. Soc. Washington, Vol. XXI, 1908, pp. 48, 49, 72; STRECKER, Trans. Acad. Sci. St. Louis, Vol. XVIII, No. 2, 1909, p. 22; STRECKER, Baylor Univ. Bulletin, Vol. XII, No. i, 1909, pp. 4, 13; STRECKER, Baylor Univ. Bull., Vol. XIII, No. 4, 1910, p. 6; CARY, N. Amer. Fauna, No. 33, 1911, pp. 21, 26; ELLIS & HENDERSON, Univ. Colorado Studies, Vol. X, No. 2, 1913, p. 68, pi. II, figs. 10, 11; VAN DENBURGH & SLEVIN, Proc. Cal. Acad. Sci., Ser. 4, Vol. 3, 1913, pp. 392, 405; STRECKER, Baylor Bulletin, Vol. XVIII, No. 4, 1915, p. 21; ELLIS & HENDERSON, Univ. Colorado Bull., Vol. XV, No. 6, 1915, p. 259. Sceloporus tristichus, COPE, Surv. W. looth Merid. Vol. V, 1875, p. 571 (type locality, Taos, New Mexico) ; YARROW, Bull, U. S. Nat. Mus., No. 24, 1883, p. 62. Sceloporus garmani BOULENGER, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1882, p. 761, pi. LVI (type locality, near Pine Ridge, South Dakota). Sceloporus undulatus tristichus COPE. Report U. S. Nat. Mus. for 1898, 1900, p. 376. Sceloporus undulatus consobrinus COPE, Report U. S. Nat. Mus. for 1898, 1900, p. 377, STONE, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1903, p. 540; DIT- MARS, Reptile Book, 1907, p. 129, pi. XLIV, fig. 3. Sceloporus consobrinus consobrinus STEJNEGER & BARBOUR, Check List N. Amer. Amph. Rept., 1917, p. 53. Sceloporus consobrinus garmani STEJNEGER & BARBOUR, Check List N. Amer. Rept., 1917, p. 53. 292 3. IGUANIDM Description. — Head and body somewhat flattened. Nostrils opening much nearer to end of snout than to orbits. Upper head-shields smooth, moderately large, often slightly con vex ; interparietal largest. Frontal usually divided trans- versely. Parietal, frontoparietal, and frontal plates sep- arated from enlarged supraoculars by a series of small plates or granules. Superciliaries long and strongly imbricate. Middle subocular very long, narrow, and strongly keeled. Rostral plate very wide and low. Labials very long and low. Below lower labials, a series of large sublabial plates separated from infralabials (except first) by one or two rows of smaller sublabials. Symphyseal large and pentangular. Gulars small, smooth, imbricate, usually emarginate pos- teriorly, about size of ventrals or a little smaller. Ear- opening large, slightly oblique, with an anterior denticula- tion of from four to six shortly acuminate scales. Dorsal scales equal-sized, strongly keeled, pointed, larger than ven- trals, and arranged in nearly parallel longitudital rows. Scales on sides similar to those of back, but smaller and di- rected obliquely upward. No longitudinal dermal folds, and no transverse fold across throat. Superior surfaces of limbs provided with keeled scales. Posterior surface of thigh covered with small, acuminate scales most of which are keeled. Ventrals smaller than dorsals, smooth, but usu- ally bicuspid. Caudal scales a little larger than dorsals, keeled and strongly pointed. Femoral pores varying in number from 12 to 19 on each thigh $ average, 15.35. Eight to 1 1 dorsal scales equaling length of shielded part of head. Number of scales in a row from interparietal plate to a line connecting posterior surfaces of thighs varying from 36 to 43 5 average in 50 specimens, 39. Males with enlarged postanal plates. The general color above is brown, olive, or bluish, green- ish or yellowish, with a more or less distinct light greenish Oc. PAPERS, CAL. ACAD. Sci., VOL. X [VAN DENBURGH] PLATE 21 .9. ll o . 12. SCELOPORUS 293 or yellowish white stripe along each side of the back from the neck to the base of the tail. This light stripe varies in width, being usually about the width of one or two scales and is separated from the corresponding stripe on the oppo- site side of the body by about five to seven rows of dorsal scales. This dorsal area usually shows on each side a series of ill-defined dark brown spots or undulate blotches which do not cross the back but usually have an unmarked, longi- tudinal, middorsal zone. This middorsal zone may appear as a light band, two or three scales wide, bordered on each side by a dark brown longitudinal band of similar width adjoining the the light dorso-lateral stripe. On the sides, below the dorsolateral light stripe, a second light stripe, about one or two scales wide, runs from the ear to the hind Jeg, passing just above the arm. The sides, between these upper and lower light stripes, usually are dark brown. The upper surface of the head is yellowish or grayish brown or olive, unicolor or with dark brown dots and lines. A dark line usually runs from the eye to the ear, and in many speci- mens similar dark lines may be seen between the nostril and eye, the corner of the mouth and the ear, and on the neck behind the supraocular region. The upper surfaces of the limbs are brown, olive or yellowish gray, usually without definite markings, but sometimes more or less dotted 01 cross-barred with dark brown. The tail proximally is col- ored like the back, but distally is nearly unicolor. The lower surfaces are yellowish white, sometimes more or less suffused or dotted with gray, slate or black. There is a bright blue patch on each side of the throat, and an elon- gate blue blotch on each side of the belly. These blue markings may be edged with black in males. In females they occasionally are indistinct or absent. 294- 3. IGUANID& Length to anus 52 57 58 63 65 67 Length of tail 90 93 89 98 102 105 Snout to ear 12 12 12V 13 14- Width of head 11 11 10 12 12 12 Snout to back of interparietal 12 12 12 12 14 13 Fore limb 25 25 23 26 26 26 Hind limb _ 39 40 40 40 45 42 Base of fifth to end of fourth toe . 16 16 15 15 18 17 Distribution. — This lizard inhabits a great area which extends from the Dakotas to Texas and from Oklahoma to Arizona. Although it has been recorded from Califor- nia, Nevada, and even Oregon, there is no good evidence of its occurrence in these states. The Utah records also are questionable until confirmed. Cope records it from "So- nora." In Arizona, it has been taken in Cochise (Upper Rucker Canyon and Paradise in the Chiricahua Mountains, Bisbee, Fairbank, mouth of Ramsey Canyon in the Huachuca Moun- tains), Santa Cruz (Calabasas), Pima (Tucson, Fort Lowell, 8,500 feet on Mount Lemmon, Santa Catalina Mountains), Navajo (Camp Apache), Graham (Fort Grant), Gila (Sierra Ancha), Yavapai (Fort Whipple, Prescott, Fort Verde), and Coconino (Oak Creek, Willams, Flagstaff, San Francisco Mountain, Canyon Spring at the rim of the Grand Canyon), counties. Utah records of this species which are based upon mis- identified specimens of S. graciosus graciosus, or possibly in part of S. elongatus, are Fairfield (Yarrow) and Provo (Cope), in Utah County, Dome Canyon (Yarrow), in Mil- lard County, San Francisco Mountains (Cope) in Beaver County, Cove Creek (Yarrow), and perhaps Rockville and Springdale in Washington County (C. A. S.). 12. SCELOPORUS 295 Habits. — This species usually is seen on the ground and retreats to holes in earth banks or spaces under or between stones. Occasionally it resorts to trees. Ruthven found that specimens captured in New Mexico had eaten ants, beetles, and a robber fly. 59. Sceloporus elongatus Stejneger STEJNEGER'S BLUE-BELLIED LIZARD Plate 22 Sceloporus elongatus STEJNEGER, North Amer. Fauna, No. 3, 1890, p. in (type locality, Moa Ave, Painted Desert, Arizona); Bou LENGER, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1897, p. 506; GARY, N. Amer. Fauna, No. 33, 1911, pp. 26, 39; VAN DENBURGH & SLEVIN, Proc. Cal. Acad. Sci., Ser. 4, Vol. 5, No. 4, 1915, p. 104; STEJNEGER & BARBOUR, Check List N. Amer. Amph. Kept. 1917, p. 54. Sceloporus undulatus ELROD, The Museum, Vol. I, 1895, P- *37; COPE, Report U. S. Nat. Mus. for 1898, 1900, pp. 368, 373 (part); COCK- ERELL, Univ. Colorado Studies, Vol. VII, 1910, p. 131. Description. — Head and body considerably depressed. Nostril opening nearer to end of snout than to orbit. Upper head-shields smooth, moderately large, and slightly con- vex $ interparietal much largest. Frontal usually divided transversely. Parietal, frontoparietal, and frontal plates separated from enlarged supraoculars by a series of small plates or granules. Superciliaries long and strongly imbri- cate. Middle subocular very long, narrow, and strongly keeled. Rostral plate of moderate height, but great width. Labials long, low, and nearly rectangular. Below lower labials and behind large pentangular symphyseal, a series of plates larger than gulars. Latter smooth, imbricate, ?nd sometimes emarginate posteriorly. Ear-opening large, slightly oblique, with an anterior denticulation of smooth, acuminate scales. Scales on back equal-sized, keeled, pointed, and arranged in nearly parallel longitudinal rows. Scales 296 3. IGUANID& on sides similar to those on back, but a little smaller and and directed obliquely upward. No longitudinal dermal folds, and no transverse fold across throat. Upper sur- faces of limbs provided with large, keeled scales. Posterior surface of thigh with small, acuminate, keeled scales. Ven- tral scales much smaller than dorsals, smooth, imbricate, and often bicuspid. Tail furnished with irregular whorls of strongly keeled and pointed scales, much larger and rougher above than dorsals and inferior caudals. Femoral pores varying in number from 16 to 22 on each thigh j average, 18.7. Eight to 13 dorsal scales equaling length of shielded part of head. Number of scales in a row from the interparietal plate to a line connecting posterior sur- faces of thighs varying from 44- to 53 -, average in 50 speci- mens, 47.3. Males with enlarged postanal plates. The color above is yellowish, brownish, grayish, or greenish olive, usually with rather indistinct and very nar- row undulate dark brown cross-bands. These dark mark- ings occasionally are distinct and continuous, but usually are more or less broken up or obsolete. The sides in many specimens are colored like the back. Others have a more or less definite dark brown longitudinal band run- ning from the shoulder to the hind leg. The head, above, is yellowish brown or olive, unicolor or with dark brown lines and dots. Narrow dark brown lines often run from the nostril to the eye, from the eye to the upper end of the ear-opening, and from the latter point to the shoulder. The upper surfaces of the limbs and tail are yellowish brown or olive, unicolor or more or less definitely dotted or cross- barred with dark brown. The lower surfaces are yellowish white with a bright blue spot on each side of the throat and an elongated blue patch on each side of the belly in both sexes. Oc. PAPERS, CAL. ACAD. Sci., VOL. X [VAN DENBURGH] PLATE 22 1 § ^3 -? ^ o g ^ 2 P5 ^5 D M t)JD ft II CO H H •§ 1 i ide,k San Macento, Jolon, San Antonio Mission, Pleyto, Bradley, Hames, Chalk Peak, Arroyo Seco, Metz), San Lms Obispo (San Miguel, San Luis Obispo, Santa Lucia Peak at 5600 feet, Santa Lucia Mountains, Pismo, Edna, Santa Margarita, Calf Canyon, Alamo Canyon, Indian Creek, Sin Juan River, Pozo, Palo Prieto Canyon), Fresno (Los Gat:>s Canyon), Santa Barbara (Santa Barbara, Goleta), and Ven- tura (San Buenaventura), counties. Habits. — The Blue-bellied Lizard is by far the most numerous of its tribe in western central California. It is usually to be found about fences, piles of wood or stone, the great brush-heap homes of the wood-rat (Neotoma), or 304 3. IGUANIDJE i oadside banks honeycombed with abandoned gopher (Tho- momys) holes, which afford it ample opportunity to hide upon the approach of danger. Its coloration, especially the intensity of the black of the lower surfaces and the blue of the throat, is subject to much variation in the same individ- ual, and is more or less dependent upon the coloring of sur- rounding objects. In winter it sometimes is found in the interior of decay- ing logs, but I believe that it more frequently hibernates under ground. 61. Sceloporus occidentalis biseriatus (Hallowell) WESTERN BLUE-BELLIED LIZARD Plate 24 Sceloporus bi-seriatus HALLOWELL, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1854, P- 93> (type locality, borders of El Paso Creek and in Tejon Valley, [California]); HALLOWELL, Rep. Pac. R. R. Surv., Vol. X, Pt. IV, 1859, Rept., p. 6, pis. VI figs. 2a-2f, & VIII; COOPER, Proc. Cal. Acad. Sci., Vol. IV, 1870, p. 71; COPE, Proc. Amcr. Philos. Soc., Vol. XXII, 1885, p. 395; STEJNEGER, N. Amer. Fauna, No. 7, 1893, P- l845 VAN DENBURGH, Proc. Cal. Acad. Sci., Ser. 2, Vol. 5, 1895, p. 114; VAN DENBURGH, Proc. Cal. Acad. Sci., Ser. 2, Vol. 5, 1896, p. 1005; VAN DENBURGH, Occas. Papers Cal. Acad. Sci., V, 1897, P- 80, %•; COPE, Report U. S. Nat. Mus. for 1898, 1900, p. 381, fig. 61; MEEK, Field Columbian Mus., Zool. Series, Vol. VII, No. i, 1906, p. ii; GRINNELL & GRINNELL, Throop Institute Bull., No. XXXV, 1907, p. 22, figs. 3, 4; GRINNELL, Univ. Cal. Publs. Zool., Vol. 5, No. i, 1908, p. 161; STONE, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1911, p. 228; VAN DENBURGH, Proc. Cal. Acad. Sci., Ser. 4, Vol. 3, 1912, pp. 148, 149, 150, 151, 152, 156; TAYLOR, Univ. Cal. Publs. Zool., Vol. 7, No. 10, 1912, p. 350; ATSATT, Univ. Cal. Publs. Zool., Vol. 12, No. 3, 1913, p. 35; RICH- ARDSON, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., Vol. 48, 1915, p. 421; RUTHVEN & GAIGE, Occas. Papers, Mus. Zool. Univ. Michigan, No. 8, 1915, p. 19, pi. V, fig. i; VAN DENBURGH & SLEVIN, Proc. Cal. Acad. Sci., Ser. 4, Vol. 5, No. 4, 1915, p. 100. 12. SCELOPORUS 305 Sceloporus bi-seriatus var. A. azureus HALLOWELL, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1854, p. 94 (type locality, borders of El Paso Creek and in Tejon Valley). Sceloporus bi-seriatus var. B. variegatus HALLOWELL, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1854, p. 94 (type locality, borders of El Paso Creek and in Tejon Valley). Sceloporus occidentalis? BAIRD, Rep. Pac. R. R. Surv., Vol. X, 1859, Rept., p. 17. Sceloporus longipes BAIRD, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1858, p. 254 (type locality, Fort Tejon, CaL); BAIRD, Rep. Pac. R. R. Surv., Vol. X, 1859, Rept., p. 17; COOPER, Proc. Cal. Acad. Sci., Vol. IV, 1870, p. 71. Sceloporus undulatus thayeri COPE, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., No. I, 1875, p. 49 (part); YARROW & HENSHAW, Report Chief of Engineers for 1878, Surv. W. looth Merid., Appendix NN, 1878, p. 223 (part); YARROW, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., No. 24, 1883, p. 60 (part); COPE, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1883, p. 28. Sceloporus smaragdinus COPE, Surv. W. looth Meridian, Vol. V, 1875, p. 572, pi. XXIV, figs. 2, 2a, (type localities, Beaver, Utah; Nevada; Dome Canyon, Utah); YARROW, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., No. 24, 1883, p. 62; COPE, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1883, pp. 15, 18. Sceloporus undulatus undulatus YARROW, Surv. W. looth Merid., Vol. V, l875> P- 573; YARROW, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., No. 24, 1883, p. 59 (part); COPE, Report U. S. Nat. Mus. for 1898, 1900, p. 370, fig. 58 (part). Sceloporus consobrinus YARROW & HENSHAW, Report Chief of Engineers for 1878, Surv. W. looth Merid., Appendix NN, 1878, p. 224 (part); YARROW, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., No. 24, 1883, p. 61 (part). Sceloporus marmoratus YARROW, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., No. 24, 1883, p. 58 (part). Sceloporus undulatus var. bocourtii BOULENGER, Cat. Lizards Brit. Mus., Vol. II, 1885, p. 229 (part), (type localities, Monterey, Cal., Mt. Whitney, Cal., Santa Cruz). Sceloporus undulatus smaragdinus COPE, Proc. Amer. Philos. Soc., Vol. XXII, 1885, p. 399- Sceloporus undulatus BOULENGER, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1897, p. 503 (part). Sceloporus occidentalis McLAiN, Critical Notes, 1899, p. 4 (part). Sceloporus undulatus consobrinus COPE, Report U. S. Nat. Mus. for 1 898, 1900, p. 377 (part). 306 3. IGUANID& Sceloporus occidentalis bi-seriatus CAMP, Univ. Cal. Publs. Zool., Vol. 17, No. 7, 1916, p. 6^ ; GRINNELL & CAMP, Univ. Cal. Publs. Zool., Vol. 17, No. 10, 1917, p. 160; STEJNEGER & BARBOUR, Check List N. Amer. Amph. Rept., 1917, p. 55; COWLES, Journ. Entomol. & Zool., Pomona College, Vol. XII, No. 3, 1920, p. 66; STEPHENS, Trans. San Diego Soc. Nat. Hist., Vol. Ill, No. 4, 1921, p. 62; VAN DENBURGH & SLEVIN, Proc. Cal. Acad. Sci., Ser. 4, Vol. XI, 1921, pp. 28, 34, 40, 43, 51, 59; NELSON, Mem. Nat. Acad. Sci., Vol. XVI, 1921, pp. 114, 130. Description. — Head and body little depressed. Nostril opening much nearer to end of snout than to orbit. Upper head-shields smooth, moderately large, and very slightly con vex 5 interparietal much the largest. Frontal usirdly divided transversely. Parietal, fronto-parietal and frontal plates separated from enlarged supraoculars by a series of smooth plates or granules. Superciliaries long, wide and strongly imbricate. Middle subocular very long, narrow and strongly keeled. Rostral plate of moderate height, but great width. Labials long and low. Below lower labials and behind large pentangular symphyseal some series of plates larger than gulars. Latter of moderate size, smooth, imbricate, and usually emarginate posteriorly. Ear-opening large, slightly oblique, with an anterior denticulation of smooth acuminate scales. Back with equal-sized, keeled, pointed scales, arranged in nearly parallel longitudinal rows. Scales on sides similar to those on back but much smaller and directed obliquely upward. No longitudinal folds, and no transverse fold on throat. Superior surfaces of limbs pro- vided with large keeled scales. Posterior surface of thigh covered with small, acuminate, keeled scales.' Ventral scales much smaller than dorsals, smooth, imbricate, and usually bicuspid. Tail with irregular whorls of strongly keeled and pointed scales, much larger and rougher above than below. Femoral pores varying in number from thirteen to nineteen Oc. PAPERS, CAL. ACAD. Sci., VOL. X [VAN DENBURGH] PLATE 24 12. SCELOPORUS 307 on each thigh. Seven to 1 1 dorsal scales equaling length of shielded part of head. Number of scales in a row from inter- parietal plate to a line connecting posterior surfaces of thighs varying from 35 to 44 -y average in 30 specimens, 40.2. Males with enlarged postanal plates. The back is brown, olive, or grayish buff, marked with large blotches or undulate cross-bands of dark-brown, and more or less dotted, spotted or blotched with green or pale blue. The sides are similarly colored. Above, the head is brown or olive with narrow lines of dark brown, which are most distinct between the eyes and on the temples. The tail is olive or brown with irregular dark brown rings. All the lower surfaces are grayish or yellowish white, often suffused with slate or dull black. Along each side of the belly is a large patch of deep blue, usually bordered intern- ally by a black band of varying width. Males have one large central throat-patch of deep blue, but females may have two lateral patches. The posterior surfaces of the limbs are yellow. The coloration of specimens from northeastern Nevada is described by Ruthven and Gaige, as follows: "In no specimen is there more than one gular spot, the females all have bluish abdominal spots, and the posterior side of the thighs (particularly along the femoral pores) and the pos- terior side of the f orelimbs are nearly always bright orange yellow. With age the dorsal spots, generally very distinct in the young, tend to become less distinct,, and in very old specimens may be quite obscure, but they are generally dis- cernible even in the old individuals. The white of the ven- tral parts is nearly always more or less spotted or suffused with black in the males and with grayish slate in the females, but the extent of maculation is very variable and not plainly influenced by age. The abdominal spots vary from a deep greenish blue to a pale bluish in the males 5 in the females 308 3. IGUANID& they are generally bluish slate but occasionally nearly as in the males." Length to anus 41 45 68 72 77 78 Length of tail 64 69 108 103 Snout to ear 10 11 15 15 17 17 Width of head 8 9 13 13 14 14 Snout to back of 9 11 14 14 15 15 Fore limb. 19 23 32 31 35 35 Hind limb 31 35 51 51 56 55 Base of fifth to end of fourth toe 13 15 22 20 21 22 Distribution. — The Western Blue-bellied, Fence or Rock Lizard occurs over a wide area which includes western Lower California north of latitude 30 degrees, southern and east- ern California, including the southern part of the San Joa- quin Valley and both slopes of the southern Sierra Nevada, all of Nevada, southern Idaho, and western Utah. Mr. Camp states (1916) that intergrades between this sub- species and Sceloporus occidentalis occidentalis occur in a zone which extends from San Luis Obispo County to western Merced County, thence across the San Joa- quin Valley to Coulterville, Mariposa County, and thence northward over the Sierra Nevada to eastern Modoc County. The range of S. o. occidentalis extends north and west from this zone; that of S. o. biseriatus^ south and east. In California, it has been collected in San Diego (San Diego, Dulzura, Campo, Jacumba at 2825 feet, Poway, Witch Creek, Julian, Santa Ysabel Valley 3000-4000 feet, vicinity Julian, Cuyamaca Mountains, Chihuahua Moun- tains, Escondido, Oak Grove, Warner Pass), Riverside f Riverside, Temescal, Gavillan, Hemet Valley at 5,000 feet, San Jacinto, Vallevista at 1 700 feet, Cabazon at 1 700 to 2000 feet, Banning at 2200 feet, Hemet Lake at 4400 feet, Ken- 12. SCELOPORUS 309 worthy at 4500 feet, Thomas Mountain, Poppet Flat, Sham's Ranch at 4000 to 5100 feet and Fuller's Mill at 5300 in the San Jacinto Mountains, Strawberry Valley at 6000 feet, Keen Camp, Beaumont, Cahuilla Valley, Santa Rosa Mountains at 6000 feet, Reche Canyon), Orange (Trabuco Canyon, San Juan Capistrano), San Bernardino (Grapeland, San Bernardino, Ontario, San Bernardino Mountains at Waterman's Canyon, Ana Creek, Mill Creek, lower Bear Creek to Clarke's ranch, road to Bluff Lake nearly to 7500 feet, Seven Oaks, Santa Ana River to 6000 feet, Fish Creek, Cajon Pass, Lytle Creek, Swartont Can~ f on, Cushenbury Springs, Warren's Wells, two and a half miles south from Oro Grande, Mohave River near Victor- fille, Mohave Desert), Los Angeles (Alhambra, Pasadena, Arroyo Seco Canyon, Mount Lowe, Los Angeles, San Pedro, El Nogal, La Crescenta, Sherman, Claremont, South Pasadena, Santa Anita Canyon, West Fork San Gabriel River, Tujunga River, Sierra Madre, San Gabriel Mountains at Wilson trail, Barley Flats, and Rock Canyon, Covina, Lankershim, mouth jf San Gabriel Canyon near Azuza, Pallett, Piru Creek), Ventura (Santa Paula, Matilija, Mount Pinos), Kern (Fort Tejon, Canada de las Uvas, Tehachapi Moun- tains, Tehachapi, Walker Pass, Walker Basin, Kernville, South Fork Kern River 25 miles above Kernville, Soda Springs, Havilah, Onyx, Canebrake near Onyx, Kern River near Bodfish and near Isabella, Weldon, Kelso Valley near Weldon, Fay Creek near Weldon, San Emigdio Ranch, Edison, Bakersfield), San Luis Obispo (Carrizo Plain), Tu- larc (South Fork Kern River, Tulare, Visalia, Three Rivers, Kaweah, East Fork Kaweah River from 1,650 to 5,200 feet, Shotgun Canyon, Kern River Lakes at 7000 feet, Mount Whitney, Trout Creek, between Trout Creek and Jackass Meadow, True Meadow, Taylor Meadow, Manter 310 3. IGUANID& Meadow, Jordan Hot Springs, White River, Colony Mill and Giant Forest, Sequoia National Park), Fresno (Fresno, Horse Corral Meadows, San Joaquin River at 7,500 feet, Kings River, Hume, one mile south from Dunlap, Minkler, Lane Bridge near Fresno), Madera (Raymond, North- fork), Mariposa (Mariposa, Nevada Falls Yosemite Valley, Wawona, Hornitos), Inyo (Owen's Lake, Mount Whitney, Lone Pine, Independence Creek at 6000 feet, Round Valley, Carrol Creek, as high as 10,000 feet near Kearsarge Pass, White Mountains at 8000 feet, Inyo Mountains, Beveridge Canyon, Coso, Coso Valley, Coso Mountains, Argus Moun- tains, Panamint Mountains at Willow Creek, Johnson Can- yon, Wild Rose Spring, and Coal Kilns, Hannopee Can- yon), Mono (Mono Lake, Benton), and El Dorado (Tal- lac, Lake Tahoe), counties. in Nevada, it has been secured in Clark (Charleston Mountains at Mountain Spring), Lincoln (Juniper Moun- tains at 6,700 feet 12 miles east of Panaca, Caliente), Nye (Tonopah, Round Mountain, Peavine Creek at 6,000 feet m the Toiyabe Mountains), Esmeralda (Goldfield, Grape- vine Mountains, Mount Magruder, Palmetto Mountains southwest from Barrel Springs), Lyon (Mason), Douglas (Glenbrook), Ormsby (Carson City), Storey (Virginia City), Washoe (Reno, Verdi, Derby, Little High Rock Canyon, and Pyramid Lake at the Indian Agency, The Willows, Sutcliffe, and Pyramid), Humboldt (Pine Forest Moun- tains, Big Creek Ranch, Virgin Valley at 5,000 feet, Quinn River Crossing at 4,100 feet), Lander (Austin), Eureka (Palisade), Elko (Ruby Mountains, vicinity Carlin to 7,754 feet), and White Pine (Pyrmont), counties. Oregon specimens which have been collected in Harney (Diamond), Malheur (Juntura, Riverside), Baker, and Grant (John Day River), counties probably belong to this subspecies. 12. SCELOPORUS 311 In Idaho, this lizard has been taken in Jerome (Sage brush plains between Shoshone and Blue Lakes, Blue Lakes Canyon, Blue Lakes, between Blue Lakes and Shoshone Falls, on canyon walls at Shoshone Falls north of ferry), and Ada (Boise), counties. Utah records are from Salt Lake (Salt Lake City), Mil- lard (four miles north of Cove Fort, seven miles south of Kanosh, Dome Canyon), Beaver (Beaver), and Washington (Diamond Valley, ten miles west from St. George), counties. In Lower California, it is known to occur in the northern part of the peninsula at Tijuana, Hanson's Lagoon, San An- tonio, Ensenada, San Tomas, Decarte, Valladeres, San Pe- dro Martir Mountain, Trinidad, Santa Rosa, San Jose, Rosa- rito Divide, and San Ysidro Ranch and Nachoguero Valley near the United States border. Habits. — Like its northern congener — S. o. occidentals — and its larger relative of the desert — S. magister — the Fence Lizard frequently performs a curious exercise while watching an intruder and determining whether he be friend or foe. Clinging to the rough bark of a tree or the lichen- painted surface of some old fence, it rapidly raises and low- ers its head and body, often attracting attention to itself where the harmony of coloring would prevent its being noticed if motionless. It rarely is seen in open fields, pre- ferring wooded districts or areas where rocks abound. Dr. and Mrs. Grinnell, whose observations were made near Los Angeles, write "The fence lizard, altho outnum- bered even in its own particular habitat by the brown- shouldered, is probably the most easily noticed of all our lizards. It is to be seen on prominent boulders, trunks and limbs of trees, fences, old buildings out in the country, and flumes. The fence lizard abounds in our mountain canyons j 312 3. IGUANIDJE along the trails up Mt. Lowe and Mt. Wilson it is often the cause of the leaf -rustling which startles the tenderfoot into believing that he has heard the stealthy footfall of a mountain lion. "It is in such canyons as the Arroyo Seco, Millard, Rubio, Eaton, and Santa Anita, that the fence lizard is seen to best advantage. For there the conditions seem most agreeable; and where picnic parties come oftenest, the lizards seem to become accustomed to human presence, and go about their usual activities with little attention to anything but to one another and to catching flies. They are very playful and often start a game of tag, possibly some sort of preliminary mating antics, and pursue one another at a lively rate over the ground, springing nimbly from rock to rock, dashing up tree trunks around which they whirl in dizzy spirals until one actually drops to the ground and off into hiding in a mass of dead leaves or a hollow log somewhere. Sometimes this pursuit seems mere play, but at others it seems to be a case of trespass. One pair of lizards will be found in the same vicinity, that is, on a certain log or boulder, day after day. If another ventures onto their domain, one of the owners chases him off the premises. "Each individual, when at rest, frequently repeats a curious motion, abruptly raising and depressing the front part of the body, which means an alternate bending and straightening of the front legs. This performance may be repeated just the same when the lizard is being stalked by a person with slip-noose, as when one lizard is paying atten- tion to another. We have an idea that it may have to do with gauging distances, as when one peers from side to side to make sure of the distance of an object among the bushes on a near hillside. Yet the lizard's brilliantly blue throat and belly patches show up to best advantage during the movements of the body, and the performance may be for 12. SCELOPORUS 313 the purpose of display, as when a male humming bird flashes his gorget. "The fence lizard is surprisingly tame. If one goes after it pell-mell, it takes refuge in some crevice out of reach. If a person goes with less precipitation the lizard will simply go around to the other side of the tree trunk or rock. But it will not stay long out of sight, for it is very curious 5 presently its head and sparkling, almost roguish eyes will peer around some corner. As a rule it is no trick at all to noose a fence lizard. A moderate amount of caution, and a four-foot stick, held as rigidly as possible, with a horse-hair noose properly adjusted, will prove successful for those who vrish to make a closer acquaintance. The lizard is rather lively to handle, but is perfectly harmless. Its teeth are so small that even a vigorous bite on one's finger fails to draw blood. We know nothing about the eggs or breeding habits of this species, and there is a field here for a lot of careful observation." Dr. Grinnell found that the stomach of a female fence lizard contained one lady-bird beetle, one leaf-hopper, one spider, one geometrid larva, two wood-ants, and several un- identified insect fragments. Ruthven and Gaige state that near Carlin, Nevada, this lizard is "closely restricted to rocky places such as cliffs, out- crops, talus slopes, stream beds and similar places." "As has often been noted, the Sceloporus is an excellent climber. It clings with ease to a vertical or even overhang- ing rock face and when alarmed rushes away with surprising swiftness. In this habitat it is quite inconspicuous, the pat- tern of light-colored individuals resembling the color of the rock, and the dark individuals appearing very like a crevice or angle in the rock face. When on the rocks, many of the old individuals are entirely black above to the obliteration of the pattern, but this color rapidly changes when they are 314 3. IGUANID& removed. This black color is not only acquired when the lizard is upon black rocks but also when it is on red or brown rocks. "On warm days the lizards, after they appear in the morn- ing, are quite common everywhere over the rocks until the hottest part of the day, when they retire to the shaded side. The food in the stomachs examined consists entirely of in- sects. Large females taken on and before July 12 contain large eggs apparently about ready to be laid, while those collected on July 22 had deposited their eggs. The first young were observed on August 14. On the latter date several young ones which could have been but a few days old were found among the rocks in Moleen Canyon. The one measures 55 mm. in total length and 25.5 mm. exclu- sive of the tail. They ran about over the ground and small rocks at the base of the cliff and were very agile and shy, quickly seeking concealment under loose stones when alarmed." Richardson says "Two females taken on May 24 at Reno, Nevada, held seven and ten large eggs, respectively. Onq taken at Tallac, June 17, also contained eggs. "A young male shot at Reno May 24 had green aphids, three or four large ants, and other unidentified insect frag- ments in its stomach. "Along the southwest shore of Pyramid Lake it was often found accompanied by S. magister. Here and at Derby many dark-colored individuals basked on rocks in the sun. Some were almost pure black and conspicuous for a consider- able distance. This color vanishes so rapidly after death that dark-colored individuals will assume the normal gray- brown tint in less than three hours." Miss Atsatt reports that at Cabazon, Riverside County, California, on May 7, a female was taken which contained an egg, yellow in color and irregularly ovate in shape. Most 12. SCELOPORUS 315 of the lizards were found on rocks but some were on trees and stumps. 62. Sceloporus occidentalis taylori Camp TENAYA BLUE-BELLIED LIZARD Sceloporus occidentalis taylori CAMP, Univ. Cal. Publs. Zool. Vol. 17, No. 7, 1916, p. 65 (type locality, Half-way between Merced Lake and Sunrise Trail, altitude 7500 feet, Yosemite Na- tional Park, Mariposa County, California); GRINNELL & CAMP, Univ. Cal. Publs. Zool., Vol. 17, No. 10, 1917, p. 160; STEJ- NEGER & BARBOUR, Check List N. Amer. Amph. Kept., 1917, p. 56. Description — Head and body somewhat depressed. Nos- tril opening much nearer to end of snout than to orbit. Up- per head-shields smooth, moderately large, and often slightly convex j interparietal much largest. Frontal usually divided transversely. Parietal, fronto-parietal, and frontal plates separated from enlarged supraoculars by a series of small plates or granules. Superciliaries long, and strongly imbricate. Middle subocular very long, narrow, and strongly keeled. Rostral plate of moderate height, but great width. Labials long, low, and nearly rectangular. Below lower labials and behind large pentangular symphyseal, a series of plates larger than gulars. Latter smooth, imbricate, and usually emarginate posteriorly. Ear-opening large, slightly oblique, with an anterior denticulation of smooth, acuminate scales. Scales on back equal-sized, keeled, pointed, often serrate, and arranged in nearly parallel longitudinal rows. Scales on sides similar to those on back, but much smaller and directed obliquely upward. No longitudinal dermal folds, and no transverse fold across throat. Upper surfaces of limbs provided with large, strongly keeled and mucronate scales. Posterior surface of thigh with small, keeled scales. Ventral scales much smaller than dorsals, smooth, imbricate, and often bicuspid. Tail furnished with 316 3. IGUAN1D& irregular whorls of strongly keeled and pointed scales, larger and rougher above than below. Femoral pores vary- ing in number from 14 to 19 on each thigh ; average, 16.52. Eight to 1 1 dorsal scales equaling length of shielded part of head. Number of scales in a row from the interparietal plate to a line connecting posterior surfaces of thighs vary- ing from 43 to 51 5 average, 47.5. Males with enlarged postanal plates. The back is brown, olive, or greenish gray, marked with large blotches or undulate cross-bands of dark brown, and more or less dotted, spotted or blotched with green, pale blue or yellowish gray. A light dorso-lateral stripe may be more or less evident. The sides are brown like the back and similarly marbled. The head is brown or olive above with narrow lines or dots of dark brown, which are most distinct between the eyes and on the temples. The tail is olive or brown, sometimes with irregular dark brown rings. The lower surfaces are everywhere suffused with blue in brightly colored specimens. In others, the central belly, chest, limbs and tail are yellowish white, often suffused with slate or dull black. The most intense blue is on the gular region and on each side of the belly, often shading to blackish blue along the middle of the belly and across the chest. Males have the entire throat deep blue, in a single patch, and females are similarly but less intensely colored. Mr. Camp described the coloration as follows: "Belly alizarine blue (of Ridgway, 1912), in darkest males, to clear cadet blue in the lightest females; throat diva blue to light cadet blue; chest only slightly dusky in the darkest specimens; males with hind limbs beneath and anterior border of anus, greenish blue, nearly as dark as belly. Back very dark as in darkest bi,-seriatus\ sides and some scales on back greenish; lighter and darker crescentic markings 12. SCELOPORUS 317 on back obscure, most so in males. Females with four series of small light spots down back. "Underparts, in the male, blue throughout 5 belly-patches not separated by a lighter or darker mid-ventral line 5 throat evenly colored, light blue to snout and lips, and lighter in tint than general ventral color 5 blue of belly not separated from throat patch by a lighter or darker area across gular region (young specimens excepted). Female more richly colored below than in bi-seriatus\ lighter than male 5 belly- patches separated by a faintly lighter area 5 chest lighter than belly 5 one extensive throat patch as in male; blue not always extending to beneath hind limb." Length to anus 84- '86 86 86 86 94 Length of tail 116 129 131 128 Snout to orbit 6^2 &/2 6^/2 7 6 6 Snout to ear : 17 17 17 \7l/2 18 18 Snout to back of jnterparietal 15 15 34 52 16 15 36 58 16 15 38 58 16 16 39 60 16 17 36 56 16 18 37 59 Width of head Fore limb Hind limb Base of fifth to end of fourth toe 20 21 22 22 20 21 Remarks. — In size, this subspecies equals the largest speci- mens of S. o. biseriatus. The dorsal scales seem more num- erous than in that subspecies. Mr. Camp states: "A number of individuals at hand in a large series of S. o. bl-seriatus from the southern Sierras in Kern and Tulare counties and farther north are, of all our specimens, the closest in size and ventral coloration to taylori; they are, however, of greenish and more dusky shades of blue beneath than the nev/ form, and their status must be held questionable pend- ing the acquisition of material from the headwaters of the Kings and San Joaquin rivers. A male specimen, one of 318 3. IGUANID& two, from the Yosemite Valley, 4000 feet altitude, seems to be intermediate in size and color between this form and a series of S. o. occidentals at hand from western Mariposa County." Distribution. — This subspecies inhabits the upper basins of the Tuolumne and Merced rivers, between altitudes of 7,300 and 8,200 feet, in Yosemite National Park. Here, it has been taken, in the Canadian Zone, half way between Merced Lake and Sunrise Trail, 7500 feet 5 Echo Creek basin, Merced River at 7300 to 7500 feetj near Merced Lake, 7500 feet; Washburn Lake, 7640 to 7700 feet; lower McClure Fork, Merced River, at 7800 feet; Lake Tenaya, at 8100 feet; and at Glen Aulin, Tuolumne River, at 7300 feet. Habits. — It is stated that in the Yosemite Park this sub- species lives on and beneath boulders and in rock-slides on rocky, sunlit slopes in the heavily glaciated region in the upper Merced basin, about Lake Tenaya, and in the head of Tuolumne Canyon. 63. Sceloporus becki Van Denburgh CHANNEL ISLAND BLUE-BELLIED LIZARD Plate 25 Sceloporus becki VAN DENBURGH, Proc. Cal. Acad. Sci., Ser. 3, Zool., Vol. 4, No. i, 1905, pp. 3, 9, pi. IV (type locality, San Miguel Island, California); VAN DENBURGH & SLEVIN, Proc. Cal. Acad. Sci., Ser. 4, Vol. 4, 1914, pp. 132, 134. Sceloporus biseriatus becki, VAN DENBURGH, Proc. Cal. Acad. Sci., Ser. 3, Zool., Vol. 4, No. i, 1905, pp. 3, ii, 14, VAN DENBURGH & SLEVIN, Proc. Cal. Acad. Sci., Ser. 4, Vol. 4, 1914, pp. 132, 135, 136. Sceloporus occidentalis becki GRINNELL & CAMP, Univ. Cal. Publs. Zool., Vol. 17, No. 10, 1917, p. 162; STEJNEGER & BARBOUR, Check List N. Amer. Amph. Kept., 1917, p. 55. 12. SCELOPORUS 319 Description. — Head and body little depressed. Nostril opening much nearer to end of snout than to orbit. Upper head-shields smooth, moderately large and slightly convex; interparietal largest. Frontal divided transversely. Parietal and frontal plates separated from enlarged supraoculars by a series of small plates or granules. Frontoparietal some- times in contact with enlarged supraoculars, often separated from them. Superciliaries long and strongly imbricate. Middle subocular very long, narrow and strongly keeled. Rostral plate of moderate height but great width. Labials long, low and nearly rectangular. Symphyseal large and pentangular. Enlarged sublabials separated from infralab- ials, except first, by one or two series of smaller sublabials. Gulars smooth, imbricate, often emarginate posteriorly. Ear- opening large, slightly oblique, with anterior denticulation of smooth, acuminate scales. Dorsal scales equal-sized, keeled, mucronate, with slight denticulation, and arranged in nearly parallel longitudinal rows. Lateral scales smaller and directed obliquely upward. Upper and anterior sur- faces of limbs with strongly keeled and mucronate scales. Posterior surface of thigh with small, acuminate, keeled scales. Ventral plates much smaller than dorsals, smooth, im- bricate, and usually bicuspid. Tail furnished with slightly irregular whorls of strongly keeled and pointed scales which are much larger and rougher above than below, where they are smooth proximally. Femoral pores varying in number from 14 to 19; average in 55 thighs being 16.35. Nine to 12 dorsal scales equaling shielded part of head. Number of scales in a row from interparietal plate to a line connecting posterior surfaces of thighs varying from 43 to 48. Males with enlarged postanal plates. The color above is grayish, brownish, or greenish blue, with a series of dark brown blotches on each side of the back. A pale longitudinal band separates the dorsal from the lat- 320 3. IGUANIDJE eral regions. The sides are brownish or grayish, mottled with darker brown and dotted or suffused with green or pale blue. The head is usually crossed by narrow brown lines, more or less irregular in distribution. A brown line con- nects the orbit and upper corner of the ear, and is continued backward on the neck. There is a large blue patch on each side of the belly, bordered internally with black in highly colored males. The chin and throat are blue, pale anteriorly and changing to black posteriorly, crossed by narrow oblique black lines which converge posteriorly and blend with the black patches on the throat and in front of the shoulders in males. There is a white patch at each side the anus, and a yellowish white band along the series of femoral pores. • Length to anus.. „ 64 66 68 13 12 13 26 39 15 70 78 14 14 14 27 41 16 70 79 16 15 15 30 46 18 Length of tail _ 76 Snout to ear ._ . 14 Width of head..... . .. 14 Snout to back of interparietal. 14 Fnr<» 1imh - 27 Hind 1iTT>h __ , 41 Ease of fifth to end of fourth toe.. 16 Remarks. — In general appearance, this lizard is similar to S. occidental** occidentals but differs in a number of respects. The less highly colored young males from Santa Rosa Island show a single median blue throat patch, as in S. o. biseriatusj indicating relationship to that subspecies. Specimens from San Miguel Island all have the frontopari- etd plates in contact with the enlarged supraoculars. This arrangement is found in a minority of the specimens from Santa Rosa and Santa Cruz islands. The coloration of specimens from the three islands, however, seems to be identical, and justifies one in regarding this lizard as a dis- tinct species, since intergradation in this respect with either of the mainland relatives, S. o. occidentalis and S. o. biseri- Oc. PAPERS, CAL. ACAD. Sci., VOL. X [VAN DENBURGH] PLATE 25 12. SCELOPORUS 321 atus has not been shown. This relieves us of the nomencla- tural difficulty occasioned by the fact that the squamation of this form seems to be constant on San Miguel Island, but inconstant on Santa Rosa and Santa Cruz, a fact which led me to use a trinomial for the lizards from the latter islands, while describing the San Miguel Island specimens as S. becki. Distribution. — Sceloforus becki is known only from San Miguel, Santa Rosa and Santa Cruz islands, Santa Barbara County, California. The Ana Capa Islands seem to have no lizards of this genus. Habits. — This species is common in parts of Santa Rosa and Santa Cruz islands, where its habits seem not to differ from those of S. o. Occident alls. We found it usually on the ground under bushes or clumps of cactus, on banks of earth, or on rocks. A few were seen on trees and stumps. We found it most abundant along the creek-bed on Santa Cruz Island. 64. Sceloporus jarrovii Cope YARROW'S SCALY LIZARD Plate 26 Sceloporus jarrovii COPE, Surv. W. looth Merid., Vol. V, 1875, P» 5^9, pi. XXIII, figs. 2-2c, (type locality, Southern Arizona); COPE, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., No. i, 1875, p. 48; YARROW, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., No. 24, 1883, p. 57; COPE, Proc. Amer. Philos. Soc., Vol. XXII, 1885, p. 396; COPE, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., No. 32, 1887, p. 38; VAN DENBURGH, Proc. Cal. Acad. Sci., Ser. 2, Vol. 6, 1896, p. 342; STEJNEGER, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., Vol. 25, 1892, p. 150; COPE, Report U. S. Nat. Mus. for 1898, 1900, p. 345, fig. 49; STONE, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1911, p. 227; VAN DEN- BURGH & SLEVIN, Proc. Cal. Acad. Sci., Ser. 4, Vol. 3, 1913, pp. 392, 403; STEJNEGER & BARBOUR, Check List N. Amer. Amph. Kept., 1917, p. 54. 322 3. 1GUANID& Sceloporus yarrowi COUES, Surv. W. looth Merid., Vol. V, 1875, p. 569, pi. XXII, figS. 2-2C. Sceloporus yarrowii BOULENGER, Cat. Lizards Brit. Mus., Vol. II, 1885, p. 223; GUNTHER, Biologia Centrali-Americana, Reptiles, 1890, p. 69; BOULENGER, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1897, p. 483; DITMARS, Reptile Book, 1907, p. 135. Sceloforus fleuroleps GUNTHER, Biologia Centrali-Americana, Reptiles 1890, p. 74, pi. XXXII, fig. B (type locality, Jalisco, Mexico, north of the Rio Santiago). Sceloporus torquatus^ poinsettii COPE, Report U. S. Nat. Mus. for 1898, 1900, p. 350 (part). Description. — Head and body considerably depressed. Nostril opening much nearer to end of snout than to orbit. Upper head-shields smooth, moderately large, flat or very slightly con vex -y interparietal much largest. Frontal usually divided transversely. Parietal, frontoparietal and frontal plates separated from enlarged supraoculars by a series of smooth plates or granules. Superciliaries long, wide and strongly imbricate. Middle subocular very long, narrow and strongly keeled. Rostral plate low, but very wide. Labials long and low. Below lower labials and behind large pentangular symphyseal a series of sublabial plates larger than gulars, separated from infralabials (except first) by one or two series of smaller sublabials. Gulars of moderate size, smooth, imbricate, and usually emarginate posteriorly. Ear-opening large, slightly oblique, with an anterior denticu- lation of smooth, acuminate scales, one of which usually is much wider than the others. Back with equal-sized, weakly keeled, but strongly pointed scales, arranged in nearly paral- lel longitudinal rows. Scales on sides similar to those on back but smaller, more sharply mucronate, and directed obliquely upward. No longitudinal folds, and no transverse fold across throat. Superior surfaces of limbs provided with large, keeled, strongly mucronate scales. Posterior surface of thigh covered with moderate-sized, pointed, 12. SCELOPORUS 323 keeled scales. Ventral scales much smaller than dorsals, smooth, imbricate, and usually bicuspid. Tail with irregular whorls of strongly keeled and very strongly pointed scales, much larger and rougher above than below. Femoral pores varying in number from 13 to 18 on each thigh 5 average, 15.25. Nine to 1 1 dorsal scales equaling length of shielded part of head. Number of scales in a row from interparietal plate to a line connecting posterior surfaces of thighs vary- ing from 40 to 46$ average in 50 specimens, 43. Males with enlarged postanal plates. The color above is very dark brown or black, with each scale on the body, limbs and tail marked with a central spot of green, light blue, yellow, bronze, or light brown. A black collar, about three scales wide, crosses the back of the neck from shoulder to shoulder. This black collar often is edged behind with light green, blue, yellow, or pale brown. A broad dark brown or black band extends forward along the dorsal surface of the neck from the collar to the head. This dark band often shows some light spots on single scales, and similar light spots may appear on the upper surface of the head, which usually is dark brown or black. A series of small solidly black spots may be present on the body along each side of the back. The dark median band on the neck is bordered on each side by a light green, blue or yellow longitudinal line, one or two scales wide, which runs forward from the collar to a point above the ear and in some speci- mens is continued to the eye. Below this is a black or dark brown longitudinal stripe, one or two scales wide, bordered below by a second light stripe which extends from the collar through the ear and along the upper lip. The lower sur- faces are yellowish white, usually more or less completely suffused with blue except upon the tail, although the latter also may be suffused. The center of the throat and each 324 3. IGUANID& side of the belly are deep indigo, sometimes shading to black en the chest and groin. The color in life is as follows: In an adult male, the collar is blue-black with some brilliant blue extending up from the throat near its anterior edge. The scales of the back and sides of body are outlined with black while the central portion of each scale is light, and in different lights appears white, gray, green, yellow, or irridescent bronze. The head, limbs, and tail are dark brown much relieved with malachite green. A whitish or irridescent bronze line runs back from the eye. Another runs along the upper lip to the ear. A similarly colored longitudinal bar extends forward on each side of the neck from the collar, and a band of the same tint, a scale in width, borders the collar behind except in the middorsal region. The collar is com- plete across the neck, and has a brownish continuation for- ward on the middle of the neck to the head. The chin, lower surfaces of the limbs and tail, and the center of the chest and belly are gray. The entire gular region and a stripe along each side of the belly are deep blue, the belly patches shading to malchite green laterally. Females and young are similarly but less clearly and brightly marked, particularly as regards the light centers of the scales, the intense black collar, and the blue of the in- ferior surfaces. In young specimens the predominant color is brown 5 though the characteristic collar shows in even the smallest specimens. The blue throat patch always is single. Oc. PAPERS, CAL. ACAD. Sci., VOL. X [VAN DENBURGH] PLATE 26 2 ° o 7, 12. SCELOPORUS 325 Length to anus 66 81 83 86 87 90 Length of tail 95 110 125 124 Snout to ear , , , _ 16 18 19 21 20 20 Width of head 15 16 19 18 20 «rv 20 Snout to back of ••V interparietal _ _ , . 14 16 17 18 17 17 Fore limb 28 35 36 39 37 38 Hind limb 4-2 51 53 56 54 56 Base of fifth to end of fourth toe 15 18 19 20 20 20 Distribution. — This species ranges north from Mexico into southeastern Arizona where it has been taken in Cochise (Chiricahua Mountains at Cave Creek Canyon and Paradise, Camp Rucker, Cochise Stronghold in the Dragoon Moun- tains, at 7,500 feet in Morse's Canyon near Fairbank, Fort Huachuca, Huachuca Mountains in Carr, Ramsey, Monte- zuma, Ash, and Miller canyons, and up to the summit of Miller Peak), Santa Cruz (Santa Rita Mountains in Agua Caliente Canyon, Josephine Canyon, Gardner Canyon, and up to the summit of Old Baldy, Nogales), and Pima (Santa Rita Mountains in Sawmill and Madera canyons), and per- haps Navajo (Camp Apache), counties. In Sonora, it has been collected at Pinetos Camp thirty- two miles south of Nogales. Habits. — This lizard is a mountain species and ranges from about 5,000 to 10,000 feet altitude. It is found on rocks in the oak and conifer belts. It is very common in the Huachuca Mountains ; less so in the Chiricahuas. Little is known of its habits. Dr. Stejneger describes a curious change in color which he observed in lizards of this species found "among exposed rocks at various places between 5,700 feet to 6,700 feet altitude during the first days of November, 1889. The nights were very cool and the lizards did not come out from 326 3. IGUANID& the cracks and crevices in the rocks until toward noon, when they could be found sunning themselves on the whitish rocks, against which their dark bodies formed a violent con- trast. As a matter of fact, when alive or recently killed, they were of a uniform "dead" sooty black, without the slightest trace of the white collar stripes. When picking up these black lizards with the exceedingly rough and prickly scale covering I did not doubt that I had before me an un- described species, remembering well that S. jarrovn was originally characterized as having a very smooth pholidosis. Great was my amazement, however, on returning to my quarters and unpacking my booty to find that these dull black animals had changed in the bag to a very gorgeous blue with a broad black collar most distinctly set off by white margins. I suppose the blackness was due to the cool tem- perature and that the brilliant colors are chiefly in evidence during warm weather." 65. Sceloporus torquatus poinsettii (Baird & Girard) MEXICAN SCALY LIZARD , Sceloporus poinsettii BAIRD & GIRARD, Proc. Acad. Nat. Phila., Vol. VI, 1852, p. 126 (type locality, Rio San Pedro, Texas, and Sonora Mexico); BAIRD, U. S. Mex. Bound Surv., Vol. II, 1859, Kept, p. 5, pi. 29, figs. 1-3; BOCOURT, Miss. Sci. Mex., Kept., 1874, p* 171, pi. XVII, figs. 9-90; COPE, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., No. i, 1875, p. 48; YARROW, Surv. W. looth Merid., Vol. V, 1875, p. 595; COUES, Surv. W. looth Merid., Vol. V, 1875, p. 595; YARROW & HENSHAW, Ann. Rep. Chief of Engineers for 1878, Surv. W. looth Merid., Appendix NN, 1878, p. 223; COPE, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., No. 17, 1880, p. 17; HERRICK, TERRY & HERRICK, Bull. Sci. Labor. Denison University, Vol. XI, 1899, p. 123; HERRICK, TERRY & HERRICK, Bull. Univ. New Mex., Vol. i, 1899, p. 123, pi. XV. Sceloporus torquatus var. C. BOCOURT Miss. Sci. Mex., Rept., 1874, p. 173. Sceloporus poinsetti YARROW, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., No. 24, 1883, p. 58. Sceloporus torquatus poinsettii COPE, Proc. Amer. Philos. Soc., Vol. XXII, 1885, p. 402; BOULENGER Cat. Lizards Brit. Mus., Vol. II, 1885, 12. SCELOPORUS 527 p. 220; COPE, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., No. 32, 1887, p. 37; BOULENGER, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1897, p» 95 COPE, Report U. S. Nat. Mus. for 1898, 1900, p. 350, fig. 51 (part); BROWN, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1903, p. 546; STRECKER, Baylor Bulletin, Vol. XVIII, No. 4, 1915, p. 20; STEJNEGER & BARBOUR, Check List N. Amer. Amph. Kept., 1917, p. 56. Description. — Head and body somewhat depressed. Nostril opening much nearer to end of snout than to orbit. Upper head-shields smooth, moderately large, and slightly con vex ; interparietal much largest. Frontal usually divided transversely. Parietal, frontoparietal, and frontal plates separated from enlarged supraoculars by a series of small plates or granules. Superciliaries long, and strongly im- bricate. Middle subocular very long, narrow, and strongly keeled. Rostral plate of moderate height, narrow. Labials long, low, and nearly rectangular. Below lower labials and behind large pentangular symphyseal, a series of plates larger than gulars. Latter smooth, imbricate, and emargin- ate posteriorly. Ear-opening large, slightly oblique, with an anterior denticulation of smooth, acuminate scales. Scales on back equal-sized, weakly keeled, shortly pointed, serrate, and arranged in nearly parallel longitudinal rows. Scales on sides similar to those on back, but a little smaller and directed obliquely upward. No longitudinal dermal folds, and no transverse fold across throat. Upper surfaces of limbs provided with large, strongly keeled and mucronate scales. Posterior surface of thigh with small, acuminate, keeled scales. Ventral scales much smaller than dorsals, smooth, imbricate, and often bicuspid. Tail furnished with irregular whorls of strongly keeled and pointed scales, larger and rougher above than dorsals and inferior caudals. Fem- oral pores varying in number from nine to 1 8 on each thigh ; average, 12.8. Five to 10 dorsal scales equalling length of shielded part of head. Number of scales in a row from the 328 3. IGUANIDJE interparietal plate to a line connecting posterior surfaces of thighs varying from 27 to 37; average, 29.2. Males with enlarged postanal plates. The upper surfaces are yellowish, greenish, or olive- brown, darker on the head. The back is crossed by broad, more or less definite and irregular dark bands, some seven in number on the neck and body. One of these bands is darker and more definite than the others, forming a con- tinuous black collar across the shoulders. This black collar may have light margins. The head may show transverse dark markings. The limbs are cross-barred, and the tail ringed, with dark brown. The lower surfaces are yellowish white, with a large blue patch on each side of the abdomen, sometimes bordered internally with black. There is a dark blotch in front of the thigh. The chin and throat are blue, sometimes bordered behind by a blackish extension of the collar across the throat. The chin may have blackish spots. The blue blotches may be absent in females. Length to anus 47 49 82 105 109 123 Length of tail 61 HO 123 Snout to orbit 445 89 Snout to ear 11 \\y2 19 26 22 26 Snout to back of interparietal HJ4 HJ4 17 20 23 Width of head 11 \\y2 20 27 25 30 Fore limb 21 20 36 42 45 50 Hind limb 30 29 51 70 63 67 Base of fifth to end of fourth toe 12 12 19 20 21 23 Distribution. — This lizard is common in parts of Texas and New Mexico, and ranges thence south into Mexico, and west into Arizona. Arizona records are few and are in part based upon specimens of other species (as S. jarrovif). Dr. Stejneger informs me that the National Museum has specimens collected by H. W. Henshaw in 1 874, labeled 12. SCELOPORUS 329 (No. 8610) Santa Rita Mission,* and by F. Bishoff (No. 8150) labeled Arizona. The specimen figured by Cope (No. 2920) was collected by Dr. Kennerly, "between Los Nogales and Rio Grande." The National Museum also has this lizard labeled "Sonora." Among some 5,000 reptiles collected by us in Arizona are no specimens of this lizard. Habits. — Cope states that this lizard, in Texas, is ex- clusively a dweller on rocks. It has been recorded from an altitude of 6500 feet in New Mexico, where it is said to be shy and restricted to rocky places. 66. Sceloporus magister Hallowell DESERT SCALY LIZARD Plate 27 9 Sceloporus magister HALLOWELL, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., Vol. VII. 1854, p. 93 (type locality, Yuma, Arizona); HALLOWELL, Rep. Pac R. R. Surv., Vol. X, 1859, p. 5; HEERMANN, Rep. Pac. R. R. Surv/ Vol. X, 1859, p. 24; COOPER, Proc. Cal. Acad. Sci., Vol. IV, 1870] p. 66; STEJNEGER, N. Amer. Fauna, No. 7, 1893, p. 178, pi. I, figs 2a-2c; VAN DENBURGH, Proc. Cal. Acad. Sci., Ser. 2, Vol. 6, 1896* p. 341; VAN DENBURGH, Occas. Papers Cal. Acad. Sci., V, 1897' p. 84; HERRICK, TERRY & HERRICK, Bull. Sci. Lab. Denison Univ/ Vol. XI, 1899, p. 125; HERRICK, TERRY & HERRICK, Bull. Univ' New Mexico, Vol. I, 1899, p. 125, pi. XVI, figs. 9-11; McLAiN* Critical Notes, 1899, p. 8; MEEK, Field Columbian Mus. Nat. Hist.' Zool. Ser., Vol. VII, No. i, 1906, p. 10; RUTHVEN, Bull. Amer* Mus. Nat. Hist., Vol. XXIII, 1907, p. 532; GRINNELL & GRINNELL' Throop Inst. Bulletin, No. XXXV, 1907, p. 55; GRINNELL, Univ' Cal. Publs. Zool., Vol. 5, No. i, 1908, p. 162; STONE, Proc. Acad' Nat. Sci. Phila., 1911, p. 227; VAN DENBURGH, Proc. Cal. Acad* Sci. Ser. 4, Vol. 3, 1912, pp. 148, 153; VAN DENBURGH & SLEVIN* Proc. Cal. Acad. Sci., Ser. 4, Vol. 3, 1913, pp. 392, 404; ATSATT Univ. Cal. Publs. Zool., Vol. 12, No. 3, 1913, p. 37; RICHARDSON' *Yarrow & Henshaw, 1878, give the locality as Santa Rita Mountains, Arizona. 330 3. IGUANIDJE Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., Vol. 48, 1915, p. 418; VAN DENBURGH & SLEVIN, Proc. Cal. Acad. Sci., Ser. 4, Vol. 5, No. 4, 1915, p. 100; CAMP, Univ. Cal. Publs. Zool., Vol. 12, No. 17, 1916, p. 526; GRIN- NELL & CAMP, Univ. Cal. Publs. Zool., Vol. 17, No. 10, 1917, p. 162; STEJNEGER & BARBOUR, Check List N. Amer. Amph. Kept., I9I7J P- 55; COWLES, Journ. Entomol. & Zool., Pomona College, Vol. XII, No. 3, 1920, p. 65; STEPHENS, Trans. San Diego Soc. Nat. Hist., Vol. Ill, No. 4, 1921, p. 62; VAN DENBURGH & SLEVIN, Proc. Cal. Acad. Sci., Ser. 4, Vol. XI, 1921, pp. 28, 34, 51. Sceloporus clarkii clarkii COPE, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., No. I, 1875, P- 40 (part); YARROW, Su'rv. W. looth Merid., Vol. V, 1875, p. 575, (part). Sceloporus clarki clarki COUES, Surv. W. looth Merid., Vol. V, 1875, p. 594 (part); YARROW, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., No. 24, 1883, pp. n, 63 (part). Sceloporus spinosus clarkii BOULENGER, Cat. Lizards Brit. Mus., Vol. II, 1885, p. 227 (part). Sceloporus spnosus GUNTHER, Biologia Central i-Americana, Reptiles, 1890, p. 63, (part). Sceloporus clarkii YARROW & HENSHAW, Ann. Report Chief of Engi- neers for 1878, Surv. W. looth Merid., Appendix NN, 1878, p. 223 : STEJNEGER, N. Amer. Fauna, No. 3, 1890, p. no; COPE, Amer* Naturalist, Vol. XXX, 1896, p. 1014 (part), COPE, Report U. S* Nat. Mus. for 1898, 1900, p. 358 (part); DITMARS, Reptile Book* 1907, p. 128, pi. XLIII, fig. 3 (part). Sceloporus spinosus magister BOULENGER, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1897, p. 496. Description. — Head and body little depressed. Nasal opening slightly nearer to end of snout than to orbit. Upper head-plates smooth, often a little convex, and usually slightly imbricate j interparietal largest. Frontal divided transversely. Parietal and (usually) frontoparietal plates not separated from large supraoculars. Latter very broad, as are also the strongly imbricate superciliaries. Middle subocular very long, narrow and strongly keeled. Rostral plate wider than high. Labials long but very low, inferior larger than superior. Symphyseal large, and followed by several plates larger than gulars and separated from lower 12. SCELOPORUS 331 labials by from one to three rows of narrow sublabials. Gular region with scales smooth, flat, bicuspid, and strongly imbricate, as also belly. Ear-opening large, nearly vertical, and protected by a series of very long acuminate scales. Back with equal-sized, rather weakly keeled, but strongly pointed, scales arranged in nearly parallel longitudinal rows. Scales of sides pointed obliquely upward, and changing gradually from carinate dorsals to smaller smooth ventrals. No longitudinal dermal folds. Upper surfaces of limbs provided with strongly keeled and pointed scales. Scales on posterior surface of thigh large, acuminate, strongly keeled and pointed. Upper caudal scales similar to dorsals, but having longer points. Femoral pores varying in number from 1 1 to 16 on each thigh, and averaging, 12.61. Five to 10 dor- sal scales equaling length of shielded part of head. Num- ber of scales in a row from interparietal plate to a line con- necting posterior surfaces of thighs varying from 29 to 35 j average in 30 specimens, 31.2. Males with enlarged postanal plates. The back is gray, yellow, brown, olive, or copper color. In adult males this ground color is without any very distinct markings or with a very broad (four or five scales), longi- tudinal, dark brown band along the neck and anterior half of the body. Occasionally, this brown dorsal band is con- tinued to the tail. There is no mid-dorsal longitudinal light streak, but the dorso-lateral scales may appear as a stripe lighter than the lateral and mid-dorsal regions. The sides are variously marbled with blue, gray, olive, yellow, orange, and dark brown, without any tendency to form dark lines parallel to keels of the scales. There is a, large black blotch or collar in front of the shoulder, and sometimes a black or brown blotch in front of the thigh. The head is brown or yellowish olive above, usually more or less clouded above with dark brown or with faint indications of dark 332 3. IGUANIDM lines along the edges of the plates. Two narrow, dark lines often may be seen running from the eye and the lip to the upper and lower edges of the ear-opening. In highly colored males the throat has a central patch of bright blue which gradually fades out anteriorly and changes to black posteriorly. Often many of the blue gular scales are narrowly edged with very dark indigo or black. The belly may have lateral patches of deep blue more or less replaced by, or bordered internally with, black, or may be entirely washed with blue and black. Often there is little or no cen- tral streak of yellowish white, but a central stripe, as well as the chest and the lower surfaces of the limbs and tail may be yellowish white or more or less suffused with blue, brown, or gray. Females and young are less brightly colored. They are more distinctly blotched, above and laterally, with brown, and the lower surfaces are yellowish white often more or less clouded with blue or gray. The brown blotches in females may form distinct dorsal and lateral series or may be united to form cross-bars. Ruthven describes the coloration of specimens from Tuc- son, as follows: "The color is variable, and the pattern not well defined. The head above is usually mottled with dark brown and yellow or light brown. A narrow brown line extends along the infraorbital scutes from the canthus ros- tralis, and is continued on the neck to the shoulder. A similar line parallel to this one extends from the supralabi- als also to the shoulder. On the nape there are usually indi- cations of narrow V-shaped bands. These are rarely dis- tinct with the exception of the posterior one, which forms a narrow black collar that usually terminates on the side of the neck. "On either side of the back, about five rows of scales apart and two rows wide, are two longitudinal light bands that are usually some shade of yellow, and may be either Oc. PAPERS, CAL. ACAD. Sci., VOL. X [VAN DENBURGH] PLATE 27 £2 O OJ of > ill 53s "> <-. o « g "2 o 5 aJ 12. SCELOPORUS 333 quite distinct or obscure. On either side of each light stripe is a row of indefinite dark brown or black spots, the middle two of which may unite to form transverse bands across the back. The scales not included in the stripes or spots are usually yellow and brown, but there are often on the back and sides many blue scales, and these may be numerous enough to form blotches or a solid, broad, blue band between the stripes, and to give a bluish cast to the sides. This tend- ency is most conspicuous in male specimens. Again all or most of the scales on the back, sides, and neck may be margined with orange or red, giving an orange appearance to the body. The tail is usually rather distinctly banded above with light brown, and dark brown or black. The scales on the limbs are mostly yellow with brown lateral margins which connect with those of adjacent scales, giving the appearance of narrow longitudinal stripes. "In old males the pattern above may be nearly obsolete, and the color very dark, the scales being blue black and dark brown. When the skin is being shed the color is uni- formly yellowish. "The under surface in females and young specimens is usually light yellow. In the males there is generally a narrow central band of white or yellow but on either side of this are two large blotches of bright metallic blue, occasion- ally with interspersed scales of bright yellow. The in- dividual scales in the blue areas are generally narrowly margined with black. Tail and ventral surface of limbs bluish white. A bright blue spot on the gular region, that may extend over the entire throat, but usually becomes lighter on the anterior part. In nearly all of the specimens the black collar is continued across the throat by black edgings to the scales." 334 3. IGUAN1DJE Length to anus 50 68 88 106 109 120 Length of tail 67 99 112 149 158 Snout to ear 12 16 20 24 25 26 Width of head 10 14 16 24 25 27 Snout to back of interparietal 11 15 17 20 20 23 Fore limb 28 31 42 45 53 52 Hind limb 35 49 58 68 72 78 Base of fifth to end of fourth toe 14 19 23 25 28 28 Remarks. — S. magister occurs in parts of Arizona with S. clarkii. These two species were long confused, but may usually be distinguished readily by the shape of the scales of the ear-denticulation and by the coloration. S. magister is very closely related to both S. zoj- teromus and S. rufidorsum, of Lower California, from which it seems to differ in little but coloration and the num- ber of femoral pores. S. magister lacks the parallel, dark lines seen on the sides of S. zosteromus, and the mid-dorsal light stripe of S. rufidorsum. It often has a dark brown dorsal band not developed in those species, and seems in general to be less brilliantly colored. These remarks apply to adult males, the females and young being perhaps indis- tinguishable. S. magister sometimes attains great size. Ruthven men- tions one with a total length of 285 mm., 140 mm. to vent, with girth 125 mm. Distribution. — The Desert Scaly Lizard is nearly con- fined to the desert regions of Arizona, western New Mexico, southwestern Utah, southern and western Nevada, southern California, Sonora, and northwestern Lower California. In Arizona, it has been secured in Pima (Tucson, Fort Lowell, Santa Cruz River, Catalina Mountains, Roeble's Ranch near Coyote Springs), Maricopa (Tempe, Phoenix, 12. SCELOPORUS 335 Cave Creek, Paradise Valley), Yuma (Yuma, Colorado River five miles north from Laguna, Tinaja Alta, Parker), Mohave (mouth of Beaverdam Creek, Fort Mohave), and Coconino (Grand Canyon), counties. In Utah, it has been found in Washington County, near St. George and in Diamond Valley 10 miles north of St. George, at Bellevue, and near Rockville and Springdale. In Nevada, it is known to occur in Clark (Callville, Vegas Valley, Pahrump Valley, Bunkerville, Indian Spring Valley), Lincoln (Pahranagat Valley, Pahranagat Moun- tains, Caliente), Nye (Ash Meadows, Rhyolite), Esmeralda (Grapevine Mountains, Columbus), Churchill (Fallen), and Washoe (Wadsworth, Derby, The Willows, Pyramid Lake at Indian Agency, Sutcliffe, Anaho Island, Pyramids at north end of lake), counties. In California, it has been collected in Inyo (Panamint Mountains at Cotton wood Canyon, Coal Kilns and at 3800 feet on Willow Creek, Emigrant Canyon, Shepherd Canyon, Argus Range, Lone Pine, Owens Valley, Little Lake, Inyo Mountains at Mazourka Canyon), Kern (Walker Pass, Kern River at Bodfish, Onyx, Weldon, Mohave), Fresno (Los Gatos Canyon six miles northwest from Coalinga, Coalinga), San Bernardino (Lone Willow Spring, Pilot Knob, Mohave Desert near base of the Granite Mountains, Lane's Mill, Barstow, Ludlow, Needles, Turtle Mountains, Hesperia, Victorville, Warren's Wells, Cushenbury Springs, Box-S. Springs at north base of the San Bernardino Moun- tains), Los Angeles (Manzana, Antelope Valley, Pallett, Fairmont), Riverside (Cabazon at 1700 feet, Dos Palmos Spring at 3000 feet, San Bernardino Mountains east from Coachella, Mecca, 35 miles east from Mecca, Cottonwood Springs), San Diego (Warner Pass, La Puerta, Jacumba), and Imperial (Holtville, New River, Silsbee, Colorado 336 3. IGUANID& River near Pilot Knob, Hanlon's Ranch, Fort Yuma, Yuma Indian Reservation), counties. In Lower California, it doubtless is restricted to the ex- treme northeastern corner of the peninsula, where it has been secured at Gardner's Laguna. It has been taken also on Tiburon Island, Sonora, Mex- ico. Habits. — This large lizard is rarely seen on the open desert, preferring the shelter of yuccas, mesquites, cotton- woods and willows, about which it climbs with great agility. It also is found in thickets, piles of rocks, earth banks, rail- road culverts, old houses, on boulders, on the ground under bushes, in caves, and occasionally even appears on bare hill- sides. It is an adept climber and ascends to the tops of tall bushes with great ease (Richardson). When approached while on trees it dodges around to the opposite side of the trunk or limb. If closely pressed it retreats to some place of refuge such as a hole in the ground, a pile of rocks, or the tuft of bayonet-like leaves at the end of a yucca stem from whose remote depths no amount of poking or jarring will induce it to leave (Grinnell & Grinnell). As it runs from bush to bush Sceloforus magister lifts its tail above the level of its body in much the same manner as CalUsaurus (Richardson). It sometimes is seen, basking on rocks in company with Sceloporus occidental}* biseriatus. Regarding its habits as observed near Tucson, Ruthven writes: "It is very wary and rather difficult to secure as it does not run about on the desert as do the Crotaphyti and Cnemidophori but resides in the bushes. Individuals were occasionally observed in Mesquite or Creosote bushes, and more often beneath the Crucifixion thorn, but it evidently prefers the tall branching Opuntias, especially the larger ones. Here it may be seen very commonly on the trunks, 12. SCELOPORUS 337 upon the highest branches or in the nests of the wood rats which are constructed of the detached branches of these shrubs on the ground beneath. If the bushes are approached at a good pace the chances are that no lizards will be seen, for when frightened they scramble swiftly down the stems and into a hole, if there is time, or if not, flatten themselves out against the trunk of the shrub or among the dead branches on the ground. In such cases they do not give them- selves away by the teetering movement so characteristic of many lizards, and their extraordinary resemblance to the trunk or a lobe of an Opuntia makes them very difficult to discern. Many times I have seen an individual scuttle down the trunk of one of these cacti but on carefully approaching the bush would be unable to distinguish it, although it would be in full view. Only the great development of the scales in these lizards would protect them from the needlelike spines of the Opuntias, and permit of their moving about upon them with such facility. "In regard to its food habits Dr. Merriam remarks that in the Great Basin region 'Sceloporus magister is a mixed feeder, both insects and flowers being found in the stomachs examined. At the Great Bend of the Colorado, Nevada, and St. George, Utah, stomachs were opened that contained insects only.' The stomach contents of the Tucson speci- mens consist almost entirely of insects. A small amount of vegetable matter is present in some of them, but this is in the form of small, dried fragments that were probably taken up with the animal food. Ants make up the great bulk of the contents of these stomachs, and every one examined contained great numbers of these insects. A few beetles are also present, but they make up a very small proportion of the total contents. The stomach of one lizard that was taken under a Crucifixon thorn bush was distended with scores of winged ants. 338 3. IGUANID& "These lizards are preyed upon by Crotaphytus wislizenii as shown by an examination of the stomach contents of the latter. They are doubtless also eaten by the Road Runner which is often observed in the Opuntias. The old individu- als in our collection are nearly all maimed, having lost a part of their tail, a varying number of toes, or both." Mr. Camp states: "A large orthopterous insect, somewhat chewed, a fly, a beetle, and several other insects were found in one stomach. Another stomach contained a grasshopper, a beetle, a lepidopterous insect, several small red ants, and some pebbles. A third contained a caterpillar, five Coleop- tera, one hemipter, three small red ants, the fruit and green leaves of a small plant (identity uncertain) and a few dry leaves (perhaps taken accidentally)." 67. Sceloporus rufidorsum Yarrow BELDING'S SCALY LIZARD Sceloporus rufidorsum YARROW, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., Vol. V, 1882, p. 442 (part), (type locality, San Quintin Bay, [Lower] Calif- ornia); YARROW, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., No. 24, 1883, p. 64 (part?); BELDING, West. Amer. Scientist, Vol. Ill, No. 24, 1887, p. 98 (part); VAN DENBURGH & SLEVIN, Proc. Cal. Acad. Sci., Ser. 4, Vol. XI, 1921, pp. 51, 60. Sceloporus clarki clarki YARROW, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., No. 24, 1883, p. 63 (part); BELDING, West Amer. Scientist, Vol. Ill, No. 24, 1887, p. 99; COPE, Report U. S. Nat. Mus. for 1898, 1900, p. 361 (part?). Sceloporus zostfromus VAN DENBURGH, Proc. Cal. Acad. Sci., Ser. 2, Vol. 5, 1895, p. 108 (part); VAN DENBURGH, Proc. Cal. Acad. Sci., Ser. 2, Vol. 5, 1896, p. 1004; MOCQUARD, Nouv. Arch Mus. Hist. Nat. Paris, Ser. 4, Vol. I, 1899, p. 313 (part); COPE, Report U. S. Nat. Mus. for 1898, 1900, p. 356 (part); VAN DENBURGH, Proc. Cal. Acad. Sci., Ser. 3, Zool., Vol. 4, No. I, 1905, p. 23; MEEK, Field Columbian Mus. Nat. Hist., Zool. Ser., Vol. VII, No. I, 1906, p. ii; VAN DENBURGH & SLEVIN, Proc. Cal. Acad. Sci., Ser. 4, Vol. 4, 1914, p. 144; STEJNEGER & BARBOUR, Check List N. Amer. Amph. Rept., 1917, p. 57 (part). 12. SCELOPORUS 339 Description. — Head and body little depressed. Nasal opening a little nearer to end of snout than to orbit. Upper head plates smooth, often a little convex, sometimes slightly imbricate ; interparietal largest. Frontal divided trans- versely. Parietal and frontoparietal plates not separated from large, broad supraoculars. Superciliaries strongly im- bricate. Middle subocular very long, narrow, and strongly keeled. Rostral plate wider than high. Labials long but very low, inferior a little larger than superior. Symphy- seal large, followed by several plates larger than the gulars and separated from lower labials by from one to three rows of narrow sublabials. Gular region with scales smooth, flat, bicuspid, and strongly imbricate, as are also scales on belly. Ear-opening large, nearly vertical, and protected by a series of very long, acuminate scales. Dorsal scales large, equal in size or larger centrally, rather weakly keeled, but strongly mucronate, arranged in nearly parallel longitudinal rows. Scales on sides pointed obliquely upward and back- ward, and changing gradually from carinate dorsals to smaller smooth ventrals. No longitudinal dermal folds. Upper surfaces of limbs provided with strongly keeled and pointed scales. Scales on posterior surface of thigh large, acuminate, strongly keeled and pointed. Upper caudal scales similar to dorsals, but with longer points. Femoral pores varying in number from 15 to 18 on each thigh ; average in 48 thighs, 16.56. Five or six dorsal scales in adults equaling shielded part of head. Number of scales in a row from interparietal plate to a line connecting pos- terior surfaces of thighs varying from 27 to 31 j average in 24 specimens, 29.04. Males with enlarged postanal plates. The color above, in adult males is yellowish brown or olive the mid-dorsal region being paler and showing a longitudinal band of light yellowish or reddish brown, one or two scales wide, with rather indefinite outlines. This 34-0 3. IGUANIDJE band extends about from the shoulders to the root of the tail. Along the dorso-lateral region from the neck to the base of the tail, on about the third or fourth row of scales from the mid-dorsal line is a more or less definite longitudi- nal light stripe of pale greenish yellow, most distinct on the neck. The sides are variously marbled and clouded with dark brown, blue, greenish yellow, and black, without any very evident tendency to form narrow dark lines parallel to the keels of the scales, such as are seen in S. zosteromus. There is a large black blotch in front of the shoulder, usually edged with greenish yellow. The upper surface of the tail is light yellowish or brownish olive, often with rather indefi- nite dark brown cross-bands. The lower surfaces of the body, arm, and thigh are black, more or less marbled with deep blue, a portion of the center of the belly and chest being yellowish or bluish white. The central gular region is black or very deep indigo, with paler blue streaks along the centers of the scales. The lower surface of the tail is yellowish white, sometimes more or less clouded with grayish brown. Adult females are colored like the males above, but have much less blue and but little black below. Length to anus . 103 104 122 23 24 115 145 24 22 120 146 26 24 128 155 27 27 130 29 28 Length of tail- 131 Snout to ear, ... „..„ . 25 Width of head_._ - 25 Snout to back of interparietal 20 19 20 21 22 23 Fore limb 50 45 51 49 52 54 Hind limb 74 69 76 76 81 85 Base of fifth to end of fourth toe 28 25 29 29 28 29 Remarks. — Specimens from Cerros Island agree per- fectly in coloration with a large series from Ensenada. These specimens differ from S. zosteromus in having mid- 12. SCELOPORUS 341 dorsal and dorso-lateral longitudinal light stripes, and in lacking the parallel dark lines which are present on the lateral scales of that species. S. magister lacks the mid- dorsal light stripe of S. rufidorsum, and often has a broad dark brown dorsal band not found in the present species. I have been unable to find any differences in squamation, but the femoral pores average fewer( 16.56) than in S. zosteromus (18.46) and more than in S. magister (12.61). Many of the specimens are as large as the largest S. magister. Dr. Yarrow, in the original description, stated that the type came from San Quentin Bay, California, meaning Lower California. At the same time he recorded other specimens from Cerros Island and from La Paz. Those from the last locality are, of course, S. zosteromus. A year later Yarrow recorded all these specimens as from La Paz, but there is no doubt that the specimens were collected where first stated. Distribution. — This lizard is known from the western part of Lower California from latitude 32 degrees to 30 degrees, where it has been taken at Ensenada, San Jose, San Telmo, foothills of San Pedro Martin Mountain, Matomi, San Fernando, San Rafael, Socorro, Rosarito, San Quintin, San Quintin Bay, and Cerros Island. Specimens from San Ignacio and Mulege, recorded by Mocquard, may belong to this species rather than to S. zosteromus. I have examined specimens from Las Animas Bay, San Nicolas Bay and Puerto Escondido, on the eastern coast of the peninsula. 342 3. IGUANID& 68. Sceloporus monserratensis Van Denburgh and Slevin MONSERRATE ISLAND SCALY LlZARD Sceloporus monserratensis VAN DENBURGH & SLEVIN, Proc. Cal. Acad. Sci., Ser. 4, Vol. XI, No. 17, 1921, p. 396 (type locality, Monserrate Island, Gulf of California, Mexico). Description. — Head and body little depressed. Nasal opening slightly nearer to end of snout than to orbit. Upper head-plates smooth, often a little convex, and sometimes slightly imbricate -y interparietal largest. Frontal divided transversely. Parietal and frontoparietal plates not separ- ated from large supraoculars. Latter very broad. Super- ciliaries strongly imbricate. Middle subocular very long, narrow, and strongly keeled. Rostral plate wider than high. Labials long but very low, inferior a little larger than super- ior. Symphyseal large, followed by several plates larger than gulars and separated from lower labials by one to three rows of narrow sublabials. Gular region with scales smooth, bicuspid, and strongly imbricate, as are also scales on belly. Ear-opening large, nearly vertical, and protected by a series of very long, acuminate scales. Dorsal scales large, equal in size or larger centrally, rather weakly or strongly keeled, but strongly mucronate, arranged in nearly parallel longitudinal rows. Scales of sides pointed obliquely upward, and changing gradually from carinate dorsals to smaller smooth ventrals. No longitudinal dermal folds. Upper surfaces of limbs provided with strongly keeled and pointed scales. Scales on posterior surface of thigh large, acuminate, strongly keeled and pointed. Upper caudal scales similar to dorsals, but often having longer points. Femoral pores varying in number from 18 to 22 on each thigh 5 average in 48 thighs, 19.7. Five or six dorsal scales in adults equaling length of shielded part of head. Num- 12. SCELOPORUS 343 her of scales in a row from interparietal plate to a line con- necting posterior surfaces of thighs varying from 27 to 32 5 average in 23 specimens, 29.2. Males with enlarged post- anal plates. The color above, in adult males, is yellowish brown, be- coming grayer on the hind limbs and base of the tail. Many of the scales on the back are marked with grayish blue in varying amount. The scales on the base of the tail and on the hind limbs often are spotted with gray or bluish gray. Some specimens have some scales of these regions marked with dark brown. There is a longitudinal light streak along the middle of the back, but no evident dorsolateral longitudi- nal light band. The sides of the body are bluish gray with more or less parallel, very distinct, narrow dark lines run- ning in the direction of the keels of the lateral scales. These lines are formed by from one to three dark brown lines on each scale. The central area of each lateral scale is bluish or yellowish gray. The top of the head is brown- ish olive, usually without markings. There is a large black blotch or collar in front of the shoulder, edged behind, and sometimes in front, with pale blue of grayish yellow. The anterior and ventral surfaces of the thigh and side of the body are more or less black, and may be connected with the shoulder patch by a black streak along the belly just external to the median longitudinal stripe of yellowish white. This black ventral area is more or less tinted with, replaced by, or externally edged with, intense blue. The chest may be yellowish white, or more or less clouded with blue or black. The central gular region is blackish indigo. The upper sur- faces of the limbs are brown or olive, usually with longitudi- nal dark and light streaks. The tail sometimes is in- definitely cross-barred above with brown and light brown or gray. Females and some young males are much less brightly 344 3. 1GUANIDJE colored, have more evident dorsal dark spots and dorsal and dorsolateral light bands, and lack the narrow, parallel, dark lateral lines. Length to anus . . 85 92 98 103 105 106 Length of tail . 134 138 142 160 Snout to ear 20 21 23 24 25 24 Width of head 18 20 21 23 24 21 Snout to back of interparietal 16 18 19 20 20 19 Fore limb _ - 46 43 46 45 49 48 Hind limb _ 71 69 78 75 79 76 Base of fifth to end of x fourth toe 29 27J^ 30 27 29 29 Distribution. — Monserrate Island, Gulf of California, Mexico. Remarks. — This large lizard is closely related to S. zos- teromuSy S. rufidorsumy and S. lineatulus. It has a greater average of femoral pores (19.7) than any of those species, ( 1 8.54, 1 6.56, 1 8.4). Adult males have a dorsal light band as in S. rufidorsum, but resemble the other two species in the absence of a dorsolateral light band and the presence of parallel dark lines on the lateral scales. It differs from all three of the other species in the bluish gray coloring on the back and sides. Habits. — This lizard is fairly common on the ground in the brushy dry washes. One was found out at night while hunting with a lantern. 12. SCELOPORUS 345 69. Sceloporus lineatulus Dickerson SANTA CATALINA ISLAND SCALY LIZARD Sceloporus lineatulus DICKERSON, Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., Vol. XLI, 1919, p. 467 (type locality, Santa Catalina Island, Gulf of California, Mexico); NELSON, Mem. Nat. Acad. Sci., Vol. XVI, 1921, pp. 114, 115, 171. Description. — Head and body little depressed. Nasal opening slightly nearer to end of snout than to orbit. Upper head plates smooth, often a little convex, and sometimes slightly imbricate 5 interparietal largest. Frontal divided traversely. Parietal and f rontoparietal plates not separated from large supraoculars. Latter very broad. Superciliaries strongly imbricate. Middle subocular very long, narrow, and strongly keeled. Rostral plate wider than high. La- bials long but very low, inferior a little larger than superior. Symphyseal large, followed by several plates larger than gulars and separated from lower labials by from one to three rows of narrow sublabials. Gular region with scales smooth, bicuspid or tricuspid, and strongly imbricate, as are also scales on belly. Ear-opening large, nearly vertical, and protected by a series of very long, acuminate scales. Dorsal scales large, equal in size or larger centrally, rather weakly or strongly keeled, but strongly mucronate and ser- rate arranged in nearly parallel longitudinal rows. Scales of sides pointed obliquely upward, and changing gradually from carinate dorsals to smaller smooth ventrals. No longitudinal dermal folds. Upper surfaces of limbs pro- vided with strongly keeled and pointed scales. Scales on posterior surface of thigh large, acuminate, strongly keeled and pointed. Upper caudal scales similar to dorsals, but often having longer points. Femoral pores varying in num- ber from 16 to 20 on each thigh ; average in 18 thighs, 18.4. Five or six dorsal scales in adults equaling length of 34-6 3. IGVANIDM shielded part of head. Number of scales in a row from interparietal plate to a line connecting posterior surfaces of thighs varying from 28 to 31 j average in nine specimens, 29.5. Males with enlarged postanal plates. The color above, in adult males, is yellowish brown, becoming browner on the hind limbs and base of the tail. A few of the scales on the back are marked with greenish blue in varying amount. The scales on the base of the tail are not spotted but those on the hind limbs often are marked centrally with yellowish or bluish gray. The scales on the base of the tail usually are edged with yellow. There is no well developed longitudinal light streak along the middle of the back but this region is lighter than the rest of the body. There is no dorsolateral longitudinal light band, even on the neck. The sides of the body are bluish or grayish with more or less parallel narrow dark lines running in the direc- tion of the keels of the lateral scales. These lines are formed by from one to three dark brown or blackish lines on each .scale. The central area of each lateral scale is bluish or grayish. The top of the head is brownish olive, usually without markings. There is a large black blotch or collar in front of the shoulder, sometimes indistinctly edged behind and in front with pale blue or greenish yellow. There is a similar but smaller black blotch on the anterior and ven- tral surfaces of the thigh and side of the body. These two black blotches may be connected by a black streak along the belly just external to a median longitudinal stripe of yellow- ish white, but in most specimens the entire median portion of the belly is black. This black ventral area extends for- ward onto the chest, where it is more or less tinted with, or replaced by, spots of greenish blue. The central gular region is blackish indigo, while on the chin and anterior gular region the scales are lighter indigo with lighter blue centers which may form parallel longitudinal blue lines 12. SCELOPORUS 347 separated by darker ones. The upper surfaces of the limbs are yellowish brown or olive, usually with longitudinal dark and light streaks. The tail rarely is faintly cross-barred above with brown. Females and young males are similarly colored, and do not have more evident dorsal dark spots or light dorso- lateral lines. Length to anus 82 88 103 105 105 115 Length of tail 130 136 14-7 Snout to car 19 20 23 24- 25 26 Width of head 17 18 22 24 25 26 Snout to back of interparietal \7l/2 18 19J4 20 21 22 Fore limb 4-0 4-0 4-6 47 45 51 Hind limb 64 61 74 68 77 76 Base of fifth to end of fourth toe 25 23 27 23 27 27 Distribution. — Santa Catalina Island, Gulf of California, Mexico. Remarks. — This species resembles S. zosteromus more closely than it does S. rufidorsum and S. monserratensis, to all of which it is closely allied. Its femoral pores average the same in number as in S. zosteromus, and, like that species, adult males have no distinct dorsal or dorsolateral light streaks. It shares with S. zosteromus and S. monserratensis the more or less parallel dark streaks on the lateral scales which are absent in S. rufidorsum. It has not the numerous light blue dorsal spots of S. monserratensis. Habits. — Like its immediate relatives, this species lives on the ground in brushy situations. 348 3. IGUANID& 70. Sceloporus zosteromus Cope SAN LUCAN SCALY LIZARD Sceloporus zosteromus COPE, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1863, p. 105 (type locality, Cape St. Lucas, Lower California, Mexico); COPE, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1866, p. 213; COPE, Proc. Amer. Philos. Soc., XXII, 1885, pp. 395, 399; BOULENGER, Cat. Lizards Brit. Mus., Vol. II, 1885, p. 225; COPE, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., No. 32, 1 887, p. 37; COPE, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 1889, p. 147; STEJNEGER, N. Amer. Fauna, No. 7, 1893, p. 178, pi. I, fig. 3; VAN DENBURGH, Proc. Cal. Acad. Sci., Ser. 2, Vol. 5, 1895, p. 108 (part); BOULENGER, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1897, p. 498 (part); MOCQUARD, Nouv. Arch. Mus. Hist. Nat. Paris, Ser. 4, Vol. I, 1899, p. 313 (part); COPE, Report U. S. Nat. Mus. for 1898, 1900, p. 356, fig. 53; VAN DENBURGH, Proc. Cal. Acad. Sci., Ser. 3, Zool., Vol. 4, No. i, 1905, pp. 25, 26; DITMARS, Reptile Book, 1907, p. 133; VAN DEN- BURGH & SLEVIN, Prcc. Cal. Acad. Sci., Ser. 4, Vol. 4, 1914, pp. 145, 148; STEJNEGER & BARBOUR, Check List N. Amer. Amph. Rept., 1917, p. 57; VAN DENBURGH & SLEVIN, Proc. Cal. Acad. Sci., Ser. 4, Vol. XI, 1921, pp. 51, 60; NELSON, Mem. Nat. Acad. Sci., Vol. XVI, 1921, pp. 114, 115; TERRON, Mem. y Rev. Soc. Cient. Antonio Alzate, Vol. 39, 1921, pp. 165, 167. Sceloporus clarkii zosteromus COPE, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., No. i, 1875, pp. 49, 93; COUES, Surv. W. looth Merid., Vol. V, 1875, p. 595; LOCKINGTON, Amer. Naturalist, 1880, p. 295; YARROW, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., No. 24, 1883, p. 64; GARMAN, Bull. Essex Inst., Vol. XVI, No. i, 1884, p. 17; BELDING, West Amer. Scientist, Vol. Ill, No. 24, 1887, p. 98. Sceloporus consobrinus YARROW, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., No. 24, 1883, p. 6 1 (part); BELDING, West Amer. Scientist, Vol. Ill, No. 24, 1887, p. 98. Sceloporus rufidorsum YARROW, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., Vol. 5, 1882, p. 442 (part); YARROW Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., No. 24, 1883, p. 64 (part); BELDING, West Amer. Scientist, Vol. Ill, No. 24, 1887, p. 96; TOWNSEND, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., Vol. XIII, 1890, p. 144. ? Sceloporus clarkii TERRON, Mem. y Rev. Soc. Cient. Antonio Alzate, Vol. 39, 1921, pp. 165, 167. Description. — Head and body little depressed. Nasal opening slightly nearer to end of snout than to orbit. Upper head-plates smooth, often a little convex, and sometimes 12. SCELOPORUS 349 slightly imbricate 5 interparietal largest. Frontal divided transversely. Parietal and (usually) frontoparietal plates not separated from large supraoculars. Latter very broad. Superciliaries strongly imbricate. Middle subocular very long, narrow, and strongly keeled. Rostral plate wider than high. Labials long but very low, inferior a little larger than superior. Symphyseal large, followed by several plates larger than gulars and separated from lower labials by from one to three rows of narrow sublabials. Gular region with scales smooth, flat, bicuspid, and strongly im- bricate, as are also scales on belly. Ear-opening large, nearly vertical, and protected by a series of very long, acumi- nate scales. Dorsal scales large, equal in size or larger cen- trally, smooth or rather weakly keeled near their bases, but strongly keeled and pointed distally, arranged in nearly par- allel longitudinal rows. Scales of sides pointed obliquely upward, and changing gradually from carinate dorsals to smaller smooth ventrals. No longitudinal dermal folds. Upper surfaces of limbs provided with strongly keeled and pointed scales. Scales on posterior surface of thigh large, acuminate, strongly keeled and pointed. Upper caudal scales; similar to dorsals, but having longer points. Femoral pores varying in number from 16 to 22 on each thigh; average in 98 thighs, 18.54. Five or six dorsal scales in adults equaling length of shielded part of head. Number cf scales in a row from interparietal plate to a line connect- ing posterior surfaces of thighs varying from 26 to 32; average in 53 specimens, 29. Males with enlarged postanal plates. The color above, in adult males, is yellowish brown, be- coming yellower on the hind limbs and base of the tail. Many of the scales on the back are marked with greenish blue in varying amount. The scales on the base of the tail and on the hind limbs often are spotted with bright yellow. 350 3. IGUANID& Some specimens have some scales of these regions marked with bright red or reddish orange. There is no longitudinal light streak along the middle of the back, and no evident dorsolateral longitudinal light band, except rarely on the neck. The sides of the body are bluish with more or less parallel narrow dark lines running in the direction of the keels of the lateral scales. These lines are formed by from one to three dark brown or blackish lines on each scale. The central area of each lateral scale is bluish, yellowish, or occasionally orange or bright red. The top of the head is yellowish olive, usually without markings. There is a large black blotch or collar in front of the shoulder, edged be- hind, and sometimes in front, with pale blue or greenish yellow. There is a similar but smaller black blotch on the anterior and ventral surfaces of the thigh and side of the body. These two black blotches may be connected by a black streak along the belly just external to the median longitudinal stripe of yellowish white. This black ventral area is more or less tinted with, replaced by, or externally edged with, intense blue. The chest may be yellowish white, or more or less clouded with blue or black. The central gular region is blackish indigo, usually with many of its scales having lighter blue centers which often form parallel longitudinal blue lines separated by blackish ones. The upper surfaces of the limbs are yellowish brown or olive, usually with longitudinal dark and light streaks. The tail is in- definitely cross-barred above with brown on a yellowish ground. Females and some young males are much less brightly colored, have more evident dorsal dark spots and lack the narrow, parallel, dark lateral lines. 12. SCELOPORUS 351 Length to anus 89 90 94 94 99 106 Length of tail Snout to ear Width of head 133 19 19 120 20 20 125 20 20 143 21 20 125 22 20 148 Snout to back of interparietal Fore limb 17 38 17 41 17J4 41 18 43 18 42 21 49 Hind limb ...„ ,™ 61 65 65 67 67 78 Base of fifth to end of fourth toe - 23 24 24 25 24 Remarks. — S. zosteromus, S. rufidorsum, and S. magister are very closely related. They all have the elongate ear scales which distinguish them from S. clarkiiy and seem not to differ from each other in squamation. When good series of well preserved specimens are examined certain differ- ences in coloration are evident. S. zosteromus has no mid- dorsal longitudinal streak or band, either dark or light, while S. rufidorsum has a narrow, light streak, and S. magis- ter usually has a dark band. S. zosteromus has no dorso- lateral light stripe (except sometimes on the neck) while 5. rufidorsum and S. magister usually have such a light stripe. S. zosteromus almost always has distinct, narrow, parallel, dark lines on the sides which are not developed in 5. rufidorsum and S. magister. S. zosteromus seems not to grow to such a size as is attained by some specimens of the other two species. These remarks all refer to adult males. Females are less characteristic. Distribution. — The San Lucan Scaly Lizard was origi- nally described from specimens collected at the cape of this name. It has since been found at La Paz, San Jose del Cabo, San Pablo, Miraf lores, Todos Santos, Agua Caliente, Bue- na Vista, San Antonio, and San Pedro, all in the Cape Region of Lower California, and on San Jose Island. Specimens 352 3. IGUANIDJE from Santa Margarita and Magdalena islands were identi- fied by me at a time when S. zosteromus and S. rufidorsum were regarded as identical. These specimens have been destroyed and this identification cannot now be confirmed, but it seems probable that they really were S. zosteromus rather than S. rufidorsumy for they all had from 18 to 22 pores. The lizard of Santa Catalina Island, a little farther north, is certainly not S. rufidorstfin (see S. Imeatulus). Habits. — Mr. Slevin states that this species is strictly terrestrial and extremely shy. It inhabited brush fences around settlements and the heavy patches of brush in the cactus belts. 71. Sceloporus orcutti Stejneger DUSKY SCALY LIZARD Plate 28 Sceloporus orcutti STEJNEGER, N. Amer. Fauna, No. 7, 1893, p. 181 (footnote), pi. i, figs. 4a-4C (type locality, Milquatay Valley, San Diego County, California); VAN DENBURGH, Proc. Cal. Acad. Sci., Ser. 2, Vol. 5, 1896, p. 1005; BOULENGER, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1897, p. 488; VAN DENBURGH, Occas. Papers Cal. Acad. Sci., V, 1897, p. 86; McLAiN, Critical Notes, 1899, p. 8 (part); COPE, Report U. S. Nat. Mus. for 1898, 1900, p. 354, fig. 52; MEEK, Field Columbian Mus., Zool. Ser., Vol. VII, No. I, 1906, p. n; VAN DENBURGH, Proc. Cal. Acad. Sci., Ser. 4, Vol. 3, 1912, pp. 149, 150, 151, 152; ATSATT, Univ. Cal. Publs. Zool., Vol. 12, No. 3, 1913, p. 37; GRINNELL & CAMP, Univ. Cal. Publs. Zool., Vol. 17, No. 10, 1917, p. 163; STEJNEGER & HARBOUR, Check List N. Amer. Amph. Kept., 1917, p. 56; STEPHENS, Trans. San Diego Soc. Nat. Hist., Vol. Ill, No. 4, 1921, p. 62; VAN DENBURGH & SLEVIN, Proc. Cal. Acad. Sci., Vol. XI, 1921, pp. 51, 61; NELSON, Mem. Nat. Acad. Sci., Vol. XVI, 1921, pp. 114, 130. Sceloporus digueti MOCQUARD, Nouv. Arch. Mus. Hist. Nat. Paris, Ser. 4, Vol. 1, 1899, p. 31 1, pi. 13, figs. 2-2b (type locality, Santa Rosalia, Lower California, Mexico). 12. SCELOPORUS 353 Description. — Head and body much depressed. Nasal opening a little nearer to end of snout than to orbit. Upper head-plates smooth and usually somewhat convex, supra- oculars often slightly imbricate. Frontal divided trans- versely. Parietal and frontoparietal plates not separated from large supraoculars. Latter very broad, as also the strongly imbricate superciliaries. Middle subocular very long, narrow, and strongly keeled. Rostral plate much broader than high. Labials long but very low, inferior slightly larger than superior. Symphyseal large, and fol- lowed by several plates larger than gulars and separated from lower labials by from one to three rows of narrow sublabials. Gular region with scales smooth, flat, bi- or tricuspid, and strongly imbricate, as are also those on belly. Ear-opening large, nearly vertical, and protected by a series of long acuminate scales. Back with nearly parallel longi- tudinal rows of equal-sized scales with no keels or very obtuse ones and points which scarcely protrude beyond the serrate posterior outline. Some specimens with scales more strongly keeled and pointed. Scales of sides pointed obliquely upward, and changing gradually from smoother dorsals and smaller smooth ventrals, becoming keeled and strongly pointed. No longitudinal dermal folds. Upper surfaces of limbs provided with strongly keeled and pointed scales. Scales on posterior surface of thigh large, acuminate, strongly keeled and pointed. Upper and lateral caudal scales nearly smooth, or keeled, but with very long points. Femoral pores varying in number from 12 to 16 on each thigh. Six to 12 dorsal scales equaling length of shielded part of head. Number of scales in a row from the inter- parietal plate to a line connecting posterior surfaces of thighs varies from 31 to 37 5 average in 15 specimens, 33.6. Males with enlarged postanal plates. In the very young the back is crossed by numerous dark 354- 3. IGUANIDM brown bands separated by narrower ones of paler brown. The narrow bands gradually become more or less greenish or bluish, and some of the dorsal scales become copper-color with blue centers. In adult males the cross-bands have almost or entirely disappeared, and the back and sides are finely mottled with brown, gray, green, blue, and copper-color. The upper headplates are brown with pale centers. The tail is cross-barred with dark and light brown or green. The throat and belly in the young are bluish or yellowish white with oblique dusky bands corresponding to those on the sides of the head and body. In adult males the throat and belly are nearly uniform dull purplish cyanine blue, the edges of the scales often being black or reddish brown. There is a slightly darker area in front of the shoulder, but no distinct blotch or collar usually is present. In females the cross-bands are more constantly present. Length to anus 39 72 86 100 106 109 Length of tail 52 102 118 115 U9+ 122+ Snout to ear 10 17 17 20 20 21 Width of head. 9 15 17 20 21 21 Shielded part of head 10 15 16 18 19 19 Fore limb 19 34 39 4-5 44 48 Hind limb 28 52 56 66 64 67 Base of fifth to end of fourth toe 11 20 22 24 23 25 Distribution. — The Dusky Scaly Lizard has been found only in the coast ranges of San Bernardino, Riverside, and San Diego counties, California, in the northern and central parts of Lower California, and on certain islands in the Gulf of California. It lives chiefly on boulders in the chapparal belt of the Upper Sonoran Zone, but extends its range also into the Lower Sonoran and Transition Zones. In California, it has been collected in San Bernardino (Waterman Canyon in the San Bernardino Mountains), Oc. PAPERS, CAL. ACAD. Sci., VOL. X [VAN DENBURGH] PLATE 28 CO g 12. SCELOPORUS 355 Riverside (Riverside, Temescal, Temescal Mountains, Ferris Valley, Gavillan, Hemet Valley, Hemet Lake at 4400 feet, San Jacinto, San Jacinto Mountains near Fuller's Mill at 5900 feet, Strawberry Valley, Idyllwild, Murray Canyon, Poppet Flat at 4100 feet, Schain's Ranch at 4800 to 5100 feet, Lamb Canyon at 2500 feet, Keen Camp, Kenworthy at 4500 feet, Snow Creek at 1500 to 2000 feet, Reche Can- yon, Beaumont, Banning at 2200 feet, Cabazon at 1700 to 2000 feet, White Water, Palm Springs, Andreas Canyon, Dos Palmos Spring at 3000 to 3500 feet, Carrizo Creek in the Santa Rosa Mountains) 5 and San Diego (Milquatay Valley, Coahuilla Valley, Clogston's Valley, Witch Creek, Oak Grove, Escondido, Pine Mountain, Dulzura, Chihua- hua Mountains, Jacumba Hot Springs, Campo, Mountain Spring), counties. In Lower California, it has been secured, in the northern half of the peninsula, in Nochoguero Valley near the United States boundary, between Ensenada and San Rafael Valley, at Wasson's Ranch in San Rafael Valley about 68 miles southeast from Ensenada, the foothills of the San Pedro Martir Mountains, San Salado Canyon, Las Encinas, Trini- dad, Agua de las Fresas, Canon Esperanza, San Antonio, Parral, Matomi, Rosarito, Santa Rosalia, San Xavier, Ange- les Bay and San Nicolas Bay. It occurs also on Tortuga, San Marcos, Ildefonso, Coronado, Carmen, and San Fran- cisco islands, in the Gulf of California. Habits. — This lizard of the rocks is common near San Jacinto, but is very timid, rarely permitting the collector to approach near enough to use fine shot with deadly effect. In the cool of the morning and late in the afternoon it may be seen upon the highest point of some rounded boulder, but during the warmer hours it avoids the direct rays of the sun, and must be sought on the shady sides of the granite, 356 3. IGUANIDJE into whose crevices it quickly disappears when approached too closely. Miss Atsatt writes: "The grotesque large black males with their bull-dog-like pose, the gaudily colored males of medium size, the paler cross-barred females and juvenals are inseparably associated with the foot-hills and lower areas of San Jacinto. Their wildness or shyness seems to vary with localities. Generally in the late after- noon the males are very bold and will calmly await approach within a few feet." 72 Sceloporus licki Van Denburgh PAINTED SCALY LIZARD Sceloporus licki VAN DENBURGH, Proc. Cal. Acad. Sci., Ser. 2, Vol. 5, 1895, p. 1 10, pi. X (type locality, Sierra San Lazaro, Lower California, Mexico); BOULENGER, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1897, p. 500; COPE, Report U. S. Nat. Mus. for 1898, 1900, p. 363; STEJNEGER & BARBOUR, Check List N. Amer. Amph. Kept., 1917, p. 54; VAN DENBURGH & SLEVIN, Proc. Cal. Acad. Sci., Ser. 4, Vol. XI, 1921, pp. 51, 61; NELSON, Mem. Nat. Acad. Sci., Vol. XVI, 1921, pp. 114, 115. Description. — Head and body somewhat depressed. Snout rounded. Two scales on canthus rostralis. Nostrils large, opening almost upward, nearer to end of snout than to orbit. Upper head-shields smooth, somewhat convex, moderately large j interparietal largest. Frontal usually divided transversely. Parietal and frontoparietal in contact with enlarged supraoculars. Frontals separated from supra- oculars by a series of small plates. Superciliaries long and strongly imbricate. Middle subocular long, narrow and strongly keeled. Rostral broad and rather low. Labials long and low. A series of large sublabials, separated from infralabials, except first, by one or two rows of smaller sub- labials. Gulars large, smooth, imbricate, bicuspid. Ear- opening large, almost vertical, with a strong anterior denticu- 12. SCELOPORUS 357 lation of from four to six scales the upper of which are long and acuminate. Dorsal scales rather large, strongly keeled, very strongly mucronate, with serrate edges. Lateral scales similar to, but smaller than, dorsals, arranged in oblique series, graduating into dorsals and ventrals. Ventrals much smaller than dorsals, smooth, strongly imbricate, bi- or tricuspid. Caudals very strongly keeled and mucronate. No longitudinal dermal folds and no transverse fold on throat, but a strong fold on each side of neck is present. Upper surfaces of limbs with large, keeled scales. Posterior surface of thigh covered with large, keeled, mucronate scales. Femoral pores varying in number from 13 to 18 on each thigh j average in 95 thighs, 15.79. Six to 10 dorsal scales equaling length of shielded part of head. Number of scales in. a row from interparietal plate to a line connecting posterior surfaces of thighs varying from 32 to 39; average in 25 specimens, 35.28. Males with enlarged postanal plates. The back and sides are olive brown, many of the scales having central markings of deep blue or green. A narrow line of verdigris green runs along each side from the eye to the base of the tail. Below this, a narrower similarly colored line runs from the ear to a point a short distance above and behind the axilla. A patch in front of the shoulder, the central part of the belly, and the anterior and lower surfaces of the thigh, are black, which color gradually fades into the cyanine blue of the sides of the belly. The throat is olive gray with greenish white lines which converge to a point midway between the neck pouches. The tail is brown suffused with campanula blue and beryl green to- wards its base. There is very little variation in color, either individual, sexual, or in accordance with age. One male from Mira- flores has a single large blue patch on the throat through 358 3. IGUANIDJE whl:h the ordinarily whitish lines show as lines of paler blue. Mr. Slevin states that a male was colored in life, as follows: A band of metalic purple six scales wide extends from the shoulder to the base of the tail. The lateral scales are bronze, bordered with black. The scales on the belly are green bordered with black. The throat is black, mottled with green. The under surfaces of the thighs are green, and of the tail, gray. There is a large black patch in front of the fore limb. The female shows none of the brilliant coloring of the male. Length to anus 62 70 70 73 74 88 Length of tail 100 97 115 120 112 Snout to ear 14 14 15 16 16 17 Width of head 13 13 14 15 15 16 Snout to back of interparietal 13 14 14 15 14 16 Fore limb 34 32 33 36 35 37 Hind limb .48 47 52 53 53 56 Base of fifth to end of fourth toe 19 18 20 21 20 21 Distribution. — This species is known only from the Cape Region of Lower California, where it has been collected at San Jose del Cabo, Corral de Piedras, Sierra El Taste, Mira- flores, Sierra San Lazaro, San Antonio, Todos Santos, Guamuchil Rancho, Cabo San Lucas, Agua Caliente, San Bartolo, Triunfo, and La Paz, and from Espiritu Santo and Ballena islands. Habits. — This species generally is found among the rocks in small arroyos and seldom is seen upon the ground. Being extremely shy, it will not allow one to approach nearer than fifteen or twenty feet, wheh it makes a hasty retreat to some nearby crevice or rock-pile. 12. SCELOPORUS 359 73. Sceloporus clarkii Baird & Girard ARIZONA SCALY LIZARD Plate 29 Sceloporus clarkii BAIRD & GIRARD, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., Vol. VI, 1852, p. 127 (type locality, Sonora); BAIRD, U. S. Mex. Bound. Surv., Vol. II, 1859, p. 5 (part); COPE, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1866, p. 310; CRAGIN, Bull. Washburn Laborat., Vol.1, 1884, p. 7; STEJNEGER, N. Amer. Fauna, No. 7, 1893, PP- 178-180, pi. i, figs. la-ic; COPE, Amer. Naturalist, Vol. XXX, 1896, p. 1014 (part); VAN DENBURGH, Proc. Cal. Acad. Sci., Ser. 2, Vol. 6, 1896, p. 340; HERRICK, TERRY & HERRICK, Bull. Sci. Lab. Denison Univ., Vol. XI, 1899, p. 126; HERRICK, TERRY & HERRICK, Bull. Univ. New Mexico, Vol. I, 1899, p. 126; COPE, Report U. S. Nat. Mus. for 1898, 1900, p. 358, fig. 54 (part); STEJNEGER, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., Vol. 25, 1902, p. 150; STONE, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., I9°3> P- 3i; BAILEY, N. Amer. Fauna, No. 25, 1905, p. 42; MEEK, Field Columbian Mus. Nat. Hist., Zool. Sen, Vol. VII, No. i, 1896, p. ii; DITMARS, Reptile Book, 1907, p. 128 (part); RUTHVEN, Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., Vol. XXIII, 1907, p. 537; STONE, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1911, p. 227; VAN DENBURGH & SLEVIN, Proc. Cal. Acad. Sci., Ser. 2, Vol. 3, 1913, pp. 392, 404. Sceloporus clarkii clarkii COPE, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., No. i, 1875, p. 40 (part); YARROW, Surv. W. icoth Merid., Vol. V, 1875, P- 575> pi. XXIII, figs, i, i a (part). Sceloporus clarki clarki COUES, Surv. W. icoth Merid., Vol. V, 1875, p. 594, pi. XXIII, figs, i, la (part); YARROW, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., No. 24, 1883, PP- IJ> 63 (part). Sceloporus spinosus clarkii BOULENGER, Cat. Lizards Brit. Mus., Vol. II, 1885, P- 227 (part); BOULENGER, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1897, p. 496; STRECKER, Baylor Univ. Bulletin, Vol. XII, No. i, 1909, p. 13; STRECKER, Baylor Univ. Bulletin, Vol. XVIII, No. 4, 1915, p. 20. Sceloporus spinosus GUNTHER Biologia Centrali-Americana, Reptiles, 1890, p. 63 (part). Description. — Head and body depressed. Nostril open- ing nearer to end of snout than to orbit. Upper head- plates smooth and usually a little convex. Frontal divided trans venely. Parietal and frontoparietal plates not separated 360 3. IGUANID& from Jar^e supraoculars. Latter very broad. Supercili- aries strongly imbricate. Middle subocular very long, narrow and strongly keeled. Rostral plate much broader than high. Labials long but very low, inferior slightly larger than superior. Symphyseal large, and followed by several plates larger than gulars and, except first, separated from lower labials by from one to three rows of narrow sublabials. Gular region with scales smooth, flat, bi- or tricuspid, and strongly imbricate. Ear-opening large, nearly vertical and protected by a series of shortly acuminate scales. Back with nearly parallel longitudinal rows of nearly equal-sized, strongly keeled scales with strong points which protrude beyond the serrate posterior margin. Scales of sides pointed obliquely upward, and changing gradually from the larger dorsals to smooth ventrals. No longitudinal dermal folds. Upper surfaces of limbs provided with strongly keeled and pointed scales. Scales on posterior surface of thigh large, acuminate, keeled and pointed. Upper and lateral caudal scales keeled, with very long points. Femoral pores vary- ing in number from 11 to 15 on each thigh 5 average in 87 thighs being 12.34. Six or seven dorsal scales equaling length of shielded part of head. Number of scales in a row from the interparietal plate to a line connecting poster- ior surfaces of thighs varying from 29 to 36$ average in 50 specimens, 32.2. Males with enlarged postanal plates. The color above is brown, olive, or bluish gray, many of the scales being marked irregularly with light blue or green. Adult males usually have no definite dark markings above on the head, neck, body and tail, but sometimes have indefinite blotches of dark brown on the back of the body, and faint dark cross-bars on the tail and limbs. These dark markings are most persistent on the fore and hind feet. Females and young show heavy dark brown blotches or un- dulate cross-bars on the back of the body, and the limbs and Oc. PAPERS, CAL. ACAD. Sci., VOL. X [VAN DENBURGH] PLATE 29 §0 rt f d 12. SCELOPORUS 361 tail are more definitely marked with dark brown. Both sexes, at all ages, show a dark brown or black patch or collar in front of the shoulder, and this sometimes is continued less definitely across the back and may be edged with pale blue. The lower surfaces are yellowish white1 more or less clouded with dark brown or slate or suffused with blue. The gular region usually shows a large central blue area surrounded by dark brown or black, often with light longitudinal or oblique lines of white, gray or blue. The chest may be yellowish white, brown or black. The belly is blue later- ally while the central strip may be yellowish white, gray, brown or black. Ruthven describes the coloration as follows: "There are no light dorsal lines, and the collar, is not, as a rule, well defined. The limbs are definitely cross-banded above even to the ends of the digits. The tail is only indistinctly cross- barred. The head is uniformly light brown, very minutely speckled with black. In females the color of the dorsal surface is light brown relieved by spots of yellow and blue, and a fairly distinct row of black cross bars on either side. In males the color is more uniform as the dark bands are wanting; the general color is dark brown with so many spots of bright blue that the entire dorsal surface has a bluish green cast. "The ventral surface of the females is light yellow often tinged with bluish on the throat, sides of belly, and tail. In the males the inferior surface of the limbs and breast, and a narrow band along the middle of the belly, are yellow j the sides of the belly are bright blue, and there is on the throat a spot of very intense blue that fades out to a white or gray anteriorly." 362 3. IGUANIDM Length to anus 87 95 100 102 110 120 Length «f tail 111 108 134 152 150 Sn^ut to e?r — . .,, 19 19 22 22 24 25 Width of head 19 18 22 22 24 25 Snout to back of interparietal 17 17 20 20 21 21 Fore limb .-™ , 40 43 47 45 47 47 Hind limb 59 60 67 66 68 72 Base of fifth to end of fourth toe 21 23 26 24 25 27 Remarks. — One specimen has the frontoparietal separ- ated from the supraoculars, and one has the anterior frontal in contact with these plates. The cross-bars on the limbs may be absent. This species and S. magister have been confused by many herpetologists. Dr. Stejneger pointed out the chief differences between these lizards. These differences are in the length and shape of the scales forming the auricular denticulation and in the coloration. Although these differ- ences are not great, they are constant and the two species may be distinguished readily. The ranges of the two over- lap in the vicinity of Tucson. S. clarkii alone has been found in Cochise and Santa Cruz counties, and only S. magister in western Arizona, California, Nevada and Utah. Distribution. — This lizard has been recorded from Arizona, New Mexico, western Texas, and northern Mexico. The localities given by Cope and Yarrow, with a few excep- tions, cannot be considered reliable until the specimens have been re-examined, for these authors did not distinguish be- tween S. clarkii and S. magister. Reliable Arizona records indicate that this species prob- ably is confined to four or five counties in the southeastern part of the state. It has been collected in Graham (Fort Grant), Greenlee (Clifton), Cochise (Paradise, Rucker 12. SCELOPORUS 363 Canyon, and Cave Creek in the Chiricahua Mountains, Apache, Bisbee, Fairbank, Fort Huachuca, and Ramsey, Ash, Carr, and Miller canyons in the Huachuca Mountains), Santa Cruz (Nogales, Patagonia Mountains, Fort Critten- den, Santa Rita Mountains in Agua Caliente Canyon, Gard- ner Canyon, vicinity of Pete Mountain, and at Young's Ranch), Pima (Tucson, Puebla Viejo, Fort Lowell, Tuc- son Mountains, Catalina Mountains from foothills to 8,500 feet, Santa Rita Mountains in Sawmill, Stone Cabin and Madera canyons, and Baboquivari Mountains), and Pinal (Oracle), counties. In Sonora, this species has been collected 32 miles south of Nogales, and at San Pedro Bay, as well as on Tiburon and San Pedro Nolasco islands. Habits. — This species is said to be more sluggish and fearless than S. magister. At Oracle we found these lizards in cracks in the granite boulders. The one from Mt. Lem- mon was also taken on a boulder. Nearly all the others were found on trees — at Tucson on willows along the Santa Cruz River, in the foothills of the Catalinas on mesquites, in the Huachucas and Chiricahuas on oaks and pines. Those taken at Fairbank were under the eaves of an old adobe barn. They sometimes climb trees to a height of 30 or 40 feet, as observed from a bridge in Tucson. Ruthven states: "In contrast to S. magister, which oc- curs on the plains, the habitat of S. clarkii is limited to the timber zone along the streams (Willow-Poplar association), and in harmony with the different conditions under which it lives its habits also differ from those of the desert form. It is found only on or near trees, and when surprised does not dash down a hole as would S. magister under the same circumstances, but up and around the trunk, keeping on the far side of the tree like a squirrel. It is thus more arboreal 364 3. IGUANIDJE in its habits than S. magister, a fact that determines its local distribution, for trees on the desert are confined to the larger water courses, the higher elevations on the moun- tains, and the bottoms of the canyons. Near Tucson Scelo- forus clarkii occurs along the Santa Cruz River and Rillito Creek, following the tributaries of the latter into the can- yons which they have carved out of the south slope of the Santa Catalina Mountains. In the lower part of Sabino Canyon I observed several individuals among the trees and bushes with Cnemidofhorus gularis> and they seemed quite as willing when frightened to take refuge beneath the stones that strew the bottom of the gorge as to run up the trees. "The stomach contents of but one specimen was examined. It consisted entirely of insects (one caterpillar and the re- mains of several beetles). " Genus 13. Phrynosoma Phrynosoma WIEGMANN, Isis, 1828, p. 367 (type, orbicularis). Batrachosoma FITZINGER, Syst. Kept., 1843, P- 79 (type, coronatum). Anota HALLOWELL, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1852, p. 182 (type, m'cattii). Doliosaurus GIRARD, U. S. Explor. Exped., Herpetology, 1858, p. 407. The body is very broad, greatly depressed, without dorsal crest but usually with a lateral fringe. The head is covered with small subequal scales, and bears bony spines on the occipital and temporal regions. The tympanum is either distinct or partially or entirely scaled. The dorsal scales are very irregular in size and shape. Series of femo- ral pores and one or more transverse gular folds are pres- ent. The tail is short. Males have enlarged postanal plates. The genus is North American. About 20 species and subspecies are known, 14 of which occur within our geographic limits. 13. PHRYNOSOMA 365 Some species are oviparous, other ovoviviparous. The food consists of insects such as beetles, flies, and especially ants. These lizards are purely terrestrial, living on the ground in the day and burying themselves before dark. They usually resemble in color the soil upon which they live, being blackish, reddish, gray, or nearly white, accord- ing to their environment. Change in color is not rapid and is said to require one or two days. In those species in which they are well-developed the horns are of considerable protection to the species and pos- sibly to the individual. When a horned-toad is handled the head often is twisted about in such a way as to bring the horns sharply in contact with the fingers. I have seen a rattlesnake (Cro talus cerastes) with the horns of a Phryno- soma it had partially swallowed protruding through the skin of the neck of the snake. The same thing has been observed in Crotalus oreganus. Another mode of defense, in at least some species, is the curious squirting of blood which is described under the headings P. b. blainvillii, P. b. frontale, and P. cornutum. Although these animals usually live in very dry regions, they drink greedily at times. They can exist for long periods of time without either food or water. The colder months are spent in hibernation under ground. Bryant states: "A specimen of P. blamvillei blainvillei, plowed out on December 15, 1909, was found to be in a state of hiber- nation. The eyes were tightly closed and the lizard could not be induced to open them 5 the muscles were set, the animal often lying in a very awkward position. The breath- ing was slow and erratic, intervals of several minutes inter- vening between inspirations. The external temperature of the body was about that of the air (15 degrees to 1 8 degrees C.). Some ten minutes after placing the lizard in the sun, 366 3. IGUANIDJE it showed signs of renewed energy and was ready to run at anyone's approach." SYNOPSIS OF SPECIES AND SUBSPECIES a, — Nostrils opening on or almost on the lines joining the supraorbital ridges with the end of the snout, b. — Gular scales small, nearly equal-sized or with one row on each side enlarged 5 a series of enlarged scales below, but not very much larger than, the lower labials; occipital spines very short or absent; peripheral fringe of one series of spinose scales. c. — Ventral scales smooth; no prominent ridge from tip of postorbital boss to outer enlarged temporals 5 lower jaw not enormously developed posteriorly; one to three rows of smooth scales between infrala- bials and enlarged sublabials. d. — Head-spines smaller; occipitals usually nearly erect. e. — Size smaller; head spines very rudimentary; temporal spines erect like occipitals, not pointing posteriorly. p d douglassii.-p. 368. e*. — Size larger; head spines a little larger; temporal spines less erect, not parallel to occipitals. P. d. ornatissimum. — p. 377. d*. — Head-spines larger; occipitals usually directed backward, nearly parallel with temporals; tem- poral spines often reddish. P. d. hernandesi. — p. 382. c". — Ventral scales strongly keeled; a prominent ridge from tip of postorbital boss to outer enlarged tem- porals; lower jaw enormously enlarged posteriorly; five to seven rows of keeled scales between infra- . -: labials and enlarged sublabials. P. cTitmarsi. — p. 386. 13. PHRYNOSOMA 367 b*. — Several (three or more) longitudinal series of en- larged, pointed gular scales on each side; a series of very large spinose plates below the lower labials; head-spines large. cc. — A long spine just behind the broad subrictal spine 5 head plates of adults mostly yellow, sparsely dotted with brown. dd. — Head-shields larger centrally, convex and almost smooth. P. b. blainvillii. — p. 388. dd'. — Head-shields nearly equal, flat, with numerous ridges and granulations. ee. — Largest spinose gulars and scales on chest smooth 5 head deeper; occipital spines more erect. P. b. frontale.— -p. 395. ee'.— Largest spinose gulars and scales on chest keeled 5 head less deep; occipital spines more hori- zontal. P. cerroense. — p. 401. cc*. — No spine, or a very small one, behind the broad subrictal; head plates of adults chiefly black or dark brown with yellow edges. P. coronatum. — p. 403. a'. — Nostrils opening well above the lines joining the supra- orbital ridges with the end of the snout; a series of very large shields below the lower labials; gular scales small, equal or with one row of enlarged scales on each side. bb. — Occipital horns four (two on each side). P. solare. — p. 406. bb' — Occipital horns two (one on each side), ccc. — Peripheral fringe of elongate scales present. ddd. — Peripheral fringe of one series of small spines; femoral pores six to 12; no narrow dark median dorsal line. 368 3. IGUANIDJE eee. — Usually more than three spinose temporals on each side 5 posterior temporal horn shorter than occipital horn; usually more than the three pos- terior enlarged sublabials spinose. P. platyrhinos. — p. 421. eee1. — Only three spinose temporals on each side; posterior temporal horn of same size as occipital horn; only three posterior enlarged sublabials spinose. Sonora. P. goodei. — p. 426. ddd.* — Peripheral fringe of two or three series of elongate spines. eeee. — Ear-opening exposed; tail not broad and flat- tened; lateral fringe of two rows; a light median dorsal line, but no dark one. P. cornutum. — p. 40 9. eeee". — Ear hidden under skin; tail broad and flat- tened; lateral fringe of three (or two) rows; a a narrow dark median dorsal line. P. m'callii.— p. 428. ccc".~"No periphero-abdominal fringe of elongate scales; tail conical; ear hidden under skin. P. modestum. — p. 430. 74. Phrynosoma douglassii douglassii (Bell) PIGMY HORNED TOAD Agama douglassii BELL, Trans. Linn. Soc. London, Vol. XVI, 1828 0833), p. 105, pi. X (type locality, "In ora occidental! Americse Borealis ad ripas fluminis Columbia); HARLAN, Medical and Physical Researches, 1835, p. 141, fig. 3. Phrynosoma douglassii WAGLER, Natural. Syst. Amph., 1830, p. 146; GRAY, Griffith's Anim. Kingd., Vol. IX, 1831, p. 44; WIEGMANN, Herpet, Mexic., 1834, p. 54; DUMERIL & BIBRON, Erpet. Generate, Vol. IV, 1837, p. 323; HOLBROOK, N. Amer. Herpetology, Ed. i, Vol. Ill, 1838, p. 69, pi. XII, and Ed. 2, Vol. II, 1842, p. 101, pi. XIV; DEKAY, Zool. New York, Vol. Ill, 1842, p. 31; FITZINGER, 13. PHRYNOSOMA 369 Syst. Kept., 1843, p. 78; GRAY, Cat. Lizards Brit. Mus., 1845, p. 227; DUMERIL, Cat. Meth. Coll. Kept. Mus. Hist. Nat. Paris, 1851, p. 78; DUMERIL, Arch. Mus. Hist. Nat. Paris, Vol. VIII, 1856, p. 554; BOULENGER, Cat. Lizards Brit. Mus., Vol. II, 1885, p. 240 (part); GENTRY, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1885, p. 140 (part); VAN DENBURGH, Occas. Papers Cal. Acad. Sci., V, 1897, P- 9° (part); VAN DENBURGH, Proc. Cal. Acad. Sci., Ser. 4, Vol. 3, 1912, p. 156 (part); STEJNEGER & BARBOUR, Check List N. Amer. Amph. Kept., 1917, p. 59. lapaya Douglassii GIRARD, U. S. Explor. Exped., Herpetology, 1858, p. 398 (part); BAIRD, Rep. Pac. R. R. Surv., Vol. X, 1859, p. 9; COOPER & SUCKLEY, Rep. Pac. R. R. Surv., Vol. XII, 1860, p. 294; COOPER & SUCKLEY, Nat. Hist. Washington Terr., 1860, p. 294; LORD, Naturalist Vancouver Island, Vol. II, f866, p. 302; BOCOURT, Miss. Sci. Mex., Rept., le livr., 1870, pi. XI, fig. 5, 40 livr., 1874, p. 226. ? Phrynosoma cornutum LORD, Naturalist Vancouver Island, Vol. II, 1866, p. 302. Phrynosoma douglassii douglassii COPE, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., No. I, 1875, p. 49 (part); COPE, Report U. S. Nat. Mus. for 1898, 1900, p. 411, fig. 69 (part); DICE, Univ. Cal. Publs. Zool., Vol. 16, No. 17, 1916, pp. 300, 301. Phrynosoma douglassi pygmcea YARROW, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., Vol. 5, 1882, p. 443 (type locality, Ft. Walla Walla, Wash., Des Chutes River, Oregon; Ft, Steilacoom) ; YARROW, Bull. U.S.Nat. Mus., No. 24, 1883, p. 70 (type locality stated as Des Chutes River, Oregon); TOWNSEND, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., Vol. X, 1887, p. 238; STEJNEGER, N. Amer. Fauna, No. 3, 1890, pp. 112, 113. Phrynosoma douglassii hernandesi COPE, Report U. S. Nat. Mus. for 1898, 1900, p. 413 (part). Phrynosoma douglassi douglassi BRYANT, Univ. Cal. Publs. Zool., Vol. 9, No. i, 1911, pp. 5, 22, pi. 3 (part); GRINNELL & CAMP, Univ. Cal. Publs. Zool., Vol. 17, No. 10, 1917, p. 164. Description. — Nostrils opening on lines joining supercil- iary ridges with end of snout. Gular scales small and nearly equal-sized. A series of enlarged sublabial scales not much larger than infralabials, and separated from latter by sev- eral rows of granules. Head-spines very short; four or five temporals, one occipital, and one postorbital on each side, 370 3. IGUANIDJE scarcely more than rudiments, occipitals nearly erect, last temporal sometimes erect. Supralabials small but promi- nent. Infralabials slightly larger than supralabials, and continued farther back, becoming gradually spinose. Other head scales small, irregular in size and arrangement, more or less convex, and roughened with ridges and granulations. Two groups of spines on neck, upper being larger. Back, tail and upper surfaces of limbs with scattered, large, more or less erect, keeled tubercular scales; between these, skin covered with smaller scales and granules. Body with fringe of one series of peripheral spines. Chest and belly and lower surfaces of hind limbs and tail covered with small smooth scales. Tympanum either naked or scaled. Long series of from sixteen to twenty femoral pores on each side, almost meeting medially. Males sometimes with enlarged post- anal plates. The back is olivaceous, yellow, brown, gray or slate, with two or four rows of dark blotches. These blotches vary greatly in intensity but are almost always edged pos- teriorly with white, gray or yellow. There is an indistinct large dark blotch on each side of the neck. The coloring of the tail is similar to that of the back. The ground color of the head is very variable, as are also its darker markings. The entire lower surface is white or pale yellow, sometimes faintly marked with gray or slate. Length to anus , 30 46 64 Length of tail 13 25 31 Snout to ear 8 11 15 Width of head 9 12 18 Length of occipital spine Y^ I Fore limb 14 20 24 Hind limb 19 29 35 Base of fifth to end of fourth toe 5 j£ 9 11 13. PHRYNOSOMA 371 Remarks. — Bell described A. douglassu^ in 1833, from specimens collected on the banks of the Columbia River. Since then similar lizards have been found as far east and south as Wyoming, Arizona and Texas, and various names have been applied to them. There still is much confusion and lack of definite knowl- edge regarding the differential characters and the distribu- tion of these short horned Phrynosomas of western North America. Girard, who was the first to study this group, proposed several names which later were used almost indis- criminately by Cope and Yarrow in their various publica- tions. The names Tapaya hernandesi and T. ornatisslma were originally given by Girard to horned toads from New Mex- ico. The latter was stated to have come from the moun- tainous region. Stejneger, after examining the type speci- mens in conjunction with speciments from Arizona, con- cluded (1890) that there were two species in that state; the one, found in the mountains and wooded plateau region, agreed with the type of T. hernandesi in having all the head spines larger and the occipitals more horizontal; the other kind, from the Painted Desert and Desert of the Little Colorado, was like the type of T. ornatissima, in which the head spines were smaller and the occipitals more erect. Because these differences were constant in his Series of specimens, Dr. Stejneger regarded the two as distinct spe- cies— Phrynosoma hernandesi and Phrynosoma ornatissi- mum. Dr. Stejneger (N. Amer. Fauna, No. 3, pp. 112-115), stated "that the examination of a very extensive material has convinced me of the necessity of recognizing at least four different forms, each with a definite and distinct geo- graphical distribution, viz, the typical Ph. douglasm (— ^ygmaea) from Oregon and Washington; Ph. hernandesi 372 3. IGUANIDsE (^douglassn Auct. nee Bell) from the wooded plateau region of Colorado, Utah, New Mexico, and Arizona 5 Ph. ornatissimumy from the desert region of the latter terri- tories; and Ph. brevirostre (Gir. nee Cope), a small edition of Ph. ornatisslmum from Wyoming and, in general, the drainage Basins of the Yellowstone and Platte rivers." Stejneger & Barbour in their Check List, (1917) rec- ognized these four species: Phrynosoma douglassny with range given as Oregon and Washington. Phrynosoma hernandesi, from the plateau region of Colorado, Utah, New Mexico and Arizona. Phrynosoma ornatissimumy from the deserts of Arizona, New Mexico and Colorado, and Phrynosoma brevirostre, from Wyoming, the Basins of the Yellowstone and Platte rivers. To these four Dr. Stejneger recently has added a fifth form, P. douglassn ornatum (Girard), for specimens from Salt Lake City, Utah. Cope, in the "Crocodilians, Lizards and Snakes of North America" (1900) referred all these lizards to three races, which he says "do not seem to me to be sufficiently distinct to represent subspecies." These are: Phrynosoma douglassn douglassn, which he says "is con- fined to the northern part of the Pacific district," and then lists specimens from Washington, Oregon, Idaho, and Arizona. Phrynosoma douglassn hernandesl, "characteristic of the central district generally, and is found abundantly through- out the Great Plains and the Rocky Mountains." This he lists from Washington, Oregon, Utah, Arizona, New Mex- ico, Colorado, Wyoming, Montana, Nebraska, and Kansas. Phrynosoma douglassn ornatissimum, from the deserts of Arizona, New Mexico, Texas, Utah. 1 3. PHR YNOSOMA 373 With few exceptions, specimens from the mountains and plateau region of Arizona conform to Dr. Stejneger's characterization of P. hernandesi as regards the cephalic horns. Still exceptions do occur. Thus, in a series of 31 specimens collected in a single locality near the top of Mount Lemmon in the Catalina Mountains, a single indi- vidual has horns as in P. d. ornatissimumy while the others are typical P. d. hernandesi. Such individual variation occurs elsewhere, even as far south as the Huachuca Moun- tains. It even is possible that the type specimen of P. ornatissimum is such an individual, for Girard stated that it came from the mountainous region. These facts led us to regard P. ornatissimum as a synonym of P. hernandesiy and to admit only the latter name to our list of Arizona species (1913). However, Dr. Stejneger had 10 adults from San Fran- cisco Mountain and four from the Little Colorado and Painted deserts. There can be little doubt, therefore, that the differences he found in these two series of specimens were not due to individual variations, but really characterize two kinds of horned-toads. Those from San Francisco Mountain seem to be properly identified with Girard Js T. hernandesiy but because its characters are not constant this form must be regarded as a subspecies, P. douglassii hernan- desi. That we should use the name P. d. ornatissimum for the specimens from the Little Colorado and Painted des- erts may be admitted, since these specimens from north- eastern Arizona, in which the occipital horns are erect, are too numerous to be regarded as mere individual variations. In Utah specimens the horns usually are erect. Some- times they are as little so as in typical specimens of P. d. hernandesi, and the temporal horns may be as large and as red as in that subspecies. These differences occur in a large series of specimens from a single locality — Salt Lake 374 3. IGUANIDM County. Specimens from other parts of the state vary and seem not to differ materially from this series. We have not found differences to justify the separation of Utah specimens as a distinct subspecies, P. douglassii ornatum, as suggested recently by Stejneger, nor can we find evidence of the occurrence of typical P. douglassii hernandesi within the state of Utah. Utah specimens seem to us to be somewhat intermediate between P. douglassii douglassii and P. doug- lassii hernandesi) but much closer to the former because of their usually erect occipital horns, which, however, are larger than in typical P. d. douglassii. We believe that the speci- mens from the deserts of northeastern Arizona are like those from Utah. Richardson states (Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 1915, p. 423, 424), that specimens from Deeth, Elko County, Nevada, "all have large reddish head spines and occipitals projecting backward parallel with the temporals, except in one speci- men in which the occipitals are raised at a slight angle", and finds that the Nevada specimens in question represent a race almost intermediate between true Phrynosoma doug- lassii douglassii and the southern form hernandesi. Still in their larger size and longer head spines they more closely approach the southern form". He therefore records his specimens as Phrynosoma douglassii hernandesi. Ruthven and Gaige (Occas. Papers, Mus. Zool. Univ. Mich., No. 8, 1915, p. 23) record Nevada (Carlin, Elko Co.) specimens as Phrynosoma hernandesi and say "The Nevada specimens differ from Utah (Green River) speci- ments in having larger spines, both on head and body and flatter temporal region". They do not state the direction of the occipital spines, but a photograph (pi. V) shows them partially erect. As red horns are by no means constantly present in Arizonan specimens of P. d. hernandesi and are frequent in 13. PHRYNOSOMA 375 specimens from Utah, I can see no reason for not regarding all these Utah and Nevada specimens as merely interme- diate between the typical P. d. douglasin, of the north- western coast, and typical P. d. hernandesi of Arizona, but, since the majority of these specimens from Utah and Nevada are not like either of those two subspecies, it seems best to include them with the Painted Desert specimens as a third subspecies, P. d. ornatissium. Specimens from Idaho also are intermediate. Those from eastern Idaho are certainly identical with those from Salt Lake City, Utah. My series from western Idaho is too limited to enable me to be certain as to their characters. These specimens and those from eastern Oregon and Wash- ington seem increasingly like P. d. douglassn. Still, all Idaho specimens I have seen have larger horns than are present in the few specimens at hand from the far west. It seems best, to me, to regard all the Idaho specimens as P. d. ornatissimumy purely as a matter of convenience, remem- bering that they are merely a series of geographic interme- diates. Distribution. — This subspecies in typical form, occurs in Washington, Oregon, and extreme northern California. P. douglassn douglassn has been taken in Washington near Fort Steilacoom, Spokane, Wallula, Fort Walla Walla and North Yakima. In Oregon, it has been secured in the Willamette Valley, between Portland and Salem 5 at Grants Pass, Josephine County; in the Upper Klamath Valley and at Klamath Lake, Klamath Falls, and Olene, Klamath County; in the basaltic region between Warner and Goose lakes, between Plush and Blue Creek, near Plush, and in the Chewaucan Valley, Lake County; near Buck Creek, Crook County; Voltage, Harney County; and on the Deschutes River. 376 3. IGUANIDJE In California, it has been found only at the western base of Mount Shasta, Siskiyou County. Habits. — Dr. Cooper stated that he "obtained numerous specimens of this singular animal in the vicinity of the Yakima river, in August, and saw them as far as latitude 48 degrees 30 minutes north, on the open plains, usually among rocks and sand. They all had the gray color which they retain in alcohol, excepting one, which was of a brick red on the back, but beneath white like the rest. These colors resemble those of the stones among which they live, and it is supposed by some that they have the power of changing their hue like the chameleon, and like the better known tree toad of the Atlantic States. Though ferocious in appear- ance they are perfectly harmless j yet the Indians believe them to have the power of producing a poisonous wound with their blunt spines, and it is possible that such a wound, if made, might sometimes be troublesome. They do not attempt to bite, and are so slow in motion as scarcely to get out of the way. They are, no doubt, like the ugly but useful toads, more useful than ornamental, as their food consists chiefly of insects. As might be supposed from the locality, the specimens found in Washington territory are smaller than those of Oregon and Utah. I never saw or heard of its occurrence west of the Cascade Mountains". Dr. Suckley adds: "One was caught in September near the Snake River, Oregon Territory. At Christmas, although having been shut up since its capture in an empty match box, it was still quite lively. When irritated it would spring in a most threatening manner at anything pointed at it, at the same time opening its mouth widely, and audibly hissing, after which it would inflate its body and show other evident marks of anger. It died about February 1, probably from 13. PHRYNOSOMA 377 starvation, as the heat of the house prevented torpor, and there were no insects upon which to feed it." 75. Phrynosoma douglassii ornatissimum (Girard) GIRARD'S SHORT-HORNED HORNED TOAD Plate 30 Phrynosoma douglassii GIRARD, Stansbury's Exped. Great Salt Lake, 1852, p. 362, pi. VII, figs. 6U9 (part); COPE, Ann. Rep. U. S. Geol. Surv. Terrs., 1871, p. 467; COUES, Surv. W. looth Merid., Vol. V, 1875, P- 591 (ParO; GENTRY, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1885, p. 140 (part); STEJNEGER, N. Amer. Fauna, No. 5, 1891, p. 109; VAN DENBURGH, Bull. U. S. Fish Commiss. for 1894, p. 56; VAN DENBURGH, Occas. Papers Cal. Acad. Sci., V, 1897, P- 9° (part); McLAiN, Critical Notes, 1899, p. 8; VAN DENBURGH, Proc. Cal. Acad. Sci., Ser. 4, Vol. 3, 1912, p. 156 (part); VAN DENBURGH & SLEVIN, Proc. Cal. Acad. Sci., Ser. 4, Vol. 5, No. 4, 1915, p. 105; VAN DENBURGH & SLEVIN, Proc. Cal. Acad. Sci., Ser. 4, Vol. XI, 1921, pp. 28, 40, 43. Tapaya ornatissima GIRARD, U. S. Explor. Exped., Herpetology, 1858, p. 396 (type locality Mountainous region of New Mexico); BAIRD, U. S. Mex. Bound. Surv., Vol. II, Kept., 1859, p. 9 (?); BAIRD, Rep. Pac. R. R. Surv., Vol. X, 1859, p. 38; BOCOURT, Miss. Sci. Mex., Rept., le livr., 1870, pi. XI, fig. 6, 46 livr., 1874, P- 227* Tapaya Douglassi GIRARD, U. S. Explor. Exped., Herpetology, 1858, p. 398 (part). Phrynosoma ornatum GIRARD, U. S. Explor. Exped., Herpetology, 1858, pi. XXI, figs. 1-5 (type locality, Salt Lake, Utah). Tapaya douglassii BAIRD, Rep. Pac. R. R. Surv., Vol. X, 1859, p. 18. Phrynosoma douglassii var. B. exilis COPE, Ann. Rep. U. S. Geol. Surv. Terrs., 1871, p. 468 (type locality, Carrington's Lake, Montana; Fort Hall, Idaho). Phrynosoma douglassii douglassii COPE, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., No. I, 1875, p. 49 (part); YARROW, Surv. W. icoth Merid., Vol. V, 1875, p. 580 (part); COUES, Surv. W. looth Merid., Vol. V, 1875, p. 590 (part); COUES & YARROW, Bull. U. S. Geol. Surv. of Terr., Vol. IV, 18,78, p. 285; YARROW, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., No. 24, 1883, p. 68 (part); COPE, Report U. S. Nat. Mus. for 1898, 1900, p. 411 (part); BRYANT, Univ. Cal. Publs. Zool., Vol. 9, No. I, 1911, pp. 5, 22, pi. 3 (part); PACK, Copeia, No. 63, 1918, p. 91. 378 3. IGUANID& Phrynosoma douglassii omatissimum YARROW, Surv. W. xooth Mcrid., Vol. V, 1875, p. 581 (part); COPE, Report U. S. Nat. Mus., for 1898, 1900 p. 415, fig. 71 (part); DITMARS, Reptile Book, 1907, p. 148; BRYANT, Univ. Cal. Publs. Zool., Vol. 9, No. i, 1911, p. 5. Phrynosoma hernandesi STEJNEGER, N. Amer. Fauna, No. 3, 1890, p. 112 (part); COCKERELL, Science, Ser. 2, Vol. XIV, 1901, p. in (?); COCKERELL, Univ. Colorado Studies, Vol. VII, No. 2, 1910, p. 131; ELLIS & HENDERSON, Univ. Colorado Studies, Vol. X, No. 2, 1913, p. 72, pi. Ill, figs. 12, 14; RUTHVEN & GAIGE, Occas. Papers Mus. Zool. Univ. Michigan, No. 8, 1915, p. 23. Phrynosoma omatissimum STEJNEGER, N. Amer. Fauna, No. 3, 1890, p. 115, pi. XII, figs. 3a-3c; CARY, N. Amer. Fauna, No. 33, 1911, pp. 21, 23, 26; STEJNEGER & BARBOUR, Check List N. Amer. Amph. Rept., 1917, p. 60. Phrynosoma douglassii hernandesi COPE, Report U. S. Nat. Mus. for 1898, 1900, p. 413 (part); RICHARDSON, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., Vol. 48, 1915, P- 423- Phrynosoma douglassii brevirostre STONE, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1911, p. 229 (part). Phrynosoma hernandesi omatissimum ELLIS & HENDERSON, Univ. Colo- rado, Bull., Vol. XV, No. 6, 1915, p. 260. Phrynosoma hernandesi hernandesi ELLIS & HENDERSON, Univ. Colorado Bull., Vol. XV, No. 6, 1915, p. 260. Phrynosoma douglassii ornatum STEJNEGER, Cooeia, No. 65, 1919, p. 3. Description. — Nostrils opening on lines joining super- ciliary ridges with end of snout. Gular scales small and nearly equal-sized. A series of enlarged sublabial scales not much larger than infralabials, separated posteriorly from latter by several rows of granules. Head-spines short $ four or five temporals, one occipital, and one postor- bital on each side. Occipital spines usually nearly erect, supralabials small but prominent. Infralabials slightly larger than supralabials, and continued farther back, becom- ing gradually spinose. Other head scales small, irregular in size and arrangement, flattened or more or less convex, and roughened with ridges and granulations. Two groups of spines on side of neck, upper being larger. Back, tail, 13. PHRYNOSOMA 379 and upper surfaces of limbs with scattered, large, more or less erect, keeled, tubercular scales ; skin between these cov- ered with smaller scales and granules. Body with fringe of one series of peripheral spines. Chest and belly and lower surfaces of hind limbs and tail covered with small, smooth scales. Tympanum either naked or scaled. Long series of from 13 to 17 femoral pores, sometimes almost meeting medially. Males sometimes with enlarged pos- tanal plates. The back is olivaceous, yellow, brown, gray or reddish with large, undulate, more or less indefinite dark blotches. These blotches vary greatly in intensity but are almost always edged posteriorly with white, gray, or yellow. There is a large dark blotch on each side of the neck. The color- ing of the tail is similar to that of the back. The ground color of the head is very variable, but it often is gray or yellowish olive, the temporal regions may be pink or red. The entire lower surface is white or pale yellow, sometimes faintly marked with gray or slate. Length to anus 24 46 58 60 60 61 Length of tail 9 25 29 30 25 28 Snout to ear 6 12 15 15 14 15 Width of head 8 14 16 17 17 18 Length of occipital spine i \y2 \y2 \y* \IA Fore limb 12 20 25 24 24 24 Hind limb 16 26 34 33 33 33 Base of fifth to end of fourth toe 5 8 10 10 10 10 Remarks. — I regard this subspecies as but doubtfully worthy of separation from typical P. d. douglassn, but since my specimens of P. d. douglassn are too few to enable me to form an independent judgment, I have been guided largely by the opinions of others. These are set forth as 380 3. IGUANIDJE "remarks" under the head P. d. douglassii. I am unable to distinguish altitudinal races in Utah. All of the specimens from that state and from Idaho and Nevada seem to be intermediate between P. d. douglassii and P. d. hernandesi. It is convenient, however, to list them under a separate name, P. d. ornatissimum, at least until larger series are available. In series of specimens from the same locality much individual variation is present. Dr. Stejneger regards the Arizona specimens as P. ornatissimum, and those from Utah as P. d. ornatum. The rudimentary cephalic horns usually are erect as in P. d. douglassii, though the temporals often, and the occi- pitals sometimes, are as in P. d. hernandesi. All these horns are as a rule larger than in P. d. douglassii and a little smaller than in P. d. hernandesi. The temporal regions may be gray, olive or red. Distribution. — To this subspecies are referred horned- toads from Idaho, Nevada, Utah, northeastern Arizona, Colorado, and northern New Mexico. In Utah, specimens have been recorded from Cache (Bear River near Logan), Box Elder (Box Elder Creek), Salt Lake (Fort Douglas, Salt Lake City), Utah (Provo, Springville), Millard (Deseret City, Cove Creek), Beaver (Beaver), Emery (Green River), Grand (Thompson), and Washington (Toquerville), counties. In Arizona, this type of horned-toad has been reported from the desert areas of the northeastern part of the state 5 the Painted Desert and the Little Colorado River, and Chin Lee, Apache County. In Idaho, it has been collected in Nez Perce (Clearwater River seven miles above Lewiston, Lewiston), Ada (Boise), Butte (Big Butte, Big Lost River, desert at sink of Big Lost River, Arco), Jerome (Shoshone), Cassia (Sage brush plains Oc. PAPERS, CAL. ACAD. Sci., VOL. X [VAN DENBURGH] PLATE 30 o ^ li tf> . >) el o W •S o I ^ o "o 3. IGUANID& 381 near Conant, Cottonwood Creek), Bingham (Blackfoot), Power (American Falls), and Bannock (Pocatello) counties. In Nevada, it has been secured near Mountain City, Carlin and near Deeth, Elko County. The recorded local- ity "St. Thomas, Arizona" (Yarrow), may perhaps be an error for St. Thomas, Clark County, Nevada. Habits. — Professor H. J. Pack has published notes on some of these lizards "obtained from the western part of Salt Lake City, on low, alkaline land. The predominating plant life here is species of A triplex and Sarcobatus. In this locality horned lizards are not uncommon, and in some places are abundant. I collected 20 specimens from an area of about 1 0 acres, one day in three hours. "During captivity the Phrynosoma were fed upon insects collected with a net from a nearby alfalfa field. The principal insects thus secured were; alfalfa weevil larvse, Phytonamus posticus-j larva and adult Pieridce; ants 5 bees 5 and locusts. All of these, especially the pierid larvse, were eaten with avidity. "One habit of special interest was the production of young. Three female lizards were, early in the summer, placed in separate compartments, so that they might be indi- vidually observed. On the morning of August the four- teenth, two of the lizards were found surrounded by young, one by eleven and the other by fourteen. On the morning of the sixteenth, the other female was found with ten young. In each case birth occurred during the night, at least some- time between the hours of 6 P. M. and 7:30 A. M. I do not know whether this is constant in the species." 382 3. IGUANID& 76. Phrynosoma douglassii hernandesi (Girard) ARIZONA SHORT-HORNED HORNED TOAD Plate 31 Phrynosoma orbiculare HALLOWELL, Sitgreaves* Exped. Zufii & Colorado Rivers, 1863, p. 125, pis. VIII, IX. Tapaya hernandesi GIRARD, U. S. Explor. Exped., 1858, p. 395 (type locality, New Mexico). Tapaya hernandezii BAIRD, U. S. Mex. Bound. Surv., Vol. II, Rept., 1859, p. 8; BAIRD, Rep. Pac. R. R. Surv., Vol. X, 1859, p. 38; BO- COURT, Miss. Sci. Mex., Rept., 46 livr., 1874, p. 228. Phrynosoma douglassii COPE, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1866, p. 302; COUES, Surv. W. looth Merid., Vol. V, 1875, P- 591 (part); COPE, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1883, p. 12; BOULENGER, Cat. Lizards Brit. Mus., Vol. II, 1885, p. 240 (part); GENTRY, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1885, p. 140 (part); HERRICK, TERRY & HERRICK, Bull. Sci. Lab. Denison Univ., Vol. XI, 1889, p. 134; HERRICK, TERRY & HERRICK, Bull. Univ. New Mexico, Vol. I, 1899, p. 134, pi. XVIII, fig. 15. Phrynosoma hernandezii COPE, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., No. I, 1875, p. 49; YARROW, Surv. W. icoth Merid., Vol. V, 1875, p. 577; YARROW, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., No. 24, 1883, p. 68 (part); McLAiN, Critical Notes, 1899, p. 8; STONE, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1911, p. 229 (part). Phrynosoma douglassii ornatissimum COPE, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., No. i, 1875, p. 49; YARROW, Surv. W. looth Merid., Vol. V, 1875, pp. 577, 581 (part); YARROW, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., No. 24, 1883, p. 69 (part); COPE, Report U. S. Nat. Mus. for 1898, 1900, p. 415, fig. 71 (part); STRECKER, Baylor Bulletin, Vol. XVIII, No. 4, 1915, p. 22 (?). Phrynosoma douglassii douglassii YARROW, Surv. W. looth Merid., Vol. V, 1875, p. 580 (part); YARROW, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., No. 24, 1883, p. 6$ (part); COPE, Report U. S. Nat. Mus. for 1898, 1900, p. 411 (part); BRYANT, Univ. Cal. Publs. Zool., Vol. 9, No. 1,1911, p. 7, Phrynosoma hernandesi STEJNEGER, N. Amer. Fauna, No. 3, 1890, p. ill, pi. XII, figs. 4a-4C (part); VAN DENBURGH, Proc. Cal. Acad. Sci., Ser. 2, Vol. 6, 1896, p. 342; STEJNEGER, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., Vol. 25, 1902, p. 151; BAILEY, N. Amer. Fauna, No. 25, 1905, pp. 35> 43J RUTHVEN, Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., Vol. XXIII, 1907, p. 542; VAN DENBURGH & SLEVIN, Proc. Cal. Acad. Sci. Ser. 4, 13. PHRYNOSOMA 383 Vol. 3, 1913, pp. 392, 405; STEJNEGER & BARBOUR, Check List N. Amer. Amph. Kept., 1917, p. 59 (part). Phrynosoma douglassii hernandesi COPE, Report U. S. Nat. Mus. for 1898, 1900, p. 413, fig. 70 (part); STONE & REHN, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1903, p. 32; DITMARS, Reptile Book, 1907, p. 149, pi. XLVII, fig. 3 (part); STRECKER, Proc. Biolog. Soc. Washington, Vol. XXI, 1908, pp. 165, 166; BRYANT, Univ. Cal. Publs. Zool., Vol. 9, No. i, 1911, p. 5; STRECKER, Baylor Bulletin, Vol. XVIII, No. 4, 1915, p. 22. Phrynosoma hernandezi ornatissimum STONE, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1911, p. 229. Description. — Nostrils opening on lines joining super- ciliary ridges with end of snout. Gular scales small and nearly equal-sized. A series of enlarged sublabial scales not much larger than inf ralabials, separated posteriorly from latter by several rows of granules. Head-spines very short; three principal temporals, one occipital, and one postorbital on each side. Occipital spines sometimes nearly erect, usually directed backward. Supralabials small but promi- nent. Inf ralabials slightly larger than supralabials, and continued farther back, becoming gradually spinose. Other head scales small, irregular in size and arrangement, flat- tened or more or less convex, and roughened with ridges and granulations. Two groups of spines or neck, upper being larger. Back, tail, and upper surfaces of limbs with scattered, large, more or less erect, keeled, tubercular scales j between these, skin covered with smaller scales and gran- ules. Body with fringe of one series of peripheral spines. Chest and belly and lower surfaces of hind limbs and tail covered with small smooth scales. Tympanum not scaled. Long series of from 11 to 19 femoral pores, sometimes almost meeting medially. Males sometimes with enlarged postanal plates. The back is olivaceous, yellow, brown, gray or reddish with large, undulate, more or less indefinite dark blotches. 384 3. IGUANID& These blotches vary greatly in intensity but are almost always edged posteriorly with white, gray, or yellow. There is a distinct large dark blotch on each side of the neck. The coloring of the tail is similar to that of the back. The ground color of the head is very variable, but it often is pinkish or yellowish olive, the temporal regions pink or red. The entire lower surface is white or pale yellow, often clouded or spotted with gray or slate. Length to anus 61 65 71 78 93 96 Length of tail 36 36 32 36 40 41 Snout to ear 15 15 16 16 20 22 Width of head 20 22 22 24 29 29 Length of occipital spine 2 3 3 2 3 3 Fore limb _ 29 31 33 32 35 42 Hind limb..- 39 42 46 46 48 58 Base of fifth to end of fourth toe 13 15 15 14 15 17 Remarks. — In regard to the relations of this subspecies see remarks under P. d. douglassii and P. d. ornatissimum. On comparing series of horned-toads from Arizona and Utah much variation is found in both. The head seems not more pointed in one series than in the other 5 its lateral outline is variable and may be straight, slightly convex or slightly concave. The head-spines average larger and longer in the Arizona series, in which also the temporals and occipital horns occasionally are erect in P. d. hernandesi, even in specimens from as far south as the Huachuca Moun- tains. There is a good deal of variation in the shape of the occipital angle and space. The occipitals usually are nearer the temporals in Arizona specimens than in those from Utah, but the difference is only an everage one. There seems to be an average difference in the interval between the apex of the occipital angle and the base of an occipital horn, Arizona specimens (hernandesf) usually having only Oc. PAPERS, CAL. ACAD. Sci., VOL. X [VAN DENBURGH] PLATE 31 13. PHRYNOSOMA 385 one scale between, while those from Utah (ornatissimum) usually have two (one to three). Red coloring of the tem- poral regions is present in Utah specimens rather rarely, and is often absent from Arizona specimens of P. d. hern- andesi. I am unable to detect any constant, or indeed average, difference in proportions, or in the body tubercles. Distribution. — This subspecies is at home in the moun- tain ranges and great plateau region of southeastern and central Arizona north to the Grand Canyon of the Colorado River. It ranges south into Sonora and east into New Mexico and Texas. Specimens from northeastern Arizona seem to be P. d. ornatissimum. In Arizona, it has been collected in Cochise (Bisbee, Fort Huachuca, Carr Canyon in the Huachuca Mountains, Lowell, Camp Bowie, Paradise in the Chiricahua Moun- tains), Santa Cruz (Fort Buchanan, Santa Rita Mountains in Madera and Gardner canons and in the vicinity of Old Baldy), Pima (Tucson, Catalina Mountains, top of Mount Lemmon, Manning Camp, Rincon Mountains), Gila (Sierra Ancha), Navajo (Camp Apache, White River, Rock Creek Canyon), Apache (White Mountains), Yavapai (Prescott, Fort Whipple, Fort Verde, Beaver Creek near Camp Verde, Ash Fork, Seligman), and Coconino (San Francisco Moun- tain, Hull's Spring, Canyon Spring, Grandview, Flagstaff), counties. This horned-toad occurs in northern Sonora. Habits. — This horned-toad is an abundant form at the higher altitudes in Arizona. A female, caught in the Hua- chuca Mountains, July 27, 1912, (No. 35001), contains 30 young. These are about ready for birth. There are 16 on the right side and 14 on the left. The total length of the female is 143 mm (tail 41 mm), while that of one of the young is 36 mm. 386 3. IGUANID& 77. Phrynosoma ditmarsi Stejneger HORNLESS HORNED TOAD Phrynosoma ditmarsi STEJNEGER, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., Vol. XXIX, 1906, p. 565 (type locality, State of Sonora, Mexico, not far from boundry of Arizona); DITMARS, Reptile Book, 1907, p. 154, pis. XLVI, figs. 3, 7, XLVIII, fig. i; STEJNEGER & BARBOUR, Check List N. Amer. Amph. Kept., 1917, p. 58. Description. — Nostrils opening on lines joining super- ciliary ridges with end of snout. Gular scales small, keeled with one series of enlarged scales on each side posteriorly. A series of enlarged sublabials, increasing in size posteriorly, the keels of the larger ones slightly produced and pointed behind. Lower jaw very deep, distance between angle of mouth and base of enlarged subliabials greater than diame- ter of orbit. Enlarged sublabials separated from labials by a large flat space covered with polygonal, keeled scales of varying sizes, in about five to seven rows. Head with- out horns, the scales which in other species form spines being merely low bosses or protuberances 5 postorbital boss trian- gular, a prominent abrupt ridge from its tip to outer edge of supratemporal expansion at base of scale corresponding to outer temporal horn in other species. Two scales corre- sponding to temporal horns slightly enlarged, depressed, posterior or inner slightly pointed. A small conical spine below scale-row forming upper posterior edge of supra- temporal expansion. Supratemporal expansion very wide, nearly straight behind, with a very deep and narrow occi- pital notch. No temporal ridge. A vertical series of four small spines on edge of fold in front of ear. Rostral very low. Supralabials very small, scarcely differentiated from scales of next row above, about 15 in number. Lower labials small, about 1 5 in number, posterior ones gradually increasing in size, and keeled. A small spine behind last 13. PHRYNOSOMA 387 lower labial and separated from it by a single scale. All head-scales keeled and wrinkled. Clusters of large spines on folds on side of neck. Back and upper surfaces of hind legs and tail with scattered, larger, bluntly keeled scales, largest with bases surrounded by "rosettes" of smaller scales larger than those of back generally. Body with fringe of one series of peripheral, spinous scales. Scales of fore legs and lower surfaces strongly keeled. Tympanum not covered with scales. A series of nine to 14 femoral pores on each side, not meeting medially. Males with enlarged postanal plates. The color above is pale yellowish gray, (reddish in life), with two faint, narrow, brownish bands across the lower back. The inferior surfaces are whitish, with very obscure dusky spots. Length of anus 76 Length of tail 28 Snout to tip of extreme temporal scale 25 Width of head 28 Fore limb 40 Hind limb 53 Distribution. — This species is known only from two specimens said to have been collected in the State of Sonora, Mexico, a short distance south of the border of Arizona. Habits. — Mr. Raymond Ditmars, who kept one of the specimens alive for about a year, states that it fed upon large ants, grasshoppers, crickets and mealworms. When annoyed it would arch its back, point its snout downward, and make jumps of fully an inch from the ground, each jump being accompanied by a little hiss. 388 3. IGUANIDJE 78. Phrynosoma blainvillii blainvillii (Gray) BLAINVILLE'S HORNED TOAD Plate 32 Phrynosoma blainvillii GRAY, Zool. Beechey's Voyage, 1839, p. 96, pi. XXIX, fig. i (type locality, California); GRAY, Cat. Lizards Brit. Mus., 1845, p. 228; VAN DENBURGH, Proc. Cal. Acad. Sci., Ser. 2, Vol. 4, 1894, p. 296; VAN DENBURGH, Proc. Cal. Acad. Sci., Ser. 2, Vol. 5, 1895, p. 1 1 8; VAN DENBURGH, Proc. Cal. Acad. Sci., Ser 2, Vol. 5, 1896, p. 1005; VAN DENBURGH, Occas. Papers Cal. Acad. Sci., V, 1897, p. 91; Me LAIN, Critical Notes, 1899, p. 8; Meek, Field Columbian Mus., Zool. Ser., Vol. VII, No. I, 1906, p. 12; GRINNELL & GRINNELL, Throop Institute Bulletin, No. XXXV, 1907, p. 26; GRINNELL, Univ. Cal. Publs. Zool., Vol. 5, No. I, 1908, p. 162; VAN DENBURGH, Proc. Cal. Acad. Sci., Ser. 4, Vol.3, *9I2> PP« I4^> i49> 150, 151, 152; HURTER, First Ann. Rep. Laguna Marine Lab., 1912, p. 67; STEJNEGER & BARBOUR, Check List N. Amer. Amph. Kept., 1917, p. 57; NELSON, Mem. Nat. Acad. Sci., Vol. XVI, 1921, pp. 114, 159. Phrynosoma coronatum HALLOWELL, Sitgreaves* Exped. Zuni & Colorado Rivers, 1853, p. 122; LOCKINGTON, Amer. Naturalist, 1880, p. 295; YARROW, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., No. 24, 1883, p. 70 (part); Bou- LENGER, Cat. Lizards Brit. Mus., Vol. II, 1885, p. 243 (part); GENTRY, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1885, p. 143 (part); COPE, Report U. S. Nat. Mus. for 1898, 1900, p. 430, fig. 76 (part); MEEK, Field Columbian Mus., Zool. Ser., Vol. VII, No. i, 1906, p. 12 (?); DITMARS, Reptile Book, 1907, p. 152, pis. XLVI, figs. 12, 16, XLIX fig. 2 (part); BRYANT, Univ. Cal. Publs. Zool., Vol. 9, No. i, 1911, p. 1 8 (part). Batrachosoma coronatum GIRARD, U. S. Explor. Exped., HerpetologVj 1858, p. 400, pi. XX, figs. io-i3,(?); BOCOURT, Miss. Sci. Mex.j Rept., le livr., 1870, pi. XII, fig. 10, et 46 livr., 1874, p. 239 (part). Phrynosoma blainvillei COPE, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., No. I, 1875, p. 49 (part); COPE, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1883, pp. 28, 30; YARROW, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., No. 24, 1883, p. 70 (part); COPE, Report U. S. Nat. Mus. for 1898, 1900, p. 423, fig. 74 (part); STEPHENS, Trans. San Diego Soc. Nat. Hist., Vol. Ill, No. 4, 1921, p. 62. Phrynosoma blainvillei blainvillei BRYANT, Univ. Cal. Publs. Zool., Vol. 9, No. i, 1911, pp. 5, 19, 29, pi. 4; ATSATT, Univ. Cal. Publs. Zool., Vol. 12, No. 3, 1913, p. 38. 13. PHRYNOSOMA 389 Phrynosoma blainvillii blainvilUi GRINNELL & CAMP, Univ. Cal. Publs. Zool., Vol. 17, No. 10, 1917, p. 164; COWLES, Journ. Entomol. & Zool., Pomona College, Vol. XII, No. 3, 1920, p. 66; VAN DEN- BURGH & SLEVIN, Proc. Cal. Acad. Sci., Ser. 4, Vol. XI, 1921, pp. 51, 62. Description. — Nostrils opening on lines joining supercil- iary ridges with end of snout. Head-spines large; three to six temporals, one occipital, and one postorbital on each side, and one small interoccipital. Sometimes with small spines above and between temporals, and often in front of occipital spines. Temporal scales with ridges running in the general direction of temporal spines. Other upper head scales convex and almost or quite smooth, some of the cen- tral ones usually largest. Several longitudinal series of gular scales enlarged and spinose, but becoming smaller toward median line, and continued on gular fold or folds. A series of five or six spinose sublabials often continued pos- teriorly by smaller plates. Below corner of mouth, a very broad spine followed by a long slender one. Two groups of spines on each side of neck, lower usually larger. Back and tail with large, scattered, somewhat elevated, keeled, tu- bercular scales, between which are smaller scales and granules. Two rows of peripheral spines j lower series shorter than upper, and composed of smaller spines. Tail edged with a single row of lateral spines, and bearing a small group of slender spines just behind thigh. Scales on anterior surfaces of limbs large, pointed and strongly keeled. Those on chest, abdomen and proximal part of ventral sur- face of tail smooth, but those on terminal portion of tail keeled. Tympanum not covered with scales. Long series of (12 to 18) femoral pores present. Males usually with enlarged postanal plates. The ground color above is brownish, yellowish, reddish, or grayish, usually darker laterally. A large brown patch 390 3. IGUAN1DJE occupies each side of the neck. On the back are undulate cross-bands or large irregular spots of dark brown, usually edged posteriorly with yellow or white. Similar markings are seen on the tail. The head is usually yellow, but may be clouded with slate. Its larger spines are often reddish. The lower surfaces are yellow or yellowish white, uniform or mottled with slate or gray. All markings are usually more distinct in young than in old specimens, but are very variable in both. Length to anus 29 74 88 88 92 98 Length of tail 13 40 40 43 38 47 Snout to ear 8 15 17 18 18 18 Width of head 11 26 30 30 30 32 Length of occipital spine 2 6 10 11 9 9 Fore limb 14 34 38 39 38 40 Hind limb 19 44 52 54 52 53 Base of fifth to end of fourth toe 6 14 15 17 15 15 Distribution. — Blainville's Horned Toad is an inhabitant of the coastal slopes of San Diego, Riverside, San Bernar- dino, and Los Angeles counties, California, and the north- western part of Lower California. It has not been col- lected on the desert proper and doubtless does not live there, although it does occur in San Gorgonio Pass, Cajon Pass and Warner Pass, on the western edge of the desert, and even at Warren's Well. Intergradation with P. b. frontale occurs in central Los Angeles County, in the neighborhood of Pasadena, Sierra Madre, and Tujunga, Wash. It has been collected in Los Angeles (Tujunga Wash, Pasadena, Sierra Madre, La Crescenta, Claremont, Lanker- shim, San Gabriel River near Azusa, Alhambra, San Pedro), San Bernardino (Cajon Pass, Warren's Well, Grapeland, Swart out Canyon, San Bernardino Mountains from 3000 to Oc. PAPERS, CAL. ACAD. Sci., VOL. X [VAN DENBURGH] PLATE 32 C ,0 o ~ li 11 13. PHRYNOSOMA 391 6200 feet at Clark Ranch, Seven Oaks and Santa Ana Canyon, Ontario, Lytle Creek, San Bernardino, Colton), Orange (Santa Ana, Laguna Beach), Riverside (Riverside, Ferris Valley, Hemet Valley, San Jacinto, Reche Canyon, Banning, Cabazon at 1700 to 2000 feet, Temescal Moun- tains, Vallevista, and in the San Jacinto Mountains at Pop- pet Flat, Vandeventer Flat, Shain's Ranch, Fuller's Mill at 5900 feet, Ken worthy, Keen Camp, and Oak Springs west side of Palm Canyon at 6500 feet), and San Diego (Oak Grove, Chihuahua Mountains, Julian, San Diego, Witch Creek, Campo, Jacumba Hot Springs, Tijuana River, El Nido, Twin Oaks, Mesa Grande, Warner's Pass, Dulzura, Escondido, National City), counties. In Lower California, this horned-toad has been col- lected in the western part of the peninsula as far south as San Telmo, while P. coronatum seems to range north to San Quintin. Definite localities at which P. b. blainvilUi has been taken are Nachoguero Valley on the United States boundary line, Ensenada, Valladeres, San Salado, Trinidad, Wasson's Ranch in San Rafael Valley, and San Telmo. Habits. — It is this subspecies which usually is seen stuffed in the shops of the curio dealers, whose enterprise is said to have materially reduced the numbers of these lizards about Pasadena and Los Angeles. Specimens also are often kept alive. They sometimes live many months with little or no food, but gradually become emaciated. As noted by Dr. and Mrs. Grinnell: "It is difficult to provide them in cap- tivity with an adequate supply of their insect food in the variety their constitutions seem to demand. The inevitable result sooner or later follows the attempt to keep them per- manently captive. "Horned toads are as beneficial about the garden as the brown-shouldered lizard, and perhaps more 505 for their 392 3. IGUANID3E larger size ought to mean a bulkier diet. For one to whom such things appeal, an hour spent quietly watching a horned toad on a warm morning will provide excellent entertain- ment. Only, one must make himself as inconspicuous as is consistent with getting a plain view of the 'toad.' Try it! "A strange habit of horned toads, familiar to all who have caught very many of them, is that of 'squirting blood out of their eyes,' as the boys say. Especially is this liable to occur on a hot day, when a person grabs a 'toad' rather roughly. Then one or both of its eyes rapidly swell up, the lids meanwhile becoming tightly closed together. It is not really the eye that swells, but it seems to be an engorge- ment with blood of certain spaces behind the conjunctival membrane and beneath the lids. At any rate, there is a sudden bursting out of blood from between the lids with considerable force, so that several small drops may land at a distance of two or three feet upon one's coat or face. After this ejectment from one or both eyes, we have known the phenomenon to be repeated at least once more, within a minute or two, if the rough handling of the animal is kept up. After the performance the eyes are opened and every- thing seems perfectly normal, except for the blood stains on the edges of the lids. The blood so ejected is not known to be poisonous in any way." Dr. Bryant states: "It is easily domesticated and can be kept in captivity for a long time, if properly fed. "It is from this species that most of the knowledge in regard to the ejection of blood from the eyes has been derived. This habit was early discovered by the Mexi- cans, who called this lizard the 'sacred toad' because it wept tears of blood. Nearly every small boy in the region where this species is common knows of the phenomenon and can usually cite definite instances when a horned lizard has cspit blood.' 13. PHRYNOSOMA 393 "The writer has several times witnessed this strange habit. The first indication of the phenomenon to be noticed is a swelling of the eyelids to two or three times their natural size, so that they bulge from the head. During this procedure the eyes are tightly closed and the animal re- mains perfectly quiet. Suddenly a fine stream of blood shoots up from beneath the upper eyelid, usually with force enough to send it six or eight inches before dividing into fine drops. In one instance the blood was squirted about fifteen inches. Sometimes the blood is ejected so suddenly that the first indication of it is its contact with the observer's skin or a few drops left on the eye of the lizard. Dr. Hay (1892) states that in a specimen of P. blainvillei frontale the phenomenon was repeated several times. In the writer's experience a specimen could not be induced to eject blood again from the same eye, at least until some time had elapsed. "Miss Myrtle Johnson, carrying on some experiments with Phrynosoma blainvillei blainvillei at San Diego during the early part of July, 1911, induced a specimen to eject blood. The first indication noticed was the presence of blood on the hand. A juvenile not more than one and one-half inches long was brought to her by a small boy with the report that it had 'spit blood.' Circumstantial evidence in the form of blood on the eye seemed to prove the boy's statement. If the fact can be verified that a juvenile can eject blood as well as an adult, the theory that it is a habit only used during the breeding season would seem to be dis- proved. "A few generalizations on this habit may be of interest. Although cases are not rare where the lizard ejects blood on being caught, yet in two cases when success attend the ex- periment, the lizards were awakened from the stupor 394- 3. 1GVAN1D& brought on by the night. The eyelids, on being sectioned were found to be highly vascular and to contain large blood sinuses. Especially was this true of the upper lids. No duct was found and it seems probable that the blood is forced out by the rupturing of a vessel. H. L. Bruner (1907), in a paper on the 'Cephalic Veins and Sinuses of Reptiles,' gives the best explanation yet advanced. He says, in speaking of Phrynosoma, 'It is not improbable in this case that the mech- anism for elevating the blood-pressure is used as a fright mechanism. Such a function, however, is not sufficient to explain the wide distribution of the mechanism. On the contrary, it is probable that the flooding of the cephalic sinuses for frightening enemies is at best only a secondary use which has been acquired by relatively few forms.' "These lizards show great aversion to dogs. When an- gered by one, the lizard presents a very bristling appearance by elevating the enlarged scales of the back, opens its mouth and gives a hissing noise by quickly expelling the air from the lungs. At such times it stands well upon its legs and puffs itself up to nearly twice its natural size. A blainvillei, when first caught, often hisses at any moving object. "At sight of a snake, however, instead of standing its ground and attempting to frighten the intruder, it generally seeks to escape. A small California ring-neck snake (Dia- dophis amabilis) when placed in a cage containing several of these lizards, created no little excitement. When the ex- citement had somewhat quieted down, two of the lizards be- came courageous enough to take a nip at its tail. This would in a measure seem to corroborate the statement that has been made that these animals attack a snake when cornered. "The food consists principally of ants, although the smaller beetles and flies seem to be eaten with relish. Even a large Jerusalem cricket does not daunt one of these liz- zards, for it seizes it by the head and, not being able to swal- M. PIIRYNOSOMA 395 low it directly, cither rubs it to pieces on the earth or works itself around it much as a snake docs. A few drops of milk placed in the cage seemed to be enjoyed by old and young alike." Dr. Bryant also states that this subspecies mates in the latter part of April and in May. A captive individual laid its eggs the last of June. "The eggs hatch a few hours after the eggs are laid. The eggs are from 15 to 20 millimeters in length and are covered by a tough, semi-transparent mem- brane. They vary in number from six to 14." 79. Phrynosoma blainvillii frontalc Van Denburgh CALIFORNIA HORNED TOAD Plate 33 Phrynosoma coronata HOLDROOK, N. Amer. Herpetology, Ed. i, Vol. Ill, 1838, p. 65, pi. XI, & Ed. 2, Vol. II, 1841, p. 97, pi. XIII. Phyrnosoma corona/urn GIRARD, Stan»bury'§ Exped. Great Salt Lake, 1852, p. 36, pi. VIII, fig*. 7-12; YARROW & HEKIHAW, Ann. Report Chief of Engineer! for 1878, Surv. W. looth Merid., Appendix NN, 1878, p. 225; YARROW, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mu§., No. 24, 1883, p. 70 (part); BOULEKOER, Cat. Lizardf Brit. Mu§., Vol. II, 1885, p. 243 (part); GENTRY, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1885, p. 143 (part). Tapaya coronata COOPER, Proc. Cal. Acad. Sci., Vol. 4, 1870, p. 64. Phrynosoma blainvilbi COPE, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mu§., No. I, 1875, p. 49 (part); YARROW, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mu«., No. 24, 1883, p. 70 (part); COPE, Report U. S. Nat. Mu§. for 1898, 1900, p. 423 (part); DIT- MAR§, Reptile Book, 1907, p. 152 (part). Phrynosoma blainvillii STEJWEOER, N. Amer. Fauna, No. 7, 1893, p. 187, pi. II, fig. 2. Phrynosoma Jrontalis VA* DENBUROH, Proc. Cal. Acad. Sci., Ser. 2, Vol. 4, 1894, p. 296 (type locality, Bear Valley, San Benito County, California). Phrynosoma frontale VAM DKNBUROH, Occai. Paperi Cal. Acad. Sci., V, l897, p. 93; McLAitt, Critical Notes, 1899, p. 8; MEEK, Field Columbian MJS., Zool. Ser., Vol. VII, No. i, 1906, p. 12; STEJNEOER & HARBOUR, Check Lift N. Amer. Amph. Rept., 1917, p. 59. 396 3. IGUANID& Phrynosoma blainvillii frontale VAN DENBURGH, Occas. Papers Cal. Acad. Sci., V, 1897, P- 95; BRYANT, Univ. Cal. Publs. Zool., Vol. 9, No. i, 1911, pp. 5, 38, pi. 5; VAN DENBURGH, Proc. Cal. Acad. Sci., Ser. 4, Vol. 3, 1912, p. 148; GRINNELL & CAMP, Univ. Cal. Pulbs. Zool., Vol. 17, No. 10, 1917, p. 165. Distribution. — Nostrils open on lines joining the super- ciliary ridges with end of snout. Head-spines usually a little smaller than those of P. b. blainvillii ; three to six temporals, one occipital, and one postorbital on each side, and one small interoccipital. Small spines sometimes pres- ent above and between temporals, and usually in front of occipitals. Temporal scales with ridges running in the gen- eral direction of temporal spines. Other upper head scales nearly equal-sized, flat, each with numerous ridges and granulations usually darker than ground color of head. Several longitudinal series of gular scales enlarged and spinose, but becoming smaller toward median line, and con- tinued back onto gular fold or folds. A series of five or six spinose sublabials, often continued posteriorly by smaller plates. Below corner of mouth, a very broad spine fol- lowed by a long slender one. Two groups of spines on each side of neck, lower usually larger. Back and tail bear- ing large, scattered, elevated, keeled, tubercular scales, be- tween which smaller scales and granules. Two rows of peri- pheral spines; lower series shorter than upper, and com- posed of much smaller spines. Tail bordered with a single row of lateral spines, and having a small group of slender ones just behind thigh. Scales on anterior surfaces of limbs large, pointed and strongly keeled. Those on chest, belly, and proximal part of the tail, smooth, but those on terminal part of tail, keeled. Tympanum not covered with scales. Lone: series of twelve to eighteen femoral pores. Males usually with enlarged postanal plates. Oc. PAPERS, CAL. ACAD. Sci., VOL. X [VAN DENBURGH] PLATE 33 I ll ^ 13. PHRYNOSOMA 397 The upper surfaces are variously tinted with yellow, brown, red, gray, or slate. A large brown patch occupies each side o£ the neck. On the back are undulate cross- bands or large blotches of dark brown, usually edged pos- teriorly with white or yellow. Similar markings may be seen on the tail. The keels of many of the large dorsal tubercles are dark brown. The head is yellowish, usually dotted with brown, its larger spines are sometimes reddish. The lower surfaces are yellow or yellowish white, uniform or mottled with slate or gray. All markings are usually more distinct in young than in the old, but are very variable in both, the intensity of coloring depending very greatly upon the color of surrounding objects, and changing in the same individual in the course of a very few minutes. Length to anus 31 38 55 74 87 89 Length of tail 10 15 22 34 40 36 Snout to ear 6 8 11 15 16 17 Width of head 9 13 17 23 26 26 Length of occipital spine 2 3 5 7 6 6 Fore limb 13 17 24 34 33 36 Hind limb- 17 22 32 47 46 51 Base of fifth to end of fourth toe 5 7 10 14 13 16 Distribution. — This lizard occupies a much larger area in California than does P. b. blainvillii. Intergradation between the two occurs in central Los Angeles County. P. b. jrontale ranges thence north at least to Placer and Napa counties. Like P. b. blainvillii, it is nearly confined to the territory west of the deserts. It has been collected in Los Angeles (five miles south from Neenach at 4000 feet, Elizabeth Lake in Antelope Valley, upper Tujunga Canyon at 4500 feet, San Francisquito Canyon, intergrading with P. b. blainvillii between the two localities last named and 398 3. IGUANIDJE Pasadena), Ventura (Matilija, Mount Pinos, Montalvo, Nordhoff), Santa Barbara (Santa Barbara, Santa Maria, Schoolhouse Canyon Cuyama Valley), Kern (Walker Pass at 5200 feet, Walker Basin, Weldon, Onyx, Bodfish, Kern River at Isabella, South Fork of the Kern River, Kern Valley, Chimney Creek, Wheeler Ridge Road, Fort Tejon, Canada de las Uvas, Tehachapi Mountains, Rose Station, Breckenridge, Bakersfield, Buttonwillow, Asphalto, McKit- trick, San Emigdio Plains), San Luis Obispo (Simmler, Temblor Pass, Temblor Mountains, San Juan River south from Shandon, Shandon, Edna), Monterey (Metz, Abbot's Ranch, Arroyo Seco, Carmel Valley, Carmel, Pacific Grove, Monterey, Del Monte), San Benito (San Juan, Bear Val- ley), Santa Cruz ( Watson ville), Santa Clara (Canada Val- ley, Gilroy, Coyote Creek, Morgan Hill, Los Gates, Lyn- don, Wright's, Congress Springs, Mount Hamilton, Smith Creek, Santa Clara, Mountain View, Stanford, Mayfield), Santa Mateo (Searsville), Alameda (Livermore, Berke- ley), Contra Costa (Antioch, Mount Diablo), Napa, Tulare (Earlinart, Tipton, Goshen), Kings (Lemore), Fresno (Mendota, Fresno), Madera (five miles south from Madera), Mariposa (five miles northeast from Coulter- ville), Tuolumne (Sonora), Merced (Livingston, Gad- wall, Los Ban os, five miles north from Los Bafios), San Joaquin (Lathrop, Tracy, Ripon), Calaveras (Mokelumne Hill), El Dorado (Placerville), and Placer (Colfax, Au- burn, Forest Hill), counties, California. Habits. — Their grotesqueness of form, slowness of movement, and the ease with which they may be fed, cause these lizards to be much sought as pets. In confinement they are usually very docile, and become so tame that they will readily take flies or other small insects from the fingers 13. PHRYNOSOMA 399 of their keeper. Individuals which have been recently caught, however, often show considerable anger when han- dled, puffing themselves up and hissing fiercely, seizing their tormentor's fingers with their impotent jaws, or throw- ing at him a stream of blood from the corner of the eye. It is said that the Mexicans call them sacred toads because they weep tears of blood. The best account of this most curious habit has been given us by Dr. O. P. Hay*, who, writing of a specimen of Phrynosoma b. frontale, says, in part: "About the first of August it was shedding its outer skin, and the process appeared to be a difficult one, since the skin was dried and adhered closely. One day it occurred to me that it might facilitate matters if I should give the animal a wetting j so, taking it up, I carried it to a wash- basin of water near by and suddenly tossed the lizard into the water. The first surprise was probably experienced by the Phrynosoma, but the next surprise was my own, for on one side of the basin there suddenly appeared a number of spots of red fluid, which resembled blood. * * * A micro- scope was soon procured and an examination was made, which immediately showed that the matter ejected was really blood. * * * There appeared to be a considerable quan- tity of the blood, since on the sides of the vessel and on the wall near it I counted ninety of the little splotches. * * * The next day * * * I picked up the lizard and was hold- ing it between my thumb and middle finger, and stroking its horns with my fore-finger. All at once a quantity of blood was thrown out against my fingers, and a portion of it ran down the animaPs neck, and this blood came directly out of the right eye. It was shot backward and ap- peared to issue from the outer canthus. It was impos- *Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., XV, 1892, p. 375. 400 3. IGUANID& sible to determine just how much there was of the blood, but it seemed that there must have been a quarter of a tea- spoonful. I went so far as to taste a small quantity of it, but all I could detect was a slight musky flavor. "Mr. Denton * * * has communicated to me his expe- rience with the Horned Toad * * * at Sonora, Cal. * * * He was gently stroking the animal on the back, when it appeared to look at him as if taking aim, and then, all at once, a stream of blood was shot into his eye. There was so much of it that it ran down on his shirt bosom. He thought there was between a tablespoonful and a teaspoon- ful. The blood was shot out with so much force that some pain was produced, and there was pain felt for some little time, though this ceased as soon as the blood was wiped out. The next morning the eye was somewhat inflamed, but this condition soon passed away. Not long afterwards, perhaps the next morning, the animal squirted blood out of the other eye." Mr. Vernon Bailey, who caught the horned toad, which afterwards became the subject of Dr. Hay's article, writes:* "On taking it in my hand a little jet of blood spurted from one eye a distance of 15 inches and spattered on my shoulder. Turning it over to examine the eye another stream spurted from the other eye. This he did four or five times from both eyes until my hands, clothes, and gun were sprinkled over with fine drops of bright red blood. * * * About four hours later * * * it spurted three more streams from its eyes." I myself have observed this strange performance a num- ber of times, but in these instances the blood usually was not projected forcibly, but trickled down the sides of the lizards' heads. On one occasion my dog found a horned *N. Amen Fauna. No. 7, 1893, p. 189* 13. PHRYNOSOMA 401 toad and approached to smell of it. When the dog had drawn near, the lizard shot a stream of blood from one eye. Droplets of blood were sprinkled over the dog's head, and he quickly withdrew, shivering with disgust, and could not Ee induced to approach the lizard again. The blood has no odor which I could detect, and is not poisonous when injected into pigeons. 80. Phrynosoma cerroense Stejneger CERROS ISLAND HORNED TOAD Phrynosoma BELDING, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., Vol. 5, 1883, p. 530. Phrynosoma hernandezi YARROW, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., No. 24, 1883, p. 68 (part); BELDING, West Amen Scientist, Vol. Ill, No. 24, 1887, p. 99. Phrynosoma cerroense STENJEGER, N. Amer. Fauna, No. 7, 1893, P- J&7 (type locality, Cerros Island, Lower California); VAN DEN- BURGH, Proc. Cal. Acad. Sci., Ser. 2, Vol. 5, 1895, P- JI9; COPE, Report U. S. Nat. Mus. for 1898, 1900, p. 428, fig. 75; VAN DEN- BURGH, Proc. Cal. Acad. Sci., Ser. 3, Zool., Vol. 4, No. I, 1905, pp. 3, 23; DITMARS, Reptile Book, 1917, p. 151; VAN DENBURGH & SLEVIN, Proc. Cal. Acad. Sci., Ser. 4, Vol. 4, 1914, pp. 132, 144; STEJNEGER & BARBOUR, Check List N. Amer. Amph. Rept., 1917, p. 58; NELSON, Mem. Nat. Acad. Sci., Vol. XVI, 1921, pp. 114, 130. Phrynosoma schmidti BARBOUR, Proc. New England Zool. Club, Vol. VII, 1921, p. 113 (type locality, Cerros Island, Lower Califor- nia, Mexico). Description. — Nostrils excessively large, opening on lines joining superciliary ridges with end of snout. Head spines large 5 four temporals, the short anteri0r one beneath the eye separated from the second by a low tubercle $ one occi- pital, and one postorbital, on each side, one small inter- occipital, reduced to a tubercle. No row of small spines between temporals and eye. Four conic scales in front of occiput. Other upper head scales flat, rugose, central ones, 4-02 3. IGUANIDM rather large. Several longitudinal series of gular scales enlarged and spinose, becoming smaller toward median line, the external row continued to the gular fold. A series of five sublabials, the last largest and separated from the broad subrictal spine, which is followed by a long, slender one. Two groups of spines on each side of neck, the inferior of two spinif orm, the superior of five or six simply conic. Back and tail with large, scattered, somewhat elevated, keeled scales between which are smaller scales and granules. Five to eight rows of flat, keeled, scales along middorsal region, some of those of external row being much larger. One or two rows of peripheral spinose scales, the lower peripheral spine row sometimes being obsolete and only indicated by a few scattered, small spines. Tail with two series of lateral, marginal, conic scales, superior row sparse. A group of spines behind thigh. Scales on anterior limbs large and keeled above, smooth below except on palm and digits. Hind limb above with small flat scales mixed with large acuminate ones; below, with smooth scales, except on foot. Scales of upper surface of tail heterogeneous. Digital scales not laterally elongate. Ventrals smooth, about as large as median dorsals. Fifteen to 18 femoral pores on each thigh $ series well separated medially. The color above is brownish ash, paler on the limbs and tail. A dark blotch occupies each side of the neck. There are three irregular dark cross-bands on the back, the third at the groin. Each cross-band displays a deep notch poste- riorly, and the external portion is continued posteriorly to join the band next behind, the flanks being entirely brown. No distinct cross-bands on limbs and tail. Snout and muzzle brown. Occipital horns mahogany. Lower surfaces cream- color, with a few indistinct dusky spots on the belly. 13. PHRYNOSOMA 4-03 Length to anus .,., _«. 61 85 27 17 2\y2 34- 46 19 Length of tail . ^ . .„- ,, - ^ - 31 14 Rnnnt fn pillar fold Width <">f head M 22 Length of occipital spine , M *?4 5Q Hind l?m^> Length of hind foot M , 16 Base of fifth to end of fourth toe , 13 Remarks. — This species is closely related to both P. coro- natum and P. blamvillii. It agrees witrh P. b. blainvillii and jP. b. frontale in the presence of an elongate spine behind the broad subrictal, and with P. coronatum and P. b. frontale in having flat scales on the head. It is most like P. b. frontaley from which it differs in having the largest spinose gulars and the scales on the chest keeled, the head more depressed and the occipital horns less erect. Distribution. — This lizard is known from a single speci- men collected by Mr. L. Belding on Cerros Island, Lower California, and four from the same locality recently described as P. schmidti. 81. Phrynosoma coronatum Blainville LOWER CALIFORNIA HORNED TOAD Agama (Phrynosoma) coronata BLAINVILLE, Nouv. Ann. Mus. Hist. Nat. Paris, Vol. IV, 1835, p. 284, pi. XXV, figs, i-ic (type locality, California). Phrynosoma, coronatum DUMERIL et BIBRON, Erpetologie Generale, Vol. IV, 1837, p. 318; DUMERIL, Cat. Meth. Coll. Kept. Mus. Hist. Nat. Paris, 1851, p. 78; BOCOURT, Miss. Sci. Mex., Reptiles, ic livr, 1870, pi. XII, fig. 10, et 46 Hvr, 1874, p. 239 (part); COPE, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1866, p. 312; COPE, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., No. i, 1875, pp. 50, 93; YARROW, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., No. 24, 1883, p. 70 (part); COPE, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., No. 32, 4-04- 3. IGUANIDJS 1887, p. 39; STEJNEGER, N. Amer. Fauna, No. 7, 1893, p. 187; VAN DENBURGH, Proc. Cal. Acad. Sci., Ser. 2, Vol. 4, Part I, 1894, p. 296; VAN DENBURGH, Proc. Cal. Acad. Sci., Ser. 2, Vol. 5, 1895, p. 115; COPE, Report U. S. Nat. Mus. for 1898, 1900, p. 430 (part); McLAiN, Contrib. Neotropical Herpetology, 1899, p. 2; MOCQUARD, Nouv. Arch. Mus. Hist. Nat. Paris, Ser. 4, Vol. I, 1899, p. 314; BRYANT, Univ. Cal. Publs. Zool., Vol. 9, No. i, 1911, p. 5; STEJ- NEGER & BARBOUR, Check List N. Amer. Amph. Rept., 1917, p. 58; VAN DENBURGH & SLEVIN, Proc. Cal. Acad. Sci., Ser. 4, Vol. XI, 1921, pp. 51, 62; NELSON, Mem. Nat. Acad. Sci., Vol. XVI, 1921, pp. 114, 115; TERRON, Mem. y Rev. Soc. Cient. Antonio Alzate, Vol. 39, 1921, pp. 165, 166. Phrynosoma (Batrachosoma) coronatum. FITZINGER, Syst. Rept., 1843, p. 79. Phrynosoma sp., BAIRD, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1859, p. 299. Phrynosoma cornutum YARROW, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., No. 24, 1883, pp. 66, 67 (part); BELDING, West Amer. Scientist, Vol. Ill, No. 24, 1887, p. 98; STEJNEGER, N. Amer. Fauna, No. 7, pi. II, figs. I-IC. ^hrynosoma asid YARROW, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., No. 24, 1883, p. 67; BOULENGER, Cat. Lizards Brit. Mus., Vol. II, 1885, p. 244 (part); BELDING, West Amer. Scientist, Vol. Ill, No. 24, 1887, p. 98. Description. — Nostrils pierced in lines joining supercil- iary ridges with end of snout. Several longitudinal series of large, pointed gular scales, the exterior continued back Upon gular folds. A series of about five very large, pointed sublabial plates. A broad spine below the rictus, usually without any, but sometimes with a very small spine behind it. Head spines very large in adults j four temporals, one occipital, and one postorbital on each side, and one large interoccipital. Occasionally small spines are developed between the temporals. A row of four or five spinose scales in front of occipital spines. Other head scales, with few exceptions, flat and rugose, usually with irregular ridges radiating from near center of each scale. Two groups of spines on each side of neck, lower larger. Tail bordered with a single row of lateral spines, and with a group of 13. PHRYNOSOMA 4-05 smaller spines behind insertion of thigh. Two series of periphero-abdominal spines, lower series shorter than upper and former of smaller spines. Scales on chest sometimes faintly keeled j those on abdomen and basal part of lower surface of tail smooth; those on terminal part of tail keeled. Tympanum not covered with scales. Femoral pores vary- ing from 16 to 22. Males with enlarged postanal plates. Tails of females shorter than distance from axilla to front of thigh, those of males considerably longer than this dis- tance. Young of both sexes with short tails. The color above is brownish, yellowish or grayish, darker laterally. There is a large brown patch on each side of the neck and a series of three more or less distinct brown bars on each side of the back. These bars are light bor- dered posteriorly. The tail is transversely banded with brown. The belly often is dotted or blotched with black or brown. All these markings are more distinct in the young. The larger dorsal tubercles are often tipped with orange- rufous, and those on each side of the median line have seal brown or black keels. The occipital spines are ribbed with very dark brown. The temporals are yellow, tinged with rufous. In very young individuals the scales of the vertex are grayish or yellowish white, with a few minute brown or black spots. These spots, which are on the raised portions of the scales, become more numerous as the animals increase in size until the whole crown appears black or dark brown crossed by irregular lines formed by the yellow posterior edges of the scales. 4-06 3. IGUANIDJE Length to ?n«? . _ 74 81 84 85 95 100 Length of tail 39 46 52 51 56 50 Snout to ear ,. , , ., _ . 15 15 16 1654 18 19 Width of head 26 31 29 ^ / ~ 31 36 36 Length of occipital spine 8 11 11 10 13 12 Fore limb . 37 38 38 38 41 43 Hind limb . . 49 52 52 56 61 55 Base of fifth to end of fourth toe_. 14 15 15 17 17 15 Distribution. — This species is common in the Cape Region of Lower California and ranges north to the central portion of the peninsula. It has been collected at Cape San Lucas, San Jose del Cabo, Miraflores, San Francisquito in the Sierra Laguna, Todos Santos, Santa Anita, Pescadero, Agua Cal- iente, Triunf o, San Pedro, La Paz, Poso Grande, Santa Rosalia, San Ignacio, Mulege, between Comondu and San Quintin, and at San Quintin. 82. Phrynosoma solare Gray REGAL HORNED TOAD Plate 34 Phrynosoma Solaris GRAY, Cat. Lizards Brit. Mus., 1845, P- 229 (tyPc locality, "California"); VAN DENBURGH, Proc. Cal. Acad. Sci., Ser. 2, Vol. 4, Part I, 1894, p. 456. Phrynosoma regale GIRARD, U. S. Explor. Exped., Herpet., 1858, p. 406 type locality, Valley of the Zuni and Colorado Rivers) BAIRD U. S. Mex. Bound. Surv., Vol. II, 1859, p. 9, pi. 28, figs. 1-3; COPE, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1866, p. 302; BOCOURT, Miss. Sci. Mex., Reptiles, le livr., 1870, pi. XII, fig. 12, et 46 livr., 1874, p. 235; COOPER, Proc. Cal. Acad. Sci., Vol. IV, 1870, p. 67; COPE, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., No. i, 1875, p. 49; YARROW, Surv. W. icoth Merid., Vol. V, 1875, p. 578; COUES, Surv. W. icoth Merid., Vol. V, 1875, p. 593; MULLER, Verh. Nat. Gesell., Basel, 1878, p. 634-; LOCKINGTON, Amer. Naturalist, 1880, p. 295; YARROW, Bull. U. S" Nat. Mus., No. 24, 1883, pp. n, 66; BOULENGER, Cat. Lizards Brit. Mus., Vol. II, 1885, p. 245; GENTRY, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. 13. PHRYNOSOMA 407 Phila., 1885, p. 146; DITMARS, Reptile Book, 1907, p. 150, pis. XLVI, figs, u, 15, XLIX, fig. i; STONE, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1911, p. 229. Phrynosoma so/are VAN DENBURGH, Proc. Cal. Acad. Sci., Ser. 2, Vol. 5, 1895, p. 115; VAN DENBURGH, Proc. Cal. Acad. Sci., Ser. 2, Vol. 6, 1896, p. 342; COPE, Report U. S. Nat. Mus. for 1898, 1900, p. 420, fig- 73; RUTHVEN, Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., Vol. XXIII, 1907, p. 544; BRYANT, Univ. Cal. Publs. Zool., Vol. 9, No. i, 1911, p. 5; VAN DENBURGH & SLEVIN, Proc. Cal. Acad. Sci., Ser. 4, Vol. 3, 1913, pp. 392, 406; STEJNEGER & BARBOUR, Check List N. Amer. Amph. Rept., 1917, p. 60; VAN DENBURGH & SLEVIN, Proc. Cal. Acad. Sci., Ser. 4, Vol. XI, 1921, p. 51; NELSON, Mem. Nat. Acad. Sci., Vol. XVI, 1921, pp. 114, 126. Description. — Nostrils opening above lines joining sup- erciliary ridges with end of snout. Head-spines large j three or four temporals, two occipitals and one postorbital on each side, and rarely one small interoccipital. Some- times with small spines above between temporals and eye, also in front of occipital spines. Temporal scales with ridges running in the general direction of temporal spines. Other upper head scales flat or slightly convex and rough- ened with numerous granulations. One longitudinal series of gular scales enlarged and sometimes spinose, but becom- ing smaller anteriorly, and continued on gular fold or folds. A continuous series of eight to 1 0 sublabials becoming longer and more spinose posteriorly, the last smaller. Two groups of spines on each side of neck, lower usually smaller. Back and tail with large, scattered, somewhat elevated, keeled, tubercular scales, between which are smaller scales and gran- ules. Two rows of peripheral spines, the lower series not well developed and composed of small spines. Tail edged with one or two rows of lateral spines, and bearing a small group of slender spines just behind thigh. Scales on the anterior surfaces of limbs large, pointed and strongly keeled, those on chest, sides of abdomen, lower surfaces of limbs 408 3. IGUANID& and terminal portion of tail keeled, those on central part of belly and proximal part of ventral surface of tail smooth. Tympanum not covered with scales. Long series of from 14 to 26 femoral pores present. Males usually with en- larged postanal plates. Females much larger than males. The ground color above is brownish, yellowish, reddish, or grayish, usually darker laterally. A large brown patch occupies each side of the neck. On the back are undulate cross-bands or large irregular blotches of dark brown, usually in a dorsal and a lateral series. These blotches may be connected with those in front and behind and form longi- tudinal dark bands. The vertebral line is light. The large tubercles near it have dark brown keels. Similar markings are seen on the tail. The head is yellow, dotted or clouded with dark brown. The lower surfaces are yellow, or yel- lowish white, uniform or spotted on the belly, preanal region and thighs, with slate or gray. Length to anus 78 85 95 98 100 103 40 48 35 36 42 41 Snout to ear ,.„ » 14 27 7 35 43 15 30 8 37 50 17 34 12 42 51 17 35 9 42 52 18 35 12 42 53 18 35 12 44 56 Width of head- . , Length of occipital spine Fore limb „,„„ Hind limb , Base of fifth to end of fourth toe 13 14 14 15 15 16 Distribution. — This very distinct species has been found only in southern Arizona and northern Lower California and Sonora, Mexico. In Arizona, it has been taken in Cochise (Fairbank), Santa Cruz (Nogales, Madera Canyon, Santa Rita Moun- tains), Graham (Camp Grant), Pima (Tucson, Fort Lowell, foothills of the Catalina Mountains about eight- een miles north from Tucson, Mineral Hill nineteen miles Oc. PAPERS, CAL. ACAD. Sci., VOL. X [VAN DENBURGH] PLATE 34- PhrynosoTna so/are, Regal Horned Toad Fig. 1. Adult male and female (larger) collected near Tucson, Pima County, Arizona, September, 1912. Fig. 2. Adult male collected near Tucson, Pima County, Arizona, June, 1920. 13. PHRYNOSOMA 409 south from Tucson, Las Gijas, Baboquivari Mountains), Gila (Globe), Maricopa (Phoenix, Higley), and Yuma (Gila and Colorado Desert), counties., In Sonora, it has been collected at Hermosillo. The only Lower Californian record is a specimen from Las Animas Bay, formerly No. 90 of the collection of the California Academy of Sciences, which was examined and recorded by both Mr. Lockington and myself. Habits. — This horned toad lives upon the lower desert areas of southern Arizona and seems not to ascend into the mountains, where P. d. hernandesi is at home. It eats mul- titudes of ants, and perhaps other insects. 83. Phrynosoma cornutum (Harlan) TEXAS HORNED TOAD Plate 35 Agama cornuta HARLAN, Journ. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., Vol. IV, 1825, p. 299, pi. XX (type locality, Great Plains east of the Rocky Mountains); HARLAN, Medical and Physical Researches, 1835, p. 141. Phrynosoma bujonium WIEGMANN, Isis, Vol. XXI, 1828, p. 367; GRAY, Griffiths Animal Kingdom, Syn. Rept., 1831, p. 45. Tapaya cornuta CUVIER, R6g. Anim. Vol. 1829, p. 37. Phrynosoma cornutum GRAY, Griffith's Animal Kingdom, Syn. Rept., 1831, p. 9; HOLBROOK, N. Amer. Herpetology, Ed. I, Vol. Ill, 1838, p. 55, pi. 9, & Ed. 2, Vol. II, 1842, p. 87, pi. XI; DEKAY, Zool. New York, Vol. Ill, 1842, p. 31; GRAY, Cat. Lizards Brit, Mus., 1845, P- 2295 GIRARD, Stansbury's Exped. Great Salt Lake, 1852, p. 360, pi. VIII, figs. 1-6; BLANCHARD, Organ. Regn. Anim., 1852, Pt. V, pi. XII; HALLOWELL, Sitgreaves' Exped. Zuni and Colorado Rivers, 1853, pp. 119, 145; BAIRD & GIRARD, Marcy's Explor. Red River, 1854, p. 204; GIRARD, U. S. Explor. Exped., 1858, p. 403, pi. XXI, figs. 6-9; BAIRD, U. S. Mex. Bound. Surv., Vol. II, 1859, Rept., p. 9; BAIRD Rept. Pac. R. R. Surv., Vol. X, J859, p. 37; BOCOURT, Miss. Sci. Mex., Reptiles, le livr., 1870, pi. XII, fig. 9, et 46 livr., 1874, p. 236; COPE, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., No. i, 1875, p. 49; YARROW, Surv. W. looth Merid., Vol. V, 1875, 410 3. IGUANIDJE P- 579 (part); YARROW & HENSHAW, Ann. Report Chief of En- gineers for 1878, Surv. W. looth Merid., Appendix NN, 1878, p. 226 (part) ; MULLER, Verh. Nat. Gesell., Basel, 1878, p. 634; COPE, Proc. Amer. Philos. Soc., 1879, p. 261; COPE, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., No. 1.7, 1880, pp. 17, 44, 46; YARROW, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., No. 24, 1883, pp. 11, 66 (part); COPE, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1883, pp. 10, 12; CRAGIN, Bull. Washburn Laborat., Vol. I, 1884, p. 7; BOULENGER, Cat. Lizards Brit. Mus., Vol. II, 1885, p. 245; COPE, Proc. Am. Philos. Soc., Vol. XXII, 1885, p. 169; GENTRY, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1885, p. 145; COPE, Proc. Amer. Philos. Soc., Vol. XXIII, 1886, p. 282; COPE, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., No. 32, 1887, p. 39; COPE, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., Vol. XI, 1888, p. 398; GUNTHER, Biologia Central i-Americana, Kept., 1890, p. 79; COPE, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1892, p. 335; VAN DEN- BURGH, Proc. Cal. Acad. Sci., Ser. 2, Vol. 6, 1896, p. 342; EDWARDS, Zool. Anz., Vol., XIX, 1896, p. 108; HERRICK, TERRY & HERRICK, Bull. Sci. Labor. Denison Univ., Vol. XI, 1899, p. 135; HERRICK, TERRY & HERRICK, Bull. Univ. New Mexico, Vol. I, 1899, p. 135, pi. XIX, fig. 16; COPE, Report U. S. Nat. Mus. for 1898, 1900, p. 432, fig. 77 (part); STEJNEGER, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., Vol. XXV, 1902, p. 151; EDWARDS, Science, Ser. 2, Vol. XVII, 1903, p. 826; STONE & REHN, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1903, p. 32; STONE, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1903, p. 540; BROWN, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1903, pp. 546, 552; BAILEY, N. Amer. Fauna, No. 25, 1905, p. 43; CRAGIN, Trans. Kansas Acad. Sci., Vol. VII, reprint, 1906, p. 114; RUTHVEN, Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., Vol. XXIII, 1907, p. 547, fig. 22; DITMARS, Reptile Book, 1907, p. 153, pi. XLVI, figs. 9, 13; STRECKER, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, Vol. XXI, 1908, pp. 72, 165; STRECKER, Baylor Univ. Bulletin, Vol. XII, No. i, 1909, pp. 4, 13; HURTER & STRECKER, Trans. Acad. Sci. St. Louis, Vol. XVIII, No. 2, 1909, p. 22; STRECKER, Baylor Univ. Bull., Vol. XIII, Nos. 4 & 5, 1910, p. 7; STONE, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1911, p. 229; ELLIS & HENDERSON, Univ. Colorado Studies, Vol. X, No. 2, 1913, p. 74, pi. Ill, fig. 13; WINTON, Science, new Ser., Vol. 40, 1914, pp. 311, 784; STRECKER, Baylor Bulletin, Vol. XVIII, No. 4, 1915, p. 23; BRYANT, Univ. Cal. Publs. Zool., Vol. 9, No. i, 1911, p. 5; VAN DENBURGH & SLEVIN, Proc. Cal. Acad. Sci., Ser. 4, Vol. 3, 1913, p. 392; WINTON, Copeia, 1916, No. 36, p. 81; WINTON, Copeia, 1917, No. 39, p. 7; STEJNEGER & BARBOUR, Check List N. Amer. Amph. Rept., 1917, p. 58; REESE, Copeia, 1922, No. 103, p. 15. 13. PHRYNOSOMA 411 Phrynosoma harlanii WIEGMANN, Herpetologia Mex., 1834, p. 54; DUM- ERIL & BIBRON, Erpetologie Generale, Vol. IV, 1837, p. 314; SPRING & LACORDAIRE, Bull. Acad. Roy. Brussels, 1842, Pt. II, p. 192, fig. 2; DUMERIL, Cat. Metk. Coll. Rept. Mus. Hist. Nat. Paris, 1851, p. 28. Phrynosoma orbiculare HOLBROOK, N. Amer. Herpetology, Ed. i, Vol. Ill, 1838, p. 61, pi. 10, & Ed. 2, Vol. II, 1842, p. 93, pi. XII. Phrynosoma (Tropidogaster) cornutus FITZINGER, Syst. Rept., I, 1843, p. 79. Phrynosoma (Tropidogaster) bufonium FITZINGER, Syst. Rept., I, 1843, p. 79. Phrynosoma planiceps HALLOWELL, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1852, p. 178 (type locality, Western Texas near the Rio Grande); HALLOWELL, Sitgreaves' Exped. Zuni and Colorado Rivers, 1853, p. 124, pi. VII; DUMERIL, Arch. Mus. Hist. Nat. Paris, Vol. VIII, 1855, p. 552, DUMERIL & BOCOURT, Miss. Sci. Mex. Rept., ic livr., 1870, pi. XII, fig. 11, & 4e livr., 1874, p. 238; COPE, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., No. i, 1875, p. 49; YARROW, Surv. W. looth Merid., Vol. V, 1875, p. 579, pi. XXIV, fig. i-ib; COUES, Surv. W. looth Merid., Vol. V, 1875, p. 593, pi. XXIV, figs. i-ib. Phrynosoma cornutum planiceps BOULENGER, Cat. Lizards Brit. Mus., Vol. II, 1885, p. 246. Description. — Nostrils opening above lines joining sup- erciliary ridges with end of snout. Head-spines large and usually straight 5 three to six temporals, one occipital, and one postorbital on each side, and one small interoccipital. Sometimes with small spines above and between temporals and eye, and usually several in front of occipitals. Tem- poral scales with ridges running in general direction of tem- poral spines. Other upper head scales flat or conical, often with numerous ridges and granulations. One longitudinal series of gular scales enlarged, becoming smaller anteriorly, nearly continuous with lower group of spines on neck. A continuous series of large spinose sublabials, larger pos- teriorly. Two or three groups of spines on each side of neck, lower usually largest. Back and tail bearing large, scattered, elevated, keeled, tubercular scales, between which 412 3. IGUANIDJE are smaller scales and granules. Two rows of peripheral spines, lower series shorter than upper, and composed of much smaller spines. Tail bordered with a single row of lateral spines, and having a small group of slender ones just behind thigh. Scales on anterior surfaces of limbs large, pointed and strongly keeled, those on chest, belly, and proximal part of the tail smooth or keeled. Tympanum not covered with scales. Long series of femoral pores present. The upper surfaces are variously tinted with yellow, brown, and gray. A large brown patch occupies each side of the neck. On the back are undulate cross-bands or large blotches of dark brown, often edged posteriorly with white or light gray. Similar markings may be seen on the tail. The keels of many of the large dorsal tubercles are dark brown. There usually is a light middorsal line. The head is yellowish with more or less definite dark brown cross- bars. These usually are three or four in number 5 one near the nostrils, one on the frontal region, one between the post- ocular spines and one in front of the occipital horns. A dark bar runs from the eye to the temporal horns, and usually another is present between the eye and lip. A third anterior bar sometimes is evident. Its larger spines are sometimes reddish-brown. The lower surfaces are yellow or yellowish white, uniform or spotted with slate or gray. All markings are usually more distinct in young than in old specimens, but are very variable in both. Oc. PAPERS, CAL. ACAD. Sci., VOL. X [VAN DENBURGH | PLATE 35 v g S o O rt as X rH 13. PHRYNOSOMA 413 Length to anus 76 85 86 88 90 90 Length of tail 37 32 35 40 38 34 Snout to ear 15 16 16 17 17 18 Width of head 27 27 25 31 31 JO Length of occipital spines 8 8 8 10 10 8 Fore limb 39 37 39 41 44 43 Hind limb 49 48 53 52 55 56 Base of fifth to end of fourth toe 13 12 14 13 14 14 Distribution. — This species ranges from Kansas and Colorado south to Texas and northern Mexico and west to New Mexico and southeastern Arizona. In Arizona, it has been taken in Cochise County at Douglas, Apache, Bisbee, Fort Bowie, Willcox, Fairbank, and Fort Huachuca. It has been recorded also from Pima (Fort Lowell), Navajo (Apache), and Coconino (Little Colorado River), counties, but these records, doubtless, are based upon specimens of other species. Cope (1900) lists specimens from Deseret City and Box Elder, Utah. These records also certainly are erroneous. Habits. — Regarding the habits of this horned toad in Texas, Mr. Strecker states that it is "Common along road- sides and in grassy flats and fields. These little horned lizards feed principally on red ants, and some of the speci- mens I have dissected were fairly gorged with these pests. The usual number of eggs deposited by this species is 24. On the 10th of July, 1906, Mr. Whipple, the engineer at the University, discovered a female Phrynosoma preparing her nest in hard earth at the rear of the engine house. He notified me of his find and the next morning we provided ourselves with a spade and pair of heavy shears and went out to collect the set. The hole had been excavated to a depth of seven inches. The eggs formed a compact mass 4-14 3. IGUANID& about 2% inches across and an inch in depth and there was just enough dirt between to keep them from being in con- tact with each other. Another nest discovered at Gurley, Falls County, in the month of April, 1907, was quite dif- ferent. The eggs were merely deposited in a small hollow, under cover of an old railroad tie, and had little or no dirt to keep them separated. A number of these lizards breed in our athletic field each year, and from the 1st of August to the middle of September young specimens just out of the egg are exceedingly abundant." "P. cornutum is the only species whose habits I have had an opportunity to study thoroughly, and since the publica- tion of my brief notes on this lizard I have received letters from a number of naturalists who express their surprise to learn of its egg-laying habit.. The two sets of eggs men- tioned in my notes were described simply to show the dif- ference in the habits of the animal under different circum- stances. In both cases the nests were discovered while the females were at work. These sets were merely two out of the dozen or more that have passed through my hands, and in every instance but one the eggs were twenty-four in num- ber. A female, together with her eggs, had been preserved in the University collection for a number of years. The collector, a Baptist minister, informs me that when he first discovered the nest, the lizard was in the act of depositing the eggs and paid no attention to him, although he watched her for several minutes. He then left, and on his return an hour later, found her at work filling up the hole. "The usual site selected for the nesting burrow is the base of a slanting bank of earth or sand. The hole seldom goes straight down, but is usually dug at an angle of about 45 degrees. The animal's fore-feet are used in digging, while the hind-feet assist in pushing the earth out of the burrow. As soon as one layer of eggs has been deposited 13. PHRYNOSOMA 415 the lizard fills in around and over them with earth and is ready for the next lot. In one nest examined by me, the eggs were arranged in four layers of six each. It is really marvelous how hard and firm the earth is packed into the burrow. The period if incubation is about forty days, but I presume that this depends largely on the condition of the weather and the location of the nest. Several eggs hatched out in my office on the 35th day, but I am certain that these were several days incubated when they were brought in. In my former notes I mentioned a set of eggs that were found under an old railroad tie. This seems rather a peculiar case when we consider the fact that the eggs are usually buried to a depth of six or seven inches, but at the time this set was found it had been raining steadily for several days and the ground was wet and soggy. These conditions may account for the seeming neglect of the lizard mother. Had I not captured the female, I might have at first thought that these eggs were those of some other lizard. At that date, however, Cnemidophorus gulans was not breeding, in fact, had only been active for a very few days, and it is the only other species that would be likely to breed in such a situa- tion. As far as my observations go, none of our other liz- ards deposit more than a dozen eggs, and there were twenty- four in the set mentioned. "The breeding season extends from the middle of April into the latter part of July. The eggs have a tough, leath- ery, non-calcareous shell. All of those in one set are usually of the same shape, but when several sets are compared they show considerable variation. The length in about seventy specimens is about the same, but the diameter varies consid- erably. The average type measures % of an inch in length by 7/1 6 in diameter. In the fresh egg the color is yellowish- white. Those in the set collected on July 10, 1906, are 416 3. IGUANID3E almost black as they were buried in a bank composed largely of coal dust and cinders. "When first hatched the young are smooth and tender, but in a short time are very active in their movements and fully able to take care of themselves. They do not receive any care from the mother, who probably never returns to the spot where she buries the eggs. "This species, in common with other members of the genus, has the habit of occasionlly squirting blood from the corner of the eye. This is only done when the animal has been injured by rough handling. One afternoon I collected twenty-three specimens, and when I was ready to start home my shirt looked as though I had been present at a hog- killing. Judging from my experience I would say that this habit was more common with our species than with any of the others. An old superstition among the country peo- ple and negroes, is to the effect that when a horned toad 'spits' blood, its bite is "suah" death. "Some years ago a friend brought me a dead hawk (Buteo lineatus alleni) that he had found lying out on the prairie west of the city. It was greatly emaciated and there was considerable dry blood on the feathers of the throat and breast. On skinning it I found no shot wounds, but when I made a careful examination of the carcass I found that it had swallowed two horned lizards and that one of the occipital horns of one of these had penetrated the bird's trachea." Mr. W. M. Winton notes "An interesting fact men- tioned by many writers, and easily confirmed, is that the horned lizard is very sensitive to the stings of the large agri- cultural ants which form its principal food. The lizard will fidget nervously when stung by an ant on the back or on the leg, yet can swallow the insect alive and entire. The 1 3 . PUR YNOSOMA 4- 1 7 lining of the esophagus and the stomach seems to be pecu- liarly resistant. "A common habit, seen in about twenty-five per cent of specimens, is that of wagging the tail when irritated. Inci- dentally, this habit is quite general among reptiles. Many non-venomous snakes vibrate the tail when surprised. Often they are mistaken for rattlesnakes, as the sound of a rapidly vibrating tail in leaves or dead grass is not unlike the warn- ing of Crotalus. "The male horned lizards sometimes fight each other in hot weather, — if confined closely. This fighting seems to be rather harmless, consisting mainly of vigorous puffing and blowing. The writer once observed a large male dragging around a smaller one holding its tail in his mouth. "Horned lizards, unlike other lizards, do not have the power to break off the tail, when that member is grasped. In fact, a convenient method of capture is to seize the ani- mal by its tail. "The Texas form may at times greedily lap up water, but seems to depend mainly on drops of dew on the vegeta- tion. This habit is shared by the other members of the genus. "In North-central Texas, the horned lizards disappear with the first cold burst, which comes on usually between the middle of September and the first of October. Occa- sional specimens, especially very young forms, may be found as late as the first of December; but the majority are gone for the winter, after the first "norther," despite the many warm days which may follow. " "Unlike the desert species of the genus, these forms are far more active in the middle of the forenoon than during the hottest part of the day, which lasts from about noon to the middle of the afternoon. In the forenoon, Phrynoso- mas are actively feeding, and the collector finds them read- 418 3. IGUANIDM ily. Their favorite haunt seems to be along the edge of the thick vegetation. In such a place, during the feeding hour, they may be seen running rapidly up and down, often pass- ing each other 5 and snatching with their viscid tongues any insects which emerge into the open. The next most likely spot is in the thick vegetation near some ant road. "While burrowing deeply in the winter, it appears that the Texas horned lizards do not bury themselves at night, as do most of the desert species. Nor do they do so in rainy weather, or during brief cold snaps. At such times they retire into the burrows of rodents or under flat rocks. It is an interesting fact, that, at such times, horned lizards are very abundant under the cross ties of railroad tracks. Often they burrow through into the area between the two rails. Here they emerge and are literally trapped. The rails are usually too high to be climbed over, and the lizards run up and down frantically ; occasionally one climbs up on a rail just in time to be crushed by a passing train. Many live for the rest of the summer in this uncomfortable pasture. "In the area of their greatest abundance, horned lizards first appear from their winter burrows about the middle of April. At this time, they are markedly grouped into two sizes; one the full adult size, averaging about 125 mm. 5 and the other the half -sized, averaging about 50 mm., from the hatching of the previous autumn. From this, it seems clear that these lizards do not reach full size until the end of their first year. Some specimens go through an incomplete moulting at the time of their emergence from hibernation; but the most important moult takes place during the first two weeks of July. It is during this time that the blood ejecting habit is most conspicuous. The extraordinary habit of occasionally squirting blood from the eye when attacked has been observed and recorded by a number of writers. Hay supposed that it was a mode of protection during 13. PHRYNOSOMA 419 moulting. Bryant, speaking of the California species, says that blood ejecting is just as liable to occur between moults as during moult. Bryant sectioned the eyelids of a blood- ejecting specimen, but could find nothing except that the lids were rather swollen and vascular. Several writers have suggested that the blood ejecting is due to the weakening of a portion of the cornea by some parasite, — perhaps one of the mites which so commonly infest these lizards. The writer has recorded elsewhere (Science, Vol. XL, 784-85) a very careful examination which he made of several blood- squirting specimens. He found no parasites of any kind, and expressed the belief that the blood ejecting, in this spe- cies at least, is intimately connected with moulting. Since this study was published, the writer has found seven more blood-ejecting specimens and all were moulting. "In feeding, small insects are clearly preferred; but, sometimes, a venturesome individual will swallow a large grasshopper or even a snail. The writer once watched one of these animals eating a large brown May beetle. The beetle lumbered before the eyes of the lizard. The reptile slowly turned his head a little to one side and watched the insect, then raised himself high on his legs and snatched at the insect with his tongue, whipping it against his lips, but not bringing it into his mouth. The lizard hastily jumped back and puffed himself out in the usual warning attitude of these animals. The beetle began to crawl away. The liz- ard returned to the attack, carefully stalking his prey for a yard or so, then rushing on it, seized it in his mouth without using his sticky tongue. After turning it about against the ground, the lizard finally gulped the insect down. The writer expected to see the lizard use its front feet, as the common toad does when handling a large mouthful, but, although the front feet were waved alternately in the air, they were not used. 4-20 3. IGUAN1D& "Mention has been made before of the reaction of these lizards toward various animals. When attacked, the lizard puffs itself out into an almost flat shape, tucks the head down, exposing the horns, and waits for the enemy. The habit of charging on an enemy, which has been mentioned, may be more common than is suspected j although the writer has observed it only once. Specimens seldom attempt to bite the collector. "Bryant discovered that the California species of horned lizards are very subject to a form of hypnotism. The writer has confirmed this on the Texas form, also. Bryant's method is to stroke the animal between the eyes. After three or four gentle strokes, the lizard closes its eyes and becomes very quiet, even losing some of the reflexes. The writer has discovered that if the region over the pineal eye is simply touched a few times with the tip of the finger, that the hypnotic effect can be induced. He has further found that if after a time, when the animal begins to show signs of awakening, if gentle passes are made in the air over the region of the pineal eye, the animal will return to the hyp- notic condition. So far, he has not been able to find a defi- nite explanation of this, but it would seem to suggest that the pineal eye in these animals may be more or less func- tional." Mr. Albert M. Reese writes that a female of this species, during the night of June 7 to 8, "laid three eggs, whose yellowish-white, leathery shells measured 1 0 mm. x 1 6 mm. in size, "On the evening of June 1 1 the animal was found dead in its cage; it had probably been dead for some hours. On opening the body it was found to contain 34 eggs, similar to the three that had been laid four days bef ore." 13. PHRYNOSOMA 421 84. Phrynosoma platyrhinos Girard DESERT HORNED TOAD Plate 36 Phrynosoma platyrhinos GIRARD, Stansbury's Exped. Great Salt Lake, 1853, pp. 361, 363, pi. VII, figs'. 1-5 (type locality, Great Salt Lake); COPE, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1866, p. 302; BOCOURT, Miss. Sci. Mex., Reptiles, 46 livr., 1874, p. 232; GENTRY, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1885, p. 147; STEJNEGER, N. Amer. Fauna, No. 7, 1893, p. 190, pi.' II, figs. 4a-4c; VAN DENBURGH, Occas. Papers Cal. Acad. Sci., V, 1897, p. 98; McLAiN, Critical Notes, 1899, p. 8; GRINNELL & GRINNELL, Throop Inst. Bulletin, No. XXXV, 1907, p. 57; BRYANT, Univ. Cal. Publs. Zool., Voll 9, No. i, 1911, pp. 5, 44, pi. 6; VAN DENBURGH, Proc. Cal. Acad. Sci., Ser. 4, Vol. 3, 1912, p. 157; TAYLOR, Univ. Cal. Publs. Zool., Vol. 7, No. 10, 1912, p. 351; VAN DENBURGH & SLEVIN, Proc. Cal. Acad. Sci., Ser. 4, Vol. 3, 1913, pp. 393, 406; ATSATT, Univ. Cal. Publs. Zool., Vol. 12, No. 3, 1913, p. 38; RICHARDSON, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., Vol. 48, 1915, p. 422; VAN DENBURGH & SLEVIN, Proc. Cal. Acad. Sci., Ser. 4, Vol. 5, No. 4, 1915, pp. 100, 105; CAMP, Univ. Cal. Publs. Zool. Vol. 12, No. 17, 1916, p. 527; GRINNELL & CAMP, Univ. Cal. Publs. Zool., Vol. 17, No. 10, 1917, p. 165; STEJNEGER & BARBOUR, Check List N. Amer. Amph. Rept., 1917, p. 60; COWLES, Journ. Entomol. & Zool., Pomona College, Vol. XII, No. 3, p. 65; VAN DENBURGH & SLEVIN, Proc. Cal. Acad. Sci., Ser. 4, Vol. XI, 1921, pp. 28, 35, 40, 43, 51; NELSON, Mem. Nat. Acad. Sci., Vol. XVI, 1921, pp. 114, 126. Doliosaurus platyrhinos GIRARD, U. S. Explor. Exped., Herpetology, 1858, p. 409; BAIRD, Rep. Pac. R. R. Surv., Vol. X, Rept., p. 18; COOPER, Proc. Cal. Acad. Sci., Vol. IV, 1870, pp. 67, 76. Phrynosoma ptatyrhinum COPE, Bull. U. S. Nat. Musv No. i, 1875, P- 49; YARROW, Surv. W. looth Merid., Vol. V, 1875, p. 577; COUES, Surv. W. looth Merid., Vol. V, 1875, p. 594; YARROW & HENSHAW, Ann. Report Chief of Engineers for 1878 Surv. W. looth Merid., Appendix NN, 1878, p. 224; YARROW, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., No. 24, 1883, p. 65; COPE, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1883, pp. 15, 1 8; DITMARS, Reptile Book, 1907, p. 158. Phrynosoma maccalli YARROW & HENSHAW, Ann. Report Chief of En- gineers for 1878, Surv. W. looth Merid., Appendix NN, 1878, p. 225; YARROW, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., No. 24, 1883, p. 65; BOULENGER, Cat. Lizards Brit. Mus., Vol. II, 1885, p. 246. 422 3. IGUANID/E Phrynosoma platyrhinus BOULENGER, Cat. Lizards Brit. Mus., Vol. II, 1885, p. 247; MEEK, Field Columbian Mus., Zool. Ser., Vol. VII, No. i, 1906, p. 12. Anota caUdiarum COPE, Amer. Naturalist, Vol. XXX, No. 358, Oct. 1896, p. 333 (type locality, "Death Valley, Cal." not definitely known); COPE, Report U. S. Nat. Mus. for 1898, 1900, p. 439, fig. 79. Anota platyrhina COPE, Report U. S. Nat. Mus. for 1898, 1900, p. 443, fig. 81. Phrynosoma caUdiarum DITMARS, Reptile Book, 1907, p. 157, pis. XLVI, figs. 10, 14, L, fig. 2. Phyrnosoma platyshinus STEPHENS, Trans. San Diego Soc. Nat. Hist., Vol. Ill, No. 4, p. 62. Description. — Nostrils opening above lines joining super- ciliary ridges with end of snout. Head-spines of moderate size or rather short; five to seven temporals, one occipital, and one or two postorbitals, on each side. Three scales in front of occipital horns much larger than other head-shields. Later usually almost flat, except just in front of occipital and temporal spines, but roughened with small ridges and granulations. Gular region covered with small granular scales, either uniform or with one series of larger scales at each side. Below lower labials, and separated from them by one or two rows of small scales, is a series of large spinose plates which increase in size posteriorly. Two groups of weak spines on each side of neck, lower somewhat larger than upper. Back, tail, and upper surfaces of thighs bear- ing scattered, slightly elevated, keeled, tubercular scales, with smaller scales and granules between. A single series of peripheral spines, gradually disappearing posteriorly. Tail edged with a row of small spines. Scales on front of the arm large, pointed and strongly keeled. Those on chest, abdomen, and proximal half of tail smooth. Tympanum usually covered with scales, but sometimes naked. Femoral pores varying from six to 12 on each side, often invading preanal region. Males with enlarged postanal plates. Oc. PAPERS, CAL. ACAD. Sci., VOL. X [VAN DENBURGH] PLATE 36 Phrynosoma flatyrhinosy Desert Horned Toad Pig. 1. Collected at Caliente, Lincoln County, Nevada, May, 1913. Figs. 2 & 3. Collected near Palm Springs Station, Riverside ~ County, California, November, 1912. 13. PHRYNOSOMA 423 The general color of the upper surfaces is white, gray, yellow, brown or red, variously marbled with black, brown or slate. A large dark area on each side of the neck is much more distinct in young than in adults. The usual dark dor- sal blotches are very indistinct, as are also the dusky cross- bands on the tail. The head is usually dotted with black or brown. The lower surfaces are yellowish-white, uni- form or spotted with black, brown, or slate. Length to anus 30 38 48 77 85 94 Length of tail 14 29 22 40 45 46 Snout to ear 7 9 2 16 20 8 12 2 19 25 10 14 3 22 30 15 21 6 35 46 16 22 8 34 48 16 23 8 37 52 Width of head Length of occipital horn Fore limb Hind limb Base of fifth to end of fourth toe 8 9 10 14 15 16 Distribution. — The Desert Horned Toad occupies most of the desert valleys of Nevada and extends its range thence into Idaho, southeastern Washington, western Utah, western Arizona, eastern California, and northeastern Lower Cali- fornia. In California it has been collected in Imperial (Coyote Wells, Colorado River opposite Cibola), San Diego (Colo- rado Desert and eastern valleys), Riverside (Palm Springs, Murray Canyon near Palm Springs, Whitewater, Mecca), Los Angeles (Lancaster, Antelope Valley, Fairmont), San Bernardino (Victorville, Barstow, nine miles south from Lovic, five miles west from Amboy, Coyote Holes 20 miles northeast of Daggett, Pilot Knob, Warren's Wells, Tur- tle Mountains, Blythe Junction, hill east of Oro Grande Needles, Borax Flat), Kern (head of Kelso Valley 16 miles southeast from Weldon, head of South Fork of Kern Val- ley, Chimney Creek, Walker Pass), Inyo (Keeler, Darwin, 4-24 3. 1GUANID& Owens Lake, Lone Pine, Little Lake, Independence, Owens Valley at Ash Creek ten miles north from Bishop, Coso, Coso Valley, Argus Range at Maturango Spring, Shoshone, Deep Spring Valley, Saline Valley, Mazourka Canyon, Panamint Valley, Panamint Mountains at Wild Rose Spring and Willow Creek, Ballarat, Mesquite Valley, Amargosa Desert, Death Valley at Bennett Wells and Furnace Creek, Resting Springs, Funeral Mountains), and Mono (Benton), counties. In Nevada, it has been secured in Clark (Vegas Valley, Las Vegas, Pahrump Valley, Indian Spring Valley), Lin- coln (Pahranagat Valley, Panaca, Caliente), Nye (Amar- gosa Desert, Ash Meadows, Round Mountain at 6300 feet, Peavine Creek at 6000 feet in the Toiyabe Mountains, Rhyolite, Tonopah), Esmeralda (Grapevile Mountains, Goldfield), Storey (Virginia City), Washoe (Reno, Sut- cliffe, Pyramid Lake, Little High Rock Canyon, Lower Truckee River, Derby, Wadsworth), Humboldt (head of Humboldt River, Amos, Quinn River Crossing, Pine Forest Mountains, Thousand Creek Ranch, and Leonard Creek, Alder Creek and Big Creek Ranch, in the Pine Forest Mountains), counties. From Oregon, I know of no records except Warner Lake north from Plush, Lake County, although this species prob- ably occurs in the eastern part of the state. From eastern Washington, Yarrow and Cope record it from Fort Walla Walla. In Idaho, it has been collected in Owyhee (mouth of Bruneau River, plains across river from Glenns Ferry), Jerome (lava plains between Shoshone and the Snake River, sage plains between Shoshone and Blue Lakes, plains near Blue Lakes), Gooding (plains between Bliss and Snake River), and Cassia (Cottonwood Creek) counties. Cope 13. PHRYNOSOMA 425 records a specimen as collected at Sand Point, Bonner County. In Utah, the type was collected near the Great Salt Lake, and the species has since been secured in Utah (Fair- field), Beaver (Beaver, Jackson Hill at 6500 feet in the Tushar Mountains, Newhouse), Millard (Dome Canyon, Deseret City, Meadows), Iron (Rush Lake), and Washing- ton (St. George, Toquerville, Rockville, Mountain Mead- ows), counties. In Arizona, it is known to occur in Mohave (Valley of the Virgin River, Fort Mohave), Yavapai (Fort Whipple), Maricopa (Tempe), and Yuma (Parker, 25 miles below Ehrenberg, Yuma, Papago Wells in the southeastern part of the county), counties. In Lower Calfornia, it has been collected only at San Felipe on the Gulf of California, and at Seven Wells on the Salton River. Habits. — Like other species of this genus, Phrynosoma flatyrhinos feeds upon small insects. These it catches upon the ground, and rarely if ever attempts to climb. It can- not run swiftly, but sometimes tries to escape by burying itself in the loose desert soil. It often puffs itself up and hisses when handled. Taylor noted a pair mating, in north- ern Nevada, on June 10, and on June 14 found a female containing ten eggs. Near Pyramid Lake, Richardson, in the last week in May and on June 2, found three females which contained thirteen, thirteen and nine eggs, respec- tively. He notes: "Phrynosoma flaty rhinos was invari- ably found on the desert among low bushes, under which it ran when pursued. It seemed to rely upon this method of escape rather than that of hiding in the burrows of small mammals, a habit of many desert lizards. When hard pressed it crawled close to the stalk of a bush, around which 426 3. IGUANIDJE it dodged with considerable alacrity. When it ran any great distance it often raised its tail above the level of the sand in a manner suggestive of the more agile Callisaurus. "Two individuals whose stomachs were opened had eaten a mass of insects, chiefly ants and beetles, besides a number of larvse which could not be identified." Taylor states that of three individuals taken July 3, in northern Nevada, two were shedding their epidermis. 85. Phrynosoma goodei Stejnegcr SONORAN HORNED TOAD Phrynosoma hernandezi STREETS, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., No. 7, 1877, p. 36. Phrynosoma goodei STEJNEGER, N. Amer. Fauna, No. 7, 1893, p» I9I> pi. II, figs. 33-30 (type locality, Coast deserts of the state of Sonora, Mexico); DITMARS, Reptile Book, 1907, p. 158. Anota goodei COPE, Report, U. S. Nat. Mus. for 1898, 1900, p. 442, fig. 80. Description. — Nostrils opening above the lines joining superciliary ridges with end of snout. Head-spines of moderate size or rather short 5 only three temporal horns on each side, one occipital and one postorbital; the posterior temporal horn nearly on a line with, and of the same size as, the occipital horns. Upper head-shields rugose. Gular region covered with small granular scales, nearly uniform or with indications of one series of enlarged scales on each side. Below lower labials, and separated from them by one series of small scales, is a series of large plates of which only the three posterior are spinous. Side of neck with two short folds each with a group of spinous scales. Upper sur- faces bearing scattered, slightly elevated, keeled, tubercular scales, with smaller scales and granules between. A single series of peripheral spines. Tail more than twice length of head$ with a lateral fringe of pointed scales. Lower sur- faces covered with smooth scales, except on tibia and feet, 13. PHRYNOSOMA 427 where they are keeled. Tympanum entirely concealed by scales. Femoral pores varying from seven to 10 on each side. Males with enlarged postanal plates. The color above is gray, with a blackish blotch on each side of the nape, and three pairs of blackish spots about the bases of the large dorsal scales. The more laterally placed large dorsal scales are basally shaded with blackish, form- ing a chain-like row of spots parallel to the edge of the body. The tail shows dusky cross lines above. The lower surfaces are white, immaculate. Length to anus 72 Length of tail 43 Snout to gular fold—. 18 Width of head 22 Length of occipital horn 2 Fore limb 47 Hind foot 19 Distribution. — This horned toad is known only from two specimens collected by Dr. Streets on the low, sandy, desert- like plains along the gulf coast of Sonora, Mexico. Habits. — Dr. Streets states that one was kept as a pet on board ship until it died. Its diet in captivity consisted exclusively of flies and cockroaches. After its death its throat, mouth and nostrils were found completely clogged up with small parasitic round worms. 428 3. IGUANIDJE 86. Phrynosoma m'callii (Hallowell) FLAT-TAILED HORNED TOAD Plate 37 Anota m'callii HALLOWELL, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., Vol. VI, 1852 p. 182 (type locality, "Great Desert of the Colorado, between Vallicita and Camp Yuma, about 160 miles east of San Diego") ; HALLOWELL, Sitgreaves* Exped. Zuiii and Colorado Rivers, 1853, p. 127, pi. 10; BOCOURT, Miss. Sci. Mex., Kept., 46 livr. 1874, p. 230. Doliosaurus mccalli GIRARD, U. S. Explor. Exped., Herpetology, 1858, p. 408; BAIRD, U. S. Mex. Bound. Surv., Vol. II, Kept., 1859, p. 9, pi. 28, figs. 4-6; COOPER, Proc. Cal. Acad. Sci., Vol. IV, 1870, p. 67. Phrynosoma maccallii COPE, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1866, p. 310; COPE, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., No. i, 1875, ?• 495 COUES, Surv. W. looth Merid., Vol. V, 1875, P- 593; GENTRY, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1885, pi. 148. Anota maccallii COPE, Report U. S. Nat. Mus. for 1898, 1900, p. 448, fig. 82; BRYANT, Univ. Cal. Publs. Zool., Vol. 9, No. I, 1911, pp. 5, 54, pi. 7* Phrynosoma m'callii STEJNEGER, N. Amer. Fauna, No, 7, 1893, p. 190; VAN DENBURGH, Occas. Papers Cal. Acad. Sci., V, 1897, p. 100; VAN DENBURGH, Proc. Cal. Acad. Sci., Ser. 4, Vol. 3, 1912, p. 153; VAN DENBURGH & SLEVIN, Proc. Cal. Acad. Sci., Ser. 4, Vol. 3, I9I3j PP- 393> 4°6; GRINNELL & CAMP, Univ. Cal. Publs. Zool., Vol. 17, No. 10, 1917, p. 166; STEJNEGER & BARBOUR, Check List N. Amer. Amph. Rept., 1917, p. 59; VAN DENBURGH & SLEVIN, Proc. Cal. Acad. Sci., Ser. 4, Vol. XI, 1921, p. 51. Anota m'calli STEPHENS, Trans. San Diego Soc. Nat. Hist., Vol. Ill, No. 4, 1921, p. 62. Description. — Snout very short with nostrils opening above continuations of superciliary ridges. Large head- spines: one slender occipital, three to five temporals, and five to seven sublabials, on each side. Sometimes a small interoccipital horn. Scales on upper surface of head slightly convex and nearly smooth, two on occiput being largest. Supralabials small, but projecting, making margin of upper Oc. PAPERS, CAL. ACAD. Sci., VOL. X [VAN DENBURGH] PLATE 37 Phrynosoma trfcalln^ Flat-tailed Horned Toad Collected near Yuma, Yuma County, Arizona, September, 1912. 13. PHRYNOSOMA 429 lip serrate. Gular region covered with small, smooth scales, of which one series on each side is slightly enlarged. Below ihfralabials a series of very large, spinose plates. Two or three small groups of spines on sides of neck. Back, tail, and upper surfaces of thighs bearing scattered, very slightly elevated, weakly keeled, tubercular scales, with small keeled scales or smooth granules between. Two or three series of peripheral spines 5 those of the upper or of middle series largest. Tail greatly flattened, and bearing a fringe of thickly set, slender spines. Scales on front of arm large, pointed, and strongly keeled. Those on chest small and smooth, ex- cept anteriorly, where larger and keeled. Scales of abdomen small and smooth. Most of lower caudal scales keeled. Tympanum entirely covered with granular scales. Femoral pores arranged in long series, seventeen to 23 on each side. The body is ash-color or yellowish olive above, with a narrow median dorsal line, of black or dark brown, extend- ing from the occiput to the base of the tail. There is a brown blotch on each side of the neck. Double series of rounded dark spots ornament each side of the back, uniting to form faint cross-bars on the tail. The lower surfaces are silvery or yellowish white. Length to anus 43 48 64 70 72 81 Length of tail 20 22 36 36 34 47 Width of head 18 17 24 24 24 30^ Length of occipital spine _____ 7^2 6 10 10 11 12 Fore limb 22 23 33 32 33 37 Hind limb 29 29 38 42 43 SO Base of fifth to end of fourth toe 9 10 14 13 13 16 Distribution. — The locality in Imperial County at which the original specimen of this species was secured is stated as the Great Desert of the Colorado, between Vallecito and 4-30 3. IGUANIDJE Camp Yuma, about 160 miles east of San Diego. The Flat- tailed Horned Toad has since been found in southeastern California, southwestern Arizona, and Sonora. It doubt- less occurs in northeastern Lower California, but as yet has not been collected there. In California, it has been secured in Imperial (Colorado Desert, Coyote Well, south end of Salton Sea, Fort Yuma), San Diego (Colorado Desert), Riverside (Mecca, Palm Springs), and San Bernardino (Needles), counties. In Arizona, it has been collected on the desert near Yuma, Yuma County. Habits. — Specimens were secured on the sand hills east of Yuma. They eat ants. One was found sitting on an ant hill, but not an ant was in sight although a half hour later they were swarming over it. It seemed as though the ants remained under cover in the nest as long as the lizard was watching for them. 87. Phrynosoma modestum Girard ROUND-TAILED HORNED TOAD Plate 38 Phrynosoma modestum GIRARD, Stansbury's Exped. Great Salt Lake, 1852, pp. 361, 365, pi. VI, figs. 4-8 (type locality, the Rio Grande west of San Antonio, Texas, and between San Antonio and El Paso); HALLOWELL, Sitgreaves* Exped. Zuni and Colorado Rivers, 1853, p. 145; COPE, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1866, 302; BOCOURT, Miss. Sci. Mex., Rept., 46 Hvr. 1874, p. 232; COPE, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., No. i, 1875, p. 49; YARROW, Surv. W. xooth Merid., Vol. V, 1875, P- 577; COUES, Surv. W. looth Merid., Vol. V, 1875, p. 594; COPE, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1883, pp. 10, 12; YARROW, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., No. 24, 1883, pp. II, 64 (part); CRAGIN, Bull. Washburn Laborat., Vol. I, 1884, p. 6; GENTRY, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1885, p. 148; BOULENGER, Cat. Lizards Brit. Mus., Vol. II, 1885, p. 248; COPE, Proc. Am. Philos. Soc., Vol. XXIII, 1886, p. 282; COPE, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., No. 32, 13. PHRYNOSOMA 431 1887, p. 38; GUNTHER, Biologia Centrali-Americana, Kept., 1890, p. 79; COPE, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1892, p. 335; VAN DEN- BURGH, Proc. Cal. Acad. Sci., Ser. 2, Vol. 6, 1896, p. 342; BROWN, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1903, pp. 546, 552; BAILEY, N. Amer. Fauna, No. 25, 1905, p. 43; DITMARS, Reptile Book, 1907, p. 156; STRECKER, Baylor Univ. Bulletin, Vol. XII, No. I, 1909, p. 13; STONE, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1911, p. 229; BRYANT, Univ. Cal. Publs. Zool., Vol. 9, No. I, 1911, p. 5; VAN DENBURGH & SLEVIN, Proc. Cal. Acad. Sci., Ser. 4, Vol. 3, 1913, p. 393; STRECKER, Baylor Bulletin, Vol. XVIII, No. 4, 1915, p. 23; STEJNEGER & BARBOUR, Check List N. Amer. Amph. Kept., 1917, p. 59; WEESE, Biol. Bull. Woods Hole, Vol. 32, 1917, p. 98. Doliosaurus modestus GIRARD, U. S. Explor. Exped., Herpetology, 1858, p. 409; BAIRD, U. S. Mex. Bound. Surv., Vol. II, 1859, p. 10; BAIRD, Rep. Pac. R. R. Surv., Vol. X, 1859, p. 38. Anota modesta COPE, Amer. Naturalist, Vol. XXX, 1896, p. 1014; COPE, Report U. S. Nat. Mus. for 1898, 1900, p. 437, fig. 78 (part); STONE & REHN, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1903, p. 32; RUTHVEN, Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., Vol. XXIII, 1907, p. 550; ELLIS & HENDER- SON, Univ. Colorado Studies, Vol. X, No. 2, 1913, p. 75. Phrynosoma platyrhynus HERRICK, TERRY & HERRICK, Bull. Sci. Labor. Denison Univ., Vol. XI, 1899, p. 136; HERRICK, TERRY & HERRICK, Bull. Univ. New Mex., Vol. I, 1899, p. 136, pi. XX, fig. 18. Description. — Nostrils opening well above lines joining superciliary ridges with end of snout. Head spines of mod- erate size or rather short j about tRree to five temporals, one occipital, and one small postorbital, on each side. Two or three large conical scales in front of occipital horns. Scales on head slightly convex or flat, roughened with small ridges and granulations. Gular region covered with small gran- ular scales, smaller in posterior than in anterior zone, other- wise subequal without enlarged series. Below lower labials, and in contact with them throughout, is a series of large spinose sublabials which increase in size posteriorly. Two groups of small spines on each side of neck. Back, tail, and upper surfaces of limbs bearing scattered, slightly ele- vated, keeled, tubercular scales, with small scales and gran- 4-32 3. IGUANIDJE ules between. No series of peripheral spines. Tail proxi- mally broad and fringed with one series of small spines, distally slender, round, without fringe. Scales on front of arm large, pointed, and strongly keeled. Those on chest, abdomen, lower surfaces of thighs and proximal part of tail smooth. Tympanum covered with scales. Femoral pores varying from 1 0 to 1 5 on each side, usually invading preanal region and there sometimes grouped in more than one series or occasionally meeting the series of opposite side. Males may have enlarged postanal plates. The general color above is grayish white, gray, pale yel- lowish gray, or very light buff. There is a large dark brown or black blotch on each side of the neck. There often is a somewhat similar dark blotch in front of the hind leg. This may be yellow, brown or black, and may be continued for- ward along the side of the body to join the nuchal blotch. A smaller dark blotch may be present on the side of the tail behind the thigh. More or less obsolete dark dorsal spots, blotches or undulate cross-bars may be present on the body. The taiL and toes usually show dark cross-bars. The head usually is pale yellowish gray, with a few or many black dots, but maybe entirely black above. The lower surfaces are white, occasionally with orange spots on single scales. Length to anus 35 50 53 55 63 65 Length of tail 14 26 20 23 40 42 Width of head 12 16 17 17 23 21 Length of occipital spine 1 2*/2 21/* 2l/2 5 2*/2 Fore limb 17 22 24 25 30 31 Hind limb 20 30 30 33 40 38 Base of fifth to end of fourth toe 5 8 9 10 11 11 Distribution. — This small species ranges from western Texas and northern Chihuahua west to Sonora (Sierra de la Oc. PAPERS, CAL. ACAD. Sci., VOL. X [VAN DENBURGH] PLATE 38 T3 2-_ W 05 »-l T~l O - T3 I &* ti §* t> S 13. PHRYNOSOMA 433 Narizo) and southeastern Arizona. Arizona records are very few. I have seen specimens from Dos Cabezos, Bowie, and Douglas, in Cochise County. Cope (1900) records specimens from Camp Apache and Little Colorado River. Dr. Stejneger informs me that the specimen from the Little Colorado River (U. S. Nat. Mus. No. 4580) is a P. douglas- sn ornatissimum. The specimen from Camp Apache (U. S. Nat. Mus. No. 8441), which Cope records as collected by J. H. Rutter, in July, 1 874, is also referred to P. modes turn by Yarrow (1883) although he had previously (1875) recorded what is evidently this specimen as P. cornutum. Dr. Stejneger writes me that it is a P. modestum. Habits. — Ruthven, who observed this species in New Mexico, states that the stomach contents of several speci- mens consisted of ants, a few beetles and a small amount of vegetable matter. He found that this species has the power of changing color in a striking way. It was necessary to shoot a specimen. "It was not seriously injured, but bled quite freely, and when the bag in which it was placed be- came stained with blood, the large black lateral spots, which were previously very distinct, became a bright pink, and remained so for four hours, only becoming black again when the specimen was killed." Family 4. ANGUID^E In the lizards of this family, the tongue is formed of a larger, thick, posterior portion, and a smaller, thin, emar- ginate, anterior part which is more or less retractile into a fold of the posterior portion. The imbricate scales are reinforced with bony plates. In some genera the limbs are well-developed, but in others they are rudimentary or even absent. The family is represented in western North Amer- ica by a single genus. 434 4. ANGUIDJE Genus 14. Gerrhonotus Qerrhonotus WIEGMANN, Isis, 1828, p. 379 (type, tessellatus^liocefhalus), Abronia GRAY, Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist., I, 1838, p. 389. Elgaria GRAY, Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist., I, 1838, p. 390. There are four pentadactyle limbs. The head and body are elongate, but shorter than the tail. The head-plates are rather large, and change gradually to those of the neck. Azygous interoccipital and prefrontal plates are present. The dorsal, caudal, and ventral scales are large, rhomboidal, and arranged in transverse as well as longitudinal series. A band of granules along each side of the body is usually hid- den by a dermal fold. The eye is large, with round pupil and well-developed lids. The ear-opening is distinct. There is no transverse gular fold. Femoral and preanal pores are absent. The species of this genus often may be recognized at a glance, but the amount of individual variation is so great that it is very difficult to express their characteristics in a key which will serve to distinguish all specimens. It should be remembered that single specimens may vary in one or more of the characters given (except the position of the dark ventral lines), which are based upon the examination of more than five hundred specimens. The variation in these characters in these specimens is shown in the following table: 14, GERRHONOTUS 435 principis coerulus *C B 1 multicarinatus scincicauda (including webbii) Dark lines along middle of ventral scales 38 24.1 Dark lines absent ii 20 18 2 Dark lines between ventral scale rows. . 1i m 2 Azygous prefrontal large . ... 8 26 IO 20 211 Azygous prefrontal moderate 12 83 I 18 Azygous prefrontal small 21 70 2 Two plates replacing azygous prefrontal I 1 A single interoccipital IO l< IO 18 227 Two to four interoccipitals T2 14,6 I If No interoccipital i I Scale rows, 12 2 Scale rows, 1 2 2—2 i 2O Scale rows, 14 ... 21 i 1 206 Scale rows, 14 2—2 17 r I 1 1C Scale rows, 15^ < Scale rows, 16 164. 10 11 Scale rows, 1 6 2—2 Scale rows, 1 8 2 Total number of specimens, 525 42 182 20 38 243 436 4. ANGVIDJE SYNOPSIS OF SPECIES a. — Lateral dorsal scales keeled. b. — Dark ventral lines between the longitudinal rows of scales or absent. c. — Dorsal scales weakly keeled, in fourteen (rarely 14 2/2) longitudinal rows.* G. principis. — p. 4-37. c*. — Dorsal scales strongly keeled, in sixteen (rarely 142/2 or 18) longitudinal rows, d. — Temporal scales smooth. G. cceruleus. — p. 440. d*. — Lower temporal scales keeled. G. palmeri. — p. 445. b*. — Dark ventral lines along middles of longitudinal scale rows. cc. — Dorsal scales weakly keeled, in sixteen (rarely 14 or 14 2/2 longitudinal rows. G. multicarnatus. — p. 448. cc3. — Dorsal scaled strongly keeled, in fourteen (rarely 12 2/2 or 14 2/2) longitudinal rows, dd. — Temporals smooth, lateral caudals five scales be- hind anus smooth for from six to nine rows from inferior mid-caudal line. G. s. scincicauda. — p. 450. dd*. — Temporals keeled, lateral caudals five scales be- hind anus smooth for only four or five rows from inferior mid-caudal line. G. s. webbii. — p. 455. a'. — Scales all smooth or only a few of the middle dorsal rows with very weak carination. G. kingii. — p. 461. *The scales of the row nearest the granular area vary somewhat in size in different specimens. When counting the dorsal series, the lowest (on each side) should not be included if its scales are less than half the size of those immediately above them. When its scales are half the size of those above, I have called the lowest row % series; when more than half the size of those above, a whole series. 14. GERRHONOTUS 437 88. Gerrhonotus principis (Baird & Girard) NORTHERN ALLIGATOR LIZARD Elgaria principis BAIRD & GIRARD, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1852, P« I75> (type locality, Oregon and Puget Sound); GIRARD, U.S. Explor. Exped., Herp., p. 214, pl.XXII, figs. 9-16; LORD, Naturalist Vancouver Island, Vol. II, 1866, p. 302. Gerrhonotus (Elgaria) principis O'SHAUGHNESSY, Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist., Ser. 4, Vol. XII, 1873, p. 48. Gerrhonotus principis COPE, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., No. i, 1875, P- 4^> YARROW, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., No. 24, 1883, p. 47; STEJNEGER, N. A. Fauna, No. 7, 1893, P- J97; VAN DENBURGH, Occas. Papers Cal. Acad. Sci., V, 1897, p. 112; VAN DENBURGH, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1898, pp. 64, 65; McLAiN, Critical Notes, 1899, p. 9; COPE, Report U. S. Nat. Mus. for 1898, 1900, p. 529, fig. 95; STONE, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1911, p. 230; STEJNEGER & BARBOUR, Check List N. Amer. Amph. Kept., 1917, p. 62. Gerrhonotus grandis YARROW, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., No. 24, 1883, p. 47 (part). Gerrhonotus cceruleus BOULENGER Cat. Lizards Brit. Mus., Vol. II, 1885, p. 273 (part). "Description. — Body long and rather slender, with short limbs and long tail. Head pointed, with flattened top and almost vertical sides, its temporal regions sometimes slightly swollen. Rostral plate large, and rounded in upper out- line. Behind it, on top of head, follow a pair of small internasals, a pair of f rontonasals, a moderate-sized or small azygous prefrontal, a pair of prefrontals, a long frontal, a pair of frontoparietals, two parietals with an interparietal between them, and a pair of occipitals separated by one or usually two or three interoccipitals. Two series of supra- oculars and a series of small superciliaries. Upper tem- poral scales usually smooth, and lower two or three series always so. Upper labials much larger than lower. Below latter, two series of sublabial plates, lower much the larger. Gular scales inbricate and smooth. Scales on upper surfaces and sides of neck, body, and tail large, rhomboidal, slightly 438 4. ANGU1DJE oblique, weakly keeled, strengthened with bony plates, and arranged in both transverse and longitudinal series. Num- ber of longitudinal series on body 14 (rarely 14 2/2 or 16). Number of transverse series between occipital plates and backs of thighs varying from 44 to 53. A band of granules along each side from large ear-opening to anus, usually hid- den by a strong dermal fold. Ventral plates about size of dorsals, smooth, imbricate, and arranged in 12 longitudinal series. Number of scales from symphyseal plate to anus varying at least from 56 to 62. The ground color above is olivaceous brown, without cross-bands, but with numerous irregular dark brown spots, which sometimes form longitudinal series. The head and limbs are usually more or less clouded with dark brown. The lower surfaces are yellowish or greenish white, often slightly washed with gray, and with or without slate-colored Jines between the longitudinal series of scales. Length to anus 90 91 96 96 102 105 Length of tail 141 151 139 152 148 Snout to ear 16 17 18 18 19 19 Width of head 12 12 12 12 13 13 Head to interoccipital 14 14 15 15 15 15 Fore limb 21 21 23 22 23 23 Hind limb 28 27 29 29 29 29 Base of fifth to end of fourth toe 10 10 11 10 11 11 Distribution. — The Northern Alligator Lizard is a spe- cies of British Columbia, western Washington, and Oregon, whose range extends south to the extreme northwestern cor- ner of California, in Del Norte County. In British Columbia, it has been found on Vancouver Island (at Nanaimo) and at Sicamous, Kaslo and in Lillooct River Valley. In Washington, it is common about Puget Sound, and 14. GERRHONOTUS 439 has been taken in Whatcom (New Whatcom), Snohomish (Darrington), King (Seattle, Kirkland), San Juan (San Juan Islands), and Kitsap (Port Townsend, Gorse Creek), Clark, Kittitas (Easton), and Stevens (Lower Kootenay River), counties. In Oregon, specimens have been collected in Clatsop (Seaside), Multnomah (Portland), Lane (Vida), Coos (Empire, Marshfield), Douglas (Camas Mountains, Glen- dale), Jackson (Prospect), and Curry (Port Orford, Cor- bin) counties. In California, it has been found only in Del Norte County (near Crescent City, both on the mainland and on Whale and Castle Rocks). Remarks. — Specimens from Del Norte County are typi- cal G. principis. G. coeruleus is the species of Humboldt and Shasta counties and of the coast region thence south to Monterey County. Intergradation of these two species might well be ex- pected in the region about the mouth of the Klamath River, but has not yet been shown. G. principis usually has 14 or 14 2/2 longitudinal rows of dorsal scales, while G. coeru- leus occasionally has 142/2 rows, but usually 16. The scales of G. principis also are less strongly keeled, and the coloration is somewhat different, although in this northern portion of its range the coloration of G. coeruleus approaches that of both G. principis and G. palmeri. 440 4. ANGUIDJS 89. Gerrhonotus coeruleus Wiegmann BURNETT'S ALLIGATOR LIZARD Plate 39 Gerrhonotus eceruleus WIEGMANN, Isis, 1828, p. 380, (type locality* "Brazil"*); WIEGMANN, Herp. Mex., 1834, p. 29, 31; GRAY, Cat- Liz. Brit. Mus., 1845, p. 54; BOCOURT, Miss. Sci. au Mex., Rept.» 1878, p. 353, pi. XXI c, figs. 3, 3a; BOULENGER, Cat. Liz. Brit. Mus- II, 1885, p. 273 (part); STEJNEGER, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., XV> 1902; p. 37; VAN DENBURGH & SLEVIN, Proc. Cal. Acad. Sci., Ser 4* Vol. 4, 1914, pp. 132, 134; GRINNELL & CAMP, Univ. Cal. Publ- Zool., Vol. 17, No. 10, 1917, p. 169. Gerrhonotus burnettii GRAY, Griffith's Animal Kingdom, IX, Synop. Rept., 1831, p. 64, (type locality, "South America") ; GRAY, Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist., I, 1838, p. 390; GRAY, Beechey's Voy., Zool., 1839, p. 96, pi. XXXI, fig. 2; GRAY, Cat. Liz. Brit. Mus., 1845, p. 54; O'SHAUGH- NESSY, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., Ser. 4, Vol. XII, 1873, p. 47; BOCOURT. Miss. Sci. au Mex., Rept., 1878, p. 356, pi. XXIc, figs. 4, 4a; STEJ- NEGER, N. A. Fauna, No. 7, 1893, P- I97»' VAN DENBURGH, Occas. Papers Cal. Acad. Sci., V, 1897, P- IO7> %•; VAN DENBURGH, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1898, pp. 64, 65; McLAiN, Critical Notes, 1899, p. 9 (part); COPE, Report U. S. Nat. Mus. for 1898, 1900, p. 526, fig. 94; STEJNEGER & BARBOUR, Check List N. Amer. Amph. Rept, i9i?>P- 61. Elgaria formosa BAIRD & GIRARD, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., VI, 1852, P- 175, (type locality, California); GIRARD, U. S. Explor. Exped., Herp., p. 206, p. XXIII, figs. 10-17. Gerrhonotus (Elgaria) formosus O'SHAUGHNESSY, Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist.> Ser. 4, Vol. XII, 1 873, p. 45. Gerrhonotus multicarinatus YARROW, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., No. 24, 1883, p. 47 (part); COPE, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1883, p. 28; COPE Report U. S. Nat. Mus. for 1898, 1900, p. 520 (part). Gerrhonotus grandis YARROW, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., No. 24, 1883, p. 47 (part). Gerrhonotus scincicaudus YARROW, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., No. 24, 1883, p. 48 (part). *Bocourt quotes from Peters (Miss. Sci. au Mex., 5e liv., p. 355): "Ce Gerrhonote a 6t£ rapporte par M. Chamisso, qui a fait des collections sur les c6tes occidentales des deux Ameriques, aussi se pourrait-il qu'il ait 6t£ recueilli en Californie, d'ou ce voyageur a rapporte divers objets d'histoire naturelle." 14. GERRHONOTUS 441 Description. — Body long and rather slender, with short limbs and very long tail. Head pointed, with flattened top and nearly vertical sides, its temporal regions sometimes swollen. Rostral plate large, and rounded in upper out- line. Behind it, on top of head, a pair of small internasals, a pair of frontonasals, a small or moderate-sized azygous pref rental (rarely replaced by a pair of small plates), a pair of pref rontals, a large frontal, a pair of f rontoparietals, two parietals with an interparietal between them, and a pair of occipitals separated by from one to four, usually by two to three, interoccipitals. Two series of (five and three) supra- oculars, and a series of small superciliaries. Upper tempo- ral scales often keeled, but lower two or three series smooth. Upper labials much larger than lower. Below latter, two series of large sublabial plates, lower much the larger. Gular scales imbricate and smooth. Scales on upper sur- faces and sides of neck, body, and tail rhomboidal, slightly oblique, strongly keeled, strengthened with bony plates, and arranged in both transverse and longitudinal series. Num- ber of longitudinal series on body 16 (rarely 14, 142/2, 16 2-2, or 18). Number of transverse series between occi- pital plates and back of thighs varying from 43 to 52 (aver- age in 63 specimens, 48.5). A band of granules along each side from large ear-opening to anus, usually hidden by a strong dermal fold. Ventral plates about size of dor- sals, smooth, imbricate, and arranged in twelve (or 13) lon- gitudinal series. Number of scales from symphyseal plate to anus varying from 58 to 64. The ground color above, in adults, is gray, olive, yellow, green, brown, or almost black, with numerous irregular black or dark brown cross-bands, which, however, usually are broken up into two lateral series of vertical bars and one median series of irregular spots or blotches. The ground color of the longitudinal band between the median and lat- 442 4. ANGUIDJE eral dark markings is often lighter than elsewhere. Most of the lateral scales occupied by the dark bars are tipped with white. The coloration of the tail is similar to that of the back. The head and limbs may be either unicolor or irregularly mottled with black or brown. The lower surfaces are white, yellow, green, or gray, often with dark gray or slate-colored lines which, when present, appear between the longitudinal series of scales. The young are similarly colored, but the dorsal bands are always broken and the medial spots are much smaller than is usual in adults. The ground color of newly-born young is an irridescent bronze. Length to anus~ 27 32 7 5 6 7 8 52 89 11 7 10 12 16 76 126 15 11 12 18 24 88 145 17 12 14 22 30 98 162 19 14 16 23 31 99 172 20 14 16 24 33 Length of tail Snout to ear. Width of head Head to interoccipital Fore limb Hind limb Base of fifth to end of fourth toe 3 6 8 11 10 12 Distribution. — Burnett's Alligator Lizard occupies, so far as is at present known, merely a narrow strip of country ex- tending along the coast of California from Monterey to Humboldt and Shasta counties. Parts at least of this area it holds in common with its larger congener G. s. scincicauday for the ranges of the two species overlap at certain points. Specimens have been collected in Siskiyou (South Fork of the Salmon River, Sisson), Shasta (Sweet Briar Camp), Trinity (Coffee Creek), Humboldt (Trinidad, Arcata, Alton, Carlotta, Eureka, Philipsville, Cuddeback), Tehama (two miles south from Yolla Bolly Mountain), Mendocino (Irishes, Alder Creek, Sherwood, Willits, Lake Leonard, Comptche, Mendocino City, Gualala, Lierly's Ranch four Oc. PAPERS, CAL. ACAD. Sci., VOL. X [VAN DENBURGH] PLATE 39 t 14. GERRHONOTUS 443 miles south from Mt. Sanhedrin), Sonoma (seven miles west from Cazadero, Monte Rio, Guerneville, Freestone, Duncan Mills, Kidd Creek, Healdsburg, Skaggs Springs, Camp Meeker), Marin (Inverness, Mill Valley, Sausalito, Phoenix Gulch, Angel Island, Lagunitas, Rock Spring, Tamalpais, Lagunitas Creek), Alameda (Redwood Can- yon), San Francisco (Presidio, Golden Gate Park, Lake Merced, San Miguel Hills), San Mateo (Searsville, Pes- cadero, Pescadero Creek, Mussel Rock, San Pedro Point, Mo Nuevo Island), Santa Clara (Palo Alto), Santa Cruz (Boulder Creek, Big Trees, Glenwood, Soquel), and Mon- terey (Pacific Grove, Cypress Point, Carmel) counties. Remarks. — Specimens from the northern portion of the range of this species seem to differ in coloration from those taken south of San Francisco Bay. There is so much indi- vidual variation that the difference is difficult to describe. It may be said to consist in an approach, in the northern specimens, to the types of coloration of G. principis and G. falmeri. It is hard to decide what valuation should be put on these differences. While they might be considered evi- dence of intergradation between the three species, no such intergradation is apparent in scale characters. It might be best to divide G. cceruleus into two subspecies, but I hesi- tate to do this for the reason that individual variation is so great as to make most difficult any definite expression of the average geographical difference. Habits. — These slow-moving lizards may easily be caught on the sand hills of San Francisco, where they are very common. They are insect-eaters, feeding chiefly upon beetles. Females usually show little resentment when han- dled, but males often become very angry and will hiss and bite fiercely, although unable to draw blood. A captive male would hiss and jump at my fingers whenever the door of his cage was opened. The skin is renewed, sometimes at 444 4. ANGUIDJE least, twice each year, and, contrary to the method usual among lizards, is shed in a single piece, the animal escap- ing, as it were, through its own mouth, and neatly inverting its former covering. The tail is strongly prehensile. The eggs are retained in the body until the young are fully formed. If numerous, the lateral fold gradually dis- appears as they increase in size. The young are coiled up in a thin, transparent membrane when born. They almost immediately push the snout through this covering by straightening the body, and in the course of a few minutes set themselves entirely free. The number of young varies from two to 15, but is usually about seven. Two females were caught June 5,1895, and put in small cages where they were supplied with flies and water, of which these lizards are very fond. Young appeared in one box August 29, and in the other September 24, 1895. Those of the first brood varied in length from 71 to 76 millimeters, and those of the second, from 58 to 62. The old lizards showed no affec- tion or solicitude for their young, but the young liked to be near their parents. Six out of the 1 5 inherited an irregu- larity of the dorsal scale-series, shown by their female parent.* During the first few days these young lizards ate noth- ing, but then they began to snap at the smaller flies. When stalking flies, they crouched close to the ground and crept slowly forward, their heads swaying from side to side and their tails quivering or thrashing with excitement. Then, if the snap was successful, the prey was held firmly in the jaws while the lizard, with body and tail straightened, rolled rapidly over and over, grinding the fly in the sand. Fre- quently when one had caught a fly the others would rush up and feel of it inquisitively with their tongues, sometimes *I have found a similar irregularity in only two of 49 other specimens* One of these was from the same locality as this female; 14. GERRHONOTUS 445 even trying to appropriate it to themselves. Sometimes, too, one's chase was interrupted by another lizard seizing the quivering tip of the hunter's tail. The young lizards were very fond of lying in the water, and several delib- erately held their heads under its surface until they were drowned. The last of the family died May 5, 1896, dur- ing a vain endeavor to shed its skin. The lizards which I kept in confinement were more or less active throughout the winter, but Mr. James M. Hyde broke up two decaying logs, near Pescadero, Dec. 22, 1893, and found five lizards of this species hibernating with five Sceloporus o. ocddentalls and one Plestiodon skiltonianus. A pair were found mating April 12, 1909, on Mussel Rock, San Mateo County. 90. Gerrhonotus palmeri (Stejneger) MOUNTAIN ALLIGATOR LIZARD Gerrhonotus scincicauda palmeri STEJNEGER, N. Amer. Fauna, No. 7, 1893, P- *96> (type locality, South Fork Kings River, California). Gerrhonotus palmeri VAN DENBURGH, Occas. Papers Cal. Acad. Sci., V, 1897, p. 113; VAN DENBURGH, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1898, pp. 64, 65; MEEK, Field Columb. Mus., Zool. Ser., Vol. VII, No. I, 1906, p. 12; RICHARDSON, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., Vol. 48, 1915, p. 424; GRINNELL & CAMP, Univ. Calif. Publ. Zool., Vol. 17, No. 10, 1917, p. 168; STEJNEGER & BARBOUR, Check List N. Amer. Amph. Rept. 1917, p. 62. Gerrhonotus burnettii McL-AiN, Critical Notes, 1899, p. 9 (part). Gerrhonotus multicarinatus palmerii COPE, Report U. S. Nat. Mus. for 1898, 1900, p. 525. Description. — Body long and rather slender, with short limbs and long tail. Head pointed, with flattened top and nearly vertical sides, its temporal regions somewhat swollen. Large rostral plate rounded in upper outline. Behind it, on top of head, follow a pair of small internasals, a pair of small frontonasals, a large azygous prefrontal, a pair of large prefrontals, a long frontal, a pair of frontoparietals, 446 4. ANGUID& two parietals separated by an interparietal, and a pair of occipitals with one or more interoccipitals between them. Two series (of five and three) supraoculars, and one series of small superciliaries. All temporal scales keeled. Upper labials much larger than lower. Below latter, two series of sublabial plates, interior larger. Gular scales imbricate and smooth. Scales on upper surfaces and sides of neck, body, and tail large, rhomboidal, slightly oblique, strongly keeled, reinforced with bony plates, and arranged in both longi- tudinal and transverse series. Number of longitudinal series on body 16. Number of transverse rows between interoccipital plate and backs of thighs varying from 42 to 49 in specimens examined. A band of granules along each side from large ear-opening to anus, usually hidden by a strong dermal fold. Ventral plates about size of dorsals, smooth, imbricate, and arranged in twelve (or thirteen) lon- gitudinal series. Number of scales from symphyseal plate to anus 59 to 62. The ground color above is olive-brown or bluish or greenish drab, usually a little paler laterally than near the middle of the back. There are no definite cross-bands, the dark pigments appearing in ill-defined marblings or blotches on the back, or in white-tipped black spots on the sides. The head and limbs are usually unicolor, but may be marked with darker brown. The lower surfaces are yellowish or greenish white, sometimes slightly washed with gray. There are no definite longitudinal lines on the belly in the speci- mens which I have seen, but two specimens have indications of them between the rows of scales. 14. GERRHONOTUS 447 Length to anus .„, _ . 37 88 91 98 105 120 Snout to ear 9 19 19 22 23 26 Width of head 6 14 14 17 18 21 Head to interoccipital 8 15 16 18 19 20 Fore limb 10 24 24 25 31 32 Hind limb 14 33 33 37 36 43 Base of fifth to end of fourth toe. . ... 5 12 12 14 14 15 Distribution. — The Mountain Alligator Lizard has been found only at high altitudes (5,000 to 9,000 feet) on the western and eastern slopes of the Sierra Nevada of Cali- fornia. It has been taken in Kern (at 6,500 feet on Mount Breck- enridge), Tulare (Jackass Meadow at 7,750 feet, North Fork of Kern River, Soda Springs at 7,200 feet, Sequoia National Park at 7,000 feet, Giant Forest, Mineral King at 8,800 feet, East Fork of Kaweah River at 8,500 and 8,800 feet, Hot Springs), Inyo (Onion Valley, Kearsarge Pass), Fresno (South Fork Kings River, Kings River Canyon), Mariposa (Yosemite Valley, Merced Grove, Chinquapin, Porcupine Flat, Merced River), Tuolumne, El Dorado (Fyffe at 3,700 feet), Placer (Tahoe City), and probably Plumas (Quincy), counties. Gerrhonotus Dolmen occurs in the coniferous forests of the Canadian and Transition zones, above the range of Gerrhonotus scincicauda webbii which, in the Sierra Nevada, is restricted to the chaparral belt of the lower levels. Habits. — This species is common near the Little Kern River. Here it hides behind the loose bark of the great pines. Like other members of the genus, it usually moves slowly and seems to have much curiosity. Near the Yosem- ite Valley it mates about the middle of June. 448 4. ANGUIDJE 91. Gerrhonotus multicarinatus (Blainville) SAN LUCAN ALLIGATOR LIZARD Cordylus (Gerrhonotus) multi-carinatus BLAINVILLE, Nouv. Ann. Mus. Hist. Nat. Paris, Vol. IV, 1835, p. 289, p. 25, fig. 2. (type locality, "California"). Gerrhonotus multicarinatus DUMERIL & BIBRON, Erpetologie Generale, Vol. V, 1839, p. 404; COPE, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1866, p. 312; COPE, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., No. i, 1875, p. 46 (part); BOCOURT, Miss. Sci. Mex., Reptiles. 5e livr. 1878, p. 357, pi. XXI c, figs. 5-fa; YARROW, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., No. 24, 1883, p. 47 (part); COPE, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., No. 32, p. 41 (part); BELDING, West Amer. Scientist, Vol. Ill, No. 24, 1887, p. 97; STEJNEGER, N. Amer. Fauna, No. 7, 1893, p. 195; VAN DENBURGH, Proc. Cal. Acad. Sci., Ser. 2, Vol. 5, 1895, p. 119; VAN DENBURGH, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1898, p. 63; COPE, Report U. S. Nat. Mus. for 1898, 1900, p. 520 (part); STEJNEGER & BARBOUR, Check List N. Amer. Amph. Rept., 1917, p. 61; VAN DENBURGH &SLEVIN, Proc. Cal. Acad. Sci., Ser. 4, Vol. XI, 1921, pp. 51, 62; NELSON, Mem. Nat. Acad. Sci., Vol. XVI, 1921, pp. 114, 115- Description. — Body long and rather slender, with short limbs and very long tail. Head pointed, with flattened top and nearly vertical sides, its temporal regions often swollen in old individuals. Rostral plate rounded in upper outline. Behind it, on top of the head, a pair of small internasals, a pair of small frontonasals, a large azygous prefrontal, a pair of large prefrontals, a long frontal, a pair of fronto- parietals, two parietals separated by an interparietal, a pair of occipitals, and a single interoccipital. Two series (of five and three) supraoculars, and a series of small supercil- iaries. Temporal scales all smooth. Upper labials much higher than lower. Below latter two series of large subla- bial plates, lower larger. Gular scales smooth and imbri- cate. Scales on upper surfaces and sides of neck, body, and tail large, rhomboidal, slightly oblique, strongly keeled, strengthened with bony plates, and arranged in both trans- verse and longitudinal series. Number of longitudinal dor- 14. GERRHONOTUS 449 sal series on body 16 (rarely 14 or 142/2). Number of transverse series between interoccipital plate and backs of thighs varying from 52 to 56. A band of granules along each side from the large ear-opening to the anus, usually hidden by a strong fold. Ventral plates about size of dor- sals, smooth, imbricate, and arranged in 1 2 longitudinal ser- ies. Number of scales between symphyseal plate and anus varying at least from 63 to 65. The ground color above in adults is olive, brown, red- dish, or grayish olive, usually paler (but sometimes black) on the sides, and crossed on the neck and body by from 12 to 14 continuous, irregular black or dark brown bands. These bands usually are of about the width of one trans- verse row of scales, but are undulate and sometimes more or less diffused on the back. The lateral scales which these bands occupy are tipped with white. The caudal markings are similar to those on the body, but usually less definite. The head and limbs may be unicolor or irregularly spotted or mottled with darker brown. The lower surfaces are yel- lowish or grayish white, with dark lines along the middle of each longitudinal row of scales. The dorsal markings are absent in a very young individual. Length to anus ..„_ ._„._ 73 88 91 100 100 Length of tail ...,, _ 154- 195 Sr^out to car 15 17 18 20 22 Width of head 11 12 12 15 16 Head to interoccipitaL 12 14- 14- 16 17 Fore limb 18 20 21 23 23 Hind limb 23 28 27 29 30 Base of fifth to end of fourth toe 8 9 8 10 10 Distribution. — This species is probably confined to the Cape Region of Lower California, where it has been taken near Miraflores and San Jose del Cabo, and in Sierra El Taste, Sierra San Lazaro, and Sierra Laguna. Mr. Beld- 450 4. ANGUID& ing's specimen was secured in the Laguna or Victoria Moun- tains, not at La Paz. Remarks. — At an altitude of 5,400 feet in the Sierra Laguna, Mr. Slevin found one of these lizards under a dead yucca stalk, three under fallen pine trees, and two running about in the grass of a mountain meadow. 92. Gerrhonotus scincicauda scincicauda (Skilton) WESTERN ALLIGATOR LIZARD Plate 40 ? Gerrhonotus Wiegmannii GRAY, Cat. Liz. Brit. Mus., 1845, ?• 54> (type locality, Mexico?); O'SHAUGHNESSY, Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist., Ser. 4, Vol. XII, 1873, p. 46. Tropidolepis scincicauda SKILTON, Amer. Journ. Sci. Arts, Ser. 2, Vol. VII, 1849, p. 202, pi. at p. 312, figs. 1-3 (type locality, Dalles of the Columbia). Elgaria scincicauda BAIRD & GIRARD, Stansbury's Exped. Gt. Salt Lake, !853> p. 348, pi. IV, figs. 1-3; GIRARD, U. S. Explor. Exped., Herp., p. 210, pi. XXIII, figs. 1-9. Elgaria grandis BAIRD & GIRARD, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., Vol. VI, 1852, p. 176 (type locality, Oregon); GIRARD, U. S. Explor. Exped., Herp., p. 212, pi. XXII, figs. 1-8; LORD, Naturalist Vancouver Island, Vol. II, 1866, p. 307. Gerrhonotus multicarinatus COOPER, Proc. Cal. Acad. Sci., Vol. IV, 1870, pp. 64, 70; COPE, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., No. I, 1875, p. 46 (part); YARROW, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., No. 24, 1883, p. 47 (part); COPE, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1883, pp. 23, 27 (?); TOWNSEND, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., Vol. 10, 1887, p. 238 (?); COPE, Report U. S. Nat. Mus. for 1898, 1900, p. 520, fig. 93 (part). Gerrhonotus grandis COPE, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., No. I, 1875, P- 46J YARROW, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., No. 24, 1883, p. 47 (part). Gerrhonotus scincicaudus COPE, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., No. I, 1875, p. 47 (part); YARROW & HEKSHAW, Ann. Rep. Chief of Engineers for 1878, Surv. W. looth Merid., Appendix NN, 1878, p. 219 (part); YARROW, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., No. 24, 1883, p. 48 (part); TOWN- SEND, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., Vol. 10, 1887, p. 238 (?). Gerrhonotus caruleus BOULENGER, Cat. Lizards Brit. Mus., Vol. II, 1885, p. 273 (part). 14. GERRHONOTUS 451 Gerrhonotus scincicauda VAN DEN BURGH, Occas. Papers Cal. Acad. Sci., V, 1897, p. 103 (part); VAN DENBURGH, Proc. Cal. Acad. Sci., Ser. 3, Zool., Vol. 4, No. I, 1905, pp. 3, 10, 12, 14; VAN DENBURGH, Proc. Cal. Acad. Sci., Ser. 4, Vol. 3, 1912, p. 157; VAN DENBURGH & SLEVIN, Proc. Cal. Acad. Sci., Ser. 4, Vol. 4, 1914, pp. 132, 134, I35> T36; STEJNEGER & HARBOUR, Check List N. Amer. Amph. Kept., 1917, p. 62. Gerrhonotus scincicauda scincicauda GRINNELL & CAMP, Univ. Cal. Publ. Zool., Vol. 17, No. 10, 1917, p. 1 66. Gerrhonotus sp., MCCRACKEN, Copeia, No. 68, 1919, p. 14. Description. — Body long and rather slender, with short limbs and very long tail. Head pointed, with flattened top and nearly vertical sides, its temporal regions often greatly swollen in old individuals. Rostral plate rounded in upper outline. Behind it, on top of the head, a pair of small internasals, a pair of small frontonasals (sometimes absent), a very large azygous pref rental, a pair of large pref rentals, a long frontal, a pair of frontoparictals, two parietals, sep- arated by an interparietal, a pair of occipitals, and a (usually) single interoccipital. Two series (five and three) supraoculars, and a series of small superciliaries. Upper temporal scales usually keeled, but lower two or three series smooth. Upper labials much larger than lower. Below latter two series of large sublabial plates, lower larger. Gular scales smooth and imbricate. Scales on upper sur- faces and sides of neck, body and tail, large, rhomboidal, slightly oblique, strongly keeled, strengthened with bony plates, and arranged in both transverse and longitudinal series. Number of longitudinal dorsal series on body 14 (rarely 122/2 or 142/2). Number of transverse series between interoccipital plate and backs of thighs varying from 41 to 52 (average in 85 specimens, 47.6). A band of granules along each side from the large ear-opening to the anus, usually hidden by a strong fold.* Ventral plates *This fold cften disappears in specimens full of eggs or food. 452 4. ANGUID& about size of dorsals, smooth, imbricate, and arranged in 12 longitudinal series. Number of scales between symphy- seal plate and anus varying from 62 to 68. The ground color above, in adults, is olive, brown, yel- low, red, or gray, usually paler on the sides, and crossed, on the neck and body, by from nine to 1 6 continuous irregular black or dark brown bands. These bands are usually of about the width of one row of scales, but are undulate and sometimes more or less diffused on the back. The lateral scales which these bands occupy are tipped with white. Sometimes the tail is marked like the back, but often it bears merely a central row of small brown blotches. The head and limbs may be either unicolor or irregularly mottled with brown. The lower surfaces are white or yellowish, some- times suffused with pale brown or gray. The abdominal and thoracic regions are rarely without gray or slate colored lines along the middle of each longitudinal series of scales. The young are at first indistinguishable in color from G. coeruleus of a similar age, but the complete dorsal cross- bands very soon appear. Length to anus Length of tail Snout to ear.. . _ . ._ 41 ._ 83 10 60 139 12 8 11 14 21 80 159 17 11 14 20 27 114 226 23 15 18 30 39 135 294 30 21 22 36 48 154 34 28 25 40 53 Width of head Head to interoccipital. Fore limb r, ,„, , . „. _ 7 _ 9 12 Hind limb 1 16 Base of fifth to end of fourth toe 5 7 10 14 16 17 Distribution. — The Western Alligator Lizard is known to occur in Washington, Oregon and northern California. It originally was described from a specimen caught at The Dalles of the Columbia. I have examined specimens recently collected in this locality, in Wasco County, Oregon, Oc. PAPERS, CAL. ACAD. Sci., VOL. X [VAN DENBURGH] PLATE 40 S C N •S 5s r3 IS6 14. GERRPIONOTUS 4-53 and in the Camas Mountains and at Drain, Douglas County. Cope's record of "Gerrhonotus multicarmatus" y from the Willamette Valley between Salem and Portland may relate to this species or to G. principis. The U. S. National Museum has specimens from seven miles north of Lone- rock, Gilliam County, the Des Chutes River, and Fort Umpqua, Douglas County. In Washington, it has been taken in Klickitat County on the Columbia River opposite John Day River and three miles north of Grand Dalles. In California, this lizard has been found in Siskiyou (Mount Shasta, Squaw Creek), Shasta (Baird, Redding), Tehama (Mill Creek, Red Bluff), Mendocino (Irishes, Fairbanks, Covelo, three miles west from Covelo, Layton- ville), Butte (Chico, Chamber's Ravine near Oroville), Sutter (Marysville Buttes), Yuba (Camptonville), Placer (Michigan Bluff), El Dorado (Riverton, Fyffe), Yolo (Rumsey), Lake (Blue Lakes, Lower Lake, Kelseyville), Napa (St. Helena, Napa), Solano (Vacaville), Sonoma (Santa Rosa, Petaluma, Agua Caliente, Skaggs Springs, Monte Rio, Cloverdale, Freestone), Marin (Tocaloma, Point Reyes Station, Lagunitas, Ross, San Rafael, San Anselmo), Contra Costa (Mount Diablo), Alameda (Berke- ley, Oakland, Hay wards, Calaveras Valley, Livermore), San Mateo (Menlo, Woodside), Santa Clara (Palo Alto, Stanford University, Santa Clara, College Park, Smith Creek, Los Gates, Morgan Hill, Gilroy), Santa Cruz (Cor- ralitos, Soquel), Monterey (Monterey, Pacific Grove, Car- mel, Tassajara Creek, Chalk Peak), San Luis Obispo (Pismo), and Santa Barbara (Santa Barbara) counties, and on San Miguel, Prince's, Santa Rosa, Santa Cruz, and East Anna Capa islands. This species appears to be most abundant in the chapar- ral of the Upper Sonoran Zone, but is not confined to this 454 4. ANGUID& belt. Its range overlaps, to some extent that of G. cceru- leus and perhaps those of G. frincifis and G. falmeri. Geo- graphical intergradation with G. s. webbii has not yet been shown, but probably does occur. Individual variation in a few specimens bridges the difference between the two sub- species, but seems unrelated to the distribution of the two forms. Individual specimens in a series of either sub- species, taken far from the range of the other, may show such variation, although all the other specimens of the series are typical. Habits. — This large and elegantly marked species is rather slow of movement, but its sluggishness is largely due to its lack of timidity, for if thoroughly frightened, it sometimes runs with great swiftness. It usually is to be seen on the ground, but frequently climbs through the bushes. At such times its long prehensile tail must be very useful. Its food is made up chiefly of insects, such as beetles and flies. Like the smaller species (G. cceruleus), this alligator lizard is ovoviviparous. Messrs. Doane and Ely brought me a pair which they found mating in a bush near Palo Alto, May 12, 1894. This lizard sometimes bites fiercely when caught, but, like all lizards excepting the Gila Monster, is not poisonous. It probably was this species to which Miss McCracken referred in the following note: "Some time ago silkworms were being used in large numbers in our laboratories, for experiment purposes. Many of these were feeding in open traps. One morning, I noticed a number of the large silk glands, characteristic of these insects, strewn over one of the tables. When this had happened several mornings in succession, I determined to make an all-night vigil, if necessary, to determine how the silk worms were being thus reduced in number and what was so discriminating as to dis- card the silk glands. 14. GERRHONOTUS 455 "Consequently, one evening, I settled down to work in one corner of the laboratory behind the screen. Very shortly, scarcely hearing any noise, but feeling that something was under way on the silkworm tables, I quietly moved my position to see what was going on. And there I saw, what I had least expected, a large lizard — Gerrhonotus, quietly beginning to make away with a soft juicy silkworm. "I was so intent on clapping a cage over the creature to capture him that I failed to observe his method of devour- ing his prey." 93. Gerrhonotus scincicauda webbii (Baird) SAN DIEGAN ALLIGATOR LIZARD Plate 41 Gerrhonotus webbii BAIRD, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1858, p. 255 (type locality, SanDiegO, Cal.); BAIRD, U. S. Mcx. Bound. Surv., Vol. II, 1859, p. 11, pi. XXV, figs. 1-8; COOPER, Proc. CaJ. Acad. Sci., Vol. IV, 1870, p. 68. Gerrhonotus scincicaudus COPE, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., No. i, 1875, p. 47 (part); YARROW & HENSHAW, Ann. Rep. Chief of Engineering for 1878, Surv. W. looth Merid., Appendix NN, 1878, p. 219 (part). Gerrhonotus scincicauda STEJNEGER, N. Amer. Fauna, No. 7, 1893, P- *95; VAN DENBURGH, Proc. Cal. Acad. Sci., Ser. 2, Vol. 5, 1895, P- I2°; VAN DENBURGH, Proc. Cal. Acad. Sci., Ser. 2, Vol. 5, 1896, p. 1005; VAN DENBURGH Occas. Papers Cal. Acad. Sci., V, 1897, p. 103, fig., (part); VAN DENBURGH, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1898, pp. 64, 65 (part); Me LAIN, Critical Notes, 1899, p. 9; MEEK, Field Columb. Mus., Zool. Ser., Vol. VII, No. 1, 1906, p. 12; GRINNELL & GRINNELL, Throop Inst. Bulletin, No. XXXV, 1907, p. 28, figs. 6, 7; GRINNELL, Univ. Cal. Publ. Zool., Vol. 5, No. i, 1908, p. 16,2. Gerrhonotus multicarinatus YARROW, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., No. 24, 1883, p. 47 (part); Copte, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1883, pp. 28, 29, 32; COPE, Report U. S. Nat. Mus. for 1898, 1900, p. 520 (part). Gerrhonotus scincicauda ignavus VAN DENBURGH, Proc. Cal. Acad. Sci., Ser. 3, Zool., Vol. 4, 1905, p. 19, pi. VII, figs, i, 2 (type locality, San Martin Island, Lower California, Mexico); VAN DEN- BURGH, Proc. Cal. Acad. Sci., Ser. 4, Vol. 3, 1912, pp. 148, 150; 456 4. ANGUID& ATSATT, Univ. Cal. Publ. Zool., Vol. 12, No. 3, 1913, p. 38; VAN DENBURGH & SLEVIN, Proc. Cal. Acad. Sci., Ser. 4, Vol. 4, 1914, pp. 132, 138, 140, 142. Gerrhonotus scincicauda webbii GRINNELL & CAMP, Univ. Cal. Publ. Zool., Vol. 17, No. 10, 1917, p. 1 68; COWLES, Journ. Entomol. & Zool., Pomona College, Vol. XII, No. 3, 1920, p. 66; VAN DENBURGH & SLEVIN, Proc. Cal. Acad. Sci., Ser. 4, Vol. XI, 1921, p. 51; NELSON Mem. Nat. Acad. Sci., Vol. XVI, 1921, pp. 114, 131. Gerrhonotus scincicaudus webbi STEPHENS, Trans. San Diego Soc. Nat. Hist., Vol. Ill, No. 4, 1921, p. 62. Description. — Body long rather slender, with short limbs and very long tail. Head pointed, with flat top and nearly vertical sides, its temporal regions bften greatly swollen in old individuals. Rostral plate rounded in upper outline. On top of head, behind rostral, a pair of small internasals, a pair of small frontonasals, a very large azy- gous pref rontal, a pair of large prefrontals, a long frontal, a pair of f rontoparietals, two parietals separated by an inter- parietal 5 a pair of occipitals, and an interoccipital. Two series (of five and three) supraoculars and a series of small superciliaries. Temporal scales keeled, lower sometimes only weakly. Upper labials much larger than lower. Two series of large sublabial plates below infralabials, lower larger. Gular scales smooth and imbricate. Scales on arm and forearm keeled. Scales on upper surfaces and sides of neck, body and tail large, rhomboidal, slightly oblique, strongly keeled, strengthened with bony plates, and ar- ranged in both transverse and longitudinal series. Number of longitudinal dorsal series 1 2 2/2 or 1 4 (rarely 1 2 or 14 2/2). Number of transverse series between interocci- pital plate and backs of thighs varying at least from 42 to 43. A band of granules along each side from large ear- opening to anus, usually hidden by a strong fold. Ventral plates about size of dorsals, smooth, imbricate and arranged Oc. PAPERS, CAL. ACAD. Sci., VOL. X [VAN DENBURGH] PLATE 41 < js = § I *s ^ 0 t: £ . 14. GERRHONOTUS 457 in twelve longitudinal series j number of scales between symphyseal plate and anus 60 to 63 or more. The ground color above is olive, brown, or yellow, some- times marked or suffused with red or orange, more grayish on the sides, crossed by about nine to 1 1 dark bands. These dark bands may be brown or brownish black, continuous or broken, and are darker laterally where their scales are tipped with white. Tail proximally marked like the back, dis- tally unicolor. Head and limbs unicolor or with traces of olive brown mottlings. Lower surfaces suffused with gray, edges of scales lighter, darker gray or slate-colored lines along the middle of each longitudinal row. Length to anus 95 98 110 117 151 1 64 Length of tail 219 231 128* 125* * * Snout to ear 19 20 25 26 35 36 Width of head 13 14 19 20 29 30 Head to interoccipital_ 15 17 20 21 25 27 Fore limb 26 26 30 33 39 41 Hind limb 33 34 38 41 48 52 Base of fifth to end of of fourth toe 11 13 12 j 13 17 15 This lizard is similar to G. scincicbuda scincicauda, but the scales are more strongly carinate. The temporal scales are keeled. The dorsal and caudal scales are strongly keeled. The scales of the arm and forearm are keeled. The coloration usually is brighter, but is quite variable. Distribution. — This subspecies, originally described from a specimen said to have been collected at San Diego, Cali- fornia, appears to be the only alligator lizard of southern California and northern Lower California. It occurs on certain islands off the coast as well as on the mainland. Its range extends north along the western slope of the south- ern Sierra Nevada (at least) to Mariposa County, and, in southern California, west to Ventura County. Just where 'Reproduced. 458 4. ANGUID& or how it meets or intergrades with G. s. scincicauda is not yet known, but that subspecies has been taken in El Dorado and Santa Barbara counties. In the mountains of southern California, G. s. webbii has been found up to 7,500 feet, but seems not to occur on the desert slopes. It is a species of the Upper Sonoran Zone. In California, this lizard has been collected in Mariposa (at 3,000 feet three miles northeast from Coulterville, Pleasant Valley, El Portal), Fresno (Fresno), Tularc (Three Rivers, East Fork Kaweah River at 3,600 feet, Col- ony Mill, Sequoia National Park), Kern (Kern River near Bodfish, Isabella, Onyx, Tehachapi Mountains, [probably] Fort Tejon), Ventura (Nordhoff, three miles south from Nordhoff, Matilija), Los Angeles (Sierra Madre, Los Ange- les, Pasadena, Claremont, San Gabriel Mountains, La Cres- centa, West Fork San Gabriel River, Upper Tujunga, Lank- ershim, Arroyo Seco Canyon, Glendora, Covina), San Ber- nardino (San Bernardino Mountains from an altitude of 5,000 feet near Seven Oaks to 6,800 on the south face of Sugarloaf Mountain and 7,500 feet south of the Santa Ana towards San Gorgonio Peak, Fish Creek, Lytle Creek, Swartout Canyon, Col ton), Riverside (Riverside, San Jacinto, Temescal Mountains, Hemet Lake, Banning, San Jacinto Valley, Cabazon, Reche Canyon, Santa Rosa Moun- tains, and in the San Jacinto Mountains at 1,700 feet at Cabazon, at 1,800 feet at Vallevista, at 4,500 feet at Ken- worthy, at 4,900 feet at Schain's Ranch, at 6,000 feet at Garnet Queen Mine and Strawberry Valley, and at Keen Camp), Orange (Trabuco Canyon), and San Diego (Carls- bad, Warner Pass, Escondido, Dulzura, Vista, Jacumba, San Diego, Witch Creek, Santa Ysabel, Campo), counties, and on Catalina Island (Avalon), Los Angeles County. In Lower California, it has been secured at Ensenada, San Pedro Martir Mountain, San Antonio, San Ysidro 14. GERRHONOTUS 459 Ranch o, and on Los Coronados (North, South and East) and San Martin islands. Habits. — Dr. and Mrs. Grinnell give the following notes on its habits: "The alligator lizard is the species which inspires more horror in the unsophisticated mind than all the rest of our lizards put together. It has a truly 'wicked look', such as one sees in the alligators of children's picture books. The large head, bulging at the angles of the jaws, the glittering, yellowish-irised eyes, and swiftly-darting tongue constitute a truly forbidding front. But this ferocious, appearance is not backed up by any real weapons. There is no poison whatever, the darting black tongue is soft and delicate as an insect's antenna (possibly for a similar purpose) 5 and the teeth, though sharp, are very small. If thoroughly roused an alligator lizard will bite vigorously enough to draw blood, leaving a wound much like that resulting from an encounter with the rough edges of saw-grass. "This large lizard is of generally slow movement, haunt- ing shady thickets. A fact of interest in this respect is that the brown-footed woodrat and the alligator lizard seem to have precisely similar tastes as to chosen environment. We have repeatedly found a lizard apparently perfectly at home in the huge stick pile which the woodrat constructs for a home. The reason for this may be found in that succulent mole-crickets and other insects also gravitate toward the wood-rats' nests. "Although the food of the alligator lizard seems to con- sist largely of insects we have seen it often in the spring months climbing slowly and clumsily in the upper foliage of scrub oaks and similar stiff-twigged shrubs. "Once a pair of wren-tits attracted our attention by an anxious repetition of their curious alarm-notes. Upon in- vestigation we found the cause to be a large alligator lizard 460 4-. ANGUID& clambering up into a thicket of buckwheat. Though we found no nest of the birds, their actions showed plainly that there was a nest or young somewhere in the vicinity, and that they had decided fears as to the intentions of the lizard. "Another time a cactus wren was shot, falling into a dense sumach bush. By the time the collector had reached it an alligator lizard had made its appearance and grasped the bird in its jaws and was making off with it among the tangle of stems and dead leaves. It took quite a lot of per- suasion, too, to induce the lizard to unclamp its jaws. These circumstances give us evidence of possible predatory habits of feeding on birds and mammals. Yet these cannot be every day occurrences. "We have known of a pair of alligator lizards which lived under a beehive, coming out mornings and evenings to feed on the bees. In this case, as far as our observations went, the drone bees were selected by the lizards almost, but not quite, exclusively, in preference to the worker bees. "This lizard is seldom seen abroad in the bright sun- shine. It seems to be crepuscular in habit, and is active all winter, unless it be very frosty. The brush-belt of our mountains and foothills is the preferred habitat of this species, though it occurs down along the arroyos toward the coast. "We have known of the regular occurrence of the alli- gator lizard in certain Pasadena and Glendora gardens, where unmolested. At the latter place one climbed up the ivy covering on the north side of a two-story house and en- tered an open garret window. "In spite of its forbidding aspect the alligator lizard is absolutely harmless and will prove interesting on close acquaintance. It is the easiest of our lizards to keep caged, for if one remembers to feed it conscientiously with drone 14. GERRHONOTUS 461 bees or grasshoppers in sufficient quantities, it thrives and becomes quite tame. Miss At sat t states: "In characteristics observed these lizards were like the rest of the genus. They are fond of shelter, such as thick ferns along the bottom of a gulch, in a grapevine under a cottonwood tree, in oak brush, under a lilac bush, or in a rose tangle. Although usually slow of movement when under no fear, after they are captured they will fight, bitting a stick and even themselves. Occa- sionally they climb into bushes in efforts to escape pursuit." 94. Gerrhonotus kingii (Gray) SONORAN ALLIGATOR LIZARD Elgaria kingii GRAY, Ann. Nat. Hist., Vol. i, 1838, p. 390 (type locality, unknown); GRAY, Catalogue Spec. Lizards Brit. Mus., 1845, P- 54- Gerrhonotus multifasciatus DUMERIL & BIBRON, Erpetol. Gener., Vol. V, 1839, p. 401; DUMERIL, Cat. Meth. Coll. Kept. Mus. Paris, 1851, P- H3. Elgaria nobilis BAIRD & GIRARD, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., Vol. 6, 1852 p. 129 (type locality, Fort Webster, copper mines of the Gila (Santa Rita del Cobre) New Mexico). Gerrhonotus nobilis BAIRD, U. S. Mex. Bound. Surv., Vol. II, 1859, Kept., p. 11, pi. 25, figs. 1-8; COPE, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., No. I, 1875, p. 46; YARROW, Surv. W. looth Merid., Vol. V, 1875, p. 558; COUES, Surv. W. looth Merid., Vol. V, 1875, P- 602; YARROW, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., No. 24, 1883, p. 47; COPE, Report, U. S. Nat. Mus. for 1898, 1900, p. 519, fig. 92; STEJNEGER & BARBOUR, Check List N. Amer. Amph. Rept., 1917, p. 61. Gerrhonotus kingii O'SHAUGHNESSY, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., Ser. 4, Vol. XII, 1873, P- 46; COPE, Proc. Amer. Philos. Soc., 1877, p. 96; BOCOURT, Miss. Sci. Mex., Rept., 1878, p. 339, pi. XXI C, figs. 2-2a; COPE, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., No. 32, 1887, p. 41; BOULENGER, Cat. Lizards Brit. Mus., Vol. II, 1885, p. 274; VAN DENBURGH, Proc. Cal. Acad. Sci., Ser. 2, Vol. 6, 1896, p. 342; COPE, Report U. S. Nat. Mus. for 1898, 1900, p. 509; STEJNEGER, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., Vol. 26, 1902, p. 151; DITMARS, Reptile Book, 1907, p. 164, pi. LII, fig. 2; STONE, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1911, p. 230; VAN DENBURGH & SLEVIN, Proc. Cal. Acad. Sci., Ser. 4, Vol. 3, 1913, p. 407. 462 4. ANGUIDJE Description. — Body long and rather slender, with short limbs and long tail. Head pointed, with flattened top and almost vertical sides, its temporal regions sometimes slightly swollen. Rostral plate large, and rounded in upper out- line. Behind it, on top of the head, follow a pair of small internasals, a pair of pref rentals, a moderate-sized or large azygous prefrontal, a pair of prefrontals, a long frontal, a pair of frontoparietals, two parietals with an interparietal between them, and a pair of occipitals separated by one in- teroccipital. Two series of (five and three) supraoculars and a series of small superciliaries. Temporal scales all smooth. Upper labials much larger than lower. Below latter, two series of sublabial plates, lower much the larger. Gular scales imbricate and smooth. Scales on upper sur- faces and sides of neck, body and tail large, rhomboidal, arranged in both transverse and longitudinal series, smooth everywhere except on the middorsal region where six or eight rows (three or four on each side) may be weakly keeled. Number of longitudinal dorsal series on body fourteen. Number of transverse series between occipital plates and back of thighs varying from 50 to 57. A band of granules along each side from large ear-opening to anus, usually hidden by a strong dermal fold. Ventral plates about size of dorsals, smooth, imbricate, and arranged in 12 longitudinal series. Number of scales from symphy- seal plate to anus varying at least from 62 to 69. The ground color above, in adults, is ashy, drab, light brown, or grayish olive, paler on the sides, and crossed on the neck and body by about 10 to 12 continuous, broad bands of darker brown of varying shade. These bands usually are of about the width of three transverse rows of scales, are more or less undulate, and usually have black- ish borders, at least behind. These posterior black borders of the brown bands become more intense laterally, where 14. GERRHONOTUS 463 the rest of the band is less evident or absent. The black scales often have white or whitish tips. The markings on the tail are similar to those on the body. The limbs may be unicolor or marked with dark brown or black. The upper surface and sides of the head are grayish or olive brown with few or many blackish brown spots. There are from three to five white spots along the upper jaw. The lower surfaces are yellowish white, more or less clouded with gray on the belly, and usually with numerous small black spots. These black spots or dots may be present only on the lateral ventral scales and the lower surface of the tail, or may be distributed over the entire lower surface. Their arrange- ment is rather irregular. They often have a tendency to form lines of dots, but these may be either near the cen- ters of the rows of scales or near their edges. The lateral ventral scales often show transverse black bars with white spots, similar to those on the lateral dorsal scales. Length to amis -... ,.^ 78 79 14 10 12 17 21 85 15 11 13 18 24 90 17 12 14 20 27 95 19 14 15 19 26 length nf tail Snrmt to Mf 14 Width of head 11 Head to interoccipital_ Fore limb . 12 17 Hind limb.... 22 Base of fifth to end of fourth toe Distribution. — This lizard has been found in New Mex- ico, Arizona and northern Mexico. Records of localities where it has been collected are very few. In Arizona, it has been taken at Metcalf, Greenlee County 5 in Ramsey and Carr canyons, in the Huachuca Mountains, and near Bisbee, Cochise County 5 and Gardner Canyon, Santa Rita Mountains, Santa Cruz County. It 464 5. ANNIELLID& probably does not occur at lower levels. It has been re- corded from Ralston [New Mexico?] Cope records it from Sonora, Mexico. Habits. — Specimens were found, in Ramsey and Carr canyons, in the oak belt. They were walking about on the ground, among stones and dead leaves, in the day time, and were very shy. Family 5. ANNIELLID^ This family, which is confined to California and Lower California, contains a single genus of strongly degraded lizards. The body is cylindrical and snake-like, without strongly-marked neck or tail. There are no external traces of limbs, but a rudimentary pelvis remains. The tongue is thick, with a thinner, smooth, deeply-notched ante- rior portion. The teeth are few, but large and curved. Thin osteodermal plates are present. Genus 15. Anniella Anniclla GRAY, Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist., Ser. 2, Vol. X, 1852, p. 440 (type, fulchra). The scales are small, smooth, imbricate, and rather soft, the dorsals, laterals, ventrals, and caudals nearly equal- sized. The cars are entirely concealed, and the eyes par- tially so. The tail is very blunt and ends in a round plate. The preanal scales are numerous. The head-plates are few and large. The nasal extends to or almost to the labial margin, the first labial appearing on the lower surface of the lip. SYNOPSIS OF SPECIES a. — Color above drab or silvery gray or yellowish white, with three or more black or brown lines. A. pulchra. — p. 465. 15. ANN I ELLA 465 a*. — Color above black or blackish brown, with or without longitudinal lines. A. nigra. — p. 467. 95. Anniella pulchra Gray SILVERY FOOTLESS LIZARD Plate 42 Anniella pulchra GRAY, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., (2), X, 1852, p. 440, (type locality California); GRAY, Zool. Herald, p. 154, pi. XXVIII; COPE, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1864, p. 230; COPE, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., No. i, 1875, p. 44; BOCOURT, Miss. Sci. au Mex., p. 460, pi. XXII G. fig. 2; YARROW, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., No. 24, 1883, p. 39; BOULENGER, Cat. Lizards Brit. Mus., II, 1885, p. 299; BAUR. Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., XVII, 1894, p. 345; VAN DENBURGH, Occas. Papers Cal. Acad. Sci., V, 1897, p. 115, fig.; COPE, Report U. S. Nat. Mus. for 1898, 1900, p. 674, fig. 138 (part); VAN DENBURGH, Proc. Cal. Acad. Sci., Ser. 3, Zool., Vol. 4, No. 2, 1905, pp. 41-49; MEEK, Field Columbian Mus., Zool. Ser., Vol. 7, No. I, 1906, p. 13; DITMARS, Reptile Book, 1907, p. 168; GRINNELL & GRINNELL, Throop Inst. Bull., No. XXXV, 1907, p. 32, fig. 9; VAN DENBURGH & SLEVIN, Proc. Cal. Acad. Sci., Ser. 4, Vol. 4, 1914, pp. 132, 140, 142; STEJNEGER & BARBOUR, Check List N. Amer. Amph. Rept., 1917, p. 63; STEPHENS, Trans. San Diego Soc. Nat. Hist., Vol. Ill, No. 4, 1921, p. 62; VAN DENBURGH & SLEVIN, Proc. Cal. Acad. Sci., Ser. 4, Vol. XI, 1921, p. 51; NELSON, Mem. Nat. Acad. Sci., Vol. XVI, 1921, pp. 114, 115. Anniella texana BOULENGER, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., Ser. 5, Vol. 20, 1887, p. 50 (type locality, El Paso, Texas). Anniella pulchra pulchra GRINNELL & CAMP, Univ. Cal. Publ. Zool., Vol. T7, No. 10, 1917, p. 170; COWLES, Journ. Entomol. & Zool., Pomona College, Vol. XII, No. 3, 1920, p. 66. Anniella pulchra nigra COWLES, Journ. Entomol. & Zool., Pomona Col- lege, Vol. XII, No. 3, 1920, p. 66. Description. — Head slightly depressed, rather short, scarcely distinct from neck even in old examples where temporal regions have become swollen. Snout projecting beyond lower jaw. Rostral plate very large and strongly recurved on top of snout where separated from frontal by 4-66 5. ANNIELLID& a pair of large prefrontals. Behind large frontal, a single very broad frontoparietal, its posterior margin notched to receive a small interparietal with which it frequently unites. On each side of interparietal, a small parietal, and behind these usually two small occipitals separated by an interoccipi- tal. A large supraocular precedes several smaller plates. A large preocular with, usually, a smaller one below it. Nasal large, sometimes divided, extending to margin of lip, but small first supralabial plate may be seen below it. Sup- ralabials usually six, second largest. Symphyseal large, followed by several pairs of large sublabials. Infralabials five to seven, smaller than supralabials. Dorsal, ventral, lateral and caudal scales all similar, slightly largest on tail and smallest on neck, strongly inbricate, rounded in poste- rior outline, and perfectly smooth. Preanal scales not en- larged, slightly enlarged, or twice as long as those preced- ing them. Number of longitudinal series of scales around body varying from 24 to 34. The color above is yellowish white or silvery or drab gray, with one distinct longitudinal brown line down the middle of the back, and one or more similar lines along each side. Very narrow brown zigzag lines usually run along the margin of the other series of dorsal scales. These lines are sometimes quite yellowish, sometimes nearly black. The lower surfaces are yellowish white, frequently suf- fused with brown, slate or gray on the chin, throat and tip of tail, and often showing narrow zigzag longitudinal lines. The entire upper surface of a specimen from San Bernar- dino is slightly suffused with olive-gray. Length to anus 84 97, 125 130 143 146 Length of tail 44 59 70 74 89 96 Width of head 4 45 5 6 6 Head to interparietal 455556 Diameter of body 4 5 57 7 7 Oc. PAPERS, CAL. ACAD. Sci., VOL. X [VAN DENBURGH] PLATE 42 15. ANNIELLA 467 Distribution. — This footless lizard ranges from central California south to northern Lower California. The most northern locality from which I have obtained specimens of this lizard is Contra Costa County. It doubtless occurs in many parts of the San Joaquin Valley, where it has been taken in Fresno (Fresno), Tulare (Giant Forest Sequoia National Park at 6,400 feet), and Kern (between Oil City and Poso Creek) counties. Farther west, it occurs in the in- terior of Monterey (San Ardo), San Benito (Bear Valley), Lnd San Luis Obispo (Carrizo Plain southeast from Simmler, Morro), counties. In southern California, it has been found in Los Angeles (Redondo, Hyperion, Claremont, La Canada, near Pasadena), San Bernardino (San Bernardino), Riverside (San Jacinto), Orange (Laguna Beach), and San Diego (San Diego, Coronado, mountains near San Diego, Twin Falls, La Puerta Valley), counties. In northern Lower California, it has been secured at San Salado Canyon, San Jose, San Quintin, and on San Geronimo and Los Coronados (South and East) islands. Habits. — The habits and food of the Footless Lizard or "Silver Snake" are the same as those of Anniella nigra. 96. Anniella nigra Fischer BLACK FOOTLESS LIZARD Plate 43 Anniella nigra FISCHER, Abh. nat. Verein Hamburg, IX, I, 1886 (1885), p. 9, pi. (type locality, San Diego, California, probably an error). Anniella nigra BOULENGER, Cat. Lizards Brit. Mus., Vol. II, 1885, p. 300; VAN DENBURGH, Occas. Papers Cal. Acad. Sci., V, 1897, p. 118; RIVERS, Bull. South. Cal. Acad. Sci., Vol. 1, 1902, p. 27; VAN DENBURGH, Proc. Cal. Acad. Sci., Ser. 3, Zool., Vol. 4, No. 2, 1905, pp. 42-49; STEJNEGER & BARBOUR, Check List N. Amer. Amph. Kept., 1917, p. 63. 468 5. ANNIELLIDJE Anniella pulchra var. A. nigra COPE, Report U. S. Nat. Mus. for 1898, 1900, p. 675. Anniella pulchra nigra GRINNELL & CAMP, Univ. Cal. Publ. Zool., Vol. 17, No. 10, 1917, p. 170. Description. — Head very slightly depressed, short, and scarcely distinct from neck. Snout projecting beyond lower jaw. Rostral plate very large and strongly recurved on top of snout, separated there from frontal by a pair of large prefrontals. Behind large frontal a single very broad frontoparietal, its posterior margin notched to receive a small interparietal (sometimes divided) with which it some- times unites. On each side of interparietal, a small parie- tal, and behind these usually two small occipitals separated by an interoccipital. One large and one or more small supraoculars, and a series of small superciliaries. A large preocular with a smaller one below it. Nasal large, and extending to margin of lip, but small first supralabial may be seen below it. Second supralabial largest. Symphyseal large followed by several pairs of large sublabials. Infra- labials smaller than supralabials. Dorsal, lateral, ventral and caudal scales all similar, slightly largest on tail and smallest on neck, strongly imbricate, rounded in posterior outline, and perfectly smooth. Preanal scales slightly en- larged, not enlarged, or twice as long as those preceding them. Number of longitudinal series of scales around body varies from 28 to 32. The entire upper surface in large alcoholic specimens is deep blackish brown, or slate, with or without indistinct lines of darker brown or black corresponding in position with those of A. pulchra. The chin, throat and the tip of the tail are suffused with dark brown. The rest of the lower surface is yellowish white, sometimes with narrow brown zigzag lines between the longitudinal series of scales. In life, the coloration varies considerably, the intensity Oc. PAPERS, CAL. ACAD. Sci., VOL. X [VAN DENBURGH] PLATE 43 8 o S « ^ § 15. ANNIELLA 469 of pigmentation increasing quite gradually and fairly regu- larly with the size of the individual, so that while some young specimens may be nearly as pale as some dark indi- viduals of A. fulchra, all of the large specimens are of the dark coloration. The larger specimens are colored as follows: The en- tire upper surface (10, 12 or 14 rows of scales) and the ventral surface of the tip of the tail are very dark Indian purple. The chin and throat are lighter Indian purple, and there is more or less suffusion with the same color about the anus. The rest of the lower surfaces and sides are bright gamboge yellow, with chromium green staining near the center of the belly. The mouth is flesh-color. The labials and temporals are minutely dotted with iridescent greenish, silvery or bronze markings. Traces of lines may be seen on some of the largest specimens, but, in a general way, the smaller the specimen the more distinctly the lines are shown. Length to anus Lenpth nf tail . 117 17* 137 68 5 6 148 26* 6 5 7 149 17* 6 6 7 149 17* 7 6 8 161 20 7 6 8 O Width of head 5 Head to interparietal_ Diameter of body . 4 . 5 Anniella nigra differs from A. fulchra only in colora- tion, but in the light of our present knowledge of the two forms it seems necessary to regard A. nigra as a local and probably recently differentiated race, rather than as a mela- nistic phase of A. pulchra. No intergradation has yet been shown to occur in adults ,and, since the two forms occupy separate areas in different faunal zones, they must be rec- ognized as distinct species. Distribution. — Anmella nigra was first described from a specimen said to have been secured at San Diego, but it is •Reproduced? 470 6. HELODERMATIDJE probable that this locality is not correct. Cope has re- ported it from San Francisco. All the specimens I have seen have been collected in Monterey County, at Monte- rey, Pacific Grove, Point Pinos, and Carmel Bay. Grinnell and Camp record specimens from Morro Bay, San Luis Obispo County, as varying toward -pulchra but do not state that these specimens were adult. Habits. — The Black Footless Lizard burrows in the soil of the pine forests and sand dunes at Pacific Grove. It is sometimes found under stones or boards, but travels swiftly under the surface of the loose soil and is especially abundant under the lupine bushes. An examination of the contents of several stomachs has shown its food to consist of large insect larvs (more than 1% inches long), and two small ground-dwelling beetles (Helops and Platydema). Pro- fessor Harold Heath, of Stanford University, has found this lizard to be ovoviviparous. Family 6. HELODERMATID^ This family contains the only lizards which are known to be poisonous. There is but a single genus, with two species. The tongue is large, deeply divided at tip, smooth anteriorly but villose posteriorly. The teeth differ from those of other lizards in being grooved. There are large poison glands under the chin. The limbs are well devel- oped. The skin of all the upper surfaces is covered with large tubercles, which often ossify. The belly is provided with squarish plates. Usually there are no femoral or preanal pores, but one specimen has a single large preanal pore. Oc. PAPERS, CAL. ACAD. Sci., VOL. X [VAN DENBURGH] PLATE 44 I 5 c ?^ o3 ^ c v 16. HE LODE RM A 471 Genus 16. Heloderma Heloderma WIEGMANN, Isis, 1829, p. 264 (type, horrUum). There are four pentadactyle limbs. The head is cov- ered with irregular, convex, bony plates, which often cdos- sify with the skull. The back and sides are provided with more or less regular rows of tubercles similar to those on the head. The ventral plates are arranged in transverse series. The eye has well-developed lids and a round pupil. The ear-openings are large. One strong and usually one or more weaker gular folds are present. 97. Heloderma suspectum Cope GILA MONSTER Plates 44, 45, 46, 47 and 48 Heloderma horridum BAIRD, U. S. Mex. Bound. Surv., Vol. II, Rcpt., 1859, p. 11, pi. 26; BAIRD, Kept. Pac. R. R. Surv., Vol. X, 1859, p. 38; COPE, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1866, p. 303; COOPER, Proc. Cal. Acad. Sci., Vol. IV, 1870, p. 67. Heloderma suspectum COPE, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1869, p. 5 (type locality, Sonoran Region); COPE, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., No. i, 1875, p. 47; YARROW, Surv. W. looth Merid., Vol. V, 1875, p. 562; COUES, Surv.W. looth Merid., Vol. V, 1875, p. 601; BOCOURT, Miss. Sci. au Mex., Rept., 1878, p. 297, pis. XXE, figs. 1-12, XXG, figs. i, 3, 6-1 1 ; YARROW, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., No. 24, 1883, pp. 9, 48; BOULENGER, Cat. Lizards Brit. Mus., Vol. II, 1885, p. 302; STEJ- NEGER, N. Am. Fauna, No. 7, 1893, p. 194; COPE, Amer. Naturalist, Vol. XXX, 1896, p. 1014; VAN DENBURGH, Occas. Papers. Cal. Acad. Sci., V, 1897, p. 120, fig.; HERRICK., TERRY & HERRICK, Bull. Sci. Lab. Denison Univ., Vol. XI, 1899, P- I44? HERRICK, TERRY & HERRICK,^ Bull. Univ. New Mexico, Vol. I, 1899, p. 144; Me LAIN, Critical Notes, 1889, p. 8; COPE, Report U. S. Nat. Mus. for 1898, 1900, p. 476, fig. 87; BROWN, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1903, p. 552; DITMARS, Reptile Book, 1907, p. 172, pi. LIV; RUTHVEN, Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., Vol. XXIII, 1907, p. 555; VAN DEN- BURGH & SLEVIN, Proc. Cal. Acad. Sci., Ser. 4, Vol. 3, 1913, p. 406; STEJNEGER & BARBOUR, Check List N. Amer. Amph. Rept., 1917, 472 6. HELODERMATID& p. 63; VORHIES, Univ. Ariz. Agric. Exper. Station Bull. No. 83, I9I7> P- 365, fig.; VAN DENBURGH & SLEVIN, Proc. Cal. Acad. Sci., Sen 4, Vol. XI, 1921, p. 28. Description. — Head and body depressed, large, heavily- built, with short limbs and tail. Upper surface of head broad, flat, and covered with large, irregular, convex, bony tubercles. Snout rounded. Temporal regions swollen. Nostrils large, opening laterally between three plates. Eye rather small. Ear-opening large, elliptical, oblique, and overhung by temple. Rostral and symphyseal plates large. A pair of internasals. Three pairs of plates behind sym- physeal. Gular region and fold with small round or oval, convex or flattened tubercles, changing gradually into the plates of the belly. Body, limbs, and tail covered above and laterally with nearly equal-sized, round, smooth, con- vex tubercles separated by granules. Lateral tubercles passing gradually into smooth, flat, squarish plates in trans- verse rows on lower surfaces of body and tail. Digits with transverse plates above and below. A pair of enlarged plates in front of anus. Probably no two specimens show just the same pattern of coloration. The top of the head, the body and limbs are variously marbled, banded, or reticulated with orange or salmon and black or brown. The chin, throat, snout, and sides of head are usually of the dark color with few if any orange or salmon-colored tubercles. The markings on the tail frequently form transverse bars or rings. The belly is orange or salmon and black or brown, tessellated. Oc. PAPERS, CAL. ACAD. Sci., VOL. X [VAN DENBURGH PLATE 45 Heloderma suspectum, Gila Monster Fig. 1. Head from side, natural size, showing- position of poison gland on lower jaw. Fig. 2. Lower jaw bones, twice natural size, showing grooved teeth. 16. HELODERMA 473 length to anu? ******** 220 270 12S 46 43 78 74 20 288 140 53 50 SO 90 23 295 145 57 49 83 88 25 315 146 53 49 87 95 25 345 150 58 52 93 98 25 Length of tail Snout to ear ,T —101 36 Width of head 31 Fore limh 62 Hind limh 66 Base of fifth to end of fourth toe - 18 Distribution. — This large lizard has been found in many part of Arizona, particularly along the Gila River and its tributaries, but in spite of its conspicuous appearance, its range is still but indefinitely known. In Arizona, it has been collected in Cochise (Camp Rucker, Cave Creek, Ramsey Canyon in the Huachuca Mountains, Dunlap's Ranch), Greenlee (Duncan), Graham (Mount Turnbull, Safford), Santa Cruz (Fort Buchanan), Pima (Tucson, Fort Lowell, Ventana Canyon, and the steam pump in the foothills of the Catalina Mountains about eighteen miles north of Tucson), Final (Casa Grande), Gila (San Carlos, Roosevelt Dam, Rice), Maricopa (Tempe, Phoenix), Yuma (desert near La Paz on the Colorado River), and Mohave counties. In Nevada, it has been found in Clark (Las Vegas, St. Thomas and the Valley of the Virgin about eight miles be- low Bunkerville) and Lincoln (Meadow Valley) counties. Dr. Merriam was told by the Mormons that it occurs rarely in the Lower Santa Clara Valley in Washington County, southwestern Utah, and specimens from that county are in the Harvard Museum of Comparative Zoology and the California Academy of Sciences. It may be that it occurs on portions of the deserts of southeastern California, but this is very improbable and as yet no specimens from this area have found their way into museums. 474 6. HELODERMATIDJE In northern Sonora, it has been collected at Guadalupe Canyon, San Bernardino, Niggerhead Mountain, and San Pedro Bay. Habits. — The Helodermas are the only lizards whose bite is known to be poisonous. The venom is secreted by large glands situated just under the chin, and flows out, onto the floor of the mouth, between the lips and the gums. Be- ing below the teeth and not directly communicated to them, the poison sometimes fails to find its way into a wound although the teeth are grooved to afford it a passage. The upper jaw of the Monster is provided with a saliva which possesses no poisonous properties. This harmless saliva appears to be present in the lower jaw as well as in the up- per, but is there mixed with venom about as deadly as that of the rattlesnakes. Although provided with so powerful a poison, the Gila Monster is so gentle and sluggish that it is not always easy to cause one to bite, but when thoroughly angered it bites fiercely, throwing its head to one side with lightning-like quickness, and holding like a bull-dog to whatever it has seized. Sumichrast says that the Mexican species turns onto its back before biting. Although this observation has not been confirmed, the presence of venom in the lower jaw only would explain such an action. The more important conclusions regarding the physio- logical action of the poison are summarized as follows:* 1. — The effects of Gila Monster poison differ in no important respect from those of various snake venoms. 2. — The poison appears to act directly upon the respira- tory center, causing a quickening and then a gradual paraly- sis of respiration. » 3. — The heart also exhibits a period of increased activity *Van Denburgh & Wight. Amer. Jour. PhysioL.Vol. IV. No. V, Sept. I, 1900, p* 237* Oc. PAPERS, CAL. ACAD. Sci., VOL. X [VAN DENBURGH] PLATE 46 2 8 s I -a • 16. HE LODE RM A 475 followed by gradual paralysis. These cardiac effects are probably due to local action of the poison. 4. — The vasomotor center shows no evidence of pri- mary stimulation, but injection is immediately followed by a great fall in blood pressure. 5. — The great primary fall Jn arterial pressure is due to vascular dilatation — the central or peripheral origin of which has not been clearly shown. The gradual secondary fall is caused by cardiac failure. 6. — The motor nerves, with their cells and end organs, remain entirely unaffected. 7. — The sensory apparatus suffers an increase in irrita- bility followed by a total loss. These changes proceed from behind forward, and are of central origin. 8. — Coagulation of the blood is at first accelerated, then retarded. Serious thrombosis may occur. The blood may be rendered incoagulable. 9. — The red corpuscles are often caused to become spherical, and the blood, at least outside the body, may be laked. 10. — Death usually results from paralysis of the res- piratory centers, but when artificial respiration is main- tained death supervenes as the result of cardiac failure. Thrombosis must be regarded as a possible cause of death. 1 1 . — The secretion of urine is stopped. Frequent mic- turition is caused by the slow contraction of the bladder. 12. — CEdema and slight extravasation are sometimes, though very rarely, caused by Heloderma venom. In walking, the Gila Monster proceeds slowly, and ap- pears rather awkward, but in spite of its clumsy form it sometimes climbs bushes, probably in search of birds' eggs, which, together with young rodents, reptile eggs, etc., form its food. In confinement this lizard may be kept for years upon a diet of hens eggs. It is very fond of water. 476. _ 6. HELODERMAT1DJE—7. XANTUSHDJE Reproduction is by means of soft-shelled eggs about two and one-half inches in length, which are said to vary in number from five to thirteen. It is stated that the female digs a hole from three to five inches deep in moist sand in some spot exposed to the sun's rays and usually near a stream, and, having deposited her eggs therein, scrapes back the sand until they are entirely covered. The period be- tween laying and hatching is given as about a month, and the young were about four inches long when they escaped from the eggs. Family. 7 XANTUSIID^E This family contains but three genera j one Central American, one West Indian, and one Calif ornian and Lower Calif ornian. The eyes are without lids. The head is cov- ered with large shields. The upper surface of the body is granular or tubercular, but the lower is provided with plates. The tongue is broad, plicate, with tip indistinctly notched. The ear-opening is large. Femoral pores are present. Genus 17. Xantusia Xantuda BAIRD, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1858, p. 225 (type, vigHis). Zablepis COPE, Amer. Naturalist, Vol. XXIX, 1895, p. 758 (type, Amcebopis COPE, Amer. Naturalist, Vol. XXIX, 1895, p. 758 (type, gilbert?) . The dorsal granules are uniform. Superciliary and sometimes supraocular plates are present. The interparie- tal is separated from the frontal by the frontoparietal plates. The pupil is vertically elliptic. There are two or three transverse gular folds, the last edged with enlarged plates. SYNOPSIS OF SPECIES a. — One series of small plates (superciliaries) over eye. b. — Ventral plates in twelve longitudinal series. c. — A single frontal, eye large. X. vigilis.— p. 4-77. Oc. PAPERS, CAL. ACAD. Sci., VOL. X [VAN DENBURGH] PLATE 47 2 § I§ l 17. XANTUSIA 477 c'. — A pair of frontals, eye small. X. gilberti. — p. 482. b'. — Ventral plates in 14 longitudinal series. X. henshawi. — p. 484. a.* — Two series of small plates (superciliaries and supra- oculars) over eye. Ventral plates in 16 longitudinal series. X. riversiana. — p. 486. 98. Xantusia vigilis Baird DESERT NIGHT LIZARD Plate 49 Xantusia vigilis BAIRD, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1858, p. 255 (type locality, Fort Tejon, California); COOPER, Proc. Cal. Acad. Sci., Vol. IV, 1870, p. 71; COPE, Bull, U. S. Nat. Mus., No. i, 1875, p. 45; YARROW, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., No. 24, 1883, p. 42; BOULENGER, Cat. Lizards Brit. Mus., Vol. II, 1885, p. 327; STEJNEGER, N. Amer. Fauna, No. 7, 1893, p. 198, pi. Ill, figs. la-ic; VAN DENBURGH, Proc. Cal. Acad. Sci., Ser. 2, Vol. V, 1895, P- 523; VAN DENBURGH, Occas. Papers Cal. Acad. Sci., V, 1897, P- I23; COPE, Report U. S. Nat. Mus. for 1898, 1900, p. 545, fig. 97; MEEK, Field Columb. Mus., Zool. Sen, Vol. VII, No. i, 1906, p. 13; GRINNELL & GRINNELL, Throop Inst. Bull., No. XXXV, 1907, p. 57, fig. 23; DITMARS, Reptile Book, 1907, p. 179; CAMP, Univ. Cal. Publ. Zool., Vol. 12, No. 17, 1916, p. 528; HUBBS, Copeia, No. 32, 1916, p. 52; GRINNELL & CAMP, Univ. Cal. Publ. Zool., Vol. 17, No. 10, 1917,' p. 171; STEJ- NEGER & BARBOUR, Check List N. Amer. Amph. Rept., 1917, p. 64; COWLES, Journ. Entomol. & Zool., Pomona College, Vol. XII, No. 3, 1920, p. 65; STEPHENS, Trans. San Diego Soc. Nat. Hist., Vol. Ill, No. 4, 1921, p. 62; VAN DENBURGH & SLEVIN, Proc. Cal. Acad. Sci., Ser. 4, Vol. XI, 1921, pp. 28, 51. Description. — Body nearly cylindrical, with very short limbs. Upper surface of head flattened, curving towards snout. Three folds on throat, anterior connecting ears and encircling head. Nostril opening at junction of rostral, in- ternasal, postnasal, and first labial plates. Rostral in con- tact with first labial and internasal plates. Two internasals 4-78 7. XANTUSIIDJE followed by a large subhexagonal frontonasal. Behind this, two prefrontals (in contact), bordered posteriorly by single broad frontal and first superciliary plates. Each of two frontoparietal plates forming sutures with frontal, second, third and fourth superciliaries, first supratemporal, parietal, interparietal, and its fellow of opposite side. Parietals and very large interparietal bordered behind by two large occipi- tals. A row of small supratemporal scutes along outer edge of occipital and parietal plates. Two large loreals, in con- tact below with superior labials and above with frontonasal and prefrontal plates. A large postnasal in front of first loreal. A series of small plates, upper of which are super- ciliaries, usually surrounding eye. Between this ring and larger loreal, two or three small plates. Four or five superior and three or four inferior labials to a point below middle of eye. Eye large, without lids, with vertical pupil. Its diameter contained about twice in distance from end of snout to orbit. Oblique ear-opening with a very weak anterior den- ticulation. Inferior labials in contact with large sublabials. First pair of latter in contact on median line. Back, sides, upper and posterior surfaces of limbs, and gular regions, covered with subhexagonal granules. A series of large plates along edge of last gular fold. Ventrals quadrate, in 12 longitudinal and 27 to 30 transverse series. Large pre- anal plates arranged in two rows of two each, sometimes surrounded by a few smaller scales or granules. Tail coni- cal and covered with whorls of smooth, narrow, and trans- versely convex scales; its length very variable. Six to ten femoral pores forming a series along each thigh. The ground color in different specimens varies from smoke gray, through many shades of yellow and brown, to clove brown. Scattered granules are dark brown or black. At times these granules are so numerous as to become con- fluent, with a tendency to form longitudinal lines. In other Oc. PAPERS, CAL. ACAD. Sci., VOL. X [VAN DENBURGH | PLATE 48 rs _ 17. XANTUSIA _ 479 individuals they are scarcely visible. Some specimens have heavy dotting on a very pale ground, in others the dotting is heavy on a dark ground 5 many show faint dots on a light ground j and several have few dots on a dark ground. A yellowish line usually runs back on the neck from the outer edge of each occipital plate. Two similar lines may some- times be seen above these. The lower parts are creamy white, sometimes clouded with brown toward the sides. The young average much darker than the adults. Length to anus \ 12 37 42 44 47 Length of tail : Shielded part of head — 24 6 41 9 61 9 47 9 40* 10 Snout to ear . . . 8 8 9 Snout to anterior gular fold 5/2 8 8 8^ 9 Snout to posterior gular fold 9 13 14 15 15 Fore limb __ 7 10^4 11 11 12 Hind limb „ _ 9V2 15 15i/2 16 17 Base of fifth to end of fourth toe 4 m 524 6 61/ Distribution. — Originally collected somewhere near Fort Tejon in the Canada de las Uvas (probably on the Mohave Desert), in Kern County, it has since been found in other parts of the same county at Mohave, at an altitude of 3,200 feet in Kelso Creek Valley near Weldon, and at an altitude of 4,900 feet in Freeman Canyon, Walker Pass. The most northern Californian record is the east slope of the Inyo Mountains, Inyo County. In Los Angeles County it has been secured in Antelope Valley, at Pine Creek, Neenach, and Pallett. San Bernardino County records are Hesperia, Victorville, Providence Mountains near Bonanza King mine, Goffs, 30 miles southeast of Daggett, and New York Moun- tains, six miles southeast from Purdy. I found it near Cabazon, Riverside County. Specimens from San Felipe and La Puerta valleys, in San Diego County, are in the col- lection of the University of California. •Regrown. 480 7. XANTUS1IDJE In Nevada, it has been taken in Pahrump Valley. In northern Lower California, Heller found it at San Matias Pass, and the National Museum has it from San Felipe Bay. Habits. — About a mile from the station at Mohave there is a considerable forest of Yucca arborescens. The many trees and wind-broken branches, which lie decaying on the ground, afford a home to numerous colonies of white ants, scorpions, vicious looking black spiders, and several species of beetles. In a deep crack of one of these branches a small lizard was discovered, which when caught, proved to be a young Xantusm vigilis. Probably it had not yet j earned how to hide from the day, for I have never seen another undisturbed individual. The key to their home once discovered, the collection of a large series of these lizards was merely a matter of physical exertion. Every fourth or fifth stem that was ex- amined gave up its Xantusia, and in one instance five, as many as were previously known to collections, were found under a single tree. Most of the lizards were found between the bark and the ground, but many had hidden in the thick clusters of dead leaves, from which it was very difficult to dislodge them. When first exposed to the light, they were dark colored, and seemed dazzled for a moment, during which they made no attempt to escape. They were not at all sluggish, however, and, if not caught immediately, made for the nearest cover as fast as their very short legs would permit. This cover was often the collector, and the little lizards either hid under his shoes, or climbed his legs, some- times even reaching his shoulders. They showed no desire to enter the numerous holes in the ground about them, or to escape by burrowing. Put into a glass bottle they became Oc. PAPERS, CAL. ACAD. Sci., VOL. X [VAN DENBURGH] PLATE 49 II S o 17. XANTUSIA 481 very light colored in a few minutes, but began to turn dark again immediately after sun down. Young were numerous and remained dark longer than adults. Many fragments of cast skins were found, but never a whole skin in one place. The stomachs of several individuals contained the wings of some small dipterous insect, the elytra of a little brown beetle, and some small white bodies which resembled spider's eggs. Several specimens were taken alive to Leland Stanford Junior University, and kept for some months in a large glass jar in which some fine sand and pieces of wood and bark had been placed. At first, they ventured out from their retreat only at dusk unless disturbed, but after a few days they seemed to become more restless, and, urged per- haps by hunger, showed themselves many times each day. At night, when they were always more active, they often climbed to the top of a piece of yucca stem placed upright in the middle of their cage. No desire to burrow was ob- served. All declined to show any interest in the small beetles, and flies, both dead and living, which were placed in the jar, and finally became greatly emaciated. Mohave was visited again in the fall of the following year. The specimens were all caught alive and put into a targe glass bottle, but were soon killed by the heat, although care was taken to keep them in the shade as much as possi- ble. Count was kept as the lizards were put in the bottle, and showed later that several more were taken out than had been put in. This may have been due to a mistake in the record, but was more probably caused by the birth of young after capture. The adults were afterwards carefully ex- amined and three were found to contain young, showing that the species is ovoviviparous. One of the three con- tains two foetuses, the others have one each. The foetal specimens are about the size of the young found under the 482 7. XANTUSI1DJE dead branches. They were taken on the 17th and 18th of September. At Cabazon, Riverside County, I found one in a grow- ing tree yucca of a smaller species, and at San Matias Pass, Lower California, Heller found this lizard beneath the prostrate limbs of a yucca. 99. Xantusia gilbert! Van Denburgh SAN LUCAN NIGHT LIZARD Xantusia gilberti VAN DENBURGH, Proc. Cal. Acad. Sci., Vol. V, 1895, p. 121, pi. XI, (type locality, San Francisquito, Lower Calif- ornia); VAN DENBURGH, Proc. Cal. Acad. Sci., Ser. 2, Vol. 5, 1895, p. 529; DITMARS, Reptile Book, 1907, p. 182; STEJNEGER & BAR- BOUR, Check List N. Amer. Amph. Kept., 1917, p. 64; VAN DEN- BURGH & SLEVIN, Proc. Cal. Acad. Sci., Ser. 4, Vol. XI, 1921, p. 46; NELSON, Mem. Nat. Acad. Sci., Vol. XVI, 1921, pp. 114, 115. Amoebopsis gilberti COPE, Am. Naturalist, 1895, p. 758; COPE, Report U S Nat. Mus., for 1898 (1900), p. 555, fig. 101. Description. — Body nearly cylindrical, with very short limbs. Upper surface of head flattened, curving towards snout. Three folds on throat, anterior connecting ears and encircling head. Nostril opening at junction of rostral, internasal, postnasal and first labial plates. Rostral in con- tact with first labial and internasal plates. Two interna- sals followed by a large frontonasal, which separates the prefrontal plates. Behind these, two large frontals (in contact), bordered posteriorly by two frontoparietals. Each of two f rontoparietal plates forming sutures with one fron- tal, second and third superciliaries, first supratemporal, parietal, interparietal and its fellow of opposite side. Parie- tals and very large interparietal bordered behind by two large occipitals. A row of small supratemporal scutes along outer edge of occipital and parietal plates. Two large Joreals in contact below with superior labials, and above with 17. XANTUS1A 483 frontonasal and prefrontal plates. A large postnasal in front of first loreal. A series of small plates, upper of which are superciliaries, surrounding eye. Two small plates between this ring and larger loreal. Five superior and four inferior labials to a point below middle of eye. Eye small, without lids, with vertical pupil. Its diameter contained about two and one-half times in distance from end of snout to orbit. Oblique ear-opening with a very weak anterior denticulation. Inferior labials in contact with large sublabials. First pair of latter in contact on median line. Back, sides, upper and posterior surfaces of limbs, and gular regions covered with subhexagonal granules, which are flattened on gular region but convex on back and sides. A series of large plates along edge of last gular fold. Ventrals quadrate, in 12 longitudinal and 32 trans- verse series. Tail conical and covered with whorls of smooth, narrow, and transversely convex scales j its length very variable. Eight or nine femoral pores forming series along each thigh. The color above is dark brownish clay, dotted with black on single granules. A pale yellowish line, two granules wide, runs posteriorly from each occipital plate, but is soon lost on the back to reappear over the thigh. The lower surfaces are pale yellowish white. Snout to vent 39 Length of tail 38 Hind limb 1 4 Fore limb 1 0 Shielded part of head 8J^ Snout to ear 8 Snout to anterior gular fold 7^4 Snout to posterior gular fold 12^ Base of fifth to end of fourth toe 4.^ Distribution. — Xantusia gilberti was described from a 484- 7. XANTUSIIDM single specimen taken at San Francisquito, Sierra Laguna, in the Cape Region of Lower California, Mexico. The Na- tional Museum has a second specimen taken at La Laguna in the same mountain range. 1 00. Xantusia henshawi Stejneger HENSHAW'S NIGHT LIZARD Plate 50 Xantusia henshawi STEJNEGER, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., Vol. XIV, 1893, p. 467 (type locality, Witch Creek, San Diego County, Cal- ifornia); VAN DENBURGH, Proc. Cal. Acad. Sci. (2), V, 1895, p. 530; VAN DENBURGH, Occas. Papers Cal. Acad. Sci., V, 1897, p. 128; DITMARS, Reptile Book, 1907, p. 183; VAN DENBURGH, Copeia, No. 27, 1916, p. 14; GRINNELL & CAMP, Univ. Cal. Publ. Zool., Vol. 17, No. 10, 1917, p. 171; STEJNEGER & BARBOUR, Check List N. Amer. Amph. Kept., 1917, p. 64; STEPHENS, Trans. San Diego Soc. Nat. Hist., Vol. Ill, No. 4, 1921, p. 63. Zablepsis henshavii COPE, Am. Nat., XXIX, 1895, pp. 758, 860; COPE, Report U. S. Nat. Mus. for 1898, 1900, p. 553, fig. 100. Xantusia picta COPE, Am. Nat., XXIX, 1895, pp. 859, 939 (type locality, "Tejon Pass, California"); DITMARS, Reptile Book, 1907, p. 182; VAN DENBURGH, Copeia, No. 27, 1916, p. 14. Description. — Body greatly depressed, with very short limbs. Upper surface of head very flat. Three folds on throat. Nostril opening in a small scute at junction of ros- tral, internasal, postnasal and first labial plates. Rostral broad and rather low, bounded by first labial, nasal and internasal plates. Two internasals followed by a large sub- quadrate frontonasal, sometimes divided longitudinally 5 behind this two prefrontals, bordered posteriorly by broad frontal and first superciliary plates. Each of two fronto- parietal plates in contact with frontal, second, third and fourth superciliaries, first supratemporal, parietal, interpa- rietal, and its fellow of opposite side. Parietals and inter- parietal bordered behind by two large occipitals. One or Oc. PAPERS, CAL. ACAD. Sci., VOL. X [VAN DENBURGH] PLATE 50 U • J •«r c -^ *• 17. XANTUSIA 485 more interoccipitals sometimes present. A row of small supratemporals along outer edge of occipital and parietal plates. Two large loreals in contact below with superior labials, and above with frontonasal and prefrontal plates. Eye surrounded by a series of small plates, upper five of which are superciliaries. Between this ring and the larger loreal two small plates. Five superior and three inferior labials to a point below pupil. Eye large, without lids and with vertical pupil, its diameter contained about twice in distance from end of snout to orbit. Ear-opening with a very weak anterior denticulation. Symphyseal plate very long. Inferior labials in contact with large sublabials. First pair of latter in contact on median line. Back, sides, upper posterior surfaces of limbs, and gular regions, covered with subhexagonal granular scales. A series of large quadrate plates along edge of last gular fold. Ventrals quadrate, in 14 longitudinal and 33 or 34 transverse rows. Preanal plates arranged in three or four rows, the two medial plates of posterior series being largest. Tail conical, somewhat depressed at its base and covered with whorls of smooth scales which are very narrow and transversely convex. Eight or 10 femoral pores forming a series along each thigh. The ground color above is broccoli brown. On this are numerous large irregular blotches of very dark seal brown, between which run more or less continuous lines of pale yellow. The upper surfaces of the limbs and head are similarly, but less distinctly, marked. The tail is yellow with irregular blotches and half rings of blackish seal brown. The lower surfaces are uniform yellowish white. 486 7. XANTUSIID& Length to anus T _ , — r ,. 57 63 65 Length of tail 66 69 83 Shielded part of head Snont tn ear 12 14 13 13 Snout to anterior gular fold . 12 13 Snout to posterior gular fold Fore limb . 20 10 21 16 Hind limb 26 27 Base of fifth to end of fourth toe 9Y* 10 Distribution. — Henshaw's Night Lizard was originally found at Witch Creek, San Diego County, California. This locality is in the chaparral belt, at an "altitude of 2,700 feet". I have since received specimens from Poway, San Diego County. The specimen described by Prof. Cope as X. pcta, said to have been collected in Tejon Pass, prob- ably was collected at Poway. Stephens found this lizard in La Puerta Valley, San Diego County. Habits. — This species lives among the granite boulders, and comes out into the narrower crevices between them a few minutes before dark. It is, therefore, practicable to hunt for it only about 15 to 20 minutes each day. If a bit of string or a straw be introduced into the domain of one of these lizards it will often be seized, the reptile apparently mistaking it for some stray insect. 101. Xantusia riversiana Cope ISLAND NIGHT LIZARD Plate 51 Xantusia riversiana COPE, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1883, p. 29 (type locality, California); BOULENGER, Cat. Lizards Brit. Mus., Vol. II, 1885, p. 328; RIVERS, Am. Nat., XXIII, 1889, p. iioo (type locality stated as, San Nicolas Island); COPE, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 1889, p. 147; VAN DENBURGH, Proc. Cal. Acad. Sci., Ser. 2, Vol. 5, 1895, p. 533; VAN DENBURGH, Occas. Papers Cal. Acad. Sci., V, 1897, p. 130, fig.; COPE, Report U. S. Nat. Mus. 17. XANTUSIA 487 for 1898, 1900, p. 550, fig. 99; VAN DENBURGH, Proc. Cal. Acad. Sci., Scr. 3, Zool., IV, No. I, 1905, pp. 15, 16, 17, pi. V; DITMARS, Reptile Book, 1907, p. 183; VAN DENBURGH & SLEVIN, Proc. Cal. Acad. Sci., Ser. 4, Vol. 4, 1914, pp. 133, 137, 139; GRINNELL & CAMP, Univ. Cal. Publ. Zool., Vol. 17, No. 10, 1917, p. 172; STEJ- NEGER & BARBOUR, Check List N. Amer. Amph. Kept., 1917, p. 64; VAN DENBURGH, Copeia, No. 75, 1919, p. 91. Description. — Limbs very short and body somewhat de- pressed. Upper surface of head very flat. Nostril pierced in a small scute at junction of rostral, internasal, postnasal, and first labial plates. Rostral broad and rather low, bounded by first labial, nasal, and internasal plates. Two internasals followed by a large hexagonal frontonasal. Be- hind this two prefrontals, bordered posteriorly by broad frontal and first superciliary and first supraocular plates. Each of two frontoparietal plates in contact with frontal, second, third and fourth supraoculars, parietal, interparietal, and its fellow of opposite side. Interparietal bordered be- hind by two large occipitals. Latter separated from the parietals by two small scutes. A row of large supratempo- rals along outer edge of occipital and parietal plates. Two loreals in contact below with supralabials, and above with frontonasal and prefrontal plates. Eye surrounded by a series of small plates, upper five of which are superciliaries. Between this ring and posterior loreal, two or three small plates. A series of four supraoculars separating supercil- iaries from frontal and frontoparietal plates. Five superior and four or five inferior labials to a point below pupil. Eye large, without lids, and with vertical pupil. Ear with a weak anterior denticulation. Inferior labials in con- tact with large sublabials. First pair of latter in contact on median line. Back, sides, upper and posterior surfaces of Jimbs, and gular regions, covered with flattened granules. A series of large plates along edge of last gular fold. Quad- 488 7. XANTUS1IDJE rate veritrals in 16 longitudinal and 32 to 35 transverse rows. Large preanal plates arranged in two or three series, edged by smaller scales and granules. Tail conical, cov- ered with whorls of smooth, narrow, and transversely con- vex scales. A series of from 10 to 12 femoral pores along each thigh. The ground color is smoke gray or cinnamon, with numerous irregular maculations of dark brown or black. These markings are much smaller and less numerous on the lower surfaces. There is considerable variation in the color pattern. One specimen has two narrow parallel black lines, originating at the posterior edge of each occipital plate, and running the whole length of the back. The space between each pair of these lines is unmarked, but the rest of the upper surface is irregularly spotted. Other specimens offer an almost perfect imitation of coarse granitic rock. Length to anus 63 82 87 88 95 106 Length of tail 60 79 74 75 83 73* Shielded part of head.... 17 20 22 22 22 24 Snout to ear. 15 19 20 21 21 24 Snout to anterior gular fold 12 16 16 17 17 20 Snout to posterior gular fold 23 30 30 31 35 34 Fore limb 18 25 26 26 28 30 Hind limb .. 23 32 33 35 35 38 Base of fifth to end of fourth toe 8 12 11 12 12 14 Distribution. — This largest species of the group has been recorded from San Nicolas, Santa Catalina, San Clemente and Santa Barbara islands, California. No specimens from Santa Catalina are known and it is very improbable that it *Reproduced. Oc. PAPERS, CAL. ACAD. Sci., VOL. X [VAN DENBURGH] PLATE 51 cO /' 18. CNEMIDOPHORUS 489 occurs there, the original record by Mr. Rivers probably being erroneous. Habits. — This species usually is found under stones and pieces of wood. It probably is more or less nocturnal in its habits, but Mr. Slevin and I observed it actively hunting in bright sunlight on San Nicolas Island. Family 8. TEIID^E This family contains a large number of American lizards of various forms and scaling. They are most closely re- lated to the Lacertidtz of the Old World. The tongue is slender and ends in two long, smooth points. The head is covered with large, regular plates (except in the South American Gallops fes). An ear-opening is usually present. Eyelids are rarely wanting. Femoral and preanal pores may be either present or absent. The limbs are rudi- mentary in some members of the group. Two genera have been found in western North America. SYNOPSIS OF GENERA a. — Two f rontoparietal plates. Cnemidophorus. — p. 489. a.' One frontoparietal plate. Verticaria. — p. 551. Genus 18. Cnemidophorus Cntmidofhorus WAGLER, Syst. Amph., 1830, p. 154 (type, murinus). There are four pentadactyle limbs. The head-plates are large, except the occipitals, which are small and irregu- lar. There are two frontoparietal plates. The back and sides are covered with small, smooth, granular scales. The ventral plates are large, and arranged in both, transverse and longitudinal series. The legs and tail are very long, the 490 8. TE11DM latter, slender and provided with large scales, which are keeled above but smooth below. The eye has well devel- oped lids and a round pupil. Large ear-openings are pres- ent. One strong and several weaker folds cross the throat. Femoral pores are present. In many of the species of this genus the color pattern changes with increasing age of the individual. The young are marked longitudinally with light stripes on a dark ground. With increasing age, spots appear in the dark interspaces between the light stripes. These spots increase in size until they extend to the light lines and form little irregular cross-bars. In still older individuals the light lines become indistinct or obliterated, and the dark and light spots extend transversely and unite with others to form more or less irregular cross-stripes or bars, in this way the direction of the markings is changed from longitudinal to transverse. These changes have not always progressed to the same stage in individuals of the same size. We do not know whether such specimens are of the same age or not, but, however this may be, the changes in pattern seem to follow one another in more or less constant order. A few species never show the longitudinally striped style of color- ation, some retain it throughout life, and some others do not develop fully the transverse markings. SYNOPSIS OF SPECIES AND SUBSPECIES a. — Posterior surface of forearm with some series of en- larged scales or granules j not covered with granules of equal size. b.— A few rows of moderately enlarged granules on back of forearm. 18. CNEMIDOPHORUS 491 c. — A narrow well-defined, straight-edged, median dorsal light line, and three similar lines on each side of body; lower surfaces not black. C. perplexus. — p. 495. c*. — No narrow well-defined, straight-edged, dorsal light line; lower surfaces largely black. d. — Longitudinal orange and black lines on body above. C. disparilis. — p. 497. d . — No longitudinal markings. C. catalinensis. — p. 542. b3. — A patch of much enlarged granules or scales on back of forearm; lower surfaces not largely black. C. gularis. — p. 499. a3. — Posterior surface of forearm with nearly uniform granules, without enlarged series. bb. — Anterior nasal in contact with second supralabial; postnasal separated from first labial; a well-defined narrow middorsal light line. C. labialis.— p. 504. bb". — Anterior nasal not in contact with second labial; postnasal separated from first labial; no well-de- fined narrow middorsal light line. cc. — Adults very large; dark markings chestnut or walnut brown. C. maximus. — p. 506. ; cc9. — Adults smaller, with dark markings black or blackish brown. dd. — Tail, feet and lower surfaces not more or less suffused with bright red or pink. e. — Dorsal markings showing at least some indication of longitudinal arrangement. 492 8. TE1ID& { . — Ground color of throat and chest whitish, yel- lowish, grayish, or slaty, not chiefly black, g. — Markings on sides of head not well-defined, almost obsolete. h. — Throat usually suffused with slate or gray. Western States, northern Sonora, north- eastern Lower California. C. t. tessellatus.—- p. 508. h*. — Throat not suffused with slate or gray, an ill-defined middorsal light line. Cen- tral Lower California. C. bartolomas. — p. 523. g*. — Markings on sides of head very distinct and well-defined; throat not (sometimes slight- ly) suffused with gray or slate, hh. — Median subcaudal scales not nearly all with spots. i. — Spots on throat few and small; central gular and collar scales smaller. Cali- fornia. C. t. mundus. — p. 516. i". — Spots on throat numerous and large, often forming irregular transverse bands; cen- tral gular and collar scales larger. South- ern California and northwestern Lower California. C. t. stejnegeri. — p. 519. hh*. — Median subcaudal scales nearly all with large black spots. Cerros and Natividad islands. C. multiscutatus. — p. 526. f. — Ground color of throat or chest often black or blackish. 18. CNEMIDOPHORUS 493 gg. — Color pattern on back and sides of body coarser j hind limbs more or less definitely reticulated. hhh. — Dorsal pattern usually less obsolete} light lines more definite and persistent j tail often with dark lines or stripes at base. C. melanostcthus. — p. 529. hhh1. — Dorsal pattern usually more obsolete j definite light lines less persistent, broken into spots and reticulations} base of tail without dark lines or stripes. C. estebanensis. — p. 536. gg*. — Color pattern on back and sides of body much finerj hind limbs unicolorj no longi- tudinal markings on sides at any age. C. dickersonae. — p. 533. e' — Dorsal markings (either fine reticulations or light spots) without longitudinal arrangement, ff. — Temporal, gular or nuchal regions more or less definitely reticulated or marbled with black. Lower surfaces mostly black or slaty} body above dark brown with fine black reticu- lation. C. martyris. — p. 538. ff8. — Temporal, gular and nuchal regions not marbled or reticulated. ggg. — Back and sides of body nearly unicolor or with more or less obsolete fine reticula- tions, without small light spots. 494- 8. TEllDJE hhhh. — Lower surfaces not black or blackish, except on tail; upper surfaces light brown or gray. Sal Si Puedes Island and North San Lorenzo Island. C. canus. — p. 540. hhhh*. — Lower surfaces, in adults, generally suffused with black or blackish brown 5 upper surfaces usually dark brown. South San Lorenzo Island. C. canus ?. — p. 540. ggg*. — Back and sides of body with numerous small light spots 5 lower surfaces black or blackish. hhhhh. — Spots yellowish or grayish, more or less obsolete 5 some traces of dark re- ticulations on back and hind limbs. C. catalinensis. — p. 542. hhhhh*. — Spots pure white often with black edges, not obsolete $ no traces of reticulations. C. bacatus. — p. 544. dd*. — Tail, feet and lower surfaces more or less red, pink, rose, or flesh color. ee. — A few ill-defined black markings on temporal regions 5 dark dorsal and lateral markings on body largely transverse in large specimens. C. rubidus. — p. 546. ee*. — Well-defined black markings on temporal regions; dark dorsal and lateral markings on body longitudinal stripes or chains of black spots. C. cclcripcs. — p. 549. 1 8 . CNEMID OPHOR US 495 102. Cnemidophorus perplexus BAIRD & GIRARD SEVEN-LINED WHIP-TAIL LIZARD Cnemidophorus perplexus BAIRD & GIRARD, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., Vol. VI, 1852, p. 128 (type locality, Valley of the Rio San Pedro of the Rio Grande del Norte); COPE, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., No. i, 1875, P- 46; YARROW, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., No. 24, 1883, p. 44; STRECKER, Baylor Univ. Bull., Vol. XII, No. I, 1909, p. 14; STRECKER, Baylor Bull., Vol. XVIII, No. 4, 1915, p. 24; STEJNEGER & BARBOUR, Check List N. Amer. Amph. Kept., 1917, p. 67. Cnemidophorus tessellatus perplexus COPE, Trans. Amer. Philos. Soc., Vol. XVII, 1892, p. 34; COPE, Report U. S. Nat. Mus. for 1898, 1900, p. 573, fig. 105 (part). Cnemidophorus arizonce VAN DENBURGH, Proc. Cal. Acad. Sci., Ser. 2, Vol. 6, 1896, p. 344, pi. XLIX (type locality, Fairbank, Cochise County, Arizona); VAN DENBURGH & SLEVIN, Proc. Cal. Acad. Sci., Ser. 4, Vol. 3, 1913, p. 408; STEJNEGER & BARBOUR, Check List N. Amer. Amph. Kept., 1917, p. 65. Description. — Snout long with nearly vertical sides. Nostrils opening in large anterior nasal plates, latter in con- tact with each other and with the first or sometimes the second supralabials. Posterior nasal forming sutures with anterior nasal, second labial, loreal, prefrontal, and fronto- nasal and sometimes first labial plates. Lc -eal in contact with third and fourth labials, preocular, first superciliary, prefrontal and posterior nasal plates. Four supraoculars, first and fourth smaller than others. Second, third and fourth supraoculars separated from superciliaries by small convex granules. Similar granules intrude between fourth supra- ocular and parietal. Occipitals represented by two or three series of small plates behind parietals and interparietal. About five superior and six inferior labials to a point below middle of eye. Sublabials large, anteriorly in contact with infralabials, posteriorly separated by granules or plates. An- terior gulars largest centrally, becoming gradually a little 496 8. TEIID& smaller laterally and much smaller anteriorly, and changing abruptly to smaller posterior gulars the line of demarkation being emphasized by two rows of smaller granules. Scales on center of collar quite large, those on its edge largest. Back covered with smooth, convex, rather large granules. Eight longitudinal and 3 1 transverse rows of ventral plates. Three large preanals, posterior two widest. Four rows of brachials, posterior row much the smallest. Antebrachials continuous with brachials, in two rows, the outer a little larger. Granules along posterior surface of forearm slightly enlarged. Lateral caudal scales oblique, rather strongly keeled, pointed post- eriorly. Femoral pores 14. The color above is pale brown with three longitudinal bluish white lines on each side, and one equally distinct, narrow and well-defined line along the middle of the back. The limbs are a little paler than the ground-color of the back, and are without traces of markings except a faint light line along the back of the thigh. Under parts whitish, tinged with blue. Tail unicolor, grayish. Length to anus __________________________________ 55 55 58 Length of tail _____________________________ 126 131 120 Snout to collar _____________________________________________ 18 18 18J^ Snout to interparietal ________________________________________ 10 10 10 Width of head _______________________________________ 888 Fore limb ____________________________________________ 19^ 19 \9l/2 Hind limb ___________________________________________________ 39 38 40 Base of fifth to end of fourth toe __________________ 18 Distribution. — This lizard is known from Arizona from a single specimen secured at Fairbank, Cochise County. It occurs also in New Mexico and Texas. Remarks. — The specimen from Arizona has the anterior nasal in contact with the second labial. This caused it to resemble in its characters C. labialis of Cerros Island. It 18. CNEMIDOPHORUS 497 was described as a new species, C. arizonce^ and its dis- tinguishing characters were tabulated as follows: C. labialis C. arizonce Two large preanals Three large preanals. Frontal very narrow behind. Frontal not unusually narrow behind. Gular and collar scales Gular and collar scales smaller. larger. Postantebrachials not en- Postantebrachials slightly en- larged, larged. Limbs longitudinally striped. Limbs unicolor. Tail with distinct color bands. Tail without distinct color bands. A wider indefinite median A narrow w e 1 1-def ined dorsal line. median dorsal line. I recently secured from El Paso, Texas, two specimens of Cnemidophorus perplexus. One of these specimens has the anterior nasal in contact with the second labial. As both specimens seem to agree with C. arizowe in all other respects, this name may now be regarded as a synonym of C. per- plexus. 103. Cnemidophorus disparilis Dickerson TIBURON ISLAND WHIPTAIL LIZARD Cnemidophorus disparilis DICKERSON, Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., Vol. 41, 1919, p. 473 (part) (type locality, Tiburon Island, Gulf of California, Mexico); NELSON, Mem. Nat. Acad. Sci., Vol. XVI, 1921, p. 171. The following is the original description of this lizard, omitting the coloration of the young which represent another species. "Diagnosis. — Of medium size; with fine and uniform dorsal scutellation, abdominal ventrals in eight longitudinal 498 8. TEI1DM rows 5 head depressed; frontoparietals separate, nostril anter- ior to nasal suture. The nasal is not in contact with the second supralabial; scales on posterior collar of considerable size, scarcely larger than enlarged scales at center of gular region, margin of fold with one to four rows of minute scales 5 four supraoculars; six femoral rows of enlarged scales, three tibial (of great size in two anterior rows) seven to eight brachial, three antebrachial ; underside of forearm with narrow band of enlarged scales on posterior aspect; femoral pores 19. "General coloration in adult orange-brown dorsally, ventrally blackish over all surfaces, even of the feet. Color pattern seven to nine extremely narrow, orange-brown longi- tudinal lines, straight or wavy, alternating with black lines of similar narrowness j brilliant color obscured by blackish anteriorly; sides ornamented with orange spots more or less in vertical rows bordered anteriorly with black; the mottling with orange-brown and black extends over sides of head 5 the throat is crossed by two to three narrow bars of intense black; mid-ventral caudal line marked by a double series of small black spots." Total length 1 44- Head and body to anus 42 Tail length 1 0 2 Snout to collar 17 Snout to ear 12 Snout to intcrparietal 9 Width of head 7 Fore limb 18 Hind limb 88 Distribution. — Tiburon Island, Gulf of California, Mex- ico. Remarks. — This species was described from an adult (type) and two young specimens (paratypes). The locality 18. CNEMIDOPHORUS 499 was stated to be Tiburon Island. The original description of the coloration of the young indicates that they do not repre- sent the same species as the adult type specimen. Careful comparison of one of the paratypes with a series of C. cata- Imensis showed them to be identical. It, therefore, became doubtful whether Miss Dickerson's specimens really were collected on Tiburon Island. In response to my request for information Mr. Karl P. Schmidt has kindly written: "On looking up the data in the department catalogue, I find numbers 6884-85 labeled 'Lower California, received Jan. 3, 1912, N. Y. Z. S.' It is therefore evident that Miss Dickerson located the specimens on Tiburon Island after identifying them as the young of C. disparilis, the type of which really did come from Tiburon. It is therefore not at all improbable that the two juveniles were really collected on Santa Catalina, and sent to the museum separately from the Zoplogical Park." I have had no opportunity to examine the type specimen from Tiburon, and, therefore, introduce the species C. dis- parilis here, although I am of the opinion that it may be founded upon a specimen of C. melanostethus with abnor- mally large granules on the back of the forearm. 1 04 Cnemidophorus gularis Baird & Girard SONORAN WHIPTAIL LIZARD Plate 52 Cnemidophorus gularis BAIRD & GIRARD, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., Vol. 6, 1852, p. 128 (type locality, Indianola and San Pedro River, Texas); BAIRD & GIRARD, Marcy's Explor. Red River, 1854, p. 210; HALLOWELL, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1856, p. 239; BAIRD, U. S. Mex. Bound. Surv., Vol. II, 1859, p. 11, pi. 34, figs. 1-6; BAIRD, Rept. Pac. R. R. Surr., Vol. X, 1859, p. 38; COPE, Amer. Naturalist, 1891 (1892), Vol. XXV, p. 1135; VAN DENBURGH, Proc. Cal. Acad. Sci., Ser. 2, Vol. 6, 1896, p. 342; VAN DENBURGH, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci., Phila. 1897, p. 463; STEJNEGER, Proc. U. S. 500 8. TEIID& Nat. Mus., Vol. 25, 1902, p. 151; STONE & REHN, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1903, p. 32; STONE, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1903, p. 540; BROWN, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1903, p. 548; BAILEY. N. Amer. Fauna, No. 25, 1905, pp. 28, 44; GADOW, Proc. Zool, Soc. London, 1906, p. 330; DITMARS, Reptile Book, 1907, p. 187, pi. LV, fig. 2; STRECKER, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, Vol. XXI, 1908, pp. 73, 168; GARY, N. Amer. Fauna, No. 33, 1911, pp. 21, 27, 40; STRECKER, Baylor Bulletin, Vol. XVIII, No. 4, 1915, p. 24; STONE, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1911, p. 230; ELLIS & HENDER- SON, Univ. Colorado Studies, Vol. X, No. 2, 1913, p. 78; VAN DENBURGH & SLEVIN, Proc. Cal. Acad. Sci., Ser. 4, Vol. 3, 1913, p. 407; STEJNEGER & BARBOUR, Check List N. Amer. Amph. Kept. 1917, p. 67. Cnemidophorus guttatus HALLOWELL, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1854, p. 192 (type locality, Texas). Cnemidophorus sexhneatus gularis COPE, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1866, p. 303; COUES, Surv. W. looth Merid., Vol. V, 1875, p. 602; COPE, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., No. 32, 1887, p. 44; Md-AiN, Critical Notes, 1899, p. 9. Cnemidophorus sexlineatus, YARROW, Surv. W. looth Merid., Vol. V, 1875, p. 557; COPE, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., No. i, 1875, p. 45 (part); COPE, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1883, pp. n, 12; YARROW, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., No. 24, 1883, p. 43 (part); BOULENGER, Cat. Lizards Brit. Mus., Vol. II, 1885, p. 364 (part). Cnemidophorus sexlineatus tigris COPE, Proc. Am. Philos. Soc., 1886, p. 283. Cnemidophorus gularis gularis COPE, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1892, p. 334; COPE, Trans. Amer. Philos. Soc., Vol. XVII, Pt. i, 1892, p. 45, pi. XII, figs. G, H; COPE, Report U. S. Nat. Mus. for 1898, 1900, p. 602, fig. 1 1 8. Cnemidophorus gularis scalaris COPE, Amer. Naturalist, 1891 (1892), p. 1135; COPE, Trans. Amer. Philos. Soc., Vol. XVII, Pt. i, 1892, p. 47, pi. XII, figs. I, K; COPE, Report U. S. Nat. Mus. for 1898, 1900, p. 605, fig. 119. Cnemidophorus scalaris VAN DENBURGH, Proc. Cal. Acad. Sci., Ser. 2, Vol. 6, 1896, p. 343; GADOW, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1906, p. 335, %s. 68, 76. Description. — Snout long, with nearly vertical sides. Nostrils opening in large anterior nasal plates j latter in con- tact on top of snout. Posterior nasal forming sutures with 18. CNEMIDOPHORUS 501 anterior nasal, first, second and third labials, loreal, pre- f rental, and f rontonasal plates. Loreal in contact with third and fourth labials, first subocular, preocular, first supercili- ary, prefrontal, posterior nasal, and sometimes first supra- ocular, plates. Four supraoculars, first and fourth smaller than others. Second, third and fourth supraoculars separ- ated from superciliaries by small convex granules. Similar granules intrude between third and fourth supraoculars and frontoparietal and parietal. Occipitals represented by from two to four transverse series of small plates behind parietals and interparietal. About five superior and five or six in- ferior labials to a point below middle of eye. Sublabials large, the posterior separated from infralabials by small plates. Anterior gulars largest centrally, becoming gradu- ally smaller laterally and anteriorly, and changing rather abruptly to smaller posterior gulars. Scales on center of collar large, those on its edge largest. Small, smooth, con- vex granules on back. Eight longitudinal rows of ventral plates. Usually two or three large scutes, surrounded by smaller plates and granules, in front of anus. Posterior surface of forearm with a group of enlarged granules or scales. Tail very long and provided with rings of large, obliquely keeled scales. Femoral pores varying from 15 to 22. There is much variation in coloration, both individual and with age. The color above, in adults, is reddish or blackish brown with three narrow, light longitudinal stripes along each side. These light stripes may be greenish, yel- lowish or light reddish brown. The dark back ground be- tween these light stripes usually is marked with one or two series of small, rounded, light spots. The upper stripe is not continued forward on the head; the other two are continued onto the head and the basal portion of the tail. The upper surface of the head is dark brown or olive. The 502 8. TEIID& limbs are brown marked with darker, and with longitudinal stripe along the posterior surface of the thigh. The lower surfaces are yellowish or bluish white. The young are similarly colored but show no light spots between the lines. The upper line on each side usually is slightly narrower and less distinct than the other two. A few young individuals show, in addition, a distinct, light, median dorsal line. In somewhat larger specimens, the brown ground color becomes a little lighter in places, and presents a faintly mottled appearance. In still larger in- dividuals small whitish spots appear between the light lines, first on the posterior part of the back, and the adult color- ation is assumed. In larger adults these light spots become more numerous and sometimes join the longitudinal light lines. These light lines, however, retain their distinct- ness, although they may become broader with age. Differ- ent individuals of the same size show much variation in the extent to which these markings have been developed, but they are, nevertheless, clearly due to increased age. The very largest specimens (formerly regarded as a distinct species, C. scalaris) show a further change of color pattern. The dark ground is completely broken up by transverse enlargements of the light spots and stripes, the darker brown or blackish areas forming more or less irregular transverse bars or stripes. Length to anus 62 66 66 96 110 125 Length of tail 161 166 160 196 275 291 Snout to ear 15 16 15 22 25 31 Snout to interparietal 12 13 13 18 20 24 Width of head 9 10 10 13 16 23 Fore limb 20 18 20 31 33 36 Hind limb 45 49 50 70 80 82 Base of fifth to end of fourth toe _ 22 21 23 33 40 40 Oc. PAPERS, CAL. ACAD. Sci., VOL. X [VAN DENBURGH] PLATE 52 -Ei| OS 3 .~ ^ 1 g II 1 8. CNEMIDOPHOR US 503 Distribution. — This species has been found in central and southeastern Arizona, southern Utah, New Mexico, vvestern Texas, and northern Mexico. In Arizona, it is common in Cochise (Fairbank, Camp Bowie, Willcox, Bisbee, Rucker Canyon, Paradise, Cave Creek, Chiricahua Mountains, in the Huachuca Mountains at Fort Huachuca and Montezuma, Gardner, Ash, Brown, Ramsey, Miller and Carr canyons), Santa Cruz (Santa Rita Mountains near Pete Mountain and in Agua Caliente Can- yon, Calabasas, Mowry, Nogales), Pima (Sawmill and Ma- dera canyons in the Santa Rita Mountains, Tucson, Sabino Canyon, Santa Catalina Mountains, Santa Cruz River, Fort Lowell, in the foothills of the Catalina Mountains, and at 8,500 feet on Mt. Lemmon), Graham (Camp Grant), Pinal (Oracle), Yavapai (Prescott, Fort Whipple), Mohave (Hualpai Mountains, Hackberry at 3,500 feet), Coconino (Oak Creek, Lees Ferry, Colorado Chiquito, Flagstaff, Winslow), Navajo (Camp Apache), and Apache (White Mountains), counties. In Utah, it has been collected in Washington (Bellevue at 4,000 feet, Peter's Leap Creek at 5,000 feet, Ash Forks Creek at 5,000 feet) Iron (Kamarrah Canyon, Paragonah Canyon at 5,500 feet), and San Juan (Bluff), counties. In Sonora, it has been secured two miles south of No- gales, at Pinetos Camp 32 miles south of Nogales, at San Pedro Bay, and at Guyamas. Habits. — This is a ground-dwelling lizard, as are the the other members of the genus. Its food is said to consist entirely of insects, beetles and ants forming the bulk of the stomach contents. Mr. Strecker notes that in Texas "the female Cnemido- fhorus gularis usually scoops out a shallow hollow in tne sand and deposits her eggs to a depth of only an inch or 504 8. TEllDJE two, but on the grassy flats where there is no sand I have found them buried in the soft earth at the foot of a mesqutte tree, to a depth of four or five inches. The eggs of this species are from eight to 12 in number." 105. Cnemidophorus labialis Stejneger STRIPED WHIPTAIL LIZARD Cnemidophorus labialis STEJNEGER, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 1889, p. 643 (type locality, Cerros Island, Lower California, Mexico); COPE, Trans. Amer. Philos. Soc., Vol. XVII, Pt. i, 1892, p. 51; VAN DENBURGH, Proc. Cal. Acad. Sci., Ser. 2, Vol. 5, 1895, P- I28; VAN DENBURGH, Proc. Cal. Acad. Sci., Ser. 2, Vol. 6, 1896, p. 346; COPE, Report U. S. Nat. Mus. for 1898, 1900, p. 610, fig. 122; VAN DENBURGH, Proc. Cal. Acad. Sci., Ser. 3, Zool., Vol. 4, No. I, 1905, pp. 3, 24; GADOW, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1906, p. 374; DITMARS, Reptile Book, 1907, p. 188; VAN DENBURGH & SLEVIN, Proc. Cal. Acad. Sci., Ser. 4, Vol. 4, 1914, pp. 133, 145; STEJNEGER & BARBOUR, Check List N. Amer. Amph. Rept., 1917, p. 66; NEL- SON, Mem. Nat. Acad. Sci., Vol. XVI, 1921, pp. 114, 130. Description. — Snout long with nearly vertical sides. Nostrils opening in large anterior nasal plates, latter in con- tact with each other and with second supralabials. Posterior nasal forming sutures with anterior nasal, second and third labial, loreal, prefrontal, and frontonasal plates. Loreal in contact with third and fourth labials, preocular, first super- ciliary, prefrontal and posterior nasal plates. Four supra- oculars, first and fourth smaller than others. Second, third and fourth supraoculars separated from superciliaries by small convex granules. Similar granules intrude between fourth supraocular and parietal. Occipitals represented by two or three series of small plates behind parietals and inter- parietal. About five superior and six inferior labials to a point below middle of eye. Sublabials large, anteriorly in contact with infralabials, posteriorly separated by granules or plates. Anterior gulars largest centrally, becoming grad- 18. CNEMIDOPHORUS 505 ually a little smaller laterally and anteriorly, and changing abruptly to smaller posterior gulars, the line of demarka- tion being emphasized by two rows of smaller granules. Scales on center of collar quite large, those on its edge largest. Back covered with smooth, convex, rather large granules. Eight longitudinal and 30 to 33 transverse rows of ventral plates. Two large preanals, posterior widest. Three rows of brachials, of nearly the same size. Ante- brachials continuous with brachials, in two or three rows, the outer little or much larger. Four or five rows of f emorals, outer largest. Tibials in three rows, outer largest. Granules along posterior surface of forearm not enlarged. Lateral caudal scales oblique, rather strongly keeled, pointed posteriorly. Femoral pores 12 or 13. The color above is dark brown with three longitudinal light lines on each side, and a clay-colored band of the same shade as the top of the head along the middle of the back. The limbs are a little paler than the ground-color of the back, and are marked with light longitudinal lines of which there are two on the fore and four on the hind limbs. Length to anus 50 55 Length of tail 123 132 Snout to collar 17 17 17 18 18 Snout to interparietal 9^ 9^2 10.3 9 10 Width of head 7% S 8 8 8 Fore limb , 18 18 18 19 18 Hind limb 36 37 38 39 40 Distribution. — This small species is known only from five specimens collected, by Mr. L. Belding, on Cerros Island, Lower California, Mexico. 506 8. TEIW& 106. Cnemidophorus maximus Cope GIANT WHIPTAIL LIZARD Cnemidophorus maximus COPE, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1863, p. 104 (type locality, Cape St. Lucas, Lower California, Mexico); COPE, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1866, p. 312; COPE, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., No. i, 1875, pp. 45, 93; LOCK.INGTON, Amer. Naturalist, Vol. 14, No. 4, 1880, p. 295; YARROW, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., No. 24, 1883, pp. 42, 188; GARMAN, Bull. Essex Inst., Vol. 16, No. I, 1884, p. 13; BOULENGER, Cat. Lizards Brit. Mus., Vol. n, 1885, p. 369; COPE, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., No. 32, 1887, p. 45; BELDING, West Amer. Scientist, Vol. Ill, No. 24, p. 97; COPE, Trans. Amer. Philos. Soc., Vol. 17, No. i, 1892, p. 32; VAN DENBURGH, Proc. Cal. Acad. Sci., Ser. 2, Vol. 5, 1895, p. 122; COPE, Report U. S. Nat. Mus. for 1898, 1900, p. 570, fig. 104; GADOW, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1906, p. 371; STEJNEGER & BARBOUR, Check List N. Amer. Amph. Kept., 1917, p. 66; VAN DENBURGH & SLEVIN, . Proc. Cal. Acad. Sci., Ser. 4, Vol. XI, 1921, pp. 51, 62; NELSON, Mem. Nat. Acad. Sci., Vol. XVI, 1921, pp. 114, 115; TERRON, Mem. y Rev. Soc. Cient. Antonio Alzate, Vol. 39, 1921, p. 164. Description. — Snout long with nearly vertical sides. Nostrils opening in large anterior nasal plates, latter in con- tact on top of snout. Posterior nasal forming sutures with anterior nasal, first, second and third labials, loreal, pre- f rental, and frontonasal plates. Loreal in contact with third and fourth labials, first subocular, preocular, first super- ciliary, prefrontal, posterior nasal, and first supraocular, plates. Four supraoculars, first long and narrow, fourth smaller than others. Second, third and fourth supraoculars separated from superciliaries by small convex granules. Simi- lar granules intrude between third and fourth supraoculars and frontoparietal and parietal. Occipitals represented by from two to four transverse series of small plates behind parietals and interparietal. About five superior and six in- ferior labials to a point below middle of eye. Sublabials large, separated from infralabials by small granules and plates. 18. CNEMIDOPHORUS 507 Anterior gulars largest centrally, becoming gradually smaller laterally and anteriorly, and changing abruptly to smaller posterior gulars. Scales on center of collar quite large, those on its edge usually smaller but sometimes larger. Back covered with small, smooth, convex granules. Eight longi- tudinal and about 37 transverse rows of ventral plates. About four series of large preanals. Posterior surface of forearm covered with small, nearly equal-sized granules. Number of plates on limbs very variable sometimes seven rows of brachials, three of antebrachials, seven of femorals, and four of tibials. Tail very long and provided with rings of large, obliquely keeled scales. Femoral pores varying from 18 to 28. The color above is gray or grayish sepia fading to olive gray laterally, with three longitudinal dark chestnut bands on each side, which (bands) are twice as wide as the intervals between them, and are so invaded by spots of the ground color, as to resemble series of confluent brown maculations. These dark markings often are more or less obsolete, par- ticularly on the anterior part of the body. The limbs are reticulated with coarse chestnut lines. The upper surface of the head is olive, palest on the snout. The gular region and the sides of the head are blotched with walnut brown. Many of the ventral plates have black basal markings. The tail is tawny olive, tinged and spotted with dark chestnut. Young individuals have five bluish white longitudinal lines on a black ground which is more or less broken by spots of the same color as the lines. Their tails and hind limbs are suffused with bright flesh color. In one there are six instead of five pale lines. 508 8. TEllDJE Length to anus 101 111 113 118 125 127 Length of tail 267 305 276 226 335 322 Si; out to ear 25 27 26 29 30 31 Snout to intcrparieta 1 21 22 23 23 24- 25 Width of head 15 15 16 14 20 19 Fore limb 35 33 38 37 36 40 Hind limb 77 79 75 80 85 81 Base of fifth to end of fourth toe _____________ 36 39 34 36 37 36 Distribution. — This lizard has been found only in the Cape Region of Lower California, where it has been taken at Cape San Lucas, La Paz, San Jose del Cabo, Miraf lores, Sierra San Lazaro, Triunf o, San Antonio, San Bartolo, Buena Vista, Agua Caliente, Todos Santos, and Guamuchil Rancho. Cope records two specimens as having been collected by Belding on Espiritu Santo Island, and Mr. Slevin secured a number there. Habits. — This lizard, like others of the genus, is ex- tremely swift when frightened. Mr. Slevin, on several occasions, observed it running on the hind feet only, the front legs being held clear of the ground and the body raised at an angle. One was found, under a pile of brush, holding in its mouth a Verticaria whose skull had been crushed in its powerful jaws. One was taken from the stomach of a red racer, Coluber jlagellum 107. Cnemidophorus tessellatus tessellatus (Say) DESERT WHIPTAIL LIZARD Plate 53 Ameiva tessellata SAY, Long's Exped. Rocky Mts., 1823, Vol. II (Phila- delphia), p. 50 (London), p. 351, note 33 (type locality, Arkansas River near Castle Rock Creek, Colorado). Cnemidophorus tigris BAIRD & GIRARD, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., VI, 1852, p. 69 (type locality, Valley of Great Salt Lake, Utah); 18. CNEMIDOPHORUS 509 BAIRD & GIRARD, Stansbury's Report Gt. Lake Salt, p. 338, pi. II; BAIRD, U. S. Mex. Bound. Surv., 1859, II, p. 10, pi. XXXIII; STEJNEGER, N. A. Fauna, No. 7, 1893, p. 198; VAN DENBURGH, Bull. U. S. Fish Com. for 1894, p. 57; VAN DENBURGH, Occas. Papers, Cal. Acad. Sci., V, 1897, p. 134, fig.; McLAiN, Critical Notes, 1899, P- 95 MEEK, Field Columbian Mus., Zool. Ser., Vol. VII, No. i, 1906, p. 13; GRINNELL & GRINNELL, Throop Inst. Bull., No. 35, 1907, p. 57; STONE, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1911, p. 230 (part?); CARY, N. Amer. Fauna, No. 33, 1911, p. 26; VAN DENBURGH, Proc. Cal. Acad. Sci., Ser. 4, Vol. 3, 1912, p. 153; VAN DENBURGH, Proc. Cal. Acad. Sci., Ser. 4, Vol. 3, 1912, p. 157; TAYLOR, Univ. Cal. Publ. Zool., Vol. 7, No. 10, 1912, p. 352; VAN DENBURGH & SLEVIN, Proc. Cal. Acad. Sci., Ser. 4, Vol. 3, 1913, p. 409; RICHARDSON, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., Vol. 48, 1915, p. 425; RUTHVEN & GAIGE, Occas. Papers Mus. Zool. Univ. Mich., No. 8, 1915, p. 25; VAN DENBURGH & SLEVIN, Proc. Cal. Acad. Sci., Ser. 4, Vol. 5, No. 4, 1915, p. 105; CAMP, Univ. Cal. Publ. Zool., Vol. 17, No. 7, 1916, p. 71; STEPHENS, Trans. San Diego Soc. Nat. Hist., Vol. Ill, No. 4, 1921, p. 63. Cnemidophorus marmoratus BAIRD & GIRARD, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1852, p. 128 (type locality, between San Antonio (Texas) and El Paso del Norte). Cnemidophorus gracilis BAIRD & GIRARD, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., VI, 1852, p. 128 (type locality, Desert of Colorado); BAIRD, U. S. Mex. Bound. Surv., 1859, Vol. II, p. 10, pi. XXXIV, figs. 7-14. Cnemidophorus tessellatus BAIRD, Pac. R. R. Surv., Vol. X, Pt. IV, 1859, p. 1 8; COPE, Ann. Rep. U. S. Geol. Surv. Terrs., 1871 (1872), p. 468; CRAGIN, Bull. Washburn Laborat., Vol. I, 1885, p. 102; COPE, Amer. Naturalist, Vol. XXV, 1891 (1892), p. 1135; BROWN, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1903, p. 548; BAILEY, N. Amer. Fauna, No. 25, 1905, pp. 28, 44; GADOW, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1906, p. 369 (part); DITMARS, Reptile Book, 1907, p. 186, pi. LV, fig. 3 (part); ELLIS & HENDERSON, Univ. Colorado Studies, Vol. X, No. 2, 1913, p. 78; STRECKER, Baylor Bulletin, Vol. 18, No. 4, 1915, p. 24; PACK, Copeia, No. 56, 1918, p. 51. Cnemidophorus tessellatus tessellatus COPE, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., No. I, 1875, P- 46; COPE, Trans. Amer. Philos. Soc., Ser. 2, Vol. XVII, Pt. i, 1892, p. 34, pi. VII (part); YARROW, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., No. 24, 1883, p. 44; COPE, Report U. S. Nat. Mus. for 1898, 1900, p. 575, figs. 106, 107, 108 (part); STEJNEGER & BARBOUR, Check S10 8. TEUDM List N. Amer. Amph. Kept., 1917, p. 67; VAN DENBURGH & SLEVIN, Proc. Cal. Acad. Sci., Ser. 4, Vol. XI, 1921, pp. 28, 35, 40, 43, 51. Cnemidophorus tessellatus graci/ts COPE, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., No. I, 1875, p. 46 (?); YARROW, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., No. 24, 1883, p. 45. Cnemidophorus tessellatus tigris COPE, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., No. I, 1875, p. 46; YARROW & HENSHAW, Ann. Rep. Chief of Engineers for 1878, Surv. W. looth Mend., Appendix NN, 1878, p. 219; YARROW, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., No. 24, 1883, p. 45 (part). Cnemidophorus tigris tigris CAMP, Univ. Cal. Publ. Zool., Vol. 12, No. 17, 1916, p. 529; GRINNELL & CAMP, Univ. Cal. Publ. Zool., Vol. 17, No. 10, 1917, p. 172; COWLES, Journ. Entomol. & Zool., Pomona College, Vol. XII, No. 3, 1920, p. 65. Description. — Snout long with nearly vertical sides. Nostrils opening in large anterior nasal plates, latter in con- tact on top of snout. Posterior nasal forming sutures with anterior nasal, first, second and third labials, loreal, pre- f rental, and f rontonasal plates. Loreal in contact with third and fourth labials, first subocular, preocular, first supercil- iary, prefrontal, posterior nasal, and sometimes first supra- ocular, plates. Four supraoculars, first and fourth smaller than others. Second, third and fourth supraoculars separated from superciliaries by small convex granules. Similar gran- ules intrude between third and fourth supraoculars and frontoparietal and parietal. Occipitals represented by from two to four transverse series of small plates behind parietals and interparietal. About five superior and six inferior labials to a point below middle of eye. Sublabials large and, except first, separated from infralabials by small granules and plates. Anterior gulars largest centrally, becoming gradually smaller laterally and anteriorly, and changing rather abruptly to smaller posterior gulars. Central gular and collar scales a little smaller than in C. /. stejnegeri. Scales on center of collar of moderate size, those on its edge smaller. Small, smooth, convex granules on back usually Oc. PAPERS, CAL. ACAD. Sci., VOL. X [VAN DENBURGH] PLATE 53 "** S «-> 02 ^ b 18. CNEMIDOPHORUS 511 slightly larger than in C. /. stejnegeri. Eight longitudinal rows of ventral plates. From three to six large scutes sur- rounded by smaller plates and granules in front of anus. Posterior surface of forearm covered with small, nearly equal-sized granules. Tail very long and provided with rings of large, obliquely keeled scales. Femoral pores varying from 17 to 25. The color above is brownish, yellowish or bluish gray, becoming paler toward the tail and darker on the sides, with very irregular dark and light marblings. In young speci- mens there are narrow light longitudinal lines separated by darker bands which are more or less broken up by spots of the same color as the lines. In older individuals these lines have become more or less obscure, and in some the upper surface is nearly unicolor. The upper surfaces of the limbs are similarly colored. The dark markings on the sides of the head and neck and on the gular region are small and ill-defined. The tail is gray or brown, often with dark lines along the keels of its upper scales. All the lower sur- faces are creamy white, usually suffused with gray or slate on the gular region and chest, and maculated with black. Length to anus 47 61 82 83 92 93 Length of tail 124 184 190 207 204 212 Snout to car „!! 15 19 20 20 22 Snout to interparietal 10 12 16 15 16 17 Width of head 7 9 11 12 12 14 Fore limb . 17 24 29 31 32 32 Hind limb 34 47 56 56 61 65 Base of fifth to end of fourth toe 16 23 25 25 28 29 Distribution. — The Desert Whiptail Lizard, Tiger Liz- ard, or Swift Jack, ranges from western Texas north to Kansas and Colorado, and thence west across Utah to south- ern Idaho and eastern Oregon, and across Nevada to eastern 512 8. TEIIDJE California and western Arizona. It occurs in northeastern Lower California and probably in northwestern Sonora. In California, it is restricted to the desert regions from Mono Lake to the Mexican border and has been taken in Mono (Mono Lake, Benton), Inyo (Big Pine, Independ- ence, Lone Pine, Keeler, Olancha, Grays at 6,000 feet near Kearsarge Pass, Carroll Creek, Deep Spring Valley, White Mountains at 7,000 feet, Inyo Mountains, Coso Mountains, Coso Valley, Coso, Darwin, Argus Range, Searls, Shepherd Canyon, Panamint Valley, Panamint Mountains at Willow Creek, Emigrant Canyon, Ballarat, Wild Rose Springs, Death Valley at Bennett Wells and Furnace Creek, Mes- quite Valley, Grapevine Canyon, Sarcobatus Flat), Kern (Walker Pass, Cameron, Mohave), Los Angeles (Gorman, Pallett), San Bernardino (Lone Willow Springs, Leach Point Valley, Warren's Wells, Barstow, Ludlow, Providence Mountains at 2,800 feet, Needles, Blythe Junction, Turtle Mountains, Victorville, Hesperia), Riverside (Riverside Mountain Colorado River, Blythe, Cotton wood Springs, Cabazon, Coachella, Palm Springs, Palm Canyon, and on the desert bases of the San Bernardino and San Jacinto Mountains near Coachella), San Diego (Colorado Desert), and Imperial (eight miles below Picacho, Pot Holes, Pilot Knob, Calexico, Salt Creek, New River near Salt on Lake), counties. It intergrades with C. /. mundus in the region of Walker Pass, Kern County, and with C. /. stejnegen in Antelope Valley, Los Angeles County, around the north- east base of the San Jacinto Mountains in Riverside County, and about the desert divides in western Imperial County. In Arizona, it is common along the Colorado River at Yuma, Cibola and Ehrenberg, in Yuma County, at the base of The Needles, Fort Mohave, and above Bill Williams River in Mohave County, and has been taken at Lees Ferry, Coconino County, Sentinel, Phoenix and Tempe, Maricopa 18. CNEMIDOPHORUS 5J_3 County, Ajo, Pima County, and Papago Wells, Yuma County. To the eastward of these localities it seems to be replaced by its very close relative C. melanostethus. In Nevada, this subspecies has been found in Lincoln (Pahranagat Valley, Desert Valley, Meadow Creek Valley, Caliente), Clark (Bend of the Colorado, valleys of the Virgin and Muddy rivers, Vegas Valley, St. Thomas, Las Vegas, Pahrump Valley, Callville), Nye (Amargosa Valley, Rhyolite, Tonopah, Oasis Valley, Pahrump Valley), Esmer- alda (Goldfield), Ormsby (Carson City), Washoe (between Reno and Pyramid Lake, Pyramid Lake, Wadsworth), Humboldt (Winnemucca, Golconda, Thousand Creek, Pine Forest Mountains), Eureka (Palisade), and Elko (Carlin), counties. In Idaho, it has been collected in Twin Falls (between Shoshone Falls and Twin Falls, Upper Salmon Falls), Cassia (Conant), Gooding (Bliss), Elmore (Glenn's Ferry), Ada (Boise), and Payette (Payette), counties. In Oregon, this lizard has been secured three miles northeast of Huntington, Baker County. Utah records are Washington (Lower Santa Clara Val- ley, Upper Santa Clara Crossing, Leeds, Virgin City, Belle- vue, six miles north of Washington, St. George, Rockville between Rockville and Springdale), Iron (Rush Lake), Bea- ver (Beaver Creek at 6,000 feet, Newhouse), Millard (seven miles south of Kanosh), Emery (Green River), Grand (Thompson), Davis (Clearfield), and Salt Lake (Fort Douglas) counties. I have examined specimens from northeastern Lower California, where they were taken at Angeles Bay and Las Animas Bay. A young specimen from Smiths Island in the Gulf of California possibly belongs here, although its dorsal coloration is not typical, and I regard it as C. dickersonce. 514- 8. TEUDJE Habits. — This species lives on the open desert and sage brush plains over which it runs with great swiftness. The sand banks near Needles arc covered with its tracks, which end in the holes made by small mammals. Although this liz- ard usually remains on the ground Richardson occasionally observed it climb into bushes. So far as I have been able to learn, its food consists mainly of insects, such as grass- hoppers, beetles, spiders, ants, larvae and pupae, but Ruth- ven & Gaige record the finding of a very young Cnemido- phorus in one stomach. The same authors state that "The females collected as late as July 13 still carried their eggs, but those taken on August 8 had laid them." Mr. Taylor writes: "The desert whip-tailed lizard was found alike on the sides of dry washes and on the open flat desert in the vicinity of the foothills. It ranged in small numbers to an altitude of 5,000 feet on the low ridges, and a short distance up Big Creek Canon. A single specimen was taken in the vicinity of the forks of Big Creek (5,700 feet). "If surprised, Cnemidophorus runs with great speed, holding its long tail erect in the air something in the manner of CalUsaurus ventralis. When at ease it progresses more slowly, dragging itself along on its belly and waddling from side to side. This has been described (J. and H. W. Grin- nell, 1907, p. 35) as being a peculiar slinking, hesitating gait. They run a short distance very swiftly, then creep along in a jerky fashion, bobbing the head up and down. When at some distance from the intruder they remain motionless, eyeing him. "Sometimes as many as 20 individuals were seen in the course of a morning's hunt. "Their long narrow bodies and extremely agile move- ments combine to make noosing them (see J. and H. W. Grinnell, 1907, p. 7) almost an impossibility. 18. CNEMIDOPHORUS 5H "They were seen in copulation on June 10, and fairs were commonly seen after this date. On June 21 one was seen pursuing another, but whether this was for purposes of play or was an exhibition of sexual instinct is not known." Mr. Camp states: "The whip-tailed lizard seems to occur abundantly in the Turtle Mountain vicinity in every phase of environment, except the rocky mesa, from rocky hillside to sand dune (see table, p. 507). It was especially well represented over the rocky hillsides, where individuals ceaselessly forage, sticking their sharp noses into little piles of leaves and debris or picking up small bits of food with their active tongues. They slink about hesitatingly on the sand, with their tails dragging behind them, thus leaving a characteristic track. When running swiftly this lizard ele- vates its tail, so that the ground is just cleared 5 and the tip lashes about as the lizard runs. "Though usually timid, the whip-tails, like CalUsaurus^ seem to be almost devoid of fear when feeding. I saw two come into a room and gather crumbs from the floor while several people were about. They sometimes rest with their hind feet raised clear of the hot sand. They exhibit a tend- ency to burrow with their forefeet when annoyed." Mr. Pack gives the following observations on the method of burrowing: "The floor of the cage in which these lizards were kept was covered with sand to a depth of several inches. Several medium-sized stones lay about on the sand. "Upon frequently finding the lizards in burrows of their own construction, which extended from near the edge of the rocks, and well underneath them, I made careful observations to determine the method by which this feat was accomplished. "The lizard began by scooping aside the sand with its front feet. It used these feet alternately, one stroke only being made by each foot at a time. Then, discontinuing the 516 8. TEIID& alternate strokes, it would rest one foot while making a number of backward strokes with the other. After a short time it reverted to the way of digging first described. "When the burrow was well under way and the exca- vated sand began piling up, the lizard turned around in the depression; began slowly crawling outward, and, instead of scooping aside the sand, pushed it back with the face of its hands. Then re-entering the burrow, it resumed its digging, using the method already described. "It continued burrowing until its movements were again interfered with by the accumulating sand, which it would once more push out. This process of digging was continued until the burrow was finished. The lizard then, with its head facing outward, assumed a resting position at the end of the excavation." 108. Cnemidophorus tessellatus mundus (Camp) CALIFORNIA WHIPTAIL LIZARD Cnemidophorus undulatus HALLO WELL, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., VII, 1854; p. 94 (type locality, "Fort Yuma, San Joaquin Val- ley") = [Fort Miller, Fresno County, California]; HALLOWELL, Kept. U. S. Pac. R. R. Surv., Vol. X, Pt. IV, 1859, p. 8, pi. IX, fig. 2. Cnemidophorus tessellatus tigris YARROW, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., No. 24, 1883, p. 45 (part). Cnemidophorus tigris undulatus STEJNEGER, N. Amer. Fauna, No. 7, 1893, p. 200; VAN DENBURGH, Occas. Papers Cal. Acad Sci., V 1897, p. 137; McLAiN, Critical Notes, 1899, P- 9- Cnemidophorus tessellatus tessellatus COPE, Report U. S. Nat. Mus. for 1898 (1900), p. 575 (part). Cnemidophorus tigris mundus CAMP, Univ. Cal. Publ. Zool., Vol. 17, No. 7, 1916, p. 71 (substitute name for C. undulatus Hallowell preoccupied); GRINNELL & CAMP, Univ. Cal. Publ. Zool., Vol. 17, No. 10, 1917, p. 173. Cnemidophorus tessellatus mundus STEJNEGER & BARBOUR, Check List N. Amer. Amph. Rept., 1917, p. 68. 18. CNEMIDOPHORUS 517 Description. — Body and tail long and slender. Nostrils opening in large anterior nasal plates, latter meeting on top of snout. Posterior nasal forming sutures with anterior nasal, first, second and third labials, loreal, prefrontal, and f rontonasal plates. Loreal in contact with third and fourth labials, first subocular, preocular, first superciliary, pre- frontal, posterior nasal, and first supraocular plates. Four supraoculars, first and fourth smaller than others. Second, third and fourth supraoculars separated from superciliaries by small convex granules. Similar granules between third and fourth supraoculars and frontoparietal and parietal plates. Behind parietals, two or three transverse series of small occipitals. About five superior and six inferior labials to a point below pupil. Sublabials large, and, except first, separated from infralabials by small plates and granules. Anterior gulars largest centrally, becoming gradually smaller laterally and anteriorly, and changing abruptly to smaller posterior gulars. Largest gular and collar scales averaging smaller than in C. t. stejnegeri. Scales on center of collar moderately large, those on its edge smaller. Back covered with small, smooth, convex granules slightly larger than in C. /. tessellatus. Ventral plates in eight longitudinal rows. Several large plates, surrounded by smaller plates and gran- ules, in front of anal opening. Posterior surface of fore- arm covered with small, nearly equal-sized granules. Long slender tail provided with rings of large, obliquely keeled scales. Femoral pores varying in number from 1 8 to 23. The back is grayish or yellowish brown with about seven or nine wavy black longitudinal bands or rows of spots which are sometimes broken up into irregular marblings. On the sides of the head and neck are numerous, large, well-defined black blotches. The limbs are marbled with black. The tail is yellowish or olive-brown, darkest along the keels of the upper scales. The lower surfaces are creamy 518 8. TE1IDJE or buffy white, often spotted or blotched with black 5 the markings on the gular region being few and usually very small. Length to anus 79 79 87 99 103 105 Length of tail 207 204 24-2 252 231 Snout to ear . 18 18 19 23 22 24 Snout to interparietal plate 15 15 15 18 18 19 Width of head 11 11 12 16 13 15 Fore limb 29 29 30 33 35 36 Hind limb 59 58 64 68 71 73 Base of fifth to end of fourth toe 30 28 30 31 32 32 Distribution. — The California Whiptail Lizard replaces C. tessellatus tessellatus in the northern, as C. t. stejnegen does in the southern, portion of California west of the desert. Its range seems to be continuous with that of C. /. tessellams through Walker and Tehachapi passes and the Canada de las Uvas, and thence extends north on the lower levels of the western slope of the Sierra Nevada and the floor of t«ie San Joaquin Valley. The most northern record seems to be the McCloud River. It ranges west to San Luis Obispo, Monterey, San Benito, and Santa Clara counties. It rntergrades with C. t. tessellatus in the region of Walker Pass, and perhaps elsewhere with this subspecies and with C. t. s'ejriegeri) though this has not yet been shown. Definite localities are Kern (Walker Basin, Kelso Creek Valley and Fay Creek near Weldon, Kern River above Kern- ville and at Isabella, Mt. Breckinridge, Canebreak near Walker Pass, Freeman Canyon, Onyx, Kern River near Bod- fish, Buena Vista Lake, Bakersfield, 20 miles south from Bakersfield, Wheeler Ridge, McKittrick, Caliente Creek, San Emigdio Plains), Tulare (Earlinart, Tipton), Fresno (Fresno, at 2,000 feet one mile south from Dunlap, Fort 8. TEHDJE 519 Miller, Mendotta), Madera (Coarsegold, Raymond), Mari- posa (between Kinsley and McCauleys, Dudley, Smith Creek six miles east from Coulterville, Pleasant Valley), El Dorado (Limekiln, Middle Fork American River), San Luis Obispo (Santa Margarita, San Juan Ranch on San Juan River), Monterey (Hames, Carmel Valley, Tassajara Creek, Abbots Ranch Arroyo Seco, vie. Chalk Peak), San Benito (Bear Valley), Santa Clara (Los Gatos, Smith Creek), Con- tra Costa (Mount Diablo), Lake (Kelseyville), Yolo (Rumsey), Sutter (Marysville Buttes), Glenn (Wins-, low), Tehama (Mill Creek) and Shasta (McCloud River, Baird), counties, California. Habits. — Very little is known of the habits of this lizard. When hard pressed it often tries to elude pursuit by burrow- ing, although it can run very swiftly. It mates, near Los Gatos, early in June. 109. Cnemidophorus tessellatus stejnegeri (Van Denburgh) STEJNEGER'S WHIPTAIL LIZARD Plate 54 f Cnemidophorus tessellatus tessellatus LOCKINGTON, Amer. Naturalist, Vol. XIV, No. 4, p. 295; COPE, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 1889, p. 147; COPE, Trans. Amer. Philos. Soc., Vol. 17, Pt. I, 1892, p. 34. Cnemidophorus grahamii YARROW & HENSHAW, Ann. Rep. Chief of Engineers for 1878, Surv. W. looth Merid., Appendix NN, 1878, p. 218. Cnemidophorus sex-lincatus YARROW & HENSHAW, Ann. Rep. Chief of Engineers for 1878, Surv. W. looth Merid., Appendix NN, 1878, p. 218. Cnemidophorus grahami YARROW, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., No. 24, 1883, p. 43 (part). Cnemidophorus tessellatus tigris COPE, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1883, p. 32. 520 18. CNEMIDOPHORUS Cnemidophorus stejnegeri VAN DENBURGH, Proc. Cal. Acad. Sci., Ser. 2, Vol. 4, Pt. i, 1894, p. 300 (type locality, Between San Rafael and Ensenada, Lower California); VAN DENBURGH, Proc. Cal. Acad. Sci., Ser. 2, Vol. 5, 1895, p. 126; VAN DENBURGH, Proc. Cal. Acad. Sci., Ser. 2, Vol. 5, 1896, p. 1005; VAN DENBURGH, Occas. Papers Cal. Acad. Sci., V, 1897, p. 139; MEEK, Field Colum- bian Mus., Zool. Ser., Vol. VII, No. i, 1906, p. 14; GRINNELL & GRINNELL, Throop Inst. Bull., No. XXXV, 1907, p. 33, figs. 10, 11; GRINNELL, Univ. Cal. Publ. Zool., Vol. 5, No. i, 1908, p. 163; VAN DENBURGH, Proc. Cal. Acad. Sci., Ser. 4, Vol. 3, 1912, pp. 150, 151; HURTER, First Ann. Rep. Laguna Marine Lab., 1912, p. 67; ATSATT, Univ. Cal. Publ. Zool., Vol. 12, No. 3, 1913, p. 39; CAMP, Univ. Cal. Publ. Zool. Vol. 17, No. 7, 1916, p. 71. Cnemidophorus tigris undulatus McLAiN, Critical Notes, 1899, p. 9 (part). Cnemidophorus grahamii stejnegerii COPE, Report U. S. Nat. Mus., for 1898, 1900, p. 599. Cnemidophorus tigris stejnegeri GRINNELL & CAMP, Univ. Cal. Publ. Zool., Vol. 17, 1917, p. 174; COWLES, Journ. Entomol. & Zool., Pomona College, Vol. XII, No. 3, 1920, p. 66; STEPHENS, Trans. San Diego Soc. Nat. Hist., Vol. Ill, No. 4, 1921, p. 63. Cnemidophorus tessellatus stejnegeri STEJNEGER & BARBOUR, Check List N. Amer. Amph. Rept., 1917, p. 68; VAN DENBURGH & SLEVIN, Proc. Cal. Acad. Sci., Ser. 4, Vol. XI, 1921, p. 51; NELSON, Mem. Nat. Acad. Sci., Vol. XVI, 1921, p. 114. Description. — Body long with a very slender tail and very long legs. Nostrils opening in large anterior nasal plates ; latter in contact on top of snout. Posterior nasal forming sutures with anterior nasal, first, second and third labials,, loreal, pref rental, and f rontonasal plates. Loreal in contact with third and fourth labials, first subocular, pre- ocular, first superciliary, prefrontal, posterior nasal, and sometimes first supraocular plates. Four supraoculars, fourth smallest. Second, third, and fourth supraoculars separated from superciliaries by small convex granules. Similar gran- ules between third and fourth supraoculars and f rontoparie- tal and parietal. One to three transverse series of small 8. TEIID& 521 occipitals behind parietals and interparietal. Frontonasal rarely divided or in contact with frontal. About five super- ior and five or six inferior labials to a point below pupil. Sublabials large, and, except anteriorly, separated from in- fralabials by small granules and plates. Anterior gulars largest centrally, becoming gradually smaller laterally and anteriorly, and changing rather abruptly to smaller posterior gulars. Central gular and collar scales averaging larger than in C. t. tessellatus and C. t. mundus. Scales on center of collar larger than those on its edge. Back covered with small, smooth, convex granules usually slightly smaller than in C. t. tessellatus and C. t. mundus. Ventral plates in eight longitudinal rows. From two to five large plates, surrounded by smaller plates and granules, in front of anus. Posterior surface of forearm covered with small, nearly equal-sized granules. Tail long, provided with rings of large, obliquely- keeled scales. Femoral pores varying from 19 to 25 on each thigh. The color above is yellowish or grayish brown, becoming grayer toward the head and paler on the sides, with seven or nine undulate black bands or longitudinal or rarely trans- verse rows of irregular spots. The upper surfaces of the limbs are brown or gray, reticulated with black. On the sides of the head and neck are numerous large, well-defined black blotches. The tail is yellowish or olive-brown, dark- est along the keels of its upper scales. The lower surfaces are yellowish white, rarely faintly washed with gray, usually much spotted or blotched with black j the markings on the gular region being numerous and large, often forming irregular cross-bands. 522 8. TEHDM Length to anus 73 89 91 93 96 98 Length of tail 1 19 229 212 247 252 Snout to car 17 21 21 20 23 23 Snout to interparictal 14 17 17 17 18 18 Width of head 10 13 13 12 15 is Fore limb ; 26 31 30 30 31 33 Hind limb _ 53 60 58 60 63 68 Base of fifth to end of fourth toe 25 28 26 27 29 30 Distribution. — Stejneger's Whiptail Lizard inhabits southern California west of the deserts as welt as the north- ern part of Lower California. At the eastern boundary of its range it intergrades with C. t. tessellatus in San Diego, Riverside and Los Angeles counties. In California, it has been taken in Ventura (Matilija), Los Angeles (Arroyo Seco Canyon near Pasadena, Sierra Madre, Lankershim, Cajon Wash, Claremont, Tujunga River), San Bernardino (Upper Santa Ana Canyon at 5,500 feet, San Bernardino Mountains, Lytle Creek), Riverside (San Jacinto, Hemet Valley, San Jacinto Mountains near Cabazon, Banning, Snow Creek, Palm Springs, Andreas Can- yon, Palm Canyon, Murray Canyon, Santa Rosa Mountains near Carrizo Creek, Asbestos Springs, Dos Palmos Springs, Hemet Lake, Reche Canyon), Orange (Laguna Beach), and San Diego (Campo, Vallecito, La Puerta, Warner Pass, Rscondido), counties. In Lower California, it has been collected at Ensenada, San Telmo, between San Rafael and Ensenada, foothills or San Pedro Martir Mountain, between Comondu and San Quentin, Trinidad, San Matias, San Felipe, Canon Esper- anza, San Antonio, Parral, Matomi, Rosarito, and Agua Escondido, San Francisquito Bay, and on South Coronado Island. Habits. — Dr. & Mrs. Grinnell write concerning this liz- Oc. PAPERS, CAL. ACAD. Sci., VOL. X [VAN DENBURGH] PLATE 54 OJ -M C^ § ^ o II 18. CNEMIDOPHORUS 523 ard in Los Angeles County: "The whip-tailed lizard is frequently seen during the months of June, July, and August on the gravelly washes along the bases of the moun- tains. It is fairly numerous in the Arroyo Seco, Tujunga, and San Gabriel washes, and occurs also on the hot south slopes well up into the mountain ranges. We have seen it in August on the hot ridge above Switzer's Camp, at about 3,500 feet elevation. "Close around Pasadena the whip-tail lizard is now much less often seen than formerly. It used to occur about Devil's Gate in the same sort of region that the road-runner and cactus wren like. All these native inhabitants are becoming scarce as the region settles up, and hunters persecute its wild population more persistently. "On July 9, 1894, a road runner was secured whose stomach contained four full-sized whip-tail lizards. This establishes the identity of one natural enemy. "The color of the whip-tail lizard causes it to blend intimately with its surroundings so that by movement alone does it commonly betray its presence. It has a peculiar slinking, hesitating gait ordinarily 5 but when thoroughly alarmed runs at a prodigious speed, faster by far than any of our lizards. We have never known the whip-tail to climb trees or bushes, or even rocks. It is an inhabitant of the hot, level sands." 1 1 0. Cnemidophorus bartolomas Dickerson SAN BARTOLOME WHIPTAIL LIZARD Cnemidophorus bartolomas DICKERSON, Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., Vol. XLI, 1919, p. 476 (type locality, San Bartolome Bay, Lower California, Mexico); NELSON, Mem. Nat. Acad. Sci., Vol. XVI, 1921, pp. 114, 126, 171. Description. — Body long, with a very slender tail and very long legs. Nostrils opening in large anterior nasal 524 8. TE1IDM plates, latter in contact on top of snout. Posterior nasal forming sutures with anterior nasal, first, second, and third labials, loreal, prefrontal, and frontonasal plates. Loreal in contact with third and fourth labials j first subocular, pre- ocular, first superciliary, prefrontal, posterior nasal, and first supraocular plates. Four supraoculars, fourth smallest. Second, third, and fourth supraoculars separated from sup- erciliaries by small convex granules. Similar granules be- tween third and fourth supraoculars and f rontoparietal and parietal. One or two transverse series of small occipitals behind parietals and interparietal. About five superior and five or six inferior labials to a point below pupil. Subla- bials large and, except anteriorly, separated from infrala- bials by small granules and plates. Anterior gulars largest centrally, becoming gradually smaller laterally and ante- riorly, and changing rather abruptly to smaller posterior gulars. Scales on center of collar larger than those on its edge. Back covered with small, smooth, convex granules. Ventral plates in eight longitudinal rows. Three or four large plates, surrounded by smaller plates and granules, in front of anus. Posterior surface of forearm covered with small, nearly equal-sized granules. Tail long, provided with rings of large, obliquely keeled scales. Femoral pores varying from 1 6 to 1 9 on each thigh. The color above is light olive, browner on the head and tail, with five more or less distinct light longitudinal stripes within the area continuous with the space within the tem- poral angles. The dark bands between these light stripes are more or less irregularly broken crosswise into longitud- inal rows of black spots. These dark markings may take the form of broken reticulations on the back and short verti- cal bars on the sides. These black markings are rather small and relatively uniform in size. The whole pattern, both stripes and spots, becomes obsolete posteriorly. The 18. CNEMIDOPHORUS 525 upper surfaces of the limbs are brown or grayish olive, spotted or obsoletely recticulated with black or dark brown. The sides of the head and neck are marked with large, ill- defined black blotches. The tail is grayish olive brown above, darkest along the keels of its scales. The scales of the central series on the lower surface of the tail are not heavily marked with black. The lower surface of the body is bluish, greenish or yellowish, with irregular black spots or small blotches. The gular region is grayish or yellow, usually with large, obsolete dark markings, which sometimes form cross-bars. Length to anus 81 82 Length of tail 217 222 Snout to ear 19 Snout to interparietal 16 Width of head 12 12 Fore limb 31 Hind limb 62 58 Base of fifth to end of fourth toe 28 28 Distribution. — This species was originally described from three specimens from San Bartolome Bay and one from Abrejos Point, Ballenas Bay, on the west coast of Lower California, Mexico. No others have yet been taken. Remarks. — This lizard is closely related to C. rubidusy C. t. stejnegen and C. multiscutatus. I regard it as but doubtfully distinct from the first named, but hesitate to ex- press a definite opinion for the reason that I have seen only one specimen (a paratype) from San Bartolome Bay. A more or less indefinite median dorsal light stripe occurs in a few specimens of C. t. stejneger and C. /. tessellatusy and, more commonly, in C. rubidus and C. multiscutatus. C. multiscutatus has much more black on the lower surfaces, especially of the throat and tail. C. /. tessellatus usually 526 8. TEIID& has the throat suffused with gray or slate. C. t. stejnegeri usually has the dark markings on the sides of the head more intense and well defined than in my one specimen of C. bartolomas. In all of these lizards the pattern is obsolete posteriorly in certain individuals. There seem to be no structural differences. 111. Cnemidophorus multiscutatus (Cope) CERROS ISLAND WHIPTAIL LIZARD Cnemidophorus tessellatus tigris COPE, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 1889, p. 147 Cnemidophorus tessellatus multiscutatus COPE, Trans. Amer. Philos. Soc., Vol. 17, Pt. i, 1892, p. 38 (type locality, Cerros Island, Lower California, Mexico); COPE, Report U. S. Nat. Mus. for 1898, 1900, p. 586, %. in. Cnemidophorus multiscutatus VAN DENBURGH, Proc. Cal. Acad. Sci., Ser. 2, Vol. 5, 1895, P- I26; VAN DENBURGH, Proc. Cal. Acad. Sci., Ser. 3, Zool., Vol. 4, No. i, 1905, pp. 3, 24; GADOW, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1906, p. 370; VAN DENBURGH & SLEVIN, Proc. Cal. Acad. Sci., Ser. 4, Vol. 4, 1914, pp. 133, 144, 145; STEJNEGER & BARBOUR, Check List N. Amer. Amph. Rept., 1917, p. 66; NELSON, Mem. Nat. Acad. Sci., Vol. XVI, 1921, p. 114. 'Description. — Body long, with a very slender tail and very long legs. Nostrils opening in large anterior nasal plates, latter in contact on top of snout. Posterior nasal forming sutures with anterior nasal, first, second, and third labials, loreal, prefrontal, and frontonasal plates. Loreal in contact with third and fourth labials 5 first subocular, pre- ocular, first superciliary, prefrontal, posterior nasal, and usually first supraocular plates. Four supraoculars, fourth smallest. Second, third, and fourth supraoculars separated from superciliaries by small convex granules. Similar gran- ules between third and fourth supraoculars and frontoparie- tal and parietal. One to three transverse series of small occi- pitals behind parietals and interparietal. About five superior 18. CNEMIDOPHORUS 527 and five or six inferior labials to a point below pupil. Subla- bials large and, except anteriorly, separated from infrala- bials by small granules and plates. Anterior gulars largest centrally, becoming gradually smaller laterally and anter- riorly, and changing rather abruptly to smaller posterior gulars. Scales on center of collar larger than those on its edge. Back covered with small, smooth, convex granules. Ventral plates in eight longitudinal rows. Three or four large plates, surrounded by smaller plates and granules, in front of anus. Posterior surface of forearm covered with small, nearly equal-sized granules. Tail long, provided with rings of large, obliquely keeled scales. Femoral pores varying from 1 6 to 22 on each thigh. The color above is yellowish or grayish brown, irregu- larly marbled with dark brown or black, which dark mark- ings usually form from seven to nine more or less irregu- larly broken black bands or longitudinal rows of spots. These dark markings may take the form of reticulations on the back and vertical bars on the sides. The upper sur- faces of the limbs are brown or grayish olive, recticulated with black or dark brown. The sides of the head and neck are marked with numerous large, well-defined black blotches. The tail is yellowish, greenish, or olive brown above, darkest along the keels of its scales. The scales of the central series on the lower surface of the tail nearly all are heavily marked with black. The lower surface of the body is bluish, greenish or yellowish, with numerous, irreg- ular black spots or blotches. The gular region is grayish or yellow, usually with large, well defined black markings, which sometimes form cross-bars. 528 8. TEI1DM Length to ami? , 89 90 210 20 16 13 23 52 27 90 234 20 16 13 23 55 24 91 227 20 17 14 16 57 24 93 237 19 16 13 25 56 27 Length of tail . 227 Snout to ear _ _ 19 Snout to interparietal.. „ 16 Width of head 12 Fore limb - ~ 22 55 Hind limb- Base of fifth to end of fourth toe .. 28 Distribution. — This species is known only from Cerros and Natividad islands, Lower California, Mexico. Remarks. — I am unable to find the differences which Cope stated to exist between this lizard and other members of the tessellatus group. The nine specimens from Cerros at hand seem to be more like C. t. stejnegeri than like any other race, although they sometimes have the ashy suffusion of the gular region seen in C. t. tessellatus. The large, well defined black markings on the sides of the head and neck and on the gular region are similar to those of C. /. stejne- geri. The marking of the lower surface of the tail, how- ever, is quite different. Each of the scales of the inferior central rows has a large black central spot. No such regular or abundant spotting is seen in this region in C. t. stejne- geri. Twenty-three specimens from Natividad Island agree with those from Cerros, but the black markings on the lower surface of the tail are not quite so regularly distributed, and those on the gular region are larger and more frequently form cross-bars. , 18. CNEMIDOPHORUS 529 1 1 2. Cnemidophorus melanostethus Cope BLACK-THROATED WHIPTAIL LIZARD Cnemidophorus melanostethus COPE, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1863, p. 104 (type locality, Region of the Colorado of California?); COPE, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1886, p. 310; GADOW, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1906, p. 372; RUTHVEN, Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., Vol. 23, 1907, p. 560; VAN DENBURGH & SLEVIN, Proc. Cal. Acad. Sci., Ser. 4, Vol. 3, 1913, p. 393; STEJNEGER & BAR- BOUR, Check List N. Amer. Amph. Rept., 1917, p. 66. Cnemidophorus tessellatus melanostethus COPE, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., Vol. I, 1875, P- 46; COPE, Report U. S. Nat. Mus. for 1898, 1900, p. 581, fig. 109. Cnemidophorus tigris melanostethus COUES, Surv. W. looth Merid., Vol. V, 1875, p. 603; YARROW, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., No. 24, 1883, p. 45; VAN DENBURGH, Proc. Cal. Acad. Sci., Ser. 2, Vol. 6, 1896, p. 344; STEJNEGER, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., Vol. 25, 1892, p. 151; STONE, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1911, p. 231. Cnemidophorus tessellatus cethiops COPE, Report U. S. Nat. Mus. for 1898, 1900, p. 582 (type locality, Hermosillo, Sonora, Mexico). Cnemidophorus punctilinealis DICKERSON, Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., Vol. 41, 1919, p. 475 (type locality, Tiburon Island, Gulf of California, Mexico); NELSON, Mem. Nat. Acad. Sci., Vol. XVI, 1921, p. 171. Description. — Snout long, with nearly vertical sides. Nostrils opening in large anterior nasal plates, latter in con- tact on top of snout. Posterior nasal forming sutures with anterior nasal, first, second and sometimes third labials, loreal, prefrontal, and frontonasal plates. Loreal in con- tact with third and fourth labials, first subocular, preocular, first superciliary, prefrontal, posterior nasal, and sometimes first supraocular, plates. Four supraoculars, first and fourth smaller than others. Second, third and fourth supraocu- lars separated from superciliaries by small convex granules. Similar granules intrude between third and fourth supra- oculars and frontoparietal and parietal. Occipitals repre- sented by from two to four transverse series of small plates 530 8. TEllDM behind parietals and interparietal. About five superior and six inferior labials to a point below middle of eye. Subla- bials large and, except first, separated from infralabials by small granules and plates. Anterior gulars largest cen- trally, becoming gradually smaller laterally and anteriorly, and changing rather abruptly to smaller posterior gulars. Scales on center of collar of moderate size, those on its edge smaller. Small, smooth, convex granules on back. Eight longitudinal rows of ventral plates. From three to six large scutes, surrounded by smaller plates and granules, in front of anus. Posterior surface of forearm covered with small, nearly equal-sized granules. Tail very long and provided with rings of large, obliquely keeled scales. Femoral pores varying from 1 7 to 24. Ruthven has given the following description of the col- oration of this lizard: "In the specimens from Tucson the ground color above is dull reddish brown to blackish brown, divided into longitudinal bands by four narrower and lighter stripes which vary in color from light ash to dull orange yellow. Between each pair of light stripes the ground color is relieved by small rounded spots similar in color to the stripes and arranged more or less irregularly in a single row. On the sides below the stripes the pattern consists of rather large and well defined white or light reddish gray spots on the dark ground which is occasionally broken up into black spots by the confluence of the light markings. On the superior surface of the limbs the light spots are mostly large and abundant enough to constrict the ground color to recticulations. The pattern of the dorsal surface of the body is occasionally continued onto the base of the tail but only indistinctly. The usual color of the tail is dark green- ish yellow or light brown, mottled with darker at the base, and becoming uniformly reddish brown toward the tip. The head is dull greenish yellow above in the paler specimens, 18. CNEMIDOPHORUS 531 light to dark chocolate in the darker ones, and without mark- ings except for the slight difference in the intensity of the color on different parts of the head in the darker specimens. The mottled pattern of the sides of the body is continued onto the sides of the head. The lower labials are light gray, purple or bluish black, the throat, breast and under surface of the fore limbs entirely black or mottled with black, gray or reddish. Posteriorly the black pigment be- comes more and more restricted to the base of the scales, the prevailing color being white or yellowish. The pos- terior half of the belly and the under surfaces of the hind limbs and tail may be entirely white or yellowish, but are also frequently marked with black. "In very young specimens from Tucson there is another light stripe on either side, extending from below the eye and above the shoulder to the lateral abdominal region. The ground color is jet black, the stripes pale orange yellow, and there is a U-shaped mark of the latter color embracing the parietal plate. There are light spots on either side of the lowest lateral stripes but none between the upper four. Dorsal pattern continued distinctly onto the base of the tail, the extremity of which is uniformly light blue. Limbs black above, spotted with lighter. Ventral surface white, throat faintly mottled with darker. "Changes leading to the adult coloration appear very early. Faint spots make their appearance between the four dorsal stripes, the lowest stripe on either side breaks up into light rounded spots similar to the other light spots adjacent to them, and those on the limbs expand to restrict the ground color to a network. But although even in the very young specimens (body length 30-35 mm.) the throat is slightly mottled with darker, it is not until a considerable size (body length 60-70 mm.) has been attained that it begins to be generally suffused with black. 532 8. TEIID& "In the largest specimens from Tucson the four dorsal stripes are faint, and the lower one on either side is occasion- ally very obscure except for rounded spots of lighter at inter- vals. In none of the specimens are they entirely wanting, however." Length to anus 73 75 80 83 86 86 Length, of tail. . . .200 194 165 199 173 181 Snout to ear 18 19 18 21 21 20 Snout to interparietal 15 15 14 16 17 16 Width of head . 12 11 11 14 14 12 Fore limb. . _„_ 24 20 21 22 27 25 Hind limb._ _ 52 52 53 62 62 58 Base of fifth to end of fourth toe_. 23 24 25 27 27 26 Distribution. — This black-throated lizard has been found in many parts of eastern and central Arizona, and probably ranges east into New Mexico and south into Sonora. Defi- nite localities in Arizona are in Pima (Fort Lowell, Tucson, Catalina Mountains, Gunsight, Coyote Springs), Cochise (Fairbank, Huachucha Mountains, Rucker Canyon, Chiri- cahua Mountains), Gila (Roosevelt), and Maricopa (Cave Creek, Tempe) counties. From Sonora, Cope has recorded it from Hermosillo, under the name C. t. aethio^s. It occurs also at Tepoca Bay, San Pedro Bay, Guaymas, and on Tiburon Island. Remarks. — The types of C. melanostethus were said to have been collected near the Colorado River. They have not the intense black throats of many Arizonan specimens and it may be that they do not belong to the form described above, but rather to C. t. tessellatus. Cope's C. /. ! 21 2-9 •S g i 3 rt -^ 65 "fao ^ 'w O 19. VERTICAR1A 561 ciliaries and parietal, and usually from frontoparietal, frontal and first supraocular, by small granular scales. A single large frontoparietal plate separating frontal from interparietal and parietals. One or two transverse rows of small occipital plates. About five superior and as many in- ferior labials to a point below middle of eye. Large sub- labial plates present. Gulars large centrally, becoming smaller anteriorly and laterally, and changing abruptly to smaller granules posteriorly. Scales on fold or collar usually large, largest being along its edge. Eight longi- tudinal rows of ventral plates. Back and sides covered with small, smooth, equal-sized granules. Limbs plated in front and below. Rings of large scales, strongly keeled except on the proximal part of its ventral surface, covering the tail. Ear-opening large, without denticulation. About 13 to 16 pores in a series along each thigh. The body is black or brown above and laterally, darkest in young specimens, sometimes dotted with gray, with two (or rarely one or three) longitudinal light lines along the middle of the back. When there is only one middorsal line it is forked anteriorly for at least one third its length. On each side, are two light longitudinal lines which usually are a little wider and lighter than the dorsal lines. The upper lateral line originates on the superciliaries and is continued along the tailj the lower starts on the nasal plate and ends on the thigh.. The back of the thigh shows a stripe which also is continued on the tail. Thus near its base the tail is banded like the back, but it becomes unicolor toward the tip. It is bright campanula blue in the young but this color disappears with age. The lower surfaces are yellowish white, often tinted with gray or bluish slate on the belly, more or less washed with bright reddish orange-chrome in adults. 562 8. TEIID7E Length to anus 31 36 59 61 65 68 Length of tail. 65 77 98* 132* 166 147* Snout to ear 8 8 13 14 14 15 Snout to interparietal tf/z 7 10 11 11 12 Width of head ... 5 5 8 8 8 9 Fore limb 11 12 19 20 20 22 Hind limb ._ 22 23 37 42 41 46 Base of fifth to end of fourth toe 10 11 17 19 19 20 Distribution. — Belding's Orange-throated Lizard has been found in California only in the western parts of San Diego (San Diego, Mexican border between Campo and the coast, Oak Grove, Dulzura, Escondido, Poway Corners) and Riverside (between Oceanside and San Jacinto, San Jacinto, Morino, Riverside, Temescal Mts., Reche Canyon near Colton), counties, but ranges for some distance down the peninsula of Lower California where it has been taken at Ensenada, San Telmo and Cerros Island, and others re- corded from San Ignacio, Santa Rosalia and Magdalena Island may belong here or with V. h. schmidti. The ranges of these two subspecies are not yet clearly defined or the area of intergraduation known. Variation. — The supraoculars are 4-4 in 17, 4-3 in six, and 3-3 in one specimen. (See also remarks under V. h. hyperythra. The middorsal region usually shows two lines, sometimes one, never three. When there is a single dorsal line its anterior fork is always long — not less than 14 millimeters in any specimen. Remarks. — This subspecies resembles V. hyperythra hy- 1 13 Width of head 7 9 9 9 10 10 Fore limb 17 21 2\l/2 22 21 24 Hind limb 34 42 43 44 44 47 Base of fifth to end of fourth toe 16 20 21 20 21 21 Distribution. — Carmen Island, Gulf of California, Mexico. Variation. — The supraoculars are 4-4 in one, 4-3 in one, and 3-3 in 74 specimens. The second supraocular is com- pletely separated from the median head plates by granules in two, partly separated in 3 1 specimens. The third is com- pletely separated in 13, partly separated in 30. The scales on the collar are largest at its edge in two, smaller at its edge in 74 specimens. The dorsal line in all specimens is single with an anterior fork on the neck. This fork varies in length from one to 12 millimeters. There is no posterior fork. Remarks. — This species is most closely related to the Verticaria of San Jose Island from which it differs chiefly in the much lighter and redder dorsal and lateral coloration and the much less evident caudal stripes. 129. Verticaria picta Van Denburgh & Slevin MONSERRATE ISLAND VERTICARIA Verticaria picta VAN DENBURGH & SLEVIN, Proc. Cal. Acad. Sci., Ser. 4, Vol. XI, No. 6, 1921, p. 98 (type locality, Monserrate Island, Gulf of California, Mexico). Description. — Nostrils opening in large anterior nasal plates which meet on top of snout. Posterior nasal forming 576 9. SCINCIDJE sutures with anterior nasal, first, second and sometimes third labials, loreal, prefrontal, and frontonasal plates. Loreal in cpntact with third and fourth and rarely second labials, first subocular, preocular, first superciliary, usually first supraocular, prefrontal, and posterior nasal, plates. Three supraoculars; first in contact with superciliary, prefrontal frontal and second supraocular plates, and sometimes with loreal 5 second touching frontal; third usually forming su- tures with the frontal and frontoparietal but separated from parietal and part or sometimes all of the frontoparietal by a series of granules. Frontoparietal more than half as large as frontal. One or two rows of small occipital plates. Sub- labials separated from the infralabials by granules except anteriorly. Five or six superior and six or seven inferior labials to below middle of eye. Anterior gulars quite large, and abruptly separated from the smaller posterior granules. Scales on collar large, not largest on its edge. Ventral plates in eight longitudinal and about 30 transverse rows. Back and sides covered with small, smooth, equal-sized granules. Tail somewhat flattened at base, covered with whorls of diagonally keeled scales. Lower caudals smooth. Ear- opening large, without denticulation. Seventeen to 20 femoral pores on each thigh. The plates on the head are pale olive. There are no longitudinal lines on the back of the body, the entire dorsal region being ashy or brownish or reddish gray. The sides of the body in adults are brick-red, rarely bordered above and below with faint traces of pale longitudinal lines. The young lack the lateral red coloring, this region being brown- ish or gray like the back. Light lines usually are present on the sides of the head and neck, running from the nostril through the eye and above the ear, and backward from the superciliaries. The upper surfaces of the limbs and tail are light brown or bluish gray. In the young the distal portion of 20. PLESTIODON 577 the tail is bright blue. The entire lower surfaces are light blue with some yellowish white on the hind limbs and tail and rarely on the belly. Length to anus 42 50 59 61 63 65 Length of tail 113 131 171 169 168 180 Snout to ear 10 12 15 15 15 15 Snout to interparietal plate 8 10 12 12 12 13 Width of head 7 7^ 9 9 9 10 Fore limb 16 18 22 22 23 21 Hind limb 31 36 44 43 43 45 Snout to intcrparietal fourth toe 15 17 20 19^ 20 20 Distribution. — This species is native to Monserrate Island, Lower California, Mexico. Family 9. SCINCID^ The tongue is slightly notched at its tip. The head is covered with large, regular plates. The scales on the body and tail are moderately large, imbricate, and reinforced with an armor of bony plates. The eyes have round pupils and well-developed lids. Femoral pores are absent. Limbs may be either present or absent. An interoccipital plate is rarely present. A single genus represents this family in western North America. Genus 20. Plestiodon Eumeces WIEGMANN, Herp. Mex., 1834, p. 36 (part). Plestiodon DUMERIL & BIBRON, Erpetologie Generale, Vol. V, 1839, p. 697 (type, quinquelmeatus) . Lamprosaurus HALLOWELL, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1852, p. 206 (type, guttulatus). The limbs are four, pentadactyle. The dorsal, lateral, caudal, and ventral scales are thin, smooth and strongly im- S78 9. SCINCIDJE bricate. A distinct ear-opening is present. Gular and lateral dermal folds are absent. The tail is moderately long. SYNOPSIS OF SPECIES. a. — Not more than 26 rows of scales encircling middle of body. b. — Interparietal larger than a frontoparietal, separating parietalsj tail of young usually blue. P. skiltonianus. — p. 578. b2. — Interparietal smaller than either frontoparietal, not separating parietalsj tail salmon-color. P. lagunensis. — p. 587. a*. — Twenty-eight or more rows of scales encircling middle of body. bb. — Length of hind limb more than two and a half times in distance from snout to anusj whitish spots on jaws and side of head, if present, not in sharp contrast with ground color, latter not blackish ; young with longitudinal light lines. P. obsoletus. — p. 589. bb*. — Length of hind limb not more than two and a half times in distance from snout to anus 5 a series of whitish spots along upper and lower jaws and side of head in sharp contrast with the blackish ground color, young without longitudinal light lines. P. guttulatus. — p. 594. 130. Plestiodon skiltonianus (Baird & Girard) WESTERN SKINK Plate 60 Plestiodon skiltonianum BAIRD & GIRARD, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., Vol. VI, 1852, p. 69 (type locality, Oregon); BAIRD & GIRARD, Stansbury's Exped. Gt. Salt Lake, 1853, p. 349, pi. IV, figs. 4-6; BAIRD, Pac. R. R. Surv., Vol. X, Pt. 4, 1859, p. 10, pi. IX, fig. 3; GRINNELL & CAMP, Univ. Cal. Publ. Zool., Vol. 17, No. 10, 20. PLESTIODON 579 1917, p. 175; COWLES, Journ. Entomol. & Zool., Vol. XII, No. 3, 1920, p. 66; STEPHENS, Trans. San Diego Soc. Nat. Hist., Vol. Ill, No. 4, 1921, p. 63. Eumeces sp., HALLOWELL, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1854, p. 95. Eumeces quadrilineatus HALLOWELL, U. S. Pac. R. R. Surv., Vol. X, 1859, Pt. IV, p. 10, pi. IX, fig. 3 (type locality, near Mojave River and in San Bernardino Valley, Southern California). Eumeces skiltonianus COPE, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., No. I, 1875, p. 45; YARROW & HENSHAW, Ann. Rep. Chief of Engineers for 1878, Surv. W. looth Merid., Appendix NN, 1878, p. 218; BOCOURT, Miss. Sci. au Mex., Rept., 6e livr., 1879, p. 433, pis. XXII A, fig. 3, XXIII A, fig. 3; YARROW, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., No. 24, 1883, p. 41; COPE, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1883, pp. 23, 27, 28, 32; BOULENGER, Cat. Lizards Brit. Mus., Vol. Ill, 1887, p. 373; TOWNSEND, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., Vol. 10, 1887, p. 238; STEJNEGER, N. Amer. Fauna, No. 7, 1893, p. 201; VAN DENBURGH, Occas. Papers Cal. Acad. Sci., V, 1897, p. 144, fig.; McLAiN, Critical Notes, 1899, P- I05 COPE, Report U. S. Nat. Mus. for 1898, 1900, p. 640, fig. 126; DITMARS, Reptile Book, 1907, p. 198, pi. LVII, fig.; GRINNELL & GRINNELL, Throop Inst. Bull., No. XXXV, I9°7> P- 35> %• I25 GRINNELL, Univ. Cal. Publ. Zool., Vol. 5, No. i, 1908, p. 163; VAN DENBURGH, Proc. Cal. Acad. Sci., Ser. 4, Vol. 3, 1912, pp. 147, 149, 151; HURTER, First Ann. Rep. Laguna Marine Lab., 1912, p. 67; ATSATT, Univ. Cal. Publ. Zool., Vol. 12, No. 3, 1913, p. 40; VAN DENBURGH & SLEVIN, Proc. Cal. Acad. Sci., Ser. 4, Vol. 4, 1914, pp. 133, 138, 140; RUTHVEN & GAIGE, Occas. Papers Mus. Zool. Univ. Mich., No. 8, 1915, p. 26; VAN DENBURGH & SLEVIN, Proc. Cal. Acad. Sci., Ser. 4, Vol. 5, 1915, p. 105; CAMP, Univ. Cal. Publ. Zool., Vol. 17, No. 7, 1916, p. 72. Eumeces hallowellii BOCOURT, Miss. Sci. au Mex., Rept., 6e livr., 1879, p. 435, pi. XXII E, fig. 7 (type locality, California); BOULENGER, Cat. Lizards Brit. Mus., Vol. Ill, 1887, p. 373. Eumeces gilberti VAN DENBURGH, Proc. Cal. Acad. Sci., Ser. 2, Vol. 6, 1896, p. 350 (type locality, Yosemite Valley, Mariposa County, California); VAN DENBURGH, Occas. Papers Cal. Acad. Sci., V, 1897, p. 147; DITMARS, Reptile Book, 1907, p. 198; GRINNELL, Univ. Cal. Publ. Zool., Vol. 5, No. i, 1908, p. 163; CAMP, Univ. Calif. Publ. Zool., Vol. 17, No. 7, 1916, p. 72. Eumeces skiltonianus var. amblygrammus COPE, Report U. S. Nat. Mus. for 1898, 1900, p. 643 (type locality, Fort Humboldt). 580 9. SC1NCIDJE EumecfS ski/tonianus var. brevipes COPE, Report U. S. Nat. Mus. for 1898, 1900, p. 643 (type locality, Fresno, California). Plestiodon ski/tonianus STEJNEGER & BARBOUR, Check List N. Amer. Amph. Kept., 1917, p. 71; VAN DENBURGH & SLEVIN, Proc. Cal. Acad. Sci. Ser. 4, Vol. XI, 1921, pp. 28, 40, 44, 52. Description.— Body long and rounded, with long tail and short legs. Nasal scute small, in contact with internasal, postnasal, first labial, and rostral plates. Postnasal touching nasal, internasal, anterior loreal, and first and second labial plates. Anterior loreal forming sutures with postnasal, inter- nasal (usually) f rontonasal, pref rental, posterior loreal, and second and third labials. Posterior loreal larger than anter- ior and bordered behind by two preoculars and first super- ciliary. Four large supraoculars, first three touching long frontal. Interparietal larger than either frontoparietal, but very narrow posteriorly, and sometimes not separating parie- tals. Parietals very large and followed by one or two pairs of wide occipitals. Temporal plates very large. Upper labials seven or eight in number, last largest. Symphyseal very broad and followed by one or two wide azygous sub- labials (postmentals), and several large, paired sublabials in contact with infralabials. All scales on body, limbs and tail similar in shape, very smooth, and strongly imbricate. Lower caudals of median series greatly enlarged transversely. Upper caudals about size of dorsals, larger than laterals, ventrals and gulars. Twenty- four or 26 rows of scales encircling middle of body. Ear-opening about size of a gular scale, and feebly denticulate anteriorly. The color above is black or dark olive, with two bluish gray or pale brown lines along each side. The upper of these lines originates at the internasal plate, crosses the an- terior loreal, pref rontal, supraocular, and parietal plates and runs along the dorsal scales of the second and third rows from the median line to and often for some distance along, Oc. PAPERS, CAL. ACAD. Sci., VOL. X [VAN DENBURGH] PLATE 56 c3 oS gfi c ££ fc S c c - 03 fl OJ O OS 1 8 o 20. PLESTIODON 581 the tail. The lower traverses the upper labial plates, crosses the ear-opening and continues along the side of the neck and body to the hind limbs, often reappearing on the tail. The ground color is usually darkest near the light lines. The upper pair of the latter are separated by about two and two half rows of scales. The limbs are olive, sometimes marked with darker brown on the margins of the scales. The bands of the back are continued for a varying distance on the tail, which is elsewhere greenish, bluish, or grayish slate in adults, bright cobalt blue in young. The lower surfaces are yellow- ish white often clouded with blue or slate on the belly and throat. In very old individuals the ground color becomes paler and the lines widen and sometimes disappear and the head becomes tinged with red. Length to anus 29 4-1 55 60 64 66 Length of tail 40 69 105 117 113 120 Snout to ear 7 8 11 11 12 12 Snout to occipital plates 6 8 10 10 11 11 Fore limb 7 10 15 14 16 15 Hind limb 10 14 22 21 23 23 Base of fifth to end of fourth toe 4698 99 Distribution. — The Western Skink, Skilton's Skink, or Blue-tailed Lizard is more widely distributed on the Pacific Coast than any other saurian. It probably ranges over the entire coast from Lower California to British Columbia, and has been found in some interior desert ranges. It seems to avoid the lower drier portions of the Colorado and Mohave deserts and San Joaquin Valley. In California, it has been found in San Diego (San Diego, Chula Vista, Pine Mts. near Escondido, Chihuahua Mountains, Cuyamaca Mountains, Witch Creek, Poway, Campo, Jacumba Hot Springs), Orange (Laguna Beach), 582 9. SCINCID& Riverside (San Jacinto, Palm Canyon, Strawberry Valley 5,500 feet, San Jacinto Mts.), Los Angeles (Los Angeles, Fish Canyon, San Gabriel Mountains, Pasadena, Sierra Ma- dre, Boquet Canyon, Claremont, La Crescenta, San Pedro), San Bernardino (Mohave River, Santa Ana River, Lytle Creek, Bluff Lake, San Bernardino Mts.), Ventura (three miles south from Nordhoff ), Santa Barbara (Santa Barbara), Inyo (Maturango Spring, Argus Mountains, and Head of Willow Creek at about 7,000 feet, Panamint Mountains), Kern (Tehachapi Mountains, Tehachapi, Fort Tejon, Onyx, Rosedale, Kern River near Isabella, Kern River near Bod- fish), Tulare (Traver, White River, Trout Meadows, Ka- weah, Giant Forest at 6,400 feet, Colony Mill, Sequoia National Park), Fresno (Fresno), Madera (Raymond, Northfork), Mariposa (Pleasant Valley, Coulterville, Kins- ley, Anderson Flat, Yosemite Valley), Calaveras (Big Trees), Merced (Snelling), San Joaquin (Stockton, La- throp), El Dorado (Sugar Loaf), Placer (Red Point), Amador (five miles east from Carbondale), Shasta (Pit River, Baird, Anderson), Siskiyou (Fort Jones), Mendocino (Ukiah, Covelo, Lake Leonard, Comptche), Lake (Kelsey- ville), Sonoma (Agua Caliente, Camp Meeker, Skaggs Springs, Eldridge, Cloverdale, Healdsburg), Napa (Napa), Solano (Vacaville), Marin (San Rafael, Larkspur, Phoenix Gulch, Mill Valley, Lagunitas, Point Reyes), Solano (Mare Island), San Francisco, Alameda (Berkeley, Oakland, Ala- meda, Hayward), San Mateo (Pescadero), Santa Clara (Palo Alto, College Park, Mountain View, Black Mountain, Stan- ford University, Alum Rock Canyon, Smith Creek, Mt. Hamilton, Los Gatos, Wrights), Santa Cruz (Big Basin, Boulder Creek, Corralitos), Monterey (Monterey, Pacific Grove, Carmel), and San Luis Obispo (La Panza), counties. It occurs on Santa Catalina Island, where it has been taken at Avalon. 20. PLESTIODON 583 This species lives also in western and central Oregon, where it has been taken in the Willamette Valley, and at Salem, Marion County j Fort Klamath, Klamath County 5 on the Deschutes River j and at Diamond, Harney County. In Washington, it has been reported from Clark's Fork of the Lower Kootenai River, and I have seen a specimen from Pullman, Whitman County. Boulenger records it from Vancouver Island, British Columbia. In Idaho, it has been collected near Boise, Ada County and at Fort Hall, Bingham County. In Nevada, it has been taken on James Creek, on the most northern of the Carlin Peaks in the Cortez Moun- tains. In Utah, specimens have been caught near Beaver, in the oak belt of the foothills near Mt. Baldy, and in Wild Cat Canyon, Beaver County 5 eight miles southeast from Levan, Juab County -y and at 6,500 feet on Mill Creek, near Belle- vue, Washington County. In Lower California, this skink has been recorded from Los Coronados Islands (East, North and South islands), Ensenada, San Pedro Martir Mountains, and near Cape San Lucas.* Habits. — This lizard seems to be most abundant in damp places such as are found throughout the redwood forests of the Coast Range. Here it is usually found under decaying logs or behind the loose bark or old stumps. It often is rather slow of movement and may easily be caught with the hands, but in warm weather is very quick and active. Its food consists of insects. Vegetable matter is sometimes found in its stomach, but is the food of caterpillars eaten by the lizard. ?i g *The original record is given as Cape San Lucas, but a label in the jar with the speci- mens reads "Fort Tejon, Cal.," so that this species may not occur in the Cape Region of Lower California. 584 9. SCINCIDJE Mr. Edmund Heller secured the eggs of this lizard at Pacific Grove, California. The five eggs were spherical and of a blackish brown color, with soft flexible shells. They were about the size of a Chipping Sparrow's egg (Spizella socialis occldentalis) . He found them in an open field, among a rock pile, under a flat rock. They were covered with about half an inch of loose earth. The female was found under the rock with them. The date was about June 15, 1898. The eggs were far advanced in incubation, the embryos presenting nearly all the adult characteristic mark- ings, coloration, etc. Remarks. — The skinks of the Sierra Nevada seem to attain a greater size than is usual in those of other parts of the state. They also commonly have red heads, a style of coloration which is rare in other regions although shown to some degree by an occasional specimen. These red-headed Sierran skinks were described by me as Eumeces gilberti, and it was stated that were it not for the different position of the light stripes of the young and the fact that this form seemingly does not occur in most parts of the range of P. skiltomanuS) Pies tio don gilberti might be regarded as a color phase of the Western Skink. Mr. Camp recently has shown that there is no constant difference in the position of these lines. It, therefore, seems necessary to regard all California skinks as belonging to one species, although no explanation has yet been given of the fact that this species in a portion of its range (southern California and the Sierra Nevada) grows much larger than elsewhere and develops a color phase — sometimes even in the young — which in other regions seems never to be fully shown. Under these circumstances, it seems best to give separate descriptions of the two phases, although but one name is used for both. The following description is based upon specimens from the Yosemite Valley. 20. PLESTIODON 585 Description. — Body long and rounded, with long tail and short legs. Nasal plate small, in contact with internasal, postnasal, first labial, and rostral. Postnasal touching nasal, internasal, anterior loreal, and first and second labial plates. Anterior loreal forming sutures with postnasal, internasal, frontonasal, prefrontal, posterior loreal, and second and third labials. Posterior loreal larger than anterior, and bordered behind by two preoculars and first superciliary. Four large supraoculars, first three touching long frontal. Interparietal larger than either frontoparietal, but narrower than usually in P. skiltonianus, and often not separating parietals. Parietals very large and followed by one or two pairs of wide occipitals. Temporals very large. Upper labials eight in number, eighth largest. Symphyseal very broad and followed by two wide azygous sublabials, and several large, paired sublabials, in contact with infralabials. All scales on body, limbs and tail similar in shape, very smooth, and strongly imbricate. Median series of lower caudals greatly enlarged transversely. Upper caudals about size of dorsals, larger than laterals, ventrals and gulars. Twenty-four or 26 rows of scales encircling the middle of body. Ear-opening about size of an abdominal scale, and feebly denticulate anteriorly. In old specimens of this skink, as in other species the temporal regions become more or less swollen. The adult is brownish olive above, slightly bronzed or faintly washed with red, without traces of longitudinal lines. The dorsal scales are edged with darker brown, and often, especially toward the tail, show central spots of verdigris green. The tail is greenish or grayish yellow. The limbs are colored like the back. The entire head and more or less of the neck are bright poppy red slightly tinged with carmine. This color is brightest just behind the ear-opening, some- times slightly mixed with olive on top of the head. The 586 9. SCINC1DJE lower surfaces, behind the red of the throat, are dull yellow- ish white. The head and back of the smallest specimens are dark seal brown, darkest on the margins of the scales, with four longitudinal light lines. The lower line on each side is in- distinct, hardly to be distinguished from the coloration of the ventral surfaces, except between the ear and fore limb. The upper pair of light lines are broader than in P. skiltoni- anus, and are separated by only two rows of scales. They are white only on the head, being overlaid with bronze posteriorly. The limbs are olive, darkest on the margins of the scales. The tail is bluish gray with some bronze and greenish tints near its base. The lower surfaces are creamy white, grayish on the belly. A somewhat larger specimen (second in table of measure- ments) is sepia above, with traces of the upper pair of light lines on the neck but disappearing about 1 5 milimeters be- hind the head. The red of the head is just beginning to appear around the ear-opening. The lower surfaces ai*e grayish white. Length to anus 52 64- 81 81 84- 96 Length of tail 66 119 14-2 136 158* Snout to ear 10 12 15 15 15 19 Snout to occipital plates 9 11 13 13 14 16 Fore limb 12 17 20 21 20 25 Hind limb 18 24- 29 30 30 34- Base of fifth to end of fourth toe 7 10 11 11 11 13 Distribution. — Red-headed skinks were first described from the western slope of the Sierra Nevada of California. In the vicinity of the Yosemite Valley, they have been taken on the floor of the Yosemite Valley, at Inspiration Point, Yosemite Valley, at an altitude of about 4,500 feet on the 'Reproduced* 20. PLESTIODON 587 Yosemite road four miles from Wawona, and between Groveland and Crocker's. Farther north they have been found at Big Trees, Calaveras County, and at Sugar Loaf (5,000 feet), El Dorado County. Grinnell has recorded it from an altitude of 2,000 feet in the Lower Santa Ana Canyon, in San Bernardino County. I have seen red-headed specimens from Fresno, the Sequoia National Park in Tulare County, Fort Tejon and the Tehachapi mountains in Kern County, and Campo, San Diego County, California, and Levan, Juab County, Utah. Habits.— This lizard is common in the mountains near the Yosemite Valley and is well known to the hotel-keepers and ranch men. It is often seen in grass and among rocks, retreating swiftly to holes under stones and boulders when frightened. 131. Plestiodon lagunensis (Van Denburgh) SAN LUCAN SKINK Eumeces lagunensis VAN DENBURGH, Proc. Cal. Acad. Sci. (2), V, 1895, p. 134, pi. XIII (type locality, San Francisquito, Sierra Laguna, Lower California, Mexico); McLAiN, Critical Notes, 1899, p. 10. Plestiodon lagunensis VAN DENBURGH & SLEVIN, Proc. Cal. Acad. Sci., Ser. 4, Vol. XI, 1921, p. 52. Plestiodon skiltonianus lagunensis NELSON, Mem. Nat. Acad. Sci., Vol. XVI, 1921, pp. 114, 115. Description. — Nasal small, in contact with internasal, postnasal, first labial, and rostral plates. Postnasal touching nasal, internasal, anterior loreal, and first and second labials. Anterior loreal forms sutures with postnasal, internasal, frontonasal, prefrontal, second loreal, and second and third labials. Supraoculars four, three anterior in contact with frontal. Interparietal smaller than either frontoparietal. 588 9. SCINCID& Parietals in contact posteriorly. Supralabials seven, last largest. Two azygous postmentals. Limbs overlap when pressed against body. Twenty-four longitudinal rows of scales, dorsals larger than laterals and ventrals. A median series of transversely enlarged subcaudals, on each side of which the other caudals become gradually smaller dorsally. The ground color above and on the sides is dark olive. There are two bluish gray lines on each side. The upper of these lines originates on the internasal plate, crosses the anterior loreal, prefrontal, supraocular, and parietal plate, and runs along the dorsal scales (second and third rows from the median line) to the tail. The lower traverses the labial plates, crosses the ear-opening and runs along the side of the neck and body to the hind limb, forming the lower boundary of the olive ground color. The lower labials, chin, throat, chest, preanal region, the lower surfaces of the limbs, and the proximal half of the tail, are dull pinkish buff. The belly and a faint bar across the throat, are bluish gray. The tail is salmon or bright flesh color, marked, except on its terminal fourth, with three narrow poorly de- fined lines of slaty heliotrope, in continuation of the olive ground color of the back. Snout to anus 52 Length of tail (about) 95 Head to posterior edge of ear 10 Fore 1 imb 1 4- Hind limb 1 8 Distribution. — This lizard, which is closely related to Plestiodon skiltonianus, is known only from two specimens secured at San Francisquito, Sierra Laguna, Lower Cali- fornia. Remarks. — It is possible that Plestiodon lagunensis is based upon mere individual variation in specimens of P. 20. PLESTIODON 589 skiltonianus, but this has not yet been shown to be the case. The two known specimens agreed perfectly in their charac- ters. It is true that specimens of P. skiltonianus sometimes have pinkish tails, but I have seen none with the interparietal plate reduced as in P. lagunensis. I, therefore, for the present, continue to recognize this species as distinct, especially since the record of P. skiltonianus from the Cape Region of Lower California seems to be founded on error. 132. Plestiodon obsoletus Baird & Girard SONORAN SKINK Plate 57 Plestiodon obsoletum BAIRD & GIRARD, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., Vol. 6, 1852, p. 129 (type locality, Valley of the Rio San Pedro, tributary of the Rio Grande del Norte, Texas); HALLOWELL, Sitgreaves' Exped. Zuni and Colorado Riv., 1853, p. in. Plestiodon obsoletus BAIRD, U. S. Mex. Bound. Surv., Vol. n, Rept., 1859, p. 12, pi. 25, figs. 9-1 6; BAIRD, Pac. R. R. Surv., Vol. X, J859> P- 39; STEJNEGER & BARBOUR, Check List N. Amer. Amph. Rept., 1917, p. 70. Plistodon obsoletus COPE, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1866, p. 304. Eumeces obsoletus COPE, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., No. I, 1875, p. 45; YAR- ROW, Surv. W. looth Merid., Vol. V, 1875, p. 556; COUES, Surv. W. jooth Merid., Vol. V, 1875, p. 604; COPE, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., No. 17, 1880, p. 39; YARROW, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., No. 24, 1883, p. 40; BOCOURT, Miss. Sci. Mex., Rept., 1887, p. 443, pis. XXII A, fig. 4, XXII D fig 4; BOULENGER, Cat. Lizards Brit. Mus., Vol. Ill, 1887, p. 374; COPE, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., No. 32, 1887, p. 46; VAN DENBURGH, Proc. Cal. Acad. Sci., Ser. 2, Vol. 6, 1896, p. 346; COPE, Report U. S. Nat. Mus. for 1898, 1900, p. 646, fig. 128; BROWN, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1903, p. 548; BAILEY, N. Amer. Fauna, No. 25, 1905, pp. 35, 45; CRAGIN, Trans. Kansas Acad. Sci., Vol. VII, reprint 1906, p. 115; STONE, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1911, p. 231; ELLIS & HENDERSON, Univ. Colorado Studies, Vol. X, No. 2, 1913, p. 79, pi. Ill, figs. 15, 1 6; VAN DENBURGH & SLEVIN, Proc. Cal. Acad. Sci., Ser. 4, Vol. 3, 1913, p. 393; STRECKER, Baylor Bulletin, Vol. XVIII, No. 4, 1915, p. 26. 590 9. SCINCIDJE Descriptions — Body long and rounded, with long tail and short legs. Nasal plate small, in contact with internasal, postnasal, first labial, and rostral. Postnasal (sometimes absent) touching nasal, internasal, anterior loreal, and first and second labial plates. Anterior loreal forming sutures with postnasal, internasal, frontonasal, prefrontal, posterior loreal, and second and third labials. Posterior loreal larger than anterior, and bordered behind by two preoculars and first superciliary. Four or five large supraoculars, first two or three touching long frontal. Interparietal larger than either frontoparietal, but narrow, usually separating parie- tals. Parietals very large and followed by one or two pairs of wide occipitals. Temporals very large. Upper labials eight in number, eighth largest. Symphyseal very broad and followed by two wide azygous sublabials, and several large paired sublabials, in contact with infralabials. All scales on body, limbs and tail similar in shape, very smooth, and strongly imbricate. Median series of lower caudals greatly enlarged transversely. Upper caudals about size of dorsals, larger than laterals, ventrals and gulars. Twenty- six or 28 rows of scales encircling middle of body. About 59 scales in a row between head and tail. Ear-opening about size of a dorsal scale, feebly denticulate anteriorly. In old individuals of this skink, as in other species, the temporal regions become more or less swollen. The color above, in adults, is pale olive, the edges of all or many of the scales being dark brown. The lower sur- faces are greenish white. The head may be tinged with red. Younger individuals may show more or less indistinct re- mains of longitudinal bands. Professor Cope states that in a very young individual, head and body 34- millimeters long, "The color is an intense black, rather bluish beneath. There are five excessively faint, slender, whitish lines, a median dorsal, an upper 20. PLESTIODON 591 lateral on the adjacent edges of the third and fourth rows of scales. The lower lateral stripe is only appreciable on the neck. The extreme tip of the chin and sides of head beneath are whitish ; the sides of the jaws are similar, but the sides of the labials are dusky. The posterior labials each have a large spot of white continued one anterior to and another behind the ear. The upper lateral stripe is con- tinued along the side of the upper surface of the head, but the plates are not spotted. "This type of youngest coloration differs from that of guttulatus in the presence of fine light lines instead of a uniform black. The tip and sides of chin are entirely whitish, with an occasional dusky spot, instead of having each plate on the sides spotted sharply with white. The lower labials are more continuously whitish, and the upper are white, with the upper and lateral edges dusky, instead of having each labial black with a central white spot. The posterior upper labials, indeed, are spotted, and there is a spot anter- ior to and one behind the ear, but no farther, neither are there the spots on the sides of the head above, but, instead, a faint continuous line. "1 have before me no such series of specimens as of guttulatus, but one nearly as large as the type is distinctly marked with nearly black lines on a light olive ground, the upper labials distinctly spotted. There is a broad central stripe of the light olive, occupying the adjacent two-thirds of the two middle rows of scales. The upper edge of the second row, however, is olive, this color interdigitating with the black on the outside of second row. The adjacent edges of the second and third rows of scales are brown. This is followed by four light and three dark stripes. The most conspicuous markings, however, are the four dark stripes on 4 2/2 rows of scales, the central third of the space being 592 9. SC1NCIDJE plain olive, the two dark stripes on each side of this being nearly equal to each other and to their olive interspace. The scales have no dusky edging behind in the light stripes." In a larger specimen "the upper dorsal dark line has dis- appeared, leaving the lower quite distinct (separated from its fellow by four rows of scales). All the dorsal scales are margined behind with dusky. "All the other large specimens are entirely without lines. All the scales edged behind with dusky." A series of specimens from the Huachuca Mountains, Arizona, is before me. The young are bluish gray above, be- coming olive gray on the head and bright blue on the tail. Two whitish lines run back from the rostral plate across the middle of the prefrontal plates, the outer edges of the frontal, the middles of the f rontoparietals, the edges of the interparietal and parietal plates, and the inner part of the occipital, behind which they unite to form a single, obscure, median line on the anterior half of the neck. The super- ciliaries and the outer portions of the supraoculars give origin to a whitish line which is continued back across the outer parts of the parietal and occipital plates and thence back along the neck and anterior half of the body, gradu- ally becoming less distinct. The upper labials are yellowish white, except at their upper margins, and a whitish band extends back from them, through the ear, along the neck and body to the hind limb. A dark lateral stripe, about two scales wide, bordered above and below by the two light lines just described, extends from the nostril to the base of the tail. The lower labials, chin, throat, chest, and limbs are yellowish white. The other lower surfaces are bluish gray, bluer on the tail. In larger specimens the upper labials have white centers and dark upper and posterior edges, the supraoculars and the parietal each have a white dot or spot on their outer portions, Oc. PAPERS, CAL. ACAD. Sci., VOL. X [VAN DENBURGH] PLATE 57 g 20. PLESTIODON 593 all other traces of the light lines having disappeared. Still larger specimens show only the supralabial spotting, and in the largest individuals even this is obscured. None of these specimens has a red head, but the larger specimens have more or less brick-red on scattered scales along the sides of the neck and body and on the distal half of the tail. The color in life, June 17, 1920, of a fairly large speci- men (C. A. S. No. 48,097) was as follows: Above, the neck and body are a bluish gray faintly washed with copper or brick red; many of the scales have blackish edges and some have definite small red spots. Along the sides, from the temples to the hind limbs, the deep brick-red pigmentation forms an irregular band between the dorsal and latero- ventral color areas. This red band has no definite edges and becomes less continuous posteriorly. Below it are numerous red spots on the pale yellowish olive latero-ventral ground color. The head is colored above like the back, becoming yellowish olive anterior to the frontoparietal plates. There are faint white spots on the outer part of each of the four larger supraoculars and the parietal plate. The upper labials from the second to the seventh, are greenish olive with dark brown posterior edges, and each has a central spot of green- ish white. The lower labials are greenish yellow, with slightly darker posterior edges, the second to the sixth show- ing whitish central spots which are less evident than those on the upper labials. All the lower surfaces except of the hands and feet are greenish yellow, palest on the chin and brightest on the tail. The upper surface of the tail is green- ish lemon-yellow with some scattered red spots, and with black edgings on many of the scales. The upper surfaces of the forelimbs are red, of the hind limbs yellow faintly washed with red. The lower surfaces of the hands and feet 594 9. SCINCIDM and the mouth and tongue are flesh-color. The iris is very dark brown. (Length to anus 88 mm., hind leg 31 mm. Fifth toe about 1 mm. shorter than the second.) Length to anus __________ 51 87 88 91 112 120 Length of tail _____ __ 88 134 155 181 Snout to ear ___________________ 9*/2 16^ 16^ 17 20 24 Snout to occipital plates 9 15 15 15J^ 18 21 Fore limb ____________________ 12 22 23 24 28 29 Hind limb ________________ \6l/2 32 30 32 38 40 Base of fifth to end of fourth toe _____________ 7 12 12 12 \3l/2 Distribution. — This large lizard has been recorded from Nebraska, Kansas, Colorado, New Mexico, Utah, Arizona, Texas and northern Mexico. The Utah record seems to be based upon a single speci- men collected by Dr. H. C. Yarrow and labeled merely Utah. This record may be considered open to question until confirmed. In Arizona, the species has been taken at Ash Creek, Tucson, Prescott, Fort Grant, and in Carr Canyon in the Huachuca Mountains. 133. Plestiodon guttulatus (Hallowell) WHITE-SPOTTED SKINK Lamprosaurus guttulatus HALLOWELL, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., Vol. 6, 1852, p. 206 (type locality, Fort Fillmore below Jornada del Muerte, New Mexico); HALLOWELL, Sitgreaves' Exped. Zuni and Colorado Riv., 1853, p. 103, pi. IV. Plestiodon guttulatus HALLOWELL, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1857, p. 215; BAIRD, U. S. Mex. Bound. Surv., Vol. n, 1859, p. 12, pi. 24, figs. 20-28; BAIRD, Pac. R. R. Surv., Vol. X, 1859, p. 18; STEJNEGER & BARBOUR, Check List N. Amer. Amph. Rept., 1917, p. 69. Plistodon guttulatus COPE, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1866, p. 304 20. PLESTIODON 595 Eumeces guttulatus COPE, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., No. i, 1875, p. 45; YARROW, Surv. W. looth Merid., Vol. V, 1875, p. 556; COUES, Surv. W. looth Merid., Vol.V, 1875, p. 604; YARROW, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., No. 24, 1883, p. 41; BOULENGER, Cat. Lizards Brit. Mus., Vol. Ill, 1887, p. 369; COPE, Report U. S. Nat. Mus. for 1898, 1900, p. 645, fig. 127; BAILEY, N. Amer. Fauna, No. 25, 1905, pp. 35, 45; CRAGIN, Trans. Kansas Acad. Sci., Vol. VII, reprint 1906, p. 115; ELLIS & HENDERSON, Univ. Colorado Studies, Vol. X, No. 2, 1913, p. 80; STRECKER, Baylor Bulletin, Vol. XVIII, No. 4, 1915, p. 26. Description. — Body long and rounded, with long tail and short legs. Nasal scute small, in contact with internasal, postnasal, first labial, and rostral plates. Postnasal touching nasal, internasal, anterior loreal, and first and second labial plates. Anterior loreal forming sutures with postnasal, inter- nasal, frontonasal, prefrontal, posterior loreal, and second labial. Posterior loreal larger than anterior and bordered behind by two preoculars, and first superciliary. Four large supraoculars, first two or three touching long frontal. Inter- parietal larger than either f rontoparietal, narrow posteriorly, separating parietals. Parietals very large and followed by one or two pairs of wide occipitals. Temporal plates very large. Upper labials seven or eight in number, last largest. Symphyseal very broad and followed by one wide azygous sublabial (postmental), and several large, paired sublabials in contact with infralabials. All scales on body, limbs, and tail similar in shape, very smooth, and strongly imbricate. Lower caudals of median series greatly enlarged transversely. Upper caudals about size of dorsals, larger than laterals, ventrals and gulars. About 28 rows of scales encircling middle of body. About 57 scales in a row between head and tail. Professor Cope describes the colors of this species as follows: "The very young in this species (head and body, 37.5 mm.) is entirely black, the end of the tail becoming 596 9. SCINCIDJE bluish; each plate on the side of the head above, each labial, upper and lower, and each mental plate with a conspicuous, rounded, bluish-white spot occupying all but the outer border. The effect is that of three rows of spots on the side of head and one on each side the chin. The middle lateral, or that on the upper labials, is continued backward as a large spot in front of the ear and another on its posterior edge running out behind into a point. There are traces of similar spots on the other cephalic plates, but much less distinct. "With advancing age the ground color becomes more olivaceous, paler beneath, each upper scale with a posterior margin of darker olive very well defined. These characters continue until the specimen is 75 mm. long, head and body, the spots on the chin only disappearing in the pale olivaceous green of the under parts. The light line through the ear is continued faintly to the foreleg." Length to anus 41 Snout to ear 9 Snout to occipital plates 9 Width of head 7 Fore limb_.__^ 1 2 Hind limb 16 Base of fifth to end of fourth toe 6J4 Distribution. — This lizard has been stated to occur in western Texas, Oklahoma, Kansas, New Mexico and Arizona. Arizona records are Gila River, Cave Springs and Fort Whipple. I have received from the University of Michigan a young P. guttulatus collected by Ed. Ratliff in Monte- zuma Canyon, Huachuca Mountains, Cochise County, Arizona, in the fall of 1919. Remarks. — It will be noted that this lizard has about the same distribution as P. obsoletus. The young of the two species are quite differently colored, those of P. obsoletus 20. PLESTIODON 21. EUCHIROTES $97 showing longitudinal stripes which do not appear in P. guttulatus. Larger specimens of the two species seem indis- tinguishable and it is probable that some of the Arizona records of P. guttulatus may be based upon individuals of P. obsoletus with evident white spots on the head. Family 10. BIPEDID^E This family includes three genera of curiously grotesque, burrowing, worm-like creatures, which are distinguished from the closely related Amphisbsenidx by the possession of a pair of well-developed anterior limbs. There are no distinct scales, the skin being divided into worm-like annular seg- ments, each of which is subdivided into little squarish scale- like areas. The eyes are rudimentary. The genera all are Mexican, Euchirotes being confined to Lower California. Genus 21. Euchirotes EucAirotes COPE, Amer. Naturalist, 1894, p. 436 (type, biforus). The head is provided with a few large plates above and below. The body is elongate, nearly circular in transverse section, and of about the diameter of the head. The tail is moderately short and very blunt. The limbs are short, strikingly like the anterior limbs of a mole, with five digits. All of the digits bear claws. The dorsal and abdominal "scales" are separated by a lateral groove. Only one species is known. 134. Euchirotes biporus Cope BELDING'S MOLE LIZARD Chirotes canaliculatus STREETS, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., No. 7, 1877, p. 37; YARROW, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., No. 24, 1883, p. 38; COPE, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., No. 32, 1887, p. 47; BELDING, West Am. Scientist, III, 24, 1887, p. 97. Chirotes sp.f LOCKINGTON, Amer. Nat., 1880, p. 295. 598 10. BIPEDIDJE Euchirotes biporus COPE, Amer. Nat., 1894, P- 437> figs. 5-$e (type locality, Cape San Lucas, Lower California); VAN DENBURGH, Proc. Cal. Acad. Sci., (2), V, 1895, p. 135; COPE, Report U. S. Nat. Mus., 1898 (1900), p. 680, fig. 140; VAN DENBURGH & SLEVIN, Proc. Cal. Acad. Sci., Ser. 4, Vol. XI, 1921, p. 52; TERRON, Mem. y Rev. Soc. Cient, Antonio Alzate, Vol. 39, 1921, p. 164. Bipes biporus STEJNEGER & BARBOUR, Check List N. Amer. Amph. Rept., 1917, p. 72; NELSON, Mem. Nat. Acad. Sci., Vol. XVI, 1921, pp. 114, 115. Description. — Stout, nearly uniform in diameter, with blunt head and tail. Body and tail covered with small squarish scale-like divisions of the skin arranged in whorls and giving a worm-like aspect. Two well-developed mole- like limbs a short distance behind head. Eyes atrophic. Mouth small. Snout short, rounded and very convex. Limbs very broad and short, with five perfect clawed digits. Larger head plates are a rostral, three labials, a nasal, an ocular, a preocular, two suboculars, a very large prefrontal, and a pair of frontals. There are also two small plates between the third labial and the suboculars. Anus preceded by several rows of granules, in front of which is a trans- verse series of six large plates. A single preanal pore in a large plate in front of the external preanal plate of each side. Color, in alcohol, uniform white. Probably pink in life. Length to anus 130 178 181 182 Length of tail 12 15 18 20 24 Length of head 67778 Fore limb 57888 Distribution. — This curious degenerate lizard is known only from the Cape Region of Lower California, where it has been taken at La Paz and Cape San Lucas. Habits. — Nothing is known of the habits of this species, beyond the fact that it is a burrowing form. INDEX Synonyms in italics, new species and principal page reference in heavy face type A bronia 43 4 acanthura (Ctcnosaura) 66 (Cyclura) 64, 66 (Iguana) 66 athiofs (Cnemidophorus) 529, 532, 533 affinis (Holbrookia) 178 Asama cornuta 4-09 (Phrynosoma) coronata 4-03 douglassii 368, 371 agassizii (Chelonia) .36, 41 (Gopherus)-_23, 27, 28, 31, 33, 36, 41 amabilis (Diadophis) 22, 24, 38 ambly grammus (Eumeces) 5 79 A meiva tessellata 508 A mcebopsis 47 6 gilbcrti 48 2 Amphibia 17, 18 Angel Island Collared Lizard 114 Giant Uta 194 Gridiron-tailed Lizard 1 48 Anguidze 49, 433 angustirostris (Thamnophis) 30 angustus (Sator) 40, 255, 256 annectens (Pituophis) 22, 35, 38 Anniclla 46 4 pulchra____22, 34, 37, 465, 467, 468, 469 pulchra 46 5 nigra. 46 5,468 nigra 22, 465, 467, 469, 470 tex&na 46 5 Anniellid*. 5 0, 464 Anolis cooperi 212 Anota 364 calidiarum 422 poodei 426 maccallii 42 8 m'callii 42 8 modesta 43 1 platyrhina 42 2 anthonyi (Coluber) 3 8 approximans (Holbrookia) 27, 29, 31, 33, 170 arizona (Cnemidophorus) 495, 497 Arizona el egans 22, 30, 35 Scaly Lizard 3 5 9 Short-horned Horned Toad 382 a sio (Phrynosoma) 404 atcr (Sauromalus)-— 2i, 26, 27, 29, 33, 71, 85, 86, 87, 95, 97, 98, 99 atratus (Thamnophis) 23 atrox (Crotalus) 23, 31, 33, 36, 41 .37, 182, 196, 197 35 auriculata (Uta) aurigulus (Coluber) azureus (Sceloporus) 305 bacatus (Cnemidophorus) 40, 494, 544, 546 Bailey's Collared Lizard 113 baileyi (Crotaphytus)_.21, 24,25, 26, 27, 29, 31, 33, 39, 104, 105, 111, 113, 116, 118, 119 Banded Gecko -. 58, 60 Band-tailed Earless Lizard !. 177 barbour i ( Col uber ) 4 1 bartolomas (Cnemidophorus) ..34, 492, 523, 526, 549 Bascanion flagellum frenatum 533 Batrachosoma 3 64 coronatum 388 becki (Sceloporus)....21, 37, 264, 318, 321 beldingi (Cnemidophorus) 560, 563 (Verticaria)____22, 34, 38, 558, 559, 560 Belding's Mole Lizard 597 Orange-throat 5 60 Scaly Lizard bellii (Chrysemys) Bipedidse Bipes biporus biporus (Bi-pes) biporus (Euchirotes) biscutatus (Thamnophis) 23, 24, 25, 38 biseriatus (Sceloporus) ..2 1 , 24, 26, 28, 34, 111, 112, 265, 289, 297, 298, 301, 304, 306, 308, 317, 219 Black Footless Lizard 467 Black Spiny-tailed Iguana 64 Black-throated Whiptail Lizard 529 Blainville's Horned Toad 388 blainvillei (Phrynosoma) 388, 393, 394, 395 blainvillii (Phrynosoma) 21, 34, 365, 367, 388, 389, 391, 395, 396, 397, 403 Blue-tailed Lizard 581 bocourti (Sceloporus) 298, 305 Boidse - 5 0 bott* (Charina) 22, 24, 25, 27, 38 boylii (Lampropeltis)__23, 27, 28, 30, 35, 38 Brachydactylus 5 7 brevipes (Eumeces) 580 brevirostre (Phrynosoma) 3 7 8 browni (Phyllorhynchus) 30 bufonium (Phrynosoma) 409, 41 1 598 .35, 597 600 INDEX burnettii (Gerrhonotus) 440, 445 Burnett's Alligator Lizard 440 caerulea (Verticaria)..41, 553, 568, 572, 573 calidiarwn (Anota) 422 (Phrynosoma) 422 californiae (Lampropeltis) 23, 35 California Brown-shouldered Uta 233 Horned Toad 395 Whiptail Lizard -516 Callisaurus 62, 131, 138, 164, 336 carmenensis 1 4 5 crinitus__. .-33, 139, 140, 142 draconoides carmenensis._33, 39, 139, 144, 145, 159 draconoides.-33, 39, 139, 142, 143, 145, 148, 153 ventralis 148, 153 dracontoides 145 dracontoides gab bit 145, 148, 153 inusitatus. 31, 39, 139, 150 notatus 132 -plasticus 1 45 rhodostictus scofarius 140 132 splendidus 39, 139, 148 ventralis-.21, 26, 27, 29, 33, 37, 39, 124, 514 myurus.-26, 139, 160, 161, 164, 168 ventralis-139, 142, 144, 145, 148, 150, 152, 153, 154, 156, 161, 165, 168, 180, 514 camp (Holbrookia) 171, 174 cana (Ficimia) 30 canaliculatus (Chirotes) 597 canus (Cnemidophorus).-40, 494, 539, 540, 541 Cape Orange-throated Lizard 556 Caretta ol i vacea 3 6 carmenensis (Callisaurus) ..3 3, 39, 139, 144, 145, 159 carmenensis (Dipsosaurus)..39, 72, 81 Carmen Island Crested Lizard 81 Carmen Island Uta 252 Verticaria 573 Catalina Island Crested Lizard 83 Catalina Island Whiptail 540 catalinensis ( Cnemidophorus) ..40, 491, 494, 499, 542 catalinensis (Dipsosaurus)-.39, 72, 83 catalinensis (Lampropeltis) 41 catenifer (Pituophis) 22, 24, 25, 38 celeripes (Cnemidophorus) 41, 494, 549 ceralbensis (Verticaria) 41, 552, 554 Ceralbo Island Sator 259 Ceralbo Island (Continued) Verticaria 5 54 cerastes (Crotalus)_.__23, 27, 28, 31, 36, 365 cerroense (Phrynosoma) 37, 367, 401 Cerros Island Horned Toad 401 Whiptail Lizard 5 26 Channel Island Blue-bellied Lizard 318 Charina bottae bottse 22, 24, 25, 27, 38 utahensis 26, 28 Chelonia agassizii 36, 41 Chilomeniscus cinctus 23, 32, 35, 38 punctatissimus 41 stramineus 3 5 Chirotes canaliculatus 597 chlorosoma (Elaphe) 30 Chrysemys marginata bellii 24, 25, 31 Chuckwalla 86, 90, 92 Espiritu Santo Island 95 San Esteban Island 101 Slevin's 97 Spiny 99 Tiburon Island 93 cinctus (Chilomeniscus) 23, 32, 35, 38 clarionensis (Uta) 37, 182, 196 Clarion Island Uta 196 clarkii (Sceloporus) 29, 32, 40, 359 clarkii (Sceloporus) 330, 338 Clemmys marmorata 23, 24, 25, 36, 38 Cnemidophorus 489, 514 arizonte 49 5 , 497 bacatus 40, 494, 544, 546 bartolomas 34, 492, 523, 526, 549 canus 40, 494, 539, 540, 541 catalinensis 40, 491, 494, 499, 542 celeripes 41, 494, 549 dickersonae 40, 493, 513, 533, 535 disparilis 40, 491, 497, 499, 542 estebanensis 40, 493, 536 gracilis 5 09 grahamii 519, 546, 548 stejnegerii 520 gularis 28, 29, 32, 364, 415, 491, 499, 503 gularis 500 scalaris 500 guttatus 500 hyperythra beldingi 560, 563 hyperythrus 556, 560 labialis 37, 491, 496, 497, 504 marmoratus 509 martyris 40, 493, 538 maximus 34, 40, 491, 506 melanostethus__20, 32, 40, 124, 493, 499, 513, 529, 532, 533 multiscutatus 37, 492, 525, 526 INDEX 601 pcrplcxus 29, 491, 495, 497 functilinealis 529 rubidus 34, 38, 41, 494, 525, 546 scalaris 5 00, 502 sericeus 571 scx-lineatus 500, 519, 546, 549 sexlineatus gularis. 500 tigris , 500 stejnegeri 5 20 tessellatus 509 aethiop 529, 532, 533 gracilis 5 1 0 melanostethus 529 multiscutatus 526 mundus 22, 492, 512, 516, 521 per -plexus 49 5 rubidus 546 stejnegeri._-22, 34, 37, 492, 510, 511, 512, 517, 518, 519, 520, 525, 526, 528 tessellatus.._.22, 24, 26, 27, 28, 29, 34, 124, 492, 508, 509, 517, 518, 519, 521, 522, 525, 528, 532, 533 tigris. 510, 516, 519, 526 tigris 508 mclanostethus 529 mundus 516 stejnegeri 520 tigris. 114, 128, 510 undulatus 516, 520 undulatus 5 16 vandenburghi. 547, 549 cceruleus (Gerrhonotus) 22, 37, 436, 437, 439, 440, 443, 450, 454 Coleonyx 57 variegatus-.21, 26, 27, 29, 31, 33, 39, 58 collaris (Crotafhytus) 104, 105, 110 Coluber anthonyi 38 aur igul us 3 5 barbouri 4 1 lateralis_ 22, 3 5 constrictor mormon 22, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 38 flagellum piceus____22, 27, 28, 30, 32, 35, 38, 41, 508 semilineatus 30, 3 2 tasniatus tseniatus 22, 24, 26, 27, 28, 30 Colubridce 5 0 concinna (Ufa) 241 concinnus (Thamnophis)_.23, 24, 25, 26, 38 confluentus (Crotalus) 26, 31 conj uncta (Lampropeltis) 3 5 consobrinus (Sceloporus) 28, 29, 32, 274, 281, 290, 291, 299, 305 conspcuosa (Ctcnosaura) 67, 69 Contia tenuis 23, 24, 25, 38 cofcii (CrotapAytus) 118, 121 Cope's Gridiron-tailed Lizard 140 CofAosaurus 1 69 tfxanus 1 77 copi (CrotafAytus) 1 1 8 cooferi (Anolis) 212 Cordylus (Gerrhonotus) muIti-carinatus.A4-S cornuta (AgaTna) 409 ( Tafaya) 409 cornutus (Phrynosoma) 41 1 cornutum (Phrynosoma)__29, 365, 368, 369, 404,409,414,433 coronata (Agama) 403 (Phrynosoma) 395 (Tapaya) 395 coronatum (Batrachosoma) 388 coronatum (Phrynosoma)__34, 367, 388, 391, 395, 403, 404 couchii (Thamnophis) 23, 27 crinitus (Callisaurus) 33, 139, 140, 142 Crotal idas 5 0 Crotalus 41 7 atrox. 23, 31, 33, 36, 41 cerastes 23, 27, 28, 31, 36, 365 confluentus 26, 3 1 enyo 36 exsul 23, 36, 38, 41 lepidus 3 1 lucasensis 3 6, 41 mitchcllii 23, 31, 36, 38, 41 molossus 3 1 oreganus 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 31, 36, 38, 365 oricei 3 1 w tigris 23, 27, 31 tortugensis 4 1 willardi 3 1 Crotaphy tus 6 3 , 104 collaris 104, 105, 110 baileyi....21, 24, 25, 26, 27, 29, 31, 33, 39, 104, 105, 111, 113, 116, 118, 119 collaris 1 1 0 cofeii 1 18, 121 copi 118 dor salts 7 3 fasciatus 118 fasciolatus 1 1 8 Gambelii 117 insularis 39, 104, 114 silus 21, 104, 118, 128, 130 602 INDEX Crotaphytus (Continued) wislizenii— 21, 24, 25, 26, 27, 29, 31, 33, 37, 104, 111, 113, 116, 124, 128, 130, 279, 338, 533 Ctenosaura 62, 64 acanthura 66 consficuosa 67, 69 33, 39, 64, 66 67, 69 66 multispinis , 29, 64 hemilopha.. insulana . interrufta Cyclura acantAura hemilofha teres .64, 66 66 66 decurtatus (Phyllorhynchus) 22, 30, 35 Dermochelys schlegelii 23, 33, 38 Desert Gridiron-tailed Lizard 152, 158 Horned Toad 421 deserticola (Pituophis) 22, 27, 35 Desert Night Lizard 477 Scaly Lizard 3 29 Whiptail Lizard 508 Diadophis amabilis regalis. ._22, 24, 38, 394 28, 30, 32 dickersonse (Cnemidophorus) 40, 493, 513, 533, 535 Dickerson's Whiptail Lizard 533 digueti (Sceloforus) 352 Diflodactylus unctus 55 Dipsosaurus 62, 71 carmensis— 39, 72, 81 catalinensis ...39, 72 83 dorsalis dorsalis_ 21, 26, 29, 31, 33, 37, 39, 72, 73, 74, 78, 82, lucasensis 33, 39, 72, 78, 79, 82 disparilis (Cnemidophorus) 40, 491, 497, 499, 542 ditmarsi (Phrynosoma) 32, 366, 386 D oliosaurus 364 mc'calli 42 8 modestus 43 1 flatyrhinos 42 1 dorsalis (Crotaf&ytus) 73 dorsalis (Dipsosaurus) 21, 26, 29, 31, 33, 37, 39, 72, 73, 74, 78, 82 douglassii (Agama) 368, 371 douglassii (Phrynosoma) 21, 24, 25, 366, 368, 369, 372, 374, 375, 377, 379 Douglassii (Tapaya) 369, 377 draconoides (Callisaurus)__33, 39, 139, 142, 143, 145, 148, 153 dracontoidcs (Callisaurus) 145 dulcis (Leptotyphlops) 30 Dusky Scaly Lizard 352, 354 edwardsii (Sistrurus) eiseni (Tantilla) Elaphe chlorosoma rosalise Elapidse 31, 32 23, 35 30 35 50 22, 30, 35 31, 175 23, 27 elegans (Arizona) (Holbrookia) (Thamnophis) (Uta)....21, 29, 31, 34, 37, 40, 185, 231, 235, 236, 237, 240, 241, 243, 244, 246, 252 Elgaria 43 4 formosa 440 grandis 45 0 kingii nobttis 461 461 437 scincicauda 450 elongatus (Sceloporus) 28, 29, 294, 295 Enyaliosaurus 64 enyo (Crotalus) 36 episcopa (Sonora) 23, 30, 35 eques (Thamnophis) 30, 32 Eretmochelys squamosa 36 espiritensis (Verticaria) 41, 553, 566 Espiritu Santo Island Chuckwalla 95 Verticaria 5 66 estebanensis (Cnemidophorus) ..40, 493, 536 Eublepharidse. 49, 57 'Eublefharis fasciatus L 58 variegatus 5 8 Euchirotes 597 biporus 35, 597 Eumcces 577 gilbtrti 5 79, 584 guttulatus 595 hallowellii „ lagunensis quadrilineatus skiltonianus 5 79 5 87 579 579, 580 amblygrammus __________________________ 579 brcvi'pes _____________________________________ 580 Eufhryne ________________________________________ 84 obffsus ________________________________________________ 8 7 euryxanthus (Micrurus) __________ 28, 31, 32, 41 exsul (Crotalus) ___________________ 23, 36, 38, 41 fasciatus (Crotafkytus) ---------------------- 118 (Euble-pharis) __________________________________ 5 8 fasciolatus (Crotafhytus) _______ . ______________ 118 Fi c i m i a can a _________________________________________ 3 0 Flat-tailed Horned Toad ________________________ 428 flavescens (Kinosternon) ______________________ 28, 31 fiavilenta (Holbrookia) ________________ 170, 173 INDEX 603 formosa (Gerrhonotus) (Elgaria) 4-4-0 franciscensis (Verticaria) 41, 553, 568 frontalc (Phrynosoma) __21, 365, 367, 390, 395, 396, 399, 403 frontalis (Phrynosoma) 395 (Sceloforus) 298 gabbii (Callisaurus) 145, 148, 153 Gambtli (Crotafhytus) 1 1 7 garmani (Sccloforus) 291 Gecko, Banded 58, 60 San Lucan 5 5 Tubercular 5 1 Gekkonidse -48, 51 gentilis (Lampropeltis) 28, 30 Gcrrhonotus 434, 451, 455 burnettii 440, 445 cceruleus__..22, 37, 436, 437, 439, 440, 443,450,454 formosa 440 grandis 437, 440, 450 kingii 29, 32, 436, 461 multicarinatus— 34, 436, 440, 448, 450, 453,455 multicarinatus falmeri 445 multifasciatus 46 1 nobilis 46 1 palmcri_-22, 436, 439, 443, 445, 447, 454 principis_-21, 24, 25, 37, 436, 437, 439, 443, 453, 454 scincicauda 451, 455 scincicauda scincicauda 22, 24, 25, 37, 436,442,450,451,457,458 scincicauda ignavus. 45 5 'palmcri 44 5 scincicauda webbii— .22, 34, 37, 436, 447, 454,455,456,458 scincicaudus 440, 450, 455 webbii, 45 5 Wiegmannii 45 0 Giant Whiptail Lizard 506 Gila Monster 471, 474 gilbcrti (Amcebopis) 482 (Eumects) 579, 5 84 gilberti (Xantusia) 34, 477, 482, 483 Girard's Short-horned Horned Toad 377 Gopherus agassiziL.23, 27, 28, 31, 33, 36, 41 goodei (Anota) 426 goodei (Phrynosoma) 32, 368, 426 gracilis (Cnemidofhorus) 509, 510 gracilis (Sceloporus)—- 21, 24, 26, 263, 274, 276, 277, 278, 280, 283, 288 graciosa (Uta) 21, 26, 29, 34, 183, 212 graciosus (Sceloporus) 24, 26, 28, 29, 124, 263, 273, 274, 276, 277, 278, 279, 280, 283, 285, 286, 288, 294 graciosus (Urosaurus) 212 grahamii ( Cnemidofhorus ) 519, 546, 548 grandxvus (Sator) 40, 255, 259 grandis (Elgaria) 45 0 (Gcrrhonotus) 437, 440, 450 gratiosa (Uta) 212, 216 (Sceloforus) 274, 280, 281, 286 gularis (Cnemidophorus) 28, 29, 32, 364, 415, 491, 499, 500, 503 gularis (Uta) 199 guttatus (Cnemidophorus) guttulatus (Eumeces) (Lamfrosaurus) .. guttulatus (Plestiodon) guttulatus (Plistodon) hallotuelli (Eumeces) . hallowelli (Leiosaurus) .. hammondii (Thamnophis) 23, 35 harlanii (Phrynosoma) 41 1 heermannii (Pituophis) 22, 24 Heloderma 471, 474, 475 horridum 47 1 suspectum 27, 28, 29, 32, 471 Helodermatidas 49, 470 [hemilopha (Ctenosaura) 33, 39, 64, 66 (Cyclura) 66 [henshavii (Zablepis) 484 :henshawi (Xantusia) 22, 477, 484 jHenshaw's Night Lizard 484 jhernandesi (Phrynosoma) 32, 366, 369, 372, 374, 375, 378, 380, 382 Ihcrnandczi (Phrynosoma) 401, 426 }hernandezii (Tapaya) 382 Ihesperis (Uta) 21, 34, 37, 185, 231, 233 235, 236, 246 Heterodon nasicus 30, 32 hexalepis (Salvadora)....22, 27, 28, 30, 32, 35, 41 ,'hispidus (Sauromalus)__._39, 96, 98, 99, 101, 103 ^Holbrookia 63, 164, 169, 173 affinis 178 a'p'proximans 170 elegans 31, 169, 171, 175, 176 maculata 170 approximans_.__27, 29, 31, 33, 169, 170, 173, 175, 177, 180 cam'pi 171, 174 -fiavilenta 170, 173 maculata . 170 p-opnqua .. .170, 172, 175 604 INDEX Holbrookia (Continued) 170 171, 173 29, 31, 177 175 138 1 52 texana thermo'phila Homolosaurus ventralis Horned Toad, Arizona Short-horned ------ 382 Blainville's _______________________ 3 8 8 California ______________________ 395 Cerros Island _______________________ 401 Desert _____________________________ 42 1 Flat-tailed __________________________ 42 8 Girard's Short-horned _________ 377 Hornless _______________________ 386 Lower California __________________ 403 Pigmy _________________________________ 368 Regal __________________________________ .40 6 Round-tailed ____________________ 43 0 Sonoran -------------- 426 Texas ________________________________ 409 Hornless Horned Toad ______________________ 386 horridum (Heloderma) _________________________ 47 1 humilis (Siagonodon) _______ 22, 30, 32, 35, 38 Hydridse _______________________________________________ 5 0 Hydrus platurus -------------------------- 32, 36, 41 hyfcrythrus (Cnemidofhorus) ________ 556, 560 hyperythra (Verticaria)__34, 552, 556, 558, 559, 560,562, 565, 566, 568 Hypsiglena ochrorhynchus ____ 23, 27, 28, 30 32, 35, 38, 41 ignavus (Gerrhonotus) ________________________ 45 5 Iguana acanthura ________________________________ 66 Iguana, Black Spiny-tailed ------------------ 64 San Lucan Spiny-tailed --------------------- 66 Iguanid* __________________ - ________________ 49, 61 infernalis (Thamnophis) ----------- 23, 24, 27 inornata (Uma) _________________________ 132, 136 insulana (Ctcnosaura) ---------------------- 67, 69 insulaiis (Crotaphytus) ____________ 39, 104, 114 inusitatus (Callisaurus) ________ 31, 39, 139, 150 interbrachialis (Sauromalus) ____ 33, 39, 85, 95 interru-pta (Ctenosaura) ------------------------- 66 Island Night Lizard _______________________________ 486 jarrovii (Sceloporus) ___ 29, 32, 266, 321, 326, 328 Kinosternon flavescens ____________________________ 3 1 sonoriense -------------------------- 23, 31, 33 kingii (Elgaria) ___________________________________ 461 kingii (Gerrhonotus) _______ 29, 32, 436, 461 labialis (Cnemidophorus) ______ 37, 491, 496, 497, 504 lagunensis (Eumeces) ---------------------------- 5 87 lagunensis (Plestiodon) ---------------------------- 35 Lampropeltis California? catalinensia _ 23, 35 41 getulus boylii 23, 27, 28, 30, 35, 38 con j uncta 3 5 splendida 30, 32 yumensis 23, 30, 32, 35 nitida 3 5 pyromelana 28, 3 0 triangulum gentilis 28, 30 zonata 22 Lam'prosaurus 577 guttulatus 5 94 lateralis (Coluber) 22, 35 (Uta) 32, 39, 199 .23, 26, 28, 30, 35 118 31 lecontei (Rhinocheilus). Leiosaurus hallowelli lepidus (Crotalus) Leptotyphlopi dse 5 0 Leptotyphlops dulcis 30 Leopard Lizard 116, 121, 124, 126, 127 levis (Uta) 27, 208, 211 Lichanura roseofusca 22, 25, 30, 41 trivirgata 3 5 licki (Sceloporus) 34, 40, 356 lintaris (Uta) 203, 207 lineatulus (Sceloporus) -.40, 267, 344, 345, 351 Lizard, Angel Island Collared 114 Angel Island Gridiron-tailed 148 Arizona Scaly 359 Bailey's Collared 113 Band-tailed Earless 177 Belding's Mole 597 Belding's Scaly 338 Black Footless 467 Black-throated Whiptail 529 Blue-bellied 295, 298, 304, 315, 318 Blue-tailed 5 8 1 Brown-shouldered 227, 233, 240 Burnett's Alligator 440 California Whiptail 516 Cape Orange-throated 556 Carmen Island Crested 81 Cerros Island Whiptail 526 Channel Island Blue-bellied 318 Cope's Gridiron-tailed 140 Crested 73, 78, 81, 83 Desert Gridiron-tailed 152, 158 Desert Night 477 Desert Scaly 329 Desert Whiptail 508 Dickerson's Whiptail 533 Dusky Scaly 352, 354 INDEX 605 Lizard (Continued) Fence . Giant Whiptail 308 506 Gridiron-tailed.-14-O, 142, 145, 148, 150, 152, 164 Henshaw's Night 484 Island Night 486 Leopard 116, 121, 124, 126, 127 Lower California Gridiron-tailed 145 Mexican Earless 175 Monserrate Island Scaly 342 Mountain Alligator 445 Northern Alligator 437 Northern Crested 73 Northern Gridiron-tailed 164 Oscellated Sand 132 Pacific Blue-bellied 298 Painted Scaly 356 Reddish Whiptail 546 San Bartolome Whiptail Sand San Diegan Alligator 523 132 455 San Lucan Alligator 448 San Lucan Gridiron-tailed 142 San Lucan Night 482 San Lucan Scaly 348 San Lucan Crested 78 Santa Catalina Island Crested 83 Santa Catalina Island Scaly 345 Seven-lined Whiptail 495 Short-nosed Leopard Silvery Footless Sonoran Alligator Sonoran Gridiron-tailed Sonoran Whiptail Stejneger's Blue-bellied Stejneger's Whiptail Striped Whiptail Tenaya Blue-bellied Tiburon Island Whiptail .128 .465 .461 .150 .499 .295 .519 504 315 497 Western Alligator 450 Western Blue-bellied 304 Western Collared 104 Western Earless 170 Yarrow's Scaly 321 Lizards 18, 19 longtyes (Sceloporus) 305 Long-tailed Uta 2 1 2 Lower California Gridiron-tailed Lizard 145 Horned Toad 403 lucasensis (Crotalus) 36, 41 (Dipsosaurus) 33, 39, 72, 78, 79, 82 lyrophanes (Trimorphodon) 31, 35 maccallii (Anota) 428 (Phrynosoma) 421, 428 maculata (Holbrookia) 170 magister (Sceloporus) 21, 26, 28, 29, 32, 34, 40, 124, 266, 311, 314, 329, 330, 334, 336, 337, 341, 351, 362, 363, 364 mannophorus (Uta) 40, 185, 252 marcianus (Thamnophis) 23, 30, 32, 35 marmorata (Clemmys) 23, 24, 25, 36, 38 marmoratus (Cnemidophorus) 509 (Scelo'porus) 305 martinensis (Uta) 37, 247 martyris (Cnemidophorus) 40, 493, 538 maximus (Cnemidophorus) __34, 40, 491, 506 m'callii (Anota) 428 m'callii (Phrynosoma) 21, 29, 32, 34, 368, 428 mc'calli (Doliosaurus) 428 Mearns Giant Uta 191 mearnsi (Uta) 21, 34, 181, 191, 195 Megadactylus 138 megalops (Thamnophis) 3 0 melanostethus (Cnemidophorus 20, 32, 40, 124, 493, 499, 513, 529, 532, 533 Mexican Earless Lizard 175 Tree Uta 199 microscutata (Uta)....34, 40, 183, 214, 219 Micrurus euryxanthus 28, 31, 32, 41 mitchellii (Crotalus) 23, 31, 36, 38, 41 modesta (Anota) 43 1 modestus (Doliosaurus) 43 1 modestum (Phrynosoma) 29, 32, 368, 430, 433 molossus (Crotalus) 3 1 Monserrate Island Scaly Lizard 342 Verticar ia 575 monserratensis (Sceloporus) 40, 342, 347 Monster, Gila 471, 474 mormon ( Coluber )____2 2, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 38 Mountain Alligator Lizard 445 S wi ft 280 multi-carinatus (Cordylus) 448 multicarinatus (Gerrhonotus) 34 •multifasciatus ( Gerrhonotus) 46 1 multiscutatus (Cnemidophorus) 37, 492, 525, 526 multispinis (Ctenosaura) 29, 64 mundus (Cnemidophorus) 22, 512, 516, 521 606 INDEX myurus (Callisaurus) 26, 139, 160, 161, 164, 168 nasicus (Heterodon) 30, 32 Natrix valida 35 nebulosa (Pseudemys) 36 nevadensis (Ufa) 112, 228 nigra (Anniella) 22, 4-65, 467, 468 nigricauda (Uta) 34, 37, 39, 183, 216 nigriceps (Tantilla) 28, 30 nigro-ventris (Sceloporus) __ 298 nitida (Lampropeltis 35 nobilis (Elgaria) 461 ( G errhonotus) 46 1 nolascensis (Uta) 40, 184, 223 notata (Uma)._..21, 29, 31, 33, 132, 135, 142 notatus (Callisaurus) 132 Northern Alligator Lizard 437 Brown-shouldered Uta 227 Crested Lizard 73 Gridiron-tailed Lizard 164 obesus (Eu'phr^ne) 87 obsoletus (Plestiodon) 28, 30 (Plistodon) 5 89 occidentalis (Sceloporus) 21, 24, 25, 265, 298, 299, 305 308, 311, 318, 319 occipitalis (Sonora) 23, 30, 35 ochrorhynchus (Hypsiglena) 23, 27, 28, 30, 32, 35, 38, 41 olivacea (Caretta) 36 Orange-sided Swift 268 Orange-throat, Belding's 560 Schmidt's + 563 orbiculare (Phyrnosoma) 382, 411 orcutti ( Sceloporus )_._. 21, 34, 40, 268, 252 oreganus (Crotalus)____23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 31, 36, 38, 365 ordinoides (Thamnophis) 23, 24, 25, 38 ornata (Uta) 21, 201, 202, 206, 208, 211, 216 orn ata ( Terrcpen e ) 3 1 ornatissimum (Phrynosoma) 27, 28, 29, 366, 372, 373, 375, 377, 378, 380, 382, 385, 433 ornatum (Phrynosoma) 377 Oscellated Sand Lizard 132 Painted Scaly Lizard 356 palmeri (Gerrhonotus)____22, 436, 439, 443, 445, 447, 454 palmeri (Uta) 40, 184, 221, 249 parietalis (Thamnophis) 26, 28 farva (Uta) 241 farviscutata (Uta) 219 perplexus (Cnemidophorus) 29, 491, 495, 497 Petrosaurus 180, 181 thai as sinus 1 86 Phrynosoma-_63, 92, 364, 381, 401, 404, 413, 425 asio 4 0 4 blainvillei 388, 394, 395 blainvillei 388, 393 jrontale 393 blainvillii 388, 395, 403 blainvillii blainvillii 21, 34, 365, 367, 388, 389, 391, 396, 397 frontale-._-21, 365, 367, 390, 395, 396, 399, 403 brevirostre 372 bufonium 409, 411 calidiarum 422 cerroense 37, 367, 401 coronata 395 coronatum 34, 367, 388, 391, 395, 403, 404 cornutus 41 1 cornutum____29, 365, 368, 369, 404, 409, 414, 433 comutum flanictp 41 1 ditmarsi 32, 366, 386 douglassii ..372, 377, 382 douglassii brevirostre 378 douglassii douglassii 21, 24, 25, 366, 368, 369, 372, 374, 375, 377, 379, 380, 382 hernandesi__-32, 366, 369, 372, 373, 374, 375, 378, 380, 382, 384, 385, 409 ornatissimum 27, 28, 29, 366, 372, 373, 375, 377, 378, 382, 385, 533 ornatum 372, 374, 378, 380 pygmaea 369, 371 jrontale 395 frontalis 395 goodei 32, 368, 426 harlanii 41 1 hernandesi 371, 372, 373, 378, 382 douglassii 3 7 1 hernandesi hernandesi 378 ornatissimum 378, 380, 382 hernandezi 40 1 , 426 maccalli 421, 428 m'callii 21, 29, 32, 34, 368, 428 modestum... .-29, 32, 368, 430, 433 INDEX 607 .382, 411 Phrynosoma (Continued) orbicular^ ornatissimum 371, 372, 373, 378, 380 ornatum 377 flanicep 41 1 platyrhinos--21, 24, 25, 27, 28, 29, 34, 368, 421, 426 flatyrhinum 42 1 flatyrhinus 42 2 flatyrhynus 43 1 schmidti 40 1 solare 29, 32, 34, 368, 406, 407 Solaris 4 0 6 Phyllodactylus 5 1 tuberculosus 21, 33, 37, 39, 51, 54 unctus 33, 39, 51, 55, 57 xanti 5 2 Phyllorhynchus browni 30 decurtatus 22, 30, 35 Phymatoleps 1 80 piceus (Coluber)____22, 27, 28, 30, 32, 35, 38, 41, 508 picta (Verticaria) 41, 553, 575 pcta (Xantusia) 484 Pigmy Horned Toad 368 Pituophis catenifer annectens 22, 35, 38 catenifer 22, 24, 25, 38 deserticola 22, 27, 35 heermannii 22, 24 rutilus 3 0 stejnegeri 25, 26, 28 vertebralis 35, 38 'plasticus (Callisaurus) 145 flanicep (Phrynosoma) 41 1 planiceps (Tantilla) 35 platurus (Hydrus) 32, 36, 41 flatyrhina (Anota) 422 'platy rhinos (Doliosaurus) 421 platyrhinos (Phrynosoma) 21, 24, 25, 27, 28, 29, 34, 368, 421, 426 flatyrhinus (Phrynosoma) 422, 431 flatyrhinum (Phrynosoma) 42 1 Plestiodon 5 77 gilberti, 584 guttulatus-..30, 578, 591, 594, 596, 597 lagunensis 35, 578, 587, 588, 589 obsoletus 28, 30, 578, 589, 596, 597 skiltonianus....22, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 34, 38,445,578, 580, 588, 589 Plestiodon skiltonianus lagunensis 587 fleuroleps (Sceloforus) 322 Plistodon guttulatus 594 obsoletus 589 poinsettii (Sceloporus) 29, 32, 322, 326 pricei (Crotalus) 31 pincips (Elgaria) 437 principis (Gerrhonotus) 21, 24, 25, 37, 436, 437, 439, 443, 453, 454 popnqua (Holbrookia) 170, 172, 175 Pseudemys nebulosa 36 pulchra (Anniella) 22, 34, 37, 465, fulchra (Holbrookia) 467, 468, 469 171, 173 punctatissimus (Chilomeniscus) 41 functilinealis ( Cnemidofhoms ) 529 •pygm&a (Phrynosoma) 369, 371 pyromelana (Lampropeltis) quadrilineatus (Eumeces) Racer, Red Reddish Whiptail Lizard Red Racer .. .28, 30 579 80 546 80 Regal Horned Toad 406 regalis (Diadophis) 28, 30, 32 repens (Uta) 34, 39, 181, 189 Reptilia 17, 18, 48 Rhinocheilus lecontei 23, 26, 28, 30, 35 rhodostictus (Callisaurus) 140 riversiana (Xantusia) 22, 37, 477, 486 Rocky Mountain Tree Uta 208 rosalise (Elaphe) 35 roseofusca (Lichanura) 22, 30, 35, 41 Round-tailed Horned Toad 430 rubidus (Cnemidophorus) 34, 38, 41, 494, 525,546 rufidorsum (Sceloporus) 34, 37, 267, 334, 338, 341, 344, 347, 348, 351, 352 rufo-punctata (Uma) 132, 136 rutilus (Pituophis) 30 Sage-brush Swift 272 Sal Si Puedes Island Whiptail 540 Salvadora hexalepis 22, 27, 28, 30, 32, 35,41 San Bartolome Whiptail Lizard .... 523 San Benito Island Uta 225 San Diegan Alligator Lizard 455 San Esteban Island Chuckwalla 101 San Esteban Island Whiptail 536 San Francisco Island Verticaria 568 San Jose Island Verticaria 571 San Jose Island Whiptail 549 San Lucan Alligator Lizard 448 San Lucan Gecko 55 Giant Uta 186 Gridiron-tailed Lizard 142 Night Lizard 482 Scaly Lizard 348 Skink .. ....587 608 INDEX San Lucan (Continued) Spiny-tailed Iguana 66 San Lucas Crested Lizard 78 Uta 2 1 6 San Martin Island Uta 247 San Pedro Martir Island Uta 221 Whiptail 538 San Pedro Nolasco Island Uta 223 Whiptail 544 Santa Catalina Island Crested Lizard 83 Scaly Lizard 345 Uta 249 Santa Cruz Island Sator 256 Sator 63, 254 angustus 40, 255, 256 Ceralbo Island 259 grandasvus 40, 255, 259 Santa Cruz Island 256 Sauria 5 1 Sauromalus 62, 84, 92 ater--21, 26, 27, 29, 33, 71, 85, 86, 87, 95, 97, 98, 99 hispidus 39, 96, 98, 99, 101 103 interbrachialis 33, 39, 85, 95 slevini 39, 86, 97, 101 townsendi 31, 39, 85, 93 varius 39, 86, 101, 103 scalar is (Cnemidofhorus) 500, 502 (Sceloporus) 29, 32 (Tropdolefis) 268 Sceloporus 63, 261, 313 becki 21, 37, 264, 318, 321 biseriatus 111, 112, 289, 298, 304 biseriatus azureus 305 becki nigro-ventris variegatus .. -.318 -.298 .305 clarkii 29, 32, 40, 268, 330, 348, 351, 359, 362, 363 clarkii clarkii. 330, 338, 359 zosteromus 34.3 consobrinus-_28, 29, 32, 264, 274, 277, 281,290,297,298,305,348 consobrinus consobrinus 291 consobrinus garmani 291 gratiosus 274, 281 digueti 352 elongatus 28, 29, 264, 267, 294, 295 frontalis „ 298 garmani 291 graciosus gracilis... .21, 24, 26, 263, 274, 276, 277, 278, 280, 283, 288 Sceloporus graciosus (Continued) graciosus-.24, 26, 28, 29, 124, 263, 273, 274, 276, 277, 278, 279, 280, 281, 283, 285, 286, 288, 294 vandenburgianus 21, 34, 264, 276, 283, 286, 289 gracilis 280 gratiosus 274, 280, 286 jarrovii 29, 32, 266, 321, 326, 328 licki 34, 40, 356 lineatulus 40, 267, 344, 345, 351 I on gifts 305 magister 21, 26, 28, 29, 32, 34, 40, 124, 266, 311, 314, 329, 334, 336, 337, 341 magister 351, 362, 363, 364 marmoratus 305 monserratensis 40, 267, 342, 347 occidental is becki 3 1 8 occidentalis biseriatus 21, 24, 26, 28, 34, 297, 301, 304, 306, 308, 317, 319, 336 occidentalis....21, 24, 25, 265, 298, 299, 305, 308, 311, 318, 319, 321,445 taylori 21, 315 orcutti 21, 34, 40, 268, 352 'pleurole'pis 322 poinsettii 29, 32, 326 rufidorsum—34, 37, 267, J34, 338, 341, 344, 347, 348, 351, 352 scalaris 29, 32, 263, 268 smaragdinus 298, 305 spnosus 3 30, 359 clarkii 330, 359 magister 330 taylori 266 torquatus 3 26 poinsettii 266, 322, 326 tristichus 29 1 undulatus 295, 298, 299, 305 bocourtii 298, 305 consobrinus. 274, 281, 291, 299, 305 occidentalis 298 smaragdinus 305 thayerii 298, 305 tristichus 29 1 vandenburgianus 286, 288 variabilis 2 7 2 yarrozui 322 zosteromus 34, 37, 40, 268, 334, 338, 340, 341, 344, 347, 348, 351, 352 INDEX 609 scincicauda (Elgaria) 4-5 0 (Gerrhonotus).-22, 24, 25, 37, 436, 442, 450,451, 457, 458 (Gerrkonotus) 451, 455 ( Tropdolcps) - 45 0 scincicaudus (Gcrrkonotus) 440, 450, 455 Scincidae 49 schlegclii (Dermochelys) ...... 23, 33, 38 schmidti (PArynosoma) 40 1 (Verticaria). 34, 41, 552, 562, 563, 565, 566 Schmidt's Orange-throat 563 scAottii (Uta) 203, 216, 241 scoparia (Uma) 132, 136 scoparius (Callisaurus) 132 semiannulata (Sonora) 27, 28, 30, 32 semilineatus (Coluber) 30, 32 sericea (Verticaria)__..41, 553, 560, 563, 571 scriceus (Cnemidofhorus) 571 Seven-lined Whiptail Lizard 495 sex-lincatus (Cnemidofborus) 500, 519, 546, 549 Short-nosed Giant Uta 189 Leopard Lizard 128 Siagonodon humilis 22, 30, 32, 35, 38 silus (Crotaphytus)__21, 104, 118, 128, 130 Silvery Footless Lizard 465 Sistrurus catenatus edwardsii 31, 32 skiltonianus (Eumeces) 579, 580 (Plcstiodon). 22, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 34, 38, 445, 578, 580 Skilton's Skink 581 Skink, San Lucan 587 Skilton's 5 8 1 Sonoran 5 89 Western 578, 581 White-spotted 5 94 Slevin's Chuckwalla 97 slevini (Sauromalus) 39, 86, 97, 101 (Uta) 39, 182, 194 Small-scaled Uta 219 smaragdinus (Sceloporus) 298, 305 Snakes 18, 19 Socorro Island Uta 197 solare (Phrynosoma) 29, 32, 34, 368, 406, 407 Solaris (Phrynosoma) 406 Sonora episcopa 23, 30, 35 occipitalis 23, 30, 35 semiannulata 27, 28, 30, 32 Sonoran Alligator Lizard 461 Gridiron-tailed Lizard . 150 Horned Toad ..... 426 Sonoran (Continued) Skink 5 89 Whiptail Lizard 499 sonoriense (Kinosternon) 23, 31, 33 Southern Brown-shouldered Uta 240 Mountain Swift 286 spinosus (Sceloporns) 330, 359 Spiny Chuckwalla 99 splendida (Lampropeltis) 30, 32 splendidus (Callisaurus) 39, 139, 148 Squamata 48 squamata (Uta) 40, 185, 249, 254 squamosa (Eretmochelys) 36 stansburiana (Uta)....21, 24, 26, 27, 124, 181, 185, 219, 220, 223, 225, 227, 228, 231, 233, 235, 240, 243, 245, 246, 249, 251, 252, 254 stejnegeri (Cnemidophorus) 22, 34, 37, 492, 510, 511, 512, 517, 518, 519,520, 525 stejnegeri (Pituophis) 25, 26, 28 ( Ufa) 24 1 Stcjneger's Blue-bellied Lizard— 295 Whiptail Lizard 5 1 9 stellata (Uta) 37, 223, 225 Stcnodactylus variegatus 58 stramineus (Chilomeniscus) 35 Striped Swift 290 Whiptail Lizard 504 suspectum (Heloderma)__27, 28, 29, 32, 471 Swift, Mountain 280 Orange-sided . 268 Sage-brush 272 Southern Mountain 2U6 Striped 290 symmetrica (Uta)....21, 26, 29, 31, 34, 202, 203, 207 txniatus (Coluber) 22, 24, 26, 27, 28, 30 Tantilla eiseni 23, 35 nigriceps 28, 30 planiceps 3 5 wilcoxi 30 Tafaya cornuta 409 coronata 395 Douglassii 369, 377 hernanJtsi 371, 373, 382 kernandezii 382 ornatissima 3 71, 377 taylori (Sceloporus) 21, 315 Teiidse 49, 489 Tenaya Blue-bellied Lizard 315 tenuis (Contia) 23, 24, 25, 38 Terepene ornata 31 610 INDEX tcrei (Cyclura) 66 tessellata (A meiva) 508 tessellatus (Cnemidophorus) — 22, 24-, 26, 27, 28, 29, 34, 124, 492, 508, 509, 517 Testudinata 48 texana (Anniella) 465 texana (Holbrookia) 29, 31, 177 texanus (Cofhosaurus) . 177 Texas Horned Toad . 409 thalassina (Uta) 33, 39, 181, 186, 189, 191 thalassinus (Petrosaurus) 186 Thamnophis angustirostris 30 eques • 30, 32 marcianus 23, 30, 32, 35 megalops ordinoides atratus . — 23 biscutatus 23, 24, 25, 38 couchii 23, 27 elegans 23, 27 hammondii 23, 35 ordinoides 23, 24, 25, 38 vagrans__23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 30, 35 sirtalis concinnus 23, 24, 25, 26, 38 infernalis 23, 24, 27 parietal is 26, 28 thayerii (Sceloporus) 298, 305 thermofhila (Holbrookia) 175 Tiburon Island Chuckwalla .. 93 Whiptail Lizard 497 tigris (Cnemidophorus) 114, 128, 500, 508, 510, 516, 519, 526 tigris (Crotalus) .—23, 27, 31 toad ; see horned toad torquatus (Scelo'porus) 326 tortugensis (Crotalus) 41 townsendi (Sauromalus) 31, 39, 85, 93 Trimorphodon lyrophanes 31, 35 tristichus (Scelo'porus) _ 291 trivirgata (Lichanura) 35 Tropidole'pis 26 1 scalaris 268 scincicauda —45 0 Tropdurus 26 1 Tubercular Gecko . 5 1 tuberculosus (Phyllodactylus)..21, 33, 37, 39, 51, 54 Turtles 18, 19 Uma 62, 131 inomata . 32, 136 notata 21, 29, 31, 33, 132,135, 142 rujof>unctata 132, 136 Uma sco f aria 132, 136 unctus (Dij>lo