S&3S3

THE GIFT OF

FLORENCE V. V. DICKEY

TO THE

UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA
AT LOS ANGELES

THE DONALD R. DICKEY

LIBRARY
OF VERTEBRATE ZOOLOGY

THE FAUNA OF BRITISH INDIA,

CEYLON AND BURMA.

PUBLISHED UNDER THE AUTHORITY OF THE SECRETARY OF
STATE FOR INDIA IN COUNCIL.

EDITED BY W. T. BLANFOED.

EEPTILIA and BATKACHIA.

GEORGE A. BOULENGER.

LONDON:
TAYLOR AND FRANCIS, RED LION COURT, FLEET STREET.

CALCUTTA: I BOMBAY:

THACKEK, SPIU'K, & CO. THACKER & CO., LIMITED.

BERLIN :

U. FIUEDLANDER & SOHN, 11 CARLSTEASSE.

1890.

PRINTED BY TAYLOR AND FRANCIS,
RED LION COUUT, FLEET STREET.

QL

30")

PKEFACE.

Two classes of Vertebrata, the Reptiles and the Batrachians
or Amphibians, are described in this volume of the ( Fauna
of British India/ These two classes have often been
associated in zoological works, and were, by many writers,
until recently, not regarded as distinct. The study of both
is usually prosecuted by the same observers, and no practical
advantage would result from publishing the descriptions of
the two separately.

Mr. Boulenger, to whom Indian naturalists are indebted
for the present work, has already classified and described all
known Crocodiles, Tortoises, Lizards, Chamaeleous, and
Batrachians in Catalogues of the British Museum that have
appeared during the last eight years. Many of the characters
of genera and species now published are taken from those
Catalogues, but numerous additions have been made and
several alterations have been inserted. Wherever the com-
plete synonymy is given in the Catalogues it has been
considered unnecessary, in the present work, to insert more
than a reference to the original description of the species,
to the page in the British Museum Catalogue where full
details can be found, and to the general works on Indian
Reptiles by Giinther and Theobald.

713616 "*

The classification of the Snakes, which comprise nearly one
half of the Reptilian species known to occur in India, is new,
and all the descriptions of families, genera, and species have
been prepared expressly for the present work. As there is no
recent publication with a complete synonymy of the Ophidia,
somewhat fuller references to the literature of the subject
have been rendered necessary than in the other suborders
of Reptiles and Batrachians.

Two general works on Indian Reptiles have been published
before the present volume. The first was ' The Reptiles of
British India/ by Dr. A. Giinther, which appeared in quarto
and was issued by the Ray Society in 1864; and the second,
an octavo ( Descriptive Catalogue of the Reptiles of British
India/ by Mr. W. Theobald, published in 1876. In the
first, which was founded on the earlier publications of Russell,
Cantor, Gray, Blyth, Jerdon, Kelaart, and others, largely
supplemented by the author's own researches, the Batrachia
were included ; but both the Batrachia and the Hydrophiinee
or marine snakes were omitted in Mr. Theobald's book,
a great part of which was virtually an abridgment of
Giinther's, but with the numerous discoveries and observa-
tions of Stoliczka, Beddome, Anderson, and of the author
himself added to those of Giinther, many additions by the
latter having been made after the publication of his large
work on Indian Reptiles. In the present volume the principal
additions have been due to the collections of Beddome in
Southern India, Fea and Davison in Burma, and of Murray
and the Editor of this work in Western India and Baluchistan.

The limits of the fauna described in Giinther's ' Reptiles of
British India ' wrere wider than those adopted in Theobald's
work and in the present, and comprised all South-eastern
Continental Asia. The area here accepted as that of the
' Fauna of British India ' has been defined in the Introduction
to the Mammalia of the present series, and may be briefly

described as British India with Burma and all other depen-
dencies,, and with the addition of Ceylon— Baluchistan, Kash-
mir, Ladak, and all Cis- Himalayan States being included, and
Afghanistan, Tibet Proper, China, Siam, and the Malay
Peninsula south of Tenasserim excluded.

The following comparison of the number of species de-
scribed, from within the limits adopted in the present work,
in Giinther's ' Reptiles of British India 'with those enumerated
in Theobald's Catalogue and in the present volume will serve
roughly to indicate the additions to our knowledge of the
Reptilia and Batrachia of India in the last quarter of a
century. As already noticed, one subfamily of Snakes,
the Hydrophiinre, was omitted by Theobald,

Giinther, Theobald, Boulenger,

REPTILIA.
EMIDOSATJEIA (Crocodiles) ....
CHELONI A (Tortoises & Turtles)
SQTJAMATA.
Lacertilia (Lizards)

1864.

4
.. 30

. . 95

1876.

4
54

173

1890.

3
43

225

lihiptoglossa (Chameleons)
Ophidia (Snakes) ....

.. 1
. . 180

1
225

1
264

310

457

536

BATRACHIA.

ECAUDATA (Frogs and Toads). .
CATJDATA (Newts &c.)
APODA (CaDcilians) . .

37
0

2

••

124
1
5

39 130

In cases where the numbers have been reduced the reduc-
tion is due to the union of species formerly supposed to be
distinct. The additions in the present volume are much more
numerous than the preceding comparison indicates.

By permission of the Trustees of the British Museum,
through the kindness of Professor Flower and Dr. Giinther,

VI PREFACE.

several figures from the Catalogues of the National Collection
prepared by Mr. Boulenger and from the Guide to the
Reptile Gallery have been inserted in the present work. One
cut lias also, by permission of the Zoological Society, been
taken from its 'Proceedings/

The Fishes, Reptiles, and Batrachiaus of the f Fauna of
British India ' have now appeared, with one volume of Birds
and half a volume of Mammals, leaving two volumes of Birds
and half a volume of Mammals still in hand.

W. T. BLANFORD.

July, 1890.

SYSTEMATIC INDEX.

REPTILIA "T

Order I. EMYDOSAURIA . . 1
Faui. I. CROCODIUDJE . . 2

1 . Gavialis, Opp 3

1. gangeticus (Gm.) .... 3

2. Crocodilus, Law 4

1. porosus, Schn 4

2. palustris, Less 5

Order II. CHELONIA .... 6

Subord. I. THECOPHORA. 9

Superfam. A. Trionychoidea 9

Fam. I. TRIONYCHID^E 9

10
11
12
12
13
14
14
16

1. Trionyx, Geoff

1. subplanus, Geoff r

2. gangeticus, Cuv

3. leithii, Gray

4. hurum, Gray

5. formosus, Gray

6. phayrii, Theob

7. cartilagineus (Bodd.)

2. Pelochelys, Gray 15

1. cantoris, Gray

3. Chitra, Gray . .'

1. iiidica, Gray

4. Emyda, Gr

1. granosa

2. vittata, Ptrs.

IS

10
16
16
17
17
3. scutata, Ptrs 18

Superfam. B. Cryptodira . . 18
Fam. II. TESTUDINUXE 18

1. Testudo, Z 19

1. .elongate, Blyth 20

2. leithii, Gthr 20

3. elegans, Schoepff 21

4. platynota, Blyth 22

5. emys, Schleg. 8f Midi. 22

2. Geoemyda, Gray 23

1. spinosa, Gray 25

2. grandis, Gray 25

3. depressa, Anders 25

3. Nicoria, Gray 26

1. trijuga (Scliweigg.) . . 27

2. tricarinata (Blyth) 28

4. Cyclemys, Bell 28

1. platynota, Gray 30

2. dhor, Gray 30

3. mouhoti, Gray 31

4. amboinensis (Daud.) 31

5. Bellia, Gray 32

1. crassicollis, Gray .... 32

6. Danionia, Gray 34

1. hitmiltonii, Gray 34

7. Morenia, Gray 35

1. oceUata(Z). #5.).... 35

2. petersii, Anders 36

8. Hardella, Gray 36

1. thurgi, Gray 36

9. Batagur, Gray 37

1. baska, Gray 38

10. Kachuga, Gray 38

1. lineata, Gray 40

2. trivittata (D. # B.) . . 41

3. dhongoka (Gray) 41

4. smitlii'i (Gray) 42

5. sylhetensis (Jerd.) .... 42

6. intermedia, Blanf. 43

7. tectum (Gray) 43

Fam. III. PLATYSTEUNID.S: . . 44

1. Platysternum, Gray .... 44
1. megacephalum, Gray . 44

SYSTEMATIC INDEX.

Page

Fam. IV. CHELONms: 47

1. Chelone, Brongn 48

1. mydas (L.) 48

2. imbricata (L.) 49

2. Thalassochelys, Fitz 49

1. caretta (L.) 50

Subord. II. A T H E c M
Fam. V. SPHARGIDJE .

1. Dermochelys, Blainv
1. coriacea (L.)

Order III. SQUAMAT A .... 52

Subord. I. LACERTILIA .. 52

Fam. I. GECKONID^: 54

1. Stenodactylus, Fitz 56

1. orientalis, Blanf. 57

2. lurnsdenii, Blgr 58

2. Alsophylax, Fitz 58

1. tuberculatus (Blanf.) 59

3. Gymnodactylus, Spix .... 59

1. fedtschenkoi, Strauch 61

2. scaber (Hiipp.) 62

3. brevipes, Blanf. 63

4. kachhensis, Stol 63

6. stoliczkee, Steind. 63

6. lawderanus, Stol 64

7. nebulosus, Bedd 64

8. jeyporensis, Bedd 65

9. deccanensis, Gthr. . . 66

10. albofasciatus, Blyr. . . 66

11. oldhami, Theob 67

12. triedrus, Gthr 67

13. frenatus, Gthr 68

14. khasiensis (Jerd.) 68

15. rubidus (Blyth) 69

16. pulchellus (Gray) 69

17. variegatus (Blyth) 70

18. fasciolatus (Blyth) .... 71

4. Agamura, Blanf. 71

1 . cruralis, Blanf. 71

5. Pristurus, Rilpp 72

1. rupestris, Blanf. 72

6. Gonatodes, Fitz 73

1. indicus (Gray) 74

2. wynadensis (Bedd.) . . 75

3. sisparensis (Theob.) . . 75

4. ornatus (Bedd.) 75

5. marmoratus (Bedd.). . 75

6. mysoriensis (Jerd.) . . 77

7. kandianus (Kel.) .... 77

8. gracilis (Bedd.) 78

9. jerdonii (Theob.) .... 78
10. littoralis (Jerd.) 79

7. Calodactylus, Bedd. 80

1. aureus, Bedd 80

8. Ptyodactylus, Gray .... 81

1. homolepis, Blanf. .... 81

9. Heinidactylus, Gray 82

1. reticulatus, Bedd. .... 84

2. gracilis, Blanf. 84

3. frenatus, D.$B 85

4. gleadovii, Murray. . . . 86

5. turcicus (L.) 87

6. persicus, Anders 88

7. maculatus, D. Sf B. . . 88

8. triedrus (Daud.) .... 89

9. subtriedus, Jerd. .... 90

10. depressus, Gray 90

11. leschenaultii, D. 8f B. 91

12. cocteei, D. $ B 92

13. giganteus, Stol. 92

14. bowringii (Gray) .... 93

15. karenorum (Theob.) . . 93

16. garnoti, I). $ B 94

17. platyurus (Schneid.) . . 95

10. Teratolepis, Gthr 96

1. fasciata (Blyth) 96

11. Gehyra, Gray 96

1. mutilata ( Wiegm.) . . 96

12. Lepidodactylus, Fitz 97

1. ceylonensis, Blgr 98

2. aurantiacus (Bedd.) . . 98

3. lugubris (D. $ B.) . . 99

13. Hoplodactylus, Fitz 100

1. duvaucelii (D.$B.).. 100

2. anainallensis (Gthr.). . 101

14. Gecko, Laur 101

1 . verticillatus, Laur. . . 102

2. stentor (Cantor) 103

3. monarchus (D. # B.) . 103

15. Ptychozoou, Fitz 104

1. hornalocephalum

(Crev.) 104

16. Phelsuma, Gray 105

1. andamanense, Blyth . . 106

Fam. II. EUBLEPHABID.E . . 107

1. Eublepharis, Gray 107

1. hardwickii, Gray .... 107

2. macularius (Blyth) . . 108

SYSTEMATIC INDEX.

Fam. III. AGAMID^E ,

Page

109

1. Draco, Linn Ill

1. maculatus (Gray) 112

2. blanfordii, Blgr 112

3. dussumieri, D. $ B. . . 113

4. teeniopterus, Gthr. . . 114

2. Sitana, Cuv 114

1. ponticeriana, Cuv 114

3. Otocryptis, Wiegm 115

1. bivittata, Wiegm 115

2. beddomii, Blgr 116

4. Ptyctolaemus, Ptrs 116

1. gularis, Ptrs 117

5. Cophotis, Ptrs 117

1. ceylanica, Ptrs 118

6. Ceratophora, Gray 118

1. stoddartii, Gray 119

2. tennentii, Gthr 120

8. aspera, Gthr 120

7. Lyriocephalus, Merr 121

1. scutatus (L.) 121

8. Gonyocephalus, Kaup .... 122

1. subcristatus (Blyth) . . 122

2. humii (Stol.) 123

3. belli! (D. # B.) 123

4. grandis (Gray) 124

9. Acanthosaura, Gray .... 124

1. armata (Gray) 125

2. crucigera, Blyr 125

3. lamnidentata, Blgr. . . 126

4. minor (Gray) 127

5. kakhienensis (Anders.) 127

6. major ( Jerd.) 128

7. tricarinata (Blyth) . . 129

10. Japalura, Gray 129

1. variegata, Gray 130

2. planidorsata, Jerd. 130

11. Salea, Gray 131

1. horsneldii, Gray .... 131

2. anamallayana (Bedd.) . 132

12. Calotes, Cuv. 132

1. microlepis, Blgr 134

2. cristatellus (Kuhl) 134

3. jubatus (D. 8?B.) 135

4. versicolor (Daud.) . . 135

5. maria, Gray 136

6. jerdonii, Gthr 137

7. emrna, Gray 137

8. mystaceus, D. % B. .. 138

9. grandisquamis, Gthr. . 138

10. nemoricola, Jerd. .... 139

11. ceylonensis, Blyr 139

12. liolepis, Blgr 140

13. ophioinachus (Merr.) . 140

Page

14. nigrilabris, Ptrs 141

15. liocephalus, Gthr 141

16. rouxii, D. 8f B 142

17. ellioti, Gthr 142

18. fete, Blgr 143

13. Charasia, Gray 144

'I. dorsalis (Gray) 144

2. blanfordiana, Stol. . . 145

3. ornata (Blyth) 145

14. Agama, Daud. 146

1. isolepis, Blgr 147

2. rubrigularis (Blanf.). . 147

3. tuberculata, Gray 148

4. dayana (Stol.) 148

5. hirnalayana (Steind.). . 149

6. agrorensis (Stol.) 149

7. melanura (Blyth) 150

8. lirata (Blanf.) 150

9. nupta, De Fil 151

10. caucasica (Eichw.) . . 151

15. Phrynocephalus, Kaup . . 152

1. olivieri, D. # B 153

2. theobaldi, Blyth .... 153

3. caudivolvulus (Pall.).. 154

4. ornatus, Blgr 154

5. maculatus, Anders. . . 155

6. luteoguttatus,.%r. . . 155

16. Liolepis, Cuv 156

1. belliana (Gray) 156

17. Uromastix, Merr 157

1. hardwickii, Gray .... 157

Fain. IV.

158

1. Ophisaurus, Daud. 159

1. gracilis (Gray) 159

Fam. V. VARANID^: 160

1. Varanus, Merr 161

1. griseus (Daud.) 163

2. tiavescens (Gray) 164

3. bengalensis (Daud.) . . 164

4. nebulosus (Gray) .... 165

5. dumerilii (Schleg.) . . 165

6. salvator (Laur.) 106

Fam. VI. LACERTID^;

167

1. Tachydromus, Daud 168

1. sexlineatus, Daud. ... 169

2. tachydromoides

(Schkg.) 169

SYSTEMATIC INDEX.

Page

2. Aoanthodactyliis, Wieym. 170

1, 'cantoris, Gthr 170

2, micropholis, Blanf. . . 171

3. Cabrita, Gray 171

1. leschenaultii (M.-

Edw.) 172

2. jerdonii, Bedd. 173

4. Ophiops, Men&r 173

1, ierdonii, Blyth 174

2. .beddomii (Jerd.) 174

3, elegans, Menetr 175

4. microlepis, Blanf.. . . . 175

5. Eremias, Wieym. .' 176

1. guttulata (Licht.) 177

2. brevirostris (Blanf.).. 177

3. velox (Pall.) 178

4. fasciata, Blanf. 179

6. Scapteira, Wiegm 179

1. acutirostris, Blyr 179

Fam. VII. SCINCIDJE 180

1. Mabuia, Fitz 183

1. bibronii (Gray) 184

2. doriae, Blgr 184

3. dissimilis (Hallow.) . . 185

4. septemtteniata (Reuss) 185

5. innotata (Blanf.) .... 186

6. novemcarinata

{Anders.) 187

T.'beddoruii (Jerd.) 187

8. vertebralis, Blyr 188

9. carinata (Schn.) 188

10. macularia (Blyth) . . 189

11. rugifera (Stol.) 190

12. moltifasciata(Zu^).. 191

13. tytieri, Blgr 191

14. quadricarinata, Blyr. . 192

2. Lygosoma, Gray 192

T. indicum (Gray) 195

2. zebratum, Blgr 195

3. iriaculatum (Blyth) . . 196

4. dussumieri, D.$B... 197

5. olivaceum (Gray) 197

6. kakhienense, Blyr. . . 198

7. melanostictum, Blyr. . 199

8. sikkimense (Blyth) . . 199

9. Mmalayanum (Gthr.) . 200

10. doriae, "Blgr 201

11. ladacense (Gthr.) 201

12. laterimaculatum, Blyr. 202

13. bilineatum (Gray) ..202

14. beddomii, Blyr 203

16. travancoricum (Bedd.) 204

I Page

10. inacrotyujpanum(£fo/.) 204

17. maerotis (Steind.) 205

(Mocoa formosa, Blyth.)

18. taprobanense (Kel.) . . 200

19. fallax, Ptrs 206

20. lineolatum (Stol.) 207

21. coinotti, Blgr 207

22. albopunctatum (Gray) 208

23. punctatum (L.) 208

24. guentheri (Ptrs.) 209

25. fea3, Blgr 210

26. cyaneUum (Stol.) 210

27.' anguinum (Theub.) . . 211

28.' calamus, Blyr 211

29. lineatum (Gray) 212

(Euprepes halianus, Nevill.)

3. Ablepharus, Fitz 213

1. brandtii, Strauch 213

2. grayanus (Stol.) 214

4. Ristella, Gray 214

1. rurkii, Gray 215

2. travancorica, Bedd. . . 216

3. guentheri, Blgr 216

4. beddomii, Blgr 216

5. Tropidophorus, D. 8f B. . . 217

1. berdmorii (Blyth) . . 217

2. yunnanensis, Blyr. . . 217

6. Euineces, Wieym 218

1. scutatus (T/ieob.) 218

2. taeniolatus (Blyth) .. 219

3. sclineideri (Daud.) . . 219

4. blythianus (Anden.).. 220

7. Scincus, Laur 220

1. arenarius, Murr 221

8. Ophiomorus D. $ B 221

1. tridactylus (Blyth) . . 222

2. blanfordii, Blyr 222

9. Clialcides, Laur 223

1. ocellatus (Forsk.) 224

2. pentadactylus (Bedd.) 224

10. Sepophis, Bedd. 225

1. punctatus, Bedd. 225

11. Chalcidoseps. Blgr 226

1. thwaitesii (Gthr.) 226

12. Acontias, C'uv 226

1. burtonii (Gray) 227

2. inonodactylus ( Gray) . 228

3. layardii, Kel. 228

4. sarasinorurn, F. Mull. . 228

Fam. VIII. DIBAMIDJE 229

1. Dibamus, 1). $ B 229

1. novae-guineae, D. Sf B. 230

SYSTEMATIC INDEX.

ii

Page

Subord. II. RHIPTOGLOSSA. 230
Fam. I. CHAMJELEONTID^E. . . 230

1. Chamseleon, Law 232

1. calcaratus, Merr 232

Subord. III. O P H i D i A. ,

232

Fam. I. TYPHLOPIDJE 234

1. Typhlops, Schneid

1. braniinus (Daud.). .

2. beddomii,^//-

3. leucomelas, Blgr. . .

4. jerdoni, Blgr

5. oatesii, Blyr

6. diardi, Sclileg

7. bothriorhynchus,

Gthr

8. porrectus, Stol

9. theobaldiauus, Stol.

10. mirus, Jan

11. andamanensis, Stol.

12. tenuicollis(P*rs.)..

13. acutus (D. $ B.) . .

Fam. II. GLAUCONIID^;

1. Glaucoma, Gray
1 . blanfordii, Blgr

235
236
237
237
238
238
238

239
240
240
240
241
241
241

242

243
243

Fam. HI. BOIDJE 244

Subfam. I. Pythonince 245

1. Python, Daud 245

l". reticulatus (Schneid.). . 246
2. molurus (L.) 246

Subfam. II. Boinee

246

2. Gongylophis, Wagl. 246

1 . conicus (Schneid.) .... 247

3. Eryx, Daud 247

1. johnii (Russ.) 248

Fam. IV. ILYSIID.E

242

1. Cylindrophis, Wagl. 249

1. rufus (Laur.) 251

2. maculatua (L.) 251

Fam. V. UBOPELTID^: 251

1. Uropeltis, Cuv 253

1. grandis, Kel 254

2. Rhinophis, Hempr 254

1. oxyrhynchus

(Schneid.) 255

2. punctatus, M till 255

3. planiceps, Ptrs 255

4. trevelyanus (Kel.) 256

5. sanguineus, Bedd. .... 256

6. blythii, Kel. 253.

3. Silybura, Gray 257

1. melanogaster (Gray). . 258

2. pulneyensis, Bedd. . . 260

3. grandis (Bedd.), 261

4.. petersii, Bedd 261

5. maculata, Bedd. .... 261

6. liura, Gthr 262

7. ocellata, Bedd 262

8. nigra, Bedd. 263

9. nitida, Bedd. 263

10. dindigalensis, Bedd... 264

11. broughami, Bedd 264

12. macrorhynchus, Bedd. 264

13. beddomii, Gthr 265

14. ellioti, Gray 265

15. phipsonii, Mason .... 266

16. rubrolineata, Gthr. . . 266

17. .myhendrfe, Bedd 267

18. madurensis, Bedd. . . 267

19. rubromaculata, Bedd. . 268

20. arcticeps, Gthr 268

21. brevis, Gthr 268

22. macrolepis, Ptrs 269

4. Pseudoplectrurus, Blgr. . . 270

1. canaricus (Bedd.) .... 270

5. Plectrurus, D. $ B 270

1. perroteti, D. $ B 271

2. davisonii, Bedd 271

3. guentheri, Bedd. 271

4. aureus, Bedd 272

6. Melanophidium, Gthr. . . 272

1. wynadense (Bedd.) . . 272

2. punctatum, Bedd. 273

3. bilineatum, Bedd. 273

7. Platyplectrurus, Gthr. . . 273

1. trilineatus (Bedd.) .... 274

2. madurensis, Bedd 274

3. sanguineus (Bedd.) . . 274

Fam. VI. XENOPELTID^. . . 275

1. Xenopeltis, Reinw 276

1. unicolor, Reinw 276

SYSTEMATIC INDEX.

Fam. VII. COLUBRIDJE
Series A. Aglypha . . .

..s*

279

Subfam. I. Colubrince 279

1. Cakmaria, Boie 281

1. pavimentata, D. $ B. . 282

2. oatenata, Blyth 282

2. Xylophis, Bedd 283

1. perroteti (D. $ B.) .. 283

2. 8tenorhvnchus((37Ar.) . 284

3. Trachischiuiu, Gthr 284

1. fuscum (Blyth) 285

2. guentheri, Blgr 285

3. tenuiceps (Blyth) 286

4. monticola(ftmi5.) 286

5. rubriventer (Jerd.) . . 286

4. Blythia, Theob 287

1. reticulata (Blyth) .... 287

5. Aspidura, Wagl. 288

1. brachyorrhos (Boie) . . 289

2. copii, Gthr 289

3. guentheri, Fergus. . . 290

4. trachvprocta, Cope . . 290

6. Haplocercus, Gthr 290

1. ceylonensis, Gthr 291

7. Lycodon, Boie 291

1. striatus (Shaw) 292

2. jara (Shaw) 292

3. anamallensis, Gthr. . . 293

4. travancoricus (Bedd.) . 293

6. aulicus (L.) 294

6. atropurpureus (Cant.) 294

7. septentrionalis

(Gthr.) 295

8. fasciatus (Anders.) . . 295

9. gammiei (Blanf.) 296

10. carinatus (Kuhl) 296

subfuscus, Cant 297

sanguiventer ( Cant.) . . 297

8. Hydrophobus, Gthr 297

1." nympha (Daud.) 298

2. gracUis (Gthr.) 298

3. davisonii (Blanf.). ... 299

9. Pseudocyclophis, Bttg. . . 299

1. walteri, Bttg 300

2. olivaceus (Bedd.) .... 300

3. bicolor (Blyth) 300

10. Polyodontophis, Blgr. . . 301

1. collaris (Gray) 302

2. subpunctatus (D. 8f

B.) 303

3. Sagittarius (Cant.) 303

4. bisarigatus (Gthr.) . . 304

PaKe

11. Ablabes, D. $ B 304

1. calamaria (Gthr.) 305

2. scriptus, Theob 305

3. frenatus (Gthr.) 306

4. dorise, Blgr 306

5. rappii, Gthr 307

6. nicobariensis, Stol. 307

7. porphyraceus (Cant.) . 308

12. Coronella, Laur 308

1. brachyura (Gthr.) 309

13. Simotes, D. $ B 309

1. splendidus, Gthr 310

2. cvclurus (Cant.) 311

3. albocinctus ( Cant.) . . 312

4. violaceus (Cant.) 312

5. octolineatus (Schn.) ..313

6. arnensis (Shaw) 314

7. beddomii, Blgr 314

8. theobaldi, Gthr 315

9. cruentatus, Gthr 315

10. torquatus, Blgr 316

1 1 . plauiceps, Blgr 316

14. Oligodon, Boie 317

1. venustus (Jerd.) 317

2. travancoricus, Bedd. . . 318

3. affinis, Gthr 318

4. brevicauda, Glhr 319

5. dorsalis (Gray) 319

6. teinpletonii, Gthr 320

7. sublineatus, D.$B.. 320

8. ellioti, Gthr 321

9. subgriseus, D.fyB... 321

15. Lytorhynchus, Ptrs 322

1. paradoxus (Gthr.) 323

16. Zamenis, Wagl 323

1. korros (Schleg.) 324

2. mucosus (L.) 324

3. ventrimaculatus

( Gray) 325

4. ladacensis, Anders. . . 326

5. kareKnii (Brandt) .... 326

6. gracilis, Gthr 327

7. fasciolatus (Shaw) 327

8. diadema (Schleg.) 328

9. arenarius, Blgr 329

17. Zaocys, Cope 329

1. niorromarginatus

(Blyth) 329

18. Coluber, L 330

1. heleua, Daud 331

2. reticularis, Cant 332

3. hodgsonii (Gthr.) .... 332

4. tseniurus (Cope) 333

5. radiatus, Schleg 333

6. melanurus, Schleg 334

SYSTEMATIC INDEX.

7. prasiuus, Blyth
8. frenatus (Gray) ....
9. oxycephalus, Boie ....
19. Xenelaphis, Gthr

Page

334
335
335
336
336
337
337
337
338
338
339
339
339
340
340
341
343
343
344
344
345
345
346
346
347
347
348
348
349
350
350
350
351
352
352
352
353
353

354

354
355
355
355

356
356

357
358
359
359
360

Page

5. multimaculata, Schleg. 360
6. hexagonotus, Blyth . . 361
7. cyanea (D. $ B.) 361
8. forsteni(D. 8fB.) .... 362
29. Elachistodon, Reinh 362
1. westermanni, Reinh. . . 363
30. Psammodynastes, Gthr... 363
1. pulverulentus (Boie). . 363
31. Psammophis, Boie 365

1. hexagonotus (Cant.). .
20. Dendropnis, Boie
1. grandoculis, Blyr
2. pictus, Gm
3. subocularis, Blgr
4. bifrenalis, Blyr

1. leithii, Gthr 365

5. caudolineolatus, Gthr, .
21. Dendrelaphis, Blgr. ....
1. caudolineatus (Gray) .
22. Pseudoxenodon, Blyr. . .
1. macrops (Blyth)
23. Tropidonotus, Kuhl

2. condanarus (Metr.) . . 366
3. longifrons, Blgr 366
32. Dryophis, Boie 367
1. perroteti (D. # B.) . . 368
2. dispar (Gthr.) 368

3. fronticinctus, Gthr. . . 368
4. prasinus, Boie . . 369

1. modestus, Gthr
2. platyceps, Blyth ....
3. khasiensis, Blgr

5. mycterizans (Daud.) . . 370
6. pulverulentus (D.Sf B.) 371
33. Chrysopelea Boie 371

5. parallelus, Blyr

6. chrysargus, Schleg . . . .
7. nigrocinctus, Blyth . .

1. ornata (Shaio) . . 371

Subfam. IV. Homalopsina . . 372

34. Homalopsis, Kuhl 373
1. buccata (L.) . . 374

9. subrnimatus, Schkg. . .
10. hinmlayanus, Gthr. . .
11. monticola, Jerd
12 stolatus (L )

35. Cerberus, Cuv. . . . 374

1. rhynchops (Schn.) . . 374
36. Hypsirhina, Wagl. 375

13 pi^cator (Schn )

14 bellulus Stol

1. plumbea (Boie) 376

15. sancti-johannis, Blgr. .
16. punctulatus, Gthr. . .
17. plumbicolor, Cant. . . .
angusticeps, Blyth . .
24. Helicops, Wayl

2. enhydris (Schn.) 376
3. blanfordii, Blgr 377
4. sieboldii (Schleg.) .... 377
37. Fordonia, Gray 378

1. leucobalia (Schleg.) . . 378
38. Gerardia, Gray 379

1. schistoaus (Daud.) . .
25. Xenochrophis, Gthr

1. prevostiana (Eyd. $
Gerv.) . 379

1. cerasogaster (Cant.) . .

Subfam. II. Acrochordince . .

26. Stoliczkaia, Jerd.
1. khasiensis, Jerd
27. Chersydrus, Cuv

39. Cantoria, Gir 380

1. violacea, Gir 380

40. Hipistes, Gray 381

1. hydrinus (Cant.) .... 382

Series C. Proteroglypha . . 382
Subfam. V. Elapince 382

1. granulatus (Schn.) . .

Series B. Opisthoglypha . .
Subfani. III. Dipsadince
28. Dipsas, Boie

41. Callophis, Gray 383

1. trimaculatus (Daud.) . 384
2. maculiceps, Gthr 384
3. nigrescens, Gthr 384
4. macclellandii (Reinh.) 385
6. bibronii (Jan) 386
42. Adeniophis, Ptrs. . . 386

1. trigonata (Schn.)
2. barnesii, Gthr
3. ceylonensis, Gthr
4. gokool, Gray

1. intestinalis (Laur.) . . 386

SYSTEMATIC INDEX.

43. Bungarus, Daud 387

1. fasciatus (Schn.) 388

2. ceylonicus, Gthr 388

3. cfflruleus (Schn.) 388

4. bungaroides (Cant.) . . 389

5. lividus, Cant 389

44. Naia, Lour 390

1. tripudians, Merr 391

2. bungarus, Schleg 392

Subfam. VI. Hydrophiince . . 393

45. Platurus, Daud 394

1. laticaudatus (L.) 395

2. colnbrinus (Schn.) 395

46. Enhydris, Merr 396

1. curtus (Shaw) 396

2. hardwickii(G'ray) 397

47. Hydrus, Schneid 397

1. platurus (L.) 397

48. Hydrophis, Daud. 398

1. schistosus, Daud. 399

2. cserulescens (Shaw) . . 400

3. nigrocinctus, Daud. . . 401

4. mamillaris (Daud.) . . 401

5. spiralis (Shaw) 401

6. latifasciatus, Gthr. . . 401

7. coronatus, Gthr 402

8. torquatus, Gthr 402

9. qbscurus, Daud. 403

10. fasciatus (Schn.) 404

11. gracilis (Shaw) 404

12. cantoris, Gthr 405

49. Enhydrina, Gray 405

1. yalakadien (Boie) 406

50. Distira, Lacep 407

1. stokesii (Gray) 408

2. jerdonii (Gray) 408

3. robusta (Gthr.) 409

4. tuberculata (Anders.) 409

5. cyanocincta (Daud.) . . 410

6. b*i tuberculata (Ptrs.) . 411

7. ornata (Gray) 411

crassicollis (Anders.) . 411

8. lapemidoides (Gray) . . 412

9. yiperina (Schmidt) 413

Fam. VIII.
AMBLYCEPHALIDJE .... 414

1 . Amblycephalus, Kiihl. ... 414

1. monticola (Cant.) 415

2. l«eyis, Boie 415

3. andersonii, Blgr 416

4. modestus (Theob.) 416

5. macularius (Theob.) . . 416

Fam. IX. VIPERID^E
Subfam. 1. Viperince,
1. Azemiops, Blgr.

1. fese, Blgr.

2. Vipera, Laur

l.russellii (Shaw)

2. lebetina (L.)

8. Echis, Merr

1. carinata (Schn.) . . .

Page

417

418

418
418
419
420

421
422

Subfam. II. Crotalince 423

4. Ancistrodon, Beauv. . . .

1. hinialayanus (Gthr.)

2. hypnale (Merr.) . . .

5. Trimeresurus, Lacep. . . .

1. monticola, Gthr. . . .

2. strigatus, Gray

3. jerdonii, Gthr

4. mucrosquamatus

(Cant.)

5. cantoris (Blyth) ,

6. purpureomaculatus

(Gray)

7. gramineus (Shaw)

8. anamallensis, Gthr. . .

9. trigonocephalus

(Daud.)

10. macrolepis, Bedd

423
424
424
425
426
427
427

428

429
429
430

431

431

BATRACHIA 432

Order I. ECAUDATA. . . . 432

Suborder I.
PHANEROGLOSSA. .

433

Series A. Firmisternia 433

Fam. I. RANIDJE 435

1 . Oxyglossus, Tsch 43(5

l.'lima (Gravh.) 436

2. laevis, Gthr 437

2. Rana, L 438

1 . hexadactyla, Less 441

2. cyanophlyctis, Schn. . . 442

3. corrugata, Ptrs 443

4. kuhlii, D. $ B 443

5. laticeps, Blgr 444

6. khasiana (Anders.) . . 444

7. liebigii, Gthr 445

8. sternosignata, Murr . . 445

SYSTEMAT
Page

9 fees Blgr. . . 446

1C 1XDBX.

9. cruciger (Blyth) ....
10. eques (Gthr ) ....

XV

Page

476
476

477
477
477
478
478
479

479
480
480
481

481
482
483
483

484
484
485
485
485
486
486
•187
487
487
488
488

489

489
489
490
490
491
491
491
492
493
493
494
494
494
495
495
496
497
497
497

498

498

Ana

10. andersonii, Blgr. . . 447
1 1 dorise, Blgr 447

11, nasutus (Gthr.)
12. reticulatus (Gthr.) . .
13. dubius, Blgr

12. macrodon, D. <§• B. 448
13, verrucosa, Gthr. . . 448
14. tigrina, Daud 449
15. limnocharis, Wiegm 450
16. rufescens (Jerd.) .... 451
17. breviceps Schn. . . 451

14, nanusfG-7/i/-.)
15. jerdonii (Gthr.)
16. pleurostictus (Gthr.) .
17. microtvmpanum
'(Gthr.)
18, stictomerus (Gthr.) .
19. fergusonii, Blgr
20. cavirostris (Gthr.) . .
8. Ixalus, D. # B. . .

18. dobsonii, Blgr 452

19. strachani (Murr.) .... 452
20. leithii, Blgr 453
21. beddomii (Gthr.) 453
22. semipaluiata, Blgr. . . 454
23. leptodactyla, Blgr. .. 454 .
24. diplosticta (Gthr.) . . 455
25. pbrynoderma, Blgr. . . 455
26. macrodactyla (Gthr.) . 455
27. gracilis, Gravh 456

1. o.xyrbynchus, Gthr. . .
2, leucorhinus, Mart. . .
3. schmardanus(Xe/.) ..
4. nasutus, Gthr. ....

§. hvpomelas, Gthr

28. malabarica, D.8f B... 456
29 lateralis Blgr. . . 457

6. vittatus, Blgr

7. pulcher, Blgr
8. femoralis, Gthr
9. beddomii, Gthr
10. adspersus, Gthr
11. variabilis, Gthr
12 si°"natus, Blgr

30. curtipes, Jerd 458
31 tytleri ( Theob ) 458

32. nicobariensis (Stol.) . . 459
33. temporalis (Gthr.) . . 459
34. rnargariana (Anders.) 459
35. humeralis, Blgr 460
36. erytbrsea (Schleg.) . . 460
37. monticola (Anders.) . . 461
38. livida (Blyth) 462
39. latopalmata, Blgr. . . . 462
40. himalayana, Blgr. . . . 463
41. formosa (Gthr.) 463
3. Micrixalus, Blgr 464
1 saxicola (Jerd ) 465

13. flaviventris, Blgr
14. chalazodes, Gthr
15. gland ulosus, Jerd. . . .

Fam. II. ENGYSTOMATID-ZE . .

1. Melanobatracbus, Bedd. .
1. indicus, Bedd. .

2. Calopbrynus, Tsch

2. sarasinoruui (F. Mull.) 465
3. opistborhodus (Gthr.) 465
4. fuscus (Blgr.) 466
5. silvaticus (Blgr.) 466
4. Nyctibatracbus, Blgr. . . 467
1. pygmseus (Gthr.). . . . 467

1 . pleurostigma, Tsch. . .
3. Microhyla, Tsch

2. ornata (D. # B.)
3. berdmorii (Blyth)
4. Callula, Gray

1. obscura, Gthr

5. Nannobatracims, Blgr. . . 468
1. beddomii, Blgr 468
6 Nannopbrys Gthr 469

2. pulcbra, Gray

3. macrodactyla, Blgr. . .
4. variegata, Stol.
5. triangularis, Gthr. . .
5. Cacopus, Gthr. .

1. cevlonensis, Gthr. . . 469
2. giientberi, Blgr 469
7. Kbacopborus, Kuhl 470
1. niaximus, Gthr 472
2. bimaculatus, Blgr. . . 472
3. malabaricus, Jerd. . . . 473
4. beddomii, Blgr 473
5 lateralis, Blgr 473

1. systoma (Schn.)
2. globulosus, Gthr
6. Glyphoglossus Gthr

1. molossus, Gthr

Fam. III. DYSCOPHID^;
1 Calluella, Stol . .

6. tuberculatus (Anders.) 474
7. leucoiuystax (Gravh.). 474

XVI SYS1

Series B. Arcifera

PEMAT

4*99
499

500

500
500
501
502
602
502
503
503
504
504
504
505
505
505
507
507
507
508
508

509

509
509

1C INDEX.

Fain. VI. PELOBATIDJE . . .

1. Leptobrachium, Tsch.. .
1. monticola (Gthr.) . .
2. hasseltii, Tsch

Page
.. 510

.. 510
.. 510
.. 511

Fam. IV. BUFONHXS:
1. Nectophryne, Buchh. fy
Ptrs

1. tuberculosa (Gthr.) . .
2. Bufo, Laur.

3. carinense, Blgr. .
4. fese, Blgr

Order II. CAUDATA. . . .
Fam. I. SALAMANDIUDJE . .

. . 611
.. 512

. . 513
.. 513
513

2. kelaartii Gthr. . .

3. hololius, Gthr

5. beddomii, Gthr
6. latastii, Blgr

7. viridis, Laur
8. andersonii, Blgr
9. olivaceus, Blanf. ....
10. himalayanus, Gthr. . .
11. microtympanum, Blgr.
12. melanostictus, Schn. . .
13. parietalis, Blgr
14. biporcatus, Gravh
15. asper, Gravh

1. verrucosus, Anders.
Order III. APOD A

.. 514
.. 515

Fam. I. C./ECILIID^E

.. 515

515

1. glutmosus (L.)
2. monochrous (Blkr.)
2. Urseotyphlus, Ptrs
1. oxyurus (D. $ B.)
2. malabaricus (Bedd.)
3. Gegenophis, Ptrs
1. carnosus (Bedd.) . .

.. 515
.. 517
.. 517
.. 517
.. 518
.. 518
.. 518

1. sikkimensis (BlytK) . .
Fam. V. HYLIDJE

1. Hyla, Laur
1. annectens (Jerd.) ....

LIST OF THE PRINCIPAL WORKS QUOTED IN
THE SYNONYMY.

A. M. N. H. Annals and Magazine of Natural History. London, 1838-1889.

Anders. An. Zool. Res. Anatomical and Zoological Eesearches, comprising
an Account of the Zoological Results of the two Expeditions to Western
Yunnan in 1868 and 1875. By John Anderson. London, 1879.

Blanf. E. Pers. Eastern Persia, an Account of the Journeys of the Persian
Boundary Commission, 1870-71-72.— Vol. II. The Zoology and Geology.
By W. T. Blanford. London, 1876.

Bouleng. Cat. Batr. Grad. Sec. Catalogue of the Batrachia Gradientia
s. Caudata and Batrachia Apoda in the Collection of the British Museum.
2nd Edition. By G. A. Boulenger. London, 1882.

Bouleng. Cat. Batr. Sal. Catalogue of the Batrachia Salientias. Ecaudata
in the Collection of the British Museum. 2nd Edition. By G. A. Boulenger.
London, 1882.

Bouleng. Cat.Chelon. &c. Catalogue of the Chelonians, Rhynchocephalians,
and Crocodiles in the British Museum. New Edition, by G. A. Boulenger.
London, 1889.

Bouleng. Cat. Liz. Catalogue of the Lizards in the British Museum. 2nd
Edition, by G. A. Boulenger. 3 yols. London, 1885-1887.

Daud. Kept. Histoire Naturelle des Reptiles. By F. M. Daudin. 8 vols.
Paris, 1802-1803.

Dum. So Bibr. Erp. Gen. Erpetologie Generate ou Histoire naturelle
complete des Reptiles. By A. M. C. Dumeril et G. Bibron. 9 vols.
Paris, 1834-1854.

Fayrer, Thanatoph. The Thauatophidia of India, being a Description of
the Venomous Snakes of the Indian Peninsula, with an account of the
influence of their poison on life, and a series of experiments. 2nd Edition,
by J. Fayrer. London, 1874.

Gray, 111. Ind. Zool. Illustrations of Indian Zoology, chiefly selected from
the collection of Major-General Hardwicke. By J. E. Gray. 2 TO!S.
London, 1830-1834.

Gray, Cat. Liz. Catalogue of the Specimens of Lizards in the Collection of

the British Museum. By J. E. Gray. London, 1845.
Gray, Cat. Sh. Kept. i. Catalogue of Shield Reptiles in the Collection of

the B ritish Museum.— Part I. Testudinata. By J. E. Gray. London, 1855.

Gray, Cat. Sh. Kept. i. Suppl. Supplement to the Catalogue of Shield
Reptiles.— Part I. Testudinata. By J. E. Gray. London, 1870.

Gray, Cat. Sn. Catalogue of the Specimens of Snakes in the Collection of
the British Museum. By J. E. Gray. London, 1849.

6

XV1U WORKS QUOTED.

Gray, Cat. Tort. Catalogue of the Tortoises, Crocodiles, and Amphis-
banians in the Collection of the British Museum. By J. E. Gray. London,
1844.

Gunth. Cat. Batr. Sal. Catalogue of the Batrachia Salientia in the Col-
lection of the British Museum. By A. Giinther. London, 1858.

Gunth. Cat. Col. Sn. Catalogue of the Colubrine Snakes in the Collection
of the British Museum. By A. Gimther. London, 1858.

Gunth. R. B. I. The Reptiles of British India. By A. Giinther. London

(Ray Society), 1864.
J. A. S. B. Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bengal Calcutta, 1831-1889.

Jan, Icon. Ophid. Iconographie G6nerale des Ophidiens. By G. Jan.
Milan, 1860-1881.

Kelaart, Prod. Prodromus Faunae Zeylanicse ; being Contributions to the
Zoology of Ceylon. By E. F. Kelaart. Ceylon, 1852.

Laur. 83711. Rept. Specimen medicum, exhibens Synopsin Reptilium emenda-
tum. By J.N. Laurenti. Vienna, 1768.

Linn. Syst. Nat. Systema Naturae. Ed. duodecima reformata. By C.
A. Linne. Stockholm, 1776.

MB. Ak. Berl. Monatsberichte der koniglich Preussischen Akademie der
Wissenschaften zu Berlin. Berlin, 1856-1881.

Merr. Tent. Tentamen Systematis Amphibiorum. By B. Merrem. Marburg,
1820.

Murray, Zool. Sind. The Vertebrate Zoology of Sind. By James A.
Murray. London and Bombay, 1884.

P. A. Si B. Proceedings of the Asiatic Society of Bengal. Calcutta, 1865-

1887.

P. Z. S. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London. London. 1830-

1889.
Russell, Ind Serp. An Account of Indian Serpents, collected on the Coast

of Coromandel. By P. Russell. 2 vols. London, 1796-1801.
Schleg. Phys. Serp. Essai sur la Physionomie des Serpens. By H.

Schlegel. 2 vols. The Hague, 1837.

Schneid. Hist. Amph. Historia Amphibiorum naturalis et literaria. By
J. G. Schneider. Jena, 1799-1801.

Theob. Cat. Descriptive Catalogue of the Reptiles of British India. By W.
Theobald. Calcutta, 1876.

Wagl. Syst. Amph. Natiirliches System der Amphibien. By J. Wagler
Munich, 1830.

REPTILIA.

REPTILES may be briefly defined as cold-blooded Vertebrates
breathing by lungs throughout their existence, and having the
body covered with scales or scutes. A basioccipital bone is present
in the skull, which articulates with the vertebral column by a single
coudyle.

The class Eeptilia is divided into a considerable number of
Orders, which are, however, mostly extinct. Eecent Eeptiles
belong to four Orders, viz. : —

I. EMYDOSAUEIA, Crocodiles.
II. CHELONIA, Tortoises and Turtles.

III. SQTJAMATA, Lizards and Snakes.

IV. EH YNCHOCEPH ALIA, a primitive type, probably ances-
tral to the three others, and of which a single existing representative
is known, the Tuatera of New Zealand.

Order I. EMYDOSAURIA.

Quadrate bone immovably united to cranial arches ; two hori-
zontal bony temporal arches. Cervical and dorsal ribs mostly
two-headed, the middle dorsals articulating with the transverse
processes of the neural arch. Sternum and tnterclavicle present ;
seven or eight transverse series of " abdominal ribs," not connected
with the vertebral ribs, each series composed of four ossicles, and
forming an angle directed forwards. Teeth present in the jaws,
implanted in alveoli. Ventricle of the heart divided by a complete
septum. Pectoral and abdominal cavities separated from each
other by a muscular diaphragm. Anal opening longitudinal.
Copulatory organ present, single.

CROCODILTDjE.

Family I. CROCODILID^.

Nares anterior ; choanse opening far back between the pterygoids,
which, like the palatines and maxillaries, are produced into osseous
plates joining on the median line of the. palate; orbit communi-
cating with the infratemporal fossa. Vertebrae proccelous ; ribs
with unciuate processes. No clavicles. Pubis excluded from
acetabulum. Manus with five well-developed digits, pes with four.
A dorsal armour of bony scutes. Ears with movable opercles.

Fig.
A. Side view.

atig. Angular.
dr. Articular.
bo. Basioccipital.
d. Dentary.
co. Exoccipital.
/. Frontal.
j. Jugal.
I Lachrymal.

1.— Skull of Crocodilus pahistris.

B. Upper view.
m. Maxillary.
n. Nasal.
p. Parietal.
pi. Palatine.
pm. Prsemaxillary.
prf. Procfrontal.
pt. Pterygoid.

C. Lower view.
ptf. Postfrontal.
q. Quadrate.
qj. Quadratojugal.
s.ang. Supra-angular.
so. Supraoccipital.
sq. Squamosal.
tp. Transpalatine.

GAVIALIS. 3

Tongue entirely attached to the floor of the mouth. Pupil
vertical. Only the three inner digits clawed.

The Crocodiles are at the same time the most highly organized
and the largest of existing Eeptiles. They are thoroughly aquatic
and carnivorous. Their eggs, which have a hard shell, are deposited
on the banks of the water, in a hollow slightly covered up with
sand.

23 or 24 living species are known from Africa, Southern Asia to
the Tang-tse-Kiang, North Australia, and the tropical and warm
parts of America. In the fauna with which the present work
deals, Crocodiles are represented by two genera, thus distin-
guished : —

Snout extremely elongate ; 27 teeth or more on each

side of upper jaw GAVIALIS, p. 3.

Snout moderate; 17 to 19 teeth on each side of

upper jaw CUOCODILTJS, p. 4.

Genus GAVIALIS,
Oppel, Ordn. Kept. p. 19, 1811.

27 to 29 upper and 25 or 26 lower teeth on each side, anterior
largest, laterals subequal, not received into interdental pits ; the
first, second, and third mandibular teeth fitting into notches in the
upper jaw. Snout extremely narrow and elongate, dilated at the
end ; nasal bones comparatively short, widely separated from the
prsmaxillaries ; nasal opening smaller than the supratemporal
fossae ; lower anterior margin of orbit (jugal) raised. Mandibular
symphysis extremely long, extending to the 23rd or 24th tooth,
comprising the splenial bones. A dorsal shield formed of four
longitudinal series of juxtaposed, keeled, bony scutes.

A single species, only found in rivers.

1. Gavialis gangeticus.
Lacerta gangetica, Gmel. Syst. Nat. i, p. 1057.
Gavialis gangeticus, Gilnth. Kept. B. 1. p. 63; Bouleng. Cat. Chd.

$c. p. 275.
Gharialis gangeticus, Theob. Cat. p. 37.

Snout 3£ (adult) to 5| times (young) as long as broad at the
base. Nuchal and dorsal scutes forming a single continuous shield,
composed of 21 or 22 transverse series ; an outer row of soft,
smooth or feebly-keeled scutes in addition to the bony dorsal
scutes ; two small postoccipital scutes. Median fingers one-third,
outer toes two-thirds webbed. A strong crest on the outer edge of
the forearm, leg, and foot. Adult dark olive above ; young pale
olive, with dark brown spots or cross-bands.

Hob. Indus, Ganges, and Brahmaputra rivers and their larger
tributaries ; also Mahanadi of Orissa, and Koladyne river, Arrakau,
but not the Nerbudda, Tapti, Godiivari, Kistna, Irrawaddy, or other
rivers of India or Burma.

The Gharial reaches a length of 20 feet ; it feeds entirely upon
fish, for seizing which its narrow jaws are specially adapted.

B2

CEOCODILID.E.

Genus CROCODILUS,
Laur. Syn. Kept. p. 63 (part.), 1768.

17 to 19 upper and 15 lower teeth on each side ; fifth maxillary
tooth largest ; the fourth mandibular usually fitting into a notch
in the upper jaw. Snout more or less elongate ; nasal bones ex-
tending to the nasal aperture, which is undivided and larger than
the suprateinporal fossae. Splenial bones not entering the rnan-
dibular symphysis, which does not extend beyond the eighth tooth.
A dorsal shield formed of four or more longitudinal series of juxta-
posed, keeled, bony scutes.

Distribution. Africa, Southern Asia, North Australia, Tropical
America.

11 or 12 species appear to be well established.

Synopsis of Indian Species.

Snout* 1| to 2 £ times as long as broad C. porosus, p. 4.

Snout 1| to 1£ times as long as broad C. palustris, p. 5.

2. Crocodilus porosus.

Crocodilus porosus, Schneid. Hist. Amph. ii, p. 159 ; Giinth. Rept.

B. I. p. 62 ; Theob. Cat. p. 36 ; Boukny. Cat. Chel. Sfc. p. 284.
Oopholis pondicherianus, Gray, A. M. N. H. (3) x, 1862, p. 268.
Crocodilus pondicerianus, Giinth. Rept. B. I. p. 62, pi. vii ; Theob.

Cat. p. 36.

17 to 19 upper teeth on each side. Snout ] | to 2| times as long
as broad at the base ; head rough, snout with a more or less strong
ridge on each side in front of the eye, slightly converging towards
its fellow ; mandibular symphysis extending to the fifth tooth ;
praemaxillo-inaxillary suture, on the palate, directed backwards or
\V-shaped ; nasal bones separating the prsemaxiUaries above. Four
large nuchal scutes forming a square, with one or two smaller ones
on each side ; postoccipital scutes usually absent, sometimes small
and irregular. Dorsal shield well separated from the nuchal, the
scutes forming 16 or 17 transverse and 4 to 8 longitudinal series ;
scales on sides and limbs smooth or feebly keeled. Fingers webbed
at the base ; outer toes extensively webbed. A serrated fringe on
the outer edge of the leg. Adult dark olive above ; young pale
olive, with large black spots on the body and tail and dots on the
head.

Hob. Bengal, East coast of India, Ceylon, Burma, and Southern
China to North Australia and the Solomon and Fiji Islands.
Entering salt water and frequently occurring out at sea. Not
recorded from West coast of India. It is not certain that this
species is found far above the tideway in rivers.

A specimen 33 feet long is on record.

* The snout is the portion of the head in front of the orbits.

CROCOUILUS. 5

3. Crocodilus palustris.

Crocodilus palustris, Lesson in B6lang. Voy. 2nd. Or., Zool. p. 305 ;

Kelaart, Prodr. p. 183 ; Giinth. Sept. B. I. p. 61, pi. viii, fig. A ;

Theob. Cat. p. 36 ; Bouleny. Cat. Chel. Sfc. p. 285.
Crocodilus trigonops, Gray, Cat. Tort. 8fC. p. 62.

19 upper teeth on each side. Snout 1^ to 1^ as long as broad
at the base ; head rough but without any ridges ; mandibular
synaphysis extending to the level of the fourth or fifth tooth ;, pree-
maxillo-uiaxillary suture, on the palate, transverse, nearly straight,
or curved forwards ; nasal bones separating the praemaxillaries
above. Four large nuchals forming a square, with a smaller one
on each side ; two pairs of smaller nuchals on a transverse series
behind the occiput. Dorsal shield well separated from the nuchal,
the scutes usually in 4, rarely in 6, longitudinal series, those of
the two median usually considerably broader than long ; 16 or 17
transverse series. Scales on limbs keeled. Fingers webbed at the
base ; outer toes extensively webbed. A serrated fringe on the
outer edge of the leg. Adult blackish olive above: young pale
olive, dotted and spotted with black.

The largest specimen in the British Museum measures 12 feet,
but individuals are said to grow much larger.

Hub. India, Ceylon, Burma, Malay Peninsula and Archipelago.
This is the common Crocodile of India, found in rivers, marshes,
and ponds, and extending west to Sind and Baluchistan.

This species is easily distinguished from C. porosus by its
shorter snout and by the presence of five teeth in each pra?-
maxillary bone, whilst the adult of the latter has but four.

Order II. CHELONIA.

Quadrate bone immovably united to cranial arches. Dorsal ribs
single-headed, the anterior attached between two vertebrae. Body
encased in a bony shell. A plastron formed of a small number of
elements in addition to the clavicles. No sternum. No teeth ;
jaws covered with horny sheaths. Anal opening round or
longitudinal. Copulatory organ present, single.

Oviparous ; eggs with a hard shell, except in the CTielonidce.

The Tortoises and Turtles of India fall into five Families*.

Suborder I. THECOPHORA.

Dorsal vertebrae and ribs immovably united and expanded into
bony plates forming a carapace. Parietals prolonged downwards
towards the pterygoids.

Superfam. A. TEIONYCHOIDEA.

Articulation between the last cervical and the first dorsal
vertebra by the zygapophyses only. Marginal bones absent or
forming an incomplete series.

Carapace and plastron without epidermal shields,

covered with a soft skin Fam. 1. Trionychidae.

"Superfam. B. CETPTODIEA.

Centrum of the last cervical vertebra articulating with the
centrum of the first dorsal. A complete series of marginal bones,
connected with the ribs.

Digits short ; tail short, with precocious ver-
tebrae Fam. 2. Testudinidae.

Digits short ; tail long ; caudal vertebras mostly

opisthocoalous Fam. 3. Platysternidae.

Limbs paddle-shaped, with only one or two claws.

Marine . Fam. 4. Chelonidae.

Suborder II. ATHECM.

Vertebras and ribs free, separated from a bony exoskeleton.
Skull without descending processes of the parietal bones.
Limbs paddle-shaped, clawless. Marine Fam. 5. Sphargidae.

* These five families, so far as Indian genera are concerned, may be recog-
nized from external characters by use of the following key:—
Limbs with four or five claws.

Tail short Testudinidae.

Tail nearly as long as the shell Platysternidae.

Limbs with three claws Trionychidae.

Limbs with one or two claws Chelonidae.

Limbs without claws , Sphargidae.

CHELOXIA.

For the illustration of the osteological characters employed in
the systematic arrangement, the following figures are appended of
a skull, and of a shell stripped of the horny epidermal shields.

A.

Fig. 2.— Skull of Trionyx yangeticus.

A. Side view. B. Upper view. C. Lower view.

ar. Articular. j. Jugal. pt. Pterygoid.

bo. Basiocoipital. m. Maxillary. ptf. Postfrontal.

bp. Basiphenoid. opo. Opisthotic. q. Quadrate.

c.a. Columella auris. p. Parietal. qj. Quadratojugal.

cor. Coronoid. pi. Palatine. s.ang. Supra-angular.

d. Dentary. pm. Prfemaxillary. so. Supraoccipital.

eo. Exoccipital. prf. Praefrontal. sq. Squamosal.

/. Frontal. pro. Prootic. v. Vouier.

8 CHELONIA.

The arrangement of the bones or plates of the shell, as shown in
fig. 3, differs entirely from that of the overlying shields, both in
the upper shell (carapace) and lower (plastron) ; but the impres-
sions of the shields are nearly always distinct, as represented in
figures 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 14. In these figures crosses are inserted
to indicate the position of the anterior (axillary) and posterior
(inguinal) processes or buttresses of the plastron, which, if present,
anchylose with the lower surface of the carapace. Figure 4 refers
to the terminology of the epidermal shields.

Fig. 3. — Shell of Morenia ocellata, showing bony plates.

A. Carapace. B. Plastron.

co. Costal. typp. Hypoplastron. nu. Nuchal.

enp. Entoplastron. m. Marginal. py. Pygal.

epp. Epiplastron. ne. Neural. xyp. Xiphip

hyop. Hyoplastron.

xyp. Xiphiplastron.

The investigation of the bony plates presents no great difficulty,
and need not cause the slightest damage to the specimen, whether
dry or preserved in spirit ; for the removal of one or two epidermal
shields with a penknife requires but a little care, and after the
examination the horny shields may be stuck on again with gum
which is not soluble in alcohol. There is much greater variety,
apart from individual variations, in the disposition of the bony
plates than in that of the overlying shields, and much greater
profit is to be derived from the study of the former in determining
the relationship of genera of Tortoises.

TBIONYCHIDJE.

The connexion between the carapace and plastron is called the
bridge.

Fig. 4.— Shell of Chelone mydas, with epidermal homy shields.

A. Carapace B. Plastrou.

a. Abdominal. h. Humeral. n. Nuchal.

an. Anal. iff. Intergular. p. Pectoral.

o. Costal. im. Inframarginal. sc. Supracaudal.

/. Femoral. m. Marginal. v. Vertebral.

g. Gular.
The anterior inframarginal is also termed axillary, and the posterior inguinal.

Suborder I. THECOPHOEA.

Superfam. A. TRIONYCHOIDEA.

Neck bending by a sigmoid curve in a vertical plane ; cervical
vertebrae without welt-developed transverse processes ; articulation
between the last cervical and the first dorsal vertebra by the zyga-
pophyses only. Mandible with articulary concavity ; outer border
of tympanic cavity notched ; pterygoids not narrowed posteriorly,
separated from each other, the basisphenoid joining the palatines.
Pelvis not anchylosed to the carapace and plastron. Fourth digit
with four or more phalanges. Epiplastra separated from the
hyoplastra by the A-shaped entoplastron. Marginal bones absent
or forming an incomplete series, not connected with the ribs.

Family I. TRIONYCHIOE.

Carapace and plastron without epidermal shields, covered with a
soft skin. Jaws concealed under fleshy lips ; snout ending in a
proboscis. Head and neck completely retractile. Ear hidden.
Only the three inner digits clawed. Tail very short.

10

Distribution. Kivers of Asia, Africa, and North America. Of
the six known genera, four are represented in the Indian Region.

The Trionychoids are thoroughly aquatic Turtles, living chiefly
in rivers ; Pelochelys even enters the sea. Specimens of Emyda,
however, are occasionally found at some distance from water,
according to the observations of Kelaart and Blanford. All are
carnivorous, and their ferocious habits, together with the extreme
rapidity with which they project their necks, render the larger indi-
viduals dangerous to men bathing. Of no commercial value.

Synopsis of Indian Genera.

A. Plastron without cutaneous valves ; hyoplastroii

distinct from hypoplastron ; no marginal ossi-
fications.

a. Orbit nearer the temporal than the nasal fossa ;

bony choanae between the orbits TBIONYX, p. 10.

b. Orbit nearer the nasal than the temporal fossa ;

bony choanae between the orbits PELOCHELYS, p. 15.

c. Orbit nearer the nasal than the temporal fossa ;

bony choanae behind the orbits CHITRA, p. 16.

B. Plastron with a cutaneous femoral valve,

under which the hind limb may be con-
cealed ; hyoplastron coossified with hypo-
plastron ; marginal bones present EMYDA, p. 10.

Genus TRIONYX,
Geoftr. Ann. Mus. xiv, 1809, p. 1 (part.).

Outer extremities of the nuchal plate overlying the second
dorsal rib ; neural plates well developed. Limbs completely
exposed. Hyoplastron distinct from hypoplastron ; not more
than live plastral callosities. Bony choanse between the orbits ; jaws
strong; postorbital arch narrower than the diameter of the orbit ;
posterior border of pterygoids free, without ascending process.

Distribution. Africa, Asia, North America.

15 species are recognized, 7 of which are found in India and
its dependencies. The dimensions given are those of specimens in
the British Museum : individuals may be found considerably larger,
some attaining probably 5 feet in length of carapace.

Synopsis of Indian Species.

A. All the costal plates separated on the median

line by the neural plates ; head very large . T. subplanus, p. 11.

B. Last pair of costal plates in contact on the

median line.

a. Two neural plates between the first pair
of costals; alveolar surface of lower jaw
without a strong longitudinal ridge at the
symphysis.

TRIONYX. 11

a'. Inner edge of alveolar surface of mandible
strongly raised, forming a sharp ridge,
which sends off a short perpendicular
process at the symphysis ; interorbital
space, in the adult skull, narrower than
the external nasal opening ; head with
oblique black lines, converging for-
wards ; no ocellar spots T. yangcticus, p. 12.

I'. Inner edge of alveolar surface of mandible
not or but very slightly raised, sym-
physis flat or with a longitudinal furrow ;
interorbital space narrower than the
external nasal opening; head with
oblique black lines, converging for-
wards ; young with small ocellar dorsal
spots T. leithii, p. 12.

c'. Inner edge of alveolar surface of mandible
not or but very slightly raised, sym-
physis flat or with a longitudinal fur-
row ; interorbital space, in the adult
skull, broader than the external nasal
opening; head black-marbled, with a
large yellow spot behind each eye;
young with large ocellar dorsal spots . . T. hurum, p. 13.
b. A siiigle neural plate between the first pair
of costals; alveolar surface of lower jaw
with a strong longitudinal symphysial
ridge.

a'. Epiplastra widely separated from each
other; plastral callosities well deve-
loped and largely pitted T.formosus, p. 14.

b'. Epiplastra in contact in front of the ento-
plastron ; plastral callosities very feebly
developed, finely sculptured T. phayrii, p. 14.

c'. Epiplastra in contact in front of the ento-
plastron ; plastral callosities well deve-
loped and largely pitted T. cartilagineits^, 15.

4. Trionyx suhplanus.

Trionyx subplanus, Geoffr. Ann. Mus. xiv, 1809, p. 11, pi. v, fig. 2 ;

Qiinth. Kept. B. I. p. 49 ; Bouleng. Cat. Chel. $c. p. 246.
Dogania giintheri, Gray, P. Z. S. 1802, p. 265.
Trionyx giintheri, Gilnth. Rept. B. 1. p. 49, pi. vi, fig. A.

Carapace very flat ; costal plates eight pairs, the last well deve-
loped and separated by the last neural plate ; a single neural
between the first pair of costals ; these plates very finely granulate
and vermiculate ; a large fontanelle, till late in life, between the
nuchal and dorsal plates. Epiplastra narrowly separated from
each other in front of the entoplastron, which forms an obtuse or
a right angle ; plastral rugosities scarcely developed, on the hyo-
and hypoplastra and on the xiphiplastra. Dorsal skin of young
with interrupted longitudinal ridges. Head very large ; snout (on
the skull) about as long as the diameter of the orbit, which is more
than double the interorbital width; postorbital arch extremely

12 TRIONYCHID.E.

narrow, forming a keel on its outer surface; mandibular symphysis
shorter than the diameter of the orbit, without median ridge.
Brown above, yellowish beneath and on the sides of the neck ;
head and neck with yellowish dots ; some young with an oblique
dark streak behind each eye.

Length of dorsal disk 10 inches.

Hob. Mergui, Malay Peninsula, Sumatra, Borneo, Java.

5. Trionyx gangeticus.

Trionyx gangeticus, Cuvier, Oss. Foss. v, pt. 2, pp. 186. 222. pi. xi,

figs. 5-8; Bouleng. Cat. CM. $c. p. 248.
Trionyx javanicus (non Geoff")-.), Gray, IN. Ind. Zool. ii, pi. Ixv ;

Ounth. Kept. B. I. p. 48.

Aspilus gataghol, Gray, A. M. N. H. (4) x, 1872, p. 339.
Trionyx gangeticus, part., Theob. Cat. p. 28.

Costal plates eight pairs, the last well developed and in contact
throughout on the median line; two neurals between the first
pair of costals ; plates coarsely pitted and vermiculate. Epiplastra
narrowly separated from each other in front of the entoplastron,
which forms an obtuse or a right angle ; plastral callosities very
large, hyo-hypoplastral, xi phi pi astral, and, in old specimens, ento-
plastral. Dorsal skin of young with longitudinal ridges of small
tubercles. Head moderate ; snout (on the skull) about as long as
the diameter of the orbit ; interorbital region, in the adult, con-
siderably narrower than the nasal fossa ; postorbital arch one third
to one half the greatest diameter of the orbit ; mandible with the
inner edge strongly raised, forming a sharp ridge, which sends off
a short perpendicular process at the symphysis ; the diameter of
the mandible at the symphysis does not exceed the diameter of the
orbit. Olive above ; back of young vermiculated with fine black
lines, but without ocelli ; head with a black longitudinal streak
from between the eyes to the nape, intersected by two or three
A- shaped black streaks ; lower parts yellowish.

Length of dorsal disk 2 feet.

Hab. Gangetic river-system ; Indus ?

6. Trionyx leithii.

Trionyx leithii, Gray, A. M. N. H. (4) x, 1872, p. 334 ; Bouleng.

Cat. Chel. 8fc. p. 249.
? Trionyx gangeticus, Murray, Zool. Sind, p. 342.

Intermediate between T. gangetiats and T. Tiurvm. Agrees with
the former in the width of the interorbital space, the comparatively
short mandibular symphysis, and the markings of the head ; with
the latter in the longer and more pointed snout, the absence of a
strong ridge on the inner alveolar surface of the mandible, and in
the presence, in the young, of four or more dorsal ocelli, which are,
however, smaller than in T. hurum.

Hab. Kistna River, Deccan, and Nelambar Eiver, Malabar.

This will probably prove to be a Peninsular form, ranging from
the Indus to Madras and Malabar.

TK1ONYX.

13

7. Trionyx hurum.

Trionyx hurum, Gray, Syn. Rept. p. 47, pi. x ; id. III. Ind. Zool. ii,

pi. Ixvi ; Bouleng. Cat. Chel. Sfc. p. 249.
Tnonyx ocellatus, Gray. III. Ind. Zool. i. pi. Ixxviii : Theob. P. A. S.

B. 1875, p. 174, pi. iv ; id. Cat. p. 29.
Trionyx gangeticus, Giinth. Rept. B. I. p. 47.
Trionyx buchanani, Theob. P. A. S. B. 1874, p. 78.
Trionyx gangeticus, part., Theob. Cat. p. 28.

Fig. 5. — Trionyx hurum (young).

Costal plates eight pairs, the last well developed and in contact
throughout on the median line; two iieurals between the first
pair of costals ; plates coarsely pitted and vermiculate. Epiplastra
narrowly separated from each other in front of the eutoplastron,
which forms an obtuse or a right angle ; plastral callosities very
large, hyo-hypoplastral, xiphiplastral, and in old specimens ento-
plastral. Dorsal skin of young with longitudinal ridges of small
tubercles. Head moderate ; snout (on the skull) a little longer
than the diameter of the orbit ; iuterorbital region, in the adult, as
broad as the nasal fossa; postorbital arch somewhat more than
half the diameter of the orbit in the adult ; inaudible without
strongly raised inner edge or longitudinal symphysial ridge ; the
diameter of the mandible at the symphysis exceeds the diameter of
the orbit. Olive-brown above and beuealh ; head, neck, limbs, and

14 TBIONYCHIDjE.

border of shell light-dotted ; head with large yellow spots, viz.
across the snout, behind the orbit, at the angle of the mouth,
on the tympanic region, and on the chin ; these spots become
indistinct in the adult, the head of which is more or less closely
spotted or vermiculated with black ; dorsal disk in the young with
dark marblings and four or six very large ocelli.

Length of dorsal disk 16 inches.

Hob. Ganges and its tributaries.

8. Trionyx formosus.

Trionyx formosus, Gray, P. Z. S. 1869, p. 217, pi. xv, fig. 1 ; Theob.

Cat. p. 31 ; Bouleng. Cat. Chel. Sfc. p. 250.

Trionyx peguensis, Gray, Suppl.Cat. Sh.Rept. \, p. 99 ; Theob. Cat. p.31.
Trionyx grayii, Theob. P. A. S. B. 1875, p. 176, pi. iii ; id. Cat. p. 31.

Costal plates eight pairs, the last well developed and in contact
throughout on the median line ; a single neural between the first
pair of costals ; plates coarsely pitted and vermiculate. Dorsal
skin of young with longitudinal ridges of small tubercles. Epi-
plastra separated from each other ; entoplastron forming an obtuse
or right angle ; plastral callosities well developed, hyo-hypoplastral
and xiphiplastral, and coarsely sculptured like the carapace. Head
moderate : snout (on the skull) about as long as the diameter of
the orbit ; interorbital region, in the adult, as broad as the nasal
fossa ; postorbital arch, in the adult, a little less than half the
diameter of the orbit ; mandible with a strong ridge along the
symphysis, the diameter of which equals or a little exceeds that
of the orbit. Olive-brown above, white below ; head of young
ornamented with yellow black-edged markings, the largest being
a cross-band on each side of the back of the head ; these markings
disappear in the adult, the head of which is closely spotted with
black above and uniform white inferiorly ; young with four large
dorsal ocelli, as in T. hurum.

Size of T. hurum.

Hab. Irrawaddy, Sittoung, and Salween rivers, Burma.

9. Trionyx phayrii.

Trionyx phayrei, Theob. Journ. Linn. Soc. x. 1868, p. 18 ; id. Cat.

p. 30; Bouleng. Cat. CM. #e. p. 251.
Trionyx jeudi, Gray, P. Z. 8. 18«9, p. 217, figs.
Trionyx cariniferus (non Gray), Theob. P. A. S. B. 1874, p. 80, pi. iv.

Costal plates eight pairs, the last well developed, with slightly
concave posterior border, and in contact on the median line ; a
single neural between the first pair of costals ; plates rather
coarsely pitted and vermiculate. Epiplastra in contact in front of
the entoplastron, which forms an obtuse or right angle ; plastral
callosities hardly developed, the hyoplastra bearing a mere trace of
sculpture. Head moderate; skull as in T. formosus, but snout a
little longer in the adult. Head of adult spotted or vermiculated
with black above and uniform whitish inferiorly, as in T. formosus.

Length of dorsal disk 20 inches.

Hab. Pegu, Arrakan range, Tenasserim and Sumatra.

PELOOHELYS. 15

10. Trionyx cartilagineus.

Testudo cartilaginea, Boddaert, Epistola ad W. Roell, 1770.
Trionyx ornatus, Gray, P. Z. S. 1861, p. 41. pi. v ; Gilnth. Kept. B. I.

p. 48, pi. vi, fig. B.
Trionyx stellatus, var. javanicus (Geofr.), Theob. P. A. S. B. 1874,

p. 79, pi. iii ; id. Cat. p. 30.

Trionyx ephippium, Theob. P. A. S. B. 1875, p. 177, pi. v.
Trionyx cartilagineus, Bouleng. Cat. Chel. fyc. p. 253.

Costal plates eight pairs, the last well developed and forming a
median suture behind the last neural ; a single neural between the
first pair of costals ; dorsal plates coarsely pitted and vermiculate.
Dorsal skin of young with longitudinal ridges of small tubercles.
Epiplastra in contact, or narrowly separated, in front of the
entoplastron, which forms an obtuse or a right angle ; plastral
callosities well developed in the adult, hyo-hypoplastral and
xiphiplastral, and coarsely sculptured like the carapace. Head
moderate ; snout (on the skull) considerably longer than the
diameter of the orbit ; iuterorbitai region, in the adult, as broad as
the nasal fossa, or a little narrower ; postorbital arch very narrow,
one third or one fourth the diameter of the orbit ; mandible with
a strong ridge along the symphysis, the diameter of which equals
or exceeds the diameter of the orbit. Olive-brown above and on
the chin ; head and chin with numerous yellow spots, the largest
of which are below the temple ; dorsal disk of young light-dotted,
and usually with a few large blackish spots ; lower parts white.

Size of T. hurum.

Hob. Pegu, Tenasserim, Siam, Camboja, Malay Peninsula,
Sumatra, Borneo, Java.

Genus PELOCHELYS,

Gray, P. Z. S. 1864, p. 89.

Outer extremities of the nuchal plate overlying the second
dorsal rib ; neural plates well developed. Limbs completely
exposed. Hyoplastron distinct from hypoplastron ; not- more
than five plastral callosities. Bony choanso between the orbits ;
jaws weak ; postorbital arch as broad as the diameter of the orbit ;
posterior border of pterygoids free, without ascending process.

A single species.

11. Pelochelys cantoris.

Chitra indica, part., Gray, Cat. Tort. p. 49 ; Gunth. Rept. B. I. p. 50,

pi. vi. fig. C.

Gymnopus indicus, Cantor, J. A. S. B. xvi, 1847, p. 616.
Pelochelys cantorii, Gray, P. Z. S. 1864, p. 90, figs. ; Theob. Cat.

p. 28 ; Bouleng. Cat. Chel. 8fe. p. 26S.

Costal plates eight pairs, the last well developed and forming a
median suture ; a single neural between the first pair of costals ;
plates coarsely pitted and vermiculate. Dorsal skin of young

16 TRIONYCHIDjE.

tuberculate. Epiplastra small and widely separated ; entoplastron
forming a right or an acute angle; plastral callosities largely
developed. Head moderate; snout very short and broad; pro-
boscis very short ; interorbital space broader than the greatest
diameter of the orbit ; mandible narrowest at the symphysis.
Olive above, uniform or spotted with darker ; lips and throat of
young olive, speckled with whitish ; plastron whitish.

Length of dorsal disk 2 feet.

Hob. Ganges, Burma, Malay Peninsula, Borneo, Philippines.

Genus CHITRA,
Gray, Cat. Tort. p. 49, 1844.

Outer extremities of the nuchal plate overlying the second
dorsal rib ; neural plates well developed. Limbs completely
exposed. Hyoplastron distinct from hypoplastrou ; not more
than five plastral callosities. Bony choanse behind the orbits,
which are situated quite at the anterior extremity of the skull ;
jaws weak ; postorbital arch at least twice as broad as the diameter
of the orbit ; posterior border of pterygoids free, without ascending
process.

A single species.

12. Chitra indica.

Trionyx indicus, Gray, Syn. Kept. p. 47.

Trionyx aegyptianus, var. indicus, Gray, III. Ind. Zool. i, pi. Ixxx.
Chitra indica, part., Giinth. Rept. B. I. p. 50.

Chitra indica, Gray, P. Z. S. 1864, p. 91, figs. ; Theob. Cat. p. 27 ;
Bouleng. Cat. Chel Sfc. p. 264.

Costal plates eight pairs, the last well developed and forming a
median suture ; a single neural between the first pair of costals ;
plates coarsely pitted and vermiculate. Epiplastra widely sepa-
rated ; entoplastron forming an acute angle ; plastral callosities
largely developed. Head small, with extremely short snout ;
interorbital space considerably narrower than the greatest diameter
of the orbit. Olive or green above, whitish interiorly ; dorsal disk
oE young with dark vermiculations ; head and neck with dark
longitudinal lines.

Length of dorsal disk 2 feet.

Htib. Ganges and Irrawaddy ; Indus ?

Genus EMYDA,
Gray, Syn. Rept. p. 49, 1831.

Nuchal notched at each outer end, which underlies the first
costal plate ; carapace large, with a series of bony plates in the
posterior cutaneous border and a pranuchal marginal bony plate ;
neural plates well developed, seven or eight in number, forming a

EMTDA. 17

continuous series ; eighth pair of costals large in the adult, and,
like the penultimate, forming a median suture. Plastron with a
cutaneous femoral valve, under which the hind limb may be con-
cealed ; hyoplastron coossified with hypoplastron ; seven plastral
callosities (in the adult). Bony choanae between the orbits ; jaws
strong ; postorbital arch moderate, much narrower than the dia-
meter of the orbit ; posterior border of pterygoids with a median
ascending process forming a suture with the opisthotic.

Three species are distinguished, all being Indian or Burmese.

Synopsis of the Species.

Head with yellow spots ; entoplastral callosity small. E. granosa, p. 17.
Head without yellow spots ; first marginal plate much

larger than second E. vittata, p. 17.

Head without yellow spots ; first marginal plate not

larger than second E. scutata, p. 18.

13. Emyda granosa.

Testudo granosa, Schoepff, Test. p. 127, pi. xxx, A & B.

Trionyx granosa and T. punctata, Gray, III. Ind. Zool. ii, pis. Ixiii,

Ixiv.
Emyda granosa, Giinth. Sept. B. I. p. 45 ; Theob. Cat. p. 32 ;

Bouleng. Cat. Chel. $c. p. 269.
Eniyda dura, Anders. Journ. Linn. Soc. xii, 1876, p. 514.

Carapace and plastral callosities finely and uniformly granulate ;
two neural plates between the first pair of costals ; anterior marginal
very large, much larger than the others; seven plastral callosities,
of which the entoplastral is much the smallest ; the extent of these
callosities varies considerably, not only with age, but according
to individuals. Head moderate ; snout short. Skin of dorsal disk,
in the young, longitudinally plaited. Olive-brown above, with
round yellow spots on the head and back, which become less distinct
in adult specimens; plastron and margin of carapace yellowish
white.

Length of dorsal disk 10 inches.

Hub. Indus and Ganges plains, in rivers, canals, &c.

14. Emyda vittata.

Emyda punctata (non Gray), Kelaart, Prodr. p. 179.

Emyda vittata, Peters, MB. Ak. Berl 1854, p. 216 ; Giinth. Rept.

B. I. p. 46 ; Theob. Cat. p. 32 ; Bouleng. Cat. Chel. §c. p. 269.
Emyda ceylonensis, Gray, Cat. Sh. Rept. i, p. 64, pi. xxix A ; Giinth.

Rept. B. I. p. 45.

Under this name may be provisionally grouped such specimens
as agree with E. granosa except in the uniform brown colour of
the upper parts (with or without darker bands on the head and
neck), and usually in the larger entoplastral and xiphiplastral
callosities. The constancy of these characters and the correlation

18

between thorn, however, still require to be tested upon a larger
number of specimens.

Hab. Ceylon ; Southern India ; Grodavari, Mahiinadi, and their
tributaries.

15. Emyda scutata.

Emyda scutata, Peters, MB. Ak. Berl. 1808, p. 449 ; Theob. Cat.

p. 32 ; Boukng. Cat. Chel $c. p. 270.
Emyda fusconiaculata, Gray, A.M.N. H. (4) xi, 1873, p. 308.

Very closely allied to E. yranosa and E. vittata, but anterior
marginals less enlarged, less unequal in size, the first not larger
than the second. Entoplastral callosity large or moderate. Brown
above, carapace spotted or reticulated with darker.

Hab. Irrawaddy.

Superfam. B. CRYPTODIRA.

Neck bending by a sigmoid curve in a vertical plane ; cervical
vertebrae without transverse processes or with mere indications of
them ; centrum of the last cervical articulating with the centrum
of the first dorsal. Mandible with articulary concavities ; outer
border of tympanic cavity incompletely bony ; pterygoids narrow
in the middle, in contact on the median line. Pelvis not anchy-
losed to the carapace and plastron. Digits with not more than
three phalanges. Epiplastra in contact with hyoplastra ; ento-
plastron, if present, oval, rhomboidal, or T-shaped. A complete
series of marginal bones, connected with the ribs.

Family II. TESTUDINID^E.

Shell covered with epidermal shields. Caudal vertebra) pro-
coelous. Neck completely retractile within the shell. Parietal
bones widely separated from squamosals. Digits short or mo-
derately elongate ; phalanges with condyles ; claws four or five.

This family, which contains the bulk of recent Chelouians, is
distributed over every part of the world except Australia. Ten
genera are represented in the Indian Eegion.

Synopsis of Indian Genera.

A. Limbs club-shaped ; alveolar surface of upper jaw

with a median ridge TESTUDO, p. 19.

B. Digits distinct, with at least a rudiment of

web ; alveolar surface of upper jaw without
median ridge.

a. Head covered with undivided skin.

a'. Plastron not hinged ; no bony temporal arch. GEOEMYDA, p. 23.
V. Plastron not hinged ; a bony temporal arch. NICOEIA, p. 26.
c'. Plastron hinged, movable ; a bony temporal

arch CYCLEHYS, p. 28.

TESTUDO. 19

b. Hinder part of head covered with small
shields.

a'. Choanae between the eyes BELLIA, p. 32.

V. Choanae behind the level of the eyes .... DAMONIA, p. 34.
C. Digits distinct, extensively or entirely webbed ;
alveolar surface of upper jaw with one or two
median ridges.
a. Fourth vertebral shield not longer than third,

embracing three neural bones.
a'. Axillary and inguinal buttresses of plastron
short; choanse behind the level of the

eyes MOBENIA, p. 35.

b'. Axillary and inguinal buttresses much de-
veloped, the former connected with the
first rib or nearly reaching it.
a". Choanee behind the level of the eyes ; al-
veolar surface of upper jaw with a single

median ridge HARDELLA, p. 36.

b". Choana? behind the level of the eyes ;
alveolar surface of upper jaw with two
median ridges; fore limb with four

claws only BATAGUR, p. 37.

b. Fourth vertebral shield elongate, embracing

four or five neural bones KACHUGA, p. 38.

Genus TESTUDO,
Linn. Syst. Nat. i, p. 350 (part.), 1766.

Neural plates usually alternately tetragonal and octagonal ; costal
plates alternately narrower and wider. Suture between the mar-
ginal and costal bones and shields usually corresponding ; supra-
caudal shield usually single. Plastron extensively united to the
carapace by suture, with short axillary and inguinal buttresses,
which do not reach, or just reach, the costal plates ; entoplastrou
usually anterior to the humero-pectoral suture. Skull with weak
or moderately wide postorbital and temporal arches ; alveolar surface
of upper jaw with one or two median ridges ; choanae between the
eyes. Head shielded above. Limbs club-shaped, covered with
large scales or tubercles. Tail short.

This genus, of which some 40 species are known, is represented
in every part of the world except Australia. Habits terrestrial and
herbivorous.

Synopsis of Indian Species.

A . Supracaudal shield single.

a. Nuchal shield present ; forehead with large

shields.
a'. Anal shields forming a very short suture,

or entirely separated by the anal notch. . T. elongata, p. 20.
b'. Suture between the anals at least as long as

that between the abdominals T. leithii, p. 20.

C2

20

TESTUDINID^.

b. No nuchal; forehead with small irregular

shields.

«'. Heel and hinder side of thighs with spur-
like tubercles ; plastron with dark radia-
ting lines T. eleyans, p. 21 .

b'. Heel and hinder side of thighs without
spur-like tubercles ; plastron without ra-
diating lines T. platynota, p. 22.

B. Supracaudal shields two T. emys, p. 22.

16. Testudo elongata.

Testudo elongata, Blyth, J. A. S. B. xxii, 1853, p. 639 ; Guntli. Rept.
B. /. p. 8 ; Theob. Cat. p. 3 ; Boukny. Cat. Chel. $c. p. 173.

Shell considerably depressed, more than twice as long as deep,
with flat vertebral region ; anterior and posterior margins slightly
reverted, strongly serrated in young, feebly in old specimens ; shields
concentrically striated, except in old specimens ; nuchal present
(rarely absent), narrow and elongate ; supracaudal undivided, more
or less incurved ; first vertebral usually nearly as long as broad in
the adult, the others broader than long and nearly as broad as the
costals. Plastron large, truncate anteriorly, deeply notched poste-
riorly; suture between the pectoral shields as long as or longer than
that between the humerals : suture between the gulars as long as or
a little shorter than that between the pectorals ; anals forming a very
short suture, or entirely separated by the anal notch ; axillary and
inguinal moderate. Head moderate; a pair of large pnefrontal
shields, usually followed by a nearly equally large frontal ; beak
feebly hooked, tricuspid ; alveolar ridge of upper jaw short and
rather feeble. Anterior face of fore limbs with moderate, unequal-
sized, imbricate scales, which are largest towards the outer side ; no
enlarged tubercles on the thighs ; tail ending in a claw-like horny
tubercle. Carapace and plastron greenish yellow, each shield with
an irregular black spot or blotch, which may occupy its greater
portion, or may be much broken up or indistinct.

Length of shell 10| inches.

Hab. Bengal (Chaibassa), Assam, the whole of Burma, Camboja,
Cochin China.

17. Testudo leithii.

Testudo leithii, Giittth. P. Z. S. 1869, p. 602, figs. ; Theob. Cat.
p. 3 ; Bouleng. Cat. Chel. tips. p. 175.

Shell very convex, not twice as long as deep, deeply notched
anteriorly ; nuchal shield triangular ; posterior border of supra-
caudal forming an angle, projecting beyond the marginals ; second
vertebral shield longest ; shields concentrically striated. Plastron
large, hind lobe notched behind and movable in the adult ; suture
between the pectoral shields a little shorter than that between the
humerals ; suture between the anals longer than that between the

TESTTJDO. 21

feniorals ; axillary and inguinal moderate. Head moderate ; a
pair of large praefrontal shields, followed by a very large frontal ;
beak scarcely hooked ; alveolar ridge of upper jaw short and feeble.
Anterior face of fore limb covered with a few extremely large im-
bricate bony scutes disposed in three longitudinal and five trans-
verse series. Carapace yellow, each shield bordered anteriorly and
laterally with blackish brown; plastron yellow, each abdominal
shield with a dark brown triangular or cuneiform marking.

Length of shell 5 inches.

Hcib. Lower Egypt and the neighbouring part of Syria. The
single specimen upon which the species was founded was said to
be from Sind, where, however, this tortoise does not appear to have
been rediscovered during the last twenty years.

18. Testudo elegans.

Testudo elegans, Schoepff, Test. p. Ill, pi. xxv; Giinth. Rept. B. I.

p. 4 ; Theob. Cat. p. 2 ; Bouhnq. Cat. Chel. tyc. p. 161.
Testudo megalopus, Myth, J. A. 8. B. xxii, 1853, p. 640.

Fig. 6. — Testudo elegans.

Carapace very convex, dorsal shields often forming humps ; lateral
margins nearly vertical ; posterior margin somewhat expanded and
strongly serrated; no nuchal ; supracaudal undivided, incurved in the
male ; shields strongly striated concentrically ; first vertebral longer
than broad, the others broader than long, third at least as broad
as the corresponding costal. Plastron large, truncate'd or openly
notched in front, deeply notched, bifid behind ; suture between the
humerals much longer than that between the femorals ; suture be-
tween the pectorals very short : axillary and inguinal rather small.
Head moderate ; forehead swollen, convex, and covered with
rather small and irregular shields ; beak feebly hooked, bi- or

22 TESTUDINID.E.

tricuspid; edge of jaws denticulated; alveolar ridge of upper
jaw strong. Outer-anterior face of fore limb with numerous un-
equal-sized, large, imbricate, bony, pointed tubercles ; heel with large,
more or less spur-like tubercles ; a group of large conical or sub-
conical tubercles on the hinder side of the thigh. Carapace black,
with yellow areolas from which yellow streaks radiate ; these streaks
usually narrow and very numerous : plastron likewise with black
and yellow radiating streaks.

Length of shell 10 inches.

Hob. India (except Lower Bengal), extending west to Sind ;
and Ceylon.

19. Testndo platynota.

Testudo platynota, Blyth, J. A. S. B. xxxii, 1863, p. 83 ; Theob. Cat.
p. 2 ; Bouletig. Cat. Chel 8fc. p. 162.

Very closely allied to the preceding, but carapace more regularly
oval ; posterior border not or but very slightly expanded, and more
feebly serrated ; vertebral shields flat. Tellow rays on the dorsal
shields wider and fewer, usually three to the right and three to the
left of each shield ; plastron yellow, with some large black blotches
but without radiating streaks. According to Anderson, the scales
on the fore limb are fewer and all rounded, the sharp scales on the
heel are absent, and the conical scales on the posterior portion of
the thigh are very much smaller and not at all prominent.

Hob. Upper Burma and Northern Pegu.

20. Testndo emys.

Testudo emys, Schleg. 8f Milll. in Temminck, Ver. Nat. Nederl Ind.,

Rept. p. 34, pi. iv ; Boulmg. Cat. Chel. $c. p. 158.
Geoemyda spinosa, part., Cantor, J. A. S. B. xvi, 1847, p. 607.
Manouria fusca, Gray, P. Z. S. 1852, p. 134.
Testudo phayrei, Blyth, J. A. S. B. xxii, 1853, p. 639.
Manouria emys, Gilnth. Rept. B. 1. p. 10 ; Theob. Cat. p. 4.
Testudo (Scapia) falconeri, Gray, P. Z. S. 1869, p. 169, figs.

Shell considerably depressed, its depth not half its length ; ante-
rior and posterior margins reverted, more or less strongly serrated ;
nuchal present ; supracaudal shields two ; dorsal shields concentri-
cally striated, often concave ; vertebrals much broader than long
and at least as broad as costals. Plastron large, gular region some-
what produced and usually notched, hind lobe deeply notched ; the
pectoral shields may be widely separated from each other, or from a
short median suture; axillary shield very small, inguinal large.
Head moderate ; two large prafrontal shields and a large frontal ;
beak not hooked ; jaws feebly denticulated, the alveolar surface of
the upper jaw with a strong median ridge. Fore limb anteriorly
with very large, bony, pointed, imbricate tubercles, forming four or
five longitudinal series ; hind limb with very large bony tubercles
on the plantar surface, with others larger, conical, and spur-like on

GEOEMYDA.

the heel, and a group of still larger conical tubercles on each side on
the back of the thighs. Adult dark brown or blackish ; carapace
of young yellowish brown, with dark-brown markings.

Length of shell 18 inches.

Hob. Assam, Burma, Siam, Malay Peninsula, Sumatra.

Genus GEOEMYDA,
Gray, P.Z. S. 1834, p. 100 (part.).

Neural plates mostly hexagonal, hinder lateral margins shortest.
Plastron extensively united to the carapace by suture, with axillary

Fig. 7. — Skull of Geoemyda grandis.

and inguinal peduncles just reaching the first and fifth costals ;
entoplastron intersected by the huniero-pectoral suture. Skull

24

TESTUDINID^l.

without bony temporal arch ; alveolar surfaces narrow, without
median ridge. Upper surface of head covered with undivided skin.
Digits with a short web. Tail very short, not longer in the young
than in the adult.

Distribution. Burma, Malay Peninsula and Archipelago.

Three species are known. Habits terrestrial or semiaquatic.

Fig. 8.— Shell of Geoemyda grandis.

Synopsis of the Species.

A. Anterior margin of shell serrated ; second verte-

bral shield at least as broad as the second

costal, much broader than long O. spinosa, p. 25.

B. Anterior margin of shell not serrated; second

vertebral shield narrower than the second
costal, not much broader than long.

a. Carapace arched or tectiform in a transverse

section O. grandis, p. 25.

b. Carapace much depressed, flat on the vertebral

region G. depressa, p. 25.

GEOEMYDA. 25

Emys spinosa, Gray, Syn. Kept. p. 20; id. III. Ind. Zool. i, pl.lxxvii,

figs. 1, 2.
Geoemyda spinosa, Gray, P. Z. S. 1834, p. 100 ; id. III. Ind. Zool. ii,

pi. Ivii, fig. 2 ; Giinth. Rept. B. I. p. 18 ; Theob. Cat. p. 5 ; Bouleng.

Cat. CM. Sfc. p. 137.

Carapace of adult much depressed, with broad flat vertebral
region and an uninterrupted obtuse keel ; anterior and posterior
margins serrated ; carapace of young more regularly arched, with a
short keel or spinose tubercle on each costal shield, and the border
strongly serrated all round, each marginal being produced in a spine,
with or without smaller denticulation on each side ; the vertebral
keel stronger than in the adult. Vertebral shields (2-4) much
broader than long, at least as broad as the costals ; nuchal shield
longer than broad. Plastron large ; the width of the bridge about
equals the length of the posterior lobe, which is angulai'ly eniar-
ginate ; as regards size, the plastral shields take the following order
commencing with the largest: — abdominals, pectorals, femorals,
numerals, anals, gulars ; the suture between the abdominals not or
but slightly longer than that between the pectorals ; axillary and
inguinal shields present. Upper jaw bicuspid. Carapace brown
above, reddish in the young, the vertebral keel lighter ; each plas-
tral shield with yellow and dark-brown radiating streaks ; soft
parts dark brown, with a yellowish spot on each side of the neck,
near the ear.

Length of carapace 8 inches.

Hob. Tenasserim, Malay Peninsula, Sumatra, Borneo.

22. Geoemyda grandis.

Geoemyda grandis, Gray, A. M. N. H. (3) vi. 1860, p. 218 ; Giinth.
Rept. B. I. p. 19, pis. i & ii, figs. A & B ; Theob. Cat. p. 5 ;
Bouleng. Cat. Chel. $c. p. 138.

Carapace arched or tectiform, not flattened on the vertebral
region, which bears a strong but obtuse keel ; only the posterior
margin serrated. Vertebral shields (1-3) not or but slightly
broader than long and narrower than the costals ; nuchal longer
than broad. Plastron similar to that of G. spinosa • the length of
the suture between the pectoral shields at least two thirds that of
the abdominals. Dark brown or blackish above ; plastron and
lower surface of marginals with black and yellow rays, either the
black or the yellow predominating.

Length of carapace 16 inches.

Hob. Pegu, Tenasserim, Siarn.

23. Geoemyda depressa.

Geoemyda depressa, Anders. A. M. N. H. (4) xvi, 1875, p. 284 ; id.

An. Zool. lies. Yunnan, p. 721, pis. Iv, Ivi, & Ixxv B, figs. 1-5;

Bouleng. Cat. Chel. $c. p. 139.
Geoemyda arakana, Theob. Cat. p. vii.

26

Shell much depressed, the depression increasing from before
backwards, the shell being somewhat expanded across the inguinal
region ; only the posterior border serrated ; second vertebral about
as long as broad, narrower than the costals ; nuchal longer than
broad. Plastral shields as in G. spinosa and G. grandis. Carapace
light brown ; plastron and lower surface of marginals yellow, the
plastral shields with a few broad black rays ; the interval between
the axillary and inguinal notches black. Head leaden, neck pale
yellowish brown ; limbs of the latter colour, with the large scales
dark, almost black.

Length of carapace 9| inches.

Hob. Hills near Akyab, Arrakan.

Genus NICORIA,
Gray, Cat. Sh. Kept, i, p. 17 (1855).
Neural plates mostly hexagonal, with the hinder lateral margins

Fig. 9.— Shell oiNicoria trijuga.

shortest, or alternately tetragonal and octagonal. Plastron more or
less extensively united to the carapace by suture, with short axillary

NICORIA. 27

buttress, just reaching the first costal plate ; entoplastron intersected
by the huruero-pectoral suture. Skull with a bony temporal
arch ; alveolar surfaces without median ridge ; choanse between
the eyes. Upper surface of head covered with undivided skin.
Digits with a short web or nearly free. Tail short, not longer
in the young than in the adult.

Distribution. Oriental Eegion, Central and South America.

Two species occur within the limits of the present fauna. Habits
terrestrial or semiaquatic.

Synopsis of Indian Species.

Digits webbed ; plastron brown or black .... N. trijuga, p. 27.
Digits nearly free ; plastron yellow N. tricarinata, p. 28.

24. Nicoria trijnga.

Emys trijuga, Schiocigg. Prodr. p. 41 (370) ; Giinth. Kept. E. I. p. 29.
Melanochelys trijuga, Gray, P. Z. S. 18(i9, p. 187 ; Thtob. Cat. p. 12.
Emys trijuga, var. maderaspatana, Anders. An. Zool. Res. Yunnan,

p. 729.
Nicoria trijuga, Bouleng. Cat. Chelon. fyc. p. 121.

Carapace moderately depressed, tricarinate. Vertebral shields in
adult as long as broad or longer than broad, and much narrower
than the costals; nuchal moderate or small, sometimes absent.
Plastron large ; the width of the bridge equals or a little exceeds
the length of the posterior lobe, which is broadly notched ; front
lobe truncated. Axillary and inguinal shields present. Upper jaw
not hooked, notched mesially ; the width of the mandible at the
symphysis is less than the diameter of the orbit. Digits distinctly
webbed. Tail shorter than the head. Shell brown, with a yellow
stripe on each side of the plastron ; keels sometimes yellowish.
Head brown, in the young reticulated with yellowish (in spirit),
and with a yellowish line from the eye to above the tympanum.

Length of sheU 9 inches.

Hub. Peninsula of India and Punjab.

Var. thermalis.

Emys thermalis, Lesson, Cent. Zool. p. 86, pi. xxix.

Geoclernmys seba, Gray, Cat. Sh. Rept. \, p. 18.

Emys trijuga, Kelaart, Prodr. p. 177 ; Giinth. Rept. B. I. pi. ii, fig. C.

Melanochelys sebae, Theib. Cat. p. 12.

Emys sebae, Anders. An. Zool. Res. p. 729.

Shell dark brown in the young, with a broad yellow border to
the plastron ; keels often yellowish ; shell of adult deep black, with
a narrow yellow border to the plastron. Soft parts blackish ; head
of young and halfgrown with irregular bright-orange spots, which
disappear in the adult.

Length of shell 9 inches.

Hab. Ceylon.

28 TESTUDINIDJB.

Var. edeniana.

Melanochelys edeniana, Theob. Cat. p. 12.

Emys trijuga, var. burmana, Anders. An. Zool. Res. p. 729, pis. Ivii
& Iviii.

A larger race, with the shell deep black, the plastral border,
and sometimes also the keels, yellowish. Light markings on the
head, if present, small.

Length of shell 16 inches.

Hob. Burma.

25. Nicoria tricarinata.

Geoemyda tricarinata, Blyth, J. A. S. B. xxiv, 1855, p. 714.

Chaibassia tricarinata, Theob. Cat. p. 6.

Chaibassia tricarinata and theobaldi, Anders. An. Zool. Res. Yunnan,

pp. 717, 718 ; Bouleng. Cat. Chel 8?c. pp. 139, 140.
Nicoria tricarinata, Lydekker, J. A. S. B. Iviii, 1889, p. 327, fig.

Allied to the preceding species, but of more terrestrial habits,
as indicated by the more convex carapace, abruptly descending pos-
teriorly, and the very indistinct web between the digits. Scales
on the limbs larger. The hypoplastron is frequently attached to
the carapace by ligament; no inguinal shield. Carapace dark
brown or black, with the three keels yellow; plastron uniform
yellow ; head black, with a broad yellow or reddish band on each
side passing over the eye and the tympanum; a narrow similar band
below the angle of the mouth, along the inferior margin of the lower
jaw ; neck and limbs blackish.

Length of shell 5 inches.

Hob. Bengal (Chaibassa) and Assam (Bisthnath Plain).

I have recently had an opportunity of examining specimens of
0. tricarinata and theobaldi, and regard them as belonging to one
species, which cannot be generically separated from N. trijuga.

Genus CYCLEMYS,
Bell, P. Z. S. 1834, p. 17.

Neural plates mostly hexagonal, posterior lateral margins shortest.
Plastron united to carapace by ligament, and more or less distinctly
divided into two lobes moving upon a ligamentous hinge between
the hyo- and the hypoplastra; both the latter bones contributing
to the formation of the bridge; entoplastron intersected by the
humero-pectoral suture. Skull with a bony temporal arch ;
alveolar surfaces without median ridge ; choanae between the eyes.
Upper surface of head covered with undivided skin. Digits webbed
or nearly free. Tail short, not longer in the young than in the
adult.

Distribution. The greater part of the Oriental Eegion, east of the
Bay of Bengal. Terrestrial or semiaquatic.

CYCLEMYS.

The ligameutous transverse hinge, dividing the plastron into
an anterior and a posterior moiety, may be indistinct, and is nearly
always so in quite young specimens. These may, however, be
readily distinguished from young of the preceding genus by the
hooked upper jaw.

Fig. 10. — Shell of Cyckmys amboinensis.

Synopsis of Burmese Species.

A. Plastron emarginate posteriorly ; posterior

margin of carapace serrated.

a. Suture between pectoral shield and mar-

ginals longer than that between abdomi-
nal and marginals C. platynota, p. 30.

b. Suture between pectoral and marginals

shorter than that between abdominal and

marginals.

a'. Carapace unicarinate C. dhor, p. 30.

b'. Carapace tricarinate ; C. motihoti, p. 31.

B. Plastron not notched posteriorly ; carapace

tricarinate in the young ; posterior margin

not serrated C. amboinensis, p. 31.

30 TESTTTDINIDJE.

26. Cyclemys platynota.

Emys platynota, Gray, P. Z. S. 1834, p. 54 ; id. III. Ind. Zool. ii,

pi. Ivii, tig. 1.
Cyclemys platynota, Gray, Cat. Sh. Kept. i. p. 43; Bculeng. Cat.

CM. $c. p. 130.
Notochelys platynota, Ovmth. Kept. B. I. p. 17; TJieob. Cat. p. 10.

Carapace depressed, angular, the vertebral region flat, with an
interrupted obtuse keel ; posterior margin serrated ; six, rarely seven,
vertebral shields, the small additional shield intercalated between
the fourth and fifth ; vertebrals (except the first) much broader
than long, at least as broad as the costals. Plastron narrower than the
opening of the shell, hind lobe openly emarginate, connected with
the carapace by a distinct bridge, the width of which is contained
twice and a half to twice and two thirds in the length of the plas-
tron ; the hyo- and hypoplastral bones contribute to an equal
degree to the formation of the bridge ; no distinct transverse hinge ;
a large inguinal shield ; the suture between the pectoral shield and
the marginals longer than that between the abdominal and the
marginals ; the median suture between the pectoral shields as long
as or a little longer than that between the abdominals. Hook of
the upper jaw bicuspid, divided by a median groove. Digits exten-
sively webbed ; claws long, curved, sharp. Front part of arm with
broad, band-like transverse shields. Carapace reddish brown, or
yellowish brown with radiating brown lines ; young with a pair of
round black spots on each vertebral shield, and one or two similar
spots on each costal ; plastron yellow with brown spots, or brown
with the sutures between the shields yellow. Head yellowish
brown ; neck brown, with irregular yellowish streaks, the broadest
of which extends from the posterior corner of the eye.

Length of shell 9| inches.

Hob. Mergui, Malay Peninsula, Sumatra, Borneo.

27. Cyclemys dhor.

Emys dhor, part., Gray, Syn. Rept. p. 20.

Emys dentata, Gray, III. Ind. Zool. ii, pi. Iviii, fig. 2.

Cvclemys oldhamii, Gray. P. Z. S. 1863. p. 178 ; Gilnth. Kept. B. I.

p. 15, pi. v, fig. B.
Cyclemys dentata, Theob. Cat. p. 8.
Cyclemys dhor, Bouleng. Cat. CM. #c. p. 131.

Carapace depressed, with a single, obtuse keel ; posterior margin
serrated ; vertebral shields as broad as long or broader than long,
narrower than the costals. Plastron narrower than the opening of
the shell, hind lobe angularly notched, connected with the carapace
by a distinct bridge, the width of which is contained twice and
three fourths to three times in the length of the plastron ; the hyo-
and hypoplastral bones contribute in a nearly equal degree to the
formation of the bridge ; the transverse hinge between the hyo-
and hypoplastrals, which does not correspond with the curved
suture between the pectoral and abdominal shields, is only deve-

CTCLEMTS. 31

loped in adult specimens ; a small inguinal shield may be present ;
the suture between the pectoral shield and the marginals shorter
than that between the abdominal and the margiuals ; the longest
median suture is that between the pectorals. Hook of upper jaw
bicuspid. Digits distinctly webbed, with sharp claws. Front part
of arm with broad transverse scales. Carapace brown, or yellowish
brown spotted with dark brown ; plastron yellowish or pale
brown in the young, with dark brown spots or radiating lines ; in
the adult, dark brown. Neck with dark and light longitudinal
lines.

Length of shell 7| inches.

Hob. Malay Archipelago and Peninsula, Carnboja, Siam, Burma
(Pegu, Tenasserim).

28. Cyclemys mouhoti.

Cyclemys mouhotii, Gray, A. M. N. H. (3) x, 1862, p. 157 ;

Bvuleng. Cat. Chel. $c. p. 132.
Pyxidea mouhotii, Giinth. JRept. B. I. p. 16, pi. iv, fig. D ; Theob.

Cat. p. 9.

Carapace depressed, angular, the vertebral region flat, with three
strong parallel keels ; posterior margin serrated ; vertebral shields
much broader than long and as broad as the costals ; first vertebral
as long as broad or broader than long, narrower than second.
Plastron a little narrower than the opening of the shell, hind lobe
angularly emarginate; bridge broad and very short, its width
about one third the length of the plastron ; the hypoplastral bone
and the abdominal shield have a much greater share in the forma-
tion of the bridge than the hyoplastral and pectoral ; the longest
median suture is that between the abdominals. Hook of the upper
jaw strong, entire. Digits nearly free ; limbs covered with large
scales. Carapace yellowish or reddish brown ; plastron yellowish,
with or without a few large dark-brown spots ; neck of young
brown, spotted with yellow.

Length of shell 6| inches.

Hab. Cachar, Siam, Cochin China.

29. Cyclemys amboinensis.

Testudo aniboinensis, Daud. Kept, ii, p. 309.

Cistudo amboinensis, Gray, III. Ind. Zool. i, pi. Ixxvii, figs. 3, 4.

Cuora amboinensis, Gray, Cat. Sh. Rept. i, p. 41 ; Giinth. Kept. B. 1.

p. 12, pi. iv, figs. A, B ; Theob. Cat. p. 7.
Cyclemys aniboinensis, Bouleng. Cat. Chel. 8>c. p. 133.

Carapace depressed and tricarinate in the young, usually very
convex and without or with a single keel in adult females ; verte-
bral shields as long as broad or a little longer than broad in the
adult, broader in the young, much narrower than the costals.
Plastron as large as the opening of the shell in the adult, without
distinct bridge; no anal notch; the line of junction between the

hyo plastron and the carapace shorter than that between the hypo-
plastron and the carapace ; pectoral shields as long as the abdo-
minals or shorter, as long as the humerals or slightly longer ;
axillary and inguinal small or absent. Head rather small ; upper
jaw scarcely hooked, without any emargination. Front part of
arm with large transverse scales. Digits moderately webbed, with
sharp claws. Carapace brown or blackish ; plastron yellow with
large black spots, or dark brown with the suture between the
shields yellow ; in the very young the black spots of the plastron
are confluent into a broad longitudinal zone, the borders of the
plastron being yellowish ; head and neck brown above, yellow
beneath ; a yellow band borders the head and neck superiorly,
meeting its fellow above the nostrils ; a second yellow band passes
through the eye and is separated from the upper jaw by a dark-
brown band ; ear yellow.

Length of shell 8 inches.

Hob. Pegu, Tenasserim, Siam, Malay Peninsula and Archipelago,
eastward to the Moluccas.

Genus BELLIA,
Gray, P. Z. S. 1869, p. 197.

Neural plates hexagonal, anterior lateral margins shortest.
Plastron extensively united to the carapace by suture, with long
axillary and inguinal buttresses, the latter anchylosed between
the fifth and sixth costal plates ; entoplastron intersected by the
humero-pectoral suture. Skull with a bony temporal arch ; alveolar
surfaces without median ridge ; choanae between the eyes. Skin
of hinder part of head divided into small shields. Digits webbed.
Tail very short, not longer in the young than in the adult.

Distribution. Burma, Siam, Malay Peninsula and Archipelago.
Semiaquatic.

30. Bellia crassicollis.

Emys crassicollis, Gray, Syn. Rept. p. 21 ; id. III. Ind. Zool. i, pi. Ixxvi,

fig. 2 ; Cantor, J. A. S. B. xvi, 1847, p. 609 ; Giinth. Rept. B. I.

p. 28, pi. iv, fig. E.
Emys nigra, Blyth, J. A. S. B. xxiv, 1855, p. 713, and xxxii, 1863,

p. 81.
Bellia crassicolli.s, Gray, P. Z. S. 1869, p. 197; Souleiio. Cat. Cliel.

#c. p. 98.
Bellia crassilabris, Theob. Cat. p. 10.

Carapace moderately depressed, tricarinate in the young, the
keels, especially the laterals, becoming indistinct in old specimens ;
vertebral region flattened in the adult male ; posterior border
serrated ; nuchal small, broadest behind ; posterior side of first
vertebral not half the length of the shield in the adult ; vertebrals
2 to 4, as long as broad or a little broader than long, much nar-
rower than the costals, narrowly in contact with each other in old

BELLIA.

33

specimens ; in the latter, the autero-lateral sides are convex, the
postero-lateral longer and concave. Plastron smaller than the
opening of the shell, truncate anteriorly, angularly notched pos-
teriorly, feebly concave in the males, strongly angulated laterally

Fig. 11.— Shell otBellia crassicollis.

in young specimens, feebly in old ones ; the width of the bridge
about equals the length of the hind lobe ; relative size of plastral
shields very variable; abdominals usually forming the longest
median suture, humerals the shortest ; axillary and inguinal shields
present. Head rather large ; snout very short, not prominent ;
upper jaw strongly curved on each side, not hooked ; the width of
the mandible at the symphysis is a little less than the diameter of
the orbit. Digits webbed to the claws ; front of forearm and outer
side of leg with large transverse band-like scales. SheU dark
brown or black, plastron usually with yellowish variegation, or
bands following the sutures of the shields, or a broad band along
each side. Soft parts dark brown or black ; some large yellow
spots on the head, viz. above the eye, above the ear, below the ear,

D

34 TESTUDINID^E.

and on each side of the mandible ; these spots become indistinct
in old specimens.

Length of shell 7 inches.

Httb. Tenasserirn, Siam, Malay Peninsula, Sumatra.

Genus DAMONIA,
Gray, P. Z. S. 1869, p. 193.

Neural plates hexagonal, anterior lateral margins shortest. Plas-
tron extensively united to the carapace by suture, with long axillary
and inguinal peduncles ; the latter anchylosed between the fifth and
sixth, exceptionally fourth and fifth, costal plates ; entoplastron
intersected by the humero-pectoral suture. Skull with a bony
temporal arch ; alveolar surfaces very broad, without median
ridge ; choanse behind the level of the eyes. Skin of posterior
part of head divided into small shields. Digits webbed. Tail
short or moderate.

Distribution. East Indies, China, Japan. Semiaquatic.

A single species is found in India.

31. Damonia hamiltonii.

Emys hamiltonii, Gray, Syn. Eept. pp. 21, 72 ; Giinth. Rept. B. I.

p. 32.

Emys guttata (non Schn.), Gray, III. Ind. Zool. i, pi. Ixxvi, fig. 1.
Damonia hamiltonii, Gray, P. Z. S. 1869, p. 195 ; Theob. Cat. p. 11 ;

Bouleng. Cat. Chel. $u. p. 93.
Melanochelys pictus, Murray, A. M. N. H. (5) xiv, 1884, p. 107.

Carapace much elevated, with three interrupted keels or series
of nodose prominences corresponding to the vertebral and costal
shields ; posterior border strongly serrated in the young, feebly in
the adult ; nuchal moderate, broader posteriorly than anteriorly ;
first vertebral not or scarcely broader anteriorly than posteriorly ;
second and third vertebrals broader than long in the young,
nearly as long as broad in the adult, narrower than the costals.
Plastron large, angulate laterally, truncate anteriorly ; posterior
lobe much narrower than the opening of the shell, nearly as
long as the width of the bridge, deeply notched posteriorly.
Head rather large ; snout very short, not projecting ; upper jaw
emarginate mesially ; the width of the mandible at the symphysis
neai'ly equals the horizontal diameter of the orbit ; a large shield,
sometimes divided into three, covers the upper surface of the snout
and the crown ; one shield round the upper jaw and one on each
side between the eye and the ear. Digits webbed to the claws.
Tail extremely short. Shell dark brown or blackish, elegantly
marked with yellow spots and radiating streaks. Soft parts dark
brown or blackish, with round yellow spots, largest on the head
and neck.

Length of shell 9 inches.

Hal. Bengal, Punjab, Upper Sind.

35

Genus MORENIA,
Gray, Suppl. Cat. Sh. Eept. i, p. 62, 1870.

Neural plates hexagonal, anterior lateral margins shortest. Plas-
tron extensively united to the carapace by suture, with short axil-
lary and inguinal buttresses, just reaching the first and fifth costal
plates ; entoplastron anterior to the humero-pectoral suture. Skull
with a bony temporal arch ; alveolar surfaces very broad, that of
upper jaw with a strong tuberculate median ridge ; edge of jaws
strongly toothed ; choanse behind the level of the eyes. Upper
surface of snout and crown covered with a single shield, behind
which the skin is corrugated. Digits extensively webbed. Tail
short.

Distribution. Northern India and Burma. Aquatic ; herbivorous.

Synopsis of the Species.

Suture between abdominal shields longer than that

between pectorals .......................... M. ocellata, p. 3".

Suture between abdominal shields not longer than

that between pectorals ...................... M. petersii, p. 36.

32. Morenia ocellata.

Emys ocellata, Dum. Sf Bibr. Erp. Gen. ii, p. 329, pi. xv, fig. 1 ;

Giitith. Eept. B. 1. p. 22.

Emys berdmorei, Blyth, J. A. S. B. xxvii, 1858, p. 281.
Morenia berdmorei, 'Gray, Suppl. Cat. Sh. Reft, i, p. 62 ; Theob. Cat.

p. 17.
Batagur (Morenia) ocellata, Anders. An. Zool. Res. Yunnan, p. 755,

pis. Ix & Ixi.
Morenia ocellata, Bouleng. Cat. Chel. $c. p. 66.

Carapace moderately depressed, with a strong, interrupted,
tubercular keel in the young, which becomes fainter in the adult ;
margin not serrated ; nuchal narrow ; first vertebral not or but
little broader anteriorly than posteriorly, lateral borders usually
sinuous ; second, third, and fourth vertebrals broader than long
or as long as broad, narrower than the costals. Plastron large,
angulate laterally, truncate anteriorly, notched posteriorly ; the
width of the bridge exceeds the length of the hind lobe ; the
longest median suture is that between the abdominals ; suture
bet\veen the gulars as long as that between the numerals or
shorter ; axillary and inguinal large. Head moderate ; snout
short, obtuse ; upper jaw notched mesially, denticulated ; lower
jaw strongly serrated, flat beneath, its width at the symphysis
equalling the diameter of the orbit. Scales on limbs small ; digits
broadly webbed. Tail very short. Carapace brown, each shield
of the disk with a large central blackish ocellus encircled with
yellowish ; lower surface uniform yellow. Head olive, with yellow

D2

markings ; a yellow streak running above the canthus rostralis,
supraciliary edge and temple, and another from behind the eye to
above the ear.

Length of shell : d1 6 inches, § 9 inches.

Hab. Burma.

33. Morenia petersii.

Emys ocellata (non D. &• B.), Blytli, J. A. S. B. xxvii, 1858,

p. 281.

Morenia ocellata, Theob. Cat. p. 18.
Batagur (Morenia) petersi, Anders. An. Zool. Res. Yunnan, p. 701,

pi. lix.
Morenia petersii, Bouleng. Cat. Chel. $c. p. 08.

Very closely allied to the preceding. Snout much more pointed
and relatively longer. Suture between the pectorals not shorter
than that between the abdominals. Carapace black, each vertebral
with a narrow yellowish mesial line ; the last four vertebrals with
a yellowish linear horseshoe mark with the ends directed forwards ;
each costal with an ocellus placed rather low and formed by a
narrow yellowish line, above which are some irregular looped lines
of similar colour ; the nuchal and each marginal with a vertical
narrow yellowish mesial streak ; plastron yellow. Three yellow
streaks on each side of the head, the lower extending from below
the nostril to the angle of the mouth.

Length of shell : 3 5 inches, $ 8 inches.

Hab. Bengal.

Genus HARDELLA,
Gray, Suppl. Cat. Sh. Kept, i, p. 58, 1870.

Neural plates elongate, hexagonal, anterior lateral margins
shortest. Plastron extensively united to the carapace by suture,
with extremely developed axillary and inguinal buttresses, the for-
mer connected with the first rib, the latter anchylosed between the
fifth and sixth costal plates ; entoplastron anterior to the humero-
pectoral suture. Skull with a bony temporal arch ; alveolar surfaces
very broad, that of upper jaw with a strong tubercular median ridge ;
edge of jaws strongly toothed ; choana) behind the level of the
eyes. LTpper surface of snout and crown covered with a single
shield, behind which the skin is corrugated. Digits extensively
webbed. Tail short.

Distribution. Northern India. Thoroughly aquatic ; herbivorous.

34. Hardella thurgi.

j, Syn. Kept. p. 2
Emys thurgii, Giinth. Rept. B. I. p,

Emys thurjii, Gray, Syn. Rept. p. 22 ; id. 111. Ind. Zool i, pi. Ixxiii.

BAT AGUE. 37

Batagur thurgii, Theob. Cat. Rept. Mus. As. Soc. 1868. p. 12 : id.

Cat. p. 23.

Kachuga oldhami, Gray, P. Z. 8. 1869, p. 200, fig. 14.
Hardella thurgi, Gray, Suppl Cat. Sh. Rept. i. p. 58 ; Bouleng. Cat.

CM. $c. p. 63.
Hardella indi, Gray, Suppl. Cat. Sh. Rept. i, p. 58.

Carapace moderately depressed, with an interrupted tubercular
keel ; margin not serrated ; nuchal narrow, broadest posteriorly ;
first vertebral usually narrower anteriorly than posteriorly, lateral
borders usually slightly sinuous ; second, third, and fourth verte-
brals considerably broader than long in the young, nearly as long
as broad in the adult. Plastron large, angulate laterally, truncate
anteriorly, angularly notched posteriorly ; the width of the bridge
exceeds the length of the posterior lobe ; the longest median suture
is that between the abdominals ; suture between the gulars as long
as that between the humerals or a little shorter (at least three
fourths) ; inguinal large, axillary smaller. Head moderate ; snout
short, obtuse ; upper jaw notched mesially, serrated ; lower jaw
very strongly dentated, flat inferiorly, its width at the symphysis a
little less than the diameter of the orbit. Limbs with transversely
enlarged, band-like scales. Carapace dark brown or black ; plas-
tron yellowish, with a large blackish spot occupying the greater
part of each shield, or entirely black. Soft parts dark brown ; a
yellow band across the prsefrontal region, extending on each side,
through the eye, to above the ear ; another from below each eye,
passing below the nostrils.

Length of shell 18 inches ( $ ). Males much smaller.

Hub. Northern India (Ganges and Indus systems).

Genus BATAGUR,
Gray, Cat. Sh. Rept. i, p. 35, 1855.

Neural plates elongate, hexagonal, anterior lateral margins
shortest. Plastron extensively united to the carapace by suture,
with extremely developed axillary and inguinal buttresses, the for-
mer connected with the first rib, the latter anchylosed between the
fifth and sixth costal plates ; entoplastron anterior to the humero-
pectoral suture. Skull with a bony temporal arch ; alveolar surfaces
very broad, that of the upper jaw with two strong, slightly den-
ticulated median ridges ; edge of jaws denticulated ; choanse be-
hind the level of the eyes. Limbs somewhat approaching the
paddle-shape, very broadly webbed, with four claws. Tail very
short.

Distribution. Bengal, Burma, Malay Peninsula. Thoroughly
aquatic ; herbivorous.

TESTUDINID.E.

35. Batagnr baska.

Emys batagur, Gray, Syn. Rept. p. 23 ; id. 111. Ind. Zool. ii, pi. lix.
Emys baska, Gray, Syn. Rept. p. 24 ; id. 111. Ind. Zool. i, pi. Ixxv.
Tetraonyx baska, Dum. $ Bibr. Erp. Gen. ii. p. 341 ; Theob. Cat.

p. 25.

Tetraonyx batagur, Gray, Cat. Tort. p. 29.
Tetraonyx affinis, part., Cantor, J. A. S. B. xvi, 1847, p. 612.
Batagur baska, Gray, Cat. Sh. Rept. i, p. 35, pi. xvi; Giinth. Rept.

B. I. p. 37, pi. iii, figs. B, B'; Bouleng. Cat. Chel. fyc. p. 01.

Carapace moderately depressed, with a vertebral keel in the
young, which keel disappears in the adult ; nuchal broader than
long ; first vertebral as broad in front as behind, or a little broader ;
vertebrals 2 to 4 subequal, much broader than long in the young,
nearly as long as broad and as broad as the costals in the adult ;
the postero-lateral border of the third vertebral strongly concave.
Plastron large, strongly angulate laterally in the young, convex in
the adult, truncate anteriorly, angularly notched posteriorly ; the
width of the bridge exceeds the length of the posterior lobe ; the
longest median suture is that between the abdominals, the shortest
that between the gulars, the latter never more than half that be-
tween the hutnerals ; inguinal large, axillary smaller. Head rather
small ; snout pointed, produced, directed upwards ; jaws with
denticulated edge, upper feebly notched mesially ; the width of
the lower jaw at the symphysis nearly equals the diameter of
the orbit. Limbs with transversely enlarged, band-like scales.
Upper surface of shell and soft parts olive-brown, lower surface
yellowish.

Length of shell 21 inches.

Hab. Bengal, Burma, Malay Peninsula.

Genus KACHUGA,
Gray, Cat. Sh. Rept. i, p. 35, 1855.

Fourth vertebral shield elongate, embracing four or five neural
plates ; neural plates hexagonal, anterior lateral margins shortest.
PJastrou extensively united to the carapace by suture, with ex-
tremely developed axillary and inguinal buttresses, the former con-
nected with or nearly reaching the first rib, the latter anchylosed
between the fifth and sixth costal plates ; entoplastron anterior to
the humero-pectoral suture. Skull with a bony temporal arch ;
alveolar surfaces very broad, that of upper jaw with a median ridge ;
edge of jaws denticulated ; choanae oa a level with the posterior
border of the eyes, or behind it. Upper surface of head covered
with undivided skin. Digits very broadly webbed. Tail very
short.

Distribution. India and Burma. Thoroughly aquatic ; her-
bivorous.

KACHUGA. 3!

Synopsis of tlie Species.

A. Third vertebral shield forming a broad suture
with the fourth, which embraces four neural
plates.

a. Second vertebral shield with straight trans-
verse posterior border.

a'. Alveolar surface of upper jaw extremely
broad, the median ridge nearer the outer
than the inner margin ; bony choanae be-
hind the orbits K. lineata, p. 40.

b'. Alveolar surface of upper jaw narrower,
the median ridge nearer the inner than the
outer margin ; bony choanae between the
orbits K. trivittata, p. 41 .

Fig. 12.— Shell of Kachuga trivittata.

b. Second vertebral shield pointed or produced

behind, entering the third K. dhongoka, p. 41.

B. Fourth vertebral shield pointed in front, nar-
rowly in contact with the third, embracing
five neural plates.

a. Third vertebral quadrangular, much longer
than broad, posterior border straight or
slightly convex K. smithii, p. 42.

40 TESTUDINID^!.

b. Third vertebral shield pentagonal, pointed be-
hind,
a'. Second vertebral shield much shorter than

third, embracing two neural plates.
a". Posterior margin of carapace strongly ser-
rated ; 26 marginal shields (including

caudals) K. sylhetensis, p. 42.

b". Posterior margin not serrated K. intermedia, p. 43.

b'. Second vertebral shield as long as broad,

embracing three neural plates K. tectum, p. 43.

36. Kachuga lineata.

Emys dhor, part., Gray, Syn. Kept, p. 20.

Emys dentata, part, Gray, Syn. Rept. errata, & pis. via, ix ; id. III.

Ind. Zool. ii, pi. Iviii, fig. 1.
Emys lineata, Gray, Syn. Rept. p. 23.
Einvs kachuga, Gray, III. Ind. Zool. i, pi. Ixxiv.
Batagur lineata, Gray, Cat. Sh. Rept. i, p. 35, pi. xvii ; Gilnth. Rept.

B. I. p. 39.
Batagur ellioti, Gray, P. Z. S. 1862, p. 264 ; Gilnth. Rept. B. 1.

p. 40, pi. iii, figs. A, A'.

Kachuga hardwickii, Gray, P. Z. S. 1869, p. 202.
? Kachuga fusca, Gray, Suppl. Cat. Sh. Rept. i, p. 56.
Kachuga liueata, Gray, Suppl. Cat. Sh. Rept. i, p. 56 ; Boideng. Cat.

Chel. Sfc. p. 54.
Batagur kachuga, Theob. Cat. p. 19.

Carapace of young strongly keeled, the keels tubercular poste-
riorly on the second and third vertebral shields, posterior margin
strongly crenulated ; the marginal serrature disappears in adoles-
cent specimens, and the vertebral keel, after being reduced to a
series of low knobs, vanishes entirely in the full-grown, the cara-
pace of which is very convex. Nuchal shield small, trapezoid,
broadest posteriorly ; first vertebral as broad in front as behind, or
broader ; second vertebral longer than third, with which it forms
a straight transverse suture ; fourth longest and forming a broad
suture with the third ; second vertebral broader than long in the
young, as long as broad in the adult. Plastron angulate laterally
in the young ; anterior and posterior lobes rather narrow and
shorter than the width of the bridge, truncate anteriorly, openly
notched posteriorly ; the longest median suture between the
abdominals, the shortest between the gulars, which equals about
one half that between the humerals ; the suture between gulars
and humerals forms an obtuse angle, and so does that between
humerals and pectorals; inguinal large, axillary smaller. Head
moderate ; snout obtuse, moderately prominent ; jaws with denti-
culated edge, upper not notched mesially ; alveolar surfaces very
broad, the median ridge of the upper jaw being somewhat nearer
the outer than the inner margin ; choanse behind the line of the
posterior borders of the orbits ; the width of the lower jaw at the
symphysis equals the diameter of the orbit. Limbs with trans-

KACHUGA. 41

versely enlarged, baud-like scales. Brown above, yellowish below ;
nape with red longitudinal lines.

Length of shell 15 inches.

Hab. Northern Peninsular India ; Ganges, Kistna, and Godavari
rivers; Burma.

37. Kachuga trivittata.

Emys trivittata, Dum, $ Bibr. Erp. Gen. ii, p. 33 1.

Batagur trivittata, Theob. Jour. Linn. Soc. x, 1808, p. 14, and Cat.

p. 20.

Kachuga peguensis et trilineata, Gray, P. Z. S. 1869, p. 200.
Batagur iravadica, Anders. An. Zool. Res. Yunnan, p. 736, pis. Ixiv,

Ixv, Ixviii, & Ixix.
Kachuga trivittata, Bouleng. Cat. Cliel. SfC. p. 55.

Differs from the preceding in the much narrower alveolar sur-
face of the jaws, the median ridge of the upper jaw being nearer
the inner than the outer margin ; choanae between the orbits ;
the width of the lower jaw at the symphysis is less than the dia-
meter of the orbit. Considerable uncertainty prevails in the dis-
tinction of isolated shells of this species from the preceding. The
male B. trivittata is characterized by three black longitudiinal
bands on the carapace, which are absent in the female according to
Theobald, whose opinion I am disposed to endorse rather than
that of Anderson, who makes a distinct species (B. iravadica) for
the specimens (females and young males) without bands.

Length of shell 22 inches.

Hab. Irrawaddy river from Bhamo to Bangoon ; Tenasserim.

38. Kachuga dhongoka.

Emys dhongoka, Gray, III. Ind. Zool. ii, pi. Ix.

Batagur dhongoka, Gray, Cat. Sh. Rept. i, p. 36, pi. xviii ; Gunth.

Rept. B. I. p. 42 ; Theob. Cat. p. 22.
Pangshura leithii, Gray, Suppl. Cat. Sh. Rept. i, p. 60.
Kachuga dhongoka, Bouleng. Cat. Chel. fyc. p. 56.

Carapace much depressed, keeled in the young, the keels reduced
to a knob on each of the anterior vertebrals in the adult ; posterior
margin crenulated. Nuchal shield small, trapezoid, broadest
behind ; first vertebral usually narrower in front than behind, with
sinuous lateral borders ; second vertebral broader than long in the
young, longer than broad in the adult, posterior border pointed or
more or less produced, fitting into an emargination of the third
vertebral, which is shorter than either the second or the third.
Plastron angulate laterally in the young ; front lobe truncate, hind
lobe angularly notched, shorter than the width of the bridge ; the
longest median suture is between the abdominals ; suture between
the gulars as long or nearly as long as that between the humerals ;
the suture between gulars and humerals forms a right angle, and

42 TESTUDINID^E.

that between humerals and pectorals a straight transverse line ;
inguinal large, axillary smaller. Jaws and soft parts as in
K. trivittata. Brown above, yellowish below ; carapace with three
more or less distinct black longitudinal bands.

Length of shell 14 inches.

Hob. Northern India (Granges and Indus) ; and Poona in the
Deccan, if a specimen obtained by Dr. Leith was correctly labelled.

39. Kachuga smitMi.

Balagur smithii, Gray, P. Z. S. 1863, p. 253.

Pangshura smithii, Oiinth. Rept. B. I. p. 36 ; Theob. Cat. p. 15.

Kachuga smithii, Bouleng. Cat. Chel. fyc. p. 57, pi. i.

Carapace much depressed, feebly keeled. Nuchal shield small,
trapezoidal, broadest posteriorly ; first vertebral with sinuous lateral
borders, usually a little narrower in front than behind ; second
vertebral shortest, broader than long, usually with straight or
slightly convex posterior border ; third vertebral considerably
longer than broad, subquadrangular, posterior border straight or
slightly convex ; fourth vertebral longest, tapering anteriorly and
forming a narrow suture with the third ; fifth vertebral much
broader than the others. Plastron feebly angulated laterally,
large ; front lobe rounded, hind lobe angularly notched and as long
as or a little shorter than the width of the bridge ; the longest
median suture is that between the abdominals, which about equals
the length of the front lobe ; gulars usually shorter than the
suture between the humerals, their suture with the latter shields
forming a right angle ; inguinal large, axillary smaller. Head
moderate ; snout short, obtuse, feebly prominent ; jaws with
denticulated edge, upper not notched mesially ; alveolar surface of
upper jaw broad, the median ridge nearer the inner than the outer
border ; bony choanso between the orbits ; the width of the lower
jaw at the symphyeis is less than the diameter of the orbit. Fore
limbs with large transverse scales. Pale olive-brown above ; dorsal
keel usually blackish ; plastral shields and lower surface of mar-
ginals dark brown, bordered with yellow.

Length of shell 8^ inches.

Hob. Upper Gauges and Indus with their tributaries.

40. Kachuga sylhetensis.

Pangshura sylhetensis, Jerdon, P. A. S. B. 1870, p. 69 ; Theob. Cat.

p. 15.
Kachuga sylhetensis, Bouleng. Cat. Chel. fyc. p. 57.

Carapace elevated, tectiform, the keel ending in an elevated
pointed nodosity on the third vertebral shield, forming a strong
ridge on the last two vertebral s ; posterior margin very strongly
serrated ; 26 marginal shields, instead of 24 as in all other species
of the genus ; first vertebral shield much broader in front than
behind in the half-grown specimens, equally broad in front and

KACHUGA. 43

behind in the adult ; second vertebral shortest, broader than long,
with straight posterior border ; third vertebral considerably longer
than broad, pointed behind, and forming a very narrow suture
with the fourth, which tapers anteriorly and equals in length the
first and second together ; fifth vertebral not broader than fourth,
pointed posteriorly. Plastron large, feebly angulate laterally,
truncate anteriorly, angularly notched posteriorly ; the longest
median suture is that between the abdominals ; suture between the
gulars as long as or shorter than that between the numerals;
suture between gulars and humerals forming a right angle ; inguinal
and axillary large. Carapace olive-brown, usually with a lighter
streak along the keel ; plastral shields dark brown with a broad
yellow border.

Length of shell 7 inches.

Hob, Sylhet and Assam.

41. Kachuga intermedia.

Emys (Pangshura) tectum, var. intermedia, Blanf. J. A. S. £. xxxix,

1870, pt. 2, p. 339, pi. xiv, and xlviii, 1879, p. 110.
Kachuga intermedia, Bouleng. Cat. Chel. fyc. p. 58.

Shell as in K. tectum, but second vertebral shield shortest and
broader than long. Carapace brown ; plastral shields black, with
yellow anterior and lateral margins. Head dull oh' ve, paler below ;
a ferruginous spot behind the eye, and three others, less well
marked, in a convex line on the occiput ; limbs uniform olive.

Length of shell 4| inches.

Hob. Hasdo river, Bilaspur, Central Provinces ; Godavari.

This Tortoise is only known to me from Blanf ord's description.

42. Kachuga tectum.

Emys tecta, Gray, Syn. Kept. p. 23, pi. v ; id. III. Ind. Zool. i,

pi. Ixxii.

Emys tentoria, Gray, P. Z. S. 1834, p. 54.
Pangshura tecta, Gunth. Rept. B. 1. p. 33 ; Theob. Cat. p. 13.
Pangshura tentoria, Gunth. Rept. B. 1. p. 34, pi. iv, figs. C, C'; Theob.

Cat. p. 14.

Pangshura flaviventer, Gunth. Rept. B. I. p. 35 ; Theob. Cat. p. 15.
Kachuga tectum, Bouleng. Cat. Chel. $c. p. 58.

Carapace elevated, tectiform, the keel ending in a nodosity on the
third vertebral shield ; posterior margin not or but very slightly
serrated ; nuchal shield small, square or trapezoidal ; first vertebral
very variable in shape, usually with straight lateral borders diverg-
ing forwards in the half-grown specimens, narrower in front and
with sinuous lateral borders in the adult ; second vertebral as long
as or a little longer than second, frequently obtusely pointed
behind ; third vertebral pointed behind, in contact with the point
of the very elongate fourth ; fifth vertebral broader than the
others. Plastron large, strongly angulated laterally in the young,
truncate anteriorly, angularly notched posteriorly ; proportions of

44 PLATYSTEENID^E.

plastral shields very variable ; suture between gulars and humerals
forming a right angle ; axillary and inguinal large. Head mode-
rate ; snout short, rather pointed and prominent ; jaws with den-
ticulated edge, upper not notched mesially ; alveolar surface of
upper jaw with the median ridge nearer the inner than the outer
border ; bony choanse between the orbits ; the width of the lower
jaw at the symphysis is less than the diameter of the orbit. Fore
limbs with large transverse scales. Carapace olive, that of young
with some black spots, especially on the posterior edge of the first
three vertebrals ; an orange vertebral band and a narrow yellow
margin ; carapace more uniform in the adult ; plastron orange or
red, with black spots, or brown with a yellowish anterior and lateral
border to each shield, in one specimen uniform yellow. Head
blackish ; jaws and sides of crown orange ; neck with numerous
yellow lines on a blackish ground ; limbs dark olive, spotted with
yellow.

Length of shell up to nearly 9 inches.

Hah. Ganges and Indus systems.

Family III. PLATYSTERNID.E.

Shell covered with epidermal shields. Caudal vertebras mostly
opisthocoelous. Neck completely retractile within the shell.
Parietal bones widely separated from squamosals ; temporal region
completely roofed over. Digits moderately elongate ; phalanges
with condyles ; claws four or five.

A single genus and species, remarkable for its large head and
long tail.

Genus PLATYSTERNUM,
Gray, P. Z. S. 1831, p. 106.

Plastron moderately large, connected with the carapace by liga-
ment ; a series of inframarginal shields separates the plastral
shields from the marginals. Head very large, covered above with
an undivided horny shield; jaws very strong, hooked, without
additional alveolar ridges. Digits feebly webbed, all except the
outer toe clawed. Tail very long, subcylindrical, compressed at
the end, with rings of squarish shields.

A single species.

43. Platystenmm megacephalum.

Platysteraum megacephalum, Gray, P. Z. S. 1831, p. 107 ; id. Ill
Ind. Zool. ii, pi. Ixii ; Giinth. Rept. B. I. p. 43 ; Bouleng. Cat. Chel.
8fc. p. 46.

Platysternon peguense, Gray, Suppl. Cat. Sh. Rept. i, p. 70 ; TJieob.
Cat. p. 26.

PLATYSTEENUM.

Carapace much depressed, oval, with a feeble median keel poste-
riorly ; anterior border broadly emarginate. Nuchal shield very
small, broader than long ; vertebrals broader than long, as broad
as the costals or a little narrower, much broader in the young,
in which the posterior border of the carapace is distinctly serrated.

V

Fig. 13. — Skull of Platysternum megaccphal;

Front lobe of plastron squarish, posterior angularly emarginate ;
the width of the bridge contained four or five times in the length
of the plastron ; the longest plastral shields are the anals, femorals,
and humerals ; the shortest the gulars, which occupy, however,
the whole width of the front border of the plastron ; frequently a
small intergular shield between the gulars and the humerals.
Upper surface of head and temple with an undivided horny scute.

46

PLATYSTERXIDJE.

Throat with round flat tubercles. Anterior surface of arm with
large squarish scutes. Hinder side of thighs with large conical
tubercles. Tail at least as long as the shell. Carapace and soft
parts of adult olive-brown ; plastron yellowish brown. Young
more elegantly marked : — Upper surface of head and neck and
carapace olive-brown, with a few dark brown dots on the crown
and one in the centre of each costal scute ; the edge of the carapace
yellow ; jaws yellow ; a yellow black-edged streak on each side along
the temple ; sides and lower surface of neck and limbs whitish ;
upper surface of limbs blackish : plastron yellow, with a symmetrical
black marking along the middle ; tail blackish above, yellow with
a black median line beneath.

Head and neck 3 inches, carapace 6, tail 6^.

Fig. 14.— Shell of Platysternum megacephalum.

A rare tortoise, found in streams in Burma and Siam ; the speci-
mens on record are mostly from Pegu and Tenasserim. It is also
known from Southern China, where, according to Svvinhoe (P. Z. S.
1870, p. 409), it occurs in the western parts of Kwangtung Province
and in Kwangse.

CHELOHTD.B.

47

Family IV. CHELONID^.

Shell covered with epidermal shields. Caudal vertebrae pro-
coelous. Neck incompletely retractile ; cervical vertebrae short.

Fig. 15.— Skull of Chelone imlricata.

Temple completely roofed over ; parietal bone in contact with the
squamosal. Limbs paddle-sbaped ; phalanges without condyles :
claws OTIC or two.

Tbe Marine Turtles belong to three species, falling into two

48 CHELONID^E.

genera, viz. :— The Green Turtle, Chelone mydas, the Havvksbill,
Chelone imbricata, and the Loggerhead, Thalassochelys caretta, all
three of which occur in the Indian Ocean. The Green Turtle is
valuable as an article of food, the Hawksbill for the tortoise-shell
(the epidermal horny shields) ; whilst the Loggerhead is of no
commercial value, or produces but a very inferior quality of tortoise-
shell.

The Chelonidae are thoroughly marine turtles, approaching the
shores only for the purpose of depositing their eggs, which are
very numerous, soft-shelled, and buried in the sand. As these
eggs are large and excellent eating, they are much sought for.

The genera are thus distinguished : —

Costal shields 4 pairs CHELONE, p. 48.

Costal shields 5 or more pairs THALASSOCHELYS, p. 49.

Genus CHELONE,
Brongniart, Bull. Soc. Philom. iii, 1800, p. 89.

Carapace with persisting fontanelles between the costal and
marginal plates. Costal shields four pairs. An iutergular shield
and a series of inframargiual plastral shields.

Two species are known.

Synopsis of Species.

Upper jaw not hooked C. mydas, p. 48.

Upper jaw hooked C. imbricata, p. 49.

44. Chelone mydas.
Testudo mydas, Linn. Syst. Nat. i, p. 350.

Chelonia mydas, Schweigy. Prodr. p. 22; Bouleng. Cat. Chel. $c. p. 180.
Chelonia virgata, Schweir/g. Prodr. p. 22 ; Cantor, J. A, S. B. xvi,
1847, p. 617 ; Gunth. liept. B. I. p. 53 ; Theob. Cat. p. 33.

Carapace feebly unicarinate in the young (sometimes with slight
indication of lateral keels), arched or subtectiform in the adult ;
dorsal shields juxtaposed ; margin not or but indistinctly serrated,
formed of 25 shields. Snout very short ; jaws not hooked ; horny
sheaths of upper jaw with feebly denticulated edge and striated
inner surface, of lower jaw with strongly denticulated edge;
alveolar surface of upper jaw with two strong denticulated ridges ;
symphysis of lower jaw short ; one pair of prsefrontal shields.
Limbs usually with a single claw; the second digit sometimes
provided with a distinct claw in young specimens. Young dark
brown or olive above, the limbs margined with yellow : yellow
beneath, with a large dark brown spot on the hand and foot.
Carapace of adult olive or brown, spotted or marbled with yellowish.

Length of shell 4 feet.

Hob. Tropical and subtropical seas. Eather rare in the Bay of
Bengal. Herbivorous ; edible, but occasionally poisonous.

THALASSOCHELYS. 49

45. Chelone iiubricata.

Testudo imbricata, Linn. Syst. Nat. i, p. 350.

Chelonia imbricata, Schweigg. Prodr. p. 21 ; Bouleng. Cat. Chel. $c.

p. 183.

Eretmochelys squamata, Ayassiz, Conti: N. H. U. S. i, p. 382.
Caretta squamata, Giinth. Rept. B. I. p. 54 ; Theob. Cat. p. 33.

Fig. 16. — Chelone imbricata (young).

Carapace tricarinate in the young, with the shields strongly
imbricate, the vertebrals rhomboidal ; dorsal shields of adult smooth,
of old specimens juxtaposed ; margin formed of 25 shields, more or
less strongly serrated posteriorly. Snout compressed in the adult ;
jaws hooked, not or but very feebly denticulated on the margin ;
symphysis of lower jaw long ; two pairs of shields anterior to the
azygous frontal. Limbs with two claws. Young pale brown above,
blackish below. Carapace of adult marbled yellow and dark brown,
plastron yellow ; shields of head and limbs dark brown with yellow
borders.

Length of shell 3 feet.

Hab. Tropical and subtropical seas. Plentiful on the coasts of
Ceylon and the Maldives. Carnivorous.

Genus THALASSOCHELYS,

Fitzinger, Ann. Wien. Mus. i, 1835, p. 121.

Carapace completely ossified in the adult. Costal shields five
pairs or more. A series of infrarnargmal plastral shields.
A single species.

E

50 SPHAEGIDJE.

46. Thalassochelys caretta.

Testudo caretta, Linn. Syst. Xat. i, p. 351.

Chelonia caouanna, SeJttDeigg. Prodr. p. 22.

Chelonia olivacea, Eschsch. Zool. Ail. p. 3, pi. iii ; Cantor, J. A. S. B.

xvi, 1847, p. 619.

Caouana olivacea, Giinth. Rept. B. I. p. 52 ; Theob. Cat. p. 33.
Thalassochelys caretta, Bouleng. Cat. Chel. $c. p. 184.

Carapace of young with three strong keels, of adult arched or
subtectiform ; dorsal shields juxtaposed ; margin serrated pos-
teriorly in the young, formed of 27, or rarely 25 shields. Intergular
shield very small or absent. Head large, with very strong, hooked
jaws ; symphysis of lower jaw very long ; alveolar surface of horny
beak with a median ridge, of jaws without ; two pairs of shields
anterior to the azygous frontal. Limbs of young usually with two
claws, of adult frequently with but one. Young uniform dark
brown or blackish ; adult brown above, yellowish inferiorly.

Length of shell 4 feet.

Hob. Tropical and subtropical seas ; Mediterranean ; an acci-
dental visitor in the North. Not rare in the Bay of Bengal.
Carnivorous, feeding chiefly ou crustaceans and niollusca.

Suborder II. ATHEC^E.
Family V. SPHARGLD^E.

Exoskeleton consisting of mosaic-like juxtaposed plates. Plastral
elements eight ; no entoplastroii. Limbs paddle-shaped, clawless,
the digits of the fore limb much elongate ; phalanges without
condyles.

This family contains a single genus and species, the well-known
Leathery Turtle.

Genus DERMOCHELYS,

Blainville, Journ. de Phys. Ixxxiii, 1816, p. 259.

Dorsal shield completely, ventral shield incompletely bony in the
adult, the former with seven, the latter with five keels. Beak with
two triangular cusps, between three deep notches ; no enlarged
alveolar surface, the jaws simply sharp-edged. Head covered with
small shields.

47. Dermochelys coriacea.

Testudo coriacea, Linn. Syst. Nat, i, p. 350.

Sphargis coriacea, Gray, Syn. Rept. i, p. 51.

Dermatochelys coriacea, Giinth. Rept. B.I. p . 55 ; Theob. Cat. p. 34.

Dermochelvs coriacea. Boulenq. Cat. Chel. <yc. p. 10-

Tore limbs as long as the dorsal shield in the young, shorter in
the adult. Colour dark brown, uniform or spotted with yellow ;

DERMOCHELYS. 51

the longitudinal series of enlarged tubercles and the border of the
limbs yellowish in the young.
Grows to a length of 8 feet.

Fig. 17. — Skull of Dennochelys coriacea*.

Hab. Generally distributed between the tropics, but scarce
everywhere ; an accidental visitor to temperate coasts. Of no
commercial value. Only on one occasion has this turtle been
observed to deposit her eggs on the coast of Tenasserim, on
February 1st, 1862, near the mouth of the Ye Eiver (c/. Tickell,
J. A. S. B. xxxi, 1862, p. 367, with figure of the turtle).

* Figures 1, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, and 17are from the British Museum
Catalogue of Ohelonians &c., 1889, the woodcuts having been, by permission
of the Trustees, used in the present work.

52

Order III. SQUAMATA.

Quadrate bone free distally ; no lower temporal arch. Ribs
single-headed. No plastron. Teeth not implanted in alveoli.
Anal opening transverse. Copulatory organ present, paired.
Three Suborders : —

1. LACERT1L1A, Lizards.— Nasal bones entering the border
of the nasal apertures ; pterygoid in contact with quadrate ;
voiuei's distinct ; maudibular rami united by suture. Pec-
toral arch or its vestiges present ; clavicle present whenever
the limbs are developed. Tongue flattened.
II. RHIPTOGLOSSA, Chameleons.— Nasal bones not bounding
nasal apertures ; pterygoid not reaching quadrate ; vonier
single ; mandibular rami united by suture. Clavicle absent ;
limbs well developed. Tongue vermiform, projectile.
III. OPHIDIA, Snakes. — Nasal bones bounding nasal apertures ;
vomers distinct ; mandibular rami connected by ligament.
No trace of pectoral arch. Tongue flattened and bifid at the
end, and sheathed at the base.

Suborder I. LACERTILIA.

Lizards may be distinguished from Snakes, apart from the
osteological characters given above, either by the presence of four
limbs, or in all the limbless forms, which are not very numerous, by
the tongue not being retractile into a basal sheath, as in the Ophidia.
Eyelids and an ear-opening, absent in all Snakes, are usually,
though not always, distinct in limbless Lizards. Only one type of
Lizards, the American Hdoderma, is known to be poisonous.

This suborder is divided into 20 families, of which the following
8 are represented in the Indian fauna.

Synopsis of Indian Families.

A. Tongue smooth or with villose papillae ; clavicle dilated, loop-

shaped proximally ; no postorbital or postfronto-squainosal arches.
Vertebrae amphiccelian ; parietal bones distinct Fain. 1. Geckonidae.
Vertebrae proccelian; parietal single Fain. "2. Eublepharidae,

B. Tongue smooth or with villose papillae; clavicle not dilated

proxitnally.
Postorbital and postt'ronto-scLuamosal arches present ;

supratemporal fossa not roofed over by bone ;

tongue thick; acrodont Fain. 3. Agamidae.

Postorbital and postfronto-squamosal arches present;

supratemporal fossa roofed over ; bodv with

LA.CERTILIA. 53

osteodermal plates, each provided with a sys-
tem of irregularly arranged arborescent or radi-
ating tubules; anterior portion of tongue
retractile ; pleurodont Fain. 4. Anguidae.

Postorbital arch incomplete; postfronto-squamosal
arch present ; supratemporal fossa not roofed
over ; nasal bone single ; tongue deeply bifid,

sheathed posteriorly ". .Fam. 5. Varanidae.

C. Tongue covered with imbricate scale-like papillae or with oblique
plicae ; clavicle dilated proximally, frequently loop-shaped.

Postorbital and postfronto-squamosal arches present;
supratemporal fossa roofed over ; praemaxillary
single; no osteodermal plates on the body. Fam. 6. Lacertidae.

Postorbital and postfronto-squamosal arches present ;
praemaxillary double ; body with osteodermal
plates, each provided with a regular system of
tubules (a transverse one anastomosing with
longitudinal ones) Fam. 7. Scincidae.

No interorbital septum ; no columella cranii ; no
arches; praemaxillary double; no osteodermal
plates Fam. 8. Dibaxnidae.

The following is an artificial key, based upon characters which
are readily observable without any knowledge of the internal
structure of the animals, and by which any Lizard occurring within
the area ascribed to this fauna may be referred to the family to
which it belongs : —

A. Tongue smooth or with villose papillae,

short or moderate, not sheathed at the
base (see fig. 20, p. 55).

a. Head covered with granules or small

scales ; body without bony armour.

No movable eyelids 1. Geckonidae, p. 54.

Movable, connivent eyelids ; dorsal scales
granular and tubercular, round, jux-
taposed ; pupil vertical 2. Eublepharidae, p. 107.

Movable, connivent eyelids ; dorsal scales

mostly imbricate ; pupil round 3. Agamidae, p. 109.

b. Head with symmetrical shields above ;

body rigid, with bony plates under-
lying the scales 4. Anguidae, p. 158.

B. Tougue much elongate, sheathed at the

base, similar to that of Snakes; head

covered with small scales 5. Varanidae, p. 160.

C. Tongue covered with imbricate scale-
like papillae (see fig. 51, p. 167) or oblique
plicae ; head with symmetrical shields.

a. Eyes exposed.

Ventral scales much differentiated from

the dorsals ; femoral or prseanal

pores 6. Lacertidae, p. 167.

Body covered with cycloid imbricate

scales ; no femoral or praeanal pores 7. Scincidae, p. 180.
Eyes hidden under the shields 8. Dibamidae, p. 229.

54

GECKONIDJE.

Family I. GECKONID^E.

Skull without postorbital or postfronto-squamosal arch; no
squamosal ; praemaxillary single ; nasals distinct ; parietals dis-
tinct; frontals completely surrounding the olfactory lobes of the
brain; a fibro-cartilaginous interorbital septum; a columella cranii ;

B

Fig. 18.— Skull of Gecko veriicillatm.
A. Side view. B. Upper view. C. Lower view.

ang. Angular.
ar. Articular.
ho. Basioccipital.
bp. Basisphenoid.
c. Columella cranii.
c.a. Columella auris.
cr. Coronoid.
d. Dentary.
eo. Exoccipital.

./'. Frontal.
is. Interorbital septum,
m. Maxillary.
n. Nasal.
oo. Opisthotic.
p. Parietal.
pi. Palatine.
pm. PriEinaxillary.
prf,pf. Praef'rontal.

pro. Prootic.
pt. Pterygoid.
pff. Post frontal.
(j. Quadrate.
s.anff. Supra-angular,
.so. Supraoecipital.
»#. Supratempoi-al.
tp. Transpalatine.
v. Vomer.

mandible containing only five bones, the angular and articular
having coalesced. Teeth small, numerous, with cylindrical shaft
anchylosed to the inner edge of the jaws (Pleurodont dentition) ;

GECKONIDJG. 55

no teeth on the palate. No dermal ossifications on the haed or
body. Vertebrae amphicoelous (biconcave). Clavicle dilated and
perforated proximally ; interclavicle rhoinboidal or cruciform.

Tongue moderately elongate, very feebly incised anteriorly,
smooth or villose. Eye usually large, frequently with vertical
pupil, without connivent eyelids (except in the Malay genus dElu-
roscalahotes). Ear distinct (except in Teratolepis), Scales soft,
granular or tubercular on the upper surfaces, usually roundish or

Fig. 19. — Pectoral arch of Gecko vcrticillatus. Fig. 20. — Tongue of same.

cl. Clavicle. i.d. Interclavicle. e.cor. Epicoracoid.

cor. Coracoid. st. Sternum. sc. Scapula.

hexagonal and imbricate on the lower surfaces ; in Teratolepig, and
in a few non-Indian genera, the back is covered with large
imbricate scales. No symmetrical shields on the crown. Limbs
well developed ; digits often dilated. Femoral or pracanal pores
frequently present, but only in the males. Tail fragile (except in
Ar/amura).

With the exception of members of the genera Gonatodes, Pristu-
rus, and Phelsuma, all Indian Geckos are more or less nocturnal.
They are mostly oviparous, the eggs being round and hard-shelled ;
the only species at present known to be ovoviviparous are the Xew
Zealand Naultinus eleyans and Hoplodaetylus pacificus.

The Geckonidce, of which about 280 species are known, occur all
over the hotter parts of the world. They are most numerous in
the Indian and Australian regions.

Synopsis of Indian, Ceylonese, and Burmese Genera.

A. Digits not or but very slightly dilated, all

clawed.

a. Digits straight, not angularly bent at
any of the articulations.

a'. Digits fringed laterally STENODACTYLUS, p. 56.

b'. Digits not fringed laterally ALSOPHYLAX, p. 58.

56

b. Digits angularly bent, thus composed of a

basal and a terminal portion.
a'. Pupil vertical.

a". Tail fragile

b" . Tail very thin, not fragile

V. Pupil round.

a". Tail compressed, crested

b". Tail neither compressed nor crested
B. Digits with strong dilatations.
«. Digits clawed ; pupil vertical.
a'. Digits not dilated at the base, ending
in a subtriangular or heart-shaped
expansion divided beneath by a
longitudinal groove into which the
claw is retracted.

a". Digital expansions with two plates
beneath ; the penultimate joint
with an expansion similar to the

distal

6". Each digit with only one expan-
sion, which is furnished beneath

with fine lamellae

b'. Digits dilated at the base, the distal

joint compressed.

a". The distal joint long, free, rising
from within the extremity of the
digital expansion.

a. Inner digit with compressed,
clawed phalanx ; dorsal scales

granular or tubercular

/3. Inner digit with compressed,
clawed phalanx ; dorsal scales

large, imbricate

y. Inner digit clawless

6". The distal joint at the extremity of

the digital expansion,
a. Digits free or slightly webbed,
a'. A double series of subdigital
lamella : inner digit clawless
ft' . A single series of subdigital la-
mellae ; inner digit with com-
pressed, clawed phalanx ....
y'. A single series of subdigital la-
mellae ; inner digit clawless . .

/3. Digits entirely webbed

b. Digits clawless ; pupil round

GYMNODACTYLTJS, p. 59.
AGAMUEA, p. 71.

PRISTURUS, p. 72.
GOXATODES. p. 73.

CALODACTYLTTS, p. 80.
PTYODACTYLTJS, p. 81.

HEMIDACTYLUS, p.

TERATOLEPIS, p. 90.
GEHYHA, p. 9(5.

LEPIDODACTYLUS, p. 97.

HOPLODACTYLUS, p. 100.

GECKO, p. 101.
PTYCHOZOON, p. 104.
PHELSTJMA, p. 105.

Genus STENODACTYLUS,

Fitzinger, N. Classif. Kept. p. 13, 1826.

Digits not dilated, nor bent at any of the articulations,
furnished with a long claw, and a lateral fringe or denticulation of
pointed scales ; beneath with a series of keeled scales. Body
covered with juxtaposed or subimbricate scales. Pupil vertical.
No praeanal or femoral pores.

STENODACTYLTTS.

57

This genus is restricted to the desert districts of North Africa
and Southern Asia eastwards to Sind. Six species are known,
two of which fall within the geographical limits assigned to this
work.

Synopsis of Indian Species.

Snout as long as distance between orbit and ear-
opening; ventral scales keeled S. orientalis, p. 57.

Snout much longer than distance between orbit

and ear-opening ; ventral scales smooth S. lumsdenii, p. 58.

Fig. 21. — Stenodactylus orientalis.
a. Foot. b. Lower surface of toe.

48. Stenodactylus orientalis.

Stenodactylus orientalis, Blanf. J. A. S. B. xlv, 1876, pt. 2, p. 21, pi. i,
fig. 2 ; Murray, Zool. Sind, p. 363 ; Bouleng. Cat. Liz. i, p. 16,
pi. iii, fig. 1.

Stenodactylus dunstervillei, Murray, 1. c. $ erratum.

Head rather depressed, regularly oviform ; snout slightly longer
than the diameter of the orbit, as long as the distance between the
latter and the ear-opening ; forehead very slightly concave ; ear-
opening an oblique slit measuring two-thirds the diameter of the
eye. Body moderate, depressed. Limbs moderate ; digits elon-
gate, depressed, with well-developed lateral fringes ; the transverse
inferior lamella} quiuquecarinate. Head covered with small
granules, which are feebly keeled on the snout and between the
eyes ; rostral quadrangular, broader than long, with median cleft
above ; nostril pierced between the rostral, the first labial, and
three nasals ; twelve upper and thirteen lower labials ; rnenta.
broader than long, subpeutagonal, the lower angle rounded ; no
chin-shields. Body covered with small granules, keeled on the

58 GECKONiDvE.

ventral region, intermixed with small, keeled, irregularly scattered
roundish tubercles on the back. Tail cylindrical, tapering to a
fine point, covered with small keeled scales arranged in rings.
Colour pale sandy, with indistinct darker transverse bands; a
darker line from the eye down each side; dorsal tubercles darker;
lower surfaces whitish.

From snout to vent 1*9 inch ; tail 1'4.

Hab. Sind, in sandy deserts.

49. Stenodactylus lumsdenii.

Stenodactylus lumsdenii, Bouleng. Cat. Liz. iii, p. 470, and Tr. Linn.
Soc. v, 1889, p. 94, pi. ix, fig. 1.

Snout much longer than the diameter of the orbit or the distance
between the orbit and the ear ; forehead very slightly concave ;
ear-opening vertically oval, one third the diameter of the eye. The
fore limb, stretched forwards, reaches the tip of the snout ; the
hind limb reaches the shoulder. Digits slender, shortly fringed
laterally, with feebly tricarinate inferior lamellae. Head covered
with small granules, intermixed with enlarged ones on the vertex,
the occiput, and the temples ; rostral quadrangular, nearly as
broad as long, with median cleft above ; nostril pierced between
the rostral, the first labial, and two nasals; 10 upper and 9
lower labials; mental trapezoid, broader than long; no chin-
shields; gular granules minute. Back covered with small granules
intermixed with oval, very feebly keeled tubercles, forming about
twelve irregular longitudinal series. Ventral scales small, smooth,
subhexagonal, imbricate. Tail cylindrical, slightly depressed,
verticillate, with subequal, feebly keeled scales. Sand-colon red
above, with seven darker bands across the body, and dai'k brown
bands across the tail ; head marbled with dark brown ; a dark
brown band from the eye to above the ear ; lower surfaces white.

From snout to vent 1'4 inches ; tail 1'7.

Differs from S. orientalis by the much longer snout, longer
limbs, larger and more numerous dorsal tubercles, smooth ventral
scales, «fec.

Hctb. North Baluchistan, in the sandy desert between Xnshki
and the Helmand.

Genus ALSOPHYLAX,

Fitzinger, Syst. Kept. p. 90, 1843.

Digits not dilated, nor bent at any of the articulations, clawed,
not denticulated laterally, with a series of smooth or tuberculate
lamellae beneath. Body covered above with juxtaposed scales
intermixed with enlarged tubercles, below with imbricate scales.
Pupil vertical. Males with praeanal pores.

Distribution. Arid districts of Turkestan, Egypt, Arabia, Persia,
Baluchistan, and Sind. Six species are known, of which only one
has to be dealt with here.

GTMNODACTTLUS. 59

50. Alsophylax tuberculatus.

Bunopus tuberculatus, Blanf. A. M. N. H. (4) xiii, 1874, p. 454;

id. Eastern Persia, ii, p. 348. pi. xxii. fi<?. 4 ; Murray. Zoo!. Sind,

p. 364.
Alsophylax tuberculatus, Bouleny. Cat, Liz. i, p. 20.

Head moderate ; snout obtuse, a little longer than the diameter
of the orbit or the distance between the eye and the ear-opening ;
forehead very slightly concave ; ear-opening elliptic, vertical,
nearly half the diameter of the eye. Body moderately depressed.
Limbs moderate ; digits slender, the inferior lamella furnished
with projecting tubercles. Head covered with large granules,
smaller and intermixed with round tubercles on the temporal and
occipital regions ; rostral subquadrangular, not much broader
than deep, with median cleft above ; nostril pierced between the
rostral, the first labial, and three nasals; about 10 or 12 upper and
8 to 10 lower labials ; mental subtrapezoid, broader than long ; no
chin-shields; gular granules minute. Back covered with small irre-
gular flat granules, intermixed with large trihedral tubercles, forming
about fourteen irregular longitudinal series. Abdominal scales
rather small, subhexagonal. Males with 7 or 8 prseanal pores,
forming a slightly angular series. Tail cylindrical, slightly
depressed, verticillate, with rings of keeled tubercles ; no enlarged
scales inferiorly. Colour sandy, with darker spots which may
more or less take the form of cross-bands on the back and tail ; a
darker streak on the side of the head, passing through the eye,
sometimes meeting its fellow on the occiput, sometimes extending
to the side of the body ; lower surfaces white.

From snout to vent 2*1 inches; tail 2.

Hub. Abounds in parts of Baluchistan, under 3000 feet of
elevation, being found in houses and under stones on hill-sides, &c.
Occurs also in Sind, in South-eastern Persia, and on the coasts of
the Persian Gulf.

Genus GYMNODACTYLUS,

Spix, Spec. nov. Lacert. p. 17, 1825.

Digits not dilated, clawed, cylindrical or slightly depressed at the
base ; the two or three distal phalanges compressed, forming an
angle with the basal portion of the digits ; the claw between two
enlarged scales, the lower of which is more or less deeply notched
under the claw ; digits beneath with a row of more or less distinct,
transverse plates. Bodyr variously scaled. Pupil vertical. Males
with or without prfeanal or femoral pores.

Distribution. Borders of the Mediterranean ; Southern Asia ;
Australia ; islands of the Pacific ; Tropical America. Some 37
species are known.

GECKONID.E.

Synopsis of Indian, Ceylonese, and Burmese Species.

A. Large trihedral tubercles forming straight

series along back.

a. Diameter of dorsal tubercles more than

half that of eye ; male with over 30
femoral pores, continuous in praeanal
region O. fedtschenkoi , p. 61.

b. Diameter of dorsal tubercles less than half

that of eye ; male with 4 to 6 preeanal
pores.

a'. About 20 imbricate scales across mid-
dle of belly.
a". Dorsal tubercles much larger than

ear-opening G. sealer, p. 62.

6". Dorsal tubercles nearly equal to

small ear-opening in size G. brevipes, p. 63.

b'. About 30 imbricate scales across
middle of belly ; dorsal tubercles
a little larger than ear-opening. ... O. kachhensis, p. 63.

B. Enlarged dorsal tubercles, if present, not

forming straight longitudinal series.
a. No lateral fold.

a'. Back covered with uniform granules,
which are smaller than the ventral
scales, or with scattered slightly
enlarged tubercles.

a". Tail swollen, depressed, ringed,
with enlarged tubercles at each side

of each ring G. stoliczka, p. 63.

b". Tail cylindrical, without tubercles ;
nostril pierced between rostral, 1st
labial, and only two scales ; male

with prseanal pores G. lawderanus, p. 64.

c". Tail cylindrical, without tubercles ;
nostril pierced between rostral, the
1st labial, and several scales ; no

praeanal or femoral pores G. nebulosus, p. 64.

b'. Back covered with juxtaposed uni-
form flat scales or tubercles, which
are much larger than the ventrals.
a". Seven lower labials ; back and tail

with large dark spots G. jeyporensis, p. 65.

b". Nine to eleven lower labials : back
and tail with transverse white

bands G. deccanensis, p. 66.

c'. Back granular, with numerous feebly

keeled or trihedral tubercles.
a". Back with tubercles of unequal size ;
ventral scales tubercular, slightly

keeled G. albofasciatus, p. 66.

b". Back with about 30 longitudinal
series of tubercles contained be-
tween an area bounded by faint
keels margining the belly G. oldhami, p. 67.

GYMNODACTYLUS. 61

c". Back with numerous small trihedral

tubercles G. triedrus, p. 67.

b. A sight fold from axilla to groin.
a'. Enlarged dorsal tubercles small,
round, smooth ; male with two pairs

of praeanal pores G.frenatus, p. 68.

b'. Dorsal tubercles small, round, feebly

keeled.
a". About 35 scales across middle

of belly, between lateral folds.

a. Subdigital lamellae occupying

nearly the whole width of the

digits ; male without pubic

groove, with 10 to 13 prseanal

pores G. khasiensis, p. 68.

/3. Subdigital lamellae considerably
narrower than the digits ; male
with a longitudinal groove on
the pubic region, containing 12

pores G. rubidus, p. 69.

b". About 25 scales across middle
of belly ; male with a pubic
groove containing pores and a long

series of femoral pores G. pulchellus, p. 69.

c'. Dorsal tubercles large, trihedral.

a". About 25 scales across middle of
belly ; male with 16 femoro-prae-

anal pores on each side G. variegatus, p. 70.

b". About 35 scales across middle of
belly ; male with 5 or 6 praeanal
pores on each side G. fasciolatus, p. 71.

Fig. 22. — Gymnodactylus khasiensis. Foot and lower and side Tiews of toe.

51. Gymnodactylus fedtschenkoi.

Gymnodactylus geckoides (non Spix), Blyth, J. A. S. B. xxii, 1853,

p. 410.
Gymnodactylus caspius (nonEichw.), Stoliczka, P. A. S. B, 1872, p. 80;

Theob. Cctf. p.91.
Gymnodactylus fedtschenkoi, Strauch, Mem. Ac. St. Petersb. xxxv.

1887, p. 46 ; Boettg. Zool. Jahrb. iii, 1888, p. 884.

62

lu general character allied to G. kadihemis, but the shields on
the top and sides of head are coarser and carinated, the enlarged
tubercles on the bod\T larger and closer together, in about 12
longitudinal series, separated by one or two rows of minute granu-
lar scales, and each of the trihedral tubercles is as large as the
opening of the ear ; tail verticillate, above with similar sharply
keeled tubercles ; a row of enlarged subcaudals ; about eleven
upper and eight or nine lower labials ; two pairs of enlarged chin-
shields ; 18-20 longitudinal rows of scales across the belly, with
several rows of small scales at the sides ; 32-34 femoral pores (in
the males) continuous in the praeanal region. The fore limb reaches
to half the length of the snout, or the end of it, and the hind limb
is somewhat more than half the length of head and body. The
colour resembles kacWiensis, there being five or six indistinct trans-
verse rows of dark brown spots on the upper side.

The above description is that given by Stoliczka from specimens
obtained in the Punjab Salt Eange and referred by him to Eich-
wald's G. caspius. It appears certain, from recent remarks by
iStrauch, that the Punjab form is not G. caspius, but very probably
the Turkestan G. fedtscJienkoi, recently distinguished from
G. caspius. However, neither Strauch nor I myself have been
fortunate enough to examine Punjab specimens.

52. Gymnodactylus scaber.

Stenodactylus scaber, Riipp. Atlas, Rept. p. 15, pi. iv, fig. 2.
Gymnodactylus scaber, Bouleng. Cat. Liz. i, p. 27.

Head moderate ; snout slightly longer than the diameter of the
orbit, longer than the distance between the eye and the ear-open-
ing ; eye large, forehead very slightly concave ; ear-opening rather
small, elliptical, vertical. Body moderate. Limbs long, the fore
limb reaching as far as the tip of the snout, the hind limb
reaching articulation of neck ; digits long and slender, cylindrical
at the base, with well-developed lamellse below. Snout covered
with large convex polygonal granules ; hinder part of head with
small granules intermixed with roundish tubercles ; rostral
quadrangular, with median cleft above ; nostril pierced between
the rostral, the first labial, and three nasals ; ten upper and
eight or nine lower labials ; mental triangular or pentagonal, not
longer than broad ; two pairs of chin-shields, median largest and
forming a suture behind the point of the mental. Body covered
above with irregular small flat scales and large trihedral subtrian-
gular tubercles, forming 12 or 14 longitudinal series ; these tubercles
are not so large as in G.fedtschenkoi, though, as in that species, much
larger than the interspaces between them, the diameter of the largest
not quite equal to half that of the eye ; they are strongly keeled.
Abdominal scales large, cycloid-hexagonal, imbricate, smooth, in
about 20 longitudinal series in the middle of the belly. Male
with five or six praeanal pores. Tail feebly depressed, tapering,
above with rows of large spinose trihedral tubercles, beneath

aYMNODACTYLUS.

with a median series of enlarged transverse plates. Sandy-coloured
above, bro \vii-spot ted; tail with brown aimuli; lower surfaces
white.

Prom snout to vent 1'85 inches ; tail 2-3.

Hob. From Egypt southwards to Abyssinia and eastwards to
Afghanistan and Sind (Sukkur and Laki).

p. 28.

53. Gymnodactylus brevipes.

r

Bouleng. Cat. Liz.

Gymnodactylus brevipes, Blanf. A. M. N. H. (4) xiii, 1874, p. 4o3,
and E. Persia, ii. p. 344, pi. xxii, fig. 2 ; T

Differs from G. sealer in the following points : — Limbs shorter ;
the fore limb reaches to between the eye and the tip of the snout,
the hind limb to the shoulder. Dorsal tubercles small, nearly
equal to the small ear-opening in size, forming ten longitudinal
series. Nine upper and seven lower labials. Proeaual pores four.
The enlarged plates on the lower surface of the tail are about
equally long and broad, and many of them are divided into two.
Colour grey, with three rather imperfect longitudinal dusky bands
on the back, formed of arrow-head-shaped marks ; a dusky line,
not very strongly marked, from the eye to the shoulder.

Hub. Baluchistan. The only specimen known was obtained in
an open sandy plain, with scattered vegetation, not far from Bampur,
at an elevation of 3000 feet.

54. Gymnodactylus kachhensis.

Gymnodactylus kachheusis, Stoliczka, P. A. S. B. 1872, p. 79 ; Theob.

Cat. p. 82 ; Bouleng. Cat. Liz. i, p. 29.
Gymnodactylus petrensis, Murray. Zool. Sind, p. 362, pi. — . fig. 1.

Allied to the preceding species. Body rather short ; fore limb
reaching as far as the tip of the snout or a little beyond, hind
limb to constriction of neck. Dorsal tubercles in 12 or 14
longitudinal series, smaller than those of G. scaber, similar in shape.
Abdominal scales in about 30 longitudinal rows. No regular series
of subcaudal plates. Prseanal pores four to six. Ten or eleven
upper and eight to ten lower labials. Ear-opening narrow, vertical.
Sandy-coloured above, with rather indistinct darker spots on body
and limbs and annuli on the tail.

From snout to vent 1*6 inches.

Hob. Cutch, Sind, and N.E. Baluchistan (Quetta). Common in
Cutch, mostly in crevices of rocks, and very rarely in houses.

55. Gymnodactylus stoliczkae.

Gymnodactylus stoliczkaj, Steind. Novara, Rept. p. 15, pi. ii, fig. 2 ;

Bouleng. Cat. Liz. i, p. 31.
Cyrtodactylus yarkandensis, Anders. P. Z. 8. 1872, p. 381, fig.

64

Head moderate, oviform, much depressed ; snout much longer
than the diameter of the orbit, slightly longer than the distance
between the eye and the ear-opening ; latter very small, suboval.
Limbs rather long ; digits long, slender, slightly depressed at the
base, interiorly with well-developed lamellae. Body much depressed.
Head and body covered with rather large, flat, round granules,
some of which are slightly enlarged and generally tubercular.
Eostral subpentagonal, with median cleft above ; nostril between
the rostral, the nrst labial, and three nasals ; 10 upper and 9
lower labials ; mental large, triangular, a little longer than broad ;
two or three pairs of chin-shields, median largest and forming a
short suture behind the mental. Abdominal scales moderate, sub-
hexagonal, slightly imbricate. N"o femoral or prseanal pores. Tail
swollen, depressed, about as long as head and body, ringed, with
three enlarged blunt tubercles at each side of the ring. Grey
above, with darker wavy cross bands on the back.

From snout to vent 1*6 inches.

Hob. Upper Indus valley in Ladak.

56. Gymnodactylus lawderanus.

Gymnodactylus lawderanus, Stoliczka, J. A. S. B. xli, 1872, p. 105,
pi. ii, fig. 4 ; Theob. Cat. p. 81 ; Bouleng. Cat. Liz. i, p. 32.

Body rather slender and elongate, depressed, covered above with
numerous granules intermixed with small roundish tubercles.
Upper side of head equally granular, the granular scales being
somewhat larger on the snout. Eostral large, broad ; nostril pierced
between the rostral, the first labial, and two nasals ; 9 upper and
8 lower labials ; mental triangular, partially wedged in between
two elongate chin-shields, forming a suture below it ; each of the
chin-shields is followed along the labials by three other somewhat
rounded shields. Eai'-opening small, rounded. Ventral scales
small. Two pairs of pr&anal pores in the male, close together,
and forming an angle. General colour above greyish brown, very
densely marbled and spotted with dark brown, with some indistinct
undulating, whitish cross bands on the body, margined on the
anterior edges with blackish brown ; a somewhat indistinct dark
band from the nostril through the eve to the ear ; front and hind
edges of the eye white ; labials spotted and speckled with brown ;
below whitish.

Length of body nearly 2 inches.

Hob. Almora, Kumaun.

57. Gymnodactylus nebulosus.

Gymnodactylus nebulosus, Beddome, Madras Journ. Med. Sc. 1870 ;

' Theob. Cat. p. 84 ; Baukng. Cat. Liz. i, p. 34, pi. iv, fig. 1.
Gymnodactylus speciosus, Bedd. I. c. ; Theob. I. c. p. 83.
Gymnodactylus collegalensis, Bedd. I. c. ; Theob. I. c.

Head rather large, oviform, generally very convex, sometimes

GYMNODACTYLUS. 65

more depressed ; snout longer than the diameter of the orbit or
the distance between the eye and the ear-opening ; forehead slightly
concave ; ear-opening elliptical, oblique, one third to one halt' the
diameter of the eye. Body rather short, not much depressed.
Limbs moderate ; digits short, thick, slightly depressed at the base,
compressed at the end, beneath with enlarged plates. Head
covered with granules, which are larger on the snout ; rostral quad-
rangular, generally nearly twice as broad as deep ; nostril pierced
between the rostral, the first labial, and several small scales ; 9
to 11 upper and 7 to 9 lower labials ; mental triangular ; a pair
of large chin-shields forming a suture behind the point of the
mental, surrounded by several smaller shields. Upper surface
of body covered with small granules, which are uniform or inter-
mixed with more or less numerous, irregularly scattered, small
roundish keeled tubercles. Abdominal scales small, cycloid, imbri-
cate, smooth. No femoral or praeanal pores. Tail cylindrical,
tapering, probably prehensile, covered with small imbricate smooth
scales, largest below. Pale brownish above, variously ornamented
with brown spots or cross bands becoming blackish towards their
borders and more or less distinctly finely margined with lighter ;

a brown band passing through the eye ; lower surfaces whitish, the
throat reticulated with brown, which reticulation has a tendency to
form oblique lines.

From snout to vent 2 inches; tail T7.

Hab. India south of 20°, and Ceylon ; found in the daytime
under stones or dead trees, in forests.

58. Gymnodactylus jeyporensis.

Gymnodactylus jeyporensis, Beddome, P. Z. S. 1877, p. 685 j Boideng.
Cat. Liz. i, p. 36, pi. iv, fig. 2.

Head rather large, oviform ; snout longer than the diameter of
the orbit or the distance between the eye and the ear-opening;
forehead and loreal region slightly concave ; ear-opening an oblique
slit, three fifths the diameter of the eye. Body depressed, rather
short. Limbs moderate ; digits rather short, cylindrical in their
basal, compressed in their distal portion, with enlarged plates
beneath. Head covered with large subequal flat granules ; rostral
quadrangular, twice as broad as deep, with median cleft above ;
nostril pierced between the rostral, the first labial, and three nasals ;
10 upper and 7 lower labials ; mental triangular ; a pair of large
chin-shields forming a suture behind the point of the mental, sur-
rounded by much smaller chin-shields. Body covered above with
uniform juxtaposed large squarish or hexagonal flat scales arranged
regularly like the bricks of a wall. Abdominal scales smooth,
round, imbricate, not half the size of the dorsals. No enlarged
pnoanal or femoral scales or pores. Tail cylindrical, tapering,
slightly swollen, covered with uniform, rather large smooth scales,
which are imbricate beneath. Light yellowish brown above, with

66 GECKXXNIDJE.

large reddish-brown, black-edged spots arranged in pairs ; two
transverse spots on the nape, the posterior crescent-shaped ; head
with small darker spots and a streak from the eye to the ear ; lips
and side of throat with small brown dots and marblings ; lower
surfaces brownish white.

Prom snout to vent 2 inches.

Hob. Patinghe Hill, Jeypore, near Vizagapatatn, 4200 feet ; in
woods.

59. Gymnodactylus deccanensis.

Gymnodactylus deccanensis, Gilnth. Rept. B. I. p. 115, pi. xii, fig. E ;
Theob. Cat. p. 81 ; Bouleng. Cat. Liz. i, p. 30.

Head rather large, oviform ; snout longer than the diameter of
the orbit or the distance between the eye and the ear-opening ; fore-
head and loreal region concave ; ear-opening suboval, vertical, about
one third the diameter of the eye. Body moderately elongate, de-

Sressed. Limbs rather long; digits moderately elongate, cylin-
rical in the basal, compressed in the distal portion ; the plates
under the basal phalanx very small, little larger than the surround-
ing tubercles. Head covered with convex granules, largest on the
snout and temples ; rostral quadrangular, not quite twice as broad
as deep, with median cleft above ; nostril pierced between the
rostral, the first labial, and three nasals ; 9 to 11 upper and as
many lower labials ; mental triangular or pentagonal ; a pair of
large chin-shields, forming a long suture behind the point of the
mental, in contact externally and posteriorly with two smaller
pairs. Body covered above with large juxtaposed subequal tubercles
arranged in more or less regular transverse series; these tubercles
flat or very slightly keeled, generally with a small raised point in
the centre. Abdominal scales round, smooth, subimbricate, much
smaller than dorsals. Males with enlarged prseanal and femoral
scales, but without pores. Tail cylindrical, tapering, covered with
uniform smooth scales arranged in rings. Keddish brown above,
with narrow white, black-edged cross bars ; the first semicircular,
extending from one eye to the other across the nape ; a second on
the scapular region, two on the body, and a fifth on the sacrum ;
similar bands forming annuli round the tail ; lower surfaces whitish.
From snout to vent 2-5 inches ; tail 2-25.
Hob, Deccan (Bombay Presidency) ; also Matheran near Bombay.

60. Gymnodactylus albofasciatus.
Gymnodactylus albofasciatus, Bouleng. Cat. Liz. i, p. 37, pi. iv, fig. 3.

This species resembles G. deccanensis strikingly in size, propor-
tions, and colour, but is distinguished by the following characters : —
The dorsal pholidosis is not composed of uniform large tubercles,
but of intermixed smaller and larger tubercles, the latter being
mostly feebly keeled ; the small scales on the limbs and upper part

GYMNODACTYLUS. 67

of the tail intermixed with larger keeled tubercles. The ventral
scales are larger, tubercular, and feebly keeled. No chin-shields
behind the median pair. The tubercular plates under the basal
phalanx of all the digits much more developed. The ground-colour
of the upper parts darker than in G. deccanensis, chestnut-brown.
Hob. South Canara ; plains and up to 5000 feet.

61. Grymnodactylus oldhami.

Gymnodactylus oldhami, Theob. Cat. p. 81 ; Bouleng. Cat. Liz. i,

p. 38.

Crown of head behind the eyes finely granular, the scales in
front being larger; 11 upper and 10 lower labials; three pairs of
chin-shields. Back granular, with about 30 longitudinal rows
of tubercles contained within an area bounded by faint keels
margining the belly. Enlarged praeanal and femoral scales, but no
pores. Colour above vinous brown ; a white semicircular line
joins the superciliary ridges ; a second horseshoe-shaped white line
runs from the gape below the ear to the opposite side, enclosing a
nuchal collar ; behind the collar two closely approximated white
lines run along the spine, becoming soon broken into spots merely ;
on the sides are more white spots, tending to form three distinct
lines, the lowest of which coincides with the ventral keel ; belly
whitish.

tiab. South Canara ; unknown to me.

62. Gymnodactylus triedrus.

Gymnodactylus triedrus, Giinth. Rept. B. I. p. 113 ; Theob. Cat.

p. 85 ; Bouleng. Cat. Liz. i, p. 38.
Geckoella punctata, Gray, P. Z. S. 1867, p. 99, pi. is ; Theob. Cat.

p. 96.

Head rather large, oviform ; snout longer than the diameter of
the eye, slightly longer than the distance between the eye and the
ear-opening; forehead concave; ear-opening small, suboval, hori-
zontal. Body and limbs moderate ; digits short, cylindrical in their
basal, compressed in their distal portion, with well-developed
tubercle-like plates inferiorly. Head covered with small granules,
largest on the snout ; rostral quadrangular, not twice as broad as
deep ; nostril pierced between the rostral, the first labial, and
several small scales ; 10 or 11 upper and 9 lower labials ; mental
triangular ; two or three pairs of chin-shields, median largest and
forming a long suture behind the point of the mental. Upper
surface of body covered with small granules intermixed with
numerous small trihedral tubercles. Abdominal scales rather
small, cycloid, imbricate, smooth. Males with 3 or 4 praanal
pores. Tail cylindrical, tapering, rather swollen, covered with
roundish smooth scales, which are small and subimbricate above,

1-2

68 GECKONID^E.

much larger and strongly imbricate beneath. Brown above with
small whitish spots ; lower surfaces light brown.

From snout to vent 2'4 inches; tail 2-1.

Hcib. Ceylon.

63. Gymnodactylus frenatns.

Gymnodactylus frenatns, Giinth. Rcpt. B. I. p. 113, pi. xii, fig. D ;
Theob. Cat. p. 80 ; Bouleng. Cat. Liz. i, p. 42.

Head large, depressed, oviform ; snout longer than the orbit,
the diameter of which equals the distance from orbit to ear-opening ;
forehead concave ; ear-opening suboval, oblique, nearly one third
the diameter of the eye. Body and limbs rather elongate. Digits
strong, distinctly depressed at the base, strongly compressed in the
remaining portion ; the basal phalanx with well-developed trans-
verse plates beneath. Head granular, the granules largest on the
snout ; a few scattered round tubercles on the temples ; rostral
subquadrangular, twice as broad as deep, with median cleft above,
and bordering on the nostril considerably ; latter pierced between
the rostral, the first labial, and three nasals ; 10 to 12 upper and
9 or 10 lower labials ; mental broadly triangular ; a pair of chin-
shields, forming a suture behind the mental ; a few small chin-
shields on each side of the median pair ; gular scales minutely
granular. Body covered above with flat granules intermixed with
irregularly scattered small round smooth tubercles. A slight fold
from axilla to groin. Abdominal scales rather small, cycloid,
imbricate. Males with two pairs of praanal pores. Tail cylindrical,
tapering, covered above with small flat subquadrangular scales,
beneath with a median series of large transverse plates. Light
pinkish brown above, with five pairs of angular dark-brown spots
confluent into cross bands, the anterior, on the nape, uniting
with a dark-brown band extending to the eye, and continued, more
or less interruptedly, along the side of the body ; tail with dark-
brown annuli ; lower surfaces whitish.

From snout to vent 3'2 inches ; tail 4'3.

Hob. Ceylon.

64. Gymnodactylus khasiensis.

Pentadactylus ? khasiensis, Jerdon, P. A. S. B. 1870, p. 75.
Gymnodactylus khasiensis, Theob. Cat. p. 84 ; Bouleng. Cat. Liz. i,
p. 44.

Head large, ir.uch depressed, oviform ; snout longer than the
diameter of the orbit, which equals its distance from the ear-
opening ; forehead and loreal region concave ; ear-opening sub-
oval, about one third the diameter of the eye. Body and limbs
rather elongate. Digits rather elongate, slightly depressed at the
base, strongly compressed in the remaining portion; subdigital
lamellae well-developed, the distal one of the basal portion largest
and nearly as long as broad. Head granular, the granules largest

GYMNODACTYLUS. 69

on the snout ; occiput and temples with scattered small round
tubercles ; rostral subquadrangular, not twice as broad as deep,
with median cleft above ; nostril pierced between the rostral and
several small scales or granules ; 10 to 12 upper and as many
lower labials ; mental triangular ; one or two pairs of chin-shields,
the largest forming a suture behind the point of the mental ;
throat minutely granulate. Body and limbs covered above with
small granules intermixed with numerous small roundish, feebly
keeled, subtrihedral tubercles ; a slight fold from axilla to groin ;
ventral scales small (about 35 across the middle of the belly),
cycloid, imbricate. Male without pubic groove or femoral pores,
with a series of 10 to 13 prseanal pores forming a very open
angle. Tail cylindrical, tapering, covered above with small flat
granules, with a few scattered slightly enlarged tubercles, below
with small flat scales. Brown above, with darker angular spots,
forming more or less regular series along the back ; a dark streak
on the side of the head, passing through the eye ; tail with dark
annuli ; lower surfaces brownish.

Prom snout to vent 3 inches ; tail 3'9.

Hob. Khasi Hills, S. of Assam.

65. Gymnodactylus rubidus.

Puellula rubida, Blyth, J. A. S. B. xxix, 1860, p. 109 j Giinth. Hept

B. I. p. 118.

Gecko tigris, Tytler, J.A. S.B. xxxiii, 1864, p. 546.
Cyrtodactylus rubidus, Theob. Cat. p. 93.
Gymnodactylus rubidus, Bouleng. Cat. Liz. i, p. 45.

Closely allied to the preceding, but the digits are shorter, and
the subdigital lamella? much smaller, considerably narrower than
the digits. A longitudinal groove on the pubic region, containing
a few prseanal pores in the male.

Hob. Andaman Islands.

66. Gymnodactylus pulchellus.

Cyrtodactylus pulchellus, Gray, Zool. Journ. iii, 1828, p. 224 ; id.

III. Ind. Zool. ii. pi. Ixxiv.
Gymnodactylus pulchellus, Giinth. Hept. B. I. p. 113 ; Bouleng. Cat.

Liz. i, p. 46.

Head large, much depressed, oviform : snout longer than the
orbit, the diameter of which equals its distance from the ear-opening ;
forehead and loreal region concave ; ear-opening suboval, vertical,
slightly oblique, one third to two fifths the diameter of the eye.
Body and limbs rather elongate. Digits strong, slightly depressed
at the base, strongly compressed in the remaining portion ; the
basal phalanx with well-developed transverse plates beneath. Head
granular, with small round tubercles on the occipital and tem-
poral regions, the granules enlarged on the snout, except in the
frontal and loreal concavities. Eostral subquadrangular, nearly

70 GECKONID^E.

twice as broad as deep, with median cleft above, and entering the
nostril to a considerable extent; the latter directed backward, pierced
between the rostral, the first labial, and three or four nasals ; 10
to 13 upper and 10 to 12 lower labials ; mental triangular ; two or
three pairs of chin-shields, median largest and in contact behind
the point of the mental ; throat minutely granulate. Body and
limbs above with small flat granules intermixed with small roundish,
keeled, subtrihedral tubercles ; a series of keeled tubercles from
axilla to groin, limiting the abdominal region ; ventral scales cycloid,
imbricate, moderately large. Males with a longitudinal groove on
the pubic region containing two parallel series of prreanal pores,
forming a right angle with a long series of femoral pores ;
altogether 18 to 20 pores on each side, 4 or 5 of which are in
the groove. Tail cylindrical, tapering, above with small flat scales
and annuli of feebly keeled tubercles, beneath with a series of
large transverse plates. Light brown above, with broad chestnut-
brown, light-edged cross bands, which are narrower than the inter-
spaces between them ; the anterior horseshoe- shaped, from eye
to eye over the nape; the second crescent-shaped, on scapular
region ; three others on the body ; tail with chestnut-brown
complete annuli ; lower surfaces dirty white.

From snout to vent 4 inches ; tail 5.

Hob. Malay Peninsula ; said to occur also in Bengal.

67. Gymnodactylus variegatns.

Naultinus variegatus, Blyth, J. A. 8. B. xxviii, 1859, p. 279.
Gymnodactylus variegatus, Gunth. Kept. B. I. p. 116; Theob. Cat.
p. 92 ; Bouleng. Cat. Liz. i, p. 43.

Limbs and digits slender ; the basal joints not very distinct from
the distal ones, which are strongly compressed, and provided with
transverse imbricate plates below and a series of much smaller ones
on the compressed phalanges, llostral notched behind and grooved ;
nostril between the rostral, the first labial, and three nasals ; 10 or
11 upper and 11 lower labials ; mental partially wedged in between
two large chin-shields, which form a broad suture with each other.
Body granular, with numerous large trihedral tubercles. 26 lon-
gitudinal rows of rather elongate leaf-like scales on the middle of
the belly. A fold of skin along the side, indicating where the
abdominal scales terminate and the granules begin. 16 femoral
pores on each side along the whole length of the thigh. Tail cylin-
drical, the granules arranged in verticils, and the tubercles in rings ;
a series of enlarged subcaudals. Grey above, spotted and marbled
with black, set off with subdued white; a broad dark streak
bordered with whitish behind each eye, and continued irregularly
round the occiput ; tail irregularly banded above ; lower parts
whitish.

Total length about 6 inches, the tail measuring nearly half that
length.

Hob. Moulmein.

Both this and the following species are unknown to me.

AGAMTJRA. 71

68. Gymnodactylus fasciolatus.

Naultinus fasciolatus, Blyth, J. A. S. B. xxix, 1860, p. 114.
Gymnodactylus fasciolatus, Giinth. Rept. B. I. p. 116; Tfieob, Cat.
p. 92 ; Bouleng. Cat. Liz. i, p. 44.

Differs from O. variegatus in the smaller ventral scales, which
form 36 longitudinal series in the middle of the belly, and in the
small number of praeanal pores, viz., 5 or 6 on each side, exten-
ding outwards in a line with the commencement of the thigh. A
dark-brown band, edged behind with white, from the eye to the
occiput, where it meets its fellow of the opposite side ; a brown
similarly white-edged band on the nape, with seven cross bands
on the body ; tail cross-barred.

Hah. Subathu, near Simla, Western Himalayas.

Genus AGAMURA,
Blanford, A. M. N. H. (4) xiii, 1874, p. 455.

Digits slender, clawed, cylindrical at the base ; the distal pha-
langes compressed, forming an angle with the basal portion of
the digits; the claw between two enlarged scales; digits beneath
with a row of plates. Body covered with small granules inter-
mixed with enlarged tubercles. Tail very slender, not fragile.
Pupil vertical. Males with or without praeanal pores.

Distribution. Persia, Afghanistan, and Baluchistan. Two species
are known, one of which inhabits Baluchistan.

69. Agamnra cmralis.

Agamura cruralis, Blanf. A. M. N. H. (4) xiii, 1874, p. 455; id.
Eastern Persia, ii, p. 356, pi. xxiii, fig. 3 ; Bouleng. Cat. Liz. i
p. 50.

Fig. 23. — Agamura cruralis.
Head short, feebly depressed ; snout as long as, or slightly longer

72 GECKONIDJE.

than, the diameter of the orbit, or the distance between the eye and
the ear-opening ; eye large ; forehead not concave ; ear-opening
subelliptical, vertical, one third or two fifths the diameter of the
eye. Body feebly depressed, rather short. Limbs very long and
slender ; the hind limb if carried forward reaches the eye ; the fore
limb being stretched forward, the wrist attains the tip of the snout
or slightly beyond; digits long and slender, unequal. Head
covered with flat granules, largest on the snout ; rostral broader
than deep, with median cleft above ; nostril pierced between the
rostral, the first labial, and three rather swollen nasals; 13 or 14
upper and 10 or 11 lower labials ; mental elongately trapezoidal, twice
as long as broad ; no chin-shields. Body covered above with small,
rather irregular, flat granules, intermixed with rather numerous
scattered round flat tubercles. Ventral scales small, roundish-
hexagonal, juxtaposed or subimbricate, smooth. Male with two
praeanal pores. Tail very thin and rounded, of nearly the same
thickness to the end, covered above with smooth imbricate elongate
squarish scales, beneath with a row of larger plates. Greyish
brown or sandy above, more or less dotted with darker, especially
on the sides of the head and neck ; usually a dark cross band on
the back of the neck and four or five others on the back. Lower
surfaces white ; throat more or less brown dotted.

From snout to vent 2'5 inches ; tail 2-7.

Hob. Baluchistan ; in barren stony plains up to 3000 feet.

Genus PRISTURUS,
Kiippell, N. Wirbelth. Abyss., Kept. p. 16, 1835.

Digits slender, clawed, cylindrical at the base ; the distal pha-
langes compressed, forming an angle with the basal portion of the
digits, the lower surface of which has a row of plates. Body not
depressed, covered -with uniform granules. Tail compressed,
keeled. Pupil circular; eyelid distinct all round the eye. No
prseanal or femoral pores.

A genus of diurnal Geckos, comprising 6 species, inhabiting the
shores and Islands of the Eed Sea and the Persian Gulf. The
following species has recently been added to the fauna of Sind by
J. A. Murray.

70. Pristurus rupestris.

Pristurus nipestris, Blanford, A. M. N. H. (4) xiii, 1874, p. 454 ;
id. Eastern Persia, ii, p. 350, pi. xxiii, fig. 1 ; Murray, Zool. Sind,
p. 365, pi. — , fig. 1 ; Bouleng. Cat. Liz. p. 53.

Head short and high; snout acuminate, If to \\ diameter of
orbit ; forehead scarcely concave ; ear-opening oval, oblique, about
one third the diameter of the orbit. Limbs long, the hind limb
when stretched forwards reaching the ear-opening or between
the shoulder and the ear-opening ; digits long and slender. Snout

GONATODES. 73

covered with polygonal convex scales ; the remainder of the head,
the body, and the limbs covered with small granules ; those on the
belly larger, though smaller than the scales on the snout. Eostral
more than twice as broad as deep, with median cleft above ; nostril
pierced between the rostral and two or three nasals ; 7 or 8 upper
and 5 or 6 lower labials ; mental very large, truncate posteriorly ;
no regular chin-shields. Tail longer than head and body, slender,
strongly compressed, keeled above and beneath; the two keels
denticulate, the upper most strongly, especially in males, in which
it forms a regular crest, which, however, never extends to the
body. Grey-brown or olive above, clouded with darker, and
frequently with round lighter spots ; a dark streak passing through
the eye ; small bright red dots may be present on the sides of the
body ; sometimes a light reddish vertebral band.

From snout to vent 1-25 inches ; tail 2-1.

Hob. Sind (Karachi), according to Murray ; also islands in
Persian Gulf, Muscat, and Socotra.

Genus GONATODES,
Fitzing. Syst. Kept. p. 91, 1843.

Digits slender, clawed, cylindrical or depressed at the base (in
one species dilated) ; the distal phalanges compressed, forming an
angle with the basal portion of the digits, the lower surface of
which has a row of plates. Body more or less depressed, granular
or tubercular above. Tail not compressed. Pupil circular ;
eyelid distinct all round the eye. Males with or without praeanal
or femoral pores.

Of the 18 species of this genus, 6 occur in Tropical America, 2
in the Malay subregion, the rest in India and Ceylon. Diurnal.

Synopsis of Indian and Ceylonese Species.

A. Digits not dilated.

a. Flanks without spine-like projecting tuber-
cles.

a'. Males with femoral pores, without prae-
anal pores.
«". Back with uniform keeled granules ;

4 or 5 pores on each side G. indicus, p. 74.

b". Back with uniform or heterogenous
round granules, each with a raised
central point or short keel ; 4 to 6

pores on each side G. wynadensis, p. 75.

c". Back with uniform round granules ;

8 pores on each side G. sixparensis, p. 75.

b'. Males without femoral pores, with prae-
anal pores.

a". Back with small smooth granules
irregularly intermixed with small
smooth or slightly keeled tubercles ;
ventral scales smooth ; 6 to 9 pores. G. ornatus, p. 75.

74 GECKONIDyE.

b". Back with small granules irregularly

intermixed with slightly larger ones,

all with a central raised point or

short keel ; ventral scales keeled ;

6 to 8 pores G. marmoratus, p. 76.

c'. Males with praeanal and femoral pores.
a". Back with small strongly keeled

tubercles, and scattered enlarged

ones on the flanks ; 2 or 3 praeanal,

and on each side 3 or 4 femoral pores. G. mysoriensis, p. 77.
b. Flanks with small spine-like projecting

tubercles.
a". Scales under the neck keeled ; tail

with rings of spine-like tubercles ;

3 or 4 prseanal, and on each side 3

to 5 femoral pores G. kandianus, p. 77.

b" ' . Scales under the neck smooth ; tail

with rings of spine-like tubercles ;

2 to 4 prseanal, and on each side 3

to 5 femoral pores G. gracilis, p. 78.

c". No enlarged tubercles on the back ;

no rings of spines on the tail ; no

prseanal pores ; 5 to 12 femoral pores

on each side G. jerdonii, p. 78.

B. Digits dilated at the base, with large plates

beneath G. littoralis, p. 79.

71. Gonatodes indicus.

Goniodactylus indicus, Gray, A. M. N. H. xviii, 1846, p. 429.
Gymnodactylus indicus, Gunth. Sept. B. 1. p. 115; Theob. Cat.

p. 85.
Gonatodes indicus, Bouleng. Cat. Liz. i, p. 64, pi. vi, fig. 1.

Head short ; snout obtusely pointed, slightly longer than the
distance between the eye and the ear-opening, 1| diameter of orbit ;
forehead not concave ; ear-opening very small, round. Body and
limbs moderate ; the hind limb scarcely reaching the axilla. Digits
moderately slender ; the basal joint not dilated, scarcely wider than
the distal joints, with larger subequal plates beneath. Upper sur-
faces covered with uniform strongly keeled granules, whicb are larger
on the back than on the snout. Rostral subquadrangular, twice
as broad as deep, with median cleft above ; nostril pierced between
the rostral and three nasals ; 7 or 8 upper and 5 or 6 lower labials ;
mental large, broad, subtriangular or pentagonal, with truncated
posterior angle ; small chin-shields passing gradually into the gular
granules. Ventral scales hexagonal, imbricate, smooth or feebly
keeled. Males with 4 or 5 femoral pores on each side. Tail
cylindrical, tapering, covered above with uniform small keeled scales,
below with larger scales, those of the median series being slightly
enlarged. Brown above, marbled with darker and lighter ; some-
times a light vertebral line ; brownish white beneath, the throat
frequently brown, or brown -marbled.

From snout to vent 1*6 inches; tail 1*8.

Hob. Nilgiris.

GONA.TODES. 75

72. Gonatodes wynadensis.
Gymnodactylus wynaadensis, Beddome, Madras Journ. Med. Sc. 1870 ;

Theob. Cat. p. 87.
Gonatodes wynadensis, Bonleng. Cat. Liz. \, p. 65, pi. vi, fig. 2.

Habit of O. indicus. The basal part of the digits beneath with,
very small scales, the two distal scales only being a little enlarged
and plate-like. Head covered with very small granules, which are
keeled on the snout. Upper surface of body with lanre round
granules, each with a raised central point or short keel, largest on
the sides ; these tubercles are either homogeneous or intermixed
with much smaller ones, and as there occur specimens which are
intermediate in this respect, no great importance can be attached
to this difference. Abdominal scales smooth. 6 upper and 7
or 8 lower labials. Male with 4 or 5 femoral pores on each side.
Tail generally with a median series of transversely dilated plates
below. Brown above, marbled with darker and lighter; the
median dorsal line sometimes lighter, dark-bordered ; below
brownish, the throat brown-marbled ; tail beneath dark browu,
usually lighter spotted.

From snout to vent 1'6 inches ; tail 1/8.

Hub. Wynaad and hill-ranges further south, in moist forests.

73. Gonatodes sisparensis.

Gymnodactylus maculatus (non Steind.\ Beddome, Madras Jmim.

Med. Sc. 1870.

Gymnodactylus sisparensis, Theob. Cat. p. 86.
Gonatodes sisparensis, Bouleng. Cat. Liz. i, p. 66.

Closely allied to &-'. wynadensis, but the digits much more
elongate. 8 femoral pores on each side. Dorsal tubercles homo-
geneous. Brown, with regular transverse dark bands across the
body and tail.

From snout to vent 2-4 inches.

Hob. Sispara Ghat, Nilgiri hills.

74. Gonatodes ornatns.

Gymnodactylus ornatus, Beddome, Madras Journ. Med. Sc. 1870 ;

Theob. Cat. p. 88.
Gonatodes ornatus, Bouleng. Cat. Liz. i, p. 66, pi. vi, fig. 3.

Head rather elongate ; snout acuminate, longer than the distance
between the eye and the ear-opening, 1| to If diameter of orbit ;
forehead feebly concave ; ear-opening small, vertically oval. Body
moderate, limbs rather slender ; the hind limb reaching the shoulder
or a little beyond. Digits elongate, slender ; the basal part not
dilated, scarcely wider than the distal, beneath with very small
plates and a large discoid one under the articulation. Snout covered
with keeled granules ; hinder part of head with uniform minute
granules. Eostral four-sided, twice as broad as deep, with median

76 GECKONIDJ3.

cleft above ; nostril pierced between the rostral and three nasals ;
6 to 9 upper and 7 cr 8 lower labials ; mental large, triangular or
pentagonal, its posterior angle truncated and in contact with a small
median chin-shield ; two pairs of larger chin-shields. Upper
surface of body covered with tmall smooth granules, irregularly
intermixed with small round convex, sometimes slightly keeled,
tubercles. Abdominal scales small, round, imbricate, smooth.
Males with 6 to 9 praeanal pores forming an angular line. Tail
cylindrical, slender in its distal half, covered above with small
smooth scales, in its anterior portion with semiannuli of pointed
keeled tubercles ; inferiorly with large smooth scales, the median
series being a little enlarged. Brown above, with blackish and
whitish markings ; head usually with black and white angular
lines ; generally a black and white band across the neck and a
white black-edged ocellus in front of the arm ; tail with complete
black and white annuli ; lower surface brownish, the lower lip
brown-edged.

From snout to vent 2-15 inches ; tail 2'4.

Hob. Tinnevelly and Travancore ; under rocks, in dry jungles.

75. Gonatodes marmoratus.

Gymnodactylus marmoratus (non D. fy _Z?.), Beddome, Madras Joiirn.

Med. Sc. 1870.

Gymnodactylus beddornei, Theob. Cat. p. 88.
Gonatodes marmoratus, Bouleng. Cat. Liz. i, p. 67, pi. vi, fig. 4.

Head rather elongate ; snout acuminate, longer than the distance
between the eye and the ear-opening, 1| to If the diameter of
orbit ; forehead feebly concave ; ear-opening small, vertically oval.
Body moderate, limbs rather slender ; the hind limb reaching the
shoulder or a little beyond. Digits elongate, slender ; the basal
part not dilated, scarcely wider than the distal, beneath with
regular plates, that under the articulation being large and discoid.
Head covered with small granules, largest and keeled on the
snout. Bostral four-sided, twice as broad as deep, with median
cleft above ; nostril pierced between the rostral and three nasals ;
6 to 8 upper and as many lower labials ; mental large, triangular
or pentagonal, its posterior angle truncated ; chin-shields very
small. Upper surface of body covered with small granules, ir-
regularly intermixed with slightly larger ones ; all these tubercles
with a central raised point or a short keel. Abdominal scales very
small, juxtaposed, convex, keeled. Males with 6 to 8 praeanal
pores. Tail cylindrical, tapering, covered above with uniform, small,
i'eebly keeled scales, below with larger smooth scales, those of the
median series sometimes a little enlarged. Brown above, clouded
with darker and lighter markings ; tail with ill-defined darker and
lighter annuli ; the lower lip edged with dark brown ; another
dark brown streak, parallel to the latter, on each side of the throat.

From snout to vent 2 inches ; tail 1*9.

Hob. Travancore, Wynaad, Tinnevelly, 3000 to 5000 feet.

GONATODES. 77

76. Gonatodes mysoriensis.

Gymnodactylus mysoriensis, Jerdon, J. A. 8. B. xxii, 1853, p. 469 ;

Giinth. Rept. B. 1. p. 114 ; Theob. Cat. p. 90.
Gonatodes mysoriensis, Bouleng. Cat. Liz. i, p. 68.

Head short ; snout obtusely pointed, longer than the distance
between the eye and the ear-opening, 1| the diameter of the orbit ;
forehead not concave ; ear-opening very small, oval. Body and
limbs moderate ; the hind limb not reaching beyond the axilla.
Digits slender but rather short, the basal part not dilated, and with
small plates beneath. Upper surface covered with small strongly
keeled tubercles, smallest on the hinder part of the head, largest
on the sides of the bodv, where the}' are intermixed with irregularly
scattered tubercles, differing only in size from the granules of the
back. Rostral quadrangular, nearly twice as broad as deep, with
median cleft and emargination above ; nostril pierced between the
rostral and three nasals ; 6 or 7 upper and 7 or 8 lower labials ;
mental large, broadly triangular, its posterior angle truncated ;
small chin-shields passing gradually into the rather large, flat, gular
granules. Abdominal scales moderate, hexagonal, imbricate, smooth.
Males with 2 or 3 prseanal, and on each side 3 or 4 femoral pores.
Tail cylindrical, tapering, covered above with small keeled scales and
large pointed keeled tubercles in six longitudinal series, below
with larger smooth scales, those of the median series slightly en-
larged. Brown above, frequently with a light vertebral band and
a series of dark brown marks on the back ; digits very conspicuously
dark-barred ; lower surface whitish, throat sometimes brown-
marbled.

From snout to vent 1 inch ; tail 1*5.

Hob. Mysore and Shervaroy hills.

77. Gonatodes kandianus.

Gymnodactylus kandianus, Eelaart, Prodr. p. 186 ; Giinth. Rept. B.

I. p. 114 ; Theob. Cat. p. 86.
? Gymnodactylus wicksii, Stoliczka, J. A. S. B. xlii, 1873, pt. 2,

p. 165 ; Theob. Cat. p. 91.
? Gymnodactylus humei, Theob. Cat. p. 89.
Gonatodes kandianus, Bouleng. Cat. Liz. i, p. 68.

Head rather elongate ; snout obtusely pointed, longer than the
distance between the eye and the ear-opening, 1| the diameter
of the orbit ; forehead not concave ; ear-opening small, oval.
Body and limbs rather slender ; the hind limb reaching the
axilla or the shoulder. Digits slender, the basal part not dilated,
scarcely wider than the distal, and with enlarged plates beneath.
Snout covered with suboval keeled granules ; the rest of the
head minutely granulate; rostral twice as broad as deep, with
median emargination and cleft above ; nostril pierced between
the rostral and three or four nasals ; 7 or 8 upper and as many

78 GECKONID.E.

lower labials; mental large, triangular, with truncated posterior
angle ; numerous small chin-shields passing gradually into the
gular granules, which are feebly keeled. Upper surface of body
covered with small, more or less distinctly keeled granules, inter-
mixed with irregularly scattered small keeled tubercles; flanks with
small, widely separated, spine-like tubercles. Scales on the limbs
keeled. Ventral scales cycloid, imbricate, those under the neck
keeled, the others smooth (or keeled in the var. tropidoy aster).
Males with 3 or 4 praeaual, and on each side 3 to 5 femoral
pores. Tail cylindrical, tapering, above with very small keeled
scales and annuli of spine-like tubercles, beneath with larger
scales, but no transversely dilated median plates. Brown
above, variegated with darker and lighter, these variegations
generally forming transverse markings on the back and tail ; some-
times a light vertebral band ; the spine-like tubercles on the
flanks white ; lower surfaces light brown or dirty white, the throat
sometimes blackish.

From snout to vent 1-4 inches; tail 1'5.

Hob. Ceylon, Southern India ; abundant in houses in Kandy.
G. ivicksii is from Preparis Island.

78. Gonatodes gracilis.

? Gymnodactylus malabaricus, Jerdon, J. A. S. B. xxii, 1853, p. 469 ;

Theob. Cat. p. 90.
Gymnodactylus gracilis, Beddome, Madras Journ. Med. Sc. 1870;

Theob. Cat. p. 87.
Gonatodes gracilis, Bouleng. Cat. Liz. i, p. 70, pi. vi, fig. 5.

Closely allied to G. Jcandianus, from which it differs in the
following points : — The gular granules are larger, flat, smooth ; so
are also the ventral scales ; the mental is very seldom truncated
posteriorly, and the median chin-shields form a suture behind its
point. Males with 2 or 4 praeanal, and on each side 3 to 5
femoral pores. Grey-brown above, with darker and lighter spots ;
usually a median row of light blotches on the centre of the back ;
temples and sides of neck and throat with oblique dark brown
lines ; tail with blackish semianuuli ; digits conspicuously blackish-
barred ; lower surfaces whitish.

From snout to vent 1*25 inches; tail l-7.

Hub. Southern India, Ceylon ; in forests.

79. Gonatodes jerdonii.

Gymnodactylus jerdonii, Theobald, Cat. Rept, As. Soc. Mus. p. 31 ;

id. Cat. p; 89.
Gonatodes jerdonii, Bouleng. Cat. Liz. i, p. 71.

In habit similar to G. Tcnndianus and yracilis. Digits not
dilated, but with rather large plates under the basal part, the most
distal of these plates being the largest and longitudinally oval in

GONATODES. 79

shape. Upper surface covered with uniform small granules,
smooth on the back, a little larger and keeled on the snout ; a few
erect spine-like tubercles ou the flanks. Eostral four-sided, nearly
twice as broad as deep, with median cleft above ; nostril pierced
between the rostral and three nasals ; 8 to 10 upper aud 7 or 8
lower labials ; mental large, triangular or pentagonal ; small chin-
shields passing gradually into the granules of the throat, which are
rather large, flat and smooth. Ventral scales hexagonal, imbricate,
smooth. Male with 5 to 12 femoral pores on each side; no
praeanal pores. Tail cylindrical, tapering, covered with small
smooth scales, in its basal half with a few scattered larger tubercles ;
median series of subcaudals enlarged. Grey-brown above, clouded
with darker ; the small lateral spines white : sometimes a black
cervical spot ; whitish beneath, the throat sometimes brown-
dotted.

From snout to vent 1*65 inches.

Hub. Ceylon, Southern India (Lamparis Peak, 5000 feet).

80. Gonatodes littoralis.

Gymnodactylus littoralis, Jenlon, J. A. S. B. xxii, 1853, p. 469 ;

Theob. Cat. p. 90.
Gymnodactylus planipes, Beddome, Madras Journ. Med. Sc. 1870

' Theob. Cat. p. 87.
Gonatodes littoralis, Bouleng. Cat. Liz. i, p. 71, pi. vi, fig. 6.

Habit very slender. Head long ; snout pointed, much longer
than the distance between the eye and the ear-opening, If to 1|
diameter of orbit ; forehead very slightly concave ; ear-opening
small, oval, vertical. The hind limb does not reach beyond axilla.
Digits strongly dilated at the base, with large plates beneath ;
the distal plate is the largest, longer than broad, truncated an-
teriorly. Upper surface covered with equal smooth granules,
minute on the back, much larger on the snout ; a few very small
subcouical tubercles are scattered on the flanks. Eostral large,
quadrangular, twice as broad as deep, with median cleft above ;
nostril pierced between the rostral and three nasals ; 8 to 1 0
upper and 6 to 8 lower labials ; mental large, broadly trian-
gular, its posterior angle truncated ; small chin-shields passing
gradually into the small smooth gular granules. Ventral scales
hexagonal, imbricate, smooth. Males with 16 to 18 femoral pores
on each side ; no praanal pores. Tail cylindrical, tapering, above
with uniform small smooth scales, beneath with a median series of
transversely dilated plates. Grey-brown above, generally with a
row of lighter dark-edged spots along the back, and a black spot
on the nape ; nearly always a black line bordering the lower lip,
and extending as far as the ear ; lower surfaces whitish.

From snout to vent 1*35 inches ; tail 1'4.

Hub. Malabar; Nilambiir and Nellakota, on the west side of
the Nilgiris ; found on trees in dry teak-forests. Jerdon's type
specimen was obtained in a warehouse on the sea-coast.

80 GECKONIDJE.

Genus CALODACTYLUS,

Beddome, Madras Journ. Med. Sc. 1870, p. 30.

Digits slender at the base, free, with squarish scales beneath,
with large trapezoidal penultimate and distal expansions, the lower
surface of each of which is covered by two large plates separated
by a longitudinal groove ; all the digits clawed, the claw retractile
between the distal plates ; in the inner digit the penultimate
expansion is absent. Body covered above with small granular
scales, intermixed with larger tubercles ; abdominal scales juxta-
posed. Pupil vertical. No prseanal or femoral pores.

Southern India.

a b

Fig. 24. — Foot of Calodactylus aureus : a, upper ; b, lower surface.

81. Calodactylus aureus,

Calodactylus aureus, Bedd. Madras Joum. Med. Sc. 1870, p. 30,
pi. ii. ; Theob. Cat. p. 74 ; Bouleny. Cat. Liz. i, p. 108.

Head large, oviform, very distinct from neck ; a strong rounded
supraorbital and canthal ridge ; five deep concavities, viz. a frontal,
two postnasals, and two loreals ; snout longer than the distance
between the eye and the ear-opening, 1^ the diameter of the
orbit ; ear-opening vertical, measuring half the diameter of the eye.
Body not much depressed. Limbs long, slender. The width of
the digital expansion measures about half the diameter of the eye.
Head covered with very small granules, largest on the canthal
ridges; rostral four-sided, twice as broad as high, its posterior
border concave ; nostril pierced between the rostral, the first
labial, and three nasals, the anterior large and in contact with its
fellow ; 12 or 13 upper and as many lower labials ; mental as
large as the adjacent labials, or smaller than them ; no regular
chin-shields, but small polygonal scales passing gradually into
the granules which cover the gular region. Upper surface
covered with minute granules ; back with scattered, scarcely pro-
'minent, smooth, round, larger tubercles, hardly as large as the
ventral scales ; the latter flat, smooth, squarish, juxtaposed,

PTYODACTYLUS. 81

arranged like the bricks of a wall. Tail long, cylindrical, remark-
ably slender, covered with squarish scales which are much larger
beneath. Brownish white above (golden during life), dotted or
vermiculated with brown ; lower surfaces whitish.

From snout to vent 3-5 inches ; tail 3-2.

ffab. Amongst rocks in dark shady ravines on the Tirupati
Hills in North Arcot.

Genus PTYODACTYLUS,

Gray, Ann. Phil. (2) x. 1825, p. 198.

Digits slender, free, with a series of transverse plates below,
the extremity strongly dilated, with two diverging series of lamellae
beneath ; every digit armed with a claw retractile in the anterior
notch of the distal expansion. Body covered above with small
granular scales, uniform or intermixed with enlarged tubercles ;
abdominal scales scarcely imbricate. Pupil vertical. No prseanal
or femoral pores.

Fig. 25. — Foot of Ptyodactylus homolepis, lower surface.

Of the two species of this genus, one inhabits the arid districts
of North Africa, Arabia, and Syria, the other Sind.

82. Ptyodactylus homolepis.

Ptyodactylus homolepis, Stanford, J. A. S. B. xlv, 1876, pt. 2, p. 19,
pi. ii ; Murray, Zool. Sind, p. 358 ; Bouleny. Cat. Liz. i, p. 111.

Head large, very distinct from neck ; snout slightly longer than
the distance between the eye and the ear-opening ; forehead con-
cave; ear-opening vertical, subcrescentic. Limbs long and thin.
Upper parts covered with small uniform granules, smallest on the
back of the head and neck. Nostril pierced between three scales,
forming a swelling; rostral six-sided; 14 or 15 upper and as
many lower labials ; mental small ; a row of small chin-shields.
Ventral scales small, smooth ; larger scales on the pubic region.
Tail cylindrical, tapering, covered above with uniform small
granules, beneath with larger flat scales. Light brownish grey
above, with broad transverse wavy bands of lighter and darker
shades ; white beneath.

From snout to vent 4 inches ; tail 3'4.

Hab. Sind (Khirthar range, Shikarpur district).

G

82

GECKOKID^E.

Genus HEMIDACTYLUS,
Gray, Ann. Phil. (2) x. 1825, p. 199.

Digits free or more or less webbed, dilated, beneath with two
rows of lamellae ; all the digits provided with slender distal clawed
joints angularly bent and rising from within the extremity of the

Fig. 26.— Foot of Hemidactylus coctm.
a. Upper surface, b. Lower surface.

dilated portion. Dorsal lepidosis uniform or heterogeneous. Pupil
vertical. Males with prseanal or femoral pores.

Distribution. Southern Europe ; Southern Asia ; Africa ; Tropical
America; Polynesia. 30 species are known.

Synopsis of Indian, Ceylonese, and Burmese Species.

A. Slender compressed joint of inner digit very

short, not half as long as dilated basal
portion ; 4 to 6 lamellae under inner, and
7 to 10 under median toe *.
«. Dorsal granules intermixed with nume-
rous small, roundish, keeled tubercles . . H. reticulatus, p. 84.

b. Dorsal granules intermixed with longi-

tudinally oval or elliptical, strongly

keeled tubercles H. ffracilis, p. 84.

c. Dorsal granules uniform, or with scattered

small, round, convex tubercles H.frenatus, p. 85.

B. Slender compressed joint of inner digit at

least half as long as dilated portion.
a. Enlarged dorsal tubercles strongly
keeled.

* The infradigital lamellae are counted longitudinally, those which are
divided on the median line being reckoned as one. See fig. 26, above, which
represents a foot with 8 lamellae under the inner, and 11 under the median toe."

HEMIDACTYLUS. 8

a'. Lamellae not exceeding 8 under inner

and 11 under median toe.
a". Digits free.

a. 4 to 6 lamellae under inner, and 7

or 8 under median toe ; dorsal tuber-
cles in 16 to 20 longitudinal series ;

male with 8 to 12 femoro-prasanal

pores on each side H. yleadovii, p. 86.

/3. 6 to 8 lamellae under inner, and 9

to 11 under median toe ; tubercles in"

14 or 16 longitudinal series; male

with 2 to 5 praeanal pores on each

side H, turcicus, p. 87.

y. 6 or 7 lamellae under the inner, and

8 to 10 under the median toe ; tuber-
cles in 16 to 20 longitudinal series ;

male with 6 to 8 pores on each side. H. triedms, p. 89.
b" . Digits webbed at base; tail depressed,
flat below, with sharp denticulated

lateral edge H. depresstis, p. 90.

6'. Lamellae more than 8 under inner, and

more than 11 under median toe.
a". Infradigital lamellse obliquely
curved ; dorsal tubercles in 14 to 16
longitudinal series ; male with a

few (8) prseanal pores H. persicus, p. 88.

b". Infradigital lamellse straight, trans-
verse ; dorsal tubercles in about 20
longitudinal series ; male with 19 to

25 femoral pores on each side .... //. maculatus, p. 88.
c". Infradigital lamellse slightly oblique ;
dorsal tubercles in 18 or 20 longitu-
dinal series H. subtriedrus, p. 90.

b. Enlarged dorsal tubercles, if present, small,

smooth, conical, or very feebly keeled.
a'. Digits free or very slightly webbed at

base.

a". Tail with enlarged tubercles above,
a. 9 to 11 lamellae under median toe,
and 6 or 7 under inner; male
with 12 to 16 femoral pores on each

side H. leschenaultu, p. 91.

j3. 11 to 13 lamellse under median toe,
and 8 to 10 under inner ; male with
5 or 6 femoral pores on each side . . H. coct&ij p. 92.
h". Tail transversely oval or ellliptical
in section, with uniform small
scales above.

a. Infradigital lamellae straight, trans-
verse, 11 or 12 under the inner, and
13 to 15 under the median toe .... H. giganteus, p. 92.
|3. Infradigital lamellae obliquely
curved, 5 to 7 under the inner, and

9 or 10 under the median toe . .' . . H. boivrinyii, p. 93.
c". Tail flat beneath, with sharpish,

denticulated lateral edge, covered
above with uniform small scales.

84 GECKONID.E.

o. Back with numerous small convex

tubercles H. karenomm, p. 93.

j8. Back uniformly granular H. garnoti, p. 94.

b'. Digits nearly half-webbed ; a much de-
veloped cutaneous expansion from
axilla to groin H. platyunts, p. 95.

83. Hemidactylus reticulatus.

Hemidactylus reticulatus, Beddome, Madr. Journ. Med. Sc. 1870 ;
Bouleng. Cat. Liz. i, p. 118, pi. xi, fig. 2.

Head short, oviform, very convex ; snout a little longer than the
distance between the eye and the ear-opening and than the diameter
of the orbit; forehead not concave; ear-opening small, roundish.
Body and limbs short. Digits short, free, with very short distal
joints, moderately dilated ; 5 or 6 lamella) under the inner digits,
7 or 8 under the fourth finger, and 8 or 9 under the fourth toe.
Snout covered with keeled granules ; the rest of the head with
smaller granules intermixed with round tubercles. Eostral four-
sided, not twice as broad as deep, with median cleft above ; nostril
pierced between the rostral, the first labial, and three or four nasals ;
9 or 10 upper and 7 to 9 lower labials : mental large, triangular or
pentagonal ; four chin-shields, inner pair largest and in contact
behind the point of the mental. Body covered above with coarse
granules intermixed with numerous irregularly arranged, small,
round, keeled tubercles. Abdominal scales rather small, cycloid,
imbricate, smooth. Male with 6 to 9 praeanal pores forming an
angular series. Tail cylindrical, tapsring, covered above with
small granular scales and rings of six or eight large conical
tubercles, beneath with uniform small imbricated scales. Brown
above, with a network of darker lines ; many of the tubercles
whitish ; lower surfaces whitish, the throat sometimes vermiculated
with brown.

From snout to vent 1'55 inches.

Hub. Southern India (Colegal, Shevaroys).

84. Hemidactylus gracilis.

Hemidactylus gracilis, Stanford, J. A. S. B. xxxix, 1870, pt. 2,
p. 362, pi. xvi, figs. 4-6 ; Theob. Cat. p. 76 ; Bouleng. Cat. Liz. i,
p. 119.

Head narrow, elongate ; snout a little longer than the distance
between the eye and the ear-opening, 1^ or If the diameter of
the orbit ; forehead not concave ; ear-opening small, roundish.
Body and limbs slender, feebly depressed. Digits free, very feebly
dilated, inner well developed ; the distal joint short ; 5 lamellae
under the inner digit, 7 under the fourth finger, and 9 under the
fourth toe. Snout with rather large polygonal rugose scales ;
hinder part of head with small granules. Eostral four-sided, not
twice as broad as deep, with median cleft above ; nostril pierced

JIEMIDACTYLTTS. 85

between the rostral and four nasals ; 9 upper and 7 lower labials ;
mental large, triangular, more than twice as long as the adjacent
labials ; four large chin-shields, inner pair in contact behind the
point of the mental. Body covered above with coarse granules
intermixed with oval, subtrihedral, strongly keeled tubercles ar-
ranged in about twelve irregular longitudinal series. Abdominal
scales large, cycloid, imbricate, smooth. Male with 6 praBanal
pores forming an angular series. Tail round, but slightly de-
pressed at the base and not at all further back, tapering, without
any enlarged or spinose tubercles whatever. Grey above, with
subqundrangular black spots arranged in longitudinal series, con-
fluent into lines on the rachis and sides ; a black streak white-edged
above on the side of the head, passing through the eye ; whitish
beneath, with or without longitudinal grey lines.

From snout to vent 1*4 inches.

Hob. South-east Berar and Eaipur, Central Provinces.

85. Hemidactylus frenatus.

Hemidactylus frenatus, Dum. $• Bibr. Erp. Gen. iii, p. 3G6 ; Kelaart,
Prodi: p. 161 ; Gimth. Kept. S. I. p. 108; Theob. Cat. p. 78;
Boulemj. Cat. Liz. i, p. 120.

? Hemidactylus punctatus, Jerdon, J. A. S. B. xxii, 1853, p. 467.

Gecko cliaus et caracal, Tytler, J. A. S. B. xxxiii, 1864, p. 547.

Snout longer than the distance between the eye and the ear-
opening, 1| to 1^ the diameter of the orbit; forehead concave;
ear-opening small, roundish. Body and limbs moderate. Digits
moderately dilated, free, inner with sessile claw ; 4 or 5 lamella?
under the inner digits, 7 or 8 (seldom 9) under the fourth finger,
and 9 or 10 under the fourth toe. Upper surfaces covered with
small granules, largest on the snout ; on the back these granules
are intermixed with more or less numerous irregularly scattered
round convex tubercles always much smaller than the ear-opening,
sometimes almost entirely absent. Rostral four-sided, nearly
twice as broad as deep, with median cleft above ; nostril pierced
between the rostral, the first labial, and three nasals ; 10 to 12
upper and 8 to 10 lower labials ; mental large, triangular or pen-
tagonal ; two or three pairs of chin-shields, the median in contact
behind the point of the mental. Abdominal scales moderate,
cycloid, imbricate. Male with a series of 30 or 36 femoral pores,
not interrupted on the praeanal region. Tail rounded, feebly de-
pressed, covered above with very small smooth scales and six
longitudinal series of keeled tubercles, below with a median series
of transversely dilated plates. Greyish or pinkish brown above,
uniform or more or less distinctly marbled with darker; head
generally variegated with brown ; a more or less defined brown
streak, light-edged above, on the side of the head, passing through
the eye, extending sometimes along the side of the body ; lower
surfaces whitish.

From snout to vent 2'2 inches ; tail 2-25.

86 GECKONIDJE.

Hob. Southern India and Ceylon, China, Indo-China, Burma,
Malay peninsula and Archipelago, Islands of the Western Pacific
and Indian Oceans.

86. Hemidactylus gleadovii.
Hemidactylus maculatus, Kelaart, Prodr. p. 158 ; Giinth. Kept. B.

I. p. 107 ; Theob. Cat. p. 75.

? Gecko tytleri, Tytler, J. A. S. B. xxxiii, 1864, p. 547.
Hemidactylus gleadowi, Murray, Zool. Sind, p. 360, pi. — , fig. 3 ;

Bouleny. Cat. Liz. i, p. 129.
Hemidactylus kushmorensis *, Murray, A. M. N. H, (5) xiv, 1884,

p. 109 ; Soul. 1. c. p. 135.
Hemidactylus murrayi, Gleadow, Journ. Bomb. N. H. Sue. ii, 1887,

p. 49.

Head oviform ; snout longer than the distance between the eye
and the ear-opening, 1^ to lg the diameter of the orbit ; forehead
concave ; ear-opening oval, oblique, about half the diameter of the

Fig. 27. — Hemidactylus gleadovii.

eye. Body and limbs moderate. Digits moderately dilated, free,
inner well developed ; iufradigital lamellae with strongly curved
anterior border, 4 to 6 under the inner digits, 6 to 8 under the
median. Head covered anteriorly with convex granular, some-

* Specimens recently received from Mr. Murray, as typical of his H. kmh-
vnarensis from Upper Sind, are identical with H. gleadovii. The dorsal tubercles
are keeled.

HEMIDACTYLUS. 87

times keeled, scales, posteriorly with miuute granules intermixed
with round tubercles. Eostral subtetragonal, not twice as broad as
deep, with median cleft above ; nostril pierced between the rostral,
the first labial, and three or four nasals ; 8 to 10 upper and 7 to
9 lower labials ; mental large, triangular or pentagonal, twice as
long as the adjacent labials ; chin-shields generally four, the inner
largest, in contact behind the mental. Upper surfaces with minute
granular scales intermixed with moderate-sized trihedral strongly
keeled tubercles, the largest not measuring more than one third
the diameter of the eye ; they form 16 to 20 pretty regular longi-
tudinal series on the back. Abdominal scales smooth, roundish,
imbricate. Males with a series of femoral pores generally inter-
rupted in the middle ; altogether 16 to 24 pores. Tail rounded,
tapering, depressed ; above with small smooth scales and 6 or 8
longitudinal series of large, pointed, strongly keeled tubercles;
below with a median series of transversely dilated plates. Brownish
above, spotted with darker ; a dark streak 011 the side of the head,
passing through the eye ; lower surfaces dirty white.

From snout to vent 2-3 inches ; tail 2-25. '

Hob. India, Ceylon, Burma, South China. The commonest
house-gecko in India.

87. Hemidactylus turcicus.

Lacerta turcica, Linn. Syst. Nat. i, p. 362.

Hemidactylus karachien sis, Murray, Zool. Sind, p. 361, pi. — , fig. 2.

Hemidactylus turcicus, Bouleng. Cat. Liz. i, p. 126.

Snout rounded, about as long as the distance between the eye
and the ear-opening, 1£ to lj the diameter of the orbit ; forehead
slightly concave; ear-opening oval, oblique, not quite half the
diameter of the eye. Body and limbs moderate. Digits rather
variable in length, the inner always well developed ; 6 to 8 lamellae
under the inner digits, 8 to 10 under the fourth finger, and 9 to
11 under the fourth toe. Head anteriorly with large granules,
posteriorly with minute granules intermixed with round tubercles.
Kostral four-sided, not twice as broad as deep, with median cleft
above; nostril pierced between the rostral, the first labial, and
three nasals ; 7 to 10 upper and 6 to 8 lower labials ; mental
large, triangular, at least twice as long as the adjacent labials, its
point between two large chin-shields, which may be in contact
behind it ; a smaller chin-shield on each side of the larger pair.
Upper surface of body covered with minute granules intermixed
with large tubercles ; these are generally larger than the inter-
spaces between them, suboval, trihedral, and arranged in 14 or 16
pretty regular longitudinal series. Abdominal scales small, smooth,
roundish-hexagonal, imbricate. Males with a short angular series
of 4 to 10 (exceptionally 2) praeanal pores. Tail cylindrical,
slightly depressed, tapering, covered above with minute scales and
transverse series of large keeled tubercles, beneath with a series of

bO GECKONTDjE.

large transversely dilated plates. Light brown or greyish above,
spotted with darker ; many of the tubercles white ; lower surfaces
white.

From snout to vent 2 inches.

Hob. Sind; borders of the Mediterranean and of the Red Sea.
Common at Karachi, among stones.

88. Hemidactylus persicus.

Hemidactylus persicus. Anderson, P. Z. S. 1872, p. 378, fig. 2 ;
~ ' 7. Cat. Liz. i, p. 131.

Snout rather acuminate, as long as the distance between the eye
and the upper border of the ear-opening, 1| the diameter of the
orbit ; forehead concave ; interorbital space very narrow ; upper
eyelid strongly fringed; ear-opening large, obliquely crescentic,
the concavity being directed forwards and upwards, its diameter
equalling three fourths that of the eye. Body and limbs moderate.
Digits free, moderately dilated, inner well developed ; infradigital
lamella? obliquely curved ; 10 lamellae under the thumb, 10 under
the third finger, 9 under the inner toe, and 12 under the third
toe. Snout covered with large convex granular scales, largest
between the eye and the nostril ; hinder part of head with
minute granules, and scattered ones of a larger size. Rostral four
times as broad as deep (having fused with the anterior labial on
each side) ; nostril above the rostral, between the latter and three
nasals; 10 or 11 upper and 9 lower labials; mental large, tri-
angular, twice as long as the adjacent labial, its point between two
large chin-shields which are in contact behind it ; a small chin-
shield on each side of the large pair. Upper surface of body
covered with small irregular flat granules and moderately large,
trihedral, strongly keeled tubercles arranged in 14 or 16 rather
irregular longitudinal series ; the largest tubercles measure about
one fourth the diameter of the eye. Abdominal scales small,
smooth, rounded, imbricate. Male with a short angular series of
8 praeanal pores. Tail cylindrical, tapering, covered above with
small, irregular, imbricate smooth scales and scattered pointed
tubercles forming four or six longitudinal series, beneath with a
series of transversely dilated plates. Pale yellowish brown, with
six faint brownish transverse narrow dorsal bands, the tubercles
in these areas being almost black ; a dark brown streak from the
nostrils through the eye above the ear, with a whitish line above
it ; lips whitish.

From snout to vent 2-75 inches ; tail 3-2.

Hob. Sind; Persia.

89. Hemidactylus maculatus.

tnaculatus, .Dum. 8f Bibr. Erp. Gen.

t. Liz. i, p. 132.

sykesii, Gunth. Kept. B. I. p. 108,

Head large, oviform ; snout longer than the distance between

Hemidactylus maculatus, Dum. fy Bibr. Erp. Gen. iii, p. 358 (part.) ;

Boulemj. Cat. Liz. i, p. 132.
Hemidactylns sykesii, Gunth. Rept. B. I. p. 108, pi. xii, fig. C.

HEMIDACTTLTJS. 89

the eye and the ear-opening, 1| the diameter of the orbit ; fore-
head concave ; canthus rostralis swollen ; ear-opening large, oval.
Body and limbs moderate. Digits moderately dilated, free, inner
well developed ; infradigital lamellae almost perfectly straight,
9 to 11 under the inner digit, 12 or 13 under the median.
Head covered anteriorly with convex granular scales, smaller in
the frontal concavity, posteriorly with minute granules intermixed
with round tubercles ; rostral subtetragonal, not twice as broad
as deep, with median cleft above ; nostril pierced between the
rostral, the first labial, and three or four nasals ; 10 to 12
upper and 9 or 10 lower labials; mental large, triangular or
pentagonal, twice as long as the adjacent labials ; two pairs of
chin-shields, the inner the larger, elongate, in contact behind the
mental. Upper surfaces with minute, granular scales intermixed
with moderate-sized trihedral, more or less strongly keeled tubercles,
the largest not measuring more than one third the diameter of the
eye ; they are arranged very irregularly on the back, in about 20
longitudinal series. Abdominal scales smooth, roundish, imbricate.
Male with a long series of femoral pores, 19 to 25 on each side,
interrupted on the praeanal region. Tail rounded, tapering,
depressed ; above with small irregular keeled scales, and 6 or 8
longitudinal series of large trihedral tubercles; beneath with a
median series of transversely enlarged plates. Broun above, with
darker spots, generally confluent into transverse undulating bands
on the back ; two more or less distinct dark streaks on each side
of the head, passing through the eye ; lower surfaces dirty white.

From snout to vent 4-5 inches ; tail 5.

Hob. Deccan and Southern India.

90. Hemidactylus triedrus.

Gecko triedrus, Daud. Rept. iv, p. 155 ; Lesson, in Belang. Voy. Ind.

Or. p. 311, pi. v, fig. 1.
Hemidactylus triedrus, Kelaart, Prodr. p. 157 ; Giinth. Rept. B. I.

p. 107 ; Theob. Cat. p. 75 ; Bouleng. Cat. Liz. i, p. 133.

Head large, oviform ; snout longer than the distance between
the eye and the ear-opening, 1|- the diameter of the orbit; fore-
head concave ; ear-opening large, suboval, oblique, measuring
about half the diameter of the eye. Body and limbs moderate.
Digits free, moderately dilated, inner well developed ; infra-
digital lamellae slightly oblique, 6 or 7 under the inner digits,
8 to 10 under the median digits. Snout covered with convex
granules, which may be keeled ; hinder part of head with minute
granules intermixed with roundish tubercles, fiostral subquad-
rangular, not twice as broad as deep, with median cleft above;
nostril pierced between the rostral, the first labial, and three or
four nasals ; 8 to 10 upper and 7 or 8 lower labials ; mental large,
triangular or pentagonal, at least twice as long as the adjacent
labials ; four chin-shields, median pair largest and in contact
behind the mental. Upper surface of body covered with small

90 GECKOWIDJE.

flat granular scales, and large trihedral tubercles arranged in 16 to
20 more or less irregular longitudinal series ; these tubercles vary
somewhat in size according to specimens, but the largest never
exceed two fifths the diameter of the eye. Abdominal scales
large, smooth, rounded, imbricate. Males with a series of pramnal
pores, interrupted mesially ; 6 to 8 pores on each side. Tail
rounded, feebly depressed, tapering, covered above with irregular,
small, smooth imbricated scales and rings of large, pointed, keeled
tubercles, .beneath with a median series of transversely dilated
plates. Light pinkish brown above, generally with more or less
defined transverse darker bands bordered by pure white tubercles
surrounded by deep-brown rings ; young very regularly barred
with dark brown, there being four dark bars between head and hind
limbs ; a more or less defined dark-brown streak, white-edged
above, on the side of the head, passing through the eye ; lower
surfaces white.

Prom snout to vent 3*7 inches ; tail 3'8.

Hob, Central and Southern India, Ajmere, Ceylon.

91. Hemidactylus subtriedrus.

Hemidactylus subtriedrus, Jerdon, J. A. S. B. xxii, 1853, p. 467 ;
Theob. Cat. p. 75 ; Bouhng. Cat. Liz. i, p. 134.

Differs from H. triedrus in the following points : — Head more
depressed. Infradigital lamella? more numerous, 10 under the
thumb, 11 under the median finger, 9 under the inner toe, and 12
under the median toe. Ventral scales smaller. 10 lower labials.
Light brown above, with five undulating dark brown cross bands on
the body, the anterior, on the neck, confluent with a dark streak
passing through the eye and light-edged above.

From snout to vent 2-25 inches.

Hub. Nellore and Ellore districts.

92. Hemidactylus depressus.

Hemidactylus depressus, Gray, Zool. Misc. p. 58 ; Bouleng. Cat. Liz.

i, p. 134.
Hemidactylus pieresii, Kelaart, Prodr. p. 159 ; Theob. Cat. p. 76.

Head oviform ; snout longer than the distance between the eye
and the ear-opening, lj to 1| the diameter of the orbit ; forehead
concave ; ear-opening oblique, nearly half the diameter of the eye.
Body and limbs moderate. The skin forms a fold on each side of
the belly, from axilla to groin. Digits distinctly webbed at the
base, moderately dilated, inner wrell developed, with curved, scarcely
oblique lamellae ; 7 (or 6) under the inner digits, 9 or 10 under the
median fingers, 10 or 11 under the median toes. Snout covered
with granular scales, largest in front of the orbits ; hinder part of
head with minute granules intermixed with round tubercles.
Rostral subquadrangular, not twice as broad as deep, with median
cleft above ; nostril pierced between the rostral, the first labial,

HEMIDACTYLUS. 91

and three or four nasals ; 10 to 12 upper and 8 to 10 lower labials ;
mental large, triangular or pentagonal, twice as long as the
adjacent labials ; four large chin-shields, median pair largest,
forming a long suture behind the point of the mental. Upper
surface of body covered with small flat granules intermixed with
trihedral tubercles, forming 16 to 20 very irregular longitudinal
series; the largest tubercles measure about one fourth the dia-
meter of the eye. Abdominal scales moderate, smooth, rounded,
imbricate. Males with a long series of femoral pores interrupted
mesially ; 17 or 18 pores on each side. Tail tapering, much de-
pressed, flat below, with angular lateral edge ; it is covered above
with small pointed imbricate scales, which are enlarged and raised
on the sides, forming a strong denticulation, and with six or eight
series of spine-like tubercles forming rings ; a median series of
regular transversely dilated plates beneath. Upper parts light
brown, marbled or cross-barred with brown ; a dark brown streak,
white-edged above, on the side of the head, passing through the
eye ; lower surfaces whitish.

From snout to vent 3'2 inches ; tail 3.

Hob. Ceylon, Malay Peninsula.

93. Hemidactylus leschenaultii.

Hemidactylus leschenaultii, Dtim. $ Bibr. Erp. Ghi. iii, p. 364 ;

Giinth. 'Rent. B. I. p. 109 ; Theob. Cat. p. 77 ; Bouleng. Cat. Liz.

i, p. 136.

Hemidactylus coctaei, part., Giinth. 1. c. p. 109.
Hemidactylus kelaartii, Theub. Cat. Rept. As. Soc. Mus. p. 29.
Hemidactylus marmoratus, Blanf. J. A. S. B. xxxix, 1870, pt. 2,

p. 363, pi. xvi, figs. 1-3.

Snout longer than the distance between the eye and the ear-
opening, lj to If the diameter of the orbit; forehead concave, the
supraorbital ridges prominent in full-grown specimens ; ear-opening
rather large, oval, vertical. Body and limbs moderate. A slight
fold of the skin on the side of the belly, from axilla to groin.
Digits free, strongly dilated, inner well developed ; 6 or 7 (rarely
5) lamella under the inner digits, 9 to 11 under the median.
Head covered with minute granules posteriorly, with larger ones
anteriorly; rostral four-sided, not twice as broad as deep, with
median cleft above ; nostril pierced between the rostral, three
nasals, and generally the first labial ; 10 to 12 upper and 8
or 9 lower labials ; mental large, triangular or pentagonal ; two
pairs of chin-shields, the inner the larger aud in contact behind the
mental. Upper surface of body covered with small granules, uni-
form or intermixed with more or less numerous scattered round
tubercles. Abdominal scales moderate, cycloid, imbricate. Male
with a series of femoral pores interrupted on the pr*anal region ;
12 to 16 pores on each side. Tail depressed, flat below, covered
above with small smooth scales and six longitudinal series of
conical tubercles ; beneath with a median series of transversely
dilated plates. Grey above, with darker markings, forming undu-

92

lating cross-bars, rhomboidal spots on the middle of the back, or
regular longitudinal bands ; a dark band from the eye to the
shoulder ; lower surfaces white.

From snout to vent 3-2 inches ; tail 3'25.

Hob. India, Ceylon, Malay Peninsula. A house-gecko.

94. Hemidactylus coctsei.

Hemidactylus coctsei, Dum. $ Bibr. Erp. Gen. iii, p. 365 ; Giinth.

Kept. B. 1. p. 109 (part.) ; Thedb. Cat. p. 77 ; Murray, Zool. Sind,

p. 359 ; Bouleny. Cat. Liz. i, p. 137.
Boltalia sublsevis, Gray, Zool. Misc. p. 58.
Hemidactylus bengaliensis, Anders. J. A. S. B. xl, 1871, p. 14.

Snout longer than the distance between the eye and the ear-
opening, lg to 1| the diameter of the orbit; forehead concave ;
ear-opening rather large, oval, oblique. Body and limbs moderate.
Digits free, strongly dilated, inner well developed, with nearly
straight lamella beneath ; the latter 9 or 10 (rarely 8) under the
inner digits, and 11 to 13 under the median digits. Head covered
with minute granules posteriorly, with larger ones anteriorly ;
rostral four-sided, not twice as broad as deep, with median cleft
above; nostril pierced between the rostral, the first labial, and
three nasals; 12 to 15 upper and 10 or 11 lower labials ; mental
large, triangular or pentagonal ; two or three pairs of chin-shields,
median largest and in contact behind the mental. Upper surfaces
covered with small granules, among which some larger ones are
sometimes scattered on the sides. Abdominal scales moderate,
cycloid, imbricate. Male with a short series of 5 or 6 femoral
pores under each thigh. Tail depressed, flat beneath, covered
above with small smooth scales and four or six longitudinal series
of conical tubercles ; beneath with a median series of transversely
dilated plates. Grey above, uniform or with indistinct darker
markings ; lower surfaces white.

From suout to vent 3 inches ; tail 3-2.

H(ib. India, Burma, Malay Peninsula, Baluchistan, Persia,
Arabia, Abyssinia. A common house-gecko.

95. Hemidactylus giganteus.

Hemidactylus giganteus, Stcliczka, J. A. S. B. xli, 1872, p. 99, pi. ii,
fig. 2 ; Theob. Cat. p. 78 ; Bouleng. Cat. Liz. i, p. 138.

Snout longer than the distance between the eye and the ear-
opening, 1| the diameter of the orbit; forehead concave; ear-
opening rather large, suboval, vertical. Body and limbs stout.
Digits free, inner well developed, strongly dilated ; with straight
transverse lamellae beneath ; 11 or 12 under the inner digits, 13 to
15 under the median. Upper surfaces covered with uniform small
granular scales, somewhat larger on the snout, smallest on the
hinder part of the head. .Rostral quadrangular, not quite twice as
broad as deep ; nostril pierced between the rostral and three nasals ;

HEMIDACTYLUS. 93

12 to 15 upper and 11 to 13 lower labials ; mental large, pentagonal ;
two pairs of chin-shields, the inner the larger. Abdominal scales
rather small, cycloid, imbricate. Male with a series of femoral pores
interrupted mesially ; 19 to 22 pores on each side. Tail without
large tubercles. Olive-grey above, with irregular dark, pale-edged
marks in imperfect circles, tending to form, or forming, 4 or 5
transverse undulating bands on the body ; below uniform white.

From snout to vent 4-8 inches.

Hob. Godavari Valley and Malabar. Found on trees.

96. Hemidactylus bowringii.

Doryura bowringii, Gray, Cat. Liz. p. 156.

Leiurus berdmorei, Bhjth, J. A. S. B. xxii, 1853, p. 646.

Doryura berdmorei, Theob. Journ. Linn. Soc. x, 1868, p. 29 ; id. Cat.

p. ix.

Hemidactylus berdmorei, Stoliczka, J. A. S. B. xli, 1872, p. 100.
Hemidactylus bowringii, Bouleng. Cat. Liz. i, p. 139, pi. xii, tig. 2.

Snout longer than the distance between the eye and the ear-
opening, 1J- the diameter of the orbit ; forehead slightly concave ;
ear-opening small, roundish. Body and limbs moderate ; a slight
fold of the skin along the flank. Digits free, moderatelv dilated,
inner well developed ; infradigital lamellae obliquely curved, 5
under the thumb, 7 or 8 under the fourth finger, 5 or 6 under
the first toe, and 9 or 10 under the fourth toe. Upper
surfaces covered with uniform small granular scales, largest on
the snout, smallest on the occiput. Eostral four-sided, twice as
broad as deep, with median cleft above ; nostril pierced between
the rostral, the first labial, and three or four nasals ; 9 to 11 upper
and 7 or 8 lower labials ; mental large, triangular, followed by
a pair of chin-shields ; an outer pair of much smaller chin-
shields. Abdominal scales moderate, cycloid, imbricate. Male
with a series of praeanal pores, interrupted mesially, composed of 13
pores on each side. Tail depressed, rounded, oval in section,
covered above with uniform small scales, beneath with a median
series of transversely dilated plates. Light brown above, with
darker spots, having sometimes a tendency to form four longitudi-
nal bands on the back ; frequently small whitish spots on thebody
and limbs ; a dark streak passing through the eye ; tail above with
small chevron-shaped markings ; lower surfaces whitish.

From snout to vent 1-3 inches ; tail 2.

Hob. Eastern India (Sikhim and ? Godavari Valley), Burma and
Tenasserim.

97. Hemidactylus karenorum.

Doryura karenorum, Theob. Journ. Linn. Soc. x, 1868, p. 30, and Cat.

p. ix.
Hemidactylus karenorum, Boulenr/. Cat. Liz. i, p. 140.

Snout longer than the distance between the eye and the ear-
opening, lj to 1^ the diameter of the orbit ; forehead slightly con-

94

cave; ear-opening small, roundish. Body and limbs moderate;
a slight fold of the skin along the sides of the belly, and another
bordering the thighs behind. Digits free, moderately dilated,
inner well developed ; infradigital lamellae obliquely curved, 5 under
the thumb, 9 under the fourth finger, 5 or 6 under the first toe,
and 10 to 12 under the fourth toe. Head covered with minute
granules posteriorly, with larger ones anteriorly ; rostral four-sided,
not quite twice as broad as deep, with median cleft above ; nostril
pierced between the rostral, the first labial, and three nasals ; 11 or
12 upper and 7 to 9 lower labials; mental large, triangular ; two
pairs of chin-shields. Upper surface of body covered with minute
granules intermixed with numerous small convex round tubercles.
Abdominal scales moderate, cycloid, imbricate. Male without
praeanal or femoral pores (?). Tail depressed, flat below, with
sharp denticulated lateral edge; the scales on the upper surface
very small, equal ; those on the lower surface larger, imbricate,
with a median series of large transverse plates. Light grey-brown
above, with rather indistinct darker variegation ; lower surfaces
whitish.

From snout to vent 2 inches ; tail 2-2.

Hal. Pegu.

98. Hemidactlylus garnoti.

Heinidactylus garnotii, Dutn. Sf Bibr. Erp. Gen. iii, p. 368 : Bouleng.

Cat. Liz. i, p. 141.

Doryura gaudaiua, Theob. Journ. Linn. Soc. x, 1868, p. 30; id. Cat.^.ix.
Hemi dactyl us (Doryura) niandellianus, Stoliczka, J. A. S. B. xli,

1872, p. 101, pi. iii, tigs. 1, 2.
Hemidactylus blanfordii, Bouleng. 1. c. p. 141 .

Snout obtusely pointed, longer than the distance between the
eye and the ear-opening, 1| to 1| the diameter of the orbit ; fore-
head slightly concave; ear-opening small, rounded. Body and
limbs moderate. A slight but distinct fold of the skin along the
flanks, and another bordering the hind limb posteriorly. Digits
free or with a very slight rudiment of web, moderately dilated,
inner well developed ; infradigital lamellae oblique, 6 or 7 under
the inner digits, 10 to 12 under the fourth finger, and 11 to 14
under the fourth toe. Upper surfaces and throat covered with
minute granular scales, a little larger on the snout ; abdominal
scales moderate, imbricate. Rostral subquadraugular, with median
cleft above ; nostril pierced between the rostral and three nasals ;
12 or 13 upper and 9 to 11 lower labials ; mental large, trian-
gular, in contact posteriorly with a pair of pentagonal chin-shields,
followed by a second smaller pair ; the anterior pair of chin-shields
in contact with the first infralabial, and with each other mesially ;
the posterior pair separated from each other, and also com-
pletely or nearly completely from the labials. Tail depressed, flat
beneath, with sharp denticulated lateral edge ; the scales on the
upper surface very small, equal ; those on the lower surface

HBMIDACTTLITS. 95

larger, imbricate, with a median series of large, transversely dilated
plates. Brownish grey above, uniform or with more or less distinct
brown and whitish spots ; lower surfaces uniform whitish. (Theo-
bald mentions 19 pores on each thigh in his Doryura gaudama, which
appears to me, from the short description, identical with, and the
male of, the present species.)

From snout to vent 2*3 inches ; tail 2*6.

Hnb. Sikhim, Burma, Malay Peninsula and Archipelago, South
Pacific Islands.

A number of specimens (from Burma and Java), which I have
been able to examine since the publication of the Catalogue of Lizards
have convinced me that the characters upon which I separated
H. blanfordii from H. yarnoti are insufficient.

Hemidactylus mortoni, Theobald, Journ. Linn. Soc. x, p. 32, and
Cat. Rept. Brit. Ind. p. 78, is probably allied to, or identical with,
one of the three preceding species, but the description is insuffi-
cient for ensuring its recognition : —

" Back covered with granular scales, with a scattered tubercle here
and there, just perceptibly larger than the rest. Thumb well de-
veloped. Colour dark brown, mottled pepper and salt, with black
spots and small white rosettes of 6 white scales each. Tail barred
with black above. Length 3'50 inches."

Described from an immature male taken at Teikgyie, Rangoon.

99. Hemidactylus platyurus.

Stellio platyurus, Schneid. Amph. Phys. ii. p. 30.
Nycteridium schneideri, Gilnth. Rept. B. I. p. 111.
Nycteridium himalayanum, Anders. J. A. S. B. xl, 1871, p. 15.
Nycteridium platyurus, Theob. Cat. p. 79.
Hemidactylus platyurus, Bouleng. Cat. Liz. i, p. 143.

Snout longer than the distance between the eye and the ear-
opening, 1 1 the diameter of the orbit ; forehead concave ; ear-
opening small, oval, oblique. Body and limbs moderate, much
depressed ; a cutaneous expansion from axilla to groin, and
another bordering the hind limb posteriorly. Digits strongly dilated,
about half- webbed, inner well developed ; 5 or 6 lamellae under
the inner, and 7 to 9 under the median digits. Upper surfaces
covered with uniform small granules, largest on the snout. Rostral
four-sided, not quite so broad as deep, with median cleft above ;
nostril pierced between the rostral, the first labial, and three nasals ;
9 to 11 upper and 7 or 8 lower labials ; mental large, triangular or
pentagonal, in contact with two large chin-shields, followed by two
smaller ones. Abdominal scales moderate, cycloid, imbricate.
Male with an uninterrupted series of femoral pores, 17 or 18 on
each side. Tail much depressed, flat beneath, with sharp denti-
culated lateral edge, covered above with uniform small granules,
inferiorly with a median series of transversely dilated plates. Grey
above, marbled with darker ; generally a dark streak from eye to
shoulder ; white beneath.

96 GECKOHIDJE.

From snout to vent 2-25 inches ; tail 2-2.

Hob. Ceylon, N.E. India (Darjeeling), Burma, Malay Peninsula
and Archipelago, South China and Cochinchina.

Genus TERATOLEPIS,
Giinth. P. Z. S. 1869, p. 604.

Digits dilated, with a double series of lamellae beneath, with
elongate compressed distal joint rising from within the extremity
of the dilated part ; all clawed. Ear concealed. Body covered
with large strongly imbricate scales. Pupil — ?

Distribution. India. A single species.

100. Teratolepis fasciata.

Hoinonota fasciata, Blyth, J. A. S. B. xxii, 1853, p. 468.
Teratolepis fasciata, Giinth. P. Z. S. 1869, p. 505 ; Theob. Cat.
p. 95 ; Boukng. Cat. Liz. i, p. 145.

Body somewhat depressed ; limbs rather long and slender.
Head covered with polygonal flat scales. Seven lower labials ;
mental large, triangular; two larger anterior chin-shields, in contact
behind the mental, followed by others passing gradually into the
small gular granules. Dorsal scales large, lozenge-shaped, slightly
keeled ; ventral scales much smaller, smooth. Tail depressed,
swollen, tapering at the end, covered with imbricate irregular scales,
some of those of the upper surface being extremely large. Greyish
above, with five brown longitudinal bands, which at regular intervals
are interrupted by white spots forming cross bands ; seven of these
cross bands on the neck and trunk.

Head and body To inches.

Hab. Deccan (Jalna) and Sind.

Genus GEHYRA,
Gray, Zool. Misc. p. 57, 1842.

Digits strongly dilated, free or webbed at the base, with
undivided or mesially divided transverse lamella? beneath ; distal
phalanges free, elongate, compressed, clawed, raised from within
the extremity of the dilatation; inner digits without free distal
phalanges, clawless, or with a very indistinct retractile claw. Upper
surfaces covered with granular scales ; belly with cycloid imbricate
scales. Pupil vertical. Males with femoral or praeanal pores.

Distribution. East Indies ; Australia ; islands of the Indian and
Pacific Oceans ; Mexico. Of the ten known species, one occurs
in Burma and Ceylon.

101. Gehyra mutilata.

Hemidactylus (Peropus) mutilatus, Wiegm. N. Ada Ac. Leap.- Carol.
xvii, 1835, p. 238.

LEPIDODACTYLUS. 97

Homidactylus peronii, Dum. $ Bibr. Erp. Gen. iii, p. 352, pi. xxx,

fig. 1 ; 'Kelaart, Prodr. p. 187.

Peripia peronii, Giinth. Kept. B. I. p. 110 ; Theob. Cat. p. 79.
Gecko pardus, Tytler, J. A. S. B. xxxiii, 1864, p. 547.
? Gecko harrietti, Tytler, 1. c. p. 548.
Gehyra mutilata, Bouleng. Cat. Liz. i, p. 148.

Fig. 28. — Foot of Gehyra mutilata, lower surface, and side view of toe.

Head longer than broad ; snout longer than distance between
eye and ear-opening, about lj the diameter of the orbit ; forehead
with a median groove ; ear-opening moderately large, suboval.
Body and limbs moderately elongate, depressed ; a fold of the skin
bordering the hind limb posteriorly. Digits short, more or less
webbed at the base ; the inferior lamellae angular, divided by a
median groove. Upper surface and throat covered with small
granular scales, largest and flat on the back. Abdominal scales
moderate. Rostral quadrangular, broader than deep, with a median
cleft above ; nostril pierced between the rostral, the first labial,
and three nasals, the upper much the largest and generally in
contact with its fellow ; 8 or 9 upper and 6 or 7 lower labials ;
mental moderately large, pentagonal ; chin-shields 3 pairs, inner
very large, elongate, outer small, frequently broken up into small
scales. Femoral pores in a doubly curved line, angular in the
middle, 14 to ]9 on each side. Tail depressed, normally with a
sharpish, minutely serrated lateral edge ; its upper surface covered
with very small flat scales, its lower surface generally with a median
series of large transversely dilated scales. Greyish or reddish
brown above, uniform or dotted or variegated with darker; lower
surfaces uniform whitish.

From snout to vent 2-25 inches ; tail 2*25.

Hob. Ceylon, Burma, Malay Peninsula and Archipelago, New
Guinea, Mascarenes and Seychelles, Western Mexico.

Genus LEPIDODACTYLUS,

Fitzinger, Syst. Kept. p. 98, 1843.

Digits more or less dilated, free or with a rudiment of web,
beneath with transverse lamellae divided by a median groove, 'with
very short compressed distal clawed joint rising from the extremity
of the digit ; inner digit clawless. Body covered above with

H

granular scales, beneath with juxtaposed or subimbricate scales.
Pupil vertical. Males with praeanal or femoral pores.

Distribution. East Indies ; Polynesia ; South-west Australia.
11 or 12 species are known.

Fig. 29. — Foot of Lepidodactyhis aurantiacus, lower surface.

Synopsis of Indian, Ceylonese, and Burmese Species.

A. Thumb rudimentary ; tail subcylindrical.

a. 4 or 5 divided lamellae under median toe. L. ceylonensis, p. 98.

b. 2 divided lamella? under median toe. ... L. aurantiacus, p. 98.

B. Thumb well developed ; tail depressed, flat

beneath, with sharpish lateral edge .... L. lugubris, p. 99.

102. Lepidodactylus ceylonensis.
Lepidodactylus ceylonensis, Boukng. Cat. Liz. i, p. 164, pi. xiii, fig. 3.

Head much longer than broad ; snout as long as distance between
eye and ear-opening, 1| times diameter of orbit; ear-opening
small, oval. Body elongate ; limbs short, fore limb not measuring
balf the distance between axilla and groin. Digits free, inner
rudimentary ; 4 or 5 divided lamellae under the toes, tbe rest of
the lower surface covered with small squarish scales. Head and
body covered with very small granular scales, slightly larger on the
snout, larger and flat on the belly. Rostral twice as broad
as deep ; nostril pierced between rostral, first upper labial,
and three small nasals; 11 or 12 upper and as many lower labials;
mental small, subtriangular ; no chin-shields. Tail cylindrical,
covered with uniform small scales. Brown above, with small
round yellowish spots ; a dark streak from the tip of the snout to
the shoulder, passing through the eye.

Prom snout to vent 1-5 inches ; tail 1'33.

Hob. Ceylon (Gampola).

103. Lepidodactylus aurantiacus.

Hemidactylus aurantiacus, Beddome, Madras Journ. Med. Sc. 1870.
Lepidodactylus aurantiacus, Bouleng. Cat. Liz. \, p. 164, pi. xiii, fig. 4.

Head oviform, longer than broad ; snout rounded, very convex,
slightly shorter than distance between eye and ear-opening, 1^

LEPIDODACTYLUS. 99

diameter of orbit ; ear-opening very small, round. Body elongate,
more so in females than in males ; limbs short, fore limb measuring
half the distance between axilla and groin, or rather less. Digits
short, free, inner very small, rudimentary ; only two largo chevron-
shaped divided lamellae under the distal part of the digits, followed
by transverse undivided lamellae, decreasing in width. Head
covered with very minute granules; rostral and mental very small,
former four-sided, latter pentagonal or triangular ; nostril pierced
between rostral, first labial, and several granules ; labials very
small, 9 or 10 upper and as many lower ; no chin-shields. Back
covered with very small granular scales ; abdominal scales a little
larger, flat, imbricate. Male with an angular series ot' 7 to 9
praeanal pores. Tail cylindrical, tapering, covered with small
imbricated smooth scales, larger below. Grey-brown above, with,
along the head and back, dark-brown undulating lines, which may
be broken up into spots ; a dark brown streak from the tip of the
snout to the fore limb, passing through the eye ; whitish dots
scattered on the head and back ; tail with darker spots or annul!
and two large whitish black-edged spots at the base, frequently
confluent mesially. Lower surfaces whitish, more or less speckled
with brownish.

From snout to vent T4 inches ; tail 1-25.

Hob. Shevaroys, S. India.

104. Lepidodactylus luguhris.

Platydactylus lugubris, Dum. $ Bibr. Erp. Gen. iii, p. 304.
Peripia cantoris, Gitnth. Kept. B. L p. 110 ; Theob. Cat. p. 80.
Lepidodactylus lugubris, Bouleng. Cat. Liz. i, p. 165.

Head much longer than broad ; snout subacuminate, longer than
distance between eye and ear-opening, about 1| diameter of orbit;
forehead with a median groove ; ear-opening small, round. Body
and limbs moderate. Digits moderate, inner well developed, with
a rudiment of web ; inferior lamellae numerous, 7 or 8 under the
fingers, 8 or 9 under the toes. Upper surface and throat covered
with very minute granules, a little larger on the snout ; scales on
the belly much larger, flat, juxtaposed or slightly imbricate.
Ilostral quadrangular, broad ; nostril pierced between rostral, first
upper labial, and two or three nasal shields, the upper separated
from its fellow by one or three small shields ; 11 to 13 upper and 10
to 11 lower labials ; mental small, smaller than the adjacent labials ;
four transverse rows of small chin-shields. Femoral pores in a long
series, angular in the middle, 25 altogether. Tail flat beneath, with
sharpish, sometimes feebly serrated, lateral edge ; caudal scales
small, flat, equal. Upper surfaces light pinkish grey or brownish,
generally with a series of small blackish or purplish-brown spots on
each side of the vertebral line ; a purplish-brown streak from the
end of the snout to the ear, passing through the eye ; labials
generally finely dotted with brown ; lower surfaces white.

From snout to vent 1'75 inches ; tail 1-4.

n2

100 GECKONIDJG.

Hob. Burma, Andainans and Nicobars, Malay Peninsula and
Archipelago, Papuasia and Polynesia.

Genus HOPLODACTYLUS,

Fitzinger, Syst. Kept. p. 100, 1843.

Digits free or shortly webbed at the base, more or less dilated ;
the distal phalanges slender, elongate, clawed, forming an angle
with the basal portion ; a series of transverse lamellae under the
latter. Scales small, granular, equal. Pupil vertical. Males with
prseanal, or praeanal and femoral pores.

Distribution. South-Pacific islands ; Southern India. A small
genus of only 5 species.

Fig. 30.— Foot of Hoplodactylus anamallcnsis.
a. Upper surface, b. Lower surface.

Synopsis of Indian Species.

16 lamellae under fourth toe H. dvvaucelii, p. 100.

7 or 8 lamellae under fourth toe H. anamallensis, p. 10].

105. Hoplodactylus duvaucelii.

Platydactvlus duvaucelii, Bum. <§• Bibr. Erp. Gen. iii, p. 312.
Pentadactylus duvaucelii, Giinth. Jtept. B. I. p. 118.
Hoplodactylus duvaucelii, Bouleng. Cat. Liz. i, p. 172.

Head oviform ; snout slightly longer than distance between eye
and ear-opening; forehead slightly concave; ear-opening rather
large, oval, oblique. Body and limbs moderate. Digits relatively
much dilated, width of dilated part contained about twice and a half
in length of same ; length of slender distal part equals one third
length of digit; 16 lamella under fourth toe; a distinct web at
base of digits, absent between two outer toes. Head covered
with granular scales, minute on the posterior half, considerably
larger on the snout. Eostral pentagonal, with trace of median
cleft above ; nostril pierced between rostral, first upper labial, and
four small nasals ; 14 upper and 12 lower labials ; mental trapezoid, a

GECKO. 101

little shorter than the adjacent labials, followed by a small median
chin-shield ; behind the labials small irregular scales passing gradu-
ally into the minute granules of the throat. Dorsal scales minutely
granular ; abdominal scales very small, subimbricate. Five angular
series of pnmnal pores, the two upper extending as long femoral
series ; 50 pores in the upper series, from one end to the other.
Tail rounded, tapering, covered with very small subquadrangular
juxtaposed scales arranged in verticils. Greyish above, indistinctly
marbled with darker ; lower surfaces dirty white, immaculate.

From snout to vent 5 inches.

Hob. This species was described in 1836 from specimens said to
have been brought from Bengal by Alfred Duvaucel ; but it has
not been rediscovered since.

106. Hoplodactylus anamallensis.

Gecko anamallensis, Giinth. P. Z. S. 1875, p. 226.

Hoplodactylus anamallensis, Bouleng. Cat. Liz. i, p. 175, pi. xiv, fig. 2.

Head shortly oviform; snout a little longer than distance between
eye and ear-opening, 1-i- diameter of orbit ; forehead very slightly
concave ; ear-opening small, oval, oblique. Body and limbs
moderate. Digits free, not very strongly dilated, inner well
developed : infradigital lamellae openly angular, 5 under the
inner digits, 6 or 7 under the median fingers, and 7 or 8 under
the median toes. Tipper surfaces uniformly granular, the granules
scarcely larger on the snout than on the back. Rostral four-
sided, more than twice as broad as high ; nostril pierced be-
tween rostral, first labial, and three nasals ; 9 or 10 upper and
7 or 8 lower labials ; mental broadly triangular or pentagonal ;
two pairs of larger chin-shields anteriorly, followed by smaller
ones passing gradually into the granules of the throat ; abdominal
scales cycloid, imbricate, smooth. Male with an uninterrupted
series of femoral pores, 20 or 21 on each side. Tail cylin-
drical, tapering, slightly depressed at the base, above with small
imbricate scales, beneath with a median series of transversely
dilated plates. Grey-brown above, spotted or marbled with
darker; a few scattered lighter dots; lower surfaces brownish
white.

From snout to vent 1*75 inches ; tail 1'4.

Hub. Anamallays, S. India.

Genus GECKO,
Laureuti, Syn. Kept. p. 43, 1768.

Digits strongly dilated, free or webbed at the base, with undi-
vided lamellae below, all but the thumb and inner toe with a very
short compressed distal phalanx with retractile claw. Head and
back covered with juxaposed granular scales or tubercles, belly with

102 GECKOXID.'E.

small flat imbricate scales. Pupil vertical. Males with pneanal
or femoral pores.

Distribution. Japan, China, East Indies, New Guinea and
neighbouring islands. 8 species are known.

Synopsis of Indian, Ceylonese, and Burmese Species.

A. Rostral not entering nostril ; digits free.

a. Width of head equals twice distance from

end of snout to orbit; throat covered with

small flat granules G, verticillatus, p. 102.

b. Width of head less than twice distance from

end of snout to orbit; throat minutely

granulate G. stentor, p. 103.

B. Rostral enteringnostril ; digits with a rudiment

of web G. monarchies, p. 103.

107. Gecko verticillatus.

Gecko verticillatus, Laur. Syn. Rept. p. 44: Boideng. Cat. Liz, i,

p. 183.
Gecko guttatus, Dmid. Rept. iv. p. 122 ; Giinth. Rent. B. 1. p. 102 ;

Theob. Cat. p. 71.

Head large ; its width equals twice the distance from end of
the snout to orbit, or from orbit to ear-opening; snout sub-
triangular, obtuse, 1|^ or 1| diameter of orbit ; forehead con-
cave; ear-opening narrow, oblique, its vertical diameter at least
half diameter of orbit. Body and limbs moderate; digits free.
Head covered with small convex polygonal scales ; upper labials
12 to 14, the first entering the nostril ; lower labials 10 or 11, gra-
dually decreasing in size ; mental very variable in shape ; chin-
shields 4 or 5 on each side, smaller than the labials, the inner
pair generally not longer than the mental. Back covered with
small juxtaposed flat granules and about 12 longitudinal series of
mamilliform tubercles ; throat with flat granules ; abdominal scales
moderately large. Pores in a short angular series on the praeaual
region, 13 to 24 altogether. Tail (when intact) slightly depressed,
tapering, distinctly annulate, covered with subquadrangular smooth
scales, much larger beneath, arranged in transverse series ; each
annulus is composed of 5 or 6 transverse rows of scales above, 3
beneath : also, on the upper surface, large conical tubercles, wide
apart n^d symmetrically arranged. Slaty grey above, with red
spots or vermiculations ; tail annulate with darker and lighter;
lower surfaces whitish, frequently indistinctly variegated with

grey-

From snout to vent 6| inches ; tail 6.

Hub. Eastern Bengal to Southern China and the Malay Penin-
sula and Archipelago. Found in houses as well as on trees.
Known as " touktai " in Burma, from its loud call. This species
and the following are the largest East-Indian geckos.

GECKO. 103

108. Gecko stentor.

Platydactylus stentor, Cantor, J. A. S. B. xvi, 1847, p. 624.

Gecko stentor, Gilnth. Kept. B. I. p. 102, pi. xi, fig. A; Theob. Cat.

p. 72 ; Bouleng. Cat. Liz. i, p. 184.
Gecko verreauxii, Tytler, J. A. S. B. xxxiii, 1864, p. 546.

Head large, its width less than twice the distance from the end
of the suuut to the orbit ; snout longer than in G. verticillatus,
measuring If or If- the diameter of the orbit and considerably more
than the distance from the orbit to the ear-opening; forehead
concave ; ear-opening oval, oblique, its vertical diameter generally
less than half the diameter of the orbit. Body and limbs rather
more elongate than in G. verticillatus ; digits free. The scales on
the head and back similar to those of G. verticillatus, but smaller ;
upper labials 12 to 14, first entering the nostril ; lower labials 10
to 12, gradually decreasing in size; chin-shields 3 to 5 on each
side, smaller than the labials, the inner pair generally longer than
the mental. Back with 10 or 12 longitudinal series of mamilliform
tubercles. Throat covered with exceedingly small granules ; ven-
tral scales larger than in 0. verticillatus. Prseanal pores 11 to 16
altogether. Tail like that of G. verticillatus, but the scales on the
upper surface much smaller, the annul! being composed of 10 or 11
transverse rows of scales ; the large scales on the lower surface of
the tail are much dilated transversely, forming generally two
symmetrical series. Brown or brownish grey above, marbled with
darker, with or without transverse rows of whitish spots, — a
character of the young in this and the preceding species, but which
may here persist throughout life; sometimes a linear, A-shaped
dark brown mark on the head ; tail annulate with darker and
lighter rings; lower surfaces whitish, generally dotted or variegated
with greyish.

From snout to vent 7| inches ; tail 7.

Hob. Chittagong, Burma, Andamans, Malay Peninsula, Sumatra,
Java, Borneo.

109. Gecko monarchus.

Platydactylus monarchus, Dum. <§• Bibr. Erp. Gen. iii, p. 335.
Gecko monarchus, Gilnth. Kept. B. I. p. 103 ; Theob. Cat. p. 72 ;
Bouleny. Cat. Liz. i, p. 187.

Head moderately large, oviform ; snout longer than distance
between eye and ear-opening, about 1| diameter of the orbit;
forehead concave ; ear-opening oval, oblique, its greatest diameter
one third that of the orbit. Body and limbs moderately elongate ;
digits feebly dilated for the genus, with a rudiment of web. Snout
covered with rather large granular scales, the rest of the head with
very small granules intermixed with scattered larger ones ; nostril
pierced between the rostral and first labial ; upper labials 10 or 11,
lower labials 9 or 10 ; mental subtriangular : a large median pair
of chin-shields, about three times as long as broad, bordered by a

104 GECKONID.E.

few irregular smaller shields. Back and limbs covered with very
small granules intermixed with numerous, irregularly arranged,
rounded conical tubercles. Throat with very small granules ;
abdominal scales moderate. Femoral pores in a long series,
forming a very open angle in the middle, 16 to 20 on each side.
Tail slightly depressed, distinctly annulate, covered above with
very small flat granular scales and transverse series of backwardly
directed conical tubercles, beneath with large, rather irregular
dilated scales ; each annulus is composed of 12 to 14 transverse
rows of scales above, 3 or 4 below. Brown or grey, spotted
with blackish, a double series of spots along the middle of the
back being constant ; tail with more or less marked darker and
lighter rings ; lower surfaces whitish.

From snout to vent 3*25 inches ; tail 4-16.

Hob. Ceylon; Malay Peninsula and Archipelago.

Genus PTYCHOZOON,

(Kuhl), Fitzinger, N. Class. Kept. p. 13, 1820.

Digits strongly dilated, entirely webbed, with undivided lamella
below ; all but the thumb and inner toe with a compressed curved
distal phalanx with retractile claw, originating a little before the
extremity of the digital expansion. Limbs and sides of head, body
and tail with much developed membranous expansions acting as
parachutes. Upper surfaces covered with juxtaposed granular
scales and tubercles ; lower surfaces with small, slightly imbricated
scales ; the parachute-membrane of the side covered above with
imbricate square scales arranged like the bricks of a wall, scaleless
below. Pupil vertical. Males with pra?anal pores.

A single species.

110. Ptychozoon homalocephalum.

Lacerta homalocephala, Creveldt. Mag. Gcs. Naturf. Fr. Berlin, iii,

1809, p. 267, pi. viii.
Ptychozoon homalocephalum, Cantor, J. A. S. JB. xvi, 1847, p. 626 ;

Giinth. Sept. B. I. p. 105 : Theob. Cat. p. 73 ; Bouleng. Cat. Liz.

i, p. 190.

Head oviform ; snout longer than distance from eye to ear-
opening, 1| diameter of orbit; forehead concave; ear-opening
rather large, subcircular. Body and limbs moderate, depressed ;
digits short, not very unequal, webbed to the tips ; the fore limbs
bordered on each side by a broad dermal expansion; a similar
expansion bordering the tibia on each side, the femur posteriorly
only. The parachutes on the sides of the body nearly as broad as
the latter. Another dermal lobe on the side of the head, below
the ear-opening, from the angle of the mouth to the neck. Tail
elongate, depressed, the sides fringed with a series of rounded

PHELSTTMA.

105

lobes, confluent into a broad rounded flap at the extremity. Head
and back covered with small granular scales. Rostral large,
quadrangular; nostril pierced between the rostral, the first labial,
and three small nasals ; 10 to 12 upper and as many lower labials ;
rostral small, subtriangular ; 3 or 4 small chin-shields on each side,

Fig. 31. — Ptychozoon homalocephalum.

inner elongate. Back usually with scattered convex tubercles.
Throat covered with small granules, belly with moderate scales.
An angular series of about 25 prseanal pores. Tail distinctly
annulate, covered above with small flat granular scales and trans-
verse series of conical tubercles, beneath with imbricate scales.
Greyish or reddish brown above, with transverse undulating dark
brown bands; a dark brown streak from the eye to the first
dorsal band.

From snout to vent 3'75 inches ; tail 3*6.

Hob. Arrakan, Pegu, Nicobars, Malay Peninsula, Sumatra,
Borneo, Java, Loo Choo Islands.

Genus PHELSUMA,
Gray, Ann. Phil. (2) x, 1825, p. 199.

Digits strongly dilated, free, clavvless, inner rudimentary, with
undivided lamellae below. Dorsal scales uniform, granular; ven-

106

trals flat, imbricate. Pupil round ; eyelid distinct all round the
eye. Males with pra$anal or femoral pores.

a b

Fig. 32. — Foot of PheJsuma andamanense.

a. Lower surface, b. Upper surface.

Distribution. Seven or eight species are known from Madagascar,
the Comoro, Seychelle, and Mascarene Islands, and one from the
Andamans. Diurnal and arboreal.

111. Phelsuma andamanense.

Phelsuma andamanense, Elt/th, J. A. S. B. xxix, 1860, p. 108;

Giinth. Kept. B. 1. p. 112; Theob. Cat. p. 74; Boulery. Cat. Liz.

i, p. 212.
Gecko chameleon, Tytler, J. A. S. B. xxxiii, 1864, p. 548.

Snout twice as long as the distance between orbit and ear-
opening, or as diameter of orbit. Upper part of rostral with a
median cleft. Nostril pierced above the rostral and first labial, the
suture between the two plates entering its lower border; 9 or 10
upper labials ; 8 or 9 lower labials ; chin-shields irregular, scarcely
distinct from the surrounding scales; 2 or 3 scales between the
naso-rostrals. Ear-opening small, round, one fourth or one third
the diameter of the orbit. Dorsal scales all granular, perfectly
smooth. Ventral scales smooth. Femoral pores 12 to ] 5 on each
side. Tail not much depressed, narrower than the body; seg-
ments of tail rather indistinctly marked, composed of 7 transverse
series on the side, of 9 above ; lower surface of tail with a median
series of transversely dilated scales, two narrower ones alter-
nating with a broader one ; all the caudal scales perfectly smooth.
Greenish above, with more or less numerous orange spots, which,
however, may be absent; an orange streak from the ear to the
nostril, passing through the eye, and another, A-shaped, from eye
to eye, are generally present ; lower surfaces whitish, throat not
spotted.

From snout to vent 2'5 inches ; tail 2'5.

Hub. Andaman Islands.

107

Family II. EUBLEPHARID.E.

Differ from the GecJconidce, to which they are closely related, in
having the vertebrae opisthocoeloas and the parietal bones united,
as in the normal Lacertilia. Distinguished externally from all
Indian GecJconidce by the presence of connivent eyelids, another
character in which they agree with the normal Lacertilia.

Only three genera are known, viz. Psilodactylus (West Africa),
Eublephai-is (Southern Asia and Central America), and Coleonyx
(Central America).

Genus EUBLEPHARIS,
Gray, Phil. Mag. (2) ii, 1827, p. 56.

Digits short and cylindrical, with a row of lamell® below,
clawed, the claws only partially retractile into a small sheath.
Pupil vertical. Males with prseanal pores.

Distribution. Southern Asia ; Central America, and Southern
North America.

Five species are known, three of which are American.

Synopsis of Indian Species.

Dorsal tubercles broader than interspaces E. hardwickii, p. 107.

Dorsal tubercles not broader than interspaces E. macularius, p. 108.

112. Eublepharis hardwicMi.

Eublepharis hardwickii, Gray, Phil. May. (2) ii, p. 56; Gilnth. Kept.

B. I. p. 119, pi. xi, fig. B ; Theob. Cat. p. 94 ; Bouleng. Cat. Liz. \,

p. 231.
Gymnodactylus lunatus, Blyth, in Cantor, J. A. S. B. xvi, 1847,

*p. 633 ; fd. xxiii, 1854, p. 210.

Body stout ; limbs rather short ; digits short. Snout as long as
distance between orbit and ear-opening ; the latter large, suboval,
vertical. Head covered with irregular polvgonal scales, intermixed
with enlarged tubercles on the temple and occiput ; rostral sub-
pentagonal, twice as broad as high, with median cleft above ; 3 or 4
internasals ; about 10 upper and as many lower labials ; mental
broadly pentagonal, in contact with two enlarged chin-shields,
surrounded by irregular smaller ones passing gradually into the
flat granules of the gular region. Body covered above with small,
irregular, flat scales, intermixed with numerous roundish, subconical
tubercles ; these tubercles larger than the interspaces between
them. Male with 14 to 18 praeanal pores. Tail swollen, rounded,
tapering at the end, verticillated, above with small flat scales
and rows of enlarged subconical tubercles, beneath with larger
flat scales arranged regularly. Above reddish brown and cream-
coloured; the former colour occupies the head and forms tsvo

108 EUBLEPHARIDJE.

broad bands across the back, the anterior broadest, and three
round the tail ; the latter borders the upper lip and extends as a
horseshoe-shaped band to the other side, passing across the neck ; it
also occupies the interspace between the dorsal and caudal brown
bands, which are by far the widest ; lower surfaces white.

Total length 8 inches.

Hab. Bengal, Central and Southern India.

113. Eublepharis macnlarins.

Cyrtodactylus macularius, Blyth, J. A. S. B. xxiii, 1854, p. 738.
Eublepharis fasciolatus, Gilnth. A. M. N. H. (3) xiv, 1864, p. 429.
Eublepharis macularius, Theob. Cut. p. 94 ; Murray, Zool. Sind,

p. 366 ; Boulena. Cat. Liz. i, p. 232.
Eublepharis hardwiclui (MOW Gray), Murray, I. c.

Fig. 33.— Eublepharis macularius.

Differs from the preceding by the smaller and less numerous
tubercles, the granular interspaces being as wide as the tubercles
themselves ; these are subconical or slightly keeled. Body and
digits rather more elongate ; 9 to 14 praeanal pores in the male.
Young with five chestnut-brown transverse bands from head to
sacrum, slightly broader than their interspaces, which are whitish,
and similar bands forming rings on the tail. In the adult these
bands usually become more indistinct, and the head and body are
spotted or largely vermiculated with chestnut-brown and whitish ;
in some, only the brown edges of the dorsal bands remain.

Total length 8 inches ; grows to nearly a foot long, according to
Theobald.

Hab. Punjab and Sind ; also recently found in the ruins of
Nineveh.

Both this and the preceding species are regarded as highly
poisonous by the natives, and the name " Bis-Cobra " is often
applied to them ; (though more commonly used for young Varani).

109

Family III. AGAM1D.E.

Skull with bony postorbital and postfronto-squamosal arches, the
first-named formed by the frontal and the jugal, the latter by the
postfrontal and the squainosal ; suprateraporal fossa not roofed
over ; praeinaxillary single ; nasals distinct ; parietal single ; a
fibro-cartilaginous interorbital septum ; a columella cranii. Teeth
anchylosed to the parapet of the jaws (Acrodont dentition), usually
unequal in size or divisible into incisors, canines *, and molars ;

A. Side view.
ang. Angular.
ar. Articular.
bp. Basiphenoid.
cr. Coronoid.
d. Dentary.
eo. Exoccipital.
/. Frontal.
is. Interorbital septut

Fig. 34.— Skull of Calotes jttbattts.

B. Upper view. C. Lower vie

/. Jugal.
m. Maxillary.
n. Nasal.
p. Parietal.
pi. Palatine.
pm. Prasmaxillary.
prf. PrjefroiitaL
pt. Pterygoid.

ptf. Postfrontal.

q. Quadrate.
s.ang. Supra-angular,
so. Supraoccipital.
sq. Squamosal.
st. Supratemporal.
tp. Transpalatine.
v. Vomer.

Canines are absent in Uromastix.

110 AGAMID^E.

no teeth on the palate. No dermal ossifications on the head or

body. Clavicle slender, not dilated ; interclavicle T-s'iaPe(l or
anchor-shaped.

Fig. 35. — Pectoral arch of Calotcs jubatus.

cl. Clavicle, cor. Coracoid. icl. Interclavicle. st. Sternum.

e.cor. Epicoracoid. sc. Scapula.

Tongue short or moderate, thick, not or but slightly nicked
anteriorly, villose. Eye small, pupil round ; eyelids well developed.
Ear distinct or hidden. Scales usually imbricate ; no symmetrical
shields on the crown ; ornamental appendages, such as crests, gular
pouches, &c., frequently present. Limbs well developed. Pern oral
pores absent in most of the genera. Tail usually long and not
fragile.

Agamoids are mostly oviparous. Phrynocephalus is reported
to be ovoviviparous. Many of the Indian forms are arboreal, and
exhibit to a remarkable degree the rapid changes of colour so well
known in the Cameleons.

Members of this family inhabit Africa, Asia, Australia, and
Polynesia ; both the species and genera are most numerous in the
Indian Eegion, of the Eeptile fauna of which they, and especially
the arboreal forms, form one of the typical features.

Synopsis of Indian, Ceylonese, and Burmese Genera.

A. No femoral poi'es.

a. Ribs much prolonged, supporting a

wing-like dermal expansion DBACO, p. 111.

ft. No wing-like lateral expansion,
a'. Body not depressed.

a". Four toes only SIT ANA, p. 114.

b". Five toes.

a. Tympanum hidden.

a. Fifth toe short, not longer

than first ; no dorsal crest. . OTOCRYI'TIS, p. 115.
j3'. Three parallel longitudinal
folds on each side of the
middle of the throat, curved
and converging backwards,
forming a U-shaped figure. . PTYCTOIJEMUS, p. 116.

DBACO. Ill

•y'. A dorsal crest ; scales very

large, subequal, irregular ;

tail prehensile COPHOTIS, p. 117.

8'. No dorsal crest ; a large rostral

appendage, at least in the

male CERATOPHORA, p. 118.

e'. A dorsal crest ; a V-shaped

gular fold ; a bony supra-
orbital arch LYRIOCEPHALUS, p. 121.

f . A dorsal crest; an oblique fold

in front of the shoulder. . . . JAPALURA, p. 129.
/3. Tympanum exposed,
a'. A strong fold across the

throat GONYOCEPHALUS, p. 122.

j3'. No fold across the throat ;

dorsal scales unequal ; no

gular pouch ACANTHOSAURA, p. 124.

y. No fold across the throat;

dorsal scales large, unequal ;

males with a gular pouch . . SALEA, p. 131.
8'. No fold, or a very feeble one,

across the throat; dorsal

scales equal CALOTES, p. 132.

b'. Body more or less depressed.

a". Typanurn exposed ; males without

callous praeanal scales CHARASIA, p. 144.

b" . Tympanum exposed ; males with

callous praeanal scales AGAMA, p. 146.

c". Tympanum concealed PHRYNOCEPHALUS, p. 152.

B. Femoral pores present.

a. Tail long, round, feebly depressed,

covered with small, equal scales. LIOLEPIS, p. 156.

b. Tail with whorls of large, spinose

scales UROMASTIX, p. 157.

Genus DRACO,
Linn. Syst. Nat. i, p. 358, 1766.

Body depressed, with a large lateral wing-like membrane,
folding like a fan, supported by the last five or six ribs which are

Fig. 36. — Heads of Draco maculatus and Draco dussumieri.
much produced. A gular appendage, and a lateral smaller one on
each side. Tympanum distinct or covered with scales. Tail long.
Iso femoral or praeanal pores.

Distribution. The greater part of the Oriental region.

112 AGAMIDjE.

Synopsis of Indian and Burmese Species.

A. Nostrils lateral, directed outwards ; tympanum

covered with scales D. maculattis, p. 112.

13. Nostrils pierced vertically, directed upwards ;

tympanum naked.

a. The hind limb, stretched forwards, does not

reach beyond the axil.
a'. Tympanum smaller than the eye-opening ;

wing-membranes above marbled with

dark brown, with lighter spots and

lines, immaculate below ; male with a

nuchal fold D. blanfordii, p. 112.

V. Tympanum as large as the eye-opening ;

wing-membranes black above with

round light spots, below with a series

of large black spots near the margin . . D. dussumieri, p. 113.

b. The adpressed hind limb reaches beyond

the axil. Wing-membranes above with
6 transverse black bands, below without
markings D. t&mopterus, p. 113.

114. Draco maculatus.

Dracunculus maculatus, Gray, Cat. Liz. p. 236.

Draco maculatus, Cantor, J. A. S. B. xvi, 1847, p. 645 ; Giinth. Rept.

B. I. p. 125, pi. xiii, fig. C ; Theob. Cat. p. 97 ; Bouleng. Cat. Liz.

i, p. 262.

Head small ; snout a little longer than the diameter of the orbit ;
nostril lateral, directed outwards ; tympanum scaly. Upper head-
scales unequal, strongly keeled ; a compressed prominent scale on
the posterior part of the superciliary region ; 7 to 11 upper labials.
The male's gular appendage very large, always much longer than
the head, and frequently twice as long ; female also with a well-
developed but smaller gular sac. Male with a very small nuchal crest.
Dorsal scales but little larger than the ventrals, irregular, smooth
or very feebly keeled ; on each side of the back a series of large
trihedral keeled distant scales. The fore limb stretched forwards
reaches beyond the tip of the snout ; the adpressed hind limb
reaches a little beyond the elbow of the adpressed fore limb, or to
the axilla. Greyish above, with more or less distinct darker
markings ; a more or less distinct darker interorbital spot ; wing-
membranes above \\ith numerous small round black spots, which
are seldom confluent, beneath immaculate or with a few black
spots ; a blue spot on each side of the base of the gular appendage.

From snout to vent 3'25 inches ; tail 4-5.

Hdb. From Assam and Tunnan to Singapore.

115. Draco blanfordii.

Draco major (non Laur.), Blanf. J. A. S. B. xlvii, 1878, p. 125.
Draco blanfordii, Bouleng. Cat'. Liz. i, p. 267, pi. xx, fig. 7.

Head small, snout constricted, slightly longer than the diameter of
the orbit ; nostril directed upwards, perfectly vertical ; tympanum

DRACO. 113

naked, smaller than the eye-opening. Upper head-scales unequal,
keeled ; a prominent tubercle at the posterior corner of the orbit ;
9 upper labials. The male's gular appendage longer than the head,
very thin, covered with large scales. Male with a slight nuchal
fold. Dorsal scales equal, smooth or very feebly keeled, not larger
than ventrals ; a series of widely separated enlarged keeled scales
along side of back. The fore limb stretched forwards extends
considerably beyond the tip of the snout ; the adpressed hind limb
nearly reaches the axil. Grey-brown above, with small dark spots ;
wing-membranes above marbled with dark brown, with lighter spots
and lines, beneath immaculate ; throat unspotted, greenish, pale
scarlet beneath the lateral wattles.

From snout to vent 475 inches ; tail 9. The largest species of
the genus.

Hab. Tenasserim.

116. Draco dussumieri.

Draco dussumieri, Dum. $ Bibr. Erp. Gen. iv, p. 456 ; Giinth. .Rept.
B. I. p. 125, pi. xiii, fig. D ; Theob. Cat. p. 97 ; Bouleng. Cat. Liz.
i, p. 268.

Head small ; snout constricted, as long as the diameter of the
orbit ; nostril directed upwards, perfectly vertical ; tympanum
naked, as large as the eye-opening. Upper head-scales unequal,
keeled ; a spinose conical scale at the posterior corner of the orbit ;
9 to 12 upper labials, the last twice or thrice as large as the
preceding. The male's gular appendage much longer than the head.
Male with a slight nuchal fold. Dorsal scales scarcely larger than
ventrals, unequal, smooth or very slightly keeled ; on each side of
the back a series of small tubercular prominences, each being com-
posed of several small scales. The fore limb stretched forwards
extends beyond the tip of the snout ; the adpressed hind limb
reaches the axil or not quite so far. Grey-brown above ; a series
of more or less distinct dark circles on the back ; wing-membranes
above purplish black, enclosing round light spots, below with a series
of large black spots near the margin ; throat with irregular dark
spots.

From snout to vent 3 inches ; tail 4-75.

Hab. Malabar, Cochin, Travaucore, in forests and plantations of
cocoa-nut and betel-nut palms. Peculiar to the low country near
the west coast.

117. Draco tseniopterus.

Draco tseniopterus, Giinth. P. Z. S. 1861, p. 187, and Rept. B. /.
p. 126, pi. xiii, fig. E; Theob. Cat. p. 98; Bouleng. Cat. Liz. i,
p. 269.

Head small ; snout as long as the diameter of the orbit ; nostril
directed upwards, perfectly vertical ; tympanum naked, smaller
than the eye-opening. Upper head-scales unequal, strongly keeled ;
6 to 9 upper labials. The male's gular appendage slightly longer

114 AGAMID.&.

than the head, covered with very large scales. Male with a slight
nuchal fold. Dorsal scales equal, very feebly keeled, not larger
than ventrals ; a more or less distinct lateral series of enlarged
keeled distant scales. The fore limb stretched forwards extends
considerably beyond the tip of the snout ; the adpressed hind limb
reaches beyond the axil. Greyish or brownish above, with me-
tallic gloss, without distinct spots ; wing-membranes above with
5 arched transverse black bands, about as wide as the interspaces
between them ; some of these bands may be forked at the base
or enclose large light spots ; wing-membranes uniform below.

From snout to vent 2-75 inches ; tail 5-25.

Hob. Tenasserim and Siam.

Genus SITANA.
Cuvier, Regne An. 2nd ed. ii, p. 43, 1829.

Pig. 37.— Foot of
Sitana ponticeriana.

Body slightly compressed, limbs long.
Fifth toe absent. Scales all keeled, re-
gular, smallest on the flanks. No dorsal
crest. Male with a slight nuchal fold
and a large folding gular appendage
extending backwards to the belly and
covered with large scales. No gular
fold. Ear exposed. No prseanal or
femoral pores.

Distribution. India ; Ceylon. A single
species.

118. Sitana ponticeriana.

Sitana ponticeriana, Cuv. Regne An. ed. 2, ii, p. 43 : Oi'mth. Hept.

B. I. p. 135 ; Theob. Cat. p. 102 ; Bouleng. Cat. Liz. i, p. 270.
Sitana minor, Oi'mth. I. c. pi. xiv, fig. A.
Sitana deccanensis, Jerdon, P. A. 8. B. 1870, p. 76.

Upper head-scales small, sharply keeled ; canthus rostralis and
supraciliary edge sharp, with much enlarged scales. Dorsal scales
larger than ventrals, with sharp keels forming straight longitudinal
lines ; lateral scales smallest, uniform or intermixed with scattered
enlarged ones. Litnbs above with uniform strongly keeled scales.
The length of the limbs varies very much : in some specimens the
hind limb stretched forwards does not extend beyond the orbit, in
others it reaches the end of the snout or even considerably beyond.
Tail round, slender, once and a half to twice as long as the head
and body, covered with equal keeled scales. Olive-brown above,
with a series of rhomboidal spots along the middle of the back ;
a more or less distinct light band along each side of the back.
Gular appendage tricoloured — blue, black, and red ; tl "

OTOCRYPTIS. 115

is more developed in the breeding-season, and in the majority of
individuals, at all events, is not coloured at other times.

From snout to vent 3-2 inches ; tail 4'6.

Hob. India from the base of the Himalayas to Cape Coinorin,
and from the Punjab and Cutch (not Sind) to Western Bengal ;
Ceylon.

Mr. Blanford, who has observed thousands of specimens, confirms
Jerdon's statement that Sitana is purely a ground-lizard ; it is
found in open country as well as in woods.

Genus OTOCRYPTIS,

Wiegmann, Isis, 1831, p. 293.

Body compressed, limbs very long. Fifth toe very short, not
longer than first. All the scales keeled, the dorsals heterogeneous.
No dorsal crest. No gular fold. Male with a low nuchal crest
and a large folding gular appendage ex-
tending backwards to the belly, and
covered with large scales. Ear concealed.
No praeanal or femoral pores.

Distribution. Ceylon, Southern India.
Two species.

This genus, as regards the structure of
the foot, is intermediate between Sitana,
in which the fifth toe is absent, and
Fig. 38. Ptyctolcemus, in which it is much elongate,

Foot of Otocryptis beddomii. &Q gh()wn jn figureg 37> 3^ and 39< ^

spite of its hidden tympanum, Otocryptis is, on the whole, more
nearly allied to Sitana than to Ptyctolcemus.

|

Synopsis of the Species.

No pit at side of neck O. bivittata, p. 115.

A pit at side of neck O. beddomii, p. 116.

119. Otocryptis bivittata.

Otocryptis bivittata, Wiegm. Isis, 1831, p. 293; Giinth. Rept. B. 1.
p. 127 ; Theob. Cat. p. 98 ; Bouleng. Cat. Liz. i, p. 271.

Upper head-scales sharply keeled ; canthus rostralis and supra-
ciliary edge sharp, with much enlarged scales ; supraorbital scales
large,' the inner series forming, with some enlarged scales on the
snout, a regular /\ -shaped figure ; interorbital region with four or
five longitudinal series of very small scales ; 9 to 11 upper and as
many lower labials. Dorsal scales unequal, the enlarged ones
sometimes forming regular longitudinal series ; lateral scales small,

I 2

116 AGAMIDJE.

with scattered enlarged ones ; ventral scales larger than dorsals.
Limbs covered with large subequal scales ; the hind limb stretched
forwards reaches far beyond the tip of the snout, the heel reaching
the eye or the posterior border of the orbit. Tail round, slender,
2| times as long as head and body, covered with equal strongly
keeled scales. Brownish olive above, sides darker ; a dark-brown,
light-edged cross band between the eyes, and more or less distinct
dark cross bands along the middle of the back ; generally a light
oblique band from below the eye to the angle of the mouth ; males
generally with a light band along each side of the back ; limbs
and tail with more or less distinct dark cross bars ; lower surfaces
whitish, the throat brownish in the females and young.

From snout to vent 2-6 inches ; tail 7.

Hob. Ceylon.

120. Otocryptis beddomii.

Otocryptis beddoniii, Bouleng. Cat. Liz. i, p. 272, pi. xxiii, lig. 1 .

Head-scales as in the preceding, but the interorbitals only
a little smaller than the others, in two or three longitudinal
series ; the f\ -shaped figure formed by the keels of some of the
scales generally indistinct ; canthus rostralis less prominent ; 9 or
10 upper and as many lower labials. A small pit on each side of
the neck, in front of the shoulder. Dorsal scales unequal, the en-
larged ones sometimes forming regular chevrons on the back, with
the point directed backwards, or a lateral longitudinal series, the
latter always distinct on the sacral region ; lateral scales a little
smaller, with scattered enlarged ones ; ventral scales much larger
than dorsals. Limbs above with large equal keeled scales ; the
hind limb stretched forwards reaches bevond the tip of the snout,
the heel reaches the tympanum. Tail round, slender, not twice as
long as head and body, covered with equal strongly keeled scales.
Light brownish olive above, uniform, or with small scattered dark-
brown spots on the back and limbs ; a more or less distinct light
dark-edged oblique band from below the eye to the mouth ; lower
surfaces whitish, the throat brownish in the young.

From snout to vent 1*75 inches ; tail 3.

Hob. Sivagiri Ghat, Tinnevelly, S. India. Found on grass at an
elevation of about 4300 feet.

Genus PTYCTOLJEMUS,
Peters, MB. Ak. Berl. 1864, p. 380.

Body compressed. Fifth toe much longer than first. All the
scales keeled, the dorsals heterogeneous. No dorsal crest. Three
parallel longitudinal folds on each side of the middle of the throat,
curved and converging backwards, forming a U-shaped figure.
Ear concealed. No prseanal or femoral pores.

A single species.

117

121. PtyctolaBmus gularis.

Otocryptis (Ptyctolsemus) gularis, Peters, MB. Ak. Serl. 1864,

p. 386.
Ptyctolaemus gularis, Bouleng. Cat. Liz. i, p. 273.

Fig. 39. — Throat and foot of Ptyctol&miis gularis.

Head rather elongate, the snout longer than the diameter of the
orbit ; canthus rostralis and supraciliary edge angular ; upper head-
scales unequal, keeled ; 8 upper and as many lower labials. A
slight indication of a nuchal crest ( $ ). Dorsal and lateral scales
small, feebly keeled, with some irregularly scattered enlarged and
strongly keeled; ventrals larger, strongly keeled. Limbs above
with subequal scales ; the hind limb stretched forwards reaches
the posterior border of the orbit ; fifth toe as long as third. Tail
roundish, slender, a little more than twice as long as head and
body, covered with subequal keeled scales. Olive-brown above,
with darker transverse spots; two curved dark-brown cross bands,
separated by a light one of equal width, between the eyes ; an oblique
dark-brown band from lelow the eye to the angle of the mouth ;
limbs and tail above with dark cross bands ; the skin in the gular
folds black.

From snout to vent 2 '75 inches ; tail 6-25.

H(ib. Only two specimens of this lizard are known : the type in
the Berlin Museum, which I have examined, said to be from Cal-
cutta ; the other, in the British Museum, is from Sadiya, in Assam.

Genus COPHOTIS,
Peters, MB. Ak. Berl. 1861, p. 1103.

Tympanum hidden. Body compressed, covered with large sub-
equal irregular scales. A dorsal crest. A very small gular sac in
both sexes ; a slight transverse gular fold. Tail prehensile. No
femoral or prseanal pores.

Two species are known, one inhabiting Ceylon, the other
Sumatra.

118

122. Cophotis ceylanica.

Cophotis ceylanica, Peters, MB. Ak. Berl. 1861, p. 1103 ; Giinth.
Rept. B. I. p. 132, pi. xiii, fig. II ; Theob. Cat, p. 100 ; Boukng.
Cat. Liz. i, p. 275.

Snout nearly twice as long as diameter of orbit ; upper head-
scales rather large, unequal, tubercular; male with a small tubercle
on the tip of the snout ; 8 to 10 upper and as many lower labials ;
gular scales feebly keeled, smallest on tbe median line. Nuchal
crest composed of 3 or 4 lanceolate spines, the longest of which
about equals the diameter of the orbit ; dorsal crest non-continuous
with tbe nuchal, composed of 12 to 14 similar lobes separated from
one another ; in the female the lobes of the crest are shorter and
not raised, but bent sideways on the back. Dorsal scales very
Large, irregular, imbricate, smooth or shortly keeled, the keels
pointing downwards and backwards ; ventral scales small, lanceolate,
strongly keeled, mucronate. Scales on the limbs irregular,
keeled, some slightly spinose ; fingers and toes not very long,
third slightly shorter tban fourtb ; infradigital scales feebly
keeled; the adpressed hind limb hardly reaches the axil. Tail
feebly compressed, covered with keeled scales which are smaller
beneath ; its length is not once arid a half that of head and body.
Olive above, with irregular dark-broun cross bands ; a light,
reddisb-brown to cream-coloured band from the end of the snout
on the upper lip to above the shoulder ; a cream-coloured spot
on the nape and a cross band of the same colour on the anterior
part of the back ; lower lip with a broad dark-brown margin ;
more or less distinct oblique brown lines on the sides ; tail with
dark annuli.

From snout to vent 2'6 inches ; tail 2-9.

Hob. Ceylon.

Genus CERATOPHORA,

Gray, 111. Ind. Zool. ii, 1834.

Tympanum hidden. Body more or less compressed, covered witb
unequal scales. No dorsal crest ; a nuchal crest present or absent.
No gular sac ; no gular fold. A large rostral appendage, at least
in the males. No femoral or prseanal pores.

Ceylon.

Synopsis of the Species.

a. Gular scales larger than the ventrals, smooth ;

lateral scales large, unequal ; rostral appen-
dage scaleless C. stoddartii, p. 119.

b. Gular scales larger than the ventrals, feebly

keeled ; lateral scales large, equal ; rostral

appendage scaly C. tennentii, p. 120.

CEEATOPHORA. 119

c. Gular scales smaller than the ventrals, strongly
keeled ; lateral scales small ; rostral appen-
dage scaly C. aspera, p. 120.

123. Ceratophora stoddartii.

Oeratophora stoddartii, Gray, III. Ind. Zool ii, pi. Ixviii, fig. 2 j
Kelaart, Prodr. p. 165 ; Gunth. Rept. B. I. p. 129, pi. xiii, fig. F ;
Bouleng. Cat. Liz. i, p. 277.

Lyriocephalus stoddartii, Theob. Cat. p. 99.

Fig. 40. — Head of Ceratophora stoddartii.

Upper head-scales small, irregular, keeled or tubercular ; occiput
concave, with a short raised ridge on each side ; interorbital space
concave ; rostral appendage scaleless, flexible, pointed ; its length
varies considerably and it is short or entirely absent in the female ;
10 to 12 upper and 9 or 10 lower labials. Gular scales smooth,
large, subquadraugular, forming regular longitudinal series, those
on the median line smaller. A low denticulated nuchal crest.
Dorsal scales irregular and unequal in size, those on the sides large,
strongly imbricate, and pointing upwards and backwards, intermixed
with smaller ones ; some of the dorsal scales feebly keeled, the
others smooth ; ventral scales small, smooth or feebly keeled.
Limbs above with unequal keeled scales ; the adpressed hind limb
reaches the posterior border of the orbit or not quite so far. Tail
slightly compressed, covered with equal keeled scales, intermixed
with a few enlarged ones at the base ; its length is once and two
thirds to twice that of head and body. Olive above, with more
or less distinct irregular darker cross bars on the back and limbs ;
frequently a white streak behind the orbit and a white spot or
longitudinal band on the side of the neck ; a white line along the
hinder side of the thigh ; rostral appendage and throat white (in
spirit).

From snout to vent 3-25 inches ; tail 6-7.

Hob. Ceylon (only the alpine parts).

120 AO.VMIP.T.

124. Ceratophora tennentii.

Ceratophora tennentii, Gunth. in Tennent, Nat. Hist. Ceyl. p. 281,

fig. ; id. Sept. B. I. p. 130 ; Bmdeng. Cat. Liz. i,p. 878.
Lynocephalus tennenti, Theob. Cat. p. 99.

Upper head-scales small, irregular, keeled ; interorbital space and
occiput slightly concave ; a short raised ridge on each side of the
occiput ; rostral appendage large in both sexes, fleshy, compressed,
suboval, covered with small scales and granules ; 10 upper and 9
or 10 lower labials. Gular scales feebly keeled, large, subquadran-
gular, forming regular longitudinal series, those on the median
line smaller. A. low denticulated nuchal crest. Upper dorsal
scales irregular and unequal in size, the larger ones feebly keeled ;
lateral scales equal, large, strongly imbricate, and pointing up wards
and backwards, smooth or very feebly keeled ; ventral scales smaller,
keeled. Limbs above with subequal keeled scales ; the ad pressed hind
limb reaches the eye or a little beyond. Tail slightly compressed,
covered with equal keeled scales ; its length not quite twice that of
head and body. Olive above, irregularly marbled with brownish ;
young with more distinct brown markings, always with an angular
cross band between the eyes, sometimes with light longitudinal lines;
a more or less distinct white line along the hinder side of the
thighs.

From snout to vent 3-5 inches ; tail 6-7.

Sab. Ceylon.

125. Ceratophora aspera.

Ceratophora aspera, Giinth. Sept. B. I. p. 131, pi. xiii, fig. G ; Bmtleng.

Cat.Liz.i,f. 278.
Lyriocephalus asper, Theob. Cat. p. 100.

Upper head-scales small, irregular, tubercular ; interorbital space
deeply concave ; occiput with a pair of low ridges, convergent an-
teriorly ; rostral appendage large in the male, cylindrical, pointed,
covered with small imbricate strongly keeled scales, absent or rudi-
mentary in the female; 10 to 12 upper and as many lower labials.
Gular scales smaller than veutrals, very strongly keeled. No nuchal
crest. Dorsal scales small, irregular, unequal, strongly keeled ;
ventral scales larger, very strongly keeled. Limbs above with
strongly keeled unequal scales ; digits very strongly keeled ; fifth
toe shorter than third ; the adpressed hind limb reaches between
the shoulder and the orbit. Tail not compressed, covered with
subequal strongly keeled scales; its length not more than 1| times
that of head and body. Brown, with lighter and darker mark-
ings or longitudinal lines ; generally a rhombic mark on the sacral
region ; males with a large white spot or cross band on the gular
region.

From snout to vent 1*75 inches ; tail 1-8.

Hob. Ce?lon.

LTBIOCEFHAIT7S.

Genus LYRIOCEPHALUS,

121

Merrem, Tent. Syst. Amph. p. 49, 1820.

Tympanum hidden. Body compressed, covered with small scales
intermixed with enlarged ones. A nuchal and a dorsal crest. A
gular sac and a V-shaped gular fold. Adult with a globular hump
on the nose. ?so femoral or pra?anal pores.

Prae- and post-orbital bones forming an arch limiting a supra-
orbital fossa.

Distribution. Geylon.

Fig. 41. — Skull of Lyriocephalus scafattif, upper and side views.

126. Lyriocephalus scutatus.

Lacerta scutata, Linn. Syst. Nat. i, p. 360.

Lyriocephalus scutatus, Kelaart, Prodr. p. 166 ; Giinth. Sept. B. I.

p. 128 ; Theob. Cat. p. 99 ; Bouleng. Cat. Liz. i, p. 281.
Lyriocephalus macgregorii, Gray, III. 2nd. Zool. ii, pi. Ixviii, fig. 1.

Eostral hump large and globular in the adult, absent in the
young, covered with subequal smooth scales ; canthus rostralis
and supraciliary edge sharp, projecting, the latter ending behind
in a triangular compressed spine ; a pair of small spines on the
occiput; upper head-scales irregular, unequal, feebly keeled;
temple granular, with enlarged tubercles ; 14 or 15 upper and as
many lower labials. Gular sac large in the male, small in the
female ; gular scales larger than ventrals, keeled, those on the gular
sac separated by granules. Body strongly compressed. ,A low
nuchal crest, formed of a cutaneous fold with small triangular
scales forming a denticulation. Dorsal crest composed of small
triangular compressed tubercles, separated from one another. Dor-
sal scales very small, smooth, intermixed with flat, smooth or feebly
keeled tubercles which, on the nape, and sometimes also on the
back, form regular longitudinal series ; these tubercles irregularly

122 AGAMIES.

scattered on the flanks. Ventral scales moderate, strongly keeled.
Limbs with keeled scales, with enlarged tubercles on the thighs ;
the adpressed hind limb reaches the neck or the temple. Tail
strongly compressed, with a crest similar to the dorsal ; upper cau-
dal scales unequal, feebly keeled, lower equal and strongly keeled ;
the length of the tail nearly equals that of the head and body.
Greenish above, whitish beneath.

From snout to vent 7 inches ; tail 7.

Hob. The Kandian provinces.

Genus GONYOCEPHALUS,
Kaup, Isis, 1825, p. 590.

Tympanum distinct. Body compressed. Dorsal scales small,
uniform or intermixed with enlarged ones. A dorsal crest. A
strong transverse gular fold. Males with a gular sac. No praoanal
or femoral pores.

Distribution. East Indies, Papuasia, Polynesia, North-eastern
Australia.

25 species are known, only four of which have to be dealt with in
this work.

Synopsis of Indian and Burmese Species,

A. Ventral and gular scales keeled.

a. Limbs above with subequal scales ; longest

spines of nuchal crest shorter than greatest

diameter of tympanum G. subcristatus, p. 122.

b. Linibs above with unequal scales; nuchal

crest much higher than dorsal G. humii, p. 123.

B. Ventral scales keeled, gulars smooth G. bellii, p. 123.

C. Ventral and gular scales smooth G. grandis, p. 124.

127. Gonyocephalus subcristatus.

Tiaris subcristata, Blyth, J. A. 8. B. xxix, 1861, p. 109 ; Theob. Cat.

p. 112.
Gonyocephalus subcristatus, Boulcng. Cat. Liz. i, p. 292.

Snout longer than diameter of orbit ; canthus rostralis and supra-
ciliary edge sharp ; tympanum nearly as large as eye-opening ;
upper head-scales of unequal size, strongly keeled ; a few enlarged
tubercles on back of head ; 7 or 8 upper and as many lower labials.
Gular sac very small ; gular scales smaller than veutrals, keeled.
Nuchal crest not continuous with dorsal, formed of triangular
spines, the longest of which measures less than diameter of eye-
opening, inserted on a slight fold of the skin ; dorsal crest a serrated
ridge. Dorsal scales small, keeled, the points directed upwards and
backwards, a few scales enlarged, irregularly scattered ; ventral
scales rather small, strongly keeled. Limbs above with subequal
keeled scales; third and fourth fingers equal; the adpressed hind limb

GCXNTOCEPHALTTS. 123

reaches the anterior border of the orbit, or between the latter and
the nostril. Tail strongly compressed, with serrated upper edge,
with keeled scales which are larger inferiorly ; the length of the
tail a little more than twice that of head and body. Brown or
olive above, spotted or reticulated with black on the sides ; some-
times a light, dark-edged band along each side of the back.

From snout to vent 3-25 inches ; tail 8.

Hab. Andaman and Nicobar Islands.

128. Gronyocephalus humii.

Tiaris humei, Stoliczka, J. A. S. B. xlii, 1873, p. 167.
Gonyocephalus hurnii, Bouleng. Cat. Liz. i, p. 294.

Near G. subcristatus, but with the crest very much more deve-
loped ; the nuchal crest considerably higher than the dorsal.
General coloration greenish olive, on the top of the head brownish ;
sides of the entire body more or less distinctly and rather densely
reticulated and spotted with black and yellow ; sides of head and
neck and the gular sac tinged with purplish blue, labials spotted
with blue ; chin mostly yellow.

Head and body 4-4 inches ; tail 11.

Hal. Tillingchang Island, Nicobars. I have not seen examples
of this species.

129. Gonyocephalus bellii.

Lophyrus bellii, Dum. $ Bibr. Erp. Gen. iv. p. 416 ; Peters, MB.

Ak. Berl. 1867, p. 16.
Gonyocephalus bellii, Bouleng. Cat. Liz. i, p. 288.

Tympanum nearly covered with scales. Upper head-scales
small, keeled ; two subconical tubercles on the occiput. Gular sac
small, without serrated anterior edge ; gular scales equal, smooth.
Nuchal and dorsal crests continuous, commencing on the occiput ;
the crest is composed of lanceolate spines with two or three rows
of smaller keeled spines on each side at its base, which gradually
decrease in size on the back. Dorsal scales small, keeled, with the
points turned upwards and backwards, intermixed with enlarged
scales irregularly scattered ; ventral scales strongly keeled. The
adpressed hind limb reaches nearly the tip of the snout. Tail com-
pressed, anteriorly with serrated upper edge ; its length more than
twice that of head and body. Brownish above, whitish-spotted ;
crest greenish grey ; tail with regular dark annuli.

From snout to vent 6 inches ; tail 13.

Hob. The type specimen in the Paris Museum was stated to be
from Bengal. A second specimen has since been received by the
Berlin Museum from Capt. von Orlich, together with other lieptiles
from Bengal.

124 AGAMID7E.

130. Gonyocephalus grandis.

Dilophyrus grandis, Gray, Cat. Liz. p. 239 ; Cantor, J. A. S. B. xvi,
1847, p. 040, pi. xx ; Giinth. Kept. B. I. p. 136 ; Theob. Cat. p. 103.
Gonyocephalus grandis, Bouleng. Cat. Liz. i, p. 298.

Snout longer than diameter of orbit; canthus rostralis and
supraciliary edge sharp, projecting ; tympanum nearly as large as
eye-opening ; upper head-scales very small, bluntly keeled, enlarged
on the canthus rostralis and the supraciliary and supraorbital
borders ; one or two enlarged tubercles on each side behind the
occiput ; 10 to 12 upper and as many lower labials. Gular sac
moderately large, without serrated anterior edge ; gular scales
smaller than ventrals, smooth. Nuchal and dorsal crests subcon-
tinuous, separated by a deep notch, composed of long lanceolate
spines united together, free only at the tips, with smaller triangular
smooth spines at the base : in the male, the height of the nuchal
crest nearly equals the length of the snout, and the dorsal crest is a
little lower ; in the female, the former is scarcely developed and
the latter is reduced to a slight serration. Dorsal scales very
small, with the points directed upwards and backwards ; ventral
scales rather small, smooth. Limbs above with equal smooth or
very feebly keeled scales ; third and fourth fingers equal ; the ad-
pressed hind limb reaches to between the eye and the tip of the
snout. Tail strongly compressed, with sharp serrated upper edge ;
caudal scales smooth, with two rows enlarged and strongly keeled
beneath ; the length of the tail about 2| times that of head
and body. Brown or olive above, with or without darker cross
bands ; flanks with roundish yellow spots ; throat sometimes with
blue lines.

From snout to vent 6 inches ; tail 16.

Hob. Pegu, Malay Peninsula, Sumatra, Borneo. The occurrence
of this species in Pegu strongly needs confirmation.

Genus ACANTHOSAURA,

Gray, Griff. A. K. ix, Syn. p. 50, 1831.

Tympanum distinct. Body generally compressed, limbs more or
less elongate. Dorsal scales heterogeneous, small or moderate. A
dorsal crest. No gular fold, but. a more or less distinct oblique
fold in front of the shoulder. No gular sac. No prseanal or
femoral pores.

Distribution. South-eastern Asia. 9 species are known.

Synopsis of Indian and Burmese Species.

A. Nuchal crest separated from dorsal.

«. Spine between eye and tympanum nearly

as long as diameter of orbit A. armata, p. 125.

b. The spine not more than half diameter of

orbit A. crucif/cra, p. 125.

c. Postorbital spine ^ to £ diameter of orbit . . A. lamnidentata, p. 120.

ACANTHOSAtJRA. 125

B. Nuchal and dorsal crests continuous.

a. A spine on each side of neck A. minor, p. 127.

b. No spine on side of neck.

a'. Dorsal scales not very unequal in size . . A. kakhienensis, p. 127.

b'. Dorsal scales very unequal in size A. major, p. 128.

c'. A serrated ridge on each side of the neck,

parallel with the nuchal ridge A. tricarinata, p. 129.

181. Acanthosaura armata.

Agama armata, Gray, Zool. Journ. iii, 1827, p. 210.
Acanthosaura armata, Gilnth. Rept. B. 1, p. 148; Theob. Cat.
p. 112 (?) ; Bouleng. Cat. Liz. i, p. 301, pi. xxii, fig. 1.

Snout as long as the diameter of the orbit, or slightly shorter ;
canthus rostralis and supraciliary edge angular ; tympanum nearly
as large as the eye-opening ; upper head-scales keeled, much larger
on the supraorbital region ; a long spine, measuring from three
fourths to one diameter of the orbit, terminates the supraciliary
edge; 11 to 13 upper and 13 to 15 lower labials ; gular scales
strongly keeled, much smaller than the ventrals. An oblique
fold on each side of the neck, in front of the shoulder ; a large
spine, of the same size as the postorbital, on each side of the nape
above the tympauum. Nuchal crest not continuous with the
dorsal, composed of large compressed spines, as long as the post-
orbital ones, with the base concealed by two or three rows of
smaller spines. Dorsal crest anteriorly as high as the nuchal, be-
coming very low behind. Dorsal scales extremely small, all with
the points directed upwards, intermixed with irregularly scattered,
enlarged, rhomboidal, strongly keeled scales ; ventral scales a
little larger than the enlarged dorsals, strongly keeled. Fore limb
and tibia above with equal keeled scales, femur with unequal ones;
fourth finger very slightly longer than third ; the hind limb
stretched forwards reaches between the temple and the nostril.
Tail compressed, 1^ to 14 times as long as head and bodv, covered
with uniform strongly keeled scales, which are larger beneath.
Brownish above, with round lighter spots, or light with irregular
dark spots ; some dark lines radiate from the eye ; an oblique dark
brown band down each side of the neck, from the interruption
between the nuchal and dorsal crests to the throat.

From snout to vent 5-4 inches ; tail 6*25.

Hob. Teiiasserim (?), Malay Peninsula, Siam, Cochin China.

132. Acanthosaura crucigera.
Acanthosaura crucigera, Boukng. Cat. Liz. i, p. 302. pi. xxii, tig. 2.

Snout as long as diameter of orbit ; cauthus rostralis and supra-
ciliary edge angular ; tympanum smaller than eye-opening ; upper
head-scales rather feebly keeled, much larger on the supraorbital

126 AGAMIM;.

region ; a spine, measuring one half the diameter of the orbit,
terminates the supraciliary edge ; 9 or 10 upper and as many lower
labials ; gular scales strongly keeled, much smaller than the
ventrals. An oblique fold down each side of the neck, in front of
the shoulder ; a spine, the length of which does not exceed one half
the diameter of the orbit, on each side of the nape, above the tym-
panum. Nuchal crest not continuous with the dorsal, composed of
large compressed spines a little longer than the postorbital ones,
with the base concealed by two or three rows of smaller spines.
Dorsal crest much lower than the nuchal, gradually decreasing
in size, reduced posteriorly to a very feeble denticulation. Dorsal
scales not quite so small as in A. armata, with the point directed
upwards, intermixed with irregularly scattered, enlarged, rhom-
boidal, strongly keeled scales ; ventral scales larger than the enlarged
dorsals, strongly keeled. Fore limb and tibia above with equal
keeled scales, femur with unequal ones : fourth finger very slightly
longer than third ; the adpressed hind limb reaches the anterior
border of the orbit in the female, the end of the snout in the male.
Tail compressed, nearly twice as long as head and body, covered
with uniform strongly keeled scales, which are larger beneath.
Pinkish grey above, with brown spots and marblings enclosing
roundish light spots ; a large cruciform dark-brown marking on the
nape, the lateral branches descending along the antehumeral fold
to the throat ; eyelids and a streak from the end of the snout to the
tympanum, through the orbit, dark brown ; limbs and tail with
dark and light cross bands.

From snout to vent 3-8 inches ; tail 6-8.

Hob. Tenasserim.

133. Acanthosaura lamnidentata.

Acanthosaura lamnidentata, Bouleny. Cat. Liz. i, p. 302, pi. xxii, fig. 3.

Snout as long as diameter of orbit ; canthus rostralis and supra-
ciliary edge angular ; tympanum a little smaller than eye-opening ;
upper head-scales keeled, larger on the supraorbital region ; a
spine, measuring 3 to ^ the diameter of the orbit, terminates the
supraciliary edge ; 10 or 11 upper and 11 or 12 lower labials ;
gular scales strongly keeled, smaller than the ventrals. An ob-
lique fold down each side of the neck, in front of the shoulder ; a
spine a little shorter than the postorbital on each side of the nape
above the tympanum. Nuchal crest not continuous with dorsal,
composed of compressed triangular scales, the longest of which equal
the postorbital spine ; spines at base of nuchal crest small. Dorsal
crest very low, formed of triangular scales, gradually decreasing
in size behind, where it is reduced to a slight denticulation. Dorsal
scales extremely small, with the points directed upwards, inter-
mixed with irregularly scattered, enlarged, rhomboidal, strongly
keeled scales ; ventral scales larger than the enlarged dorsals,
strongly keeled. Fore limb and tibia above with equal keeled

ACANTHOSAUEA. 127

scales, femur with unequal ones ; fourth finger very slightly longer
than third ; the adpressed hind limb reaches the eye or the nostril.
Tail compressed, If or 1| times as long as head and body, covered
with uniform strongly keeled scales, which are larger beneath.
Brownish olive above, with roundish lighter spots, or with a
series of large dark-brown spots on each side of the back ; a
large dark-brown marking on the nape, in some specimens be-
coming wider in front ; hind limbs and tail with dark transverse
bars.

From snout to vent 4-25 inches ; tail 6-8.

Hob. Pegu and Tenasserim. Perhaps only a variety of the
preceding.

134. Acanthosaura minor.

Calotes minor, Gray, Cat. Liz, p. 244.

Oriocalotes minor, Gilnth. Rept. B. I. p. 147.

Charasia minor, Theob. Cat. p. 113.

Acanthosaura minor, Bonleng. Cat. Liz. i, p. 304, pi. xxiii, tig. 2.

Snout a little longer than diameter of orbit ; canthus rostralis
and supraciliary edge angular; tympanum smaller than eye-opening;
upper head-scales keeled, of very irregular size, enlarged on the
supraorbital region ; a small spine, measuring a little less than
the vertical diameter of the tympanum, behind the supraciliary
edge ; two other similar spines on each side of the back of the
head, the foremost nearly equally distant from the tympanum and
the nuchal crest, the other just above the tympanum ; 7 or 8 upper
and as many lower labials. Gular scales a little smaller than the
ventrals. An oblique fold on each side of the neck, in front of
the shoulder. Nuchal and dorsal crests continuous, low, reduced
to a serrated ridge on the back. Dorsal scales rather large, strongly
keeled, the upper with the points directed obliquely upwards and
backwards ; some enlarged scales are scattered on the sides ;
ventral scales very strongly keeled, smaller than dorsals. Limbs
above with subequal strongly keeled scales ; fourth finger very
slightly longer than third ; the adpressed hind limb reaches between
the neck-fold and the temple. Tail scarcely compressed, nearly
twice as long as head and body, covered with uniform stronglv
keeled scales, which are not larger beneath. Pale brownish olive
above, with irregular dark-brown spots or marbliugs, frequently
forming irregular cross bands ; several dark streaks radiate from
the eye ; throat with more or less distinct irregular dark trans-
verse lines.

From snout to vent 2-9 inches ; tail 5'8.

Hob. Sikhiin and Khasi Hills.

135. Acanthosaura kakhienensis.

Oriocalotes kakhienensis, Anders. An. Zool. Res. Yunnan, p. 806, pi

Ixxvi, fig. 1.
Acanthosaura kakhienensis, Bvuleng. Cat. Liz. i, p. 305.

128

Gauthus rost-ralis and supraciliary ridge not well defined ; upper
head-scales obtusely keeled, of different sizes ; no spines on the head.
A slight fold above and in front of the shoulder. Nuchal crest com-
posed of six to eight triangular spines, disappearing a short way
behind the shoulders. Dorsal scales of moderate size, keeled ; those
on the side of the back directed upwards and backwards, and those
below downwards and backwards; a few large keeled scales scattered
over the sides ; scales of chest and belly of moderate size and strongly
keeled. The hind limb extends to the angle of the jaw. Base of
tail compressed, but thick and somewhat rounded. Oeneral colour
above olive, irregularly variegated with brown and yellow, these
colours having a tendency to arrange themselves in cross bands ; a
broad black band from the posterior margin of the eye to the tym-
panum ; black streaks radiate from the eye ; under surface olive-
green.

Size of A. major.

Nab. Ponsee, Kakhyen Hills, N. Burma. I have not seen ex-
amples of this species.

136. Acanthosaura major.

Oriocalotes major, Jerdon, P. A. S. B. 1870, p. 77.

Charasia major, Theob. Cut. p. 113.

Acanthosaura major, Souleny, Cat. Liz. i, p. 306, pi. xxiii, fig. 3.

Snout longer than diameter of orbit ; canthus rostralis and
supraciliary edge angular ; tympanum a little larger than eye-
opening; upper head-scales unequal, keeled, a series of larger ones
bordering the supraorbital region inside ; no postorbital spine ; a
row of projecting triangular scales borders the head behind ; 7
upper and as many lower labials ; gular scales smaller than ventrals,
feebly keeled. A rather indistinct oblique fold in front of the
shoulder. Nuchal and dorsal crest continuous, reduced to a serrated
ridge. Dorsal scales very irregular, some very small, others very
large ; all are distinctly keeled, and the upper have their points
directed upwards and backwards ; ventral scales distinctly keeled,
smaller than the largest dorsals. Limbs above with unequal keeled
scales ; fourth finger very slightly longer than third ; the adpressed
hind limb reaches the tympanum. Tail compressed, 1| times as
long as head and body, covered with unequal keeled scales. Olive
above; back with six large angular blackish cross bands, with the
angles directed backward ; flanks reticulated with blackish ; head
above with blackish cross streaks ; an oblique black band from the
eye to the tympanum, continued along the side of the neck ; limbs
and tail with dark cross bars.

From snout to vent 3-7 inches ; tail 6.

Hob. Western Himalayas (Valley of the Sutlej, near Kot-
garh).

JAPALUBA. 129

137. Acanthosaura tricarinata.

Calotes tricarinatus, Bhjth, J. A. S. B. xxii, 1854, p. 650.
Tiaris elliotti, Giinth. P.Z. S. 1860, p. 151, pi. xxv, fig. B.
Oriotiaris elliotti, Giinth. Rept. B. I. p. 150.
Charasia tricarinata, Theob. Cat. p. 114.
Acanthosaura tricarinata, Boukny. Cat. Liz. i, p. 306.

Snout slightly longer than diameter of orbit ; canthus rostralis
and supraciliary edge angular ; tympanum nearly as large as eye-
opening; upper head-scales unequal, feebly keeled, a series of
larger ones bordering the supraorbital region inside ; a conical
tubercle behind the supraciliary edge ; an oblique transverse row
of conical ribbed tubercles on each side, bordering the head behind ;
5 or 6 upper and as many lower labials ; gular scales smaller than
ventrals, indistinctly keeled ; a conical tubercle below the tym-
panum. Oblique fold in front of the shoulder very indistinct.
Body not, or but very slightly, compressed. Nuchal and dorsal
crests continuous, reduced to a series of enlarged strongly keeled
scales ; another parallel series of enlarged scales on each side of
the nape, lost a short distance beyond the shoulder. Dorsal scales
very irregular, scarcely imbricate, smooth or feebly keeled; strongly
enlarged keeled scales are scattered on the flanks, and frequently
others form angular series across the back ; ventral scales as large
as the enlarged dorsals, feebly keeled. Limbs above with unequal
strongly keeled scales ; fourth finger longer than third ; the ad-
pressed hind limb reaches the eye or the tip of the snout. Tail
not compressed, twice to twice and a half as long as head and body,
covered with rather unequal keeled scales. Brownish grey or blue
above, uniform or with angular brown markings on the back ;
lateral nuchal clenticulation brown-edged ; lower surfaces uniform
whitish or with small black dots.

From snout to vent 2 inches ; tail 4*25.

Hob. Sikkim, up to 9200 feet.

Genus JAPALURA,
Gray, A. M. N. H. (2) xii, 1853, p. 387.

Tympanum hidden. Dorsal scales heterogeneous. A dorsal
crest. Gular pouch small or absent. An oblique fold in front
of the shoulder ; gular fold present or absent. Tail feebly com-
pressed. No prseanal or femoral pores.

Distribution. East Indies ; Southern China.

Of the 6 known species, one occurs in the Himalayas and
Eastern Bengal, and another in the Khasi Hills.

Synopsis of Indian Species.

Body compressed J. varieyata, p. 130.

Body subquadi angular ; back nearly flat J. plamdorsata, p. 130.

130

138. Japalura variegata.

Japalura variegata, Gray, A. M. N. H. (2) xii, p. 388 ; Giinth. Kept.

B. I. p. 1:33; Theob. Cat. p. 101; Bouleng, Cat. Liz. i, p. 308,

pi. xxiv, fig. 1.

Biancia niger, Gray, 1. c. p. 387.
Japalura microlepis, Jerdon, P. A. S. B. 1870, p. 76.

Snout a little longer than diameter of orbit ; canthus rostralis
sharp ; upper head-scales irregular, sharply keeled ; a small tuber-
cular scale behind the supraciliary edge ; other scattered conical
scales on the hind part of the head; 9 to 11 upper and as many
lower labials. Male with a very small gular pouch. A well-
developed nuchal crest. Body compressed, covered above and on
the sides with small keeled scales intermixed with larger ones, all
having their points obliquely directed upwards and backwards ;
dorsal crest a slight serrated ridge ; ventral scales as large as the
largest dorsals, strongly keeled. Limbs above with scales of
irregular size ; third and fourth fingers nearly equal ; fifth toe not
quite so long as third ; the adpressed hind limb reaches the eye ;
tibia shorter than the skull. Tail compressed, slender, 1| to 1|
times as long as head and body, covered above with unequal scales,
beneath with equal larger ones, the size of which does not exceed
that of the ventral s ; all the caudal scales keeled. Olive-brown
above, generally with alternating broad dark and narrower light
chevron-shaped bands 011 the body; flanks reticulated; a more
or less distinct light band on the upper lip and along each side
of the neck ; tail with dark annuli ; middle of the throat generally
black.

From snout to vent 4-3 inches ; tail 8.

Hob. Sikhim and Eastern Bengal.

139. Japalura planidorsata.

Japalura planidorsata, Jerdon, P. A. S. B. 1870, p. 76 ; Theob. Cat.
p. 102; Boulvig. Cat. Liz. i, p. 311, pi. xxiv, fig. 2.

Snout not or scarcely longer than diameter of orbit ; canthus
rostralis sharp ; upper head-scales irregular, sharply keeled, the
largest on the supraorbital region; a few conical scales on the
hinder border of the head ; 9 or 10 upper and as many lowrer
labials. Body subquadrangular, the back being plane, bordered by
a slight ridge of enlarged scales on each side ; dorsal and lateral
scales very irregular, keeled, intermixed with enlarged ones which
on the back form 5 angular transverse series, with the angle directed
backwards ; a very slight serrated vertebral ridge ; ventral scales
as large as the largest dorsals, strongly keeled. Limbs above with
scales of irregular size ; fourth finger longer than third ; fifth toe
as long as third ; the adpressed hind limb reaches the eye or a
little beyond the tip of the snout ; tibia as long as, or slightly

SALEA. 131

shorter than, the skull. Tail slightly compressed, above with un-
equal scales, beneath with equal larger ones, the size of which
does not exceed that of the ventrals ; all the caudal scales keeled.
Olive-brown above, flanks darker ; a band on the upper lip, whitish.

From snout to vent 19 inches.

Hob. Khasi Hills.

Genus SALEA,
Gray, Cat. Liz. p. 242, 1845.

Tympanum distinct. Body compressed, covered with uuequal-
sized imbricate keeled scales. Male with a dorso-nuchal crest and
a gular sac. No transverse gular fold. Tail compressed. No
femoral or praeanal pores.

Distribution. Southern India; living on trees.

Synopsis of the Species.

No fold in front of the shoulder S. horsfieldii, p. 131.

A fold in front of the shoulder & anamattayana, p. 132.

140. Salea horsfieldii.

Salea horsfieldii, Gray, Cat. Liz. p. 242 ; Giinth. Rept. B. I. p. 145 ;

Theob. Cat. p. Ill ; Boukng. Cat. Liz. i, p. 312.
Salea jerdonii, Gray, A. M. N. H. xviii, 1840, p. 429; Kelaart,

Prodr. p. 167 (?).

Snout not more than once and a half as long as diameter of
orbit, which equals about twice that of tympanum ; upper head-
scales large, rugose, with a more or less marked curved series of
regular ones bordering the supraorbital region internally; a row
of 3 or 4 enlarged scales from the eye to above the tympanum.
Gular scales lanceolate, keeled, ending in a spine, as large as or a
little larger than the ventrals. No fold in front of the shoulder.
Nuchal crest in the male composed of a few lanceolate spines
directed backwards, the longest measuring nearly the length of the
snout, with smaller spines at the base ; in the female this crest is
reduced to a double row of alternate oblique short spines ; dorsal
crest not continuous with nuchal, composed of similar slightly
shorter lanceolate spines in the male, absent in the female. Dorsal
scales large, rhomboidal, strongly keeled, pointing straight back-
wards ; they are nearly always of unequal size, larger ones being
scattered on the sides; ventral scales very strongly imbricate,
strongly keeled and ending in a spine, nearly as large as the
dorsals. Limbs moderately elongate, the adpressed hind limb
reaching between the shoulder and the tympanum. Tail com-
pressed and with a small upper crest in ihe male, scarcely com-
pressed and without a crest in the female; caudal scales subequal,

K2

132

strongly keeled. Pale olive above, with irregular dark-brown cross
bands, which may be broken up by a band of the light-brown
colour running along each side of the back ; the enlarged scales on
the sides frequently white ; a blackish band, edged below with
white, extends from the eye to the fore limb, passing through the
tympanum ; tail usually with regular dark-brown annuli.

From snout to vent 3-75 inches ; tail 9*75.

Hob. Nilgiri Hills, Southern India; Ceylon?

141. Salea anamallayana.

Lophosalea anamallayana, Beddome, P. Z. S. 1878, p. 153, pi. xiv.
Salea anamallayana, Bouleng. Cat. Liz. i, p. 313.

Snout long, measuring nearly twice the diameter of the orbit ;
tympanum 1| to lj^ the diameter of the orbit ; upper head-scales
rather large, feebly keeled, with a regular curved series of enlarged
scales bordering the supraorbital region internally: an enlarged
tubercle behind the supraciliary edge and a few others scattered on
the back of the head ; a row of 3 or 4 enlarged scales from the eye
to above the tympanum. Gular scales a little larger than ventrals,
smooth or keeled. A well-marked curved fold on each side of the
neck, in front of the shoulder. Dorso-nuchal crest continuous,
composed of large lanceolate spines. Dorsal scales of unequal
size, their arrangement varying considerably, strongly keeled, the
upper ones pointing upwards and backwards, the others straight
backwards or backwards and downwards ; ventral scales very
strongly imbricate, strongly keeled, and ending in a spine. The
adpressed hind limb reaches the neck. Tail strongly compressed,
in its anterior half with an upper crest nearly as much developed
as the dorsal ; caudal scales rather unequal in size, keeled. Pale
olive above, with 4 broad angular dark-brown cross bands on the
back, separated by narrow interspaces ; head to the lip dark brown,
with small light spots ; limbs and tail with more or less regular
dark-brown cross bars.

From snout to vent 4*3 inches.

Hob. Animalai (6000 feet) and Palni Hills.

Genus CALOTES,
Cuvier, Regne An. ii, p. 35, 1817.

Tympanum distinct. Body compressed, covered with equal-sized
scales. A dorso-iiuchal crest. A more or less developed gular
sac in the male ; no transverse gular fold, or a very feebly marked
one. Tail round or feebly compressed. No femoral or prseanal
pores.

An essentially East-Indian genus, comprising 22 species, of
arboreal or subar boreal habits.

133

Synopsis of Indian, Ceylontse, and Burmese Species.

A. No fold in front of the shoulder.

a. Lateral scales pointing backwards and

downwards.

a'. Upper dorsal scales pointing back-
wards, larger than ventrals C. microlepis, p. 134.

b'. Upper dorsal scales pointing back-
wards and upwards, smaller than
ventrals C. cristatellus, p. 134.

c'. Only the scales of the row at the base

of the dorsal crest point upwards . . C. jubatus, p. 135.

b. Lateral scales pointing backwards and

upwards.

a'. 35 to 47 scales round middle of body ;
tympanum at least half diameter of
orbit C. versicolor, p. 135.

b'. 53 to 61 scales round middle of body ;
tympanum not quite one third dia-
meter of orbit C. maria, p. 136.

B. An oblique fold or pit covered with small

granular scales in front of shoulder, not
extending across throat.

a. Dorsal scales larger than ventrals, keeled.
a'. Two serrated parallel ridges on each

side of back of head ; colour green. . C.jerdonii, p. 137.
b'. A long spine behind supraciliary edge,

and two others above ear C. emma, p. 137.

c'. No postorbital spine; a few small

spines above ear C, myskacem, p. 138.

b. Dorsal scales larger than ventrals, smooth

or nearly so.
a'. Lateral scales pointing upwards and

backwards ; 29 to 35 scales round

middle of body C. grandisquamis, p. 138.

6'. Lateral scales pointing upwards and

backwards; 37 to 43 scales round

middle of body C. nemoricola, p. 139.

c'. Lateral scales pointing upwards and

backwards, or straight backwards;

60 scales round middle of body .... C. ceylonensis, p. 139.
d'. Lateral scales pointing downwards

and backwards C. liolepis, p. 140.

c. Dorsal scales of same size as ventrals or

smaller,
a'. Lateral scales pointing upwards and

backwards C. ophiomachus, p. 140.

b'. Lateral scales pointing downwards
and backwards ; ventrals much larger

than dorsals C. niyrilabris, p. 141.

. Lateral scales pointing downwards and
backwards; no spines whatever on
head C liocephalus, p. 141.

134 AGAMIDJE.

C. A long oblique or curved fold in front of
shoulder, extending across throat or
nearly so.
a. Two slender spines on each side of back

of head.

a'. No spine at posterior corner of orbit. . C. rou.rii, p. 142.
b'. A small slender spine behind supra-
ciliary edge C. clliot!, p. 142.

1. No slender spines on head C.fece, p. 143.

A species named by Blyth Salea cjularis, J. A. S. B. xxii, 1853,
p. 473, footnote, from Mirzapur (?), probably belongs to this
genus, but is not recognizable from the description.

142. Calotes microlepis.

Calotes microlepis, Bouleny. Ann. Mus. Genova, (2) v, 1887, p. 470,
pi. vi, fig. 1.

Head narrow, twice as long as broad, deeper tban broad, covered
with unequal-sized, juxtaposed, feebly keeled scales, without
tubercles or spines ; tympanum not quite half the diameter of the
orbit. Gular pouch not developed ; gular scales feebly keeled, a
little larger than ventrals. No fold in front of the shoulder.
Nuchal crest composed of small spines ; dorsal crest a slightly
serrated ridge. 65 scales round the middle of the body, all keeled,
upper dorsals largest and directed backwards, laterals directed
downwards and backwards. The hind limb reaches the axilla;
third and fourth fingers equal, about as long as the fifth toe. Tail
slightly compressed. Orange above, golden yellow on the sides
and below ; sides with black specks ; black lines radiate from the
eye, two of which are prolonged, the upper to the tympanum, the
lower to the commissure of the mouth.

From snout to vent 2-6 inches ; tail 6.

Hob. Pla-pu, Mountains of Northern Tenasserim, 3300-3600
feet.

143. Calotes cristatellus.

Agama cristatella, Kuhl, Beitr. Zool. vergl. Anat, p. 108.
Bronchocela cristatella, Giinth. Rept. B. I. p. 138 ; Theob. Cat.

p. 104.

Bronchocela moluccana (non Less.}, Theob. I. c.
Bronchocela burmana, Blanf. J. A. S. B. xlvii, 1878, p. 127.
Calotes cristatellus, Boukny. Cat. Liz. i, p. 316.

Upper head-scales rather small, keeled, slightly enlarged on
supraorbital region ; a few more or less distinct, erect, compressed
scales behind the supraciliary edge ; tympanum half, or more than
half, the diameter of the orbit. Gular pouch very small ; gular
scales keeled, smaller than ventrals, distinctly larger than latero-
dorsals. No oblique fold in front of the shoulder. Nuchal crest
composed of erect compressed spines, the longest never equalling

CALOTES. 135

the diameter of the orbit ; dorsal crest a mere serrated ridge. 57
to 97 scales round the middle of the body ; dorsal scales keeled,
much smaller than ventrals, the upper ones directed upwards and
backwards, the others downwards and backwards. The adpressed
hind limb reaches between the eye and the tip of the snout ; third
and fourth fingers equal or nearly so, about as long as the fifth toe.
Tail round, subtriangular at the base. Green, uniform or with
reddish markings.

Prom snout to vent 4-8 inches ; tail 15.

Hub. Malay Archipelago and Peninsula as far north as Tenas-
serim.

144. Calotes jubatus.

Bronchocela j ubata, Dum. fy Bibr. Erp. Gen. iv, p. 397 ; Giinth. liept,

B. I. p. 139 ; Theob. Cat. p. 104.
Calotes jubatus, Bouleng. Cat. Liz. i, p. 318.

Upper head-scales moderate, keeled, not enlarged on supraorbital
region ; a few erect compressed scales behind the supraciliary edge ;
tympanum half or more than half the diameter of the orbit. Gular
pouch well developed: gular scales keeled, smaller than the ventrals.
No oblique fold in front of the shoulder. Nuchal crest large, com-
posed of falciform spines directed backwards, the longest equalling
or exceeding the diameter of the orbit, with several irregular rows
of smaller spines at the base ; dorsal crest well developed, though
much less so than the nuchal, gradually decreasing in size towards
the posterior part of the body. 43 to 53 (exceptionally 65) scales
round the middle of the body ; dorsal scales keeled, smaller than
the ventrals ; the scales of the row contiguous to the dorsal crest
point upwards and backwards, those of the next row point straight
backwards, all the others backwards and downwards. The adpressed
hind limb reaches between the eye and the tip of the snout ; third
and fourth fingers equal, about as long as the fifth toe. Tail
round, subtriangular, and with slight upper ridge at the base.
Green, generally with yellow or reddish spots and short bands.

From snout to vent 5 inches ; tail 17.

Hob. Malay Archipelago, Nicobars.

145. Calotes versicolor.

Agama versicolor, Daud. Eept. iii, p. 395, pi. xliv.

Calotes versicolor, Kelaart,Prodr. p. 170; Giinth. Rept.B. I. p. 140;

Theob. Cat. p. 109 ; Bouleng. Cat. Liz. i, p. 321.
? Calotes viridis, Gray, A. M. N. H. xviii, 1846. p. 429 : Theob.

Cat. p. 110.

Upper head-scales rather large, smooth or feebly keeled, imbri-
cate, more or less enlarged on supraorbital region ; two well-
separated spines (seldom absent or scarcely distinct) on each side
of the back of the head, above the ear ; tympanum half, or less than
half, the diameter of the orbit. Gular pouch not developed ; gular

136

AGAMIDJ5.

Fig. 42. — Calotcs versicolor.

scales smooth or feebly keeled, as large as the ventrals
or larger, largest and rnucronate in the adult male. No
oblique fold in front of the shoulder. Dorso-nuchal
crest well developed in the male, composed of lanceolate
spines gradually decreasing in size towards the pos-
terior part of the back. 35 to 47 scales round the
middle of the body ; dorsal scales more or less distinctly
keeled, larger than ventrals, all directed upwards and
backwards ; ventral scales strongly keeled. The ad-
pressed hind limb reaches the temple or the eye ; fourth
finger a little longer than third. Tail round. Light
brownish or yellowish (in spirit), uniform or with dark
transverse bands or spots, or dark olive-brown with
light spots or longitudinal lines ; belly sometimes with
dark longitudinal lines. The male assumes brilliant
colours (red, yellow, and black) in the breeding- season.

From snout to vent 4^ inches ; tail 11.
Hcib. Ceylon, India, eastwards to Tenasserim, Cochin China, and

Southern China, westwards to Afghanistan and Baluchistan. Very

common throughout India.

146. Calotes maria.

Calotes mavia, part., Gray, Cat. Liz. p. 243 ; Gunth. Sept. B. I._p. 144.
Calotes platyceps, Blyth, J. A. S. B. xxi, 1852, p. 354 ; id. Kelaart,

Prodr.) App. p. 46.
Calotes maria, Gunth. P. Z. S. 1870, p. 778, pi. xlv, fig. B ; Theob.

Cat. p. 108 ; Bouleng. Cat. Liz. 1, p. 322.

Upper head-scales rather large, smooth or feebly keeled, imbricate,
very slightly enlarged on supraorbital region ; two parallel longitu-
dinal series of enlarged erect scales, terminating in long spines,

CALOTES. 137

above the temple, the lower series separated from the tympanum by
several rows of scales ; tympanum very small, measuriug less than
one third the diameter of the orbit. Gular pouch not developed ;
gular scales strongly keeled, larger than ventrals, not larger than
dorsals. No oblique fold in frout of the shoulder. Dorso-nuehal
crest well developed anteriorly, the longest spines measuring nearly
two thirds the diameter of the orbit, gradually decreasing in size
and reduced to a feebly serrated edge on the posterior half of the
back. 53 to 61 scales round the middle of the body ; dorsal scales
feebly keeled, all directed upwards and backwards ; ventral scales
much smaller than dorsals, strongly keeled. The adpressed hind
limb reaches the anterior border of the orbit, or between the latter
and the nostril ; third and fourth fingers nearly equal. Tail round.
Green, with a few light (red) markings constantly present on the
limb-joints.

From snout to vent 4-5 inches ; tail 14-5.

Hab. Khasi hills.

147. Calotes jerdonii

Calotes maria, part., Gray, Cat. Liz. p. 243; Gunth. Kept. B. I.

p. 144.

Calotes platyceps (non Bli/th), Jerdon, P. A. S. B. 1870, p. 77.
Calotes jerdonii, Gunth. P. Z. S. 1870, p. 779, pi. xlv, fig. A ; Theob.

Cat. p. 108 ; Bovdeny. Cat. Liz. i, p. 323.

Upper head-scales rather large, smooth or feebly keeled, imbri-
cate, very slightly enlarged on supraorbital region ; two parallel
longitudinal series of enlarged erect scales on the temple, forming
serrated ridges, not terminating in spines ; the lower serrated ridge
separated from the tympanum by one or two rows of scales ; tym-
panum not quite half the diameter of the orbit. Gular pouch not
developed ; gular scales strongly keeled, larger than dorsals. A
strong oblique fold or pit in front of the shoulder. Dorse-nuchal
crest very low, the longest spines (on the nape) equalling about the
diameter of the tympanum. 47 to 55 scales round the middle of
the body; dorsal scales feebly keeled, all directed upwards and
backwards ; ventral scales much smaller than dorsals, strongly
keeled. The adpressed hind limb reaches the eye, or between the
latter and the nostril ; fourth finger a little longer than third.
Tail round. Green, uniform, or with light (red) markings, which
may form a longitudinal lateral band ; frequently black lines radiate
from the eye ; the fold on the side of the neck black.

From snout to vent 3*5 inches ; tail 10'5.

Hab. Khasi hills. The supposed occurrence of this species in
the Himalayas needs confirmation.

148. Calotes emma.

Calotes emma, Gray, Cat. Liz. p. 244 ; Gunth. Rept. B. I. p. 144 ;
Theob. Cat. p. 108 ; Bouleng. Cat. Liz. i, p. 324, pi. xxv, fig. 1.

138 AGAMID^E.

Upper head-scales imbricate, keeled, considerably enlarged on
supraorbital region ; a long spine surrounded by small ones behind
the supraciliary edge, and two others on each side between the
tympanum and the nuchal crest ; the posterior spine smallest, and
situated just above the tympanum, which measures half the dia-
meter of the orbit. Grular pouch not developed ; gular scales keeled,
as large as ventrals or a little larger. A very strong oblique curved
fold in front of the shoulder. Nuchal crest composed of long
lanceolate spines, soon decreasing in size, the dorsal crest being
reduced to a feebly serrated ridge. 51 to 55 scales round the
'middle of the body ; dorsal scales keeled, all directed upwards and
backwards ; ventral scales smaller than dorsals, strongly keeled.
The adpressed hind limb reaches the eye ; third and fourth fingers
nearly equal. Tail slightly compressed. Light brownish olive
above, with transverse dark-brown bands on the back, which are
interrupted by a more or less strongly defined light lateral band ;
black lines radiating from the eye ; the fold in front of the arm
black.

From snout to vent 3*5 inches ; tail 9'5.

Hub. Khasi and Kakhyen Hills, Pegu, Tenasserim, Mergui.

149. Calotes inystaceus.
Calotes mystaceus, Dum. $ Bibr. Erp. Gin. iv, p. 408 ; Blyth,

J. A. S. B. xxi, 1852, p. 354 ; id. Kelaart, Prodr., App. p. 47 ;
Giinth. Kept. B. I. p. 141; Theob. Cat. p. 306; Bouleng. Cat. Liz.
i, p. 325.
? Calotes gigas, Blyth, J. A. 8. B. xxii, 1853, p. 648.

Upper head-scales smooth or feebly keeled, imbricate, scarcely
enlarged on supraorbital region ; a few small spines on each side
of the head above the tympanum ; latter measuring at least half
the diameter of the orbit. Gular sac small ; gular scales feebly
keeled, as large as dorsals. An oblique fold in front of the shoulder.
Dorso-nuchal crest well developed in the male, composed of falciform
spines directed backwards, the longest measuring the diameter
of the orbit ; it gradually decreases in height on the back, being
reduced to a mere denticulation on the sacrum. 45-53 scales
round the middle of the body ; dorsal scales keeled, nearly twice
as large as ventrals, all directed upwards and backwards ; ventral
scales strongly keeled. The adpressed hind limb reaches the tym-
panum or the posterior border of the orbit ; fourth finger slightly
longer than the third. Tail a little compressed, at the base with
a slightly serrated upper ridge. Olive above, frequently with large
transverse red spots on the back ; lips yellowish.

From snout to vent 5 inches ; tail 10.

Hob. Burma generally, Siam, Nicobars, Ceylon.

150. Calotes grandisquamis.

Calotes grandisquamis, Giinth. P. Z. S. 1875, p. 220, pi. xxx ; Bou-
leng. Cat. Liz. i; p. 325.

CALOTES. 139

Upper head-scales smooth or very feebly keeled, imbricate, en-
larged on supraorbital region ; 3 or 4 small spines above tympanum ;
the latter measuring half diameter of orbit. A gular pouch ; lateral
gular scales larger than ventrals, smooth. A short oblique fold in
front of the shoulder. Dorso-nuchal crest formed of large lanceo-
late spines, the longest of which (in the male) equals the diameter
of the orbit, gradually decreasing in height on the back ; in the
female the dorsal crest is reduced to a very feebly serrated ridge.
29 to 35 scales round the middle of the body ; dorsal scales nearly
four times as large as ventrals, smooth, pointing backwards and
upwards ; ventral scales strongly keeled. The adpressed hind limb
reaches the tympanum or slightly beyond ; third and fourth fingers
equal. Tail compressed. Green, uniform or with broad black
transverse bands on the back ; an orange spot may be present in
the centre of each scale within the black bands.

From snout to vent 5*5 inches ; tail 12-5.

Hob. Malabar (foot of Cauoot Ghat, near Mauantoddy).

151. Calotes nemoricola.

Calotes nemoricola, Jerdon, J. A. S. B. xxii, 1853, p. 471 ; Theob.
Cat. p. 105 ; Boukng. Cat. Liz. i, p. 326.

Upper head-scales feebly keeled, imbricate, enlarged on supra-
orbital region ; 3 or 4 very small spines above the tympanum ; latter
measuring not quite half diameter of orbit. A gular pouch ; gular
scales larger than ventrals, very feebly keeled. A short oblique
fold in front of the shoulder. Nuchal crest formed of large lan-
ceolate spines, the largest of which measure three fourths the
diameter of the orbit; dorsal crest a mere serrated ridge. 37 to
43 scales round the middle of the body ; dorsal scales three times
as large as ventrals, squarish, smooth, pointing backwards and up-
wards ; ventral scales strongly keeled. The adpressed hind limb
hardly reaches the tympanum ; third and fourth fingers equal. Tail
compressed. Olive above, with indistinct darker markings ; a
black streak from the eye to above the tympanum ; dark lines
radiating from the eye ; gular sac pink (in spirit).

Prom snout to vent 5'5 inches ; tail 12-5.

Hob. Base of Coonoor Ghat, Nilgiris ; Malabar.

152. Calotes ceylonensis.

Calotes mystaceus, var. ceylonensis, F. Miller, Verh. Naturf. Ges.

Basel, viii, 1887, p. 292, pi. iii.
Calotes kelaartii, Nevill, Taprobanian, ii, 1887, p. 134.

Upper head-scales smooth, imbricate, considerably enlarged on
the supraorbital region ; two small spines on each side above the
tympanum ; diameter of the tympanum half that of the orbit. No
gular sac ; gular scales very strongly keeled, much smaller than
dorsals. A few small spines form a short nuchal crest ; no dorsal

140 AGAMIES.

crest. 60 scales round the middle of the body, dorsals largest and
smooth or indistinctly keeled ; on the anterior half of the body
the scales point upwards and backwards, on the hinder half nearly
straight backwards ; ventrals two thirds the size of dorsals, mu-
cronate. The hind limb reaches the posterior border of the orbit.
Greenish, with six large orange spots across the back, separated
by dark bands ; sides with a black network ; black lines radiate
from the eye.
Hob. Ceylon.

153. Calotes liolepis.
Calotes liolepis, Souleng. Cat. Liz. i, p. 326, pi. xxv, fig, 2.

Upper head-scales smooth, imbricate, strongly enlarged on supra-
orbital region ; two distinct spines on each side of the back of the
head, between the ear and the nuchal crest ; diameter of the tym-
panum nearly half that of the orbit. Gular sac not developed
( $ ) ; gular scales strongly keeled, as large as ventrals. A short
oblique fold in front of the shoulder. Nuchal crest formed of
narrow separated spines, the longest of which measure about the
diameter of the tympanum ; dorsal crest quite indistinct. 35 to
39 scales round the middle of the body ; dorsal scales three times
as large as ventrals, squarish, smooth, pointing backwards and
downwards ; ventral scales strongly keeled. The adpressed hind
limb hardly reaches the tympanum ; third and fourth fingers equal.
Tail round. Pale olive, with indistinct brown transverse bands on
the back ; brown lines radiating from the eye, the lower reaching
down to the lower lip.

From snout to vent 3 inches ; tail 7.

Hob. Ceylon.

154. Calotes ophiomachus.

Agama ophiomachus, Merrem, Tent. p. 51.

Calotes ophiomachus, Kelaart, Prodr. p. 169 ; Giinth. Rept. B. I.
p. 142 ; Theob. Cat. p. 106 ; Bouleng. Cat. Liz. i, p. 327.

Upper head-scales smooth, imbricate, enlarged on supraorbital
region ; two groups of spines on each side of the head, between the
ear and the nuchal crest ; tympanum nearly half the diameter of
the orbit. Gular sac not developed ; gular scales feebly keeled,
nearly as large as ventrals. A short oblique fold in front of the
shoulder. Dorso-nuchal crest composed of closely set lanceolate
spines directed backwards, with smaller ones at the base ; in the
male the height of the crest on the nape equals or exceeds the
diameter of the orbit, and decreases gradually on the back. 31 to
35 scales round the middle of the body ; dorsal scales very feebly
keeled, or even quite smooth, with the points directed upwards and
backwards ; ventral scales larger than dorsals, very strongly keeled
and mucronate. The adpressed hind limb reaches the anterior bor-
der of the orbit or a little beyond ; third and fourth fingers nearly
equal. Tail round. Green above, frequently with blackish- green

CALOTES. 141

cross bands, broader than the interspaces between them ; young
sometimes with a whitish longitudinal band on each side of the
back.

From snout to vent 5-5 inches ; tail 20.

Hob. Ceylon, Southern India, Nicobars.

155. Calotes nigrilabris.

Calotes rouxii (non D. $ B.\ Blyth, J. A. S. B. xxii, 1853, p. 647.
Calotes nigrilabris, Peters, MB. Ak. Berl. 1860, p. 183 ; Giinth.

JRept. B. I. p. 143, pi. xiv, fig. D ; Theob. Cat. p. 107 ; Bouleny.

Cat. Liz. i, p. 328.

Upper head-scales smooth, imbricate, not or but slightly enlarged
on supraorbital region ; a short series of three to six small spines
above and behind the posterior part of the tympanum ; the latter
measuring half, or more than half, the diameter of the orbit.
Gular pouch not developed ; gular scales more or less distinctly
keeled, as large as ventrals. A strong oblique fold or pit in front
of the shoulder. Dorso-nuchal crest composed of small lanceolate
spines, the longest of which, on the nape, measure about two thirds
the diameter of the orbit ; on the back the crest is very distinct,
but the spines gradually decrease in size. 43 to 47 scales round
the middle of the body ; dorsal scales rather feebly keeled, the
upper pointing straight backwards, the others downwards and back-
wards ; ventral scales much larger than dorsals, very strongly keeled,
mucronate. The adpressed hind limb reaches the eye ; third and
fourth fingers equal. Tail round ; in the males the scales on the
basal part of the tail very large and bard, those of the median
upper row forming a slightly serrated ridge. Green, uniform on
the back and tail, or with angular whitish black-edged angular
cross bars or ocelli, with or without a reddish-brown vertebral
band ; lips and sides of head with a broad black band or variegated
with black in the male ; female usually with a white, black-edged
horizontal streak below the eye.

From snout to vent 4 inches ; tail 12.

Hab. Ceylon.

156. Calotes lioceplialus.

Calotes liocephalus, Giinth. A. M. N. H. (4) ix, 1872, p. 86 ; Ttieob.
Cat. p. 109 ; Bouleng. Cat. Liz. i, p. 329.

Upper head-scales smooth, imbricate, enlarged on supraorbital
region ; no spines whatever on the side of the head ; tympanum
measuring a little more than half the diameter of the orbit. Gular
pouch not developed ; gular scales much larger than ventrals, rathe
feebly keeled. An oblique fold in front of the shoulder. Nuchal
crest composed of narrow spines, the length of which equals the
diameter of the tympanum ; dorsal crest a mere serrated ridge.
45 scales round the middle of the body ; dorsal scales feebly keeled,
the upper ones pointing straight backwards or slightly upwards,

142 AGAMLU.E.

the others downwards and backwards ; ventral scales strongly
keeled, nearly the same size as the dorsals. The adpressed hind
limb reaches the eye ; third and fourth fingers equal. Tail round,
the scales of its basal part very large and hard, those of the median
upper row forming a serrated edge. Pale olive-green, above with
transverse bands of a darker green ; four angular reddish-brown
cross bands on the back ; a dark streak from the eye to above the
tympanum ; limbs and tail with alternate lighter and darker cross
bands.

From snout to vent 3| inches ; tail 10g.

Hah. Ceylon.

157. Calotes rouxii.

Calotes rouxii, Dum. 8f Bibr. Erp. Gen. iv, p. 407 ; Giinth. JRept. S.

I. p. 142 ; Theob. Cat. p. 106 ; Bouleng. Cat. Liz. i, p. 330.
Calotes elliotti (non Gthr.), Stoliczka, J. A. S. B.xll, 1872, p. 113.

Upper head-scales feebly keeled, imbricate, strongly enlarged on
supraorbital region ; two small slender spines on each side of the
back of the head, the anterior midway between the nuchal crest
and the tympanum, the posterior just above the latter, which mea-
sures half the diameter of the orbit. Gular sac small ; gular scales
strongly keeled, nearly as large as the ventrals. A strong oblique
fold or pit in front of the shoulder, and a transverse gular fold.
Nuchal crest composed of a few slender erect spines, the longest
of which measures the diameter of the tympanum ; dorsal crest
a mere denticulation. 55 or 57 scales round the middle of the
body ; dorsal scales of nearly the same size as the ventrals, keeled,
those on the upper half of the body directed upwards and back-
wards, the others downwards and backwards ; ventral scales strongly
keeled and mucronate. The adpressed hind limb reaches the pos-
terior border of the orbit; fourth finger longer than third. Tail
slightly compressed, the scales on its basal part large and hard,
those of the median upper row considerably enlarged and forming a
serrated ridge. Olive-brown above, vertebral region rather lighter ;
a dark band from the eye, through the tympanum, along each side
of the neck ; the oblique fold in front of the shoulder black ; dark
lines radiating from the eye.

From snout to vent 3 inches ; tail 6'5.
' Hob. Matheran near Bombay.

158. Calotes ellioti.

Calotes rouxii (non D. fy B.), Jerdon, J. A. S. B. xxii, 1853,

p. 471.
Calotes elliotti, Giinth. Kept. B. 1. p. 142 ; Thcob. Cat. p. 107 ;

Bouleng. Cat. Liz. i, p. 330, pi. xxv, fig. 3.
Bronchocela indica, Theob. 1. c. p. 105.

Upper head-scales feebly keeled, imbricate, much enlarged on
supraorbital region ; a small spine behind the supraciliary edge,

CALOTES. 143

and two others on each side, the anterior midway between the
nuchal crest and the tympanum, the posterior just above the latter,
which measures nearly half the diameter of the orbit. Gular sac
not developed; gular scales strongly keeled, smaller than the
ventrals. A strong oblique fold or pit in front of the shoulder,
and a transverse gular fold. Nuchal crest composed of a few
widely separated slender spines, the longest of which measures
about two thirds the diameter of the orbit ; dorsal crest a mere
denticulation. 53 to 61 scales round the middle of the body;
dorsal scales of nearly the same size as the ventrals, keeled, the
uppermost with the points directed straight backwards, the
others directed downwards and backwards ; ventral scales strongly
keeled. The adpressed hind limb reaches the anterior border of
the orbit or the tip of the snout; fourth finger longer than third.
Tail scarcely compressed. Olive above, with more or less distinct
angular dark-brown cross bands on the body ; an angular black
mark on each side of the neck ; a white spot below the orbit ; dark
lines radiating from the eye.

From snout to vent 3 inches ; tail 8-5.

Hob. Southern India, up to 6000 feet altitude in the Animalai
Hills.

159. Calotes fese.

Calotes fese, Bouleng. Ann. Mus. Genova, (2) v, 1887, p. 477, pi. vi,
fig. 2.

Tipper head-scales unequal, juxtaposed, strongly keeled ; a small
spinose tubercle midway between the tympanum and the nuchal
crest ; two others above and a little behind the tympanum, which
measures half the diameter of the orbit. Gular sac scarcely
developed; gular scales smooth or indistinctly keeled, those on the
sides very much larger, larger than on any other part of the body.
A strong curved fold in front of the shoulder, nearly meeting its
fellow on the throat. Nuchal crest composed of a few spines, the
length of which equals the diameter of the tympanum ; dorsal crest
a slightly serrated ridge. 60 scales round the middle of the body,
all keeled, the largest on the flanks, where they form irregular
patches ; dorsal scales directed backwards and slightly upwards.
The hind limb reaches the gular fold ; third and fourth fingers
equal, much shorter than the fifth toe. Tail slightly compressed.
Pale greenish above, with irregular brown cross bands 011 the body
and tail, and a black network on the sides ; snout blackish ; lips
with black vertical lines ; black lines radiate from the eye ; a
black temporal band, covering the tympanum ; limbs with blackish
cross bands.

From snout to vent 3*75 inches ; tail 7.

Hab. Pla-pu, Mountains of Northern Tenasserim, 3300-3600
feet.

144 AGAMIDJE.

Genus CHARASIA,
Gray, Cat. Liz. p. 246, 1845.

Tympanum distinct. Body slightly depressed, covered with uni-
form keeled scales. A very feeble dorsal crest. A pit on each side
of the throat, usually connected by a transverse fold. No gular
sac. Tail round or slightly compressed. No praeanal or femoral
pores or callosities.

Distribution. India.

Synopsis of the Species.

a. Tail longer than head and body ; 115 to 140

scales round middle of body C. dorsalis, p. 144.

b. Tail longer than head and body ; 80 to 100

scales round middle of body C. blanfordiatia, p. 145.

c. Tail shorter than head and body ; gular scales

larger than ventrals C. ornata, p. 145.

160. Charasia dorsalis.

Agama dorsalis, Gray, Griff". A. K. ix, Syn. p. 56.
Charasia dorsalis, Giinth. Kept. B. L p. 156; Theob. Cat. p. 114;
Sovleng. Cat. Liz. i, p. 332.

Head rather elongate in the adult, covered with small irregular
smooth or feebly keeled scales, which are a little enlarged on the
supraorbital region ; two very small spines usually present above
the tympanum ; the latter larger than the eye-opening ; cheeks
strongly swollen in the adult male. A strongly marked transverse
gular fold; gular scales very small, subimbricate, smooth, very feebly
keeled in the young. Scales on the body very small (115 to 140
round the middle), subimbricate, and smooth or indistinctly keeled
in the adult, more distinctly keeled and imbricate in the young, the
keels of the dorsal scales directed obliquely towards the vertebral
line. Dorso-nuchal crest scarcely indicated by a slight ridge.
Limbs covered with small scales slightly larger than those on the
body ; digits moderately elongate ; the adpressed hind limb reaches
between the tympanum and the posterior border of the orbit in the
adult, beyond the latter point in the young. Tail round, slightly
compressed and much swollen at the base in the adult male, covered
with small, more or less distinctly keeled scales which are a little
enlarged inferiorly and on the upper median series; its length equals
nearly once and three fourths that of head and body. Young olive-
brown, spotted or marbled with brown, and with a series of rounded
white spots along each side of the back ; this coloration more or
less distinctly retained in the female ; male yellow or red, with a
broad black lateral band commencing from the eye.

From snout to vent 5-5 inches; tail 10-5.

Hob. Southern India ; only found on rocks at some elevation
above the sea, up to 6000 feet in the Nilgiris,

145

161. Charasia blanfordiana.

Charasia dorsalis (non Gray), Blanf. J. A. 8. B. xxxix, 1870, p. 368.
Charasia blanfordiana, StoKcska, J. A. S. B. xli, 1872, p. 110, pi. iii,
fig. 5 5 Theob. Cat. p. 115; Bouleng. Cat. Liz. i, p. 333.

This species is very closely allied to the preceding, but remains
smaller ; the scales are a little larger (80 to 100 round the middle
of the body) and always distinctly keeled and imbricate ; and the
hind limb stretched forwards extends at least to the posterior
border of the orbit. The nuchal crest is a little more developed.
Frequently a small spine behind the supraciliary edge, and a few
scattered slightly enlarged scales on the flanks. Young olive-brown
above, spotted or marbled with brown, and with a series of more or
less distinct large lozenge-shaped brown spots on the back ; these
markings persist in the adult female, but are absent in the male,
which has a more or less distinct dark lateral baud as in C. dorsalis,
and in the breeding- season, May, has the head scarlet, belly, limbs,
and tail blackish.

Hab. South-western Bengal to Chhatisgarh and the Grodavari
valley ; S.E. Berar ? Rarely seen except on high rocks, especially
on hills of granitoid gneiss.

162. Charasia ornata.

Brachysaura ornata, Blyth, J. A. 8. B. xxv, 1856, p. 448 ; Theob.

Cat. p. 110 ; Cockburn, J. A. S. B. li, 1882, p. 50.
Charasia ornata, Bouleng. Cat. Liz. i, p. 334.

Habit stout ; head large, short and convex. Upper head-scales
subequal, tubercular, obtusely keeled ; two small spines surrounded
by still smaller ones on each side of the back of the head, above the
tympanum ; the latter not quite so large as the eye-opening.
Gular fold not well marked; gular scales larger than ventrals,
feebly keeled. 57 scales round the middle of the body. Dorsal
scales much larger than ventrals, rhomboidal, imbricate, keeled, the
keels converging obliquely towards the vertebral line; ventral scales
feebly keeled. Nuchal and dorsal crests not continuous, reduced to
a mere serrated ridge. Limbs, and especially digits, rather short ;
the adpressed hind limb reaches the neck ; scales on limbs much
smaller than those on the back. Tail round, as long or not quite
so long as head and body, covered with equal, strongly keeled scales.
Pale brown above, with three rows of darker, light-edged spots on
the back, the median row most distinct and formed of rhomboidal
spots ; limbs and tail with dark cross bars.

From snout to vent 3'5 inches ; tail 3-5.

Hab. Central India (Saugor) ; North-west Provinces (Allahabad,
Banda); Cutch.

A true ground-lizard, of sluggish habits. According to Cockburn
it appears to be nocturnal in its habits, and it is only in the evening,
or when its holes are flooded, that numbers are to be seen.

146

Genus AGAMA,
Daudin, Hist. Kept, iii, p. 333, 1802.

Tympanum distinct. Body more or less depressed. Dorsal crest
absent or feebly developed. A pit on each side of the throat and a
transverse gular fold. Gular sac present or absent. Tail round or
feebly compressed. No femoral pores : males with callose prseanal
scales.

Distribution. The whole of Africa and South-western Asia ; in
the Indian Region only in the North-western and Himalayan
areas. 43 species are known.

Agaraas are found in barren localities or on rocks, sometimes on
shrubs.

Fig. 43. — Agama isolepis. Upper surface of head and anal region.

Synopsis of Indian Species,

A. Tail not verticillate.

a. Dorsal scales keeled A. isolepis, p. 147.

b. Dorsal scales smooth A. rubrigularis, p. 147.

B. Tail verticillate, the caudal segments com-

posed of more than two whorls of scales.

a. Ventral scales not much smaller than

largest dorsals.
a'. Dorsal scales keeled ; upper head-scales

' smooth or feebly keeled A. tuberotlata, p. 148.

b'. Dorsal scales keeled ; upper head-scales

sharply keeled A. dayana, p. 148.

c1. Dorsal scales smooth or very feebly keeled A. himaluyana, p. 149.

b. Ventral scales not more than half size of

largest dorsals.
a'. Upper head-scales keeled ; dorsal scales

sharply keeled ; flanks with enlarged

scales A. agrorensis, p. 149.

b '. Median dorsal scales of unequal width,

forming regular longitudinal series A. melanura, p. 150.

c'. Median dorsal scales equal, forming regular

longitudinal series ; no enlarged scales

on the flanks A. lirata, p. 150.

d'. Dorsal scales large, equal, mucronate, the

keels forming oblique lines A. nupta, p. 151.

C. Tail verticillate, divided into distinct seg-
ments each composed of two whorls of scales. A, caucastca, p. 151.

AGAMA. 147

163. Agama isolepis.

Agama agilis (non Oliv.), Bl<inf. Zool E. Persia, p. 314; Murray,

Zool. Sind, p. 371.
Trapelus megalonyx (non Giinth.), Stoliczka, P. A. S. B. 1872, pp. 88,

127; Murray, 1. c. p. 370.
Agama isolepis, Bouleng. Cat. Liz. i, p. 342 ; id. Tr. Linn. Soc. (2)

v, 1889, p. 96, pi. x.

Head moderate, convex, subcordiform. Nostril not tubular,
superior, pierced just above the canthus rostralis in the posterior
part of a flat nasal. Upper head-scales convex, smooth or feebly
keeled ; occipital not enlarged ; generally a few short spines on the
post-temporal region and a few on the upper edge of the ear, which
is exposed and not larger than the eye-opening ; males with a small
gular pouch. Body roundish, moderately depressed, covered above
with equal, rhomboidal, imbricate, keeled, more or less distinctly
mucronate scales ; lateral and ventral scales much smaller, feebly
keeled, exceptionally smooth. Limbs moderate ; tibia a little
longer than the skull (to occiput); third finger shorter than fourth,
fifth not extending as far as second ; third toe much shorter than
fourth, fifth not extending quite as far as first. Tail 2| to 2 if times
as long as distance from gular fold to vent, rounded, covered with
keeled scales. Male with a single or double row of callose prseanal
scales. Sandy grey or brown above, with or without dark transverse
bands and light rhomboidal vertebral spots ; the collar- pit blackish ;
lower surfaces white, often with dark longitudinal lines more or
less distinctly marked ; males during the breeding-season with the
sides of the body and the throat deep blue.

From snout to vent 4-5 inches ; tail 7.

Hob. Punjab, Sind, Baluchistan, Persia, Egypt. On rocky hills
and open plains, or on shrubs.

164. Agania rubrigularis.

Trapelus rubrigularis, Blanf. P. A. S. B. 1875, p. 233, and J. A. 8. B.

xlv, 1876, p. 23, pi. i, fig. 1 ; Murray, Zool. Sind, p. 371.
Agama rubrigularis, Bouleng. Cat. Liz. i, p. 346.

Head short, convex, subcordiform. Nostril not tubular, pierced
in the posterior part of a slightly swollen nasal just above the
canthus rostralis. Upper head-scales keeled ; occipital not enlarged ;
no distinct spines on the hinder part of the head ; a very slight
fringe of pointed scales on the upper edge of the ear, which is hardly
as large as the eye-opening. Male without gular pouch. Body
depressed, covered above with small rhomboidal, imbricate, smooth
scales intermixed with much larger, flat, feebly keeled ones forming
more or less irregular transverse series ; no enlarged scales on the
limbs ; ventral scales smooth. Limbs moderate ; tibia not quite so
long as the skull (to occiput) ; third finger shorter than fourth, fifth
not extending as far as second ; third toe much shorter than fourth ;
fifth not extending as far as first. Tail If to 1| times as long as
the distance from gular fold to vent, rounded, rather depressed at
the base, covered with keeled scales. Male with a row of callose
praeanal scales. Colour olive-brown to grey, spotted with pale

L2

148 AGAMTDJG.

yellow, each enlarged scale of the back being in the middle of a
pale spot; a dusky longitudinal line on each side of the neck
and three or four pairs of dark spots on the back ; a bright red
patch beneath the throat in living specimens of both sexes.

From snout to vent 3-6 inches ; tail 3-3.

Hob. Sind, in the sandy desert or semi-desert along the base of
the Khirthar hills.

165. Agama tuberculata.

Agama tuberculata, Gray, Zool. Journ. iii, 1827, p. 218 ; id. III. Ind.

Zool. ii, pi. Ixxiii ; Bvuleng. Cat. Liz. \, p. 361.
Stellio indicus, Blyth, J. A. S. B. xxii, 1853, p. 646.
Barycephalus sykesii, Gunth. P. Z. S. 1860, p. 150, pi. xxv,%. A.
Stellio tuberculatus, Gunth. Kept. B. I. p. 157 ; Theob. Cat. p. 116.

Head much depressed ; snout longer than the diameter of the
orbit ; nostril lateral, below the canthus rostralis, slightly tubular.
Upper head-scales smooth or feebly keeled ; occipital not enlarged ;
small closely-set spinose scales on the sides of the head near the
ear, and on the neck ; ear entirely exposed, larger than the eye-
opening. Throat strongly plicate ; no gular pouch. Body de-
pressed, with a more or less distinct fold on each side of the back ;
scales oil the neck and sides minute, almost granular, keeled,
uniform or intermixed with scattered enlarged scales ; those on
the vertebral region enlarged, equal, rhomboidal, imbricate, strongly
keeled ; a very slight indication of a nuchal denticulation ; ventral
scales smooth, nearly as large as the enlarged dorsals. Limbs
strong, with compressed digits ; the scales on the upper surface
of the limbs much enlarged and very strongly keeled ; third and
fourth fingers equal, or fourth very slightly longer; fourth toe
slightly longer than third, fifth extending beyond first. Tail
rounded, much depressed at the base, covered with moderate-sized
strongly keeled scales arranged in rings ; its length equals 2| to
3 times the distance from gular fold to vent. Males with a large
patch of thickened praeanal scales and a patch of similar scales on
the middle of the belly. Olive-brown above, spotted or speckled
with blackish, sometimes with small yellowish spots ; the breeding
male's throat blue, with light spots; sometimes a light vertebral band.

Prom snout to vent 4-5 inches ; tail 8.

Hob. Western Himalayas, up to 12,000 feet ; Kashmir.

166. Agama day ana.

Stellio davanus, Stoliczka. J. A. S. B. xli, 1872, p. 113, pi. iii, fig. 4 :

Theob. Cat. p. 117.
Agama dayana, Bouleng. Cat. Liz. i, p. 362.

Differs from A. tuberculata in having the head-scales sharply
keeled, and the enlarged dorsal scales distinctly continuous, though
considerably smaller, on the neck and up to the occiput.

Hab. Hardwar, foot of Western Himalayas. I have not seen
examples of this species.

AGAMA. 149

167. Agama himalayana.

Stellio himalayanus, Steind. Novara, Rent. p. 22, pi. i, fig. 8 ; Theob.

Cat. p. 118.
Agama himalayana, Bouleng. Cat. Liz. i, p. 362.

Head much depressed ; suout slightly longer than diameter of
orbit; nostril lateral, below the canthus rostralis, slightly tubular.
Upper head-scales smooth ; occipital not enlarged ; small closely
set spinose scales on the head near the ear, and on the neck ; ear
entirely exposed, larger than the eye-opening. Throat strongly
plicate ; no gular pouch. Body depressed, with a more or less
distinct fold on each side of the back ; scales on the neck and sides
small, smooth or very feebly keeled, uniform, those on the vertebral
region enlarged, equal, roundish-hexagonal, imbricate, smooth or
very feebly keeled ; ventral scales smooth, a little smaller than the
enlarged dorsals. Limbs strong, with compressed digits ; the scales
on the upper surface large and strongly keeled ; fourth finger
slightly longer than third ; fourth toe considerably longer than
third, the extremity of the claw of the latter not reaching the base
of the claw of the former ; fifth toe extending beyond first. Tail
rounded, much depressed at the base, covered with moderate-sized
strongly keeled scales arranged in rings ; its length equals 2| to
3 times the distance from gular fold to vent. Males with a
double or triple row of thickened praeanal scales. Olive above,
marbled with black, and generally with round light spots pro-
ducing a network ; sometimes the black spots forming a festooned
band on each side of the vertebral line ; the male's throat marbled
with blackish.

From snout to vent 3 inches ; tail 3-25.

Hob. Upper Indus Valley, Ladak, Tibet.

168. Agama agrorensis.

Stellio agrorensis, Stoliczka, P. A. S. B. 1872, p. 128.
Agama agrorensis, Bouleng. Cat. Liz. i, p. 363.

Head much depressed ; snout longer than the diameter of the
orbit ; nostril lateral, below the canthus rostralis. Upper head-scales
keeled ; occipital not enlarged ; small spinose scales on the sides of
the head near the ear, and on the neck ; ear entirely exposed, larger
than the eye-opening. Throat strongly plicate; no gular pouch.
Body depressed, with a slight fold on each side of the back ; scales
on the neck and sides of the back very small, almost granular,
keeled, those on the vertebral region and on the flanks enlarged,
rhomboidal, imbricate, strongly keeled ; a very slight indication of
nuchal denticulation ; ventral scales smooth, much smaller than the
enlarged dorsals. Limbs and tail as in A. tuberculata. Male with
a patch of thickened praeanal scales, and a double longitudinal row
of similar scales on the middle of the belly. Olive above, spotted
with yellow, sometimes with dark and light longitudinal bands :
the male's throat reticulated with grey.

From snout to vent 3'5 inches.

150

Hob. Agror Valley, iii Northern Punjab, about 6000 feet above
the sea ; Jhelum valley above Murree ; Kashmir.

169. Agama melanura.

Laudakia (Plocederma) melanura, Blyth, J, A. S. B. xxiii, 1854,

p. 738.
Laudakia tuberculata (non Gray), Theob. Cat, Kept. As. Soc. Mus.

1868, p. 38.
Stellio melanurus, Anders. P. A. S. B. 1871, p. 189 ; Theob. Cat.

p. 117 ; Blanf. J. A. S. B. xlv, 1876, p. 25.
Agama melanura, Bouleny. Cat. Liz. i, p. 363.

Head depressed, triangular, as broad as long ; snout as long as
the diameter of the orbit ; nostril lateral, just below the canthus
rostralis, slightly tubular. Upper head-scales smooth ; occipital
not enlarged ; a group of small spines in front of the ear, and other
scattered ones below ; ear opening twice as large as the eye-opening.
Throat strongly plicate ; no gular pouch. Body depressed, with a
slight fold on each side of the back ; scales on the neck and sides
very small, on the latter region mucronate and feebly keeled ;
median dorsal scales enlarged, rhomboidal, imbricate, strongly
keeled, forming regular longitudinal series, some of which are larger
than the others ; a very slight indication of a nuchal denticulatiou ;
ventral scales smooth, smaller than the largest dorsals. Limbs
strong, with compressed digits ; the scales on the upper surface of
the limbs large and very strongly keeled and spinose ; third and
fourth fingers nearly equal ; fourth toe very slightly longer than
third ; fifth extending beyond first. Tail rounded, depressed at the
base, covered with large strongly keeled spinose scales forming
annuli ; it is four times as long as the distance from gular fold to
vent. Males with a patch of callose praanal scales, and another
patch of similar scales on the middle of the belly. Head and neck
yellow, the rest of the body blackish brown.

From snout to vent 4'5 inches ; tail 9.

Hob. Plateau north of Salt Range, Punjab ; Khirthar, Sind.

170. Agama lirata.

Stellio lirata, Blanf. A. M. N. H. (4) xiii, 1874, p. 453, and Zool

E. Pers. p. 320, pi. xx, fig. 2,
Agama lirata, Bouleng. Cat. Liz. i, p. 364.

Very closely allied to the preceding, but the scales on the snout
bluntly keeled, and the dorsal scales equal, forming six or seven
rows on the middle of the back. Dusky above, with imperfect
blackish transverse markings ; a small blackish pit before each
shoulder.

From snout to vent 4 inches.

Hob. The only specimen known, which I have not seen, was
found on rocks in some barren hills in the Dasht province of
Western Baluchistan.

AGAMA. 151

171. Agama nupta.

Agama nupta, De FU. Giorn. 1st. Lomb. vi, 1843, p. 407 ; Boukng.

Cat. Liz. i, p. 365.
Stellio nuptus, Blanf. E. Pers. p. 317, pi. xix, tig. 1 ; Murr. Zool

Sind, p. 369.

Head depressed, triangular ; nostril rather large, slightly tubular,
pierced on the canthus rostralis; upper head-scales smooth; occipital
not enlarged ; borders of the tympanum and sides of neck with
groups of well- developed spines ; ear-opening much larger than the
eye-opening. Throat strongly plicate ; no gular pouch ; a trans-
verse fold on the neck. Body depressed ; a distinct curved fold
from the neck to the sides ; dorsal scales rather large, rhomboidal,
strongly imbricate, shortly mucrouate, keeled, the keels forming
oblique lines converging towards the vertebral line ; flanks with
minute scales ; ventral scales smooth, much smaller than dorsals
and much larger than laterals. Limbs strong, digits compressed ;
scales on upper surface of limbs as large^ as the dorsals, or a
little smaller ; third and fourth fingers nearly equal ; fourth
toe slightly longer than third, fifth extending beyond first. Tail
round or slightly compressed, depressed at the base, nearly three
times as long as the distance from gular fold to vent ; caudal
scales larger than dorsals, inucronate, feebly keeled, forming regular
annuli. Male with a patch of thickened prseanal scales and a
similar patch of ventral scales. Yellowish brown above, uniform or
with a darker network of dots ; fore limbs dusky or blackish ;
posterior half of tail black, or annulate with black ; gular region
marbled yellow and dark blue.

From snout to vent 6 inches ; tail 12. '

A variety (fusca, Blanf.) is distinguished by having the transverse
nuchal fold less distinct, and the spines on the sides of head and
neck rather longer. General colour blackish brown, throat yellowish.

Hab. Persia, Baluchistan, Afghanistan, Upper Sind.

172. Agama caucasica.

Stellio caucasicus, Eichw. Zool. Spec. p. 187, and Faun. Casp.-Cauc.
p. 80, pi. xiii, figs. 1-S ; Blanf. E. Persia, p. 322, pi. xx, fig. 1.

. (yAma r»a.ni»fi<jir»?i 7?n?///>Wrtr C*.nt. T.i?. i -n 3fi7

Agama caucasica, Bouleng. Cat. Liz. i, p. 367.

Head much depressed; nostril lateral, below the canthus rostralis,
slightly tubular. Upper head-scales smooth; occipital not en-
larged ; small conical spinose scales on the side of the head near
the ear, and on the neck ; ear larger than the eye-opening. Throat
strongly plicate ; no gular pouch. Body much depressed, with a
very indistinct lateral fold ; nuchal and latero-dorsal scales very
small, granular ; vertebral region with enlarged flat, feebly keeled,
rather irregular scales ; flanks with enlarged, strongly keeled or
spinose scales ; no nuchal denticulation ; ventral scales smooth,
distinctly smaller than the enlarged dorsals. 150 to 160 scales
round the middle of the body. Limbs strong, with compressed
digits ; the scales on the upper surface of limbs much enlarged,
strongly keeled, generally spinose ; fourth finger slightly longer

152

A.GAMTDX.

than third ; fourth toe a little longer than third, fifth extending
beyond first. Tail rounded, depressed at the base, covered with
rather large spinose scales arranged in rings, two rings forming a
distinct segment ; the length of the tail does not equal quite twice
the distance from gular fold to vent. Male with a large patch of
callose prseanal scales and an enormous patch of similar scales on
the belly. Olivaceous above, with round yellowish black-edged
spots, the black frequently forming a network ; vertebral region
yellowish ; limbs with more or less distinct yellowish cross bars ;
lower surface yellowish in the female, blackish in the breeding male.

From snout to vent 5 inches.

Hob. Prom the Caucasus to Persia, Baluchistan, and Afghanistan.
This species occurs near Quetta.

Genus PHRYNOCEPHALUS,

Kaup, Isis, 1825, p. 591.

Tympanum hidden. Body depressed. No dorsal crest. A
transverse gular fold ; no gular sac. Tail cylindrical or transversely
oval in section. No femoral or pneanal pores.

Distribution. Central Asia, borders of the Caspian Sea, Persia,
Baluchistan.

Sand-Agamoids, stated to be viviparous. Some 15 species are
known, of which four occur in Baluchistan and one in Northern
Kashmir.

Fig. 44. — Head of Phrynocephalus olivieri.
Synopsis of Indian Species.

A. Dorsal leuidosis composed of small scales inter-

mixed with scattered enlarged ones ; digits feebly
fringed ; no spinose scales on sides of head and
neck P. olivieri, p. 153.

B. Dorsal lepidosis homogeneous; no spinose scales

on sides of head and neck.

a. Tail not more than 1§ times the distance

from gular fold to vent P. theobaldi, p. 153.

b. Tail about twice the distance from gular fold

to vent.
a'. Nasal shield separated from its fellow by 3 [p. 154.

to 5 longitudinal series of scales P. caudivolwliis,

V. Nasal shields in contact P. ornatits, p. 154.

c'. Nasal shields separated by one scale P. maculatus, p. 155.

C. Dorsal lepidosis heterogeneous ; digits strongly

fringed ; sides of head and neck with series of [p. 155.

erect pointed scales P. Zuteoguttatus,

PHEYNOOEPHALTJ8. 153

173. Phrynocephalus olivieri.
Phrynocephalus olivieri, Dum. $ Bibr. Erp. Gen. iv, p. 517 ; Blanf.

Zool. E. Persia, p. 327 ; Bovkny. Cat. Liz. i, p. 370; id. Tr. Linn.
Soc. (2) v, 1889, p. 96, pi. viii, fig. 2.
Phrynocephalus tickelii, Giinth. Kept. B. I. p. 160.

Snout extremely short ; upper head-scales large, smallest on
the middle of the supraorbital region, where they are about the
size of the median dorsals ; nostril directed forwards and up-
wards ; nasal large, in contact with its fellow (quite exceptionally
separated by a series of scales). Dorsal scales flat, smooth, juxta-
posed or slightly imbricate, with scattered enlarged nail-like scales ;
sides more or less folded, with small granular scales intermixed with
scattered enlarged ones. Gular, pectoral, and ventral scales smooth,
the former very small but not granular ; ventrals square, forming
slightly oblique transverse series. Outer edge of third and fourth
toes feebly denticulated. Tibia longer than the skull. Tail round,
gradually tapering to a fine point, covered with smooth or slightly
keeled scales ; on the basal portion of the tail they are intermixed
with enlarged conical scales ; the length of the tail equals once
and two thirds to a little more than twice the distance from
gular fold to vent. Grey above, marbled with darker and spotted
with lighter ; sometimes a blackish cross band behind the scapular
region, and another in front of the sacral region; sometimes a
large zone on the middle of the back, uniform light grey ; limbs
and tail with blackish cross bars, on the latter forming annuli which
are deep black on the lower surface ; body aud limbs white beneath.

From snout to vent 2 inches ; tail 3.

Hab. Persia, Baluchistan, at elevations from 2000 to 7000 feet ;
Afghanistan.

174. Phrynocephalus theobaldi.
Phrynocephalus theobaldi, Slyth, J. A. S. B. xxxii, 1863, p. 90;

Boideng. Cat. Liz. i, p. 373.

Phrynocephalus caudivolvulus, Giinth. Kept. B. I. p. 161 ; Theob. Cat.
p. 115.

Forehead very convex, with enlarged convex scales ; supraorbital
scales about as large as the largest dorsals ; occipital scales much
larger ; nostril directed forwards ; nasal separated from its fellow
by one or three longitudinal rows of scales. Dorsal scales homo-
geneous, small, granular on the sides, enlarged, flat, and subimbri-
cate on the vertebral region, all perfectly smooth ; pectorals and
ventrals small, perfectly smooth, not mucronate. Outer side of
third and fourth toes feebly but distinctly denticulated. Tibia
as long as the skull. Tail roundish, thickened and depressed at
the base, covered with smooth scales, ending obtusely ; its length
lg to 1| times the distance from gular fold to vent. Grey above,
more or less spotted with blackish or with light, dark-edged
ocelli ; lower surface white ; male with the middle of the throat
and of the belly, and the end of the tail beneath, black.

From snout to vent 2 inches ; tail 2-5.

Hab. Upper Indus Valley and Turkestan.

154

175. Phrynocephalus caudivolvnlus.

Lacerta caudivolvula, Pallas, Zoogr. Rosso- As. iii, p. 27.
Phrynocephalus caudivolvulusj&tt'n^. Rept.B. I. p. 161 (part.) ; Bou-
leng. Cat. Liz. i, p. 375.

Forehead convex and slightly sloping, with moderately enlarged
convex scales ; occipital scales larger than the median dorsals ;
supraorbital scales very small, granular, or 'nearly as large as
median dorsals ; nostril directed forwards and slightly upwards ;
nasal separated from its fellow by 3 to 5 longitudinal series of
scales. Dorsal scales homogeneous, small, granular on the sides,
enlarged, flat, and subimbricate, smooth or feebly keeled on the
vertebral region. Gular scales smooth or indistinctly keeled ;
pectoral and anterior ventral scales strongly keeled and mucronate,
posterior ventrals smooth. Scales on upper surface of limbs keeled.
Both sides of third and fourth toes with a strong fringe of acute
lobules. Tibia longer than the skull. Tail not quite twice as long
as the distance from gular fold to vent, swollen and much depressed
at the base, then roundish depressed, tapering to a rather fine point,
the end curling upwards ; except on the basal portion of the tail,
the scales are keeled. Greyish above, spotted, marbled, or ver-
miculated with blackish; fail beneath with 3 to 5 black bars
alternating with white ones of nearly equal width ; lower surfaces
white.

From snout to vent 2 inches ; tail 2-6.

Hob. From the shores of the Caspian Sea to Turkestan ; Ladak
(fide Schlagintweit).

176. Phrynocephalus ornatus.

Phrynocephalus ornatus, Bouleng, Cat. Liz. iii, p. 496 ; id. Tr. Linn.
Soc. (2) v, 1889, p. 97, pi. viii, fig. 3.

Forehead convex and slightly sloping, with scarcely enlarged
keeled scales ; occipitals very feebly enlarged ; supraocular scales a
little smaller than median dorsals, imbricate, feebly keeled ; nostril
directed forwards and upwards ; nasals very large and in contact
mesially. Dorsal scales homogeneous, small and granular on the
sides, enlarged, flat, imbricate, and feebly keeled on the back.
Gular, pectoral, and ventral scales smooth or indistinctly keeled.
Scales on upper surface of limbs feebly keeled. Digital fringes
moderately developed, stronger on the outer side of the fourth toe
than on the inner. Tibia much longer than the skull. The hind
limb reaches beyond the tip of the snout. Tail nearly twice as long
as the distance from gular fold to vent, strongly depressed at the
base, roundish-depressed throughout the greater part of its length ;
except on the basal portion of the tail, the scales are keeled.
Yellowish or yellowish-grey above, with small grey or blackish
specks and symmetrical markings; usually a few rose-coloured,
purple-edged spots on the anterior part of the back and smaller
orange ones on the hinder part : head with one or two orange trans-

PHBYNOCEPHALCS. 155

verse markings ; usually a blackish or purplish-grey, straight-edged
or festooned lateral band, which may be edged above with a
yellowish-white band ; a grey band along the hinder side of the
thighs. Tail sometimes with regular elliptical brown or orange
spots above, separated by a yellowish-white chain. Lower surfaces
white; tail usually lemon-yellow, constantly with 4 or 5 black
spots.

From snout to vent 1'5 inches ; tail 2-1.

Hob. Between Nushki and Helmand River, in Northern Balu-
chistan.

177. Phrynocephalus maculatus.

Phrynocephalus maculatus, Anders. P. Z. S. 1872, p. 389, fig.; Blanf
Zool. E. Pers. p. 331 ; Bouleng. Cat. Liz. i. p. 377 : id. Tr. Linn
Soc. (2) v, 1889, pi. ix, fig. 3.

Forehead convex, with slightly enlarged scales ; median supra-
orbital scales as large as or smaller than the median dorsals ;
occipital scales slightly enlarged ; nostril directed upwards ; nasal
separated from its fellow by one scale. Dorsal scales homogeneous,
smaller on the sides, rhomboidal, imbricate, smooth. Gular, pec-
toral, and abdominal scales smooth. Scales on the limbs smooth or
feebly keeled. Third and fourth toes with feeble lateral denticula-
tion. Tibia longer than the skull. Tail depressed, especially at
the base, tapering to a point, covered with keeled scales ; its length
equals nearly twice the distance from gular fold to vent. Greyish
above, speckled or guttate with whitish, and with more or less
distinct darker dots, spots, or cross bands ; lower surface white ;
end of tail black beneath.

From snout to vent 2-5 inches ; tail 4.

Hob. Persia, Northern Baluchistan.

178. Phrynocephalus luteoguttatns.

Phrynocephalus luteoguttatus, Bouleng. Cat. Liz. iii, p. 497 ; id.
Tr. Linn. Soc. (2) v, 1889, p. 98, pi. viii, fig. 4.

Head much depressed, forehead convex, not sloping ; upper head-
scales small, obtusely keeled, not enlarged on the occipital region ;
nostril directed forwards and upwards ; nasals in contact mesially ;
three or four series of scales between the orbit and the upper labials ;
none of the chin-shields in contact with the mental or the lower
labials. Sides of head and neck with series of erect pointed scales. A
fold along theflanks. Dorsal scales rather large, rhomboidal, obtusely
keeled, intermixed with some that are enlarged, obtusely keeled,
and flat ; lateral scales smaller, equal. Gular, pectoral, and ventral
scales smooth or very feebly keeled, ending in a point ; median
gulars nearly as large as ventrals. Scales on upper surface of limbs
keeled. Digits strongly fringed, the fringe extremely strong on
the outer side of the fourth toe. Tibia longer than the skull. The
adpressed hind limb reaches the eye. Tail about as long as head

156

and body, depressed throughout ; caudal scales keeled. Yellowish
brown or pale buff above, with black dots and round pale yellow
spots ; the sides sometimes blackish ; frequently a blackish streak
along the outer side of the leg ; eyelids salmon-pink. Lower sur-
faces white, belly sometimes pink ; tail salmon-pink, usually black
at the end, and with 1 to 3 black spots.

From snout to vent 1-6 inches ; tail 1*6.

Hob. Northern Baluchistan, between Nushki and Helmand
Eiver.

Genus LIOLEPIS,
Cuvier, Regne An. 2nd ed. ii, p. 37, 1829.

Tympanum distinct. Body depressed ; skin of sides lax, expan-
sible; no crest; scales very small. No gular pouch; a strong
transverse gular fold. Tail long, rounded, feebly depressed.
Femoral pores.

Distribution. South-eastern Asia. A single species.

179. Liolepis belliana.

Uromastix belliana, Gray, Zool. Journ. iii, 1827, p. 220.

Uromastix bellii, Gray, III. Ind. Zool. ii, pi. Ixxii.

Liolepis bellii, Cantor, J. A. S. B. xvi, 1847, p. 647 ; Bouleng. Cat.

Liz. i, p. 403.
Liolepis guttatus, Giinth. Rept. B. I. p. 154 ; Theob. Cat. p. 119.

Head rather small ; snout with strongly curved profile, as long
as the diameter of the orbit or a little longer; nostril large,
directed backwards ; tympanum large, vertically oval ; upper head-
scales small and strongly keeled on the snout and interorbital region,
minute and granular on the supraorbital region and the occiput ;
no occipital. Gular scales small, granular ; a series of chin-shields
on each side, parallel with the infralabials, the first shield in con-
tact with the pentagonal mental and the first infralabial. Side of
neck plicate ; a more or less distinct fold along the side of the body.
Dorsal scales minute, granular, feebly keeled, uniform ; ventral
scales larger, subimbricate, smooth. Limbs rather long, with long
slender digits and long claws ; the adpressed hind limb reaches the
neck or the tympanum ; 14 to 21 femoral pores on each side. Tail
about twice as long as head and body, round, depressed at the base,
tapering to a fine point, covered with small, equal, keeled scales,
largest beneath. Grey, brownish or blackish above, with yellowish
black-edged spots which may form ocelli or be confluent into
longitudinal bands ; sides with black and orange vertical bars ;
lower surfaces yellow, uniform or variegated with black or blue.

From snout to vent 7 inches ; tail 13.

Hob. South Canara, Burma, Malay Peninsula, Siam, Southern
China.

This lizard is herbi- and f rugivorous. Its power of expanding its
flanks in a sort of wing, supported by the very elongate spurious ribs,

UROMASTIX. 157

which foreshadows the parachute of the Dragons and bears great
analogy to the hood of the Cobra, has led Cantor to suppose it to be
an arboreal form. But Mr. Theobald, who has observed it in its
haunts, states that it is absolutely terrestrial and a burrower,
like Uromastix ; that he has never seen it seek a tree, or adopt any
means of escape but a hasty retreat to its burrow. The use of the
lateral expansions to the lizard is probably to expose a greater
surface when sunning itself. As observed by Cantor, fear or anger
will cause a momentary expansion, as in the case of the Cobra.

Genus UROMASTIX,

Merrem, Tent. Syst. Amph. p. 56, 1820.

Tympanum distinct. Incisors large, uniting in the adult into
one or two cutting-teeth, separated from the molars by a toothless
interspace. Body depressed, without crest. No gular pouch;
a transverse gular fold. Tail short, depressed, covered with whorls
of large spinose scales. Pra3anal and femoral pores present.

Distribution. Arid tracts of North Africa and South-western
Asia. 7 species are known.

These Lizards are herbi- and frugivorous, and terrestrial ; they
live in burrows, resembling rabbit-holes, dug by themselves.

180. Uromastix hardwickii.

Uromastix hardwickii, Gray, Zool. Journ. iii, 1827, p. 219 ; id. 111.
2nd. Zool. ii, pi. Ixxi ; Giinth. Rept. B. I. p. 155; Theob. Cat.
p. 119 ; Murray, Zool Sind, p. 372 ; Bouleng. Cat. Liz. i, p. 408.

Fig. 45.— Uromastix hardwickii.

Head small, feebly depressed, with short snout and obtuse can-
thus rostralis ; nostril large, directed backwards, nearer the end
of the snout than the eye ; tympanum large, vertically elliptical,

158 ANGUIDjE.

anterior border very slightly denticulated; upper head-scales
smooth, much larger than those on the body, smallest on supra-
ocular region ; occipital not enlarged ; labials small and numerous.
Neck strongly plicate. Scales on upper surface very small, uniform
or with slightly enlarged ones forming irregular cross series on the
back ; ventral scales larger, flat, smooth, juxtaposed or subimbri-
cate. Limbs short and thick ; hind limb with spinose conical
tubercles ; digits short. 9 to 11 femoral, and 5 or 6 prseanal pores
on each side. Tail above with cross series of enlarged spinose
scales, largest on the sides, gradually decreasing in size towards the
median line ; the rows of spines separated from each other by two
to four rows of small keeled scales ; lower surface of tail covered
with small scales scarcely larger than the abdominals. Sand-
coloured above, uniform or with darker dots or vermiculations ;
lower surfaces whitish ; a large black spot on the anterior face of
the thigh.

From snout to vent 5 inches ; tail 7.

Hob. North-western India and Baluchistan in semi-deserts.

Family IV. ANGUID^E.

Skull with bony postorbital and postfronto-squamosal arches ;
dermal cranial ossifications are present, which roof over the
supratemporal fossa ; praemaxillary single ; nasals distinct ;
parietal single ; a fibro-cartilaginous interorbital septum ; a colu-
mella cranii (ectopterygoid). Dentition pleurodont. Body pro-
tected by bony plates underlying the scales. Clavicle slender.
Tongue moderately elongate, bifid posteriorly,
nicked anteriorly, composed of two distinct
portions : a principal posterior, thick, covered
with villiform papillae, and a small anterior,
extrusible and retractile into a sheath formed
by a transverse fold at the anterior extremity
of the villose portion. Head with symmetrical
shields. Scales imbricate. No femoral or
praeanal pores.

The type of this family is the well-known
European Slow-worm (Anguis fragilis). The
only Indian species (Opliisaurus gracilis\

PI ^g TT ^ y likewise apodal and serpentiform, belongs to

Ophisaums gTadlis. a genus which is represented by two North-
American species, one Europaeo-Asiatic,
ranging from Dalmatia to Afghanistan, and a fifth from Morocco.
The family (45 species) is otherwise confined to the New World.

OPHISAUBUS. 159

Genus OPHISAURUS,

Daudin, Kept, vii, p. 346, 1803.

A lateral fold. Scales squarish-rhomboidal, forming straight
longitudinal and transverse series. Limbs absent externally, or
reduced to a rudiment of the hind pair. Teeth with conical or
subspherical crowns. Pterygoid teeth.

Distribution. South-eastern Europe, North Africa, South-western
Asia, Himalayas and Burma, Central America.

181. Ophisaurus gracilis.

Pseudopus gracilis, Gray, Cat. Liz. p. 56 ; Gilnth. Rept, B. I. p. 75 ;

Theob. Cat. p. 47.

Ophiseps tessellatus, Blyth, J. A. S.B. xxii, 1853, p. 655.
Opbisaurus gracilis, Bouleng. Cat. Liz. ii, p. 283, pi. xv, fig. 1.

Pig. 47._ Ophisaurus gracilis.

Lateral teeth conical ; one or two series of teeth on the ptery-
goids. Azygos prsefrontal narrower than the greatest width of
the frontal, usually separated from the latter by two or three
praefrontals on a transverse series ; interparietal broader than the
parietal s, as broad as the occipital or broader ; three shields on a
line from the nasal to the azygos praefrontal ; five supraoculars.
Ear-opening distinct, not larger than the nostril. Dorsal plates
keeled, in 14 longitudinal and 100 to 110 transverse series; ven-
trals smooth, in 10 longitudinal series. No rudiments of limbs
externally. Tail about twice as long as head and body ; upper
caudal scales keeled, lower less distinctly. Brown above, with a
darker lateral band, and frequently with irregular transverse series
of blue, black-edged spots ; lower surface pale brownish or yellowish.

From snout to vent 7 inches.

Hdb. Eastern Himalayas, Khasi hills, Eastern Bengal, Eangoon,
Western Yunnan.

160

VABANID.E.

Family V. VAKANID^l.

Skull with incomplete postorbital and complete postfronto-squa-
mosal bony arches ; supratemporal fossa not roofed over ; prse-
maxillary single, narrowed and much produced posteriorly; nasals
coalesced, narrow ; parietal single ; infraorbital vacuity bounded by
the pterygoid, palatine, and transverse (transpalatine) bones, the
maxillary being excluded ; frontals completely surrounding the
olfactory lobes of the brain ; a fibro-cartilaginous interorbital
septum ; a columella cranii. Teeth large, dilated at the base, which

Fig. 48. — Skull of Varamis yriseus.

A. Side view.

S. Upper view.

C. Lower view.

ang. Angular.

/. Lachrymal.

ptf. Postfrontal.

ar. Articular.

m. Maxillary.

q. Quadrate.

bo. Basioccipital.
bp. Basisphenoid.
c. Columella cranii.

«. Nasal.
oo. Opisthotic.
p. Parietal.

s.ang. Supra-angular,
so. Supraoccipital.
sor. Supraorbital.

cr. Coronoid.

pi. Palatine.

st. Supratemporal.

d. Dentary.

pm. Prsemaxillary.

s^. Squamosal.

eo. Exoccipital.

pro. Prootic.

tp. Transpalatine.

/. Frontal.

prf. Praefrontal.

fu. Turbinal.

is. Interorbital septum.

pt. Pterygoid.

v. Vomer.

j. Jugal.

161

No dermal

Clavicle slender, not dilated ;

iuterclavicle anchor -shaped. Tongue smooth, very long and slender,
bifid, retractile into a sheath at the base. Pupil round ; eyelids

is fixed to the inner side of the jaws ; palate toothless,
ossifications on the head or body. ™»-"'«i° J™A*»

Fig. 49. — Pectoral arch of Varanus griseus.

cl. Clavicle.
st. Sternum.

cor. Ooracoid.
c.cor. Epicoracoid.

icl. Interclavicle.
sc. Scapula.

well developed j ear distinct. Limbs well developed, strong ; neck
long ; tail long, cylindrical or compressed. Head covered with
small polygonal scales. Dorsal scales roundish, juxtaposed, sur-
rounded by rings of minute granules ; ventral scales squarish,
arranged in cross rows. No femoral or prseanal pores.

Lizards of large size, carnivorous, terrestrial or aquatic. The
yellowish-grey Varanus yriseus is essentially a desert Lizard : V.
salvator and V, niloticus, with their strongly compressed tails, well
deserve the name of ' Water Lizards ; ' whilst the Papuan
emerald-green V. prasinus is believed to be arboreal. Eggs oval
and soft-shelled.

A single genus.

Genus VARANUS,
Menem, Tent. Syst. Amph. p. 68, 1820.

Of this genus 27 species are known, inhabiting Africa, Southern
Asia, Papuasia, and Australia. They are known in English as
Monitors ; and are called glio-samp in Northern India ; the young
are often called biscobra, and are regarded as venomous, probably
on account of their having a forked tongue

162

VABANIDJE.

Fig. 50.— Upper and side \iews of heads of, A. Varanus bengalc
B. Varamts salvator.

163

Synopsis of Indian, Ceylonese, and Burmese Species.

A. Nostril an oblique slit (see fig. 50, A), nearer to

orbit than to end of snout ; tail round or slightly

compressed posteriorly V. griseus, p. 163.

B. Nostril an oblique slit ; tail compressed, keeled

above.
«. Nostril a little nearer to end of snout than to

orbit V, flavescenSjip. 164.

b. Nostril nearer to orbit than to end of snout.
«'. Ventral scales smooth ; supraoculars equal

(see fig. 50, A) ; nostril much nearer to orbit [p. 164.

than to end of snout V. bengalensis,

V. Ventral scales smooth ; median supraoculars

slightly enlarged transversely (as in fig. 50,
B) ; nostril only a little nearer to orbit tl

ly a little nearer to orbit than

to end of snout V. nebulosus, p. 165.

c'. Ventral scales keeled ; nuchal scales very

large and flat V. dumerilii, p. 165.

C. Nostril roundish or oval, nearer to end of snout
than to orbit (see fig. 50, B) ; tail compressed,
keeled above V. salvator, p. 166.

182. Varanus griseus.

Tupiiiainbis griseus, Daud. Kept, viii, p. 352.

Psammosaurus scincus, Je)-don, P. A. S. B. 1870, p. 70 : Theob. Cat.

p. 39.
Varanus ornatus (-non Daud.\ Carlleyle, J. A, S. B. xxxviii, 1869,

p. 192.
Varanus griseus, Bouleng. Cat. Liz. ii, p. 306.

Teeth acute, compressed. Snout depressed at the end, as long as
the distance from anterior border of orbit to anterior border of
ear ; canthus rostralis distinct. Nostril an oblique slit, about
four times as distant from end of the snout as from orbit. Digits
rather short. Tail round or slightly compressed. Scales of head,
including supraoculars, very small, granular, subequal. Scales on
upper surface small, smooth or feebly keeled ; those on the sides of
the neck generally conical in adult specimens. Abdominal scales
smooth, in 110 to 125 transverse series (counted from collar-fold to
groin). Caudal scales more or less distinctly keeled ; no caudal
crest. Greyish yellow, sometimes with more or less distinct brown
cross bars on the back and tail and brown streaks along the sides
of the neck. Young with round yellow spots and dark brown cross
bars and temporal and cervical streaks ; a few brown lines across the
snout and short vertical brown lines on the lower lip.

From snout to vent 1 foot 10 inches ; tail 2 feet 4 inches.

Hob. Deserts of North-western India ; westwards, through
Southern Asia to the Caspian Sea and North Africa.

164 VABANID.E.

183. Varanus flavescens.

Monitor flavescens, Gray, Griff. A. K. ix, Syn. p. 25, and III. Ind.

Zool. ii, pi. Ixvii.
Varanus flavescens, Cantor, J. A. S. B. xvi, 1847, p. 634 ; Giinth.

Rept. B. I. p. 65, pi. ix, fig. A ; Theob. Cat, p. 38 ; Bouleng. Cat.

Liz. ii, p. 309.

Teeth subcoiiical, scarcely compressed. Snout short, convex,
measuring a little less than the distance from the anterior border of
the orbit to the anterior border of the ear; cauthus rostralis distinct.
Nostril an oblique slit, a little nearer to the end of the snout than
to the orbit. Digits short, the length of the fourth toe, measured
from its articulation with the tarsus to the base of the claw, not
exceeding the length of the femur. Tail feebly compressed, keeled
above. Scales of head small, subequal : the median series of
supraocular scales slightly dilated transversely. Scales on upper
surfaces moderate, oval, keeled. Abdominal scales smooth, in 65 to
75 transverse rows. Caudal scales keeled ; the caudal keel with a
very low, doubly-toothed crest. Olive or yellowish brown above,
with irregular dai'ker markings which are generally confluent into
broad cross bars ; a blackish temporal streak ; lower surfaces
yellowish, with rather indistinct brown cross bars, which are most
distinct on the throat. Young dark brown above, with yellow
spots confluent into cross bars ; lower surface yellow, with dark
brown cross bars.

From, snout to vent 1 foot 3 inches ; tail 1 foot 8 inches.

Hob. Northern India, Burma, Malay Peninsula. Terrestrial.

184. Varanus bengalensis.

Tupiiiarnbis bengalensis, Daud. Rept. iii, p. 67.

Varanus bibromi, Blyth, J. A. S. B. xi, 1842, p. 869.

Varanus lunatus, Gray, Cat. Liz. p. 10; Giinth. Kept. B. I. p. 66,

pi. ix, fig. 0 ; T/ieob. Cat. p. 38.
Monitor draeaena, Kelaart, Prodr. p. 146.
Varanus dracsena, Giinth. I. c. p. 65, pi. ix, fig. B ; Theob. I. c.
Varanus bengalensis, Bouleng. Cat. Liz, ii, p. 310.

Teeth acute, compressed. Snout high, very convex at the end,
as long as the distance from the anterior corner of the eye to the
ear ; canthus rostralis well marked. Nostril an oblique slit, a little
nearer- to the orbit than to the tip of the snout. Ear-opening
oblique. Digits strong, moderately elongate. Tail compressed,
keeled above. Scales of head small, subequal ; supraocular scales
smaller, subequal. Scales of upper surface of body and limbs small,
oval, tectiform on the hinder part of the back. Abdominal scales
smooth, in 90 to 110 transverse rows. Caudal scales keeled;
caudal keel with a very low, doubly-toothed crest. Upper surface
yellowish, brownish, or olive, with more or less numerous blackish
dots ; a more or less distinct dark streak on the temple ; lower

VARANUS, 165

surface yellowish, uniform or dotted with blackish ; the dots
most numerous on the throat. Young with numerous whitish
ocelli frequently alternating with blackish transverse bands, which
may persist after the ocelli have disappeared ( F. lunatus).

From snout to vent 2| feet ; tail 3±.

Hab. The whole of India and Ceylon; Burma? Terrestrial,
living in holes, in dry places.

185. Varanus nebulosus.

Monitor nebulosus, Gray, Griff. A. K. ix, Syn. p. 27.
Varanus nebulosus, Giinth. Kept. B. I. p. 66, pi. ix, fig. D ; TJieob.
Cat. p. 39 j Boukng, Cat. Liz. ii, p. 311.

Teeth acute, compressed. Snout rather elevated, pointed, convex,
as long as the distance from the anterior corner of the eye to the
posterior border of the ear ; canthus rostralis distinct. Nostril an
oblique slit, half as far from orbit as from end of snout. Ear-opening
oblique. Digits moderately elongate. Tail compressed, keeled
above. Scales of head small, subequal ; supraocular region with a
series of four to seven transversely dilated scales. Scales on upper
surfaces small, oval, obtusely keeled, those on anterior part of neck
larger, subcircular, not keeled. Abdominal scales smooth, in about
80 transverse rows. Caudal scales keeled ; the caudal keel with a
very low, doubly-toothed crest. Greenish or brownish olive,
irregularly marbled and dotted with darker and lighter ; chin and
throat with transverse blackish bands or marbled with blackish.
The young have numerous yellowish ocelli on the back, limbs, and
base of tail, and the whole of the lower surfaces marbled with
blackish ; nape with two posteriorly directed, chevron-shaped,
blackish bands, the anterior proceeding from the eyes.

From snout to vent 1 foot 2 inches ; tail 2 feet.

Hob. Bengal, Burma, Siam, Malay Peninsula.

186. Varanus dumerilii.

Monitor dumerilii (Miill), Schleg. Abbild. p. 78.

Varanus macrolepis, Blanf. J. A. S. B. 1, 1881, p. 239, pi. xvi.

Varanus dumerilii, Bouleng. Cat. Liz. ii, p. 312.

Teeth acute, compressed. Snout depressed at the end, measuring
a little more than the distance from the anterior border of the orbit
to the anterior border of the ear; canthus rostral is not well marked.
Nostril oblique, about half as far from orbit as from tip of snoiit.
Digits moderate. Tail strongly compressed, keeled above. Scales
of head moderate, subequal ; those in the middle of the supraocular
region slightly enlarged transversely. Scales on upper surface of
neck very large, about as broad as long, flat, the hindermost slightly
keeled; dorsal scales large, oval, keeled; scales above the limbs
keeled. Abdominal scales slightly keeled, in 75 to 85 transverse

166 VAEANID^!.

rows. Caudal scales keeled, the lateral sometimes intermixed with
larger ones ; the caudal keel with a very low, doubly-toothed crest.
Light brown above ; a dark temporal streak, from eye to ear,
generally confluent with a U-shaped dark marking on the neck ;
back with very broad dark transverse bars, broader than the inter-
spaces between them ; limbs dark brown, spotted with yellow ;
more or less distinct vertical dark bars on the lips ; belly yellowish,
uniform or with transverse dark bands.

Prom snout to vent 1 foot 3 inches.

Hob. Tenasserim, Sumatra, Borneo.

187. Varanus salvator.

Stellio salvator, Laur. Syn. Kept. p. 66.

Varanus salvator, Cantor, J. A. S. B. xvi, 1847, p. 035 ; Eoukng.

Cat. Liz. ii, p. 314.
Hydrosaurus salvator, Gilnth. Rent. B. I. p. 67, pi. ix, fig. E ; TJteob.

Cat. p. 39.

Teeth acute, compressed. Snout depressed at the tip, long, the
distance from that point to the anterior corner of the eye being
generally a little greater than the distance from the latter to the
anterior border of the ear ; canthus rostralis obtuse. Nostril oval,
at least twice as far from the orbit as from the tip of th6 snout.
Digits moderate. Tail strongly compressed, keeled above. Scales
of head moderate, subequal, larger than those on the temples ; supra-
ocular region with a series of 4 to 8 large transversely dilated
scales. Scales on upper surfaces small, oval, keeled ; abdominal
scales keeled, in 85 to 95 transverse rows. Caudal scales keeled ;
the caudal ridge with a very low, doubly-toothed crest. Dark
brown or blackish above, with yellow spots or ocelli ; snout
generally lighter, with transverse black bars, most distinct on the
lips, and continued across the chin ; a black temporal band, com-
mencing from the eye and bordered by a yellow band which some-
times extends along the side of the neck ; lower surfaces yellow.
The markings most accentuated in the young.

From snout to vent 3 feet 4 inches.

Hob. Bengal, Ceylon, S. China, Burma, Malay Peninsula and
Archipelago. Pound in marshy localities or on trees overhanging
rivers ; enters the water readily.

LACERTID^.

167

Family VI. LACERTID^l.

Skull with bony postorbital and post
fronto-squamosal arches ; praemaxillary sin-
gle ; nasals distinct ; parietal single ; a
fibro-cartilaginous interorbital septum ; a
columella cranii. Skull with bony dermal
plates, roofing over the supratemporal
fossae. Dentition pleurodont. Clavicle
dilated and perforated proximally; inter-
clavicle cruciform. Tongue flat, elongate,
bifid in front and behind, covered with
rhomboidal scale-like papillae or overlapping
plicae converging forwards. Limbs well
developed. Tail long, fragile. Pupil round;
eyelids well developed. Ear distinct.
Femoral pores usually distinct. Head
with symmetrical shields. Dorsal scales
Fig. 51.— Tongue of juxtaposed or imbricate, usually smaller

Acanthodactylus cantons, than the ventrals, which form longitudinal

and transverse series.
Distribution. Europe, Asia, and Africa. In the Indian Eegion

the species are but few in number.

Synopsis of Indian, Ceylonese, and Burmese Genera.

[p. 170.

ACANTHODACTYLTJS,

A. Inguinal, but no femoral pores ; dorsal

scales large and keeled ; flanks granular. TACHYDHOMUS, p. 168.

B. Femoral pores.

«. Nostrils pierced between two nasals and
the first labial ; digits fringed laterally.
b. Nostril not touching the first labial.
a'. Lower eyelid with a very large trans-
parent disk, through which the eye
is _ entirely visible ; dorsal scales
pointed, imbricate, and strongly
keeled.
o". Lower eyelid distinct from the

rudimentary upper ............ CABBITA, p. 171.

b". No movable eyelids, the lower

having fused with the upper .... OPHIOPS, p. 173.

b'. Lower eyelid scaly or with a small
transparent disk; dorsal scales

granular.
. Diit

a. igits not fringed laterally ...... EBEMIAS, p. 176.

b". Digits fringed laterally ........ SCAPTEIEA, p. 179.

168

Fig. 52. — Upper and side views of head of Eremias guttulata, to explain the
nomenclature of the shields.

cs. Chin-shields.
/. Frontal.
fn, Frontonasal.
fp. Frontoparieta
•ip. Interparietal.
P.P. Loreals.
la. Upper labials.

la'. Lower lahiaK
m. Mental.
n. Nasal,
o. Occipital.
p. Parietal.
pf. Prafrontal.
pn. Postnasal.

r. Eostral.
sbo. Subocular.
sc. Supraciliaries.
MI. Supranasal.
so. Supraocular.
ty. Tympanic.

Genus TACHYDROMUS,
Daudin, Kept, iii, p. 251, 1802.
Head-shields normal*. Nostril pierced between two nasals and

* /. e. a f rontonasal, a pair of praefrontals, a frontal, a pair of f rontoparietals,
a pair of parietals, an interparietal, and an occipital.

TACHYDROMUS. 169

the first labial. Lower eyelid scaly. Collar more or less distinct.
Back covered with large, rhomboidal, keeled shields forming longi-
tudinal series ; flanks granular ; ventral shields rhomboidal, imbri-
cate, all or part keeled. Digits subcylindrical, with smooth, tuber-
cular subdigital lamellae, the distal lamellae much enlarged. Inguinal
pores ; no femoral pores. Tail extremely long, cylindrical.

Distribution. Eastern Asia ; Japan; Indian archipelago. Four
species are known.

Synopsis of Indian and Burmese Species.

First large supraocular in contact with

loreal T. sexlineatus, p. 169.

A small shield between supraocular and

loreal T. tachydromoides, p. 169.

188. Tachydronms sexlineatns.

Tachydromus sexlineatus, Daud. Rept. iii, p. 350, pi. xxxix ; Giinth.

Kept. B. I. p. 69, pi. viii, fig. 0 ; Theob. Cat. p. 41 ; Bouleng. Cat.

Liz. iii, p. 4.

Tachydromus meridonalis, Giinth. I. c. p. 70, pi. viii, fig. D.
Tachydromus sikimmensis, Giinth. A. M. N. H. (6) i, 1888, p. 168.

Supraoculars in contact with the supraciliaries ; the large anterior
supraocular in contact with the loreal ; temporal scales strongly
keeled. 6 or 8 longitudinal series of strongly keeled shields on
the nape, four on the back, median pair largest ; 10 or 12 longi-
tudinal series of strongly keeled ventral shields (lateral series in-
cluded). 1 to 6 inguinal pores on each side. Greenish or brownish
above, with metallic gloss ; a more or less distinct whitish, black-
edged streak from the supraciliary edge along each side of the back
to the base of the tail ; the black band bordering the light streak
beneath begins on the loreal region and passes through the eye
and above the tympanum ; sometimes two narrow black lateral
lines instead of the black band ; sides frequently with small round
light spots ; lower surfaces yellowish or greenish.

From snout to vent 2'5 inches ; tail 11.

Hob. Southern China, Eastern Himalayas, Assam, Burma, Indo-
China, Java, Borneo.

189. Tachydromus tachydromoides.

Lacerta tachydromoides, Schleg. Faun. Japan. Rept. p. 101, pi. i,

figs. 5-7.

Tachydromus japonicus, Giinth. Rept. B. I. p. 69.
Tachydromus septentrionalis, Giinth. I. c. p. 70, pi. viii, fig. E.
Trachydromus haughtonianus, Jerdon, P. A. 8. B. 1870, p. 72 ; Theob.

Cat. p. 41.
Tachydromus tachydromoides, Bouleng. Cat. Liz. iii, p. 5.

Head shorter than in T. sexlineatus. A series of granules

170 LACEETIDJE.

between the supraoculars and the supraciliaries ; a small shield sepa-
rates the large anterior supraocular from the loreal ; temporal scales
obtusely keeled. Dorsal shields very variable in number and in
size, very strongly keeled ; they usually form 6 to 8 series, of which
the median are as a rule the smallest ; sometimes only five series
on the posterior half of the body ; 8 or 10 series of large ventrals,
which are either all strongly keeled or only the outer rows ; 2 to
4 longitudinal rows of smaller keeled shields on each side of the
ventrals. One or two inguinal pores on each side. Greenish or
brownish above, with or without a light black-edged dorso-lateral
band as in T. sevlineatus ; a more or less distinct light streak from
below the eye to the shoulder, sometimes extending along the side
of the body ; lower surfaces yellowish or greenish.

From snout to vent 2-5 inches ; tail 8.

Hob. Japan, China, Assam.

Genus ACANTHODACTYLITS,
Wiegmann, Herp. Mex. p. 10, 1834.

Head-shields normal, occipital absent. Nostril pierced between
two nasals and the first labial. Lower eyelid scaly. Collar more
or less distinct. Dorsal scales juxtaposed or imbricate ; ventrals
smooth, slightly imbricate. Digits keeled beneath and more or
less strongly fringed laterally. Femoral pores. Tail subcylindrical.

Distribution. South of Spain and Portugal ; Africa north of the
equator ; South-western Asia eastwards to the Punjab. 10 species
are known.

These are true Sand-Lizafds. Their movements are very quick.

Synopsis of Indian Species.

Not more than 16 longitudinal rows of keeled

scales between the hind limbs A. cantoris, p. 170.

Posterior dorsal scales much smaller than the

caudals A. micropholis, p. 171.

190. Acanthodactylus cantoris.

Acanthodactylus cantoris, Giinth. Rept. B. I. p. 73 ; Theob. Cat.

p. 42; Blanf. E. Persia, Zool. p. 381, pi. xxvi, fig. 3; Murray,

Zool. Sind, p. 348 ; Bouleng. Cat. Liz. iii, p. 00.
? Acanthodactylus micvopholis (non Blanf. }, Murray, I. c.

Snout acutely pointed. Four supraoculars ; subocular not
reaching the lip ; temporal scales keeled ; front edge of the ear
usually rather feebly, but distinctly, denticulated. Dorsal scales
strongly keeled, very much larger on the hinder part of the back
than between the shoulders and on the flanks, rhomboidal, strongly
imbricate ; 10 to 16 large keeled scales on a transverse line between
the hind limbs. Ventral plates usually broader than long, in straight
longitudinal and slightly angular transverse series; 12 or 14 plates

CABBITA. 171

across the middle of the body. Usually a median series of broad
praanals, the posterior largest. The hind limb reaches the ear or the
eye. 17 to 23 femoral pores on each side. Digital denticulations
strong, usually as long as the diameter of the corresponding part
of the toe, much more developed on the outer than on the inner
edge of the fourth toe. Upper caudal scales strongly keeled ;
basal subcaudals smooth or obtusely keeled. Greyish or buff above,
with or without small blackish spots ; young with whitish longitu-
dinal lines separated by blackish interspaces with series of round
whitish spots, which markings gradually become more indistinct ;
tail pink in the young.

From snout to vent 2'75 inches ; tail 6.

Hab. North-western India, from Agra to Sind, Baluchistan,
South-eastern Persia.

191. Acanthodactylus micropholis.

Acanthodactylus micropholis, Blanf. A. M. N. H. .(4) xiv, 1874,
p. 33 ; id. E. Persia, Zool. p. 383, pi. xxvi, fig. 2 ; Boideny. Cat. Liz.
iii, p. 63.

Snout obtuse. Three supraoculars, the fourth being broken up
into granules, the first usually separated from the second by a
series of granules ; subocular usually bordering the lip ; temporal
scales smooth; front edge of the ear very feebly denticulated.
Dorsal scales more or less strongly keeled, very small on the nape,
gradually increasing in size towards the posterior part of the back,
where they are very much smaller than the caudals, rhomboidal,
feebly imbricate. Ventral plates broader than long, in 10 longi-
tudinal series. Prseanals usually small, irregular or with a median
series transversely enlarged. The adpressed hind limb reaches the
tympanum or the eye. 21 to 27 femoral pores on each side.
Digital denticulations moderately developed, much shorter than the
diameter of the corresponding part of the toe, usually more deve-
loped on the outer than on the inner edge of the fourth toe.
Upper caudal scales keeled ; basal subcaudals smooth or obtusely
keeled. Grey above, with white longitudinal lines on the body and
round spots on the limbs; the interspaces between the light lines
frequently blackish, with a series of small round white spots.

From snout to vent 2'4 inches ; tail 5.

Hob. Baluchistan ; South-eastern Persia.

Genus CABRITA,
Gray, Ann. N. H. i, 1838, p. 282.

Head-shields normal. Nostril pierced between two or three
nasals. Lower eyelid distinct from the rudimentary upper, and
having a very large transparent disk. Collar absent. Dorsal
scales imbricate and strongly keeled. Ventral plates imbricate,

172 LACBBTIDjB.

smooth. Digits compressed, with sharply keeled scales beneath.
Femoral pores. Tail cylindrical.
Distribution. India, Ceylon, inhabiting wooded country as a rule.

Synopsis of Indian Species.

Anterior labials keeled, forming a projecting

margin ; occipital present , C. leschenaultii, p. 172.

Labials not keeled ; no occipital C.jerdonn, p. 173.

192. Cabrita leschenaultii.

Lacerta leschenaultii, M.-Edw. Ann. Sc. Nat. xvi, 1829, pp. 80, 86,

pi. vi, fig. 9.
Cabrita brunnea, Gray, Ann. N. H. \, 1838, p. 282 ; Thedb. Cat.

p. 42.
Cabrita leschenaulti, GiintJi. Eept. B. I. p. 71 ; Theob.l. c. ; fiouleng.

Cat. Liz. iii, p. 70.

Upper head-shields strongly keeled and striated ; anterior labials
keeled, forming a projecting margin ; canthus rostralis very strong ;
nostril in the horizontal suture between two large nasals which are
extensively in contact with the rostral, and followed by one or two
small postnasals, the upper of which sometimes enters the nostril ;
no azygos prsefrontal; frontal long and narrow ; a small occipital;
4 supraoculars, first and fourth small, the two principal separated
from the supraciliaries by a series of granules ; subocular bordering
the lip, between the fourth and fifth (or fifth and sixth) upper
labials ; temporal scales small, keeled ; two large shields border the
parietals exteriorly ; a curved large shield on the supero-anterior
border of the ear-opening ; six large chin-shields on each side, the
three anterior in contact with their fellows. Dorsal scales mode-
rately large, scarcely larger on the back than on the sides ; ventral s
broader than long, in 6 longitudinal and 25 to 29 transverse series,
the median longitudinal series narrower than the others ; 42 to 48
scales round the middle of the body, ventrals included. A large
postero-median pra?anal plate. The hind limb reaches the ante-
humeral fold or a little beyond the ear ; the length of the foot equals
the distance between the antehumeral fold and the nostril or the
tip of the snout. 12 to 16 femoral pores on each side. Tail nearly
twice as long as head and body ; caudal scales much larger than
dorsals. Brownish or golden above ; a pale band, edged above with
a black one, along each side of the body and tail, commencing from
the supraciliary edge ; another pale, black-edged band along the
upper lip and side of the body ; the space between the two light
bands on each side usually black, or spotted with black; lower
surfaces yellowish-white, tail and hind limbs often reddish.

From snout to vent 2 inches ; tail 4.

Hob. Peninsular India as far north as S.E. Berar and Chanda ;
Cevlon.

173

193. Cabrita jerdonii.

Cabiita jerdonii, Beddome, Madras Monthly Journ. Med. Sc, 1870,
p. 34 ; Theob. Cat. p. 42 ; Bouleny. Cat. Liz. iii, p. 71.

Differs from the preceding in the following points : — A single
anterior nasal, followed by two postnasals ; labials not keeled, no
projecting labial margin ; usually one or two small azygos shields
between the pair of prsefrontals : no occipital. Dorsal scales as
large as the caudals, much larger than the laterals ; ventral plates
subequal ; 27 to 30 scales round the middle of the body. The
length of the foot is less than the distance between the antehumeral
fold and the nostril. .Femoral pores 11 to 15. Brownish or
golden above, with two light lateral bands as in C. lescJienaultii,
which are, however, not bordered witli black bands, but with
longitudinal series of black spots ; lips, and frequently also the
throat, speckled with black.

Hcib. Grodftvari valley, extending north to Chutia Nagpur, and
south to Cuddapah.

Genus OPHIOPS,
Me'netrie's, Cat. llais. p. 63, 1832.

Head-shields normal. Nostril pierced between two to four
nasals. Eyelids immovable, the lower united with the upper,
with a very large transparent disk. Collar absent or very indis-
tinct. Dorsal scales imbricate and strongly keeled. Ventral
plates imbricate, smooth. Digits compressed, with sharply keeled
scales beneath. Femoral pores. Tail cylindrical.

Fig. 53.— Head of Ophiops beddomii.

Distribution. North Africa, Turkey, South-western Asia, India.
6 species are known.

Synopsis of Indian Species.

A. Upper head-scales rugose, keeled and striated ;

28 to 35 scales round middle of body (ven-

trals included).

a. A single f rontonasal 0. jerdonii, p. 174.

6. Two or three frontonasals 0. beddomii, p. 174.

174 LACEBTIDJE.

B. Upper head-scales smooth.

a. Snout moderate ; 30 to 40 scales round the

body (ventrals included) O. elegans, p. 175.

b. Snout long, much depressed ; 52 to 64 scales

round the hody O. microlepis, p. 175.

194. Opblops jerdonii.

Ophiops jerdoni, Blyth, J. A. S. B. xxii, 1853, p. 653 ; Theob. Cat.

p. 44 ; Bouleng. Cat. Liz. iii, p. 73.
Pseudophiops theobaldi, Jerdon, P. A. S. B. 1870, p. 71.
Cabrita leschenaultii, Murr. Zool. Sind, p. 347.
Calosaura chaperi, Sauvage, Bull. Soc. Philom. (7) viii, 1884, p. 142.

Head moderate, feebly depressed. Upper head-shields rugose,
keeled and striated ; nostril lateral, pierced between 3 or 4 shields,
viz. an anterior, or an upper and a lower anterior nasal and two
superposed postnasals ; a large frontonasal ; frequently one or two
small azygos shields between the pair of praefrontals ; four supra-
oculars, first and fourth small, the two principal separated from
the supraciliaries by a series of granules ; occipital small, sometimes
a little broader than the inter parietal, with which it forms a suture ;
subocular bordering the lip, between the fourth and fifth (or third
and fourth) upper labials ; temporal scales small, keeled ; one or two
large supratemporal shields border the parietals externally ; tym-
panic shield small or indistinct. No gular fold extending from ear
to ear ; collar quite indistinct. Dorsal scales large, strongly keeled,
much imbricate, scarcely larger on the back than on the sides ; 28
to 35 scales round the middle of the body (ventrals included). A
large postero-median prseanal plate. The hind limb reaches the
shoulder or halfway between the latter and the ear in the male,
not to axilla in the female. 7 to 11 femoral pores on each side.
Tail once and a half to twice as long as head and body ; caudal
scales about as large as dorsals. Coppery-brown above, with two
pale golden lateral streaks bordered with black, the upper exten-
ding from the supraciliaries to the tail, the lower from the upper
lip to the groin ; frequently a series of large black spots between
the two lateral streaks ; lower surfaces yellowish white.

From snout to vent 1*65 inches ; tail 3*2.

Hob. Central India (Saugor, Mhow), N.W. Provinces (Agra),
Punjab, Sind, also Madras Presidency (Bellary).

195. Ophiops beddomii.

Pseudophiops beddomei, Jerdon, P. A. S. B. 1870, p. 72.

Ophiops monticola, Beddome, Madras Journ. Med. Sc. 1870 ; Theob.

Cat. p. 45.
Ophiops beddomii, Bouleng. Cat. Liz. iii, p. 74, pi. iii, fig. 3.

Very closely allied to the preceding. Two or three f rontonasals
on a transverse line ; one or two azygos praefrontals nearly always
present ; first and fourth supraoculars usually broken up into

OPHIOPS. 175

several very small shields or granules. Lateral scales distinctly
smaller than dorsals ; 28 to 32 scales round the body. Femoral
pores 8 to 13. Coloration as in 0. jerdonii, but the upper lateral
light streak frequently absent.

Hab. Wynaad (5000 feet), S. Canara, Khaudala near Bombay.

196. Ophiops elegans.

Ophiops elegans, Menttr. Cat. Rais. p. 63 ; Blanf. Zool E. Pers.

p. 367 ; Bouleng. Cat. Liz. iii, p. 75.
Gymnops meizolepis, Stoliczka, P. A. S. B. 1872. p. 124.
Ophiops meizolepis, Blanf. I. c. p. 3G9, pi. xxv, fig. 2 ; Theob. Cat.

p. 47.

Head moderate, feebly depressed. Upper head-shields smooth
or slightly rugose ; nostril lateral, pierced between an upper and
a lower nasal, and followed by one or two postnasals; frontonasal
single ; four supraoculars, first and fourth very small, the two
principal separated from the supraciliaries by a series of granules :
occipital small, in contact with or separated from the interparietal ;
subocular bordering the lip, normally between the fourth and fifth
upper labials ; temporal scales small, smooth ; usually two large
supratemporal shields bordering the parietal ; a large tympanic
shield. A gular fold may be distinguishable ; collar absent or
feebly marked. Dorsal scales variable in size, as large as or larger
than the laterals ; 30 to 40 scales round the middle of the body,
ventrals included. A more or less enlarged postero-mediau
praeanal plate. The hind limb reaches about the ear in the male,
the shoulder or a little beyond in the female. 7 to 12 (usually
9 to 11) femoral pores on each side. Tail about twice as long as
head and body. Olive or bronzy above, with black spots usually
forming longitudinal series, sometimes forming a network ; fre-
quently one or two light longitudinal streaks on each side; lower
surfaces white.

From snout to vent 2 inches ; tail 4.

Hab. Turkey, Caucasus, Asia Minor, Syria, Persia, Punjab.

197. Ophiops microlepis.

Ophiops microlepis, Blanf. J. A. S. B. xxxix, 1870, p. 351, pi. xv,
figs. 1-5 ; Theob. Cat.?. 46; Bouleng. Cat. Liz. iii, p. 77.

Head much depressed; snout long; loreal region concave;
upper labials projecting, angular. Upper head-shields smooth ;
nostril latero-superior, pierced between an upper and a lower nasal ;
a small postnasal wedged in between the two nasals ; these three
shields more or less distinctly swollen ; frontonasal single ; prae-
frontals obtusely keeled; frontal much narrowed posteriorly,
grooved longitudinally ; four supraoculars, first and fourth smallest,
the two principal separated from the supraciliaries by a series of
granules; occipital small, broader than the interparietal, with

176

which it is usually in contact ; subocular bordering the lip, between
the fourth and fifth upper labials; temporal scales small, obtusely
keeled ; two large supratemporals bordering the parietal ; tympanic
shield very large, opercle-like. No gular fold ; collar usually dis-
tinguishable. Dorsal scales small, as large as laterals or slightly
larger ; 52 to 64 scales round the middle of the body, ventrals in-
cluded. Ventrals in 6 longitudinal series. A large postero-median
prseanal plate. The hind limb reaches the ear, or between the
latter and the eye. 13 to 16 femoral pores on each side. Tail
about twice as long as head and body ; caudal scales very large.
Brown or greyish above, with small black spots which may form a
network on the sides ; usually one or two pale longitudinal streaks
on each side ; lower surfaces white.

From snout to vent 2-5 inches ; tail 5-5.

Hab. Northern India : Cutch ; Kurhurbaree (Bengal) ; Bilaspur.

Genus EREMIAS,
Wiegmann, Herp. Mex. p. 9, 1834.

Head-shields normal ; occipital often absent. Nostril pierced
between three or four nasals. Lower eyelid scaly, or with a small
transparent disk. Collar more or less distinct. Dorsal scales
small, juxtaposed or imbricate ; ventral shields feebly imbricate,
smooth. Digits subcylindrical or compressed, with keeled lamellae
beneath. Femoral pores. Tail cylindrical.

Of this essentially African and Central Asian genus, of which
25 species are known, only a few representatives occur in the
North-western area of our fauna.

Synopsis of Indian Species.

A. Ventral plates in straight longitudinal

series ; lower nasal resting on first labial
only.

a. Ventral plates in 10 longitudinal series;

occipital in contact with interparietal . . E. yuttulata, p. 177.

b. Ventral plates in 12 longitudinal series ;

occipital separated from interparietal . . E. brevirostris, p. 177.

B. Ventral plates forming oblique longitudinal

series ; lower nasal resting on the two or
three anterior labials ; no occipital.

a. Length of foot in adult less than distance

between collar-fold and nostril ; 50 to 65
scales (counting from ventrals) across
middle of body E. velox, p. 178.

b. Length of foot equals distance between

collar-fold and nostril or end of snout ;

45 to 50 scales across middle of body . . E.fasciata, p. 179.

177

198. Eremias guttulata.

Lacerta guttulata, Licht. Verz. Doubl. Mus. Berl. p. 101.
Eremias (Mesalina) watsonana, Stoliczka, P. A. S. B. 1872, p. 86;

Theob. Cat. p. 43 ; Murr. Zool. Sind, p. 349.

Mesalina pardalis, Blanf. Zool. E. Pei-s. p. 377 ; Murr. 1. c. p. 350.
Eremias guttulata, Boiileng. Cat. Liz. iii, p. 87.

Snout rather pointed. Nasals more or less swollen ; frontonasals
separated from the rostral by the upper nasals ; 2 prsefrontals ; 4
supraoculars, first and fourth very small, sometimes broken up, the
first in contact with the loreal ; a series of granules between the
two principal supraoculars and the supraciliaries ; interparietal
pentagonal, in contact with a small occipital; temporal scales
granular, smooth ; no auricular denticulation ; lower eyelid with a
more or less transparent disk formed usually of two, not unfre-
quently of several scales, seldom of one ; subocular bordering the
lip, normally between the fourth and fifth upper labials ; the
three anterior pairs of chin-shields in contact. A more or less
marked transverse gular fold, connecting the ears; collar curved
or more or less angular, free or attached (sometimes indistinct)
in the middle, formed of 8 to 13 plates. Dorsal scales roundish,
convex, smooth, juxtaposed, 40 to 55 across the middle of the
body ; ventral plates in straight longitudinal and transverse series,
broader than long ; in 10 longitudinal series, the outer series
composed of very small plates. Normally a large praeanal plate,
bordered by two semicircles of smaller ones. The hind limb reaches
the shoulder or not so far in the female, the shoulder or halfway
between the shoulder and the ear in the male ; foot as long as
the distance between the arm and the anterior border of the orbit
or the centre of the eye ; one series of large, or two of small,
subtibial plates. 10 to 17 femoral pores. Tail once and a half to
twice the length of the head and body; upper caudal scales strongly
keeled ; basal subcaudals smooth or very obtusely keeled. Greyish
or rufous-brown above, with very variable markings; series of black
spots and white ocelli, or series of more or less confluent blackish
spots along the body ; some specimens with irregularly scattered
blackish dots, or with regular blackish and white longitudinal
lateral bands ; others with a broad dark grey vertebral band with
a series of shaft-like blackish marks on each side of it, &c. ; lower
surface white.

From snout to vent 2 inches ; tail 4.

Hob. North Africa ; South-western Asia, from Arabia and
Syria to Afghanistan and Sind.

199. Eremias brevirostris.

Eremias watsonanus, StoUczka, P. A. S. B. 1872, p. 125 (nee ante,

p. 86).
Mesalina brevirostris, Blanf. A. M. N. H. (4) xiv, 1874, p. 32; id.

Zool. E. Persia, p. 379 ; Theob. Cat. p. 43.
Eremias brevirostris, Boukiig, Cat. Liz. iii, p. 89.

N

178

Very closely allied to E. guitulata. Snout shorter, nasals strongly
swollen ; interparietal not in contact with the occipital, which is
minute. Ventrals in 12 longitudinal series, only the two median
distinctly broader than long.

Hob. Tumb Island, Persian Gulf ; Punjab.

200. Eremias velox.

Lacerta velox, Pallas, Reise, i, p. 457.

Eremias velox, Blanf. Zool. E. Pers. p. 374; Bouleny. Cat. Liz. iii,

p. 97.
Eremias persica, Blanf. 1. c. p. 370, pi. xxvi, fig. 1.

Head moderate; snout rather obtuse. Nasals swollen, the lower
usually in contact with the rostral ; frontonasal separated from the
rostral ; two prafrontals (occasionally with a small additional
median shield); two large supraoculars, with a smaller one in front
and behind, which are frequently broken up into small scales or
granules ; the length of the first principal supraocular equals or
exceeds its distance from the loreal ; the supraoculars usually in
contact with the frontal ; interparietal small ; no occipital ;
temporal scales granular, smooth ; no auricular denticulation ;
lower eyelid scaly ; subocular bordering the lip, usually between
the sixth and seventh upper labials ; the two or three first labials
in contact with the lower nasal. A more or less distinct transverse
gular fold, connecting the ears ; collar slightly curved, perfectly
free, with 9 to 11 plates. Dorsal scales granular, round, juxtaposed,
perfectly smooth, 50 to 65 across the middle of the body. Ventral
plates forming more or less regular oblique longitudinal, and
slightly angular transverse series ; the longest transverse series
contain 14 or 16 plates, which are as long as broad or a little
longer than broad. Praeanal scales usually small and irregular,
sometimes with a much enlarged posterior shield. The adpressed
hind limb usually reaches the collar, or between the latter and the
ear, in some female specimens not beyond the axil ; foot as long as
the distance between the arm and the centre of the eye, or the
anterior border of the orbit; an outer series of large subtibial
shields, which are more than thrice the size of the others. 17 to
25 femoral pores on each side, the two series sometimes nearly
meeting in the middle. Tail once and a half to twice as long as
head and body; upper caudal scales, at the base, more or le^s
distinctly keeled, or smooth ; basal subcaudals smooth. Young
blackish above, with whitish longitudinal lines along the back, and
round whitish spots on the sides and limbs ; these markings usually
disappear more or less completely in the adult, which are greyish
or brownish, spotted or longitudinally streaked with black, with or
without round whitish spots on the back, sides, and limbs ; some-
times a series of large blue and black ocelli on each side; lower
surface white, tail pink in the young.

8CAPTEIBA. 179

From snout to vent 2'8 inches ; tail 5.

Hab. Southern Bussia, Transcaucasia, Turkestan, Persia,
Baluchistan, Afghanistan.

201. Eremias fasciata.

Eremias fasciata, Blanf. A. M. N. H. (4) xiv, 1874, p. 32 j id. Zool.
E. Persia, p. 374, pi. xxv, fig. 3 j Boukng. 1. c. p. 99.

Very closely allied to the preceding, but smaller and more slender.
Head-shields and temporal granules flatter ; supraoculars fre-
quently bordered internally by a series of granules ; lower nasal
constantly resting on the three anterior labials ; subocular between
the sixth and seventh labials ; 45 to 50 dorsal scales across the
middle of the body. The adpressed hind limb reaches the collar in
the female, slightly beyond the ear in the male ; the length of the
foot equals the distance from the collar-fold to the nostril or the
end of the snout. 16 to 19 femoral pores on each thigh. Upper
caudal scales distinctly but obtusely keeled. Body pale brown to
white above, with from six to eight longitudinal dark-brown bands
as wide as the interspaces between them ; limbs dark brown, with
large round white spots ; lower parts white.

From snout to vent 2 inches.

Hab. Southern Persia and Baluchistan.

Genus SCAPTEIRA.
Wiegmann, Herp. Hex. p. 9, 1834.

Head-shields normal. Nostril pierced between three nasals.
Lower eyelid scaly. Collar distinct. Dorsal scales small ; ventral
shields feebly imbricate, smooth. Digits compressed or depressed,
smooth or keeled beneath, fringed laterally. Femoral pores. Tail
cylindrical.

9 species are known, which are confined to the desert districts of
Central Asia and South Africa. The following species has recently
been discovered in Northern Baluchistan.

202. Scapteira acutirostris.

Scapteira acutirostris, Boukng. Cat. Liz. iii, p. 114, and Tr. Linn.
Soc. (2) v, 1889, p. 100, pi. ix, fig. 4.

Snout conical, acutely pointed ; loreal region nearly vertical.
Nasals slightly swollen, lower not reaching the rostral, upper
forming a long median suture ; frontal grooved anteriorly ; three
large supraoculars, forming sutures with one another, the first in
contact with the first supraciliary, the second loreal, the praefrontal,
and the frontal ; second and third supraoculars separated from the
supraciliaries and from the frontal by a series of granules ; two or

•

180 SCINCIDJE.

three minute granules between the first and second supraoculars ; a
small band-like posterior supraocular, separated from the others by
granules; interparietal pentagonal; no occipital; parietals forming
a suture behind the interparietal ; no enlarged scales on the outer
border of the parietals ; temporal scales granular, smooth ; no
auricular denticulation ; subocular not reaching the lip, resting on
the fifth, sixth, and seventh upper labials ; the three anterior pairs
of chin-shields in contact. Collar straight, the marginal scales
feebly enlarged. Dorsal scales minutely granular, smooth, equal.
Ventrals equilateral or longer than broad, in oblique longitudinal
series ; 35 transverse series, the longest of which contain about
20 plates. A very large preeanal plate, about twice as broad as
long. The adpressed hind limb reaches the posterior border of the
orbit ; foot as long as the distance between the arm and the
anterior loreal ; digits flattened, smooth or distinctly keeled
beneath, strongly fringed laterally ; the ungual lamellae much en-
larged, forming a suboval disk ; a series of large transverse subtibial
shields. 15-17 femoral pore?. Upper caudal scales feebly keeled.
Sand-coloured above, with blackish network ; head with symmetrical
black markings ; lower surfaces white.

From snout to vent 1'3 inches (young).

Hob. A single specimen was obtained betweeu Nushki and the
Helmand, in Northern Baluchistan.

Family VII. SCINCIOE.

Skull with bony postorbital and postfronto-squarnosal arches ;
prsemaxillaries distinct ; nasals distinct ; parietal single ; a fibro-
cartilaginous interorbital septum ; a columella cranii. Skull with
bony dermal plates, roofing over the supratemporal fossae. Dentition
pleurodont. Clavicle dilated, usually perforated proximally ; inter-
clavicle unciform. Tongue flat, bifid behind, nicked in front, covered
with rhomboidal scale-like papilte. Limbs more or less developed,
or absent. Tail usually long, fragile. Pupil round. No femoral
pores. Body protected by bony plates underlying the scales, which
are cycloid-hexagonal, rhomboidal, imbricate, arranged quincun-
cially ; the bony plates provided with symmetrical tubules, which
usually consist of a transverse one anastomosing with several
longitudinal ones,

Scincoids are cosmopolitan, the bulk occurring in Australia, the
islands of the Pacific, the East Indies, and Africa. They are, as
far as we know, ovoviviparous, with the exception of Mabuia
macularia, which, according to Theobald, is oviparous.

This family includes terrestrial and arboreal forms. The limbs are
often rudimentary or absent, but there is every possible gradation
in their development ; series of species united in one genus often
showing a complete passage from a well-developed pentadactyle
limb to a rudiment not distinguishable externally.

181

Fig. 54. — Upper and side view of head of Mabuia mulfifasciata, to explain the
nomenclature of the shields.

cs. Chin-shields.
/. Frontal.
/». Frontonasal.
fp. Frontoparietal.
ip. Interparietal.
/. Loreals.
la. Upper labials.

la'. Lower labials.
m. Mental.
n. Nasal.
n'. Nuchal.
p. Parietal.
pf. Prrefrontal.

pn. Postnasal.
r. Rostral.
sbo. Subocular.
so. Supraciliaries.
sn. Supranasal.
so. Supraocular.

182

Synopsis of Indian, Ceylonese, and Burmese Genera.

A. Palatine bones in contact on median line of

palate (fig. 55, b Sf c).

a. Tympanum, if distinct, more or less sunk.
a'. Eyelids movable; claws not retrac-
tile; pterygoid bones separated on
median line of palate, palatal notch
extending anteriorly to an imaginary

line connecting centres of eyes (fig. b) MABUIA, p. 183.

b'. Eyelids movable; claws not retrac-
tile ; palatal notch not extending to
between centres of eyes (fig. c) ....

c'. Eyelids immovable, transparent, cover-
ing eve

d'. Eyelids movable ; claws retractile into
a sheath

b. Tympanum exposed and superficial ....

B. Palatine bones separated on median line

LYGOSOMA, p. 192.
ABLEPHARUS, p. 213.

RISTELLA, p. 214.
TROPIDOPHORUS, p. 217.

(fig. a).
. No

ostril pierced in nasal, or between nasal

and supranasal.

a'. Limbs pentadactyle, not denticulated.

b'. Limbs pentadactyle, denticulated

laterally ......................

c'. Limbs rudimentary ..............

b. Nostril pierced between rostral and a

very small nasal, or between rostral
and first labial.

a'. Nostril pierced between rostral and a
very small nasal, in an emargination
of the former shield ; limbs deve-
loped ..........................

V. Nostril pierced between rostral, nasal,
and first labial ; no limbs ........

c. Nostril pierced in rostral.

a'. Nostril close to posterior border of
rostral ........................

b'. Nostril pierced in the very large ros-
tral, with posterior border of which
it is connected by a horizontal suture.

EUMECES, p. 218.

SCINCUS, p. 220.
OPHIOMORTTS, p. 221.

CHALCIDES, p. 223.
SEPOPHIS, p. 225.

CHALCIDOSEPS, p. 226.
ACONTIAS, p. 226.

MABUIA. 183

Genus MABUIA,
Fitzinger, N. Classif. Kept. p. 23, 1826.

Palatine bones in contact mesially; palatal notch separating
entirely the pterygoids, extending forward to between the centres
of the eyes (see fig. 6, p. 182) ; pterygoid teeth minute or absent.
Maxillary teeth conical or bicuspid. Eyelids movable. Ear distinct ;
tympanum more or less deeply sunk. Nostril pierced in a single
nasal ; suprauasals, praef rentals, and frontoparietal present ; single
or double interparietal usually distinct, sometimes coalesced with
the parietal s. Limbs well developed, pentadactyle. Digits sub-
cylindrical or compressed, with transverse lamellae beneath.

Distribution. Africa and Madagascar ; Southern Asia ; Central
and South America and West Indies. 66 species are known.

Synopsis of Indian, Ceylonese, and Burmese Species.

A. Lower eyelid with an undivided, more

or less transparent disk.

a. 28 to 30 scales round middle of body j

dorsals with 5 to 7 sharp keels. . . . M. bibronii, p. 184.

b. 34 scales round body; dorsals with

7 or 9 sharp keels, 2 of which are

stronger than the others M . doria, p. 184.

c. 34 to 36 scales round body, dorsals

strongly hicarinate M. dissimilis, p. 185.

cl. 34 to 38 scales round body, dorsals

feebly tricariuate or almost smooth. M. septemtceniata, 185.
e. 32 to 34 scales round body, dorsals

quinquecarinate M. innotata, p. 186.

B. Lower eyelid scaly, or the transparent

disk divided into two or more parts.

a. Dorsal scales with 9 keels M. novemcarinata, p. 187.

b. Dorsal scales with 3, 5, or 7 keels.
a'. No postnasal.

«". Subdigital lamellae keeled M. beddomii, p. 187.

b", Subdigital lamellae smooth.
a. 34 to 36 scales round body,

dorsals with 3 or 5 keels ;

suprauasals in contact behind

rostral ; three light, black-
edged dorsal bands M. vertebralis, p. 188.

j3. 30 to 34 scales round body,

dorsals with 3 or 5 keels;

supranasals rarely in con-
tact ; six supraciliaries ; a

light dorso-lateral band .... M. carinata, p. 188.
y. 26 to 30 scales round body.

dorsals with 5 or 7 keels;

five supraciliaries ; anterior

loreal deeper than second . . M. mactdaria, p. 189.
8. 26 scales round body, dorsals

and laterals very strongly 5-

keeled ; anterior loreal not

deeper than second M. ruffifera, p. 190.

184 SCINCIDJE.

b'. A postnasal, separated from the
nasal by a suture just behind
nostril ; dorsal scales tricarinate.
a". 30 to 34 scales round body .... M. multifasciata, p. 191.

b". 26 scales round body M. tytleri, p. 191.

c. Dorsal scales 4-keeled M. quadricarinata, p. 192.

203. Mabuia bibronii.

Tiliqua bibronii, Gray, Ann. N. H. ii, 1838, p. 290.

Euprepis trilineatus, Gray, A. M. N. H. xviii, 1846, p. 430; Giinth.

Rept. B. I. p. 81 ; Theob. Cat. p. 52.
Mabuia bibronii, Bouleng. Cat. Liz. iii, p. 173.

Snout short, obtusely pointed. Lower eyelid with an undivided
transparent disk. Nostril behind the vertical of the suture between
the rostral and the first labial ; a postnasal ; anterior loreal not or
but slightly in contact with the first labial ; frontonasal a little
broader than long, usually in contact with the rostral and the
frontal ; the latter longer than the frontoparietals and interparietal
together, in contact with the second supraocular only ; 4 supra-
oculars, second very large ; normally 5 supraciliaries ; fronto-
parietals distinct, usually longer than the interparietal ; parietals
very short, entirely separated, transversely bisected ; two pairs of
nuchals ; subocular between the fourth and fifth upper labials, twice
as long as these shields, not narrowed inferiorly. Ear-opening
small, oval, with two long pointed lobules, upper largest. Dorsal,
nuchal, and lateral scales with from 5 to 7 sharp keels ; 28 to 30
scales round the middle of the body, dorsals largest. The hind
limb reaches the wrist or the elbow of the adpressed fore limb.
Subdigital lamellas smooth. Tail 1| or lj times length of head
and body. Olive above ; a yellowish vertebral band, broadly edged
with black, beginning on the vertex, sometimes indistinct on the
hinder part of the body, which may be spotted with yellowish ; a
black dorso-lateral band, beginning from the eye, edged below by a
whitish narrower band, which is again edged with black ; sometimes
a second light band, extending from axilla to groin. Lower surfaces
whitish.

From snout to vent 1*75 inches ; tail 2*25.

Hob. Carnatic.

204. Mabuia doriae.
Mabuia doriae, Bouleng. Cat. Liz. iii, p. 174, pi. x,fig. 4.

Snout short, obtuse. Lower eyelid with an undivided trans-
parent disk. Nostril behind the vertical of the suture between the
rostral and the first labial ; a postuasal ; anterior loreal just touch-
ing the first labial ; supranasals in contact behind the rostral ;
frontonasal broader than long, in contact with the frontal ; the latter
longer than the frontoparietals and interparietal together, in contact
with the second supraocular only ; 4 supraoculars, second largest ;
7 supraciliaries ; frontoparietals distinct, about as large as the
interparietal, which entirely separates the parietals ; a pair of
nuchals ; subocular between the fourth and fifth upper labials, not

MABUIA. 185

twice as long as these shields, not narrowed below. Ear-opening
a little smaller than eye-opening, with 2 or 3 long pointed lobules,
upper largest. Dorsal, nuchal, and lateral scales with 7 or 9 sharp
keels, two of which are stronger than the others ; 34 scales round
the middle of the body, dorsals largest. The hind limb reaches the
wrist of the ad pressed fore limb. Subdigital lamellae smooth. Pale
olive above, with 4 longitudinal series of small blackish spots on
the body ; a broad blackish-brown lateral band beginning from the
nostril and passing through the eye ; lower surfaces whitish.

From snout to vent 2-5 inches.

Sab. Menhla, Upper Burma.

205. Mabuia dissimilis.

Tiliqua trivittata, Gray, Zool. Journ. iii, 1827, p. 227 ; id. III. Ind.

Zool. ii, pi. Ixxvi.
Euprepis dissimilis, Hallow. Trans. Amer. Phil. Soc. (2) xi, 1857,

p. 78.
Euprepes monticola, Giinth. Eept. B. I. p. 80, pi. x, fig. C ; Theob.Cat.

p. 52.

Euprepes petersi, Steindachn. Novara, Rept. p. 43 ; Theob. 1. c. p. 53.
Euprepes guentheri, Blanf. J. A. S. B. xlviii, 1879, p. 123.
Mabuia dissimilis, Bouleng. Cat. Liz. iii, p. 175.

Snout moderate, obtuse. Lower eyelid with an undivided serai-
transparent disk. Nostril behind the vertical of the suture between
the rostral and the first labial ; no postnasal ; anterior loreal in
contact with the first labial ; supranasals in contact behind the
rostral; frontonasal broader than long; prsefrontals forming a
median suture ; frontal in contact with the second supraocular only
(exceptionally with the first as well) ; 4 supraoculars, second
largest; 6 supraciliaries ; frontoparietals distinct, usually nearly as
long as the frontal, and larger than the inter parietal, which en-
tirely separates the parietals; usually no distinct nuchals; 4, sel-
dom 5, labials anterior to the subocular, which is about twice
as long as the neighbouring shields and not narrowed below.
Ear-opening oval, larger than a lateral scale, smaller than the eye-
opening, with 3 or 4 short pointed lobules anteriorly. Dorsal
scales strongly bicarinate, nuchals and laterals tricarinate ; 34 to
36 scales round the middle of the body, subequal. The adpressed
limbs overlap. Toes short ; subdigital lamellae smooth. Tail about
1| times length of head and body. Olive or brownish above, black-
spotted, and with 3 more or less distinct light longitudinal streaks,
the vertebral sometimes absent ; flanks white-spotted ; a short
horizontal white streak below the eye ; lower surfaces whitish.

From snout to vent 3| inches ; tail 5J.

Hob. Plains of Northern India, from Sind to Bengal, also in the
Western Himalayas (Chamba).

206. Mabuia septemtaeniata.

septemtseniatus, Hems, Mus. Senckenb. i, p. 47, pi. iii,
r. \ ; Blanf. Zool. E. Pwsia, p. 388 ; Murray, Zool. Sind, p. 352.
Mabuia septemtaeniata, Bouleng. Cat. Liz. iii, p. 177.

Euprepis

«*.!;.

186 SCINCID.E.

Snout short, obtuse. Lower eyelid with an undivided trans-
parent disk. Nostril entirely or mainly behind the vertical of the
suture between the rostral and the first labial ; normally no post-
nasal ; anterior loreal in contact with the first labial ; supranasals
in contact behind the rostral ; frontonasals broader than long, in
contact with the truncated anterior angle of the frontal ; the latter
shield as long as the frontoparietals and interparietal together,
or a little longer, in contact with the second, or first and second,
or second and third supraoculars ; 4 supraoculars, second largest and
but rarely touching the prrefrontal ; 5 (rarely 4 or 6) supraciliaries ;
frontoparietals 2, smaller than the interparietal, which entirely
separates the parietals ; 1 (or 2) pair of nuchals ; 4 labials anterior
to the subocular ; latter not narrower beneath, about twice as large
as the neighbouring labials. Ear-opening oval-subtriangular, about
as large as a lateral scale, with 2 or 3 minute projecting lobules
anteriorly. Dorsal scales more or less distinctly tricarinate, some-
times almost smooth ; the scales on the neck and flanks smooth or
very feebly keeled ; 34 to 38 scales round the middle of the body ;
dorsals a little larger than laterals and ventrals. The adpressed
limbs overlap. Subdigital lamella? smooth or obtusely unicarinate.
Tail about ] | times as long as head and body. Two bands, lighter
than the ground-colour, which is brownish or greyish, extend along
each side, the upper from the supraciliary border, the lower from
below the eye ; the interspace between these bands dark brown
with small whitish spots, or irregularly spotted with darker brown ;
a narrow vertebral zone constantly remains unspotted ; lower sur-
face uniform whitish.

From snout to vent 3| inches ; tail 5.

Hab. Abyssinia, Arabia, Syria, Asia Minor, Persia, Sind according
to Murray.

207. Mabuia innotata.

Euprepes innotatus, Blanford, J. A. S. B. xxxix, 1870, p. 354, pi. xvi,

fig. 9 ; T/ieob. Cat. p. 52.
Mabuia innotata, Bouleng. Cat. Liz. iii, p. 178.

Snout short, obtuse. Lower eyelid with an undivided transparent
disk. Nostril pierced behind the vertical of the suture between the
rostral and the first labial ; nopostnasal ; anterior loreal in contact
•with the first labial ; frontonasal broader than long, in contact with
the rostral and (not constantly) with the frontal ; latter a little
shorter than the frontoparietals and interparietal together, in con-
tact with the second supraocular only ; 4 supraoculars, second
very large ; 6 supraciliaries ; frontoparietals distinct, slightly
shorter than the interparietal, which entirely separates the parietals -r
a pair of nuchals ; 4 labials anterior to the subocular, which is at
least twice as long as the neighbouring labials, and not narrower
below. Ear-opening triangular, a little larger than a lateral scale,
with three or four short lobules anteriorly. Nuchal and lateral
scales mostly feebly tricarinate ; dorsals quinquecarinate ; 34 (or
32) scales round the middle of the body. The hind limb readies
the wrist of the adpressed fore limb. Subdigital lamella? smooth.

MABUIA. 187

Tail about 1| times length of head and body. Bronzy olive above,
sides dark brown ; a light, black-edged streak on each side, from
the praefrontal and along the supraciliaries to the anterior third of
the back, where it gradually disappears ; a light streak from below
the eye to the shoulder ; lower surfaces whitish.

From snout to vent 2-2 inches ; tail 3'75.

Hob. Penganga Valley, S.E. Berdr.

208. Mabuia novemcarinata.

Euprepes novemcarinatus, Anders. J. A. S. E. xl, 1871, p. 12 ; Theob.

Cat. p. 51.
Mabuia novemcarinata, Bouleng. Cat. Liz. iii, p. 179.

" Supranasals forming a suture behind the rostral. Eyelid scaly.
Prsefrontals and vertical (frontal) meet in a point. Seven upper
labials, the fifth the longest. Ear obliquely oval, with two or three
strong prominent denticulations ; 32 longitudinal lines of scales
round the body and 42 transverse lines between the axils. Scales
with 9 keels, the 3 central ones strongly marked. The fore limb
reaches to the anterior angle of the eye ; hind limb as long as two
thirds of the distance between the axils. Above olive-brown, with
4 or 5 narrow longitudinal black lines along the back. A deep brown
band from the nostril through the eye and above the ear, along
the side and on to the base of the tail, with a moderately [?] white
band above far over the supercilium along the side of the back ;
another through the upper labials and ear to the shoulder, where
it changes into the pale greenish yellow of the side. A very faint
broken blackish line from the angle of the mouth to the shoulder,
and three or four from behind the fore limb along the side of the
belly. Limbs with 5 longitudinal black lines with scattered white
spots."

From snout to vent 3*8 inches ; tail 4*3.

Hob. Mandalay, Burma.

209. Mabuia beddomii.

Euprepes beddomii, Jerdon, P. A. S. E. 1870, p. 73 ; Theob. Cat.

p. 52.
Euprepes (Tiliqua) septemlineatus, Slanford, J. A. S. B. xxxix, 1870,

p. 360, pi. xvi, figs. 7, 8 ; Theob. I. c. p. 50.
Mabuia beddomii, Bouleng. Cat. Liz. iii, p. 179.

Snout short, obtuse. Lower eyelid scaly. Nostril behind
vertical of suture between rostral and first labial ; no postnasal ;
anterior loreal deeper and shorter than the second, in contact with
the first labial ; supra nasals in contact behind the rostral ; fronto-
nasal broader than long, sometimes in contact with the frontal ; the
latter usually as long as, or a little shorter than, the frontoparietals
and interparietal together, sometimes not longer than the fronto-
parietals, in contact with the second, or rarely first and second,
supraoculars ; 4 supraoculars, second largest ; 6 supraciliaries, first
longest ; frontoparietals distinct, as long as or longer than the
interparietal, which usually entirely separates the parietals; a pair

188

of nuchals ; 4 labials anterior to the subocular, which is large and
not narrower below. Ear-opening oval, as large as a lateral scale,
or a little smaller, with three short pointed lobules anteriorly.
Dorsal and nuchal scales with 3 or 5 keels, sometimes very feeble ;
30 to 32 scales round the middle of the body, subequal. The
adpressed limbs meet or slightly overlap. Subdigital lamellae
unicarinate. Scales on upper surface of tibia mostly tricarinate.
Tail If to 24- times the length of head and body. The coloration
varies considerably, but a lateral black band, edged above and below
with a whitish streak, is constant. Some (young) specimens black
above, with seven light longitudinal lines ; others olive-brown with
four black dorsal streaks, which may not extend further back than
the nape ; or a light black-edged vertebral band may be present ;
head-shields spotted or variegated with black ; limbs and tail
rufous ; lower surfaces white.

From snout to vent 2'2 inches ; tail 4*75.

Hah. Southern India, Salem, Tinnevelly, Malabar, Mysore, &c.,
the most northern locality known being SiE. Berar.

210. Mabnia vertebralis.

Tiliqua trivittata (nun Gray), Jordan, J. A. S. B. xxii, 1853, p. 478.

Euprepes trivittatus, Theob. Cat. p. 60.

Maouia vertebralis, Bouleng. Cat. Liz. iii, p. 180.

Snout short, obtuse. Lower eyelid scaly. Nostril behind ver-
tical of suture between rostral and first labial ; no postnasal ;
anterior loreal in contact with the first labial, much deeper and
shorter than the second ; supranasals in contact behind the rostral ;
frontonasal broader than long ; prsefrontals forming a short median
suture ; frontal as long as the frontoparietals and interparietal
together, in contact with the first and second supraoculars ; 4
supraoculars, second largest ; 6 supraciliaries, first largest ; fronto-
parietals distinct, longer than the interparietal, which entirely
separates the parietals ; a pair of nuchals ; 4 labials anterior to
the subocular, which is twice as large as the neighbouring labials,
and not narrowed below. Ear-opening oval, nearly horizontal,
with 2 or 3 scarcely projecting lobules. Nuchal and dorsal scales
with 3 or 5 keels ; 34 or 36 scales round the body, subequal. The
adpressed hind limb reaches the wrist of the adpressed fore limb.
Subdigital lamellae smooth. Scales on upper surface of tibia mostly
bicarinate. Tail 1| times length of head and body. Olive-brown
above, with three pale black-edged longitudinal bands ; a light
lateral streak from the ear to the tail ; lower surfaces whitish.

From snout to vent 2-5 inches ; tail 3-5.

Hub. Deccan (Poona, Jalna, Belgaum, and perhaps Nagpur).

211. Malraia carinata.

Scincus carinatus, part., Schneid. Hist. Amph. ii, p. 183.
Euprepes rufescens, part., Giinth. Kept. B. I. p. 79, pi. x, fig. B.
Euprepes carinatus, Theob. Cat. p. 49; Murr. Zool. Sind,ip.35l.
Mabuia carinata, B&uleng. Cat. Liz. iii, p. 181.

MABUIA. 189

Snout moderate, obtuse. Lower eyelid scaly. Nostril behind
vertical of suture between rostral and first labial ; no postnasal ;
anterior loreal usually shorter and deeper than the second, in con-
tact with the first labial ; frontonasal broader than long, usually in

Fig. 56. — Mabuia carinata.

contact with the rostral, and frequently also with the frontal ;
latter as long as the frontoparietals and interparietal together or
shorter, in contact with the second supraocular (rarely also with
the first) ; 4 supraoculars, second largest ; usually 6 supraciliaries,
first largest ; frontoparietals distinct, larger than the interparietal,
which entirely separates the parietals ; a pair of nuchals ; 4 labials
anterior to the subocular, which is large and not narrower below.
Ear-opening roundish, subtriaugular, as large as a lateral scale or
smaller, without or with a few very indistinct lobules anteriorly.
Dorsal, nuchal, and lateral scales more or less strongly tri- or
quinquecarinate ; 30 to 34 scales round the middle of the body,
subequal. The hind limb reaches the wrist or the elbow of the
adpressed fore limb. Subdigital lamellae smooth. Scales on upper
surface of tibia mostly bicarinate. Tail 1 5 to If times length of
head and body. Brown or olive-brown above, uniform or with
small black spots or longitudinal lines ; sides darker, with or without
lighter spots ; a light dorso-lateral band begins on the supraciliaries ;
lower surfaces yellowish (in spirit). In the breeding-season males
have a scarlet band from the shoulder to the thigh.

From snout to vent 5 inches ; tail 9'5.

Hob. India, Ceylon, Burma ; very common.

» •

212, Mabuia macularia.

Euprepes macularius, Blyth, J. A. <S. E. xxii, 1853, p. 652; Theob.

Cat. p. 49 ; Mwr. Zool. Sind, p. 351.
Tiliqua multicarinata (non Gray), Jerdon, J. A. S. B. xxii, 1853,

p. 479, footnote.
Euprepes rufesceiis, part., Gilnth. Hept. B. I. p. 79.

190 SCINCID.E.

Euprepes brevis, Giinth. P. Z. S. 1875, p. 225.

Euprepes subunicolor, Blcmf. J. A. S. B. xlviii. 1879, p. 112.

Mabuia macularia, Bouleng. Cat. Liz. iii, p. 182.

Mabuia brevis, Bouleng. 1. c. p. 183, pi. xi, fig. 1.

Snout short, obtusely keeled, acuminate. Lower eyelid scaly.
Nostril behind vertical of suture between rostral and first labial ;
no postnasal ; anterior loreal deeper and shorter than second ;
frontonasal as long as broad or a little broader than long, in con-
tact with the rostral and usually also with the frontal; latter as
long as the frontoparietals and interparietal together or a little
longer, in contact with the second, or first and second, supra-
oculars ; 4 supraoculars, second largest ; 5 supraciliaries, third long-
est ; frontoparietals distinct, larger than the interparietal, which
entirely separates the parietals ; a pair of nuchals ; 4, exceptionally
3, labials anterior to the subocular, which is large and not narrowed
below. Ear-opening oval, as large as a lateral scale, or a little
smaller, with or without a few very indistinct lobules anteriorly.
Dorsal, nuchal, and lateral scales with 5 to 7 sharp keels ; 26 to 30
scales round the middle of the body, subequal. The adpressed
limbs meet or overlap. Digits short ; subdigital Iamella3 smooth.
Scales on upper surface of tibia mostly bicarinate. Tail 1| to 1|
times the length of head and body. Brown or olive-brown above,
sides darker and usually with white black-edged spots ; back
uniform, or black-spotted, or with one or two black longitudinal
lines ; sometimes two light lateral lines on each side, well marked
only on the neck ; lower surfaces yellowish (in spirit).

From snout to vent 2'5 inches ; tail 3-5.

Hab. Ceylon, Peninsular India, Cutch, Sind, Bengal, Burma,
Indo-China.

This species is stated by Theobald to be oviparous, whilst its
close ally M. carinata is, like most Scincoids, viviparous.

213. Mabuia rngifera.

Tiliqua rugifera, Stoliczka, J. A. S. B. xxxix, 1870, p. 170, pi. x,

fig. 3 ; Thcob. Cat. p. viii.
Mabuia rugifera, Bouleng. Cat. Liz. iii, p. 184.

Snout short, obtuse. Lower eyelid scaly. Nostril behind
vertical of suture between rostral and first labial ; no postnasal ;
anterior loreal not deeper but much smaller than second; fronto-
nasal broader than long, largely in contact with the rostral and
with the frontal ; the latter shield longer than the frontoparietals
and iuterparietal together, in contact with the first and second
supraoculars ; 4 supraoculars, second largest ; 6 supraciliaries, first
largest ; frontoparietals distinct, larger than the interparietal ; a
pair of nuchals ; 5 (or 4) labials anterior to the subocular, which
is large and not narrower below. Ear-opening very small, oval,
horizontal, with projecting granules round its border. Dorsal,
nuchal, and lateral scales very strongly quinquecarinate ; 26 scales

MABUIA. 191

round the body, of which 8 or 10 are smooth. The hind limb
reaches the elbow of the adpressed fore limb. Subdigital lamellae
smooth. Scales on upper surface of tibia bicarinate. Tail 1| the
length of head and body. Dark olive-brown above, greenish-white
inferiorly.

From snout to vent 2*5 inches ; tail 4'5.

Hob. Nicobars, Sumatra, Java, Borneo.

214. Mabuia nmltifasciata.

Scincus carinatus, part., Schneid. Hist. Amph. ii, p. 183.
Scincus multifasciatus, Kuhl, Beitr, z. Zool. u. vergl. Anat. p. 126.
Tiliqua rubriventris, Gray, III. Ind. Zool. ii, pi. Ixxv, fig. 1.
Euprepes ruf'escens, Cantor, J. A. S. JB. xvi, 1847, p. 052 ; Giinth.

Rept. B. I. p. 79 (part.).

Plestrodon sikkimensis, Gray, A. M. N. H. (2) xii, 1853, p. 388.
Euprepes carinatus, part., Theob. Cat. p. 49.
Mabuia multifasciata, Bouleng. Cat. Liz. iii, p. 186.

Snout moderate, obtuse. Lower eyelid scaly. Nostril behind
vertical of the suture between rostral and first labial ; a postnasal ;
anterior loreal not deeper than the second, in contact with the
first labial ; supranasals frequently in contact behind rostral ;
froutonasal broader than long ; praefrontals constantly forming a
median suture ; frontal as long as or shorter than the frontoparietals
and iuterparietal together, in contact with the second (rarely also
with the first) supraocular : 4 supraoculars, second largest ; 6
supraciliaries, first largest ; frontoparietals distinct, larger than
the interparietal, which entirely separates the parietals ; a pair of
nuchals ; 4 labials anterior to the subocular, which is large and
not narrower below. Ear-opening roundish or oval, as large as
a lateral scale, or a little smaller, with or without a few very
small lobules anteriorly. Dorsal scales more or less distinctly tri-
( rarely quinque-) carinate ; nuchals and laterals usually very feebly
keeled, sometimes smooth ; 30 to 34 scales round the middle of
the body, subequal or dorsals largest. The hind limb reaches the
wrist or the elbow of the adpressed fore limb. Subdigital lamellae
smooth. Scales on upper surface of tibia mostly tricarinate. Tail
1^ to If times length of head and body. Brown or olive above ;
some specimens uniform, or with a large whitish (red) patch on
each side ; back frequently with small black spots, sometimes con-
fluent into longitudinal lines ; sides frequently dark brown, with
whitish, black-edged ocelli ; a well-defined light dorso-lateral band
seldom present ; lower surfaces yellowish or greenish white.
From snout to vent 5 inches ; tail 8.

Hab. Sikhim (?), Burma, Siam, Malay Peninsula and Archi-
pelago.

215. Mabuia tytleri.

Tiliqua rufescens, part., Theobald, Cat. Sept. As. Soc. Mus. p: 23.
part., Stoliczka, J. A. S. B. :
ivuleng. Cat. Liz. iii, p. 187.

Tiliqua carinata, part., Stoliczka, J. A. S. B. xxxix, 1870, p.
Mabuia tytleri, £01 ' ~ ' TV * now

192 SCINCLD^E.

From what can be gathered from the short remarks of Theobald
and Stoliczka, the Andamans Mabuia is surely distinct from the
other species of the genus. It is said to have only 26 scales round
the body, the dorsals feebly tricarinate, the middle keel being
weaker than the lateral ones. The supranasals are in contact
behind the rostral. Above uniform, somewhat pale brown, paler
on the sides towards the belly, and with a few indistinct darker
spots ; limbs spotted with white and dark brown ; below yellowish
white; tail leaden grey.

From snout to vent about 8 inches ; tail about 12.

Hob. Andaman Islands.

216. Mabuia quadricarinata.

Mabuia quadricarinata, Bouleng. Ann. Mus. Genova, (2) iv, 1887,
p. 618.

Snout moderate, obtuse. Lower eyelid scaly. Nostril behind
vertical of suture between rostral and first labial ; a postnasal ;
anterior loreal not or but very slightly deeper than the second, in
contact with the second labial only ; rostral forming a suture with
the f rontonasal ; praefrontals forming a median suture; frontal as
long as frontoparietals and interparietal together or a little shorter,
in contact with the second supraocular ; 4 supraoculars, second
largest ; 6 supraciliaries, second and third longest ; frontoparietals
distinct, as large as or a little larger than the interparietal, behind
which the parietals form a median suture ; a pair of nuchals; 3 or 4
labials anterior to the subocular, which is large and not narrowed
below. Ear-opening roundish, a little smaller than a lateral scale,
without distinct lobules. Dorsal scales strongly quadricariuate,
nuchals mostly tri- or quinquecarinate ; 26 to 28 scales round the
middle of the body, subequal. The hind limb reaches the wrist or
the elbow of the adpressed fore limb. Subdigital lamellae smooth.
Scales on upper surface of hind limb bicarinate. Tail nearly twice
as long as head and body. Olive above, with small black spots ;
a whitish streak, edged with black above, from below the eye to the
ear ; lower surfaces whitish.

From snout to vent 2 inches ; tail 3*5.

Hob. Kakhyen Hills.

Genus LYGOSOMA,
Gray, Zool. Journ. iii, 1827, p. 228.

Palatine bones in contact mesially ; pterygoid bones also in con-
tact anteriorly, the palatal notch not extending forwards to between
the centres of the eyes (see fig. c, p. 182) ; pterygoid teeth minute
or absent. Maxillary teeth conical or obtuse. Eyelids well deve-
loped. Ear distinct (or hidden) ; if distinct, tympanum more or less
sunk. Nostril pierced in the nasal ; supranasal present or absent.
Limbs more or less developed (or absent).

LTGOSOMA.

193

Of all lieptilian genera this contains the most species, the number
amounting already to 166. They are represented in every part
of the World, Europe excepted, attaining their greatest number
and variety of form in the Australian Eegion.

Synopsis of Indian, C'eylonese, and Burmese Species.

A. Limbs well developed, pentadactyle;
length of hind lirnb exceeds distance
between centre of eye and fore limb ;
lower eyelid scaly.

a. No supranasals ; dorsal scales smooth.
«'. Four large supraoculars ; rostral con-

«". 36 to 38 scales round middle of

body ,

b". 30 to 32 scales round body

b'. Five large supraoculars ; rostral flat

or concave above ; 38 to 40 scales

round middle of body.

a". The hind limb, stretched forwards,

does not reach beyond axilla ....

b". The hind limb reaches shoulder or

beyond

b. Supranasals present ; dorsal scales
keeled ; 28 to 30 scales round body. .
B. Limbs well developed, pentadactyle ;
length of hind limb exceeds distance
between centre of eye and fore limb ;
lower eyelid with an undivided trans-
parent disk ; no supranasals.
a. llostral forming a straight suture with

frontonasal.

a'. Frontoparietals two.
a". No enlarged nuchals.

a. 30 scales round middle of body ;
frontonasal in contact with

frontal

/3. 34 to 36 scales round body ; prse-
frontals forming a median su-
ture

b". Two to live pairs of enlarged

nuchals.

a. Ear-opening smaller than trans-
parent palpebral disk; 22 to 24
scales round middle of body ....
8. 26 or more scales round body,
a'. 26 to 30 scales round body ;
16 to 18 lamellae under fourth
toe ; ear-opening about as
large as transparent palpebral

disk

/3'. 26 to 28 scales round body ;
16 to 18 lamelloe under fourth
toe ear-opening considerably
larger than transparent pal-
pebral disk

L. indieum, p. 195.
L. zebratum, p. 19o.

L. maeulatum, p. 196.
L, dussumieri) p. 197.
L. olivaceum, p. 197.

L. kakhienense, p. 198.
L. melanostictwn, p. 199.

L. sikkimense, p. 199.
L. himalayanum, p. 200.

L. dona,]*. 201.
o

] 94 8CTNCIDJE.

y '. 32 to 38 scales round body . . L. ladacense, p. 201.
8'. 26 to 28 scales round body ;
21 to 2o lamellae under

fourth toe L. laterimaculatumt\>.202.

y, 20 to 24 scales round body ; ear-
opening larger than transparent
palpebral disk,
a'. Enlarged praeanala much

longer than oroad L. bilineatum, p. 202.

;3'. Enlarged praanals not much

longer than broad L. beddomii, p. 203.

b'. Frontoparietal single ; 22 to 24 scales

round body.
«". Ear-opening much, smaller than

eye-opening L. tracatieoricum, p. 204.

b". Ear-opening very large L.macrvtympanun^-p.VM.

b. Posterior border of rostral convex and
forming a curved suture with fronto-

nasal L. inacrolis, p. 205.

C. Limbs -weak.

a. Lower eyelid scaly ; no supranasals ; 24

or 26 scales round body.

a'. Frontoparietals two L. taprobanense, p. 206.

V. Frontoparietal single L.fnllax, p. 206.

b. Lower eyelid scaly ; supranasals present.

a'. Frontoparietal single ; 24 or 26 scales
round body . .

body L. lineolfitum, p. 207

/. Frontoparietals two ; 26 or 28 scales

round body.
a". Ear-opening hardly as large as

pupil ; hind limb half as long as
distance

listance between axilla and groin. L. comotti, p. 207.
b". Ear-opening oval, larger than
pupil ; hind limb measuring less
than half distance between axilla

and groin L. albopunctatum, p. 208.

i. Lower eyelid with an undivided trans-
parent disk ; supranasals present.
a'. 24 or 26 scales round body ; fronto-

parietals two.

a". Distance between end of snout and
fore limb contained 2-2^ times
in distance between axilla and

groin L. punctatum, p. 208.

b". Distance between end of snout and
fore limb contained about 3 times
in distance between axilla and

groin L. yue-ntheri, p. 209.

b'. 22 scales round body.
a". Froutoparietals two.

a. The fore limb reaches a little
beyond the ear ; 4th toe a little
longer than 3rd.

a'. Distance between end of
snout and fore limb contained
twice in distance between
axilla and groin L. fees, p. 210.

LTGOSOMA. 195

/3'. Distance between end of snout
and fore limb contained at
least twice and a half in dis-
tance between axilla and

groin L. cyanellum, p. 210.

/3. Fore limb does not reach ear ;

3rd and 4th toes equal L. anffuinum, p. 211.

b". Frontoparietal single.

a. Hind limb with 5 toes L. calamus, p. 211.

(3. Hind limb with 4 toes L. lineatum, p. 212.

217. Lygosoma indicum.

Ilinulia indica, Gray, A.M.N. H. (2) xii, 1853, p. 388; Theob. Cat.

p. 54.

Eumeces indicus, part., Giinth. Hept. B. I. p. 89.
Lygosoma indicum, Bouleny. Cat. Liz. iii, p. 241, pi. xvi. fig. 1.

Habit lacertiform ; the distance between the end of the snout
and the fore limb contained 1£ to lj? times in the distance be-
tween axilla and groin. Snout short, obtuse; loreal region nearly
vertical. Lower eyelid scaly. Nostril pierced in a single nasal, or
between a nasal and a postnasal ; no snpranasal : rostral convex,
largely in contact with the frontonasal, which is broader than long,
and forms a narrow suture with the frontal ; the latter as long as
frontoparietal and parietals together, in contact with the first,
second, and third supraoculars ; 4 large supraoculars, followed by
2 very small ones ; first supraocular not much longer than second ;
9 or iO supraciliaries, first largest ; froutoparietals and interparie-
tal distinct, former a little longer than latter ; parietals forming a
short suture behind the interparietal ; no nuchals ; fifth and sixth
upper labials largest and below the eye. Ear-opening oval, smaller
than eye-opening ; no auricular lobules. 36 or 38 smooth scales
round the middle of the body, laterals smallest. A pair of large
prsoanals. When the limbs are pressed against the body, the hind
limb reaches the elbow or not quite so far. Digits rather elongate,
compressed ; subdigital lamellae smooth or obtusely keeled, 17 to
20 under the fourth toe. Tail almost twice as long as head and
body. Brown or olive above, uniform or with scattered darker
dots ; sides of head and body dark brown, light-margined above ;
usually with large light spots ; lower surface whitish.

From snout to vent 3*5 inches ; tail 6.

Hab. Eastern Himalayas (common at Darjeeling), hills of Assam
and Burma.

218. Lygosoma zebratum.

Lygosoma zebratum, Bottlenff. Ann. Mus, Genova, (2) v. 1887, p. 478,
pi. vii. fig. 1.

Habit lacertiform ; the distance between the end of the snout
and the fore limb contained 1| to If times in the distance be-
tween axilla and groin in the adult, scarcely more than once in the
young. Snout short, obtuse ; loreal region nearly vertical. Lower

o2

196 SCINCIDJS.

eyelid scaly. Nostril pieced between a nasal and a postnasal ; no
supranasal ; rostral convex, forming a suture with the frontonasal,
which is broader than long and forms a narrow suture with the
frontal ; latter shield as long as f rontoparietals and parietals
together, in contact with the first and second, or first, second, and
third supraoculars ; four large supraoculars, followed by two very
small ones ; first supraocular longer than second ; 10 or 11 supra-
ciliaries, first largest ; froutoparietals and interparietal distinct,
subequal, or former a little larger than latter ; parietals forming a
short suture behind the interparietal ; enlarged iiuchals absent or
one pair only present ; fifth and sixth upper labials largest and below
the eye. Ear-opening oval, smaller than the eye-opening ; no auri-
cular lobules. 30 or 32 smooth scales round the middle of the body,
laterals very slightly smaller than dorsals. A pair of large praeanals.
The adpressed limbs meet, or the hind limb reaches the wrist in
the adult ; the hind limb reaches the axilla in the young. Digits
rather elongate, compressed ; subdigital lamellae smooth or obtusely
keeled, 20 to 22 under the fourth toe. Tail 1| to If times length
of head and body. Brown or bronzy above, uniform, with a
broad dark brown or black lateral baud, below which the lips and
sides of the neck and body are ornamented with alternately dark
and light vertical bars ; these markings most distinct in the young ;
usually a black line or series of black spots along the upper surface
of the tail ; lower surface uniform whitish.

Prom snout to vent 3*5 inches.

Hal. Hills of Northern Tenasserim (Mount Muleyit, Pla-pu,
3300 to 3600 feet).

219. Lygosoma inaculatum.

Lissonota maculata, Blyth, J. A. S. B. xxii, 1853, p. 653.
Mabouia maculata, Giinth. Kept. B. I, p. 84.
llinulia maculata, Theob. Cat, p. 55.
Eumeces indicus, part., Giinth, 1. c. p. 89.
Lygosoma maculatum, Bouleny. Cat. Liz. iii, p. 242.

Habit lacertiform ; distance between end of snout and fore limb
equals \\ to 1^ times distance between axilla and groin. Snout
short, obtuse ; loreal region nearly vertical. Lower eyelid scaly.
Nostril pierced in a single nasal ; no supranasals ; rostral per-
fectly flat or a little concave above, largely in contact with the
frontonasal, which is broader than long, and forms a narrow
suture with the frontal; latter as long as frontoparietals and
parietals together, in contact with the two or three anterior
supraoculars; 5 large supraoculars, first much longer than second,
fifth smallest; 9 or 10 supraciliaries, first and last largest; fronto-
parietals and iuterparietal distinct, former a little longer than
latter ; parietals forming a short suture behind the interparietal ;
no nuchals ; fifth and sixth upper labials largest and below the
eye. Ear-opening oval, smaller than the eye-opening ; no auri-
cular lobules. 38 or 40 smooth scales round the middle of the
body; dorsals largest, laterals smallest. A pair of large prseanals.

LYGOSOMA. 197

The hind limb reaches the elbow or the axilla. Digits long,
compressed: subdigital lamella) feebly unicarinate, 16 to 21 under
the fourth toe. Tail almost twice as long as head and body. Brown
or olive-brown above, usually with two dorsal series of small dark
brown spots ; a dark brown lateral band, usually spotted with
whitish and edged below with white, extends from the nostril to
the tail, passing through the eye and above the ear; flanks white-
spotted ; lower surface white.

From snout to vent 2-5 inches ; tail 4-5.

Nab. Eastern Himalayas (Sikhim), Northern Bengal, Assam,
Burma to Mergui, Andaman Islands.

220. Lygosoma dussumieri.

Lygosoma dussumierii,.D?OH. $ Bibr. Erp. Gen. v, p. 725; Boukng.

Cat. Liz. iii, p. 243.
Ilinulia dussumierii, Theob. Cat. p. 55.

Habit lacertiforrn ; distance between end of snout and fore
limb contained 1 to 1\ times in distance between axilla and groin.
Snout short, obtuse ; loreal region concave. Lower eyelid scaly.
Nostril pierced in a single nasal ; no supranasal ; rostral flat or a
little concave above, largely in contact with the frontonasal, which
is broader than long and sometimes in contact with the frontal ;
praefrontals sometimes forming a median suture ; frontal as long
as frontoparietals and parietals together, in contact with the
three (or two) anterior supraoculars ; 5 large supraoculars, first
two sometimes fused into a single shield, first much longer than
second; a very small posterior supraocular; 11 to 13 supraciliaries,
first and last largest ; frontoparietals and interparietal distinct,
subequal in length ; parietals forming a short suture behind the
interparietal ; no nuchals ; fifth and sixth upper labials largest
and below the eye. Ear-opening oval, smaller than the eye-open-
ing ; no auricular lobules. 40 smooth scales round the middle of
the body, laterals smallest. A pair of large praeanals. The hind
limb reaches the shoulder or the ear. Digits long, compressed ;
subdigital lamellae unicarinate, 22 or 23 under the fourth toe.
Tail almost twice as long as head and body. Pale olive above
with small light spots or a series of dark brown spots along each
side of the back : a broad dark brown lateral baud, involving the
upper half of the ear, edged above and below with a light streak ;
tail reddish ; lower surface of head and body greenish white.

From snout to vent 2'3 inches ; tail 4-3.

If(tb. Malabar.

221. Lygosoma olivaceum.

Dasia olivacea, Gray, Ann. N. H. ii, 1838, p. 331.
Euprepes ernestii, Dum. fy Bibr. Erp. G&n. v, p. 690 : Cantor, J. A.
S. B. xvi, 1847, p. 653.

198 SCINCID.S:.

Euprepes olivaceus, Giintk. Kept. B. I. p. 80, pi. x, tig. D ; Theab.

Cat. p. 61.
Lygosoma olivaceum, Bouleng. Cat. Liz. iii, p. 251.

Habit lacertiform ; distance between end of snout and fore
limb contained li to 1| times in the distance between axilla and
groin. Snout rather elongate, obtusely acuminate, much depressed.
Lower eyelid scaly. Nostril pierced in the middle of a small
nasal ; a supranasal, rarely in contact with its fellow ; frontonasal
broader than long, usually in contact with the rostral, and fre-
quently also with the frontal ; latter as long as the frontoparietals
and parietals together or a little longer, in contact with the
first and second, or first, second, and third supraoculars ; 4 supra-
oculars, subequal in length ; 7 or 8 supraciliaries, first largest ;
frontoparietals and interparietal distinct, latter as large as former
or a little smaller, and entirely separating the parietals ; a
pair of nuchals ; 4 labials anterior to the subocular. Ear-opening
very small. 28 or 30 scales round the middle of the body, the
dorsals and laterals with 3 to 9 more or less strong keels ; nuchal
scales smooth or indistinctly keeled ; dorsals a little larger than
ventrals. Praeanals not enlarged. The adpressed limbs feebly
overlap, the hind limb never reaching beyond the wrist. Digits
moderately elongate, with strong sharp claws, the basal phalanges
cyclotetragonal, the distal strongly compressed ; subdigital lamellae
smooth, 17 to 20 under the fourth toe. Tail about lg times the
length of the head and body. Young with transverse dark brown
bands separated by narrow pale olive interspaces : tail brilliant
scarlet. Adult olive or olive-browrn above, with more or less
regular transverse series of pale, dark-edged spots or traces of
dark cross bands ; a more or less distinct pale dorso-lateral band on
the posterior part of the body, continued on the tail : lower sur-
face light green.

From snout to vent 4*25 inches.

Hal. Tenasserim and Malay Peninsula, Xicobars, Sumatra, Java,
Borneo, Philippines.

222. Lygosoma kakhienense.

Lygosoma kakhienense, Bouleng. Attn. Mus. Genova, (2) iv, 1887,
'p. 621.

Habit lacertiform ; distance between end of snout and fore limb
15 times in distance between axilla and groin. Snout short,
obtuse. Lower eyelid with an undivided transparent disk. Nostril
pierced in the nasal ; no supranasal ; frontouasal broader than
long, forming a broad suture with the rostral and in contact with
the anterior angle of the frontal ; latter shield a little shorter than
frontoparietals and interparietal together, in contact with the two
anterior supraoculars ; four supraoculars, eight supraciliaries ;
frontoparietals and interparietal distinct, subequal in si/e : parietals
forming a suture behind the interparietal ; no enlarged nuchals ;

LYGOSOMA. 199

the suture between the fifth and sixth upper labials falls below
the centre of the eye. Ear-opening oval, a little smaller than the
eye-opening ; no auricular lobules. 30 smooth, subequal scales
round the middle of the body. No enlarged praeanals. The
adpressed limbs slightly overlap. Digits subcylindrical ; subdigital
lamellae smooth, 16 under the fourth toe. Tail about once and a
half the length of head and body. Pale bronzy olive above, with
a few black dots ; a lateral series of large black spots, partly con-
fluent into a band, from above the ear to the base of the tail,
extending forwards, as a narrow streak, to the nostril, and passing
through the eye ; flanks and lips with black dots.

From snout to vent 1'6 inches : tail 2-4.

Hal. Kakhven Hills.

223. Lygosoma melanostictum.

Lygosoma melanostictum, Bouleny. Ann. Mus. Genova, (2) v, 1887,
p. 479, pi. vii, fig. 2.

Habit lacertiform ; distance between end of snout and fore
limb contained l£ to If times in distance between axilla and groin.
Snout short, obtuse. Lower eyelid with an undivided transparent
disk. Nostril pierced in the nasal ; no supranasal ; frontonasal
much broader than long, forming a broad suture with the rostral ;
prsefrontals forming a median suture ; frontal as long as fronto-
parietals and interparietal together, in contact with the two
anterior supraoculars ; 4 supraoculars, first longer than second ;
9 or 10 supraciliaries ; frontoparietals and interparietal distinct,
subequal in size ; parietals forming a suture behind the inter-
parietal ; no enlarged nuchals ; the suture between the fifth and
sixth upper labials falls below the centre of the eye. Ear-opening
oval, a little smaller than the eye-opening ; no auricular lobules.
34 or 36 smooth scales round the middle of the body, laterals
smallest. A pair of slightly enlarged pra?anals. The adpressed
limbs hardly meet, or slightly overlap. Digits subcylindrical ;
subdigital lamellae smooth, 17 to 19 under the fourth toe. Tail
1| to If times the length of head and body. Pale brown or bronzy
above, with black dots, which are crowded to form a lateral baud
from the snout to the tail ; lips and flanks whitish or pinkish,
dotted with black ; lower surface whitish, throat often dotted
with black.

From snout to vent 2'3 inches.

Hal. Hills of Northern Tenasserim, between 3300 and 4000
feet.

224. Lygosoma sikkimense.

Mocoa sikkimensis, Blyth, J. A. S. B. xxli, 18o4, p. 652 ; Theob. Cat.

p. 60.

Tiliqua schlegelii, Giinth. P. Z. S. 1860, p. 153, pi. xxv, fig. C.
Eumeces schlegelii, Giinth. Rept. B. 1. p. 86.

200 SCINCIDJE.

Mocoa sacra, Stoliczka, J. A. S. B. xli, 1872, p. 128, pi. iv, fig. 4
*> Theob. Cat. p. 67.
Lygosoma sikkimense, Bouleng. Cat. Liz. iii, p. 257.

Body more or less elongate ; distance between end of snout and
fore limb contained lg to 2 times in distance between axilla and
groin. Snout short, obtuse. Lower eyelid with an undivided
transparent disk. Nostril pierced in the nasal ; no supranasal ;
frontonasal broader than long, forming a suture with the rostral
and usually also with the frontal ; latter shield as long as fronto-
parietals and interparietal together, in contact with the two
anterior supraoculars ; 4 supraoculars, second largest ; 7 or 8
supraciliaries ; frontoparietals and interparietal distinct, subequal ;
parietals forming a suture behind the interparietal ; 2 to 4 pairs of
nuchals ; fifth upper labial entering the orbit. Ear-opening small,
smaller than the palpebral disk, with or without very indistinct
lobules. 22 or 24 smooth scales round the middle of the body,
dorsals largest. A pair of large prseanals. The adpressed limbs
fail to meet, meet, or overlap. Digits subcylindrical ; subdigital
lamellae smooth, 16 to 19 under the fourth toe. Tail \\ to 1|
times the length of head and body. Bronzy olive or brown above,
dark brown on the sides, which are limited above by a blackish
line ; back with small blackish spots ; sides with small light spots ;
lower surface whitish.

Prom snout to vent 1-75 inches ; tail 2*75.

Hob. Eastern Himalayas (Sikhim, 3000-10,000 feet) ; Paresh-
nsith Hill, Western Bengal.

225. Lygosoma himalayanum.

Eumeces himalayanus, Gilnth. Rept. B. I. p. 86, pi. x, fig. H.
Euprepes blythi, Steind. Novara, Rept. p. 40.
Mocoa himalayana and M. blythii, Theob. Cat. pp. 57, 50.
Lygosoma himalaj'anum, Bouleng. Cat. Liz. iii, p. 257, pi. xvii,
fig. 2.

Habit lacertiform ; distance between end of snout and fore limb
contained 1| to 2 times in distance between axilla and groin.
Snout short, obtuse. Lower eyelid with an undivided transparent
disk. Nostril pierced in the nasal ; no supranasal ; frontonasal
broader than long, forming a suture with the rostral and with the
frontal ; latter shield as long as frontoparietals and interparietal
together, in contact with the two, rarely three, anterior supra-
oculars ; 4 supraoculars, second largest ; 6 to 8 supraciliaries ;
frontoparietals and interparietal distinct, subequal, or latter
smallest ; parietals forming a suture behind the interparietal ; 3 or
4 pairs of nuchals ; fifth upper labial entering the orbit. Ear-
opening oval, much smaller than the eye-opening, about as large
as the transparent palpebral disk, with one to three projecting
lobules or granules anteriorly. 26 to 30 smooth scales round the
middle of the body, dorsals largest, laterals smallest. A pair of
large proeanals. The adpressed limbs fail to meet, meet, or overlap.

LYGOSOMA. 201

Digits subcylindrical; subdigital lamellae smooth, 16 to 18 under
fourth toe. Tail If to If times the length of head and body.
Bronzy olive or brown above, with small dark, and sometimes also
light spots ; a blackish vertebral streak sometimes present ; a
broad blackish-brown lateral band, usually edged above and below
by a light streak ; lower surface greenish white or plumbeous.

From snout to vent 2'5 inches ; tail 3-5.

ITal. Western Himalayas (Garhwiil, Simla), Kashmir (Ladsik ?).

226. Lygosoma dorise.
Lygosoma doriae, Boitleng. Ann. Mus. Geneva, (2) iv, 1887, p. 620.

Habit lacertiform ; distance between end of snout and fore limb
contained 1^ or 1| times in distance between axilla and groin.
Snout short, obtuse. Lower eyelid with an undivided transparent
disk. Nostril pierced in the nasal ; no supranasal ; frontonasal
twice as broad as long, forming a suture with the rostral, and in
contact with the anterior angle of the frontal (in one specimen the
praafrontals form a median suture) ; frontal a little shorter than
frontoparietals and interparietal together, in contact with the two
anterior .supraoculars ; 4 supraoculars ; 8 supraciliaries ; fronto-
parietals and interparietal distinct, subequal in size; parietals
forming a suture behind the interparietal ; 3 or 4 pairs of nucbals ;
fifth upper labial entering the orbit. Ear-opening oval, smaller
than the eye-opening, but considerably larger than the transparent
palpebral disk ; no auricular lobules. 26 or 28 scales round the
middle of the body, smooth, laterals smallest. A pair of enlarged
praeanals. The hind limb reaches the wrist of the adpressed fore
limb. Digits subcylindrical; subdigital lamella? smooth, 16 to 18
under the fourth toe. Tail If to 1| times as long as head and body.
Bronzy olive above, with, small black spots ; sides and limbs
closely spotted with black, with small whitish dots ; young with a
light dorso-lateral line.

From snout to vent 2 inches ; tail 3'2.

Hob, Upper Burma (Bhamo and Kakhyen Hills).

227. Lygosoma ladacense.

Eumeces ladacensis, Giinth. Kept. B. I. p. 88, pi. x, fig. I.
Euprepres stoliczkai and kargilensis, Steind. Novara, Rept. pp. 45, 46.
Mocoa ladakensis, M. stoliczkse, and M. kargilensis, Theob. Cat.

pp. viii, 59, 60.
Lygosoma ladacense, Bouleng. Cat. Liz. iii, p. 258, pi. xvii, fig. 3.

Habit lacertiform ; distance between end of snout and fore limb
contained 1 1 to If times in distance between axilla and groin.
Snout short, obtuse. Lower eyelid with an undivided transparent
disk. ]S~ostril pierced in the nasal ; no supranasal ; frontonasal
broader than long, forming a suture with the rostral, and usually
also with the frontal ; latter shield as long as or a little longer
than frontoparietals and interparietal together, in contact with the
three anterior supraoculars; 4 supraoculars, second and third

202 SCINCID.E.

equal; 6 to 8 supraciliaries ; frontoparietals and interparietal dis-
tinct, subequal ; parietals forming a suture behind the interparietal ;
3 or 4 pairs of nuchals ; fifth or sixth upper labial entering the
orbit. Ear-opening oval, much smaller than the eye-opening,
with two or three projecting lobules or granules anteriorly. 32 to
38 smooth scales round tho middle of the body, laterals smallest.
A pair of large praeanals. The adpressed limbs meet or overlap.
Digits subcylindrical ; subdigital lamella? smooth, 21 to '24 under
the fourth toe. Tail a little longer than head and body. Bron/y
olive above, with small darker and lighter spots ; a more or less
dark brown lateral band, dotted with pale olive, sometimes
bordered above and below by a light streak ; lower surfaces
greenish.

From snout to vent 2 inches ; tail 2*6.

Hal. Ladak, Upper Indus Valley (12,000-14,000 feet).

228. Lygosoma laterimaculatum.

Lygosoma laterimaculatum, Boulenq. Cat. Liz. m, p. 2(!0, pi. xviii,
'fig. 2.

Habit lacertiform ; distance between end of snout and fore limb
contained 1J to Ig times in distance between axilla and groin.
Snout short, obtuse. Lower eyelid with an undivided transparent
disk. Nostril pierced in the nasal ; no supranasal ; frontonasal
broader than long, forming a suture with the rostral and with the
frontal ; latter shield a little shorter than the frontoparietals and
interparietal together, in contact with the first and second supra-
oculars ; 4 supraoculars, second largest : 7 or 8 supraciliaries ;
frontoparietals and interparietal distinct, usually subequal ;
parietals forming a suture behind the interparietal ; 3 to 5 pairs
of nuchals ; fifth upper labial entering the orbit. Ear-opening
oval, smaller than the eye-opening, without projecting granules or
lobules. 20 or 28 scales round the middle of the body, smooth,
or dorsals feebly pluricarinate, dorsals largest, laterals smallest.
A pair of enlarged prseanals, not much longer than broad. The
hind limb reaches the wrist or the elbow. Digits subcylindrical :
subdigital lamella? smooth, 21 to 25 under the fourth toe. Tail \^
to 1| times the length of head and body. Bronzy above, with a
blackish lateral streak, light-edged above, along the head and body ;
two fine black lines or series of dots along the back ; sides of head
and body below the lateral streak largely and closely spotted with
black ; lower surfaces greyish ; tail blue in the young.

From snout to vent 1-8 inches.

Hub. Nilgiri, Travancore, and Tinnevelly Hills, S. India.

229. Lygosoma bilineatum.

Mocoa bilineata, Gray, A. M. N. H. xviii, 1840, p. 430 ; Theol. Cat.

p. 58.

Eumeces bilineatus, Giinth. R^t. B. I. p. 86.
Lygosoma bilineatum, Battlmg, Cat. Liz. iii, p. 259, pi. xviii, fig. 1.

LYGOSOMA. ZV6

Body elongate ; distance between end of snout and fore limb
contained 1^ to 2 times in distance between axilla and groin in
the adult, 1| in the young. Snout short, obtuse. Lower eyelid
with an undivided transparent disk. Nostril pierced in the nasal ;
no supranasal ; frontonasal broader than long, forming a suture
with the rostral and with the frontal ; latter shield as long as the
froutoparietals and interparietals together or slightly longer, in
contact with the first and second supraoctilars ; 4 supraoculars,
second largest ; 6 or 7 gupraciliaiies ; frontoparietals and inter-
parietal distinct, usually subequal ; parietals forming a suture
behind the interparietal ; 4 to '5 pairs of nuchals ; fifth upper
labial entering the orbit. Ear-opening roundish, a little smaller
than the eye-opening, with t\vo projecting granules on its anterior
border. 22 or 24 smooth scales round the middle of the body,
dorsals largest, laterals smallest. 4 large pra3anals, much longer
than broad, pointed behind in the male. The ad pressed limbs are
widely separated in the adult, slightly overlap in the young.
Digits subcylindrical ; subdigital lamellae smooth, 16 to 21 under
the fourth toe. Tail 1^ to 1| times as long as head and body.
Bronzy olive or brown above ; a black streak on each side, from
above the ear to the base of the tail ; usually another finer black
streak on each side along the back ; small black dots on the sides of
the head, and usually also below the lateral streak ; lower surfaces
greenish.

From snout to vent 2-2 inches.

//«&., Xilgiri Hills, S. India.

230. Lygosoma beddomii.

Mocoa travaiikorica, part., Beddome, Madras Journ. Med. Sc. 1870 ;

Theob. Cat. p. 58.
Lygosoma beddomii, Botdeny. Cat. Liz. iii, p. 201, pi. xviii, fig. 3.

The distance between the end of the snout and the fore limb
contained lg to If times in the distance between axilla and groin.
Snout short, obtuse. Lower eyelid with an undivided transparent
disk. Nostril pierced in the nasal ; no supranasal ; frontonasal
broader than long, forming a suture with the rostral and with
the frontal ; latter shield as long as the frontoparietals and
interparietal together, in contact with the first and second
supraoculars; 4 supraoculars, second largest and touching the
supraciliary margin, as sometimes the third does also ; 5 to 7
supraciliaries ; frontoparietals distinct, longer than the inter-
parietal ; parietals forming a suture behind the interparietal ; 3
or 4 pairs of nuchals ; fifth upper labial entering the orbit. Ear-
opening oval, much smaller than the eye-opening, without pro-
jecting lobules or granules. 20 or 22 smooth scales round the
middle of the body, dorsals largest, laterals smallest. A pair of
feebly enlarged pra^anals, not much longer than broad. The
adpressed limbs just meet in the adult, overlap in the young.
Digits subcyliudrical ; .subdigital lamella smooth, 17 or IS under
the fourth toe. Tail If times the length of head and body.

204

Bronzy brown above, lighter on the limit of the blackish-brown
colour which covers the sides of the head and body ; sometimes a
blackish vertebral line ; limbs dark brown ; lower sufaces dark
brown or bronzy olive, the scales edged with darker.

From snout to vent 2-25 inches.

Hal. Travancore Hills and "Wynaad, S. India.

231. Lygosoma travancoricum.

Mocoa travankorica, part., Beddome, Madras Journ. Med. Sc. 1870 ;

Theob. Cat, p. 58.
Lygosoma travancoricum, Bvuleng. Cat. Liz. iii, p. 261, pi. xviii,

fig. 4.

Habit lacertiform ; the distance between end of snout and fore
limb equals or slightly exceeds the distance between axilla and
groin in the young, and is contained 1|^ to 1-2- times in the adult and
halfgrown. Snout short, obtuse. Lower eyelid with an undivided
transparent disk. Nostril pierced in the nasal ; no supranasal ;
frontonasal broader than long, forming a suture with the rostral
and with the frontal ; latter shield as long as or shorter than
frontoparietal and interparietal together, in contact with the first
and second supraoculars ; 4 supraoculars, second largest ; 7 or 8
supraciliaries ; frontoparietal single, longer than the interparietal ;
parietals forming a suture behind the interparietal ; 3 or 4 pairs
of nuchals ; fifth, or rarely fourth, upper labial entering the orbit.
Ear-opening oval, much smaller than the eye-opening, without
projecting lobules or granules. 22 or 24 smooth scales round the
middle of the body, dorsals largest, laterals smallest. A pair of
enlarged pra?anals. The adpressed limbs meet or slightly overlap
in the adult. Digits subcylindrical ; subdigital lamella) smooth,
18 to 24 under the fourth toe. Tail If to 1| times length of
head and body. Bronzy brown or olive above, lighter on the
limit of the blackish-brown sides ; back uniform, or with scattered
blackish dots, or with a blackish vertebral line ; lower part of
sides black-spotted : limbs dark brown ; lower surfaces dark grey
or olive.

From snout to vent 2-4 inches.

Hob. Hills of Southern India ("Wynaad, Travancore, Palni,
Sivagiri G-hat).

232. Lygosoma macrotympanum.

Mocoa macrotympanum, Stoliczka, J. A. S. E. xlii, 1873, p. 166.
Lygosoma macrotympanum, Boulena. Cat. Liz. iii, p. 265.

Body moderately slender. Snout rather attenuated and prolonged.
Lower eyelid with an undivided transparent disk. Nostril pierced
in the nasal ; no supranasal ; frontonasal in contact with the
rostral, posteriorly just touching the frontal : 4 supraoculars :
frontoparietal single ; interparietal distinct ; parietals forming a
suture behind the iuterparietal ; 4 pairs of nuchals ; fifth upper

LYGOSOMA. 205

labial under the orbit. Ear-opening very large, rounded, with a
perfectly smooth edge all round. '22 smooth scales round the
middle of the body, dorsals slightly larger than laterals. A pair of
moderately enlarged prseanals. Limbs proportionately developed,
with the toes very slender. Head above brown, paler on the snout ;
3 longitudinal white bands along the body, separated by 2 some-
what broader brown bands ; the median dorsal white band becomes
obsolete at the root of the tail : labials and sides of head brownish,
spotted with white ; limbs above with very close longitudinal
brown lines, digits powdered with pure white ; lower portion of
the sides and lower surfaces livid carneous, tinged with bright
orange on the lower belly and on the tail.

Total length 4 inches, of which the tail measures nearly 2'5.

Hab. South Andaman. A single specimen, which I have not
seen, was obtained on a sandy beach in Macpherson's Straits.

233. Lygosoma macrotis.

Euprepes inacrotis, Steind. Novara, Kept, p. 48.

Mocoa macrotis, Theob. Cat, p. 60.

Lygosoma macrotis, Boideng. Cat. Liz. iii, p. 265.

Lower eyelid with an undivided transparent disk. No supra-
nasals ; rostral large, posterior border convex and forming a curved
suture with the frontonasal, which is in contact posteriorly with the
anterior angle of the frontal; frontoparietals and interparietal
distinct. Ear-opening very large, circular, without projecting
lobules. 31 smooth scales round the body. A pair of large
prseanals. Brown above, with a deep black lateral band ; belly
yellowish white.

Hal. Nicobars. I have not seen this lizard.

The following species is insufficiently described : —

MOCOA FORMOSA, Blyth, J. A . S. B. xxii, 1853, p. 651 ; Theob.
Cat. Eept. Mus. As. Soc. p. 26 ; id. Cat. p. 58.

" Length 7 in., of which the tail measures half. Scales hexagonal,
in 0 dorsal series. Prseanal scales similar to the abdominal.
Form robust. Frontal shield elongate-pentagonal, broadest to the
front, and rounded posteriorly. Internasal and frontonasals
lozenge-shaped, or somewhat fan-shaped, broader than long.
Erontoparietals distinct, but unsynimetrically divided. Colour olive-
green, with black lateral and pale superlateral bands as usual, the
former much speckled with greenish white, and the latter showing
a series of black spots. Between the pale snperlateral streaks are
five narrow black lines along the nape and body, variegated with
angular greenish-white spots. A few such spots appear also on
the upper surface of the tail, caused by a scale variegated with
black and greenish white here and there placed. Limbs minutely
pencilled with black, and spots or streaks of the same upon the
head. Underparts greenish-plumbeous throughout."

Nab. Mirzapur (N.W.P.), and Wazirabad, Punjab.

206 SCINOIDJE.

234. Lygosoma taprobanense.

Euuieces tiiprobaneusis, Kelaart, Prodi: ii, p. 21.

Kumeces taprobanensis, part., Giinfh. Rept. B. I. p. 89, pi. xiii, fig. B.

llimilia taprobanensis, part., Theob. Cat. p. 56.

Lygosoma taprobaneuse, Bouleng. Cat. Liz. in, p. 319.

Body rather elongate, limbs short ; distance between end of snout
and fore limb contained about once and a half in distance between
axilla and groin. Snout very short, obtusely acuminate. Lower
eyelid scaly. Nostril pierced in a single nasal ; no supranasal ;
frontonasal broader than long, forming a broad suture with the
rostral, and usually in contact posteriorly with the anterior angle
of the frontal ; the latter shield considerably longer than the fronto-
parietals, in contact with the two anterior supraoculars ; 4 supra-
oculars ; 8 or 9 supraciliaries ; frontoparietals distinct, about as
large as the interparietal ; purietals forming a suture behind the
interparietal ; no nuchals ; usually, fifth labial below the centre of
the eye. Ear-opening small, suboval, with 2 or 3 very small, more
or less indistinct, projecting lobules anteriorly. 24 or 26 smooth
equal scales round the middle of the body. Pneanals not enlarged.
The adpressed limbs fail to meet. Digits short, cylindrical ; sub-
digital lamella; smooth or tubercular, 13 to 19 under the fourtb toe.
Tail thick, once and a half the length of head and body. Yellowish
or reddish brown above, usually with a paler brown dorso-lateral
band and longitudinal series of blackish dots ; sides dark brown or
blackish, white-dotted ; lower surfaces yellowish ; throat, in males,
bluish grey, "with or without white dots.

From snout to vent 2-25 inches; tail 3'25.

Hub. Ceylon.

235. Lygosoma fallax.

Lygosoma fallax, Peters, MB. Ak. Bert. 1860, p. 184 ; Bouleng. Cat.

'Liz. iii, p. 320.

Eumeces taprobanensis, part., Giinth. Rept. B. I. p. 89.
Hinulia taprobanensis, part., Tlieob. Cat. p. 56.

Body rather elongate, limbs short ; distance between end of snout
and fore limb contained about once and a half in distance between
axilla and groin. Snout very short, obtusely acuminate. Lower
eyelid scaly. Nostril pierced in a single nasal; no supranasal;
frontonasal much broader than long, forming a broad suture with
the rostral ; pnefrontals usually forming a median suture ; frontal
as long as the frontoparietal or shorter, in contact with the two
anterior supraoculars ; 4 supraoculars ; 8 or 9 supraciliaries; fronto-
parietals united into a single shield, much longer than the inter-
parietal ; parietals forming a suture behind the interparietal ; no
nuchals ; usually, fifth labial below the centre of the eye. Ear-
opening small, roundish, with two very small projecting lobules
anteriorly. 26 smooth, equal scales round the middle of the body.
Prseanals not enlarged. The adpressed limbs fail to meet or just

LYGOSOMA. 207

meet. Digits short, cylindrical ; subdigital lamellae smooth or
tubercular, 16 to 18 under the fourth toe. Tail thick, 1 3 to If
times the length of head aud body. Pale reddish brown above,
uniform or with darker dots, and with a more or less distinct darker
and a lighter dorso-lateral band ; lower surfaces yellowish. Throat
and sides of head and neck, in males, bluish-black, dotted with white.

From snout to vent 1'6 inches ; tail 2'7.

Hab. Ceylon.

236. Lygosoma lineolatum.

lliopa liueolata, Stoliczka, J.A.S. B. xxxix, 1870, p. 175, pi. x, tig. '2 ;

Theob. Cat. p. 63.
Lygosoma lineolatum, Eouleny, Cat. Liz. iii, p. 314.

Body much elongate, limbs short ; distance between end of snout
and fore lirnb contained about twice aud a half in distance
between axilla and groin . Snout short, obtuse. Lower eyelid scaly.
Supranasals distinct, in contact behind the rostral ; frontonasal
very broad, forming a narrow suture with the frontal ; the latter
shield as long as the frontoparietal and interparietal together;
5 supraoculars, last very small ; frontoparietal fused into a single
shield ; interparietal rather small and triangular ; parietals forming
a suture behind the interparietal. Ear-opening moderate, rounded,
simple. 24 or 25 smooth scales round the middle of the body.
Praeanals very slightly enlarged. The length of the hind limb
equals the distance between the axilla and the eye. Fourth toe
very slightly longer than third. Tail about once and one third the
length of head and body. Greenish iridescent brown above, with
an almost continuous series of small dark brown dots on each side
of the back, beginning at the nape and margined above and below
by a pale line ; the centres of all the scales above and on the sides
are paler than at the edges, and form straight longitudinal lines.
Below whitish, with a vinaceous tinge, and distinctly reddish on the
tail.

From snout to vent 1-5 inches ; tail 2.

Hab. Martaban, opposite to Moulmein, Burma. Only two speci-
mens, which I have not seen, are known.

237. Lygosoma comotti.

Lygosoma comotti, Bouleny. Ann. Mus. Geuova, ('2) iv, 1887, p. (j'2'2.

Body moderately elongate, limbs short ; distance between eiid of
snout and fore limb contained once and three fifths in distance
between axilla and groin. Head much depressed ; snout short,
obtuse. Lower eyelid scaly. Supranasals present, forming a suture
behind the rostral ; froutonasal broader than long, forming a broad
suture with the frontal ; latter shield as long as f routoparietals
and parietals together, in contact with the first and second supra-
oculars ; 4 supraoculars ; 8 supraciliaries ; frontoparietals and inter-
parietal distinct, subequal in size ; parietals forming a suture behind
the interparietal ; no enlarged nuchals ; sixth upper labial below

the centre of eye. Ear-opening small, hardly as large as the pupil,
round, with a projecting lohule anteriorly. 28 smooth, subequal
scales round the middle of the body. No enlarged pracanals. The
adpressed limbs fail to meet ; the fore limb stretched forwards
reaches a little beyond the ear ; hind limb half the distance between
axilla and groin. Fourth toe longer than third ; subdigital lamellae
obtusely keeled, 15 under the fourth toe. Eufous above, each
scale edged with dark brown ; sides browu, with yellowish spots :
lower parts uniform yellowish.

From snout to vent 2-25 inches.

Hob. Minhla, Upper Burma.

238. Lygosoma albopunctatum.

Ifiopa albopunctata, Gray, A. M. N. H. xviii, 1840, p. 430; Theob.

Cat. p. 62.

Eunieces pimctatus, Cantor, J. A. S. B. xvi, 1847, p. 651.
Eumeces albopunctatus, Oilnth. Rept. B. 1. p. 92.
Lygosoma albopunctatum, Bouleng. Cat. Liz. iii, p. 309.

Body elongate, limbs weak; distance between end of snout
and fore limb contained 2 to 2^ times in the distance between
axilla and groin. Snout short, obtuse. Lower eyelid scaly.
Suprauasals present, in contact behind the rostral ; frontouasal
much broader than long, in contact with the frontal ; prsefrontals
small; frontal as long as the frontoparietals and interparietal
together, in contact with the first and second supraoculars ;
4 supraoculars ; 7 or 8 supraciliaries, first and last largest ; fronto-
parietals distinct, larger than the interparietal ; parietals forming
a suture behind the interparietal ; nuchals frequently indistinct ;
fifth upper labial below the centre of the eye. Ear-opening small,
oval, with one or two small lobules anteriorly. 26 or 28 scales
round the middle of the body, all smooth, subequal. Marginal
pra3anals scarcely enlarged. The fore limb stretched forwards
reaches the ear or a little beyond ; the length of the hind limb is
contained 2| to 3 times in the distance between axilla and groin.
Fourth toe longer than third ; subdigital lamellso feebly unicariuate,
12 to 15 under the fourth toe. Tail thick, a little longer than head
and body. Pale brown or rufous above, sides closely dotted with
black ; each dorsal and nuchal scale with a more or less distinct dark
brown dot, forming longitudinal series ; sides of neck and anterior
part of body white-spotted ; lower surfaces yellowish white.

From snout to vent 2-5 inches.

Hob. Southern India, Lower Grodsvvari valley, Bilaspur, Bengal,
Assam, Burma, Malay Peninsula.

239. Lygosoma punctatum.

Lacerta punctata, Linn. Si/st. Nat. i, p. 369.
Kiopa hardwickii, Gray, Cat. Liz. p. 96 ; Theob. Cat. p. 63.
Eumeces hardwickii, Giinth. Kept. B. 1. p. 92.
Lygosoma punctatum, Bouleng. Cat. Liz. iii, p. 310.

LYGOSOMA. 209

Body elongate, limbs weak ; distance between end of snout and
fore limb contained 2 to 2^ times in distance between axilla and
groin. Snout short, obtuse. Lower eyelid with an undivided
transparent disk. Supranasals distinct, in contact behind the
rostral ; frontonasal much broader than long, forming a suture
with the frontal ; prsof rentals small ; frontal about as long as the
frontoparietals and interparietal together, in contact with the first
and second supraoculars ; 4 supraoculars ; usually 7 supraciliaries ;
frontoparietals distinct, usually a little larger than interparietal ;
parietals forming a suture behind the iuterparietal ; a pair of nuchals
and a pair of temporals border the parietals ; fifth upper labial
below the eye. Ear-opening small, oval, with one or two small
lobules anteriorly. 24 or 26 scales round the middle of the body,
all smooth, subequal. Marginal prsoanals not, or scarcely enlarged.
The fore limb, when stretched forwards, reaches a little beyond the
ear ; the length of the hind limb is more than one third of the
distance between axilla and groin. Digits feebly compressed ;
fourth toe longer than third ; subdigital lamellae feebly unicarinate,
11 to 14 under the fourth toe. Tail thick, as long as head and
body, or a little longer. Brown or olive above, each scale with a
dark brown spot ; these spots sometimes confluent into longitudinal
lines ; a more or less marked yellowish streak or band on each side,
beginning on the canthus rostralis ; sides sometimes blackish brown,
white-dotted ; lower surfaces yellowish white, uniform, or each scale
with a black central dot ; tail reddish in the young.

Prom snout to vent 3-5 inches.

Hob. India, from the base of the Himalayas, rarer in the northern
parts ; Ceylon.

240. Lygosoma guentheri.

Riopa punctata, Gray, Ann. N. H. ii, 1839, p. 332 ; Theob. Cat. p. 64.
Euineces punctatus, Gilnth. Rcpt. S. I. p. 93.

Eumeces guentheri, Peters, Sitzb. Oes. Naturf. Freunde, 1879, p. 36.
Lygosoma guentheri, Bouleng. Cat. Liz. iii, p. 311.

Body much elongate, limbs weak ; distance between end of snout
and fore limb contained about three times in distance between
axilla and groin. Snout short, obtuse. Lower eyelid with an
undivided transparent disk. Supranasals present, in contact behind
the rostral ; frontouasal much broader than long, forming a suture
with the frontal ; prsef rentals small and widely separated ; frontal
usually as long as frontoparietals and interparietal together or 3,
little longer, in contact with the first and second supraoculars ;
4 supraoculars ; 6 to 8 supraciliaries, first and last largest ; fronto-
parietals distinct, usually larger than the interparietal ; parietals
forming a suture behind the interparietal ; a pair of nuchals and a
pair of temporals border the parietals ; usually, fifth upper labial
below the eye. Ear-opening small, roundish or oval. 24 or 26
scales round the middle of the body, all smooth, subequal. Mar-
ginal prseanals not or scarcely enlarged. The fore limb, when,

p

210 SCINCIDJB.

stretched forwards, reaches the ear or not quite so far ; the length
of the hind limb is contained four times or a little more in the
distance between axilla and groin. Digits feebly compressed ;
fourth toe longer than third; subdigital lamellae feebly unicarmate,
13 or 14 under the fourth toe. Tail thick, considerably longer than
head and body. Brownish or yellowish olive above, each scale with
a black spot; these spots sometimes confluent into longitudinal
lines ; sometimes a more or less distinct light dorso-lateral band ;
the black spots usually larger on the sides, and sometimes inter-
mixed with white ones; lower surfaces yellowish white, usually
with a black dot on each scale.

From snout to vent 4 inches ; tail 5-5.

Hob. Southern India, Bombay, and the Deccau.

241. Lygosoma feae.
Lygosoma feae, Bouleng. Ann. Mus. Geneva, (2) iv, 1887, p. 623.

Body elongate, limbs short ; distance between end of snout and
fore limb contained twice in distance between axilla and groin.
Snout short, obtuse. Lower eyelid with an undivided transparent
disk. Supranasals distinct, in contact behind the rostral ; fronto-
nasal twice as broad as long, forming a suture with the frontal ; the
latter shield about as large as a frontoparietal or the iuterparietal,
in contact with the first and second supraoculars ; 4 supraoculars ;
7 supraciliaries ; froutoparietals and interparietal distinct, subequal
in size ; parietals forming a suture behind the interparietal ; a pair
of nuchals and a pair of temporals border the parietals ; fifth upper
labial below tbe centre of the eye. Ear-opening small, round. 22
smooth equal scales round the middle of the body. No enlarged
praeanals. The fore limb stretched forwards reaches a little beyond
the ear ; the hind limb measures one third the distance between axilla
and groin. Fourth toe a little longer than third ; subdigital lamellae
smooth, 10 under the fourth toe. Tail thick, a little longer than
head and body. Yellowish brown above, each scale edged with
darker; a yellowish dorso-lateral streak; lower surfaces whitish.

From snout to vent 1'3 inches ; tail 1'6.

Sab. Rangoon, Burma.

242. Lygosoma cyanellum.

Riopa auguiim, part., Theobald, Journ. Linn. Soc. x, 1868, p. 27.
Riopa cyanella, Stolicska, J. A. S. B. xli, 1872, p. 130, pi. v, tig. 3 ;

Theob. Cat. p. 65.
Lygosoma cyanellum, Bouleny. Cat. Liz. iii, p. 312.

Very closely allied to L. anguinum, but the limbs a little longer.
The fore limb reaches slightly beyond the ear, and the length
of the hind limb is contained 3| times in the distance between
axilla and groin. Fourth toe slightly longer than third. The
frontal a little longer and forming a very short suture with the

LTGOSOMA. 211

frontonasal. Colour above olive-brown, with aii iridescent blue
tinge, purer brownish on the tail, pale brownish olive at the sides of
the body ; each scale, above and at the side, is indistinctly mottled
with dark, and there are generally a few white spots on the sides of
the neck and about the shoulder ; a narrow white, slightly black-
margined band rises from behind the orbit and continues on each
side of the back; it becomes indistinct in the middle of the body,
but is again slightly more conspicuous above the hip, gradually
disappearing on the tail, which is indistinctly speckled with dark
brown at the sides.

From snout to vent 2 inches.

Hab. Pegu.

243. Lygosoma anguinum.

Riopa auguiua, part., Theobald, Journ. Linn. Soc. x, 1868, p. 27.
Riopa anguina, Stoliczka, J. A. S. B. xli, 1872, p. 130, pi. v, fig. 4 ;

Theob. Cat. p. 64.
Lygosoina anguinum, Bouleny. Cat. Liz. iii, p. 313.

Body much elongate, limbs very weak ; distance between end of
snout and fore limb contained 2| to 3 times in the distance
between axilla and groin. Snout short, obtuse. Lower eyelid with
an undivided transparent disk. Supranasals distinct, in contact
behind the rostral; froiitonasal about twice as broad as long,
forming a suture with the frontal ; prasfrontals small and widely
separated ; frontal a little shorter than frontoparietals and inter-
parietal together, in contact with the first and second supraoculars ;
4 supraoculars ; 7 supraciliaries, first and last largest ; fronto-
parietals distinct, a little larger than interparietal ; parietals forming
a suture behind the interparietal ; a pair of nuchals and a pair of
temporals border the parietals ; fifth upper labial below the centre
of the eye. Ear-opening small, roundish. 22 scales round the
middle of the body, all smooth, subequal. Marginal prseanals
scarcely enlarged. The fore limb, when stretched forwards, does
not reach the ear ; the length of the hind limb is contained 4 to 5
times in the distance between axilla and groin. Digits very short ;
third and fourth toes equal. Uniform olive-brown or rufous above,
lighter beneath.

From snout to vent 2-2 inches.

Hal). Pegu.

244. Lygosoma calamus.
Lygosoma calamus, Bouleny. Cat. Liz. iii, p. 314, pi. xxv, fig. 1.

Body much elongate, limbs short ; distance between end of snout
and fore limb contained 3 times in distance between axilla and
groin. Snout short, obtuse. Lower eyelid with an undivided
transparent disk. Supranasals distinct, in contact behind the
rostral ; frontonasal about twice as broad as long, forming a narrow
suture with the frontal ; the latter small, hardly as long as the

p2

212 SCINCIJXE.

frontoparietal, and narrower, in contact with the first and second
supraoculars ; 4 supraoculars ; 7 supraciliaries, first and last
largest ; frontoparietals fused into a single large shield ; inter-
parietal distinct, rather large ; parietal forming a suture behind
the interparietal ; a pair of nuchals aud a pair of temporals border
the parietals ; fifth upper labial below the centre of the eye. Ear-
opening small, roundish. 22 scales round the middle of the body,
equal, perfectly smooth. Marginal prseanals scarcely enlarged.
The fore limb when stretched forwards hardly reaches the ear ;
the hind limb measures about one fourth the distauce between axilla
and groin. Digits feebly compressed; fourth toe very slightly
longer than third ; subdigital lamella) smooth, 11 under the fourth
toe. Yellowish brown above ; a dark brown lateral baud, edged
above by a yellowish line ; lower surfaces yellowish.

Prom snout to vent 1*8 inches.

Hob. Minhla, Burma.

245. Lygosoma lineatum.

Chiainela lineata, Gray, Ann. N. H. ii, 1839, p. 333 ; Giinth. Kept.

B, I. p. 95 ; Theob. Cat. p. 66.
Hagria vosmaerii, Gray, 1. c. p. 333 ; Giinth. Eept. B. I. p. 94 ; Theob.

Cat. p. 67.

Campsodactylus lamarrei, Dum. $ Bibr. Erp. Gen. v, p. 762.
Lygosoma vosmaerii, Boiileny. Cat. Liz. Hi, p. 315, pi. xxv, h'g. 2.
Lygosoma lineatum, Boideng. 1. c. fig. 3.

Body much elongate ; limbs very short, tetradactyle ; distance
between end of snout and fore limb contained 3^ to 4 times
in distance between axilla and groin. Snout short, obtuse.
Lower eyelid with an undivided transparent disk. Supranasals
present, in contact behind the rostral ; froutonasals much broader
than long, forming a broad suture with the frontal ; prajfrontals
small, widely separated ; frontal shorter than the interparietal, in
contact with the first and second supraoculars ; 4 supraoculars ;
6 or 7 supraciliaries ; f routoparietals fused into a single large shield ;
interparietal distinct, not much shorter than the frontal ; parietals
forming a suture behind the interparietal ; no nuchals ; fourth and
fifth upper labials below the eye. Ear-opening very small. 22
smooth, subequal scales round the middle of the body. Prsoanals
not enlarged. Third and fourth toes equal ; subdigital laniellie
smooth. Yellowish brown, each scale with a dark brown spot
forming longitudinal lines, which are less marked below than
above.

From snout to vent 2-25 inches ; tail 2-8.

Hob. The Deccan (Poona, Belgaum, Matherau). The unique
type of Hagria vosmaerii or Campsodactylus lamarrei, stated to be
from Bengal, is apparently an anomalous specimen of this species,
with fiv$ fingers instead of four.

ABLEPHAKTTS. 213

Under the name of Euprepes halianus (Nevill, Taprobanian, ii,
1887, p. 56), a Scink has been described which probably belongs
to the genus Lygosoma. Its characters are given as follows : —

" A pair of very narrow supranasal shields ; the single praofron-
tal touches both rostral and vertical [frontal]. The fifth upper
labial is below the eye, a little longer than high. Ear-opening
small, with no lobules. Lower eyelid scaly. Scales with four very
weak keels anteriorly, becoming strong posteriorly, reduced to three
on the tail, in 30 or 31 longitudinal series between the limbs, and
24 transverse series *. Pra?anal scales not enlarged ; subcaudals
rather longer than the others. Limbs of moderate strength.
Third toe nearly as long as fourth. White, back with ten black
bands — one on the nape, one between the fore limbs, three on the
back, one between the hind limbs, and four on the tail with remains
of a fifth. Black bands run from the nostril through the eyes,
which are connected by a band across the occiput ; this band throws
forward a band each side of the vertical."

Hab. Hot and dry districts of Ceylon.

Genus ABLEPHARUS,

Fitzinger, Verb. Ges. Naturf. Fr. i, 1824, p. 297.

Palatine and pterygoid bones in contact mesially, the palatal
notch not extending forwards to between the centre of the eyes ;
pterygoids toothless. Maxillary teeth conical. No movable eye-
lids; a transparent disk covering the eye. Ear distinct or hidden.
Nostrils pierced in the nasal; supranasal (present or) absent.
Limbs more or less developed.

Distribution. Hotter parts of both hemispheres. 16 species are
known, two of which occur in North-western India.

Synopsis of Indian Species.

Ear-opening small, but distinct A. brandtii, p. 213.

Ear hidden A. yrayanus, p. 214.

246. Ablepharus brandtii.
Ablepharus brandtii, Strauch, Mel. biol. Ac. _St. Petersb. vi, 1868,

Blepl
Cat. p. 62.

Snout short, obtuse, rostral not projecting. Eye surrounded
by a circle of small scales, the two upper of which are much larger
than the others. Rostral largely in contact with the frontonasal,

* Is not " longitudinal " a lapsus for " transverse " and vice versa ?

214 SCINCID^E.

which is in contact with the frontal ; the latter moderately
in contact with the first and second supraoculars ; frontoparietal
single ; interparietal distinct ; 3 or 4 supraoculars, first largest ;
5 small supraciliaries, first largest ; two pairs of nuchals ; 4 labials
anterior to the subocular. Ear-opening very small. 20 or 22
scales round middle of body, dorsals largest. Two enlarged
prsDanals. Limbs short, pentadnctyle, not meeting when adpressed.
Tail longer than head and body. Olive above, with a dark brown
lateral band edged above by a light line.

From snout to vent 1-2 inches ; tail 1-75.

Hob. Punjab, Sind, Baluchistan, Samarkand, Bokhara, Mesopo-
tamia.

247. Ablepharus gray anus.

Blepharosteres grayanus, Stoliczka, P. A. S. B. 1872, p. 74 ; Theob.

Cat. p. 61 ; Murr. Zool. Sind, p. 354.
Ablepharus grayanus, Bouleng. Cut. Liz. iii, p. 352.

Snout short, obtuse, rostral not projecting. Eye surrounded
by a circle of small scales, the two upper of which are much
larger than the others. Eostral largely in contact with the fronto-
nasal, which is in contact with the frontal ; 3 supraoculars, followed
by 2 small ones, obliquely descending on the temporal region ;
frontoparietal single ; interparietal distinct ; 4 labials anterior
to the subocular. Ear hidden. 18 or 20 scales round middle of
body. Two enlarged prseanals. Limbs short, pentaclactyle. Above
pale olive-green, with a very distinct metallic lustre, a little darker
at the sides, speckled with black, and gradually passing into the
uniform greenish-white lower side ; a silvery green narrow band
from the supraciliary edge to the base of the tail, edged with black
below ; limbs brown above, marked with rows of white spots : tail
with a pink tinge.

From snout to vent 1-25 inches.

Hab. Cutch and Sind.

Genus RISTELLA,
Gray, Ann. N. H. ii, 1839, p. 333.

Palatine and pterygoid bones in contact on the median line of
the palate, which is toothless ; palatine notch small, far behind,
corresponding to the posterior notch of the tongue. Teeth conical.
Eyelids well developed, scaly. Ear-opening distinct. Nostril
pierced in a single nasal ; no supranasals ; prsefrontals small or
coalesced ; frontoparietals and interparietal distinct. Limbs well-
developed, anterior with 4, posterior with 5 digits ; claws com-
pletely retractile into a large compressed sheath formed of one
large scale cleft beneath.

Distribution. Hill-tracts of Southern India.

215

Synopsis of the Species.

rsefrontals ; frontonasal
ith frontal.

b larger than nostril;
s feebly bi- or tricarinate . . R. rurkii, p. 215.

A. A pair of small prsefrontals ; frontonasal

forming a suture with frontal.
a. Ear-opening much larger than nostril;
dorsal scale

b. Ear-opening not, or but slightly, larger than

nostril ; dorsal scales sharply bicarinate. R. travancorica, p. 216.
B. Two azygos shields between rostral and

frontal.
«. 22 to 24 scales round middle of body ;

adpressed limbs not meeting R. giientheri, p. 216.

b. 26 scales round body ; adpressed limbs

meeting or overlapping R. beddomii, p. 216.

"Fig. 57.— Foot of Ristella rurkii. a. Upper view. b. Lower view.

248. Ristella rurkii.

Ristella rurkii, Gray, Ann. N. H. ii, 1839, p. 333; Giinth. P. Z. 8.

1875, p. 225 ; Bouhng. Cat. Liz. iii, p. 357, pi. xxix, fig. 1.
Ateuchosaurus travancoricus. part., Beddome, Madras Journ. Med. Sc.

1870.
Ristella travancorica, Bedd. op. cit. 1871 (part.) ; Stoliczka, J. A. S.

B. xli, 1872, p. 129, pi. iv, fig. 5 ; Theob. Cat. p. 54.

Head small ; snout short, obtuse. Ear-opening much larger than
the nostril. Frontonasal broader than long, widely separating the
nasals ; prsefrontals present, widely separated ; frontal shorter than
frontoparietals and interparietal together; 5 supraoculars, 3 an-
terior in contact with the frontal; 10 supraciliaries ; parietals
forming a suture behind the interparietal ; no nuchals ; third,
fourth, and fifth upper labials below the eye, from which they are
separated by a series of small scales. 26 scales round the middle
of the body, laterals a little smaller than dorsals and ventrals, dorsals
and laterals feebly bi- or tricarinate. Pra?anal scales not or scarcely
enlarged. Limbs short, widely separated when adpressed ; third
and fourth toes equal. Tail cylindrical, 1| to 1| times the length

216 SCTKCIDJG.

of head and body. Back reddish brown ; each dorsal scale with a
small blackish spot or shaft, sometimes confluent and forming 6
longitudinal lines ; sides blackish brown, dotted with whitish ;
lower surfaces whitish, throat and tail usually brown-spotted.

From snout to vent 1*6 inches ; tail 2'75.

Hub. Anaimalai hills, S. India.

249. Eistella travancorica.

Ateuchosaurus travancoricus, part., Beddome. Madras Jottrn. Med.

Sc. 1870.
Ristella travancorica, Beddome, op. cit. 1871 (part.) ; Bouleng. Cat.

Liz. iii, p. 358, pi. xxix, fig. 2.

Ear-opening not or but slightly larger than the nostril ; third to
sixth upper labials below the eye. Dorsal scales sharply bicarinate :
24, rarely 26, scales round the middle of the body. Otherwise as
in E. rurTcii. Reddish brown above, each dorsal scale usually with
a dark brown dot ; usually a rather indistinct darker lateral band ;
lower surfaces uniform whitish.

From snout to vent 1*5 inches.

Hab. Travancore hills.

250. Eistella guentheri.

Ristella guentheri, Bouleng. Cat. Liz. iii, p. 358, pi. xxix, fig. 3.

Ear-opening little larger than the nostril ; a single azygos prae-
frontal, nearly as large as the frontonasal ; third to sixth upper
labials below the eye. Dorsal scales sharply bicarinate ; 22 or 24
scales round the middle of the body. Reddish brown above, with
dark brown lines along the series of scales, or with minute yellowish
dots; sides dark brown, dotted with yellowish, or with a dark
brown longitudinal band ; young with three light, dark-edged dorsal
streaks ; lower surfaces uniform whitish.

From snout to vent 1-5 inches.

Hab. Madura, Sirumalai hills.

251. Eistella beddomii.

Ristella beddomii, Bouleng. Cat. Liz. iii, p. 359, pi. xxix, fig. 4.

Ear-opening larger than the nostril ; a single azygos praef rental,
nearly as large as the frontonasal ; fourth to sixth upper labials
below the eye. Body much shorter than in the other species of the
genus, the adpressed limbs meeting or slightly overlapping. Dorsal
scales sharply bicarinate. 26 scales round the middle of the body.
Reddish brown above, with or without 2 or 3 lighter dorsal streaks ;
sides with scattered minute whitish dots ; usually a black blotch
with a few white dots above the axilla ; lower surfaces uniform
whitish.

From snout to vent 1-25 inches.

Ifab, Hills ot South-western India.

TBOPIDOPHOBUS. 217

Genus TROPIDOPHORUS,
Dum. & Bibr. Erp. G6u. v, p. 554, 1839.

Palatine and pterygoid bones in contact on the middle line of the
palate, which is toothless. Teeth conical. Eyelids well developed,
scaly. Tympanum distinct, superficial. Nostril pierced in a single
nasal ; no supranasals ; praefrontals well developed ; f rontoparietal
present, single or double; interparietal distinct. Limbs well
developed, peutadactyle ; digits cylindrical, with transverse lamellae
beneath.

Distribution. Burma, Southern China, Cochin China. Philippine
Islands, Borneo. A genus of 8 species.

Synopfit of Bumnese Species.

36 to 40 scales round middle of body, dorsals

keeled T. berdmorii, p. 217.

32 to 34 scales round middle of body, all smooth

in the adult : . . T. yunnanensis, p. 217.

252. Tropidophorus berdmorii.

Aspris berdmorei, Blyth, J. A. S. B. xxii, 1853, p. 651.
Tropidophorus berdmorei, Theob. Cat. p. 48 ; Boukng. Cat. Liz. iii,
p. 362.

Upper head-shields smooth ; a single frontonasal, longer than
" ; praefrontals forming a short median suture, or their inner
angles meeting ; frontal as long as frontoparietals and interparietal
together ; 4 supraoculars, first longest ; 6 or 7 supraciliaries,
anterior to the fourth supraocular, which borders the eye ; fronto-
parietals shorter than the interparietal ; parietals forming a suture
behind the interparietal ; fourth upper labial largest and entering
the orbit ; an azygos postmental. Tympanum nearly as large as
the eye-opening. 36 to 40 scales round the middle of the body,
laterals smallest, dorsals and laterals keeled, not mucronate, ventrals
smooth. A pair of large praeaiials. The hind limb reaches the
wrist. Subdigital lamellae smooth. Tail compressed, a little longer
than head and body, scaled like the body. Brown above, back and
tail with yellowish, dark-edged irregular cross bars or alternating
spots ; sides with a series of more or less distinct whitish, black-
edged round spots; lips dark brown, with whitish spots or vertical
lines ; belly yellowish, lower surface of tail, and often also the
throat, variegated with dark brown.

Prom snout to vent 3-5 inches ; tail 3-5.

Hab. Pegu, Tenasserim.

broad

253. Tropidophorus yunnanensis.

Tropidophorus berdmorei (non Ely h), Anders, An. Zool. Res.

Yunnan, p. 796, pi. Ixxvi, fig. 3.
Tropidophorus yunnanensis, Boideng. Cat. Liz. iii, p. 362.

218

Differs from the preceding in having, when adult, all the scales
perfectly smooth and in 32 to 34 longitudinal rows. Dorsal scales
bi- or tricarinate in the young.

Hctb. Hotha valley, Yunnan : Kakhyen hills.

Genus EUMECES,
Wiegmann, Herp. Mex. p. 36, 1834.

Palatine bones not meeting on the median line of the palate ;
pterygoids toothed. Lateral teeth conical or with spheroidal crowns.
Eyelids well developed, scaly. Tympanum distinct, deeply sunk.
Nostril pierced in the nasal ; supranasals present ; proefrontals,
frontoparietals, and interparietal distinct. Limbs well developed,
pentadactyle ; digits subcyliadrical or compressed, with transverse
lamellae beneath, not serrated laterally.

Fig. 58. — Upper and side views of head of Eumcces scutatiis.

Distribution. North and Central America ; Eastern and South-
western Asia ; North Africa.

31 species are known, mostly American. Three occur in North-
western India, and one in Baluchistan.

Synopsis of Indian Species.

A. A median series of transversely enlarged dorsal

scales.

a. 21 or 23 scales round body ; two azygos

postmentals E. scutatus, p. 218.

b. 17 or 19 scales round body ; a single post-

mental E. tceniolatm, p. 219.

B. Longitudinal series of dorsal scales in even

number.

c. 24 to 28 scales round body; two azygos

postmentals E. schneideri, p. 219.

d. 30 scales round body ; a single postmen tal. . E. blythianu*, p. 220.

254. Eumeces scutatus.

Plestiodon scutatus, Theob. Cat. Kept. As. Soc. Mus. 1808, p. 25.
Mabouia tamiolata (non Blyth), Anders. P. A. S. B. 1871, p. 184.

EUMECES. 219

Eumeces taeniolatus, Stoliczka, P. A. S. B. 1872, p. 75 ; Thfob. Cat

p. 65; Murray, Zool. Sind, p. 356.
Eumeces scutatus, Bouleny. Cat. Liz. iii, p. 382.

Head small ; snout short, obtuse. Nasal moderate, divided,
nostril pierced above centre of first labial ; 3 loreals, anterior in
contact with the supranasal and the frontonasal ; 5 supraoculars,
the 3 anterior in contact with the frontal ; parietals entirely
separated by the interparietal, which touches the frontal ; 4 or 5
pairs of nuchals ; eighth upper labial largest ; ear-opening mode-
rately large, with two or three small obtuse lobules anteriorly :
two azygos postmentals. 21 or 23 scales round the middle of the
body, the vertebral series composed of a row of large transverse
scales five times as broad as long ; lateral scales smallest. The
length of the hind limb is contained 3| to 3| times in the length
from snout to vent ; limbs widely separated when adpressed. A
median series of transversely enlarged subcaudals. Pale brown
above, with three broad dark brown longitudinal bands, the laterals
with small whitish spots ; lower surfaces yellowish white.

From snout to vent 4 inches ; tail 4'5.

Hob. Sind, Cutch, Punjab, Kashmir.

255. Eumeces taeniolatus.

Eurylepis tamiolatus, Blyth, J. A. S. B. xxiii, 1854, p. 740.
Eumeces taeniolatus, Bouleng. Cat. Liz. iii, p. 383.

Head small ; snout short, obtuse. Xasal very small, nostril
pierced above the suture between the rostral and the first labial ;
a postnasal ; 2 loreals, anterior in contact with the second labial
and the frontouasal ; 5 supraoculars, the 2 anterior in contact with
the frontal ; parietals in contact behiud the interparietal ; 4 pairs
of uuchals ; seventh upper labial largest ; ear-opening moderately
large, with two or three obtuse lobules anteriorly ; a single post-
mental. 17 or 19 scales round the middle of the body, the
vertebral series composed of a row of large transverse scales four
times as broad as long ; lateral scales smallest. The length of the
hind limb is contained 4 times in the length from snout to vent ;
limbs widely separated when adpressed. A median series of trans-
versely enlarged subcaudals. Light brown above, each scale with a
dai'k brown centre forming longitudinal streaks ; upper surface of
head and lips spotted with dark brown.

From snout to vent 4-5 inches ; tail 7.

Hob. Punjab Salt Range.

256. Eumeces schneideri.

Semen-? schneideri, Daud. Kept, iv, p. 291.
Eumeces pavimentntus, Blanf. Zool. E. Pers. p. 387.
Eumeces schneideri, Bouleny. Cat. Liz. iii, p. 383.

Head moderate ; snout short, obtuse. Xasal rather large, usually

220 SCINCI1XE.

divided, in contact with the two anterior upper labials ; no post-
nasal ; 5 supraoculars, the three anterior in contact with the frontal ;
parietals entirely separated by the interparietal ; 4 or 5 pairs of
nuchals ; ear-opening rather large, with 4 or 5 long pointed lobules
anteriorly ; 2 azygos postmentals. 22 to 28 scales round the
middle of the body, perfectly smooth, the laterals smallest, those
of the two median dorsal series very broad and larger than the
ventrals. The length of the hind limb is contained 2^ to 3 times
in the length from snout to vent ; when pressed against the body
the limbs just meet or fail to meet. A series of transversely en-
larged subcaudals. Olive-grey or brownish above, uniform or
with irregular golden-yellow spots or longiludinal streaks; a
yellowish lateral streak, extendiug from below the eye to the hind
limb, is constant ; lower surfaces yellowish white.

From snout to vent 6-5 inches ; tail 8.

Hub. North-east Africa and Syria to Baluchistan.

257. Eumeces blythianus.

Mabouia blythiana, Ande>-s. P. A. S. B, 1871, p. 186.

Eumeces blythianus, Theob. Cat. p. 66 ; Bouleng. Cut. Liz. iii, p. 385.

This species, of which I have not seen examples, appears to be
very closely allied to the preceding. It has 30 scales round the
body, and the auricular lobules are strong. It also differs in the
presence of a single postmental. Olive-brown above ; three dark
brown longitudinal lines along the back, from the nape to the
base of the tail ; a broader dark brown band from the eye over
the tympanum, along the side ; a broad pale yellowish band below
it from below the eye to the groin ; lower surfaces yellowish.

From snout to vent 3*5 inches ; tail 6.

Hab. Amritsar, Punjab ? (the locality is doubtful, and the species
may not be Indian).

Genus SCINCUS,
Lament!, Syn. Kept. p. 55, 1768.

Palatine bones not meeting on the median line of the palate ;
pterygoids toothed. Lateral teeth conical or with obtuse tubercular
crowns. Eyelids well developed, scaly. Ear hidden or partly con-
cealed under an opercle. Nostril pierced between an upper and a
lower nasal ; supranasals present ; praefrontals, froutoparietals, and
interparietal distinct. Limbs well developed, pentadactyle ; digits
flattened, serrated laterally, with transverse lamellae beneath.

This genus is restricted to the sandy deserts of North Africa
and South-western Asia, from the Sahara to Sind. Of the 8 species
one is peculiar to the last-named province.

OPHIOMOEUS. 221

258. Scincus arenarius.

Scincus arenarius, Murray, Zool. Sind, p. 353, pi. — , fig. 2 ; Bouleny.
Cat. Liz. iii,p. 392.

Snout depressed, cuneiform, truncated, strongly projecting ;
loreal region concave ; mouth inferior ; eye small ; ear hidden,
liostral very large, forming a suture with the frontonasal ; 6
supraoculars, second, third, and fourth in contact with the frontal ;
parietals shorter than the interparietal, followed by 2 to 4 pairs
of nuchals ; 8 or 9 upper labials. Scales perfectly smooth, laterals
smallest, dorsals not quite so large as ventrals ; 28 or 30 round the
middle of the body. Sides of belly and neck angular. Digits
short, much depressed and strongly toothed laterally. Cream-
coloured, each dorsal scale with one or two buff streaks or dots : 7
to 10 deep reddish-brown vertical blotches on each side.

Erom snout to vent 4 inches ; tail 2.

Hab. Sind (Hab plains).

Genus OPHIOMORUS,

Dum. & Bibr. Erp. Gen. v, p. 799, 1839.

Palatine bones not meeting on the median line of the palate,
which is toothless. Teeth conical or with obtuse crowns. Eye
small; lower eyelid with an undivided transparent disk. Ear
hidden or hardly distinguishable. Nostril pierced in the suture

Fig. 59. — Upper and side views of head of Ophiomoms tridactylus.

between a nasal and a supranasal ; prrofrontals very small or
absent ; frontoparietals small, distinct from interparietal. Body
much elongate ; limbs rudimentary or absent.

Distribution, Greece ; South-western Asia, from Asia Minor
and Syria to North-western India. 6 species are known.

of Indian Species.

Fingers and toes tLree 0. tridaclylns, p. 222.

Fingers four, toes three O. blanfordii, p. 222.

2 22

259. Ophiomorus tridactylus.

Sphenocephalus tridactylus, Blyth, J. A. S. B. xxii, 1855, p. 654 ;

Giinth. Rept. B. I, p. 98 ; Theob. Cat. p. 70 ; Blanf. Zool. E.

Persia, p. 395 ; Murray, Zool. Sind, p. 35(3.
Ophiomorus tridactylus, Boukng. Cat. Liz. iii, p. 394.

{Snout wedge-shaped, -with angularly projecting labial edge ;
mouth inferior. Nostril close to the rostral, which is large and
nearly reaches the posterior border of the supranasals ; a small
anterior and a larger second loreal, the latter usually coalesced with
the prsefrontal on each side ; frontonasal rather large, one half or
two thirds the length of the frontal ; latter as broad as long or
slightly broader ; 3 or 4 very small supraoculars ; no supraciliaries ;
a prasocular ; interparietal as long as broad, as long as the frontal
or slightly shorter ; frontoparietals small ; parietals band-like,
narrow ; a pair of nuchals, in contact with the interparietal ; first
and second upper labials smallest, in contact with the nasal, fifth
much larger than the four anterior together. Ear hidden. Two
azygos postmentals. Body much elongate, with angular latero-
ventral edge, with two pairs of short tridactyle limbs ; the posterior
limbs proportionately much more developed than the anterior, and a
little longer than the distance between the fore limb and the anterior
corner of the eye. 22 scales round the body, those of the back and
of the two median ventral series narrower than the others. Two
slightly enlarged praanals. Tail shorter than head and body,
cyclotetragonal at the base, compressed and pointed at the end.
Cream-coloured, uniform or with longitudinal series of brown dots
on the back ; a more or less distinct brown streak passing through
the eye.

From snout to vent 3*75 inches ; tail 2*2.

Hob. Punjab, Sind, Cutch, Afghanistan, Eastern Persia. Burrows
in the sand.

260. Ophiomorus blanfordii.

Zygnidopsis brevipes (non Blanf. 1874 ),j Blanf. J. A. S. B. xlviii,

1879, p. 128.
Ophiomorus blanfordii, Bouleng. Cat. Liz. iii, p. 395, pi. xxxiii, fig. 1.

Snout wedge-shaped, with angularly projecting labial edge.
Nostril close to the rostral ; supranasals forming a long suture ;
two loreals, first largest and in contact with the third and fourth
upper labials ; frontonasal moderate, not half as long as the frontal ;
praBfrontals longer than broad, widely separated ; frontal slightly
longer than broad ; four supraoculars, first and second in contact
with the praefrontal ; two supraciliaries, behind the first supra-
ocular ; frontoparietals much smaller than praefrontals ; interparietal
as long as broad, a little shorter than the frontal ; parietals narrow,
band-like ; no nuchals ; first and second labials in contact with the
nasal, fifth largest, fifth and sixth below the eye. Ear hidden.
Two azygos postmentals. Body much elongate, with angular latero-

CHALCIDES. 223

ventral edge, with two pairs of short limbs, the anterior tetradactylc,
the posterior tridactyle ; the hind limb proportionally more developed
than the anterior, a little longer than the distance between the fore
limb and the anterior corner of the eye, and contained 3if times
in the distance from the fore limb. 20 scales round the body,
subec[ual. Two enlarged prseanals. Tail a little shorter than
head and body, ending in a point. Cream-coloured, each dorsal
scale with 'a central brown dot ; the dots form two lines on the middle
of the back and a dark band on each side, beginning from the nostril
and passing through the eye ; the two vertebral lines unite into a
streak on the middle of the head.

Prom snout to vent 3 inches ; tail 2-8.

Hob. Southern coast of Persia or Baluchistan ? The exact locality
uncertain.

Genus CHALCIDES,
Laurenti, Syn. Kept. p. 64, 1768.

Palatine bones not meeting on the median line of the palate,
which is toothless. Teeth conical or with obtuse crowns. Lower
eyelid with an undivided transparent disk. Ear more or less dis-
tinct. Nostril pierced between the rostral and a very small nasal

Fig. (>U. — Upper and side views of head of Chalcidcs occllatus.

in an eruargiuation of the former shield ; supranasals present ; pra3-
frontals and frontoparietals absent. Body much elongate ; limbs
short or rudimentary.

Distribution. South Europe ; Africa north of the equator ; South-
western Asia, from Syria and Arabia to Sind. 11 species are
known.

Synopsis of Indian Species.

Ear-opeuing present, limbs moderate C. ocellatus, p. 224.

No ear-opening, limbs very small C. pentadactylus, p. 224.

SCINCID^.

261. Chalcides ocellatus.

Lacerta ocellata, Forsk. Hist. Anim. p. 13.

Seps (Gongylus) ocellatus, Blanf. Zool. E. Pers. p. 395 ; Slum Zool.

Sind, p. 357.
Chalcides ocellatus, Bouleng. Cat. Liz. iii, p. 400.

Snout obtuse, scarcely projecting beyond the labial margin ; eyes
moderate; ear-opening much larger than the nostril, subtriangular
or subquadrangular. Nostril pierced just above the suture between
the rostral and the first labial : a postnasal, in contact with the first
and second labials ; suprauasals distinct ; frontal longer than broad ;
usually the fifth labial entering the orbit. Sides of belly rounded.
Scales smooth or feebly striated, 28 to 34 (to 40 in specimens from
Morocco) round the middle of the body. Limbs short but well
developed and pentadactyle ; the length of the hind limb is usually
less than the distance from the end of the snout to the fore limb,
and enters 3^ to 4| times in the length from snout to vent. Tail
shorter than head and body. Olive or brown above, with black
spots, each bearing a central white dot or longitudinal shaft ;
lower parts white.

From snout to vent 5| inches ; tail 4.

Hob. North and North-east Africa, islands of the Mediterranean,
Syria, Arabia, Persia. Recorded from Sind by Murray.

262. Chalcides pentadactylus.

Sphenocephalus ? pentadactylus, Beddome, Madras Journ. Med. Sc.
1870, pi. i.

The description and figure published by Beddome, from a single
specimen preserved in the Madras Museum, indicate a Lizard
closely allied to the North-African, Arabian, and Syrian G. sepoides,
Audouin, with which it is possibly identical. The original de-
scription is as follows, the names in square brackets being added by
me: —

" The anterior legs minute and fitting into a groove ; fingers
five, the third slightly longer than the fourth, first and fifth very
small ; posterior legs well formed ; toes five, the fourth longer than
the third, the fifth very small ; form slender, four and a quarter
inches long, as thick as a goose-quill, two thirds cylindrical, flat,
and laterally angled beneath as far as the vent ; the body and tail
covered with small smooth lustrous hexagonal scales, with a median
row of broader subcaudals ; upper lip covering the mouth ; eyes
minute, surrounded by small scales ; no external trace of ears ;
nostrils in small single shields let into the posterior side of the
rostral, with a small postnasal behind each, and two large shields
in the loreal region behind the postnasal and the eye ; rostral
square behind, a single pra)frontal narrow and a parallelogram in
shape [the united supranasals] ; postfrontal [prsefrontal] single,
six-sided ; vertical [frontal] broader behind ; occipitals [parietaJs]

SEPOPHIS. 225

rounded behind, with a small shield [interparietal] between them,
which is let into the posterior base of the vertical ; five plates
(some divided) over the eye, and between it and the vertical and
postfrontal ; upper labials 8-9, the fourth and fifth below the eye,
some large shields over the posterior ones ; the distance between
the axils of the fore and hind limbs is a little more than 1| inch ;
colour of a uniform dark brown ; hind limbs a little more than
hall' an inch long; fore limbs very slender, and not quite a quarter
iuch long."

Hub. On the sandy banks of the Kuddle Poondy, a tidal river
near Beypore.

Genus SEPOPHIS,
Beddome, Madras Journ. Med. Sc. 1870.

Palatine bones not meeting on the inediau line of the palate,
which is toothless. Teeth conical. Eye small ; lower eyelid scaly.

Fig. (51.— Upper and side views of head of tiepophis punctatus.

Ear-opening distinct, minute. Nostril pierced between the rostral,
the first labial, and a supranasal ; two frontals ; no praefrontals ;
froutoparietals present. Body much elongate ; limbs absent.
A single species.

263. Sepophis punctatus.

Russell, Ind. Serp. i, pi. xlii.

Sepsophis punctatus, Bedd. Madras Jouni. Med. Sci. 1870 ; Bouleny.
Cat. Liz. iii, p. 423, pi. xxxvii, fig. 2.

8nout obtuse, scarcely projecting beyond the labial margin ;
supranasals forming a median suture and in contact with the first
and second upper labials ; 4 azygos shields on the upper surface of
the head, first 3 broader than long, first (the frontonasal) largest,
second a little smaller than third, fourth smallest ; 4 supraoculars,
first and second in contact with the first frontal ; 6 supraciliaries ;
f rontoparietals separated ; parietals narrow ; fourth upper labial
entering the orbit. 20 scales round the middle of the body. Prse-
anals scarcely enlarged. A bud-like rudiment of the fore limb
externally. Tail as long as head and body. Cream-coloured ;

Q

226 SCINCIDJE.

sides blackish brown ; two series of dark brown spots or dots
along the back.

Prom snout to vent 4*25 inches.

Hob. Golgonda Hills, near Vizagapatain, 3000 i'eet, and Gorge
Hills, Godavari, 2000 feet.

Genus CHALCIDOSEPS,

Boulenger, Cat. Liz. iii, p. 423, 1887.

Palatine bones not meeting on the median line of the palate,
which is toothless. Teeth conical. Eye small ; lower eyelid scaly.
Ear-opening distinct, minute. Nostril pierced in the rostral, close

Fig. 62. — Upper and side views of head of Chakidoseps thwaitesii.

to the posterior border ; no supranasals ; pnefrontals and fronto-
parietals absent. Body much elongate ; limbs very short, tetra-
dactyle.

Distribution. Ceylon.

2G4. Chalcidoseps thwaitesii.

Nessia thwaitesii, GiintJi. A. M. N. H. (4) ix, 1872, p. 80 ; T/tcob.

Cat. p. 68.
Chalcidoseps thwaitesii, Bouleny.Cat. Liz. iii, p. 423, pl.xxxviii, fig. 1.

Snout obtuse, scarcely projecting beyond the labial margin ;
frontonasal broader than long, broader than the frontal and about
half as long ; the latter longer than broad, angularly emarginate on
each side by the first supraocular ; 5 supraoculars ; 7 supraciliaries ;
interparietal triangular, narrower than the frontal and half as long ;
parietals forming a suture behind the interparietal ; a pair of
uuchals and a pair of temporals broader the parietals ; second
upper labial largest, third entering the orbit. 24 scales round the
middle of the body. Prrcanals not enlarged. Digits very short.
Tail half as long as head and body. Brown above, yellowish
below, each scale with darker centre.

From snout to vent 2-6 inches; tail 1'3.

Hob. Ceylon.

Genus ACONTIAS,

Cuvier, Regne An. ii, p. 60, 1817.

Palatine bones not meeting on the median line of the palate,

ACONTIAS. 227

which is toothless. Teeth couical. Eye small, with transparent
lower eyelid ; upper eyelid not developed. Ear hidden or just dis-
tinguishable. Nostril pierced in the large rostral shield, with the

Fig. 63. — Upper and side views of head of Acontias layardii.

posterior border of which it is connected by a long straight hori-
zontal suture ; no supranasals ; no praefrontals or frontoparietals.
Body much elongate ; limbs rudimentary or absent.

Distribution. South Africa, Madagascar, Ceylon. 9 species are
known.

Synopsis of Ceylonese Species.

A. luterpavietal broader than the frontal.

a. Limbs present, tridactyle A. burtonii, p. 227.

b. Limbs present, bud-like A. monodactijlus, p. 228.

c. Limbs absent A. layardii, p. 228.

B. Interparietal narrower than the frontal ;

bud-like rudiments of hind liinbs A. sarasinontin, p. 228.

265. Acontias burtonii.

Nessia burtonii, Gray, Ann. JN7. H. ii, 1839, p. 336 ; Kelaart, Prodi:

ii, p. 11 ; Giinth. Kept. B. I. p. 97 ; Theob. Cat. p. 68.
Acontias burtouii, Bouleng. Cat. Liz. iii, p. 425.

Head conical ; snout long, pointed, projecting ; ear-opening dis-
tinct, minute ; rostral covering about one-third of the snout ; mental
moderate ; frontonasal longer than the rostral and slightly shorter
than the frontal ; the latter shield about as broad as long, angularly
emargiuate on each side by the first supraocular ; 4 supraoculars ;
0 supraciliaries ; interparietal nearly as long as the frontal and a
little broader ; parietals narrow ; loreal and first upper labial very
long, much longer than the rostral ; second labial entering the
orbit. 24 scales round the middle of the body, equal. Both pairs
of limbs present, minute, tridactyle, clawed. Praeanal scales not
or scarcely enlarged. Length of the tail contained about 1| times
in that of the head and body. Brown, lighter beneath, each scale
edged with darker.

From snout to vent 3 inches ; tail 1'8.

Hab. Ceylon.

228

266. Acontias monodactylus.

Evesia monodactylus, Gray, Ann. N. H. ii, 1839, p. 336.
Nessia monodactyla, Gilnth. Rept. B. I. p. 97 ; Theob. Cat. p. 68.
Acontias monodactylus, Bouleny. Cat. Liz. in, p. 425.

Snout shorter than in the preceding, more obtuse ; ear-opening
distinct, minute ; rostral covering nearly half the snout ; mental
moderate ; frontonasal a little shorter than the rostral, shorter than
the frontal ; the latter shield as long as broad or a little broader
than long, angularly emarginate on each side by the first supra-
ocular ; 3 supraoculars ; 6 supraciliaries ; interparietal nearly as
long as the frontal and a little broader ; parietals narrow : loreal
and first upper labial scarcely longer than the rostral ; second labial
entering the orbit. 24 scales round the middle of the body, equal.
Both pairs of Limbs represented by undivided, bud-like rudiments.
Prseanal scales not enlarged. Length of tail one-third of the total.
Brown, lighter beneath, each scale edged with darker.

From snout to vent 3-5 inches ; tail 1'6.

Hab. Ceylon.

267. Acontias layardii.

Acoutias layardi, Kelaart, Prodr. ii, p. 12 ; Gilnth. Rept. B. 1. p. 96 ;
Theob. Cat. p. 67 ; Boukng. Cat. Liz. iii, p. 426.

Head conical ; snout acuminate, projecting ; ear hidden ; rostral
covering not quite half the snout ; mental moderate ; frontonasal
as long as the rostral, slightly shorter than the frontal ; the latter
shield about as broad as long, angularly euiargiuate on each side
by the first supraocular ; 3 supraoculars ; 6 supraciliaries ; inter-
parietal nearly as long as the frontal and a little broader ; parietals
narrow ; loreal and first labial a little longer than the rostral ;
second labial entering the orbit. 22 scales round the middle of
the body, equal. Limbs absent. Praeanal scales not enlarged.
Length of tail about one-third of the total. Brown, each scale
edged with darker.

From snout to vent 3 inches ; tail 1-3.

Hab. Ceylon.

268. Acontias sarasinorum.

Acontias sarasinorum, F. Miillei; Verh. Nat. Ges. Basel, viii, 1889,
p. 702, pi. x.

Head conical ; snout obtuse, prominent ; ear-opening distinct,
but very minute ; rostral covering not quite half the snout ; mental
moderate ; frontonasal shorter than the rostral or the frontal ; the
latter shield a little broader than long, angularly emargiuate on each
side by the first supraocular ; 4 supraoculars ; interparietal trian-
gular, equilateral, much narrower than the frontal; parietals narrow ;
2 loreals, together as long as the first labial, which is shorter than
the rostral ; second and third labials entering the orbit. 24 (22 ?)
scales round the middle of the body. Bud-like rudiments of hind
limbs. Praeanal scales not enlarged. Length of tail about one-
third of the total. Pale brown, each scale edged with darker.

Total length 5-5 inches ; tail 1-9.

Hab. Ceylon. I have not seen this newly described Acontias.

DIBAM1DA1.

229

Family VIII. DIBAMID.E.

Tongue short, bifid posteriorly, pointed, undivided in front,
covered with curved lamellae or plicae. Teeth small, pointed, hooked,
none on palate. Skull compact ; no interorbital septum ; no
columella cranii ; no arches ; no infraorbital foramen ; praemaxillary
double. Fore limbs absent ; the hind pair represented, in the male,
by a pair of flaps on the sides of the anal opening ; no rudiments of
the sternal apparatus. Body vermiform, covered with cycloid im-
bricate scales. No osteodermal plates. Eyes concealed under the
skin. Xo ear-opening. No prseanal pores.

A single genus and a single species, ranging from the Nicobars
to New Guinea.

Fig. 64. — Upper and side views of head of Dibamvs nova-guinea.

Fig. 65. — Anal region of Dibamus nova-guinea, a. Female, b. Male.
I. Rudimentary limbs.

Genus DIBAMUS,
Dum. & Bibr. Erp. Gen. v, p. 833, 1839.

Snout normally covered by three large shields, viz. the rostral,
and a labial on each side, which, however, may fuse into a single

230 CHAM^LEONTIDJE.

shield. Nostril pierced in the rostral, with a straight horizontal
suture behind it. Limbs totally absent in the female, the hind
pair represented in the male by two flap-like rudiments.

269. Dibamns novse-guinese.

Dibamus novse-guineje, Diim. $• Bibr. Erp. Gen. v, p. 834 ; Bouleng.

Cat. Liz. 'ill, p. 435.

Rliinophidion nicobaricurn, Steindaclm. Novara, Kept. p. 53.
Typhloscincus nicobaricus, Steind. 1. c. p. 04, pi. iii, figs. 6-8.
Dibamus nicobaricus, Stoliczlta, J. A. S. B. xhi, 1873, p. 168 ; Theob.

Cat. p. 69 ; Boukny. 1. c.

Snout conical, obtuse, slightly projecting. 4 enlarged shields on
the head besides the rostral and labials, viz. a frontal, an iuterparie-
tal, and an ocular on each side ; interparietal shield largest ; eye
scarcely distinguishable through the ocular ; a narrow, elongate,
trapezoidal mental ; a very large sublabial on each side. Scales
equal, 22 to 26 round the middle of the body. Prseanal scales
very small. Tail very short, obtuse. Uniform purplish-brown.

Total length 6-5 inches.

Hob. Nicobars, Sumatra, Celebes, Moluccas, New Guinea.

Suborder II. RHIPTOGLOSSA.

External nasal openings bounded by the maxillary and the pne-
frontal, the nasal bones being excluded from their border ; vomer
single ; pterygoids not reaching quadrate. No clavicles or inter-
clavicle, though the limbs are well developed. Digits united
in two bundles, forming a grasping organ. Tongue cylindrical,
extremely extensile and projectile, sheathed at the base, club-shaped
and viscose at the end, with an exceedingly elongate glossohyal
bone.

A single family.

Family I. CHAM^ELEONTID^.

The head usually forms a bony casque, ornamented with crests or
tubercles. The interorbital septum is present. PraDmaxillary ex-
tremely small, edentulous ; orbit bony all round, the pra?- and post-
frontals often joining to form a supraorbital roof ; a pair of supra-
nasal fontanelles, bordered by the nasals, the praefrontals, and the
frontal ; the latter bone single ; " parietal " foramen, if present,
pierced in the frontal ; parietal single, often much narrowed and
compressed, forming a crest, and meeting posteriorly the extremities
of the squamosals. In some species the parietals in the adult are
much expanded and form a bony slab. Dentition acrodont ; teeth

CHAM^LEONTID^1.

231

compressed, triangular, more or less distinctly tricuspid. Palate
toothless. Eye large, covered by a thick granular lid pierced with
a small central opening for the pupil. No tympanum. Body
compressed ; neck very short. Vertebrae proccelian. Abdominal
ribs present. Limbs long, raising the body. Digits arranged in

Fig. C6. — Head of Chamaekon calcamtus, with projected tongue.

bundles of 2 and 3 ; in the hand, the inner bundle is formed of three,
the outer of two digits ; it is the reverse in the foot. Tail pre-
hensile. Head and body covered with granules or tubercles.

Kg. t>7. — Hand of Cka/tiutleon calcuratus.

Physiologically as well as anatomically, Chameleons stand by
themselves among Eeptiles, as is evidenced by the mobility and inde-
pendent action of their eyes, the projectility of their tongue, the
slow and deliberate movements of their limbs. The changeable
hue of the skin, first noticed in them, is a psculiarity shared by
many other lizards, and especially by Calotes.

232 OPHIDIA.

Some 55 species are known, arranged in three genera. About half
of the species occur in Madagascar and neighbouring islands, the
other half chiefly in Africa ; the common Chameleon is Mediterra-
nean ; a species inhabits Socotra, another South Arabia, and a third
India and Ceylon.

Genus CHAMELEON,
Laurenti, Syn. Kept. p. 45, 1768.

Claws simple ; scales on soles smooth. Tail at least as long as
the body.

270. Chamaeleon calcaratus.

Chainaeleon calcaratus, Merrem, 7Vw£. p. 102; Bouleny. Cat. Liz,

iii, p. 445, pi. xxxix, %. 2.
Chamaeleon zeylonicus (non Lour.). Jerdoii. J. A. S. B. xxii, 1853,

p. 466.
Chameleon vulgaris (non Daiul.}, Gilnth. Kept. S. I. p. 162 ; Theob.

Cat. p. 120.

Casque much elevated posteriorly, with strong curved parietal
crest ; the distance between the commissure of the mouth and the
extremity of the casque equals or nearly equals the distance between
the end of the snout and the hinder extremity of the mandible ; no
rostral appendages ; a strong lateral crest, not reaching the end of
the parietal crest ; an indication of a dermal occipital lobe on each
side, not reaching the parietal crest. ?u> enlarged tubercles on the
body ; a feebly serrated dorsal crest ; a series of conical tubercles
form a very distinct crest along the throat and belly. Male with a
tarsal process or spur. Tail longer than head and body. Gular-
ventral crest white ; commissure of the mouth white.

From snout to vent 7 inches ; tail 8.

Hal. Wooded districts of Peninsular India south of the Gangetic
plain, and Ceylon.

Suborder III. OPHIDIA.

The most characteristic peculiarity of Ophidians as compared to
Lacertians is the absence of solid union between the rarni of the
mandible, the two halves being connected in front by an elastic
ligament ; a structure which allows the animal to dilate its mouth
and swallow a prey larger than the buccal orifice would otherwise
admit. In most Snakes (Boidce, Colulridte, Viperida;), the bones
of the upper jaw and of the palate are likewise mobile, thus
allowing a dilatation of the gape to an extraordinary degree. There
are no movable eyelids : the lid extends as a transparent disk
over the eyeball, and its outer layer is cast off periodically in a

OP1ILDIA. 233

single piece with the rest of the epidermis. No Snakes have an
ear-opening. The tongue is smooth, bifid, and retractile into a
basal sheath. Limbs are absent, and the animal moves by lateral
undulations.

The primary division of Ophidians into poisonous and non-
poisonous must be regarded as unscientific ; and, although adopted
almost generally, it is in so far incorrect that a number of forms
(OmgQuxjlypha) usually ranked as harmless are really poisonous,
although their bite may be without effect on man and large animals.
Experiments recently made on Ccelopeltis, a genus allied to Psammo-
phis *, and Dryophisf, have shown that these snakes are poisonous,
and that they paralyze their small prey before deglutition. It is
probable that all Snakes with grooved teeth will prove to be
poisonous, to a greater or less degree, as it is clear, a priori, that
these grooved fangs are not without a function. I have therefore
abandoned this physiological character in dividing the Snakes into
families. Poisonous as well as harmless forms are arranged under
Colubridw. All Viperidw are poisonous.

The poison-gland is situated on each side above the upper jaw,
below and behind the eye, and in some Elapoid forms even extends
far back along each side of the body. This gland communicates
by a duct with the poison-fangs, which are enlarged, channelled or
" perforated " teeth. The difference between channelled and per-
forated fangs is but one of degree, and the term " perforated " is
anatomically incorrect. In both these types, the structure of the
teeth is essentially the same ; they are folded over so as to form a
duct to carry the poisonous secretion ; when the edges meet and
coalesce, a perforated fang is formed, when they merely approach
each other, the channelled form results.

A general desire is felt by those not well acquainted with Snakes
to be able to distinguish at a glance between harmless and
poisonous forms. To meet this requirement, various criteria have
been proposed by authors, none of which, however, are satisfactory.
It is well to state at once that there is no sure method of dis-
tinguishing the two kinds by external characters ; except, of course,
by a knowledge of the various forms. And even then, a cursory
examination is not always sufficient, since there is, in some cases, a
striking resemblance between Snakes of totally different affinities,
by which even specialists may be at first deceived. In short,
nothing but an examination of the dentition can afford positive
information as to the poisonous or non-poisonous nature of an
unknown Snake.

About 1500 species of Snakes are known. They may be arranged
in nine families, all represented in India, and defined in the fol-
lowing synopsis.

* Peracca & Deregibus, Arch. Ital. Biol. v, 1884, p. 108.
t Vaillant, Mem. Cent, SOP. Philom. 1888, p. 44.

234

TYPHLOPIDJE

1. Typhlopidae, p. 234.

•2. Glauconiidae, p. 242.

Sync>2>sis of the Families.

A. No transpalatine; pterygoids not ex-

tending to quadrate or mandible ; no
supratemporal ; prsefrontals forming a
suture with nasals ; coronoid present ;
vestiges of pelvic arch.
a. Maxillary vertical, loosely attached,

toothed; mandible edentulous; a

single pelvic bone

l>. Maxillary bordering mouth, forming

a suture with praemaxillary, prse-

frontal, and frontal, toothless'; lower

jaw toothed ; pubis and ischium

present, latter forming a symphysis .

B. Transpalatine present ; both jaws

toothed.

a. Coronoid present ; prsefrontals forming

a suture with nasals.
a'. Vestiges of hind limbs ; supratem-
poral present.

a". Supratemporal large, suspend-
ing the quadrate 3. Boidae, p. 244.

b". Supratemporal small,intercalated

in the cranial wall 4. Dysiidae, p. 249.

b'. No vestiges of limbs; supratem-
poral absent 5. Uropeltidae, p. 251

b. Coronoid absent ; supratemporal pre-

sent, suspending the quadrate.
ft '. Maxillary horizontal ; pterygoids

reaching quadrate or mandible.
ft". Preefrontal bones forming a

suture with nasals

b". Prsefrontals notformiug a suture

with nasals

b'. Maxillary horizontal, converging
posteriorly toward palatines ; pte-
rygoids not reaching quadrate or ur.

mandible 8. Amblycephalidas,

c'. Maxillary vertically erectile, per-
pendicular to transpalatine; ptery-
goids reaching quadrate or man-
dible 9. Viperidae, p. 417.

0. Xenopeltidse, p. 27").
7. Colubridas, p. 277.

[p. 414.

Family I. TYPHLOPIDAE.

Cranial bones solidly united ; no transpalatine ; pterygoids not
extending to mandible ; no snpratemporal ; praefrontals forming a
suture with nasals ; maxillary vertical, loosely attached, with a
few teeth ; no teeth on palate. Mandible edentulous ; coronoid
bone present. Vestiges of pelvis, reduced to a single bone on
each side. Body covered with uniform cycloid scales ; eyes under
the shields.

TYPIILOPS.

235

Small worm-like Snakes leading a subterranean life. The number
of species known is very great, nearly a hundred, constituting four

-pro

A R

Fig. 68.— Skull of Typhlops diardi.

A. Upper view. B. Lower view.

ar. Articular.
bo. Basioccipital.
bp. Basisphenoid.
cor. Coronoid.
d. Dentary.
eo. Exoccipital.

/. Frontal.
m. Maxillary.
«. Nasal.
•p. Parietal.
pm. Procmaxillary.
prf. PrasfrontaL

pro. Prootic.
pt. Pterygoid.
q. Quadrate.
so. Supraoccipital.
tit. Turbinal.
v. Vomer.

genera, of which but one is represented in India and its depen-
dencies. They are found all over the hotter parts of the globe.
Oviparous : eggs very large, elongate, few in number.

B

Fig. 69. — Head of Typhlops braminus.

A. Upper view. B. Side view.
To illustrate the nomenclature of the shields.
/'. Frontal. ,>. Ocular. prf. Prosfrontal.

ip. Interparietal. p. Parietal. r. Kostral.

I. Labial. no. Praeocular. ,«o. Supraocular.

n. Nasal.

Genus TYPHLOPS,

Schneider, Hist. Amph. ii, p. 339, 1801.

Head with large shields ; nostril in a single or divided nasal.
Tail extremely short.

Distribution. Southern Asia, borders of the Mediterranean,
Africa, Australia, Central and South America, and "West Indies.
13 species are known from India and its dependencies.

2<5D TTPIILOPIDjE.

Synopsis of Indian, Ceylonese, and Burmese Species.

A. Snout rounded ; nostrils lateral.

«. No subocular, ocular in contact with

3rd and 4th labials.
a'. Nasal completely divided into two.
a", 18 or 20 scales round body.

«. Anterior nasal in contact with
prseocular ; posterior nasal sepa-
rated from its fellow by prse-

froutal T. bramimis, p. 236.

ft. Anterior nasal separated from
preeocular by posterior nasal,
which forms a suture with its

fellow on upper surface of head . 7'. beddomii, p. 237.
b". 22 scales round body.

a. Upper part of rostral about -|

width of head T. leucomelas, p. 237.

/3. Upper part of rostral hardly i

width of head T. jerdoni, p. 238.

b'. Nasal nearly completely divided ; 24

or 26 scales round body.
a". No pits under snout.

o. Upper part of rostral hardly |

width of head T. oatesii, p. 238.

/3. Upper part of rostral about §

width of head T. diardi, p. 238.

b". A pair of pits under snout T. bothriorhynchus, p. 239.

c'. Nasal semidivided.

a. ]8 scales round body T. porrectus, p. 240.

/3. 22 scales round body ; tail more

than twice as long as broad .... 7'. theobdldianus, p. 240.
b. A subocular, separating ocular from
3rd labial ; nasal completely divided ;
18 scales round body.

«'. Ocular in contact with 4th labial . . T. mirus, p. 240.
//. Ocular separated from labials by 2

suboeulars T. andumanensis, p. 241.

B. Snout rounded ; nostrils inferior ; nasal

semidivided ; 22 scales round body .... T. temdcollis, p. 241.
0. Snout pointed and hooked, with sharp
horizontal edge and inferior nostrils ;
latter touching rostral ; 28 to 36 scales
round body T. acutus, p. 241.

271. Typhlops braminus.

littssell, Ind. Serp. \, pi. xliii.

Eryx brain inus, Daud. Kept, vii, p. 279.

Typhlops braminus, Cuv. Reyne. An. 2nd ed. ii, p. 73 ; Dum. Sf Bibr.

.Erp. Gen. vi, p. 309 ; Cantor, J. A. 8. B. xvi, 1847, p. 899; Jan,

Icon. Ophid. p. 12, 1. 3, pis. iv & v, fig. 16 ; Giinth. Eept. B. I.

p. 175, pi. xvi, fig. i ; Blanf. J. A. S. B. xxxix, 1870, p. 370;

Stolickza, J. A. 8. B. xl, 1871, p. 425 ; Theob. Cat. p. 125 : Murray,

Zool. 8ind, p. 374.

Typhlops tenuis (non Salv.~), Giinth. Eept. B. I. p. 176, pi. xvi, fig. C.
Typhlops pammeces, Giint/i. op. cit. p. 444 ; Theob. Cat. p. 125.

TYPHLOPS. 237

Snout round and moderately projecting; nostrils lateral. Rostral
narrow, its upper portion hardly one third the width of the head,
not extending quite to the level of the eyes ; nostril between two
nasals, the anterior (or lower) of which is in contact with the prse-
ocular ; the latter shield nearly as large as the ocular ; eye distinct ;
pnefrontal, frontal, supraoculars, and parietals a little larger than
the scales on the body ; praef rental in contact with the rostral ; 4
upper labials. Diameter of body 33 to 5o times iu the total
length ; tail a little longer than broad, ending in a spine. 20 scales
round the body. Brown or blackish above, lighter beneath ; snout,
anal region, and end of tail usually whitish.

Total length 7 inches.

Nab. This is the commonest species, distributed all over India
and its dependencies. Its range extends to Southern China, the
Malay Peninsula and Archipelago, Arabia, Africa south of the
Equator, Madagascar, and the Islands of the Indian Ocean. Found
occasionally in large numbers in decayed wood.

272. Typhlops beddomii.

Snout rounded and moderately prominent ; nostrils lateral,
llostral narrow, its upper portion hardly one third the width of the
head, not extending to the level of the eyes ; nostril between two
nasals, the anterior (or lower) of whicli is in contact with the first
and second labials, the upper forming a suture behind the rostral ;
a pi'scocular, nearly as large as the ocular : eye distinct; upper
head-shields a little larger than the scales on the body ; 4 upper
labials. Diameter of body 20 to 40 times in the total length ; tail
a little longer than broad, not ending in a spine, the terminal scale
obtusely conical. 18 scales round the body. Brown above, lighter
beneath ; usually a more or less distinct darker vertebral line ;
end of snout and chin, and anal region, whitish.

Total length 5 inches.

Hub. This species has a rather wide distribution in the hills of
the Indian Peninsula, Col. Beddome having collected specimens in
the Kimedy Hills (Vizagapatam district) and in the Auaimalai and
Travancore Hills, between 2000 and 5000 feet

273. Typhlops leucomelas.

Snout rounded and moderately projecting ; nostrils lateral,
liostral narrow, its upper portion about one third the width of the
head, extending to between the eyes; nostril between two nasals,
the autei'ior of which is in contact with the first and second labials
and extends to the upper surface of the head ; a pricocular, nearly
as large as the ocular ; eye distinct ; upper head-scales a little-
larger than the scales on the body ; 4 upper labials. Diameter of
body 32 times in the total length ; tail slightly longer than broad,
ending in a point. 22 scales round the body. Blackish brown
above, pure white beneath.

Total length 5 inches.

238 TTPHLOPID^:.

Hal. A single specimen was found by Col. Beddome on the
Haycock Mountain (2000 ft.) in Ceylon, 40 miles from Point de
Galle.

274. Typhlops jerdoni.

Snout rounded and moderately projecting ; nostrils lateral.
Kostral very narrow, its upper portion hardly one fourth the width
of the head, extending to the level of the eyes ; nostril between
two nasals, the anterior of which is in contact with the first and
second labials and extends to the upper surface of the head ; a
praeocular, nearly as large as the ocular ; eye distinct ; supraoculars
and parietals much larger than the scales on the body ; 4 upper
labials. Diameter of body 37 to 46 times in the total length ;
tail a little longer than broad, ending in a spine. 22 scales round
the body. Brown above, lighter beneath : end of snout, anal
region, and lower surface of tail whitish.

Total length 9 inches.

Nab. Three specimens were obtained in the Khiisi Hills and
presented to the British Museum by the late Mr. T. C. Jerdoii.

275. Typhlops oatesii.

Snout rounded and moderately projecting ; nostrils lateral,
llostral very narrow, its upper portion hardly one fourth the width
of the head, extending to the level of the eyes ; nasal nearly com-
pletely divided, the cleft proceeding from the second labial; a
praiocular, a little smaller than the ocular ; eye distinct ; upper
head-scales a little larger than the scales on the body ; 4 upper
labials. Diameter of body 31 to 33 times in the total length ;
tail as long as broad or broader than long, ending in a spine. 24
scales round the body. Yellowish, with confluent brown spots
corresponding to the series of scales and forming longitudinal lines
which are broader than the interspaces.

Total length 8 inches.

Hob. Three specimens, from Table Island, Cocos group, were
presented to the British Museum by Mr. E. "W". Gates.

270. Typhlops diardi.

Typhlops diardi, &7<fa/. Abbild. p. 39; Dmn. $ liibr. Erp. Gen. vi.

'p. 300; Jan, Icon. Ophid. p. 19, 1. 3, pis. iv, v, tig. 10.
Argyrophis horsfieldii, Gray, Cat. Liz. p. 137.
Tvphlops striolatus, Peters, MB. Ak. fieri. 1861, p. 922; Giinth.

' Rept. B. 1. p. 174 ; Theob. Cat. p. 122.
Typhlops horsfieldii, Giinth. op. cit. p. 173. pi. xvi, tig. E ; Stoliczka.

J. A. S. £. xl, 1871, p. 423 ; Theob. Cat. p. 121.
Typhlops baraianus, Stoliczka, P. A. S. E. 1872, p. 144.

Snout rounded and strongly projecting ; nostrils lateral. Eos-
tral narrow, its upper portion about one third the width of the

TYPHLOPS. 239

head, extending to between the eyes ; nasal nearly completely
divided, the cleft proceeding from the second labial ; a prseocular,
nearly as large as the ocular ; eye distinct ; prref rental and frontal

Pig. 7U. — Typhlops diardi.

usually scarcely larger than the scales on the body, supraoculars
and parietals broader; 4 upper labials. Diameter of body 29
to 34 times in the total length ; tail as long as broad or broader
than long, ending in a spine. 24 to 20 scales round the body.
Olive-brown above, each scale with a more or less distinct light
transverse streak ; lower parts pale brownish or yellowish.

Total length 17 inches.

Hab. Bengal, Sikhim, Khtisi Hills, Assam, Burma, Cochin China.

277. Typhlops bothriorhynchus.

Typhlops bothriorhyncliu?, G'tinth. Kept. B. I. p. 174, pi. xvi, tig. G ;
Anders, P. Z. 8. 1871, p. 108 : 8tdicska, J. A. .$'. B. \\, 1871, ]>. 4i*4 ;
TAeob. Cat. p. 12'2.

Snout rounded and strongly projecting; nostrils lateral; a
rounded concavity on each side below the nostrils, and two others,
less marked, on the third labial and on the side of the rostral.
Rostral narrow, its upper portion about one third the width of the
head, extending to between the eyes ; nasal nearly completely
divided, the cleft proceeding from the second labial and passing
through the subuarial pit ; a praeocular, nearly as large as the
ocular ; eyes distinct ; upper head-scales a little larger than the
scales on the body; 4 upper labials. Diameter of body 30 times
in the total length ; tail about as long as broad, ending in a spine.
24 scales round the body. Dark brown above, paler beneath.

Total length 10 inches.

Hab. Northern India (Hardwar, N. W. P. ; Graro Hills, Assam)
and Malay Peninsula.

240 TYPHLOPID;E.

278. Typhlops porrectus.

Typhlops tennis (turn Salt;), Jan, Icon. Ophid. p. 10, 1. o, pis. iv, v,

'tig. 13.
Typhlops porrectus, Stoliczka, J.A.S.B. xl, 1871, p. 420, pi. xxv,

'tigs. 1-4; Tlienb. Cat. p. 124; Blanf. '2nd York. Miss., Rept.

p. 21 ; Murray, Zool. Sind, p. 374.

Snout round and moderately projecting ; nostrils lateral. Ros-
tral narrow, its upper portion about one third the width of the
head, not extending quite to the level of the eyes, which are very
indistinct ; nasal semidivided, the cleft extending from the second
labial to the nostril; prseocular present, nearly as large as the
ocular; upper head-scales a little larger than the scales on the
body; 4 upper labials. Diameter of body 70 to 90 times in the
total length ; tail a little longer than broad, ending in a spine.
18 scales round the body. Brown above, paler beneath ; snout,
chin, and lower surface of tail white.

Total length 8-5 inches.

Hub. Himalayas, Northern India, from Sind to Bengal, Deccan.

279. Typhlops theobaldianus.

Typhlops theobaldianus, Stoliczka, J. A. S. B. xl, 1871 , p. 429, pi. xxv,
tigs. 5-8; Theob. Cat. p. 123.

Snout round and strongly projecting ; nostrils lateral. Rostral
considerably more than one third (nearly half; the width of the
head, reaching very far back on the top of the head ; nasal semi-
divided, the cleft extending from the second labial to the nostril ;
a prrcocular, nearly as large as the ocular ; eye very indistinct ;
pra^frontal very slightly longer than frontal ; 4 upper labials.
Diameter of body about 70 times in the total length ; tail nearly
thrice as long as broad, terminating in an obtuse point, without
spine. 22 scales round the body. Greyish brown, slightly paler
below.

Total length 14 inches.

Hab. The single specimen known, which 1 have not seen, is,
according to Stoliczka, in all probability from India, but without
any specified locality.

280. Typhlops mirus.

Typhlops minis, Jan. Icon. Ophid. p. 9, 1. 1, pis. v, vi, tig. 7; Giint/i.
Rept. B. 1. p. 170, pi. xvi, fig. H ; Tht-ob. Cat. p. 120.

Snout round and moderately prominent; nostrils lateral. Ros-
tral broad, about half the width of the head ; nostril between two
nasals, the anterior of which is small and in contact with the first
and second labials ; a prrcocular, nearly as large as the ocular,
which is in contact with the fourth labial ; a subocular, separating

TYPHLOPS. 241

the prseocular and the ocular from the second and third labials ;
eye indistinct ; upper head-scales a little larger than the scales on
the body ; 4 upper labials. Diameter of body 43 to 60 times in
the total length ; tail a little longer than broad, ending obtusely,
without spine. 18 scales round the body. Brown above, snout
and lower parts yellowish.

Total length 5-5 inches.

Hob. Ceylon.

281. Typhlops andamanensis.

Typhlops aiidamanensis, Stolicska, J. A. S. B. xl, 1871, p. 428, pi. xxv,
figs. 9-12 ; TJieob. Cat. p. 124.

Snout round, moderately prominent; nostrils lateral. Width
of rostral above about one third the width of the head; nostril
between two nasals, the anterior of which is small and in contact
with the first and second labials ; a supraocular, nearly as large as
the ocular ; both the latter shields separated from the labials by a
pair of suboculars ; eye indistinct ; upper head-scales scarcely
enlarged; 4 upper labials. Diameter of body about 40 times in
the total length ; tail twice as long as broad, very obtuse and termi-
nating in a minute point. 18 scales round the body. General
colour above shining deep brownish black, the base of the scales
being somewhat dull black ; sides viuaceous, paler on the lower
parts, which are throughout checkered with white ; mouth and the
tail below, including the tip, also mostly white.

Total length about 6-5 inches.

Hab. Andaman Islands. Known from a single specimen, which
1 have not seen.

282. Typhlops tennicollis.

Ouychocephalus (Opkthalinidion) tenuicollis, Peters, MB. Ak. Berl.

1864, p 272, pi.-, fig- 2.
Typhlops tenuicollis, Tfieob. Cat. p. 123.

Snout round and moderately projecting ; nostrils inferior.
Eostral broad, its upper portion more than half as broad as the
head ; nasal semidivided, the cleft proceeding from the second
labial ; a praocular, about as large as the ocular ; eye not distin-
guishable ; praefrontal and frontal very broad, broader than the
ocular and parietal ; 4 upper labials. Diameter of body 65 times
in the total length ; tail as long as broad, terminal scute obtusely
conical. 22 scales round the body. Olive-brown above, yellowisji
beneath.

Total length 14 inches.

Said to be from the Himalayas. Unknown to me.

283. Typhlops acutus.

Onychocephalus acutus, Dum. $• Bibr. Erp. Gen. vi, p. 333 ; Gunth.
Rept. B. 1. p. 177, pi. xvi, fig. A; Theob. Cat. p. 126.

B

242

GLATJCONIID.E.

Typhlops russellii (non Schleff.), Gray, Cat. Liz.-p. 132.
Onyckocephalus westermanni, Liitk. Kjobenhavn, Vidensk. Meddel.

1862, p. 306, pi. i, fig. 5.
Typhlops excipiens, Jan, Icon. Ophid. 9, pi. i, fig. 5.

Snout pointed and hooked, with sharp horizontal edge and
inferior nostrils. Eostral very large, extending posteriorly far
beyond the level of the eyes ; nostril close to rostral ; nasal
extending over the eye, in contact with and nearly as broad as the
ocular ; a praeocular and a subocular ; eye distinguishable ;
praefrontal and supraoculars much broader than the scales on the
body ; 4 upper labials. Diameter of body 40 to 60 times in the
total length ; tail as long as broad, or shorter, terminating in a
spine. 28 to 34 scales round the middle of the body, 30 to 36
anteriorly. Pale brown above, each scale with or without a yellow-
ish transverse streak ; yellowish beneath.

Total length 2 feet.

Hob. Southern India and Dec-can.

Family II. GLAUCONIID^.

Cranial bones solidly united ; no transpalatine ; pterygoids not

Fig. 71. — Glauconia (after Peters).

A. "Upper view of skull. B. Side view of skull. C. Lower view of pelvis.

ar. Articular. / (C). Femur. pt. Pterygoid.

bo. Basioceipital. il. Ilium. pm. Pramaxillary.

bp. Basisphenoid. is. Ischium. prf. Praifrontal.

cor. Coronoid. m. Maxillary. pro. Prootic.

d. Dentary. n. Nasal. pu. Pubis.

co. Exoccipital. p. Parietal. g. Quadrate.

/ (A, B). Frontal. pi. Palatine. so. Supraoccipital.

GLATJCONIA. 243

extending to inaudible ; no suprateinporal ; praefrontals forming a
suture with uasals; maxillary bordering the mouth, forming a
suture with the praemaxillary, praefroutal, and frontal, toothless ;
no teeth on palate. Lower jaw toothed ; coronoid bone present.

A. .D

Fig. 72.— Head of Glamonia blanfordii.

A. Upper view. B. Side view.

/. Frontal. o. Ocular. pto. Postocular.

ip. Interparietal. p. Parietal. r. Eostral.

I. Labial. prf. Proefrontal. so. Bupraocular.

». Nasal.

Pelvis present, consisting of ilium, pubis, and ischium ; the latter
forming a ventral symphysis; a rudimentary femur. Body covered
with uniform cycloid scales ; eye under the shields.

Small worm-like Snakes, resembling the TypTilopidos in general
appearance and habits. A single genus, with about 15 species, of
which one occurs in Sind.

Genus GLAUCONIA*,
Gray, Cat. Liz. p. 139, 1845.

Head with large shields. Prseanal scales enlarged. Tail very
short.

Distribution. Africa, South-western Asia, America.

284. Glauconia blanfordii.

Suout rounded ; supraocular present, small ; rostral nearly twice
as broad as the nasals, reaching nearly to the level of the eyes ; nasal
completely divided into two ; ocular bordering the lip, between two
labials. Diameter of body 60 to 70 times in the total length,
length of tail 12 to 14 times. 14 scales round the body. Pale
brownish.

Total length 9| inches.

Hob. Sind. Five specimens are in the British Museum ; they
had been referred by Peters (cf. Giinther, P. Z. S. 1869, p. 501) to
Stenostoma macrorhynchus, Jan, which is, however, a very different
species.

* Stenostoma, auct. Both the names Stcnostoma, Wagler, and Cafodon, Duin.
& Bibr., are preoccupied in Zoology.

244

BOIDJE.

Family III. BOID^E.

Maxillaries, palatines, and pterygoids movable ; transpulatine
present ; pterygoids extending to quadrate or mandible ; supra-
temporal present, attached scale-like to the crauial walls, suspending
quadrate; prsef rentals forming a suture with nasals. Mandible
with corouoid bone' Teeth in jaws and on palate. Vestiges of
pelvis, formed of four elements, viz. ilium, pubis, ischium, and
femur ; the latter usually terminating in a claw-like spur visible
on each side of the vent.

Fig. 73.— Skull of Python retieulattig.
A. Upper view. B. Lower view.

cu/ff. Angular.
dr. Articular.
bo. Basioccipital.
bp. Basisphenoid.
c.a. Columella auris.
cor. Coronoid.
d. Dentary.
co. Exoccipilal.

/. Frontal.
ni. Maxillary.
n. Nasal.
p. Parietal.
pi. Palatine.
pal. Prannaxillary.
prf. Pnefrontal .
pro. Prootic.

pt. Pterygoid.
ptf. Postfrontal.
q. Quadrate.
«>. Supraoccipital.
soi'. Supraorbital.
>>t. Supratemporal.
tp. Transpalatine.
c. Vomer.

This family, which includes the largest JSnakes, is represented
all over the hotter parts of the globe. It may be divided into
three subfamilies : —

1. Pythonince. Prseinaxillary teeth and supraorbital bone present.

2. Ghondropythonince. No prsemaxillary teeth; a supraorbital
bone.

3. Boince. No praemaxillary teeth ; no supraorbital bone.
The first and third 'are represented in India.

PYTHOJf. 245

Synopsis of Indian Genera.

I. Pythoninee. Teeth in praemaxillary bone ; a supra-

orbital bone ; subcaudals in two TOWS. [p. 245.

Head with large shields ; a mental groove .... PYTHON,

II. Boince. Praemaxillary bone toothless ; no supraorbital

bone ; subcaudals in a single row. [p. 246.

Head covered with small scales; no mental groove. GONGYLOPHIS,
Head covered with small scales; a mental groove. EBYX, p. 247.

Genus PYTHON,

Daudiii,Hist, Kept, v, p. 226 (part.), 1803.

Anterior maxillary and mandibulary teeth very long. Head
with large symmetrical shields ; rostral, anterior upper labials and
anterior and posterior lower labials with pits. Eye small, with
vertical pupil. Scales very small, smooth. Tail prehensile ;
subcaudals in two rows.

Fig. 74. — Head of Python molnrus.

Pythons, or Rock-Snakes, are, like other Boidte, oviparous; and
the curious fact that the female incubates her eggs by coiling herself
round them has been repeatedly observed in menageries. Snakes
of this genus are nocturnal ; they live on trees near the water, which
they frequently enter, and they feed on mammals and birds.

Seven species of Python are known, four from Africa and three
from Asia. The latter may be distinguished as follows : —
Four anterior upper labials pitted ; 60-75 scales

across the body; 297-330 ventrals; 82-102

subcaudals P. reticulatus, p. 246.

Two anterior upper labials pitted ; 60-7-5 scales

across the body; 242-265 ventrals; 60-72

subcaudals P. molurus, p. 246.

Two anterior upper labials pitted ; 53-55 scales

across the body; 160-175 veutrals; 28-32

subcaudals P. curtus.

246 BOID^E.

P. curtus, Hubrecht, with which P. breitensteini, Steind., is
probably identical, is only known from Sumatra, Borneo, and
Singapore.

285. Python reticulatus.

Boa reticulata, Schneid. Hist. Amph. ii, p. 264,

Python schneideri, Me.rr. Tent. p. 89.

Python reticulatus, Gray, Zool Misc. p. 44 ; Dum. $ Bibr. Erp. Gen.

vi, p. 426 ; Cantor, J. A. S. B. xvi, 1847, p. 902 ; Gitnth. Kept. B.

I. p. 330 ; Jan, Icon. Ophid. p. 97, 1. 8, pi. vi ; Stoh'czka, J. A. 8. B.

xxxix, p. 205 ; Theob. Cat. p. 205.

13 upper labials, four anterior pitted, seventh entering the eye ;
21 to 23 lower labials; frontal usually not divided by a longitudinal
suture ; two prse- and three or four post-oculars. Scales in 60 to 75
rows. Ventrals 297-330 ; anal entire ; subcaudals 82-102. Light
yellowish or brown above, ornate with large circular or rhomboidal
blackish markings ; a median black line along the head ; lower
parts yellowish, with small brown spots on the sides.

Beaches a length of 30 feet.

Hob. Burma, Nicobars, Malay Peninsula an d Archipelago.

286. Python molurus.

Russell, Ind. Serp. i, pis. xxii-xxiv and xxxix.

Coluber molurus, Linn. S. N. i, p. 387.

Python molurus, Gray, Zool. Misc. p. 44 ; Dum. fy Bibr. Erp. Gen.
vi, p. 417 ; Gimth. Rept. B. I. p. 331 ; Jan, Icon. Ophid. p. 96, 1. 8,
pi. ii ; Stoliczka, J. A. S. B. xxxix, 1870, p. 205 ; Theob. Cat.
p. 206; Blanf. J. A. S. B. xlviii, 1879, p. 127.

11 to 13 upper labials, two anterior pitted, seventh entering the
eye, if not separated by a series of suboculars ; 17 or 18 lower
labials ; frontal longitudinally divided ; two prse- and three or four
postoculars. Scales in 60 to 75 rows. Ventrals 242-265 ; anal
entire ; subcaudals 60-72. Greyish brown or yellowish above,
with a dorsal series of large elongate subquadrangular reddish-
brown black-edged spots and on each side a series of smaller spots ;
a lance-shaped brown marking on the head and nape ; a lateral
brown band passing through the eye and a brown vertical bar
below the eye ; lower parts yellowish, sides brown-spotted.

Grows to 20 feet, or more, but usually not exceeding about 12.

flab. Peninsular India, Rajputana, and Bengal to the foot of
the Himalayas ; rare in the Malay Peninsula and Java, and in
Ceylon. Haly (Rep. Coll. Snakes Colombo Mus. 1886, p. 14) says
specimens of 10 feet or more were procurable in the Cinnamon
Gardens only ten years ago, but they seem to have become extinct
with the extension of the city of Colombo.

Genus GONGYLOPHIS,

Wagler, Syst. Amph. p. 192, 1830.

Anterior maxillary and mandibulary teeth a little longer than

EBTX. 247

the posterior. Head covered with small scales. No mental groove.
Eye very small, with vertical pupil. Scales very small, keeled.
Tail very short, slightly prehensile : subcaudals simple.
A single species.

287. Gongylophis conicus.

Rtissell, Ind. Serp. i, pi. iv.

Boa conica, Schneid. Hist. Amph. ii, p. 268, id. Denkschr. Munch.

Acad. vii, 1821, p. 119, pi. vi, fig. 2.
Gongylophis conicus, Gray, Zool. Misc. p. 45 ; Giinth. Rept. B. I.

p. 333 ; Theob. Cat. p. 207 ; Murray, Zool. Sind, p. 386.
Eryx conicus, Dum. 8," Bibr. Erp. G£n. vi, p. 470 ; Jan, Icon. Ophid.

p. 73, 1. 4, pi. iii.

Fig. 75. — Gongylophis conicus.

Eostral about twice as broad as deep, feebly prominent, not
keeled ; only the nasals and internasals enlarged, the rest of the
head covered with small obtusely keeled scales ; 8 to 10 scales
from eye to eye across the forehead; 10 to 15 scales round the
eye, which is separated from the labials by one or two rows of
scales ; 1 2 to 14 upper labials. Scales tubercularly keeled ; the
keels very strong on the tail, in 40 to 47 rows. Ventrals 168-176 ;
anal entire ; subcaudals 17-24. Tail tapering to a point. Yellowish
or brownish grey, with a broad zigzag band or series of dark brown
black-edged spots along the back ; lower parts uniform white.

Total length 2 feet ; tail 2 inches.

Hob. India, from Sind to Bengal and the Anaimallai Hills. Feeds
on mice ; a specimen I kept alive showed a fierce temper.

Genus EEYX,

Daudin, Hist. Kept, vii, p. 251 (part.), 1803.
Anterior maxillary and rnandibulary teeth a little longer than

248 BOID.E.

the posterior. Head covered with small scales ; a mental groove.
Eye very small, with vertical pupil. Scales very small, smooth or
keeled. Tail very short, not or but very slightly prehensile ; sub-
caudals simple.

Fig. 76.— Head of Eryxjohnii.

Distribution. The five or six species of this genus occur in the
arid sandy regions of Southern Asia and North Africa.

288. Eryxjohnii.

Boa johnii, Russell, Ind, Serp. ii, p. 18, pi. xvi, and pi. xvii, fig. 1.

Eryx johuii, Dum. $ Bibr. Erp. Gen. vi, p. 458 ; Glinth. Rejyt. B. I.
p. 334 ; Jan, Icon. Ophid. p. 71, 1. 4, pi. i, fig. 1 ; Stolickza,
P. A. S. B. 1872, p. 84 ; Theob. Cat. p. 207 ; Murray, Zool. Stud,
p. 385.

Rostral large and broad, with angular horizontal edge ; two
pairs of small shields behind the rostral ; six to nine scales from
eye to eye across the forehead ; ten or eleven scales round the
eye, which is separated from the labials by one or two rows of
scales ; 10 to 12 upper labials. Scales slightly keeled, in 51 to 65
rows. Ventrals 194-210 ; anal single ; subcaudals 26-36. Tail
very blunt, rounded at the end. Sandy grey, reddish, or pale
brown above, uniform or with more or less distinct blackish trans-
verse bands, these bauds usually distinct on the tail ; belly brown,
or spotted with blackish ; young often pale coral-red.

Total length 3 feet 3 inches ; tail 3 inches.

Hob. Sandy tracts of Central and Southern India, the Punjab,
Cutch, and Sind. Nocturnal ; feeding on worms and small mam-
mals. Commonly kept bv snake-charmers.

ILTSIIDJE.

249

Family IV. ILYSIID.E.

Cranial bones solidly united ; transpalatine present ; pterygoids
extending to quadrate ; suprateniporal very small and wedged in
between the adjacent bones ; quadrate very short ; proofrontals
forming a suture with nasals. Mandible with coronoid bone.
Teeth in jaws and on palate. Vestiges of pelvis, formed of three
or four elements, as in the Boidiv, and terminating in a claw-like
spur usually distinguishable on each side of the vent.

This family forms a passage from the Boi(l(i> to the Uropeltidce,
agreeing with the latter in the physiognomy and scaling, with
the former in the presence of vestiges of pelvis, whilst the sknll
is exactly intermediate.

Only two genera are known, the South- American Ilysia and
the East-Indian Oylvndropkis.

jam

ar. Articular.
bo. Basioccipital.
cor. Coronoicl.
d. Deutary.
eo. Exoccipital.
f. Frontal.

Fig. 77.— Skull of Cylmdrophis ntfus.

m. Maxillary. pt. Pterygoid.

q. Quadrate.

n. Nasal.

p. Parietal.
pm. Pryemaxillary.
prf. Prrefrontal.
•pro. Prootic.

so. Supraoccipital.
st. Supratemporal.
tp. Transspalatine.

Genus CYLINDROPHIS,

Wagler, Icon. Amph., 1828.

Teeth moderate, subequal, 10 to 12 in each maxillary ; none in
praem axillary. Head not distinct from neck ; eye very small, with
round or vertically subelliptical pupil, distinct from the neighbouring
shields ; a mental groove ; head with large symmetrical shields * ;

* For the terms applied to the shields of the head, see fig. 87, p. 278.

250 ILTSHD^E.

nostril in a single nasal, which forms a suture with its fellow
behind the rostral ; no loreal or praeocular ; a small postocular.
Body cylindrical ; scales smooth, in 19 or 21 rows ; ventrals feebly
enlarged. Tail extremely short and blunt.

Burrowing snakes, only occasionally found above ground. Feeding
on insects, worms, and small mammals. Ovoviviparous.

Fig. 78.— Head of Cylindrophis nifus.

Synopsis of the Species,

A. Diameter of eye | to |- its distance from

nostril ; interocular width more than length

of snout C. . rufiifi, p. 250.

B. Diameter of eye | to £ its distance from

nostril ; interocular width equal to length of

snout.

a. Parietals at least as large as frontal C. maculatus, p. 251 .

l>. Parietals smaller than frontal C. lineatus.

C. Iweahts, Blanf., is only known from Singapore.

289. Cylindrophis rufus.

Anguis ruffa, Law: Syn. Kept. p. 71.

Anguis scytale, Russell, Ind. Serp. ii, p. 81, pis. xxvii, xxviii.
Cylindrophis resplendens, Wagl. Icon. Amph. pi. v, fig. 1.
Cylindrophis melanotus. Wagl. I. c. (annot.) ; Durn. Sf Bibr. Erp.
Gtn. ^ p. 592.

L'ROPELTIDJE. 251

Cylindrophis rufa, Gray, Zool. Misc. p. 46 ; Dum. 8f Bibr. t. c.
p. 595 ; Cantor, J. A. S. B. xvi, 1847, p. 900 ; Gilnth. Kept. B. I.
p. 179; Jan, Icon. Ophid. p. 56, 1. 9, pi. iv, figs. 1, 2; Theob. Cat.
p. 127.

Diameter of the eye about half or two fifths its distance from the
nostril. The distance between the eyes greater than the length of
the snout. Frontal at least as large as the supraoculars, larger than
the parietals, at least as long as its distance from the rostral. Six
upper labials, third and fourth entering the eye. Scales in 19 or
21 rows. Yentrals not twice as large as the contiguous scales,
185-245; anal divided ; stibcaudals 5-10. Brown or black above,
with or without alternating light cross-bands : belly white with
transverse black bands or spots, or black with transverse white
bands ; lower surface of tail bright vermilion during life.

Total length 2 feet 5 inches.

Hab. Burma and Cochin China to the Malay Peninsula and
Archipelago.

290. Cylindrophis maculatus.

Anguis uiaculata, Linn. Syst. Jfat. i, p. 391 ; Russell, Ind. Serj). ii,

p. 33, pi. xxix.
Cylindrophis maculata, Gray, Zool. Misc. p. 46 ; Dum. 8f Bibr. Erp.

Gen. vi, p. 597 ; Gilnth. Rept. B. I. p. 179 ; Jan, Icon. Ophid.

p. 56, 1. 9, pi. iv, fig. 3 ; Theob. Cat. p. 127.

Diameter of the eye one third to one fourth its distance from
the nostril. The distance between the eyes equals the length of
the snout. Frontal usually a little smaller than the supraocular
or parietal ; six upper labials, third and fourth entering the eye.
Scales in 19 or 21 rows. Yentrals not twice as large as the
contiguous scales, 189-201 ; anal divided ; subcaudals 4-6. Above
with black network enclosing two series of large reddish-brown
spots along the back ; lower parts white, variegated with black.

Total length 1 foot 2 inches.

Hab. Cevlon.

Family V. UROPELTID.E.

Cranial bones solidly united ; transpalatine present ; pterygoid
not extending to quadrate or mandible ; no supratemporal ; quad-
rate very small ; praefrontals forming a suture with nasals. Man-
dible with coronoid bone. Both jaws toothed, teeth small and few ;
palate toothless*.

Head small and not distinct from neck ; eye small or very small,
with round pupil. Body cylindrical, rigid ; tail very short. Size

* Peters has recorded the presence of palatine teeth in Melanophidium and
Platyptecfriiriis, but I fail to detect any in the British Museum specimens.

252

UROPELTID.E.

Distribution. This family is restricted to the mountains of Ceylon
and those of Peninsular India, from the Bombay hills on the west
and the Jeypore (Vizagapatam) hills on the east, southwards, or to
the heavy forests at the immediate foot of the mountains.

pm,

ar. Articular.
bo. Basioccipital.
bp. Basispheuoid.
cor. Coronoid.
d. Dentary.
eo. Exoccipital.

Fig. 79.— Skull of SUybura grandis.
A. Upper view. B. Side view.

/. Frontal. prf. Prsefrontal.

Maxillary.
Nasal.
Parietal.
Pterygoid.

pm. PramaxiJlary.

pro. Prootic.

q. Quadrate.

so. Supraoccipital.

sp. Splenial.

tp. Transpalatine.

The Uropeltidce are burrowing reptiles, hence the name " Earth-
snakes " by which they are generally known ; they are often
dug up about coffee- and tea-estates. Colonel Beddome, to whom
science is indebted for the discovery of the great majority of the
known species, obtained most of his specimens from under logs and
large stones in the forests ; but some are also found on the grass-
land at high elevations, and during the rainy season individuals
are not unfrequeutly found about the roads. They are ovovivi-
parous, and live almost entirely upon earth-worms. Many are
beautifully coloured with red and yellow when alive ; and the
black forms are remarkable for their iridescence, which is only
equalled by that of Xenopeltis unicolor and some smooth-scaled
Scinks.

The following names in Jerdon's Catalogue (J. A. S. B. xxii,
1854, p. 527) refer, in all probability, to snakes of this family ;
but the definition of these species renders their recognition
impossible, and deprives such names, in the absence of type
specimens, of any possible claim to priority : —

CyliwlropTiis eurticeps, Cyliwlroplns mavroseells, Pilidion ? mon-
tantim, Uropeltis affinis, Xenopeltis'? trivirr/fttus. All from the
Nilgiris.

mOPELTIS.

253

Synopsis of the Genera.

A. Eye ill the ocular shield ; fourth labial

in contact with the parietal.
(i. No mental groove.

a. No supraocular shield.

a". Tail obliquely truncated, ending
in a large, rugose, circular or

oval, flat shield UROPELTIS, p. 253.

b" '. Tail ending in a large convex

rugose shield, which is neither

truncated nor spinose at end . . RHIXOPHIS, p. 254.

c". Terminal caudal scute small,

square at the end or bicuspid,

the points side by side SILYBURA, p. 257.

d". Tail compressed, the terminal

scute with two superposed, single [p. 270.

or bifid points PSEUDOPLKCTRURUS,

b'. A supraocular shield PLECTRURUS, p. 270.

b. A median groove along chin BfBLANOPHIDIUM, p. 272.

B. Eye distinct from surrounding shields;

a temporal shield separates fourth labial

from parietal PLATYPLBCTBUBU8, p. 273.

Genus UROPELTIS,

Cuvier, Itegne An., 2nd ed., ii, p. 76 (part.), 1820.
Eye in Ihe ocular shield. No mental groove.

No supraocular

Fig. 80. — Uropeltis graiidis.
Upper surface of tail and upper and side views of head.

110 temporal. Tail obliquely truncated, ending in a large, rugose,
circular or oval, flat shield.
Distribution. Ceylon.

254 UBOPELTID.E.

291. Uropeltis grandis.

Uropeltis philippiiius, Cue. Riiyne An., 2nd ed., ii, p. 76 ; Dum. Sf
Bibr. Erp. Gen. vii. p. 161, pi. lix, tig. 2 ; Peters, Uropelt. p. 20 ;
Jan, Icon. Ophid. p. 46, 1. 9, pi. ii, f. 1.

Uropeltis graudis, Keluart, Prodr. ii, p. 15 ; Gilnth. Rept. B. I. p. 188 ;
Theob. Cat. p. 132 ; Beddome, A. M. N. H. (5) xvii, 1886, p. 9.

Uropeltis saffragamus, Kelaart, 1. c. p. 15.

Uropeltis pardalis, Kelaart, 1. c. p. 16.

Snout acutely pointed ; rostral convex, much produced pos-
teriorly, nearly as long as the frontal; nasals forming a suture
behind the rostral. Diameter of body about one twentieth of the
total length. 19 scales round the middle of the body, 23 behind
the head. Ventrals not twice as large as the contiguous scales,
129-147 ; subcaudals 6-9. Caudal disk longer than the shielded
part of the head. Dark brown or blackish above, with or without
yellow spots ; yellow beneath, with or without dark brown spots.

Total length 18 inches. The largest species of the family.

ffab. Ceylon (Central Provinces).

Genus RHINOPHIS,
Heniprich, Grundr. d. Naturg. p. 119, 1829.

Eye in the ocular shield. No mental groove. No supraocular ;
no temporal. Tail ending in a large convex rugose shield, which
is neither truncated nor spinose at the end. In all the species the
nasals are separated by the rostral.

Of the six species, five are from Ceylon and one from Southern
India.

Synopsis of the Species.

A. Caudal shield as long as shielded part of
head.

a. Rostral strongly keeled, half as long as

shielded part of head.
«'. Diameter of body 37 to 39 times in total

length; ventrals 217-223 JR. o.vt/rkynchus, p. 255.

b'. Diameter of body 47 to 49 times in total

length ; ventrals 236-246 R. punctatus, p. 255.

b. Rostral not half as long as shielded part of

a'. Diameter of body 24 to 34 times in total

length ; ventrals 153-172 ; 17 scales

round middle of body R. planiceps, p. 255.

I '. Diameter of body 26 to 30 times in total

length; ventrals 190-204; 17 scales

round middle of body R. trevelyanus, p. 256.

c'. Diameter of body 30 to 38 times in total

length; ventrals 182-214; 15 scales

round middle of body R. sanyuineus, p. 256.

B. Caudal shield much shorter than shielded

part of head R. blythii, p. 256.

Typklops
Ixhiuohi

BHINOPHIS. 255

292. Rhinophis oxyrhynclras.

oxyrhynchus, Schneid. Hist. Amph. ii, p. 341.
Ixhiuophis oxyrhyncluis, Hempr. Grundr. d. Natury. p. 119; Dutn.

$ Bibr. Erp. Gen. vii, p. 156 ; Peters, Uropelt. p. 9, pi. ii, fig. 1 ;

Gilnth. Rept. B. I. p. 184 ; Theob. Cat. p. 128 ; Beddome, A. M.

N. H. (5) xvii, 1886, p. 5.

Dapatnaya lankadivana, Kelaart, Prodr. ii, p. 16.
Mytilia unimaculata, Gray, P.Z.S. 1858, p. 264, fig. 4.

Snout acutely pointed ; rostral compressed, keeled above, halt'
as long as the shielded part of the head, separating the nasals ;
frontal not longer than broad. Diameter of body 37 to 39 times
in the total length. 17 to 19 scales round the middle of the body,
19 to 21 behind the head. Yeutrals only a little larger than the
contiguous scales, 217-223; subcaudals 5-7. Caudal disk about
as long as the shielded part of the head. Uniform brown, each
scale with a lighter margin ; some yellow markings about the tail.

Total length 17 inches.

Hob. Ceylon (Central Provinces).

293. Ehinopliis punctatus.

Rhinophis punctatus, Mull, in Tiedem. Zeitschr. f. Physiol. iv. 1832,
p. 248 ; bum. $ Bibr. Erp. Gen. vii, p. 157 ; Peters, Uropelt. p. 12,
pi. ii, fig. 3 ; Gilnth. Rept. B. I. p. 184; Jan, Icon. Ophid. p. 48,

. 1. 9, pi. ii, fig. 5 ; Theob. Cat. p. 128 ; Beddome, A. M. N. H. (5)
xvii, 1886, p. 6.

Very closely allied to the preceding ; differs in the more slender
body, the diameter of which is contained 47 to 49 times in the
total length, in the more numerous ventral s (236-246), and in
coloration. Yellowish, each scale with a black spot ; the scales of
the series adjoining the vertebral without spot.

Total length 15 inches.

Hob. Ceylon (Central Provinces).

294. Rhinophis planiceps.

Typhlops philipphms, Cuv. Reyne An. 2nd ed., ii, p. 74.

Rhinophis pliilippinus, Mull, in Tiedem. Zeitschr. f. Physiol. iv, 1832,

p. 249 ; Bum. Sf Bibr. Erp. Gen. vii, p. 154, pi. lix, tig. 1 ; Peters,

Uropelt. p. 15 ; Gilnth. Rept. B. I. p. 184 ; Jan, Icon. Ophid. p. 46,

1. 9, pi. ii, tig. '2.
Rhinophis planiceps, Peters, op. cit. p. 17, pi. i, fig 9 ; Theob. Cat.

p. 129 ; Beddome, A. M. N. H. (5) xvii, 1886, p. 6.

Snout acutely pointed ; rostral obtusely keeled above, about two
fifths the length of the shielded part of the head, separating the
nasals ; frontal usually longer than broad. Diameter of body 24
to 34 times in the total length. 17 scales round the middle of the
body, 19 behind the head. Ventrals only a little larger than the
contiguous scales, 152—172 ; subcaudals 3-6. Caudal disk about

256 UBOPELTID.E.

as long as the shielded part of the head. Uniform brown, each
scale with a lighter margin ; sometimes a yellowish blotch near
the head or on the anal region.

Total length 101 inches.

ffab. Ceylon (Central Provinces).

295. Rhinophis trevelyanus.

Dapatnaya trevelyana, Kelaart, Prodi: ii, p. 17.

Mytilia gen-ai-di, Gray, P. Z. S. 1858, pp. 58 & 263, pi. xiii.

Rhinophis honiolepis (Hempr.), Peters, Uropelt. p. 14, pi. ii, fig. 2 ;

Jan, Icon. Ophid. p. 48, 1. 9, pi. ii. fig. 4.
Rhhiophis trevelyanus. Gilntli. Rept. Ii. I. p. 185 ; Theob. Cat. p. 129;

Beddome, A. M. N. H. (5) xvii, 188G, p. 7.

Snout acutely pointed ; rostral obtusely keeled above, about two
fifths the length of the shielded part of the head ; frontal usually
longer than broad. Diameter of body 26 to 30 times in the total
length. 17 scales round the middle of the body, 19 behind the
head. Ventrals only a little larger than the contiguous scales,
J 90-204 ; subcaudals 3-6. Caudal disk as long as the shielded
part of the head. Blackish brown above; yellow beneath, each
scale with a black spot ; a series of triangular yellow spots along
each side of the body.

Total length 11 inches.

Hob. Ceylon (Central Provinces).

296. Rhinophis sanguineus.

Rhinoplris sauguineus, Beddome, P. Z. S. 1863, p. 227 ; Giinth. Rvpt.

B. I. p. 186, pi. xvii, fig. A ; Theob. Cat. p. 130; Beddome, A. M.

N. H. (5) xvii, 1886, p. 8.
Rhinophis microlepis, Beddome, P. Z. S. 1863, p. 227, pi. xxvi,fig. 2.

Snout acutely pointed ; rostral obtusely keeled above, about one
third the length of the shielded part of the head ; frontal longer
than broad. Diameter of body 30-38 times in the total length.
15 scales round the middle of the body, 19 behind the head.
Ventrals nearly twice as large as the contiguous scales, 182-214 ;
subcaudals 5-10. Caudal disk as long as the shielded part of the
head ; subcaudal and praeanal scales pluricariuate in the male.
Bluish black above, with or without small light spots ; belly and
three or four outer series of scales bright red spotted with black ;
caudal shield black, with a red band on each side and sometimes a
median one.

Total length 16 inches.

Hob. Western Ghats of Southern India (Wynaad 3000-4000
feet, forests near Palghat, Anairnalais, TinneveUy, and Travaucore
Ghats).

297. Rhinophis blythii.

Rhinophis blythii, Kelaart, Prodr. ii, p. 14; Peters, Uropelt. p. 17;
Beddome, A. M. N. H. (6) xvii, 1886, p. 8.

SILYBPRA.

257

Mytilia templetonii, Gray, P. Z. S. 1858, p. 263.
Rhinophia blythii, part., Giinih. Kept. B. I. p. 186 ; Theob. Cat.
p. 1^0.

Snout acutely pointed ; rostral very slightly compressed, about
oue third the length of the shielded part of the head ; frontal
longer than broad. Diameter of body 22 to 32 times in the total
length. 17 scales round the middle of the body, 19 behind the
head. Ventrals only a little larger than the contiguous scales,
148-162; subcaudals 4-7. Caudal disk one half or three fifths
the length of the shielded part of tho head ; some of the distal
caudal scales with faint traces of keels. Dark brown ; sides with
vertical yellow spots or a festooned or zigzag band along the
anterior half of the body ; a yellow ring round the base of the tail.

Total length 15 inches.

Hob. Ceylon (Central Provinces).

Genus SILYBURA,
Gray, Oat. Liz. p. 142, 1845.

Eye in the ocular shield. No mental groove. No supraocular ;
no temporal. Tail conical or obliquely truncated, terminating in a

Fig. 8l.—Silybura brevis.
Upper view of tail, and upper and side views of head.

small scute which is square at the end or bicuspid, with the points
side by side.

Distribution. Peninsular India ; one species in Ceylon.

258 UBOPELTIDjE.

Synopsis of the Species.

A. 19 scales round middle of body.

a. Upper surface of tail convex.

«'. ] 98-218 ventrals ; diameter of body 30

to 40 times in total length S. yrandis, p. 261.

V. 163-178 ventrals ; diameter of body 23

to 30 times in total length S. niym, p. 263.

b. Tail with a flat disk of strongly keeled

scales ; 203-230 ventrals ; diameter of

body 34 to 40 times in total length 8. bmughami, p. 264.

B. 17 scales round middle of body.

a. Rostral entirely separating nasals.

«'. 141-166 ventrals ; diameter of body 22
to 31 times in total length; eye" not

half length of ocular ' S. melanogaster, p. 260.

b'. 170-180 ventrals ; diameter of body 30
to 38 times in total length ; eye half

length of ocular S. pulneyensis, p. 260.

ft. Nasals in contact behind the rostral.
a'. Eye not half length of ocular shield.
a". Portion of rostral seen from above
as long as its distance from frontal,
or shorter ; snout obtuse.
a. Tail round or slightly compressed ;
upper caudal scales distinctly
keeled ; terminal scute without
distinct points ; 151-180 ven-
trals ; diameter of body 25 to 33

times in the total length S. petersii, p. 261.

ft. Tail round or slightly compressed ;

upper caudal scales smooth or

faintly keeled ; terminal scute

very small and bicuspid.

a'. 154-165 ventrals ; diameter of

body 27 to 35 times in total

length S. maculata, p. 261.

ft'. 174-188 ventrals ; diameter of
body 32 to 38 times in total

length S. liui-a, p. 262.

y. Tail with a flat disk of strongly
keeled scales ; 165-172 ventrals ;
diameter of body 30 to 33 times

in total length S. rubrolineata, p. 266.

b". Portion of rostral visible from above
longer than its distance from fron-
tal; upper caudal scales strongly
keeled.

a. Rostral not more than one third
the length of shielded part of
head.

a'. 193-234 ventrals ; diameter of
body 30 to 46 times in total
length; eye hardly one third

length of ocular S. ocellata, p. 262.

ft'. 184-195 ventrals ; diameter of

SILYBUBA. 259

body 30 to 35 times in total
length; eye more than one

third length of ocular S. nitida, p. 263.

y. 144-172 ventrals ; diameter of
body 25 to 32 times in total

length 8. ellioti, p. 265.

13. Rostral compressed, keeled above,
at least two fifths length of
shielded part of head ; snout
acutely pointed.

a'. 150-168 ventrals ; diameter of
body 26 to 32 times in total

length ; caudal disk quite flat. S. dindigalensis, p. 264.
ft'. 213 ventrals ; diameter of body
38 times in total length ; ros-
tral half length of shielded

part of head S. macrorhynchus, p. 264.

y'. 180-188 ventrals j diameter of
body 33 to 40 times in total

length S. beddomii, p, 265.

b' ', Eye half length of ocular, or more ;

snout obtuse.

a". Portion of rostral seen from above
longer than its distance from
frontal.

a. 144-157 ventrals ; diameter of
body 28 to 38 times in total
length ; rostral one third
length of shielded part of head. S. phipsonii, p. 266.
/3. 139-153 ventrals ; diameter of
body 25 to 32 times in total
length ; rostral not quite one
third length of shielded part

of head S. myhendra, p. 267.

b". Portion of rostral visible from above
as long as its distance from
frontal.

a. 142-150 ventrals ; diameter of
body 30 to 32 times in total

length S. madurensis, p. 267.

ft. 127-133 ventrals; diameter of
body 25 to 33 times in total

length S. rubromaculata, p. 268.

c". Portion of rostral visible from above
shorter than its distance from
frontal.

a. 128-130 ventrals; diameter of
body 26 or 27 times in total
length ; eye half length of

ocular S. arcticeps, p. 268.

ft. 122-146 ventrals; diameter of
body 21 to 29 times in total
length ; eye rather more than

half length of ocular S. brevis, p. 268.

C. 15 scales round the middle of the body ;
128-140 ventrals ; diameter of body 24 to

29 times in total length 8. macrolepis, p. 269.

82

260 UKOPELTIDJi.

298. Silybura melanogaster.

Mytilia (Civalia) uielanogaster, Gray, P. Z. S. 1858, p. 264, tig. 5.
Plectrurus ceylonicus, Peters, MB. Ak. Bcrl. 1859, p. 388.
Rhiuophis melanogaster, Peters, Uropelt. p. 18, pi. ii, tig. 4 ; Jan,

Icon. Ophid. p. 47, 1. 9, pi. ii, tig. 4.
Rhiuophis blythii, part., Gi'mth. Kept. B. I. p. 186; Theob. Cat.

p. 130.
Silybura melanogaster, Beddome, A. M. N. H. (5) xvii, 1886, p. 20.

Snout pointed ; rostral about one third tbe length of the shielded
part of the head, the portion visible from above longer than its
distance from the frontal, entirely separating the nasals ; frontal
longer than broad. Eye small, not half the length of the ocular
shield. Diameter of body 22 to 31 times in the total length.
Scales in 17 rows round the middle of the body, 19 behind the
head. Ventrals but little larger than the contiguous scales, 141-
166; subcaudals 6-10. Tail round or slightly compressed, the
terminal scute with two small spines ; caudal scales with very faint
keels. Dark brown, with yellow spots more or less confluent into
a lateral band ; some young specimens yellow, each scale of the
upper surface, chin, and tail with a dark brown spot.

Total length 10-5 inches.

Hab. Ceylon (Central Provinces).

299. Silybura pulneyensis.

Plectrurus pulneyensis, Beddome, P. Z. S. 1863, p. 228, pi. xxv,

fig. 2.
Rhinophis pulneyensis, Giinth. llept. B. I, p. 187, pi. xvii, fig. C ;

Theob. Cat. p. 131.

Silybura wood-masoni, Theob. op. cit. p. 135.
Silybura guentheri, Beddome, P. Z. S. 1878, p. 801 ; id. A. M. N. H.

(5) xvii, 1886, p. 23.
Silybura pulneyensis, Beddome, t. c. p. 23.

Snout obtusely pointed ; rostral about one fourth the length of
the shielded part of the head, longer than its distance from the
frontal, entirely separating the nasals ; frontal longer than broad.
Eye half the length of the ocular. Diameter of body 30 to 38
. times in the total length. 17 scales round the middle of the body,
19 behind the head. Ventrals about twice as large as the contigu-
ous scales, 170-180 ; subcaudals 6-13. Tail somewhat compressed,
the terminal scute with two small points ; usually some of the
terminal scales with faint keels. Brown, with a few minute
yellow specks on the back ; a yellow lateral band anteriorly ; belly
with large yellow, usually alternating, spots or cross bands, rarely
uniform yellow,

Total length 15 inches.

Hab. Palni and Cumbum Hills, Madura district, 5000-7000
feet.

SILYBUBA. 261

300. Silybura grandis.

Rhinophis grandis, Beddome, Madras Journ. Mcd. Sc. 1867 ; Theob.

Cat. p. 131.
Silybura grandis, Giinth. A. M. N. H. (4') i, 1868, p. 414; Beddome,

A. M. N. H. (5) xvii, 1886, p. 11.

Snout pointed ; rostral one third or one fourth the length of
the shielded part of the head, longer than its distance from the
frontal, sometimes separating the nasals ; frontal longer than
broad. Eye very small, not half the length of the ocular. Diameter
of body 30 to 40 times in the total length. Scales in 19 rows
round the middle of the body, 21 behind the head. Ventrals about
twice as large as the contiguous scales, 198-218 ; posterior ven-
trals pluricarinate in the male ; subcaudals 6-12. Tail round or
slightly compressed, the terminal scute with two small spines ;
caudal scales more or less strongly pluricariuate. Dark violet ;
belly with alternating large yellow spots or cross bands.

Total length 19 inches.

Hab. Anaimalai Hills, 4000-4700 feet.

301. Silybura petersii.

Silybura petersi, Beddome. P. Z. S. 1878, p. 154; id. A. M. N. H.
(5) xvii, 1886, p. 22.

Snout obtusely pointed ; rostral hardly one fourth the length
of the shielded part of the head, the portion visible from above
shorter than its distance from the frontal ; nasals in contact ;
frontal longer than broad. Eye small, not half the length of the
ocular. Diameter of bodv 25 to 33 times in the total length. 17
scales round the middle of the body, 19 behind the head. Ventrals
about twice as large as the contiguous scales, 151—180 ; subcaudals
6-11. Tail round or slightly compressed, the terminal upper
scales more or less distinctly pluricarinate ; the terminal scute
with a transverse ridge, without distinct points. Brown, with or
without yellowish dots above ; belly with small irregular yellowish
spots ; no yellow band on the side of the tail.

Total length 7'5 inches.

Hab. Anaimalai Hills, 4000-4700 feet.

302. Silybura maculata.

Silybura maculata, Beddome, P. Z. S. 1878, p. 154 j id. A. M. N. H.
(5) xvii, 1886, p. 22.

Snout obtuse ; rostral about one fourth the length of the shielded
part of the head, the portion visible from above as long as its
distance from the frontal ; nasals in contact ; frontal longer than
broad. Eye small, not half the length of the ocular. Diameter
of body 27 to 35 times in the total length. 17 scales round the
middle of the body, 19 behind the head. Ventrals nearly twice
as large as the contiguous scales, 154-165; subcaudals 8-13.
Tail rounded or a little compressed ; scales smooth or a few of
the terminals faintly keeled ; terminal scute very small, bicuspid.

Dark brown or black, with several deep red blotches along the
sides of the anterior portion of the trunk and about the tail,
rarely also along the whole of the body.

Total length 15 inches.

Hab. Anaimalai Hills, 6000 to 7000 feet.

303. Silybura liura.

Silybura liura, Giinth. P. Z. S. 1875, p. 228, pi. xxxi, fig. B ;
Beddome, A. M. N. H. (5) xvii, 1886, p. 18.

Snout obtusely pointed ; rostral about one third the length of
the shielded part of the head, the portion visible from above as
long as its distance from the frontal ; nasals in contact ; frontal
longer than broad. Eye small, not half the length of the ocular.
Diameter of body 32 to 38 times in the total length. 17 scales
round the middle of the body, 19 behind the head. Yeutrals twice
as broad as the contiguous scales, 174-188 ; subcaudals 8-12.
Tail round or slightlv compressed, the terminal scute very small
and bicuspid ; caudal scales smooth or with very faint keels.
Purplish brown above, each scale edged with darker, with trans-
verse series of small yellow, black-edged ocelli ; sides and lower
parts with large alternating black and yellow spots or cross bands.

Total length 13 inches.

Hab. Tiunevelly and Madura Hills, 3000-5000 feet.

304. Silybura ocellata.

Silybura ocellata, Beddome, P. Z. S. 1863, p. 226, and Madras Journ.

Med. Sc. 1863 ; Giinth. Kept. B. I. p. 190, pi. xvii, fig. E ; Theob.

Cat. p. 133; Beddome, A. M. N. H. (5) xvii, 1886, p. 17.
Silybura ochracea, Beddome, P. Z. S. 1878, p. 801 ; id. A. M. N. H.

(5) xvii, p. 17.
Silybura dupeni, Beddome, P. Z. S. 1878, p. 801.

.

Fig. 82.— Silybura ocellata.

Snout pointed ; rostral about one fourth the length ot the
shielded part of the head, the portion visible from above longer

SILTBUKA. 263

than its distance from the frontal ; nasals forming a suture behind
the rostral ; frontal usually longer than broad. Eye very small,
hardly one third the length of the ocular. Diameter of body 30 to
46 times in the total length. 17 scales round the middle of the
body, 19 behind the head. Ventrals about twice as large as the
contiguous scales, 193-234; subcaudals 6-11. Tail round or
slightly flattened, the terminal scute with two small points ; scales
on the upper surface of the tail strongly pluricarinate. Yellowish
or brown above, usually with transverse series of small yellow
black-edged ocelli ; belly brown, with large yellow spots or cross
bands, or yellow, mottled or blotched with brown.

Total length 20 inches.

Hal. Nilgiri, Anairaalai, and Tinnevelly Hills, 2000-4500 feet.

305. Silybura nigra.

Silybura melauogaster, G until. P. Z. S. 1875, p. 227, pi. xxxi,ng. A.
Silybura nigra, Beddome, P. Z. S. 1878, p. 154 ; id. A. M. N. If. (5)
xvii, 1886, p. 12.

Snout pointed ; rostral one third to two fifths the length of the
shielded part of the head, the portion visible from above longer
than its distance from the frontal, sometimes separating the nasals ;
frontal a little longer than broad. Eye small, not half the length
of the ocular. Diameter of body 23 to 30 times in the total length.
Scales in 19 rows round the middle of the body, as well as behind
the head. Ventrals about twice as large as the contiguous scales,
163-178 ; subcaudals 6-11. Tail rounded, the terminal scute
with two small points ; upper caudal scales more or less strongly
pluricarinate. Blackish or dark violet, above with transverse series
of small round yellow spots or ocelli ; a lateral series of large yellow
spots, which may be confluent into a band.

Total length 11 inches.

Hab. Palni, Anaimalai, Madura and Tinnevelly Hills, 4000-5000
feet.

306. Silybura nitida.

Silybura nitida, Beddome, P. Z. S. 1878, p. 154 ; id. A. M. N. H. (5)
xvii, 1886, p. 19.

Snout obtusely pointed ; rostral about one third the length of
the shielded part of the head, the portion visible from above longer
than its distance from the frontal ; nasals in contact ; frontal
longer than broad. Eye small, not half the length of the ocular.
Diameter of body 30 to 35 times in the total length. 17 scales
round the middle of the body, 19 behind the head. Ventrals twice
as broad as the contiguous scales, 184-195; subcaudals 5-11.
Tail round or slightly flattened above, the terminal scales strongly
pluricarinate ; the terminal scute with a transverse ridge and two
more or less distinct points. Black, beneath with distant large
yellow spots, which usually alternate but sometimes meet to form
cross bands.

Total length 14 inches.

Hab, Anaimalai Hills, 4000-5000 feet.

264 UBOPELTID^E.

. 307. Silybura dindigalensis.

Silybura dindigalensis, Beddome, P. Z. S. 1877, p. 167; id. A. M. N. H.
(5) vii, 1886, p. 13.

Snout acutely pointed; rostral compressed, about two fifths the
length of the shielded part of the head, the portion visible from
above much longer than its distance from the frontal ; nasals in
contact behind the rostral ; frontal longer than broad. Eye very
small, not half the length of the ocular. Diameter of body 26 to
32 times in the total length. 17 scales round the middle of the
body, 19 behind the head. Ventrals twice as broad as the con-
tiguous scales, 156-168 ; subcaudals 5-10. Tail obliquely trun-
cated, flat above, with strongly pluricarinate scales ; terminal scute
with a transverse ridge and two more or less distinct points. Yel-
lowish above, the scales edged with darker, with small dark brown
spots; belly dark brown with yellow spots or irregular coss bars ;
a yellow streak on the lips, continued along each side of the neck.

Total length 14 inches.

Hab. Sirumalai Hills, Madura district, 4000-5000 feet.

i 308. Silybura brougham!.

Silybura broughami, Beddome. P. Z. S. 1878. p. 800 ; id. A. M. N. H.

(5)xvii, 1886, p. 11.
Silybura levingii, Beddome, P. Z. S. 1878, p. 801.

Snout acutely pointed ; rostral compressed, obtusely keeled
above, about two fifths the length of the shielded part of the head,
the portion visible from above much longer than its distance from
the frontal ; nasals in contact behind the rostral ; frontal as broad
as long, or slightly longer than broad. Eye very small, not half
the length of the ocular. Diameter of body 34 to 40 times in the
total length. 19 scales round the middle of the body as well as
behind the head. Ventrals not twice as broad as the contiguous
scales, 203-230 ; subcaudals 7-10. Tail obliquely truncated, flat
above, with strongly pluricarinate scales ; terminal scute bicuspid.
Brown above, with more or less distinct transverse series of small
yellow, black-edged ocelli ; sides with a series of large yellow spots ;
ventrals dark brown.

Total length 16-5 inches.

Hal. Sirumalai and Lower Palni Hills, 4000-5500 feet.

309. Silybura macrorhynchus.

Silybura macrorhyncha, Beddome, P. Z. S. 1877, p. 167; id. A. M.
N. H. (5) xvii, 1886, p. 10.

Snout acutely pointed, much produced ; rostral strongly com-
pressed, keeled above, half the length of the shielded part of the
head ; nasals in contact behind the rostral ; frontal as broad as
long. Eye very small, not one third the length of the ocular.
.Diameter of body 38 times in the total length. 17 scales round
the middle of the body and 19 behind the head. Ventrals not

SILTBFBA. 265

quite twice as large as the contiguous scales, 213 ; subcaudals 6
( $ ). End of tail subtruncated, the rugose part small and rather
flat, the scales with 3 to 5 strong keels ; terminal scute bicuspid.
Upper parts uniform brown, lower parts mixed with yellow ; a
yellow streak from the mouth along each side of the neck ; a yellow
streak on each side of the lower surface of the tail, connected with
its fellow by a cross bar on the anal region.

Total length '22-5 inches.

A single specimen is known, obtained above Ponachi, in the
Anaimalais, at an altitude of 4000 feet.

310. Silybura beddomii.

Silybura beddomei, Giinth. A. M. N. II. (3) ix, 1862, p. 60 ; id.

Rept. B. I. p. 190, pi. xvii, fig. F ; Theob. Cat. p. 133.
Silybura ellioti, part., Beddome, A. M. N. II. (5) xvii, 188G, p. 20.

Snout acutely pointed, much produced ; rostral strongly com-
pressed, keeled above, two fifths the length of the shielded part of
the head ; nasals in contact behind the rostral ; frontal longer than
broad. Eye very small, not half the length of the ocular. Diam-
eter of body 33 to 40 times in the total length. 17 scales round
the middle of body, 19 behind the head. Ventrals not twice as
large as the contiguous scales, 180-188; subcaudals 6-7 ($).
End of tail subtruncated, convex or somewhat flattened above, the
scales with 3 to 5 strong keels ; terminal scute with a transverse
ridge and two more or less distinct points. Brown, lower parts
mixed with yellow ; a yellow streak on each side of the neck ; a
yellow band across the anal region, none on the sides of the tail.

Total length 11 inches.

Nab. Anaimalai Hills.

311. Silybura ellioti.

Siluboura ceylonicus, Gray, Cat. Liz. p. 142.

Siloboura ellioti, Gray, P. Z. 8. 1858, p. 262.

Silybura ellioti, Peters, Uropelt. p. 21 ; Giinth. P. Z. S. 1875, p. 228.

Coloburus ceylanicus, Jan, Icon. Oplud. 9, pi. ii, fig. 6.

Silybura ellioti, part., Giinth. Eept. B. I. p. 190 ; Theob. Cut. p. 133 ;

Beddome, A. M. N. H. (5) xvii, 1886, p. 20.
Silybura punctata, Giinth. P. Z. S. 1875, p. 229.
Silybura beddomii, part., Giinth. 1. c. p. 228.

Snout pointed ; rostral about one third the length of the shielded
part of the head, the portion visible from above longer than its
distance from the frontal ; nasals in contact behind the rostral ;
frontal longer than broad. Eye very small, not half the length of
the ocular. Diameter of body 25 to 32 times in the total length.
17 scales round the middle of the body, 19 behind the head. Ven-
trals nearly twice as large as the contiguous scales, 144-172 ;
subcaudals 6-10. End of tail convex or somewhat flattened above ;
upper caudal scales with 3 to 6 strong keels ; terminal scute with a

26 <> UKOPELTID^.

transverse ridge and two more or less distinct points. Dark brown,
uniform or with yellow dots above and small yellow spots below,
a more or less distinct yellow line on each side of the neck ; a
yellow band on each side of the tail, connected with its fellow by
a transverse bar across the anal region.

Total length 9-5 inches.

ffab. This is the only species found in the Eastern hills of the
peninsula of India. It is recorded from the Jeypore Hills (Viza-
gapatam district) and the Golgonda Hills. It is also known from
the Western Ghats ; Palni Hills, Anaimalais, Balarangams.

312. Silybura phipsonii.

Silybura ellioti, part., Giinth. Kept. B. I, p. 190 ; Theob. Cat. p. 133 ;

Beddome, A. M. N. H. (5) xvii, 1886, p. 20.
Silybura ceylonica, part., Giinth. P. Z. 8. 1875, p. 228.
Silybura ph'ipsonii, Mason, A. M. N. H. (6) i, 1888, p. 184.

Snout obtusely pointed ; rostral one third the length of the
shielded part of the head, the portion visible from above longer
than its distance from the frontal ; nasals in contact behind the
rostral ; frontal longer than broad. Eye rather more than half
the length of the ocular. Diameter of body 28 to 38 times in the
total length. Scales in 17 rows round the middle of the body, in
17 or 19 round the neck. Ventrals nearly twice as large as the
contiguous scales, 144-157; subcaudals 7-12. End of tail flat
above, obliquely truncated, with strongly bi-, tri- or quadricarinate
scales ; terminal scute with a transverse ridge and two more or less
distinct points. Brown, uniform or with yellowish dots above ;
a more or less marked short yellow streak on each side, from the
commissure of the mouth ; a yellow band on each side of the tail,
connected with its fellow by a transverse bar across the anal
region.

Total length 11 inches.

Hob. Bombay Ghats, North Canara, and Mysore (Balarangam
Hills).

313. Silybura rubrolineata.

Silybura rubrolineata, Giinth. P. Z. S. 1875, p. 228 ; Beddome, A. M.
N. H. (5) xvii, 1880, p. 14.

Snout obtusely pointed ; rostral about one fourth the length
of the shielded part of the head, the portion visible from
above as long as its distance from the frontal ; nasals in contact ;
frontal as broad as long or slightly longer than broad. Eye small,
not half the length of the ocular. Diameter of body 30 to 33 times
in the total length. 17 scales round the middle of the body, 19
behind the head. Ventrals twice as broad as the contiguous
scales, 165-172 ; subcaudals 6-8. End of tail flat above, obliquely
truncated, with strongly bi- or tricarinate scales ; terminal scute

SILYBTJEA. 267

\\ith a transverse ridge but no points. Blackish bro\vi), with a
more or less marked bright red band along each side.

Total length 16 inches.

Hob. Travancore and Anairnalai Hills.

314. Silybura myhendrse.

Silybura uilgherriensis, var. myheudrse, Beddome, A. M. N. H. (5)
xvii, 1886, p. 15.

Snout obtuse ; rostral not quite one third the length of the
shielded part of the head, the portion visible from above a little
longer than its distance from the frontal ; nasals in contact ; frontal
slightly longer than broad. Eye more than half the length of the
ocular. Diameter of body 25 to 32 times in the total length. 17
scales round the middle ot' the body, 19 behind the head. Ventrals
at least twice as broad as the contiguous scales, 139-153; sub-
caudals 7. Tail obliquely truncated, flat above, with strongly bi-
or tricarinate scales ; terminal scute with a transverse ridge, indis-
tinctly biscuspid. Dark purplish brown above, each scale with a
crescentic yellowish posterior border ; 3 or 4 or more dark trans-
verse blotches behind the bead, or along the whole length of the
body, alternating and narrowing towards the belly ; lower parts
yellowish, with purplish-black spots.

Total length 13'5 inches ; Mr. Mason possesses a specimen 18
inches long.

Hab. A single specimen is in the British Museum, the type,
obtained by Col. Beddome on Myhendra Mountain, South Tra-
vancore. I have examined a second specimen, with the black
cross bauds continued along the whole length of the body, belong-
ing to Mr. Gr. E. Mason, who received it with t\vo others from near
Mankompu, Punyat Hills, Travancore, about 3000 feet elevation.

315. Silybura madurensis.

Silybura madureusis, Beddome, P. Z. S. 1878, p. 802.
Silybura nilgherriensis, vars. arcticeps, part., et picta, Beddome, A. M.
N. H. (5) xvii, 1880, p. 16.

Snout obtusely pointed ; rostral about one fourth the length of
the shielded part of the head, the portion visible from above as
long as its distance from the frontal ; nasals in contact ; frontal
longer tham broad. Eye measuring about half the length of the
ocular. Diameter of body 30 to 32 times in the total length. 17
scales round the middle of the body, 19 behind the head. Ventrals
twice as large as the contiguous scales, 142-150 ; subcaudals 8-9.
End of tail flat above, obliquely truncated, with strongly bi-, tri-, or
quadricarinate scales ; terminal scute with a transverse ridge and two
points. Black above, uniform or closely spotted with yellow ;
belly orange, with alternating large black spots or cross bands ;
lower surface of tail black in the middle, orange on the sides.

Total length 14 inches.

Hab. North Travancore and Cumbum Hills, Madura district.

268 TJKOPELTID^:.

316. Silybura rubromaculata.

Silybura rubromaculata, Beddome, Madras Journ. Med. Sc. ] 807 ;
Gilnth. P. Z. S. 1875, p. 229 ; Theob. Cat. p. 135 ; Beddome, A. M.
N. H. (5) xvii, 1886, p. 14.

Snout obtuse ; rostral a little more than one fourth the length
of the shielded part of the head, the portion visible from above as
long as its distance from the frontal ; nasals in contact ; frontal a
little longer than broad. Eye half or somewhat more than half
the length of the ocular. Diameter of body 25 to 33 times in the
total length. 17 scales round the middle of the body, 19 behind
the head. Ventrals twice as broad as the contiguous scales,
127-136; subcaudals 8-10. End of tail flat above, obliquely
truncated, with strongly bi- or tricarinate scales ; terminal scute
with a transverse ridge and two more or less distinct points. Dark
olive-brown, uniform above ; lower parts variegated with yellow
and red ; some red blotches on each side of the anterior pai-t of
the body, and one on each side of the tail near the vent.

Total length 13-5 inches.

Hab. Anaimalai Hills, 4000-4700 feet.

317. Silybura arcticeps.

Silybura arcticeps, Gilnth. P. Z. S. 1875, p. 229, fig.
Silvbura uilghemensis, var. arcticeps, part., Beddome, A. M. N. H.
(5) xvii, 1886, p. 16.

Snout obtusely pointed ; rostral about one fifth the length of the
shielded part of the head, the portion visible from above measuring
about half its distance from the frontal ; nasals in contact ; frontal
mucb longer than broad. Eye measuring hardly half the length
of the ocular. Diameter of body 26 or 27 times in the total length.
17 scales round the middle of the body, 19 behind the head. Ven-
trals nearly twice as large as the contiguous scales, 128-130 ;
subcaudals 8. End of tail nearly flat above, obliquely truncated,
with strongly bi- or tricarinate scales ; terminal scute with a
transverse ridge and two more or less distinct points. Brown above,
with small yellowish dots ; yellow beneath, with large black spots
or cross bands.

Total length 8 inches.

Hab. Tinnevelly Hills ,3000- 40 00 feet.

318. Silybura brevis.

Uropeltis ceylanicus, Cuv. Reyne An. 2nd ed. ii, p. 76 ; Cocteau, in

Guer. Mag. Zool. 1833, cl. iii, pi. ii.

Coloburus ceylanicus, Dum. $ Bibr. Erp. Gen. vii, p. 164, pi. lix,
. 3.

Siloboura ceylonica, Gray, P. Z. S. 1858, p. 262.
Silybura ceylanica, Peters, Urope.lt. p. 21.
Silybura cevlanica, part., Peter*, MB. Ak. Berl 1861, p
P. Z. S. 1875, p. 228.

SILYBUBA. 269

Silybura brevis, Giinth. A. M. N. H. (3) ix, 180-', p. 50 ; id. Kept.

B. I. p. 192, pi. xvii, fig. D ; id. P. Z. S. 1875, p. 229 ; Theob. Cat.

p. 134.
Silybura shortii, Beddome, P. Z. S. 1863, p. 225, pi. xxv, fig. 1 ;

Giinth. Ecpt. B. I. p. 191, pi. xvii, tig. G ; Theob. 1. c. p. 134.
Silvbura nilglierriensis, Beddome, P. Z. S. 1863, p. 226, pi. xxvi, fig. 1 ;

"id. A. M. N. H. (5) xvii, 1886, p. 14.
Silvbura bicatenata, Giinth. Kept. B. I. p. 191, pi. xvii, fig. II ; id.

P. Z. S. 187-5, p. 229 ; TJieob. Cat. p. 134.
Silvbura ellioti, part., Giinth. II. cc. pp. 190, 228 ; Theob. I. c. p. 133 ;

Beddome, A. M. X. H. (5) xvii, 1886, p. 20.
Silvbura nilglierriensis, vars. shortii, aunulata, Beddome, I. c. p. 15.

Snout rounded ; rostral hardly one fourth the length of the
shielded part of the head, the portion visible from above shorter
than its distance from the frontal; nasals in contact; frontal a
little longer than broad. Eye rather more than half the length of
the ocular. Diameter of body 21 to 29 times in the total length.
17 scales round the middle of the body, 19 behind the head.
Yentrals twice as large as the contiguous scales, 122-146 ; sub-
caudals 8-12. End of tail flat above, obliquely truncated, with
strongly bi- tri- or quadricarinate scales; terminal scute with a
transverse ridge and two more or less distinct points. Brown or
blackish brown above, with or without yellowish spots or cross
bands, or a yellow lateral band ; belly yellowish, with or without
dark brown spots, or entirely brown ; lower surface of tail brown
or black in the middle, yellow on the sides.

Total length 18 inches.

Hab. Wynaad, Nilgiri, Anaimalai, and Shevaroy Hills, 3000-
7000 feet.

319. Silybura macrolepis.

Silybura macrolepis, Peters, MB. Ak. Berl. 1861, p. 904; Giinth.
Kept. B. 2. p. 189, pi. xvii, fig. B ; Theob. Cat. p. 132 ; Beddome,
A. M. N. H. (5) xvii, 1886, p. 24.

Snout rounded ; rostral not one fourth the length of the shielded
part of the head, the portion visible from above shorter than its
distance from the frontal ; nasals in contact ; frontal as broad as
long or slightly longer than broad. Eye more than half the length
of the ocular. Diameter of body 24 to 29 times in the total length.
15 scales round the middle of the body, 17 behind the head.
Yentrals twice as large as the contiguous scales, 128-140 ; subcati-
dals 7-9. End of tail flat above, obliquely truncated, with strongly
tricarinate scales ; terminal scute with a transverse ridge and two
points. Black or dark purplish brown, each scale with a lighter
edge ; a short but broad yellow band on the lips and sides of neck,
continued as a series of two to five large spots ; a yellow band
along each side of the tail.

Total length 12 inches.

Hab. Bombay Hills.

270

Genus PSEUDOPLECTRURUS.

Eye in the ocular shield. No mental groove. No supraocular ;
110 temporal. Tail compressed, with the terminal scute compressed
and with two superposed, simple or bifid points.

Distribution. Southern India.

320. Pseudoplectrurus canaricus.

Silybura canarica, Beddome, Madras Journ. Med. Sc. 1870.
Plectrurus canaricus, Gilnth. P. Z. 8. 1875, p. 229 ; Theob. Cat. p. 137 ;
Beddome, A. M. N. H. (5) xvii, 1886, p. 27.

Snout obtuse ; rostral hardly one fourth the length of the shielded
part of the head, the portion visible from above shorter than its
distance from the frontal ; nasals in contact ; frontal longer than
broad. Eye not half the length of the ocular. Diameter of body
32 to 43 times in the total length. 15 scales round the middle of
the body, 19 behind the head. Yeutrals not twice as large as
the contiguous scales, 172-188 ; subcaudals 6-13. Upper caudal
scales smooth or feebly pluricarinate. Brownish violet, each scale
usually paler in the centre ; with or without yellow spots on the
back ; lips yellow ; some yellow blotches on each side of the anterior
part of the body ; lower surface of tail yellow, with or without a
black median streak.

Total length 17 inches.

Hob. Mountains of South Canara, 6000-6200 feet.

Genus PLECTRURUS,
Dum. & Bibr. Erp. G&i. vii, p. 166, 1854.

Eye in the ocular shield. No mental groove. A supraocular ;
no temporal. Tail compressed, with the terminal scute compressed
and with two superposed, simple, bifid or trifid points.

Distribution. Southern India.

Synopsis of the Species.

A. Eye not quite half length of ocular shield ; term-

inal caudal scute with two superposed simple
points.

a. Ventrals 152-165 P. perrotdi, p. 271.

b. Ventrals 180 P. davisonii, p. 271.

B. Eye half length of ocular ; terminal caudal scute

with two superposed bi- or tricuspid transverse

ridges.

«. Ventrals not twice as broad as contiguous scales. P.yuentheri}'p.271.
b. Ventrals twice as broad as contiguous scales . . P. aureus, p. 272.

PLBCTEURUS. 271

321. Plectrurus perroteti.

Plectrurus perroteti, Dum. 8f Bibr. Erp. Gen. vii, p. 107, pi. lix, %. 4 ;
Gray, P. Z. S. 1858, p. 265 ; Giinth. Rept. B. I. p. 193 ; Jan, Icon.
Ophid. 9, pi. ii, fig. 7 ; Theob. Cat. p. 136 ; Beddome, A. M. N. H.
(5) xvii, 1886, p. 25.

Snout obtuse ; rostral small, the portion visible from above shorter
than its distance from the frontal ; nasals in contact ; frontal longer
than broad. Eye hardly half the length of the ocular shield.
Diameter of body 30 to 38 times in the total length. 15 scales
round the middle of the body, 17 behind the head. Ventrals not
quite twice as large as the contiguous scales, 152-165 ; subcaudals
7-12. Caudal scales more or less distinctly pluricarinate ; terminal
scute with two superposed single points. Brown or purplish,
uniform, or each scale with darker edges.

Total length 13 inches.

Hab. Nilgiri and Anaiinalai Hills, 4000-8UOO feet.

322. Plectrurus davisonii.

Plectrurus davidsonii, Beddome, A. M. N. H. (5) xvii, 1880, p. 25.

This may eventually have to be united with P. perroteti, from
which it differs in the somewhat more elongate body (39 times the
diameter), the higher number of ventrals (180) and the brighter
coloration ; yellow, each scale edged with purple.

Total length 17 inches.

A single female specimen was obtained in the Anaiinalais, at an
altitude of 4700 feet, by Mr. W. Davisou.

323. Plectrurus guentheri.

Plectrurus guentheri, Beddome, P. Z. S. 1863, p. 228, pi. xxvii ;
Giinth. Rept. B. I. p. 193 ; Thcob. Cat. p. 136 5 Beddome, A. M. N. H.
(5) xvii, 1886, p. 26.

Snout obtuse; rostral small, the portion visible from above
shorter than its distance from the frontal ; nasals in contact ;
frontal longer than broad. Eye half the length of the ocular.
Diameter of body 36 to 42 times in the total length. 15 scales
round the middle of the body, 17 behind the head. Ventrals
not twice as large as the contiguous scales, 171-175 ; subcaudals
10-12 ( d )• Caudal scales pluricarinate ; terminal scute with two
superposed bi- or tricuspid transverse ridges. Bright reddish
purple above, this colour descending as triangular markings on the
sides, which, like the belly, are yellow; the triangular markings
sometimes extending across the belly.

Total length 14 inches.

Hab. Walaghat, below Sispara, western side of the N ilgiri Hills,
3500-4000 feet.

272

324. Plectrurus aureus.

Plectrurus aureus, Beddome, P. Z. S. 1880, p. 182 ; id. A. M. N. H.
(5) xvii, 1886, p. 26.

Very closely allied to the preceding, the only structural difference
being found in the ventrals, which are a little broader, viz. twice
as broad as the contiguous scales. Diameter of body 39—44 times
in the total length. Ventrals 164-177; subcaudals 8-12. Of a
brilliant golden colour, brighter beneath ; the scales edged with,
violet, with or without a few irregular narrow violet-black cross-
bars on the back ; the belly much ornamented with violet-black
cross-bauds or alternating spots.

Total length 16 inches.

Hab. Chambra Hill, Wynaad, 4500-6000 feet.

Genus MELANOPHIDIUM,
Giiuther, Kept. Brit. Ind. p. 193, 1804.

Eye in the ocular shield. A median groove along the chin.
No supraocular; no temporal. Tail cylindrical or slightly com-
pressed, the terminal scute pointed or with one or two vertical
ridges.

Distribution. Southern India.

Synopsis of the Species.
A. Length of frontal equal to its distance from

end of snout.
«. Suture between ocular and frontal more than

one third length of latter shield M. wynadcnsc, p. 272.

b. Suture between ocular and frontal less than

one third length of latter shield M. piinctatum, p. 273.

13. Length of frontal exceeds its distance from end
of snout ; suture between ocular and frontal
less than one third length of latter shield . . M. bilineatmii, p. 273.

325. Melanophidium wynadense.

Plectrurus wynandensis, Beddome, P. Z. S. 1863, p. 228.
Melanophidium wynandense, Giinth. Kept. B. 1. p. 194, pi. xvii, fig. I ;
Thcob. Cat. p. 138 ; Beddome, A. M. N. H. (5) xvii, 1886, p. 30.

Suoiit rounded ; rostral small, just visible from above ; frontal
as long as its distance from the end of the snout; suture between
the ocular and the frontal more than one third the length of the
latter shield. Eye very small. Diameter of body 44 to 48 times
in the total length. 15 scales round the middle of the body, 17
or 19 behind the head. Ventrals rather more than twice the
size of the contiguous scales, 176-185; subcaudals 10-15. Black,
beautifully iridescent, uniform or with large yellow spots on the
belly.

Total length 18 inches.

Hob. Near Manantoddy, Wynaad, 3000-5000 feet,

PLATYPLECTRURUS. 273

326. Melanophidium punctatum.

Melanophidium punctatum, Bcddome, Madras Journ. Med. Sc. 1871 ;
Gunth. P. Z. S. 1875, p. 230, pi. xxxii, fig. B ; Theob. Cat. p. 139 ;
L'eddome, A. M. N. II. (5) xvii, 1886, p. 31,

Snout rounded; rostral small, just visible from above ; frontal
as long as its distance from the end of the snout ; suture between
the ocular and the frontal less than one third the length of the
latter shield. Eye very small. Diameter of body 42 to 48 times
in the total length. 15 scales round the middle of the body, 17
behind the head. Ventrals rather more than twice as broad as the
contiguous scales, 184-198 ; subcaudals 15-18. Black above,
beautifully iridescent; veutrals and the two lower series of scales
on each side with a broad white border.

Total length 20 inches.

Hub. Travancore Hills, 4000-4500 feet,

Melaiiopludium biliueatuin, Beddome. Madras Journ. Med. Sc. 1870;
Giinth. P. Z. S. 1875, p. 230, pi. xxxii, fig. A ;

327. Melanophidium bilineatuin.

irn

Theob. Cat.?. 138;
Beddome, A. M. N. H. (o) xvii, 1886, p. 30.

Snout rounded; rostral small, just visible from above ; frontal
longer than its distance from the end of the snout ; suture between
the ocular and the frontal less than one third the length of the
latter shield. Eye very small. Diameter of body 40 to 50 times
in the total length. 15 scales round the middle of the body, 17 or
19 behind the head. Ventrals rather more than twice as broad as
the contiguous scales, 188-200 ; subcaudals 15-17. Black, beauti-
fully iridescent ; a broad yellow band, with or without a series of
black dots, along each side, from the lips to the tail, where it
unites with its fellow on the under surface.

Total length 14 1 inches.

Hub. Peria Peak and Tirrhioot Peak, Wynaad, 4000 feet.

Genus PLATYPLECTRURUS,

Giintlier, A. M. N. IT. (4) i, 1868, p. 414.

Eye distinct from the neigh-
bouring shields, of moderate
size. A supraocular and a
temporal. Tail cylindrical or
slightly compressed, the ter-
minal scute pointed or with a
' transverse ridge.

Fig. 83.—Platyplectrurus trilincatus. Distribution. Southern India.
Upper and side views of head.

274 FEOPELTID^.

Sywpsis of the Species.

Snout broadly rounded; supraoculars longer

than preefrontals : 163-175 ventrals P. trilincatm, p. 274.

Snout broadly rounded; supraoculars as long

as prsefrontals ; 150-175 ventrals P. madurensis, p. 274.

Snout obtuse ; supraoculars as long as or shorter

than praefrontals ; 120-150 ventrals P. sanyuineus, p. 274,

328. Platyplectrurus trilineatus.

Plectrurus trilineatus, Beddome, Madras Journ, Med. Sc. 1807,

p. 14, fig. ; Theob. Cat. p. 137.
Platyplectrurus trilineatus, Giinth. A. M. N. H. (4) i, 1868, p. 413 ;

Beddome, A. M. N. H. (5) xvii, 1886, p. 32.
Platyplectrurus bilineatus, Beddome, I. c. p. 33.

Snout broadly rounded ; rostral small, just visible from above ;
frontal longer than broad; supraocular much larger than the eye,
longer tban the praefrontals ; temporal two thirds or three fifths the
length of the parietals. Diameter of body 37 to 50 times in the
total length. 15 scales round the middle of the body, 17 behind
the bead. Ventrals nearly twice as broad as the contiguous scales,
163-175; subcaudals 8-16. Caudal scales smooth or a few of
the terminal ones inconspicuously bi- or tricariuate ; terminal scute
with a transverse ridge -which is hardly distinct in the female.
Adult reddish brown or brick-red above, with three continuous or
interrupted black longitudinal lines ; young (P. bilineatus, Bedd.)
dark brown or black above, with two yellowish dorsal bands ;
yellowish below, each scale with a brown dot.

Total length 16 inches.

Hob. Anaimalai Hills, 4000-4700 feet.

329. Platyplectrurus madurensis.

Platyplectrurus ruadurensis, Beddome. P. Z. S. 1877. p. 107 ; id.
A. M. N. H. (5) xvii, 1886, p. 33.

Very closely allied to the preceding, but head-shields rather
shorter and supraocular not longer than the prsefrontals. Dia-
meter of body 38 to 42 times in the total length. Ventrals 158-175,
subcaudals 10-15. Above a nacreous purplish brown ; veutrals and
the two adjoining series of scales on each side white in the centre,
purplish brown on the borders.

Total length 14 inches.

Halt. Palni and Travancore Hills, 4000-6000 feet.

330. Platyplectrurus sauguineus.

Plectrurus sanguineus, Beddome, Madras Journ. Med. Sc. 1867, p. 14,

fig. ; Theob. Cat. p. 136.
Platyplectrurus hewstoni, Beddome, P. Z. S. 1876, p. 701.

275

Wectrurus scabricauda, Theob. Cat. p. 136.

Teretrurus sanguineus, Beddome, A. M. N. H. (5) xvii, 1886, p. 28.

Teretrurus travancoricus, JBeddome, 1. c. p. 29.

•Snout obtuse ; rostral small, just visible from above ; frontal
longer than broad ; supraocular not or scarcely larger than the
eye, as long as the prsef rentals or shorter; temporal about
half the length of the parietals. Diameter of body 22 to 28 times
in the total length. 15 scales round the middle of the body, 17
behind the head. Ventrals nearly twice as broad as the contiguous
scales, 120-150 ; subcaudals 5-9. Caudal scales smooth or faintly
keeled in the female ; all the caudals and the last ventrals more or
less distinctly pluricariuate in the males ; tail ending in a simple,
compressed point. Brown or purplish red above ; belly red, uni-
form or more or less blotched with black.

Total length 9 inches.

Hub. Wynaad, Anaimalais, Travancore, 3000-4700 feet.

Family VI. XENOPELTID.E.

Cranial bones solidly united ; transpalatine present ; pterygoid
extending to quadrate; supratemporal present, suspending quadrate;
prasfroutals forming a suture with nasals. Mandible without
corouoid bone. Teeth in jaws, palate, and praernaxillary.

A single genus.

Fig. 84. — Upper view of skull of Xenupeltis unicoloi

ung. Angular.
nr. Articular.
bo. Basioccipital.

d. Dentary.
eo. Exoccipital.

/. Frontal.

m. Maxillarv.

». Nasal.

p. Parietal.
pin. Proemaxilhi
prf. Prsefrontal.
pro. Prootic.

q. Quadrate.
yo. Supraoccipital.
sf. Supratemporal
tp. Transpalatine.

276 XENOPELTID^E.

Genus XENOPELTIS,

Reinwardt, in Boie, Isis, 1827, p. 564.

Teeth small, equal, closely set, and very numerous (4 on each
side of the praem axillary, 33-38 in each maxillary, 35 or 36 in
each ramus of the mandible). Dentary bone attached loosely
to the apex of the articular and movable on it. Head not

Fig. 85.— Head of Xeiwydtls

distinct from neck ; eye small, with vertically elliptic pupil.
Nostril between two small nasals ; frontal in contact with a
large azygous occipital shield, which is in the middle between four
parietals. A mental groove. Body cylindrical ; scales smooth, in
15 rows : ventrals large ; tail short, subcaudals in two rows.
A single species.

331. Xenopeltis unicolor.

Xenopeltis unicolor, Reinw. in Bole, Isis, 1827, p. 564; Cantor,
J. A. S. B. xvi, 1847, p. 901 ; Dum. $ Bibr. Erp. Gen. vii, p. 28 ;
Gilnth. Kept. B. I. p. 180 ; Jan, Icon. OpMd. 9, pi. v ; Theob. Cat.
p. 140.

Head much depressed, snout rounded ; frontal as long as its
distance from the rostral ; supraocular small, smaller than the
upper postocular ; a single large prseocular or loreal shield ; 2 post-
oculars, upper largest ; 8 upper labials, first in contact with the
internasal, fourth and fifth entering the eye : a pair of very small
chin-shields, in contact with the 3 anterior lower labials. Scales
in 15 rows. Ventrals 166-193 ; anal divided; subcaudals 26-31.
Black or brown above, highly iridescent, scales with lighter edges,
Avhite beneath ; head whitish in the young.

Total length 3 feet 4 inches ; tail 4 inches.

Sab. Burma, Indo-China, Malay Peninsula and Archipelago;
also Trichinopoly, S. India.

A snake of fierce habits, feeding on small mammals.

COLUBBID.E.

277

Family VII. COLUBRID^E.

Facial bones movable; transpalatine present ; pterygoid extending
to mandible or quadrate ; suprateinporal present, attached scale-like
to the skull and suspending quadrate ; maxillary horizontal, not
movable perpendicularly to the transpalatine. Mandible without
coronoid bone. Both jaws toothed.

This large family, containing the bulk of the Ophidia, may be
divided into three parallel series : —

A. AGLYPHA. All the teeth solid, not grooved. Harmless.

B. OPISTHOGKLYPHA. One or more of the posterior maxillary

teeth grooved. Suspected, or poisonous to a slight degree.

C. PEOTEEOGLYPHA. Anterior maxillary teeth grooved or

perforated. Poisonous.

In each of these series we have a more or less perfect repetition
of forms, due to adaptation to the various modes of life.

j>rrv

Fig. 86.— Skull of Tropidonotus piscator.
A. Upper view. B. Side view.

at: Articular.
c.a. Columella auris.
d. Dentarv.
/. Frontal.
•/». Maxillarv.
». Nasal. '

p. Parietal.
pi. Palatine.
put. Prajmaxillary.
prf. Praefrontal.
pro. Prootic.
pt. Pterygoid.

ptf. Postfrontal.
q. Quadrate.
so. Supraoccipital.
st. Suprateinporal.
tp. Transpalatine.
vo. Vomer.

278

COLUBRIDJE.

Synopsis of the Subfamilies represented in the Indian Fauna.

Series A. AGLYPHA.

Postfrontal bone not produced "over the su-

praorbital region ; scales imbricate CCXLUBBIN^E, p. 279.

Postfrontal bone produced over the supra-
orbital region ; scales not imbricate .... ACROOHORDIX.S:, p. 354

Series B. OPISTHOGLYPHA.

Nostrils lateral DIPSADIXJE, p. 356.

Nostrils on the upper surface of the head. . HOMALOPSIN.S:, p. 372.

Series C. PROTEROGLYPHA.

Tail round, caudal hypapophyses short .... ELAPINJE, p. 382.
Tail compressed, caudal hypapophyses long. HYDHOPHIIN.S:, p. 393.

Fig. 87. — Three views of head of Zamenis ventrimaculatus, to explain the
terminology of the head-shields.

cs. Chin-shields (anterior), m. Mental.
cs'. Chin-shields (posterior), n. Nasal.

/. Frontal. p. Parietal.

in. Internasal. pf. Prsefrontal.

/. Loreal. pro. Pracocular.

fa. Upper labial. pfo. Postocular.

la'. Lower labial. r. Eostral.

xl?. Subocular.
so. Supraocular.
/. Temporals (first row).
t'. Temporals (second row).
v. First ventral.

COLTTBKIDJE.

279

Series A. A GLYPH A.

Subfamily I. COLUBRIN^E.

Postfrontal bone not produced over the supratemporal region.
Scales imbricate. Head-shields and ventrals large.

Si/nopsis of Indian Genera *.

A. Terrestrial or arboreal Snakes, with the
hypapophyses developed only on the
anterior half of the vertebral column,
and the nasal bones at least as large as
the praefrontals.

a. Posterior border of ventral shields with-
out lateral notch.

«'. Anterior mandibular teeth longer
than the posterior ; eye small or
rather small.

a". No internasal or temporal shields. CALAMARIA, p. 281.
b". One or two internasals ; temporals

present.

a. Posterior maxillary teeth a little

longer than the anterior ; pupil

vertically subelliptic ; suo-

caudals in two rows.

a'. A loreal and a prreocular . .

ft'. No loreal or prseocular ....

ft. Maxillary teeth equal in length ;

pupil round: subcaudals single.

a.' Scales smooth

ft'. Scales keeled HAPLOCERCCS, p. 290.

y. Anterior maxillary teeth en-
larged; pupil vertically elliptic. LYCOPOX, p. 291.
b'. Mandibular teeth subequal in
length, maxillary teeth equal, or
posterior largest.
a". Eye very small, with round pupil ;

tail very short

b". Eye with vertically elliptic pupil ;

tail long.
a. Eye large ; ventrals strongly

keeled '. HYDROPHOBUS, p. 297.

ft. Eye small ; ventrals not keeled. PSEFDOCYCLOPHIS, p. 299.
y. Eye moderate ; nostril an oblique

slit between two nasals LYTORHYNCHCS, p. 322.

TRACHISCHIUM, p. 284.

BlA'THIA, p. 287.

ASPIDUBA, p. 288.

XYI.OPHIS, p. 283.

* Through the kind mediation of Mr. W. L. Sclater I have obtained from
the Trustees of the Indian Museum communication of the types of Theobald's
Falconeria benyalensis and Cadmus cuneifonnis. The former is a North-
American Snake, Conoccphalus striatulus, the latter a South -African, CoroneUa

280

COLUBRIDjE.

e". Eye rather small, moderate or

a. Maxillary teeth few ( 0 to 12),
very strongly enlarged pos-
teriorly; eye rather small;
rostral shield large.

a'. Pterygoids toothed

/3'. Pteiygoids toothless

ft. 12 or more teeth in each max-
illary, increasing in size pos-
teriorly.

a'. Body moderate, not com-
pressed ; no subocular ; eye

rather small

ft'. Body slender ; a subocular
below the prajocular ; longi-
tudinal rows of scales in odd

numbers

y'. Body slender; longitudinal
rows of scales in even

numbers

y. 15 or more teeth in each max-
illary, subequal in length,
a'. 40 to GO teeth in each max-
illary ; -scales in 17 rows . .
/3'. 13 to 30 teeth in each max-
illary.

a". Scales in 15 to 19 rows,
without apical pits, verte-

brals not enlarged

ft". Scales in 19 to 27 rows,
with apical pits, verte-

brals not enlarged

y'1. Scales in 17 rows, without
apical pits, of vertebral

row enlarged

1>, Posterior border of ventral shields with
a notch on each side corresponding to
a suture-like lateral keel ; scales in
13 or 15 rows.

«'. Maxillary teeth equal in length ;

scales of vertebral row enlarged . .

&'. Anterior maxillary teeth longest;

vertebral scales not enlarged ....

B. Aquatic or seniiaquatic Snakes, with the

hypapophyses developed throughout the

vertebral column, and very small nasal

bones. Scales usually keeled.

a. Posterior maxillary teeth longest.

«'. Scales on the anterior part of the

body disposed obliquely, narrow

and much imbricate

//. Scales forming straight longitudinal
series ; two internasals

SIMOTES, p. 300.

OlJfJODON, p. 317.

COHONELLA, p. 308.

ZAMENIS, p. 323.
ZAOCYS, p. 329.

POLYODOXTOPHIS, p. 301.

ABL.ABES, p. 304.
COLUBEB, p. 330.
XENELAPHIS, p. 336.

DENDROPHIS, p. 337.
DENDREL APHIS, p. 339.

PSEUDOXEXODON, p. 340.

TROPIDONOTUS, p. 341 .

CALAMABTA.

281

c'. A single internasal; nostril in a

semidivided nasal HELICOPS, p. 352.

6. Maxillary teeth subequal ; nostril in a

single nasal XENOCHBOPHIS, p. 353.

Fig. 88. — Scaling of body of Dendrophis pictiis, showing the enlarged verte-
bral scales (8), the apical pit* on the oblique dorsal scales, and the lateral
keel along the ventral shields (i-).

Genus CALAMARIA,
Boie, Isis, 1827, p. 519.

Maxillary teeth 8 to 11, subequal; anterior mandibular teeth a
little longer than the posterior. Head not distinct from neck ;

Fig. 89. — Head of Calamaria pavimentata.

eye small, with round pupil ; nostril pierced in a very small nasal ;
no loreal ; no internasals ; prseocular present or absent ; no

* The apical pit is a minute impression near the extremity of the scale ;
these pits may be disposed in pairs. The character derived from the presence
or absence of the apical pits appears to me of about the same systematic import-
ance as the presence or absence of a keel on the dorsal scales, or the division
or non-division of the subcaudal shields. In some cases it may aid in defining
a natural genus, in others it breaks down as a generic character.

282 COLUBRIDJE.

temporals, the parietals in contact with the labials. Body cylin-
drical, rigid; scales smooth, without apical pits, in 13 rows; tail
short, subcaudals in two rows.

A genus of about thirty species, ranging from Assam (?), Burma,
and Southern China to the Malay Archipelago, where they are
most abundant in Java, Sumatra, and Borneo. Small snakes,
usually found concealed under stones or fallen trees.

of Indian and Burmese Species.

Subcaudals 13-27 C. pavimentata, p. 282.

Subcaudals 41 C. catenata, p. 282.

332. Calamaria pavimentata.

Calamaria pavimentata, Dum. $• Sibr. Erp. Gin. vii, p. 71 ; Jan.

Icon. Ophid. 10, pi. i, %. 9.
Calamaria quadriinaculata, Dum. SfBibr. t. c. p. 73 ; Jan. L c. fio- 10 ;

Gilnth.Eept. B. /.p. 197.
Calamaria siamensis, Gunth. I. c. p. 196; Theob. Cat. p. 140.

Eostral as deep as broad, well visible from above ; frontal longer
than broad, shorter than the parietals, twice to twice and a half
as broad as the supraocular ; one pne- and one postocular ; four
upper labials, second and fourth largest, second and third entering
the eye ; first pair of lower labials forming a suture behind the
mental ; two pairs of chin-shields, in contact with each other.
Scales in 13 rows. Ventrals 140-182; anal entire; subcaudals
13-27. Tail pointed. Reddish brown above, with five dark
longitudinal lines or series of spots; nape dark brown, separated
from the back by a yellow collar ; a pair of yellow spots at the
base and another at the end of the tail ; lower parts uniform
yellowish, with a dark line along the tail in the Burmese and Javan
specimens, obscured with brown mottlings or brown with lighter
borders in the var. siamensis.

Total length 12-5 inches ; tail 0-6.

Hob. Burma (Toungngoo, Bangoon), Siam, Cochinchina, Canton,
Java.

333. Calamaria ? catenata.

Calamaria catenata, Bh/tJi, J. A. 8. B. xxiii, 1854, p. 287; Theob.
Cat. p. 141.

Frontal almost as large as the parietals. Scales in 13 rows.
Ventrals 187 ; subcaudals 41. Predominant colour dusky above,
formed by minute black specks upon a pale ground-tint ; below pale
buff and marked with lateral series of square black spots ; four
black lines throughout above, the upper bordering a pale medial
streak, which is simple upon the tail, but along the body forms a
concatenation of elongate oval spots ; an imperfect whitish-buff
collar, and similar marks before and behind the eye.

Total length 17 inches ; tail 2|.

Hab. This species, of which I have not seen any specimens, was
described from Assam. I refer it with doubt to this genus.

Genus XYLOPHIS,
Beddome, P. Z. S. 1878, p. 576 *.

Maxillary teeth 20 to 25, small, equal ; mandibular teeth equal.
Head not distinct from neck ; eye small, with ronnd pupil ; nostril

Fig. 90.— Head of Xylophis perroteti.

pierced between two small nasals ; a pair of small internasals ; a
loreal ; no praeocular. Body cylindrical ; scales smooth, without
apical pits, in 13 or 15 rows ; tail short, subcaudals in two rows.
Distribution. Two species, from the hills of Southern India.

Synopsis of the Species.

Scales in 13 rows ; supraocular larger than post-
ocular X. perroteti, p. 283.

Scales in 15 rows ; supraocular not larger than [p. 284.

postocular X. stenorhynchus,

334. Xylophis perroteti.

Platypteryx perroteti, Dion. $ Bibr. Erp. Gen. vii, p. 501 ; Jan, Icon.
Ophid. 12, pi. i, fig. 1.

Rhabdosorna microcephalum, Gilnth. Cat. Col. Sn. p. 12.

Geophis microcephalus, Giinth. Rejrt. B. I. p. 200, pi. xviii, fig. A ;

Theob. Cat. p. 142.

Bostral small, deeper than broad, just visible from above; suture
between the interuasals one third to one half the length of that
between the praefrontals ; frontal as long as broad or slightly longer
than broad, nearly as long as its distance from the end of the snout
and two thirds or three fifths the length of the parietals ; supra-
ocular small, but yet much larger than the single postocular ;
loreal much elongate and usually entering the eye ; in some
specimens, however, the prsefrontal forms a short suture with
the third labial, in front of the eye ; six upper labials, third
and fourth entering the eye, first very small, fifth largest ; tem-
porals 1 + 2; four lower labials in contact with the chin-shields,
which are very large and in contact with the mental ; no posterior
chin-shields. Scales in 13 rows. Ventrals 130-147 ; anal single ;

* The name Platypteryx, Duin. & Bibr. (1854), is preoccupied (Laspeyres, 1803).

284

COLTJBKID.E.

subcaudals 17-38. Brown above, spotted with black, or with more
or less distinct black longitudinal bands ; sometimes an ill-defined
yellow collar ; lips black and yellow ; lower surface black and
white, or grey spotted with black, or nearly uniform brownish
black.

Total length 25 inches ; tail 1-5.

Hal. Hills of Southern India up to 5900 feet,

335. Xylophis stenorhynchus.

Geophis stenorhynchus, Giinth. P. Z. S. 1875, p. 230.
Xylophis indicus, Beddome, P. Z. S. 1878, p. 576.

Eostral small, deeper than broad, well visible from above ; suture
between the internasals about one third the length of that between
the praef rentals ; frontal as long as broad or slightly longer than
broad, nearly as long as its distance from the end of the snout, and
a little shorter than the parietals ; suture between the latter shields
much shorter than the frontal ; supraocular very small, not larger
than the single postocular ; loreal much elongate, entering the eye ;
temporals 1 +2 ; 5 upper labials, third and fourth entering the eye,
first very small, fif ^i largest ; 4 lower labials in contact wdth the
chin-shields, which are very large and in contact with the mental ;
no posterior chin-shields. Scales in 15 rows. Venlrals 120-131 ;
anal single ; subcaudals 17-31. Dark brown above, uniform or
with three rather indistinct darker longitudinal lines, and a yellow-
ish collar ; lower surface uniform dark brown.

Total length 9 inches ; tail 8-1.

ffab. Travancore and Madura Hills (5000 feet).

Grenus TRACHISCHIUM,

Giinther, Cat. Col. Sn. p. 30, 1858.

Maxillary teeth 18 to 20, anterior
shortest ; posterior mandibular
teeth shorter than the anterior.
Head not distinct from neck ; eye
small, with vertically subelliptic
pupil ; nostril between two very
smaU nasals ; head-shields normal,
prsefrontals sometimes united.
Body cylindrical ; scales smooth,
without apical pits, in 13 or 15
rows ; tail short ; subcaudals in
two rows.

Distribution. Eastern Himalayas
and Khasi Hills.

Four or five species are known, all
of small size. Their correct position
in the system is evidently near

Fig. 91.-Head and dentition Xylophis and RracTiyorrhos, with
of Trachischiumfuscum. which they have much in common.

TEACHISCHIUM.

Synopsis of the Species.

A. Scales iu 13 rows, those of the ischiadic region
keeled in the males.

a. Praefrontal shield usually undivided ; one

postocular ; 150 ventrals or more T. fuscum, p. 285.

b. Preefrontal shield usually undivided ; one

postocular : 134-145 ventrals T. yuentheri, p. 285.

c. Two prsef rentals ; two postoculars T. tenuiceps, p. 280.

13. Scales in 15 rows, all smooth.

a. Sixth upper labial largest T. monticola, p. 28(5.

b. Last three upper labials sub equal T. rubriventcr, p. 286.

336. Trachischium fuscum.

Calamaria fusca andC. obscm'o-striata, Blyth, J. A' 8. B. xxiii. 1854,

p. 288.

Trachischium rugosuui, Giinth. Cat. Col. Sn. p. 30.
Trachischium fuscum, Gunth. P. Z. S. 1860, p. 161 ; Theob. Cat.

Rept. As. Soc. Mus. 1868, p. 45 ; Anders. P. Z. S. 1871, p. 171 ;

Theob. Cat, p. 144.
Ablabes fuscus, Giinth. Rept. B. I. p.22p._ ^ lK

Kostral as broad as deep or a little deeper than broad, visible
from above ; siiture between the internasals very short ; prsefrontal
usually single ; frontal longer than its distance from the end of the
snout, two thirds or three fourths the length of the parietals ;
loreal longer than deep ; one prse- and one postocular ; temporals
1 + 2; 6 upper labials, third and fourth entering the eye, first
smallest, sixth largest ; 4 lower labials in contact with the anterior
chin-shields ; posterior chin-shields small. Scales in 13 rows ;
those on the sides of the anal and basicaudal regions obtusely keeled
in the male. Ventrals 150-162 ; anal divided ; subcaudals 33-42.
Dark brown or black above and below, with or without more or less
indistinct lighter longitudinal streaks above.

Total length 20 inches ; tail 2-5.

Hob. Eastern Himalayas (3000-7000 feet), very common in Sik-
him ; Khasi Hills ; Eangoon ? (Blyth).

337. Trachischium guentheri.

Trachischium obscuro-striatum (non Blyth), Giinth. P. Z. S. 1860,
p. 161.

Rostral as broad as deep or a little deeper than broad, visible
from above ; suture between the iuternasals very short ; prae-
frontal usually single ; frontal longer than its distance from the
end of the snout, two thirds the length of the parietals ; loreal
longer than deep ; one pra3- and one postocular ; temporals 1+2 ;
6 upper labials, third and fourth entering the eye, first smallest,
sixth largest; 4 lower labials in contact with the anterior chin-
shields; posterior -oV^i-shields small. Scales in 13 rows; male

28b COLUBHIDjE.

with keeled scales in the anal and basicaudal regions. Ventrals
132-145 ; anal divided ; subcaudals 33-38. Dark brown above,
with indistinct lighter and darker longitudinal streaks ; yellowish
beneath, uniform or scantily mottled with brown.

Total length 11 inches ; tail 1-4.

Hob. Sikhim.

338. Trachischium tenuiceps.

Calamaria teuuiceps, Blyth, J. A. S. B. xxiii, 1854, p. 288.
Ablabes tenuiceps, Giinth. Kept. B. L p. 224 ; Theob. Cat. p. 154.

Eostral a little broader than deep, visible from above ; suture
between the internasals about two thirds the length of that between
the prsefrontals ; frontal longer than its distance from the end of
the snout, a little shorter than the parietals ; loreal longer than
deep ; one praeocular ; two postoculars; temporals 1 + 1 or 1 + 2;
6 upper labials, third aud fourth entering the eye, first smallest,
sixth largest ; 4 lower labials in contact with the anterior chin-
shields, which are a little longer than the posterior. Scales in 13
rows ; male with keeled scales iu the anal and basicaudal regions.
Ventrals 134-138; anal divided; subcaudals 34-39. Blackish
above, yellowish beneath.

Total length 14 inches ; tail 2.

Hdb. Eastern Himalayas.

339. Trachischium monticola.

Calamaria monticola, Cantor, P. Z. S. 1839, p. 50.

Cyclophis monticola, Giinth. Kept. B. I. p. 232 ; Theob. Cat. p. 158.

Ablabes albi venter, Giinth. P. Z. S. 1875, p. 231.

Eostral deeper than broad, visible from above : suture between
the internasals about half as long as that between the praef rentals ;
frontal longer than its distance from the end of the snout, shorter
than the parietals ; loreal longer than deep ; one praeocular ; two
postoculars, rarely one; temporals 1 + 1; 6 upper labials, third
and fourth entering the eye, first smallest, sixth largest ; 4 lower
labials in contact with the anterior chin-shields, which are a little
longer than the posterior. Scales in 15 rows. Ventrals 113-
135 ; anal divided ; subcaudals 28-34 (44, Cantor). Dark brown
above, with two more or less distinct pale brown longitudinal
bands edged on each side with a black line: yellowish below;
young with an interrupted yellow collar.

Total length 9 inches ; tail 1-2.

Hob. Darjeeling, Naga Hills, Assam.

340. Trachischium ? ruforiventer.
Cyclophis rubriventer, Jet-don, P. A. S. B. 1870, p. 80 ; Theob. Cat.

One prae- and two postoculars ; 6 upper labials, the last three

BLYTHIA. 287

subequal inside; temporals 1 + 1. Scales in 15 rows. Veiitrals
127-135; subcaudals 33-38. Brown, with a pale lateral band
from the eye to the tip of the tail ; below this, a mottled brown
and yellowish band ; chin, throat, and anterior part of neck
yellow, the rest of the lower parts red.

Total length 7'75 inches ; tail 1'25.

Hob. Khasi Hills. (Unknown to me.)

Genus BLYTHIA,
Theobald, Cat, Kept. As. Soc. Mua. p. 44, 1868.

Maxillary teeth about 20, anterior shortest ; posterior maiidi-
bular teeth much shorter than the anterior. Head not distinct
from neck ; eye small, with vertically subelliptic pupil ; nostril

Fig. 92.— Head of Blythia retieidata.

between two very small nasals and the first labial ; no loreal or prae-
ocular. Body cylindrical ; scales smooth, without apical pits, in
13 rows ; tail short ; subcaudals in two rows.

A single species, from the Khasi Hills.

This genus is nearly equally related to Trachischitim and Aspi-
dura.

341. Blythia reticulata.

Calarnaria reticulata, Bh/th, J. A. S. B. xxiii, 1854, p. 287.
Blvthia reticulata, Theob. Cat. Rent. As. Soc. Mm. p. 44 ; id. Cat.
p. 142.

Bostral about as broad as deep, visible from above ; suture
between the internasals one half to two thirds as long as that
between the pra3frontals ; frontal longer than its distance from the
end of the snout, about two thirds the length of the parietals ; one
postocular and one elongate temporal ; 6 upper labials, third and

2»0 COLUBBID^E.

fourth entering the eye, first smallest, sixth largest ; 4 lower
labials in contact with the anterior chin-shields ; posterior chin-
shields small. Scales in 13 rows. Ventrals 127-150; anal
divided ; subcaudals 19-29. Blackish brown above and below,
the lateral scales and the veutrals edged with lighter.

Total length 16-5 inches; tail 1-65.

Hob. Khasi Hills.

Genus ASPIDURA,
Wagler, Syst. Amph. p. 191, 1830.

Maxillary teeth about 20, small, equal; posterior maudibular
teeth a little shorter than the anterior. Head not distinct from
neck ; eye small, with round pupil ; nostril between two very small

Fig. 93. — Head of Aspiditra brachyorrhvt.

nasals and the first labial ; no loreal ; a single internasal : prao-
ocular present or absent. Body cylindrical ; scales smooth,
without apical pits, in 15 or 17 rows ; tail short ; subcaudals simple.
Distribution. Ceylon.

Synopsis of the Species.

A. Scales in 17 rows.

a. Both postoculars in contact with parietal ;

ventrals 125-150.
a'. A prseocular ; supraocular more than

half length of frontal A. brachyorrlws, p. 289.

b'. No praeocular ; supraocular not half

length of frontal A. cupii, p. 289.

b, Ouly upper postocular in contact with

parietal; ventrals 106-111 A. yuentften, p. 290.

B. Scales in 15 rows A. trachyprocta, p. 290.

342. Aspidura brachyorrhos.

Scytale brackyorrhos, Boie, Isis, 1827, p. 517.
Aspidura scytale, Dum. fy Bibr. Erp. G4n. vii, p. 128.

Col. Sn. p. 14.
r. 2.

Cat. p. 142.

Bostral small, deeper than broad, scarcely visible from above ;
frontal a little longer than its distance from the end of the snout,
two thirds the length of the parietals ; supraocular more than
half the length of the frontal ; prsefrontals in contact with the
second and third upper labials, separated from the eye by a prae-
ocular; two postoculars, lower the larger, both in contact with
the parietal; temporals 1 + 2; 6 upper labials, first smallest, sixth
largest, fourth entering the eye; 4 lower labials in contact with
the anterior chin-shields; posterior chin-shields small and scale-
like. Scales in 17 rows, all perfectly smooth. Ventrals 139—
154 ; anal entire ; subcaudals 27-38. Pale yellowish or reddish
brown above, with four more or less indistinct darker longitudinal
streaks and a vertebral series of blackish dots ; an oblique blackish
cross-band on each side of the nape; belly uniform yellowish,
tail more or less abundantly freckled with brown.

Total length 14-5 inches; tail 1-65.

Hab. Ceylon ; found only in the mountains.

343. Aspidura copii.

Aspidura copii, Gilnth. Sept. B. I. p. 203, pi. xviii, fig. E ; Theob.
Cat. p. 143.

Kostral small, deeper than broad, not visible from above ; frontal
a little longer than its distance from the end of the snout, three
fifths the length of the parietals ; supraocular very small, not half
the length of the frontal ; praefrontals in contact with the second,
third, and fourth upper labials and with the eye ; no prseocular ;
two postoculars, lower the larger, both in contact with the parietal ;
temporals 1 + 2 ; 6 upper labials, first smallest, sixth largest,
fourth entering the eye; 4 lower labials in contact with the
anterior chin-shields (which, in the type specimen, happen to be
divided into two pairs) ; posterior chin-shields small and scale-like.
Scales in 17 rows, those on the sides of the anal region and on the
tail keeled in the male. Ventrals 125-150 ; anal undivided ;
subcaudals 20-33. Brown above, with two longitudinal series of
large, black, pale-edged spots ; an oblique, black cross-band on
each side of the nape : lower surface yellowish, spotted or freckled
with brown.

Total length 16-5 inches ; tail 2-8.

Hob. Ceylon (Districts of Dimbola and Dickoya, 4000-5000
feet).

290 COLTJBBIDjE.

344. Aspidura guentheri.
Aspidura guentheri, Ferguson, P. Z. S. 1876, p. 819.

Rostral small, deeper than broad, not visible from above ;
frontal as long as or slightly longer than its distance from the end
of the snout, two thirds the length of the parietals ; supraocular
about half the length of the frontal ; prsefrontals in contact with
the second and third upper labials, entering the eye ; a prseocular ;
two postoculars, only the upper in contact with the parietal;
temporals 1 + 2; 6 upper labials, first and second very small, sixth
largest, fourth entering the eye ; 4 lower labials in contact with
the anterior chin-shields ; posterior chin-shields small and scale-
like. Scales in 17 rows, all perfectly smooth. Ventrals 101-117 ;
anal entire ; subcaudals 19-27. Dark brown above and below,
back with four longitudinal series of blackish dots; head paler
above ; a yellow nuchal collar, interrupted in the middle and
bordered with blackish posteriorly.

Total length 6 inches ; tail 0-75.

Hob. Ceylon (near the coast).

345. Aspidura trachyprocta.

Aspidura trachyprocta, Cope, Proc. Ac. Philad. 1860, p. 75 ; Giinth.

Kept. B. I. p. 203, pi. xviii, fig. F ; Tlieob. Cat. p. 143.
Aspidura scytale, part., Jan, Icon. Ophid. 13, pi. ii, figs. 1 & 3.

Eostral small, deeper than broad, not visible from above ; frontal
longer than its distance from the end of the snout, about two
thirds the length of the parietals ; supraoculars more than half
the length of the frontal ; prsefrontals in contact with the eye and
with the second and third upper labials, separated from the fourth
by a small prseocular ; two postoculars, lower largest, both in
contact with the parietal; temporals 1 + 2; 6 upper labials, first
and second very small, sixth largest, fourth entering the eye ; 4
lower labials in contact with the anterior chin-shields ; posterior
chin-shields small and scale-like. Scales in 15 rows, tubercularly
keeled on the anal and caudal regions. Ventrals 120-147 ; anal
entire ; subcaudals 13-25. Brown or blackish above, with longi-
tudinal series of small darker spots and a dark lateral streak,
which are more distinct in the young ; lower surface blackish, or
yellowish spotted with black.

Total length 15 inches ; tail 1.

Hob. Ceylon (in the mountains).

Genus HAPLOCERCUS,
Guiither, Cat. Col. Sn. p. 14, 1858.

Maxillary teeth about 10, moderately large, subequal ; posterior
mandibular teeth a little shorter than the anterior. Head not
distinct from neck ; eye rather small, with round pupil ; nostril
between two small nasals and the first labial ; no loreal ; a single

LTCODON.

291

internasal. Body cylindrical ; scales keeled, in 17 rows, without
apical pits ; subcaudals single.

Distribution. Ceylon. A single species.

346. Haplocercus ceylonensis.

Haplocercus ceylonensis. Giinth. Cat. Col. Sn. p. 15 ; id. Eept. B. I.

p. 204, pi. xviii, fig. G.

Aspidura carinata, Jan, Icon. Ophid. 13, pi. i, fig. 5.
Aspidura ceylonensis, Theob. Cat. p. 143.

Eostral a little deeper than broad, not visible from above ;
frontal as long as its distance from the end of the snout, three
fifths the length of the parietals ; prsefrontals in contact with the
second and third upper labials ; one prae- and two postoculars ;
temporals 1 + 2; 7 upper labials, fourth, or third and fourth,
entering the eye ; 4 lower labials in contact with the anterior
chin-shields ; posterior chin-shields small, scale-like. Scales
elongate, smooth on the nape, moderately keeled on the anterior
half of the back, sharply keeled on the posterior half and on the
tail. Ventrals 177-207 ; anal single ; subcaudals 42-56. Brown
above, with a black vertebral line, and, on each side, a series of
small black spots ; an oblique yellowish, black-edged band on each
side of the nape ; lower surface uniform yellowish.

Total length 17-5 inches ; tail 2'3.

Hob. Ceylon.

Genus LYCODON,

Boie, Isis, 1826, p. 981.

Fig. 94. — Head and dentition of
Lycodon aullcus.

Anterior maxillary teeth en-
larged, the third or fourth fang-
like and followed by a tooth-
less space; anterior mandibular
teeth enlarged. Head not or
but slightly distinct from neck,
more or less depressed ; eye small
or moderate, with vertically
elliptic pupil ; head-shields nor-
mal. Body more or less elongate,
cylindrical or slightly com-
pressed ; scales smooth or keeled,
in 17 or 19 rows, with apical
pits ; ventrals with or without a
lateral keel; subcaudals single
or double.

Distribution. East Indies,
Southern China, Japan, New
G-uinea. About 20 species are
known. They feed almost ex-
clusively on Scincoids and Tachy-
dromus.

292 COLUBEID^E.

Synopsis of Iiidian, Ceylonese, and Burmese Species.

A. Scales smooth, in 17 rows ; subcaudals usually in

two rows.

a. Ventrals not augulate ; snout not spatulate ;

anal divided.

af. 8 upper labials L. striatus, p. 292.

b'. 9 or 10 upper labials L. jam, p. 292.

b. Ventrals laterally angulate.

«'. Two loreals ; snout not spatulate ; anal entire ; [p. 293.

eye rather large L. anamallensis,

b'. One loreal; snout broad, much depressed,

spatulate. [p. 293.

a". Anal entire L. travancoricus,

b". Anal divided L. aulicus, p. 294.

c'. No loreal L. atropurpurem,

B. Scales keeled. [p. 294.

a. Scales in 17 rows. [p. 295.
a'. Posterior chin-shields shorter than anterior . L. septentrionalis,
b'. Posterior chin-shields longer than anterior. . L.fasciatus,

b. Scales in 19 rows. [p. 295.
a'. Subcaudals in two rows ; only scales of the

9 dorsal rows keeled * L. yanimiei, p. 296.

b'. Subcaudals single ; scales strongly keeled . . £, cart»a£u«,p.296.

347. Lycodon striatus.

Russell, Lid. Serj). i, pi. xvi.

Coluber striatus, Shaw, Zool. iii, p. 527.

Lycodon striatus, Giinth. Kept. B. I. p. 318 ; Stoliczka, J. A. S. B.

xxxix, 1870, p. 200 ; Anders. P. Z. S. 1871, p. 187 ; Theob. Cat.

p. 199 ; Murray, Zool. Sind, p. 384.

Snout much depressed, slightly projecting; eye rather small.
llostral much broader than long, just visible from above ; inter-
uasals much shorter than the praefrontals ; frontal as long as its
distance from the end of the snout, as long as the parietals or a
little shorter ; loreal elongate, not entering the eye ; one prseocular ;
two postoculars ; temporals small, 1 + 2 or 2 + 2 or 2+3; eight
upper labials, third, fourth, and fifth entering the eye; 4 or 5
lower labials in contact with the anterior chin-shields, which are
usually longer than the posterior. Scales smooth, in 17 rows.
Yentrals 153-178, not augulate laterally ; anal divided; subcaudals
42-62, in two rows. Dark brown or black above, with white trans-
verse spots or cross-bands, which are widely separated anteriorly ;
sides lineolated \\ith white, with a black spot corresponding to each
white cross-band ; upper lip and lower surface uniform white.

Total length 17 inches ; tail 3.

Hab. From Siud, the Punjab, the North-Western Provinces, and
the hills below Simla to Southern India.

348. Lycodon jara.

Russell, Ind. Serp. i, pi. xiv.
Coluber jara, Shaw, Zool. iii, p. 525.

LYCODON. 293

Coluber bipunctatus, Cantor, P. Z. S. 1839, p. 52.

Lycodon jara, Schleg. Phys. Serp. ii, p. 110; Stoliczka, J.A.S.B.

xl, 1871, p. 442 ; Theob. Cat. p. 200.
Leptorhytaon jara, Gilnth. Cat. Col. Sn. p. 205 ; id. Kept. B. I.

p. 321.
Lycophidion bipunctatum, Peters, MB. Ak. Berl. 1863, p. 403.

Snout much depressed ; eye rather small. Eostral much broader
than long, just visible from above ; internasals much shorter than
the prsofrontals ; frontal as long as or a little shorter than its dis-
tance from the end of the snout, a little shorter than the parietals ;
loreal elongate, not entering the eye ; one praeocular ; two post-
oculars ; temporals small, 1 + 2 ; 9 or 10 upper labials, third, fourth,
and fifth entering the eye ; 4 or 5 lower labials in contact with the
anterior chin-shields, which are longer than the posterior. Scales
smooth, in 17 rows. Ventrals 167-175, not angulate laterally;
anal divided ; subcaudals 56-63, in two rows. Brown above, each
scale with two white dots or short longitudinal lines ; labials white ;
usually a white collar ; lower surface uniform while.

Total length 16 inches ; tail 275.

Hob. Granjam, Bengal to base of Himalayas, Assam, Pegu ; Anai-
malai Hills according to Giinther.

349. Lycodon anamallensis.
Lycodon anamallensis, Giinth. Eept. B. I. p..318 ; Theob. Cat. p. 200.

Snout moderately depressed ; eye rather large. Eostral much
broader than long, just visible from above ; internasals much
shorter than pra3frontals ; frontal as long as its distance from the
end of the snout, slightly shorter than the parietals ; two loreals ;
one prseocular in contact with the frontal ; two postoculars ; tem-
porals small, scale-like, 2 + 3; 9 upper labials, third, fourth, and
fifth entering the eye ; 4 lower labials in contact with the anterior
chin-shields, which are longer than the posterior. Scales smooth,
in 17 rows. Ventrals 202, obtusely angulate laterally ; anal un-
divided ; subcaudals 74, in two rows. Brown above, with narrow
white, black-edged cross-bands ; labials white, each with a brown
spot ; lower parts uniform white.

Total length 20 inches ; tail 3-5.

Hob. Anaimalai Hills, S. India. A single specimen is known.

350. Lycodon travancoricus.

Cercaspis travancoricus, Beddome, Madras Joum. Med. Sc. 1870 ;
Theob. Cat. p. 201.

Snout much depressed, with swollen lips, subspatulate ; eye
rather small. Eostral much broader than long, hardly visible from
above ; internasals much shorter than the pra3frontals ; frontal as
long as its distance from the end of the snout, or a little longer,
a little shorter than the parietals ; loreal elongate, rarely entering

294 COLTTBRIB^.

the eye ; one praeocular, usually in contact with the frontal ; two
postoculars ; temporals small, scale-like, 2 + 3 or 3+3; 9 upper
labials, third, fourth, and fifth entering the eye ; 4 or 5 lower
labials in contact with the anterior chin-shields, which are longer
than the posterior. Scales smooth, in 17 rows. Ventrals 178-
202, obtusely angulate laterally ; anal undivided ; subcaudals
usually in two rows, sometimes simple*, 66-76. Coloration very
similar to that of L. striatus, viz., dark brown or black above, with
white cross-bands and white lineolations on the sides, and uniform
white below ; but the upper lip is brown, or white spotted with
brown.

Total length 2 feet ; tail 5 inches.

Hob. Travancore Hills (5000 feet), Anaimalai (4700 feet), Nilgiri
(5900 feet).

351. Lycodon aulicus.

Russell, Ind. Serp. ii, pi. xxxix.

Coluber aulicus, Linn. Syst. Nat. i, p. 381.

Lycodon aulicus, Boie, Isis, 1826, p. 981 ; Giinth. Rept. B. I.

id. Zool. Rec. 1870, p. 75 ; Jan, Icon. Ophid. 36, pi. iv,

Theob. Cat. p. 199; Murray, Zool. Sind, p. 383.
Lycodon aulicus, part., Cantor, J. A. S. B. xvi, 1847, p. 915.
Tytleria hypsirhinoides, Theob. Cat. Rept. As. Soc. Mus. 1808, p. 66.

Snout much depressed, with swollen lips, spatulate in the adult ;
eye rather small. Eostral much broader than long, just visible
from above ; internasals much shorter than the praifrontals ;
frontal usually shorter than its distance from the end of the snout
or than the parietals ; loreal elongate, not entering the eye ; one
prseocular, usually in contact with the frontal ; two postoculars ;
temporals small, scale-like, 2 + 3 or 3+3; 9 upper labials, third,
fourth, and fifth entering the eye ; 4 or 5 lower labials in contact
with the anterior chin-shields, which are longer than the posterior.
Scales smooth, in 17 rows. Ventrals 183-209, obtusely angulate
laterally ; anal divided ; subcaudals 57-77, in two rows. Color-
ation variable ; uniform brown above, or with white transverse
bands, or with white reticulation ; upper lip uniform white, or with
brown spots ; lower parts uniform white.

Total length 25 inches ; tail 4.

Hab. India and Ceylon, Himalayas, Burma, Siam, Malay Penin-
sula, Java, Philippines, Timor. A common snake in India.

352. Lycodon atropurpureus.

Lycodon atropurpureus, Cantor, P. Z. S. 1839, p. 50.
Tetragonosoma atropurpureum, Giinth, Rept. B, I. p. 321 ; Theob.
Cat. p. 200.

* Out of 15 specimens examined, 11 have all the subcaudals paired; two
have them in part simple (4|-gl ; 50} fl) ; and two have them all simple. Col.
Beddome mentions another specimen with 28||1.

LYCODON. 295

No loreal, the prsefrontals in contact with the labials ; one prae-
and two postoculars ; upper labials 9, the fourth and fifth (and
perhaps the third) entering the eye. Ventrals 257 ; subcaudals
91. Deep purple, marbled with white and black ; beneath pearl-
coloured.

Hob. Mergui.

This species is only known from Cantor's very short diagnosis,
and Giinther's notes taken from a drawing of the type specimen.

353. Lycodon septentrionalis.
Ophites septentrionalis, Gunth. P. Z. S. 1875, p. 233.

Snout moderately depressed, not spatulate ; eye rather small.
Eostral much broader than deep, visible from above ; internasals
much shorter than the praefrontals ; frontal slightly longer than
broad, as long as its distance from the end of the snout, shorter
than the parietals ; loreal small, elongate, not entering the eye ;
one pra3- and two postoculars; temporals 2+3 ; Supper labials,
third, fourth, and fifth entering the eye ; 5 lower labials in
contact with the anterior chin-shields, which are longer than the
posterior. Scales in 17 rows, those of seven middle rows feebly
keeled. Ventrals 214, angulate laterally ; anal entire ; subcaudals
83, in two rows. Black above and on the sides, with narrow
whitish transverse bands, forming complete annuli on the tail, the
lower surface of which is dark brown ; belly whitish, with a few
scattered small brown spots posteriorly.

Total length 3 feet * ; tail 8 inches.

Hob. The exact habitat of this species is not known, but is pro-
bably the Himalayas or the Khasi Hills. The single specimen
known was obtained by Dr. Jerdon during his last journey through
the northern parts of India.

354. Lycodon fasciatns.

Ophites fasciatus, Anders. An, Zool. Res. Yunnan, p. 827, pi. Ixxviii,
fig. 1.

Head flat, snout rather spatulate ; eye small. Frontal nearly as
broad as long ; loreal long and tapering to a point posteriorly, and
entering the eye ; one praocular ; two postoculars ; temporals
2+3; 8 upper labials, third, fourth, and fifth entering the eye: 5
lower labials in contact with the anterior chin- shields, which are
much shorter than the posterior; 17 rows of feebly keeled scales,
the keels becoming more pronounced posteriorly. Ventrals 213 ;
anal entire ; subcaudals 90, in two rows. Body encircled by
broad purplish-black bands separated by reddish intervals about
half their breadth ; the first black band does not encircle the
neck ; upper labials yellowish with dusky sutures.

* " 83 indies long " in Dr. Gunther's description is eyidently a misprint for
" 33 inches long."

296 COLTJBBIDjE.

Total length 21 inches ; tail 4-3.

Hob. Ponsee, "Western Yunnan (Anderson} ; a second specimen
was obtained in the Kakhyen Hills by M. Tea.

355. Lycodon gammiei.
Ophites gammiei, Blanf. J. A. S. B. xlvii, 1878, p. 130.

Head flat; eye small. Body slender, compressed. Kostral
about as broad as high ; internasals much smaller than the prse-
frontals ; frontal very little longer than broad, with convex sides ;
loreal small, elongate ; one praeocular ; two postoculars ; temporals
irregular; 8 upper labials, third, fourth, and fifth entering the
eye ; two elongate chin-shields of about equal length, the anterior
in contact with 5 lower labials. Scales in 19 rows, the nine
dorsal rows keeled, five rows at each side smooth. Ventrals 214,
bluntly angulate at the sides ; anal entire ; subcaudals 101 pairs.
Body surrounded by alternating dusky and light rings with very
irregular crooked margins ; head above dusky olivaceous with pale
spots in the middle of most of the shields ; an imperfect pale
collar behind the head ; lower surface of head and neck whitish.

Total length 31-5 inches ; tail 7.

Hab. Sikhhn.

Known from a single example, which I have not seen.

356. Lycodon carinatns.

Hurria carinata, Kuhl, Beitr. Zool. Veryl. Anat. p. 95.

Lycodon carinatus, Schleg. Phys. Serp. ii, p. 109, pi. iv, figs. 6 & 7.

Cercaspis carinatus, Dum. fy Bibr. Erp. Gen. vii, p. 390 ; Gtinth.

Kept. B. I. p. 324 ; Jan, Icon. Ophid. 36, pi. vi, fig. 1 ; Theob. Cat.

p. 201.

Snout much depressed, broad but not spatulate ; eye rather
small. Rostral much broader than deep, A'isible from above ; inter-
nasals much shorter than the prafrontals ; frontal slightly longer
than broad, as long as its distance from the end of the snout,
shorter than the parietals ; loreal elongate, not entering the eye ;
one pras- and two postoculars; temporals 2 + 3; 9 upper labials,
third, fourth, and fifth entering the eye ; 5 lower labials in contact
with the anterior chin-shields, which are longer than the posterior.
Scales in 19 rows, strongly keeled. Ventrals 188-195, angulate
laterally ; anal entire ; subcaudals 53-64, in a single row. Black,
encircled by white rings which are broader on the belly than on
the back ; these annuli are broader in the young, the back of the
head of which is white.

Total length 26 inches ; tail 5.

Hab. Ceylon.

HYDROPHOBTJS. 297

The following species rests only upon Cantor's diagnosis : —
LYCODON STJBFUSCUS, Cantor, P. Z. S. 1839, p. 50.
" Light brown ; yellowish white beneath. Ventrals 245 ; sub-
caudals 78."

HUEEIAH SANGTJIVENTER, Cantor, t. c. p. 52, is also probably a
Lycodon.

" Claret-purple above, with metallic lustre ; blood-coloured
beneath. Ventrals 207 ; subcaudals 99, the 14 anterior of which
are entire." See Giinther, Rept. B. I. p. 222, fig.

Valley of Nepal.

Genus HYDROPHOBUS,

Giinth. A. M. N. H. (3) ix, 1862, p. 127 *.

Maxillary teeth 8 to 10, increasing in size posteriorly ; anterior
mandibular teeth a little longer than the posterior. Head
distinct from neck, much depressed ; eye moderate or rather large,
with vertically elliptical pupil ; head-shields normal, but preeoculars
sometimes absent and the loreal usually enters the eye. Body

Fig. 95. — Head of Hydrophobus nympha,

slender, slightly compressed ; scales smooth, in 13 or 15 rows,
with apical pits ; ventrals strongly keeled on each side ; subcaudals
in two rows.

This East-Indian genus, allied to Lycodon, comprises five species,
three of which are described here. The two others are H. suban-
nulatus, D. & B. (NympTiophidium maculatum, Gthr.), from
Sumatra and Singapore, and //. muelleri, D. & B., from the
Philippines.

* The name Odontonms, Dura. & Bihr. (1854), is preoccupied (Kirbv, 1837).

COLUBRIDJE.

Synopsis of Indian, Ceylonese, and Burmese Species.

Scales in 13 rows ; one or two pneoculars H. nympha, p. 298.

Scales in 15 rows ; one prseocular H. gracilis, p. 298.

Scales in 13 rows ; no prjeocular H. davisonii, p. 299.

357. Hydrophobus nympha.

Russell, I)ul. Scrp. i, pis. xxxvi, xxxvii.

Coluber nympha, Baud. Rept. vi, p. 244, pi. Ixxv, fig. 1.

Lycodon nympba, Boie, Isis, 1827, p. 522.

Odontomus nympha, Dum. # Bibr. E>-p. Gen. vii, p. 450 ; Giinth.

Rept. B. I. p. 233 ; Jan, Icon. Ophid. 38, pi. v, fig. 2 ; Theob. Cat.

p. 160.
Hydrophobus semifasciatus, Giinth. A. M. N. H. (3) ix, 1862, p. 127,

pi. ix, fig. 6.

Odontomus semifasciatus, Giinth. Rept. B. I. p. 234 ; Theob. I. c.
Odontomus nympha, var. ceylonensis, F. Mull. Verb. nat. Ges. Basel.

viii, 1887, p. 269.

Eostral not twice as broad as deep, visible from above ; nasal
entire or divided ; suture between the internasals usually as long
as that between the praef rentals, or a little shorter ; frontal longer
than its distance from the end of the snout, shorter than the
parietals ; loreal longer than deep, usually entering the eye ; one
or two prseoculars ; two postoculars ; temporals 2+ 2 or 2 +3; 7
(exceptionally 8 or 6) upper labials, third and fourth entering the
eye ; 3 or 4 labials in contact with the anterior chin-shields, which
are longer than the posterior. Scales in 13 rows. Ventrals 200-
243; anal divided; subcaudals 71-88. Whitish, with or witbout
small brown spots, and with large elliptic dark brown or black
spots much longer than the interspaces between them; a large
brown spot nearly covers the upper surface of the head, and is
separated from the first dorsal spot by a narrow white occipital
band ; upper lip and lower parts uniform white.

Total length 18 inches ; tail 3-5.

Hob. Southern India and Ceylon.

358. Hydrophobus gracilis.

Odontomus gracilis, Giinth. Rept. B. I. p. 234 ; Theob. Cat. p. 1GO.
Odontomus fergusonii, Haly, Taprobanian, iii, 1888, p. 51.

Rostral twice as broad as deep, just visible from above ; nasal
semi divided ; suture between the internasals as long as that
between the prsefrontals ; frontal longer than its distance from the
end of the snout, shorter than the parietals ; loreal longer than
deep, entering the eye, separated from the supraocular by a small
prseocular; two postoculars; temporals 2 + 3; 7 upper labials,
third and fourth entering tbe eye ; 4 lower labials in contact
with the anterior chin-shields, which are longer than the posterior.
Scales in 15 rows. Ventrals 200-234; anal entire; subcaudals
75-83. Whitish, each scale brown in the centre, with large

PSEUDOCYCLOPHIS. 299

dark brown spots separated by narrower interspaces; these brown
spots much shorter, roundish, on the hinder part of the body ;
head dark brown above, separated from the first dorsal spot by a
narrow white collar ; upper lip and lower parts uniform white.'

Total length 21 inches ; tail 4.

Hob. Anaimalai Hills ; Ceylon; Waltair,Vi7,agapatara, according
to Elliott.

359. Hydrophobus davisonii.

Ulupe davisonii, Blanf. J. A. S. B. xlvii, 1878, p. 128; id. P. Z. S.
1881, p. 221 ; Soettff. Ber. Offenb. Ver. Naturk. 1888, p. 55.

Eostral not twice as broad as deep, visible from above ; nasal
undivided ; suture between the internasals as long as that between
the praefrontals ; frontal longer than its distance from the end of the
snout, shorter than the parietals ; loreal longer than deep, enter-
ing the eye ; no prseocular ; one or two postoculars ; temporals
1 + 2 (or 2 + 2); seven upper labials, third and fourth entering the
eye ; four lower labials in contact with the anterior chin-shields,
which are longer than the posterior. Scales in 1 3 rows. Ventrals
235-265 ; subcaudals 91-108. Above with dark brown or black
elongate spots separated by white or pale brown narrower inter-
spaces ; on the hinder half of the body the brown spots become
smaller or may be broken up ; snout brown, connected with the
first dorsal brown spot by a longitudinal brown band, the rest of
the head being whitish ; lower parts whitish, tail mottled with
brown.

Total length 26-5 inches ; tail 6.

Hob. Tenasserim, Siam, Cochin China.

Genus PSEUDOCYCLOPHIS*,

Boettger, Zool. Anz. 1888, p. 262.

Maxillary teeth 10 to 14, small and subequal ; mandibular teeth
subequal. Head much depressed, not distinct from neck ; eye
small, with vertically elliptical pupil. Body much elongate, cylin-
drical ; scales smooth, without apical pits, in 15 or 17 rows ;
ventrals not keeled ; subcaudals in two rows.

Four species belong to this genus, three of which occur in India ;
the fourth (P. persicus, And.) is known from Persia.

Synopsis of Indian Species.

Nostril pierced in an undivided nasal ; internasals

longer than praefrontals ; scales in 15 rows P. walteri, p. 300.

Nasal semidivided ; prsefrontals longer than inter-
nasals ; scales in 17 rows P. olivaceus, p. 300.

Nasal semidivided ; internasal and prsefrontal single ;

scales in 17 rows P. bicolor, p. 300.

* The name Grotea, Theob. (1868), is preoccupied (Cress. 1864).

300 COLUBRIDJE.

360. Pseudocyclophis waiter!.

Pseudocyclophis walteri, Boettg. Zool. Anz. 1888, p. 262, and Zool.
Jahrb. iii, 1888, p. 922, pi. xxxiv, fig. 1.

Head much depressed ; eye small. Eostral broader than deep,
visible from above ; nostril pierced in a single nasal ; suture
between the internasals longer than that between the praefrontals ;
frontal a little longer than broad, nearly twice as broad as the
supraocular, as long as its distance from the end of the snout, and
much shorter than the parietals ; loreal longer than deep (if
present) ; one prse- and one postocvdar ; temporals 1 + 1 ; 7 upper
labials, third and fourth entering the eye ; 4 or 5 lower labials in
contact with the anterior chin-shields, which are a little longer
than the posterior. Scales in 15 rows. Ventrals 211-231 ; anal
divided ; subcaudals 78-82. Pale olive or reddish above, anteriorly
with obsolete black transverse lines, posteriorly uniform ; lower
parts white.

Total length 18 inches ; tail 4-25.

Hob. Becently described from the Persian-Transcaspian frontier;
a specimen was obtained by Mr. Blanford in the Kohistan division
of the Karachi Collectorate, Sind, and presented by him to the
British Museum.

361. Pseudocyclophis olivaceus.

Ablabes olivaceus, Beddome, Madras Journ. Med. Sc. 1863 ; Gilnth.
Rept. B. I. p. 227 ; Theob. Cat. p. 155.

Head much depressed ; eye very small. Rostral large, twice
as broad as deep, visible from above; nasal divided below the
nostril ; suture between the internasals shorter than that between
the praefrontals ; frontal only a little if at all longer than broad,
three or four times as broad as the supraocular, much longer than
its distance from the end of the snout and a little shorter than the
parietals ; loreal longer than deep ; two prae- and two postoculars ;
temporals 1 + 1 ; 5 upper labials, third entering the eye, fifth very
large ; 4 lower labials in contact with the anterior chin-shields ;
posterior chin-shields nearly as long as the anterior, separated
from each other by two scales. Scales in 17 rows. Ventrals
206-215; anal divided; subcaudals 68-73. Dull olive-green above
and below, with four longitudinal series of small black spots on
the back.

Total length 21 inches ; tail 3*75.

Hob. Manantoddy, "Wynaad.

362. Pseudocyclophis bicolor.

Calamaria bicolor, BlytJi, J. A. S. B. xxiii, 1854, p. 289.

Ablates bicolor, Giinth. JRept. B. I. p. 226 ; Anders. An. Zool Res.

Yunnan, p. 809.
Grotea bicolor. Theob. Cat. Rent. As. Soc. Mtts. 1868, p. 45 ; id. Cat.

p. 145.

POLYODONTOPHIS.

301

Head much depressed; eye very small. Eostral large, more
than twice as broad as deep, just visible from above ; nasal divided
below the nostril ; internasal single, as long as or a little shorter
than the likewise single praefrontal ; frontal as broad as long, as long
as its distance from the end of the snout, two thirds the length of
the parietals ; supraocular very small ; loreal as long as deep ; one
prseocular ; two postoculars ; temporals 1 + 1 ; 5 upper labials, the
upper angle of the third entering the eye, fifth very large ; 3 lower
labials in contact with the anterior chin-shields, which are not
longer than the posterior. Scales in 17 rows. Ventrals 199-213 ;
anal divided ; subcaudals 58-77. Blackish brown above, brownish
white below.

Total length 24 inches, tail 5.

Hob. Khasi Hills, Assam, Yunnan.

Genus POLYODONTOPHIS*.

Teeth very numerous and closely set, equal in si/e, 30 to 50 in
each maxillary. Deutary bone loosely attached to the articular,
free posteriori v t. Head short, not or but slightly distinct from
neck ; eye rather small, with round pupil ; head-shields normal.

Fig. 9<3. — Head and dentition of Polyodontaphis collaris.

Body cylindrical, elongate ; scales smooth, without apical pits, in
17 or 19 rows ; ventrals not angulate laterally ; tail moderate or
long ; subcaudals in two rows.

This very natural genus includes 9 species : four from India,
Ceylon, Burma, and Southern China, described below ; one from
Siam and the Malay Peninsula and Archipelago, P. melanocephalus,
Gray (=ornatu$, Jan), of which Ablabes yeminatus> Schleg., and

* The name Enicognathm, Dum. & Bibr. (1854), is preoccupied (G-. E. Gray,
1840).

t As in Xenopeltis (see fig. 84, p. 275), in which the teeth are likewise very
numerous and closely set.

302 COLTJBEIDjE.

A. flaviceps, Gthr., are colour varieties ; one from Madagascar,
P. rhodoyaster, Schleg. ( = Coronella torquata, Blgr.) ; one from the
Comoro Is., P. comorensis, Ptrs. ; and two from Central America,
P. annulatus, D. & B., and sumichrasti, Bocourt.

Synopsis of Indian, Ceylonese, and Burmese Species.

A. Upper border of rostral shield just visible

from above.

a. Subcaudals 100 or more ; 10 upper labials ;

parietal not in contact with lower post-
ocular P. collaris, p. 302.

b. Subcaudals less than 80; 9 or 10 upper

labials; parietal in contact with both

postoculars P. subpundatus, p. 303.

c. Subcaudals less than 80; 7 or 8 upper

labials; parietal in contact with both

postoculars P. Sagittarius, p. 303.

B. Portion of rostral visible from above mea-

suring two fifths its distance from frontal ;
subcaudals less than 80; 9 or 10 upper
labials P. bistrigatus, p. 304.

363. Polyodontophis collaris.

Psammophis collaris, Gray, A. N. M. H. (2) xii, 1853, p. 390.
Ablabes collaris, Gi'mth. Rept. B. I. p. 228 ; Stoltclcza, J. A. 8. B. xl,

1871, p. 430 ; Anders. P. Z. S. 1871, p. 171 ; Theob. Cat. p. 156 ;

Anders. An. Zool. Res. Yunnan, Rept. p. 810.
Ablabes chinensis, Giinth. A. M. N. H. (6) iv, 1889, p. 220.

Kostral twice as broad as deep, just visible from above ; suture
between the internasals shorter than that between the prsefrontals ;
frontal longer than its distance from the end of the snout, as long
as the parietals or shorter ; loreal as long as or a little longer
than deep ; one prseocular ; two postoculars, only the upper in
contact with the parietal ; temporals 1 (or 2) +2 ; 9 or 10 upper
labials, fourth, fifth, and sixth entering the eye ; 4 lower labials in
contact with the anterior chin-shields, which are as long as the
posterior. Scales in 17 rows. Ventrals 159-190 ; anal divided ;
subcaudals 102-131. Brown above, vertebral region greyish,
usually with a series of small round black spots ; head with small
black spots or vermiculations above, and two black cross-bands,
one across the posterior part of the frontal and supraoculars, the
other across the occiput ; a large black nuchal spot or cross-band,
bordered with yellow posteriorly ; a black line from the nostril to
the nuchal spot, passing through the eye, bordering the white
black-dotted upper lip. Lower parts yellowish, each ventral with
an outer black spot or streak, which may be confluent on the
posterior part of the body ; anterior ventrals with a pair of median
dots in addition.

Total length 29 inches ; tail 9'5.

Hob. Himalayas (to 10,000 feet, and as far west as Simla), Assam,
Arrakan, Upper Burma, S. China.

POLYODONTOPHIS. 6Q6

364. Polyodontophis subpunctatus.

Oligodon subpuuctatuni, Dum. fy Bibr, Erp. Gen. vii, p. 58 ; Jan,

Icon. Of hid. 48, pi. i, fig. 4 ; Giinth. Rept. B. I. p. 208 ; Theob.

Cat. p. 147.

Enicognathus melanocephalus, part., Dum. 8f Bibr. t. c. p. 330.
Calamaria sagittaria (non Cant.}, Jerdon, J. A. S. B. xxii, 1853,

p. 528.
Oligodon spinse-punctatus, Jan, Arch. Zool. Anat. Phys. ii, 1862,

p. 40 ; Giinth. I. c. ; Theob. 1. c. p. 149 ; F. Mutter, Verh. not. Ges.

Basel, viii, 1887, p. 262.
Enicognathus huniberti, Jan, Arch. Zool. Anat. Phys. ii, 1863,

p. 275 ; id. Icon. Ophid. 16, pi. iv, fig. 1.
Ablabes huniberti, Giinth. 1. c. p. 228 ; Theob. I. c. p. 156 ; Blanf.

J.A. S.B. xlviii, 1879, p. 115.

Eostral nearly twice as broad as deep ; suture between the inter-
nasals a little shorter than that between the praefrontals ; frontal
longer than its distance from the end of the snout, as long as the
parietals or a little shorter ; loreal longer than deep ; one prse-
ocular; two postoculars, both in contact with the parietal;
temporals 1 (or 2) +2 ; 9 or 10 upper labials, fifth and sixth, or
fourth, fifth, and sixth, entering the eye ; eighth upper labial usually
excluded from the labial margin, simulating a lower anterior
temporal ; 4 lower labials in contact with the anterior chin-shields,
the first usually separated from its fellow by the mental ; posterior
chin-shields a little longer than the anterior. Scales in 17 rows.
Ventrals 151-220 (240, Blanford) ; anal divided; subcaudals
47-76. Pale brown above, with a vertebral series of small round
black spots ; usually a more or less distinct dark lateral line or
series of dots ; head and nape dark brown or black ; lips, canthus
rostralis, a transverse line between the eyes, and two broad cross-
bands, one in front and one behind the nape, yellow ; the dark
colour often extending along the median line, bisecting the yellow
collar ; lower surfaces yellow, each shield with a black dot near its
outer border.

From snout to vent 17 inches ; tail 3'75.

Hob. India (Calcutta, Manbhoom, Ellore, Malabar) and Ceylon.

365. Polyodontophis Sagittarius.

Calamaria sagittaria, Cantor, P. Z. S. 1839, p. 49 : id. J. A. S. B. xvi,

1847, p. 911.
Enicognathus grayi, Jan, Arch. Zool. Anat. Phys. ii, 1863, p. 274 ; id.

Icon. Ophid. 16, pi. iii, fig. 3.

Enicoguathus braconnieri, Jan, II. cc. p. 275, & fig. 4.
Ablabes Sagittarius, Giinth. Rept. B. I. p. 227 ; Theob. Cat. p. 155.

Eostral not twice as broad as deep ; suture between the inter-
nasals shorter than that between the praefrontals ; frontal longer
than its distance from the end of the snout, snorter than the
parietals ; loreal small and longer than deep, or absent ; one prae-
ocular, two postoculars, both in contact with the parietal;
temporals 1 + 1 or 1 + 2+1; 7 or 8 upper labials, third and fourth

304 COLUBBID-i:.

or fourth and fifth entering the eye ; 4 lower labials in contact
with the anterior chin-shields, which are about as large as the
posterior. Scales in 17 rows. Ventrals 205-228; anal divided:
subcaudals 56-70. Yellowish or pale brown above ; sides brown
or grey, separated from the pale dorsal region by a black line ; a
vertebral series of minute black dots ; head and nape dark brown
or black, forehead marbled with yellow, and with a large elongate
oval patch of yellow on each side of the back of the head ; the
black nuchal spot more or less distinctly bordered with yellow
behind. Lower surfaces yellow, with a black dot at the outer
extremity of each ventral.

Total length 11 inches; tail 2-3.

Hob. Tirhoot in Bengal, Assam, Piuang (also Kaiigra, West
Himalayas, according to Schlagintweit).

366. Polyodontophis bistrigatus.

Ablabes bistrigatus, Gilnth.A. M. N. H. (4) i, 1868, p. 417 ; Theob.
Cat. p. 155 ; Anders. An. Zool. Res. Yunnan, Kept. p. 811.

Jiostral not twice as broad as long, the portion visible from above
measuring two fifths its distance from the frontal ; suture between
the internasals shorter than that between the prsefrontals ; frontal
longer than its distance from the end of the snout, shorter than
the parietals ; loreal as long as deep or longer than deep ; one prae-
ocular ; two postoculars, both in contact with the parietal ; tem-
porals 1 (or 2) +2; 10 upper labials, fourth, fifth, and sixth
entering the eye ; eighth upper labial usually excluded from the
labial margin, assuming the position of a lower anterior temporal ;
4 lower labials in contact with the anterior chin-shields, which are
as long as the posterior. Scales in 17 rows. Ventrals 184-186 ;
anal divided; subcaudals 73-75. Back ruddy brown, with a
vertebral series of black dots ; head and nape black, emitting a
black band running on each side of the body and tail ; a yellow
band on each side of the head, sending off a hook on each supra-
ciliary shield, and a pair of yellow spots on the nape. Lower
surfaces uniform yellow.

Total length 12 inches ; tail 3-25.

Hob. Burma (Pegu and Prome).

Genus ABLABES *,
Dum. & Bibr. Erp. G<5n. vii, p. 304 (part.), 1854.

Maxillary teeth small, equal, 15 to 30 ; mandibular teeth sub-
equal. Head short, not or scarcely distinct from neck ; eye rather
small or moderate, with round pupil ; head-shields usually normal.
Body cylindrical ; scales smooth (or very feebly keeled), in 13 to

* Coronella baliodira, Schleg., is taken as the type of the genus as here re-
stricted.

ABLABES. 305

23 rows, without apical pits ; ventrals not augulate laterally ; tail
moderate or long ; subcaudals in two rows.

Distribution. South-eastern Asia. Terrestrial or subarboreal.

Cyclophis catenatus and C. (Chlorophis) oldhami, Theob. Cat.
Kept. As. Soc. Mus. 1868, pp. 49, 50, described as from near Simla,
are South-African Snakes, viz. Homalosoma lutrLv, L., and AJicetulla
hoployaster, Grthr.

Synopsis of Indian, Ceylonese, and Burmese Species.

A.. Eye measuring more than half length of
snout.

a. Nasal shield single, united with loreal;

scales in 15 rows A. calamaria, p. 305.

b. Nasal divided or semidivided.

«'. Scales in 13 rows A. scriptus, p. 305.

b'. Scales in 15 rows.

a". 7 upper labials A.frenatits, p. 306.

b". 8 upper labials A. dories, p. 30(3.

B. Eye not more than half length of snout.

«. Scales in 15 rows A. rappii, p. 307.

b. Scales in 17 rows A. nicobanensis, p. 307.

c. Scales in 19 rows A. porphyraceus, p. 308.

367. Ablabes calamaria.

Cycluphis calauiaria, Giinth. Cat. Col. Sn. p. 250 ; id. Rept. B. I.

p. 231, pi. xvii, tig. K ; Theob. Cat. p. 158.
Homalosoma balioluui, Jan, Icon. Ophid. 13, pi. iv, fig. 4.
Oyclophis nasalis, Giinth. Kept. B. I. p. 231, pi. xvii, tig. M ; Theob.

1. c. p. 158.

Rostral broader than deep, visible from above j nasal single and
united with the loreal ; suture between the internasals as long as that
between the praefroutals or shorter ; frontal longer than its distance
from the end of the snout, slightly shorter than the parietals ; one
praocular (rarely two) ; two postoculars, only the upper in contact
with the parietal; temporals 1 + 2 ; 7 upper labials, third and fourth
entering the eye ; 4 lower labials in contact with the anterior chin-
shields, which are larger than the posterior. Scales in 15 rows.
Veutrals 130-154 ; anal divided ; subcaudals 64-76. Pale brown
above, with or without two more or less distinct black longitudinal
lines ; lower parts uniform yellowish.

Total length 16 inches ; tail 4-25.

Hob, Ceylon, Madras Presidency, Bombay.

368. Ablabes scriptus.

Ablabes scriptus, Theob. Journ. Linn. Soc. x, 18U8, p. 42 ; id. Cat.
Eept. As. Soc. Mns. 18(38, p. 49 ; id. Cat. p. 154.

X

306 COLUBBID^E.

" Closely allied to A. baliodirus. Scales iu 13 rows. Prseocular
one ; postoculars two, small ; loreal very small, much smaller than
postocular; prsefrontals broader than long; upper labials 8, the
third, fourth, and fifth entering the orbit ; a long narrow temporal,
forming a suture with both postoculars and the sixth and seventh
labials ; seventh labial largest, more than twice as broad as the
temporal ; two pairs of chin-shields, the hiuder rather larger than
the other, first in contact with 4 labials ; lower labials 7, fifth
largest. Colour above brown ; a few black dots on either side of
spine on the front part of the trunk ; a black mark under the eye,
followed by a white upright border involving the postoculars ; a
black-bordered white patch on the last upper labial, and a white
collar on the nape. Beneath white."

Hab. Martaban.

3G9. Ablabes frenatus.

Dipsas monticola (non Cant.}, Blyth, J. A. 8. B. xxiii, 1854, p. 204.
Cyclophis frenatus, Giinth. Cat. Col. Sn. p. 120 ; id. Rept. B. I.

p. 230, pi. xix, fig. J; Jerdon, P. A. S. B. 1870, p. 80 ; Anders.

P. Z. S. 1871, p. 188 ; Theob. Cat. p. 157.

Eostral broader than deep, visible from above ; nasal divided or
semidivided ; eye rather large, three fourths the length of the snout ;
suture between the internasals shorter than that between the prse-
frontals ; frontal longer than its distance from the end of the snout,
about two thirds the length of the parietals ; loreal small, as long
as deep or a little longer ; one prseocular ; two postoculars, only the
upper in contact with the parietal; temporals 1 + 2, rarely 2 + 2 ;
upper labials 7, third and fourth entering the eye ; 4 lower labials in
contact with the anterior chin-shields, which are a little shorter
than the posterior. Scales in 15 rows. Ventrals 151-163 ; anal
divided ; subcaudals 87-96. Olive above, the scales on the anterior
part of the body black-edged ; a broad black band from the eye to
the nape, gradually narrowing and disappearing on the anterior
fourth of the body ; four light longitudinal narrow lines more or less
distinct on the front half of the body; lower surface uniform
yellow.

Total length 27 inches ; tail 8.

Hab. Khasi Hills ; Assam. The habitat " Mesopotamia and
Afghanistan " appears to me very doubtful.

370. Ablabes dorise.

Cyclophiop doriae, Boideny. Ann. Mus. Genova, (2) vi, 1888, p. 590,
pi. vi, fig. 1.

Snout convex, profile curved from the frontal region to the lip ;
rostral as deep as broad, visible from above ; nostril between two
nasals ; internasals a little shorter than the praefrontals ; frontal
longer than its distance from the end of the snout, shorter than the
parietals ; loreal small, a little longer than deep ; a large prseocular,

ABLABES. 307

usually with a second, very small, below ; two or three postoculars ;
temporals 1 +2, or 2+2 ; upper labials 8, fourth and fifth entering
the eye ; 4 lower labials in contact with the anterior chin-shields ;
posterior chin-shields about half as large as the anterior. Scales
in 15 rows. Ventrals 173-187 ; anal undivided ; subcaudals 77-
80. Uniform green above, white below, the green colour extending
on to the ends of the ventrals.

Total length 35 inches ; tail 8.

Hab. Kakhyen Hills.

371. Ablabes rappii.

Ablabes rappii, Giinth. P. Z. S. 1860, p. 154, pi. xxvi, fig. B ; id.

Rept. B. 1. p. 225 j Anders. P. Z. S. 1871, p. 171 ; Theob. Cat.

p. 154.
Ablabe8 owenii, Giinth. P. Z. S. 1860, p. 155, pi. xxvi, fig. A.

Kostral twice as broad as deep, just visible from above ; nostril
between two nasals ; suture between the internasals a little shorter
than that between the prsefrontals ; frontal slightly shorter than
its distance from the end of the snout, a little shorter than the
parietals ; loreal as long as deep or a little longer than deep ; one
praeocular ; two postoculars, only the upper in contact with the
parietal ; temporals 1 + 1 ; upper labials 6, third and fourth enter-
ing the eye ; 4 lower labials in contact with the anterior chin-
shields, which equal or a little exceed the posterior in length.
Scales in 15 rows. Ventrals 178-195 ; anal divided ; subcaudals
60-75. Brown above, with a broad dark collar and a double series
of transverse dark spots on the anterior part of the body; these
markings most distinct in the young. Lower parts uniform
yellowish.

Total length 18 inches ; tail 4-5.

Hab. Himalayas from Simla to Darjeeliug.

372. Ablabes nicobariensis.

Ablabes nicobariensis, Stoliczka, J.A.S.B* xxxix, 1870, p. 184,
pi. xi, fig. 1 5 Theob. Cat. p. 157.

Kostral low, wide, not reaching the top of the head ; nostril
between two nasals ; iuternasals about half the size of the prae-
frontals ; frontal somewhat larger than the supraoculars ; parietals
about one fourth larger than the frontal, in contact with both post-
oculars ; loreal united with the postnasal ; one prae- and two post-
oculars ; temporals 1 + 2; upper labials 7, third and fourth enter-
ing the eye ; both pairs of chin-shields subequal in size. Scales in
17 rows. Ventrals 189 ; anal divided ; subcaudals 87. Anterior
half of the body reddish brown above, posterior blackish grey ;
head above blackish, the three first labials with yellow spots ; a
short broad yellow streak from behind and below the eye posteriorly
to the angle of the mouth ; a black collar, margined on both sides
with an interrupted yellow baud, of which the anterior is the most

x2

308 COLUBEIDJ:.

distinct ; an indistinct series of blackish-grey dorsal spots, almost
forming a dark undulating baud ; sides marbled and freckled black-
ish grey, this colour being separated from the upper brown one by
a series of closely set black spots which are partially conspicuous
on the posterior part of the body ; chin dusky ; lo\ver parts yellow
with a vermilion tinge, each ventral with a large black spot near
its outer extremity. (Stoliczka.)

Total length lf'5 inches ; tail 4-25.

Hal. Camorta, Nicobars.

373. Ablabes porphyraceus.

Coluber pornliyraceus, Cantor, P. Z. S. 1839, p. 51 ; G'unth. Kept. E.
I. p. 239, pi. xx, fig. J ; Anders. P. Z. S. 1871, p. 172 ; T/ieob. Cat.
p. 163; Anders. An. Zuol. Res. Yunnan, p. 812; Hitbrecht, Mid-
den-Sumatra, Kept. pi. — , fig. 1.

Psarnniophis nigrofasciatus, Cantor, 1. c. p. 53.

Coronella calliceplialus, Gray, A. M. N. H. (2) xii, 1853. p. 3UO ;
Slyth, J. A. S. B. xxiii, 1855, p. 289.

fSuout more than twice as long as the eye, which is rather small ;
rostral nearly twice as broad as deep, visible from above ; nostril
between two nasals ; suture between the interuasals shorter than
that between the pnufroutals ; frontal broad, as long as or a little
longer than its distance from the end of the snout, shorter than
the parietals ; loreal rather small, longer than deep ; a large pra?-
ocular ; two postoculars, both in contact with the parietal : tem-
porals 1 + 2 ; upper labials 8, fourth and fifth entering the eye;
4 or 5 lower labials in contact with the anterior chin-shields, which
are longer than the posterior. Scales in 19 rows. A'entrals 192-
215 ; anal divided ; subcaudals 52-76. Pale reddish brown above,
with dark brown black-edged cross-bands ; a black streak along the
middle of the head, and another on each side, from the eye to the
first transverse band ; posterior part of body and tail with two
longitudinal black lines, in addition to the cross-bands ; lower parts
uniform yellow.

Total length 30 inohe* ; tail 5- 5.

Hob. Easter n Himalayas, hills of Assam, Northern Burma, Yun-
nan, Sumatra.

Genus CORONELLA,
Laurenti, Syn. Kept. p. 84, 17GS.

Maxillary teeth 12 to 16, increasing in size posteriorly; mandi-
bular teeth subequal. Head short, scarcely distinct from neck ; eye
rather small, with round pupil ; head-shields normal. Body cylin-
drical ; scales smooth, in 19 to 25 rows, with apical pits ; ventrals
rounded ; tail moderate; subcaudals in two rows.

This genus is distributed over Europe, Western Asia, Africa,
and America. One Indian species is referred to it. The Coronelhe
are fierce snakes of terrestrial habits, feeding on lizards and snakes.

The Snake described by Griinther as Coronella oriental/it (Kept.
B. I. p. 236) is a South-American Liophis, L. \_Ablabes~] pio-purans,
D. & B., the type of which (no. 3638) I have recently examined in
the Paris Museum.

374. Coronella brachyura.

Zameuis brachyurus, Giinth. A. M. N. II. (3) xviii, I860, p. 27, pi. vi.
fig. A ; Blanf. J. A. S. B. xxxix, 1870, p. 372: Antler*. P. /. *.
1871, p. 170; ThffA. Cat.?. 171.

Kostral broader than deep, visible from above ; suture between
the internasals shorter than that between the praefrontals ; frontal
as long as its distance from the end of the snout, a little shorter
than the parietals ; loreal as long as deep; one pneocular; two
postoculars ; temporals 2+2; eight upper labials, fourth and
fifth entering the eye ; five lower labials in contact with the an-
terior chin-shields, which are slightly longer than the posterior ;
the latter widely separated from each other by three series of scales.
Scales in 23 rows. Ventrals 213-223 ; anal undivided ; subcaudals
43-53. Olive-brown above, with rather indistinct light variegations
on the anterior half of the body ; lower surface whitish.

Total length 17 inches ; tail 2-2.

Hub. Deccaii ; the type specimen is from Poona ; a second speci-
men was obtained by Mr. Blanford near Wun, in South-eastern
Berar.

Genus SIMOTES,
DIIIH. X- P.ibr. Krp. (Jen. vii, p. 024, 18~>4.

Maxillary teeth 8 to 12, posterior very strongly enlarged and
compressed ; mandibular teeth subequal. Head short, not distinct
from neck ; eye rather small, with round pupil ; head-shields

fitijihi •'•'-'•• '"

Fig. 97.— Head and dentition of Simotes albocincttis.

usually normal, rostral large. Body cylindrical ; scales smooth
(or feebly keeled), in 13 to 21 rows, with or without apical pits ;
ventrals rounded or obtusely keeled laterally ; tail short or mode-
rate ; subcaudals in two rows.

310 COLrBRIDjE.

Distribution. Southern China, East Indian Continent and Archi-
pelago. About 20 species are known. Closely allied to Coronella,
from which this genus is distinguished by the shorter maxillary
with more strongly enlarged posterior teeth. Habits terrestrial;
species of Simotes feed on li/ards and snakes, and are of a fierce
disposition.

Synopsis of Indian, Ceylonese, and Burmese Species.

A. Anal entire.

a. 19 or 21 series of scales.

a'. Two superposed anterior temporals;
usually a subocular between 3rd and 4th
upper labials ; 4th and 5th labials enter-
ing the eye.
a". Four internasals; ventrals not an-

gulate laterally S. splmdidus, p. 310.

b". Two internasals ; ventrals angulate

laterally . . S. cyclunu, p. 31 1.

b'. A single anterior temporal ; 3rd and 4th

labials entering the eye S. albocinctus, p. 312.

b. 17 series of scales.

«'. 4th and 5th upper labials entering the

eye ; a single anterior temporal & violaceus, p. 312.

b'. 3rd and 4th upper labials entering the
eye ; 2 superposed anterior tem-
porals , S. octolineatus, p. .'13.

B. Anal divided.

o. 17 series of scales.

a'. Subcaudals more than 40.

«". Nostril between two nasals ; 3rd and

4th upper labials entering the eye .... S. amensis, p. 314.
b". Nasal undivided ; 4th and 5th labials

entering eye S. beddomii, p. 314.

b', Subcaudals less than 40.

a". Loreal longer than posterior nasal S. theobaldi, p. 315.

b", Loreal notlonger than posteriornasal . . S. cruentatus, p. 315.

b. 15 series of scales S. torquatus, p. 316.

c. 13 series of scales S. planiceps, p. 316.

375. Simotes splendidm
Simotes splendidus, Giinth. P. Z. S. 1875, p. 231, pi. xxxiii.

Nasal divided ; portion of rostral seen from above as long as its
distance from the frontal ; each of the internasals broken up into
two shields, there being four small shields in a transverse series ;
frontal longer than its distance from the end of the snout, slightly
longer than the parietals ; loreal deeper than long ; praeocular
single, with a small subocular below, between the third and fourth
labials; 2 or 3 postoculars ; temporals 2+3; upper labials 8,
fourth and fifth entering the eye ; 4 lower labials in contact with

SIMOTES. 311

the anterior chin-shields ; posterior chin-shields about two thirds the
length of the anterior. Scales in 21 rows. Ventrals 193 ; anal
undivided ; subcaudals 41. Cream-colour, with sixteen large
brown black-edged spots above, longer than the interspaces between
them ; these spots indented in front and behind, and with at least
a trace of a yellowish median line ; the anterior spot is produced
angularly to the posterior border of the frontal ; the rest of the
upper surface of the head speckled with dark brown : tail with a
yellow vertebral line ; an irregular series of small blackish spots
along each abdominal edge, the lower surface being otherwise
immaculate.

Total length 22 inches ; tail 2-5.

Hal). "Wynaad. A single specimen is known.

376. Simotes cyclurus.

Coronella cyclura, Cantor, P. Z. S. 1839, p. 50.

Simotes bicatenatus, Giinth. Kept. B. I. p. 217 ; Theob. Joum. Linn.

Soc. x, 1868, p. 40 ; Stoliczka, J. A. S. B. xl, 1871, p. 430 ; Anders.

P. Z. S. 1871, p. 170 ; Theob. Cat. p. 152.
Simotes fasciolatus, Gilnth. 1. c. p. 218, pi. xx, fig. B.
. Simotes cochinchinensis, Giinth. I. c. p. 219, pi. xx, fig. C.
? Simotes obscurus, Theob. Cat. Rept. As. Soc. Mm. 1868, p. 48.
? Simotes crassus, Theob. 1. c. p. 48.

Nasal divided ; portion of rostral seen from above nearly as long
as its distance from the frontal ; suture between the internasals
shorter than that between the prasfrontals ; frontal as long as
its distance from the end of the snout or a little shorter, and as
long as the parietals ; loreal as long as deep, or a little deeper than
long ; prseocular single, usually with a small subocular below, be-
tween the third and fourth labials ; two postoculars ; temporals
2+2 ; normally 8 upper labials, fourth and fifth entering the eye ;
4, rarely 3, lower labials in contact with the anterior chin-shields ;
posterior chin-shields one half or two thirds the length of the an-
terior. Scales in 19 or 21 rows. Ventrals 156-210, angulate
laterally ; anal undivided ; subcaudals 38-48. Pale brown or grey-
ish above, usually with four darker brown longitudinal bands, the
median pair separated by the vertebral series of scales ; antero-
lateral border of some of the scales frequently black ; markings on
the head as in S. albocinctus ; lower surface yellowish, sometimes
uniform, usually with squarish brown spots on each side below the
angle of the ventrals ; these blotches may be subconfluent or form
two chain-like series ; subcaudals unspotted or with a few small
scattered dots.

Total length 28 inches ; tail 4.

Hub. Bengal and Assam, to the foot of the Himalayas ; Burma
to the Kakhyen Hills and Tenasserim, Siam, Cochin China, and
Southern China.

312 COLTJBRIDjE.

377. Simotes albocinctns *.

CoroneUa albocincta, Cantor, P. Z. S. 1839, p. 50.

Xenodon purpurascens. part., Cantor, J. A. S. B. xvi, 1847, p. 914 ;

Blyth, J. A. S. B. xxih, 1854, p. 289.

CoroneUa puncticulatus, Gray, A. M. N. H. (2) xii, 1853, p. 389.
Simotes punctulatus, Giinth. Kept. B. I. p. 217 ; Anders. P. Z. S.

1871, p. 169 ; Theob. Cat. p. 152.

Simotes albocinctus, part., Giinth. I. c. p. 218 ; Theob. I. c. p. 153.
Simotes amabilis, Giinth. A. M. N. H. (4) i, 1868, p. 416, pi. xvii,

fig. A ; Theob. I c. p. 153.

Nasal divided ; portion of rostral seen from above shorter than
its distance from the frontal ; suture between the internasals shorter
than that between the praefrontals ; frontal longer than its distance
from the end of the snout, as long as the parietals ; loreal as long as
deep or a little longer, seldom united with the pra>f rental ; pneocular
single or (rarely) divided into two; two postoculars ; temporals
1+2; normally 7 upper labials, third and fourth entering the eye :
4, rarelv 5, lower labials in contact with the anterior chin-shields ;
posterior chin-shields about two thirds the length of the anterior.
Scales in 19 rows. Ventrals 177-205 ; anal undivided ; subcaudals
53-69. Brown or brick-red above ; head yellowish with a dark
brown or black-edged red crescentic band across the forehead to
below each eye, sometimes interrupted in the middle, an oblique
one on each side from the parietal to behind the angle of the mouth,
and a chevron-shaped one from the frontal to the nape, sometimes
with a detached round spot in front. In the typical form, described
by Cantor and by Gray, the upper parts are unspotted, with 27 to
30 (or 34) light black-edged bands two scales wide, separated by
5 to 8 series of scales ; in the young specimen (type of S. amabilis)
these bands are similar but in increased number, vi/. 55, and only
3 or 4 scales apart. Other specimens are dotted and spotted with
dark brown, the largest spots transversely elliptical and forming a
dorsal series, or roundish and arranged in pairs ; or more or less
irregular narrow blackish cross-bands may be present. Lower sur-
face yellowish or coralline-red, more or less spotted or marbled
with black ; in some specimens the black spots are small, squarish,
far apart, and confined to the sides, whilst in others the black
predominates on the belly; or the ventrals may be alternately
black and yellow.

Total length 32 inches ; tail 5.

Hob. Eastern and Central Himalayas (to 4000 feet) ; Assam ;
Khasi and Arrakau Hills.

378. Simotes violaceus.

CoroneUa violacea, Cantor, P. Z. S. 1839, p. 50.
Simotes ciuereus, Giinth. Rept. B. I. p. 215.
Simotes swinhonis, Gtinth. 1. c. p. 215, pi. xx, fig. E.

* Kimotes a-Jbocincfvs, Duni. & Bibr. Erp. Gen. 18")4=:*<>. jmrpurasccns. Scbleg.

SIMOTES. 313

Simotes multifasciatus, Jan, Icon. Ophid. 12, pi. iv, fig. 2.
Simotes semifasciatus, Anders. J. A. S. B. xl, 1871, p. 16 ; Theob.
Cat. p. 151.

Xasal divided ; portion of rostral seen from above as long as its
distance from the frontal or a little shorter ; suture between the
internasals usually shorter than that between the praefrontals ;
frontal as long as its distance from the end of the snout, as long
as the parietals ; loreal usually longer than deep ; prseocular single,
usually with a small subocular below, between the third and fourth
labials ; one or two postoculars ; temporals 1 + 2 ; upper labials 8,
fourth and fifth entering tho eve ; 3 or 4 lower labials in contact
with the anterior chin-shields ; posterior chin-shields one half or
less than one half the si/e of the anterior. Scales in 17 rows.
Yentrals 160-1 80 (196); anal undivided ; subcaudals 34-39. Pale
brown, purplish or reddish above ; markings on the head very in-
distinct ; some specimens (/S(. dnerem) uniform above and below ;
others (*S'. miiltifasciatus, S. semifasciatus^ with more or less distinct,
narrow, broken, blackish cross-bands above, and squarish brown
blotches below ; a specimen from Tenasserim in the British Museum
is intermediate between the two varieties.

Total length 30 inches ; tail 3.

Hab. Kungpore, Bengal; Jxaga Hills, Assam; Tenasserim,
Camboja, Southern China.

379. Simotes octolineatus.

Russell, Lid. Serp. ii, pi. xxxviii.
Klaps octolineatus, Schneid. Hist. Amph. ii, p. 209.
Simotes octoliueatus, Dum. $ Sibr. Erp. Gen. vii, p. 6-°>4, pi. Ixxxii,
fig. 3 ; Jan, Icon. Ophid. 12, pi. v, fig. 1.

Xasal divided ; portion of rostral seen from above a little shorter
than its distance from the frontal ; suture between the internasals
nearly as long as that between the prrefrontals ; frontal longer than
its distance from the end of the snout, as long as the parietals ;
loreal as long as deep ; prseocular single ; two postoculars ; tem-
porals 2 + "2 ; upper labials 6, third and fourth entering the eye ;
4 lower labials in contact with the anterior chin-shields ; posterior
chin-shields about two thirds the length of the anterior. Scales in
17 rows. Ventrals 165-197; anal undivided ; subcaudals 51-61.
Yellow with six black longitudinal stripes, or black with five yellow
longitudinal lines which are much narrower than the interspaces
between them ; head yellow, the two median dorsal bands meeting
on the frontal.; a black crescentic cross-baud anteriorly, passing
through the eyes, and an oblique band on each side from the parietal
shield to below the angle of the mouth. Lower surface uniform
or with a series of black spots on each side of the ventrals, some-
times confluent into a line.

Total length 27 inches : tail 4.

314 COLTTBRLDjE.

Hab. Java,, Borneo, Sumatra, and Malay Peninsula; a single
young specimen was obtained by Col. Beddome in the Anaimalai
Hills.

380. Simotes arnensis.

Russell, Ind. Serp. i, pis. xxxv & xxxviii.

Coluber arnensis, Shaw, Zool. iii, p. 526.

Coluber msselius, Daud. Rept. vi, p. 395, pi. Ixxvi, fig. 2.

Coluber inonticolus, Cantor, P. Z. S. 1839, p. 52.

Simotes russelii, Dum. # Bibr. Erp. Gen. vii, p. 628 ; Jan, Icon.

OpkicL 11, pi. vi, fig. 1 ; Gunth. Rept. B. I. p. 213 ; Theob. Cat.

p. 150.
Simotes albiventer, Gunth. Rqrt. B. 1. p. 214, pi. xx, fig. D ; Theob.

1. c. p. 149.

Nasal divided ; portion of rostral seen from above as long as its
distance from the frontal or a little shorter ; suture between the
internasals usually nearly as long as that between the pratfrontals ;
frontal as long as its distance from the end of the snout or a little
shorter, and a little shorter than the parietals ; loreal, if distinct,
longer than deep, frequently united with the praef rental ; praDocular
single; two postoculars ; temporals 1+2; upper labials 7, third
and fourth entering the eye ; 4 lower labials in contact with the
anterior chin-shields ; posterior chin-shields one half or two thirds
the length of the anterior. Scales in 17 rows. Ventrals angulate
laterally, 170-202 ; anal divided ; subcaudals 41-59. Pale brown
or orange above, with well-defined black cross-bands, which vary
in number and in width according to individuals, and may be edged
with white ; an angular or transverse black band between the eyes,
another behind, with the apex on the frontal, and a third on the
nape. Lower surface uniform yellowish, rarely spotted with
brown or with a brown posterior border to the ventrals.

Total length 24 inches ; tail 3-5.

Hal. India and Ceylon, northwards to Nepal and the Himalayas,
where it has been recorded from an altitude of 4100 feet.

381. Simotes beddomii.

Nasal undivided ; rostral comparatively small, the portion seen
from above much shorter than its distance from the frontal ; suture
between the internasals much shorter than that between the pree-
frontals ; frontal longer than its distance from the end of the snout,
a little shorter than the parietals ; loreal longer than deep ; praD-
ocular single; two postoculars; temporals 1+2; upper labials 8,
fourth and fifth entering the eye ; 4 or 5 lower labials in contact
with the anterior chin-shields; posterior chin-shields about two
thirds the length of the anterior. Scales in 17 rows. Ventrals
167-168; anal divided; subcaudals 43-46. Brown above, with
three light longitudinal lines, intersected by dark brown transverse
spots or lines ; head with well-marked dark brown markings, viz. a

SIMOTES. 315

crescentic baud anteriorly, passing through the eyes, and a chevron-
shaped band behind, the apex on the frontal; each of the four
anterior labials with a brown spot ; a dark brown nuchal spot,
angular anteriorly, divided behind by the light vertebral line.
Lower surface yellowish, with very few, scattered, small brown
spots ; tail immaculate.

Total length 1.3 inches ; tail 2.

Hab. Wynaad. Two specimens, obtained by Col. Beddome.
Allied to S. tlieobaldi, Gthr., which it resembles strikingly in
coloration.

382. Simotes theobaldi.

Simotes theobaldi, Gimth. A. M. N. H. (4) i, 1808, p. 417 ; TJieob.
Cat. p. 152.

Nasal divided ; portion of rostral seen from above shorter than
its distance from the frontal ; suture between the internasals much
shorter than that between the prsefrontals ; frontal a little longer
than its distance from the end of the snout, a little shorter than
the parietals ; loreal twice as long as deep, longer than the posterior
nasal; praeocular single ; two postoculars ; temporals 1+2 ; upper
labials 8, fourth and fifth entering the eye ; 4 lower labials in
contact with the anterior chin-shields ; posterior chin-shields about
two thirds the length of the anterior. Scales in 17 rows. Ven-
trals 174-179 ; anal divided ; subcaudals 35. Brown above, with
three light longitudinal lines between which are transverse blackish
bars: head with well-marked dark markings, viz. a crescentic band
anteriorly, passing through the eyes, and a chevron-shaped band
behind, the apex on the frontal ; a large blackish nuchal spot,
partly divided by the light vertebral line. Lower surface yellowish,
with or without square black spots ; tail immaculate.

Total length 15 inches ; tail 1-25.

Hab. Pegu, Upper Burma.

383. Simotes craentatus.

Simotes cruentatus, Gunth. A.M.N. H. (4) i, 1868, p. 417; Theob.
Joum. Linn. Soc. x, 1868, p. 41 ; id. Cat. p. 151 ; Stoliczka, P. A.
S.B. 1872, p. 145.

Nasal divided ; portion of rostral seen from above shorter than
its distance from the frontal, suture between the internasals much
shorter than that between the prsefrontals ; frontal as long as its
distance from the endof the snout, slightly shorter than the parietals ;
loreal longer than deep, but shorter than in the preceding species ;
praeocular single ; two postoculars ; temporals 1 + 2; upper labials
8, fourth and fifth entering the eye ; 4 lower labials in contact with
the anteriorchiu-shields ; posterior chin-shields about two thirds the
length of the anterior. Scales in 17 rows. Ventrals 148-167; anal

316 COLUBRIDJE.

divided ; subcaudals 30-37. Brown above, with four more or less
distinct darker longitudinal lines ; symmetrical dark markings on
head rather indistinct in the adult, an oblique spot below the eye and
a large patch on the occiput being distinguishable. Lower surface
yellowish (coral-red in life) with square black spots ; base of tail
with a large black spot.

Total length 14 inches ; tail 1'75.

ffab. Pegu.

384. Simotes torquatus.

•Simotes torqnalu.*, Bouleng. Ann. Mux. Genor. (2) vi, 1888. p. 507,
pi. v, fig. 1.

Nasal undivided ; portion of rostral seen from above shorter
than its distance from the frontal ; suture between the internasals
shorter than that between the praefrontals ; frontal longer than its
distance from the end of the snout and a little shorter than the
parietals ; loreal usually a little longer than deep ; one prae- and
two postoculars; temporals 1 + 2; upper labials 7, third and fourth
entering the eye ; 4 lower labials in contact with the anterior chin-
shields ; posterior chin-shields about two thirds the size of the
anterior. Scales in 15 rows. Ventrals 150-159 ; anal divided ;
subcaudals 27-34. Grey-brown above, with four rather indistinct
darker longitudinal streaks, replaced in the young by series of
small blackish spots ; upper surface of head with sometimes very
indistinct symmetrical markings ; a large dark brown (black in
the young) spot below the eye, and a broad band of the same
colour across the occiput, behind the parietal shields ; lower parts
white, usually with some black quadrangular spots on the posterior
ventrals.

Total length 11*5 inches; tail 1-5.

If ah. Bh.imo, Burma.

385. Simotes planiceps.

Simotes plauiceps, Bouleny. Ann. Mas. Genor. (2) vi, 1888, p. 597,
pi. v, fig. 2.

Head much depressed; nasal undivided ; rostral very much pro-
duced posteriorly, entirely separating the internasals and wedged
in between the praefrontals ; frontal elongate, longer than its dis-
tance from the end of the snout and than the parietals ; loreal
longer than deep ; one prae- and two postoculars ; temporals 1 + 1 ;
upper labials 5, third entering the eye ; 4 lower labials in contact
with the anterior chin-shields ; posterior chin-shields hardly half
as large as the anterior. Scales in 13 rows. Ventrals 132 ; anal
divided ; subcaudals 27. Pale brown above, with small oblique
black markings occupying the anterior outer border of some of the
scales ; a black cross-band on the occiput, behind the parietals ;
upper lip yellow, with an oblique black streak below the eye,
crossing the suture between the third and fourth upper labials :

OLIGODON. 317

lower parts pinkish, with square black spots mostly arranged in
pairs.

Total length 5 inches ; tail O6.

Hab. Minhla, Burma. Known from a single specimen.

Genus OLIGODON.

J3oie, Isis, 1827, p. oil).

Characters of the preceding genus, but maxillary teeth fewer
still (6 to 8), and no pterygoid teeth, the palate being entirely
edentulous or with two or three teeth on each palatine. Scales in
15 or 17 rows.

Distribution, 17 species are knowii, viz. nine from India and
Ceylon, seven from the Malay Archipelago, and one (pliyodon
\_llomaiosoma~\ inelunocephalus, Jan) from Syria and the Siuaitic
Peninsula.

Synopsis of Indian and Ccylomsc Species,
A. Scales in 17 rows ; no loreal shield.

«. Portion of rostral seen from above as
long as its distance from frontal or a
little shorter ; latter shield as long a.s
parietals O. i-cnustttg, p. 317.

b. Portion of rostral seen from above as

long as its distance from frontal, which

is shorter than parietals O. tracancoricus, p. 318.

c. Portion of rostral seen from above much

shorter than its distance from frontal 0. ajfinis, p. 318.
13. Scales in 15 rows.

a. No iuternasals O. brevicauda, p. 319.

b. A pair of internasals.

a. A single postocular O. dorsulis, p. 319.

b'. Two postoculars.
«". Ventrals not more than 100 ; sub-

caudals not more than 35.
a. Portion of rostral seen from above
hardly half as long as its dis-
tance from frontal O. tvmpletonii, p. 320.

(4. Portion of rostral seen from above
measuring about two thirds its

distance from frontal O. sublincatus, p. 320.

y. Portion of rostral seen from above
as long as its distance from

frontal O. cllioti, p. 321.

b". Yentrals 158 or more; subcaudals

more than 35 O. mbyriseus, p. 321.

386. Oligodon venustus.

Xenodon vemistum, JcnL J. A. S. B. xxii, 18-33, p. 528.
Simotes venustus, Gihith. Kept. B. 2. p. 213 ; id. A. M. X. 11. (4)
i, 1868, p. 410 ; Theob. Cat. p. 150.

Nasal divided ; portion of rostral seen from above as long as
its distance from the frontal or a little shorter ; suture between
the iuternasals shorter than that between the prajfrontals ; frontal

318 COLUBKID.T;.

longer than its distance from the end of the snout, as long as the
parietals ; no loreal, the posterior nasal sometimes forming a
suture with the prseocular ; praaocular single ; two postoculars ;
temporals 1+2; usually 7 (rarely 6) upper labials, third aud
fourth entering the eye, sixth frequently excluded from the labial
border and taking the position of a lower anterior temporal ; 4
lower labials in contact with the anterior chin- shields ; posterior
chin-shields one half to two thirds the length of the anterior.
Scales in 17 rows. Yentrals 143-162; anal divided; subcaudals
28-36. Pale brown or greyish above, with a series of paired large
oval or rhomboidal blackish spots edged with yellowish, which are
usually united mesially ; a large, more irregular spot, below each
dorsal spot ; head-markings consisting of a cresceiitic anterior
cross-band, passing through the eye, an oblique baud on each side,
from the parietal to below the angle of the mouth, and a broad
angular baud on the nape, top of head frequently with black vermi-
culations. Lower surface black and yellow, the two colours in
nearly equal proportions, except under the tail, where the yellow
predominates, or where sometimes black spots are entirely wanting.

Total length 19 inches ; tail 2-5.

Hob. "Western parts of the Madras Presidency ; this species
occurs in the Nilgiris up to 7000 feet.

387. Oligodon travancoricus.
Oligodou travaiicoricuin, Beddome, P. Z. S. 1877, p. 685.

Nasal divided ; portion of rostral seen from above as long as its
distance from the frontal; suture between the internasals
shorter than that between the prsefrontals ; frontal longer than
its distance from the end of the snout, shorter than the parietals ;
no loreal, the posterior nasal forming a suture with the praeocular ;
prseocular single : two postoculars ; temporals 1 + 2; upper labials
7, third and fourth entering the eye, sixth excluded from the labial
margin ; 3 lower labials in contact with the anterior chin-shields ;
posterior chin-shields two thirds the length of the anterior. Scales
in 17 rows. Ventrals 145 ; anal divided ; subcaudals 37. Greyish
above, with 25 black, white-edged cross-bands on the body, and
five pairs of spots on the tail; three broad black white-edged
transverse bands on the head, viz., a frontal, an occipital, and a nu-
chal, connected longitudinally on the median line ; a small white spot
in the middle between the parietals. Lower surface white with
large square black spots.

Total length 9-5 inches ; tail 1-5.

Hob. The single known specimen is from the Tinnevelly Hills,
3000 feet.

388. Oligodon affinis.

Oligodon affinis, Giinth. A. M. N. H. (3) ix, 1862, p. 58 ; id. Rept.
B. 1. p. 209, pi. xix, fig. B ; Theob. Cat. p. 149.

OLIGODOX. 319

Nasal divided ; portion of rostral seen from above half as long
as its distance from the frontal ; suture between the internasals as
long as that between the praefrontals, or a little shorter ; frontal
much longer than its distance from the end of the snout, as long as
the parietals ; no loreal, the posterior nasal sometimes forming a
suture with the prseocular ; prsoocular single ; two postoculars ;
temporals 1+2, or 1 + 1 + 2; upper labials 7, third and fourth
entering the eye ; 4 lower labials in contact with the anterior chin-
shields ; posterior chin-shields about two thirds the length of the
anterior. Scales in 17 rows. Ventrals 129-142 ; anal divided ;
subcaudals 25-36. Brown above, with more or less distinct darker
cross-lines ; head with dark symmetrical transverse markings, which
are usually connected by a median longitudinal streak. Lower
surface white (in spirit) with square black spots, both colours
being distributed in nearly equal proportion.

Total length 13 inches • tail 2.

Hob. Anaimalai Hills.

389. Oligodon brevicauda.

Oligodou brevicauda, G'dnth. A. M. N. H. (3) ix, 1862, p. 58 ; id.
Kept. B. 1, p. 211, pi. xix, fig. A ; Theob. Cat. p. 148.

Nasal divided ; portion of rostral seen from above longer than
its distance from the frontal ; no internasals ; frontal longer than
its distance from the end of the snout, as long as the parietals ; no
loreal, the posterior nasal forming a suture with the prseocular ;
prseocular single ; two postoculars ; temporals 1 + 2 ; upper labials
7, third and fourth entering the eye ; 4 lower labials in contact
with the anterior chin-shields; posterior chin-shields about two thirds
the length of the anterior. Scales in 15 rows. Ventrals 173—195;
anal divided ; subcaudals 25-29. Brown above, with a light verte-
bral baud, most marked posteriorly, bordered on each side by a dark
brown or black baud ; a black narrow streak along each side ; a
rhomboidal dark spot on the frontal, confluent with a broad crescentic
transverse band anteriorly, which passes through the eyes ; a dark
band from behind the eye to the angle of the mouth ; a large dark
nuchal spot. Lower surface red, with large quadrangular or
transverse black spots ; tail without, or with only a few, black
spots.

Total length 18-5 inches ; tail 2.

Hob. Anaimalai Hills.

390. Oligodon dorsalis.

Elaps dorsalis, Oray, III. Ind. Zool. ii, pi. Ixxxv, fig. 1.
Oligodon dorsalis, Giinth. Rept. B. I. p. 210; Anders. P. Z. IS. 1871,
p. 108 ; Theob. Cat. p. 148.

Nasal divided ; portion of rostral seen from above shorter than
its distance from the frontal ; suture between the internasals as

6X0 COLLTBRIDJE.

long as that, between the pnefroutals or shorter: frontal longer than
its distance from the end of the snout, as long as the parietals ;
loreal as long as deep ; prseocular single ; postocular single ; tem-
porals 1+2; upper labials 7, third and fourth entering the eye; 4
lower labials in contact with the anterior chin-shields ; posterior
chin-shields about two thirds the length of the anterior. Scales in
15 rows. Ventrals 174-177(188) ; anal divided; subcaudals (37)
47-51. Brown above, with a yellowish vertebral streak, on each
side of which is a series of small black spots ; a black lateral
streak ; a large subtriaugular blackish spot on the forehead,
connected with a very large occipital spot by a longitudinal streak
ou the frontal. Lower surface black and yellow (in spirit), the
black predominating on the belly, the yellow on the tail.

Total length 14 inches ; tail 2-5.

Hal. Khasi HiUs.

391. Oligodon templetonii.

Oligodou templetonii, Giinth. A. M. N. H. (3) ix. 18(32, p. 57, id.
Kept. B. 1. p. 200, pi. six, fig. C ; Theob. Cat. p. 147.

Nasal divided ; portion of rostral seen from above hardly hull' as
long as its distance from the frontal ; suture between the inter-
nasals longer than that between the pnefrontals ; frontal much
longer than its distance from the end of the snout, as long as the
parietals ; loreal longer than deep, entering the eye ; prseocular
single; two postoculars ; temporals 1+2; upper labials 7, third
and fourth entering the eye, sixth excluded from the labial
border ; 3 lower labials in contact with the anterior chin-shields ;
posterior chin-shields about two thirds the length of the anterior.
Scales in 15 rows. Ventrals 135 ; anal divided ; subcaudals 31.
Brown above, with a yellowish vertebral streak, which becomes
more distinct on the tail, and is crossed by about 18 narrow dark
brown bands ; head-markings very indistinct except an oblique band
below the eye ; lower surface white with square black spots, both
colours being distributed in nearly equal proportion.

Total length 10-5 inches ; tail 1'5.

Nab. Ceylon.

392. Oligodon sublineatus.

Oligodon 8iiblineatu8, Dum. & Bihr. Erp. Gen. vii, p. 57 ; Giinth.
Kept. B. I. p. 200; Jan, Icon. Ophid. 48, pi. i, fig. 2 ; Theob. Cat.
p. 147.

Xasal divided ; portion of rostral seen from above shorter than
its distance from the frontal ; suture between the internasals
nearly as long as that between the praefroutals ; frontal longer than
its distance from the end of the snout, as long as the parietals, or
slightly longer ; loreal as long as deep, or a little longer, rarely
absent ; prseocular single ; two postoculars ; temporals 1 + 2 ;
upper labials 7, third and fourth entering the eye ; 4 lower labials

OLIGODOtf. 321

in contact with the anterior chin-shields ; posterior chin-shields
about two thirds the length of the anterior. Scales in 15 rows.
Ventrals 136-159 ; anal divided ; subcaudals 26-35. Pale brown
above, some of the scales edged with dark brown ; frequently a
more or less regular series of paired dark brown dorsal spots ;
head with dark brown markings; an angular transverse band
anteriorly, passing through the eyes ; a longitudinal band from the
middle of the frontal to a little beyond the parietals, and a large
spot on each side of the nape ; the longitudinal band and the nuchal
.spots sometimes confluent. Lower surface yellowish, with three
longitudinal series of small dark brown spots, the lateral series
often confluent into a line.

Total length 10 inches ; tail 1-25.

Hob. Ceylon.

393. Oligodon ellioti.

Oligodou elliotti, Giinth. Rept. B. I. p. 207, pi. xix, tig. G ; Theob.
Cat. p. 146.

Nasal divided ; portion of rostral seen from above as long as its
distance from the frontal ; suture between the internasals as long
as that between the praefrontals ; frontal longer than its distance
from the end of the snout, as long as the parietals ; loreal as long
as deep ; prseocular single; two postoculars ; temporals 1 + 2;
upper labials 7, third and fourth entering the eye ; 3 lower labials
in contact with the anterior chin-shields ; posterior chin-shields
about two thirds the length of the anterior. Scales in 15 rows.
Ventrals 152 ; anal divided ; subcaudals 29. Brown above, with a
median series of large rhombic black spots, on each side of which
is a small spot separated by a whitish border ; head with black
markings, viz. an angular baud across the forehead, passing through
the eyes, and a second behind, with the apex on the frontal,
descending to below the angle of the mouth, and confluent with a
large nuchal spot ; the latter bands connected across the throat by
an angular, interrupted, narrow black band. Lower surface
whitish, unspotted.

Total length 11 inches; tail 1-3.

Hob. Ceylon.

Oligodon subgriseus, Dum. 8f Bibr. Erp. Gen. vii, p. 59; Giinth.
Rept. B. 1. p. 207, pi. xix, tig. F ; Jan, Icon. Ophid. 48, pi.
Theob. Cat. p. 146; Blanf. J. A. S. B. xlviii, 1879, p. 114.

394. Oligodon subgriseus.

um. 8f Bibr. Erp. Get
xix, tig. F ; Jan, Icon. Ophid. 4~8, pi. i. fig. 3 ;
lanf. J. A. S. B. xlviii, 1879, p. 114.
Siinotes binotatus, Dum. fy Bibr. t. c. p. 630 ; Jan, Icon. 11, pi. vi,

fig. 3 ; Giinth. Rept. B. I. p. 214 ; Theob. Cat. p. 150.
Xenodon dubiuui, Jerdon, J. A. S. B. xxii, 1853, p. 528.
Oligodon spilonotus, Giinth. Rept. B. I. p. 207, pi. xix, fig. E ; Theob.

Cat. p. 146.

Oligodon fasciatus, Giinth. Rept. B. I. p. 208, pi. xix, fig. D ; Theob.
Cat. p. 147.

Y

322

COLUBKID.E.

Nasal divided ; portion of rostral seen from above as long as,
or a little shorter than, its distance from the frontal ; suture between
the internasals usually shorter than that between the prsof rentals ;
frontal longer than its distance from the end of snout, as long as
the parietals ; loreal about as long as deep ; prseocular single ; two
postoculars; temporals 1 + 2; upper labials 7, third and fourth
entering the eye ; 3 or 4 lower labials in contact with the anterior
chin-shields ; posterior chin-shields one half to two thirds the length
of the anterior. Scales in 15 rows. Yeutrals angulate laterally,
160-218 ; anal usually divided ; subcaudals 38-56. Brown above,
with a series of large rhomboidal dai-k spots or transverse bauds,
or pairs of spots, with or without a more or less distinct vertebral
line ; head with dark markings, viz. a cresceutic baud across the
forehead, through the eyes, to the fourth and fifth labials, a band,
widening posteriorly, from the parietals or from the frontal to the
angle of the mouth, and a large spot, bifid posteriorly, from the
frontal to the nape. Lower surface immaculate or with small
brown spots or dots on each side.

Total length 19 inches ; tail 2'5.

Hob. From Sind and Bengal to Southern India and Ceylon.

Genus LYTORHYNCHUS,

Peters, MB. Ak. Berl. 1802, p. 272.

Maxillary teeth 0 to 9, posterior much longer than anterior ;
mandibular teeth subequal. Head slightly distinct from neck, with
cuneiform projecting snout; eye moderate, pupil vertically elliptical ;

Fig. 98. — Head of Lytorhynchus paradoxus.

rostral large, four-sided, projecting, concave inferiorly ; nostril
(fig. 98, n) an oblique slit between two nasals. Body elongate, cylin-

323

drical ; scales smooth, without apical pits, in 19 rows ; ventrals
obtusely angulate laterally ; tail moderate ; subcaudals in two rows.
Distribution. Three species are known : L. diadema, D. & B.,
ranging from Algeria to Persia ; L. ridyeivayi, Blgr., from Afghani-
stan and Turkestan ; and L. pamdoxus, Gthr., from Siud. Desert
snakes, adapted for burrowing in the sand.

395. Lytorhynchus paradoxus.

Acoutiopkis paradoxa, Oilnth. P. Z. S. 1875, p. 232, fig. ; Murray,
A. M. N. H, (5) xiv, 1884, p. 110.

Snout long and acutely pointed ; rostral with a lateral cleft ;
suture between the interuasals shorter than that between the prse-
frontals and shorter than the upper part of the rostral ; frontal
nearly as long as its distance from the end of the snout, as long as
the parietals : supraocular narrow ; three praeoculars ; two post-
oculars ; temporals 2 + 2 or 2 + 3 ; upper labials 8, fifth entering the
eye ; 4 lower labials in contact with the anterior chin-shields, which
are shorter^but much broader than the 'posterior. Scales in 19 rows.
Veutrals slightly angulate laterally, 169-175 ; anal divided ; sub-
caudals -10-53. Cream-colour above, with a dorsal series of trans-
verse brown spots and a less distinct lateral series of smaller spots
on each side ; a large rhomboidal brown spot on the back of the
head, and a brown band behind the eye ; lower parts white.

Total length 14 inches ; tail 2-3.

Hab. Sind.

Genus ZAMENIS,
Wagler, Syst. Ainph. p. 188, 1830.

Maxillary teeth 12 to 20, increasing in size posteriorly ; inaii-
dibular teeth subequal. Head elongate, distinct from neck ; eye
moderate or large, with round pupil; head- shields normal, with
one or more suboculars. Body elongate, cylindrical ; scales smooth
or feebly keeled, with apical pits, in 15 to 31 rows; ventrals
rounded or with an obtuse lateral keel ; tail long ; subcaudals
divided.

Distribution. Europe, Asia, and North Africa. The species
number about 20. As their name implies, these snakes are mostly
of fierce disposition, though not always, Z. ventrimaculatus and
especially Z. diadema being the reverse ; they are terrestrial or
subarboreal and feed principally on mammals and birds.

Synopsis of Indian Species.

A. Posterior chin-shields in contact anteriorly.

a. Scales in 15 rows ; veutrals 162-177 .,,.., 7j. korros, p. 324.

b. Scales in 17 rows ; veutrals 190-208 Z. mucosus, p. 324.

Y2

324 COLUBRIDJE.

B. Posterior chin-shields separated from each other.

a. Scales in 19 rows.

a'. Two labials enter eye; veutrals 199-211 : [p. 325.

subcaudals 82-119 Z. ventritnaculatus,

b'. Two labials enter eye ; ventrals 214-255 •,

subcaudals 124-140 Z. ladacemis, p. 326.

c'. A subocular separates the eye from the
sixth labial; ventrals 193-212; sub-
caudals 85-110 Z. karelinii, p. 326.

b. Scales in 21 or 23 rows ; two labials enter eye.

a'. 9 upper labials ; subcaudals more than 100. Z. yracilis, p. 327.
b'. 8 upper labials; subcaudals less than 100. Z. fasciolatus, p. 327.

c. Scales in 23 to 31 rows ; eye separated from

labials by a series of subocular s.
a'. Rostral as deep as broad or a little broader

than deep Z. diadema, p. 328.

V. Rostral much deeper than broad, wedged in

far between the internasals Z. urenarius, p. 329.

396. Zamenis korros.

Coluber korros, ScMeg. Phys. Scrp. ii, p. 139 ; Cantor, J. A. S. B.

xvi, 1847, p. 921.
Coryphodon korros, Dum. <§• Bibr. Erp. Gen. vii, p. 186; Jan, Icon.

OpMd. 24, pi. iv, tig. 2.
Ptyas korros, Cope, Proc. Ac. Philad. 1800, p. 563 ; Giinth. Kept.

B. I. p. 250 ; Theob. Cat. p. 169 ; Anders. An. Zool. Res. Yunnan,

p. 816.

Snout obtuse, slightly projecting ; eye large ; rostral a little
broader than long, visible from above ; suture between the inter-
nasals shorter than that between the praefrontals ; frontal as long
as its distance from the end of the snout or a little longer, and as
long as the parietals ; usually two or three loreals ; one large prae-
ocular, with a small subocular below ; two postoculars ; temporals
2+2; 8 upper labials, fourth and fifth entering the eye; 5
lower labials in contact with the anterior chin-shields, which are
shorter than the posterior; latter in contact anteriorly. Scales
smooth, or feebly keeled on the posterior part of the back in the
adult, in 15 rows. Ventrals 162-177; anal divided; subcaudals
129-145. Brownish or olive above, the scales on the posterior
part of the body and on the tail edged with black ; lower surface
uniform yellow ; young with transverse series of roundish pearl-
coloured spots, forming cross-bands.

Total length 5 feet ; tail 2 feet.

Hab. From the Sikhim Himalayas through Assam to Upper
Burma, Western Yunnan, Southern China and Siam, through
Arrakan and the Malay Peninsula to Sumatra and Java.

397. Zamenis mncosns.

Russell, Ind. Serp. i, pi. xxxiv, and ii, pi. xviii, fig. 2.
Coluber mucosus, Linn. S. N. i, p. 388.
Coluber dhumna, Cantor, P. Z. S. 1839, p. 51.

ZAMENIB. 325

Coryphodon blumenbachii, Dum. 8? Bibr. Erp. Gin, vii, p. 184 ; Jan,

Icon. Ophid. 24, pi. iii, figs. 2-4.

Leptophis trifrenatus, Hallow. Proc. Ac. Philad. 1860, p. 503.
Ptyas mucosus, Cope, Proc. Ac. Philad. 1860, p. 563; Giinth. Revt.

'B. I. p. 249 ; Stoliczka, J. A. S. B. xxxix, 1870, p. 185 ; Blanf.

J. A. S. B. xxxix, 1870, p. 372 ; Theob. Cat. p. 168 ; Anders. An.

Zool. Res. Yunnan, p. 815 ; Boettg. Zool. Jahrb. iii, 1888, p. 931.

Snout obtuse, slightly projecting ; eye large ; rostral a little
broader than deep, visible from above ; suture between the inter-
nasals shorter than that between the praefrontals ; frontal as long
as its distance from the end of the snout, as long as the parietals or
slightly shorter ; usually three loreals ; one large praeocular, with
a small subocular below; two postoculars; temporals 2+2; 8
upper labials, fourth and fifth entering the eye ; 5 lower labials
in contact with the anterior chin-shields, which are shorter than
the posterior ; the latter in contact anteriorly. Scales more or less
strongly keeled on the posterior part of the back, in 17 rows.
Ventrals 190-208 ; anal divided ; subcaudals 95-135. Brown
above, frequently with more or less distinct black cross-bands on
the posterior part of the body and on the tail ; young usually with
light cross- bands on the front half of the body. Lower surface
yellowish ; the posterior ventral and the caudal shields may be
edged with black.

The largest specimen in the British Museum is 6 feet long, the
tail measuring 1^ foot. Mr. Blanf ord records one 7 feet 7 inches
long. This is commonly known in India as the rat-snake ; dliamin
in Hindi.

Hob. India and Ceylon, Afghanistan, Burma, Southern China,
Siam, Malay Peninsula, Java.

398. Zamenis ventrimaculatus.

Coluber ventromaculatus, Gray, III. Ind. Zool. ii, pi. Ixxx, fig. 1.
Coluber chesnei, Martin, P. Z. S. 1838, p. 81.
Coluber diadema (non Schleg.), Blyth, J. A. S. B. xxiii, 1854, p. 291.
Platyceps semifasciatus, Blyth, J. A. 8. B. xxix, 1860, p. 114.
Zarnenis ventrimaculatus, Giinth. Rept. B. I. p. 253 ; Stoliczka, P.

A. S. B. 1872, p. 82 ; Blanf. J. A. S. B. xliv, 1875, p. 208 ; Theob.

Cat. p. 169 ; Murray, Zool. Sind, p. 378.
Zamenis persicus, Jan, Icon. Ophid. 23, pi. ii, fig. 1.
Coluber (Platyceps) semifasciatus, Theob. Cat. Rept. As. Soc. Mus.

1868, p. 52.
Compsosoma semifasciata, Stoliczka, J. A. S. B. xxxix, 1870, p. 188.

pi. xi, fig. 2 ; Theob. Cat. p. 164.
Zamenis ventrimaculatus, part., Blanf. Zool. E. Pers. p. 414.

Snout obtuse, feebly projecting ; rostral as deep as broad or a
little broader than deep, hollowed out beneath ; the portion of the
rostral visible from above not so long as half its distance from the
frontal ; suture between the internasals as long as that between
the prsefrontals or a little shorter ; frontal as long as its distance
from the end of the snout or slightly longer, shorter than the parie-
tals ; loreal usually not longer than deep ; one praeocular, with a
small subocular below ; two postoculars ; temporals 2 + 2 or 2+3 ;

326

9 upper labials, fifth and sixth entering the eye ; 4 or 5 lower
labials in contact with the anterior chin-shields ; posterior chin-
shields as long as or longer than the anterior and separated by two
series of scales. Scales perfectly smooth, in 19 rows. Ventrals
199-211; anal divided; subcaudals 82-119. Greyish or olive
above, usually with more or less marked transverse dark bars which
are narrower than the interspaces between them ; a series of black
spots on each side of the belly ; a black oblique streak boloAv the
eye and another on the temple.

Total length 3 feet ; tail 9 inches.

Hal. From the Euphrates through Persia, Afghanistan, and
Baluchistan to Kashmir, the Punjab, Sind, Cutch, and Bombay.

399. Zamenis ladacensis.

Zamenis ladaceusis, Anders. J.A. 8. S. xl, 1871, p. 16.
Zamenis ventrimaculatus, part,, Stoh'czJca, P. A. S. B. 1872, p. 130 :
Btanf. Zool. E. Persia, p. 414.

This snake, which I think it advisable to distinguish specifically
from Z. ventrimaculatus, is recognizable by its slender form and
greater number of ventrals (214 to 255) and subcaudals (124 to
140 *). In its other structural characters it agrees with Z. ventri-
maculatus. Anterior part of body with dark cross-bands which
are very close together ; these disappear, or are replaced by spots
posteriorly ; some specimens uniform greyish olive.

ffab. The "Western Himalayas (Ladak, Gilgit), and also in Persia,
Arabia, Syria, and Egypt. In the latter country there also occurs
the allied Z. florulentus, Schleg. (21 rows of scales ; ventrals 201-
228 : subcaudals 89-98) ; but all the Arabian specimens I have
seen (Midian, Aden, Muscat) belong to the present species.

400. Zamenis karelinii.

Coluber (Tyria) karelinii, Brandt, Bull. Ac. St. Pttei-sb. iii, 1838,

p. 243.
Zamenis karelinii, Strmich, M£m. Ac. St. Petersb. xxi, No. 4, p. 1 10,

pi. iii.

Zamenis ventrimaculatus, part., Blanf. Zool. E. Persia, p. 414.
Zamenis ventrimaculatus, var. karelinii, Boetty. Zool. Jahrb. iii, 1888.

p. 928.

Snout more or less pointed, projecting, with sharp canthus and
nearly vertical lores ; rostral as deep as broad, deeply hollowed out
beneath, the portion visible from above nearly half as long as its
distance from the frontal ; suture between the internasals nearly
as long as that between the praef rentals ; frontal as long as its dis-
tance from the end of the snout, a little shorter than the parietals ;

* The tail of the type specimen, described by Anderson, is probably muti-
lated.

ZAMENIS. 327

oreal as deep as long or a little deeper than long ; one praeocular,
with a small subocular below ; two postoculars, with a larger sub-
ocular below- rarely a third subocular completely separates the
eye from the labials; temporals 2 + 3; 9 upper labials, fifth
normally entering the eye ; 4 or 5 lower labials in contact
with the anterior chin-shields ; posterior chin-shields longer than
the anterior, but extremely narrow and separated from each other
by two or three series of scales. Scales perfectly smooth, in 19
rows. Ventrals angulate laterally, 193-212 ; anal divided; sub-
caudals 85-110. Yellowish or pale grey above, with a dorsal series
of transverse black spots or cross-bands, between each pair of which
there is a black lateral spot extending on to the outer border of the
ventrals ; a black spot below the eye and another on the temple ;
lower parts white.

Total length 2 feet 5 inches ; tail 7'5 inches.

Hah. Turkestan, North-eastern Persia, Afghanistan, Baluchistan.

401. Zamenis gracilis.

Zameuis gracilis, Giinth. A. M. N. H. (3) ix, 1862, p. 125 ; id. Rept.
B. I. p. 254, pi. xxi, fig. II ; Theob. Cat. p. 170 ; Murray, Zool.
Sind, p. 378.

Snout obtuse ; rostral nearly as deep as broad, just visible from
above ; suture between the internasals a little shorter than that
between the prsefrontals ; frontal slightly longer than its distance
from the end of the snout, nearly as long as the occipitals ; loreal
nearly as deep as long ; one prseocular, with a small subocular
below; two postoculars ; temporals 2+2; 9 upper labials, fifth
and sixth entering the eye; 4 or 5 lower labials in contact with
the anterior chin- shields ; posterior chin- shields as long as or
longer than the anterior, separated anteriorly by two scales. Scales
smooth, in 21 rows. Veutr-als angulate laterally, 213-228 ; anal
divided ; subcaudals 118-121. Yellowish above, with a series of
large round brawn spots edged with black, separated by narrow
interspaces ; these spots become more indistinct on the posterior

,rt of the body ; a black cross-band on the snout and three angu-
ar dark brown black-edged bands on the head, the anterior between
the eye, the posterior extending on to the nape ; lower parts yel-
lowish, with an irregular series of black spots on each side.

Total length 33 inches ; tail 10.

Jfab. Deccan and Sind.

402. Zamenis fasciolatus.

Russell, Ind. Serj>. i, pi. xxi.

Coluber fasciolatus, Shair, Zool. iii, p. 528 ; Cantor, J. A. S. B. xvi,

1847, p. 910.

Coluber curvirostrw, Cantor, P. Z. S. 1839, p. 51.
Zamenis fasciolatup, Giinth. Rept. B. I. p. 254, pi. xxi, %. F :

Stoliczka, J.A.S. B. xl, 1871, p. 431 ; Theob. Cat. p. 170.

Snout obtuse, curved and prominent ; rostral large, broader than

pa

l:ir

328 COLUBBID.E.

deep, the portion visible from above more than half its distance
from the frontal ; suture between the internasals as long as that
between the prsefrontals or a little shorter; frontal nearly as
long as its distance from the end of the snout, or as the parietals ;
loreal as long as deep or longer than deep; one praBocular, usually
with a small subocular below"; two or three postoculars ; temporals
2 + 2 or 2+3; upper labials 8, fourth and fifth entering the eye ;
4 or 5 lower labials in contact with the anterior chin-shields ;
posterior chin-shields nearly as long as the anterior, .separated from
each other by two or three series of scales. Scales smooth, in 21
or 23 rows. ' Ventrals 197-225 ; anal divided ; subcaudals 73-88.
Yellowish or brownish olive above, with narrow white, brown, and
black variegated cross bands oil the anterior half of the tody :
these bands may entirely disappear in the adult : lower parts uni-
form yellowish.

Total length 3± feet ; tail 8-5 inches.

Hob. Madras Presidency, Bengal, Province "Wellesley (Malay
Peninsula).

403. Zamenis diadema.

Rmsell, Ind. Serp. ii, pi. xxx ; Geoffroy, Descr. Egypt e, pi. viii,

fig. 1.

Coluber diadema, Schleg. Phys. Serp. ii, p. 148.
Coluber Clifford!!, Schleg. I. c. p. 163, pi. vi, figs. 13 & 14.
Periops parallelus, Dtim. fy Bibr. Erp. Gen. vii, p. 678 ; Jan, Icon.

Ophid. 20, pi ii.
Zamenis cliffordii, Gi'mtli. Cat. Col. Sn. p. 104; BlanfonL P. Z. S.

1881, p. 679.
Zamenis diadema, Giinth. Kept. B. 1. p. 252, pi. xxi, fig. G : Anders.

P. Z. S. 1871, p. 174 ; Stoliczka, P. A. S. B. 1872, p. 82 ; Theob.

Cat. p. 171; Blanf. J. A. S. B. xlviii,' 1879, p. 325; Mwray,

Zool. Sind, p. 377.

Eostral as deep as broad or a little broader than deep, visible
from above ; prsefrontals usually broken up into several shields,
there being frequently three transverse series of shields between
the rostral and the frontal ; frontal as long as or slightly shorter
than its distance from the end of the snout, and usually shorter
than the parietals ; loreals three to five ; two to four (rarely one)
prseoculars, and three or four postoculars ; a series of suboculars
separate the labials from the eye ; temporals small and numerous,
scale-like ; 10 to 13 upper labials ; 5 lower labials in contact with
the anterior chin-shields, which are nearly as long as the posterior.
Scales usually more or less obtusely keeled, in 23 to 31 rows.
Ventrals usually obtusely angulate laterally, 210-278 ; anal entire ;
subcaudals 65-110. Pale buff or sandy grey above, with more or
less marked dark spots, of which the median usually form a series
of rhombs ; lower parts white, rarely with small blackish spots. A
variety (atrice^)s, Fischer) occurs in Northern India, which is re-
markable for having the head entirely or partially black above, and
the body irregularly spotted or blotched with black.

Total length 6 feet ; tail 13-5 inches.

ZAOCYS. 329

Hub. North-West Provinces, Eajputana, Sind, Punjab, and
Kashmir, northwards to Turkestan and westwards to the Algerian
Sahara.

404. Zamenis arenarius.

Very closely allied to Z. diadema, but distinguished by the much
larger rostral, which is considerably deeper than broad and wedged
in far between the iuternasals ; the portion of the rostral visible
from above measures two thirds its distance from the frontal.
Three or four prsrfrontals in a transverse row ; frontal nearly as
long as ils distance from the end of the snout, shorter than the
parietals; three or four loreals; two praxxmlars, three postoculars,
and three suboculars separating the eye from the labials ; temporals
small, scale-like ; 10 upper labials ; 5 lower labials in contact with
the anterior chin-shields, which are as long as the posterior.
Scales obtusely keeled, in 25 to 27 rows. Veutrals riot angulate
laterally. Cream-colour or pale buff with darker spots disposed
quincuncially, and a longitudinal streak on each side of the nape ;
lower parts uniform white.

The two specimens at hand consist each merely of the head and
anterior part of the body, but indicate a snake four feet long.
One is from Karachi, presented by Mr. J. A. Murray; the other,
labelled Sind, was found in the collection presented to the British
Museum by the late Mr. F. Day.

Genus ZAOCYS,
Cope, Proc. Acad. Philad. 1860, p. 563.

Maxillary teeth 12 to 20, increasing in size posteriorly ; mandi-
bular teeth subequal. Head elongate, distinct from neck ; eye
rather large, with round pupil ; head-shields normal, with a sub-
ocular beneath the praeocular. Body elongate, compressed ; scales
smooth or keeled, with apical pits, in 14 or 16 rows ; ventrals
rounded ; tail long ; subcaudals divided.

Distribution. Southern China, Himalayas and Khasi Hills, Upper
Burma, Malay Peninsula, Borneo. Four species are distin-
guished.

405. Zaocys nigromarginatus.

Coluber nigromarginatus, Blyth, J. A. S. B. xxiii, 1854, p. 290.
Zaocys nigromarginatus, Giinth, Kept. B. I. p. 257, pi. xxii, tig. B :

Theob. Cat. p. 172.
Coryphodon dhumnades (wo;/ Cant.), Jan, Icon. Opkid. 24, pi. iv,

fig. 1.

Eostral broader than deep, visible from above ; suture between
the internasals shorter than that between the pra3frontals ; frontal
as long as or a little shorter than its distance from the end of the
snout or than the parietals ; loreal a little longer than deep ; one
praeocular, with a subocular beneath, wedged in between the third
and fourth upper labials ; two postoculars ; temporals 2 + 2 ; upper

330 COLUBRIDJE.

labials 8, fourth and fifth entering the eye ; 5 lower labials ill
contact with the anterior chin-shields, which are shorter than the
posterior. Scales in 16 rows, the four or six median rows keeled.
Ventrals 193-205; anal divided; subcaudals 123-137. Green
above, scales black-edged ; yellowish green below ; two broad deep-
black bands along each side of the tail, advancing forwards on the
trunk to its middle third in adult specimens, and nearly to the
head in young ones ; the two upper bands separated from each
other by the joining halves of the two vertebral series of scales.

Total length 7 feet (grows to 9) ; tail 2 feet.

Hnb. Himalayas (4000 to 7100 feet), Khasi Hills, and Kakhyen
Hills, Upper Burma.

Genus COLUBER *,

Linn. Syat. Xat, i, p. 375 (part,), 1766; Schleg. Phys. Serp. ii, p. 125,
1837.

Maxillary teeth 12 to 22, subequal in size ; mandibular teeth
subequal. Head distinct from neck, elongate ; eye moderate, with
round pupil ; head-shields normal. Body elongate, feebly com-
pressed; scales smooth or keeled, with apical pits, in 19 to 27
rows ; ventrals usually with a more or less marked lateral keel ;
subcaudals double.

A large genus, distributed over the greater part of Europe, Asia,
and Xorth and Tropical America. Habits arboreal or subarboreal ;
fierce, and feeding chiefly on small mammals and birds.

Fig. 99. — Head of Coluber Jiodgsoiiii.

Synopsis of Indian, Ceylonese, and Burmese Species.
A. Scales smooth or feebly keeled ; ventrals

without well-marked lateral keel.
«. Anal usually single.

a'. Scales in 23 to 27 rows C. helena, p. 331.

V. Scales in 19 or 21 rows C. reticulari*, p. 332.

* Includes Elaphis, Cdlopeltis, Cynophis, Compsosoma, Spi/otes, and Gony-
osoma. The species referred to G&nyosoma stand in the same relation to Elaphis
and Compsosoma as the green AUabes (CyclopJiis), Dijmis, or Trimercsurns to
the other species of those genera.

COLUBER. 331

b. Anal usually divided; scales in 23 or 25

rows.

a'. Rostral as deep as broad ; normally 8
upper labials, 4th and oth entering eye ;

subcaudals 79-90 C. hodgsmdi, p. 332.

V. Rostral broader than deep; normally 9
upper labials, 5th and 6th entering eye ;
subcaudals 90-107 C. tetu'ttnu, p. 333.

B. Scales strongly keeled on hinder part of back,

in 19 or 21 rows ; ventrals with an obtuse

lateral keel.

a'. Outer caudal scales without trace of keel. C. rctdiatus, p. 333.
/>'. All the caudal scales keeled C. melantinis, p. 334.

C. Scales smooth or feebly keeled; ventrals with

well-marked lateral keel : colour uniform

green.

a'. Scales in 19 rows; loreal present C. prastnus, p. 334.

//. Scales in 19 rows ; no loreal C. frcnatus, p. 335.

c'. Scales in 25 or 27 rows C. o.rycephalm, p. 335.

406. Coluber helena.

Russell, Ind. Serp. i, pi. xxxii.

Coluber helena, Daud. Kept, vi, p. 277.

Cynophis bistrigatus, Gray, A. M. N. H. (2) iv, 1849, p. 246.

Plagiodon helena, Dum. $ Bibr. Erp. Gen. vii, p. 170 ; Jan, Icon.

Ophid. 20, pi. iv, fig. 1.

Herpetodryas malabaricus, Jerdon, J. A. S. B. xxii, 1854, p. 530.
Cynophis helena, Gilnth. Kept. B. I. p. 247 ; TAeob. Cat. p. 167 ;

Blanf. J. A. S. B. xlviii, 1879, p. 125 ; Murray, Zool. Siml,

p. 376.
Cynophis malabaricus, Gitnth. Kept. B. 1. p. 248, pi. xxi, fig. A ;

' Theob. I. c. p. 167.
? Coluber nuthalli, Theob. Cat. Kept. As. Soc. Mus. 1868, p. 51 ; id.

Cat. p. 164.
Cynophis malabarensis, var. carinata, F. Milller, Verh. not. Ges.

Basel, vi. 1878, p. 671.

Rostral a little broader than deep, visible from above; suture
between the internasals much shorter than that between the
prsefrontals ; frontal as long as its distance from the end of the
snout, shorter than the parietals; loreal somewhat longer than
deep; one large praeocular; two postoculars ; temporals 2 + 2 or
2 + 3; 9 (exceptionally 10 or 11) upper labials, fifth and sixth, or
fourth, fifth, and sixth entering the eye; 5 or 6 lower labials in
contact with the anterior chin- shields, which are as long as or a
little longer than the posterior. Scales in 23 to 27 rows, smooth,
or feebly keeled on the posterior part of the body and on the tail.
Ventrals 220-205 ; anal entire ; subcaudals 75-94. Young pale
brown above, with black cross bands, each enclosing four to six
white ocelli ; adult darker brown, with transverse series of squarish
black spots, or with more or less distinct traces of the livery of the
young ; a vertical black streak below the eye, and an oblique one

332 COLFBEID-S.

behind the eye ; some specimens have a white, black-edged collar,
others two black longitudinal streaks on the head ; others, again,
are intermediate in this respect. Lower parts yellowish, with or
without a few small black spots, sometimes with a more or less
distinct festooned marking on each side.

Total length 4± feet ; tail 10 inches.

Hob. Sind, Rajputana, Cutch, Bombay, and Madras Presi-
dencies ; Ceylon.

407. Coluber reticularis.

Coluber reticularis, Cantor, P. Z. 8. 1839, p. 51.
Compsosoma reticulare, Giinth. Rent. B. I. p. 245, pi. xxi, fig. D;
Anders. P. Z. S. 1871, p. 172; Theob. Cat. p. 166.

Eostral as deep as broad or a little broader than deep, visible
from above; suture between the internasals much shorter than
that between the praefrontals ; frontal as long as its distance from
the end of the snout or a little shorter, as long as the parietals or
a little shorter ; loreal longer than deep ; one large praeocular, often
with a small subocular below ; two (exceptionally three) postocu-
lars; temporals 2 + 2 or 2 + 3; upper labials 8, fourth and fifth
entering the eye ; 5 lower labials in contact with the anterior chin-
shields, which are as long as the posterior or a little longer.
Scales in 19 or 21 rows, feebly keeled on the posterior part of the
body. Ventrals 213-232 ; anal usually undivided ; subcaudals
65-76. Brown above, darker behind, anteriorly with squarish
dark brown spots, posteriorly with more or less distinct light
cross bands ; head uniform pale brown ; lower surface yellowish,
spotted with brown or black, or nearly uniform dark brown.

Total length 4 feet ; tail 9 inches.

Hob. Eastern Himalayas (3000-4000 feet), Khasi and Garo
Hills.

408. Coluber hodgsonii.

Spilotes hodgsonii, Giinth. P. Z. S. 1860, p. 150, pi. xxvii.
Compsosoma hodgsonii, Gunth. Eept. B. I. p. 246; Stoliczka, J. A. S. B.
xxxix, 1870, p. 189, and xl, 1871, p. 430 ; Theob. Cat. p. 166.

Eostral as deep as broad, visible from above; suture between
the internasals much shorter than that between the praefrontals ;
frontal as long as its distance from the end of the snout or a little
shorter, shorter than the parietals ; loreal longer than deep, often
united with the praefrontal ; one large praeocular (a small sub-
ocular below the prseocular rarely present) ; two postoculars ;
temporals 2+2 or 2 + 3; normally 8 upper labials, fourth and
fifth entering the eye ; 5 lower labials in contact with the anterior
chin-shields, which are as long as the posterior or a little longer.
Scales in 23 rows, feebly keeled on the posterior part of the body.
Ventrals 233-246; anal divided; subcaudals 79-90. Brownish
olive above, most of the scales black-edged ; young with blackish

COLUBEK. 333

cross bauds ; lower parts yellowish, the outer part of the margin
of each ventral shield blackish.

Total length 4 feet ; tail 9 inches.

Htib. Himalayas, from Ladak to Sikhim.

409. Coluber tseniurus.

Elaphis taeniurus, Cope, Proc. Ac. Philad. 1860, p. 565 ; Giinth. Rept.

B. 1. p. 242 ; Strauch, Mem. Ac. St. Petersb. xxi, No. 4, p. 103 ;

Botdeng. A. M. N. H. (5) xix, 1887, p. 170.
Elaphis yunnanensis, Anders, An. Zool. Res. Yunnan, p. 813.
Elaphis grabowskyi, Fischer, Arch. f. Nat. 1885, p. 59, pi. iv, tig. 3.

Kostral broader than deep, visible from above ; suture between
the interuasals much shorter than that between the prsefrontals ;
frontal as long as its distance from the end of the snout or a little
shorter, as long as or a little shorter than the parietals ; loreal
longer than deep ; one large prseocular, usually with a small sub-
ocular below it ; two postoculars ; temporals 2 + 2 or 2+3 ; usually
9 upper labials, fifth and sixth entering the eye ; 5 or 6 lower
labials in contact with the anterior chin-shields, which are as long
as the posterior or a little longer. Scales in 23 or 25 rows,
dorsals feebly keeled. Ventrals 230-284 ; anal usually divided ;
subcaudals 90-107. Grey-brown or olive above, head and nape
uniform ; a black stripe on each side of the head, passing through
the eye ; anterior half of back with black transverse lines or net-
work, posterior portion with a pale vertebral stripe between two
broad black ones ; belly yellowish anteriorly, greyish behind ;
a black stripe along each side of the posterior part of the belly
and along each side of the tail, separated fi'om the upper lateral
stripe by a whitish streak.

Grows to 5 1 feet, the tail measuring one foot.

Hab. This snake has an extremely wide range, being on record
from Mantchuria, China, Darjeeling, Cochin China, Siam, Borneo,
and Sumatra.

410. Coluber radiatus.

Russell, 2nd. tterj). ii, pi. xlii.

Coluber radiatus, Schley. Phys. Serp. ii, p. 135, pi. v, tigs. 5, (5 ;

Cantor, J. A. S. B. xvi, 1847, p. 920.
Coluber quadrifasciatus, Cantor, P. Z. S. 1839, p. 51.
Tropidonotus quinque, Cantor, 1. c. p. 54.
Compsosoma radiatum, Dum. $ Bibr. Erp. Gen. vii, p. 2U2 ; Giinth.

Sept. B. I. p. 243 ; 2X006. Cat. p. 16-5 ; Anders. An. Zool. Res.

Yunnan, p. 815.

liostral broader than deep, visible from above ; suture between
the internasals shorter than that between the prsefrontals ; frontal
as long as its distance from the end of the snout or a little shorter,
shorter than the parietals ; loreal usually longer than deep ; one
large prseocular ; two postoculars ; temporals usually 2 + 2; 8 or
9 upper labials, third to fifth, or fourth and fifth, or fourth to sixth

334 COLUBBID^E.

entering the eye ; 4 or 5 lower labials in contact with the anterior
chin-shields, which are as long as the posterior. Scales in 19 or
21 rows, more or less strongly keeled on the posterior half of the
body, the outer series without trace of a keel. Ventrals with an
obtuse lateral keel, 224-242 ; anal entire ; subcaudals 85-100.
Yellowish brown above, with one or two black bands oil each side
of the anterior half of the back, the lower band usually broken up ;
a black line across the occiput ; three black lines radiating from
the eye ; lower parts uniform yellow.

Total length 5 feet ; tail 1 foot.

Hob. Eastern Himalayas, Assam, Burma, Cochin China, Malay
Peninsula, Java, Sumatra.

411. Coluber melanurus.

Coluber melanurus, Schley. Phys. Serp. ii, p. 141, pi. v, figs. 11 & 12.
Compsosoma melanurum, JJum. $• Bibr. Erp. Gen. vii, p. 299 ;

Giinth. Sept. Ji. I. p. 244; Stolicska, J. A. S.U. xxxix, 1870,

p. 188; Theob. Cat, p. 165.
Elaphis melanurus, Jan, Icon. Oplrid. 21, pi. iv, fig. 1, and pi. v,

fig. 1.

Kostral broader than deep, visible from above : suture between
the internasals shorter than that between the praefrontals ; frontal
as long as its distance from the end of the snout or a little longer,
shorter than the parietals ; lor-eal not longer than deep ; one large
prseocular; two postoculars ; temporals 2 + 2; upper labials 9,
fourth to sixth entering the eye ; 5 or 6 lower labials in contact
with the anterior chin-shields, which are as long as the posterior.
Scales in 19 rows, strongly keeled ; all the caudal scales keeled.
Ventrals with an obtuse lateral keel, 193-230 ; anal entire ; sub-
caudals 89-109. Pale brown anteriorly, with a yellow, black-edged
vertebral band, which becomes gradually more and more indistinct
towards the hinder part of the body, which, like the tail, is dark
brown or black ; a series of black spots on each side of the anterior
part of the body, of ocelli with bright yellow centre in the young ;
some adults are nearly uniform blackish brown ; a black streak
below the eye, another from the eye to the commissure of the
jaws, and a third along the temple and neck.

Total length 5 feet ; tail 1 foot 3 inches.

Hub. Tenasserim, Andaman*, Malay Peninsula and Archipelago.

412. Coluber prasinus.

Coluber prasinus, lilyth, J. A. 8. L'. xxiii, 1854, p. 291.
Gonyosoma gramineum, Giinth. Kept. B. I. p. 294, pi. xxiii, tig. D ;
Theob. Cat. p. 190 ; Anders. An. Zool. Res, Yunnan, p. 824.

Kostral a little broader than deep, just visible from above ;
suture between the internasals a little shorter than that between
the prsefrontals ; frontal as long as its distance from the end of
the snout, shorter than the parietals ; loreal square or longer than

COLUBER. 335

deep; one or two praeoculars ; temporals 1+2 or 2 + 2; upper
labials 9, fourth, fifth, and sixth entering the eye ; o lower labials
in contact with the anterior chin-shields, which are as long as the
posterior or a little longer. Scales in 19 rows, the 9 to 11 middle
rows feebly keeled in the adult, smooth in the young. Ventrals
with a lateral keel, 198 to 206 ; anal entire or divided ; subcaudals
100-107. Uniform bright green above ; upper lip and lower sur-
face yellowish or greenish white.

Total length 3 feet ; tail 9 inches.

Hab. Khasi Hills, Assam, Upper Burma.

Except in its coloration this snake agrees so closely with C,
radiatus and melanurus that 1 cannot regard it as geuerically
distinct, and still less refer it to a different family.

413. Coluber frenatns.

Herpetrodvyas frenatus, Gray, A. M. N. H. (2) xii, 1853, p. 390.
Goiiyosoma freuatum, Giinth. Rept. B. I. p. 295 ; Thcob. Cat. p. 190.

Snout subacurniiiate, twice as long as the eye, obliquely truncated
and projecting. Kostral a little broader than deep, hardly visible
from above ; suture between the internasals much shorter than
that between the prajfrontals ; frontal as long as its distance from
the end of the snout, shorter than the parietals ; no loreal, prse-
f rental in contact with the labials ; one large prseocular ; two post-
oculars; temporals 2+2 or 2 + 3; 9 (or 8) upper labials, fourth,
fifth, and sixth entering the eye ; 5 lower labials in contact with the
anterior chin-shields, which are as long as the posterior. Scales
in ] 9 rows, dorsals faintly keeled. Ventrals with a lateral keel,
203-204; anal divided; subcaudals 120-121. Uniform bright
green above ; a black streak along each side of the head, passing
through the eye ; upper lip and lower parts pale green, ventral
keel whitish.

Total length 2 feet 9 inches ; tail 9-5 inches.

Hab, Khasi Hills.

414. Coluber oxycephalus.

Coluber oxycephaltis, Boie, Isis, 1827, p. 537.

Herpetodryas oxycephalus, Schleg. P/n/s. Serp. ii, p. Ib9, pi. vii, figs,

8 & 9 ; Cantor, J. A. S. B. xvi, 1847, p. 927.
Alopecophis clialybeus, Gray, A. M. N. H. (2) iv, 1849, p. 247.
Gonyosoma oxycephulum, Dum. $ Bibr. Erp. Gen. vii, p. 213 ;

Giinth. Rept. B. I. p. 294 ; Jan, Icon. Ophid. 31, pi. i ; StoKczka,

J. A. 8. B. xxxix, 1870, p. 193, and xlii, 1873, p. 123; Theob.

Cat. p. 189.

Snout subacuniiuate, more than twice as long as the eye, obliquely
truncated and projecting. Eostral nearly as deep as broad, just
visible from above ; suture between the interuasals much shorter
than that between the praef rentals ; frontal as long as its distance

666 COLTJBRID2E.

from the end of the snout, a little shorter than the parietals ;
loreal very elongate; one large praeocular; two postoculars ;
temporals 2 + 3 ; 9 or 10 upper labials, two of which (fifth and
sixth or sixth and seventh) enter the eye ; 6 lower labials in con-
tact with the anterior chin-shields, which are much longer than
the posterior. Scales in 25 or 27 rows, smooth or faintly keeled.
Ventrals with a lateral keel, 236-263 ; anal divided ; subcaudals
138-149. Bright green above, the scales usually finely edged
with black, pale green below ; a blackish streak along each side of
the head, passing through the eye ; tail usually yellowish brown.

Total length 7 feet 8 inches ;' tail 19 inches. '

Hab. Tenasserim, Andamans, Nicobars, Malay Peninsula and
Archipelago. Dr. Stoliczka, who observed this snake in the forests
of the Andamans, says it is generally seen on bushes near brackish-
water creeks, and is always ready to take to the water.

Genus XENEL APHIS,

Gunther, Kept. B. I. p. 250, 1864.

Teeth subequal in size, 22 to 25 in each maxillary. Head
moderately elongate, distinct from neck ; eye moderate, with round
pupil ; head-shields normal, with a subocular below the pnieocular.
Body elongate, cylindrical ; scales smooth, without apical pits, in 17
rows, the vertebral row enlarged and six-sided. Ventrals rounded ;
tail long ; subcaudals in two rows.

Only one species.

415. Xenelaphis hexagonotus.

Coluber liexahouotus, Cantor, J.A. S. B. xvi, 1847, p. 921.
Coryphodon sublutescens, Dum. «§• Bibr. Erp. Gen. vii, p. 187.
Xenelaphis hexahonotus, Git-nth. ILept. B. 1. p. 258, pi. xxi, fig. C.
Ptyas hexagonotus, Theob. Cat. p. 168.

Rostral broader than deep, visible from above ; suture between
the internasals nearly as long as that between the prsefroutals ;
frontal as long as its distance from the end of the snout, a little
shorter than the parietals ; loreal nearly as long as deep ; one
praeocular, with a rather large subocular below, wedged in between
the third and fourth upper labials ; two postoculars, with a large
subocular below, separating the eye from the fifth and sixth labials ;
a third subocular occasionally present, separating the eye altogether
from the labials ; temporals 2 + 2 ; normally 8 upper labials, fourth
entering the eye ; 4 or 5 lower labials in contact with the anterior
chin-shields, which are as long as the posterior. Scales in 17 rows,
smooth. Ventrals 185-198 ; anal divided ; subcaudals 140-179.
Brown above, with black cross bands, which become indistinct
with age, on the anterior half of the body, old specimens showing
mere traces of the outer ends of these bands ; lower parts uniform
yellowish.

Total length 5| feet; tail 2 feet.

Hab. Arrakan, Malay Peninsula, Borneo, Sumatra, Java.

DENDEOPHIS. 337

Genus DENDROPHIS,

Boie, Isis, 1827, p. 520.

Maxillary teeth 25 to 30, subequal in size ; anterior manclibular
teeth longest. Head distinct from neck, elongate ; eye large, with
round pupil; head-shields normal. Body elongate, compressed;
scales smooth, with apical pits, in 13 or 15 rows, disposed
obliquely, those of the median row enlarged (see fig. 88, p. 281) ;
ventrals with suture-like lateral keel and a notch on each side
corresponding to the keel ; subcaudals in two rows.

Distribution. About ten species are known, from the East Indies
and Northern Australia. Habits essentially arboreal.

Synopsis of Indian, Ceylonese, and Burmese Species.

A. Scales in 15 rows.

a. Eye extremely large, as long as its

distance from rostral shield D. yrandoculis, p. 337.

b. Distance between eye and rostral ex-

ceeds diameter of eye.
a'. One loreal ; two or three labials

enter eye D. pictus, p. 337.

b'. One loreal ; a single labial enters

eye ; vertebral scales very little

enlarged D. subocularis, p. 338.

c. Two loreals ; two labials enter the

eye D. bifrenalis, p. 338.

B. Scales in 13 rows D. caudolineolatus, p. 339.

416. Dendrophis grandoculis.

Eye extremely large, as long as its distance from the rostral.
Rostral much broader than long, visible from above, its upper bor-
der nearly straight ; suture between the internasals as long as that
between the prafrontals or a little louger ; frontal as long as its
distance from the end of the snout, as long as the parietals ; loreal
elongate; one prse- and two postoculars ; temporals 2+2; upper
labials 9, fourth, fifth, and sixth entering the eye ; 5 lower labials
in contact with the anterior chin-shields, which are shorter than
the posterior. Scales in 15 rows, vertebrals nearly as large as the
outer row. Ventrals 174-176; anal divided; subcaudals 117.
Olive-brown above, with irregular small black blotches ; eye bor-
dered with whitish ; lower parts pale olive.

Total length 4 feet ; tail 13| inches.

Hob. This species was discovered by Col. Beddome in the
Travancore and Tinnevelly bills, between 2000 and 3000 feet, and
in the Canoot Ghat, Wynaad, at 2500 feet.

417. Dendrophis pictus.

Bttsscll, 2nd. Serp. ii, pis. xxv, & xxvi.

Coluber pictus, Gmel. Syst. Nat.i, p. 1116.

Dendrophis picta, Boie, Isis, 1827, p. 530 ; Dvm. $ Bibr. Erp. Gen.

338 COLUBKIDJE.

vii, p. 197 ; Giinth. Rept. B. I. p. 297 ; Stoliczka, J. A. S. B.

xxxix, 1870, p. 193 ; Jan, Icon. Ophid. 32, pi. i ; Theob. Cat. p. 190.
Abfetula bellii, Gray, III. Ind. Zool. ii, pi. Ixxx, fig. 2.
Dendrophis boil, Cantor, P. Z. S. 1839, p. 63.
Leptopbis pictus, Cantor, J. A. S. B. xvi, 1847, p. 930.
Dendrophis picta, var. audamanensis. Anders. P. Z. S. 1871, p. 184.
Dendrophis picta, part., Anders. An. Zool. Res. Yunnan, p. 824.

Eye as long as its distance from the nostril. Kostral broader
than long, visible from above, upper border forming an obtuse
angle ; suture between the interuasals as long as that between
the praefrontals or a little longer ; frontal as long as its distance
from the end of the snout, as long as the parietals or shorter ;
loreal elongate ; one praocular ; two or three postoculars ; tem-
porals 2+2; 9 or 10 upper labials (rarely 8), fifth and sixth, or
fourth, fifth, and sixth, entering the eye ; 5 lower labials in contact
with the anterior chin-shields, which are shorter than the posterior.
Scales in 15 rows, vertebrals at least as large as outer row. Ven-
trals 167-205 ; anal divided ; subcaudals 110-150. Olive or bronze
brown above, sometimes with a yellow vertebral band on the front
part of the trunk ; outer row of scales yellowish, between two
more or less marked dark streaks ; a black streak on each side of the
head passing through the eye ; upper lip yellow ; lower parts uniform
yellowish or pale greenish.

Total length 4 feet ; tail 14 inches.

Hob. A widely distributed species, extending from Peninsular
India and Ceylon through Bengal, Burma, and Siam to the Malay
Peninsula and Archipelago.

418. Dendrophis subocularis.

Dendrophis pieta, part., Anders. An. Zool. Res. Yunnan, p. 824.
Dendrophis subocularis, Bouleng. Ann. Mus. Genom, (2) vi, 1838,
p. 600, pi. vi, fig. 2.

Differs from D. pictus in having only 8 upper labials, of which
the fifth is the largest and alone borders the eye ; in the scales of
the vertebral row being but very feebly enlarged and smaller than
those of the outer row ; and in the smaller number of catidals.
Yentrals 167-177 ; subcaudals 74-105.

Hob. Bhamo, Upper Burma.

419. Dendrophis bifrenalis.
Dendrophis picta, var. c, Giinth. Cat. Col. $n. p. 149.

Head more elongate than in D. pictus • parietals longer than the
frontal ; two loreals ; 9 upper labials, fifth and sixth entering the
eye. Scales in 15 rows, vertebrals larger than outer row. Yen-
trals 154-171; anal divided; subcaudals 144-155. Coloration
like D. pictus, but the whole side of the veutrals above the later al
keel dark olive like the back.

Total length 3 feet 3 inches ; tail 14-5 inches.

Hob. Ceylon. Three specimens are in the British Museum.

DENDEEL APHIS. 339

420. Dendrophis caudolineolatus.

Dendrophis caudolineolatus, Gilnth. P. Z. S. 1869, p. 506, pi. xl, fig. 1.
Dendrophis gregorii, Haly, Taprobanian, iii, 1888, p. 51.

Eye as long as its distance from the nostril. Eostral broader
than long, visible from above, upper border forming an obtuse
angle ; suture between the internasals a little shorter than that
between the prsefrontals ; frontal longer than its distance from the
end of the snout, as long as the parietals ; loreal elongate ; one
pracocular; two postoculars ; temporals 1+2 or 2 + 1; 8 or 9
upper labials, fourth and fifth, or fifth and sixth, entering the eye;
4 or 5 lower labials in contact with the anterior chin-shields, which
are shorter than the posterior. Scales in 13 rows, vertebrals as
large as outer row. Ventrals 149-161 ; anal divided ; subcaudals
124-128. Bronzy olive above, anteriorly with oblique narrow
black streaks ; tail with four more or less distinct black lines, one
above, one along the inner edges of the subcaudals, and one on
each side ; a black temporal streak ; lower surfaces greenish white.

Total length 2 feet 1 inch ; tail 9 inches.

Hob. Ceylon.

Genus DENDRELAPHIS.

Maxillary teeth 18 to 20, anterior longest • anterior mandibular
teeth longest. Head distinct from neck, elongate ; eye large, with
round pupil; head-shields normal. Body elongate, feebly com-
pressed ; scales smooth, in 13 rows, disposed obliquely, with apical
pits ; ventrals with suture-like lateral keel, and a notch on each
side corresponding to the keel ; subcaudals in two rows.

The type species occurs in Southern India and the Malay Penin-
sula and Archipelago. A second species is from the Philippines,
D, terrificus, Peters (D. philippinensis, Gthr.).

Of mixed arboreal and terrestrial habits.

421. Dendrelaphis caudolineatus.

Alitetula caudoliueata, Gray, III. Ind. Zool. ii, pi. Ixxxi.
Leptophis caudalineatus, Cantor, J. A. S. B. xvi, 1847, p. 932.
Dendrophis octolineata, Dum. $• Bibr. Erp. Gen. vii, p. 201 ; Jan,

Icon. Ophid. 32, pi. ii, fig. 1.
Dendrophis caudolineata, Giinth. Rept. B. I. p. 297 ; Stoliczka, J. A.

S. B. xxxix, 1870, p. 194, & xlii, 1873, p. 123.

Snout scarcely longer than the eye. Eostral a little broader
than deep, visible from above ; suture between the internasals as
long as or a little shorter than that between the prsefrontals ; frontal
longer than its distance from the end of the snout, a little shorter
than the parietals ; loreal elongate ; one prae- and two postoculars ;
temporals 2 + 2; 9 upper labials, fifth and sixth entering the eye;
5 lower labials in contact with the anterior chin-shields, which are
shorter than the posterior. Scales in 13 rows. Ventrals 176-

z2

340

188; anal divided; subcaudals 100-112. Light brownish bronze
or greenish yellow above, the scales with black edges forming more
or less regular longitudinal lines ; a yellowish lateral streak edged
above and below by a black band, the lower of which extends on
to the outer edge of the ventrals ; lips and lower surfaces pale
metallic citrine, the tail with a black median line.

Total length 5 feet ; tail 1 foot 3 inches.

Hob. Mergui, Malay Peninsula, Borneo, Sumatra, Celebes;
specimens were also obtained in the Wynaad by Col. Beddome.

This very unusual geographical distribution is not unparalleled,
as we meet with the same in Simotes octolineatus. Special affinity
between the Malay and South-Indian fauna is also exhibited in the
lizards of the genera Draco and Liolepis.

Genus PSEUDOXENODON.

Maxillary teeth 20 to 25, increasing in size posteriorly, the two
last abruptly enlarged ; mandibular teeth subequal. Head distinct
from neck, which is dilatable ; eye large, with round pupil ; head-
shields normal. Body moderately elongate, cylindrical ; scales on
the anterior part of the body disposed obliquely, narrow and much
imbricate, in 17 or 19 rows ; dorsals keeled, without apical pits ;
ventrals rounded ; subcaudals in two rows.

This new genus is distinguished from Tropidonotus by its oblique
scales, and from Xenodon, Boie (type X. severm, L.), by its longer
maxillary with much more numerous teeth. Besides P. macrops,
it embraces the South-Chinese Tropidonotus dorsalis, Grthr., and the
Javan Xenodon inornatus, Boie.

422. Pseudoxenodon macrops.

Tropidonotus macrops, Blyth, J. A. S. B. xxiii, 1855, p. 296 ; Gimth.

Kept. B. I. p. 263 ; Stoliczka, J. A. S. B. xl, 1871, p. 436 ; Theob.

Cat. p. 174.

Xenodon macrophthalmus, part., Gilnth. Cat. Col. Sn. p. 58.
Tropidonotus macrophthalmus, part., Gilnth. Itept. B. I. p. 262,

pi. xxii, fig. C.

Tropidonotus macrophthalmus, Anders. P. Z. S. 1871, p. 177.
Tropidonotus sikkimensis, Anders. J. A. S. B. xl, 1871, p. 17.

Eye large, its diameter more than its distance from the nostril ;
rostral just visible from above ; suture between the internasals
shorter than that between the prafrontals ; frontal slightly shorter
than its distance from the end of the snout, shorter than the parie-
tals ; loreal as long as deep or deeper than long ; one pra3ocular ;
three postoculars ; temporals 2 + 2; 8 upper labials, fourth and
fifth entering the eye ; 4 or 5 lower labials in contact with the an-
terior chin-shields, which are a little shorter than the posterior.
Scales more or less strongly keeled, in 19 rows anteriorly, in 17 on
the middle of the body. Ventrals 160-173 ; anal divided ; sub-
caudals 60-75. Brown or olive above, with or without a dorsal

TROPIDONOTUS. 341

series of reddish-brown or orange spots, and a dorso-Iateral series
of black spots ; a more or less distinct chevron-shaped dark mark-
ing, pointing forwards, may be present on the nape ; anterior part
of belly with large quadrangular blackish-brown spots, posterior
part and lower side of the tail clouded with brown.

Total length 39 inches ; tail 7.

Hab. Eastern Himalayas (4000 feet), Khasi Hills, Kakhyen Hills,
and Pegu Hills.

This snake is remarkable for its dilatable neck, with the scaling
very similar to that of a Cobra, for which, Dr. Giinther says, it is
frequently taken.

Genus TKOPIDONOTUS,
Kuhl, in F&ussac, Bull. Sc. Nat. ii, 1824, p. 81 ; Boie. Isis, 1827, p. 518.

Maxillary teeth 12 to 22, posterior longest ; mandibular teeth
subequal. Head distinct from neck ; eye moderate or rather large,

Fig. 100.— Head of Tropidonotits piscator.

with round pupil ; head-shields normal. Body more or less elon-
gate, cylindrical ; scales keeled, rarely smooth, in 15 to 29 rows,
with or without apical pits ; ventrals rounded ; subcaudals in two
rows.

A large genus, distributed over the greater part of the Northern
Hemisphere, together with the Malayan and Papuasiau Islands,
and North Australia ; the bulk of the species inhabiting the East
Indies and North America. Many of these snakes are aquatic
in their habits, and the majority feed on batrachians and fishes ;
some are oviparous, others ovoviviparous.

342 COLUBKIDjE.

Synopsis of Indian, Ceylonese, and Burmese Species.

A. 19 rows of scales.

a. Internasals broadly truncated anteriorly,

trapezoid.

«'. Scales faintly or feebly keeled ; 3 la-
bials entering the eye.

a". 154-168 ventrals ; 96-122 subcaudals. T. modestus, p. 343.
b". 177-235 ventrals ; 75-107 subcaudals. T. plati/ceps, p. 343.
I'. Scales strongly keeled.

a". Eye moderate, diameter (in adults)
nearly equalling distance from nos-
tril ; 3 labials entering eye.
a. Scales of outer vow smooth.

a'. 150-154 ventrals ; 80-100 sub-
caudals T. khasiensis, p. 344.

ft'. 131-150 ventrals; 65-75 sub-
caudals , T. Icddomii, p. 344.

ft. Scales of outer row keeled; 160-

175 ventrals ; 73-95 subcaudals. . T. parallel™, p. 345.
b". Eye large ; scales of outer row keeled ;
3 labials entering eye.

a. Two anterior temporals T. chrysargns, p. 345.

ft. One anterior temporal T. niyrocinctus, p. 346.

c". Eye rather large, diameter exceeding
distance from nostril ; scales of outer
row smooth or very feebly keeled.
a. Two labials entering eye.

a'. 133-141 ventrals ; 48-54 subcau-
dals T. ceylonensis, p. 346.

ft'. 158-170 ventrals; 79-90 subcau-
dals 2\ Idmalayanus, p. 347.

ft. Three labials entering eye.

a'. Frontal shorter than parietals ;
132-166 ventrals; 68-87 sub-
caudals T. subminiatns, p. 347.

ft'. Frontal as long as parietals ; 134 -

142 ventrals ; 80-92 subcaudals. T. monticola, p. 348.

b. Internasals much narrowed anteriorly,

subtriangular ; frontal longer than dis-
tance from end of snout, as long as parie-
tals or slightly shorter.
«'. Two or three labials entering eye.
a". Scales of outer row smooth ; normally
a single anterior temporal, and 3

labials entering eye T. stolatus, p. 348.

b''. Scales of outer row smooth ; nor-
mally 2 anterior temporals, and 2

labials entering eye . . . , T. piscator, p. 349.

c". Scales of outer row keeled ; a single
anterior temporal ; 3 labials entering

eye T. bellulus, p. 350.

b'. A single labial entering eye ; 2 anterior [p. 350.

temporals T. sancti-johannis,

B. 17 rows of scales, smooth or faintly keeled. . T. punctulatus, p. 350.

C. 23-27 rows of scales T. plumbicolor, p. 351.

TEOPIDONOTUS. 343

423. Tropidonotus modestus.

Tropidonotus modestus, Giinth. P. Z. S. 1875, p. 232 ; Anders. An.
Zool. Res. Yunnan, p. 817.

Eye rather small ; rostral just visible from above ; suture
between the internasals as long as that between the'praefrontals or a
little shorter ; frontal longer than its distance from the end of the
snout, shorter than the parietals ; loreal longer than deep ; one
prseocular (or two); two or three postoculars ; temporals 1 + 1
(1+2 or 2 + 2) ; upper labials 9, fourth, fifth, and sixth entering
the eye ; 5 lower labials in contact with the anterior chin-shields,
which are shorter than the posterior. Scales in 19 rows, feebly
keeled. Ventrals 154-168; anal divided ; subcaudals 96-122.
Olive-brown above, with small black spots, and a more or less
distinct series of small yellowish spots, or a yellowish band, along
each side of the back ; sutures between the labials black ; lower
surfaces yellowish, with a series of blackish spots on each side of
the ventrals, or yellowish in the middle and blackish on the sides,
or nearly entirely blackish.

Total length 2 feet ; tail 7 inches.

Hal. Khasi Hills and Western Yunnan.

424. Tropidonotus platyceps.

Tropidonotus platyceps, Blyth,J. A. S. B. xxiii, 1854, p. 297 ; Giinth.

Rept. B. I. p. 264, pi. xxii, fig. D ; Stoliczka, J. A. S. B. xxxix,

1870, pt. 2, p. 191; Anders. P. Z. 8. 1871, p. 176; Theob. Cat.

p. 174.
Herpetoreas sieboldii, Giinth. P. Z. S. 1860, p. 156 ; id, Rept. B. 1.

p. 257 ; Theob. Cat, Rept. As. Soc. Mus. 1868, p. 54 ; id. Cat.

p. 172. _
Zamenis himalayanus, Steindachner, Sitsb. zool.-bot, Ges. Wien, xvii,

1867, p. 513, pi. xiii, figs. 1/2, 3.

Eye moderate ; rostral just visible from above ; suture between
the internasals as long as that between the praefrontals or shorter ;
frontal longer than its distance from the end of the snout, shorter
than the parietals ; loreal longer than deep ; one pra3ocular (some-
times divided) ; two or three postoculars ; temporals 1 + 1, or 1 +2,
or 2+2 ; upper labials 8, third, fourth, and fifth entering the eye ;
4 or 5 lower labials in contact with the anterior chin-shields,
which are much shorter than the posterior. Scales in 19 rows
faintly or feebly keeled. 177-235 ventrals ; anal divided ; subcaudals
75-107. Olive-brown above, with small black spots ; frequently
two black parallel lines or an elliptic marking on the nape ; a
light, black-edged streak on each side of the head, or a black line
from eye to gape; belly yellowish, with or without blackish dots ;
frequently a black line or series of elongate blackish spots along
each side of the belly ; lower surface of tail frequently mottled with
blackish; throat sometimes black. In life, a coral-red band is
said to run along the ends of the ventrals.

Total length 3 feet ; tail 9 inches.

344 COLUBMD^.

Hub. Himalayas from Kashmir to Assam (up to 10,000 feet) and
Khasi Hills.

This very variable species connects Tropidonotus with Zamenis.
The keels on the scales are sometimes, especially in females, wanting
throughout the greater part of the body.

425. Tropidonotus khasiensis.

Eye moderate ; its diameter not more than its distance from the
nostril ; rostral just visible from above ; suture between the inter-
nasals as long as that between the prsefrontals ; frontal slightly
longer than its distance from the end of the snout, shorter than
the parietals ; loreal as long as deep or a little longer than deep ;
one or two praeoculars ; three postoculars ; temporals 1 -f 1 ; upper
labials 9 normally, fourth, fifth, and sixth entering the eye ; 5
lower labials in contact with the anterior chin-shields, which are
shorter than the posterior. Scales in 19 rows, rather strongly
keeled, the outer row smooth. 150-154 ventrals ; anal divided ;
subcaudals 80-100. Pale brown above, some of the scales edged
with darker ; head with more or less distinct yellowish dots or ver-
miculations ; labials yellow in the middle and dark brown on the
borders ; an oblique yellow streak edged with dark brown on each
side of the nape, forming the continuation of the series of yellow
labial spots ; ventrals and subcaudals yellowish, with an interrupted
brown streak or series of spots along each side.

Total length 23 inches ; tail 7-5.

Hob. Khasi Hills.

426. Tropidonotus beddomii.

Spilotes vittatus, Beddome, Madras Journ. Med. Sc. 1863.

Tropidonotus beddomii, Giinth. Rept. B. I. p. 269, pi. xxii, fig. E ;

Theob. Cat. p. 176.

Eye moderate, its diameter in the adult equalling its distance
from the nostril ; rostral just visible from above ; suture between
the internasals as long as that between the praefrontals ; frontal
longer than its distance from the end of the snout, a little shorter
than the parietals ; loreal as long as deep or deeper than long ; one
prseocular ; three (rarely two) postoculars ; temporals 1 + 1 or 1 +2 ;
upper labials 8 or 9, third, fourth, and fifth, or fourth, fifth, and
sixth, entering the eye; 5 lower labials in contact with the anterior
chin-shields, which are shorter than the posterior. Scales in 19
rows, rather strongly keeled, the outer, however, perfectly smooth.
Ventrals 131-150 ; anal divided ; subcaudals 65-75. Brown above ;
a series of yellow spots, each between two black spots or short
transverse bands, along each side of the back ; upper labials yel-
lowish with black sutures ; a yellow, black-edged, oblique streak
from the eye to the gape ; a yellow band across the nape, behind
the parietals, becoming indistinct with age ; belly white, closely
dotted with brown on the sides.
Total length 20 inches ; tail 5.
Hob. Wynaad, Nilgiris, Anaimalais (4700 feet).

TROPIDONOTUS. 345

427. Tropidonotus parallelus.

Tropidonotus dipsas (non Blyth), Anders. An. Zool. Res. Yunnan,
p. 819.

Eye moderate, its diameter nearly equal to its distance from the
nostril ; rostral just visible from above ; suture between the inter-
nasals as long as that between the praefrontals ; frontal longer than
its distance from the end of the snout, shorter than the parietals ;
loreal as long as deep ; one or two (or three) prseoculars ; three
postoculars; temporals 1 + 1, 1+2, or 2 + 2; upper labials 8 nor-
mally, third, fourth, and fifth entering the eye ; 4 or 5 lower labials
in contact with the anterior chin-shields, which are shorter than the
posterior. Scales in 19 rows, strongly keeled, those of the outer
row more or less distinctly keeled. Ventrals 163-172 (160-175,
Anderson) • anal divided; subcaudals 73-86 (95, Anderson). Olive-
brown above, the scales edged with blackish, with two yellowish,
black-edged dorsal bands running along the back and tail ; a short
yellow longitudinal streak behind the occiput ; a black streak from
the eye to the commissure of the mouth ; labials yellow; ventrals
and subcaudals uniform yellow, or with a black dot on each side.

Total length 22 inches ; tail 5£.

Hob. Sikhim, Khasi Hills, hills of Upper Burma and Yunnan.

428. Tropidonotus chrysargus.

Tropidonotus chrysargus, Schleg. Phys. Serp. ii, p. 312, pi. xii, figs. 6

Tropidonotus junceus, Cantor, J. A. S. B. xvi, 1847, p. 940; Giinth.

Kept. B. I. p. 268, pi. xxii, no-. F ; StoKcska, J. A. S. B. xl, 1871,

pt. 2, p. 434 ; Tkeob. Cat. p. 176.

Leptophis albomaculatus, Dum. fy Bibr. Erp. Gen. vii, p. 541.
Amphiesnia chrysargum, Dum. <§• Bibr. t. c. p. 739.
Tropidonotus dipsas, Blyth, J. A. S. B. xxiii, 1854, p. 297.
? Tropidonotus zebrinus, Blyth, t. c. p. 295; Theob. t. c. p. 173.
Amphiesma platyceps, Jan, Icon. Ophid. 29, pi. ii, fig. 1.

Eye large, its diameter exceeding its distance from the nostril ;
rostral just visible from above ; suture between the internasals as
long as that between the praefrontals or a little shorter ; frontal as
long as its distance from the end of the snout, shorter than the
parietals ; loreal nearly as deep as long ; one or two praeoculars,
three postoculars ; temporals 2+2 or 2+3 ; upper labials 9 or 8,
fourth, fifth, and sixth, or third, fourth, and fifth, entering the eye ;
5 or 6 lower labials in contact with the anterior chin-shields, which
are shorter than the posterior. Scales in 19 rows, strongly keeled,
those of the outer row distinctly keeled. Ventrals 143-169 ; anal
divided ; subcaudals 60-92. Brownish or olive-green above, with
a series of yellow spots or short transverse bars along each side of the
back ; young with black spots and cross bars, which become indis-
tinct with age ; upper lip white, with the sutures between the
labials black, the white colour extending as an angular or crescentic
marking on the nape ; belly yellowish, with or without blackish
dots and with a more or less distinct series of small black spots
along each side.

346 COLTJBEID^;.

Total length 2| feet ; tail 7'5 inches.

Hob. Eastern Himalayas (3000-6000 feet), Assam, Burma,
Southern China, the Malay Peninsula, Java, Borneo, and Sumatra.
Appears to be everywhere chiefly a mountain form.

429. Tropidonotus nigrocinctns.

Tropidonotus nigrocinctus, Blyth, J. A. S. B. xxiv, 1856, p. 717 ;
Giinth. Kept. B. I. p. 269; Theob. Cat. p. 175.

Eye large, its diameter exceeding its distance from the nostril ;
rostral just visible from above ; suture between the internasals a
little shorter than that between the praefroutals ; frontal a little
longer than its distance from the end of the snout and a little
shorter than the parietals ; loreal slightly longer than deep ; one
or two prseoculars ; three postoculars; temporals 1 + 2; upper
labials 9, fourth, fifth, and sixth entering the eye ; 5 lower labials
in contact with the anterior chin-shields, which are a little shorter
than the posterior. Scales in 19 rows, strongly keeled, the outer
row distinctly keeled. VentralslSo— 160; anal divided; subcaudals
81-89. Olive-grey above, green towards the head, with narrow
transverse black streaks ; an oblique black streak below the eye,
another behind the eye, and a third on each side of the neck ; lower
parts yellowish, dotted with brown posteriorly.

Total length 26 inches ; tail 7.

Hub. Pegu and Tenasserim.

430. Tropidonotus ceylonensis.

Tropidonotus chrysargus, var. ceylouensis, Giinth. Cat. Col. Sn. p. 71.
Tropidonotus ceylonensis, Gi'mth. Kept. B. I. p. 268, pi. xxii. fig. G ;
Theob. Cat. p. 178.

Eye rather large, its diameter a little exceeding its distance from
the nostril ; rostral just visible from above ; suture between the
internasals a little shorter than that between the praBfrontals ;
frontal longer than its distance from the end of the snout, as long
as the parietals ; loreal as deep as long ; two praoculars ; three
postoculars; temporals 2 + 2 or 2 + 3; upper labials 8 normally,
fourth and fifth entering the eye ; 4 lower labials in contact with
the anterior chin-shields, which are shorter than the posterior.
Scales in 19 rows, strongly keeled, the outer row smooth or faintly
keeled. Ventrals 133-141 ; anal divided ; subcaudals 48-54.
Olive-brown above, with black cross bands and a series of large
yellow black-edged ocelli along each side of the back ; these mark-
ings less distinct in the adult ; lips white ; a black band on each
side of the head behind the eye ; a black band on each side of the
nape, converging towards its fellow posteriorly, the space between
them yellow in the young ; belly uniform yellowish, or powdered
with brown posteriorly.

Total length 18 inches ; tail 3-5.

Hob. Ceylon.

TEOPIDONOTUS. 347

431. Tropidonotus snfominiatns.

Tropidonotus subminiatus, Schleg. Phys. Serp. ii, p. 313; Giinth.

Kept. B. I. p. 265 ; Anders. P. Z. S. 1871, p. 177 ; Stoliczka, J. A.

S. S. xl, 1871, pt. 2. p. 434, pi. xxvi, fig. 3; Theob. Cat. p. 177 ;

Anders. An. Zool. Res. Yunnan, p. 822.
Amphiesma subminiatum, Dum. <§• Bibr. Erp. Gen. vii, p. 734 ; Jan,

Icon. Ophid. 29, pi. i, fig. 3.

Eye rather large, its diameter a little exceeding its distance from
the nostril ; rostral just visible from above ; suture between the
internasals shorter than that between the praefrontals ; frontal as
long as its distance from the end of snout or a little longer, shorter
than the parietals ; loreal as long as deep or deeper than long ; one
prseocular; three postoculars ; temporals 2 -f 2 or 2 + 3; upper labials
8 normally, third, fourth, and fifth entering the eye ; 5 lower labials
in contact with the anterior chin-shields, which are a little shorter
than the posterior. Scales in 19 rows, strongly keeled, those of the
outer row smooth. Ventrals 132-166 ; anal divided ; subcaudals
68-87.' Brownish, greyish olive, or olive-green above, adult uniform
or with black and yellow reticulations; neck often tinged with
bright vermilion ; a dorso-lateral series of light spots may be
present ; a black oblique spot below the eye, on a white ground ;
young with a jet-black cross band on the nape, bordered with
yellow posteriorly ; belly yellowish ; frequently a black dot on the
outer end of each ventral shield.

Total length 3| feet ; tail 10 inches.

Hob. From Sikhim, Assam, Burma, and Southern China to the
Malay Peninsula and Java. This is a common species, chiefly
inhabiting hilly country, though rarely found above 3000 or 4000
feet.

432. Tropidonotus himalayanus.

Xenodon niacrophthalmus, part., Giinlh. Cat. Col. Sn. p. 58.
Tropidonotus macrophthalmus, part., Giinth. Kept. B. I. p. 262.
Tropidonotus himalayanus, Giinth. op. cit. p. 26o, pi. xxii, fig. II ;

Anders. P. Z. S. 1871, p. 178 ; Stoliczka, J. A. S. B. xl, 1871, pt. 2,

p. 434 ; Theob. Cat. p. 178.

Agrees very closely in structure and in colour with T. subminiatus,
from which it is distinguished by having two labials only (normally
fourth and fifth) entering the eye, and by the presence of a yellow
or orange collar separating the head from the black nuchal spot.
Sometimes a single anterior temporal, more frequently two. Ven-
trals 158-170 ; subcaudals 79-90.

Total length 2 feet 9 inches ; tail 8 inches.

Hob. Himalayas (Nepal and Sikhim) and Assam Hills. Dr.
Stoliczka observes that this species is not common in Sikhim and
that it is mostly confined to the lower valleys, rarely going up to or
above 5000 feet.

348 COLUBKIDjE.

433. Tropidonotus monticola.

Tropidonotus monticola, Jerdon, J. A. S. B. xxii, 1853, p. 530;
Giinth. Kept. B. I. p. 267 ; Theob. Cat. p. 178.

Eye large, its diameter more than its distance from the nostril ;
rostral just visible from above : suture between the internasals
shorter than that between the prsefrontals ; frontal considerably
longer than its distance from the end of the snout, as long as the
parietals ; loreal as long as deep, or deeper than long ; one prse-
ocular; three postoculars ; temporals 2+2 ; upper labials 8, third,
fourth, and fifth entering the eye ; 5 lower labials in contact with
the anterior chin-shields, which are a little shorter than the posterior.
Scales in 19 rows, strongly keeled, the outer row smooth or feebly
keeled. Ventrals 134-142 ; anal divided; subcaudals 80-92. Green
above, with black cross bands divided on eacli side by a pale spot ;
a white line across the head behind the eyes and a white dot on
each side of the frontal ; prse- and postoculars and labials 3 to 6,
white ; lower parts white.

Total length 18 inches ; tail 5-5.

Hab. South Canara, Wynaad, Anaimalai Hills.

Fig. 101 . — Tropidonotus stolatus.

434. Tropidonotus stolatus.

Russell, 2nd. Serp. i, pi. x, and ii, pis. xv B & xix.

Coluber stolatus, Linn. Syst. Nat. \, p. 379.

Tropidonotus stolatus, Boie, Isis, 1827, p. 535; Scliley. Phys. Serp.

ii, p. 317; Cantor, J. A. S. B. xvi, 1847, p. 937 ; Giinth. Rept.

B.I. p. 266; Theob. Cat. p. 177; Anders. An. Zool. Res. Yunnan,

p. 816; Murray, Zool. Sind, p. 379.
Amphiesma stolatum, Dum. $ Bilr. Erp. Gfn. vii, p. 727.

TBOPIDONOTUS. 349

Eye moderate, as long as its distance from the nostril in the
adult ; rostral just visible from above ; internasals much narrowed
anteriorly, subtriangular with the anterior angle truncated, nearly
as long as the praefrontals ; frontal longer than its distance from
the end of the snout, as long as the parietals ; loreal as long as deep
or deeper than long; one praeocular, three postoculars; temporals
1 + 1 or 1+2 ; upper labials 8 normally, third, fourth, and fifth
entering the eye ; 5 or 6 lower labials in contact with the anterior
chin-shields, which are shorter than the posterior. Scales in 19
rows, strongly keeled, outer row perfectly smooth. Ventrals 125-
161 ; anal divided ; subcaudals 50-85. Greenish or brownish
olive, with black spots or reticulated cross bars intersected by two
yellow longitudinal bands which are best marked posteriorly ; prse-
and postoculars yellowish ; lower surfaces white, usually with a
black spot on each side of each ventral ; nape red during the
breeding-season.

Total length 2 feet 3 inches ; tail 7 inches.

Hub. A common species all over India and Ceylon, extending to
Sind ; specimens were collected by Mr. Davison in the Nilgiris at
an altitude of 5900 feet. Occurs also in Burma and the Malay
Peninsula, and in Southern China.

435. Tropidonotus piscator.

Russell, Ind. Serp. i, pis. xx, xxviii, xxxiii, and ii, pis. iii, xiv, xv A.

Hydras piscator, Schneid. Hist. Amph. i, p. 247.

Coluber rectangulus, Gray, III. Ind. Zool. ii, pi. Ixxxii, figs. 4-7.

Tropidonotus piscator, Boie, Isis, 1827, p. 535.

Tropidonotus quincunciatus, Schley. Phys. Serp. ii, p. 307, pi. xii,

tigs. 4 £ o ; Dum. $ Bibr. Erp. Gen. vii, p. 592; Giinth. Rept.

B. I. p. 260 ; Jan, Icon. Ophid. 27, pi. i ; StoKcska, J. A. S. B.

xxxix, 1870, pt. 2, p. 190, and xl, 1871, pt. 2, p. 431, pi. xxvi,

fig. 1 ; Blanf. J. A. S. B. xxxix, 1870, pt. 2, p. 371 ; T/ieob. Cat.

p. 175 ; Anders. An. Zool. Res. Yunnan, p. 821 ; Murray, Zool.

Sind, p. 379.
Tropidonotus umbratus, Schley. t. c. p. 309 ; Cantor, J. A. S. B. xvi,

1847, p. 936.

Tropidonotus tytleri, Blyth, J. A. S. B. xxxii, 1863, p. 88.
Tropidonotus striolatus, Theob. Cat. Rept. As. Soc. Mus. 1868,

p. 55.

Eye rather small, shorter than its distance from the nostril in
the adult ; rostral visible from above : interuasals much narrowed
anteriorly, subtriangular with the anterior angle truncated, as long
as the prsefrontals ; frontal longer than its distance from the end
of the snout, as long as the parietals or a little shorter ; loreal
nearly as long as deep ; one praeocular ; three (rarely four) post-
oculars ; temporals 2+2 or 2+3 ; upper labials 9 normally, fourth
and fifth entering the eye ; 5 lower labials in contact with the
anterior chin- shields, which are shorter than the posterior. Scales
in 19 rows, strongly keeled, outer rows smooth. Ventrals 125-
158 ; anal divided ; subcaudals 64-90. Coloration very variable,

350 COLUBEIDJE.

consisting of dark spots arranged quincuncially and often separated
by a whitish network, or of black longitudinal bands on a pale
ground, or of dark cross bands, with or without whitish spots, &c.
&c.; two oblique black streaks, one below and the other behind the
eye, are nearly constant ; lower parts white, with or without black
margins to the shields.

Total length 4 feet ; tail 1 foot.

Hob. Pound in or near rivers and pools all over India and
Ceylon, Burma and Southern China to the Malay Peninsula and
Archipelago.

436. Tropidonotus bellulus.

Tropidouotus bellulus, Stoliczka, J. A. S. B. xl, 1871, pt. 2, p. 43i>,
pi. xxvi, fig. 2 ; Theob. Cat. p. 17G.

This species, which is unknown to me, is based on a single young
specimen, allied to T. pismtor, but differing in the following
characters : — Internasals less pointed, slightly longer than the
praefrontals ; fourth, fifth, and sixth labials entering the eye ;
temporals 1 + 2. All the scales sharply keeled. Yentrals 140 ;
subcaudals 63. Olive-brown above, with two longitudinal series of
black dots along the back ; sides of neck with transverse yellowish
bars ; pra3- and postoculars yellow ; labials black-edged ; ventrals
and subcaudals greenish or dull white, with deep black edges.

Total length 16-5 inches ; tail 5.

Hob. Hills between Prome and Toungngoo, Pegu.

437. Tropidonotus sancti-johannis.

Diameter of the eye a little less than its distance from the
nostril; rostral visible from above; internasals much narrowed
anteriorly, snbtriangular with the anterior angle truncated, as long
as the prsefrontals : frontal longer than its distance from the end of
the snout, nearly as long as the parietals ; loreal slightly longer than
deep; one prseocular ; three postoculars; temporals 2+2; upper
labials 9, fourth entering the eye, fifth very small, triangular,
wedged in between the fourth and sixth ; 5 lower labials in contact
with the anterior chin- shields, which are much shorter than the
posterior. Scales in 19 rows, dorsals rather feebly keeled, the two
or three outer rows smooth. Ventrals 158 ; anal divided ; subcau-
dals 85. Uniform olive above, whitish inferiorly.

Total length 16 inches ; tail 4.

Hob. A single specimen was obtained in Kashmir by Sir O. B.
St. John, and presented to the British Museum.

438. Tropidonotus punctulatus.

Tropidonotus punctulatus, Giinth. Cat. Col. Sn. p. 247 ; id. A. M. N.

H. (4) i, 1868, p. 420 ; id. Zool. Rec. 1870, p. 74 ; Theob. Cat.

p. 173.
Fowlea peg-uensis, Theob. Cat. Kept. As. Soc. Mus. 1868, p. 57.

TROPIDONOTUS. 351

Eye rather small, its diameter a little less than its distance from
the end of the snout ; rostral visible from above, forming a narrow
suture with the internasals, which are much narrowed anteriorly
and nearly as long as the prasfrontals ; frontal longer than its
distance from the end of the snout, nearly as long as the parietals ;
loreal as long as deep ; one prseocular : two or three postoculars ;
temporals 2 + 2 or 2 + 3; 9 (exceptionally 10) upper labials, fourth
and fifth (or fifth and sixth) entering the eye; 5 lower labials in
contact with the anterior chin-shields, which are shorter than the
posterior. Scales in 17 rows, smooth or faintly keeled. Ventrals
142-154 ; anal divided ; subcaudals 62-83. Brown or black above,
with small pale markings or dots ; two outer rows of scales, the
ventrals and subcaudals yellowish with dark margins ; upper lip
uniform yellowish ; frequently a light, curved longitudinal streak
on each side of the nape.

Total length 2 feet ; tail 6 inches.

Hob. Pegu.

439. Tropidonotus plumbicolor.

Tropidouotus plumbicolor, Cantor, P. Z. S. 1839, p. 54 ; G'unth. Rept.

E. I. p. 272 ; id. Zool. Rec. 1865, p. 154 ; Stoliczka, J. A. S. B.

xl, 1871, pt. 2, p. 438 ; Anders. P. Z. S. 1871, p. 176 ; Theob. Cat.

p. 179 ; Murray, Zool. Sind, p. 380.
Xenodon viridis, Dum. Sf Bibr. Erp. Gen. vii, p. 763.
Trigonocephalus ellioti, Jerdon, J. A. S. B. xxii, 1854, p. 523.
Amphiesnia bracliyurum, Jan, Elenco, p. 73; id. Arch. Zool. Anat.

Phys. iii, 1865, p. 237, and Icon. Oplnd. 29, pi. iii, fig. 2.
Halys elliotti, Theob. Cat. p. 225.

Habit stout, viperine. Eye moderate ; rostral just visible from
above ; suture between the internasals as long as that between
the praefrontals or a little shorter ; frontal as long as its distance
from the end of the snout or a little longer, as long as the parietals
or a little shorter ; loreal as long as deep or deeper, sometimes
entering the eye ; two praeoculars, three or four postoculars ;
temporals 2 + 3 or 4; upper labials 7, third and fourth entering
the eye ; 4 or 5 lower labials in contact with the anterior chin-
shields, which are shorter than the posterior. Scales strongly
keeled, in 23 to 27 rows. Ventrals 144-160 ; anal usually divided;
subcaudals 35-50. Dull green above, uniform or with traces of
black markings ; young with a large chevron-shaped black mark on
the nape and occiput, the point on the frontal shield bordered
posteriorly with bright yellow ; a black band from the eye to the
angle of the mouth, and more or less regular transverse black spots
or bands on the body ; belly blackish, or yellowish with or without
brown spots.

Total length 2| feet ; tail 3-5 inches.

Hob. India; not uncommon in the Madras and Bombay
Presidencies and Ceylon. A large specimen was obtained, at an
altitude of 4700 feet, in the Anaimalai Hills by Mr. W. Davison.

352

The following species, unknown to me, appears to be insufficiently
characterized : —

TROPIDONOTUS ANGUSTICEPS, Blyth, J. A. S. B. xxiii, 1855,
p. 295.

Head narrow, not broader than the neck ; two to four prse- and
four or five postoculars. Ventrals 167-172 ; subcaudals 57-67.
Plumbeous above, uniformly spotted with black ; below whitish,
more or less varigated with black on the hinder half ; a V-like
mark on the nape, with the apex towards the occiput, becoming
obsolete in adults.

Total length 41 inches ; tail 8'5.

Hub, Assam and Arrakan.

Genus HELICOPS,
Wagler, Syst. Amph. p. 170, 1830.

Maxillary teeth about 20, posterior largest ; maudibular teeth
subequal. Head slightly distinct from neck ; eye moderate or
rather small, with round pupil ; nostrils directed upwards, in a
semidivided nasal ; a single internasal. Body rather stout, cylin-
drical ; scales keeled, in 19 to 23 rows, without apical pits; veutrals
rounded ; subcaudals in two rows.

With the exception of the following, the species of this genus
inhabit Tropical America. Habits aquatic ; feeding on batrachians
and fishes.

440. Helicops schistosus.

Russell, 2nd. Serp. ii, pi. iv.

Coluber schistosus, Daud. Rept. vii, p. 132.

Tropidonotus schistosus, Sclikg. Phys. Serp. ii, p. 319 ; Cantor, J. A,

S. B. xvi, 1847, p. 938 ; Dum. $ Bibr. Erp. Gen. vii, p. 596.
Tropidonotus mcestus and T. turgens, Cantor, P. Z. S. 1839, p. 54.
Atretium schistosum, Giinth. Rept. B. I. p. 273 ; Theob. Cat. p. 179.
Helicops schistosus, Jan, Icon. Ophid. 28, pi. ii, fig. 3.
Atretium schistosum, var. yunnanensis, Anders. An. Zool. Res.

Yunnan, p. 822.

Eye moderate ; rostral just visible from above, forming a narrow
suture with the internasal ; frontal much longer than its distance
from the end of the snout, shorter than the parietals ; loreal deeper
than long ; one prseocular ; two or three postoculars ; temporals
2 + 2; upper labials 8 or 9, third and fourth or fourth and fifth
entering the eye ; 4 or 5 lower labials in contact with the anterior
chin-shields, which'are shorter than the posterior. Scales more or
less distinctly keeled, in 19 rows. Ventrals 129-151 ; anal divided;
subcaudals 55-85. Olive-brown above, uniform or with two
series of small black spots along the back ; a more or less distinct
dark lateral streak; upper lip, outer row of scales, and lower
surfaces yellowish.

Total length 2| feet ; tail 7 inches

XENOCHROPHIS. 353

Hob. Southern India and Ceylon, Bengal, Burma, Yunnan,
Malay Peninsula.

Cantor says this species is very fierce, and has the power of
flattening and laterally expanding the skin of the anterior part of
the body, like the Cobra, but in a much slighter degree.

Genus XENOCHROPHIS,
Gunther, Rept. Brit. Ind. p. 273, 1864.

Maxillary teeth about 20, subequal ; anterior mandibular teeth
longest. Head slightly distinct from neck ; eye moderate, with
round pupil ; head-shields normal, but nostril in the upper part of

Fig. 102.— Head of Xenochrophis cerasogaster.

a single nasal. Body moderately elongate, cylindrical ; scales
keeled, in 19 rows, without apical pits ; ventrals rounded ; sub-
caudals in two rows.
A single species.

441. Xenochrophis cerasogaster.

Psammophis cerasogaster, Cantor, P. Z. S. 1839, p. 52.
Tropidonotus cerasogaster, Cantor, J.A. 8. B. xvi, 1847, p. 939.
Xenochrophis cerasogaster, Gilnth. Kept. B. I. p. 274 ; Theob. Cat.
p. 180.

Head narrow, elongate, with angular canthus rostralis and
slightly concave lores; eye moderate or rather small. Rostral
once and one third to twice as broad as long ; suture between the
internasals nearly as long as that between the prafrontals ; frontal
much longer than its distance from the end of the snout, as long
as the parietals ; lorealas long as deep or a little longer than deep;
one praeocular; two or three postoculars and one or two sub-
oculars ; temporals 2 + 2 or 2+3 ; upper labials 9, fourth (rarely
fifth) entering the eye ; 5 or 6 lower labials in contact with the
anterior chin-shields, which are as long as the posterior or a little
shorter. Scales strongly keeled, in 19 rows. Ventrals 140-151 ;

2A

354

anal divided ; subcaudals 60-79. Brown above, with or without
darker spots and with a more or less distinct paler dorso-lateral
band ; lower parts cherry-red to purplish black, with a yellow baud
011 each side extending from the lips to the end of the tail.

Total length 2 feet ; tail 5'5 inches.

Hob. From Bengal, Assam, and the Khasi Hills to the Malay
Peninsula.

Like Psammodynastes pulveruletitus, this Snake has a repulsive
expression ; it is said to be of very fierce habits.

Subfamily II. ACROCHORDIN^.

Postfrontal bone produced over the supraorbital region. Scales
not imbricate.

This group contains five genera : three with well-developed ven-
tral shields, viz. Stoliczkaia, Jerd. (Khasi Hills), Xenodermus, Eeinh.
(Java and Sumatra), and Noihopsis, Cope (Isthmus of Darien);
two without ventrals, viz. Acrochordus, Hornst. (Malay Peninsula
and Archipelago), and Chersydrus, Cuv.

The two Indian genera are distinguished as follows : —

Head and belly shielded STOLICZKAIA, p. 3->4.

Head and belly covered with small scales. . . . CHERSYDHUS, p. 355.

Genus STOLICZKAIA,
Jeidon, P. A. S. B. 1870, p. 81.

Fig. 103.— Head of Stoliczkaia khasiensis.

Teeth small, subequal, about 14 in each maxillary. Head
distinct from neck, covered with large shields ; nostrils directed
forwards ; eye small, with round pupil. Body slender^ compressed ;
scales elliptical, strongly keeled, increasing in size towards the

CflEBSYDEUS. 355

ventrals, which are well developed ; tail long, with single sub-
caudal s.

This genus is allied to Xenodermus, Eeinh., but differs in the
equal dorsal scales and the presence of large symmetrical shields
ou the upper surface of the head. A single species.

442. Stoliczkaia khasiensis.

Stoliczkia khasiensis, Jerdon. P. A. 8. S. 1870. p. 81 ; Theob. Cut.
p. 205.

Eostral extremely small ; a pair of small iuternasals ; a pair of
very large praefrontals ; frontal broader than long and shorter than
the prajfrontals ; supraocular very narrow ; parietals nearly twice
as long as the frontal; nostril in a single nasal; a loreal; a
large prseocular and two postoculars ; upper labials 8, fifth and
sixth entering the eye, eighth much elongate; temporals small,
scale-like ; a single pair of small chin-shields, in contact with 3
lower labials. Scales in 30 rows, dorsals separated by naked skin,
laterals larger and juxtaposed. Ventrals 210; anal entire; sub-
caudals 115. Purplish brown above; three or four outer rows of
scales and ventrals white with brown edges.

Total length 26-5 inches ; tail 7'5.

Hub. Khasi Hills. A single specimen is known, and no obser-
vations were made on its habits.

Genus CHERSYDRUS,

Cuvier, Regne Animal, ii, p. 75, 1817.

Teeth moderately large, subequal, about 12 in each maxillary.
Head not distinct from neck, small, covered with small juxtaposed
scales ; nostrils close together on the top of the snout ; eye very
small, with vertically subelliptic pupil. Body compressed, stout ;
scales very small, rhomboidal, with a short tubercle-like keel,
spinose on the belly ; no ventrals ; a fold of the skin running
along the median line of the abdomen ; tail short, compressed,
prehensile, scaled like the body.

A single species.

Chersydrus is the Aglyphous representative of the Hydrophids,
with which it agrees in its mode of life and general appearance.

443. Chersydrus granulatus.

Hydrus granulatus, Schneid. Hist. Amph. i, p. 243.

Acrochordus fasciatus, Shaiv, Zool. iii, p. 576, pi. cxxxj Schleg.

rhys. Serp. ii, p. 429, pi. xiv, figs. 14-16.
Chersydrus fasciatus, Cuv. Regne An. 2nd ed. ii, p. 98; Dum. #

Bibr. Erp. Gen. vii, p. 41.

Acrochordus gramilatus, Cantor, J. A. S. B. xvi, 1847, p. 906.
Chersvdrus granulatus, Guni/i. Reft. £. I. p. 336; Theob. Cat.

p. 186.

2A2

356 COLTJBRIDJ3.

About 100 scales round the middle of the body, dorsals largest.
Dark olive or blackish, with pale cross bands or annuli, which may
become indistinct in the adult.

Total length 3 feet 4 inches ; tail 4 inches.

Fig. 104. — Chersydrus granulatus.

Hob. Mouths of rivers and coasts of Southern India, Burma,
Malay Peninsula and Archipelago, and New Guinea. This snake
never leaves the water and occurs miles out at sea ; it is viviparous
and feeds on fish.

Series B. OPIS THOGL YPH A.

Posterior maxillary teeth grooved.

Subfamily III. DIPSAD1N.E.

Nostrils lateral. Terrestrial or arboreal.
Represented in every part of the world.

Synopsis of Indian, Ceylonese, and Burmese Genera.

A. Posterior border of ventral shields with-
out lateral notch.

a. Only posterior grooved fangs of maxilla
enlarged ; scales of vertebral row en-
larged ; pupil vertically elliptical.
a'. Head very distinct from neck DIPSAS, p. 357.

DIPSAS. 357

b'. Head scarcely distiuct from neck;

cesophageal teeth ELACHISTODON, p. 362.

b. Some of the solid maxillary teeth en-
larged, fang-like.

a'. Pupil vertically elliptic PSAMMODYNASTES, p. 363.

b'. Pupil round ; loreal shield much elon-
gate PSAMMOPHIS, p. 365.

c'. Pupil horizontal DBYOPHIS, p. 367.

B. Posterior border of ventral shields with a
lateral notch corresponding to a suture-
like lateral keel CHRYSOPELEA, p. 371.

Genus DIPSAS,
Boie, Isis, 1827, p. 548.

Maxillary teeth 10 to 12, subequal in size, followed by two or
three grooved fangs ; anterior mandibular teeth longest. Head
very distinct from neck ; eye moderate or large, with vertically

Fig. 105. — Head of Dipsas trigonata.

elliptic pupil ; head-shields normal ; posterior nasal more or less
deeply concave. Body elongate, more or less compressed ; scales
smooth, in 17 to 27 rows, vertebral row enlarged ; tail moderate
or long ; subcaudals in two rows.

A genus of about 20 species, found in Southern Asia, Papuasia,
North Australia, and Africa. Terrestrial or arboreal, feeding on
mammals, birds, and lizards.

Synopsis of Indian, Ceylonese, and Burmese Species.

A. Anterior palatine and mandibular teeth
but little larger than posterior ; scales in
17 to 21 rows.
a. Vertebral scales feebly enlarged.

a'. 3 labials entering eye ; one prseocular . D. trigonata, p. 358.
b'. 2 labials entering eye ; 3 praeoculars . . D. barmsii, p. 359.

358 COLUBEIDJE.

b. Vertebral scales much enlarged, nearly as

broad as long in middle of body.
a'. Prseocular reaching upper surface of

head D. ceylonensis, p. 359.

b'. Prseocular not reaching upper surface
of head.

a". Scales in 21 rows D. gokovl, p. 300.

b". Scales in 17 or 19 rows D. multimaculata, p. 360.

B. Anterior palatine teeth but little longer

than posterior ; anterior mandibular teeth
considerably larger than posterior ; scales
in 17 to 21 rows, vertebrals much en-
larged but longer than broad in middle of
body.

a. Prseocular not reaching upper surface of

head D. hexagonotus, p. 301.

b. Preeocular reaching upper surface of head ;

uniform green above D. cyanca, p. 301.

C. Anterior palatine and mandibular teeth con-

siderably larger than the others ; scales

in 25 or 27 rows D.forstenii, p. 362.

444. Dipsas trigonata.

Russell, Ind. Serp. i, pi. xv.

Coluber trigonatus, Schneid. in Bechst. Uebers. Lac&p. iv, p. 156.

Dipsas trigonata, Boie, Isis, 1827, p. 549 ; Dum. # Bibr. £rp. Gtn.
vii, p. 1130 ; Giinth. Jlept. B. I. p. 312 : Jan, Icon. Ophid, 38, pi. iii,
fig. 2; Theob. Cat. p. 196 ; Blanf. J. A. S. B. xlviii, pt. 2, 1879,
p. 131 ; Murray, Zool. Sind, p. 383.

Anterior palatine and mandibular teeth scarcely larger than the
posterior. Eye as long as its distance from the nostril ; rostral
broader than deep ; internasals shorter than the praefrontals ;
frontal longer than its distance from the end of the snout, shorter
than the parietals ; lorealas long as deep or deeper than long; one
prseocular, not extending to the upper surface of the head ; two
postoculars; temporals 2 + 3 ; upper labials 8, third, fourth, and
fifth entering the eye ; 4 or 5 lower labials in contact with the
anterior chin-shields, which are about as long as the posterior.
Body moderately compressed ; scales in 21 (rarely 19) rows, dis-
posed obliquely, vertebrals very feebly enlarged. Ventrals 229-269 ;
anal entire ; subcaudals 79-92. Yellowish olive or pale grey above,
with a white black-edged zigzag band along the back ; head with
two brown bands edged with black, diverging posteriorly ; belly
white, with or without a series of small brown spots along each
side.

Total length 3 feet ; tail 7 inches.

Hob. India generally, Western Himalayas, and Baluchistan.
This species is more terrestrial than its congeners and is found in
arid tracts in Baluchistan and Sind ; it bears a considerable resem-
blance in general shape and colour to Echis carinata, which has
nearly the same distribution in India.

DIPSAS. 359

445. Dipsas barnesii.

Dipsas barnesii, Gunth. P. Z. S. 1869, p. 506, pi. xl, fig. 2 ; Theob.
Cat. p. 195.

Anterior palatine and mandibular teeth scarcely larger than the
posterior. Eye large, as long as the snout. Rostral as deep as
broad ; internasals much shorter than the prsefrontals ; frontal
longer than its distance from the end of the snout, a little shorter
than the parietals ; loreal a little longer than deep ; three prse-
and two postoculars ; temporals 1 + 3 or 2 + 3; upper labials 8,
fourth and fifth entering the eye ; 4 lower labials in contact with
the anterior chin-shields, which are nearly as long as the posterior.
Body strongly compressed ; scales in 19 rows, scarcely oblique,
vertebrals very feebly enlarged. Ventrals 220 ; anal entire ; sub-
caudals 99. Grey-brown above, with lighter black-edged trans-
verse spots ; a series of black spots along each side, near the ven-
trals ; a blackish band behind the eye ; labial sutures blackish ;
lower parts whitish, powdered with brown.

Total length 22 inches ; tail 5.

Hab. Ceylon.

446. Dipsas ceylonensis.

Dipsadomorphus ceylonensis, Gunth. Cat. Col. Sn. p. 176.

Dipsas multifasciata, Blyth, J. A. S. B. xxix, 1860, p. 114; StoKczka,

J. A. S. B. xxxix, 1870, pt. 2, p. 199, pi. xi, fig. 6, and xl, 1871,

pt. 2, p. 440.
Dipsas ceylonensis, Gunth. Rept. B. I. p. 314, pi. xxiii, fig. 15 ;

Theob. Cat. p. 196.

Dipsas hexagonata, part., Anders. P. Z. S. 1871, p. 185.
Dipsas nuchalis, Gunth. P. Z. S. 1875, p. 233.

Anterior palatine and mandibular teeth scarcely larger than the
posterior. Eye shorter than the snout. Eostral a little broader
than deep ; internasals shorter than the praefrontals ; frontal
longer than its distance from the end of the snout, a little shorter
than the parietals ; loreal square or deeper than long ; one or two
praeoculars, reaching the upper surface of the head ; two post-
oculars ; temporals small, scale-like, 2 + 3 or 3 + 3 ; upper labials
8, third, fourth, and fifth entering the eye ; 4 lower labials in con-
tact with the anterior chin-shields, which are shorter than the
posterior. Body strongly compressed ; scales in 19 or 21 rows,
not very oblique ; scales of the vertebral row much enlarged, in
the middle of the body nearly as broad as long. Ventrals 214-249 ;
anal entire ; subcaudals 90-117. Brown or greyish above, with1"
a series of blackish transverse spots or bands ; nape with a black-
ish blotch, or three blackish longitudinal streaks, or a transverse
bar ; a more or less distinct brown streak from the eye to the angle
of the mouth ; lower parts yellowish, dotted with brown, usually
with a lateral series of brown spots.

Total length 4 feet ; tail 10 inches.

Hab. Western Himalayas, hills of the west coast of India ;
Ceylon.

360 COLUBRID^E.

447. Dipsas gokool.

Dipsas gokool, Gray, III. Ind. Zool. ii, pi. Ixxxiii, fig. 1 ; Giinth.

Rept. B. I. p. 818 ; Theob. Cat. p. 197.
Dipsas cynodon, part., Cantor, J. A. S. B. xvi, 1847, p. 924.

Anterior palatine and mandibular teeth scarcely larger than the
posterior. Eye moderate, as long as its distance from the nostril.
Rostral a little broader than deep ; internasals much shorter
than the praefrontals ; frontal longer than its distance from
the end of the snout, shorter than the parietals ; loreal deeper
than long ; one or two prseoculars, not extending to the upper
surface of the head; two postoculars ; temporals 2 + 3; upper
labials 8, third, fourth, and fifth entering the eye; 4 or 5
lower labials in contact with the anterior chin-shields, which are
a little longer than the posterior. Body strongly compressed ;
scales in 21 rows, disposed obliquely ; scales of the vertebral row
strongly enlarged, in the middle of the body nearly as broad as
long. Ventrals 224-225 ; anal entire ; subcaudals 87-94. Yel-
lowish brown above ; head with an arrow-shaped brown, black-
edged mark, longitudinally divided into two ; a black streak on
each side of the head, passing through the eye ; a yellowish verte-
bral streak ; a series of erect Y-shaped marks on each side of the
body ; lower parts yellowish, with a series of brown spots along
each side.

Total length 2 feet 8 inches ; tail 7 inches.

Hob. A rare snake, hitherto recorded from Bengal, Assam, and
Pinang.

Russell, Ind. Serp. ii, pi. xxiii.

Dipsas multimaculata, Schleg. Phys. Serp. ii, p. 2Go, pi. xi, figs. 4 &

5 ; Cantor, J. A. S. B. xvi, 1847, p. 923 ; Dum. $ Bibr. Erp.

Gen. vii, p. 1139 ; Giinth. Rept. B. I. p. 311 ; Jan, Icon. Ophid.

38, pi. iii, fig. 3 ; Theob. Cat. p. 194.

Anterior palatine and mandibular teeth scarcely larger than
the posterior. Eye a little shorter than the snout. Rostral a
little broader than deep ; internasals much shorter than the prso-
frontals ; frontal as long as its distance from the end of the snout
or a little longer, shorter than the parietals ; loreal as long as deep
or deeper than long ; one praeocular, not extending to the upper
surface of the head; two postoculars ; temporals 2 + 2 or 2+3 ;
upper labials 8, third, fourth, and fifth entering the eye ; 4 lower
labials in contact with the anterior chin-shields, which are as long
as the posterior or a little shorter. Body strongly compressed ;
scales in 17 or 19 rows, disposed obliquely ; scales of the vertebral
row strongly enlarged, in the middle of the body nearly as broad
as long. Ventrals 202-235; anal entire: subcaudals 80-106.
Grey-brown above, with two alternating series of roundish dark

DIPSAS. 361

brown spots, and two other series of smaller spots lower down on
the sides ; two blackish bands on the head, diverging posteriorly ;
a blackish streak from the eye to the angle of the mouth ; lower
parts whitish, marbled or spotted with brown, and with a series of
brown spots along each side.

Total length 2| feet ; tail 6 inches.

Hob. Burma, Southern China, Siam, Malay Peninsula and
Archipelago ; common in Pegu.

449. Dipsas hexagonotus.

Dipsas hexagonotus, Blyth, J. A. S. B. xxiv, 1856, p. 360 ; Stoliczka,
J. A. S. B. xxxix, 1870, pt. 2, p. 198, pi. xi, fig. 4, and xl, 1871,
pt. 2, p. 439 ; Theob. Cat. p. 195.

Dipsas ochraceus, Giinth. A. M. N. H. (4) i, 1868, p. 425; Theob. J.
Linn. Soc. x, 1868, p. 53 ; id. Cat. p. 196.

Dipsas hexagonata, part., Anders. P. Z. S. 1871, p. 185.

Anterior palatine teeth scarcely larger than the posterior ; an-
terior maudibular teeth considerably larger than the posterior.
Eye shorter than the snout. Eostral broader than deep ; inter-
nasals a little shorter than the prafrontals ; frontal as long as its
distance from the end of the snout, considerably shorter than the
parietals ; loreal as long as deep or deeper than long ; one prse-
ocular, not reaching the upper surface of the head ; two post-
oculars ; temporals 2+3; upper labials 8 (rarely 9), third, fourth,
and fifth (or fourth, fifth, and sixth) entering the eye ; 4 or 5
lower labials in contact with the anterior chin-shields, which are
as long as the posterior or a little shorter. Body strongly
compressed ; scales in 19 or 21 rows, disposed obliquely ; scales of
the vertebral row strongly enlarged, but longer than broad except
on the posterior part of the body. Ventrals 218-250 ; anal
entire ; subcaudals 94-140. Dusky grey, reddish, or ochraceous
above, uniform or with ill-defined blackish transverse lines ; a
more or less distinct brown streak from eye to gape ; lower parts
yellow, uniform or clouded with pale brownish in the young.

Total length 3| feet ; tail 8 inches.

Hob. Eastern Himalayas (to 4000 feet), Bengal, Burma,
Andamans.

450. Dipsas cyanea.

Triglyphodon cyaneum, Dum. $• Bibr. Erp. Gen. vii, p. 1079.
Dipsas nigromarginata, Blyth, J. A. S. B. xxiii, 1855, p. 294.
Dipsas bubalina*, Giinth. Eept. B. I. p. 311, pi. xxiv, fig. E;
Stoliczka, J. A. S. B. xl, 1871, pt. 2, p. 441 ; Theob. Cat. p. 197.

Anterior palatine teeth scarcely larger than the posterior ;
anterior mandibular teeth considerably larger than the posterior.
Eye shorter than the snout ; rostral nearly as deep as broad ;
internasals a little shorter than the prsefrontals ; frontal as long as

* This specific name, derived from Klein, Tent. Herp. p. 21, 1755, is inad-
missible, and its application to the present snake is doubtful.

362 COLUBEID^.

its distance from the end of the snout, shorter than the parietals ;
one praeocular, extending to the upper surface of the head ; two
postoculars ; temporals 2+3 or 3+3; upper labials 8, third,
fourth, and fifth entering the eye ; 5 lower labials in contact with
the anterior chin-shields, which are about as long as the posterior.
Body strongly compressed ; scales in 21 rows, disposed obliquely ;
scales of the vertebral row considerably enlarged but longer than
broad, except on the posterior part of the body. Ventrals 249-252 ;
anal entire; subcaudals 124-133. Uniform green above, the skin
between the scales black ; uniform greenish yellow below.

Total length 4| feet ; tail 13 inches.

Hab. Assam, Cachar, and Sikhim.

451. Dipsas forstenii.

i, p.

Dipsas" forsteni, Glinth. Rept. B. I. ~p. 309 ; Anders. P. Z. S.
1871, p. 187 ; Stolteka, J. A. S. B. xl, pt. 2, 1871, p. 439 ; Theob.
Cat. p. 198.

Anterior palatine and mandibular teeth considerably larger than
the others. Eye about as long as its distance from the nostril ;
rostral broader than deep ; internasals much shorter than the prse-
frontals ; frontal nearly as long as its distance from the end of
the snout, shorter than the parietals ; loreal square or deeper than
long ; one prseocular, extending to the upper surface of the head ;
two or three postoculars ; temporals very small and numerous ;
8 to 11 upper labials, third, fourth, and fifth, or fourth, fifth, and
sixth, entering the eye ; 3 or 4 lower labials in contact with the
anterior chin-shields, which are about as long as the posterior.
Body compressed ; scales in 25 or 27 rows, disposed obliquely,
vertebral row feebly enlarged. Ventrals 259-270 ; anal entire ;
subcaudals 106-131. Brown above, with more or less regular
angular black cross bars, with or without white spots between
them ; a black band from the frontal shield to the nape and
another on each side behind the eye; lower parts white, uniform
or spotted with brown.

Total length 4 feet 10 inches ; tail 1 foot.

Hab. Bengal, base of Himalayas in Sikhim, Bnndelkhand, Bom-
bay Ghats, Anaimalai Hills, Ceylon.

Genus ELACHISTODON,
Eeinhardt, Overs. Dansk. Vid. Selsk. Fork 1863, p. 206.

Teeth few and extremely minute, with a pair of posterior
maxillary grooved fangs. A series of oesophageal teeth. Head
scarcely distinct from neck ; eye rather small, with A'ertically
elliptic pupil ; head-shields normal ; posterior nasal deeply con-
cave. Body elongate, somewhat compressed. Scales smooth, in
15 rows, vertebral row enlarged. Subcaudals in two rows.

PSAMMODYNASTES. 363

As in the African genus Dasypeltis, each of the anterior vertebrae
nas the hypapophysis or inferior process much elongate, tooth-like,
capped with enamel and penetrating the walls of the oesophagus.
It has been observed that the African snakes feed on eggs, which
are broken in passing along this series of processes, and having
arrived so far downwards in the gullet that the mouth can be
closed, none of the contents are lost. The same is doubtless the
case with Elachistodon.

p. 206, pi. — , figs. 1-5 ; Giinth. Rept. B. I. p. 444 ; Blanf. J. A. S. B.
5 . 207

452. Elachistodon westermanni.

Elachistodon •westermanni, Reinh. Overs. Dansk. Vid.Selsk.Forh. 1863,
p. 206, pi. — , figs. 1-5 ; Giinth. Rept. B.
xliv, 1875, p. 207 ; Theob. Cat, p. 162.

Rostral twice as broad as deep, just reaching the upper surface
of the head ; internasals and praefrontals subequal in size ; frontal
rather longer than broad, as long as its distance from the end of
the snout, shorter than the parietals ; loreal small, longer than
deep, entering the eye ; a small prseocular above the loreal ; two
postoculars ; two very long temporals ; 6 or 7 upper labials,
third and fourth entering the eye ; 3 pairs of large chin-shields.
Scales in 15 rows. Ventrals 210-217 ; anal entire ; subcaudals
59-65. Brown above, with a yellowish vertebral band ; a yellowish
band commences on the snout and runs along each side of the
head to the temporals and the angle of the mouth ; an angular
yellowish cross band on the nape ; lower parts yellowish.

Total length 31 inches ; tail 4'5.

Hab. A very rare snake, only two specimens being known,
which I have not seen. The type was obtained at Eungpore, and
the specimen described by Blanford at Purneah, both in Bengal.

Genus PSAMMODYNASTES,
Gunther, Cat. Col. Sn. p. 140, 1858.

Maxillary teeth 9 or 10, second or third much elongate and fang-
like, followed by a short interspace, last grooved ; anterior mandi-
bular teeth large, posterior small. Head moderate, distinct from
neck, with angular canthus rostralis ; eye rather large, with verti-
cally elliptical pupil ; nostril in a single nasal. Body moderate ;
scales smooth, without apical pits, in 17 or 19 rows; ventrals
rounded ; tail rather short; subcaudals in two rows.

Only two species are known ; the second, P. pictus, Gtbr.
(canjunctus, Ptrs.), inhabits Borneo and Sumatra.

453. Psammodynastes ptdvernlentus.

Psammophis pulverulenta, Boie, Isis, 1827, p. 547.
Dipsas ferrugmea, Cantor, P. Z. S. 1839, p. 53.

364 COLUBRIDvE.

Psammodynastes pulverulentus, Oiinth. Cat. Col. Sn. p. 140 ; id.

Kept. B. I. p. 292 ; Anders. P. Z. S. 1871, p. 183 ; Theob. Cat.

p. 188.
Lycodon bairdi, Steinduchn. Novara, Rept. p. 90.

Snout short, somewhat turned up in the adult, with sharp can-
thus rostralis and projecting supraciliary edge ; rostral broader
than long, scarcely visible from above ; nostril in the middle of an
undivided nasal ; internasals much shorter than the praefrontals ;
frontal much longer than its distance from the end of the snout,

Fig. 106. — Head of Psammodynastes pulverulent

a little shorter than the parietals ; loreal about as long as deep,
often transversely divided into two ; one or two prae- and two or
three postoculars ; temporals 2+3 ; upper labials 8, third, fourth,
and sometimes fifth entering the eye ; 3 lower labials in contact with
the anterior chin-shields, which are followed by two smaller pairs.
Scales in 17 (rarely 19) rows. Ventrals 146-175 ; anal entire ;
subcaudals 45-65. Dark brown or ochraceous above, with or
without small darker and lighter spots ; head with symmetrical
longitudinal markings ; a more or less distinct dark streak on each
side of the head, passing through the eye ; usually a dark brown
band along each side ; lower parts powdered with brown, and
with dark brown spots or longitudinal lines.

Total length 20 inches ; tail 3'5.

Hob. Eastern Himalayas, Khasi and Assam Hills, Burma and
Cochin China to the Malay Peninsula and Archipelago.

As observed by Giinther, this snake has a repulsive aspect : its
dark, undefined colours, short and thick head, and swollen lips,
caused by the large hidden fangs, give it the appearance of a
Viperine snake, for which it is often mistaken.

PSAMMOPHIS.

365

PSAMMOPHIS,

Boie, Isis, 1827, p. 521.

Fig. 107.— Head and dentition of
Psamnwphis condaiiarus.

Maxillary teeth 10 to 13, one
or two in the middle much en-
larged, fang-like, and preceded
and followed by an interspace,
the two posterior grooved ;
anterior mandibular teeth long,
posterior small. Head elon-
gate, distinct from neck, with
angular canthus rostralis ; eye
rather large, with round pupil.
Body elongate, cylindrical ;
scales smooth, in 15 or 17
rows, \vith apical pits ; veutrals
rounded or obtusely augulate
laterally ; tail long ; subcaudals
in two rows.

Distribution. 9 or 10 species
are known, from Africa and
Southern Asia. Chiefly sand-
snakes, but also found on low
bushes. Feed principally on
Lizards.

Synopsis of Indian Species.

A. Prseocular forming a suture with the frontal. P. leithii, p. 365.

B. Prseocular not reaching the frontal.

a. Praefrontals much shorter than the frontal . P. condanarus, p. 366.

b. Pnefrontals nearly as long as the frontal . . P. lonyifrons, p. 366.

454. Psammophis leithii.

Psammophis leithii, Giinth. P. Z. S. 1869, p. 505, pi. xxxix ; Stoliczka,
P.A.S. B. 1872, p. 83 ; Blanf. Zool E. Pers. p. 421 ; Theob. Cat.
p. 188 ; Murray, Zool. Sind, p. 382.

Psammophis sindanus, Stoliczka, P. A. S. B. 1872, p. 83.

Psammophis condanarus (non Merr.), Blanf. J. A. S. B. xlviii, 1879,
pt. 2, p. 126.

Bostral broader than deep, visible from above ; nostril between
two or three shields, the posterior nasal being frequently divided
into two ; internasals about half the length of the praefrontals ;
frontal very narrow, longer than its distance from the end of the
snout, nearly as long as the parietals ; loreal about twice as long as
deep ; prseocular single, in contact with the frontal ; two post-
oculars ; temporals 1-f 2 or 2 + 2 ; upper labials 8 or 9, fourth and

366 COLUBKIDjE.

fifth or fifth and sixth entering the eye ; 5 lower labials in contact
with the anterior chin-shields, which are a little shorter than the
posterior. Scales in 17 rows. Ventrals 177-188; anal usually
entire; subcaudals 82-138. Pale greyish or yellowish above, with
black dots or four longitudinal brown bauds which are usually
edged with black, the outer passing through the eyes ; lower parts
white, uniform or spotted or marked with grey or olive in the
middle, with or without a dark lateral line or series of dots.

Total length 3 feet 3 inches ; tail 1 foot.

Hub. Sind, Eajputaua, Cutch, Baluchistan, Afghanistan, Persia,
and east coast of Arabia.

455. PsammopMs condanarus.

Russell, 2nd. Serp. i, pi. xxvii.

Coluber condanarus, Merr. Tent. p. 107.

Leptophis ? bellii, Jerdon, J. A. S. B. xxii, 1853, p. 529.

Psammophis condanarus, Blyth, J. A. S. B. xxiii, 1854, p. 293 ;

Giinth. Rept. B. I. p. 291 ; Moliczka, J. A. S. B. xxxix, 1870, pt. 2,

p. 196, and xl, 1871, pt. 2, p. 438; Anders. P. Z. S. 1871, p. 182;

Stoliczka, P. A. S. B. 1872, p. 83 ; Theob. Cat. p. 187 ; Murray,

Zool. Sind, p. 382.

Psammophis indicus, Beddome, Madras Jown. Med. Sc. 1863.
Phayrea isabellina, Theob. Cat. Kept. As. Soc. Mus. 1868, p. 51.
Psammophis sibilans, var. quadrilineata, Jan, Icon. Ophid. 34, pi. iii,

fig. 1.

Rostral as deep as broad, visible from above ; nasal divided or
semidivided ; internasals rather more than half the length of the
praefrontals ; frontal very narrow, as long as or longer than its
distance from the end of the snout, as long as the parietals ; loreal
about twice as long as deep ; prsocular single, not extending to
the frontal; two postoculars ; temporals 1+2 or 1 + 3, rarely
2+3; upper labials 8, fourth and fifth entering the eye ; 4 lower
labials in contact with the anterior chin-shields, which are as long
as the posterior. Scales in 17 rows. Ventrals 156-182 ; anal
divided ; subcaudals 75-90. Pale olive-brown, with two pairs of
more or less distinct dark bands each two scales wide ; these bands,
the lower of which passes through the eye, often black-edged ;
upper lip and lower parts uniform yellowish, with a dark line along
each side of the ventrals and subcaudals.

Total length 3 feet ; tail 9 inches.

Hub. This species has hitherto only been recorded from the
Punjab, Cutch, the North-West Provinces, Simla, Bengal, the
Kurnool district, and Pegu.

456. Psammophis longifrons.

Rostral as deep as broad, visible from above ; nostril between
the anterior and two superposed posterior nasals ; internasals

DRYOPHIS. 367

hardly half as long as the prsefrcmtals, which are only a little
shorter than the frontal ; the latter shield very narrow, shorter than
its distance from the end of the snout, a little shorter than the
parietals ; loreal slightly more than twice as long as deep ; prae-
ocnlar single, not extending to the frontal ; two postoculars ; tem-

})orals 2+3 ; upper labials 8, fourth and fifth entering the eye ; 5
ower labials in contact with the anterior chin-shields, which are as
long as the posterior. Scales in 17 rows. Olive above ; head with
symmetrical undulating black lines ; scales on the vertebral line
with broad black margins ; uniform white beneath.

Hab. Only the head and neck of a specimen which must have been
about four feet long have been preserved by Col. Beddome, who
obtained this snake in the Cuddapah Hills.

Genus DRYOPHIS,
Boie, Isis, 1827, p. 520.

Maxillary teeth 12 to 15, one or two in the middle much enlarged,
fang-like, and followed by an interspace, the two posterior grooved ;
of the mandibular teeth the third or fourth is largest, fang-like,
the posterior small. Head elongate, distinct from neck, with an-
gular canthus rostralis and concave lores ; eye rather large, with
horizontal pupil ; nostril in the posterior part of a single nasal ;
frontal narrow, more or less bell-shaped. Body much elongate
and compressed ; scales smooth, without apical pits, in 15 rows,
disposed obliquely, vertebral row slightly enlarged ; ventrals
rounded ; tail long ; subcaudals in two rows.

Of this genus of Tree-snakes, only seven or eight species are
known, all from the East Indies.

Synopsis of Indian and Burmese Species.

A. Snout without dermal appendage.

a. Ventral shields less than 200.

a'. One postocular ; no loreal ; subcaudals

70-82 D. perroteti, p. 368.

b'. 2 postoculars ; 1 or 2 loreals ; subcau-
dals 90-105 D. dispar, p. 368.

c'. 2 poatoculars ; 3 or 4 loreals ; subcau-
dals 120-151 D. fronticinctus, p. 368.

b. Ventrals more than 200 ; subcaudals more

than 150 D. jrrasinus, p. 369.

B. Snout ending in a dermal appendage ; no

loreal.

a. Rostral appendage formed entirely by the

rostral _ D. mycterixans, p. 370.

b. Rostral appendage covered with small

scales above D. puheruh-ntus, p. 371.

3(58 COLUBRID^.

457. Dryophis perroteti.

Psammophis perroteti, Dum. $• Bibr. Erp. Gen. vii, p. 899.
Leptophis ? canarensis, Jerdon, J. A. S. B. xxii, 1853, p. 530.
Dryiophis tropidococcyx, Gilnth. Cat. Col. Sn. p. 157.
Tropidococcyx perroteti, Gilnth. A. M. N. H. (3) vi, 1860, p. 428,

pi. vii, figs. 5-7; id. Rept. B. I. p. 301.
Dryophis perroteti, Jan, Elenco, p. 89 ; Peters, MB. Ak. Berl. 1868

p. 452 ; Jan, Icon. Ophid. 33, pi. v, fig. 2.
Tragops perroteti, Theob. Cat. p. 191.

Snout obtusely pointed and projecting, without dermal appendage,
not quite twice as long as the eye. No loreal, internasals and
praefrontals in contact with the labials ; frontal longer than its
distance from the end of the snout, as long as the parietals ; one
praaocular, in contact with the frontal ; one postocular ; temporals
1 +2 or 2+2 ; 8 (rarely 9) upper labials, fourth and fifth entering
the eye ; 4 lower labials in contact with the anterior chin-shields,
which are as long as the posterior. Scales in 15 rows, those on
sacral region keeled. Ventrals 138-140 ; anal divided ; subcaudals
70-82. Bright green above ; yellowish or pale green beneath, with
a green lateral line.

Total length 2 feet ; tail 5-5 inches.

Hob. North Canara and Nilgiris.

458. Dryophis dispar.

Tragops dispar, Giinth. Rept. B. I. p. 303, pi. xxiii, fig. A ; Theob.
Cat. p. 192.

Snout pointed and projecting, without dermal appendage, not
quite twice as long as the eye. Internasals and praefroutals usually
in contact with the labials ; one or tw o small loreals ; frontal as
long as its distance from the end of the snout or longer, as long as
the parietals ; one prseocular, in contact with the frontal, with one
or two suboculars below ; two postoculars ; temporals 2 + 2 or 2-+3 ;
upper labials 8, fifth entering the eye ; 4 lower labials in contact
with the anterior chin-shields, which are as long as the posterior or
a little shorter. Scales in 15 rows, those of the sacral region more
or less distinctly keeled. Ventrals 142-151 ; anal divided ; sub-
caudals 90—105. Bright green or bronzy olive above, the skin
between the scales black ; pale green or pale olive beneath, with
a yellow line on each side.
'Total length 26 inches ; tail 7'5.

Hah. Anaimalai Hills, S. India.

459. Dryophis fronticinctus.

Dryophis fronticincta, Gilnth. Cat. Col. Sn. p. 158.

Tragops fronticinctus, Gilnth. Rept. B. I. p. 304, pi. xxiii, fig. E ;

Theob. Journ. Linn. Soc. x, 18C8, p. 52 ; Stoliczka, J. A. S. B. xxxix,

1870, pt. 2, p. 197 ; Theob. Cat. p. 192.
Tragops javanicus (non Stemd.), Gilnth. A. M. N. H. (4) i, 1868,

p. 424 ; Theob. 1. c. p. 193.

DBYOPHIS. 389

Snout pointed and projecting, without dermal appendage, measur-
ing about twice the diameter of the eye. Nasals usually forming
a suture behind the rostral ; frontal as long as its distance from
the end of the snout, as long as the parietals or a little longer ;
usually two superposed pairs of loreals ; two prseoculars, upper
usually in contact with the frontal ; two postoculars ; temporals

2 + 2 or 2 + 3 ; upper labials 7 or 8, fifth or sixth entering the eye ;

3 or 4 lower labials in contact with the anterior chin-shields, which
are much shorter than the posterior. Scales in 15 rows, those on
sacral region keeled. Ventrals 190-195 ; anal divided ; subcaudals
120—151. Bright green, olive, or bronze-brown above ; pale green
or olive beneath, with a white or black and white lateral streak.

Total length 3 feet ; tail 1 foot.

Hob. Pegu and Arrakan. Stoliczka says this is a true brackish-
water species ; he found it abundant on the bushes between tide-
marks near the mouth of the Moulmein river. It is as often seen
diving and swimming in the water as climbing up a high bush or
tree and hiding itself in the green foliage. It always takes refuge
in the water when attacked. According to Theobald's observation,
it is ovoviviparous.

460. Dryophis prasinus.

Russell, Ind. Serp. ii, pi. xxiy.

Dryophis prasinus, Boie, Isis, 1827, p. 545 ; Jan, Icon. Ophid. 33,

pi. v, fig. 1.

Dryinus prasinus, Cantor, J. A. S. B. xvi, 1847, p. 928.
Tragops prasinus, Dum. Sf Bibr. Erp. G&n. vii, p. 824 ; Gilnth. Kept.

B. I. p. 303; Anders. P. Z. S. 1871, p. 185 ; Theob. Cat. p. 191.

Snout acuminate, projecting, without dermal appendage, rather
more than twice as long as the e}~e. Internasals usually in contact
with the labials ; one to four small loreals between the prrefrontal
and the labials ; frontal as long as its distance from the end of the
snout or a little longer, a little longer than the parietals ; one
praeocular, in contact with the frontal ; two postoculars ; temporals
2+2 or 3+3, rarely 1+2; upper labials 9, fourth, fifth, and
sixth entering the eye ; 4 lower labials in contact with the anterior
chin-shields, which are shorter than the posterior. Scales in 15
rows, usually faintly keeled on sacral region. Ventrals 203-234 ;
anal divided ; subcaudals 167-203. Bright green, pale olive, or
grey-brown, with a yellow line along each side of the lower parts ;
interstitial skin of the neck black and white. »

Total length 5£ feet ; tail 2 feet.

Hub. Eastern Himalayas (1500-3000 feet), Khasi and other
Assam hills, Burma, Cochinchiua, Malay Peninsula and Archi-
pelago. Cantor says this species is exceedingly common in the
Malayan forests, both in the hills and valleys, preying upon small
birds, arboreal lizards, frogs, and in early age upon insects. The
very young ones are as gentle as those of a more advanced age are
ferocious. Like the preceding species, it is ovoviviparous.

2s

370

COLUBBIDjE.

461. Dryophis mycterizans.

Russell, Ind. Serp. i, pis. xii & xiii.

Coluber mycterizans, Daud. Rept. vii, p. 9, pi. Ixxxi, fig. 1.

Dryinus nasutus, Merr. Tent. p. 136 ; Dum. # Bibr. Erp. G6n. vii,

Dryophis nasuta, Schleg. Phys. Serp. ii, p. 246, pi. x, figs. 1-5 ; Jem,

Icon. Ophid. 32, pi. v, fig. 2.
Passerita mycterizans, Gray, Ann. Phil, x, 1825, p. 208; Giinth.

Kept. B. I. p. 305 ; Theob. Cat. p. 193.
Dryinus fuscus, Dum. fy Bibr. Erp. G6n. vii, p. 812.

Snout pointed, terminating in a dermal appendage, which is
shorter than the eye and formed entirely by the rostral ; the length
of the snout, without the appendage, about twice the diameter of
the eye or rather more. No loreal ; internasals and prrefrontals
in contact with the labials ; frontal as long as its distance from the
rostral or a little longer, as long as the parietals or a little longer ;

Fig. 108. — Dryophis mycteriza'ns.

two praeoculars and a small subocular (or one prseocular and two
suboculars), upper prseocular in contact with the frontal ; two
postoculars ; temporals 1 + 2 or 2 + 2 ; upper labials 8, fifth entering
the eye ; 4 lower labials in contact with the anterior chin-shields,
which are shorter than the posterior. Scales in 15 rows. Ventrals
172-188; anal divided; subcaudals 140-166. Bright green or
pale brownish, the interstitial skin between the scales black and

CHBYSOPELEA. 371

white on the anterior part of the body, which appears striped when
distended ; a yellow line along each side of the lower surface.

Total length 5 feet ; tail 2.

Hob. Ceylon, Southern India, Deccan, Northern Circars, Bengal,
Khiisi Hills, Burma. A very gentle snake, generally found on
bushes or high grass.

462. Dryophis pulverulentus.

Dryinus pulverulentus, Dum. $ Bibr. Erp. Gen. vii, p. 812.
Dryophis pulverulentus, Jan, Icon. Ophid. 32, pi. v, fig. 1.
Passerita purpurascens, Gi'mlh. Kent. Ii. I. p. 300. pi. xxiii, fi>. F ;
Theob. Cat.?. 194.

Snout pointed, terminating in a dermal appendage which is
longer than the eye, formed below by the rostral, and covered above
with numerous small scales or warts ; the length of the snout,
without the dermal appendage, more than twice the diameter of
the eye. Nasals in contact behind the rostral appendage, or nar-
rowly separated ; no loreal ; intemasals and prsefrontals in contact
with the labials ; frontal as long as its distance from the nasals, as
long as the parietals or a little longer ; two prseoculars, with one
subocular below, the upper prseocular in contact with the frontal ;
two postoculars; temporals 2 + 3 or 2 + 2; upper labials 8, fifth
entering the eye ; 4 lower labials in contact with the anterior chin-
shields, which are shorter than the posterior. Scales in 15 rows.
Yentrals 182-194 ; anal divided ; subcaudals 154-173. Greyish,
powdered with brown, with blackish transverse spots above ; a dark
brown rhomboidal spot on the upper surface of the head, and a
brown band on each side, passing through the eye.

Total length 5 feet 10 inches ; tail 2 feet 4 inches.

Hal. Ceylon and Anaimalai Hills (2000 feet).

Genus CHRYSOPELEA,
Boie, Isis, 1827, p. 520.

Maxillary teeth 20, subequal, the last three longer and grooved ;
anterior mandibular teeth longest. Head distinct from neck,
elongate ; eye rather large, with round pupil ; head-shields normal.
Body elongate, compressed ; scales smooth, equal, in 15 or 17 rows,
with apical pits ; ventrals with suture-like lateral keel and a notch
on each side corresponding to the keel. Tail long ; subcaudals in
two rows.

Distribution. East Indies. Two or three species are known, one
of which occurs in India, Ceylon, and Burma.

463. Chrysopelea ornata.

Russell, Ind. Serp. ii, pi. ii.

Coluber ornatus, Shaw, Zool. iii, p. 477.

2B2

372 COLUBEID^E.

"lot. p. 191 ; Anders. An. Zool. Res. Yunnan, p.
Chrysopelea paradisi, Boie, 1. c. p. 647.
Leptophis ornatus, Cantor, J. A. S. B. xvi, 1847, p. 934.

Snout much depressed, squarely truncated. Bostral broader
than long, visible from above ; internasals nearly as long as the
prsefrontals, but much narrower : frontal bell-shaped, nearly as
long as its distance from the end of the snout, as long as the
parietals or slightly shorter ; loreal small and elongate ; one prae-
and two postoculars; temporals 2 + 2; upper labials 9 or 10, fifth
and sixth, or fourth, fifth, and sixth, entering the eye ; 5 lower
labials in contact with the anterior chin-shields, which are a little
shorter than the posterior. Scales smooth or faintly keeled, in 17
rows. Ventrals 204-236 ; anal divided ; subcaudals 118-138.
Varies greatly in colour ; the following principal varieties occur in
British India : —

a. Black aboA'e, each scale with a round greenish-yellow spot ;
these spots larger (coral-red in life) on the back, resembling a
series of tetrapetalous flowers ; ventrals greenish yellow, edged
with black (Anaimalai Hills and Malay Peninsula).

b. Greenish yellow, lineolated, each scale with a black median
streak, and more or less distinct black cross bands ; ventrals
yellow, with a small black spot on each side (Khasi Hills,
Burma, Anaimalais).

c. Like the preceding, but with a series of large coral-red or
orange blotches along the back (Ceylon).

d. Pale olive above, with black transverse bars ; a small black
spot on the side of each ventral (Ceylon).

All the specimens have the head black with yellow cross bars.

Total length 4| feet ; tail 14 inches.

Hob. Ceylon, Anaimalai Hills, Bengal, Khasi Hills, Assam,
Burma, Siam, Malay Peninsula and Archipelago.

This snake is found as well on the ground between grass as on
low bushes and trees. It feeds almost exclusively on Geckos, and
is of gentle disposition.

Subfamily IV. HOMALOPSIN.E.

Thoroughly aquatic Opisthoglypha with the nostrils on the upper
surface of the snout. Hypapophyses developed throughout the
vertebral column.

The range of this subfamily appears to be restricted to Southern
China, the East Indies, Papuasia, and Xorth Australia. Of the
nine genera, 7 occur within the limits of the Indian Fauna, the
two others being restricted to Siam (Herpeton, Lacep.) and Borneo
(Homalophis, Ptrs.) respectively. The young are brought forth
alive in the water.

HOMALOPSIS.

373

of Indian, Geylonese, and Burmese Genera.

A. Nasals in contact.

a. Scales keeled.

«'. Parietal shields well developed HOHAXOPSIS, p. 373.

V . Occiput covered with scales CEBBEKUS, p. 374.

b. Scales smooth HYPSIEHINA, p. 375.

13. Nasals separated by an interuasal.

a. Ventrala smooth.

«'. Body stout, not compressed ; no loreal . . FOEDONIA, p. 378.
b'. Body elongate, not compressed ; loreal

present GEEAEDIA, p. 379.

c. Body very elongate, compressed CANTOEIA, p. 380.

b. Veutrals with two sharp keels HIPISTES, p. 381.

Genus HOMALOPSIS,

Kuhl, in Ferussac, Bull. Sc. Nat. ii, 1824, p. 81 (part.).

Maxillary teeth 12, followed by two grooved fangs. Head dis-
tinct from neck ; eye small, with vertically elliptical pupil ; head-
shields large ; nasals in contact behind the rostral, semidivided, the

Fig. 109.— Head of Humalo-psis buccata.

cleft extending from the nostril to the first labial ; iuternasal single
or divided ; loreal present. Body stout, cylindrical ; scales dis-
tinctly striated and keeled, in 37 to 47 rows, without apical pits ;
ventrals well developed, not keeled ; tail moderate ; subcaudais in
two rows.

A single species.

374 COLUBEID^.

404. Homalopsis buccata.

Russell, Ind. Serp. ii, pi. xxxiii.

Coluber buccatus, Linn. Syst. Nat. i, p. 377.

Homalopsis buccata, Schleg. Phys. Serp. ii, p. 337, pi. xiii, figs. 1-3 ;

Cantor, J. A. S. B. xvi, 1847, p. 943 ; Dum. $ Bibr. Erp. Gen.

vii, p. 968 ; Giinth. Kept. Ii. I. p. 285 ; Theob. Cat. p. 185.
Ilomalopsis hardwickii, Gray, Zool. Misc. p. 05.
Homalopsis semizonata, Blyth, J. A. S. B. xxiv, 1855, p. 187.
Pythonia seraizonata, Blyth, J. A. S. B. xxviii, 1859, p. 297.

Frontal usually broken up into several shields, not much broader
than the supraocular ; parietals short ; loreal sometimes divided
into two ; one or two prse- and two postoculars ; 1 to 3 suboculars
sometimes present ; temporals small, scale-like ; upper labials 10
to 12, fifth or sixth usually entering the eye ; two or three pairs
of chin-shields in a transverse row, inner in contact with the 3
first lower labials. Scales in 37 to 47 rows. Ventrals 160-171 ;
anal divided ; subcaudals 70-85. Above with broad transverse
dark brown, black-edged cross bands separated by narrow pale
brown interspaces, which are whitish in the young ; head pale,
with a triangular or V-shaped dark brown mark on the snout, a
A-shaped mark on the vertex, and a dark brown band on each
side, beginning in front of the eye and passing through it ; belly
whitish, with a series of dark brown spots along each side ; tail
brown-spotted beneath.

Total length 3| feet ; tail 9 inches.

Hab. Pegu, Tenasserim, Camboja, Malay Peninsula, Sumatra,
Borneo, Java.

According to Cantor, this snake inhabits small streams, tanks,
and flooded fields, is of gentle disposition, sluggish in its movements,
and very awkward on dry land.

Genus CERBERUS,
Cuvier, Regne Animal, 2nd ed. ii, p. 81, ]829.

Maxillary teeth 12 to 16, followed by two grooved fangs. Head
small, not distinct from neck ; eye small, ^ith vertically elliptical
pupil ; snout covered with shields, occiput with scales ; nasals
semidivided, the cleft extending from the nostril to the first labial,
in contact behind the rostral ; two small internasals (rarely united) ;
loreal present. Body stout, cylindrical ; scales strongly keeled, in
21 to 25 rows, without apical pits ; ventrals well developed, not
keeled; tail moderate, slightly compressed; subcaudals in two
rows *.

A single species.

465. Cerberus rhynchops.

Rmsell, Ind. Serp. i, pi. xvii, and ii, pi. xl.
Hydrus rhynchops, Schneid. Hist. Amph. i, p. 240.

* Occasionally partly single, according to Cuvier.

HYPSIBHINA. 375

Cerberus cinereus, Cantor, P. Z. S. 1839, p. 54.
Hornalopsis australis, Gray, Zool. Misc. p. 65.
Hoinalopsis rhynchops, Cantor, J. A. 8. B. xvi, 1847, p. 941.
Cerberus acutus, unicolor, and australis, Gray, Cat. Sn. p. 65.
Cerberus boaeformis, Dum. ty Bibr. Erp. G6n. vii, p. 978.
Cerberus rhyncliops, Gilntli. Kept. B. I. p. 279 ; Anders. P. Z. S.
1871, p. 179 ; Theob. Cat. p. 185 ; Murray, Zool Sind, p. 381.

Bosfcral nearly as deep as broad ; eye between five or six shields,
viz. a supraocular, a praeocular, two or three suboculars, and a
postocular ; 9 or 10 upper labials, posterior transversely divided ;
4 lower labials in contact with the anterior chin-shields ; posterior
chin-shields smaller and wedged in between the anterior and the
labials. Scales strongly keeled, in 21 to 25 rows. Ventrals
132-156 ; anal divided ; subcaudals 49-72. Grey, olive, or blackish
above, with more or less distinct black cross bars ; sometimes a
more or less distinct white lateral baud ; lower parts whitish, with
large black blotches or cross bars.

Total length 3 feet 3 inches ; tail 7 inches.

Hcib. India, extending west to the Indus, and Ceylon, Burma,
Indo-China, Malay Peninsula and Archipelago, New Guinea, north
coast oil Australia. This snake lives in the mud on the banks of
large rivers and estuaries, and on the sea-coast, having the power of
accommodating itself to fresh and salt water. It feeds on fish, and
is very gentle.

Genus HYPSIRHINA,

Wagler, Syst. Aniph. p. 169, 1830.

Fig. 110. — Head of Ht/psirhina plumbea.

Maxillary teeth 10 to 15, followed by two grooved fangs. Head
not or but slightly distinct from neck ; eye small, with vertically

376 COLTTBRIDJE.

elliptical pupil ; head-shields large ; nasal semidivided, the cleft
extending from the nostril to the first labial, in contact behind the
rostral ; interuasal single or divided ; loreal present. Body stout,
cylindrical ; scales smooth, in 19 to 31 rows, without apical pits ;
tail moderate ; subcaudals in two rows.

Distribution. Seven or eight species are known, from the East
Indies and Southern China. Four occur in India and Burma.

Synopsis of Indian and Burmese Species.

Scales in 19 rows //. plumbea, p. 370.

Scales in 21 rows II. enhydris, p. 376.

Scales in 25 rows H. blunfordii, p. 377.

Scales in 20 or 31 rows //. sieboldii, p. 377.

466. Hypsirhina plumbea.

Honialopsis plumbea, Bole. Isis. 1827, p. 560; Cantor, J. A. 8. B.

xvi, 1847, p. 943.

Hypsirhina hardwickii, Gray, III. Ind. Zool. ii, pi. Ixxxvii, iig. 1 .
Ilypsirhina plumbea, Gray, Zool. Misc. p. 66 ; Gitnt/i. Kept. B. I.

p. 280 ; Jan, Icon. Ophid. 30, pi. v, fig. 2 ; Thcob. Cat. p. 182. <
Eurostus pluinbeus, Dion. $• Bibr. Erp. Gen. vii, p. 955, pi. Ixxxiv,

fig. 2.

Rostral much broader than deep ; internasal single ; frontal
much longer than broad, as long as its distance from the end of the
snout, a little shorter than the parietals ; loreal as long as deep or
deeper than long ; one prae- and two postoculars ; temporals 1 -f 2 ;
upper labials 8, fourth or fourth and fifth entering the eye ; 4 or 5
lower labials in contact with the anterior chin-shields, which are
larger than the posterior. Scales in 19 rows. Veutrals 120-134 ;
anal divided ; subcaudals 29-40. Brownish or greyish olive above,
uniform or with a vertebral series of small black spots : upper lip
and lower parts white, usually with a black line along the middle
of the tail.

Total length 15 inches ; tail 3.

Hob. Burma, Southern China, Indo-Chiua, Malay Peninsula and
Archipelago.

467. Hypsirhina enhydris.

Itussdl, Ind. Serp. i, pi. xxx.

Hydra? enhydris, Schneid. Hist. Ainpft. i, p. 245.

Honialopsis olivaceus, Cantor, P. Z.S. 1839, p. 55.

Hypsirhina trilineata, bilineata, and furcata, Gray, Zool. Misc.

'p. 66.

Hoiualopsis enliydris, Cantor, J. A. S. B. xvi, 1847, p. 946.
Hypsirhina enhydris, Dum. Sf Bibr. Erp. Gen. vii, p. 946 ; GiintJi.

Rept. B. I. p. 281, pi. xxii, fig. K; Jan, Icon. Ophid. 30, pi. iii,

fig. 2, & pi. v, fig. 1 ; Theob. Cat. p. 183.

Kostral much broader than deep ; internasal single ; frontal
nearly twice as long as broad, as long as its distance from the end

HTPIESHINA. 377

of the snout or shorter, as long as the parietals ; loreal as long as
dee]) or a little longer ; one prae- and two postoculars ; temporals
1 + 2; 8 upper labials, fourth entering the eye ; 4 lower labials in
contact with the anterior chin-shields, which are shorter than the
posterior. Scales in 21 rows. Ventrals 159-169; anal divided ;
subcaudals 60-73. Brownish or olive above, with or without two
light longitudinal bauds ; lower parts whitish, with a black line
along each side of the ventrals, and usually a median black line or
series of black dots.

Total length 2 feet 2 inches ; tail 5 inches.

Hob. Bengal, Southern India and Ceylou, Burma, Southern
China, Cochin China, Siam, Malay Peninsula and Archipelago.

According to Cantor, numbers of this species may be seen in
rivers as well as in irrigated fields and estuai'ies, preying upon
fishes, which, however, they refuse in a state of captivity. They
are of timid and peaceful habits.

468. Hypsirhina blanfordii.

Hypsirlima maculata (non D. $ B.), Blanf. J. A. & 13. xlviii, 1879,

p. 130.
Hypsirhina inaculosa, Blanf. P. Z. S. 1881, p. 226.

Head short, with broad, square, truncated snout ; interuasal
single, nearly as long as broad ; frontal fully twice as long as
broad, a little shorter than the parietals ; oue pne- and two post-
oculars ; temporals 1 + 2 ; upper labials 8, fourth entering the eye ;
only one pair of large chin-shields, the posterior pair scarcely
exceeding the adjoining scales in size. Scales in 25 rows.
Ventrals 125 ; anal divided ; subcaudals 45. Colour blackish
ashy, with a row of large, irregular-shaped black spots down the
back, and another rather less in size, but each spot including
several scales, down each side ; a blackish band down the margins
of the ventrals, caused by the dark edges of the shields and of the
first row of scales on each side.

Total length 12 inches ; tail T75.

Hub. Pegu, probably in the neighbourhood of Bassein. A single
specimen is known, which I have not been able to examine.

469. Hypsirhina sieboldii.

Hoinalopsis sieboldii, Sclileg. Phys. Serp. ii, p. 349, pi. xiii, figs. 4 &

5 ; Cantor, J. A. S. B. xvi, 1847, p. 945.
Ferauia sieboldii, Gray, Zool. Misc. p. 67 ; Gilnth. Sept. B. I. p. 284 ;

Anders. P. Z. S. 1871, p. 180 ; Theob. Cat. p. 184 ; Murray, J.

Bomb. N. H. Soc. i, 1886, p. 219.

Trigonurus sieboldii, Dum. $• Bibr. Erp. G£n. vii, p. 960.
Hypsirhina sieboldii, Jan, Icon. Ophid. 30, pi. iv, fig. 2.
Feranoides jamneetica, CarUeyle, J. A. S. B. xxxviii, 1869, p. 196.

Eostral nearly as deep as broad ; two internasals ; frontal as
long as its distance from the end of the snout, as long as the

378 COLTJBEIDuE.

parietals ; loreal as long as deep or a little deeper than loiig ; one
prseocular, sometimes with a small subocular below ; two post-
oculars; temporals small, 1 + 2; upper labials 7 or 8, fourth
entering the eye ; 4 lower labials in contact with the anterior chin-
shields ; posterior chin-shields very small. Scales in 29 or 31
rows. Ventrals 147-156 ; anal divided ; stibcaudals 48-56.
Whitish or pale brown above, with dark brown, black-edged
elliptical or rhomboidal transverse spots broader than their inter-
spaces ; a series of round spots on each side, alternating with the
dorsal spots ; head with three dark brown longitudinal bands,
confluent between the eyes ; lower parts white, checkered with
black.

Total length 2 feet ; tail 4 inches.

Hub. A rare snake, hitherto recorded from Bombay, Agra,
Bengal, Pegu, and the Province Wellesley.

Genus FORDONIA,
Gray, Zool. Misc. p. 67, 1842.

Maxillary teeth 7 or 8, followed by two small grooved fangs.
Head small, not distinct from neck ; eye very small, with vertically
elliptical pupil ; head-shields large ; nostril in an undivided or
semidivided nasal ; a single internasal, separating the nasals ; no
loreal. Body stout, cylindrical ; scales smooth, in 25 to 29 rows,
without apical pits ; ventrals well developed, not keeled ; tail short,
subcaudals all or part in two rows.

A single species.

470. Fordonia leucobalia.

Hoiualopsis leucobalia, Schley. Phys. Serp. ii, p. 345, pi. xiii, figs. 8
& 9 ; Cantor, J. A. S. B. xvi, 1847, p. 949, pi. xl, fig. 5.

Fordonia unicolor, Gray, Cat. Sn. p. 77 ; Giinth. Kept. E. 1. p. 277 ;
Theob. Cat. p. 182.

Hemiodontus leucobalia, Dutn. fy Bibr. Erj). Gen. vii, p. 884; Jan,
Icon. Ophid. 28, pi. vi, fig. 1.

Herniodontus chalybaeus *, Jim, I. c. pi. vi, fig. 3.

Fordonia bicolor, Theob. J. Linn. Soc. x, 1808, p. 56; id. CW.p. 181.

Frontal as long as broad or a little longer than broad, longer
than its distance from the end of the snout, a little shorter than
the parietals; one prae- and two postoculars; temporals 1+3;
upper labials 5, third entering the eye ; 3 lower labials in contact
with the anterior chin-shields, which are small and a little larger
than the posterior. Scales in 25 to 29 rows. Ventrals 130-156,
last frequently divided ; anal divided ; subcaudals 26 to 41.
Blackish or brown above, with (F. leucobalia) or without (F. uni-
color) lighter spots, or brown with small black spots (F. bicolor), or
yellow with black spots ; lower parts yellowish.

* Founded on a specimen in which the internasal is abnormally absent.

GEBABDIA. 379

Total length 3 feet ; tail 4-5 inches.

Hob. Eivers and coasts of Pegu, the Nicobars, the Malay
Peninsula and Archipelago, Sumatra, Java, Cochinchina, New
Guinea, and the north coast of Australia. At Pinang, Cantor
says, it is numerous not only in fresh water and estuaries, but iii
the sea at some distance from the shore, where it is sometimes
taken in fishing-nets. It is of sluggish, not fierce habits, and
feeds upon fishes and crustaceans.

Genus GERARDIA,

Gray, Cat. Sn. p. 77, 1849.

Maxillary teeth 10, followed by two small grooved fangs. Head
small, not distinct from neck ; eye small, with vertically subellip-
tical pupil ; head-shields large ; nostril in the middle of an undi-
vided nasal ; a single internasal, separating the nasals ; loreal
present. Body elongate, cylindrical ; scales smooth, in 17 rows,
without apical pits ; ventrals well developed, not keeled ; tail
moderate ; subcaudals in two rows.

A single species.

471. Gerardia prevostiana.

Coluber (llomalopsis) prevostianus, JEyd. $ Gerv. in Gucr. Ma;/.

Zool. Cl. iii, 1837, p. 5, pi. xv ; iid. Voy. Favorite, v, Zool. p. 70,

pi. xxix.
Gerarda bicolor, Gray, Cat. Sn. p. 77 ; Gilnth. A. M. N. H. (4) i,

1868, p. 421; Theob. Cat.y. 180.
Campylodon prevostiammi, 2)um. $• Bibr. Erp. Gen. vii, p. 964 ;

Jan, Icon. Ophid. 30, pi. vi, fig. 3 ; F. Miiller, Verh. nat. Ges.

Basel, vii, 1885, p. 700.
Heleophis flavescens, F. Miiller, t. c. 1884, p. 286, pi. v, fig. 2.

Frontal a little longer than broad, shorter than its distance from
the end of the snout, or than the parietala ; loreal slightly longer
than deep, a little smaller than the nasal ; one prse- and two post-
oculars ; temporals 1 + 2 ; upper labials 8, fourth entering the eye ;
4 lower labials in contact with the anterior chin-shields, which are
much larger than the posterior. Scales in 17 rows. Yentrals 146-
158 ; anal divided ; subcaudals 31-34. Uniform dark olive above ;
three outer rows of scales whitish ; upper lip white, rostral dark
oliA'e ; ventrals and subcaudals whitish, with dark edges.

Total length 16 inches ; tail 2.

Hob. Pegu *.

* Theobald adds Ceylon to the habitat of this species, on the authority of
Ferguson ; but on referring to the source of his information, viz. Ferguson's
' Eeptile Fauna of Ceylon,' a tract published for private distribution (Colombo,
1887), all we find is this :— " Gerarda bicolor, Gray. A single specimen from
the Asiatic Society Museum, but I question if it be a Ceylon Snake." The fact

380 COLTJBRIDjE.

Genus CANTORIA,
Girard, Proc. Ac. Pkilad, 1857, p. 182.

Teii or eleven teeth in each maxillary, last longest and grooved.
Head small, not distinct from neck; eye very small, with vertically
subelliptical pupil ; head-shields large ; nostril in a seniidivided
nasal, the cleft of which extends to the prsefrontal ; a single inter-

Fig. 111. — Head of Cantoria ciolacca.

nasal, separating the nasals ; loreal present. Body very elongate,
slightly compressed ; scales smooth, in 19 rows, without apical pits ;
veutrals well developed, not keeled ; tail moderate ; subcaudals in
two rows.

A single species.

472. Cantoria violacea.

Cantoria violacea, Girard, Proc. Ac. Philad. 1857, p. 182 ; id. U. S.

Explor. Exped., Herp. p. 156, pi. xi, figs. 7-10 ; Cope, Proc. Ac.

Philad. 18(56, p. 312 ; Liitk. Tid. Meddel. 1866, p. 151.
Hydrodipsas elapiformis, Peters, MB. Ak. Berl. 1859, p. 270, pi.—,

fig. 1.

Cantoria elongata, Gi'mth. Rept. B. I. p. 277.
Hemiodontus elapiformis, Jan, Icon. Ophid. 28, pi. vi, fig. 2.
Cantoria elapiformis, Gi'mth. Zool. Rec. 1868, p. 124.
Cantoria dayaua, Stoliczku, J. A. S. B. xxxix, 1870, pt. 2, p. 208,

pi. xi, fig. 5 ; Anders. P. Z. S. 1871, p. 178; Theob. Cat. p. 181.

Frontal a little longer than broad, shorter than its distance from
the end of the snout or than the parietals ; eye between four shields,

that Eydoux's Coluber prevostianus was described together with the Ceylonese
Uropeltis phllippinus as from Manilla would suggest the possibility of the former
having likewise been obtained from Ceylon ; however, there is no evidence of
this being the case, and Pegu remains the only authenticated habitat. Theobald's
specimens were obtained from the Bassein River.

HTPISTES. 381

a prseocular, a supraocular, a postocular, and a subocular ; loreal
longer than deep ; one elongate anterior temporal, in contact with
the postocular and the subocular ; 5 upper labials ; 3 lower labials
in contact with the anterior chin-shields, which are not longer than
the posterior. Scales in 19 rows. Ventrals 266-278 ; anal divided ;
subcaudals 56-64. Blackish above, with white transverse bands,
which widen towards the abdomen ; these bands are very narrow
in the typical form, wider in the var. day ana, but constantly much
narrower than the black interspaces ; some white spots on the
head ; lower parts white, with greyish spots, the continuation of
the dorsal cross bands ; these bands may form complete rings on
the tail.

Total length 3 feet ; tail 4 inches.

Hab. Singapore, Borneo, and mouth of the Moulin ein Eiver,
where a single specimen was caught by Dr. Stoliczka in brackish
water. The latter differs somewhat in coloration, having the white
bands considerably broader ; but as it agrees absolutely in structure
with the typical form, I cannot regard it as more than a colour
variety. A second specimen from an unknown locality, agreeing
with Dr. Stoliczka's description in every respect, is in the British
Museum.

Genus HIPISTES,

Gray, Cat. Sn. p. 77, 1849.

Maxillary teeth 8 or 9, followed by two small grooved fangs.
Head small, not distinct from neck ; lower border of rostral not
notched ; eye extremely small, with vertically elliptical pupil ; head-
shields small, parietals broken up into numerous shields ; nostril a

Fig. 11-'. — Head of Hipis

transverse slit between two nasals; a single internasal, separating the
nasals ; a loreal. Body elongate, slightly compressed ; scales
smooth, in 35 to 42 rows, juxtaposed or subimbricate, without
apical pits; ventrals narrow, with two sharp keels; tail short,
feebly compressed ; subcaudals in two rows.
A single species.

382 COLUBBID.S.

473. Hipistes hydrinus.

Homalopsis hydrina, Cantor, J. A. S. B. xvi, 1847, p. 951, pi. xl,

fig. 4.

Bitia hydroides and Hipistes fasciatus, Gray, Cat. Sn. pp. 63, 78.
Hipistes hydrinus, Gilnth. Rept. B. I. p. 287, pi. xxiv, fig. II ; Sto-

liczka, J. A. 8. B. xxxix, 1870, pt. 2, p. 207 ; Anders. P. Z. S. 1871,

p. 181 ; Theob. Cat. p. 184.

Eostral as deep as broad ; frontal narrow, twice as long as broad,
as long as its distance from the end of the snout or a little longer ;
eye between four shields, viz. a supraocular, a prseocular, a sub-
ocular, and a small postocular ; 7 upper labials ; 5 lower labials in
contact with the anterior chin-shields ; posterior chin-shields ex-
tremely small. Scales in 35 to 42 rows. Ventrals 153-165; anal
divided ; subcaudals 22-35. Pale grey or brownish above, with
black cross bands as broad as the interspaces between them or
narrower ; lower parts white.

Total length 19 inches ; tail 2.

Hub. This is the most Hydrophid-like of the Homalopsids. Of
the three specimens obsen-ed by Cantor, two were captured in
fishing-stakes placed in the sea off the shores of Keddah, the third
was washed on shore by the waves on the coast of Pinang. Stoliczka
found it very common at the mouth of the Moulmein River ; and,
according to Theobald, it is largely captured in company with
great numbers of Hydrophids in the sluice-nets (or creels) in the
Bassein River below Gnaputau. It lives almost entirely upon fish.

Series C. PROTEROGLYPHA.
Anterior maxillary teeth grooved. Poisonous.

Subfamily V. ELAPIN^].

Terrestrial or arboreal. Tail cylindrical.

These snakes inhabit Asia, Africa, and America, and form the
bulk of the Ophidian fauna of Australia.

Synopsis of Indian, Ceylonese, and Burmese Genera.

A. No solid maxillary teeth ; scales equal.

«. Poison-gland not extending along the

body CALLOPHIS, p. 383.

b. Poison-gland extending along each side

of the anterior third of the body ADENIOPHIS, p. 386.

B. Poison-fang followed by one or more solid

teeth.

a. Neck not dilatable ; vertebral scales en-

larged BUNGAEUS, p, 387.

b. Neck dilatable ; vertebral scales not en-

larged NAIA, p. 390.

CALLOPHIS. 003

Genus CALLOPHIS,
Gray, 111. Ind. Zool. ii, 1834 (name only) ; Giinth. P. Z. S. 1859, p. 81.

Poison-fangs with a distinct groove anteriorly ; no solid maxil-
lary teeth. Head not distinct from neck, with large shields ; no
loreal. Eye small, with round pupil. Body cylindrical, slender.
Scales smooth, equal, in 13 rows. Tail short ; subcaudals in
pairs.

Fig. 113. — Head of Callophis macclettandii.

Distribution. East Indies, Southern China, and Japan. Seven
species are known, five of which occur in India and Burma.

This genus differs from the South- African and Tropical- American
Elaps in the presence of a groove along the entire length of the
maxillary fangs and in having postfrontal bones. It is completely
connected with Bunyarus through Hemibungarus, Peters, in which
a solid tooth is present behind the poison-fangs.

Synopsis of Indian and Burmese Species.

A. One prse- and two postoculars.

a. Six upper labials C. trimaculatus, p. 384.

b. Seven upper labials.

a'. A single temporal shield ; anterior
chin-shields in contact with 4 or 5
lower labials.

a". Subcaudals 21-32 C. maeitliceps, p. 384.

b". Subcaudals 33-44 C. niyrescens, p. 384.

b'. Temporals 1+1 ; anterior chin-
shields in contact with 3 labials . . C. macclellandii, p. 385.

B. No prseocular; one postocular C. bibronii, p. 386.

384 COLUBBID.E.

474. Callophis trimaculatus.

Russell, 2nd. Serp. i, pi. viii.

Vipera trimaculata, Daud. Rept. vi, p. 25.

Coluber melanurus, Shaio, Zool. iii, p. 552.

Elaps melanurus, Jerd. J. A. S. B. xxii, 1853, p. 522.

Callophis trimaculatus, Gunth. P. Z. S. 1859, p. 83, pi. xvi, fig. E ;

id. Rept. B. I. p. 350 ; Theob. Cat. p. 212 ; Phipson, J. Bomb. X.

H. Soc. ii. 1887, p. 248.

Eostral nearly as deep as broad ; frontal as long as its distance
from the end of the snout, much shorter than the parietals ; one
prse- and two postoculars ; a single temporal ; 6 upper labials,
third and fourth entering the eye ; two pairs of subequal chin-
shields, the anterior in contact with 3 or 4 labials. Scales in 13
rows. Ventrals 258-274 ; anal divided ; subcandals 24-35.
Light bay above, each scale with a brown dot ; sometimes a fine
dark vertebral line; head and nape black, with a yellow spot
on each side of the occiput ; lower parts uniform red ; tail with
two black rings.

Total length 13 inches ; tail 1 inch.

Hob. Tenasserim, Bengal ?, Jalna (Deccan), Bombay, Southern
India.

475. Callophis maculiceps.

Elaps melanurus (non Shaw), Cantor, J. A. S. B. xvi, 1847. p. 1027,

pi. xl, fig. 6.

Elaps maculiceps, Gunth. Cat. Col. Stt. p. 232.
Callophis maculiceps, Gunth. P. Z. S. 1859, p. 84, pi. xvi, fig. D : id.

Rept. B. I. p. 351 ; Theob. Cat. p. 213.

Eostral broader than long ; frontal as long as its distance from
the end of the snout, much shorter than the parietals ; one prse-
and two postoculars ; a single temporal ; 7 upper labials, third and
fourth entering the eye ; two pairs of subequal chin-shields, the
anterior in contact with 4 or 5 labials. Scales in 13 rows. Ven-
trals 205-247 ; anal divided ; subcaudals 21-32. Light bay above,
with a distinct series of black dots along each side of the back ;
head and nape black, with one or two yellow bands on each side ;
lower parts red ; tail with two black rings.

Total length 19 inches ; tail 1 inch 4 lines.

Hab. Malay Peninsula, Tenasserim, Pegu, Cochinchina.

476. Callophis nigrescens.

Callophis nigrescens, Gunth. A. M. N. II. (3) ix, 1802, p. 131 ; id.

Rept. B. I. p. 351, pi. xxiv, fig. F ; Throb. Cat. p. 213 ; Phipson,

J. Bomb. N. H. Sue. ii, 1887, p. 248.

? Elaps malabaricus, Jerdon, J. A. S. B. xxii, 1853, p. 522.
Callophis concinnus, Beddome, Madras Journ. Med. Sc. 18(53.
Callophis pentalineatus, Beddome, Madras Journ. Med. Sc. 1871 :

Theob. Cat. p. 214.

CALLOP11IS. 385

Rostral broader thau long ; frontal as long as its distance from
the end of the snout, much shorter than the parietals ; one prae-
and two postoculars ; a single temporal ; 7 upper labials, third and
fourth entering the eye ; anterior chin-shields as long as the pos-
terior or a little shorter, in contact with four labials. Scales in 13
rows. Ventrals 232-251 ; anal usually divided; subcaudals 33-44.
This species comprises four principal colour varieties, which are
connected by insensible gradations ; in all the head and nape are
black, with an oblique yellow band, sometimes broken up into spots,
on each side from the parietals to behind the angle of the mouth,
and the upper Up is yellow in front of and behind the eye ; lower
parts uniform red.

A. Dark purplish brown above, with three or five longitudinal

series of black, light-edged spots.

B. The spots confluent and forming three longitudinal black

bands edged with whitish.

C. As in the preceding, but the black bands without light

edges.

D. Pale reddish brown or red above, with five black longitudinal

bands.

Total length 3| feet ; tail 4-5 inches.

Hob. Bombay Hills (Karwar), Wynaad, Nilgiris, Anaiuialai and
Travaucore Hills, 4000-6000 feet.

477. Callophis macclellandii.

Elaps macclellandii, Reinh. Cede. Journ. N. H. iv, 1844, p. 532 : id.

Vidensk. Meddel. 18GO, p. 247.

Elaps personatus, Blyth, J. A. S. B. xxiii, 1855, p. 298.
Elaps univirgatus, Gilnth. Cat. Col. Sn. p. 231.
Callophis univirgatus, Gilnth. P. Z. S. 1859, p. 83, pi. xvii.
Callophis macclellandii, Giinth. P. Z. 8. 1801, p. 219; id. Rept. B. I.

p. 349 ; Theob. Cat. p. 214.
Callophis annularis, Giinth. Rept. B, I. p. 350, pi. xxiv, fig. J* ;

Theob. I. c. p. 212.

Rostral broader than long ; frontal as long as its distance from
the end of the snout or a little longer, as long as the parietals ;
one prae- and two postoculars ; temporals 1 -j- 1 ; upper labials 7,
third and fourth entering the eye ; two pairs of small subequal
chin-shields, anterior in contact with 3 labials. Scales in 13 rows.
Ventrals 182-224; anal divided; subcaudals 25-34. Reddish
brown above, with regular, equidistant, black, light-edged trans-
verse bars or rings ; belly yellowish, with black cross bands or
quadrangular spots. A variety from Nepal and Darjeeling (6V.
univiryata, Gthr.) is distinguished by the presence of a black verte-
bral line ; the transverse bars are replaced by transverse spots or
are altogether absent.

Total length 26 inches ; tail 2'3.

Hab. Nepal, Sikhim, Assam, Burma, Southern China.

* An anomalous specimen with six labials on one side.

2c

386 COLUBBID^E.

478. Callophis bibronii.

Elaps bibroni, Jan, Rev. et Mag. Zool. x, 1858, p. 526 ; id. Icon. Ophid.

43, pi. ii, fig. 1.

Elaps cerasinus, Beddome, P. Z. 8. 1864, p. 179.
Callophis cerasinus, Beddome, Madras Journ. Med. Sc. 1867, p. 16,

pi. ii, fig. 5 5 Theob. Cat. p. 213.

Eostral broader than long ; frontal nearly as long as its distance
from the end of the snout, much shorter than the parietals ; no
praeocular ; praefrontal in contact with the third labial ; one very
small postocular ; temporals 1 + 1 ; upper labials 7, third and
fourth entering the eye ; first lower labial much elongate, forming
a long suture with its fellow ; anterior chin-shields small, much
shorter than the posterior, in contact with the third and fourth
labials. Scales in 13 rows. Ventrals 222-226 ; anal entire ; sub-
caudals 27-34. Cherry-red, with black transverse bands above,
which are sometimes continuous across the belly ; in some specimens
the back is of a dark purplish brown ; anterior part of head black
above.

Total length 25 inches ; tail 2.

Hab. Wynaad, 3000 feet.

Genus ADENIOPHIS,

Peters, MB. Ak. Berl. 1871, p. 578.

Characters of Callophis, except that the poison-glands, instead
of being confined to the temporal region, extend along each side
of the body for about one third of its length, gradually thickening
and terminating in front of the heart with club-shaped ends. The
presence of this gland may be detected without dissecting the
animal, by the thickening of the cardiac region in the second third
of the body, the heart being shifted further back than in other
snakes, owing to the extension of the glands.

Experiments on the action of the poison of Adeniophis are much
to be desired.

Only two species are known, viz. A. intestinalis, Laur., comprising
several colour varieties, which have received special binomials
recorded below under the synonymy of the species, and A. bivir-
yatus, Boie (flaviceps, Cant., quadrivirgatus, Jan, tetratcenia, Blkr.),
which inhabits the Malay Archipelago and Pinang.

479. Adeniophis intestinalis.

Russell, 2nd. Serp. ii, pi. xix.

Aspis intestinalis, Laur. Syn. Rept. p. 106.

Elaps furcatus, Schneid, Hist. Amph. ii, p. 303 ; Dum. $ Bibr. Erp.

Gen. vii, p.- 1228 ; Jan, Icon. Ophid. 43, pi. i, fig. 3.
Maticora lineata, Gray, III. 2nd. Zool. ii, pi. Ixxxvi, figs. 4, 5.
Ebips intestinalis, Cantor, J. A. S. B. xvi, 1847, p. 1028.
Elaps trilineatus, Dum. $ Bibr. t. c. p. 1227.

UUNUABUS. 387

Callophis intestinalis, Giinth. P. Z. S. 1859, p. 82, pi. xvi ; id. Kept.
B. I. p. 348 ; Meyer, MB. Ak. Berl. 18G9, p. 204, pis. i & ii ; Sto-
liczka, J. A. S. B. xxxix, 1870, p. 212 ; Theob. Cat. p. 211.

Adeniophis nigrotaeniatus, Peters, MB. Ak. Berl. 1871, p. 578.

Callophis macclellandii (non Reinh.), Fayrer, Thanatoph. pi. x.

Frontal longer than its distance from the end of the snout, as
long as the parietals or a little shorter ; one pra3- and two post-
oculars ; temporals 1 + 2; upper labials 6, third and fourth enter-
ing the eye ; 4 lower labials in contact with the anterior chin-
shields, which are as long as the posterior or a little longer.
Scales in 13 rows. Ventrals 223-273; anal entire; subcaudals
15-28. The Burmese and Malay specimens belong to a variety
(Uneata, Gray) which is brown above with a yellowish (red ?)
vertebral line edged with black, and a light, black- edged line
along each side ; belly with alternate yellow and black cross
bands.

Total length 2 feet; tail 1| inch.

Hob. Burma, Malay Peninsula and Archipelago. Giiuther
mentions a specimen from Malwa, Central India.

Genus BUNGARUS,
Daudin, Hist. Kept. v. p. 263, 1803.

Poison-fangs with a distinct groove anteriorly, followed by one
to three small solid teeth. Head not distinct from neck, with
large shields ; no loreal. Eye small, with round pupil. Scales
smooth, in 13 or 15 rows; vertebral row enlarged, hexagonal. Tail
moderate or short ; subcaudals in a single or double row.

Distribution. East Indies and Southern China. Of the eight
known species, five are found in India and Ceylon.

The " Bungarums " are thoroughly terrestrial ; their bite is very
dangerous. They feed chiefly on small mammals, lizards, and
snakes.

Synopsis of Indian, Ceylonese, and Burmese Species.

A. Ventral scales much enlarged, broader than

long.

«. Subcaudals single.

a'. A dorsal ridge ; tail ending very ob-
tusely; anterior temporal shield scarce-
ly longer than deep B. fasciatus, p. 388.

V. No dorsal ridge ; tail tapering to a point ;
anterior temporal much longer than
deep.

a". Frontal little longer than broad .... B. ceylunicus, p. 388.
b". Frontal much longer than broad . . B. cwuleus, p. 388.
b. Subcaudals in pairs, or "only a few of the

anterior single B. bunyaroides, p. 89.

B. Vertebral scales feebly enlarged B. lividus, p. 389.

2c2

388 COLUBKIDjE.

480. Bungarus fasciatus.

Russell, Intl. Serp. i, pi. iii.

Pseudoboa fasciata, Schneid. Hist. Amph. ii, p. 283.

Bungarus annularis, Daud. Rept. v, p. 265, pi. Ixv ; Dum. fy it»- .

Erp. Gen. vii, p. 1209 ; Blyth, J. A. S. B. xviii, p. 791 ; Jan, Icon.

Ophid. 44, pi. ii, fig. 3.
Bungarus fasciatus, Cantor, J. A. S. B. xvi, 1847, p. 1034 ; Giinth.

Rept. B. I. p. 343 ; Fayrer, Thanatoph. pi. ix ; Theob. Cat.

p. 216.

Eostral much broader than deep, visible from above ; frontal
longer than broad, as long as or longer than its distance from the
end of the snout, as long as or a little shorter than the parietals ;
one prse- and two postoculars ; temporals 1 + 2, anterior scarcely
longer than deep ; 7 upper labials, third and fourth entering the
eye ; two pairs of short, subequal chin-shields. An obtuse keel
or ridge along the back and tail, the latter ending very obtusely.
Scales in 15 rows, vertebrals much enlarged, broader than long.
Ventrals 200-234 ; anal entire ; subcaudals single, 32-39. Bright
yellow, with black annuli as broad as the interspaces between
them or broader : a black band, widening behind, on the head •
and nape, beginning between the eyes ; snout brown.

Total length 4 feet ; tail 5 inches. Grows to 6 feet or more.

Hab. Bengal, Southern India, Assam, Burma, Southern China,
Iiido-China, Malay Peninsula, Sumatra, Java. The " Baj-samp "
of Northern India.

481. Bungarus ceylonicus.

Bungarus ceylonicus, Giinth. Rept. B. I. p. 344 ; Theob. Cat. p. 216.

Eostral a little broader than deep, just visible from above ;
frontal a little longer than broad, as long as its distance from the
end of the snout or a little shorter, much shorter than the
parietals; one prae- and two postoculars; temporals 1 + 2 ; upper
labials 7, third and fourth entering the eye ; two pairs of short,
subequal chin-shields, the anterior in contact with 3 labials. Scales
in 15 rows; vertebrals much enlarged, broader than long. Ventrals
224-235 ; anal entire ; subcaudals single, 35-40. Black, with
whitish annuli which may be very indistinct or broken up into
spots on the back in the adult ; lower parts uniform white in the
young.

Total length 3 feet 3 inches ; tail 4 inches.

Hub. Ceylon; and, according to Theobald, Southern India
(Palamcottah).

482. Bungarus cseruleus.

Russell, 2nd. Serp. i, pi. i.

Pseudoboa cserulea, Schneid. Hist. Amph. ii, p. 284.
Pseudoboa krait, Schneid. 1. c. p. 288.

Bungarus can-uleus, Daud. Rept. v, p. 270 ; Dum. $• Bibr. Erp. Gen.
vii, p. 1273; Stoliczka, J. A. S. #.xxxix, 1870, p. 209; Jan, Icon.

BUNGAEUS. 389

Ophid. 44, pi. iii, figs. 2 & 3 ; Fayrer, Thanatoph. pi. x ; Murray,

Zool. Slnd, p. 387.

Bungarus candidus, Cantor, J. A. 8. B. xvi, 1847, p. 1034.
Bungarus arcuatus, Dum. $ Bibr. t. c. p. 1272.
Bungarus caeruleus, part., Giinth. Kept. B. I. p. 343 ; Theob. Cat.

p. 215.

Eostral broader than deep, visible from above ; frontal longer
than broad, as long as its distance from the end of the snout,
shorter than the parietals ; one prse- and two postoculars ; tem-
porals 1 + 1 or 1+2; upper labials 7, third and fourth entering
the eye ; two pairs of subequal chin-shields, anterior in contact
with 3 labials. Scales in 15 rows ; vertebrals much enlarged,
broader than long on the hinder half of the body. Ventrals 200-
220; anal entire; subcaudals 40-51. Dark brown or bluish-
black above, with narrow transverse white streaks, or with small
white spots ; lower parts uniform white.

Total length 3 feet 2 inches ; tail 5 inches. Grows to 4| feet.

Sab. This species, called " Krait " in Northern India, is common
all over India, and very destructive of life ; it is rare in Burma.

483. Bungarus oungaroides.

Elaps bungaroides, Cantor, P. Z. S. 1839, p. 33.

Xenurelaps bungaroides, Giinth. jRejit. B. I. p. 345 ; Jerdon, P. A. S.

B. 1870, p. 82 ; Theob. Cat. p. 215 ; Blanf. J. A. S. B. xxxviii,

1879, pt. 2, p. 131.

Eostral a little broader than deep, just visible from above ;
frontal a little longer than broad, longer than its distance from the
end of the snout, shorter than the parietals ; one prae- and two
postoculars; temporals 1+2; upper labials 7, third and fourth
entering the eye ; two pairs of short, subequal chin-shields, the
anterior in contact with 3 labials. Scales in 15 rows ; vertebrals
much enlarged, broader than long on the hinder half of the
body. Ventrals 220-237; anal entire; subcaudals 44-51, all
in pairs, or a few of the anterior single. Black, with white
(yellow ?) transverse lines, the anterior angular and pointing for-
wards ; these lines widen beneath, forming broad bands across the
belly ; a yellow line across the snout, and a curved one on each
side, from the frontal shield to behind the angle of the mouth ; a
third from the postoculars to the lip.

Total length 32 inches ; tail 4.

Hob. A rare snake, known from the Khasi Hills and Darjeeling
(6800 feet).

484. Bungarus lividus.

Bunparus lividus, Cantor, P. Z. S. 1839, p. 32 : id. J. A. S. B. xvi,

1847, p. 1034.
Bungarus cseruleus, part., Giinth. Eept. B. I. p. 343 ; Anders. P. Z. S.

1871, p. 189 j Theob. Cat. p. 215.

390 COLUBRTD*;.

Rostral nearly as deep as broad, visible from above ; frontal
longer than broad, as long as its distance from the end of the
snout, shorter than the parietals ; one prse- and two postoculars :
temporals 1 + 2; upper labials 7, third and fourth entering the
eye; two pairs of chin-shields, anterior longest and in contact
with 3 labials. Scales in 15 rows ; vertebrals but feebly enlarged
and not broader tban long. Ventrals 212-225 ; anal entire ;
subcaudals single, 37-56. Uniform black or brown above ; upper
lip white ; lower parts white or pale brown.

Total length 3 feet ; tail 4 inches.

Hob. Assam.

Genus NAIA,

Laurenti, Syn. Kept. p. 90, 1768.

Poison-fangs with a distinct groove anteriorly, followed by one
to three small solid teeth. Head distinct from neck, with large
shields ; no loreal. Eye rather small, with round pupil. Neck
dilatable. Body cylindrical ; scales disposed obliquely, smooth, in
15 or more rows. Tail moderate ; subcaudals in a single or double

Fig. 114. — Head of Naia bungarus.

Distribution. Africa and Southern Asia. Oviparous. Terrestrial,
but often ascending trees, and readily entering the water.

Six or seven species may be distinguished, of which three occur
in the Indian Region : —

A. No large shields behind parietals.

a. 23-27 scales across neck, 19-23 across

middle of body ; suhcaudals 49-75, all in

pairs N. tripudians, p. 391.

b. 19-23 scales across neck, 17 across middle

of body ; subcaudals 43-52, some of the [(Java & Borneo),

anterior frequently single N, sputalrir, Reinw.

391

B. A

L pair of large shields behind parietals ; 19-
21 scales across neck, 15 across middle of
body ; subcaudals 80-107, anterior usually
single N. bungarus, p. 392.

485. Naia tripudians.

Russell, 2nd. Serp. i, pis. v & vi, and ii, pi. i.

Coluber naia, Linn. Syst. Nat. i. p. 382.

Naia lutescens, Laur. Syn. Kept. p. 91 ; Cantor, J. A. S. B. xvi,

1847, p. 1038.
Naia tripudiaus, Merr. Tent. p. 147 ; Gray, III. Ind. Zool. ii, pla.

Ixxvii-lxxix ; Dum. $ Bibr. Erp. G6n. vii, p. 1293 ; Glinth. Rept.

B. I. p. 338 ; Stoliczka, J. A. 8. B. xxxix, 1870, pt. 2, p. 211 ;

Fayrer, Thanatoph. pis. i-vi ; Jan, Icon. Ophid. 45, pi. i, fig1. 3;

Theob. Cat. p. 208 ; Blanf. J. A. S. B. 1, 1881, p. 241 ; Murray,

Zool. Sind, p. 387 ; Boettg. Zool. Jahrb. iii, 1888, j). 943.
Tomyris oxiana, Eichw. Zool. Spec, iii, p. 171, and Faun. Casp.-Cauc.

p. 130, pi. xx.

Naia larvata, Cantor, P. Z. S. 1839, p. 32.
Naia atra, Cantor, A. M. N. H. ix, 1842, p. 482.
Naia oxiana, Strauch, Bull. St. Petersb. xiii, 1868, p. 87 ; Boukng.

Tr. Linn. Soc. (2) v, 1889, p. 103, pi. xi, fig. 2.

Fig. 115. — Naia tripudians.
Eostral a little broader than deep, visible from above ; inter-

392 COLUBBIDJE.

nasal in contact with the praeocular ; frontal as long as its distance
from the rostral or a little longer, much shorter than the parietals ;
one prseocular ; three (rarely two) postoculars; temporals 2 + 3 or
2 + 4; upper labials 7, third deepest, seventh longest, third and
fourth entering the eye ; 4 lower labials in contact with the ante-
rior chin-shields, which are as long as the posterior. 23 to 27
scales across the "neck," 19 to 23 across the middle of the
body. Ventrals 170-206 ; anal entire ; subcaudals 49-75. The
colour varies extremely : upper parts greyish, brown, or black,
with or without a spectacle- or loop-shaped black light-edged
marking on the neck, or with light spots or cross bands on the
body; whitish, brown, or blackish beneath, sometimes with black
cross bands on the anterior part of the body.

The largest specimen in the British Museum measures 6 feet
4 inches, the tail one foot.

The Cobra or Naga is the best known and most deadly snake of
India. Its habit of expanding the neck when irritated gives it a
most peculiar appearance, with which everyone interested in
natural history is familiar. It is the snake usually exhibited by
Snake-charmers. It is found all over India and Ceylon, Burma,
the Andamans, Southern China, Indo-China, and the Malay Penin-
sula and Archipelago ; in the Himalayas it extends to an altitude
of 8000 feet ; to the west it ranges to Afghanistan, North-eastern
Persia and Southern Turkestan, as far as the eastern coast of the
Caspian Sea.

486. Naia bungarus.

Naia bungarus, Schleg. Phys. Serp. ii, p. 476, pi. xvii, figs. 8 & 9 ;

Schleg. 8f Mull. Verh. Ovcrz. JBez. Nederl. 2nd., Kept. p. 71, pi. x.
Hamadryas hannah, Cantor, As. Res. xix, 1836, p. 87, pis. x-xii.
Haraadryas ophiophagus, Cantor, P. Z. S. 1838, p. 73, 1839, p. 32 ;

id. J. A. S. B. xvi, 1847, p. 1037.

Naia vittata, Elliot, Madras Journ. L. S. xi, 1840, p. 39, pi. i.
Trimeresurus ophiophagus, part., Dum. Sf Bibr, Erp. Gen- vii,

p. 1245.

Hamadryas elaps, G'tinth. Cat. Col. Sn. p. 219*.
Trimeresurus bungarus, Jan, Rev. et Mag. Zool. 1859, p. 129; id.

Icon. Ophid. 44, pi. iv.
Ophiophagus elaps, Giinth. Rept. E. I. p. 341 ; Anders. P. Z. 8. 1871,

p. 188 ; Stoliczka, J. A. S. B. xxxix, 1870, pt. 2, p. 210, pi. xi,

fig. 7 ; Fai/rer, Thanatoph. pis. vii £ viii.
Naja elaps, Theob. Cat. p. 209.

Rostral much broader than deep, visible from above ; internasal
separated from the praeocular ; frontal nearly as long as its
distance from the end of the snout, much shorter than the parietals,
which are followed by a pair of large shields ; one praeocular
(rarely two) ; three postoculars ; temporals 2+2 ; upper labials 7,
third deepest, seventh longest,. third and fourth entering the eye ;

* Naia elaps, Schleg., = Diemenia ikahcka, Lesson, as pointed out by Jan
in 1859, and again in 1878 by Peters and Doriu.

HYDROPHIIKjE. 6U6

4 lower labials in contact with the anterior chin-shields, which are
as long as the posterior or a little longer. 19 or 21 scales across
the neck, 15 across the middle of the body. Ventrals 215-262 ;
anal entire ; subcaudals 80-117, the anterior usually single.
Yellowish brown, or olive, with more or less marked dark cross
bands ; young usually black, with yellow rings on the body and
yellow cross bands on the head, sometimes covered above with
light spots and with whitish black-edged ventral and subcaudal
shields.

The largest specimen in the British Museum measures 13 feet,
the tail being about one fifth the total length.

From its larger size and fiercer habits this snake is still
more dangerous than the Cobra ; it is fortunately less common.
It inhabits Southern India, Orissa, Bengal, Assam, Burma, the
Andamans, Siara, the Malay Peninsula, Java, Borneo, Sumatra,
and the Philippines. It feeds principally on snakes.

Subfamily VI. HYDB-OPHIIN^E.

Marine. Tail strongly compressed, with the neural spines and
hypapophyses very much developed.

Sea-snakes are easily recognized by their strongly compressed
oar-shaped tail. "With the exception of Platurus, which in many
respects approaches the Elapince, they never leave the water.
They are viviparous. Their home is essentially the coasts of the
Indian Ocean and the tropical parts of the Western Pacific, from
the Persian Gulf to New Guinea and North Australia ; one
species, however (Hydi-us platurus), ranges from "West and South
Africa to the western coast of tropical America, as far north as
Japan and Peter the Great Bay, Manchuria, and as far south as
New Zealand.

Of the nine genera, six occur on the Indian and Burmese
coasts.

Synopsis of Indian and Burmese Genera.

A. Only the poison-fangs are grooved.

a. Mental shield triangular ; no mental groove.
a'. Nostrils lateral; maxillary bone much
shorter than transpalatine ; a single small
solid maxillary tooth (Fig. 116, A.) ; ven-
tral shields large PLATURUS, p. 394.

b'. Nostrils on top of snout

a". Maxillary slightly longer than transpala-
tine ; 2 to 5 solid teeth on each maxil-
lary (Fig. 116, £.) ; body short ; snout

short ENHYDRIS, p. 396.

A". Maxillary much longer than transpala-
tine ; 7 or 8 solid teeth on each maxil-
lary (Fig. 116, C.) ; body short; snout

long HYDRUS, p. 397.

c". Maxillary much longer than transpala-
tine ; 7 to 18 solid teeth on each maxillary HyrROPHis, p. 398.

394

COLUBKIDjE.

b. Mental shield narrow, elongate, partly con-
cealed in a deep groove in the lower jaw ;
maxillary a little longer than transpalatine,

with 4 solid teeth ENHYDBINA, p. 405

B. Poison-fangs followed by 4 to 10 solid maxil-
lary teeth, which are grooved anteriorly DISTIRA, p. 407.

Fig. 116.— Views of right maxillo-palatal arch.

A. Platurus. B. Enhydris. C. Hydrus.

m. Maxillary, pi. Palatine, pt. Pterygoid. tp. Trauspalatine.

Genus PLATURUS,
Daudin, Hist. Kept, vii, p. 223, 1803.

Maxillary very short, with a pair of large grooved fangs followed
by a single very small solid tooth. Head-shields normal ; nasals

Fig. 117. — Head of Platurus laticattdatus.

lateral. Scales smooth and imbricate. Ventrals and subcaudals
large.

Distribution. Eastern parts of the Indian Ocean and West Pacific.

This genus approaches the Elapince (Bungarus and CullopJiis)
in the shape of the skull, the scaling of the head and body, and

PLA.TITRPS. 395

the general appearance. In fact, nothing but the shape of the
tail would prevent Pkitwrus being placed close to Bungarus and
Callophis. Species of Platurus are not so absolutely aquatic as the
other Hydrophids, and there are several records of specimens found
at some distance from water. In a recent note on Snakes from
Sumatra, Dr. van Lidth de Jeude mentions that a specimen of
P. colubrinus was captured by Dr. Hagen in the forests of Serdang
at a distance from the sea of nearly a day's journey.

Synopsis of the Species.

A. No ventral keel.

«. No azygous shield on snout ; scales in

19 rows P. laticaudatus, p. 395.

b. An azygous shield between preefrontals ;

scales in 21-25 rows P. colubrinus, p. 395.

B. A keel along posterior half of belly P. schistorhynchus.

P. scJiistorhynchus, Gtbr. (H. colubrinus, Schleg. Faun. Japon.,
Rept. pi. x), is known from the Chinese Sea and the Western
Pacific, but has not been recorded from the coasts of India or
Burma.

487. Platurus laticaudatus.

Coluber laticaudatus, Linn. Mus. Ad. Frid. pi. xvi, fig. 1 ; id. Syst.

Nat. i, p. 383.

Laticaudata scutata, Laur. Syn. Rept. p. 109.
Platurus fasciatus, part., Daud. Rept. vii, p. 226 ; Dum. 8f Bibr. Erp.

Gen. vii, p. 1321.
Platurus fischeri, Jan, Rev. et Mag. Zool. 1859, p. 149 ; Giinth. Rept.

B. I. p. 356, pi. xxv, fig. A ; Anders. P. Z. S. 1871, p. 189 ; Fayrer,

Thanatoph. pi. xix ; Jan, Icon. Ophid. 40, pi. i, fig. 2.
Platurus affinis, Anders. 1. c. p. 190.
Platurus laticaudatus, Peters, MB. Ak. Berl 1877, p. 417.

No azygous shields on the snout ; one prae- and two postoculars »
7 or 8 upper labials, third and fourth entering the eye ; temporals
1 + 2. Scales in 19 rows. Ventrals not keeled, 220-240 ; sub-
caudals 25-45. Olive above, yellowish beneath, with black annuli
which are as broad as the interspaces between them or broader.

Total length 3 feet 3 inches.

Hob. From the Bay of Bengal and the Chinese Sea to Polynesia.

488. Platurus colubrinus.

Hydrus colubrinus, Schneid. Hist. Amph. i, p. 238.

Platurus fasciatus, part., Daud. Rept. vii, p. 226, pi. Ixxxv, fig. 1 ;

Dum. Sf Bibr. Erp. Gen. vii, p. 1321.
Laticauda scutata, Cantor, J. A. S. B. xvi, 1847, p. 1046.
Platurus fasciatus, Jan, Rev. et Mag. Zool. 1859, p. 149, and Icon.

Ophid. 40, pi. i,fig. 1.

Platurus scutatus, Giinth. Rept. B. I. p. 356.
Platurus colubrinus, Peters, MB. Ak. Berl. 1877, p. 418.

396 COLUBRIDJE.

An azygous shield between the prsefrontals, and sometimes one
or two between the internasals ; one prse- and two postoculars ;
6 or 7 upper labials, third and fourth entering the eye ; temporals
1 + 2 or 2 + 2. Scales in 21-25 rows. Ventrals not keeled,
195-240 ; subcaudals 30-45. Olive above, yellowish below, with
black annuli which are as wide as the interspaces between them
or narrower.

Total length 5 feet.

Hob. Same as the preceding. According to observations recently
made in Japan, this snake does not bite.

Genus ENHYDRIS,
Merrem, Tent. Syst. Amph. p. 140, 1820.

Maxillary short, about as long as the transpalatine, with a pair
of large grooved fangs followed, after a considerable interval, by
two to four small solid teeth. Nostrils superior; nasal shields in
contact with each other; head-shields large. Body short and
stout. All the scales hexagonal or squarish and juxtaposed.
Ventrals very feebly developed, if at all distinct.

Only two species : —

Parietals broken up into small shields E. curtus, p. 396.

Parietals large E. hardwickii, p. 397.

489. Enhydris curtus.

Hydrus curtus, Shaw, Zool. iii, p. 502.

Enhydris cmtus, Men: Tent. p. 140.

Hydrophis propinquus, Jan, Jtev. et Mag. Zool. 1859, p. 151, and

Icon. Ophid. 41, pi. i, fig. 2.
Hydrophis curta, Giinth. Rapt. E. I. p. 379; Fayrer, Thanatoph.

pi. xxiv; Stoliczka, P.A.S. B. 1872, p. 91 ; Murray. Zool. Sind.

p. 395.

Parietals broken up into small shields ; one prse- and one or
two postoculars ; two or three superposed anterior temporals ; 7
upper labials, fourth, or third and fourth, entering the eye; chin-
shields very small, and separated by scales, or quite indistinct.
30 to 38 scales round the anterior part of the body, 33 to 42 round
the middle, with a very feebly-developed tubercle or short keel ;
the scales on the lower surface, in the male, with a very strong
spinose tubercle. Ventrals distinct in the anterior half of the
body, with two spinose tubercles in the male, 150-200*. Above
with dark transverse bands, broadest in the middle ; these bands
are usually very dark, nearly black, but in some old specimens
rather indistinct ; end of tail black.

Total length 2| feet.

Hob. Coasts of India and Ceylon.

* As remarked by Stoliczka in this species, and by Boettger in the following,
he males have fewer scales than the females.

397

490. Enhydris hardwickii.

Lapemis hardwickii, Gray, III. Ind. Zool. ii, pi. Ixxxvii, fig. 2.
Hydrophis pelamidoides, Schleg. Phys. Serp. ii, p. 512, pL'xviii, figs.
16 & 17 ; Dum. * Bibr. Erp. Gen. vii, p. 1345 ; Jan, Icon. Ophid.

Lapemis loreatus, Gray, A. M. N. H. xi, 1843, p. 46.

Hydrophis (Pelamis) pelamidoides, Fischer, Abh. Naturw. Ilamb.

iii, 1856, p. 64, pi. iii. *

Hydrophis problematicus, Jan, Rev. et Mag. Zool. 1859, p. 150.
Hydrophis hardwickii Gilnth. Kept. B. I. p. 380, pi. xxv, fig. W.
Hydrophis loreata, Gilnth op. cit. p. 380 ; Boettg. Zool Anz. 1888,

p. 390.

Hydrophis fayreriana, Anders. J. A. S. B. xl, 1871, pt. 2, p. 19.
Hydrophis abbreviatus and H. brevis, Jan, Icon. Ophid. 40, pi. iv,

fig. 2, & pi. v, fig. 2.

Parietals large ; one prte- and one to three postoculars ; a loreal
sometimes present ; two or three superposed anterior temporals ;
seven upper labials, fourth, or third and fourth, entering the eye ;
chin-shields very small and separated by scales, or quite indistinct.
25 to 33 scales round the anterior part of the body, 34 to 37 round
the middle of the body, with tubercles as in the preceding species.
Veutrals usually very indistinct, 135-200. Coloration as in the
preceding, but the dark bauds often forming complete rings round
the body.

Total length 2| feet.

Hob. From the Bay of Bengal to the Chinese Sea and the coast
of New Guinea.

Genus HYDRTTS,
Schneider, Hist. Amph. i, p. 233 (part.), 1799.

Maxillary much longer than transpalatine ; poison-fangs short,
followed, after a short interval, by seven or eight solid teeth.
Snout long ; nostrils superior ; nasal shields in contact with each
other ; head-shields large. Body short. All the scales hexagonal
or squarish, and juxtaposed. No distinct veutrals.

Only one species.

491. Hydrus platurus.

Russell, Ind. Serp. \, pi. xli.

Anguis platura, Linn. Syst. Nat. i, p. 391.

Hydrus bicolor, Schneid. Hist. Amph. i, p. 242 ; Cantor, J. A. S. B.

xvi, 1847, p. 1056.
Pelamis bicolor, Daud. Rept. vii, p. 366, pi. Ixxxix ; Dum. $ Bibr.

Erp. Gen. vii, p. 1335; Gilnth. Rept. B. I. p. 382; Fayrer,

Thanatoph. pi. xvii ; Murray, Zool. Sind, p. 397.
Pelamis ornata, Gray, Cat. Sn. p. 43.
Hydrophis bicolor, Fischer, Abh. Naturw. Hamb. iii, 1856, p. 61 ;

Jan, Icon. Ophid. 40, pis. ii & iii.
Pelamis platurus, Stoliczka, P. A. S. B. 1872, p. 92.

398 COLUBKIDuE.

Frontal large, at least as long as the snout or the parietals ; one
prae- and two or three postoculars ; temporals small and numerous ;
7 or 8 upper labials, fourth, or fourth and fifth, entering the eye ;
chin-shields small or indistinct. 45 to 57 scales round the body,
smooth in the females and young, with one, two, or three small
tubercles in the male. Yellowish, with black cross bands or sym-
metrical spots, or uniform black above and yellow beneath, with
or without black spots; tail yellowish, ^ith black spots or cross
bands.

Total length 3 feet.

Hob. This is the most widely distributed Sea-Snake, being found
throughout the Indian Ocean and the Tropical or Subtropical
Pacific ; the extreme points from which it is recorded being the
Persian Gulf, the Cape of Good Hope, the Japanese Sea, Posiette
Bay, New Zealand, the west coast of Central America, and
Guayaquil.

Genus HYDROPHIS,
Daudin, Hist. Kept, vii, p. 372, 1803.

Maxillary much longer than transpalatine ; poison-fangs large,
followed by a series of seven to eighteen solid teeth. Head small ;
nostrils superior ; nasal shields in contact with each other ; head-

Fig. 118.— Head of Hydraphis gracilis.

shields large. Body long, often very slender anteriorly. Scales
on the anterior part of the body imbricate. Ventrals more or less
distinct, small.

About 20 species are known.

HYDEOPHIS. ,'J99

Synopsis of Indian, Ceylonese, and Burmese Species.

A. Two superposed anterior temporals.

a. 32 scales round neck, 47 round middle

of body ; frontal as long as its distance

from rostral H. schistosus, p. 399.

b. 35-38 scales round neck, 48-50 round

middle of body ; frontal shorter than its

distance from rostral H. ccerulescens, p. 400.

c. 27-29 scales round neck, 39 round middle

of body ; scales all imbricate H. niyrocinctus, p. 400.

d. 25-27 scales round neck, 35 round middle

of body ; scales on hinder half of body

juxtaposed H. mamillaris, p. 401.

B. A single anterior temporal.
«. All the scales imbricate.

a'. 29 to 33 scales round middle of body.

a". 28-29 scales round neck H. spiralis, p. 401.

b". 21 scales round neck; posterior chin-
shields separated by scales H. latifasciatus, p. 401.

c". 19-23 scales round neck ; posterior
chin-shields in contact with each

other H. coronatus, p. 402.

b'. 40 to 50 scales round middle of body.
a". 33-35 scales round neck; frontal

shorter than its distance from rostral. H. torquatus, p. 402.
b". 34-40 scales round neck ; frontal as

long as its distance from rostral H. obscurus, p. 403.

c". 25-31 scales round neck ; frontal as

long as its distance from rostral . . H. fasciatus, p. 404.
b. Scales on posterior half of body hexagonal

and juxtaposed.

a '. 19-21 scales round neck, 29-33 round
middle of body ; rostral as deep as

broad H. yracilis, p. 404.

b '. 23-25 scales round neck, 41 round
middle of body ; rostral deeper than
broad H. cantoris, p. 405.

492. Hyd.ropb.is schistosus.

Russell, 2nd. Serp. ii, pi. x.
Hydrophis schistosus, Daud. Rept. vii, p. 386.

Hydrophis nigra, Anders. P. Z. S. 1872, p. 399 j Fayrer, Thanatoph.
pi. xxv.

Head moderate ; body moderately elongate. Eostral broader
than deep; nasals about as long as the frontal, more than twice as
long as the suture between the praefrontals ; frontal slightly longer
than broad, shorter than the parietals ; one prae- and one post-
ocular ; 7 upper labials, second largest, third and fourth entering
the eye ; two superposed anterior temporals ; two pairs of subequal
chin-shields, posterior separated by one scale ; 32 scales round the
neck, 47 round the middle of the body ; scales elongate, rhom-

400 COLUBEIBA\

boidal, smooth or feebly keeled, feebly imbricate anteriorly, juxta-
posed posteriorly. Ventrals distinct anteriorly, 235 (-306). Uni-
form blackish.

Total length 3 feet.

Hub. Bengal and Cuttack coasts.

493. HydropMs caerulescens.

Hydrus caerulescens, Shaw, Zool. iii, p. 561.
Enhydris caerulescens, Merr. Tent. p. 140.

Hydrophis caerulescens, Gray, Zool. Misc. p. 62 ; Gilnth. Rent. B. I.
p. 3(35, pi. xxv, fig. C.

Head very small; anterior part of body very slender, its dia-
meter about one third the depth of the posterior part. Eostral
broader than deep ; frontal longer than broad, shorter than its
distance from the rostral, much shorter than the parietals ; one
prse- and one postocular ; two superposed anterior temporals ; 7
upper labials, third and fourth entering the eye ; chin-shields very
small, posterior pair separated by scales. 35 to 38 scales round
the neck, 48 to 50 round the middle of the body ; scales rhom-
boidal, imbricate, with a strong short keel, Ventrals distinct
throughout, 294-309. Grey above, with black cross bands,
broader on the back, which form complete rings, or are interrupted
on the belly ; head uniform black.

Total length 2 feet.

Hob. Bombay coast, Bay of Bengal, Straits of Malacca.

494. Hydrophis nigrocinctus.

Russell, Ind. Serp. ii, pi. vi.

Hydrophis nigrocinctus, Daud. Rept. vii, p. 380 ; Dum. fy Bibr. Erp.

Gen. vii, p. 1350 (part.); Giintii. Rept. B.I. p. 368, pi. xxv,

fig. L ; Fayrer, TJianatoph. pi. xxv.

Head small ; anterior part of body slender, its diameter about
two fifths the depth of the posterior part. Eostral broader than
deep ; nasals shorter than the frontal, about twice as long as the
suture between the prsefrontals ; frontal longer than broad, as long
as its distance from the end of the snout, shorter than the
parietals ; one prae- and one or two postoculars ; a small loreal
sometimes present ; 7 upper labials, third and fourth entering the
eye, second and fourth largest; two superposed anterior temporals;
two pairs of subequal chin-shields, posterior separated by scale?.
27 or 29 scales round the neck, 39 round the middle of the body ;
scales imbricate, rhombic, keeled. Ventrals distinct, but feebly
enlarged, 317-331. Pale olive above, yellowish beneath, with
black annuli, which are broadest on the back.

Total length 40 inches.

Hob. Bay of Bengal and Straits of Malacca.

IIYDROPHIS. 401

495, Hydrophis mamillaris.

Russell, Ind. Serp. i, pi. xliv.

Annuls mamillaris, Daud. Rept. vii, p. 340.

Hydrophis fasciata (non Schn.), Gilnth. Rept. B. /. p. 374, pi. xxv,

flg.Q.

Head very small ; anterior part of body very slender, its diameter
about one third the depth of the posterior part. Hostral broader
than deep ; frontal longer than broad, as long as its distance from
the end of the snout, a little shorter than the parietals ; one prae-
aud two postoculars ; 7 upper labials, third and fourth entering
the eye ; two superposed anterior temporals ; two pairs of chin-
shields, in contact with each other. 25 to 27 scales round the
neck, 35 round the middle of the body ; scales rhomboidal and
imbricate on the neck, hexagonal and juxtaposed ou the body, with
a tubercle or short keel. Ventrals distinct throughout, 287-316.
Black, with yellowish annuli, which are interrupted on the belly.

Total length 26 inches.

Hab. I have examined two specimens : one from the Vizagapatam
coast, the other from Bombay.

406. Hydrophis spiralis.

Hydrus spiralis, Shmo, Zool. iii, p. 564, pi. cxxy.
Hydrophis melanurus, War/I. Icon. Amph. pi. iii.
Hydrophis spiralis, Gray, Cat. Sn. p. 54 ; Gilnth. Rept. B. 1. p. 300,

pi. xxv, fig. D ; Anders. P. Z. 8. 1872, p. 397 ; Murray, Zool. Slncl,

p. 390.
Hydrophis nigrocinctiiti, Jan, Icon. Ophid. 41, pi. ii, tig. 2.

Head rather small ; body moderately elongate. Eostral broader
than deep ; frontal longer than broad, as long as its distance from
the rostral, a little shorter than the parietals ; one prse- and one
postocular ; a single anterior temporal, descending to the labial
border ; 6 or 7 upper labials, second largest, third and fourth
entering the eye ; two pairs of subequal chin-shields, in contact.
28 or 29 scales round the neck, 33 to 35 round the middle of the
body ; scales imbricate, smooth in the young, with a central
tubercle in the adult. Ventrals distinct, but feebly enlarged,
310-320. Olive above, yellowish beneath, with black rings con-
nected by a black ventral band in the young ; a more or less dis-
tinct series of round black dorsal spots between the rings ; head
black above, with a horseshoe-shaped yellow mark, the convexity
of which rests on the prsefrontal shields ; end of tail black.

Total length 6 feet (Giinther). I have only seen young specimens.

Hab. Indian Ocean ; Anderson received specimens from the
Cuttack coast, and Murray records the species from the Siud and
Cutch coasts.

497. Hydrophis latifasciatus.

Hydrophis latifasciata, Giinth. Rept. B. I. p. 372, pi. xxv, tig. T ;
Blanf. J. A. S. B. xlviii, 1879, pt. 2, p. 132.

2D

402 COLTJBRID^;.

Head small ; anterior part of body slender, its diameter about
one third the depth of the posterior part. Kostral broader than
deep ; nasals slightly longer than the frontal, more than twice as
long as the suture between the prrefrontals ; frontal small, longer
than broad, much shorter than the parietals, or than its distance
from the rostral; one prse- and one postocular ; prsef rental in con-
tact with the second labial ; 6 upper labials, second largest, third
and fourth entering the eye ; a single, large anterior temporal ;
two pairs of chin-shields, posterior separated by scales. 21 scales
round the neck, 33 round the middle of the body ; scales imbricate
and keeled. Ventrals distinct, but feebly enlarged, 322. Dark
olive, sides with vertical yellowish bars ; these bars continuous
across the neck.

Total length 29 inches.

Hob. Mergui; a single specimen. Blanford records a second
from Pegu.

498. Hydrophis coronatus.

Hydrophis coronata, G'imth. Kept. B. I. p. 372, pi. xxv, fig. M ;
Anders. P. Z. S. 1871, p. 192 : Fayrer, Thanatoph. pi. xxvi.

Head very small, narrow ; body long, extremely slender an-
teriorly *. Kostral broader than deep ; frontal small, longer than
broad, hardly as long as its distance from the rostral ; one pra3-
and one postocular ; a single anterior temporal, descending to the
labial border ; 6 upper labials, third and fourth entering the eye ;
two pairs of chin-shields, in contact with each other. 19 to 23
scales round the neck, 29 to 33 round the middle of the body ; all
the scales rhomboidal and imbricate, dorsals with a keel, laterals
with a central tubercle. Ventrals hardly distinct, 321-337. Head
and neck blackish or dark green, the former with a horseshoe-
shaped yellow mark above, the convexity on the snout, the latter
with regular yellow cross bands or rings ; body likewise with yellow
cross bands or rings, which may be interrupted on the back.

Total length 3 feet.

Sab. Coast of Bengal. I have examined two specimens (the
types), male and female ; a fine female is figured by Fayrer.

499. Hydrophis torquatus.

Hydrophis nigrociucta, part., Schlet/. Phys. Serp. ii, p. 500, pi. xviii,

tigs. 11 & 12.

Hydras nigrocinctus, Cantor, J. A. S. B. xvi, 1847, p. 1049.
Hydrophis torquata, Gilnth, Eept. B. I. p. 369, pi. xxv, fig. H.

* As in H. obscurus and other species, the neck is proportionally much more
slender in the female than in the male, as may be seen by the following mea-
surements of the two type specimens : —

(5 . Total length 2 feet 1 in. ; diameter of neck 0'25 inch ; greatest depth of
body 0'8 inch.

$. Total length 3 feet; diameter of neck O25 inch; greatest depth of
body 1-3 inches.

HYDROPIIIS. 403

Head small ; anterior part of body slender, its diameter about
one third the depth of the posterior part. Rostral broader than
deep ; nasals longer than the frontal, at least twice as long as the
suture between the praefrontals ; frontal small, as long as broad or
a little longer than broad, shorter than its distance from the rostral,
much shorter than the parietals ; one prae- and one postocular ;
praefrontal in contact with the second labial ; 6 or 7 upper labials,
second largest, thiixl and fourth entering the eye ; a single, large
anterior temporal ; two pairs of subequal chin-shields, in contact
with each other. 33 or 35 scales round the neck, 43 or 45 round
the middle of the body ; scales imbricate and keeled. Ventrals
distinct, but feebly enlarged, 283-285. Pale greyish olive, with
blackish cross bands tapering on the sides.

Total length 23 inches.

Hab. Bay of Bengal and Straits of Malacca.

500. Hydrophis obscurus.

Mussell, Ind. Serp. ii, pis. vii ($ ) & viii ( J).

Hydrophis obscurus, Daud. Rept. vii, p. 375.

Hydrophis cloris, Daud. t. c. p. 377, pi. xc.

Hydrophis stricticollis, G'tinth. Rept. B. I. p. 376, pi. xxv, fig. E ;

Anders. P. Z. S. 1872, p. 397 ; Fayrer, Thanatoph. pi. xxviii ;

Gilnth. A. M. N. H. (4) ix, 1872, p. 33 ; Peters, MB. Ak. Berl.

1872, p. 858.

Head very small ; body very long, extremely slender anteriorly.
Rostral broader than deep ; frontal longer than broad, as long as
its distance from the rostral or the end of the snout ; one prae- and
one postocular ; a single anterior temporal ; 7 or 8 upper labials,
second largest, third and fourth entering the eye ; two pairs of
chin-shields, posterior smallest and usually separated by scales.
34 to 40 scales round the neck, 45 to 50 round the middle of the
body ; scales rhomboidal, imbricate, feebly keeled in the female,
strongly in the male, the keels often broken up into tubercles.
Ventrals very feebly enlarged, longer than broad under the neck,
bicarinate in the male, 332-438. Olive or dark green above, with
yellowish cross bars, which form complete rings round the slender
part of the body ; on the other two thirds of the body these bands
are interrupted on the back ; a yellow spot on the snout and a
yellow streak on each side of the upper surface of the head ; young
with blackish rings.

Total length 3 feet 11 inches.

Hab. Russell's female specimen was obtained in the Sunderbans ;
an almost identical specimen, presented to the British Museum by
Sir J. Fayrer, is from the same district. Peters records the species
from Madras, and Theobald obtained specimens on the coast of

2D2

404 COLTTBBID.E.

50 1. Hydrophis fasciatus.

Hydras fasciatus, Schntid. Hist. Amph. i, p. 240.

Hydrophis gracilis, part., Schleg. P/ii/s. Serp. ii, p. 507 ; Dam. 4"

*Bibr. vii, P. 1352; Jan, Icon. Ophid. 41, pi. iv, fig. 2.
Hydrophis chloris (non Daud.), G'tinth. Sept. B. I. p. 370; Anders.

P. Z. S. 1871, p. 191, and 1872, p. 396 ; Fayrer, Thanatoph.

pi. xxvii ; Murray, Zool. Sind, p. 392.
Aturia lindsayi, Gray, Zool. Misc. p. 61.
Hydrophis lindsayi, Gray, Cat. Sn. p. 50 ; Giinth. Rept. B. I. p. 371 ;

Anders. P. Z. S. 1871, p. 191, and 1872, p. 393; Murray, Zool.

Sind, p. 392.
Hydrophis atriceps, Giinth. R;p'. B. I. p. 371, pi. xxv, fig. I.

Head very small; body long, extremely slender anteriorly*.
Eostral nearly as deep as broad ; frontal longer than broad, as
long as its distance from the rostral ; one prae- and one or two
postoculars ; a single anterior temporal, followed by a second equally
large : 6 or 7 upper labials, third and fourth entering the eye ;
two pairs of small chin-shields, in contact with each other. 25 to
31 scales round the neck, 40 to 48 round the middle of the body ;
all the scales rhomboidal and imbricate, on the iieck smooth, on
the body with a small tubercle or short keel. Yentrals feebly
enlarged, 345-500. Head and neck black, the latter with yellowish
cross bands ; body pale, with black cross bauds or annuli, which
are broadest on the back.

Total length 3 feet 3 inches.

Hab. From the coast of India to Siam and the Indian
Archipelago.

502. Hydrophis gracilis.

Russell, Ind. Serp. ii, pi. xiii (male).

Hydrus gracilis, Shaw, Zool. iii, p. 560.

Thalassophis microcephala, Schmidt, Abh. Natunc. Hamb. ii,

2e Abth. 1852, p. 78, pi. ii.

Hydropliis gracilis, part., Dum. Sf Bibr. Erp. Gen. vii, p. 1352.
Hvdrophis microcephala, Dum. $• Bibr. t. c. p. 1356 ; Jan, Icon.

'Ophid. 41, pi. v, fig. 2.
Hydrophis gracilis, Gilnth. Rept. B. I. p. ,"73 ; Murray, Zool. Sind,

"p. 395.
Hydropbis guentheri (non Theob.), Murray, I. c. p. 396, pi. — .

Head very small, narrow ; body long, extremely slender ante-
riorly. Snout strongly projecting bayond the lower jaw ; rostral
as deep as broad ; frontal very small, longer than broad, hardly as
long as its distance from the rostral ; one prse- and one postocular ;
a single anterior temporal, followed by a second equally large
shield ; 6 upper labials, third and fourth entering the eye ; two
pairs of small chin-shields in contact with each other. 1 9 to 21

* See footnote under H. coronatus (p. 402). The specimens naiued H. chloris
by Dr. Gunther are females, those named H. lindsayi and atriceps are mostly
(six specimens out of seven) males.

EXIIYDBIXA. 405

scales round the neck, 29 to 33 round the middle of the body ;
scales smooth, rhomboidal and imbricate anteriorly, elsewhere
hexagonal, juxtaposed, each with two or more tubercles, which
are feeble in the female and very strong in the male. Yentrals
distinct only anteriorly, very feebly enlarged, 225-294. Bluish
black or greyish olive above in the adult, with more or less distinct
lighter cross bauds anteriorly. Young with the head and neck
black, the latter region with light transverse bands ; body with
rhombic black cross bands continued on to the belly, or sub-
interrupted on the sides, or black with a series of elliptical vertical
whitish spots on each side.

Total length 3 feet.

ffab. From the Persian Gulf and the Makran coast, along the
coasts of India and Burma to the Indian Archipelago.

503. Hydrophis cantoris.

Hydrus gracilis, part., Cantor, J. A. S. B. xvi, 1847, p. 1051.
Hvdrophis cantoris, GiintJi. Sept. B. I. p. 374, pi. xxv, fig. U ; Anders.
P. Z. S. 1871, p. 192 ; Boettger, Ber. Senck. Ges. 1889, p. 304.

Head very small, narrow ; body long, extremely slender an-
teriorly. Rostral considerably deeper than broad ; frontal small,
louger than broad, hardly as long as its distance from the rostral ; one
pra>and one postocular ; a single anterior temporal, followed by a
second equally large shield; 6 upper labials, third and fourth
entering the eye ; two pairs of small chin-shields, in contact with
each other. 23 to 25 scales round the neck, 41 round the middle
of the body; scales smooth, rhomboidal and imbricate anteriorly,
elsewhere hexagonal, juxtaposed, each with two or three tubercles
one before the other. Ventrals hardly enlarged, 41 2-456. Body
dark olive or blackish anteriorly, with yellowish cross bands above :
posterior part of body olive above, yellowish on the sides ; tail
with olive vertical bars ; a blackish streak along the belly.

Total length 4 feet.

Hab. The type specimen is from Pinang. Others have been
obtained from the mouth of the Hooghly, Ganjam, and Madras.

Genus ENHYDRINA,
Gray, Cat. Snakes, p. 47, 1849.

Maxillary a little longer than transpalatine, with a pair of large
grooved fangs, followed by four solid teeth. Nostrils superior:
nasals in contact with each other ; head-shields large ; mental
narrow, partly concealed in a deep symphysial groove. Body
moderately elongate; scales imbricate. Ventrals distinct, very
small.

A single species.

406 COLTJBRIDjE.

504. Enhydrina valakadien.

Russell, Ind. Serp. ii, pi. xi.

Hydras valakadyn, Boie, Isis, 1827, p. 554.

Polyodontes annulatus, Lesson, in Belany. Voy. Ind. Or., Rept. p. 325,

pi. iv.
Hydrophis schistosa (non DauiL), Schky. Phys. Serp. ii, p. £00,

pi. xviii, figs. 1-3: Dmn. &• Bibr. Erp. Gen. vii, p. 1344; Jan.

Icon. Ophid. 41, pi. ii, fig. 1.

Hydrophis bengalensis and H. subfasciata, Gray, Zool. Misc. p. 02.
Hydrus schistosus, Cantor, J. A. S. B. xvi, 1847, p. 1053.
Enhydrina bengalensis, Gray, Cat. Sn. p. 48 ; Giinth. Rept. B. I.

p. 381 ; Fayrer, Thanatopli. pi. xviii ; Murray, Zool. Sind, p. 390.
Enhydrina valakadyen, Gray, Cat. Sn. p. 48; Stoliczka, J. A. S. B.

xxxix, 1870, pt. 2, p. 213, and P. A. 8. B. 1872, p. 91.
Enhydrina schistosa, Stoliczka, J. A. S. B. xxxix, /. c. ; Anders

P. Z. S. 1871, p. 193.
Hydrophis fasciatus, Jan, Icon. Ophid. 41, pi. iii, fig. 2.

$.— Enhydrina valakadien.

Bostral deeper than broad; frontal small, longer than broad,
shorter than its distance from the end of the snout or than the
parietals ; one prse- and one or two postoculars ; 7 or 8 upper
labials, fourth or third and fourth entering the eye; usually
a single anterior temporal ; chin-shields small or indistinct. 40
to 60 scales round the neck, 50 to 70 round the middle of the
body ; scales feebly imbricate, with a small tubercle or short keel,
which is stronger in the males. Ventrals very slightly enlarged,

DISTIEA. 407

284—314. Young olive or grey above, with black transverse bands,
broadest in the middle and tapering to a point on the sides ; in
the adult these bands are usually less distinct, some specimens
being uniform dark grey above ; sides and lower parts whitish.

Total length 4 feet.

Hub. From the Persian Gulf, along the coasts of India and
Burma to the Malay Archipelago and New Guinea.

Genus DISTIRA,
Lace-pede, Ann. du Mus. iv, 1804, p. 210 *.

Maxillary longer than transpalatine ; poison-fangs large, followed
by four to ten solid teeth which are grooved anteriorly. Head
moderate or rather small ; nostrils superior ; nasal shields in
contact with each other ; head- shields large. Body more or less
elongate ; scales on the anterior part of the body imbricate.
Ventrals usually more or less distinct, small.

We know about 14 species.

Synopsis of Indian, Oeylonese, and Burmese Species.

A. All the scales strongly imbricate; the
ventrals usually in pairs and pointed, except
quite anteriorly ; no chin-shields ; 39-47
scales round neck, 48-53 round middle of

body D. stokesti, p. 408.

B. Scales on body feebly imbricate, or jux ta-

rt. Frontal shield longer than broad.

«'. Two pairs of chin-shields, in contact on
middle line, or posterior separated by
a single scale.
a". A single large anterior temporal ;

scales on body imbricate,
a. 15-17 scales round neck, 19-21

round middle of body D. jerdonii, p. 408.

/3. 27-31 scales round neck, 32 35

round middle of body D. robusta, p. 409.

y. 38 scales round neck D. tnberculata, p. 409.

h". Two or three superposed anterior

temporals.
a. Scales on body imbricate.

a'. 27-33 scales round neck, 39-43

round middle of body D. cyanocincta, p. 410.

/3'. 26 or 27 scales round neck, 48 or

49 round middle of body D. bituberculata, p. 411.

ft. Scales on body juxtaposed. 30-
33 scales round neck, 43-47 round
middle of body D. lapemidoides, p. 412.

* Type: D. major, Shaw (=Hydrus major, part., Shaw, Distdra doliata,
Lacep., Hydrophis mentalix, Gray, Disteira dumerilii, Jan).

408

b'. Second pair of chin-shields, if distinct,
separated by . several scales ; 35-42
scales round neck, 40-50 round middle

of body D. ornata, p. 411.

b. Frontal shield as broad as long ; anterior

ventrals comparatively very broad .... D. viperina, p. 413.

505. Distira stokesii.

Ilydrus major, part., Shaw, Zool. iii, p. 558 ; Gray, Cat. Sn. p. 58.
Hydrus stokesii, Gray, in Stofos, Australia, i, p. 502, pi. iii.
Hydrophis schizopholis. Schmidt, Abh. Nalitnr. Hamb. i, 1846,

p. 166, pi. xv ; Dum. $ Bil>r, Erp. Gen. vii, p. 1357.
Ilydrus anuulatus, Gray, Cat. Sn. p. 50.
Astrotia schizopholis, Fischer, Abh. Natimr. Hamb. iii, 1856, p. 38;

Jan, Icon. Ophifl. 39, pi. iii.
Hydrophis stokesii, Gunth. Rept. B. I. p. 363.

? Hydrophis guentheri, Theob. Cat. Kept. As. Soc. Mm. 1868, p. 60.
? Hydrcphis granosa, Anders. P. Z. S. 1871, p. 190.
Hydrophis guttata, Murray, J. Bomb. N. H. Soc. ii, 1887, p. 33.

Head moderate ; body stout. Eostral as deep as broad ; nasals
shorter than the frontal, more than twice as long as the suture
between the praefrontals ; frontal longer than broad, as long as or
slightly longer than its distance from the rostral ; one prae- and
two postoculars ; 9 or 10 upper labials, fourth, fifth, and sixth
entering the eye, if not divided to form a series of suboculars ; two
or three superposed anterior temporals ; no chin-shields. 39 to 47
scales round the neck, 48 to 53 round the middle of the body ;
scales much imbricate, pointed, keeled, the keel frequently broken
up into two tubercles. Ventrals usually distinct only quite
anteriorly, further back in pairs and not larger than the adjoining
scales ; 240-267. Yellowish or pale brownish, with broad black
dorsal cross bands, or with complete black annuli.

Total length 5 feet.

Hub. Erom the Makran coast and the Chinese Sea to the North
coast of Australia.

506. Distira jerdonii.

Russell, Ind. Serp. ii, pi. xii.

Hvdrus nigrocinctus, var.. Cantor, J. A. S. B. xvi, 1847, p. 1050,

'pi. xl, fig. 8.

Kerilia jerdonii, Gray, Cat. Sn. p. 57.
Hydrus canton, Jerdon, J. A. S. B. xxii, 1854, p. 526.
Hydrophis jerdonii, Gunth. Sept. B. I. p. 362, pi. xxv, fig. B;

'Andtrs. P. Z. S. 1871, p. 190; Fayrer, Tlianatoph. pi. xx.

Head short, snout declivous and rather pointed ; body mode-
rately elongate. Eostral as deep as broad ; nasals shorter than
the frontal, more than twice as long as the suture between the
praefrontals ; frontal longer than broad, nearly as long as its dis-
tance from the end of the snout, shorter than the parietals ; one
prae- and one postocular ; 5 upper labials, third and fourth entering
the eye ; a single large anterior temporal, descending to the labial

DISTIBA. 409

margin. 15 or 17 scales round the neck, 19 or 21 round the
middle of the body ; scales broader than long, slightly imbricate,
strongly keeled. Ventrals distinct, but feebly enlarged, more or
less distinctly bituberculate, 224-238. Olive above, yellowish
beneath, with black cross bands which form complete rings in
young and half-grown specimens ; a black spot may be present
between each pair of annuli.

Total length 35 inches.

Hfib. Bay of Bengal and Straits of Malacca.

507. Distira robusta.

Hydrophis nigrocincta, part., Schleg. Phys. Serp. ii, p. ~>05, pi. xviii,

figs. 8-10.
Hydrophis nigrocincta (non Daud.\ Fischer, Abh. Naturw. Hamb.

iii, 1856, p. 40, pi. i.
Hydrophis robusta, Gilnth. Rept. B. I. p. 304 ; Fayrer, Thanatoph.

pi. xxi; Murray, Zool. Sind, p. 394.
Hydrophis rappii, Jan, Icon. Ophid. 41, pi. iv, fig. 1.
Hydrophis temporalis, Blanf. P. Z. S. 1881, p. 080, fig.
Hydrophis bishopii, Murray, Zool. Sind, p. 391, pi. — .

Head moderate ; body moderately elongate. Eostral broader
than deep ; nasals shorter than the frontal, about twice as long as
the suture between the praefrontals ; frontal much longer than
broad, as long as its distance from the end of the snout, shorter
than the parietals ; one pr«- and one or two postoculars ; 7 upper
labials, second largest, third and fourth, or third, fourth, and fifth,
entering the eye ; a single large anterior temporal, descending to
the labial margin; two pairs of subequal chin -shields, in contact
on the middle line. 27 to 31 scales round the neck, 32 to 35
round the middle of the body ; scales rhomboidal and subimbricate,
smooth or each with a more or less distinct central tubercle or
short obtuse keel. Ventrals distinct throughout, smooth or
bitubercular, 310-372. Greenish yellow above, dorsal scales with
black margins, with black cross bands or aunuli, which are
narrower than the interspaces between them; sides and lower
parts yellowish ; end of tail black.

Total length 6 feet.

Hob. Persian Gulf and coasts of India, Burma, and the Malay
Archipelago.

508. Distira tuberculata.

Hydrophis tuberculata, Anders. J. A. S. B. xl, 1871, pt. 2,tp. 18;
Murray, Zool. Sind, p. 393.

Head moderate ; neck not very slender. Eostral broader than
deep ; head-shields studded with minute granules ; fourth and fifth
labials below the eye ; one prae- and two postoculars ; anterior
temporal large and almost entering the labial margin; two pairs
of large square chin-shields in contact with each other. 38 rows
of slightly imbricate scales round the neck, each with two

410 COLUBEIDJ;.

prominent tubercles, one before the other. Ventrals 321, small,
irregular; each ventral with several minute tubercles on either
side. Body encircled by black bands, broadest and blackest on the
back; ground-colour olive-yellow above, bright gamboge-yellow
below.

Total length 4 feet.

Hob. Tidal streams, Calcutta. Specimens from the Persian
Gulf and Karachi are referred to this species by Murray. This
snake is unknown to me, and the above is an abstract of Ander-
son's description.

509. Distira cyanocincta.

Russell, 2nd. Serp. ii, pi. ix.

Hydrophis cyanocinctus, Daud. Sept. vii, p. 383 ; Giinih. Kept. B.

~I. p. 367 ; Fayrer, Thanatoph. pi. xxiii ; Peters, MB. Ak. Berl.

1872, p. 852, pi. i, tig. 2: Murray, Zool. Sind, p. 301; Boettg.

Bar. Offeiib. Ver. 1888, p. 89, and Zool. Anz. 1888, p. 396.
Leioselasma striata, Lacep. Ann. Mus. iv, 1804, pp. 198, 210, pi. Ivii,

tig. 1.
Hydrophis striata, ScMeg. Faun. Japon., Kept. p. 89, pi. vii; id.

Phys. Serp. ii, p. 502, pi. xviii, tigs. 4 & 5.
Hydrophis sublsevis, Gray, Zool. Misc. p. 62.
Hydrophis subannulata, Gray, Cat. Sn. p. 54.
Hvdrophis aspera, Gray, Cat. Sn. p. 55 ; Gil-nth. 1. c. p. 365.
Hydrus striatus, Cantor, J. A. S. B. xvi, 1847, p. 1047.
Hydrophis striatus, part., Dum. $ Bibr. Erp. Gen. p. 1347.
Hydrophis westermanni, Jaw, Icon. Ophid. 39, pi. v, fig. 1.
Hydrophis taprohanica, Haly, Taprobanian, ii, 1887, p. 107.

Head moderate ; body elongate. Eostral slightly broader than
deep ; nasals shorter than the frontal, twice, or rather more than
twice, as long as the suture between the prsef rontals ; frontal much
longer than broad, as long as its distance from the end of the
snout or a little shorter, shorter than the parietals ; one prae- and
two postoculars; 7 or 8 upper labials, second largest, third and
fourth, or third, fourth, and fifth, entering the eye ; two super-
posed anterior temporals : two pairs of subequal chin-shields, in
contact on the middle line, or posterior pair separated by one
scale. 27 to 33 scales round the neck, 39 to 43 round the middle
of the body ; scales rhomboidal and subimbricate, with a short keel,
which is very strong and broken up into two or three tubercles in
adult males. Ventrals distinct throughout, smooth or with two or
more tubercles, 300-426. Greenish olive above, with black cross
bars or anuuli, broadest on the back, and sometimes joined by a
black band running along the belly.

Total length 6 feet.

Hob. Persian Gulf and coasts of India to the Malay Archi-
pelago, and China and Japan. One of the commonest species in
India.

DISTIRA. 411

510. Distira bituberculata.

Hydrophis bituberculatus, Peters, MB. Al: Berl. 1872, p. 855,
pi. ii, fig. 2.

Very closely allied to D. lapemidoides, but scales imbricate, with
the keels mostly broken up into two tubercles ; 26 or 27 scales
round the neck, 48 or 49 round the deepest part of the body.
Ventrals distinct, 278. Dark brown above, yellowish on the sides
and beneath, the skin between the scales black.

Total length 3 feet 8 inches.

Hob. Colombo ; a single specimen in the Berlin Museum.

511. Distira ornata.

Aturia ornata, Gray, Zool. Misc. p. 61, and Cat. Sn. p. 45.
Hydrophis ocellata,'<7/-a«/, Cat. Sn. p. 53 ; Giinth. Rept.B. I. p. 378,

pi. xxv, fig. P.

Chitulia inornata, Gray, Cut. Sn. p. 50.
Thalassophis schlegelii, Schmidt, Abh. Naturw. Hamb. ii, 2e Abth.

1852, p. 83, pi. v.

Hydrophis striatus, part., Dttm. $ Bibr. Erp. Gen. vii, p. 1347.
Hydrophis schlegelii, Fischer, Abh. Natunv. Hamb. iii, 1856, p. 50 ;

Jan, Icon. Ophid. 40, pi. vi, fig. 1.

Hydrophis lajvis, Liitk. Tidensk. Meddel 1862, p. 309, pi. i, fig. 6.
Hydrophis ornata, Giinth. Sept. B. I. p. 376, pi. xxv/fig. V ; Boettg.

Zool. Anz. 1888, p. 397.

Hydrophis ellioti, Giinth. I c. p. 377, pi. xxv, fig. N.
Hydrophis striatus, Jan, Icon. Ophid. 40, pi. v, fig. 1.

Head moderate; body moderately elongate. Eostral broader
than deep ; nasals shorter than the frontal, two or three times as
long as the suture between the praefrontals ; frontal longer than
broad, as long as its distance from the end of the snout or a little
longer, shorter than the parietals ; one prae- and two or three
postoculars ; 7 or 8 upper labials, second largest, third and fourth
entering the eye ; two or three superposed anterior temporals ; an-
terior chin-shields in contact, posterior chin-shields, if distinct,
separated by two or three scales. 35 to 42 scales round the neck,
40 to 50 round the middle of the body ; scales juxtaposed and
hexagonal in the middle of the body, feebly imbricate anteriorly,
smooth in the young, with a central tubercle or short keel in the
adult. Ventrals distinct, but feebly enlarged, 252-300. Young
with blackish cross bands, tapering on the sides, and with one or
more lateral series of roundish dark spots ; these bands may become
confluent in some specimens, which are uniform blackish olive
above and white beneath.
Total length 4 feet.

Hob. From the Persian Gulf and the coasts of India and Ceylon
to New Guinea and North Australia.

HYDROPHIS CRASSICOLLIS, Anders. J. A. S. B. xl, 1871, p. 19,
and Fayrer, Thanatoph. pi. xxii, which is known to me from the

412 COLTJBRID.E.

description and figure only, appears to be very closely related to, if
not identical with, D. ornata. It is described as follows : —

" Head hardly distinct from the neck. Neck and body of nearly
equal girth throughout. Bound neck 2" 2'", round middle of body
2'' 9'". Body elongate. 34 series of scales round the neck, 40 round
the middle of the body. Scales almost smooth on the neck and an-
terior third of the body ; two feeble keel-like tubercles, one before
the other, very obscure, but more strongly developed on the two
posterior thirds ; ventrals twice the size of the adjoining scales,
quite smooth, broken up here and there on the posterior five eighths
of the body. Two pairs of anal shields, the central pair of moderate
size, elongate, the external pair very large. The vertical is point-
edly linguate. One prse- and two postoculars. The third, fourth,
and fifth labials enter the orbit on one side, but only the third and
fourth on the opposite side, the fifth being transversely divided
into two shields which do not reach quite as high as the orbital
margin. Two pairs of large chin-shields, the anterior pair quad-
rangular and the posterior pair rather elongated. Olive-yellow
above, yellowish on the sides and under surface ; 62 broad black
bands on the back, contracting to a point on the sides, but prolonged
very indistinctly on to the sides and ventral aspect, when they ex-
pand as a large blackish spot. Near the tail the dorsal bands become
connected together, and their continuations on the ventral aspect
follow a similar arrangement. Six black rings on the tail, confluent
below ; the latter third entirely black."

Total length 4| feet.

Hob. Hooghly, below Calcutta.

512. Distira lapemidoides.

Aturia lapemoides, Gray, Cat. Sn. p. 46.

Hydrophis lapemoides. Griinth. Kept, B. I. p. 375; Blanf. J. A. S. B.

xlviii, 1879, p. 132.

Hydrophis holdsworthii, Giinth. A. M. N. H. (4) ix, 1872, p. 33.
Hydropis stewartii, Anders. P. Z. S. 1872, p. 399 ; Fayrer, Thanat.

pi. xxiv ; Murray, Zool. Sind, p. 390.
Hvdrophis dayanus, Stoliczka, P. A. S. B. 1872, p. 89 ; Murray,

'Zool. Sind, p. 393.

Head rather small ; body elongate, slender anteriorly ; diameter
of neck two fifths to one third the greatest depth. Eostral slightly
broader than deep ; nasals shorter than the frontal, more than
twice as long as the suture between the praefrontals ; frontal much
longer than broad, as long as its distance from the end of the snout
or a little shorter, shorter than the parietals ; one prse- and two
postoculars ; upper labials 8, second largest, third and fourth en-
tering the eye ; two or three superposed anterior temporals ; two
pairs of subequal chin-shields, in contact, or posterior separated by
one scale. 30 to 33 scales round the neck, 43 to 47 round the middle
of the body ; scales rhomboidal and subimbricate on the neck, hex-
agonal and juxtaposed on the body, of young smooth, of adult

DISTIKA. 413

female with a feeble tubercle or keel, of adult male with a strong
spiuose tubercle. Ventrals distinct throughout, 320-387. Youag
greyish olive above, white beneath, with complete black rings which
are broadest on the back ; head black, with an angular yellow
(vermilion) band above, the apex on the snout ; tail black, with
whitish vertical bands at the base. In the adult the bands become
more obsolete and are not continued across the body, and the head
is uniform olive-brown.

Total length 3 feet.

Hub. Coasts of Baluchistan, India, and Ceylon.

1 regard H. lapemoides as the young, H. stewartii as the adult
female, and H. Jioldsworthii as the fully developed male of one and
the same species.

513. Distira viperina.

Thalassupliis viperiua, Schmidt, Abh. Naturw. Hamb. ii, 2e Abth.

1852, p. 79, pi iii.

Disteira prsescutata, Dum. $ Bibr. Erp. Gen. vii, p. 1331*.
Hydrophis doliata, Fischer, Abh. Naturw. Hamb. iii, 1856, p. 5(3.
? Hydrophis obscurus (non Daitd.), Jan, Rev. et May. Zool. 1859,

pi 151 ; id. Icon. Ophid. 40, pi. vi, tig. 2.
Hydrophis viperina, Giinth. Kept. B. I. p. 378 ; Anders. P. Z. S. 1872,

p. 400.

Hydrophis jayakari, Bouleny. A. M. N. H. (5) xx, 1887, p. 408.
Hydrophis plunibea, Murray, Journ. Bomb. N. H. Soc. ii, 1887, p. 34.

Head rather small ; body moderately elongate, rather slender
anteriorly. Rostral as deep as broad ; nasals as long as or a little
shorter than the frontal; suture between the praefrontals very
short; frontal as broad as long, as long as its distance from the
rostral or end of the snout, shorter than the parietals ; one or two
prse- and one or two postoculars ; 7 or 8 upper labials, second largest,
fourth or third and fourth entering the eye ; one or two anterior
temporals ; two pairs of chin- shields, in contact with each other,
posterior longer. 27 to 29 scales round the neck, 37 to 43 round
the middle of the body ; scales juxtaposed, obtusely keeled. Yen-
trals large anteriorly, bituberculate in the male, 237-267. Slaty
grey above, with rhomboidal transverse black spots, white or pink
on the sides and beneath ; some specimeus uniform dark grey
above ; in the young, the black spots are continued down the sides
of the body ; end of tail black.

Total length 3 feet.

Hob. From the Persian Gulf and the Makraii coast, round the
coasts of India and Burma to Java, Hong Kong, and Hainan.

* I have examined the type specimen in the Paris Museum.

414

AMBLYCEPHALID.E.

Family VIII. AMBLYCEPHALIDvE.

Facial bones movable ; transpalatine present ; pterygoid short,
not extending to quadrate or mandible ; supratemporal present,
small ; maxillary horizontal, converging posteriorly towards pala-
tines. Mandible without coronoid bone. Both jaws toothed ;
teeth all solid.

Externally, these snakes are distinguished from the Dipsadine
Colubridcv, to which they bear some resemblance, by the absence of
a mental groove. The mouth is susceptible of but slight expansion,
the snakes of this group feeding upon small prey. The large size
of the eye and the vertical pupil indicate nocturnal habits.

The AmUycephalidce are represented in the East Indies (Ambly-
cephalus, Haplopelturd) and in Tropical America (Dipsadomorus,
Leptof/nathus).

Genus AMBLYCEPHALUS,

Kuhl, in Ferussac, Bull. Sc. Nat. ii, 1824, p. 81 ; Boie, Isis, 1827,
p. 519*

Maxillary teeth few, small, without grooved fangs ; anterior
mandibular teeth longest. Head distinct from neck, with short,

Fig. 120.— Head of Amblycephalus monticola.

* Type: A. loevis.

AMBLYCEPHALUS. 415

broad snout ; eye moderate and with vertically elliptical pupil ;
head-shields large. Body moderate or slender, compressed ; scales
smooth or feebly keeled, in 15 rows, without pits ; ventrals
rounded; tail moderate or short, prehensile; subcaudals ill two
rows.

Distribution. This genus includes eight species, inhabiting South-
ern China, Burma, the Eastern Himalayas, Assam, Cochinchina,
Siam, the Malay Peninsula, and the Malay Archipelago. They are
nocturnal and feed on insects.

Synopsis of Indian and Burmese tipecies.

A. Scales of vertebral row enlarged; a single

shield between nasal and eye, which rests on
one or more labials.

a. Frontal longer than broad ; ventrals 188-

194 ; subcaudals 70-87 A. monticola, p. 415.

b. Frontal as broad as long ; ventrals 150-176 ;

subcaudals 34-46 A. lavis, p. 415.

B. Scales of vertebral row not enlarged; loreal

and prajocular distinct ; eye separated from
labials by one or more suboculars.

a. One prseocular, one postocular, and one sub-

ocular A. andersonii, p. 416.

b. Two prseoculars, one postocular, and one sub-

ocular A. modestus, p. 416.

c. One praeocular, one postocular, and 3 or more

suboculars A. macularius, p. 416.

514. Amblycephalus monticola.

Dipsas monticola, Cantor, P. Z. S. 1839, p. 53.

Pareas monticola, Giinth. Sept. B. I. p. 327 ; Anders. P. Z. S. 1871,
p. 188 ; Theob. Cat. p. 203.

Internasals not quite half as long as the prefrontals ; latter
entering the eye ; frontal a little longer than broad, a little shorter
than the parietals ; loreal entering the eye ; a small prseocular
below the loreal ; two postoculars; temporals 2 + 3 ; upper labials
7, fourth or fourth and fifth entering the eye ; three pairs of large
chin-shields. Scales in 15 rows, smooth ; vertebrals enlarged, hex-
agonal. Ventrals 188-194 ; anal entire ; subcaudals 70-87.
Brown above, with vertical blackish bars on the sides ; a black line
from above the eye to the nape, and another from behind the eye
to the angle of the mouth ; yellowish below, dotted with brown.

Total length 2 feet ; tail 5| inches.

Hab. Eastern Himalayas, Khasi and Naga Hills.

515. Amblycephalus laevis.

Amblycephalus leevis, Boie, Isis, 1827, p. 620.

Pareas Ia3vis, Dum. $ Bibr. Erp. Gen. vii, p. 442 ; Giinth. Kept.

B. I. p. 328; Theob. Cat. p. 203.
Leptoguathus laevis, Jan, Icon. Ophid. 37, pi. vi, fig. 4.

416 AMBLYCEPHALID.E.

Internasals small, about one third the length of the preef rentals ;
the latter entering the eye, between the praeocular and the supra-
ocular; frontal as broad as long, two thirds the length of the
parietals ; supraocular very small ; no praeocular ; loreal entering
the eye ; one or two postoculars ; temporals 2 + 2; upper labials 6,
third and fourth, or third, fourth, and fifth, entering the eye, sixth
very long ; three pairs of large chin-shields. Scales in 15 rows,
smooth; vertebrals slightly enlarged. Arentrals 150-176; anal
entire ; subcaudals 34—46. Brown above, with irregular transverse
blackish cross bands ; lower parts brownish or yellowish, with
transverse brown spots on the sides.

Total length 16 inches ; tail 3.

Hub. Java, Borneo, and Malacca. This species is said to occur
also in the Khasi Hills, a statement which may be due to confusion
with the allied A. monticola.

516. Amblycephalus andersonii.

Pareas audersonii, Boulcng. Ann. Mus. Genova, (2) vi, 1888, p. 601,
pi. v, fig. 3.

Internasals small, about one third the length of the praefrontals ;
the latter entering the eye, between the prseocular and the supra-
ocular ; frontal slightly longer than broad, two thirds the length of
the parietals ; supraocular moderate, not quite half the width of
frontal ; a small loreal ; a praeocular, a postocular, and a band-like
subocular, excluding the labials from the eye; temporals 2+3;
upper labials 7, seventh very long ; three pairs of large chin-
shields. Scales in 15 rows, dorsals feebly keeled. Ventrals
153-155 ; anal single ; subcaudals 38-46. Dark brown above,
with distant small black spots with a white dot ; labial region
spotted black and white ; lower parts white, with closely- set
squarish black spots.

Total length 14 inches ; tail 2.

Hob. Upper Burma (Bhamo, and Kakhyen Hills).

517. Amblycephalus modestus.

Pareaa modestus, Theob. Joum. Linn. Soc. x, 1868, p. 55 ; id. Cat.
p. 204.

Internasals small ; praafrontals large, entering the eye ; supra-
ocular small ; loreal moderate ; pra>oculars two, very small ;
postocular one, very small ; a band-like subocular, excluding the
labials from the orbit ; two anterior temporals ; 7 upper labials,
seventh very long ; three pairs of large chin-shields. Scales in 15
rows, dorsals faintly keeled. Colour above uniform brown ; below
pale yellowish.

Hob. Pegu. Unknown to me.

518. Amblycephalus macularius.

Pareas macularius, Theob. Joum. Linn. Soc. x, 1868, p. 54.
Pareas berdmorii, Theob. Cat. Sept. As. Soc. Mus. 1868, p. 63.
Pareas niargaritophorus (non Jan), Theob. Cat. p. 203.

VIPERTDvB.

IT

Internasals about half the length of the praefrontals ; the latter
entering the eye, between the prsoocular and the supraocular ;
frontal longer than broad, a little shorter than the parietals :
supraocular moderate, nearly half the width of the frontal ; a small
loreal ; one praeocular, one postocular, and three or more snb-
ocnlars, excluding the labials from the eye; temporals 2 + 2;
upper labials 7, seventh very large ; three pairs of large chin-
shields. Scales in 15 rows, dorsals faintly keeled. Ventrals 164 ;
anal entire; subcaudals 51. Pale brown or reddish brown above,
with transverse series of dark brown nnd white spots ; lower parts
brownish white, spotted with brown.

Total length 16 inches ; tail 2-5.

Hob. Tenasserim.

Family IX. VIPERID.E.

Facial bones movable ; transpalatine present ; pterygoid ex-
tending to mandible ; supratemporal present, attached scale-like to
the skull and supporting the quadrate ; maxillary short and thick,
movable perpendicularly to the transpalatine, and bearing a pair of
large canaliculate fangs. Mandible without coronoid bone, armed
with solid teeth.

Fig. 121. — Skull of Trimercsnnis gramiwius.
A. Upper view. B. Side view.

ar. Articular.
bo. Basioceipital.
ca. Columella auris.

d. Pentary.
eo. Exocciuital.

/. Frontal.

m. Maxillary.
n. Nasal.
p. Parietal.
pf. Poiaon-fang.
pm. Praemaxillary.
prf. Praefr.jnt.al.

pro. Prootic.

pt. Pterygoid.
ptf. Postf'rontal.

q. Quadrate.

st. Supratemporal.

tp. Transpalatine.
2E

418 VIPEEID^.

All the snakes of this family are poisonous, and some kinds are
amongst the most deadly kuown. Of the Indian forms, Vipera
russellii is, after the Cobra, the most dangerous poisonous snake ;
next comes the little Eclds carinata, which is also highly poisonous,
though less dangerous to man on account of its small size. The
Indian Trimeresuri have comparatively much smaller poison-
glands, and it has been repeatedly ascertained that their bite does
not produce death in man and large animals. The Viperidce are
semi-nocturnal, all having the pupil vertically elliptical, and, as far
as ascertained, their young are brought forth alive.

The Viperidw are divided into two very distinct subfamilies : the
Vipers proper, Viperince, and the Pit-Vipers, Crotalince, the latter
being distinguished by the presence of a deep pit on each side of
the snout, between the eye and the nostril. The physiological
significance of this pit is still unknown. The Viperince are
confined to the Old World, and most abundant in Africa. The
Crotalince, of which the Rattle-Snakes are the type genus, are
American (ranging from the United States to Patagonia) and
Asiatic.

Synopsis of the Subfamilies and Indian and Burmese Genera.

A. No loreal pit : Viperina.

a. Head with large symmetrical shields .... AZEMIOPS, p. 418.

b. Upper surface of head covered with scales

or small shields.
a'. Lateral series of scales running in

straight longitudinal lines VIPEHA, p. 419.

b'. Lateral scales disposed obliquely ; sub-

caudals in a single row ECHIS, p. 421.

B. A deep pit between the nostril and the eye : Crotalina>.

a. Head with large symmetrical shields ANCISTRODON, p. 423.

b. Upper surface of head covered with scales TRIMERESUHUS, p. 425.

Subfamily I. VIPERIN^E.

G-enus AZEMIOPS,
Boulenger, Ann. Mus. Geneva, (2) vi, 1888, p. 602.

Head with large symmetrical shields ; loreal shield present.
Scales smooth, in 17 rows. Subcaudals in two rows.

Only one species, which strikingly resembles a harmless Coln-
broid in external appearance.

519. Azemiops feae.
lenff. Ann. Mus. Geno

Head elliptical, snout short and broad ; rostral broader than

Azemiops fese, Bouleng. Ann. Mus. Genova, (2) vi. 1888, p. 603,
pi. vii.

VIPEBA. 419

oculars ; two subequal postoculars ; two large superposed anterior
temporals, the upper alone in contact with the postoculars ; 6 upper
labials, third entering the orbit, first and second smallest, fourth and
fifth largest ; 7 lower labials, first large and forming a long suture

Fig. 122. — Head of Azemiops fea. Upper and lower view.

with its fellow, second small ; a pair of short chin-shields. Dorsal
scales equal, smooth, in 17 longitudinal series. Ventrals 180 ;
anal single ; subcaudals 42. Blackish above, the scales being dark
grey in the centre and black on the borders, with 15 transverse
white bands, one scale wide, some of which are disconnected in
the middle and alternate with those on the other side ; upper
surface of head, from the prsefrontals, black, with a yellow median
line, which is very narrow anteriorly and widens posteriorly,
ending on the neck on the eleventh transverse series of scales ;
end of snout and sides of head yellow ; a blackish streak from
below the eye to the lower horder of the fourth upper labial ;
another from the postoculars to the upper border of the sixth
labial. Lower parts olive-grey, with some small lighter spots ;
chin and throat variegated with yellow.

Total length 2 feet ; tail 3-5 inches.

Hob. Kakhyen Hills, Upper Burma. A single specimen is
known.

Genus VIPERA,
Laurenti, Syn. Kept. p. 99, 1768.

Upper surface of head covered with scales or small shields.
Scales keeled, in 21 to 38 straight longitudinal rows. Subcaudals
in two rows.

Distribution. This genus, which comprises about 20 species, ranges
over the whole of Africa (but not Madagascar), Europe, Northern,
Central, and South-Western Asia, and is represented in India by a
single species ; a second species reaches the eastern limit of its
distribution in Baluchistan, Afghanistan, and Kashmir.

2E2

420

VIFERTPjE.

These two species are distinguished as follows : —

Ilostral .as deep as broad ; scales in 27-31 rows .... V. rutaelln, p. 420.
liostral a little broader than deep ; scales in 23-27 rows V, lebetina, p. 421 .

520. Vipera rnssellii.

Russett, Ind. Scrp. i, pi. vii, and ii, pi. xxxii.

Coluber russellii, Shaw, Nat. Miscell. viii, pi. ccxci.

Vipera elegans, Daud. Rept. vi, p. 124, pi. Ixxiii ; Jan, Icon. Opliid.

45, pi. vi, fig. 2.

Echidna elegans, Merr. Tent. p. 163 ; Dum. # Bibr. vii, p. 1435.
Paboia russellii, Gray, Cat. Sn. p. 24 ; Giinth. Rept. B. I. p. 390 ;

Sfoliczka, J. A. S. 13. xxxix, 1870, pt. 2, p. 220; Fatjrer, Thana-

toph. pi. xi ; T/ieob. Cat. p. 217 ; Anders. An. Zool. Res. Yunnan,

p. 833.
Vipera russellii, Strauch, Mem. Ac. St. Petersb. 7, xiv, no. G, Syn.

Viper, p. 85.

Snout obtuse ; nostrils very large, between three shields ; rostral
about as deep as broad ; a narrow supraocular shield ; upper
surface of head covered with small imbricate, strongly keeled scales,
in 6 to 8 longitudinal series between the supraoculars ; three or

Fig. 123.— Vipera russellii.

four series of scales between the eye and the labials ; 11 or 12
upper labials, fourth largest. Scales sharply keeled, in 27 to
31 rows. Ventrals 163-172; anal entire; subcaudals 45-60.

ECIIIS. 421

Pale brown above, with three longitudinal series of black, light-
edged rings ; in some specimens, however, these elegant markings
are replaced by faint dark spots ; in the young, these black rings
encircle dark reddish-brown spots, and those of the vertebral
series are in contact with one another ; lower parts yellowish
white, uniform or with crescentic small black spots.

Total length 4 feet ; tail 7 inches.

Hab. India, Ceylon, Burma, and Siam. In the Himalayas this
viper reaches up to 5000 feet in the Kulu Valley, and up to
0000 feet in Cashmir. It is also recorded from Sumatra and Java,
but upon somewhat doubtful data.

Vipera russellii is one of the most deadly snakes of India. It
is of sluggish habits and will frequently not move out of the way
on the approach of a man.

521. Vipera lebetina.

Coluber lebetinus, Linn. Syst. Nat. i, p. 378 ; Forskftl, Dcscr. Anim.

p. 13.
Vipera lebetina, Dand. Rept. vi, p. 137 ; Jan, Icon. Ophid. 4G, pi. vi,

fig. 1.
Vipera obtusa, Dvriyubsky, Essay, Nat. Hist. Russ. Emp. (Russian),

1832, p. 30 ; Blanf. Zool. E. Pers. p. 428 ; id. 2nd Yark. Miss.,

Rept. p. 24.

Vipera euphratica, Martin, P. Z. S. 1838, p. 82.
Echidua mauritaiiica, Guic/ienot, Explor. Sc. Alg., Rept. p. 24, pi. iii.

Snout obtuse ; nostrils large, between three shields ; rostral a
little broader than deep ; a narrow supraocular shield is present or
absent ; upper surface of head covered with small imbricate strongly
keeled scales, 9 to 12 across the forehead, from eye to eye ; three
or four series of scales between the eye and the labials ; three or four
scales in a line from the posterior nasal to the eye ; 10 to 12 upper
labials, fourth usually largest. Scales strongly keeled, in 23 to
27 rows. Veutrals 154-180 ; anal entire ; subcaudals 42-48.
Pale grey-brown above, with darker spots or cross bands, which
are distinct in the young, but feebly marked or absent in the adults ;
lower parts whitish, powdered with grey.

Total length 5 feet.

Hab. North Africa and South-western Asia, from Algeria and
Cyprus (also the Greek island Milo) to Northern Baluchistan
(Quetta), Afghanistan, and Kashmir.

Genus ECHIS,
Merrem, Tent. Syst. Amph. p. 149, 1820.

Upper surface of head covered with scales. Scales keeled, in
25 to 35 rows, the laterals disposed obliquely. Subcaudals in a
single row.

Two species are known, the second, E. colomta, Gthr., inhabiting
Arabia and Palestine.

422

522. Echis carinata.

Russell, Ind. Serp. i, pi. ii ; Geoffr. Descr. Egypte, pi. vii, fig. 1.

Pseudoboa carinata, Schneid. Hist. Amph. ii, p. 285.

Echis carinata, Merr. Tent. p. 149; Dunn. $ Bibr. Erp. Gen. vii,

p. 1448, pi. Ixxxi bis, fig. 3 ; Giinth. llept. B. 1. p. 397 ; Fayrer,

Thanatoph. pi. xii : Anders. P. Z. 8. 1871, p. 196 ; Blanf. Zool. E.

Pars. p. 430; Theob. Cat. p. 218; Blanf. J. A. S. B. xlviii, 1879,

pt. 2, p. 116 ; Murray, Zool. Sind, p. 388, pi. — .
Echis arenicola, Boie, Isis, 1827, p. 558.

Head distinct from neck ; snout very short and rounded ; nostril
between three shields ; head covered with small keeled scales,
among which an enlarged supraocular is sometimes present ; 10 to
15 scales across the forehead, from eye to eye ; two series of scales
between the eye and the labials ; 11 or 12 upper labials, fourth
usually largest. Scales strongly keeled, the keel on the lateral
scales serrated, saw-like ; 25 to 29 scales round the anterior part
of the body, 29 to 35 round the middle. Veutrals 138-185 ; anal

Fig. 124.— Scales of Echis carinata.

entire ; subcaudals 21-40. Pale buff, greyish, reddish, or pale
brown above, with three series of whitish spots edged with dark
brown ; a zigzag dark brown band may run along each side ; a
cruciform or yk- shaped, whitish, dark -edged marking on the head ;
lower parts whitish, uniform or with brown dots.

Total length 2 feet ; tail 2-5 inches.

Hob. The desert sandy districts of North Africa, South-Western
Asia, and India. Blanford records the exceptional occurrence of
this species between Durnagudem and Ellore, in thin forest, the
soil of which is, however, very sandy. It appears to be found,
though rarely, in South-western Bengal, but it is common in the
North-west Provinces, the Central Provinces, the Punjab, Sind, and
Cutch ; and it occurs as far south as the Carnatic. It is also said
to be common in parts of the Concan, south of Bombay. This
small viper is very fierce and aggressive, and Sir J. Payrer's
experiments have shown its poison to be very active, killing a fowl
in about two minutes, and a dog in about four hours.

ANCISXKODON. 423

Dr. Anderson was the first to notice that this viper makes a
curious, prolonged, almost hissing sound by rubbing the folds of
the sides of its body against one another. This sound is produced
by friction between the serrated keels of the lateral scales, which, as
noticed and figured above, are disposed obliquely with their tips
directed downwards and backwards ; the noise can even be pro-
duced after the death of the animal by twisting the body and
thus rubbing or rasping these little saws against one another. A
similar arrangement of the scales is found in the African genera
Da&ypeltis and Cerastes.

Subfamily II. CROTALIN^.

Genus ANCISTRODON,

ralisot de Beauvois, Tr. Am. Philos. Soc. iv. 1799, p. 381.

Head with large symmetrical shields above. Tail ending in a
point ; subcaudal shields in two rows in the Asiatic species *.

North and Central America and Asia. 9 or 10 species are known.
Terrestrial.

Fig. 125. — Head of Ancistrodon himalayanus.

Two species in India : —

Two pairs of large shields on the snout A. himalayanus, p. 424.

Upper surface of snout covered with small

shields A- fypnale, p. 424.

* A ft'W of the shields may be single.

424 VIPERIDJE.

523. Ancistrodon himalayanus.

llalys bimalayanus, Gilnth. Kept. B. I. p. 393, pi. xxiv, fig. A ;

Stoliczka, J. A. S. B. xxxix, 1870, p. 226; Anders. P. Z. S. 1871,

p. 196, and 1872, p. 401 ; Fayrer, Thanutoph. pi. xvi ; Thcob. Cat.

p. 225 ; Blunf. Zool. 2nd Yark. Miss., Rejyt. p. 24.
Trigonocepbalus bloruhoffii (non Boie), Jan, Icon. Ophid. 46, pi. v,

figs. 4, 6.

Snout hardly turned up, with sharp canthus rostralis ; rostral
as deep as broad or a little broader than deep ; a pair of praefrontals,
and a pair of internasals in contact with each other; two post-
oculars, upper small, lower descending to below the eye, which it
sometimes entirely separates from the labials ; 5 to 7 upper labials,
none entering the loreal pit, the penultimate very large, formed by
fusion with the lower temporals. Scales sharply keeled, in 21 or
23 rows. Yentrals 144-166 ; anal entire ; subcaudals 35-51 pairs.
Brown, with black spots or transverse bands ; sometimes with a
light vertebral band with dark festooned borders ; a black, light-
edged band from the eye to the angle of the mouth ; lower parts
dark brown or variegated with black and white.

Total length 34 inches.

Hob. Very common all over the North-western Himalayas,
especially between 5000 and 8000 feet, and ascending even to 10,000
feet ; also recorded from Sikhim, and specimens in the British
Museum are stated to have been collected by Jerdon in the KLasi
Hills.

524. Ancistrodon hypnale.

Russell, Ind. Serp. ii, pi. xxii.

? Coluber nepa, Law: Syst. Kept. p. 97.

Copbias hypnale, Merr. Tent. p. 155.

Trigonocepbalus hypnale, Schlea. Phys. Serp. ii, p. 550, pi. xx, figs. 6 &

7; Drnn. $ Bibr. Erp. Gen. vii, p. 1498; Jan, Icon. Ophid. 46,

pi. v, figs. 2, 3.

Trmiesurus ceylonensis, Gray, Zool. Misc. p. 49.
Trigonocephalus zara, Gray, Cat. Sn. p. 15.
Hypnale nepa, Cope, Proc. Ac. Philad. 1859, p. 335 ; Giinth. Kept.

B. I. p. 394 ; Fayrtr, Thanatoph. pi. xvii ; Tlieob. Cat. p. 226.
Hypnale affinis, Anders. J.A. S. B. xl, 1871, pt. 2, p. 20.

Snout more or less turned up at the end, with sharp canthus
rostralis ; rostral as deep as broad or deeper than broad ; upper
surface of snout covered with small shields, which are often irregu-
lar and scale-like ; one or two postoculars and one or two suboculars ;
7 or 8 upper labials, second entering the loreal pit, none entering
the eye. Scales more or less distinctly keeled, in 17 or 19 rows.
Ventrals 140-155 ; anal entire ; subcaudals 31-45 pairs. Colora-
tion very variable : upper parts brown, yellowish, or greyish,
uniform, or with blackish-brown alternating spots or cross bands,
frequently with small deep black spots disposed in pairs ; sides of
head usually dark brown, edged above with a fine whitish line ;

TRIMEBESURTJS.

425

sometimes a white black-edged longitudinal streak on each side of
the neck ; belly more or less closely powdered with dark brown.

Total length 19 inches ; tail 2-5.

Hob. The " Karawala " is found in Ceylon and in the "Western
Ghats of India as far north as Bombay. Its bite is said to be but
exceptionally fatal to man.

Genus TRIMERESURUS,

Lac^pede, Ann. du Mus. iv, 1804, pp. 196, 209 (part.).

Head covered with scales above. Tail often prehensile, ending
in a point ; subcaudal shields in two rows in the Asiatic species.

Fig. 126.— Head of Trimeresurus monticola.

Distribution. East Indies, Southern China, and Loo Choo Islands*,
Tropical America. About 25 species are known.

This genus includes terrestrial and arboreal species, but the two
divisions are so insensibly blended as to render their distinction
almost impossible.

T. flavoviridis, Hallow. ( = T. riukianus, Hilgend.).

426

Synopsis of Indian, Ceylonese, and Burmese Species.

A. Scales in 21 or 23 rows ; 5 to 11 scales in a

transverse series between supraoculars ; tail
not prehensile.
«. Supraoculars large, separated by 5 to 8 series

of scales ; scales feebly keeled .......... T. monticola, p. 426.

b. Supraoculars small, sometimes broken up,

separated by 8 to 11 series of scales ; scales

feebly keeled ........................ T. strigatus, p. 427.

c. Supraoculars large; scales strongly keeled. . T. jerdonii, p. 427.

B. Scales in 25 to 31 rows ; 12 to 16 scales in a

transverse series between the supraoculars ;
tail slightly prehensile.

a. Ventrals 200-218; subcaudals 76-92 ; scales [p. J2S.

strongly keeled, in 25 or 27 rows ........ T. mucrosyuamatus,

b. Ventrals 174- 184; subcaudals 55-76 ; scales

rather feebly keeled, in 27 to 31 rows ____ T. cantoris, p. 428.

c. Ventrals 160-182 ; subcaudals 53-75 ; scales [p. 429.

strongly keeled, in 25 or 27 rows ........ T.purpureomaculattis,

C. Scales in 13 to 23 rows ; tail prehensile.

n. 7 to 13 scales in a transverse series between

supraoculars ; scales in 19 to 23 rows.

«'. Subcaudals 53-75 ; temporal scales smooth. T. yramineus, p. 429.

V. Subcaudals 44-58 ; temporal scales ob- [p. 430.

tusely keeled ...................... T. anamaltensis,

b. 4 or 5 scales in a transverse series between

supraoculars ; scales in 17 or 19 rows ; last [p. 431.

ventral shield notched or divided ........ T. triyonocephalus,

c. Upper head-scales very large, shield-like;

scales in 13 or 15 rows ............... , T. macrvlepig, p. 431.

525. Trimeresurus monticola.

Farias maculata, Gray. A. M. N. H. (2) xii, 1853, p. 392 (nee Gray,

1842).
Trimeresurus monticola, Gilntli. Rept. B. I. p. 388, pi. xxiv, fig. B ;

Stoliczka, J. A. S. B. xl, 1871, p. 445 ; Fayrer, Thanatoph. pi. xv ;

Theob. Cat. p. 220; Anders. An. Zool. lies. Yunnan, p. 832,

pi. Ixxvi, figs. 4 & 5.
Trimeresurus convictus, Stoliczka, J. A. S. B. xxxix, 1870, pt. 2,

n. 224, pi. xii, fig. 1 ; Anders. P. Z. S. 1871, p. 196.
Trimeresuius monticola, part, Anders. P. Z. S. 1871, p. 194.

Snout very short ; eye very small. Kostral as deep as broad ;
upper head-scales small, subimbricate, smooth ; supraocular large,
more than twice the size of the eye ; internasals separated from
each other by one to three scales, rarely in contact; 5 to 8 scales
on a transverse line between the supraoculars ; 3 or 4 rows of scales
between the eye and the labials ; 8 or 9 upper labials, second usually
forming the anterior border of the loreal pit; temporal scales smooth.
Scales feebly keeled, in some specimens almost smooth, in 21 to 23
rows. Ventrals 132—156 ; anal entire ; subcaudals 21-57 pairs.
Brown or yellowish above, with one or two dorsal series of large
squarish dark brown spots and a lateral series of smaller spots ;

TRIMEEESUBUS. 427

head dark brown above, pale or yellowish on the sides, with a dark
brown temporal streak ; lower parts whitish, spotted or powdered
with brown.

Total length 2 feet ; tail 3'5 inches.

Hub. This species is known from the Central and Eastern Hima-
layas, from 2000 to 8000 feet, and the hills of Assam, Upper
Burma, and Yunnan ; Muleyit, Teuasserim, 4500 feet (Beddome) •
Penaug (Stoliczka) ; Singapore.

526. Triineresurus strigatus.

Trimeresurus strigatus, Gray, Zool. Misc. p. 49 ; id. Cat. Sn. p. 10 ;

Giinth. Kept. B. 1. p. 389, pi. xxiv, fig. I) ; Fayrer, Thanatoph.

pi. xvi ; Theob. Cat. p. 224.
Trigonocephalus (Cophias) neelgherrieusis, Jerdon, J. A. S. B. xxii,

1854, p. 524.

Rostral broader than deep; upper head-scales small, smooth,
juxtaposed ; supraocular small, sometimes broken up ; no enlarged
internasals ; 8 to 11 scales on a line between the supraoculars ;
two or three small postoculars and a subocular, which is separated
from the labials by one or two series of scales ; the shield forming
the anterior border of the loreal pit distinct from the second labial ;
9 or 10 upper labials. Scales feebly keeled, in 21 rows. Veu-
trals 136-145 ; anal entire ; subcaudals 31-49 pairs. Brown
above, with dark brown spots, those of the median series often
confluent into a zigzag band ; a more or less distinct Q-shaped
light marking on the nape ; a dark temporal band; belly whitish,
spotted or marbled with grey or black ; end of tail 'yellow or
reddish.

Total length 19 inches ; tail 2-5.

Hab. From the Bombay hills to the Anaimalais and Kilgiris,
where this snake reaches an altitude of 6000 feet.

527. Trimeresurus jerdonii.

Trimeresurus jerdonii, Giinth. P. Z. S. 1875, p. 233, pi. xxxiv.
Trimeresurus xanthomelas, Giinth. A. M. N. H. (6) iv, 1889, p. 221.

Eostral as deep as broad or a little deeper than broad ; upper
head- scales very small, smooth, juxtaposed; supraoculars large,
larger than the eye ; one or more scales between the internasals,
7 to 9 on a line between the supraoculars ; one or two small post-
oculars and a subocular, which is usually separated from the fourth
labial by a series of small scales ; 7 upper labials, second forming
the anterior border of the loreal pit ; a series of large temporals
above the labials. Scales strongly keeled, in 21 or 23 rows. Ven-
trals 164-187 ; anal entire ; subcaudals 42-67 pairs. Greenish
yellow or olive above, mixed with black ; a dorsal series of trans-
verse rhornboidal reddish-brown spots edged with black; head
black above, with symmetrical yellow markings ; upper lip yellow,

428 VIPEBIDJE.

with one or more black spots, that on the second labial being con-
stant ; belly yellow, more or less profusely spotted or marbled
with black.

Total length 31 inches ; tail 5.

Hab. Khasi Hills. This species has recently been rediscovered
at Ichang, on the Yang-tse-Kiang.

528. Trimeresurus mucrosquamatus.

Trigonocephalus mucrosquamatus, Cantor, P. Z. S. 1839, p. 32.
Trimeresurus mucrosquamatus, Giinth. Rept. B. 1. p. 390 ; Swinhoc,
P. Z. S. 1870, p. 411, pi. xxxi ; Theob. Cat. p. 224.

Rostral slightly broader than deep ; upper head-scales extremely
small, granular, smooth or obtusely keeled ; supraocular narrow ;
3 scales between the internasals, 14 or 15 on a line between the
supraoculars ; 4 or 5 minute postoculars and a subocular, which
is separated from the labials by two or three series of scales ;
10 or 11 upper labials, second forming the anterior border of the
loreal pit. Scales strongly keeled, in 25 or 27 rows. Ventrals
200-214(218); anal entire; subcaudals 76-92 pairs. Brownish
grey above, with a dorsal series of large blackish spots and a lateral
series of smaller ones ; a blackish streak from the eye to the angle
of the mouth ; lower parts brownish, spotted with white.

Total length 3 feet 5 inches ; tail 8*6 inches.

Hab. Naga Hills, Assam ; Formosa. The above description is
taken from specimens from the latter locality.

529. Trimeresurus cantoris.

Trigonocephalus cantori, Blyth, J. A. S. B. xv, 18G4, p. 377.
Trimereaurus viridis, var. cautori, Blyth, J. A. 8. B. xxix, 1800,

p. 110.
Trinieresurus labialis, Steindachn. Numra. Rept. p. 8(5, pi. iii, figs. 1

& 2 ; Theob. Cat. p. 221.
Trimeresurus cantoris, StoKczka,J. A. S. B. xxxix, 1870, pt. 2, p. 222,

pi. xii, figs. 3 & 4 ; TJieob. 1. c. p. 222.

Eostral as deep as broad ; upper head-scales very small, smooth,
almost granular ; supraocular shield distinct, narrow, sometimes
divided into two ; usually one or two scales between the inter-
nasals, 16 on a line between the supraoculars ; two small post-
oculars and a subocular, which is separated from the fourth and
following labials by two or three rows of scales ; 13 upper labials,
first confluent with nasal, second forming the anterior border of
the loreal pit, fourth largest; temporals small, feebly keeled.
Scales rather feebly keeled, in 27 to 31 rows. Ventrals 174-184 ;
anal entire ; subcaudals 55-76 pairs. Pale brown or dull green
above, with small dark spots ; a whitish streak along the outer
series of scales ; whitish or greenish beneath, uniform or with the
base of the ventrals dark ashy or blackish.

Total length 4 feet ; tail 6-5 inches.

Hab. Andaman and Nicobar Islands.

TRIMEHESITRUS. 429

530. Trimeresurus purpureomaculatus.
Tripfonocephalus purpureomaculatus, Gray, III. Ind. Zool. i, pi. Ixxxi

Trirneresimis purpureus, Gray, Zool. Misc. p. 48(1842); Gilnth.

Kept. B. I. p. 387.

Trimesurus cannatus, Gray, Zool. Misc. p. 48.
Tiijronocephalus puniceus (non Reimo.), Cantor, J. A. S. B. xvi, 1847,

p. 1043.

Cryptelytrops carinatus, Cope, Proc. Ac. Philad. 1859, p. 340.
Trimeresurus porphyracous, Blyth, J. A. S. B. xxix, 1861, p. Ill ;

Theob. J. Linn. Soc. x, 1868,' p. 64 ; Stoliczka, J. A. S. B. xxxix,

1870, pt. 2, p. 218; Theob. Cat. p. 222.
Trimeresurus andersonii, Theob. Cat. Kept. As. Soc. Mus. 1868, p. 75 ;

Stoliczka, J. A. S. B. xxxix, 1870, pt. 2, p. 216, and xl, 1871,

p. 443 ; Fayrer, Thanatoph. pi. xv ; Theob. Cat. p. 224.
Trimeresurus obscurus, Theob. Cat. Rept. As. Soc. Mm. p. 76.
Trimeresurus monticola, part., Anders. P. Z. S. 1871, p. 194.

Bostral as deep as broad ; upper head-scales very small, juxta-
posed, convex, or obtusely keeled ; supraocular very narrow, some-
times broken up ; internasals small, separated from each other by
one or two scales ; 12 to 15 scales on a transverse line between
the supraoculars ; two or three small postoculars and a subocular,
which is separated from the labials by two or three series of scales ;
11 to 13 upper labials, the fourth and succeeding small, the first
usually fused with the nasal, the second (usually) forming the an-
terior border of the loreal pit ; temporal scales keeled. Scales
strongly keeled, in 25 or 27 rows. Ventrals 160-170 (182) ; anal
entire ; subcaudals 55—75 pairs. Dark purplish brown above,
uniform or variegated with pale green ; flanks usually pale green
or spotted with pale green, or with a series of pale spots on the
outer series of scales ; olive or greenish white below, uniform or
spotted with black.

Total length 3 feet 2 inches ; tail 6 inches.

Hub. Malay Peninsula, Mergui, Andamans and Nicobars.

Var. Tricolor.

Trimesurus bicolor, Gray, A. M. N. H. (2) xii, 1842, p. 392.
Trimeresurus carinatus, Griinth. Rept. B. I. p. 386 ; Stoliczka, J. A .

S. B. xxxix, 1870, pt. 2, p. 217 ; Fayrer, Thanatoph. pi. xiii ;

Theob. Cat. p. 221.

Uniform grass-green above, with or without a series of whitish
spots along the outer series of scales; uniform greenish white
beneath.

JJab. Himalayas, Bengal, Assam, Burma, Sumatra.

531. Trimeresurus gramineus.

Russell, Ind. Serp. i, pi. ix, £ ii, pi. xx.
Coluber gramineus, Shaw, Zool. iii, p. 420.
Vipera viridis, Daud. Rept. vi, p. 112.

430 VIPERID^E.

Trimeresurus viridis, Lacep. Ann. Mus. iv, 1804, p. 209, pi. Ivi,

fig. 2 ; Gray, Cat. Sn. p. 7 ; id. A. M. N. H. (•>) xii, Irf-M,

p. 391.

Trigonocephalus erythrurus, Cantor, P. Z. S. 1839, p. 81.
Trimesurus albolabris, Gray, Zool. Misc. p. 48.
Trigonocephalus gramineus, part., Cantor, J. A. S. B. xvi, 1847,

p. 1040.

Trimesurus elegans, Gray, A. M. N. H. (2) xii, 1853, p. 391.
Bothrops viridis,-Z>Mm. £ Bibt: Erp. Gen. vii, p. 1512.
Trimeresurus gramineus, Gilnth. Rept. B. I. p. 385 ; Stoliczka, J. A.

S. B. xxxix, 1870, pt. 2, p. 216; Anders. P. Z. 8. 1871, p. 194;

Theob. Cat. p. 219 ; Anders. Ann. Zool. Res. Yunnan, p. 828.
Trimeresurus erythrurus, Giinth. 1. c. p. 386 ; Stoliczka, I. c. p. 217 ;

Fayrer, Thanatoph. pi. xiv ; Theob. Cat. p. 220.
Trimeresurus nmtabilis, Stoliczka, I. c. p. 219, pi. xii, tig. 5 ; Theob.

I. c. p. 223.

Rostral as deep as broad or broader than deep ; upper head-
scales small, smooth, imbricate ; supraocular shield narrow, rarely
broken up ; internasals in contact or separated by one or two
scales ; 8 to 13 scales on a line between the supraoculars ; usually
one or two, rarely three, series of scales between the subocular and
the labials ; 9 to 12 upper labials, second usually forming the an-
terior border of the loreal pit, third largest ; temporal scales smooth.
Scales more or less distinctly keeled, in 21 (rarely 19 or 23) rows.
Ventrals 145-175 ; anal entire ; subcaudals 53-75. Upper parts
usually bright green, rarely yellowish, greyish, or purplish brown,
with or without black, brown, or reddish spots ; usually a light,
white, yellow, or red streak along the outer row of scales ; end
of tail frequently yellow or red ; lower parts green, yellow, or
whitish.

Total length 2| feet ; tail 5-5 inches.

Hub. Southern China, Sikhim, Bengal, Assam, Burma, Cochin-
China, Siam, Andamans and Nicobars, Malay Peninsula and
Archipelago.

532. Trimeresurus anamallensis.

? Trigonocephalus (Cophias) malabaricus, Jerdon, J. A. S. B. xxii.

1854, p. 523.

? Trigonocephalus (Cophias) wardii, Jerdon, I. c. p. 524.
Trimeresurus anamallensis, Gilnth. Rept. B. I. p. 387, pi. xxiv, fig. C ;

Fayrer, Thanatoph. pi. xiv ; Theob. Cat. p. 220.

Eostral slightly broader than deep ; upper head-scales small,
smooth or obtusely keeled, imbricate ; supraocular shield rather
large, broken up into two or three ; internasals in contact or se-
parated by one scale ; 7 to 9 scales on a line between the supra-
oculars ; two or three small postoculars and a subocular ; the latter
shield separated from the fourth and succeeding labials by tvvo
rows (rarely one) of scales ; 9 or 10 upper labials, second forming
the anterior border of the loreal pit, third largest ; temporal scales
obtusely keeled. Scales feebly keeled, in 21 (rarely 19) rows.
Ventrals 138-158 ; anal entire ; subcaudals 44-58 pairs. Green,

TEIMEEESUBUS. 431

olive, yellowish, or reddish brown above, with more or less well de-
fined black or reddish-brown spots ; usually a series of yellow spots
along each side of the belly, and a black temporal band ; lower
parts pale green, olive or yellow, or brown with yellow spots; tail
usually black and yello y.

Total length 2| feet ; tail 4'5 inches.

Hub. Anaimalai Hills.

533. Trimeresurus trigonocephalus.

Vipera trigonocephala, Daud. Rept. vi, p. 175.
Copbias mgromarginatus, Kuhl, Beitr. p. 90.
Megoera trigonocephala and M. olivacea, Gray, Zool. Misc. p. 49.
Botbrops mgromarginatus, Dum. fy Bibr. Erp. Gen. vii, p. 1515.
Trimeresurus trigonocephalus, Gilnth. Rept. B. I. p. 390 ; Theob. Cat.
p. 223.

Snout very short ; rostral a little broader than deep ; upper
head-scales smooth, imbricate ; internasals large, in contact with
each other, sometimes fused to one shield ; supraocular large,
divided into two ; 4 or 5 scales in a transverse series bet.ween
the supraoculars ; two or three small postoculars and a subocular;
the latter shield usually separated from the labials by one series of
scales; 9 or 10 upper labials, the second forming the anterior
border of the loreal pit. Scales smooth or faintly keeled, in 17 to 19
rows. Ventrals 147-152, the last notched or divided into two ;
anal entire ; subcaudals 57-67 pairs. Green above, uniform or
with black markings, which may form wavy dorsal bands ; a black
temporal streak ; upper surface with or without a network of black
bands ; ventrals yellowish, uniform or green at the base ; end of
tail usually black.

Total length 31 inches; tail 5.

Hob. Ceylon.

534. Trimeresurus macrolepis.

Trimeresurus macrolepis, Beddoine, Madras Journ. Med. Sc. 1863.
Peltopelor macrolepis, Gunth. Rept. B. I. p. 391, pi. xxiii. fig. C ;
Theob. Cat. p. 225.

Rostral a little broader than deep ; nostril between two nasals ;
upper head-scales very large, imbricate, smooth ; supraoculars very
large, separated anteriorly by one scale, posteriorly by three ; inter-
nasals in contact or separated by one scale ; two postoculars and
a subocular ; the latter in contact with the third and fourth labials ;
7 or 8 upper labials, the second forming the anterior border of the
loreal pit. Scales very large, strongly keeled, in 13 to 15 rows.
Ventrals 134-140 ; anal entire ; subcaudals 48-56 pairs. Uniform
bright green or olive above ; a whitish line along the outer row of
scales ; pale greenish beneath.

Total length 26 £ inches ; tail 5.

Hal. Anaimalai and Palni Hills, 4000-6000 feet.

43-2

BATRACHIA.

THIS Class is intermediate between the Reptiles and the Pishes.
From the latter, Batrachians are distinguished by the structure of
the limbs, which, as in higher Vertebrates, consist of a proximal ele-
ment (humerus, femur), two propodials (radius and ulna, tibia and
fibula), acarpus or tarsus, metacarpalsormetatarsals, and phalanges ;
from the former, they are distinguished, as far as existing forms are
concerned, by the absence of a basioccipital ossification, the articula-
tion of the skull with the vertebral column being by means of two
condyles furnished by the exoccipitals, by the absence of amnion or
allantois in the embryo, and, with a few exceptions, by the passage
through a larval, branchiferous stage after leaving the egg, or by
undergoing what are called " metamorphoses." The body is naked,
or, if scales are present, these are imbedded in the skin. However,
the extinct Labyrinthodons or Stegocephala agree with the Rep-
tiles in the possession of an ossified basioccipital, and a nearly
complete passage appears to be effected from the Batrachians to
the Reptiles through that group and the Rhynchocephalia. Leaving
aside the Stegocephala, Batrachians may be divided into three
Orders, viz. : —

I. ECAUDATA, Frogs and Toads.
II. CAUDATA, Newts and Salamanders.
III. APODA, Caocilians.
All three of which are represented in the Oriental Region.

Order I. ECAUDATA.

Four limbs and no tail. Radius and ulna and tibia and fibula
confluent ; metatarsus (astragalus and calcaneum) elongate, forming
an additional segment in the hind limb. Frontal bones confluent
with parietals.

ECATTDATA. 433

The body is short, the dorsal vertebral column consisting of but
eight praesacral vertebrre (exceptionally" seven, through fusion),
and the coccygeal vertebrae are confluent into a single styloid bone.
The young usually pass through lengthy metamorphoses, the
earlier stages of which are known as "tadpoles." In the tadpole,
or fish-like form, the head and body are globular, with external or
internal gills, limbs are absent and a tail is present ; the hind and
fore limbs appear successively and the tail is gradually absorbed,
after which last transformation the young leaves the water.

The ova of Batrachia are usually, like those of fish, small, very
numerous, enveloped in mucilage, and deposited in the water. But
there are many exceptions, especially among the arboreal forms,
some of which have large eggs with large vitelline mass, in which
the young pass rapidly through part or all of the metamorphoses.
Unfortunately, hardly anything is known of the development of the
Indian species.

About 960 species of Tailless Batrachians are known, being found
all over the world wherever insect-food is procurable ; they are
most abundant in the tropics, and India and its dependencies alone
furnish a list of 124 species.

This Order is divided into two Suborders : —
I. PHANEROGLOSSA, with a tongue and separate inner
ear-openings.

II. AOLOSSA, without tongue and with a single median
opening to the Eustachian tubes.

The latter Suborder comprises the African Xenopus and the
South- American Pipa. The Indian Batrachians fall into the
following groups of the Suborder Phaneroglossa : —

Series A. FIKMISTEENIA.

Coracoids firmly united by a simple epicoracoid cartilage ; prse-
coracoids, if present, each resting with its distal extremity upon the
coracoid, or connected with the latter by the epicoracoid cartilage
(see fig. 127, p. 434).

Upper jaw toothed; diapophyses of sacral verte-
bra cylindrical or very slightly dilated. Fam. 1. Ranidae, p. 435.
Jaws toothless ; diapophyses of sacral vertebra [p. 489.

dilated ' Fam. 2. Engystomatidae,

Upper jaw toothed ; diapophyses of sacral verte-
bra dilated . Fairi. 3. Dyscophidae,

[p. 498.
Series B. AECIFEEA.

Coracoids and prsecoracoids connected by an arched cartilage

(the epicoracoid), that of the one side overlapping that of the other

(see fig. 138, p. 499).

Jaws toothless ; diapophyses of sacral vertebra

dilated *. Fam. 4. Bufonidae, p. 490.

Upper jaw toothed ; diapophyses of sacral vertebra

dilated; distal phalanges claw-shaped. Fam. 5. Hylidae, p. 509.

Upper jaw toothed ; diapophyses of sacral ver-
tebra strongly dilated Fam. 6. Pelobatidae, p. 510.

434

ECAUDATA.

Fig. 127.— Skeleton of Rana esculenta. (Guide to Eeptile Gallery KM.)

a. Astragalus.

n. Nasal.

sc. Scapula.

c. Coccyx.

ost. Omosternum.

sq. Squainosal.

ca. Calcaneum.

pco. Praecoracoid.

ssc. Suprascapula.

co. Coracoid.

pi. Palatine.

st. Sternum.

cr. Radius-ulna.

pi. Pubis-ischium.

sv. Sacral vertebra.

e. Ethmoid.

eco, Epicoracoid.

pm. Prtemaxillary.
po. Prootic.

sy. Symphysial.
tf. Tibia-fibula.

to. Exoccipital.

po'. Pollex.

v. Dorsal vertebra;.

fp. Frontoparietal.
il. Ilium.

psp, Parasphenoid.
pt. Pterygoid.

vo. Vomer.
VI. Eudiment of sixth toe.

mx. Maxillary.

qj. Quadrat ojugal.

Series A. FIRMISTERNIA.

Family I. RANID^E.

Upper jaw toothed ; diapophyses of sacral vertebra not or but
very slightly dilated.

This family embraces 22 genera, of which 8 are represented in
India and its dependencies.

a. b. a. b'.

Fig 128—1. Finger of Bhac&phorusmcurimus. 2. Finger of Sana latopalmata,

(P. Z. S. 1888, p. 206.)
a. Upper view. b. Side view. a', V. Skeleton.

Synopsis of Indian, Ceylonese, and Burmese Genera.

A. No intercalary ossification between the
distal and penultimate phalanges ; ex-
tremity of penultimate phalanx not
sharply defined externally (fig. 128, 2) ;
digits perfectly free.

a. Tongue entire ; vomerine teeth none ;

toes largely webbed OXYGLOSSUS, p. 436.

b. Tongue more or less deeply emar-

ginate or bifid posteriorly.
«'. Toes webbed ; outer metatarsals

separated by web.
a". Vomerine teeth ; pupil horizontal. RANA, p. 438.

436 BANIDjE.

b". No vomerine teeth MICBIXALUS, p. 464.

c". Vomerine teeth ; pupil vertical . NYCTIBATRACHUS, p. 467.
b'. Toes free ; outer metatarsals bound
together or separated by a groove.

a". Pupil vertical NANNOBATRACHUS, 'p. 468.

b". Pupil horizontal NANNOPHRYS, p. 469.

B. An intercalary ossification between the
distal and penultimate phalanges ; ex-
tremity of penultimate phalanx well
indicated externally (fig. 128, 1).

a. Vomerine teeth , . . RHACOPHORUS, p. 470.

b. No vomerine teeth IXALUS, p. 481.

Genus OXYGLOSSUS,
Tschudi, Class. Batr. p. 85, 1838.

Pupil horizontal. Tongue narrow, entire and free behind.
Vomerine teeth none. Tympanum indistinct. Fingers free ; toes
webbed, the tips not dilated into regular disks. Outer metatarsal
separated by web. Omosternum with a bony style ; sternum a
cartilaginous plate.

Fig. 129. — Oxyglossus lima. Open mouth and pectoral arch.

Distribution. Southern China and Burma to the Malay Archi-
pelago.

Three species are known, of small size and thoroughly aquatic.

Synopsis of Indian and Burmese Species.

Tongue pointed behind O. lima, p. 436.

Tongue rounded behind O. l&vis, p. 437.

1. Oxyglossus lima.

Rana lima, Gravenh. Delic. Mus. Zool. Vratisl. p. 41.
Oxyglossus lima, Tschudi, Class. Batr. p. 85 ; Gunth. Eept. B. I.
p. 401 ; Bouleny. Cat. Batr. Sal. p. 5.

Tongue elongate, extensively free and pointed behind. Habit
stout. Head small ; snout short, rather pointed, without canthus
rostralis ; interorbital space very narrow, much narrower than the
upper eyelid. Fingers rather slender, acutely pointed, first not
extending beyond second; toes pointed, fourth not very much
longer than third and fifth, broadly webbed ; subarticular tubercles

OXYGLOSSUS. 437

very small ; two subconical metatarsal tubercles, inner largest ; a
short tarsal fold and a small tarsal tubercle just below the tibio-
tarsal articulation. When the hind limb is stretched forwards
along the body, the tarso-metatarsal articulation reaches the tip of
the snout. Skin warty, the warts most numerous and of unequal
sizes on back, largest and forming more or less symmetrical rows
on the throat and belly. Greenish brown above, with small darker
markings ; sometimes a light vertebral stripe ; whitish below, with
a dark brown band beneath the arm and along the hinder side of
the thigh, and a brown L-shaped mark on each side at the base
of the thighs ; sometimes a brown band on each side from the chin
to the breast. Male with an internal subgular vocal sac.

From snout to vent 1*2 inches.

Hob. Lower Bengal, Burma, Southern China, Cochinchina,
Camboja, Siain, Malay Peninsula, Java.

2. Oxyglossus Isevis.

Oxyglossus laevis, Giinth. Cat. Batr. Sal. p. 7. pi. i, fig. A ; Bouleng.
Cat. Batr. Sal. p. 6.

Tongue oval, rounded behind, free in its posterior third. Head
small ; snout rounded, without canthus rostralis ; interorbital space
narrower than the upper eyelid. Fingers short, with blunt tips,
first not or but slightly extending beyond second ; toes entirely
webbed, the web more emarginate than in 0. lima, the tips dilated
into very small disks ; subarticular tubercles small ; inner meta-
tarsal tubercle elliptical, compressed, larger in the female than in the
male : outer metatarsal tubercle absent or very indistinct ; a short
tarsal fold. The tarso-metatarsal articulation reaches the end of
the snout, or somewhat beyond. Skin smooth, or with small
smooth warts. Brownish above, with or without rather indistinct
darker spots ; sometimes a light vertebral line ; a light streak
from the eye to the commissure of the mouth is often conspicuous ;
hind limbs with rather irregular dark cross bands ; lower parts
whitish, throat speckled with brown. Male with an internal sub-
gular vocal sac.

In the Philippines this species reaches a length of 2 inches
from snout to vent ; the largest Burmese specimen examined by
me measures 1*25 inches.

Hab. Burma, Malay Peninsula, Sumatra, Philippine Islands.
In Burma this and the preceding species occur together in pools
along streams.

A fossil species of this genus, Oxyglossus pusillus (Rana pusilla,
Owen), has been recorded by Stoliczka, Mem. Geol. Surv. Ind. vi.
pt. iii. p. 387, from the Lower Eocene Frog-beds of Bombay.

438

Genus RANA,

Linn. Syst. Nat. i, p. 354 (part.), 1700.

Pupil horizontal. Tongue free and deeply notched or bifid be-
hind. Vomerine teeth. Tympanum usually distinct, sometimes
hidden. Fingers free ; toes webbed, with simple or dilated tips.
Outer rnetatarsals separated by web. Omosternum and sternum
with a bony style.

Fig. 130. — Open mouth of Rana macrodon.

Distribution. Cosmopolitan, except in the southern parts of South
America, in Australia and New Zealand. Some 140 species are
known, 41 of which occur within the limits of this fauna. All
Indian species are probably aquatic during the breeding-season ;
otherwise their habits vary greatly according to the species, which
may be aquatic, terrestrial, burrowing, or to a certain extent*
arboreal. Burrowing habits are indicated by the great develop-
ment of the inner metatarsal tubercle, which is sharp-edged, and
acts as a shovel, as in R. breviceps; this character is accompanied
by an abbreviation of the hind limbs, which gives the frog a toad-
like appearance. Arboreal habits are usually to be recognized by
the distal enlargement of the digits, although some strictly aquatic
forms, such as R. kulilii, have the toes ending in small, but very
distinct disks.

I have failed to recognize the following species, the descriptions
of which are insufficient : —

1. Rana sanguineo-maculata, Lesson, in Bclang. Voy. Ind. Or.,

Zool. p. 328, pi. v. fig. 2.— Bengal.

2. Rana newera-ellia, Kelaart, Prodr. Faun. Zeyl. p. 192.—

Ceylon.

3. Limnodytes mutabilis, Kelaart, op. cit. ii, p. 19. — Colombo.

4. Limnodytes maculata, Kelaart, 1. c. — Galle, Ceylon.

5. Limnodytes Uvidus, Blyth, J. A. S. B. sxiii, 1854, p. 299.—

Colombo, Ceylon.

6. Limnodytes niyrovittatus, Blyth, J. A. S. B. xxiv, 1855, p. 718. —

Tenasserim.

7. Rana alttlabrit, Blyth, ibid, p. 720. — Pegu.

RANA. 439

Synopsis of Indian, Ceylonese, and Burmese Species.

A. No glandular lateral fold (except in R. liebigii,
characterized by hidden tympanum) ;
digital expansions, if present, much smaller
than tympanum.

a. Toes acutely pointed, very broadly webbed,

4th not very much longer than 3rd or
5th ; inner metatarsal tubercle conical.
«'. First finger extending a little beyond

2nd ; tympanum as large as eye .... R. hexadactyla, p. 441.
b'. First finger not extending beyond 2nd ;

tympanum usually smaller than eye. . R. cyanophlyctis, p. 442.

b. Toes "blunt or dilated at tips; no free

papilla on middle of tongue.
a'. Tympanum indistinct or hidden.

a". Lower jaw with a pair of tooth-like
bony prominences in front ; no cop-
ulatory excrescences in male.
a. Toes webbed to extreme tips.
a'. First finger not extending quite
as far as 2nd ; skin of back with

transverse plaits ' R, corruyata, p. 443.

/3'. First finger extending as far as

2nd, or a little beyond R. kuhlii, p. 443.

0. Toes not webbed to tips.

a'. Vomerine teeth in 2 oblique

series ; skin verrucose R. laticeps, p. 444.

|8'. Vomerine teeth in 2 transverse

series ; skin perfectly smooth . R. khasiana, p. 444.
b". No tooth-like prominences in lower
jaw ; breeding-male with cop-
ula tory excrescences on fore limbs
and breast.

a'. A glandular dorso-lateral fold;
tibio-tarsal articulation reaching

tip of snout, or beyond R. liebigii, p. 445.

ft'. No glandular lateral fold; tibio-
tarsal articulation hardly reaching

eve R. sternosignata, p. 445.

b Tympanum perfectly distinct,
a". Toes more than half webbed.

a. Vomerine teeth commencing on a

line with hinder edge of choanae.

a'. Tibio-tarsal articulation not

reaching end of snout ; head

much broader than long R. fece, p. 446.

/3'. Tibio-tarsal articulation reaching
end of snout ; head longer than

broad R. andersonii, p. 447.

y. Tibio-tarsal articulation not
reaching end of snout ; head as

long as broad R. doria, p. 447.

ft. Vomerine teeth in two strong
oblique series commencing from
inner anterior corner of choanae.
a'. Skin smooth above, or with small

440

rounded warts ; toes with

distinctly swollen tips It. macrodon, p. 448.

ft'. Skin very warty above ; tibio-tarsal
articulation reaching end of

snout R. verrucosa, p. 448.

y. Skin of back with longitudinal folds. R. tiffrina, p. 449.
b". Toes not more than half webbed.
. Inner metatarsal tubercle shorter

than inner toe ; belly smooth.
a'. Inner metatarsal tubercle notmore

than half length of inner toe. . R. limnocharis, p. 450.
£'. Inner metatarsal tubercle more

than half length of inner toe. . R. rufescens, p. 451.
|3. Inner metatarsal tubercle very large,
compressed, longer than inner toe ;
belly granulate.

a'. First finger extending much be-
yond 2nd ; tympanum about

half size of eye R. breviceps, p. 451.

/3'. First linger extending much be-
yond 2nd; tympanum at least
two thirds size of eye; toes
hardly one-third webbed .... R. dobsonii, p. 452.
y'. First and second fingers equal;

tympanum as large as eye .... R. strachani, p. 452.
c. Toes dilated into very distinct disks; a
free conical papilla on middle of tongue.
a'. Toes at least half webbed.

a". First finger not extending as far as

2nd R. leithii, p. 453.

b". First finger extending slightly be-
yond 2nd.

a'. Toes two-thirds webbed; tym-
panum two-thirds diameter of eye R. beddomii, p. 453.
/3'. Toes half-webbed; tympanum as

large as eye R. semipalmata, p. 454.

b'. Toes one-third or one-fourth webbed ;
1st finger not extending quite so far as
2nd.
a". Head nearly smooth ; back with short

glandular folds ; no lumbar spot . . R. leptodactyla, p. 454.
b". Head nearly smooth ; back with short

glandular folds ; a black lumbar spot. R. diplosticta, p. 455.

c". Upper surfaces very warty R, phrynoderma, p. 455.

B. A glandular fold along each side of back ;
tympanum very distinct ; digits more or less
distinctly dilated at end.
a. Toes not or hardly two-thirds webbed.
a'. An outer metatarsal tubercle (at base of

fourth toe).

a". Skin smooth above; tibio-tarsal
articulation reaching tip of snout, or
beyond.
a. Foot at least as long as distance

between tympanum and vent. . ; . R. macrodactyla. p. 455.
/3. Foot shorter than distance between

tympanum and vent R. yracilis, p. 456.

BANA. 441

V. Skin granulate above.

a. Tibio-tarsal articulation not reach-
ing beyond eye JR. malabarica, p. 456.

j3. Tibio-tarsal articulation reaching

tip of snout, or beyond R. nicobariensis, p. 459.

V . No outer metatarsal tubercle R. lateralis, p. 457.

b. Web reaching terminal disks of 3rd and 5th

toes.
a'. Tympanum at least two thirds size of

eye.
a'1. An outer metatarsal tubercle (at

base of fourth toe).

a. Tibio-tarsal articulationnot reaching
beyond eye ; 1st finger extending

beyond 2nd ; head large R. curtipes, p. 458.

/3. Tibio-tarsal articulation reaching

beyond eye.
a'. First finger not extending beyond

2nd R. tytleri, p. 458.

0'. First finger extending beyond 2nd. R. temporal™, p. 459.
b". No outer metatarsal tubercle.

a. Vomerine teeth very feebly devel-
oped ; limbs with dark cross

bands . JR. margariana, p. 459.

/3. Vomerine teeth well developed ;

no dark cross bands on limbs.

a'. First finger extending beyond 2nd. R. humeralis, p. 400.
8'. First finger not extending beyond

2nd R. erythrcea, p. 460.

b'. Tympanum about one third size of eye. . R. monticola, p. 461.
No glandular lateral fold ; digits dilated into
large disks which at least equal tympanum
in size.

a. Third finger not longer than distance

between nostril and tympanum.
a'. First finger extending a little beyond 2nd ;

tympanum about half diameter of eye. R. livida, p. 462.
V . First finger not extending quite as far as

2nd ; tympanum not half diameter of

the eye R. latopalmata, p. 462.

b. Third finger at least as long as distance

between tip of snout and tympanum ; 1st
finger much shorter than 2nd.
a'. Tibio-tarsal articulation reaching beyond

tip of snout ; tibia as long as trunk . . R. himalayana, p. 463.
b'. Tibio-tarsal articulation reaching tip of
snout ; tibia considerably shorter than
trunk R. fonnosa, p. 463.

3. Rana hexadactyla.

Rana hexadactyla, Lesson, in Belang. Vby. Ind. Or., Zool. p. 331 ;

Giinth. Rcpt. £. I. p. 405 ; Bouleng. Cat. Bat. Sal. p. 17.
Dactylethra bengnlensis, Lesson, III. Zo&l. pi. xlvii.
Rana cutipora, Dum. $ Bibr. Erp. Gen. viii, p. 338.
Rana robusta, Slyth, J. A. S. B. xxiii, 1854, p. 298.

442 EANIDJE.

Vomerine teeth in two oblique series extending beyond the hinder
edge of tbe choanae. Head moderate ; snout rather pointed ;
canthus rostralis indistinct ; interorbital space much narrower than
the upper eyelid ; tympanum distinct, as large as the eye. Fingers
slender, acutely pointed, first extending a little beyond second ;
toes webbed to the tips, which are acutely pointed ; outer toe
strongly fringed ; fourth toe not very much longer than third or
fifth ; subarticular tubercles of fingers and toes very small ; inner
metatarsal tubercle small, conical ; no outer tubercle. When the
hind limb is carried forwards along the body, the tibio-tarsal articu-
lation reaches the eye. Skin smooth, with more or less distinct
rows of pores round the neck, sides, and belly. Brown above ;
sometimes a light vertebral line ; two blackish streaks on the hinder
side of the thighs, sometimes indistinct. Young beautifully striped.
Male with two external vocal vesicles opening by two slits beneath
the angles of the mouth.

From snout to vent 5 inches.

Hob. Southern India and Ceylon *. Thoroughly aquatic.

4. Rana cyanophlyctis.

Rana cyanophlyctis, Schneid. Hist, AmpJi. i, p. 137 ; Giinth. Kept.

B. J.'p. 400 ; Bouleng. Cat. Batr. Sal. p. 17 ; Murray, Zool. Sind,

p. 398.
Rana bengalensis, Gray, III. 2nd. Zool. i, pi. Ixxxii, fig. 2 : Kelaart.

Prodr. p. 192.
Rana leschenaultii, Bum. fy Bibr. Erp. G&n. viii, p. 342 ; Cantor,

J. A. 8. B. xvi, 1847, p. 1059.
Dicroglossus adolfi, Giinth. P. Z. S. 1860, p. 158, pi. xxviii, fig. B ;

id. Kept. B. I. p. 402.

Vomerine teeth in two small oblique series extending a little
beyond the hinder edge of the choanse. Head moderate ; snout
scarcely pointed ; canthus rostralis indistinct ; interorbital space
much narrower than the upper eyelid; tympanum distinct, about
two thirds the size of the eye. Fingers slender, pointed, first not
extending beyond second ; toes webbed to the tips, which are pointed,
fourth not much longer than third or fifth ; outer toe strongly fringed ;
subarticular tubercles small ; inner nietatarsal tubercle small, conical,
much like a rudimentary toe. The tibio-tarsal articulation usually
reaches a little beyond the eye. Skin with small tubercles and
warts above, and with more or less distinct rows of pores. Brown
or olive above, dark spotted or marbled; two blackish streaks
on the hinder side of the thighs, seldom absent ; beneath often
speckled with blackish. Male with two external vocal vesicles,
opening by two slits beneath the angles of the mouth.

From snout to vent 2| inches.

Hob. Widely distributed and common from South Arabia and

* The reference of a Nepal frog to this species in the Cat. Batr. Sal. p. 17,
is the result of an error ; the specimen belongs to R. cyanophlyctis.

443

Baluchistan to the Malay peninsula, and from the Himalayas (up
to 6000 feet) to Ceylon. Like the larger R. hexadactyla, this
species is thoroughly aquatic and bears resemblance, in general form,
to Oxyglossw. It is not unfrequently found in pools of brackish

water.

5. Rana corrugata.

Rana corrugata, Peters, MB. Ak. Berl. 1863, p. 412 ; Bouleng. Cat.

Batr. Sal. p. 19.
Rana kuhlii, part., Gunth. Kept. B. I. p. 404, pi. xxvi, fig. B.

Vomerine teeth in two very small oblique groups behind the level
of the choanae ; lower jaw with a pair of tooth-like prominences
in front. Head moderate, snout short, rounded, without canthus
rostralis ; upper eyelid very narrow ; eyes prominent, turned up-
wards ; tympanum hidden. Fingers short, blunt, first not extending
quite so far as second ; toes short, ending in small disks, webbed
to the extreme tips ; subarticular tubercles small ; a narrow, feebly
prominent, inner metatarsal tubercle, about half the length of the
inner toe ; no outer tubercle ; a tarsal fold. Hind limbs very stout ;
the tibio-tarsal articulation reaches the ear or the posterior border
of the eye. Skin of back with transverse plaits. Brown above,
uniform or darker spotted, with or without a pale vertebral band ;
a light cross band between the eyes. Male without vocal sacs.

From snout to vent 2| inches.

Hob. Ceylon.

6. Rana kuhlii.

Rana kuhlii, Dum. $ Bibr. Erp. Gen. viii, p. 384 ; Gunth. Rept. B. I.
p. 404 ; Bouleng. Cat. Batr. Sal. p. 20.

Vomerine teeth in two small oblique series behind the choanae ;
lower jaw with two more or less developed tooth-like prominences
in front. Head moderate in the female, enormously large in the
full-grown male ; snout short, without canthus rostralis ; eyes
prominent, turned upwards ; iuterorbital space as broad as, or
broader than, the upper eyelid ; tympanum hidden. Fingers
moderate, blunt, first and second equal, or first extending a little
beyond second ; toes broadly webbed, fourth only i longer than the
fifth, the tips dilated into small disks ; subarticular tubercles well
developed ; inner metatarsal tubercle narrow, blunt, about three
fifths the length of the inner toe ; no outer tubercle ; a tarsal fold.
The tibio-tarsal articulation reaches the ear or the eye. Above
with short longitudinal glandular folds or roundish tubercles, some-
times nearly smooth, except upon the tibia. Brown above, with a
rather indistinct light cross band between the eyes; sometimes a
light vertebral baud. Male without vocal sac.

From snout to vent 3 inches.

Hah. Southern China, Burma, Malay Archipelago.

444

7. Rana laticeps.
Rana laticeps, Bouleng. Cat. Batr. Sal. p. 20, pi. i, fig. 1.

Vomerine teeth in two oblique oval groups behind the level of
the hinder edge of the choanse ; lower jaw with two bony promi-
nences in front, acute and directed backwards in the adult male.
Head large, triangular, especially in the adulb male ; snout short,
subacuminate, with rounded can thus rostralis ; interorbital space
broader than the upper eyelid ; tympanum scarcely distinct, two
thirds the size of the eye. Fingers moderate, blunt, first not ex-
tending beyond second ; toes moderate, nearly entirely webbed, the
tips dilated into very small disks ; a tarsal fold ; subarticular tu-
bercles well developed ; inner metatarsal tubercle elongate, blunt,
two thirds the length of the inner toe ; no outer tubercle. Tibio-
tarsal articulation reaching to between the eye and the end of the
snout. Tipper parts with small elongated warts and rounded
tubercles ; a fold above the tympanum. Brown above, indistinctly
marbled with darker ; a light dark-edged cross band between the
upper eyelids ; legs indistinctly cross-barred ; throat spotted with
brown. Male without vocal sacs.

From snout to vent 2 inches.

Hab. Khasi Hills ; recently obtained at Malacca.

8. Rana khasiana.

Pyxicephalus khasianus, Anders. J. A. S. B. xl, 1871, p. 23.
Rana khasiana, Bouleng. Cat. Batr. Sal. p. 34.

" Body short and thick, legs of moderate length. Head short
and broad. Snout short and rounded ; no canthus rostralis ; nostrils
directed upwards and backwards, almost on the upper surface and
halfway between the eye and the snout. Eyes rather large and
prominent. Occiput much swollen. Tympanum invested by the
skin, but faintly visible, small, one half the diameter of the eye.
Skin in the groin full, smooth throughout, no trace of tubercles ;
fingers quite free ; three small tubercles on the palmar aspect, the
inner one the largest, elongated and simulating the shovel-like
tubercle of the metatarsus. The first and second fingers of nearly
equal length, about half shorter than the third ; the fourth about
one third shorter than the third. Thighs rather short, lower leg
little shorter than the thigh. Tarsus and foot the length of the
thigh and one half of the tibial portion. The body very little longer
than the distance between the vent and the heel. The shovel-
shaped (metatarsal) prominence laterally compressed, but not pro-
minent. Two apophyses on the lower jaw. The choanse are round,
more distinctly defined, but rather smaller, than the eustachian
tubes ; vomerine prominences placed transversely behind the choana}
and separated from each other by a narrow interval. Tongue rather
small, cordate and notched behind. Uniform brown above, faintly
barred on the thigh ; spotted with brown on the sides, chin, thontx,
and under surface of limbs." (Anderson.)

Hab. Khasi Hills.

445

9. Rana liebigii.

Megalophrys gigas, Slyth, J. A. S. B. xxiii, 1854, p. 299 (nee Rana

gigas, Law.).
Kana liebigii, Gilnth. P. Z. 8. 1830, p. 157, pi. xxviii, fig. A ; id.

Rept. B. 1. p. 407 ; Bouleng. Cat. Batr. Sal. p. 21.
Rana sikimensis, Jerdon, P. A. S. B. 1870, p. 83.
Rana gammii, Anders. J. A. S. B. xl, 1871, p. 21.
? Rana vicina, Stoliczka, P. A. S. B. 1872, p. 130.

Vomerine teeth in two small oblique groups extending a little
beyond the hinder edge of the choanae. Head moderate, much
depressed ; snout very short, rounded ; canthus rostralis indistinct ;
interorbital space nearly as broad as the upper eyelid ; tympanum
rather small, hidden. Fingers moderate, first not extending beyond
second ; toes moderate, truncated or slightly swollen at the end,
entirely webbed ; no tarsal fold ; subarticular tubercles not much

Fig. 131.— Nuptial excrescences of Rana liebigii. (Cat. Batr. Sal. B. M.)

developed; inner metatarsal tubercle oval, not very prominent; no
outer tubercle. The tibio-tarsal articulation reaches the tip of the
snout, or beyond. Skin smooth above, seldom warty ; a strong fold
above the tympanum ; a narrow glandular fold on each side of the
back. Brown above ; a black line on the canthus rostralis and on
the temporal region ; lateral folds black-margined ; legs indistinctly
cross-barred. Male with internal vocal sacs ; during the breeding-
season remarkable on account of the extreme thickness of the arms
and of the patches of spinose warts on the breast, the inner side of
the arms, and the inner fingers.

From snout to vent 5 inches.

Hob. Himalayas, between 4000 and 10,000 feet. Common in
Sikhim.

10. Rana sternosignata.

Rana sternosignata, Murray, A. M. N. H. (5) xvi, 1885, p. 120.
Vomerine teeth in two small oblique groups extending beyond

446 EANID.E.

the hinder edge of the choanse. Habit stout. Head much broader
than long ; snout very short, broadly rounded ; no canthus ros-
tralis; nostril a little nearer to the eye than to the end of the snout ;
interorbital space narrower than the upper eyelid; tympanum
rather indistinct, about half the diameter of the eye. 1'ingers
moderate, first not extending beyond second ; toes slightly swollen
at the end, entirely webbed ; a very feeble tarsal fold ; subarticular
tubercles not much developed ; inner metatarsal tubercle oval, not
prominent, not quite half the length of the inner toe ; no outer
tubercle. The tibio-tarsal articulation hardly reaches the eye;
tibia not measuring half the distance from snout to vent. Upper
surfaces smooth or with small warts ; sides warty. Olive-brown
above, uniform or freckled with darker ; limbs without transverse
bauds; lower parts whitish, throat and limbs mottled with brown.
Male with internal vocal sacs ; breeding-male with the arms very
much thickened, and with black asperities on the breast and on the
two inner fingers.

From snout to vent 3*3 inches.

Hob. Malir near Karachi, Sind ; Zandra and Quetta, Balu-
chistan.

11. Rana feae.
Rana fese, Bouleng. Ann. Mm. Genova, (2) v, 1887, p. 418, pi. iii.

Vomerine teeth in two small oblique groups extending beyond
the hinder edge of the choanae. Habit stout. Head much broader
than long ; snout very short, broadly rounded ; no canthus rostralis ;
nostril a little nearer to the eye than to the end of the snout ;
interorbital space narrower than the upper eyelid ; tympanum
distinct, three fifths the diameter of the eye. Fingers moderate,
first extending beyond second ; toes rather short, entirely webbed ;
subarticular tubercles moderate ; tips of fingers and toes obtuse ;
inner metatarsal tubercle narrow, elongate, three fifths the length
of the inner toe ; no outer tubercle ; a narrow fold along the inner
edge of the tarsus. The tibio-tarsal articulation reaches the eye ;
tibia measuring half the distance from snout to vent. Sides of
body warty, large elongate smooth warts being intermixed with
small round ones ; posterior part of upper eyelid warty ; a fold
from the eye to the shoulder. Olive-brown above, with rather
indistinct darker spots and a blackish, white-edged ocellus at the
hip-joint ; interrupted cross bands on the limbs ; lower parts
dirty white. Male with internal vocal sacs ; arms, during the
breeding-season, extremely thickened ; a patch of black spines on
each side of the breast and others on the inner metacarpal tubercle
and the inner side of the two inner fingers ; the arrangement of
these nuptial excrescences very similar to that in R. liebiyii, in
which species, however, they are also present on the inner side of
the arms.

Prom snout to vent 3*5 inches.

Hal. Kakhyen Hills.

BAXA. 447

12. Rana andersonii.

Polvpedates yunnanensis, Anders. An. Zool. Res, Yunnan, p. 843,

pi. Ixxviii, fig. 3 (nee Rana yunnanensis, ejusd.).
Rana audersonii, Bouleng. Cat. Eatr. Sal. p. 55.

Vomerine teeth in two small, slightly oblique groups on a line
with the posterior border of the choanae. Head moderate ; snout
moderate, rounded, with obtuse canthus rostralis and subvertical
concave lores ; nostril equally distant from the eye and the end of
the snout ; interorbital space a little broader than the upper
eyelid ; tympanum very distinct, half the diameter of the eye.
Fingers moderate, first not extending beyond second ; toes
moderate, nearly entirely webbed : tips of fingers and toes dilated
into very small disks ; subarticular tubercles rather small ; a
single, small, inner metatarsal tubercle; no tarsal fold. Tibio-
tarsal articulation reaching beyond the tip of the snout ; tibia
more than half the length of the head and body. Flat warts on
the sides of the body ; a fold above the tympanum. Olive above,
spotted with black ; limbs with numerous black cross bands ;
beneath white, immaculate. Male with two internal vocal sacs.

Prom snout to vent 3'75 inches.

Hub. Hotha Valley, Yunnan (5000 feet) ; Kakhyen Hills.

13. Rana doriae.

Rana doriae, Bouleng. Ann. Mus. Genova, (2) v, 1887, p. 482, pi. viii,
fig.l.

Vomerine teeth in two oblique oval groups commencing on a
line with the hinder edge of the choanae; lower jaw without
bony prominences. Head moderate ; snout short, obtuse, about
as long as the diameter of the orbit ; canthus rostralis obtuse ;
loreal region slightly concave ; nostril equally distant from the
orbit and the end of the snout ; interorbital space as broad as the
upper eyelid ; tympanum distinct, two thirds or three fourths the
diameter of the eye. Fingers moderate, first extending a little
beyond second ; toes moderate, nearly entirely webbed ; a feeble
cutaneous fringe along the outer side of the fifth toe ; tips of
fingers and toes dilated into small disks ; subarticular tubercles
moderate ; inner metatarsal tubercle elongate, blunt, two thirds
the length of the inner toe ; no outer tubercle ; a feeble tarsal
fold. The tibio-tarsal articulation reaches the eye or the nostril.
Skin smooth, or with irregular glandules on the back ; a more or
less distinct transverse fold connects the posterior borders of the
eyes ; a strong fold from the eye to the shoulder, above the
tympanum. Brown above, with small irregular darker spots ;
sometimes a yellowish vertebral baud ; a lighter cross band between
the eyes, bordered Math darker behind ; lips with vertical dark
brown bars ; hind limbs with rather irregular darker cross bands ;

448 KANID.I.

lower surfaces white, uniform or scantily spotted with brown.
Male without vocal sacs.

From snout to vent 2-2 inches.

Hob. Tenasserim.

14. Eana macrodon.

Rana macrodon, Dum. 8? Bibr. Erp. Gen. viii, p. 382 ; Bouleng. Cat.

Batr. Sal. p. 24, pi. i, fig. 4.
Rana fusca, Blyth, J. A. S. B. xxiv, 1855, p. 719.

Vomerine teeth in two strong oblique series commencing from
the inner anterior corner of the choanae ; lower jaw with two
fang-like bony prominences in front, sometimes scarcely developed.
Head large ; snout rather pointed ; occiput more or less swollen
on the sides ; interorbital space generally one half broader than the
upper eyelid ; tympanum distinct, variable in size, generally much
smaller than the eye. Fingers moderate, obtuse, first much longer
than second ; toes broadly webbed, with distinctly swollen tips ;
subarticular tubercles well developed ; inner metatarsal tubercle
elongate, blunt, about three fifths the length of the inner toe ;
no outer tubercle ; a feeble tarsal fold. The tibio-tarsal articu-
lation reaches the eye or a little beyond. Skin smooth above, or
with small rounded warts ; upper eyelid tubercular ; a strong fold
above the tympanum. Brown or blackish above ; sometimes a
light vertebral band. Male without vocal sacs.

From snout to vent 6 inches.

Hab. Upper Burma, Tenasserim, Malay Peninsula and Archi-
pelago.

15. Eana verrucosa.

Rana verrucosa, Gunih. P. Z. S. 1875, p. 567 ; Bouleng. Cat. Batr.
Sal. p. 29, pi. iv. fig. 1.

Vomerine teeth in two strong oblique series commencing from
the inner anterior corners of the choanae. Head moderate ; snout
rather pointed ; interorbital space two thirds the width of the
upper eyelid ; tympanum distinct, three fourths the diameter of
the eye. Fingers moderate, obtuse, first extending much be-
yond second ; toes moderate, obtuse, nearly entirely webbed ; sub-
articular tubercles very prominent ; inner metatarsal tubercle oval,
compressed, hardly half as long as the first toe ; a small, rounded,
outer metatarsal tubercle. The tibio-tarsal articulation reaches the
tip of the snout. Upper parts with numerous very prominent
warts and short glandular folds. Grey or brown above, darker
spotted ; hinder side of thighs black, white-marbled ; sometimes a
broad light vertebral band. Male with two internal vocal sacs.

From snout to vent 2-75 inches.

Hab. Malabar.

KANA.

449

16. Rana tigrina.

Rana tigrina, Dctud. Ilitt. Ruin. p. 64, pi. xx ; Kelaart, Prodr. p. 192 ;

Giinth. Rept. B. I. p. 407 ; Bouleny. Cat. Batr. Sal. p. 26 ; Murray,

Zool. Sind, p. 398.

Rana brama, Lesson, in Belany. Voy. Ind. Of., Zool. p. 329, pi. vi.
Rana malabarica (non D. $• B.}, Kelaart, Prodr. p. 191.
Rana crassa, Jerdon, J. A. S. B. xxii, 1853, p. 531.
Hoplobatrachus ceylanicus, Giinth. Rept. B. I. p. 410.

Vomerine teeth in two strong oblique series commencing from
the inner anterior angle of the choanse ; lower jaw with two not
very prominent bony processes in front. Head moderate ; snout

-?cart

<

Fig. 132. — liana tigrina.

more or less pointed ; canthus rostralis obtuse ; nostril a little
nearer to the end of the snout than to the eye ; interorbital space
narrower than the upper eyelid ; tympanum distinct, about two
thirds the size of the eye. Fingers rather short, first extending
beyond second ; toes moderate, obtuse, nearly entirely webbed ; a

450 EANID^E,

much developed membranaceous fringe along the fifth toe ; sub-
articular tubercles moderate; inner metatarsal tubercle very
variable, small and blunt, or (var. ceylanica, Ceylon and S. India)
nearly as long as the inner toe, strongly compressed, crescentic,
shovel-shaped ; no outer tubercle ; a tarsal fold. Tibio-tarsal
articulation reaching the ear, the eye, or a little beyond. Skin of
back with longitudinal folds ; a strong fold above the tympanum.
Green or olive above, with dark spots ; often a light vertebral line.
Male with two subgular vocal sacs, conspicuous externally by
folds of the skin on the sides of the throat ; these regions generally
blackish.

From snout to vent 6-5 inches.

Hub. All over India and Ceylon to the Indus and the base o£
the Himalayas, and from China to the Malay Peninsula and
Archipelago.

The largest Indian Frog. It is essentially aquatic, and is said,
when frightened, to jump over the surface of the water much in
the same way as on land *.

17. Rana limnocharis.

Rana limnocharis, Wiegm. N. Ada Ac. Leop.- Carol, xvii, 1835,

p. 255.
Rana gracilis (non Gravh.}, Wiegm. I. c. p. 257; Gi'mih. Rept. S. I.

p. 409 ; Bouleng. Cat. Batr. Sal. p. 28.
? Rana assimilis, Blyth, J. A. S. B. xxi, 1852, p. 355.
Rana agricola and R. nilagirica, Jerdon, J. A. S. B. xxii, 1853,

p. 532.
Rana gracilis, vars. andamanensis, nicobariensis, pulla, Stoliczka, J.

A. S. B. xxxix, 1870, p. 142.
Rana brevipalmata, Peters, MB. Ak. Berl. 1871, p. 646.

Very closely allied to R. tigrina, from which it differs in its
smaller size, half- webbed toes, slight development of the fringe on
the fifth toe, and usually in the presence of a small outer metatarsal
tubercle. The length and shape of the snout, the size of the inner
metatarsal tubercle, and the relative length of the hind limbs and of
the fourth toe vary to an extraordinary degree. The tibio-tarsal
articulation usually reaches the eye, or between the latter and the
end of the snout ; but in some specimens (var. brevipalmata, from
Pegu and S. India) it reaches considerably beyond the end of the
snout, and the foot measures two thirds the distance between the
end of the snout and the vent. Greenish or olive, with darker
spots ; a light vertebral line or band frequently present ; sometimes
a light line along the inner side of the leg ; sides of thighs
black-marbled ; throat of male usually with two large black
blotches, sometimes connected and forming a M.

From snout to vent 2-5 inches.

* The species that is so well known by this habit in India has never been
accurately determined. It is, however, a smaller species than 7i*. tigrina and is
I think, S. cyanophlyctis. Probably R. hexadactyla has- the same habit.— W. T. B

BANA. 451

Hob. A widely distributed species, extending from China and
Southern Japan, throughout India, Ceylon, and Burma to the
Malay Peninsula and Archipelago. In the Himalayas (Sikhim) it
occurs up to 7000 feet. Stoliczka observes that it usually does
not hesitate to take to the sea or brackish water.

18. Rana rufescens.

Pyxicephalos rufescens, Jerdun, J. A. S. B. xxii, 1853, p. 534 : Giinth

Rept. B. I. p. 412.
Rana rufescens, Bvideng. Cat. Batr. Sal. p. 29.

Voraerine teeth in two oblique groups extending a little beyond
the hinder edge of the choanae. Head short ; snout rounded, with
obtuse canthus rostralis ; interorbital space half as broad as the
upper eyelid ; tympanum distinct, about half the diameter of the
eye. Fingers moderate, first extending much beyond second,
nearly as long as third ; toes rather elongate, not quite half
webbed ; subarticular tubercles moderate ; inner metatarsal tubercle
large, compressed, shovel-shaped, about two thirds the length of
the inner toe ; a small outer metatarsal tubercle. The tibio-tarsal
articulation reaches the tympanum or the eye. Skin of the upper
parts with large, rounded, very prominent warts. Greyish brown
above, indistinctly marbled ; legs transversely barred ; throat
brown-spotted, with a M-shaped black patch in the male. The
latter with two external subgular vocal sacs.

From snout to vent 1*4 inches.

Hob. Malabar.

19. Rana breviceps.

Rana breviceps, Schneid. Hist. Amph. i, p. 140 ; Bouleng. Cat. Batr.

Sal. p. 32.

Rana variegata, Gravenh. Delic. Mus. Vratisl. p. 33, pi. viii, fig. 1.
Pyxicephalus fodiens and P. pluvialis, Jerdon, J. A. S. B. xxii, 1853,

p. 534.

Sphserotheca strigata, Giinth. Cat. Batr. Sal. p. 20, pi. ii, fig. A.
Pyxicephalus breviceps, Giinth. Rept. B. I. p. 411 ; Murray, Zool.

Sind, p. 399.

Vomerine teeth in two oblique groups extending a little beyond
the hinder edge of the choanae. Habit stout. Head short;
snout rounded ; occiput swollen ; interorbital space narrower than
the upper eyelid ; tympanum distinct, about two thirds the dia-
meter of the eye. Fingers moderate, obtuse, first extending much
beyond second, nearly as long as third ; toes moderate, obtuse,
half webbed ; subarticular tubercles moderate ; inner metatarsal
tubercle very large, sharp-edged, shovel-shaped, longer than the
inner toe ; no outer tubercle ; no tarsal fold. Hind limbs short,
the tibio-tarsal articulation reaching the axilla or the tympanum.
Skin smooth above, or granulate, with some scattered tubercles or
short, interrupted longitudinal folds ; a strong fold from the eye
to the shoulder ; belly and lower surfaces of thighs granulate.

2o2

452

Light brown or olive above, with darker spots or marblings ;
often a light vertebral baud, and sometimes another on the upper
side of each flank ; throat of males blackish, of females usually
brown-spotted. Male with two much-developed internal subgular
vocal sacs.

From snout to vent 2-5 inches.

Hob. From the Punjab and Sind to Southern India and Ceylon.
In the Himalayas up to about 7000 feet. The structure of the
hind limbs enables this frog to burrow in the ground for about
1| feet.

20. Rana doosonii.

liana dobsonii, Bouleng, Cat. Batr, Sal. p. 32, pi. iii, fig. 1.

Vomerine teeth in two oblique series between the choanae.
Habit stout. Head large ; snout short, rounded, with obtuse
canthus rostralis ; interorbital space narrower than the upper
eyelid ; tympanum very distinct, three fourths the diameter of the
eye. Fingers moderate, obtuse, first much longer than second, as
long as third ; toes webbed at the base, moderate ; subarticular
tubercles large ; inner metatarsal tubercle very large, sharp-edged,
shovel-shaped, longer than the inner toe ; no outer tubercle ; no
tarsal fold. Tibio-tarsal articulation reaching the shoulder or the
tympanum. Skin smooth above, granular on the belly and under
the thighs ; a fold from the eye to the shoulder. Greyish or
purplish above, indistinctly marbled with brown, sometimes with
a fine light vertebral line ; a deep black streak from the end of
the snout, through the nostril and the eye, to the shoulder,
expanding in a round spot on the tympanum ; thighs black above,
whitish marbled ; beneath yellowish, throat brown-spotted.

From snout to vent 2'3 inches.

Hob. Mangalore, South Canara.

21. Rana strachani.
Tomopterna strachani, Murray, Zool. Sind, p. 399.

Apparently allied to the two preceding species. " Muzzle very
little longer than broad. Snout obtuse. Tympanum distinct,
circular, as large as the eye. Crown flattish. Lower jaw with
weak bony prominences. Skin of the back with short longitudinal
folds ; a fold on each side of the abdomen, and another across the
under surface of the body, immediately behind the fore limbs. A
plait behind the tympanum coming down to the shoulder. Fingers
quite free, swollen at the tips ; laid beside each other, the first,
second, and fourth fingers are of equal length. Hind limb longer
than the head and body ; laid beside the body, the metatarsal
tubercle reaches the end of the snout. Metatarsus with a sharp-
edged spur on the inner side and a tubercle on the outer. Toes
half-webbed, the tips slightly swollen, and each of the joints on
the under surface with a tubercle. Third toe slightly longer than

BANA. 453

the fifth, fourth the longest. Colour greyish, with a rufescent
tinge. A dark brown subtriangular spot on the occiput, extending
from across and behind the eyelids, immediately following which
is a filiform white vertebral streak, extending to the vent ; back
with six irregular-shaped dark brown spots. Plait behind the tym-
panum reddish brown. Fore and hind limbs externally with
transverse bars of the same colour. Upper and lower jaws with
vertical bars of reddish brown. Chin, throat, and rest of under
surface \vhite." (Murray.)

Hob. Malir, near Karachi. Sind.

22. Rana leithii.
Rana leithii, Boulena. A. M. N. H. (6) ii, 1888, p. 606.

Vomerine teeth in two oblique groups just behind the level of
the choanse. A free, pointed papilla on the middle of the tongue.
Head moderate ; snout obtuse, with obtuse canthus rostralis and
concave loreal region ; nostril nearer to the end of the snout than to
the eye ; interorbital space a little narrower than the upper eyelid ;
tympanum distinct, two thirds the diameter of the eye. Fingers
moderate, first not extending quite as far as second ; toes two-
thirds webbed, the web reaching the disks of the third and fifth
toes ; tips of fingers and toes dilated into small but well-developed
disks ; subarticular tubercles moderate ; a single, small, oval inner
metatarsal tubercle ; no tarsal fold. The tibio-tarsal articulation
reaches halfway between the eye and the end of the snout. Skin
of back with small scattered longitudinal warts ; a strong fold from
the eye to the shoulder. Brown above, with small dark spots ;
limbs with dark transverse bands ; lower parts white, throat
mottled with brown.

From snout to vent 1'25 inches.

Hab. Matheran, Bombay.

23. Rana beddomii.

Polypedates beddomii, Giinth. P. Z. S. 1875, p. 571, pi. Ixiii, fig. B.
Polypedates brachytarsus, Giinth. 1. c. p. 572.
Rana beddomii, Boukng. Cat. Batr. Sal. p. 55.

Yomerine teeth in twro oblique groups just behind the level of
the choanae. A free, pointed papilla on the middle of the tongue.
Head moderate ; snout obtuse, with obtuse canthus rostralis and
concave loreal region ; nostril a little nearer to the end of the snout
than to the eye ; interorbital space as broad as the upper eyelid, or
a little narrower ; tympanum distinct, two thirds the diameter of
the eye. Fingers moderate, first extending slightly beyond second ;
toes two-thirds webbed, the web reaching the disks of the third
and fifth toes ; tips of fingers and toes dilated into well-developed
disks ; subarticular tubercles well developed : a single, small, oval
inner metatarsal tubercle ; no tarsal fold. The tibio-tarsal arti-

454

dilation reaches the tip of the snout or a little beyond. Skin of
back with short longitudinal glandular folds ; a strong fold from
the eye to the shoulder. Brown above, with rather indistinct
darker spots ; rarely uniform pinkish ; sometimes a light vertebral
band ; a dark cross band between the eyes ; a black band along
the canthus rostralis and a black temporal spot ; limbs more or
less distinctly cross-barred ; lower parts uniform whitish. Male
without vocal sacs.

From snout to vent 2'5 inches.

Hob. Forests of Southern India.

24. Rana semipalmata.
Rana semipalmata, Boukng. Cat. Batr. Sal. p. 50, pi. iv, fig. 3.

Intermediate between R. beddomii and R. leptodactyla. Dis-
tinguished from both by the much larger tympanum, which about
equals the eye ; from the former, by the toes, which are only half
webbed ; from the latter, by the length of the first finger, which
exceeds that of the second, and by the more extensive web between
the toes.

From snout to vent 1-4 inches.

Hab. Malabar.

•»'
25. Rana leptodactyla,

Polypedates brevipalmatus, Giinth. P. Z. S. 187o, p. 572.
Rana leptodactyla, Bouleng. Cat. Batr. Sal. p. 57.

Vomerine teeth in two oblique groups just behind the level of
the choanae. A free, pointed papilla on the middle of the tongue.
Head moderate, rather depressed ; snout blunt, with moderate
canthus rostralis ; interorbital space as broad as, or a little narrower
than, the upper eyelid ; tympanum distinct, half the diameter of
the eye. Fingers moderate, first not extending as far as second ;
toes one-third or one-fourth webbed ; tips of fingers and toes
dilated into small but well-developed disks ; subarticular tubercles
well developed ; a small, oval, inner metatarsal tubercle ; no tarsal
fold. Tibio-tarsal articulation reaching the tip of the snout or
beyond. Skin of the back with short longitudinal glandular folds ;
a fold from the eye to the shoulder. Olive or brownish above,
mottled with darker ; a more or less distinct subtriangular dark
spot between the eyes, often limited in front by a light cross band ;
sometimes a light vertebral band ; a black band along the canthus
rostralis, and a black temporal spot ; limbs cross-barred ; beneath,
immaculate or spotted with brown, sometimes brown dotted with
white.

From snout to vent 1-3 inches. :

Hab. Forests of Malabar ; Anaimalais.

RANA. 455

26. Rana diplosticta.

Ixalus diplos-tictus, Giinth. P. Z. S. 1875, p. 574, pi. Ixiii, fig. C.
liana diplostictus, Bouleny. Cat. Batr. Sal. p. 58.

Very closely allied to, and perhaps not different from, the pre-
ceding species. The canthns rostralis is rather more angulnr and
the loreal region not quite so oblique. A black spot above the
loin on each side.

flab. Malabar.

27. E-ana phrynoderma.

Rana phrynoderma, Bouleng. Cat. Batr. Sal. p. 462.

Vomerine teeth in two slightly oblique oval groups between the
choanae. A free, pointed papilla on the middle of the tongue.
Head moderate; snout short, rounded, with indistinct canthus
rostralis and concave loreal region j nostril equally distant from
the eye and the tip of the snout ; interorbital space narrower than
the upper eyelid ; tympanum moderately distinct, about two thirds
the diameter of the eye. Fingers and toes rather short, the tips
dilated into small but well-developed disks ; first finger not ex-
tending as far as second ; toes one-fourth webbed ; subarticular
tubercles well developed ; a single, small, oval inner metatarsal
tubercle ; a slight tarsal fold. The tibio-tarsal articulation reaches
the tip of the snout. Upper parts covered with strong warts of
different sizes and short glandular folds ; a strong fold from the
eye to the shoulder. Dark greyish brown above, with obsolete
darker spots ; limbs with regular cross bars ; beneath brown,
dotted with whitish.

From snout to vent 1*3 inches.

Hob. Anaimalai Hills.

28. Rana macrodactyla.

Hylarana macrodactyla, Giinth. Cat. Batr. Sal. p. 72, pi. ii, fig. C ;

id-. Kept. B. I. p. 424.

Rana macrodactyla, Botdeng. Cut. Batr. Sal. p. 54.
? Hylorana subcoerulea, Cope, Proc. Ac. Philad. 1868, p. 140.

Yomerine teeth in two oblique series between the choanae.
Head depressed, longer than broad ; snout long, subacumiiiate ;
loreal region nearly vertical, concave ; nostril much nearer to the
end of the snout than to the eye ; interorbital space broader than the
upper eyelid ; tympanum very distinct, nearly as large as the eye.
Fingers slender, elongate, first not extending beyond second ; foot
nearly as long as the distance between the vent and the tympanum ;
toes very slender, half webbed; tips of fingers and toes dilated
into very small disks ; subarticular tubercles moderate ; a small
oval inner, and a small rounded outer metatarsal tubercle ; no
tarsal fold. The tibio-tarsal articulation reaches the tip of the

456 EANID^E.

snout or beyond. Skin smooth ; a narrow glandular lateral fold.
Brown above, usually with darker spots : sides dark brown, or
closely spotted with dark brown ; upper lip and lateral fold
whitish ; usually a light vertebral line ; limbs with transverse dark
brown spots, which do not range across, being interrupted on the
upper surface ; one or two dark brown lines along the back of the
thighs ; lower surfaces white.

From snout to vent 1'5 inches.

Hub. Burma and Southern China.

29. Rana gracilis.

Rana gracilis, Gravenh. Delic. Mus. ZooL Vratisl. p. 45, pi. viii,

fig. 3.

Lymnodytes macularius, Btyth, J. A. S. B. xxiii, 1854, p. 299.
Ilylorana nmcularia, Gunth. Kept. B. I. p. 425, pi. xxvi, fig. C.
Rana macularia, Bouleng. Cat. Batr. Sal. p. CO.

Vomerine teeth in two oblique groups between the choanae.
Head depressed, longer than broad ; snout long, subacuminate,
prominent ; loreal region nearly vertical, concave ; nostril much
nearer to the end of the snout than to the eye ; interorbital space
broader than the upper eyelid ; tympanum very distinct, nearly as
large as the eye. Fingers slender, first extending beyond second ;
toes slender, rather more than half webbed ; tips of fingers and
toes slightly swollen, or dilated into very small disks ; subarticular
tubercles well developed : inner metatarsal tubercle small, oval ;
a rather large outer tubercle ; no tarsal fold. The tibio-tarsal
articulation reaches the nostril or the tip of the snout. Skin
smooth ; a rather broad glandular lateral fold ; a short glandular
fold from beneath the eye to the shoulder, followed by a series of
more or less confluent glandules, simulating a second glandular
fold. Brown above, sides of head and body darker ; some dark
spots on the middle of the back, sometimes confluent into a
vertebral band ; upper lip and lower glandular fold white, hinder
side of thighs marbled blackish and white ; beneath white, im-
maculate or brown-spotted on the throat. Male with two not
much developed external vocal sacs below the angle of the mouth.

From snout to vent 2-5 inches.

Hob. Ceylon.

30. Rana malabarica.

Rana nialabarica, Dum. $ Bibr. Erp. Gtn. viii, p. 365, pi. Ixxxvi,

fig. 1 ; Baulerg. Cat. Batr. Sal. p. 60.
Hylorana nialabarica, Gunth. Sept. B. I. p. 426.

Vomerine teeth in two oval oblique groups between the choanae.
Head moderate, depressed ; shout moderate, hardly as long as the
diameter of the orbit, subacuminate, moderately prominent ; loreal

EANA. 457

region concave ; nostril nearer to the end of the snout than to the
eye ; interorbital space rather narrower than the upper eyelid ; tym-
panum very distinct, nearly as large as the eye. Fingers moderate,
first extending beyond second ; toes rather short, half webbed ; tips
of fingers and toes swollen; subarticular tubercles very strong; inner
metatarsal tubercle oval, blunt ; a large rounded tubercle at the
base of the fourth toe ; no tarsal fold. The tibio-tarsal articulation
reaches the tympanum or the eye. Skin finely granulate above ;
a broad, not very prominent glandular lateral fold ; a strong
glandular fold from below the eye to the shoulder, followed by one
or two glandules. Head and body bright crimson above, blackish
brown on the sides ; back sometimes with a few small black spots ;
upper lip, and a series of spots on the flank, white ; limbs blackish
brown above, spotted and marbled with pale brown and white ;
beneath uniform white, or marbled brown and white.

From snout to vent 2*75 inches.

Hob. Malabar and Bombay hills (Matheran).

31. Rana lateralis.

Eana lateralis, Bouleng. Ann. Mus. Geneva, (2) v, 1887, p. 483,
pi. viii, fig. 2.

Vomerine teeth in two oblique series between the choanae, and
extending to the inner anterior corner of the latter, widely separated
from each other. Head moderate, depressed ; snout as long as the
diameter of the orbit, acuminate, slightly projecting ; nostril equally
distant from the orbit and the end of the snout ; loreal region con-
cave ; interorbital space as broad as the upper eyelid; tympanum very
distinct, three fourths the diameter of the eye. Fingers moderate,
first much longer than second ; toes three-fifths webbed ; tips of
fingers and toes slightly swollen ; subarticular tubercles small ;
a large, compressed, very prominent inner metatarsal tubercle, two
thirds the length of the inner toe ; no outer metatarsal tubercle.
The tibio-tarsal articulation reaches the anterior border of the eye.
Skin smooth ; a narrow glandular lateral fold and another from
below the eye to above the shoulder. Back grey, sides black, the
two colours sharply separated on the lateral fold and on the canthus
rostralis ; a black line borders the upper lip, separated from the
black loreal and temporal regions by a broad pure white baud
which extends to above the shoulder and sends up a process
behind the tympanum ; a grey band along each flank, separated
from the belly by an irregular black band ; a black humeral spot ;
hind limbs with black cross bars ; hinder sides of thighs marbled
black and white : a black band along the anterior side of the
thighs ; throat blackish, with a whitish median line ; breast closely
spotted with black ; belly white. Male with internal vocal sacs.

From snout to vent 2-1 inches.

Nab. Tenasserim (Kokarit, east of Moulmeiu).

458

32. Rana curtipes.

Rana curtipes, Jerdon, J. A. S. JB. xxii, 1863, p. 532 ; Boulcny. Cut.
Batr. Sal. p. 61.

Vomerine teeth scarcely developed, sometimes indistinct, in t\vo
slightly oblique series on a level with the hinder edge of the
choanae. Head large ; snout short, rounded, with well-marked
canthus rostralis and concave loreal region ; nostril nearer to the
end of the snout than to the eye ; interorbital space broader than
the upper eyelid ; tympanum distinct, nearly as large as the eye.
Fingers moderate, first extending beyond second ; toes short, nearly
entirely webbed ; tips of fingers and toes swollen or dilated into
very small disks ; subarticular tubercles much developed ; inner
metatarsal tubercle small, oval, blunt ; a rather large, flat tubercle
at the base of the fourth toe ; no tarsal fold. The tibio-tarsal
articulation reaches the eye. Skin finely granular above; a
moderately prominent, rather narrow glandular lateral fold ;
another fold behind the tympanum down to the shoulder. Greyish
or brown above, with or without blackish dots ; lateral fold lighter,
edged with black ; a blackish oblique spot or band below the eye ;
upper lip with a blackish margin ; limbs dark purplish brown,
without cross bands ; light brown beneath, the throat sometimes
dark brown. Male with an internal subgular vocal sac.

From snout to vent 3*25 inches.

Hab. Forests of North Canara and Malabar.

33. Rana tytleri.

Hylorana tytleri, Theob. Cat. Kept. As. Soc. Mus. p. 84 ; Stoliczka,

J. A. S. B. xxxix, 1870, pt. 2, p. 148, pi. ix, fig. 1.
Hylorana leptoglossa, Cope, Proc. Ac. Philad. 1868, p. 139.
Hylorana pipiens, Jerdon, P. A. S. B. 1870, p. 83.
? Hylorana granulosa, Anders. J. A. S. B. si, 1871, p. 23.
Eana alticola and R. tytleri, B&uleng. Cut. Batr. Sal. pp. 62, 65.

Vomerine teeth in two oblique series between the choanae.
Head a little longer than broad ; snout a little longer than the
diameter of the orbit, more or less acuminate and prominent, with
well-marked canthus rostralis and concave loreal region ; nostril
nearer to the end of the snout than to the eye ; interorbital space
broader than the upper eyelid ; tympanum very distinct, as large as
the eye or a little smaller. Fingers rather slender, first not extend-
ing beyond second ; toes moderate, nearly entirely webbed ; tips of
fingers and toes swollen into small but very distinct disks ; sub-
articular tubercles weU developed ; inner metatarsal tubercle very
small, scarcely prominent ; a rather indistinct outer metatarsal
tubercle ; no tarsal fold. The tibio-tarsal articulation reaches the
tip of the snout, or a little beyond. A slightly prominent, narrow
glandular lateral fold ; another, sometimes indistinct, from behind
the tympanum to the shoulder. Light brown above, scarcely or not

RANA. 459

spotted, sides dark brown ; glandular fold whitish, black-margme J ;
upper lip whitish with a dark margin ; limbs with dark cross bands ;
whitish beneath, the throat and breast nearly covered with brown
spots leaving a median line immaculate. Male with internal vocal
sacs and an oval flat gland on the inner side of the arm.

Prom snout to vent 2 inches.

Hub. Dacca, Khasi Hills, Burma.

34. Rana nicobariensis.

Jlylorana mcobariensis, Stoliczka, J. A. S. B. xxxix, 1870, pt. 2,

p. 150, pi. ix, fig. 2.
Rana nicobariensis, Bouleng. A. M. N. H. (5) xvi, 1885, p. 389.

Very closely allied to the preceding, but head longer, and toes
barely two-thirds webbed. Skin of back granulate. Back usually
spotted or marbled with blackish.

from snout to vent 2 inches.

Hob. Nicobars, Nias, Sumatra.

35. Rana temporalis.

PRana flavescens, Jerdon, J. A. S. B. xxii, 1854, p. 531.
Hylorana temporalis, Giinth. Rept. B. I. p. 427, pi. xxvi, fig. G.
Rana temporalis, Bouleng. Cat. Batr. Sal. p. 63.

Vomerine teeth in two oblique series extending beyond the level
of the hinder edge of the choanae. Head depressed, a little longer
than broad ; snout subacuminate, prominent, as long as the diameter
of the orbit or slightly longer ; canthus rostralis angular ; loreal
region nearly vertical, strongly concave ; interorbital space as broad
as the upper eyelid or rather broader ; tympanum very distinct, as
large as the eye or a little smaller. Fingers moderate, first extending
beyond second ; toes nearly entirely webbed ;• tips of fingers and
toes dilated into well developed disks ; subarticular tubercles well
developed ; inner metatarsal tubercle oval, blunt ; a small round,
outer metatarsal tubercle ; no tarsal fold. The tibio-tarsal articu-
lation reaches the nostril, the tip of the snout, or a little beyond.
Skin smooth or finely granulate above ; a narrow glandular lateral
fold. Brown above ; loreal and temporal regions, and sometimes
also the sides of the body, dark brown ; a white labial band ; limbs
with dark cross bands ; lower parts white, throat and breast more
or less speckled with brown. Male with internal vocal sacs and
an oval flat gland on the inner side of the arm. ,

From snout to vent 3-2 inches.

Ha b. Anaimalai Hills and Ceylon.

36. Rana margariana.

Hylarana margariana, Anders. An. Zool. Res. Yunnan, p. 84(>,

pi. Ixxviii, fig. 4.
Rana margariaua, Bouleng. Cat. Batr. Sal. p. 58.

460 EANID^E.

Vomerine teeth very feebly developed, in two oblique series
between the choanaa. Head moderate, rather flat ; canthus rostralis
rounded, loreal region deeply concave ; tympanum distinct, nearly
as large as the eye. Fingers moderate, first slightly longer than
second, with a rudimentary web (?) ; toes moderate, nearly entirely
webbed ; a small elongate inner inetatarsal tubercle ; disks of fingers
very feebly developed, of toes more stronglv so. A narrow glan-
dular fold from behind the eye along the side of the body. Olive-
brown above, with a dark almost blackish baud from the snout
through the eye, along the sides of the groin, and a narrow pale
line from below the eye to the shoulder ; limbs cross-barred ; throat
and chest almost black from the profusion of dark brown specks.

From snout to vent 1-6 inches.

Hob. Kakhyen Hills, Upper Burma.

37. Rana humeralis.

Rana humeralis, Bouleng. Ann. Mus. Genova, (2) v, 1887, p. 420,
pi. iv, fig. 1.

Vomerine teeth in two oblique series between the choanse, their
outer extremities nearly touching the anterior corners of the latter.
Head depressed, nearly as long as broad ; snout long, obtusely
acuminate and projecting ; canthus rostralis obtuse ; loreal region
concave ; nostril much nearer to the end of the snout than to the eye ;
interorbital space as broad as the upper eyelid ; tympanum nearly
as large as the eye. Fingers and toes as in It. erythrcea, except
that the first finger extends distinctly beyond the second, and the
disks are a trifle less developed ; inner metatarsal tubercle moderate,
oval ; no outer tubercle. The tibio-tarsal articulation reaches half-
way between the eye and the end of the snout. Skin smooth ;
a glandular lateral fold, narrower than in It. erytlircea ; another
fold from below the eye to the shoulder, followed by a prominent
glandule. Grey-brown or pale olive above, greenish on the flanks ;
glandular dorsal folds not light- coloured ; loreal and temporal
regions usually darker ; upper lip whitish : hinder side of thighs
blackish, or marbled with blackish ; no cross-bands on the limbs ;
lower surfaces white. Male with two external subgular vocal sacs,
and a large oval gland on the arm.

From snout to vent 3'3 inches.

Hob. Bhamo, Teinzo, Upper Burma.

38. Rana erythraea.

Hyla erythreea, SMeg. Abbild. p. 27, pi. ix, fig. 3.

Limnodytes ery thraeua, Dum. fy Bibr. Erp.Gen. viii, p. 511, pi. Ixxxviii,

fig. 1 ; Cantor, J. A. S. B. xvi, 1847, p. 1062.
Hylorana erythrsea, Giinth. Sept. B. I. p. 425.
Rana erythreea, Bouleng. Cat. Batr. Sal. p. 65.

Vomerine teeth in two oblique groups between the choanae.
Head depressed, a little longer than broad ; snout long, obtusely

RANA. 401

acuminate and projecting ; cauthus rostralis angular ; loreal region
concave ; nostril much nearer to the end of the snout than to the
eye ; interorbital space as broad as the upper eyelid ; tympanum very
distinct, nearly as large as the eye. Fingers rather slender, first not
extending beyond second ; toes nearly entirely webbed; tips of fingers
and toes dilated into small but well-developed disks ; subarticular
tubercles moderate ; a small oval inner metatarsal tubercle ; no
outer tubercle ; no tarsal fold. The tibio-tarsal articulation reaches
the tip of the snout. Skin smooth ; a rather broad and prominent
glandular lateral fold ; another fold from below the eye to the
shoulder, followed by a strong glandule. Green above (brown or
bluish in spirits) ; upper lip yellow ; lateral fold yellow, margined
with black beneath ; tympanum reddish brown ; hind limb dark
speckled or longitudinally streaked ; lower surfaces uniform white.
Male with internal vocal sacs.

From snout to vent 2*6 inches.

Hob. Burma, Malay Peninsula and Archipelago.

39. Eana monticola.

Hylorana monticola, Anders. J. A. S. B, xl, 1871, p. 25.

? Hylarana pipiens (non Jerd.), Stoliczka, P. A. S. B. 1872, p. 106.

" Snout of moderate length, very little longer than the distance
between the eyes, moderately pointed. Canthus rostralis triangular
or nearly so. Loreal region between the nostril and eye flat,
perpendicular and then abruptly rounded outwards to lower jaw.
Nostril slightly below the canthus rostralis and nearer to the end of
the snout than to the eye. Upper jaw not projecting much below
the lower. Tympanum distinct, small, about one third the size of
the eye. The vomerine ridges begin on a line with the anterior
internal angle of the choanse, in two oblique lines, increasing in
size from the front, converging behind, but separated by a con-
siderable interspace. A glandular fold along the side of the back,
with a very indistinct one from the tympanum to the shoulder.
A few enlarged glands behind the mouth, with a short fold meeting
the one from the tympanum and ceasing behind the shoulder. From
the vent to the heel is slightly in excess of the length of the body.
The length of the foot is about half the length of the body. Disks
large. The thumb is a little shorter than the second finger, which
is about one fourth shorter than the fourth. The third finger
is one third longer than the fourth. Toes broadly webbed, the
membrane reaching to the disks of all except the fourth. Dark
slate-colour above, obscurely marked with large darker spots.
A deep bluish-black band from the nostril through the eye and
tympanum, and along the sides on which it expands, and is obscurely
spotted with darker. A pale bluish line from the eye along the
glandular fold. Upper surface of legs greyish, obscurely banded
and mottled with slaty brownish. Back of thighs finely reticulated
with brown. Under surface yellowish. Upper lip, postoral glands
and fold yellowish, faintly mottled with dark slaty. A narrow

462 BANID^E.

slaty streak along the margin of the lower jaw. A dark bluish-
black broken band from the angle of the mouth downwards and
backwards along the fore part of the hutnerus, separated from the
general dark slaty of the arm by a narrow yellowish streak. Below,
the elbow and the hands barred with blackish."

Length of body 2*8 inches.

Hub. Darjeeliug (3500 feet).

40. Eana livida.

? Polypedates smaragdinus, Blyth, J. A. S. B. xxi, 1852, p. 355.
Polypedates lividus, Blyth, J. A. 8. B. xxiv, 1855, p. 718.
Polypedates sniaragdinus, Jerdon, P. A. S. B. 1870, p. 83.
Polypedates chloronotus, Gilnth. P. Z. 8. 1875, p. 509, pi. Ixv, fig. A.
Kana chloronota, Bouleny. Cat. Batr. Sal. p. 69.
Rana livida, Bouleng. Ann. Mus. Genova, (2) v, 1 887, p. 484.

Vomerine teeth in two oblique series commencing between, and
extending posteriorly beyond, the choanse. Head much depressed,
about as long as broad ; snout shorter than the diameter of the
orbit, rounded ; canthus rostralis obtuse ; loreal region nearly verti-
cal, concave ; nostril a little nearer to the tip of the snout than to
the eye ; interorbital space as broad as the upper eyelid ; tympanum
distinct, about half the diameter of eye. Fingers moderate, de-
pressed, first extending slightly bevond second ; toes webbed to the
disks ; tips of fingers and toes dilated into very large disks, that
of the third finger as large as the tympanum ; subarticular tubercles
large ; a single, oval, inner metatarsal tubercle ; no tarsal fold.
The tibio-tarsal articulation reaches beyond the tip of the snout ;
tibia as long as the trunk. Skin smooth above ; a glandular fold
from below the eye to the shoulder, followed by a glandule. Upper
surface of the head and body green, usually with a few black spots ;
sides of head, body, and limbs dark brown ; limbs with blackish
cross bands ; groin and back of thighs with yellow spots or mar-
blings ; a white streak along the upper lip ; beneath white or yel-
lowish, the throat usually speckled with brown. Male with two
external vocal sacs below the angles of the mouth.
From snout to vent 3' 6 inches.

Hob. Darjeeling, mountains of Assam and Tenasserim, Hong
Kong.

41. Eana latopalmata.

Polypedates ? marmoratus, Blyth, J. A. S. B. xxiv, 1855, p. 188.

Polypedates afghana, Giinth. 'Cat. Batr. Sal. p. 81 ; id. Rept. B. I.
p. 432.

? Ixalus kakhienensis, Anders. Zool. Res. Yunnan, p. 845, pi. Ixxviii,
fig. 6.

Eana afghana, Bouleng. Cat. Batr. Sal. p. 69.

Eana latopalmata, Bouleng. 1. c. p. 464.

Vomerine teeth in two short, straight or slightly oblique series
behind the level of the choanse. Head much depressed, as long as
broad or a little broader than long ; snout shorter than the diameter
of the orbit, rounded ; canthus rostralis obtuse ; loreal region con-

EANA. 463

cave; nostril a lit tie nearer to the tip of the snout than to the eye ;
interorbital space as broad as the upper eyelid ; tympanum small,
often rather indistinct, not more than two fifths the diameter of
the eye. Fingers moderate, depressed, first not extending quite
as far as second ; toes webbed to the disks ; tips of fingers and toes
dilated into very large disks, that of the third finger larger than the
tympanum ; subarticular tubercles large ; inner metatarsal tu-
bercle oval, flat ; outer metatarsal tubercle very indistinct or absent ;
no tarsal fold. The tibio-tarsal articulation reaches beyond the
tip of the snout ; tibia as long as the trunk. Skin smooth or
granulate above ; sides with larger glandules ; a fold above the
tympanum ; belly granular. Brown or dark olive above, spotted
or marbled with darker, or with greyish variegations ; limbs with
dark cross bands ; beneath yellowish, uniform or marbled with
brown. Male with internal vocal sacs.

From snout to vent 3'5 inches.

Hob, Eastern Himalayas (between 1000 and 3000 feet), Khasi
Hills, Kakhyen Hills (3500 feet), Pegu and Tenasserim (not
Afghanistan).

42. Eana himalayana.

Eana himalayaoa, Bouleng. A. M. N. It. (6) ii, 1888, p. 507.

Vomerine teeth in two oblique series, forming a very open angle,
on a level with the posterior border of the choanae, which are un-
usually small. Head much depressed, broader than long ; snout short,
rounded ; canthus rostralis obtuse ; loreal region concave ; nostril
a little nearer to the eye than to the tip of the snout ; interorbital
space as broad as the upper evelid ; tympanum not or but slightly
distinct, hardly one third the diameter of the eye. Fingers very
long, dilated into very large disks, which measure more than half
the diameter of the eye ; inner finger with a small distal expansion,
as long as the second minus the distal disk ; third finger at least
as long as the distance between the end of the snout and the tym-
panum. Toes moderate, much depressed, webbed to the disks,
which are smaller than those of the fingers ; subarticular tubercles
large ; an oval, flat, inner metatarsal tubercle ; no outer tubercle ;
no tarsal fold. Tibio-tarsal articulation reaching beyond the tip of
the snout ; tibia as long as the trunk. Skin smooth above, with
small granules on the sides and temples ; no lateral fold ; a rather
feeble supratemporal fold ; belly and proximal under surface of
thighs granulate. Olive or greyish above, with rather indistinct
large, round, darker spots on the body and cross bands on the limbs ;
hinder side of thighs purplish brown ; lower surfaces brownish or
pale olive. Male with internal vocal sacs.

From snout to vent 3 inches.

Hab. Darjeeling.

43. Eana formosa.

Polypedates formosus, Gunth. P. Z. S. 1875, p. 570, pi. Ixv, fig. B.
Rana formosa, Bouleny. Cat. Batr. Sal. p. 70.

464 BANID^E.

Vomerine teeth in two small oblique series behind the level of
the choanae, which are very small. Head much depressed, broader
thau long ; snout shorter than the diameter of the orbit, rounded ;
canthus rostralis obtuse ; loreal region concave ; nostril a little
nearer to the eye than to the tip of the snout ; interorbital space
as broad as the upper eyelid ; tympanum moderately distinct,
about one third the diameter of the eye. Fingers very long, third
at least as long as the distance between the end of the snout and
the tympanum ; first finger considerably shorter than second, di-
lated into a small disk ; disks of the other fingers very large ; toes
webbed to the disks, which are smaller than those of the fingers ;
subarticular tubercles moderate ; an oval, flat inner inetatarsal
tubercle ; no tarsal fold. Tibio-tarsal articulation reaching the
tip of the snout ; tibia shorter than the trunk. Skin smooth above ;
belly granular. Green above, with blackish spots on the back and
cross bands on the limbs ; hinder side of thighs marbled with black ;
lower parts and web between the toes marbled brown and whitish.
Male with internal vocal sacs.

From snout to vent 2'6 inches.

Hub. Khasi Hills and Darjeeling.

Genus MICRIXALUS,

Boulenger, P. Z. S. 1888, p. 205.

Pupil horizontal. Tongue free and bifid behind. Vomerine
teeth none. Tympanum indistinct or hidden. Fingers free, toes
webbed, the tips dilated into regular disks. Outer metatarsals
separated by web. Omosternum and sternum with a bony style.
Digits with the normal number of phalanges, the distal phalanx J-
shaped.

Distribution. Southern India and Ceylon.

Dwarfed forms of liana, which do not develop vomerine teeth.

Synopsis of the Species.

A. No glandular dorso-lateral fold; digital

disks very large, twice as wide as the
non-dilated part ; toes webbed to disks ;
tongue with a free, pointed papilla on
median line.

a. Belly smooth , M. saxicola, p. 465.

b. Belly coarsely granular M. sarasinorum, p. 465.

B. A glandular dorso-lateral fold ; digital

disks moderate; toes incompletely
webbed, web not reaching disk of fourth
toe.

a. Toes at least three-fourths webbed ;

tongue with a free, pointed papilla on

the median line M. opisthorhodus, p. 465.

b. Toes at least three-fourths webbed ; no

lingual papilla I M. fuscus, p. 466.

c. Toes not half webbed ; no lingual papilla M, silvaticus, p. 466.

MICBIXALITS. 465

44. Micrixalus saxicola.

Polypedates ? saxicola, Jerdon, J. A. S. B. xxii, 1853, p. 533.
Ixalus saxicola, Bouleng. Cat. Batr. Sal. p. 97.

Tongue with a free, pointed papilla in the anterior part of the
median line. Snout subacuminate, as long as the diameter of the
orbit ; canthus rostralis angular ; loreal region flat, vertical ;
nostril equally distant from the eye and the tip of the snout ;
iuterorbital space as broad as the upper eyelid ; tympanum small,
hidden. Toes very broadly webbed, the web reaching the disks,
which are very large ; subarticular tubercles small ; a small inner
metatarsal tubercle. The hind limb being stretched forwards along
the body, the tibio-tarsal articulation reaches the tip of the snout
or somewhat beyond. Skin smooth above and beneath : a fold
from the eye to the shoulder. Olive-brown above, with more or
less distinct darker reticulations ; limbs with dark cross bands ;
throat and breast often marbled with brown. Male with internal
vocal sacs, the openings of which are very small.

From snout to vent 1-2 inches.

Hob. Malabar and Wynaad; on rocks in shady mountain-
streams.

45. Micrixalus sarasinorum.

Ixalus sarasinorum, F. Mutter, Verb. nat. Ges. Basel, viii, 1887,
p. 256, pi. i, fig. 1.

Tongue with a free, pointed papilla in the anterior part of the
median line. Snout obtusely pointed, somewhat shorter than the
diameter of the orbit ; canthus rostralis scarcely marked ; loreal
region oblique, somewhat concave ; nostril much nearer to the end
of the snout than to the eye ; interorbital space a little narrower than
the upper eyelid ; tympanum indistinct. Toes very broadly webbed,
the web reaching the disks, which are large ; subarticular tubercles
small ; a small inner metatarsal tubercle. The tibio-tarsal articu-
lation reaches the tip of the snout. Skin above finely corrugated,
with warts on the snout, vertex, flanks, and especially on the
upper eyelids ; a fold from the eye to the shoulder ; a fine ridge
along the middle of the head and back ; belly granular. Olive-
green above ; a vertical white bar below the eye ; a white lumbar
spot ; limbs with numerous dark cross bands ; throat and belly
dirty white.

ffab. Ceylon (Peradenia).

46. Micrixalus opisthorhodus.

Y Liuiuodytes ? phyllopliila, Jerdon, J. A. S. B. xxii, 1853, p. 532.
Ixalus opisthorhodus, Giinth. P. Z. S. 1868, p. 484, pi. xxxvii, fig. 3 ;
Bouleng. Cat. Batr. Sal. p. 95.

Tongue with a free, pointed papilla in the anterior part of the

466

mediau line. Snout subacuminate, prominent, about as long as
the diameter of the orbit ; canthus rostralis angular ; loreal region
flat, vertical ; nostril nearly equally distant from the eye and the
tip of the snout ; interorbital space slightly broader than the upper
eyelid; tympanum small, hidden. Toes about three-fourths
webbed; disks moderate; subarticular tubercles small; a small
inner metatarsal tubercle. Upper parts smooth, with a few short
oblique glandular folds, and a narrow glandular lateral fold ; a fold
from the eye to the shoulder ; lower parts quite smooth. Brown-
ish above, with a few indistinct darker markings ; loreal and tem-
poral regions dark brown; limbs with dark cross bands; beneath
immaculate, or brown-spotted on the throat and breast ; lower
surface of hind limbs, hinder side of thighs, and sometimes hind
part of belly beautifully rose-coloured. Male with internal vocal
sacs, the openings of which are very small.

From snout to vent 1-25 inches.

Hob. Forests of South-western India (Nilgiris, Malabar).

47. Micrixalus fuscus.
Ixalus fuscus, Boitieny. Cat. Batr. Sal. p. 96, pi. x, tig. 3.

Snout pointed, prominent, generally longer than the orbital
diameter ; canthus rostralis angular ; loreal region flat, vertical ;
nostril halfway between the eye and the tip of the snont ; interor-
bital space as broad as the upper eyelid ; tympanum small, indis-
tinct. Toes nearly entirely webbed ; disks moderate ; subarticular
tubercles small ; a small inner metatarsal tubercle. The tibio-tar-
sal articulation reaches between the eye and the tip of the snout.
Skin smooth above and beneath ; a narrow glandular lateral fold ;
a fold from the eye to the shoulder. Brown or pinkish above ;
sides of head and body generally darker ; limbs with dark cross
bands ; hinder side of thighs dark brown, with a more or less
accentuated light median stripe ; whitish beneath, marbled with
brown. Male with two internal vocal sacs, the openings of which
are very small.

From snout to vent 1-2 inches.

Hob. Forests, IS". Canara to Travancore and Tinnevelly.

48. Micrixalus silvaticus.
Ixalus silvaticus, Bouleny. Cat. Batr. Sal. p. 469.

Snout rounded or subacuminate, slightly prominent, hardly as
long as the diameter of the orbit ; canthus rostralis angular ; loreal
region flat, vertical ; nostril halfway between the eye and the tip
of the snout ; interorbital space a little broader than the upper
eyelid ; tympanum small, indistinct. Toes one-third or two-fifths
webbed, the membrane extending as a narrow fringe along their
sides ; disks of fingers and toes small ; subarticular tubercles small ;

NTCTIBATBACHUS. 467

a small inner metatarsal tubercle. The tibio-tarsal articulation
marks the posterior border or the centre of the eye. Skin smooth
above and beneath ; a narrow glandular lateral fold, commencing
some distance from the eye ; a fold from the eye to the shoulder.
Brown above, with rather indistinct darker markings, the most
constant being a broad chevron between the eyes ; sides of head
blackish brown ; limbs cross-barred ; hinder side of thighs blackish
brown ; groin and front of thighs frequently rose-coloured ; brown
beneath, throat and chest dotted, belly and lower surface of hind
limbs marbled with whitish. Male with two internal vocal sacs.

From snout to vent I'l inches.

Hab. Malabar, in forests.

Genus NYCTIBATRACHUS,
Boulenger, Cat. Batr. Sal. p. 113, 1882.

Pupil vertical. Tongue free and deeply notched behind. Vo-
inerine teeth. Tympanum hidden. Fingers free, toes webbed,
the tips dilated into small disks. Outer metatarsals separated by
web. Omosternum and sternum with a bony style. Phalanges
normal, distal bifurcate.

Distribution. Southern India.

Synopsis of the Species.
Toes almost entirely webbed N. major, p.

Toes half webbed N. pygmceus, p. 467.

49. Nyctibatrachus pygmaus.

Rana pyginsea, Gilnth. P. Z. S. 1875, p. 568.

Xvctibatrachus pygmseus, Bouleny. Cat. Batr. Sal. p. 113, pi. xii,
*fig. 1.

Vomerine teeth in two small oblique series behind the level of
the choauae. Habit stout. Snout very short, without canthus
rostralis ; eyes very prominent, obliquely directed forwards and
upwards ; upper eyelid very narrow ; interorbital space much
broader than the upper eyelid. Fingers moderate, first shorter
than second; toes moderate, half webbed, the tips swollen into
very small disks ; subarticular tubercles not much developed ; a
small, blunt, oval, inner metatarsal tubercle. The tarso-metatarsal
articulation reaches the eye or slightly beyond. Skin smooth,
with some glandular folds on the head and the front part of the
back ; a very distinct, oblique fold beneath the eye, and a vertical
one on the tip of the snout. Dark brown above, with rather
indistinct blackish markings ; light brown beneath. Male without
vocal sacs.

From snout to vent 1 inch.

Hab. Anaimalai Hills.

468

50. Nyctibatrachus major.
Nyctibatraclius major, Bouleny. Cat. Batr. Sal. p. 114, pi. xii, fig. 2.

Voinerine teeth in two straight series, oblique in the young,
much behind the level of the choame. Habit stout. Snout very
short, without canthus rostralis ; eyes very prominent, obliquely
directed forwards and upwards ; upper eyelid very narrow ; inter-
orbital space twice as broad as the upper eyelid. ringers
moderate, first much shorter than second ; toes moderate, nearly
entirely webbed ; tips of fingers and toes swollen into small disks ;
subarticular tubercles not much developed ; a small, elongate,
scarcely prominent, inner metatarsal tubercle. The tibio-tarsal
articulation reaches the eye, or somewhat beyond. Above with
very thin, closely-set vermiculated folds : a rather indistinct
oblique fold beneath the eye ; upper eyelid coArered with strong
tubercles ; throat with .slight longitudinal folds. Brown above,
with rather indistinct darker and lighter markings ; brownish
beneath, more or less speckled with brown. Male with two in-
ternal vocal sacs.

From snout to vent 2'2 inches.

Hob. Malabar; "Wynaad.

Genus NANNOBATRACHUS,
Boulenger, Cat. Batr. Sal. p. 470, 1882.

Pupil vertical. Tongue free and nicked behind. -Yomerine
teeth. Tympanum hidden. Fingers and toes free, the tips dilated
into small disks. Outer metatarsals separated by a groove.
Omosternum and sternum slender, cartilaginous. Phalanges
normal, distal bifurcate.

A single species, one of the smallest Batrachians known.

51. Nannobatrachus beddomii.
NaimobatracLus beddomii, Boule/iy. Cat. Batr. Sal. p. 470.

Voinerine teeth in two oblique oval groups behind the level of
the choanee. Habit stout. Snout short, rounded, without canthus
rostralis ; upper eyelid narrow, much narrower than the inter-
orbital space. Fingers moderate, first shorter than second ; toes
moderate, with a slight rudiment of web ; disks and subarticular
tubercles very small ; a very indistinct inner metatarsal tubercle.
The tarso-metatarsal articulation reaches the tip of the snout, or
not quite so far. Skin quite smooth. Brown above, variegated
with darker ; generally a more or less distinct light baud on each
side of the back ; limbs with dark cross bars ; whitish beneath, im-
maculate.

From snout to vent 0'8 inch.

Hal. Tinnevelly Hills, S. India.

NANNOPHBT8. 469

Genus NANNOPHKYS,

Giinther, P. Z. S. 1868, p. 482.

Pupil horizontal. Tongue free and deeply nicked behind. Vo-
merine teeth. Tympanum more or less distinct. Fingers free,
toes free, or with a rudiment of web, the tips not dilated. Outer
metatarsals united. Omosternum cartilaginous ; sternum a carti-
laginous plate. Diapophyses of sacral vertebra slightly dilated.
Phalanges normal.

Distribution. Ceylon.

Synopsis of the Species.

Tibio-tareal articulation reaching the tympanum or

eye '. N. ctylonensis, p. 461).

Tibio-tarsal articulation reaching tip of snout .... N. guentheri, p. 469.

52. Nannophrys ceylonensis.

Nannophrys ceylonensis, Gi'mth. P. Z. S. 1868, p. 482, and 1875,
p. mS;~Boulenrj. Cat. Batr. Sal. p. 115, pi. xii, fig. 3.

Trachycephalus ceylanicus, Ferguson, A. M. N. H. (4) xv, 1875,
p. 128.

Yomerine teeth in two small groups close together behind the
choanae. Lower jaw with two slight prominences in front. Habit
stout. Head broad ; suout short, rounded, with angular canthus
rostralis; iuterorbital space narrower than the upper eyelid; in
the adult, the skin of the sides of the head and of the forehead
becomes involved in the rough cranial ossification ; tympanum
about half the size of the eye. First finger shorter than second ;
the difference in length between the first and second fingers is the
same as that between the second and third ; subarticular tubercles
of fingers and toes much developed; inner metatarsal tubercle
elongate, rather indistinct ; no outer tubercle. The tibio-tarsal
articulation reaches the tympanum or the eye. Skin slightly tu-
bercular above, smooth beneath ; a fold of the skin uniting the
posterior borders of the upper eyelids, and extending fram the eye,
over the tympanum, to the shoulder. Upper parts brown, marbled
with darker ; upper lip and sides of body and limbs with small
light spots ; hind limbs with dark cross bars ; whitish beneath, the
male's throat brown. Male with two internal vocal sacs.

From snout to vent 1-6 inches.

Hob. Ceylon.

53. Nannophrys guentheri.

Naunophrys guentheri , Bouleny. Cat. Batr. Sal. p. 115, pi. xii, fig. 4

Vomeriue teeth in two indistinct groups behind the choana?.
Lower jaw with slight traces of bony prominences in front. Head
rather small, without bony rugosities ; snout short, rounded, with
angular canthus rostralis ; interorbital space narrower than the

470

upper eyelid ; tympanum not distinctly defined. First finger
snorter than second ; the difference in length between the first and
second finger is much greater than that between the second and
third ; tips of fingers pointed ; toes with a short but very distinct
web at the base; subarticular tubercles of fingers and toes not
much developed ; inner metatarsal tubercle elongate, rather in-
distinct; no outer tubercle. The tibio-tarsal articulation reaches
the tip of the snout. Skin strongly tubercular above, smooth
beneath ; a fold of the skin uniting the posterior borders of the
upper eyelids, and extending from the eye, over the tvmpanum,
to the shoulder. Upper parts brown, marbled with darker ; upper
lip and sides of body and limbs with small light spots ; hind limbs
with dark crossbars; uniform whitish beneath. Male with two
internal vocal sacs.

From snout to vent 1 inch.

Hob. Ceylon.

Genus RHACOPHORUS,

Kulil, Isis, 1827, p. 294.

Pupil horizontal. Tongue free and
deeply notched behind. Yomerine teeth.
Tympanum usually distinct. Fingers
usually more or less webbed ; toes webbed ;
tips of fingers and toes dilated into
regular disks. Outer metatarsals sepa-
rated by web. Oinosternum and sternum
with a bonv style. An intercalary
ossification or additional phalanx between
tne penultimate and distal phalanges ;
letter usually bifurcate (see fig. 128,
p. 435).

Distribution. Of the 42 known species, 20 are recorded from
India and its dependencies, 6 from other parts of the Oriental
region, 4 from China and Japan, and 12 from Madagascar. Habits
scansorial.

Synopsis of Indian, Ceylonese, and Burmese Species.

A. Fingers more than half webbed.

a. Vomerine teeth in two narrow transverse or
oblique series touching inner front edge of
choanae ; upper parts green (blue or purple
in spirit), uniform or dotted with black.
a'. Upper surfaces smooth ; heel without der-
mal appendages ; no spots R. ma.i imus,-p. 472.

If. Upper surfaces smooth ; heel with a dermal

appendage ; one or two black spots on each [p. 472.

side, behind the arm It. limaciilatu*.

E1JACOPHOEUS. 471

c' '. Upper surfaces finely granulate ; heel with a

dermal appendage R. malabaricus,

b. Vomerine teeth in two oblique series between [p. 473.

the choanae.
a'. Upper surfaces with small warts, throat

granulate R. beddomii, p. 473.

b'. Upper surfaces and throat smooth R. lateralis, p. 473.

c. Vomerine teeth in two widely separated small

rounded groups, close to internal angle of

choanae R. tuberculatus,

B. Fingers not half webbed. [p. 474.

a. Tympanum more than half diameter of eye.
a'. Heel without dermal appendage.

a". No parieto-squamosal arch ; head usually
rugose, with skin adhering to fronto-

parietal bones R. leucomystaa;

b". A more or less distinct parieto-squamosal [p. 474.

arch,
a. Skin of head free ; disk of 3rd finger

not more than half diameter of eye . . R. maculatus,
IB. Skin adherent to nasal and frontoparietal [p. 475.

bones ; disk of 3rd linger at least

half diameter of eye R. cruciyer, p. 476.

b'. Heel with a dermal appendage.

a". Snout not twice as long as diameter of eye. R. eques, p. 476.
b". Snout twice as long as diameter of eye. . R. nasutus, p. 477.

b. Tympanum not more than half diameter of eye.
«'. Tongue with a free pointed papilla on

median line.

a". Diameter of eye equal to its distance
from nostril, and twice diameter of

tympanum R. reticulatus,

b". Diameter of eye more than its distance [p. 477.

from nostril, and more than twice
diameter of tympanum.
a. Web scarcely developed between inner

toes R. dubius, p. 477.

/3. Web embracing at least half length of

inner toes R. nanus, p. 8.

//. Tongue without

a". Fingers very distinctly webbed.
a. Tibio

io-tarsal articulation reaching pos-
terior border of orbit ; hinder side of
thighs not coloured ................ R. jerdonii, p. 478.

|3. Tibio-tarsal articulation reaching centre
of eye or beyond ; hinder side of thighs
brown, speckled with white ........ R. plenrostictus,

b". Fingers with a very slight rudiment of [p. 479.

web.
a. Snout not longer than diameter of orbit ;

tympanum not half diameter of eye.

a'. Vomerine teeth in two oblique groups [p. 479.

between choanse ................ R. microtympanum,

(31. Vomerine teeth in two small groups [p. 480.

close to inner front corners of choanse. R. stictomerus,

472 RANIDJE.

/3. Snout longer than diameter of orbit ;

tympanum half diameter of eye.
a'. Vomerine teeth in two small groups

close to inner front corners of choanae. R. fergusonii,
$'. Vomerine teeth between choanse ; [p. 480.

outer edge of arm and tarsus with a [p. 481.

denticulate fringe R. cavirostns,

54. Rhacophorus maximus.

Rhacophorus maximus, G'unth. Cat. Bair. Sal p. 8-°> ; id. Kept. B. I.

p. 435 ; Bouleny. Cat. Bat)-. Sal p. 88, pi. ix, fig. .°>.
Rhacophorus gigas, Jerdon, P. A. S. It. 1870, p. 84.

Vomerine teeth in two straight or slightly oblique series
touching the inner front edge of the choana\ Snout rounded, as
long as the diameter of the orbit ; canthus rostralis angular ; loreal
region concave ; nostril halfway between the eye and the tip of the
snout ; interorbital space broader than the upper eyelid ; tympanum
about three fifths the diameter of the eye. Fingers nearly entirely
webbed, the membrane reaching the disks of the fourth, and, on
the outer side, of the third and second ; distal expansions as large
as the tympanum ; toes webbed to the disks, which are smaller
than those of the fingers ; subarticular tubercles well developed.
The tibio-tarsal articulation reaches the eye or the nostril. Skin
smooth above, granular beneath; a fold above the tympanum.
Green above (blue or violet in spirit), immaculate ; sides of belly
and hinder sides of thighs often dotted with purplish brown ; a
yellowish, brown-edged streak on the outer side of forearm and
tarsus and transversely above the vent ; white or pale brown
beneath. Male with an internal vocal sac.

From snout to vent 4*5 inches.

Hal). Eastern Himalayas, Assam, and Khasi Hills, between
1000 and 2000 feet. Lives near the watercourse of streams in
very dense jungle.

55. Rhacophorus bimaculatus.

Rhacophorus reinwardtii (non Kuhl), Jerdon, P. A. S. B. 1870, p. 84.
Rhacophorus maculatus (non Gray), Anders. J. A. S. B. xl, 1871,

p. 27.
Rhacophorus bimaculatus, Bouleng. Cat. Batr. Sal. p. 90.

Vomerine teeth in two oblique series touching the inuer front
edge of the choanai. Snout rounded, as long as the diameter of
the orbit ; canthus rostralis obtuse ; loreal region concave ; nostril
nearly halfway between the eye and the tip of the snout ; inter-
orbital space broader than the upper eyelid ; tympanum half the
diameter of the eye. Fingers nearly entirely webbed, the disks as
large as the tympanum ; toes webbed to the disks, which are
smaller than those of the fingers ; subarticular tubercles well
developed. The tibio-tarsal articulation reaches the eye or the
nostril. Skin smooth above, granular beneath ; heel with a small
triangular dermal process. Green above (purple or blue in spirit),

BHACOPHOHTJS. 473

uniform or speckled \vith darker ; hnmerus not coloured ; only the
outer finger and toe coloured ; a large black spot on each side
behind the arm, generally followed by a smaller one; lower parts
white. Male with a subgular vocal sac.

From snout to vent 2-5 inches.

ffab. Khasi Hills ; Assam.

56. Rhacophorus malabaricus.

Bhacophonu malabaricus, Jenlon, P. A. S. B. 1870, p. 84 ; SouJeng.
Cat. Bad: Sal. p. 90, fig.

Yomerine teeth in two straight or slightly oblique series
touching the inner front edge of the choana?. Snout subacuminate,
as long as the diameter of the orbit ; canthus rostralis obtuse :
loreal region concave ; nostril nearer the end of the snout than the
eye ; interorbital space broader than the upper eyelid ; tympanum
three fifths or two thirds the diameter of the orbit. Fingers and
toes webbed to the disks, which equal the tympanum ; subarticular
tubercles well developed. The tibio-tarsal articulation reaches the
eye or the nostril. Skin finely granular above, more coarsely
beneath ; granules under the thighs intermixed with larger ones :
outer border of forearm and tarsus with a dermal fold; heel with
a triangular dermal process. Green above (purple in spirit), often
speckled all over with blackish ; lower parts whitish.

From snout to vent 4 inches.

Hal. Malabar.

57. Rhacophorus beddomii.
Rhacophorus beddornii, • Boulettg. Cat. Satr. Sal. p. 468.

Yomerine teeth in two oblique series between the choaua3, and
extending backwards a little beyond them. Snout subtriangular ;
canthus rostralis distinct ; loreal region slightly concave ; nostril
equally distant from the eye and the tip of the snout ; iuterorbital
space as broad as the upper eyelid; tympanum two fifths the
diameter of the eye. Fingers and toes webbed to the disks, which
are as large as the tympanum ; subarticular tubercles moderate.
The tibio-tarsal articulation reaches the anterior border of the eye.
Upper surfaces with very small smooth tubercles ; a fold from the
eye to the shoulder ; a slight fringe along the forearm and tarsus ;
beneath granular. Light reddish brown above, indistinctly
variegated with grey ; hind limbs rather indistinctly cross-barred
with grey. Male with an internal vocal sac.

From snout to vent 1-9 inches.

Hab. Calcad Hills, Tinuevelly (3000 feet).

58. Rhacophorus lateralis.
Rhacophorus lateralis, Bouhng. A. .V. N. H. (5) xii, 1883, p. 162.

Vomerine teeth in two small oblique series between the choana3.

474 EANIDJE.

Snout rounded ; canthus rostralis distinct ; loreal region slightly
concave ; nostril nearer to the tip of the snout than to the eye
interorbital space broader than the upper eyelid ; tympanum half
the diameter of the eye. The three outer fingers nearly entirely
webbed ; toes nearly entirely webbed ; disks of fingers and toes
smaller than the tympanum ; subarticular tubercles not very
prominent. The tibio-tarsal articulation reaches the tip of the
snout. Skin smooth above, granular on the belly and under the
thighs ; a fold of the skin bordering the fore limb anteriorly.
Purplish above (in spirit,), white beneath ; head and back with
dark dots ; coloured parts of limbs with dark cross lines ; a white
streak on each side, from the nostril along the outer edge of the
upper eyelid to the groin ; arm, the three inner fingers, and the
four inner toes not coloured.

From snout to vent T25 inches.

Hob. Malabar. Known from a single young specimen.

59. Rhacophorus tuberculatus.

Polypedates tuberculatus, Anders. J. A. S. B. xl, 1871, p. '2Q.
Rhacophorus tuberculatus, Bouleny. Cat. Batr. Sal. p. 86.

" Head of moderate size ; snout rounded and somewhat pointed.
Canthus rostralis indistinct, rounded. Nostrils below it near the
tip of the snout. Tympanum about two thirds the size of the eye ;
vomerine prominences close to the internal angle of the choanse,
rounded and small, with a large interspace between them. Fingers
broadly webbed, the membrane reaching the disks of the second
and fourth fingers. Disks of fingers large, about one third larger
than those of the toes. A small oblong metatarsal tubercle.
Length from the vent to the metatarsal tubercle consider-
ably larger than the body. A strong fold from the eye over
the tympanum to the shoulder. Skin smooth above. Abdo-
men finely granular, with numerous moderately-sized round
tubercles ; under surface of thighs granular, with scattered large
round tubercles. Upper surface uniformly deep brown in spirit.
Brownish yellow below with a blackish region round the vent, a
short way along the thighs. The tubercles of the abdomen and
thighs are darker. Faint black Jmncling on the tibiae and femora.
Some specimens with a violet spot on the tip of the snout, another
before the eye, and a broad violet band with dark margins from the
eye along the side of the groin." (Anderson.)

From snout to vent 1*6 inches.

Hub. Sibsagar, Assam.

60. Rhacophorus leucomystax.

Hyla leucomystax and II. sexvirgata, Gravcnh. Delic. Mus. Vratisl,

pp. 20, 28.
Hyla quadrilineata, Wiegm. N. Acta Ac. Leop. -Carol, xvii, i, 1835,

p. 260, pi. xxii, fig. 1. '

RHACOPHORTJS. 475

Polypedates leucomystax, Tschudi, Class. Batr. p. 75 ; Cantor, J. A.

S. B. xvi, 1847, p. 1003.

Polypedates rugosus, Dum. fy Bibr. Erp. Gen. viii, p. 520.
Polypedates maculatus, part., and P. quadrilineatus, Gilnth. Cat.

Batr. Sal. pp. 78, 79; id. liept. B. 1. pp. 428, 429.
Rhacophorus maculatus, part., Boukng. Cat. Batr. Sal. p. 83.
Rhacophorus leucomystax, Boukng. P. Z. S. 1889, p. 29.

All the specimens from the Eastern Himalayas and the countries
east of the Bay of Bengal differ from the Indian and Ceylonese
(E. maculatus and cruciger) in the absence of a parieto-squamosal
arch. Except in the Himalayan and some South Chinese examples,
all have, when adult, a rugose skull with more or less developed
postorbital processes to the frontoparietal bones, and the skin
adheres to the latter and to the nasals. It is therefore considered
advisable to regard them as belonging to a species distinct from,
though very closely allied to, E. maculatus. The coloration varies
exceedingly, and the hinder side of the thighs may be uniform or
light-spotted. A variety (sexvirgata s. quadrilineata) is character-
ized by regular dark bauds along the head and back.

From snout to vent 3*2 inches.

Hob. From the Eastern Himalayas (Sikhim), Assam, Burma, and
Southern China, to the Malay Peninsula and Archipelago.

61. Rhacophorus maculatus.

Hyla maculata, Gray, III. Ind. Zool. i, pi. Ixxxii, fig. 1.
Polypedates leucomystax, Dum. fy Bibr. Erp. Gen. viii, p. 519.
Polypedates leucomystax, part., Kelaart, Prodr. p. 193.
Polypedates maculatus, part., Gilnth. Cat. Batr. Sal. p. 78 ; id. Rept.

B. I. p. 428.

Polypedates biscutiger, Peters, MB. Ak. Berl. 1871, p. 649.
Rhacopliorus maculatus, part., Bouleng. Cat. Batr. Sal. p. 83.
Rhacophorus maculatus, Bouleny. P. Z. S. 1889, p. 30.

Vomerine teeth in two more or less oblique series between the
choanae or commencing close to the inner front edge of the latter.
Skin of head free ; a more or less developed bony arch, sometimes
slender and partly ligameutous, sometimes very thick and swollen,
extending on each side from the posterior border of the fronto-
parietal bones to the squamosals ; snout obtusely acuminate, about
as long as the diameter of the orbit ; canthus rostralis distinct ;
loreal region concave ; nostril much nearer to the end of the snout
than to the eye ; interorbital space broader than the upper eyelid ;
tympanum about three fourths the diameter of the eye. Fingers
with a slight rudiment of web ; toes two-thirds webbed ; disks
moderate, that of the third finger measuring two fifths to one half
the diameter of the eye ; subarticular tubercles moderate. The
tibio-tarsal articulation reaches the eye, or between the eye and the
tip of the snout. Skin smooth above, granulate on the belly and
under the thighs ; a fold from the eye to the shoulder. Brownish,
yellowish, greyish, or whitish above, with darker spots or markings ;

476

rarely with an hourglass-shaped figure on the back of the head
and the front of the hack ; loreal and temporal regions dark ; a
light line on the upper lip ; hinder side of thighs with round
yellow spots, which are usually separated by a dark brown or
purplish network. Male with internal vocal sacs.

From snout to vent 3 inches.

Hob. India and Ceylon. The " Chunam Frog " of Madras.

62. Rhacophorus cruciger.

Polypedntes leucomystax, part., Kelaart, Prodr. p. 193.
Polypedates cruciger, Slyth, J. A. 8. B. xxi, 1852, p. 355 ; id. in

Kclaart, op. cit., App. p. 48.
Polypedates maculatus, part., Gunih. Cat. Batr. Sal. p. 78 ; id.

Rept. B. I. p. 428.

Rhacophorus maculatus, part., Boideny. Cat. Batr. Sal. p. 83.
Rhacophorus cruciger. NcviU, Taprobrnrian, iii, 1888, p. 0 ; Bouleiw.

P.Z.S. 1880, p. 31.

Closely allied to the preceding, but skin of head adhering to the
rugose nasal and frontoparietal bones in the adult ; a bony, slender,
parieto-squamosal arch. Tympanum at least three fourths the
diameter of the eye. Disk of third finger one half to three fourths
the diameter of the eye. Toes about three-fourths webbed. Tibio-
tarsal articulation reaching the tip of the snout. A dark hour-
glass-shaped marking or X from between the eyes to the middle
of the back ; hinder side of thighs without or with small light
spots.

From snout to vent 3-5 inches.

Hcib. Ceylon.

63. Rhacophorus eques.

Polypedates eques, Gunih. Cat. Batr. Sal. p. 80, pi. vi, fig. B; id.

Sept. B. I. p. 431.
Rhacophorus eques, BovJeny. Cat. Batr. Sal, p. 85.

Vomerine teeth in two oblique series commencing from the
inner front edge of the choanaj. Snout triangular, a little longer
than the diameter of the orbit ; canthus rostralis angular ; loreal
region concave ; nostril much nearer to the end of the snout than
to the eye ; interorbital space broader than the upper eyelid ; tym-
panum at least two thirds the diameter of the eye. Fingers with
a rudiment of web ; toes two-thirds webbed ; disks large, of
third finger two thirds the diameter of the eye ; subarticular
tubercles moderate. The tibio-tarsal articulation reaches between
the eye and the tip of the snout. Upper parts smooth ; beneath
granular ; a narrow glandular fold from behind the eye to beyond
the shoulder ; another along the forearm and tarsus ; tibio-tarsal
articulation with a cutaneous spur ; vent surrounded by large
tubercles. Greyish above, with a dark hourglass-shaped marking
on the back, commencing between the eyes ; legs cross-barred.
Male with internal vocal sacs.

From snout to vent 3 inches.

Hab. Ceylon.

BHACOPHOBUS. 477

64. Rhacophorus nasutus.

Polypedates iiasutus, Giinth. P. Z. S. 1868, p. 486, pi. xxxix,fig. 2.
Rhacophorus nasutus, Bouleng. Cat. Batr. Sal. p. 85.

Very closely allied to 11. eques. Snout much longer, equalling
about twice the diameter of the eye, its extremity projecting in a
pointed cutaneous appendage. Brownish olive above ; legs with
dark cross bands ; two blackish lines along each side of the body,
and another along the middle of the throat ; lower lip black-
margined.

From snout to vent 2'2 inches.

Hob. Ceylon.

65. Rhacophorus reticulatus.

Polypedates reticulatus, Giinth. Kept. B. I. p. 431, pi. xxvi, fig. F.
Rhacophorus reticulatus, Boulemj. Cat. Batr. Sal. p. 80.

Yomerine teeth in two oblique groups between the choanae. A
conical papilla on the middle of the tongue. Snout rounded ;
canthusrostralis distinct ; loreal region slightly concave ; nostril near
the end of the snout, its distance from the eye equalling the diameter
of the latter ; interorbital space broader than the upper eyelid ;
tympanum half the diameter of the eye. Fingers with a rudiment
of web ; toes nearly entirely webbed ; disks as large as the tympa-
num ; subarticular tubercles moderate. The tibio-tarsal articulation
reaches the tip of the snout, or slightly beyond. Skin smooth
above, granular beneath ; a narrow fold above the tympanum.
Brown above, with small darker spots ; a more or less distinct dark
cross band between the eyes ; flanks and hinder side of thighs with
a network of dark brown lines ; legs indistinctly cross-barred ; throat
brown-spotted.

From snout to vent 2'5 inches.

Hub. Ceylon.

GKinther, A. M. N. H. (4) xvii, 1876, p. 379, pi. xx, fig. C, has
recorded the interesting fact that the female of this frog carries
the ova attached to the belly; these ova, in the specimen ex-
amined, were only twenty in number, of the size of a hemp-seed,
firmly adherent to one another, and leaving shallow impressions in
the skin of the abdomen of the mother. This mode of nursing is
analogous to that of the European Midwife Toad, Alytes obstetricans,
in which, however, it is the male that takes charge of the progeny,
the eggs being attached round the legs.

06. Khacophorus dubius.
Ixalus jerdonii, Giinth. P. Z. S. 1875, p. 575.
Rhacophorus dubius, Bouleng. Cat. Batr. Sal. p. 81, pi. viii, fig. 2.

Vomerine teeth — ? Tongue with a free conical papilla in the
middle. Snout rounded, not longer than the diameter of the orbit ;

478 BANID^E.

canthus rostralis distinct ; loreal region slightly concave ; nostril a
little nearer to the end of the snout than to the eye ; iuterorbital
space broader than the upper eyelid ; tympanum one third the
diameter of the eye. Fingers slightly, toes hardly two-thirds
webbed, the web scarcely developed between the two inner toes ;
disks of fingers as large as the tympanum, of toes rather smaller ;
subarticular tubercles well developed, The tibio-tarsal articulation
reaches the eye. Skin smooth above, granular beneath ; a fold
from the eye to the shoulder. Reddish brown above, with in-
distinct markings ; thighs colourless in front and behind ; legs with
rather indistinct dark cross bands.

From snout to vent 1*5 inches.

Hab. Darjeeling. A single specimen is known, in which the
absence of vomerine teeth is probably accidental.

67. Rhacophorus nanus.

Polypedates nanus, Giinth. P. Z. S. 1868, p. 485, pi. xxxix, tig. 3.
Ixalus macropus, Giinth. I. c. p. 484, fig. 4.
Rhacophorus nanus, Bouleny. Cat. Batr. Sal. p. 81.

Vomerine teeth in two small groups between the choanae. A
conical papilla on the middle of the tongue. Snout rounded or
subacuminate, a little shorter than the diameter of the orbit ;
canthus rostralis angular ; loreal region slightly concave ; nostril
nearer to the tip of the snout than to the eye ; interorbital space
as broad as the upper eyelid or broader ; tympanum one third the
diameter of the eye. Fingers with a rudiment of web ; toes half
webbed in the young, generally almost entirely in the adult ; disks
of fingers and toes as large as the tympanum ; subarticular tu-
bercles moderate. The tibio-tarsal articulation reaches the tip of the
snout, or somewhat beyond. Upper parts smooth or with small
tubercles ; a fold above the tympanum ; belly and under surface of
thighs granular. Brownish above, with symmetrical dark markings
on the back ; sometimes a light vertebral stripe ; limbs with dark
cross bars ; beneath yellowish, throat sometimes brown spotted.
Male with internal vocal sacs.

From snout to vent 1'6 inches.

Hab. Ceylon.

68. Rha cophorus jerdonii.

Polypedates jerdonii, Giinth. P. Z. S. 1875, p. 571.

Rhacophorus jerdonii, Bouleng. Cat. Batr. Sal. p. 80, pi. viii, fig. 1.

Vomerine teeth in two small oblique groups between the choanax
Snout rounded, a little shorter than the diameter of the orbit ;
canthus rostralis rounded ; loreal region very slightly concave ;
nostril equally distant from the end of the snout and the eye ;
interorbital space broader than the upper eyelid ; tympanum one

EHACOPHOBUS. 479

third the diameter of the eye. Fingers with a very distinct web
at the base ; toes two-thirds webbed ; disks larger than the tym-
panum ; subarticular tubercles moderate. The tibio-tarsal arti-
culation reaches the eye. Skin smooth, granular on the belly and
under the thighs ; a fold above the tympanum. Greyish above,
forehead and sides of the body lighter ; legs with irregular dark
cross bands ; sides of thighs colourless ; throat brown-spotted.
Male with internal vocal sacs.

From snout to vent 1*6 inches.

Hob. Darjeeling.

69. Rhacophorus pleurostictus.

Polypedates pleurostictus, Giinth. Kept. S. I. p. 430, pi. xxvi, fig. I.
Rhacophorus pleurostictus, Bouleng. Cat. Batr. Sal. p. 79.

Yornerine teeth in two small oblique groups between the choanae.
Snout rounded, as long as the diameter of the orbit ; canthus
rostralis distinct ; loreal region concave ; nostril a little nearer the
end of the snout than the eye ; interorbital space as broad as the
upper eyelid or a little broader ; tympanum one third to one half
the diameter of the eye. Fingers with a very distinct web at the
base ; toes almost entirely webbed ; disks of fingers at least as
large as the tympanum ; subarticular tubercles well developed.
The tibio-tarsal articulation reaches to the eye, or to between the
latter and the end of the snout. Upper surfaces smooth or finely
granular ; belly and lower surface of thighs granular ; a strong
fold from the eye to the shoulder. Green or greenish above,
usually with large insuliform dark spots edged with darker and
lighter ; groin and sides of thighs purplish brown with yellowish
spots or marblings ; limbs with dark cross bands. Male with in-
ternal vocal sacs.

From snout to vent 2'4 inches.

Hab. Nilgiri and Anaimalai Hills, Malabar.

70. Rhacophorus microtympamim.

Polypedates microtympanuni, Giinth. Cat. Batr. Sal. p. 77, pi. vi,

fig. A ; id. Rept. B. I. p. 430.
Rhacophorus ruicrotympauum, Bouleng. Cat. Batr. Sal. p. 79,

Vomerine teeth in two small oblique groups between the choanse.
Snout rounded, shorter than the diameter of the orbit ; canthus
rostralis distinct ; loreal region slightly concave ; nostril a little
nearer to the end of the snout than to the eye ; interorbital space
broader than the upper eyelid ; tympanum one third or two fifths
the diameter of the eye. Fingers with a rudiment of web ; toes
half webbed, the web very short between the inner toes ; disks as
large as the tympanum ; subarticular tubercles well developed.
The tibio-tarsal articulation reaches to between the eve and the

480 BANID.E.

tip of the snout. Skin smooth above, or with small warts ; a
narrow fold above the tympanum ; beneath granular. Grey or
brownish above, spotted with blackish ; generally a dark curved
dorso-lateral band and a cross baud between the eyes ; the dorsal
region sometimes dark brown with a light vertebral line ; limbs
with dark cross bands ; sides of thighs dotted or marbled with
blackish ; throat frequently brown-dotted. Male with internal
vocal sacs.

From snout to vent 2 inches.

Hab. Ceylon.

71. Rhacophorus stictomerus.

Ixalus stictomerus, Giintfi. P. Z. S. 1875, p. 575, pi. Ixvi, tig. C.
llhacophorus stictomerus, Bouleny. Cat. Batr. Sal. p. 78.

Vomerine teeth in two small groups close to the inner edge of
the choanae. Snout rather pointed ; canthus rostralis distinct ;
loreal region nearly flat ; nostril nearer to the tip of the snout
than to the eye ; interorbital space scarcely broader than the upper
eyelid ; tympanum one third the diameter of the eye. Fingers
slightly, toes two-thirds webbed ; disks and subarticular tubercles
moderate. The tibio-tarsal articulation reaches in front of the eye.
Skin smooth, granular on the belly and under the thighs ; a fold
above the tympanum. Light brown above, with indistinct sym-
metrical markings; loreal region dai-k brown, a black temporal
streak ; limbs indistinctly cross-barred ; front and hinder side of
thighs minutely speckled with blackish.

From snout to vent 1*3 inches.

Hab. Ceylon.

72. Rhacophorus fergusonii.
Rhacophorus fergusonii, Bouleny. Cat. Batr. Sal. p. 82, pi. viii, fig. 3.

Vomerine teeth in two very small groups close to the inner
front edges of the choanse. Snout subtriaugular, as long as the
diameter of the orbit ; cauthus rostralis distinct ; loreal region
slightly concave ; nostril nearer to the tip of the snout than to the
eye ; interorbital space a little broader than the upper eyelid ;
tympanum half the diameter of the eye. Fingers with a rudiment
of web ; toes three-fourths webbed ; disks a little smaller than the
tympanum ; subarticular tubercles moderate. The tibio-tarsal ar-
ticulation reaches between the eye and the tip of the snout. Upper
parts smooth ; a fold above the tympanum ; belly and lower surface
of thighs granular ; lower surface of forearm and tarsus tuber-
cular. Greyish above, indistinctly marbled with darker ; limbs
with dark cross bands ; throat speckled with brown.

From snout to vent 1-5 inches.

Hal. Ceylon.

481

73. Rhacophorus cavirostris.

Polypedates cavirostris, Giinth. P. Z. S. 1868, p. 486, pi. xxxix,

Ixalus fimbriatus, Giinth. A. M. N. H. (4) ix, 1872, p. 87.
Rhacophorus cavirostris, Botileny. Cat. Batr. Sal. p. 82.

Voinerine teeth in two small groups between the choanse.
(Snout rounded, as long as the diameter of the orbit ; canthus
rostralis angular ; loreal region deeply concave ; nostril much
nearer to the tip of the snout than to the eye ; interorbital space
as broad as the upper eyelid or broader ; tympanum nearly half
the diameter of the eye. Fingers slightly, toes almost entirely
webbed ; disks about two thirds the diameter of the eye ; subarti-
cular tubercles moderate. The tibio-tarsal articulation reaches to
between the eye and the tip of the snout. Upper parts with small
tubercles ; a fold above the tympanum ; outer edge of forearm and
tarsus with a denticulate fringe ; a patch of conical tubercles
below the veut ; belly and underside of thighs granular. Keddish
brown above, marbled with dark brown and speckled with black ;
limbs with dark cross bands ; sides of thighs not coloured ; throat
dotted with brown. Male with internal vocal sacs.

From snout to vent 2 inches.

Hob. Ceylon.

Genus IXALUS,
Bum. & Bibr. Erp. Geii. viii, p. 623, 1841.

Pupil horizontal. Tongue free and deeply notched behind.
Vomerine teeth none. Tympanum distinct or hidden. Fingers
free or webbed at the base ; toes webbed ; tips of fingers and toes
dilated into regular disks. Outer metatarsals separated by a groove
or narrow web. Omosternum and sternum with a bony style.
An intercalary ossification or additional phalanx between the pen-
ultimate and distal phalanges ; the latter obtuse.

Distribution. The head-quarters of this genus are in Southern
India and Ceylon, which yield 14 out of the 20 known species,
the rest being from Burma, Indo-China, and the Malay Peninsula
and Archipelago.

Synopsis of Indian, Ceylonese, and Burmese Species.

A. Tongue without conical papilla.

a. Tympanum perfectly distinct, half diame-

ter of eye.

a'. Heel without dermal appendage.
«". Toes two-thirds webbed ; disks veiy

small .......................... I. oxyrhynchus, p. 482.

b". Toes one-third or half webbed ; disks

well developed .................. I. leucorMmis, p. 483.

b'. Heel with a triangular or subconical
dermal appendage ; upper parts with
large conical warts ................ I. schmardanus, p. 483.

2i

482 RAN1DJE.

6. Tympanum perfectly distinct, not half dia-
meter of eye; toes not quite half webbed ;
a naiTow glandular line along middle

of head and back 1. na*utu*, p. 584.

c. Tympanum indistinct or hidden.
a'. Throat smooth.

a". Fingers quite free ; tibio-tarsal arti-
culation reaching tip of snout, or a
little beyond ; hind limbs with dark

cross bands I. hypo-mela*, p. 1*4.

b". Fingers with a rudiment of web :
tibio-tarsal articulation reaching
eye ; limbs yellowish, speckled with

brown /. vittati's, p. 485.

c'. Fingers with a rudiment of web;
tibio-tarsal articulation reaching be-
tween eye and tip of snout ; upper
arm colourless, thigh with a narrow

green band 1. pulcher, p. 48o.

b'. Throat granular.

a". Thigh with a green longitudinal

baud, sides colourless.
a. Tibio-tarsal articulation reaching tip
of snout, or nearly as far ; upper

arm not coloured I.femoraKt, p. 48-">.

0. Tibio-tarsal articulation reaching
eye ; upper arm usually green

above /. beddomii, p. 486.

b". Thigh coloured above and on sides.
a. Tibio-tai^al articulation reaching
posterior border of eye ; fingers

with a distinct rudiment of web . I. adspersus, p. 486.
j3. Tibio-tarsal articulation reachiug
anterior border of eye, or between
latter and tip of snout ; fingers
free or with a very indistinct

rudiment of web 1, variabilis, p. 187.

B. Tongue with a free, pointed papilla in an-
terior part of median line,
a. Snout pointed ; hinder side of thigh not
coloured, or merely with brown reticula-
tion /. siyiuitus, p. 487.

I, Snout rounded.

a'. Toes half webbed ; tibio-tarsal articula-
tion not reaching eye I.Jlariventris, p. 487.

b'. Toes half webbed ; tibio-tarsal articula-
tion reaching beyond eye I. chalazodes, p. 488.

c'. Toes webbed at base /. glandulonu, p. 488.

74. Ixalus oxyrhynchus.

Ixalus oxyrhynchus, Giinth. A. M. 2V. //. (4j ix, 1872, p. 88 ; Houleny.
Cat. Bat)\Sal p. 97, pi. x, fig. 5.

Siiout pointed, longer than the diameter of the orbit ; can-
thus rostralis angular ; loreal region plane, vertical ; nostril nearer

IXALUS. 483

to the tip of the snout than to the eye ; interorbital space much
broader than the upper eyelid ; tympanum distinct, half the dia-
meter of the eye. Fingers free ; toes two-thirds webbed ; disks
very small ; subarticular tubercles well developed ; a small inner
inetatarsal tubercle. The tibio-tarsal articulation reaches the tip
of the snout or beyond. Skin smooth, granular on the belly and
under the thighs. Light brown above, with a large dark spot ;
loreal and temporal regions blackish brown ; throat dotted with
brown.

From snout to vent 1 inch.

Hub. Central Ceylon.

75. Ixalus leucorhinus.

Ixalus leucorhiuus, Martens, Nomend. Rept. Mus. Berol.^. 36; Bou-

leng. Cat. Batr. Sal. p. 98.

Ixalus temporalis, Gitnth. Rept. B. I. p. 434, pi. xxvi, fig. E.
? Ixalus punctatus, Anders. J. A. S. B. xl, 1871, p. 27.

Snout acuminate, a little longer than the diameter of the orbit ;
canthus rostralis distinct ; loreal region slightly concave ; nostril
nearer the tip of the snout than the eye ; interorbital space
broader than the upper eyelid ; tympanum distinct, half the dia-
meter of the eye. Fingers very slightly webbed ; toes half or one-
third webbed; disks and subarticular tubercles moderate; a small
inner metatarsai tubercle. The tibio-tarsal articulation reaches to
between the eye and the tip of the snout. Skin smooth above, granu-
lar on the belly and under the thighs ; a fold from the eye to the
shoulder. Brown or olive above ; a dark baud below the canthus
rostralis and on the temporal region ; sometimes a large hexagonal
or triangular light spot on the snout ; generally a dark band be-
tween the eyes, and another arched one on each side of the back :
sometimes a light vertebral line or band, in some instances extend-
ing along the hind limbs ; throat generally dotted with brown,
sometimes quite brown with a whitish median line. Male with an
internal vocal sac.

From snout to vent 1-3 inches.

Hub. Ceylon and hills near Malabar coast as far north as North
Cauara.

76. Ixalus schmardanus.

Polypedates ? schmardaua, Kelaart. Prodr. ii. p. 22 ; Oilnth. Rept.

B. I. p. 433.
Ixalus schmardanus, Bouleny, Cat. Batr, Sal. p. 99.

Snout subtriangular, slightly longer than the diameter of the
orbit ; canthus rostralis distinct ; loreal region concave ; nostril
nearer the tip of the snout than the eye ; interorbital space as
broad as the upper eyelid; tympanum distinct, half the diameter
of the eye. Fingers free, toes half webbed ; disks well developed ;
a small inner metatarsai tubercle. The tibio-tarsal articulation

2i2

484

reaches nearly to the tip of the snout. Above with large warts,
conical on the eyelids, sides, back, and limbs, confluent into sym-
metrical lines on the head ; a spur-like appendage at the tibio-
tarsal joint ; granular beneath, the granules larger round the lip.
Olive above, indistinctly spotted ; flanks, belly, lower surface of
limbs, and hinder side of thighs white, with large dark brown
marblings. Male with an internal vocal sac.

From snout to vent 1-2 inches.

Hab. Ceylon.

77. Ixalus nasutus.

Ixalus nasutus, Gi'mth. P. Z. S. 1868, p. 484; Boulenrj. Cat. Batr.
Sal. p. 100, pi. x, fig. 6.

Snout pointed, a little longer than the diameter of the orbit ;
canthus rostralis distinct ; loreal region slightly concave ; nostril
nearer to the tip of the snout than to the eye ; iiiterorbital space as
broad as the upper eyelid ; tympanum distinct, one third the dia-
meter of the eye. Fingers free, toes not quite half webbed ; disks
as large as the tympanum ; a small inner metatarsal tubercle.
The tibio-tarsal articulation reaches to between the eye and the tip
of the snout. Above with very small warts or oblique granular
lines ; a very narrow, whitish granular raised line along the middle
of the head and back ; beneath granular. Grey above, clouded
with darker ; loreal and temporal regions blackish ; limbs with
dark cross bars ; lower parts spotted with brown. Male with an
internal vocal sac.

From snout to vent 1 inch.

Hob. Ceylon.

78. Ixalus hypomelas.

Ixalus hypomelas, Giinth. A. M. N. H. (4) xvii, 1876, p. 380 ; Boitleng.
Cat. Batr. Sal. p. 97, pi. x, fig. 4.

Snout obtuse, as long as the diameter of the orbit ; canthus
rostralis angular ; loreal region plane, nearly vertical ; nostril nearer
to the tip of the snout than to the eye ; iiiterorbital space a little
broader than the upper eyelid ; tympanum small, indistinct. Fin-
gers free ; toes webbed at the base ; disks moderate ; a small inner
metatarsal tubercle. The tibio-tarsal articulation reaches the tip
of the snout, or somewhat beyond. Skin smooth above, feebly
granular on the belly and under the thighs. Dark brown above and
beneath ; a darker band on the side of the head and body ; belly
and under surface of limbs marbled with whitish ; often a white
line across the breast and along the under surface of the fore limbs,
crossing another one extending from chin to vent ; sometimes a
light vertebral line.

From snout to vent 0-8 inch.

Hab. Ceylon.

485

79. Ixalus vittatus.

Ixalus vittatus, Bouleng. Ann. Mus. Geneva, (2) v, 1887, p. 421, pi. iv,
fig. 2.

Snout pointed, scarcely longer than the diameter of the orbit ;
canthus rostralis obtuse ; loreal region slightly concave ; nostril
slightly nearer to the end of the snout than to the eye ; interorbital
space broader than the upper eyelid ; tympanum hidden. Fingers
with a rudiment of web ; toes three-fourths webbed ; disks well
developed ; a very feeble inner metatarsal tubercle. The tibio-tarsal
articulation reaches the eye. Skin smooth, granular on the belly
and under the thighs. Yellowish above, closely speckled with
brown ; the specks densest on the side of the head, where they
form a darker band passing through the eye ; a broad yellowish-
white lateral band, continued forwards as a narrow line along the
edge of the upper eyelid and the canthus rostralis to the tip of the
snout, where it unites with its fellow on the other side ; lower
surfaces white.

From snout to vent 1 inch.

Flab. Bhamo, Upper Burma.

80. Ixalus pulcher.
Ixalus pulcher, Bouleng. Cat, Batr. Sal. p. 469.

Snout slightly pointed, a little shorter than the diameter of the
orbit ; canthus rostralis distinct ; loreal region very slightly concave ;
nostril nearer to the tip of the snout than to the eye ; iuterorbital
space broader than the upper eyelid; tympanum small, indistinct.
Fingers with a rudiment of web ; toes half or two-thirds webbed ;
disks well developed ; a very small inner metatarsal tubercle. The
tibio-tarsal articulation reaches the tip of the snout or between the
latter and the eye. Skin smooth above, granular on the belly and
under the thighs ; a fold from the eye to the shoulder. Green (blue
or purple in spirit) above, usually uniform, sometimes with small
black spots ; a purplish-brown streak on canthus rostralis and
usually on temporal fold ; loreal region white, uniform, or with
purplish-brown spots, or purplish brown uniform or dotted with
whitish ; arms, and often forearms, colourless ; thighs colourless
except a green stripe on their upper surface. Male with an external
vocal sac, situated on the thoracic region.

From snout to vent 0*9 inch.

Hob. Manantoddy, Wynaad.

81. Ixalus femoralis.

Ixalus femoralis, Giinth. Sept. B. 1. p. 434, pi. xxvi, fig. D ; Bouleng.

Cat. Batr. Sal. p. 101.

Ixalus pulchellus, Giinth. A. M. N. H. (4) ix, 1872, p. 88.
Ixalus fergusonii, Giinth. A. M. N. H. (4) xvii, 1876, p. 379.

Snout rounded, hardly as long as the diameter of the orbit ;

486

canthus rostralis moderately distinct ; loreal region very oblique
and very slightly concave ; nostril nearer to the tip of the snout than
to the eye ; interorbital space broader than the upper eyelid ; tym-
panum small, hidden. Fingers free, toes two-thirds or half webbed ;
disks well developed ; a small inner metatarsal tubercle. The
tibio-tarsal articulation reaches the tip of the snout, or nearly as far.
Skin smooth or granular above ; a slight fold from the eye to the
shoulder ; throat, belly, and lower surface of thighs granular, the
granules very large on the belly. Green above (bluish or purple
in spirit), immaculate or with black specks ; upper arm colourless,
thigh with a green stripe on its upper surface. Male with an
internal vocal sac.

From snout to vent 1-2 inches.

Hal. Ceylon.

82. Ixalus beddomii.

Ixalus beddomii, Gilnth. P. X. S. 1875, p. 575; Boitleitc/. Cat. Latr.
Sal p. 101, pi. x, tig. 7.

Snout rounded, as long as the diameter of the orbit ; canthus
rostralis moderately distinct ; loreal region very slightly concave ;
nostril nearer to the tip of the snout than to the eye ; interorbital
space broader than the upper eyelid ; tympanum small, hidden.
Fingers free ; toes half webbed ; disks well developed ; a small
inner metatarsal tubercle. The tibio-tarsal articulation reaches
the eye. Skin smooth or finely granular above, granular beneath ;
a fold from the eye to the shoulder. Uniform green above (bluish
or purplish in spirit) ; thighs colourless, except a green stripe along
their upper surface. Male with an internal vocal sac.

From snout to vent 1-2 inches.

Hob. Travancore and Auaimalai hills, 4000-4700 feet.

83. Ixalus adspersus.

Ixalus adspersus, Gilnth. A. M. N. H. (4) ix, 1872, p. 87 ; Boulcwj.
Cat. Batr. Sal. p. 105, pi. x, fig. 8.

Snout rounded, as long as the diameter of the orbit ; canthus
rostralis distinct ; loreal region slightly concave ; nostril a little
nearer to the tip of the snout than to the eye ; interorbital space
a little broader than the upper eyelid ; tympanum small, indistinct.
Fingers with a distinct rudiment of web; toes two-thirds webbed;
disks well developed ; a small inner metatarsal tubercle. The tibio-
tarsal articulation reaches the posterior border of the eye. Skin
smooth above, granular beneath ; a fold from the eye to the shoulder.
Upper parts dark violet-brown, with numerous round, smaller and
larger yellowish spots ; hinder side of thighs and throat and breast
marbled with brown. Male with an internal vocal sac, the openings
of which are larger than in the other species of Ixalus.

From snout to vent 1*3 inches.

Hob. Central Ceylon. A single specimen is known.

487

84. Ixalus variaMlis.

Ixalus variabilis, Gitnth. Cut.Batr. Sal. p. 74, pi. iv, tigs. A & B; id.

Rept. B. I. p. 433 ; Bouleng. Cat. Bat,: Sal. p. 102.
? Phyllomedusa wynaadensis, Jerdon, J. A. S. B. xxii, 1853, p. 533.

Snout rounded or subacuiniuate, as long as the diameter of the
orbit or rather shorter ; canthus rostralis distinct ; loreal region
oblique and slightly concave ; nostril nearer to the tip of the snout
than to the eye ; iuterorbital space a little broader than the upper
eyelid ; tympanum indistinct, about half the diameter of the eye.
Fingers free or with a very slight rudiment of web ; toes half or
two thirds webbed ; disks moderate ; a small inner metatarsal
tubercle. The tibio-tarsal articulation reaches the anterior border
of the eye, or between the latter and the tip of the snout. Skin
smooth above, or with very small scattered tubercles ; a fold from
the eye to the shoulder ; throat, belly, and losver surface of thighs
granular. Above bluish (in spirit), greenish, brownish, greyish,
or blackish, uniform or variously spotted, speckled or marbled with
darker or lighter ; variations of colour endless. Male with an
internal vocal sac.

From snout to vent 1'75 inches.

Hal. Ceylon; hills near Malabar coast, South India, as far
north as the Nilgiris and Wynaacl.

85. Ixalus signatus.
Ixalus signatus, Bouleng. Cat. Batr. Sal. p. .106, pi. xi, fig. 2.

Tongue with a small pointed papilla in the anterior part of the
median line. Snout acuminate, as long as the diameter of the orbit :
canthus rostralis distinct ; loreal region slightly concave ; nostril
nearer to the tip of the snout than to the eye ; tympanum small,
hidden. Fingers free ; toes half webbed ; disks well developed ;
a small inner metatarsal tubercle. The tibio-tarsal articulation
reaches the eye, or somewhat beyond. Skin smooth above, granular
beneath. Greyish or brownish above; a dark cross band between
the eyes aud a large X-shapecl marking on the back; upper lip
with a few white spots ; limbs with dark cross bars ; hinder side
of thighs not coloured, or with brown venniculations ; beneath
immaculate. Male with an internal vocal sac.

From snout to vent 1-25 inches.

Hah. Malabar.

86. Ixalus flaviventris.
Ixalus flaviventris, Bouleng. Cat. Bati: Sal. p. 105, pi. xi, fig. 1.

Tongue with a pointed papilla in the anterior part of the median
line. Snout rounded, as long as the diameter of the orbit ; canthus
i-ostralis distinct ; loreal region very slightly concave ; nostril nearer
to the tip of the snout than to the eye ; interorbital space as broad
as the upper eyelid ; tympanum small, indistinct. Fingers free;

488 BANIDJE.

toes half webbed ; disks well developed ; a very small inner meta-
tarsal tubercle. The tibio-tarsal articulation reaches the eye.
Skin smooth above, granular below ; a fold from the eye to the
shoulder. Above dark brown with round yellow spots, or brown
with dark vermiculations or spots ; hinder side of thighs dark brown,
with round yellow spots; lower parts yellow, marbled with brown.
Male with an internal vocal sac.

From snout to vent T25 inches.

Hob. Malabar.

87. Ixalus chalazodes.

Ixalus chalazodes, Giinth. P. Z. S. 1875, p. o74, pi. Ixvi, fig. B:
Bouleng. Cat. liatr. Sal. p. 105.

Tongue with a pointed papilla in the anterior part of the median
line. Snout rounded, as long as the diameter of the orbit ; can-
thus rostralis indistinct ; loreal region very slightly concave ; nos-
tril nearer to the tip of the snout than to the eye ; interorbital space
broader than the upper eyelid ; tympanum small, hidden. Fingers
free ; toes half webbed ; disks well developed ; subarticular tuber-
cles double under the second and fourth fingers ; a small inner meta-
tarsal tubercle. The tibio-tarsal articulation reaches to between
the eye and the tip of the snout. Skin of upper parts smooth ; a
few round tubercles on the flanks, on the hind part of the back,
and on the metatarsus ; a slight fold from the eye to the shoulder ;
beneath granular. Uniform green above, the round tubercles white ;
lower parts uniform white.

From snout to vent 1*1 inches.

Hob. Travancore.

88. Ixalus glandulosus.

Ixalis ? glandulosa, Jerdon, J. A. S. B. xxii, 1853, p. 582.
? Phylloraedusa tinniens, Jerdon, 1. c. p. 533.
Ixalus montanus, Giinth. P. Z. S. 1875, p. 574, pi. Ixvi, fig. A.
Ixalus glandulosus, Bouhng. Cat. Batr. Sal. p. 103.

Tongue with a pointed papilla in the anterior part of the median
line. Snout rounded, as long as the diameter of the orbit ; canthus
rostralis distinct ; loreal region slightly concave ; nostril equally
distant from the eye and the tip of the snout ; interorbital space
broader than the upper eyelid ; tympanum small, hidden. Fingers
free ; toes webbed at the base ; disks well developed ; a small inner
metatarsal tubercle. The tibio-tarsal articulation reaches the eye,
or not quite so far. Upper surfaces smooth or with small tubercles ;
sides generally glandular or tubercular ; a fold from the eye to the
shoulder ; lower surfaces granular. Dark purplish brown above,
uniform or with indistinct markings, or greyish brown with sym-
metrical darker or lighter markings ; beneath immaculate or spotted
with brown. Male with an internal vocal sac.

From snout to vent 1*5 inches.

Hob. Hills near Malabar coasts, up to 6000 feet (Nilgiris, Anai-
inalais, Travancore).

ENOTSTOMATIDJE. 489

Family II. ENGYSTOMATID.E.

Jaws toothless ; diapophyses of sacral vertebra dilated.

This family includes terrestrial, aquatic, and burrowing types, but
no arboreal forms. Its range extends over Africa and Madagascar,
the East Indies, Southern China, Papuasia, and America. Of the
22 genera known at present, six are American, three African, one
African and Malayan, two restricted to Madagascar, three are
Papuasian, one Malayan, and six are represented in India and
Burma.

is of Indian, Ceylonese, and Burmese Genera.

A. Praecoracoids present.

a. Pupil vertical; palate without ridges. MELAXOBATRACHUS, p. 489.

b. Pupil horizontal ; a denticulated der-

mal ridge between choanse ...... CALOPHRYNUS, p. 490.

B. No prsecoracoids.

«. Tongue elliptical ; a dermal trans-

verse ridge between choante ...... MICHOHYLA, p. 491.

b. Tongue elliptical or pyriform ; pala-

tine bones forming a sharp ridge

across palate .................. CALLULA, p. 493.

c. Tongue oval ; two small bony promi-

nences between choanse .* ....... CACOPUS, p. 490.

d< Tongue divided into two lateral

halves by a deep groove ........ GLYPHOGLOSSUS, p. 497.

Genus MELANOBATRACHUS,
Beddonie, P. Z. S. 1878, p. 722.

Pupil vertical. Tongue elliptical, entire and free behind. Palate
smooth. No tympanic disk. Fingers free ; toes webbed, the tips
not dilated. Outer metatarsals united. Coracoids and praecora-
coids nearly parallel, the latter very weak ; no ornosternum ; ster-
num cartilaginous. Diapophyses of sacral vertebra moderately
dilated. Terminal phalanges simple.

A single species.

89. Melanobatrachus indicus.

Melanobatrachus indicus, Beddome, P. Z. S. 1878, p. 722 ; Bouleng.
Cat. Satr. Sal. p. 157.

Snout short, blunt, with rather indistinct canthus rostralis ;
interorbital space broader than the upper eyelid. Fingers short,
depressed, iirst much shorter than second : toes rather short, de-
pressed, one-third webbed ; subarticular and metatarsal tubercles
very indistinct. The tarso-metatarsal articulation reaches in front

490 ENGYSTOJIATID^.

of the eye. Upper surfaces tubercular ; sides and lower surfaces
smooth. Black ; tubercles of back grey ; belly dotted with greyish ;
a large scarlet spot on the front and lower surface of the thigh.
Male with a subgular vocal sac.

From snout to vent 1*3 inches.

Hal. Travancore and Anaimalai Hills, 3000-4500 feet.

Genus CALOPHRYNUS,

Tschudi, Class. Batr. p. 80, 1838.

Pupil horizontal ; tongue elliptical, entire and free behind. A
denticulated dermal ridge across the palate between the choanse,
and two others in front of the oesophagus.
Tympanum distinct. Fingers free ; toes
webbed, the tips not dilated into regular
disks. Outer metatarsals united. Cora-
coids broad ; prtecoracoids weak, parallel
to the coracoids ; omost ernum and sternum
cartilaginous. Diapophyses of sacral verte-
bra moderately dilated. Terminal phalanges

Three specie are known
one from Southern China, Burma, and
Borneo, a second from Borneo, and a third from Madagascar.

90. Calophrynus pleurostigma.

Caloplnynus pleurostigma, Tschudi, ('Ins*. licit r, p. 80 ; Bouleng.

Cat. L'atr. Sal. p. 158.

Eugystoma interlineatum, Blyth, J. A. S. B. xxiii, 1854, p. 782.
Berdmorea interlineata, Stol. P. A. S. B. 1872, p. 146.

Head much depressed ; snout prominent, truncated ; canthus
rostralis angular ; loreal region vertical ; interorbital space broader
than the upper eyelid : tympanum nearly as large as the eye.
Fingers short, first a little shorter than second, which is longer
than fourth ; toes short, half webbed, third longer than fifth ; tips
of fingers and toes slightly swollen ; subarticular tubercles very
prominent ; two small, rather indistinct metatarsal tubercles. The
tarso-metatarsal articulation reaches the eye. Skin of the back
smooth or tubercular, very thick, glandular ; belly granular ; a more
or less distinct lateral fold, commencing from the eye. Brown or
reddish above, with or without longitudinal dark bands ; a dark,
light-edged round spot on the loin : sides of body dark brown :
limbs with dark cross bands.

From snout to vent 2 inches.

Hob. Burma (Pegu, Bhamu, Kakhyen Hills, Tenasscriin),
Southern China, Borneo.

MICROHYLA. 491

Genus MICROHYLA,
Tschudi, Class. Batr. p. 71, 1838.

Pupil vertical. Tongue elliptical, entire, free behind. A more
or less distinct cutaneous ridge across the palate between the
choanae, and another in front of the oesophagus. Tympanum
hidden. Fingers free ; toes more or less webbed, sometimes very
slightly ; tips of fingers and toes blunt or more or less dilated.
Outer inetatarsals united. No praecoracoids ; no omosternum ;
sternum cartilaginous. Diapophyses of sacral vertebra moderately
dilated. Terminal phalanges simple.

Distribution. This genus is restricted to China and the East
Indies ; 7 species are known, three of which are found in India,
Ceylon, and Burma.

fti/nopsis of Indian, CeyloneM, and Burmese Species.

Toes webbed at base; metataraal tubercles

strong, compressed M. rvbra, p. 491 .

Toes webbed at base ; metatarsal tubercles

very small M. ornata, p. 491.

Toes entirely webbed M. benlmorii, p. 492.

91. Microhyla rubra.

Engystoma rubrum, Jerdon, J. A. S. B. xxii, 1853, p. 534.
Microhyla rubra, Bouleny. Cat. Batr. Sal. p. 164.

Habit stout. Snout rounded, a little shorter than the diameter
of the orbit ; interorbital space broader than the upper eyelid.
Fingers moderate, first much shorter than second ; toes moderate,
one-third webbed ; tips of fingers and toes not swollen ; subarticular
tubercles very distinct ; two rather large, oval, compressed, very
prominent metatarsal tubercles, outer somewhat larger than inner.
The tibio-tarsal articulation reaches somewhat beyond the shoulder,
never to the eye. Skin smooth. Reddish brown above, sides
darker; a dark brown line from the tip of the snout through the
eye along the side of the back to the groin ; a dark brown mark
across the thigh, beginning on the loin ; limbs with more or less
distinct dark cross bars ; sometimes a dark X~snaPe(i marking on
the anterior portion of the back, commencing between the eyes ;
beneath whitish, immaculate or with a few brown dots on the
throat. Male with a subgular vocal sac, and the throat black.

From snout to vent 1*2 inches.

IIal>. Assam. Xcllore, Madras Presidency, and Ceylon.

92. Microhyla ornata.

Engystoma ornatum, Dum. $ Bibr. Erp. Gen. viii, p. 745.
Engystoma carnaticum, Jerdon, J. A. S. B. xxii, 185-'!, p. 5-'>4.
? Engystoma malabaricum, Jerdon, I. c.
Diplopelma ornatum, Gilnth. Rept. B. I. p. 417.
Microhyla ornata, Bouleng. Cat. Batr. Sal. p. 165.

492 ENGYSTOMATID^E.

Habit moderately slender. Snout obtuse, as long as the diam-
eter of the orbit or a little longer ; interorbital space broader than
the upper eyelid. Fingers rather slender, first much shorter than
second ; toes rather slender, with a slight rudiment of web ; tips
of fingers and toes swollen into very small disks ; subarticular
tubercles very distinct ; two small, subequal metatarsal tubercles.
The tibio-tarsal articulation reaches the eye, or between the latter
and the shoulder. Skin smooth. Reddish or greyish olive above,
with a large dark marking on the back, beginning between the
eyes and widening as it extends to the hind part of the body ; on
each side of this marking are undulating longitudinal dusky lines,
which may be absent ; a dark band along the side of the head and
body ; limbs with dark cross bars ; throat and chest generally
greyish or ^brownish, dotted with white ; the remainder of the
lower surface whitish, immaculate. Male with a subgular vocal
sac.

From snout to vent !•! inches.

Hah. Kashmir, India generally, Ceylon *, Assam, Burma,
Southern China, and Indo-China.

93. Microhyla berdmorii.

Engystoma ? berdmorei, Blyth, J. A. S. B. xxiv, 1855, p. 720.
Microhyla berdmorii, Bouleng. Cat. Batr. Sal. p. 106.

Habit slender. Snout obtuse, as long as the diameter of the
orbit or a little longer ; interorbital space broader than the
upper eyelid. Fingers slender, with slightly swollen tips, first
much shorter than second ; toes long, webbed to the tips, which
are dilated into rather large disks ; subarticular tubercles very
distinct ; two very small metatarsal tubercles. Hind limb very
long, the tibio-tarsal articulation reaching beyond the tip of the
snout. Skin smooth or with a few scattered indistinct tubercles
on the back and sides. Brownish, olive, or pinkish above ; a
darker, light-edged, hourglass-shaped large spot on the anterior
part of the back, beginning between the eyes, sometimes continued
on the hind part of the back ; black spots on the sides of the limbs
and occasionally on the flanks ; a chevron-shaped black marking
on the anal region ; throat and chest clouded with brown ; the
remainder of the lower surface whitish, immaculate.

From snout to vent 1-5 inches.

Hob. Pegu and Tenasserim ; also the Malay Peninsula, Mr. W.
L. Sclater having recently communicated to me a specimen obtained
by Mr. Davison at Malacca.

Found in abundance in Ceylon by the Drs. Sarasin, ./?</« F. Miiller.

CALLTJLA. 493

Genus CALLULA,
Gray, Zool. Misc. p. 38, 1831 (Kaloida).

Pupil vertical. Tongue oblong, entire and free behind. Palatine
bones forming a sharp, sometimes a toothed ridge across the
palate. T\vo cutaneous, more or less distinctly denticulated ridges
across the palate, in front of the oesophagus. Tympanum hidden.
Fingers free ; toes free or webbed ; tips of fingers and toes more
or less dilated. Outer metatarsals united. No pracoracoids ; no
omosternuiii ; sternum cartilaginous. Diapophyses of sacral
vertebra moderately dilated. Terminal phalanges triangular or
T-shaped.

Distribution. 8 species are known, of which 3 are only found in
the Malay Archipelago.

In spite of their dilated digits, these frogs are by no means
arboreal. Callula pulchra is more a burrower ; Stoliczka, who
observed it near Moulmein, says it appears after sunset, crawling
on old wood and feeding on white ants.

$ynoj)sis of Indian, Ceylonese, and Burmese tyecies.

A. Toes one-third or half webhed C. obscura, p. 493.

B. Toes -with a rudiment of web.

a. Inner metatarsal tubercle large, sharp-

edged, as long as inner toe C. pulchra, p. 494.

b. Inner metatarsal tubercle large, blunt,

shorter than inner toe , C. macrodactyla, p. 494,

c. Metatarsal tubercles small, scarcely

prominent C. variegata, p. 494.

C. Toes perfectly free C. trianyidaris, p. 495.

94. Callula obscura.

Callula obscura, GiintJi. Rept. B. I. p. 438 ; Boukng. Cat, Batr. Sat.

p. 169, pi. xiii, tig. 3.
? Hylaedactylus montanus, Jerdon, J. A. S. B. xxii, 1853, p. 533.

Snout short, rounded, as long as the diameter of the orbit or a
little longer ; interorbital space broader than the upper eyelid.
Fingers moderate, the tips dilated into well-developed truncated
disks : first finger shorter than second ; toes moderate, one-third or
half webbed, the tips slightly swollen ; subarticular tubercles
distinct; two small metatarsal tubercles, the inner oval, blunt,
scarcely prominent, the outer minute, rounded. The tarso-meta-
tarsal articulation reaches the eye or the tip of the snout. Skin
smooth, or with small flat tubercles on the head and back ; a fold
from the eye to the shoulder. Above brownish or greyish, wkh
blackish angular markings ; sometimes uniform blackish brown ;
beneath blackish brown, spotted with whitish. Male with a sub-
gular vocal sac.

From snout to vent 1'3 inches.

Hal. Ceylon, and hills near Malabar coast, Southern India.

494 ENGYSTOMATIDvE.

95. Callula pulchra.

Kaloula pulchra, Gray, Zool. Misc. p. 38.

Hylfedactylus bivittatus, Cantor, J. A. S. B. xvi, 1*47, p. 1004.
Callula pulchra, Giinth. Rept. B. I. p. 437 ; Bouleng. Cat. Batr. .<•'«/.
p. 170.

Snout short, rounded, as long as the diameter of the orbit ;
interorbital space broader than the upper eyelid. Fingers rather
slender, the tips dilated into well-developed truncated disks ; first
finger shorter than second ; toes moderate, slightly webbed at the
base, the tips swollen ; subarticular tubercles well developed ;
metatarsal tubercles two, oval, inner large, compressed, with sharp
edge. The tarso-metatarsal articulation reaches the shoulder, or
a little beyond. Skin of back with flat smooth tubercles ; a fold
from the eye to the shoulder, and another, more or less distinct,
across the head behind the eyes. Light brown or pinkish above,
generally with a large dark brown spot covering nearly the whole
of the back, and a dark lateral band ; sometimes with confluent
spots ; beneath whitish, immaculate or marbled with brown. Male
with a subgular vocal sac.

From snout to vent 3 inches.

Hob. Peninsular India and Ceylon, Burma, Southern China,
Iiido-China, and Malay Peninsula.

96. Callula macrodactyla.

Oallula macrodactyla, Bouleng. Ann. Mus. Genova, (2) v, 1887,
p. 485, pi. viii, fig. 3.

Snout short, truncate, as long as the diameter of the orbit ;
interorbital space a little broader than the upper eyelid. Fingers
very long, the length of the hand equalling the distance between
the arm and the end of the snout ; tips of fingers dilated into
well-developed, truncated disks ; first finger much shorter than
second : toes moderate, with a very slight rudiment of web, the
tips simply swollen ; inner metatarsal tubercle large, compressed,
prominent, blunt, shorter than the inner toe. The tarso-meta-
tarsal articulation reaches the eye. Skin smooth. A blackish,
bottle-shaped spot covers nearly the whole of the back to between
the eyes ; the rest of the upper surface of the head and body
greyish ; sides blackish : a whitish spot on the upper surface of
the arm, another on the upper surface of the thigh near the hip,
and a third on the front side of the thigh ; lower surfaces dirty
white, marbled with dark brown.

From snout to vent 1*25 inches.

Hob. Tenasserhn.

97. Callula variegata.

Callula variegata, MoliczJca, P. A. & B. 1872, p. 1 11 ; Blanf, J.A. S.

B. xlviii, 1879, p. 116.
Callula olivacea, Giinth. P. Z. 6'. 1875, p. 570, pi. Ixiv, fig. B ;

Boulenff. Cat. Batr. Sal. p. 171.

CACOPTTS. 495

Snout short, obtusely prominent, as long as the diameter of the
orbit ; iuterorbital space broader than the upper eyelid. Fingers
rather slender, the tips dilated, truncated ; toes moderate, not
dilated at the ends, with a slight rudiment of web; subarticular
tubercles not very prominent ; two small, scarcely prominent,
metatarsal tubercles, the inner elongate. The tarso-metatarsal
articulation hardly reaches the posterior border of the eye. Skin
nearly smooth ; a fold from the eye to the shoulder. Olive above,
marbled with dark brown ; belly whitish, immaculate. Male with
a subgular vocal sac.

From snout to vent 1*4 inches.

Jfab. Peninsular India as far north as the Groddvari, and Ceylon.

98. Callula triangularis.

Callula triaugularis, Gilnth. P. Z. S. 1875, p. 570 ; llouleng. Cat.
Bati: Sal. p. 171, pi. xiii, %. 4.

Snout short, blunt, as long as the diameter of the orbit ; inter-
orbital space broader than the upper eyelid. Fingers moderate, the
tips dilated into rather small truncated disks ; toes moderate,
perfectly free, the tips not dilated; subarticular tubercles well
developed : two small metatarsal tubercles, inner largest, oval,
blunt. The tarso-metatarsal articulation reaches the shoulder,
or halfway between the latter and the eye. Skin smooth, or
with some flat tubercles on the back ; a fold from the eye to the
shoulder, and another across the head behind the eyes. Light
olive above, with a large triangular blackish spot occupying nearly
the whole length of the back ; sides and lower surfaces blackish
brown, latter spotted with whitish ; limbs blackish brown, with
large light olive spots. Male with a subgular vocal sac.

From snout to vent 1*6 inches.

Hab. Nilgiris ; Malabar.

Genus CACOPUS,
Gunther, Kept. 13. I. p. 415, 1804.

Pupil vertical. Tongue oval,
entire and free behind. Choanaj
very large, with a dermal movable
flap, which can close the nostril ;
two small bony prominences, close
together, between the hinder edges
of the choana? and on a level
with them : a narrow denticulated
dermal ridge across the para-

sphenoidal region, and another,

Fig.135.-Pectoralarcl.of very broad, in front of the
Cacopus systoma. O3sophagus. Tympanum hidden

(B. M. Catal/Batr. Sal.) or very indistinct. Fingers free ;

496 ENGYSTOMATIDJE.

toes webbed at the base, the tips not dilated. Outer rnetatarsals
united. No prsecoracoids ; sternum a large cartilaginous plate.
Diapophyses of sacral vertebra rather strongly dilated. Terminal
phalanges simple.

Burrowing Batrachians, feeding chiefly on ants.

Synopsis of the Species.

Suout scarcely longer than diameter of orbit. ... C. systoma, p. 496.
Snout nearly twice diameter of orbit C. ylvbulosus, p. 497.

99. Cacopus systoma.

I .'ana S3rstoma, Schneid. Hist, Amph. i, p. 144.
tlperodon marmoratum, Ditm. $ Bibr. Erp. Gen. via, p. 749.
Cacopus systoma, Giinth. Rept. B. I. p. 415; Buulenr/. Cat. llatr.
Sal. p. 174.

Habit very stout. Head small ; mouth small ; snout rounded,
without canthus rostralis, as long as or slightly longer than the
diameter of orbit ; iuterorbital space twice or not quite twice the
width of the upper eyelid. Fingers moderate, first a little shorter
than second ; toes rather short, webbed at the base : subarticular

Fig. 13(5. — Cacopu* tytt<nita,

tubercles rather indistinct; two strong, compressed, shovel-shaped
metatarsal tubercles, inner very large, as long as the second toe.
Skin smooth, upper surfaces sometimes tubercular. Olive or
pinkish brown above, marbled with blackish brown ; beneath
whitish, immaculate. Male with a subgular vocal sac.

From snout to vent 2-5 inches.

Hcib. India : Carnatic, Biligiriranga Hills, Mysore, Madras.

According to Thurston, this frog is sometimes found in large
numbers at night in Madras compounds during the monsoon,
emitting a characteristic sound. It is unfortunate that no
observations have been made on the breeding-habits, which cannot
but prove of great interest.

GLYPHOGLOSSUS. 497

100. Cacopus globulosus.

Cacopus globulosiis, Giinth. Rept. B. I. p. 416, pi. xxvi, fig. K;
Bouleny. Cat. Batr. Sal. p. 175.

Differs from the preceding in the following points : — Habit
stouter still, globular ; snout longer, measuring nearly twice tbe
diameter of the orbit, with distinct but obtuse canthus rostralis ;
iuterorbital space three times the width of the upper eyelid ; inner
metatarsal tubercle longer than the second toe. Brown, uniform
or spotted with darker.

From snout to vent 3 inches.

Hob. Eussellkonda, Ganjam ; Calcutta (Anderson}.

Genus GLYPHOQLOSSUS,

Giiutker, P. Z. 8. 1868, p. 483.

Pupil vertical. Tongue elongate, notched behind and in front,
divided into two halves by a deep groove, extensively free behind,
slightly so in front. A papilla in the median line of the hinder
part of the palate : a denticulated cutaneous ridge across the
palate, in front of the oesophagus. Tympanum hidden. Fingers
free ; toes webbed, the tips not dilated. No pr;ecoracoids ; sternum
a cartilaginous plate. JJiapophyses of sacral vertebra moderately
dilated. Terminal phalanges simple.

A single species.

101. Glyphoglossus molossus.

Glyphoglossus molossus, Giinth. P. Z. S. 1868, p. 483, pi. xxxviii,
fig. 1 ; Boideny. Cat. Batr. Sal. p. 175.

Head very short, crown convex ; mouth very narrow ; no can-
thus rostralis ; eye very small ; the fleshy part of the lower jaw
swollen, truncated in front, forming a semicircular disk. Limbs
very short. Fingers short, pointed, first and second equal, fourth
very short ; toes short, pointed, entirely webbed ; subarticular
tubercles distinct ; two metatarsal tubercles, the inner extremely
large, compressed, sharp-edged, the outer small, rounded. Skin
smooth (finely granulate). Uniform brownish olive above, sides
and limbs finely marbled with brown ; lower parts whitish,
immaculate.

From snout to vent '2 inches.

Nab. Irrawaddy delta, Pegu. ^

This very curious frog strongly resembles the preceding, from
which it is genericall>' distinguished by the structure of the
tongue. Like Cacopus it is probably an ant-eater, but no obser-
vations have yet been made on its habits. It is true that but a
single specimen is known, which is preserved in the British
Museum.

2K

498 DYSCOPHID.E.

Family III. DYSCOPHID.E.

Upper jaw toothed ; diapophyses of sacral vertebra dilated.
Of the 8 genera and 12 species known, all are inhabitants of
Madagascar, with the exception of the Burmese Calluella.

Genus CALLUELLA,
Stoliczka, P. A. S. B. 1872, p. 143.

Pupil vertical. Tongue oval, entire and free behind. A trans-
verse, interrupted series of palatine teeth. Two cutaneous folds
across the palate in front of the
oesophagus. Tympanum hidden.
Fingers free, toes webbed, the tips
not dilated. Outer metatarsals
united. Coracoids strong; prsecora-
coids very weak, imperfectly ossified,
resting upon coracoids ; no omo-
Fig. 137.— Palate of sternum ; sternum a small cartila-

Calluella guttulata. ginous plate, Diapophvses of sacral

vertebra moderately dilated. Terminal phalanges simple.
A single species.

102. Calluella guttulata.

Megalophrys guttulata, Blyth, J. A. S. B. xxiv, 1855, p. 717.
Callula guttulata, Gnntli. P. Z. S. 1808, p. 490, pi. xl, fig. 1.
Calluella guttulata, Stol. P. A. S. B. 1872, p. 140 ; Boulciif/. Cat.
Batr. Sal. p. 181 .

Head small ; snout short, rounded ; interorbital space broader
than the upper eyelid. Fingers moderate, first a little shorter
than second ; toes moderate, not one-third webbed ; tips of fingers
and toes blunt ; subarticular tubercles well developed ; inner meta-
tarsal tubercle large, shovel-shaped; outer metatarsal tubercle
absent or indistinct. The tarso-metatarsal articulation reaches the
eye. Skin perfectly smooth; a rather indistinct fold across the
head, behind the eyes ; another fold from the eye to the shoulder.
Upper parts pink or yellowish olive, coarsely marbled with brown,
the brown marks edged by a black line ; a long transverse black
mark across the vent and hinder surface of thighs ; beneath
immaculate, the male's throat blackish. Male with a subgular
vocal sac.

From snout to vent 2 inches.

Udb. Pegu and Tenasserim.

BUFONID^.

499

Series B. ARCIFERA.

Family IV. BUFONIim

Jaws toothless ; diapophyses of sacral vertebra dilated.
The family of true Toads, which is nearly cosmopolitan, is
represented in the Indian Fauna by 3 genera.

Fig. 138. — Vertebral column and pectoral arch of Sitfo aspcr.

c. Coccyx.
co. Coracoid.
con. Sacral condyles.

ceo. Epicoracoid.
pco. Prtecoracoid.
sc. Scapula.

si. Sternum.
s.v. Sacral vertebra.

Synopsis of Indian Genera.

Tongue entire ; pupil horizontal ; fingers

webbed NECTOPHRYXE, p. 500.

Tongue entire ; pupil horizontal ; fingers

free BOTO, p. 500.

Tongue nicked behind ; pupil vertical COPHOPHRYNE, p. 508.

2x2

500

UTTFOXTD.K.

Genus NECTOPHRYNE.
Buchholz & Peters, MB. Ak. Berl. 1875, p. 202.

Pupil horizontal. Tongue elliptical, entire, free behind. Tym-
panum distinct or absent. Fingers and toes webbed, the tips dilated
into regular disks. Outer metatarsal united. Xo omosternum ;
sternum cartilaginous. Diapophyses of sacral' vertebra strongly
dilated. Sacral vertebra articulating with coccyx by two condyles.
Terminal phalanges f -shaped.

Distribution. One species inhabits the Cameroons, West Africa,
a second Borneo, and a third Malabar.

103. Nectophryne tuberculosa.

Pedostibes tuberculosus, Gi'mth. P. X. 8. 1875, p. 576, pi. Ixiv, lig. C.
Nectophryne tuberculosa, Boidoiy. Cat. Batr. 8al. p. 280.

Habit moderately slender. Head moderate ; snout subacuminate ;
loreal region vertical ; interorbitul space as broad as the upper
eyelid ; tympanum distinct, one third the width of the eye. Fin-
gers moderate, depressed, webbed at the base, first half the length
of second ; toes moderate, nearly entirely webbed ; tips of fingers
and toes dilated into broad truncated disks, those of toes rather
smaller than those of fingers ; subarticular tubercles small : two
small, flat metatarsal tubercles ; no tarsal fold. The hind limb
being earned forwards along the bodv, the metatarsal tubercles
reach to between the eye and tip of the snout. Skin of upper
parts tubercular, the largest tubercles being arranged along each
side of the back. Brownish grey above, sides darker ; a white
band from below the eye to the axil ; another white longitudinal
band in the lumbar region : beneath dark-spotted. Male with a
subgular vocal sac.

From snout to vent 1'4 inches.

Hal. Malabar.

Genus BUFO,
Laurenti, Syn. Kept. p. 25 (part.), 1708.

Pupil horizontal. Tongue elliptical
or pyriform, entire, tree behind. Tym-
panum distinct or hidden, seldom absent.
Fingers free ; toes more or less webbed :
the tips simple or dilated into small disks.
Outer inetatarsals united. Omosternum
generally absent ; if present, cartilagi-
nous; sternum a cartilaginous plate,
sometimes more or less ossified along
the median line. Diapophyses of sacral
vertebra more or less dilated. Sacral
vertebra articulating with coccyx by two
condyles. Terminal phalanges obtuse

Fig. 139. or

Open mouth of Bvfo asper.

BUFO. 501

Distribution. The true Toads form a large genus, about 85
species being known. They are found in every part of the world
except Madagascar, Australia, 2sTew Guinea, and the Islands of the
Pacific.

Synopsis of Indian, Ceylonese, and Burmese Species.

A. Head without bony ridges.
a. First finger shorter than second.

«'. Parotoids none B. pulcher, p. 501.

//. Parotoids narrow, elongate B. kelaartii, p. 502.

I. First finger as long as second or longer.
a'. Tympanum as large as the eye and close
to it.

a". Skin smooth or nearly so B. hololius, p. 602.

b". Skin rough, tubercular B. macrotisf p. 502.

I'. Tympanum smaller than eyo.

a"1. Tympanum very small or indistinct ;

no tarsal fold . .". B. beadomii, p. 503.

b". Tympanum about half diameter of

eye j a tarsal fold.

a. Subarticular tubercles of toes double. B. latastii, p. 503.
ft. Subarticular tubercles of toes single. B. viridis, p. 504.
c". Greatest diameter of tympanum
two thirds that of eye.

a. A tarsal fold B, andersonii, p. 504.

ft. No tarsal fold B. oliraceus, p. 504.

B. Head with bony ridges.

a. No parietal ridges ; parotoids elliptical,

elongate.
a'. Tympanum small.

a". Cranial ridges rather indistinct .... B. himalayanus, p. 505.

b". Cranial ridges very distinct B. microtympanum,

l>'. Tympanum at least two thirds the [p. 505.

diameter of the eye . , B. melanostictus,

b. Parietal ridges. [p. 505.

«'. Tympanum two thirds diameter of eye. B. parietalis, p. 507.

b'. Tympanum as large as eye B. biporratus, p. 507.

" etal ridges ; parotoids short, round-

subtriaugular B asper, p. 507.

104. Bufo pulcher.

Ansonia ornata, G Until. P. '/,. S. 1875, p. 568, pi. Ixiii, fig. A.
Bufo pulcher, Bouleng. Cat. Bati: SaL p. 288..

Habit slender. Crown without bony ridges; snout short,
obliquely truncated, with angular canthus rostralis and vertical loreal
region ; interorbital space a little broader than the upper eyelid ;
tympanum distinct, about half the size of the eye. Fingers
rather slender, first much shorter than second ; toes short, nearly
entirely webbed ; Subarticular tubercles single, not very promi-
nent ; tips of h'ngers and toes slightly swollen ; metatarsal tu-
bercles two, not very prominent; no tarsal fold. The hind limb
being carried forwards along the body, the tibio-tarsal articulation

502

reaches to between the eye and the tip of the snout. Anterior
half of the back finely tubercular, the remainder smooth ; no paro-
toids. Black ; upperside of head and a dorsal line generally
grey ; beneath with large bright yellow spots. Male with a sub-
gular vocal sac.

From snout to vent 1'2 inches.

Hob. Brahniagiri Hills, Coorg.

105. Bufo kelaartii.

Bufo kelaartii, Giinth. Cat. Eatr. Sal. p. 140, pi. x, fig. A ; id Eept.

B. I. p. 421 ; Boulena. Cat. Batr. Sal p. 288.
Bufo kandianus, GiintJi. A. M. N. H. (4) ix, 1872, p. 87.

Crown without bony ridges ; snout rounded or slightly pointed ;
can thus rostralis angular ; interorbital space as broad as the upper
eyelid ; tympanum small, rather indistinct. Fingers rather slender,
first not extending as far as second ; toes entirely webbed, with
single subarticular tubercles ; tips of fingers and toes swollen ; two
small metatarsal tubercles; tarsal fold present or absent. The
tarso-nietatarsal articulation reaches to between the eye and the tip
of the snout. Skin covered with small tubercles ; parotoids very
narrow and rather elongate. Brownish above ; a light cross-band
between the eyes ; beneath brown-spotted.

From snout to vent 1-75 inches.

Hob. Ceylon.

100. Bufo hololius.

Bufo hololiiiP, Giinth. P. Z. 8. 187"), p. 500, pi. Lxiv, fi<?. A ; Souleny.
Cat. Batr. Snl. p. 289.

Crown without bony ridges ; snout short, prominent ; inter-
orbital space as broad as the upper eyelid ; tympanum very distinct,
nearly as large as the eye and close to it. Fingers short, first ex-
tending a little beyond second ; toes short, webbed at the base only ;
subarticular tubercles single, not very prominent ; two small meta-
tarsal tubercles ; no tarsal fold. The tarso-metatarsal articulation
reaches the eye. Skin smooth, the back with very flat, smooth,
distinctly porous glandular patches ; parotoids flat. Olive above,
marbled with brown ; beneath immaculate.

From snout to vent l-4 inches.

Hob. Malabar. A single specimen is known.

107. Bufo macrotis.

Bufo macrotis, Boulentj. Ann. Mus. Genova, (2) v, 1887, p. 422, pi. iv,
fig. 3.

Crown without bony ridges ; snout short, truncated ; interorbital
space flat, as broad as the upper eyelid ; tympanum very distinct, ver-
tically oval, quite as large as the eye and close to it. First finger
a little longer than second ; toes barely half webbed, with irregular

BUFO. 503

spinose tubercles beneath, from which the so-called subarticular
are hardly distinguishable ; two small metatarsal tubercles ; no
tarsal fold. The tarso- metatarsal tubercle reaches the tympanum
or the eye. Upper parts studded with round tubercles of various
sizes ; parotoids prominent, subcircular. Grey-brown or olive
above, with irregular dark brown spots, vertical bars on the upper
lip, and cross bands on the limbs ; lower surfaces dirty white, with
darker spots ; the male's throat brown. Male with a subgular
vocal sac and, during the nuptial period, black rugosities on the
two inner fingers.

From snout to vent 1-4 inches.

Hob. Bhamo, Teiuzo, and Kakhyen Hills, Upper Burma.

108. Bufo beddomii.

Bufo beddomii, Gilnth. P. Z. S. 1875, p. 569 ; Boukny. Cat. Batr.

Sal. p. 289, pi. xix, fig. 1.
Bufo travancoricus, Beddume, P. Z. S. 1877, p. 685.

Crown without bony ridges ; snout short, projecting, with angular
canthus rostralis ; interorbital space a little broader than the upper
eyelid ; tympanum very small, sometimes indistinct. .First finger
not extending beyond second ; toes nearly entirely webbed, with
single subarticular tubercles; two small melatarsal tubercles; no
tarsal fold. The tarso-uietatarsal articulation reaches to between
the eye and the tip of the snout. Upper parts covered with rough
tubercles ; parotoids ovate, about twice as long as broad, rather
indistinct. Dark brown above, with indistinct black spots ; limbs
beautifully marbled with carmine; lower surfaces marbled with
brown.

From snout to vent 1*75 inches.

Hab. Travan core Hills, 4000 feet.

109. Bufo latastii.
Bufo latastii, Boideng. Cat. Batr. Sal. p. 294, pi. xix, fig. 2.

Crown without bony ridges ; snout short, blunt ; interorbital
space narrower than the upper eyelid; tympanum very distinct,
half the diameter of the eye. First finger not extending beyond
second ; toes two-thirds webbed, with double subarticular tubercles ;
two moderate metatarsal tubercles ; a tarsal fold. The tarso-
metatarsal articulation reaches the tympanum or the hinder border
of the eye. Upper parts with irregular, depressed, distinctly porous
warts ; parotoids moderate, kidney-shaped ; a parotoid-like gland
on the calf. Olive above, spotted or marbled with blackish ; a light
vertebral band ; beneath more or less spotted or marbled with
blackish.

From snout to vent 2-2 inches.

Hab. Ladak.

504 BTJFONID.E.

110. Bufo viridis.

Bufo viridis, Laur. Syn. Kept. p. 27, pi. i, fig. 1 ; Sfol. J. A. S. B.

xxxix, 1870, pt. 2, p. 155; id. P. A. S. B. 1872, p. 113 ; Bouleny.

Cat. Batr. Sal. p. 297.
Bufo calamita (nan Laur.), Giinth. Kept. B. I. p. 420.

Crown without bony ridges ; snout short, rather blunt ; inter-
orbital space narrower than the upper eyelid ; tympanum distinct,
about half the diameter of the eye. First finger extending a little
beyond second : toes half or two-thirds webbed, with single sub-
articular tubercles ; two moderate metatarsal tubercles ; a tarsal
fold. The tibio-tarsal articulation usually reaches the eye. Upper
parts with irregular, depressed, distinctly porous warts ; parotoids
very variable in shape and in si/e, generally moderately elongate
and kidney-shaped. Olive or greenish, uniform or spotted or
marbled with darker ; beneath whitish, uniform or spotted with
blackish. Male with a subgular vocal sac and black nuptial excres-
cences on the two inner fingers.

From snout to vent <3*5 inches.

Hal. Europe east of the Khine and Rhone, >«'orth Africa, Western
and Central Asia, Mongolia and Tibet ; Himalayas. At the
village of Gieumal Stolicxka found a specimen at about 15,000 feet,
which is the highest locality from which a Batrachian was ever
recorded.

111. Bufo andersonii.

Bufo pantherinus (non I). $ B.*), Anders. P. Z. S. 1871, p. 203.
Bufo andersonii, Bvuleng. A. M. N. H. (5) xii, 188-°., p. 163 ; Murray,
Zool. Sind, p. 401.

Crown without bony ridges : snout short, blunt ; iuterorbital
space flat, a little broader than the upper eyelid ; tympanum very
distinct, round, two thirds the diameter of the eye. First finger
extending as far as second or slightly beyond ; toes two-thirds or
half webbed, with single subarticular tubercles ; two moderate
metatarsal tubercles ; a tarsal fold. The tarso-metatarsal articu-
lation reaches between the shoulder and the eye. Upper parts with
irregular flat warts ; parotoids large, elliptical, flat. Brownish or
olive-grey above, spotted or marbled with darker; beneath immacu-
late. Male with a subgular vocal sac.

From snout to vent 3 inches.

Hob. Agra, Eajputana, Sind, Muscat in Arabia.

112. Bufo olivaceus.

Bufo olivaceus, Blanf. A. M. N. H. (4) xiv, 1874, p. 35 ; id. Zool.
E. Pars. p. 434, pi. xxviii, fig. 3 ; Bouleng. Cat. Batr. Sal. p. 300.

Crown without bony ridges; snout short, obliquely truncated from
above backwards ; iuterorbital space slightly concave, a little broader
than the upper eyelid ; tympanum very distinct, vertically oval, its
greatest diameter two thirds that of the eye. Fingers moderate, first

BUFO. 505

longer than second; toes moderate, two-thirds webbed ; subarticular
tubercles single ; two moderate metatarsal tubercles ; no tarsal
fold. The tarso- metatarsal articulation reaches in front of the eye.
Skin of upper parts nearly smooth ; parotoids depressed, very large,
extending to the sacral region ; a fold across the occipital region.
Uniform olive above, whitish beneath. Male with a subgular vocal
sac.

From snout to vent 2'0 inches.

Hal. Baluchistan.

1 1 ;}. Bufo himalayanus.

Butb melanostictus, var. himalayanus, Gimth. liept. 13. I. p. 422.
Bufo sikkimensis, part., Stoliczl'a, P. A. S. fi. 1872, p. 112: Bmh'ny.

Cat. Batr. Sal. p. .'J0r>.
Bufo himalayanus, Bouleny. I. c. p. -'iOo, pi. xx.

Crown deeply concave, with low, blunt supraorbital ridges ; snout
short, blunt ; interorbital space broader than the upper eyelid ;
tympanum very small, rather indistinct. First finger not extending
beyond second ; toes half or two thirds webbed, with single sub-
articular tubercles ; two moderate metatarsal tubercles ; no tarsal
fold. The tarso-metatarsal articulation reaches the anterior border
of the eye or the tip of the snout. Upper parts with irregular,
distinctly porous warts ; parotoids very prominent, large, elongate,
at least as long as the head. Uniform brown. Male without vocal
sacs.

From snout to vent 5 inches.

Hab. Himalayas (Nepal, Sikhim).

114. Bufo microtympanum.

Bufo microtympanum. Boulcnt/. Cat. Batr. Sal. p. .'507, pi. xxii, fig. 1.

Head with prominent bony ridges, viz. a can.tb.al, a praBorbital,
a supraorbital, a postorbital, and a short orbito-tympanic ; snout
short, blunt : interorbital space broader than the upper eyelid ;
tympanum very small, not half the diameter of eye, generally in-
distinct. First finger extending beyond second ; toes about half
webbed, with single subarticular tubercles ; two moderate meta-
tarsal tubercles ; no tarsal fold. The tarso-metatarsal articulation
reaches the eye, or between the eye and the tip of the snout.
Upper surfaces with irregular, distinctly porous warts ; parotoids
prominent, elliptical, twice or twice and a half as long as broad.
Brown above ; yellow beneath, marbled with brown. Male with a
subgular vocal sac.

From snout to vent 3 inches.

Jfal. Malabar.

115. Bufo melanostictus.

Bufo melanostictus, Schneid. Hist. Amph. i, p. 216 ; Gihitli. Kept
B. I. p. 422 ; Bonlenff. Cat. Batr. Sal p. 306.

506

BUFONID^E.

Head with more or less elevated bony ridges, viz. a canthal, a
prseorbital, a supraorbital, a postorbita], aud a short orbito-tym panic;
snout short, blunt ; interorbital space much broader than the upper
eyelid : tympanum very distinct, at least t\vo thirds the diameter
of the eye. First finger extending generally, but not always, beyond
second ; toes at least halt' webbed, \\ ith single subarticular tubercles;
two moderate metatarsal tubercles ; no larsal fold. The tarso-
metatarsal articulation reaches the tympanum or the eye. Upper
surfaces with more or less prominent, often spiny, warts ; parotoids
very prominent, kidney-shaped or elliptical, more or less elongate.

Fig. 140. — liwfo melcmostlctus,

Yellowish or brownish above, the spines of the warts and the ridges
of the head generally black ; beneath immaculate or more or less
spotted. Male with a subgular vocal sac, and black nuptial excres-
cences on the two inner fingers.
From snout to vent 6'5 inches.

BUFO. 507

Hob. This is the commonest toad throughout India, Ceylon, and
Burma, ascending the Sikhim Himalayas to about 10,000 feet and
to 7000 feet in the Xilgiris. Its range extends to Southern China
and the Malay Peninsula and Archipelago.

1 1C. Bufo parietalis.
Bufo parietalis, Bouleny. Cat. Batr. Sal. p. 312, pi. xxi, fig. 2.

Head with very prominent ridges, viz. a canthal, a slight prae-
orbital, a supraorbital, a postorbital, a parietal, and an orbito-
tympanic ; parietal ridges obliquely directed inwards ; snout short,
blunt ; interorbital space broader than the upper eyelid ; tympanum,
distinct, two thirds the diameter of the eye. First finger extending
beyond second ; toes half webbed, with single subarticular tubercles ;
two moderate metatarsal tubercles ; no tarsal fold. The tarso-
metatarsal articulation reaches between the eye and the tip of the
snout. Upper surfaces covered with irregular warts ; parotoids
moderately elongate, elliptical, very prominent. Uniform brown
above ; beneath marbled with brown. Male with a subgular vocal
sac.

From snout to vent 3-25 inches.

Hal. Malabar.

117. Bufo biporcatus.

Bufo biporcatus, Gracenh. JMic. Jftts. Zuol. VratisL p. 53 : Bonleny.
Cat. Batr. Sal. p. 311.

Crown with bony ridges, viz. a supraorbital and a parietal, form-
ing together a straight or nearly straight line, and a short orbito-
tym panic : snout short, .subacuminate, with prominent canthus
rostrali.s ; interorbital space a little broader than the upper eyelid ;
tympanum very distinct, as large as the eye. First finger usually
not extending beyond second ; toes half or two-thirds webbed, with
.single .subarticular tubercles ; two moderate metatartal tubercles ;
no tarsal fold. The tarso-metatarsal articulation reaches the tym-
panum or the eye. Upper surfaces with very prominent, conical,
spinous tubercles ; parotoids very prominent, small, subtriangular
or oval. Brownish above, marbled with darker ; beneath more or
less spotted with brown. Male with a subgular vocal sac.

From snout to vent 3 inches.

Jfab. Java and Borneo. Recently found in the mountains of
Tfiiasscrim by M. Fea.

118. Bufo asper.

Bufo asper, Graivnh. Delic. Mus. Zoo!. J'rafiaf. p. 58 ; Giinth. Kept.
B. I. p. 423 ; Boitleng. Cat. Batr. Sal. p. 313.

A broad snpraorbital and a thick orbito-tympanic bony ridge ;
snout short, obliquely truncated ; canthus rostralis angular ; loreal

508

region vertical ; inlerorbital space broader than the upper eyelid ;
tympanum distinct, one third the diameter of the eye. First finger
not extending beyond second ; toes entirely webbed, with single
subarticular tubercles ; two moderate metatarsal tubercles ; a tarsal
fold. The tarso-metatarsal articulation reaches the tip of the snout
or beyond. Upper surfaces with very prominent, conical, spinose
tubercles ; parotoids very prominent, small, subtriangular or
roundish. Uniform brown or blackish above ; beneath whitish,
immaculate or spotted with black. Male with an internal subgular
vocal sac.

From snout to vent G inches.

Hal. Tenasserim (Mergui), Malay Peninsula, Sumatra, Eomco,
Java.

Genus COPHOPHRYNE.

BoiuYng-er, A. M. N. II. (o) xx, 1887, p. 400.

Pupil vertical. Tongue elliptical, free and very slightly nicked
behind. No tympanum ; eustachian tubes extremely small, scarcely
perceptible. Fingers free, toes nearly free, the tips not dilated.
Outer metatarsals united. A cartilaginous omosternum ; sternum
with a slender bony style. Sacral vertebra with very strongly
dilated diapophyses, and one condyle for articulation with coccyx.

A single species.

119. Cophophryne sikkimensis.

Eombinator silikinmiensis, Ulyiti. J. A. S. IS. xxiii, lfc'54, p. 300.
Scutiger sikkinimei.sis, TJuob. Cat. Eej,t. As. Soc. Mus. 1808, p. 83.
Bulb sikkinimensif.', Anders. P. Z. S. 1871, p. :>04.
Cophophrvne sikkin.tnsi,* Jtoitlinf/. A. M. N. H. (o) xx, 1887,
p. 406.

Head moderate ; snout short, rounded, with indistinct cauthus
rostralis ; interorbital space a little narrower than the upper eyelid.
Fingers and toes blunt, without subarticular tubercles ; first and
second fingers equal ; an indistinct rudiment of web between the
toes ; a large, elliptical, very feebly prominent inner metatarsal
tubercle ; no tarsal fold. The tibio-tarsal articulation reaches the
shoulder or the angle of the mouth. Upper parts with large porous
warts, which may form irregular longitudinal series on the back ;
a narrow parotoid gland, ill-defined above, extends obliquely from
the eye to the extremity of the jaws ; lower parts perfectly smooth.
Olive-brown above, the warts darker and dotted with lighter : a
light triangular spot on the forehead, the base between the eyes,
the apex touching the lip ; loreal region dark ; limbs with dark
marblings. Male without vocal sacs ; dui'ing the breeding-season
with two plate-like callosities on either side of the thorax, thickly

HYLIDJ5. 509

studded with minute dark-brown points, and similar rugosities on
the three inner fingers.

From snout to vent 2 inches.

Hob. A rare Batrachian, hitherto recorded only from Sikhim,
reaching an altitude of 13,000 feet.

Family V. HYLID.E.

Upper jaw toothed ; diapophyses of sacral vertebra dilated ;
distal phalanges claw-like, swollen at the base.

The Hylidce are arboreal frogs, very abundantly represented in
America and Australia and by a few species in the Palaearctic
region. The species described below is to be regarded as an
outpost from the fauna of the latter region.

Genus HYLA.
Laureiiti, Syn. Kept. p. 3:2 (part.), 17<>8.

Pupil horizontal. Tongue entire or slightly nicked, adherent or
more or less free behind. Vomerine teeth. Tympanum distinct
or hidden, Fingers free or more or less webbed : toes webbed,
the tips dilated into smaller or largei1 disks. Outer metatarsals
united or slightly separated. Omosternum cartilaginous ; sternum
a cartilaginous plate. Diapophyses of sacral vertebra more or less
dilated.

Distribution, About 150 species are known, from America,
Australia, Papuasia, and the Palaearctic region.

120. Hyla annectens.

Polypedates aimectens, Jordan, P. A. S. R 1870, p. 84.
Hyla aimectens, Giinth. P. Z. & 1875, p. o70; Roulewi. Cat. Batr.
Sal. p. 38-2.

Tongue circular, slightly nicked, and free behind. Yomerine
teeth in two groups on a level with the hinder edge of the choarue.
Head broader than long ; snout short, rounded ; canthus rostralis
distinct ; interorbital space as broad as the upper eyelid ; tympanum
distinct, about half the diameter of the eye. Fingers webbed at
the base ; toes two-thirds webbed ; disks well developed. JThe
tibio-tarsal articulation reaches the tympanum or the eye. Skin
smooth above, granular beneath ; a strong tuberculated fold from
the eye to the shoulder. Green above ; a dark, lateral streak, light-
edged above, ending in two or three deep black spots, separated or
confluent on the groin, which is bright yellow; sides of thighs with
deep black spots on a bright yellow ground ; two outer fingers and

510 PELOBATIDJ:.

two outer t-oes green ; beneath whitish, immaculate. Male with
au external subgular vocal sac and black nuptial excrescences on
the thumb.

From snout to vent 2 inches.

Hab. Khusi Hills, and Kakhyen Hills, Upper Burma.

Family VI. PELOBATID^:.

Upper jaw toothed ; diapophyses of sacral vertebra strongly
dilated ; terminal phalanges simple.

Of the 8 genera of this family, only one is found in India and
Burma. The statement, made in several works, that a species of
Megaloplirys (M. montana, Kuhl), occurs in Ceylon is based on a
specimen in the British Museum purchased from a dealer many
years ago. In the absence of further data, I consider the locality
attached to that specimen as probably erroneous.

Genus LEPTOBRACHIUM,
Tschudi, Class. Batr. p. 81, 1838.

Pupil vertical. Tongue large, cordiform or pyriform, slightly
nicked and free behind. Vomerine teeth present or absent. Tym-
panum indistinct or hidden. Fingers free ; toes webbed at the
base or nearly free, the tips not dilated. Outer metatarsals united.
Omost ernurn cartilaginous ; sternum with a bony style. Vertebrae
procoelous. Sacral vertebra with very strongly dilated diapophyses,
and one condyle for articulation with coccyx.

Distribution. Four species are known from Burma and the
Eastern Himalayas. A fifth (L. yracile, Gthr.) is from Borneo.

Synopsis of Indian and Burmese Species.

A. Tibio-tarsal articulation reaching the eye, or

beyond ; vomerine teeth * .... L, monticola, p. 510.

B. Tibio-tarsal articulation not reaching the eye.

a. Vomerine teeth none ; no palpebral appen-

dage L. hasseltii, p. 511.

b. Vomerine teeth none ; several palpebral

appendages L. carinensc, p. 511.

c. Vomerine teeth ; a single palpebral appen-

dage L.fea, p. 512.

121. Leptobrachium monticola.

Xenophrys monticola, Gilnth. Rept. B. 1. p. 414, pi. xxvi, tig. H ;

Bouleng. Cat. Batr. Sal p. 441.
Xenophrys gigas, Jerdon, P. A. S. B. 1870, p. 85.
Ixalus cinerascens, Stoliczka, P. A. S. B. 1870, p. 275.
Ixalus lateralis, Anders. J. A. S. B. xl, 1871, p. 29 ; id. An. Zool.

Res. Yunnan, p. 844, pi. Ixxviii, fig. 5.

LEPTOBBA.CHIUM. 511

Leptobrachium moiiticola, Bouleng. Ann. Mm. Genom, (2) vii, 1889,
p. 720.

Tongue cordiform. Yomerine teeth in two small groups a little
behind the choanoc. Head much depressed ; snout very short,
truncated, with angular canthus rostralis and deeply concave loreal
region ; interorbital space broad, slightly concave ; tympanum
scarcely distinct, vertically oval, about two thirds the diameter of
the eye. First finger not extending beyond second ; toes with a
rudiment of web ; tips of fingers and toes slightly swollen ; sub-
articular and metatarsal tubercles indistinct. The tibio-tarsal
articulation reaches the eye, the tip of the snout, or a little beyond
the latter. Skin smooth or minutely tubercular above ; usually a
V-shaped linear ridge on the nape. Olive-brown above ; a dark,
light-edged triangular spot between the eyes ; usually one or two
other angular markings on the back, and a dark band along each
side of the head ; hind limbs with dark cross bars ; throat and
breast marbled with brown. Male with internal vocal sacs.

From snout to vent 4 inches.

Hob. Sikhim, Khasi Hills, mountains of Burma. This frog
occurs also at Kiu-Kiang, on the Yang-tse-kiang, whence Dr.
Boettger received a young specimen, which I have examined.

122. Leptobrachium hasseltii.

Leptobrackiumhasseltii, Tschudi, Class. Batr. p. 81; Boukng. Cat.
Batr. Sal. p. 441.

Tongue cordiform. Yomerine teeth none. Head rather large ;
snout rounded, as long as the diameter of the orbit, with distinct
canthus rostralis ; interorbital space a little broader than the upper
eyelid ; tvmpanum very indistinct, half the diameter of the eye.
Fingers moderate, first and second equal ; toes very short, webbed
at the base ; tips of fingers and toes blunt ; subarticular tubercles
indistinct ; a small, subcircular, inner metatarsal tubercle. The
tibio-tarsal articulation reaches the angle of the mouth. Skin of
back distinctly, of bellv indistinctly granular. Brownish or olive
above, spotted with black ; hind limbs with black cross bars. Male
with a subgular vocal sac.

From snout to vent 2'5 inches.

Hob. Pegu and Tenasserim, Malay Peninsula, Sumatra, Borneo,
Java.

123. Leptobrachium carinense.

Leptobrachium carinense. Boukng. Ann. Mm. Genova. (2) vii. 188*9,
p. 748.

Tongue large, pyriform, slightly nicked posteriorly. Yomerine
teeth none. Head enormous, nearly twice as broad as long, ex-
tremely depressed, semicircular in outline ; the length of the snout
equals the diameter of the eye ; nostril equally distant from the

512 PELOBATID^E.

eye ami from the middle of the upper lip; interorbital space nearly
twice as broad as the upper eyelid, scarcely concave ; loreal region
slightly concave ; canthus rostralis well-marked ; temporal region
very oblique; no distinct tympanum. Habit very stout, limbs
short. Fingers and toes short, with slightly swollen tips ; first
finger not extending beyond second ; toes one-third webbed ; no
subarticular tubercles ; a very large, oval, flat inner metatarsal
tubercle. The tibio-tarsal articulation reaches the axilla in the
female, the angle of the mouth in the male ; the tarso-metatarsal
articulation reaches the angle of the mouth in the female, the
posterior border of the brbit in the male. Sides of body with
irregular flat warts ; an oblique dermal ridge, directed outwards
and backwards, on each side of the anterior half of the back, some
irregular ridges or small scattered tubercles on the posterior half ;
a strong dermal ridge from the eye to the shoulder ; upper eyelid
with two to four horns, or long conical tubercles ; stellate bony
deposits in the skin of the parietal region and of the anterior part
of the back ; a transverse fold separates the head from the body ;
slight oblique dermal ridges across the limbs ; throat finely gran-
ulate, belly nearly smooth. Yellowish, with the back between the
dermal ridges purplish grey ; the eyes, the dorsal ridges, and the
larger lateral tubercles boi'dered with black, a blackish streak across
the interorbital region ; some of the latter tubercles pure white ;
limbs purplish grey, hands and feet carneous ; gular region pur-
plish black. Male with an internal vocal sac.

From snout to vent 6| inches.

Hob. M. Fea obtained several specimens of this frog on the
Western slope of the Karennee Mountains, east of Toungugoo, at
an altitude of 2500 feet and upwards. The strong jaws of this
Batrachian enable it to overpower small mammalia, and a large
female opened by M. Fea contained, in addition to a few insects,
a small squirrel.

124. Leptobrachium fese.

Megaloplirys fete, Bouleny. Ann, Mus. Genova, (2) iv, 1887, p. 512,

and v, 1887, p. 423, pi. v.
Leptobrachium fese, Bonlemj. op. cit. vii, 1889, p. 7-">0.

Tongue broadly pyriform, feebly nicked behind. A'omerine teeth
in two small, widely separated groups behind the line of the choanae.
Head enormous, nearly twice as broad as long, extremely depressed,
regularly semicircular in outline ; the length of the snout hardly
equals the diameter of the eye ; nostril equally distant from the
eye and from the middle of the upper lip, which does not project
beyond the lower ; interorbital space twice as broad as the upper
eyelid, scarcely concave ; loreal region concave, canthus rostralis
feeble; temporal region very oblique; no distinct tympanum.
Fingers rather short, first not extending beyond second. Toes
short, with a very short web at the base ; no distinct subarticular
tubercles ; a very large, oval, flat inner metatarsal tubercle. The

SALAMANDRID.E. 513

tibio-tarsal ai'ticnlation reaches the axilla or the commissure of the
jaws. Sides of body and upper surface of limbs with small smooth
warts ; no longitudinal glandular folds ; a fold from the eye to
the commissure of the jaws ; upper eyelid with small smooth warts
and a long conical tubercle or horn near its outer edge ; a group
of stellate bony deposits on each side of the parietal region ; smaller
dermal ossifications crowded on the anterior part of the back ; lower
parts smooth. Olive-brown above, temporal region darker ; lips,
eyes, and some of the larger warts on the body edged with black ;
a cross line between the orbits divides the head into a lighter anterior
and a darker posterior portion ; the warts on the upper surface
of the thighs whitish ; lower surfaces dirty white, chin blackish.
Male with a subgular vocal sac.

From snout to vent 5*5 inches.

Hob. Discovered by M. Fea in the Kakhyen Hills, east of
Bharao.

Order II. CAUDATA.

Four (or two) limbs and a tail throughout life. Propodial bones
distinct. Frontal bones distinct from parietals ; palatines distinct
from maxillaries.

In the tailed Batrachians the metamorphoses are less conspicuous
than in the Frogs and Toads, and some forms even retain the gills
permanently (Proteidce, Sirenidce). This order is essentially con-
fined to the Palaearctic and North- American Regions, but a few
species extend, favoured by elevation, into the mountains of the
Neotropical and Indian regions. In the latter region two species
occur — an Amblystoma in the mountains of Siam and the curious
genus Tylototriton, described below.

Family I. SALAMANDRID^E.

No gills in the perfect state ; maxillary present ; both jaws
toothed ; eyelids developed.

Genus TYLOTOTRITON,

Anderson, P. Z. S. 1871, p. 423.

Tongue small, subcircular, free on the sides and slightly behind.
Palatine teeth in two oblique series, meeting in front. A thick,

2 L

514

SALAMANDEJDJE.

bony fronto-squamosal arch ; maxillary reaching quadrate ; ptery-
goicl applied to maxillary. Toes five. Tail compressed.
A single species.

125. Tylototriton vermcosus.

Tylototriton verrucosus, Anders. P. Z. S. 1871, p. 423 ; id. An. Zool.
Res. Yunnan, p. 848, pi. Ixxvi, fig. G, £ pi. Ixxvii ; Bouleng. Cat.
Batr. Orad. 8?c. p. 29.

Palatine series of teeth forming a /y, commencing on a line with,
or a little in front of, the choanse. Head broader than long, sur-
rounded by a prominent osseous porous ridge ; a short similar ridge
along the parieials ; snout short, broad; eyes moderate ; no labial
lobes. Body 3 to 3£ times the length of the head ; no dorsal
crest, but a broad prominent porous vertebral ridge, produced by
the great development and transverse expansion of the neural pro-
cesses of the dorsal vertebrae ; a series of 15 or 16 knob-like porous
glands along the side, the last three behind the leg when it is ex-
tended at right angles to the body. Limbs moderate ; fingers and
toes free, depressed. Tail as long as head and body or a little longer,

Fig. 141. — Tylototriton verrucosus.

strongly compressed, with an upper and lower crest, ending in
a point. Anal opening a longitudinal slit, the borders not much
swollen. Skin tubercular ; parotoids large, very distinct; a strong
gular fold. Uniform blackish brown, paler on the lips, snout, chin,
throat, and under surface of limbs ; lower edge of tail orange-
yellow.

Total length 6 inches ; tail 3.

flab. Mountains of Yunnan, Kakhyen Hills, Sikhim.

C.ECILIIDvE. 515

Order III. APODA.

No limbs. Tail rudimentary or absent. Frontal bones distinct
from parietals • palatines fused with maxillaries. Males with an
intromittent copulatory organ.

A single family : —

Family I. CLECILIID^E.

Worm-like, burrowing Batrachians inhabiting the ^Ethiopian*,
Indian, and Neotropical Eegions. 14 genera are known, three of
which are represented in the Indian Fauna.

Synopsis of Indian Genera.

A. Cycloid imbricated scales imbedded in

the skin ; eyes distinguishable.
«. Tentacle between the nostril and the

eye, near the lip ICHTHYOPHIS, p. 515.

b. Tentacle below the nostril URJEOTYPHLUS, p. 517.

B. No scales ; eyes below the cranial bones. GEGFATOPHIS, p. 518.

Genus ICHTHYOPHIS,

Fitzinger, N. Class. Kept. p. 36, 1826.

Squamosal bones in contact with parietals. Two series of teeth
in the lower jaw. Tentacle cultriform, exsertile, between the eye
and the nostril. Cycloid scales imbedded in the skin.

Distribution. India to the Malay Archipelago. Two species are
known.

Synopsis of the Species.

Length of snout equals width of head between

eyes ; a yellow lateral band /. fflutinosus, p. 515.

Length of snout less than width of head between

eyes ; uniform brown I. monochrous, p. 517.

126. Ichthyophis glutinosus.

Caecilia glutinosa, Linn. Syst. Nat. i, p. 393.
Epicrium glutiuosum, Giinth. Rept. B. I. p. 441.
Ichthyophis glutinosus, Bouleng. Cat. Batr. Grad. $c. p. 89.

Both rows of mandibular teeth well developed. Snout rounded ;
the width of the head between the eyes equals the distance of the

* None are known from Madagascar, but two species occur in the Seychelles.

2L2

516

CJECILIIDJE,.

eye from the end of the snout ; eye easily distinguishable ; ten-
tacle below and in front of the eye, usually much nearer to the eye
than to the nostril. Body subcylmdrical, rather depressed, mode-
rately elongate, with very numerous (240 to 400) distinct circular
folds, angular on the belly. Tail very short though distinct, pointed.
Dark brown or bluish black ; a yellow band along each side of the
body.

Total length 15 inches ; diameter of body | inch.

Fig. 142. — Ichthyopkis glutinosus, female with eggs (after Sarasin).

Hab. Mountains of Cej'lon, Malabar, Eastern Himalayas, Khiisi
Hills, Burma, Siam, Malay Peninsula, Sumatra, Borneo, Java.

These Batrachians are found in damp situations, usually in soft
mud. The complete development has been observed and described
by the Drs. Sarasin *. The eggs are very large and deposited in a
burrow near the water. The female protects them by coiling
herself round the egg-mass, which the young do not leave until
after the loss of the external gills ; they then lead an aquatic life,
and are provided with an opening, or spiraculum, on each side of
the neck. In these larva) the head is fish-like, provided with much
developed labial lobes, with the eyes much more distinct than in
the perfect animal ; the tail is very distinct, strongly compressed,
and finned above and beneath ; the anal opening is a longitudinal
cleft.

* Ergebnissenaturwissenschaftlicher Forschungen auf Ceylon in den Jahren
1884-86 : ii, 1887-90.

UBJEOTYPHLUS. 517

127. Ichthyophis monochrous.

Ichthyophis glutinosus, var., Cantor, J. A. 8. B. xvi, 1847, p. 1058.
Epicrium monochroum, Bleek. Nat. Tijdschr. Nederl. Ind. xvi,

1858, p. 188 ; Giinth. Sept. B. I. p. 443.
Ichthyophis monochrous, Boukng. Cat. Batr. Grad. fyc. p. 91, pi. iv,

%. 1.

Differs from /. glutinosus in the following characters : —
Head shorter, the distance between the eyes being more than
the length of the snout. Inner series of rnandibular teeth indistinct,
composed of a few teeth only. 235 to 360 circular folds. Uni-
form blackish brown or lead-coloured, without lateral band.

Total length 13 inches ; diameter of body | inch.

Hob. Java, Borneo, Singapore, Sikhim, and Western Ghats of
India"; specimens were obtained in Malabar by Col. Beddome, and
I have recently received from Mr. Gleadow a fine specimen obtained
at Waghei, Surat.

Genus UILEOTYPHLTJS,

Peters, MB. Ak. Berl. 1879, p. 933.

Squamosals free from parietals. Teeth small, numerous in jaws
and palate ; two series in the lower jaw. Eyes visible. Tentacle
cultriform, exsertile, below the nostril. Cycloid scales imbedded
in the skin.

Distribution. Two species from Southern India, and one from
West Africa.

Synopsis of Indian Species.

Snout as long as the distance between the

eyes ; 200-210 folds round the body U. oxyurus, p. 517.

Snout longer than the distance between the

eyes ; 240-260 folds round the body. ... U. malabaricus, p. 518.

128. Urseotyphlus oxyurus.

Caecilia oxyura, Dum. $ Bibr. Erp. Gen. viii, p. 280 ; Giinth. Kept.

B. I. p. 443.
Urseotyphlus oxyurus, Bouleny. Cat. Batr. Grad. fyc. p. 92, pi. v, fig. 2.

Teeth small, subequal ; both rows of mandibular teeth well de-
veloped. Snout narrowed, rounded ; the width of the head between
the eyes equals the distance of the eyes from the end of the snout ;
tentacle small, below the nostril, close to the lip ; eyes easily distin-
guishable. Body cylindrical, moderately elongate, with numerous
(200 to 210) distinct circular folds, widely interrupted on the belly
(except those on the hinderinost part of the body), alternately longer
and shorter. Tail very short, though distinct, pointed. Blackish
or purplish brown, lighter (sometimes white) beneath ; lips and
folds on the sides lighter.

Total length 11 inches ; diameter of body 0'5.

Hab. Hills of Malabar.

518

.129. Urseotyphlus malabaricus.

Ctecilia malabarica, Beddome, Madras Jottrn. Med. Sc. 1870,

p. 176.
Uneotyphlus malabaricus, Bouleng. Cat. Batr. Grad. fyc. p. 92. pi. v,

fig. 3.

Well distinguished from the preceding by the following charac-
ters : — Snout narrower, more prominent, measuring more than the
distance between the eyes. Plicae more numerous (240 to 200),
very narrowly interrupted on the bellv. Dark olive-brown, a little
lighter beneath ; lips and end of snout yellowish.

Total length 9 inches ; diameter of bodv 0*3.

Hob. Hills of Malabar.

Genus GEGENOPHIS,
Peters, MB. Ak. Berl. 1879, p. 932.

Squaunosals in contact with parietal s. Two series of teeth in
the lower jaw. Eyes roofed over bv bjne. Tentacle globular,
surrounded by a circular groove, situated behind and below the
nostril. No scales.

A single species.

130. Gegenophis carnosus.

Epicriuin carnosum, Beddome, Madras Journ. Med. Sc. 1870,

p. 176.
Gegeuophis carnosus, Bouleny. Cat. Batr. Grad. fyc. p. 101, pi. viii,

fig. 3.

Teeth small, subequal. Snout narrowed, projecting ; tentacle
near the lip. Body elongate ; 115 to 120 circular folds, all rather
indistinct, interrupted on the back, the hindermost complete.
Tail indistinct, rounded. Uniform bright fleshy colour when alive ;
light brown in spirits, head yellowish.

Total length 7 inches ; diameter of body 0'2.

Hal. Peria peak, "Wynaad, at an elevation of about 5000 feet
under stones ; rare.

ALPHABETICAL INDEX.

abbreviatus (Hydrophis),

agrorensis (Agama), 149.

Ampbiesma stolatum,

397.

agrorensis (Stellio), 149.

348.

Ablabes, 304.

Ahaetula bellii, 338.

Amphiesma subminia-

Ablepbarus, 213.

Ahsetula caudolineata,

tum, 347.

Acanthodactylus, 170.

339.

anamallayana (Lopho-

Acanthosaura, 124.

albiventer (Ablabes), 286.

salea), 132.

Acontias, 226.

albiveiiter (Simotes), 314.

anamallayana (Salea),

Acontiophis paradoxa,

albocincta (Coronella),

132.

323.

312.

anamallensis (Gecko),

Acrochordiuae, 354.

albocincttis(Simotes),312.

101.

Acrochordus fasciatus,

albofasciatus (Gyinno-

anamallensis (Hoplodac-

355.

dactylus), 66.

tylus), 101.

Acrochordus granulatus,

albolabris (Trimesurus),

anamallensis (Lycodon),

355.

430.

293.

acutirostris (Scapteira),

albomaculatus (Sepo-

anamallensis (Triinere-

179.

phis), 345.

surus), 430.

acutus (Cerberus), 375.
acutus (Onychocephalus),

albopunctata (Riopa),
208.

Ancistrodon, 423.
andamanen3e(Phelsuma) ,

241.

albopunctatum (Lygo-

106.

acutus (Typhlops), 241.
Adeniophis, 386.

soma), 208.
albopunctatus(Eumeces),

audamauensis (Dendro-
phis), 338.

adolfi (Dicroglossus), 442.

208.

andamanensis(Rana),450.

adspersus (Ixalus), 486.

Alopecophis chalybeus,

andamanensis(Ty ph lops) ,

ajgyptiacus (Trionyx),

335.

241.

16.

Alsophylax, 58.

andersonii (Amblycepha-

afliuis (Hypnale), 424.

alticola (Rana), 458.

lus), 416.

affinis (Oligodon), 318.

altilabris (Rana), 438.

andersonii (Bufo), 504.

afliuis (Platurus), 395.

amabilis (Simotes), 312.

audersonii (Pareas), 416.

affinis (Tetraonyx), 38.
aflinis(Uropeltis),252.
afghana (Polypedates),

Amblycephalidte, 414.
Amblycephalus, 414.
amboinensis (Cistudo),

andersonii (Rana), 447.
andersonii (Trimeresu-
rus), 429.

462.

31.

Anguida;, 158.

afghana (Rana), 462.

amboinensis (Cuora), 31.

anguina (Riopa), 210,

Agama, 146.

amboinensis (Cyclernys).

211.

Agama ophiomachus,

31.

anguinum (Lygosoma),

140.

amboineusis (Testudo),

211.

Agauiidse, 109.

31.

Anguis maculata, 251.

Again ura, 71.

Amphiesma brachyurum,

Anguis platura, 397.

agilis (Agama), 147.

351.

Anguis ruffa, 250.

agilis (Blepharosteres),

Amphiesma chrysargum,

Anguis scytale, 250.

213.

345.

angusticeps (Tropidono-

Aglypba, 279.

Amphiesma platyceps,

tus), 352.

agi-icola (R;ina), 450.

345.

annectens (Hyla), 509.

520

ALPHABETICAL INDEX.

armectens (Polypedates),

aurantiacus (Heiuidacty-

bellii (Akrctula), 338.

509.

lus), 98.

bollii (Gonyocvpkalus),

annularis (Bungarus),

aurautiacus (Lopidodac-

123.

388.
annnlaris (Callopkis),

tylus), 98.
aureus (Calodactylus),

bellii (Lcptopkis), 366.
bellii (Liolepis), 15(5.

385.

80.

bellii (Lopkyrus), 123.

annulata (Silybura), 269.
aunulatus (Hydrus), 408.

aureus (Plectrurus), 27-'.
australis (Cerberus),

bellii (Uromastix), 156.
bellulus (Tropidonotus),

annulatus (Polyodontes),

375.

350.

406.

australis (Homalopsis),

bengalensis(l)ac't \ let lira).

Ansonia oruata, 501.

376.

441.

Apoda, 515.

Azemiops, 418.

bengalensis (Enkydrina),

arakana (Geoemyda), 25.
Arcifera, 433, 499.

bairdii (Lycodon), 364.

406.

K'nirali'nsis (Falconeria),

arctioeps (Silybura), 267,

baliolum (llomalosoma),

879.

268.

305.

bengalensis (Hydropliis),

arcuatus (Bungarus),

barmanus (Typklops),

406.

389.

238.

bengalensis (Rana), 442.

arenarius (Scinous), 221.

barnesii (Dipsas), 359.

beiigalensis(Tupinambis),

areuarius (Zainenis), 329.

Baryccphalus sykesii,

164.

arouicola (Ecbis), 422.

148.

bengalensis (Varauus),

Argyropkis korsfieldii,

baska (Batagur), 38.
baska (Emys), 38.

164.
bengalionsis (Hemidacty-

armata (Acantkosaura),

baska (Tetraonyx), 38.

lus), 92.

125.

Batagur, 37.

Berdmorea intorlineata,

armata (Agama), 125.

batagur (Emys), 38.

aruensis (Coluber), 314.

batagur (Tolraouyx),38.

berdmorei (Aspris), 217.

arnensis (Simotes), 314.

Batrackia, 432.

bordmorei (Doryura),

asper (Bufo), 507.

beddomei (Gyinnodacty-

93.

asper (Lyrioeepkalus),
aspera (Oeratopkora),

lus), 76. '
beddomei (Pseudophi-
ops), 174.

berdmorei (Emys), 35.
berdmorei (Engystoma),
492.

120.

beddomii (Bufo), 503.

berdmoroi (Hemidacty-

n>p(>ni ( 11 \ilropkis), 410.

beddomii (Euprepes),

his), 93.

Aspidura, 2SS.

187.

berdmorei (Leiurus), 93.

Aspilus gatagohl, 12.

beddomii (Ixalus), 486.

berdmorei (MoreniaX

Aspis infest inalis, ;>S(5.

beddomii (Lygosoma),

36,

Aspris berdmorei, 217.

203.

berdmorii (Microhyla),

assimilis (Rana), 450.

beddomii (Mabuia), 187.

482,

Astrotia sckizopkolis,

beddomii (Nannobatra-

berdmorii (Paroas), 416.

408.

ckus), 468.

berdmorii (Tropidopko-

Ateuckosaurus travanco-
ricus, 215, 216.

beddomii (Opkiops), 174.
beddomii (Otocryptis),

rus), 217.
Biancia niger, 130.

Athecie, 50.

11(1.

bibroui (ElapV :!S(J.

atra (Naia), 391.

beddomii (Polypedates),

bibronii (Callophis). 38(5.

Atretiuiu sckistosum,

453.

bibronii (Mabuia), 184.

352.

beddomii (Rana), 453.

bibronii ('J'iliqua), 1S4.

Atretium yunnancnsis,

beddomii (Rhacopkorus),

bibronii (VaramiB), 164.

352.

473.

bicak>nata (Silybura),

atriceps (Ilydropkis),

beddomii (Ristella), 216.

860,

404.

beddomii (Silybura),

bicatenatus (Simotes),

atriceps (Zamenis), 328.

265.

311.

atropurpureum (Tetra-

beddomii (Simotes), 314.

bicolor (Ablabes), 300.

gonosoma), 294.
atropurpureus (Lycodon),

beddomii (Tropidouotus),
844,

bicolor (Calamaria), 300
bicolor (Fordonia). .'!78.

294.

beddomii (Typklops),

bicolor (Gerarda), 379.

Aturia lapemoides, 412.

237.

bicolor (Grotea), 3(.K).

Aturia lindsayi, 40i.

Bellia, 32.

bicolor (llydrophis).

Aturia ornata, 411.
aulicus (Coluber), 2l>4.

belliana (Liolepis), lf>(>.
belliana (Uromastix),

397.
bicolor (Hydrus), o97.

anlicus (Lycodon), 294.

156.

bicolor (Pelamis), 397.

ALPHABETICAL INDEX.

521

bicolor(PseudocyclophU),

blomhoffii (Trigonoce-

breviceps (Rana), 451.

300.

phalus), 424.

brevipalmata (Rana),

bicolor (Trimeresurus),

blumenbachii (Corypho-

450.

429.

don), 325.

brevipalmatus (Poly-

bifrenalis (Dendrophis),

blythi (Euprepes), 200.

pedates), 454.

338.

Blythia, 287.

brevipes (Gytnnodacty-

bilineata (Hypsirhina),

blythiana (Mabouia),

lus), 63.

376.

220.

brevipes (Zygnidopsis),

bilineata (Mocoa), 202.

blythianus (Eumeces),

222.

bilineatum (Lygosoma),

220.

brevirostris (Eremias),

202.

blythii (Mocoa), 200.

177.

bilineatum (Melanophi-

blythii (Rhinophis), 256,

brevirostris (Mesalina),

dium), 273.

260.

177.

bilineatus (Eumeces),
202.

Boa conica, 247.
Boa johnii, 248.

brevis (Euprepes), 190.
brevis (Hydrophis), 397.

bilineatus (Platyplectru-

Boa reticulata, 246.

brevis (Mabuia), 190.

rus), 274.

boaeformis (Cerberus),

brevis (Silybura), 268.

biuiaeulatus (Rhacopho-

375.

Bronchocela burniana,

rus), 472.

Boidi«, 244.

134.

binotatus (Simotes),

boii (Dendrophis), 338.

Bronchocela cristatella,

321.

Boinse, 244.

134.

biporcatus (Bufo), 507.

Boltalia sublaevis, 92.

Bronchocela iudica,

bipunctatum (Lycophi-

Bombinator sikkiiuensis,

142.

dion), 293.

508.

Bronchocela jubata,

bipunctatus (Coluber),

bothriorhynchus (Ty-

135.

293.

phlops), 239.

Bronchocela moluccana,

Bis-Cobra, 108, 161.

Bothrops nigromargina-

134.

biscu tiger (Polypedates),
475.

tus, 431.
Bothrops viridis, 430.

broughaini (Silybura),

bishopii (Hydrophis),

bowringii (Doryura),

brunnea (Cabrita), 172.

409.

93.

bubah'na (Dipsas), 361.

bistrigatus (Ablabes).

bowringii (Hemidacty-

buccata (Homalopsis),

304.

lua), 93.

374.

bistrigatus (Cynophis),

brachyorrhos (Aspidura),

buccatus (Coluber), 374.

331.

289.

buchanani (Trionyi),

bistrigatus (Polyodonto-

brachyorrhos (Scvtale),

13.

phis), 304.

289.

Bufo, 500.

Bitia hydroides, 382.

Brachvsaura ornata,

Bufonidse, 499.

bituberculata (Distira),

145.

bungaroides (Bungarus),

411.

brachytarsus (Polypeda-

389.

bituberculatus (Hydro-

tes), 453.

bungaroides (Elaps),

phis), 411.

brachyura (Coronella),

389.

bivittata (Otocryptis),

309.

bungaroides (Xenur-

115.

brachyurum (Amphies-

elaps), 389.

bivittatus(Hyliedactvlus),
494.

ma), 351.
brachyurus (Zauieuis),

Bungarums, 387.
Bungarus, 387.

blanfordiana (Charasia),

309.

bungarus (Naia), 392.

145.

braconnieri (Enicogna-

bungarus (Trimeresurus),

blanfordii (Draco), 112.

thus), 303.

392.

blanfordii (Glaucoma),

brama (Eana), 449.

Bunopus tuberculatus,

243.
blanfordii (Hemidacty-

braminus (Eryx), 236.
braminus (Typhlops),

59.
burniana (Bronchocela),

lus), 94.

236.

134.

blanfordii (Hvpsirhina),
377.

brandtii (Ablepharus),
213.

burniana (Emys), 2.3.
burtonii (Acontias), 227.

bknfordii (Ophiomorus),

breiteusteini (Python),

burtonii (Nessia), 227.

222.

246.

Blepharosteres agilis,

breTicauda (Oligodon),

Cabrita, 171.

213.

319.

Cacopus, 495.

Blepharosteres gravanus,

breviceps (Pyxicephalus),

Cadmus cuneiformis,

214.

451.

279.

522

ALPIIABKTICAL I>TI)EX.

Cecilia glutinosa, 515.

caracal (Gecko), 85.

caudolineatus (Lepto-

Caicilia malabarica, 518.

Caretta squamata, 49.

phis), 339.

Caecilia oxyura, 517.

caretta (Testudo), 50.

caudoliueolatus (Dendro-

Caiciliida), 515.

caretta (Thalassochelys),

phis), 339.

cterulea (Pseudoboa),

50.

cavirostris (Polypedates),

388.

carinata (Aspidura),

481.

csierulescens (Enhydris),

291.

carirostris (Ehacopho-

400.

carinata (Cynophis),

rus), 481.

cierulescens (Hydrophis),

331.

cerasinus (Callophis),

400.

carinata (Echis), 422.

386.

cserulescens (Hydrus),

carinata (Hurria), 296.

cerasinus (Elaps), 386.

400.

carinata (Mabuia), 188,

cerasogaster (Psammo-

cajruleus (Bungarus),

190.

phis), 353.

388, 389.

carinata (Pseudoboa),

cerasogaster (Tropidono-

Calamaria, 281.

422.

tus), 353.

calamaria (Ablabes),

carinata (Tiliqua), 191.

cerasogaster (Xenochro-

305.

carinatus (Cercaspis),

phis), 353.

calamaria (Cyclophis),

296.

Ceratophora, 118.

305.

carinatus(Cryptelytrops),

Cerberus, 374.

calauiita (Bufo), 504.

429.

Cercaspis carinatus, 296.

calamus (Lygosoma),

carinatus (Euprepes),

Cercaspis travancoricus,

211.

188, 191.

293.

calcaratus (Chameleon),

carinatus (Lycodon), 296.

ceylauica (Cophotis),

232.

carinatus (Scincus), 188,

118.

callicephalus (Coronella),

191.

ceylanica (Eana), 450.

308.

carinatus (Trinieresurus),

ceylanica (Silybura),

Callophis, 383.

429.

268.

Calluella, 498.

carinense (Leptobra-

ceylanicus (Coloburus),

Callula, 493.

chiuui), 511.

265.

Calodactylus, 80.

cariniferus (Triouyx),

ceylanicus (Hoplobatra-

Calopeltis, 330.

14.

chus), 449.

Calopbrynus, 490.

carnaticum (Eugystoma),

cevlanicus (Trachycepha-

Calosaura chaperi, 174.

491.

*lus), 469.

Calotes, 132.

carnosuiu (Epicrium),

ceylanicus (Uropeltis),

Campsodactyluslanmrrei,

518.

268.

212.

carnosus (Gegenophis),

ceylonensis (Aspidura),

Campylodon prevostia-

518.

291.

num, 379.

cartilaginea (Testudo),

ceylonensis (Calotes),

canarensis (Leptophis),

15.

139.

368.

cartilagineus (Trionyx),

ceylonensis (Dipsadomor-

canarica (Silybura), 270.
canaricus (Plectrurus),

15.
caspius (Gymnodactylus),

phus), 359.
ceylonensis (Dipsas),

270.

61.

359.

canaricus (Pseudoplec-

catenata (Calamaria),

ceyloneusis (Emyda),

trurus), 270.

282.

17.

candidus (Bungarus),

catenatus (Cyclopliis),

ceylonensis (Haploccr-

389.

305.

cus), 291.

cantori (Hydrus), 408.

Catodon, 243.

ceylonensis (Lepidodac-

cantori (Trigonocepha-

caucasica (Agama), 151.

tylus), 98.

lus), 428.

caucasicus (Stellio), 151.

ceylonensis (Nanno-

Cantoria, 380.

Caudata, 513.

phrys), 469.

cantoris (Acanthodacty-

caudiyolvula (Lacerta),

ceylonensis (Odontomus),

lus), 170.

154.

298.

cantons (Hydrophis),

caudivolvulus (Phryno-

ceylonensis (Trimesurus),

405.

cephalus), 153, 154.

424.

cantoris (Pelochelys), 15.

caudolineata (AJiictula),

ceylonensis (Tropidono-

cantoris (Peripia), 99.

339.

tus), 346.

cantoris (Trinieresurus),

caudolineata (Dendro-

ceylonica (Silybura),

428.

phis), 339.

265, 266, 268.

Caouana olivacea, 50.

caudolineatus (Dendrela-

ceylonicus (Bungarus),

caouana (Chelonia), 50.

phis), 339.

388.

ALPHABETICAL INDEX.

523

ceylonicus (Plectrurus),
260.
Chaibassia theobaldi,

collaris (Ablabes), 302.
collaris(PolvodontophLs),
302.

crassa (Rana), 449.
crassicollis (Bellia), 32.
crassicollis (Einys), 32.

28.

collaris (Psaiuiuophis),

crassicollis (Hydrophis),

Chaibassia tricarinata,

302.

411.

28.

collegalensis (Gymnodac-

crassilabris (Bellia),

cbalazodes (Ixalus), 488.

tylus), 64.

32.

Chalcides, 223.

Coloburus cevlanicus,

crassus (Simotes), 311.

Chalcidoseps, 226.

265, 268.

Crealia melanogaster,

chalybitus (Hemiodon-

Coluber, 330.

2(>0.

tus), 378.

Colubrida-, 277.

cristatella (Agania).

ehalybeus (Alopecophis),

Colubrinae, 279.

134.

335.

colubrinus (Hydrus),

cristatella (Bronchocela),

Chamaeleou, 232.

395.

134.

Chamitleontidae, 230.

colubrinus (Platurus),

cristatellus (Calotes),

chameleon (Gecko),

205.

134.

106.

comotti (Lygosoma), 207.

Crocodilid*, 2.

chaperi (Calosaura),

Compsosoma, 330.

Crocodilus, 4.

174.

Compsosotna seniif'asci-

Crotalinai, 423.

Charasia, 144.

ate,325.

cruciger (Polj'pedates),

chaus (Gecko), 85.

concinnus (Callophis),

476.

Chelone, 48.

384.

cruciger (Rhacophorus),

Chelonia, 6.

coudanarus (Coluber),

476.

Chelonia caouanna, 5U.

366.

cr ucigera ( Acauthosaura),

Chelonia iinbricata, 49.

condanarus (Psammo-

125.

Chelonia mydas, 48.

phis), 365, 366.

cruentatus (Simotes),

Chelouia olivacea, 50.

couica (Boa), 247.

315.

Chelonia virgata, 4<S.

conicus (Eryx), 247.

cruralis (Agamura), 71.

Chelonida1, 47.

conicus (Gongylophis),

Cryptelytrops cai-inatus,

Chersydrus. 355.

247.

429.

chesuei (Coluber), 325.
Chiamela liueata, 212.

convictus (Tritneresurus),
426.

Cryptodira, 18.
cuneiforrnis (Cadmus),

chineusis (Ablabes), 302.

Cophias hypnale, 424.

279.

Chitra, 16.

Copliias inalabaricus,

Cuora amboinensis, 31 .

Chitulia inornata, 411.

430.

curta (Hydrophis), 396.

chloris (Hydrophis), 404.

Cophias neelgherrieusis,

curticeps (Cylindrophis),

chloronota (Rana), 462.

427.

252.

chloronotus (Polypeda-

Cophiasuigromarginatus,

eurtipes (Rana), 458.

tes), 462.

431.

curtus (Enhydris), 396.

Chlorophis oldhanii,

Cophias wardii, 430.

curtus (Hydrus), 396.

305.

Cophophryne, 508.

curtus (Python), 246.

ChondropythoiiinjE, 244.

Cophotis, 117.

curvirostris (Coluber),

chrysargum (Amphi-

copii (Aspidura), 289.

327.

esma), 345.

coriacea (Deriuato-

cutipora (Rana), 441.

chrysargus (Tropidoao-

chelys), 50.

cyanea (Dipsas), 361.

tus), 345, 346.

coriacea (Denuochelys),

cyauella (Riopa), 210.

Chrysopelea, 371.

50.

cyanellum (Lygosoma),

Chuuani Frog, 476.

coriacea (Sphargis), 50.

210.

cinerascens (Ixalus), 510.

coriacea (Testudo), 50.

cyaneum (Triglyphodon),

cinereus (Cerberus), 375.

coronatus (H}"drophis),

361.

ciuereus (Simotes), 312.

402.

cyanocincta (l)istira),

Cistudo amboinensis,

Coronella, 308.

410.

31.

cliffordii (Coluber), 328.

corrugate (Eaua), 443.
Coryphodoii blumen-

cyanocinctus (Hydro-
phis), 410.

cliffordii (Zamenis), 328.

bachii, 325.

cyanophlyctis (Rana),

cloris (Hydrophis), 403.

Coryphodon dhuumades,

442;

Cobra, 392.

329.

Cyclemys, 28.

cochinchiuensis(Siinotes),

Coryphodou korros,

Cyclophiops dorise, 306.

311,

324.

Cyclophis calamaria,

coclau (Hemidactylus),

Coryphodon sublutescens,

305

91,92.

336.

Cyclophis catenatus, 305 .

524

ALPHABETICAL IKDEX.

Cyclophis freuatus, 306.
Oyclophis nasalis, 305.

dhor (Cyclemys), 30.
dhor (Emys), 30, 40.

Dryinus praeinus, 369.
Dryinus pulverulentus,

Cyclophis oldhami, 305.

dhumna (Coluber), 324.

371.

Cyclophis rubriventer,

dhumnades (Corypho-

Dryiophis tropidococcvx,

286.

don), 329.

368.

cyclura (Coronella),

diadema (Coluber), 325,

Dryophis, 367.

311.

328.

dubium (Xenodon), 321.

cyclurus (Simotes), 311.
Cylindrophis, 249.

diadema (Zamenis), 328.
diardi (Typhlops), 238.

dubius (Ehacophorus),
477. __

Cylindrophis curticeps,

Dibamidae, 229.

dumerilii (Monitor),

252.

Dibamus, 229.

165.

Cyliudrophis macroscelis,

Dicroglossus adolfi, 442.

dumerilii (Varanus),

252.

Diemenia ikaheka, 392.

165.

cynodon (Dipsas), 360.

Dilophyrus grandis, 124.

dunstervillei (Stenodac-

Cynophis, 330.

dindigalensis (Silybura),

tylus), 57.

Cyrtodactylus macu-

264.

dupeni (Silybura), 262.

larius, 108.

Diplopelma ornatum,

dura (Emyda), 17.

Cyrtodactylus pulchellus,

491.

dussurnieri (Draco), 113.

69.

diplosticta (Eana), 455.

dussumieri (Lygosoma),

Cyrtodactylus rubidus,
69.

diplostictus (Ixalus), 455.
Dipsadinse, 356.

197.
dussumierii (Hinulia),

Cyrtodactylus yarkand-
ensis, 63.

Dipsadomorphus ceylon-
ensis, 359.

197.
duvaucelii (Hoplodacty-

Dipsas, 357.

lus), 100.

Daboia russellii, 420.

dipsas (Tropidonotus),

duvaucelii (Pentadacty-

Dactylethra bengalensis,

345.

lus), 100.

441.

dispar (Dryophis), 368.

duvaucelii (Platydacty-

Damonia, 34.

dispar (Tragops), 368.

lus), 100.

Dapatnaya laukadivana,
255.

dissimilis (Euprepis),
185.

Dyscophida;, 498.

Dapatnaya trevelyana,

dissimilis (Mabuia),
185.

Earth-Snakes, 252.
Ecaudata, 432.

Dasia olivacea, 197.

Distira, 407.

Echidna elegans, 420.

davidsonii (Plectrurus),

dobsonii (Eana), 452.

Echidna mauritanica,

271.

Dogania guntheri, 11.

421.

davidsonii (Hydropho-

doliata (Hydrophis),

Echis, 421.

bias), 299. '

413.

edeniana (Melanochelys),

davisonii (Plectrurus),

doria; (Ablabes), 306.

28.

271.

dorise (Cyclophiops),

edeniana (Nicoria), 28.

davisouii (Ulupe), 299.

306.

Elachistodon, 362.

dayana (Agama), 148.

doria; (Lygosoma), 201.

Elaphis, 330.

dayana (Cantoria), 380.

doria; (Mabuia), 184.

elapiformis (Cantoria),

dayanus (Hydrophis),

doria; (Eaua), 447.

380.

412.

dorsalis (Agama), 144.

elapiformis (Hemiodon-

dayanus (Stellio), 148.

dorsalis (Charasia), 144,

tus), 380.

deccanensis (Gymuodac-

145.

elapiformis (Hydrodip-

tylus), 66.

dorsalis (Elaps), 319.

sas), 380.

deccanensis (Sitana), 114.

dorsalis (Oligodon), 319.

Elapinaj, 382.

Dendrelaphis, 339.

Doryura berdmorei, 93.

Elaps bibroni, 386.

Dendrophis, 337.

Doryura bowringii, 93.

Elaps bungaroides,

dentata (Cyclemys), 30.

Doryura gaudama, 94.

389.

dentata (Emys), 30, 40.

Doryura karenorum, 93.

Elaps cerasinus, 386.

depressa (Geoemyda), 25.

Doryura mandellianus,

Elaps dorsalis, 319.

depressus (Hemidacty-
lus), 90.

94.
draca;na (Monitor), 164.

Elaps furcatus, 386.
Elaps intestinalis, 386.

Dermatochelys coriacea,

dracaena (Varanus), 164.

Elaps maclellandii, 385.

50.

Draco', 111.

Elaps maculiceps, 384.

Dermochelys, 50.

Dracunculus maculatus,

Elaps malabarictis, 384.

dhongoka (Batagur), 41.

112.

Elaps melanurus, 384.

dhongoka (Emys), 41.

Dryinus fuscus, 370.

Elaps octolineatus, 313.

dhongoka (Kachuga), 41.

Dryinus nasutus, 370.

Elaps personatus, 385.

ALPHABETICAL IXDEX.

525

Elaps trilineatus, 386.
Elaps univirgatus, 385.
elaps (Hamadryas),

Engystoma malabaricum,
491.
Engystoma oruatum,

Euprepes halianus, 213.
Euprepes innotatus, 186.
Euprepes kargilensis,

392.

491.

201.

elaps (Naia), 392.
elaps (Ophiophagus),

Engystoma rubruin,
491.

Euprepes macrotis, 205.
Euprepes macularius,

392.

Engystomatidae, 489.

189.

elegans (Echidna), 420.

Enhydrina, 405.

Euprepes mouticola, 185.

elegans (Ophiops), 175.

Enhydris, 396.

Euprepes novemcarina-

elegans (Testudo), 21.

Enhydris crcrulescens,

tus, 187.

elegans (Triniesurus),

400.

Euprepes olivaceus, 198.

430.

enhydris (Homalopsis),

Euprepes petersi, 185.

elegans (Vipera), 420.
ellioti (Batagur), 40.

376.
enhydris (Hydrus), 376.

Euprepes rufescens, 188,
189, 191.

ellioti (Calotes), 142.
ellioti (Hydrophis),

enhydris (Hypsirhina),
376.

Euprepes septemlineatus,

411.

Enicognathus, 301.

Euprepes stoliczkai,

ellioti (Oligoclon), 321.
ellioti (Silybura). 265,

Enicognathus bracon-
nieri, 303.

201.
Euprepes subunicolor,

266, 2(59.

Enicognathus grayi, 303.

190.

ellioti (Trigonocephalus),
351.

Enicognathus humberti,
303.

Euprepes trivittatus,
188.

elliotti (Calotes), 142.
elliotti (Halys), 351.

ephippium (Trionyx), 15.
Epicrium carnosum,

Euprepis clissimilis, 185.
Euprepis septemtaenia-

elliotti (Oriotiaris), 129.

518.

tus, 185.

elliotti -(Tiaris), 129.

Epicrium glutinosum,

Euprepis trilineatus,

elongata (Cantoria), 380.

515.

184.

elongata (Testudo), 20.

Epicrium monochroum,

Eurostus plumbeus, 376.

emma (Calotes), 137.
Emyda, 16.

517.
eques (Polypedates), 476.

Eurylepis tseniolatus,
219.

Emydosauria, 1.

eques (Rhacophorus),

Evesia monodactylus,

Emys baska, 38.

476.

228.

Emys batagur, 38.

Eremias, 176.

excipiens (Typhlops),

Emys berdmorei, 35.

Eretmochelys squamata,

242.

Emys crassicollis, 32.

49.

Emys dentata, 30, 40.
Emys dhongoka, 41.

ernestii (Euprepes), 197.
erythraea (Hyla), 460.

falconeri (Scapia), 22.
Falconer ia bengalensis,

Emys dhor, 30, 40.

erythraea (Hylorana),

279.

Emys guttata, 34.

460.

fallax (Lygosoma),

Emys hamiltonii, 34.

erythraea (Rana), 460.

206.

Emys kachuga, 40.

erythraus (Limnodytes),

fasciata (Eremias),

Emys lineata, 40.

460.

179.

Emys nigra, 32.

erythrurus (Trigonoce-

fasciata (Homonota),

Emys ocellata, 35, 36.

phalus), 430.

96.

Emys platynota, 30.

erythrurus (Trimeresu-

fasciata (Hydrophis),

Emys sebaj, 27.

rus), 430.

401.

Emys spinosa, 25.

Eryx, 247.

fasciata (Pseudoboa),

Emys tecta, 43.

Eublepharidte, 107.

388.

Emys tentoria, 43.

Eublepharis, 107.

fasciata (Teratolepis),

Emys thermalis, 27.

Eumeces, 218.

96.

Emys thurgii, 36.

Eumeces indicus, 195,

fasciatus (Acrochordtis),

Emys trijuga, 27.

196.

355.

Emys trivittata, 41.
emys (Manouria), 22.

euphratica (Vipera),

fasciatus (Bungarus),
388.

emys (Testudo), 22.

Euprepes beddoruii, 1 87.

fasciatus (Chersydrus),

Engystoma berdmorei,

Euprepes blythi, 200.

355.

492.
Engystoma carnaticum,

Euprepes brevis, 190.
Euprepes cariuatus, 188,

fasciatus (Hipistes), 382.
fasciatus (Hydrophis),

491.

191.

404,406.

Engystoma interlineatum,

Euprepes ernestii, 197.

fasciatus (Hydrus), 404.

490.

Euprepes guentheri, 185.

fasciatus (Lycodon), 295.

526

ALPHABETICAL INDEX.

fasciatus (Oligodon),

forsteni (Triglyphodon),

Geoemycla tricarinata,

321.

362.

28. _

fasciatus (Ophites), 295.

forstenii (Dipsas), 362.

Geophis microcephalus,

fasciatus (Platurus),

Fowlea peguensis, 350.

283.

395.

frenatum (Gonyosoma),

Geophis stenorhynchus,

fasciolatus (Coluber),

335.

284.

327.

frenatus (Ablabes), 306.

Gerardia, 379.

fasciolatus (Eublepharis),

frenatus (Coluber), 335.

gerrardi (Mytilia), 256.

108.

frenatus (Cyclophis"),

Gharialis gangeticus,

fasciolatus (Gymnodac-

306.

3.

tylus), 71. '

freuatus (Gymnodacty-

Gho-samp, 161.

fasciolatus (Naultinus),

lus), 68.

giganteus (Hemidacty-

71.

frenatus (Hemidactylus),

lus), 92.

fasciolatus (Simotes),

85.

gigas (Calotes), 138.

311.

frenatus (Herpetoclryas),

gigas (Megalophrys),

fasciolatiiB (Zamenis1),

335.

445.

327.

fronticinctus (Drvophis),

gigas (Rhacophorus),

fayreriana (Hydrophis),

368.

472.

397.

fronticinctus (Tragops),

gigas (Xenophrys), 510.

fese (Azemiops), 418.

368.

glandulosus (Ixalus),

fere (Calotes), 143.

furcata (Hypsirhina),

488.

fesK (Leptobrachiuin),

376.

Glauconia, 243.

512,

furcatus (Elaps), 386.

Glauconiidrc, 242.

feoe (Lygosoma), 210.
fese (Megalophrys), 512.

fusca (Calamaria), 285.
fusca (Kachuga), 40.

gleadovii (Hemidaciylus),
86.

fete (Rana), 446.

fusca (Manouria), 22.

gleadowi (Hemidactylus),

fedtschenkoi (Gymno-

fusca (Rana), 448.

86.

dactvlus), 61.

fiiscoraaculata (Emyda),

globulosus (Cacopus),

femoralis (Ixalus), 485.

18.

497.

Ferania sieboldii, 377.

fuscum (Trachischium).

glutinosa (Cecilia), 515.

Feranoides jamna^tica,

285.

glutinosum (Epicrium),

377.

fuscus (Ablabes), 285.

515.

fergusonii (Ixalus), 485.
fergusonii (Odontomus),

fuscus (Dryinus), 370.
fuscus (Ixalus), 466.

glutinnsus (Ichthyophis),
515.

298.
fergusonii(Rhacophorus),

fuscus (Micrixalus), 466.

Glj-phoglossus, 497.
gokool (Dipsas), 360.

480.

gammiei (Lycodon),

Gonatodes, 73.

ferruginea (Dipsas),

296.

Gongylophis, 246.

363.
fimbriatus (Ixalus), 481 .

gammiei (Ophites), 2%.
gammii (Rana), 445.

Gongylus ocellatus, 224.
Goniodactylus indicus,

Firmisternia, 435.

gangetica (Lacerta), 3.

74.

fischeri (Platurus), 395.
flavescens (Heleophis),

gangeticus (Gavialis), 3.
gangeticus (Gharialis),

Gonyocephalus, 122.
Gonyosoma, 330.

379.

3.

grabowskyi (Elaphis),

flavescens (Monitor),

gangeticus (Trionyx), 12,

333.

164.

13.

gracilis (Gonatodes), 78.

flavescens (Rana), 459.

garnoti (Heiuidactylus),

gracilis (Gymnodactylus).

flavescens (Varanus), 164.

94.

78.

flaviventer (Pangshura),

gataghol (Aspilus), 12.

gracilis (Hemidactylus),

43.

gaudama (Doryura), 94.

84.

flaviventris (Ixalus), 487.

Gavialis, 3.

gracilis (Hydrophis),

fodiens (Pyxicephalus),

Gecko, 101.

404.

451.

.Geckoella puuctata, 67.

gracilis (Hydrophobus),

Fordonia, 378.

geckoides (Gymnodacty-

298.

formosa (Mocoa), 205.

lus), 61. '

gracilis (Hydrus), 404,

formosa (Rana), 463.

Geckonidse, 54.

405.

forniosus (Polypedates),

Gegenophis, 518.

gracilis (Odontomus),

463.

Gehyra, 96.

298.

formosus (Trionyx),f 14.
forsteni (Dipsas), 362.

Geoclemmys seba, 27.
Geoemyda, 23.

gracilis (Ophisaurus),
159.

ALPHABETICAL INDEX.

527

gracilis (Pseudopus),

guentheri (Nannophrys),

hardwickii (Kachuga),

159.

469.

40.

gracilis (Rana), 450,

guentheri (Plectrurus),

hardwickii (Lapemis),

456.

271.

377.

gracilis (Zaraenis), 327.

guentheri (Ristella), 216.

hardwickii (Riopa), 208.

gramineum(Gonyosoma),

guentheri (Silybura),

hardwickii (Uromastix),

334.

260.

157.

gramineus (Coluber),

guentheri (Trachis-

harrietti (Gecko), 97.

429.

chium), 285.

hasseltii (Leptobra-

gramineus (Trigonoce-
phalus), 430.

gularis (Otocryptis), 117.
gularis (Ptyctolsemus),

chium), 511.
haughtonianus (Tachy-

gramineus (Trimeresu-

117.

dromus), 169.

rus), 420.

gularis (Salea), 134.

helena (Coluber), 331 .

grandis (Dilophyrus),
124.

giintheri (Dogania), 11.
giintheri (Trionyx), 11.

helena (Cynophis), 331.
helena (Plagiodon),

grandis (Geoemyda), 25.

guttata (Emys), 34.

331.

grandis (Goniocephalus),

guttata (Hydrophis).

Heleophis flavescens,

124.

408.

379.

grandis (Rhinophis), 261.

guttatus (Gecko), 102.

Helicops, 352.

grandis (Silybura), 261.
grandis (Uropeltis), 254.

gut-tat us (Liolepis), 156.
guttulata (Calluella),

Hemidactylus, 82.
Hemiodoutus chalybseus,

grandisquamis (Calotes),

498.

378.

138.

guttulata (Callula), 498.

Hemiodontus elapifor-

grandoculis(Dendrophis),

guttulata (Eremias), 177.

mis, 380.

337.

guttulata (Lacerta), 177.

Hemiodontus leucobalia,

granosa (Emycla), 17.

guttulata (Megalophrys),

378.

granosa (Hydropliis),

498.

'Herpetodryas frenatus,

403.

Gymnodactylus, 59.

335.

granosa (Testudo), 17.

Gymnops meizolepis,

Herpetodrj'as malabari-

granulatus (Acrochor-

175.

cus, 331.

dus), 355.

Gymnopus indicus, 15.

Herpetodryas oxvcepha-

granulatus (Cliersydrns),

lus, 335.

355.

Hagria vosmaerii, 212.

Herpetoreas sieboldii,

granulatus (Hydrus),

halianus (Euprepes),

343.

355.

213.

hewstoni (Platyplectru-

granulosa (Hylorana),

Halys elliotti, 351.

rus), 274.

458.

Halys himalayanus, 424.

hexadactyla (Rana),

grayanus (Ablepharus),

Hamadryas elaps, 392.

441.

214.

Hainadryas hannah, 392.

hexagonata (Dipsas),

grayanus (Blepharo-

Hamadryas ophiophagus,

359,361.

steres), 214.

392.

hexagonotus (Dipsas),

grayi (Enicognathus),

hamiltonii (Damoiiia),

361.

303.

34.

hexagonotus (Ptyas),

grayii (Trionyx), 14.
gregorii (Dendrophis),
339.

hamiltonii (Emys), 34.
hannah (Hamadrvas),
392.

336.
hexagonotus (Xenela-
phis), 336.

griseus (Tupinambis),

Haplocercus, 290.

hexahonotus (Coluber),

163.

Hardella, 36.

336.

griseus (Varanus), 163.

hardwickii (Enhydris),

hexahonotus (Xenela-

Grotea, 299.

397.

phis), 336.

guentheri (Aspidura),

hardwickii (Eublepharis),

himalayana (Agama),

290.

107, 108.

149.

guentheri (Eumeces),

hardwickii (Eumeces),

himalayana (Mqcoa),

209.

208.

200.

guentheri (Euprepes),

hardwickiii (Homalopsis),

himalayana (Rana),

185.

374.

463.

guentheri (Hydropliis),

hardwickii (Hydrophis),

himalayanum (Lygo-

404, 408.

397.

soma), 200.

guentheri (Lygosoma), .

hardwickii (Hypsirhina),

himalayanum (Nycteri-

209.

376.

dium), 95.

528

ALPHABETICAL IXDEX.

himalayanus (Ancistro-

Hurriah sanguiventer,

Ilysiidrc, 249.

don), 424.

297.

imbricata (Chelone), 49.

himalayanus (Bufo), 505.

hurum (Trionyx), 13.

imbricata (Chelonia),

himalayanus (Eumeces),

hydrina (Homalopsis),

49.

200.

382.

imbricata (Testudo), 49.

himalayanus (Halys),

hydrinus (Hipistes),

indi (Hardella), 37.

424.

382.

indica (Bronchocela),

himalayanus (Stellio),

Hydrodipsas elapiformis,

142.

149.

380.

indica (Chitra), 15, 16.

himalayanus (Tropido-

hydroides (Bitia), 382.

indica (Hinulia), 195.

notus), 347.

Hydrophiinte, 393.

indicum (Lvgosoma),

himalayanus (Zatnenis),

Hydrophis, 398.

195.

343.

Hydrophobias, 297.

indicus (Eumeces), 195,

Hinulia dussumierii,

Hydrosaurus salvator,

196.

197.

166.

indicus (Gonatodes), 74.

Hinulia indica, 195.

Hydrus, 397.

indicus (Goniodactylus),

Hinulia maculata, 196.

Hyla, 509.

74.

Hinulia taprobanensis,

Hylaidactylus bivittatus,

indicus (Gymnodacty-

206.

494.

lus), 74.

Hipistes, 381.

Hylrcdactylus rnontanus,

indicus (Gymnopus),

hodgsonii (Coluber), 332.

493.

15.

hodgsonii (Compsosoma),

Hylarana macrodactyla,

indicus (Melanobatra-

332.

455.

chus), 489.

hodgsonii (Spilotes),

Hylarana margariana,

indicus (Psammophis),

332.

459.

366.

holdsworthii (Hydro-
phis), 412.

Hylarana pipiens, 461.
Hyliclse, 509.

indicus (Stellio), 148.
indicus (Trionyx), 16.

hololius (Bufo), 502.
homalocephala (Lacerta),

Hylorana erythraea, 460.
Hylorana granulosa,

indicus (Xylophis), 284.
innctata (Mabuia), 186.

104.

458.

innotatus (Euprepes),

homaloccphalum (Pty-

Hylorana leptoglossa,

186.

chozoon), 104.

458.

inornata (Chitulia), 411.

HomalopsinjE, 372.

Hylorana macularia,

interlineata (Berdmorea),

Homalopsis, 373.

456.

490.

Homalosoma baliolum,

Hylorana malabarica,

interlineatum (Engys-

305.

456.

toma), 490.

homolepis(Ptyodactylus),
81.

Hylorana monticola,
461.

intermedia (Emys), 43.
intermedia (Kachuga),

homolepis (Rhinophis),

Hylorana nicobariensis,

43.

256.

459.

intestinalis (Adeniophis),

Homonota fasciata, 96.

Hylorana pipiens, 458.

386.

Hoplobatrachus ceyloni-

Hylorana subcoerulea,

intestinalis (Aspis), 386.

cus, 449.

455.

intestinalis (Callophis),

Hoplodactylus, 100.

Hylorana temporal! s,

387.

horsfieldii (Argyrophis),

459.

intestinalis (Elaps), 386.

238.

Hylorana tytleri, 458.

iravadica (Batagur), 41.

horsfieldii (Salea), 131.
horsfieldii (Typhlops),

Hypnale affinis, 424.
Hypnale nepa, 424.

isabellina (Phayrea),
366.

238.

hypnale (Ancistrodon),

isolepis (Agama), 147.

humberti (Ablabes),

424.

Ixalus, 481.

303.
humberti (Enicogna-
thus), 303.

hypnale (Cophias), 424.
hypnale (Trigonocepha-
lus), 424.

iamnatfica (Feranoides),
377.

humei (Gynmodactylus),

77.

hypomelas (Ixalus), 484.
Hypsirhina, 375.

Japalura, 129.
japonicus(Tachydromus),

humei (Tiaris), 123.
humeralis (Rana), 460.
humii (Gonyocephalus),

hypsirhinoides (Ty tleria),

169.
jara (Coluber), 292.
jara (Leptorhytaon),

123.
Hurria carinata, 296.

Ichthyophis, 515.
ikaheka (Diemenia), 392.

293.
jara (Lycodon), 292.

ALPHABETICAL LN'DEX.

529

javanicus (Tragops), 368.

karenorum (Doryura),

Lapemis loreatus, 397.

javanicus (Trionyx), 12,

93.

lapemoides (Aturia),

15.

karenorum (Hemidacty-

412.

jayakari (Hydrophis),

lus), 93.

lapemoides (Hydrophis),

413.

kargilensis (Euprepes),

412.

jerdoni (Typhlops), 238.

201.

larvata (Naia), 391.

jerdonii (Cabrita), 173.

kargilensis (Mocoa),

latastii (Bufo), 503.

jerdonii (Calotes), 137.

201.

lateralis (Ixalus), 510.

jerdonii (Distira), 408.

kelaartii (Bufo), 502.

lateralis (Rana), 457.

jerdonii (Gonatodes), 78.

kelaartii (Calotes), 139.

lateralis (Rhacophorus),

jerdonii (Gymnodacty-

kelaartii (Hemidactylus),

473.

lus), 78.

91.

laterimaculatum (Lygo-

jerdonii (Hydrophis),

Kerilia jerdonii, 408.

soma), 202.

408.

khasiana (Rana), 444.

Laticauda scutata, 395.

jerdonii (Ixalus), 477.
jerdonii (Kerilia), 408.
jerdonii (Ophiops), 174.
jerdonii (Polypedates),

khasianus (Pyxicephalus),
444.
khasiensis (Gymnodacty-
lus), 68.

laticaudatus (Coluber),
395.
laticaudatus (Platurus),
395.

' 478.

khasiensis (Pentadacty-

laticeps (Rana), 444

jerdonii (Rhacophorus),

lus), 68.

latifasciatus (Hydrophis),

478.

khasieusis (Stoliczkaia),

401.

jerdonii (Salea), 131.

355.

latopalmata (Rana), 462.

jerdonii (Trimeresurus),

kbasiensis (Tropidono-

Laudakia melanura, 150.

427.

tus), 344.

Laudakia tuberculata,

jeudi (Trionyx), 14.

korrcs (Coluber), 324.

150.

jeyporensis (Gymnoclac-

korros (Coryphodon),

lawderanus (Gymnodac-

tylus), 65.

324.

tylus), 64.

johnii (Boa), 248.

korros (Ptyas), 324.

layardii (Acontias), 228.

johnii (Eryx), 248.

korros (Zamenis), 324.

lebetina (Vipera), 421.

jubata (Bronchocela),

Krait, 389.

lebetinus (Coluber),

135.

krait (Pseudoboa), 388.

421.

jubatus (Calotes), 135.

kuhlii (Raiia), 443.

Leioselasma striata, 410.

junceus (Tropidonotus),

kushmorensis (Hemidac-

leithii (Pangshura), 41.

345.

tylus), 86.

leithii (Psammophis),

365.

kacbbensis (Gymnodacty-

labialis (Trimeresurus),

leithii (Rana), 453.

lus), 63.

428.

leithii (Testudo), 20.

Kachuga, 38.

Lacertidre, 167.

leitbii (Trionyx), 12.

kachuga (Batagur), 40.

Lacertilia, 52.

Leiurus berdmorei, 93.

kachuga (Emys), 40.
kakbienense (Lygosouia),

ladacense (Lygosoma),
201.

Lepidodactylus, 97.
Leptobrachium, 510.

198.

ladacensis (Eumeces),201 .

leptodactyla (Rana), 454.

kakbienensis (Acantho-

ladacensis (Zamenis), 326.

leptoglossa (Hylorana),

saura), 127.

ladakensis (Mocoa), 201.

458.

kakhienensis (Ixalus),
462.

lams (Amblycepbalus),
415.

Leptognathus kevis, 415.
Leptophis albomaculatus,

kakbienensis (Oriocalo-

lasvis (Hydrophis), 411.

345:

tes), 127.

Isevis (Leptognathus),

Leptophis bellii, 366.

Kaloula pulchra, 494.

415.

Leptophis canarensis,

kaudianus (Bufo), 502.

Isevis (Oxyglossus), 437.

368.

kandianus (Gonatodes),

Isevis (Pareas), 415.

Leptophis caudalineatus.

77.

lamarrei (Campsodacty-

339.

kandianus (Gymnodacty-
lus), 77. "

lus), 212.
lamnidentata (Acantho-

Leptophis ornatus, 372.
Leptophis pictus, 338.

karachiensis (Hemidacty-
lus), 87.

saura), 126.
lankadivana (Dapatnaya),

Leptophis trifrenatus,

Karawala, 425.

255.

Leptorhytaon jara,

karelinii (Coluber), 326.

lapemidoides (Distira),

293.

karelinii (Tyria), 326.

412.

leschenaultii (Cabrita),

karelinii (Zamenis), 326.

Lapemis hardwickii, 397.

172, 174.

2M

530

ALPHABETICAL INDEX.

leschenaultii (Hemidac-

lividus (Limnodytes),

macrophthalmus (Xeiio-

tylus), 91.

438.

don), 340, 347.

leschenaultii (Lacerta),

lividus (Polypedates),

macrops (Pseudoxeno-

172.

462.

don), 340.

leschenaultii (Eana),

longifrons (Psamuiophis)

macrops (Tropidonotus),

442

366.

340.

leucobalia (Fordonia),

Lophosalea anamallay-

macropus (Ixalus), 478.

378.

ana, 132.

macrorhynchus (Sily-

leucobalia (Hemiodon-

Lophyrus bellii, 123.

bura), 264.

tus), 378.

loreata (Hydrophis),

macrorhynchus (Steno-

leucobalia (Homalopsis),

397.

stoma), 243.

378.

loreatus (Lapemis), 397.

macroscelis (Cylindro-

leucomelas (Typhlops),

lugubris (Lepidodacty-

phis), 252.

237.

lus), 99.

macrotis (Bufo), 502.

leucornystax (Hyla),

lugubris (Platydactylus),

macrotis (Euprepes),

474.

99.

205.

Iducomystax (Polypeda-

lumsdenii (Stenodacty-

macrotis (Lygosoma),

tes), 475, 476.

lus), 58.

205.

leucomystax (Rhacopho-

lunatus(Gymnodactylus),

macrotis (Mocoa), 205.

rus), 474.

107.

macrotympanum (Lygo-

leucorhinus (Ixalus),

lunatus (Varanus), 164.

soma), 204.

483.

luteoguttatus (Phryno-

macrotympanum (Mo-

levingii (Silybura), 264.
liebigii (Rana), 445.

cephalus), 155.
lutescens (Naia), 391.

coa), 204.
macularia (Hylorana),

lima(Oxyglossus), 436.

Lycodon, 291.

456.

lima (Rana), 436.

Lycophidion bipuncta-

macularia (Mabuia),

limnocharis (Rana),

turn, 293.

189.

450.

Lygosoma, 192.

macularia (Rana), 456.

Limnodytes erythrseus,

Lymnodvtes macularius,

macularius (Amblyce-

460.

456.

phalus), 416.

Limnodytes phyllophila,

Lyriocephalus, 121.

macularius (Oyrtodacty-

465.

Lytorhynchus, 322.

lus), 108.

lindsayi (Aturia), 404.

maculariiis(Eublepharis),

lindsayi (Hydrophis),

Mabouia blythiana, 220.

108.

404.

Mabouia maculata, 196.

macularius (Euprepes),

lineata (Adeniophis),

Mabouia tteniolata, 218.

189.

387.

Mabuia, 183.

macularius (Lymno-

lineata (Batagur), 40.
lineata (Chiamela), 2.12.

macclellandii (Callophis),
385, 387.

dytes), 456.
macularius (Pareas),

lineata (Emys), 40.

macclellandii (Blaps),

416.

lineata (Kachuga), 40.

385.

maculata (Anguis), 251.

lineata (Maticora), 386.

macgregorii (Lyriocepha-

maculata (Hinulia),

lineatum (Lygosoma),

lus), 121.

196.

212.

macrodactyla (Callula),

maculata (Hyla), 475.

lineolata (Riopa), 207.

494.

maculata (Hypsirhina),

lineolatum (Lygosoma),

macrodactyla (Hylarana),

377.

207.

455.

maculata (Limnodylcs),

liocepbalus (Calotes),
141.

macrodactyla (Rana),
455.

438.
maculata (Lissonota),

Liolepis, 156.

macrodon (Rana), 448.

196.

liolepis (Calotes), 140.

macrolepis (Peltopelor),

maculata (Mabouia),

lirata (Agama), 150.

431.

196.

lirata (Stellio), 150.

macrolepis (Silybura),

maculata (Farias), 426.

Lissonota maculata, 196.

269.

maculata (Silybura),

littoralis (Gonatodes), 79.

macrolepis (Trimeresu-

261.

littoral is (Gymnodacty-

rus),431.

rnaculatum (Lygosoma),

lus), 79.

macrolepis (Varanus),

196.

liura (Silybura), 262.

165.

maculatus(Cylindrophis),

livida (Rana), 462.

macrophthalmus (Tropi-

251.

lividus (Bungarus), 389.

donotus), 340, 347.

maculatus (Draco), 112.

ALPHABETICAL INDEX.

531

niiiculatus (Dracunculus),

mandellianus (Hemidac-

melanostictus (Bufo), 505.

112.

tylus). 94.

melanotus (Cylindro-

maculatus (Gynmodacty-
lus), 75.

Manouria emys, 22.
Manouria fusca, 22.

phis), 250.
melanura (Agama), 150.

maculatus (Hemidacty-

margariana (Hylarana),

melanura (Laudakia;,

lus), 86, 88.

459.

150.

maculatus (Phrynocepba-

margariana (Rana), 459.

melanura (Plocederma),

lus), 155.

margaritophorus (Pa-

150.

maculatus (Polypedates),

reas), 416.

melanurum (Compso-

475, 476.

maria (Calotes), 136.

soma), 334.

maculatus(Rhacophorus),

marmoratuin(Uperodon),

melanurus (Coluber),

472, 475, 476.

496.

334, 384.

maculiceps (Callophis),

marmoratus (Gonatodes),

melanurus (Elaphis),

384.

76.

334.

maculiceps (Elaps), 384.

marmoratus (Gymnodac-

melanurus (Elaps), 384.

maculosa (Hvpsirhina),

tylus), 76.

melanurus (Hydrophis),

377.

marmoratus (Hemidac-

401.

maderaspatana (Einys),

tylus), 91.

melanurus (Stellio), 150.

27.

marmoratus (Polype-

meridionalis (Tacbydro-

madurensis (Platyplec-

dates), 462.

mus), 169.

trurus), 274.

Maticora lineata, 386.

Mesalina brevirostris,177.

madurensis (Silybura),

mauritanica (Echidna),

Mesalina pardalis, 177.

207.

421.

Mesalina watsonana, 177.

major (Acanthosaura),

maximus (Rhacophorus),

Micrixalus, 464.

128.

472.

microcephala (Hydro-

major (Charasia), 128.
major (Draco), 112.

megacephalum (Platy-
sternum), 44.

phis), 404.
microcephala (Thalasso-

major (Hydrus), 408.
major (IS'yctibatrachus),

Megajra olivacea, 431 .
Megsera trigonocephala,

phis), 404.
microcephalum (Rhab-

468.

431.

dosoma), 283.

major (Oriocalotes), 128.

inegalonyx (Trapelus),

microcephalus (Geophis),

niiilabarica (Ca^cilia),

147.

283.

518.

Megalophrys, 510.

Microhyla, 491.

malabarica (Hylorana),

Megalophrys fese, 512.

microlepis (Calotes), 134.

456.

Megalophrys gigas, 445.

microlepis (Japalura),

malabarica (Rana), 449,

Megalophrj s guttulata,

130.

456.

498.

microlepis (Ophiops),

malabaricum (Engy-
stoma), 491.

megalopus (Testudo), 21.
meizolepis (Gvmnops),

175.
microlepis (Rhinophis),

malabaricus (Cophias),

175.

256.

430.

meizolepis (Ophiops),175.

micropholis (Acantho-

malabaricus (Cynophis),

Melanobatrachus, 489.

dactylus), 170, 171.

331.

melanocephalus (Enico-

microtympanum (Bufo),

malabaricus (Elaps), 384.

gnathus), 303.

505.

malabaricus (Gymno-
dactylus), 78.

Melanochelys edeniana,
28.

microtympanum (Poly-
pedates), 479.

malabaricus (Herpeto-

Melanochelys pictus, 34.

microtympanum (Rhaco-

dryas), 331.

Melanochelys seba?, 27.

phorus), 479.

malabaricus (Rhacopho-

Melanochelys trijuga, 27.

minor (Acanthosaura),

rus), 473.

melanogaster (Crealia),

127.

malabaricus (Trigonoce-

260.

minor (Calotes), 127.

plialus), 430.

melanogaster (Mytilia),

minor (Charasia), 127.

malabaricus (Urasoty-

260.

minor (Oriocalotes), 127.

phlus), 578.

melanogaster (Rhin

minor (Sitana), 114.

mamillaris (Anguis),

phis), 260.

minis (Typhlops), 240.

401.

melanogaster (Silybura),

Mocoa bilineata, 202.

mamillaris (Hydrophis),

260, 263.

Mocoa blythii, 200.

401.

Melanophidium, 272.

Mocoa formosa, 205.

mandellianus (Doryura),
94.

inelanostictum (Lygo-
soma), 199.

Mocoa himalayana, 200.
Mocoa kargilensis, 201.

2M2

532

ALPHABETICAL INDEX.

Mocoa ladakensis, 201.

monticola (OphiopA

mysoriensis (Gonatodes),

Mocoa inacrotis, 205.

174.

77.

Mocoa macrotympanum,

monticola (Pareas), 415.

mysoriensis (Gymnodac-

204.

monticola (Rana), 461.

tylus), 77.

Mocoa sacra, 200.

monticola (Traclnschi-

mystaceus (0'alote.s), 138,

Mocoa sikkitnensis, 199.

uin), 286.

139.

Mocoa stoliczkae, 201.

monticola (Trimeresu-

Mytilia gerrardi, 256.

Mocoa travankorica, 203,

rus), 426, 429.

Mytilia melanogaster,

204.

monticola (Tropidono-

260.

modestus ( Atnblvcepha -

tus), 348.

Mytilia templetonii, 257.

lus), 416.

monticola (Xenophrys),

Mytilia unimaculata,

modestus (Pareas), 416.

510.

255.

modestus Tropidonotus),

monticolus (Coluber),

343.

314.

Naga, 392.

mcestus (Tropidonotus),

Morenia, 35.

Naia, 390.

352.

Morenia berdmorei, 35.

naia (Coluber), 391.

tnolossus (Glyphoglos-

mortoni (Hemidactylus),

JS'annobatrachus, 468.

sus), 497. '

95.

]S*annophrys, 469.

moluccana(Bronchocela),

moahoti (Cyclemys), 31.

nanus (Polypedates),

134.

mouhotii (Cvclemvs),

478.

molurus (Coluber), 246.

31.

nanus (Ehacophorus),

molurus (Python), 246.

wouhotii (Pyxidea), 31.

478.

monarchus (Gecko), 103.

mucosus (Coluber), 324.

uasalis (Cyclophis), 305.

monarchus (Platydacty-

inucosas (Ptyas), 325.

iiasuta (Dryophis), 370.

lus), 103.

mucosus (Zauieuis), 324.

misutus (Dryinus), 370.

Monitor dracama, 164.

mucrosquainatus (Trigo-

uasutus (Ixalus), 484.

Monitor dumerilii, 165.

nocephalus), 428.

nasutus (Polypedates),

Monitor flavescens, 164.

mucrosquamatus (Tri-

477.

Monitor nebulosus, 165.

meresurus), 428.

nasutus (Rhacophorus).

Monitors, 161.

multicarinata (Tiliqua),

477.

uionochrouin(Epicriutn),

189.

Naultinua fasciolatus, 71.

517.

multil'asciata (Dipsas),

!Xaultinus variegatus, 70.

monochrous (Ichthyo-

359.

nebulosus (Gymnodacty-

phis), 517.

multifasciata (Mabuia\

lus),64. '

monodactyla (Nessia),

191.

nebulosus (Monitor), 165.

223.

multifasciatus (ScincusV

nebulosus (Varanusj,

monodactvlus (Acontias),

191.

165.

228. '

multifasciatus (Simotes),

Nectophryne, 500.

inonodactylus (Evesia),

313.

ueelgherriensis(Cophias),

228. '

multimaculata (Dipsas),

427.

montana (Megalophrys),
510.

360.
murrayi (Heuiidactylus),

neelgherriensis (Trigono-
cepkalus), 427.

montanum (Pilidiou),

86.

neuiorieola (Calotes),

252.

mutabilis (Limnodytes),

139.

rnontanus (Hylsedacty-

4:58.

uepa (Coluber), 424.

lus), 493.

mutabilis (Trimeresurus),

nepa (Hypnale), 424.

montauus (Ixalus), 488.

430.

Nessia burton ii, 227.

monticola (Amblycepha-
lus), 415.

mutilata (Gehyra), 96.
inutilatusfHeuiidactylus),

Nessia monodactyla, 228.
Nessia thwaitesii, 226.

monticola (Calamaria),

96.

newera-eilia (Rana),

286.

mutilatus (Peropus), 96.

438.

monticola (Cyclophis),

mycterizans (Coluber),

nicobarieum (Rhinophi-

286.

370.

dion), 230.

monticola (Dipsas), 303,

mycterizans (Dryophis),

iiicobaricus (Dibamus),

415.

370.

230.

monticola (Euprepes),

mycterizans (Passerita),

nicobaricus (Typhloscin-

185.

370.

cus), 230.

monticola (Hylorana),

mydas (Chelone), 48.

nicobariensis (Ablabes).

461.

mydas (Testudo), 48.

307.

monticola (Leptobrach-

mybeudrie (Silybura),

nicobariensis (Hylorana),

ium), 510.

267.

459.

ALPHABETICAL T>~DEX.

533

uicobariensis (Rana),450,
459.

nympha (Lycodon), 298.
nympha (Odontomus),

olivieri(Phrynocephalus),
153.

Nicoria, 26.

298.

Onychocephalus acutus,

niger (Biancia), 130.

241.

nigra (Emys), 32.
nigra (Hydrophis), 399.

oatesii (Typhlops), 238.
obscura (Callula), 493.

Onj-chocephalus tenui-
collis, 241.

nigra (Silybura), 263.

obscuro-striata (Calarua-

Onychocephalus wester-

nigrescens (Callophis),

ria), 285.

manni, 242.

384.

obscuro-striatum (Tra-

Oopholis pondicherianus,

nigrilabris (Calotes), 141.

chischium), 285.

4

nigrocincta (Hydrophis),

obscurus (Hydrophis),

Ophidia, 232.

409.

403, 413.

ophiomachus (Agama),

nigrocinctus( Hydrophis),

obscurus (Simotes), 311.

140.

400,401.

obscurus (Trimeresurus),

ophiomachus (Calotes),

nigrocinctus (Hydrus),

429.

140.

402,408.

obtusa (Vipera), 421.

Ophiomorus, 221.

nigrocinctus (Tropidono-

ocellata (Batagur), 35.

Ophiophagus elaps, 392.

tus), 346.

ocellata (Emys), 35, 36.

ophiophagus (Hamadry-

nigrofasciatus (Psammo-

ocellata (Hydrophis),

as), 392.

phis), 308.

411.

ophiophagus (Trimeresu-

nigromarginata (Dipsas).

ocellata (Lacerta), 224.

rus), 392.

361.

ocellata (Morenia), 35.

Ophiops, 173.

7iigroniarginatus (Both-

ocellata (Silybura), 262.

Ophisaurus, 159.

rops), 431.

ocellatus (Chalcides),

Ophiseps tessellatus,

nigromarginatus (Colu-

•2-24.

159.

ber), 329.

ocellatus (Gongylus), 224.

Ophites fasciatus, 295.

nigromarginatus (Co-
phias), 431.

ocellatus (Seps), 224.
ocellatus (Trionyx), 13.

Ophites gammiei, 296.
Ophites septentrionalis,

nigromarginatus (Zao-

ochracea (Dipsas), 361.

295.

cys), 329.

ochracea (Silybura), 262.

Opisthoglypha, 356.

nigrotseniatus (Adenio-

octolineata (Dendrophis),

opisthorhodus (Ixalus),

phis), 387.

339.

465.

nigrovittatus (Limno-

octolineatus (Elaps), 313.

opisthorhodus (Micrixa-

dytes), 438.

octolineatus (Simotes),

lus), 465.

nilagirica (Rana), 450.

313.

orientalis (Coronella),

nilgherriensis (Silybura\

Odontomus, 297.

309.

267, 268, 269.

oldhami (Chlorophis),

orientalis (Stenodacty-

nitida (Silybura), 263.

305.

lus), 57.

Notochelvs platvnota.

oldhami (Cyclophis).

Oriocalotes kakhienensis,

30.

305.

127.

novae-guinea1 (Dibamus),

oldhami (Gymnodacty-

Oriocalotes major, 128.

230.

lus), 67.

Oriocalotes minor, 127.

novemcarinata (Mabuia),

oldhami (Kachuga), 37.

Oriotiaris elliotti, 129.

187.

oldhamii (Cyclemys), 30.

ornata (Ansonia), 501.

noveinearinatus (Eupre-

Oligodon, 317.

ornata (Aturia). 411.

pes), 187.

olivacea (Callula), 494.

ornata (Brachysaura),

nuchalis (Dipsas), 359.

olivacea (Caouana), 50.

145.

nupta (Agama), 151.

olivacea (Chelonia), 50.

ornata (Charasia), 145.

nuptus (Stellio), 151.

olivacea (Dasia), 197.

ornata (Chrysopelea),

nuthalli (Coluber), 331.

olivacea (Megaera), 431.

371.

Nycteridium himalay-

olivaceuin (Lvgosoma),

ornata (Distira), 411.

'anum, 95.

197.

ornata (Hydrophis), 411.

Nycteridium platvurus,

olivaceus (Ablabes), 300.

ornata (MicrohylaJ, 491.

95.

olivaceus (Bufo), 504.

ornata (Pelamis), 397.

Nycteridium schneideri,

olivaceus (Euprepes),

ornatum (Diplopelma),

95.

198.

491.

Nyctibatrachus, 467.

olivaceus (Homalopsis),

ornatum (Engystoma),

nympha (Coluber), 298.

376.

491.

nympha (Hvdrophobus),

olivaceus (Pseudocyclo-

ornatus (Coluber), 371.

298.

phis), 300.

ornatus (Gonatodes), 75.

534

ALPHABETICAL INDEX.

ornatus (Gymnodacty-

Pareas monticola, 415.

persicus (Hemidactylus),

lus), 75.

Parias maculata, 426.

88.

ornatus (Leptopbis), 372.

parietalis (Bufo), 507.

persicus (Z imenis), 325.

ornatus (Phrynocepha-

Passerita mycterizans,

personatus (Elaps), 385.

lus), 154.

370.

petersi (B.itagur), 36.

ornatus (Trionyx), 15.

Passerita purpurascens,

petersi (Euprepes), 185.

ornatus (Varanus), 163.

371.

petersii (Morenia), 36.

Otocryptis, 115.

pavimentata (Calamaria),

petersii (Silybura), 261.

ovrenii (Ablabes), 307.

282.

petrensis (Gvmnodacty-

oxiana (Naia), 391.

pavimentatus (Eumeces),

lus), 63.

oxiana (Tomyris), 391.

219.

Pbaneroglossa, 433.

oxycepbalum (Gonyo-

Pedostibes tuberculosus,

Phayrea isabellina, 366.

soina), 335.

500.

phayrei (Testudo), 22.

oxycephalus (Coluber),

peguense (Platysternon),

pbayrii (Trionyx), 14.

335.

44.

Phelsuma, 105.

oxycephalus (Herpeto-

peguensis (Fowlea), 350.

plu'lippinus (Rbinopbis),

dryas), 335.

peguensis (Kachuga), 41.

255.

Oxyglossus, 436.
oxyrhynchus (Ixalus),

482.

peguensis (Trionyx), 14.
pelamidoides (Hydro-
phis), 397.

pbilippinus (Typblops),
255.
pbilippinus (Uropeltis),

oxyrhynchus(Rhinopbi8),

pelamidoides (Pelamis),
397.

254, 380.
pbipsonii (Silybura),

oxyrhynchus (Typhlops),

Pelamis bicolor, 397.

266.

255.

Pelamis ornata, 397.

Phrynocephalus, 152.

oxyura (Caecilia), 517.

Pelamis pelamidoides,

phryuoderma (Rana),

oxyurus (Urasotyphlus),

397.

455.

517.

Pelamis platurus, 397.

Phyllomedusa tinniens,

Pelobatidffi, 510.

488.

palustris (Crocodilus), 5.

Pelochelys, 15.

Pbyllomedusa wynaa-

pammeces (Typblops),

Peltopelor macrolepis,

densis, 487.

236.

431.

phyllopbila (Limno-

Pangshura flaviventer.

Pentadactylus duvaucelii,

dytes), 465.'

43

100.

pict'a (Dendropbis), 337,

Pangshura leitbii, 41.

Pentadactylus khasieusis,

338.

Pangshura smithii, 42.
Pangshura sylhetensis,

68.
pentadactylus (Chalci-

picta (Silybura), 267.
pictus (Coluber), 337.

42.

des), 224.

pictus (Dendrophis), 337.

Pangsbura tecta, 43.

pentadactylus (Spbenoce-

pictus (Leptophis), 338.

Pangshura tentoria, 43.
pantherinus (Bufo), 504.
paradisi (Chrysopelea),

plalus), 224.
pentalineatus(Callophis),
384.

pictus (Melanochelys),
34.
pieresii (Hemidactylus),

372.

Periops parallelus, 328.

90.

paradoxa (Acontiophis),

Peripia cantoris, 99.

Pilidion montanum, 252.

323.

Peripia peronii, 97.

pipiens (Hylarana), 461.

paradoxus (Lytorhyn-

peronii (Hemidactylus),

pipiens (Hylorana), 458.

chus), 323.

97.

piscator (Hydrus), 349.

parallelus (Periops), 328.
parallelus (Tropidono-

peronii (Peripia), 97.
Peropus mutilatus, 96.

piscator (Tropidonotus),
349.

tus), 345.

perroteti (Dryopbis),

Plagiodon belena, 331.

pardalis (Mesalina), 177.

368.

planiceps (Rbinophis),

pardalis (Uropellis),

perroteti (Plectrurus),

255.

254.

271.

planiceps (Simotes), 316.

pardus (Gecko), 97.

perroteti (Psammophis),

planidorsata (Japalura),

Pareas andersonii, 416.

368.

130."

Pareas berdmorii, 416.

perroteti (Tragops), 368.

planipes (Gymnodacly-

Pareas laevis, 415.

perroteti (Tropidococ-

lus), 79. "

Pareas macularius, 416.

cyx),368.

platura (Anguis), 397.

Pareas margaritophorus,

perroteti (Xylopbis),

Platurus, 394.

416.

283.

platurus (Hydrus), 397.

Pareas modestus, 416.

persica (Eremias), 178.

platums (Pelamis), 397.

ALPHABETICAL INDEX.

535

Platyceps semifasciatus,

Polyodontes annulatus,
406.

ponticeriana (Sitana),
114.

platyceps (Ainphiesma),
345.

Polyodontophis, 301.
Polypedates aighana,

porosus (Crocodilus), 4.
porphyraceus (Ablabes),

platyceps (Calotes), 136,

462.

308.

137.

Polypedates annectens,

porphyraceus (Coluber),

platyceps (Tropidonotus),

509.

308.

343.

Polvpedates beddomii,

porphyraceus (Trimere-

Platydactylus duvaucelii,

453.

surus), 429.

100. '

Polypedates biscutiger,

porrectus (Typhlops),

Platydactylus lugubris,

475.

240.

99.

Polypedates brachytar-

praescutata (Disteira),

Platydactylus monar-

8us, 453.

413.

chus, 103.

Polypedates brevipal-

prasinus (Coluber), 334.

Platydactylus stentor,

inatus, 454.

prasinus (Dryinus), 369.

103.

Polypedates cavirostris,

prasinus (Dryophis),

platvnota (Cyclemys),

481.

369.

30.

platynota (Emys), 30.

Po^pedates chloronotus,
462.

prasinus (Tragops), 369.
prevostiana (Gerardia),

platynota (Notochelys),

Polypedates cruciger,

379.

30.

476.

prcvostianum (Campylo-

platynota (Testudo), 22.

Polypedates eques, 476.

don), 379.

Platyplectrurus, 273.

Polypedates formosus,

prevostianus (Coluber),

Platypteryx, 288.
Platysternidas, 44.

4H3.
Polypedates jerdonii,

379, 380.
prevostianus (Homalop-

Platysternon peguense,

478.

sis), 379.

44.

Polypedates leucomystax,

Pristurus, 72.

Platysternum, 44.

475,47<i.

problematicus (Hydro-

platyurus (Hemidacty-

Polypedates lividus, 462.

phis), 397.

lus), 95.
platyurus (Nycteridium).

Polypedates maculatus,
475, 476.

propinquus (Hydrophis),
396.

95.

Polypedates marmoratus,

Proteroglypba, 382.

platyurus (Stellio), 95.

462.

Psammodynasteg, 363.

Plectrurusj 270.

Polypedates microtympa-

Psammophis, 365.

Pleetrurus eeylonieus,

num, 479.

Psammosaurus scincus,

260.

Polypedates nanus, 478.

163.

Plestiodon scutatus,

Polypedates nasutus,

Pseudoboa caerulea, 388.

218.

477.

Pseudoboa carinata, 422.

Plestiodon sikkimensis,

Polypedates pleurostic-

Pseudoboa fasciata, 388.

191.

tus, 479.

Pseudoboa krait, 388.

pleurostictus (Polype-
dates), 479.

Polypedates quadrilinea-
tus, 475.

Pseudocyclophis, 299.
Pseudophiops beddomei,

pleurostictus (Khacopho-

Polypedates reticulatus,

174.

rus), 479.

477.

Pseudophiops theobaldi,

pleurostigma (Calophry-

Polypedates rugosus,

174.

nus), 490.

475.

Pseudoplectrurus, 270.

Plocederma melanura,

Polypedates saxicola,

Pseudopus gracilis, 159.

150.

465.

Pseudoxenodon, 340.

pluinbea (Ilomalopsis),

Polypedates schmardana,

Ptyas hexagonotus, 336.

376.

483.

Ptyas korros, 324.

pluinbea (Hydrophis),

Polypedates smaragdi-

Ptyas mucosus, 325.

413.

nus, 462.

Ptychozoon, 104.

pluinbea (Hypsirhina),

Polypedates tubercula-

Ptyctolaimus, 116.

37(5.

tus, 474.

Ptyodactylus, 81. ;

plumbeus (Eurostus),

Polypedates yunnanensis,

Puellula rubida, 69.

376.

447.

pulchellus (Cyrtodacty-

plumbicolor (Tropidono-

pondicerianus (Crocodi-

lus), 69.

tus), 351.

lus), 4.

pulchellus (Gymnodacfy-

pluvialis (Pyxicephalus),

pondicherianus (Oopho-

lus),69. '

451.

lis), 4.

pulchellus (Ixaltis), 485.

536

ALPHABETICAL INDEX.

pulcher (Bufo), 501.

pusilla (Rana), 437.

reticulata (Calamaria),

pulcher (Ixalus), 485.

pusillus (Oxyglossus),

287.

pulchra (Callula), 494.

437.

reticulatus (Hemidacty-

pulchra (Kaloula), 494.

pygmrca (Eana), 467.

lus), 84.

pulla (Rana), 450.
pulneyensis (Plectrurus),

pygmix:us (Nyctibatra-
chus), 467.

reticulatus (Polypedates),

260.

Python, 245.

reticulatus (Python),

pulneyensis (Rhinophis),

Pythonia semizonata,

246.

260.

374.

reticulatus (Rhacopho-

pulneyensis (Silybura),

PythoninEe, 244.

rus), 477.

260.

Pyxicephalus breviceps,

Rhabdosoma microce-

pulverulenta (Psammo-

451.

phalum, 283.

phis), 363.

Pyxicephalus fodiens,

Rhacophorus, 470.

pulverulentus (Dryinus),

451

Rhinophidion nicobari-

371.

Pyxicephalus khasianus,

cum, 230.

pul ver ulentus( D ryoph i s) ,

444.

Rhinophis, 254.

371.

Pyxicephalus pluvialis,

Rhiptoglossa, 230.

pulverulentus (Psammo-
dynastes), 363.

451.
Pyxicephalus rufescens,

rhynchops (Cerberus),
374.

punctata (Emyda), 17.
punctata (Geckoella).

451.

Pyxidea mouhotii, 31.

rhynchops (Homalopsis),

67.

rhynchops (Hydrus),

punctata (Lacerta), 208.

quadricarinata (Mabuia),

374.

punctata (Riopa), 209.

192.

Riopa albopunctata, 208.

punctata (Silybura),

quadrifasciatus(Coluber),

Riopa anguina, 210, 211.

265.

333.

Riopa cyanella, 210.

punctata (Testudo), 17.

quadrilineata (Hyla),

Riopa hardwickii, 208.

punctatum (Lygosoma),

474.

Riopa lineolata, 207.

208.

quadrilineata (Psammo-

Riopa punctata, 209.

punctatum (Melanophi-

phis), 366.

Ristella, 214.

dium), 273.

quadrilineatus (Polype-

robusta (Distira), 409.

punctatus (Eumeces),

dates), 475.

robusta (Hydrophis),

208, 209.

quadrimaculata (Cala-

409.

punctatus (Hemidacty-

maria), 282.

robusta (Rana), 441.

lus), 85.

quiucunciatus (Tropido-

Rock-Snakes, 245.

punctatus (Ixalus), 483.

notus), 349.

rouxii (Calotes), 141.

punctatus (Rhinophis),

quinque (Tropidonotus),

142.

255.

333.

rubida (Puellula), 69.

punctatus (Sepophis),

rubidus (Cvrtodactylus),

225.

radiaturn (Compsosoma),

69.

puncticulatus(Coronella),

333.

ruhidus(Grymnodactylus),

312.

radiatus (Coluber), 333.

69.

punctulatus (Simotes),

Raj-samp, 388.

rubra (Microhyla), 491.

312.

Rana pusilla, 437.

rubrigularis (Agama),

punctulatus (Tropidono-

Rana, 438.

147.

tus), 350.

Ranida-, 435.

rubrigularis (Trapelus),

punicetis (Trigonocepha-

rappii (Ablabes), 307.

147.

lus), 429.

rappii (Hydrophis), 409.

rubriventer (Cyclophis),

purpurascens (Passerita),

rectangulus (Coluber),

286.

371.

349.

rubriventer (Trachischi-

purpurascens (Simotes),

reinwardtii (Rhacopho-

um), 286.

312.

rus), 472.

rubriventris (Tiliqua),

purpurascens (Xenodon),

resplendens (Cyliudro-

191.

312.

phis), 250.

rubrolineata (Silybura),

purpureomaculatus (Tri-

reticulare (Compsosoma),

266.

gonocephalus), 429.

332.

rubromaculata (Sily-

purpureomaculatus (Tri-

reticularis (Coluber).

bura), 268.

ineresurus), 429.

332.

rubrum (Engystoma),

purpureus (Trimeresu-

reticulata (Blythia), 287.

491.

rus), 429.

reticulata (Boa), 246.

rufa (Cylindrophis), 251.

ALPHABETICAL IXDEX.

537

rufescens (Euprepes),

saxicola (Ixalus), 465.

scutatus (Lyriocephalus),

188, 189, 191.

saxicola (Micrixalus),

121.

rufescens (Pyxicephalus),
451.

465.
saxicola (Polypedates),

scutatus (Platurus), 395.
scutatus (Plestiodon),

rufescens (Rana), 451.

465.

218.

rufescens (Tiliqua), 191.

scaber (Gymnodactylus),

Scutiger sikkimensis,

ruffa (Anguis), 250.

62.

508.

rufus (Cylindrophis),
250.

scaber (Stenodactylus),
62.

Scytale brachyorrhos,
289.

rugifera (Mabuia), 190.

scabricauda (Plectrurus),

scytale (Anguis), 250.

rugifera (Tiliqua), 190.
rugosum (Trachischium),

275.
Scapia falconeri, 22.

scytale (Aspidura), 289,

285.

Scapteira, 179.

Sea-snakes, 393.

rugosus (Polypedates),

schistorhynchus (Plal u-

seba (Geoclemmys), 27.

475.

rus), 395.

sebsc (Emys), 27.

rupestris (Pristurus), 72.

schistosa (Enhydrina),

sebic (Melanochelys), 27.

rurkii (Ristella), 215.

406.

semifasciata (Compso-

russelii (Simotes), 314.

schistosum (Atretium),

soma), 325.

russelius (Coluber), 314.

352.

semifasciatus (Coluber),

russellii (Coluber), 420.

schistosus (Coluber),

325.

russellii (Daboia), 420.

352.

semifasciatus (Hydro-

russellii (Typhlops), 242.

schistosus (Helicops),

phobus), 298.

russellii (Vipera), 420.

352.

semifasciatua (Odonto-

schistosus (Hydrophis),

mus), 298.

sacra (Mocoa), 200.

399.

semifasciatus (Platyceps),

saffragamus (Uropeltis),
254.

schistosus (Hydrus), 406.
schistosus (Tropidono-

325.

semifasciatus (Simotes),

sagittaria (Calamaria),

tus), 352.

313.

303.

schizopholis (Astrotia),

semipalmata (Rana),

Sagittarius (Ablabes), 303.

408.

454.

Sagittarius (Polyodonto-

schizopholis (Hydrophis),

semizonata (Homalopsis),

phis), 303.

408.

374.

Salamandrida>, 513.

schlegelii (Eumeces),

semizonata (Pj'thonia),

Salea, 131.

199.

374.

Salea gularis, 134.

schlegelii (Hydrophis),

sepoides (Chalcides), 224.

salvator (Hydrosaurus),

411.

Sepophis, 225.

166.
salvator (Stellio), 166.

schlegelii (Thalassophis),
411.

Sops ocellatus, 224.
septemlineatus (Eupre-

salvator (Yaranus), 166.

schlegelii (Tiliqua), 199.

pes), 187.'

sancti-johannis (Tropido-

schmardana (Polype-

septemlineatus (Tiliqua),

notus), 350.

dates), 483.

187.

Sand-Lizards, 170.

schmardanus (Txalus),

septemtaniata (Mabuia),

sanguineo-maculata

483.

185.

(Rana), 438.

schneideri (Eumeces),

septemtseniatus (Eupre-

sanguineus (Platyplec-
trurus), 274.

219.

schneideri (Nycteridium),

pis), 185.
septentrionalis (Lyco-

sauguineus (Plectrurus),

95.

don), 295.

274.

schneideri (Python), 246.

septentrionalis (Ophites),

sanguineus (Rhinophis),

schneideri (Scincus),

295.

. 256.

219.

septentrionalis (Tachy-

sanguineus (Teretrurus),

Scincidse, 180.

dromus), 169.

275.

Scincus, 220.

sexlineatus (Tachvdro-

sanguiventer (Hurriah),

scincus (Psaiumosaurus),

mus), 169.

297.

163.

sexvirgata (II via), 474.

sarasinorum (Acontias),

scriptus (Ablabes), 305.

shortii (Silybura), 269.

228.

scutata (Emyda), 18.

siamensis (Calamaria),

sarasinorum (Ixalus),

scutata (Lacerta), 121.

282.

465.

scutata (Laticauda),

sibilans (Psamrnophis),

8arasinorum(Micrixalus),

395.

366.

465.

scutatus (Eumeces). 218.

sieboldii (Ferania), 377.

538

ALPHABETICAL INDEX.

sieboldii (Herpetoreas),

spilonotus (Oligodon),

stoliczkse (Mocoa). 201.

343.

321.

stoliczkai (Euprepe.-i),

sieboldii (Homalopsis),

Spilotes, 330.

201.

377.

Spilotes vittatus, 344.

Stoliczkaia, 354.

sieboldii (Hypsirhina),

spinae-punctatns (Oligo-

strachani (Rana), 452.

377.

don), 303.

strachani (Tomonterna),

sieboldii (Trigonurus),

spiuosa (Einys), 25.

452.

377.
signatus (Ixalus), 487.

spinosa (Geoemyda), 22,
25.

striata (Hydrophis), 410.
striata (Leioselasma),

sikimensis (Rana), 445.

spiralis (Hydrophis),

410.

sikimmensis (Tachydro-

401.

striatus (Coluber), 292.

raus), 169.
sikkimense (Lygosoma),

spiralis (Hydrus), 401.
splendidus (Simotes),

striatus (Hydrophis),
410,411.

199.

310.

striatus (Lycodon), 292.

sikkimensis(Bombinator),

Squamata, 52.

stricticollis (Hydrophis),

508.

squamata (Caretta), 49.

403.

sikkimensis (Bufo), 505,

508:

squamata(Eretmochelys),
49.

strigata (Sphserotheca),
451.

sikkimensis (Copho-

stellatus (Trionyx), 15.

strigatus (Trimeresuri-.s),

pbryne), 508.

Stellio agrorensis, 149.

427.

sikkimensis (Mocoa),

Stellio caucasicus, 151.

striolatus (Tropidonotus),

199.

Stellio dayanus, 148.

349.

sikkimensis (Plestiodon),

Stellio himalayanus, 149.

striolatus (Typhlops),

191.

Stellio indicus, 148.

238.

sikkimensis (Scutiger),

Stellio lirata, 150.

subannulata(Hydrophis),

508.

Stellio melanurus, 150.

410.

sikkimensis (Tropidono-

Stellio nuptus, 151.

subco2i-ulea (Hylorana),

tus), 340.

Stellio tuberculatus, 148.

455.

Siloboura ceyloiiica,

Stenodactylus, 56.

subcristata (Tiaris), 122.

268.

stenorhynchus (Geophis),

subcristatus (Gonyoce-

Siloboura ellioti, 265.

284.

phalus), 122.

Siluboura ceylonicus,

stenorhynchus (Xylo-

subfasciata (Hydrophis),

265.

phis), 284.

406.

silvaticus (Ixalus), 466.

Stenostoma, 243.

subfuscus (Lycodon),

silvaticus (Micrixalus),

stentor (Gecko), 103.

297.

466.

stentor (Platydactylus),

subgriseus (Oligodon),

Silybura, 257.

103.

321.

Simotes, 309.

sternosignata (Rana),

sublffivis (Boltalia), 92.

sindanus (Psammophis),

445.

sublarvis (Hydrophis),

365.

stewartii (Hydrophis),

410.

sisparensis (Gonatodes),

412.

sublineatus (Oligodon),

75.

stictomerus (Ixalus),

320.

sisparensis (Gymnodac-

480.

sublutescens (Corypho-

tylus), 75.

stictomerus (Rhacopho-

don), 336.

Sitana, 114.

rus), 480.

subminiatum (Amphi-

smaragdinus (Polype-

stoddartii (Ceratopbora),

esma), 347.

dates). 462.

119.

subminiatus (Tropido-

smitbii (Batagur), 42.

stoddartii (Lyriocepha-

notus), 347.

smitbii (Kacliuga), 42.

lus), 119.

subocularis(Dendrophis),

smithii (Pangshura), 42.

stokesii (Distira), 408.

338.

speciosus (Gvmnodacty-

stokesii (Hydrophis),

subplanus (Trionyx), 11.

lus), 64.

408.

subpunctatum(Oligodou),

Sphaerotheca strigata,

stokesii (Hydrus), 408.

303.

451.

stolatum (Amphiesina),

subpunctatus (Polyodon-

Sphargidse, 50.

348.

tophis), 303.

Sphargis coriacea, 50.

stolatus (Coluber), 348.

subtriedrus (Hemidacty-

Spheuocephalus penta-
dactylus, 224.

stolatus (Tropidonotus),
348.

lufl), 90.
subunicolor (Euprepes),

Sphenocepbalus tridac-

stoliczkse (Gymnodacty-

190.

tylus, 222.

lus), 63. '

swinhonis (Simotes), 312.

ALPHABETICAL INDEX.

539

sykesii (Barycephalus),
148.

tenuicollis (Typhlops),
241.

Tiliqua septemlineatus,
187.

sykesii (Hemidactylus),

tennis (Typhlops), 236,

Tiliqua trivittata, 185,

88.

240.

188.

sylhetensis (Kachuga),

Teratolepis, 96.

tinniens (Phyllomedusa),

42.

Teretrurus sanguineus,

488.

sylhetensis (Pangshura),

275.

Toads, 499.

42.

Teretrurus travancoricus,

Tomopterna strachani,

systoma (Cacopus), 496.

275.

452.

systoma (Rana), 496.

tessellatus (Ophiseps),

Tomyris oxiana, 391.

159.

torquata (Hydrophis),

tachydromoides (Lacer-

Testudinidic. 18.

402.

ta), 169.

Testudo, 19.

torquatus (Hydrophis),

tachydromoides (Tachy-

Tetragonosoma atropur-

402.

drornus), 169.

pureum, 294.

torquatus (Simotes), 316.

Tachydromus, 168.

Tetraonyx affinis, 38.

Trachischium, 284.

ta;niolata (Mabouia),

Tetraonyx baska, 38.

Trachycephalus ceyl oni-

218.

Tetraonyx batagur, 38.

ons, 469.

trcniolatuB (Eumeces),

Thalassochelys, 49.

trachyprocta (Aspidura),

219.

Thalassophis microce-

290.

taeniolatus (Eurylepis),

phala, 404.

Tragops dispar, 368.

219.

Thalassophis schlegelii,

Tragops fronticincta,

trcniopterus (Draco),

411.

368.

113.

Thalassophis viperina,

Tragops javanicus, 36S.

toniurus (Coluber), 333.

413.

Tragops perroteti, 368.

toeniurus (Elaphis), 333.

Thecophora, 9.

Tragops prasinus, 369.

laprobanense (Lygoso-

theobaldi (Chaibassia),

Trapelus megalonyx,

ma), 206.

28.

147.

taprobanensis (Eumeces),

theobaldi (Phrynocepha-

Trapelus rubrigularis,

206.

lus), 153.

147.

taprobanensis (Hinulia),

theobaldi(Pseudophiops),

travancorica (Ristella),

206.

174.

215, 216.

laprobanica (Hydrophis),

theobaldi (Simotes), 315.

travancoricum (Lygo-

410.

theobaldianus (Typhlops),

soma), 204.

tecta (Emys), 43.

240.

travancoricus (Ateuoho-

tecta (Pangshura), 43.

thermalis (Emys), 27.

saurus), 215, 216.

tectum (Kachuga), 43.

thermalis (Nicoria tri-

travancoricus (Butb),

templetonii (Mytilia),

juga, var.), 27.

503.

257.
templetonii (Oligodon),

thurgi (Hardella), 36.
thuvgii (Batagur), 37.

travancoricus (Cercaspis),
293.

320.

thurgii (Emys), 36.

travancoricus (Lycodon),

temporalis (Hydrophis),

thwaitesii (Chalcidoseps),

293.

409.

226.

travancoricus (Oligodon),

temporalis (Hylorana),

thwaitesii (Nessia), 226.

318.

459.

Tiaris elliottii, 129.

travancoricus (Teretru-

temporalis (Ixalus), 483.

Tiaris humei, 123.

rus), 275.

lemporalis (Rana), 459.

Tiaris subcristata, 122.

travankorica (Mocoa),

teimenti (Lyriocephalus),

tickelli(Phrynocephalus),

203, 204.

- 120.

153.

trevelyaua (Dapatnaya),

tennenti (Ceratophora),

tigrina (Rana), 449.

256.

120.
tentoria (Emys), 43.

tigris (Gecko), 69.
Tiliqua bibronii, 184.

trevelyanus (Rhinophis),
256.

teutoria (Pangshura), 43.

Tiliqua carinata, 191.

triangularis (CaUula),

tenuiceps (Ablabes), 286.

Tiliqua niulticarinata,

495.

leuuiceps (Calamaria),

189.

tricarinata (Acantho-

286.

Tiliqua rubriventris,

saura), 129.

tenuiceps (Trachischium),

191.

tricarinala (Chaibassia),

286.

Tiliqua rufescens. 191.

28. _

tenuicollis (Onychoce-

Tiliqua rugifera, 190.

tricarinata (Charasia),

phalus), 241.

Tiliqua schlegelii, 199.

. 129.

540

ALPHABETICAL IXDEX.

tricarinata (Geoeinyda),

trijuga (Nicoria), 27.

Tupinambis griseus, 163.

28.

trilineata (Hypsirhina),

turcica (Lacerta), 87.

tricarinata (Nicoria), 28.

376.

turcicus (Hemidactylus),

tricarinatus (Calotes),

trilineata (Kachuga),

87.

129.

41.

turgens (Tropidonotus),

tridactylus(Ophiomorus),

trilineatus (Elaps), 386.
trilineatus (Euprepis),

352.
Tylototriton, 513.

tridaclylus (Sphenoce-

184.

Typblopidae, 234.

phalus), 222.

trilineatus (Platyplec-

Typhlops, 235.

triedrus (Gecko), 89.

trurus), 274.

Typhloscincus nicobari-

triedrus (Gymnodacty-

trilineatus (Plectrurus).

cus, 230.

lus), 67.

274.

Tyria karelinii, 326.

triedrus (Hemidactylus),

trimaculata (Vipera),

tytleri (Gecko), 86.

89.

384.

tytleri (Hylorana), 458.

trifrenatus (Leptophis),

trimaculatus (Callopbis),

tytleri (Mabuia), 191.

325.

384.

tytleri (Rana), 458.

Triglyphodon cyaneum,
361.

Trimeresurus, 425.
Trionychida?, 9.

tytleri (Tropidonotus).
349.

Triglyphodon forsteni,
362.

Trionychoidea, 9.
Trionyx, 10.

Tytleria hypsirhinoides,
'294.

trigonata (Dipsas), 358.

tripudians (Naia), 391.

trigonatus (Coluber),

trivirgatus (Xenopeltis),

Ulupe davisonii, 299.

358.

252.

umbratus(Tropidonotus),

trigonocephala(Megaera),

trivittata (Batagur), 41.

349.

431.

trivittata (Emys), 41.

unicolor (Cerberus), 375.

trigonocephala (Vipera),

trivittata (Kachuga), 41.

unicolor (Fordonia),

431.

trivittata (Tiliqua), 185,

378.

Trigonocephalus blom-
hoffii, 424.

188.
trivittatus (Euprepes),

unicolor (Xenopeltis),
276.

Trigonocephalus cantori,

188.

unimaculata (Mytilia),

428.

Tropidococcyx perroteti,

~. \ J n

2oo.

Trigonocephalus ellioti,

368.

univirgatus (Callopbis),

351.

Trigonocephalus erythru-

tropidococcyx (Drvio-
phis), 368.

385.
univirgatus (Elaps), 385.

rus, 430.

Tropidonotus, 341.

Uperodon marmoratnm,

Trigonocephalus grami-

Tropidophorus, 217.

496.

neus, 430.

tuberculata (Agama),

Urseotyphlus, 517.

Trigonocepbalus hypnale,

148.

Uromastix, 157.

424.

tuberculata (Distira),

Uromastix belliana, 156.

Trigonocephalus malaba-

409.

Uropeltidze, 251.

ricus, 430.

tuberculata (Hydropbis),

Uropeltis, 253.

Trigonocephalus mucro-

409.

Uropeltis affinis, 252.

squamatus, 428.

tuberculata (Laudakia),

Trigonocephalus neel-

150.

valakadien (Enhydrina),

gherriensis, 427.

tuberculatus (Alsophy-

406.

Trigonocephalus puni-

lax), 59.

valakadyn (Hydrus).

ceus, 429.

tuberculatus (Bunopus),

406.

Trigonocephalus pur-

59.

Varanida, 160.

pureomaculatus, 429.

tuberculatus (Polype-

Varanus, 161.

Trigonocephalus wardii,

dates), 474.

variabilis (Ixalus), 487.

430.

tuberculatus (Rhacopho-

variegata (Callula), 404.

Trigonocephalus zara,

rus), 474.

variegata (Japalura),

424.

tuberculatus (Stellio),

130.

trigonocepbalus (Trime-

148.

variegata (Rana), 451.

resurus), 431.

tuberculosa (Necto-

variegatus (Gymnodacty-

trigonops (Crococlilus), 5.

pbryne), 500.

lus), 70.

Trigonurus sieboldii,

tuberculosus(Pedostibes),

variegatus (Naultinus).

377.

500.

70.

trijuga (Emys), 27.

Tupinambis bengalensis,

velox (Eremias), 178.

trij uga(Melanochelys),27.

164.

velox (Lacerta), 178.

ALPHABETICAL INDEX.

541

ventrimaculatus (Zame-

vittata (Naia), 392.

Xenelapbis, 336.

nis), 325, 32(5.

vittatus (Ixalus), 485.

Xenocbrophis, 353.

ventromaculatus (Colu-

vittatus (Spilotes), 344.

Xenodon dubium, 321.

ber), 325.

vosmaerii (Hagria),

Xenodon macrophthal-

vemistum (Xenodon),

212.

mus, 340, 347.

317.

vosmaerii (Lygosotna),

Xenodon purpurascens,

•venustus (Oligodoii),

212.

312.

317.

vulgaris (Chamzeleon),

Xenodon venustum.

venustus (Siiuotes), 317.

232.

317.

verreauxii (Gecko), 103.

Xenodon viridis, 351.

verrucosa (Eana), 448.
verrucosus(Tylototriton),
514.

walteri (Pseudocyclo-
pbis), 300.
wardii (Copbias), 430.

Xenopeltidae, 275.
Xenopeltis, 276.
Xenopeltis trivirgatus,

versicolor (Agania), 135.
versicolor (Calotes). 135.

wardii (Trigouocephalus),
430.

252.
Xenophrvs monticola,

vertebralis (Mabuia),

Water Lizards, 161.

510.

188.

watsonana (Mesalina),

Xenurelaps bungaroides,

verticillatus (Gecko),

177.

389.

102.

watsonanus (Eremias),

Xylophis, 283.

viciua (Rana), 445.

177.

violacea (Cantoria), 380.

vestermanni (Elacbisto-

yarkandensis (Cyrtodac-

violacea (Corouella),

don), 363.

tylus), 63.

312.

westermanni (Hydro-

yunnanenais (Atrefium),

violaceus (iSimotes), 312.

pbis), 410.

352.

Vipera, 419.

westermanni (Onychc-

yunnanensis (Elapbis),

Viperidre, 417.
viperina (Distira), 413.

cephalus), 242.

wicksii (Gymnodactylus),

333.
yunnanensis (Pol}'pe-

viperina (Hydropliis),

77.

dates), 447.

413.

wood-masoni (Silybura),

yunnanensis (Tropido-

viperina (Tbalassophis),

260.

pborus), 217.

413.

wynaadensis (Gymno-

Viperina-, 418.

dactylus), 75.

Zamenis, 323.

Vipers, 418.

wynaadensis (Phyllo-

Zaocys, 329.

A irgata (Chelonia), 48.

medusa), 487.

zara (Trigouocepbalus),

viridis (Botbrops), 430.

wynadense (Melanopbi-

424.

viridis (Bufo), 504.

dium), 272.

zebratiuu (Lygosoma),

viridis (Calotes), 135,

wynadensis (Gonatodes),

195.

137.

75.

zebrinus (Tropidonotus),

viridis (Triineresurus),

wynandensis(Plectrurus),

345.

428, 430.

272.

zeylonicus (Chamajleon),

viridis (Vipera), 429.

232.

viridis (Xenodon), 351.

xauthonielas (Trimere-

Zygnidopsis brevipes,

vittata (Euiyda), 17.

surus), 427.

222.

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