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ed KXI. 1853. 55 As Go aa te OS: 3 0 18. 0 1.4920
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(| Lake Ws Pitta
[ 501 ]
XVI. Researches upon the Anatomy of the Pinnipedia.—(Part III.) Descriptive Anatomy
of the Sea-lion (Otaria jubata). By James Muniz, WD, F.LS., F.GS., &e.,
late Prosector to the Society.
Read December 6th, 1870.
[Puates LXXV.-LXXXII.]
ConTENTS.
I. The Skeleton and Cranial changes, p. 501. V. Hyolaryngeal and Respiratory Organs, p. 546.
II. The Nervous System, p. 517. VI. The Digestive System, p. 553.
III. Sensery Apparatus, p. 534, VII. Urino-generative Organs, p. 567.
IV, The Vascular System, p. 535. VIII. Description of the Plates, p. 573.
HAVING in the first part of this Memoir treated of the exterior, of the fleshy body,
and of the ligaments knitting the osseous frame of the Sea-lion, it follows that I next
take the skeleton into consideration. HH. M. Ducrotay de Blainville, in his magnificent
‘Atlas of Osteography,’ has figured the skeleton of our Otary, and that of the Walrus
and the Common Seal; but neither of the two former is placed in the peculiar and
distinctive attitude these animals assume on land. For this reason I have refigured
that of the Sea-lion, and added separate illustrations of each of the carpal and tarsal
bones—a decided want in his great work. The series of crania figured by me I shall
refer to en passant.
I. THE SKELETON AND CRANIAL CHANGES.
1. The Skull.
a. General aspects.—Seen in profile, the skull of the Society's young or nearly
adult ¢ specimen of Ofaria jubata exhibits a remarkable flattening of the upper cranial
surface; the base of the cranium from this view also appears pretty level, and is nearly
parallel with the horizontal plane of the vertex. From the nasals anteriorly the skull
slopes considerably ; and posteriorly the occipital truncation is interrupted by the pro-
jecting condyle. In old age, as subsequently to be shown, the skull of this species does
not retain the above-mentioned features ; but these evidently hold good in a certain stage
of growth.
Three segments or regions are readily mapped off in this side-view. The first or
naso-maxillary one occupies rather less than a third of the entire length of the cranium,
and includes the nasal, the intermaxillary, the maxillary bone, and the teeth as far as
the fourth premolar. The anterior or inner margin of the orbit bounds this segment
VOL. VIII.—PART Ix. June, 1874. 4a
502 DR. J. MURIE ON THE ANATOMY OF THE SEA-LION.
behind. The second, orbito-frontal or middle region is chiefly formed by the orbit
itself. It embraces, moreover, a portion of the vacuity of the temporal fossa, externally
is guarded by the malar arch, is bounded above by the frontal bone and supraorbital
process, and below and within is defined by the pterygo-palatine wall. Its length is
almost an exact third of the long diameter of the cranium.
These two anterior segments or provisional boundaries together comprise the facial
region, which here bears a proportion to the entire length of the skull as 6 is to 10.
The third, hinder and largest segment, the temporo-occipital, is nearly as deep as it is
long, and it thus has a marked rectangular configuration.
The upper cranial surface exhibits even more definitely the three regions just spoken
of. That portion containing the brain is broad, and more particularly so at the exoc-
cipitals. The frontals are deeply scooped out opposite the zygomatic arch; and this
narrowing contrasts with the prominent postorbital processes. Hach malar areh has an
external flattened aspect, and only slightly veers inwards anteriorly. At the maxillary
bones the skull is narrower; and quite in front these and the premaxille form an un-
evenly rounded muzzle; four bosses (see fig. 1) indicate the relative positions of the
outer incisors and canine teeth.
b. The Cranial Bones.—Anfractuous low ridges chiefly indicate the occipital elements,
which otherwise are more or less coalesced. The basiocciput inferiorly is somewhat
oblong in shape, and rather longer from before backwards than across; the foramen
magnum is nearly circular in figure. The condyles form, posterior to the opening, an
inferior projecting and thickened semilune of bone; but the upper margin of the
foramen magnum, composed of the inferior hinder border of the supraoccipital, is
thin. A large exoccipital canal’, or condyloid foramen, pierces the bone just within
the articulating surface. The supraoccipital forms a well-defined arch, bounded by a
broad moderately raised lambdoidal crest. ‘The surface of the supraocciput is very
uneven, being marked mesially by a sharp crest, on either side of which are deep
hollows for the nuchal muscles.
The parietals are narrow, flat-topped, and short; suturally they are firmly connected
with each other, and interossified with the squamous portion of the temporals. The
squamous element of the temporal bone is broad and flat. The mastoidal surface is
rather prominently ridged just behind the external auditory meatus, or with a moderate-
sized paramastoid process; rearwards it is sunk flat, and joins a narrow, scarcely appre-
ciable paroccipital process. The tympanic bone is fair-sized, but not inflate. It is
directed obliquely inwards, backwards, and downwards, ending in a sharp margin;
superficially (¢. e. inferiorly) it is broadly grooved and indented on its inner face. A
slight ridge is all that indicates a styloid process; but there is a short tooth-like cusp
projecting forwards in front of the tympanic, and overlooking the carotid foramen.
The glenoideum is narrow antero-posteriorly, but broad transversely, and moderately
‘ A term proposed by Mr. H. N. Turner, see P. Z. 8. 1848, p. 75.
DR. J. MURIE ON THE ANATOMY OF THE SEA-LION. 503
scooped; the jugal extension is a tapering rod. The jugal bone is not very stout,
though at its middle high, in an upward angle. Bifurcate in front, it forms a firm
union with the maxillary retrovert process.
A considerable part of the face or muzzle is taken up by the intermaxillary, so that,
excepting the canine eminence, each maxillary chiefly outflanks the cheeks only. The
basal segment of the maxilla rises high, is flatly convex, and of fair breadth. Behind,
the canine eminence is deeply and widely grooved, where lie the thick infraorbital
nerves and vessels. There is a small but distinct antorbital prominence. The max-
illary orbital surface is moderate, and tolerably vertically concave forwards. The pala-
‘tine region of the maxillary is of fair breadth, and terminates in a long spear-shaped
palatine strip guarding the palatine plates of the palate-bones almost to the posterior
nares. Each premaxilla is flattish and truncate anteriorly towards the alveolus, and
rises therefrom in a narrowing outspread arch enclosing the anterior nares. ‘The narial
orifice in front is heart-shaped, 12 inch deep and 1} inch at its upper widest part. ‘The
upward strip of the premaxilla is inserted between the nasal and maxillary bone as a
narrow wedge. The large turbinals are much convoluted and almost occlude the narial
passages, but within the maxillary area. The vomer is in great part hidden, and has
no connexion with the horizontal palatine plates.
The nasals in some respects are like the premaxillaries in being wide below and
narrow above. Each is 1:8 inch long, and about half an inch at widest or below. They
are suturally connected nearly their whole length, posteriorly divaricating; the forks
fit into the frontal. One half of their outer margin abuts against the maxilla, the
remainder in front lies upon the premaxilla.
The frontal bones are peculiar from their length, postorbital processes, and great
constriction behind these. Their upper surface is smooth and flat anteriorly, and widely
conyexly arched behind. Their orbital surfaces are of great length, considerably scooped
out, and but moderately deep, a long vacuity existing between them and the maxillo-
palatines.
The palatine plates of the palate-bones, as has been noticed by many authors, are un-
commonly long and broad—in this case fully 25 inches in antero-posterior, and above
14 inch in transverse diameter. Their hinder margins are transversely abrupt, and the
posterior nares constricted. Laterally and exteriorly the palatine walls reach high, and
present a great pterygo-sphenoidal surface.
The basisphenoid is short, but wide. ‘The pterygoid processes stout, and with a sharp
recurved hamular process. The alisphenoids are fair-sized, distinguished by a square
boss where they join the postfrontals. There seems, however, to be a large orbital
plate: but this is mainly composed of the postfrontal; for the orbito-sphenoidal area
is very narrow and small.
c. The Mandible.—The two halves of the inferior maxilla have no bony anchylosis, but
are united to each other by synchondrosis. ‘This separation is not merely the result of
4a2
504 DR. J. MURIE ON THE ANATOMY OF THE SEA-LION.
age; for I find such symphysial cartilaginous union obtains, not only in the adult speci-
mens of Otaria jubata, but even in undoubted old animals of the same species. Each
body possesses a shallow curve, the concavity of which looks inwards; and the halves
together thus form a tongue-shaped arch, ending in front in the broadish deep sym-
physis. Immediately beneath the well-marked incisor-fosse and foramina, the edges of
the symphysis pout forwards in a low but distinct median mental crest, some half an
inch in vertical depth. Below this the rami gradually diverge from each other, inclining
downwards and backwards as they each form a thickened posterior symphysial angle.
The extreme length of the lower jaw measures 7:25 inches; the greatest diameter
(which is at the condyles) is 5°3 inches.
A row of foramina as numerous as the molar teeth on the left side, and less by one on
the right, occupy a line trending downwards from the alveolus, opposite the last molar,
to below the middle of the bone, and anteriorly vertical between the first and second
molar teeth. The most anterior of these is the largest, and may represent the mental
foramen of Man; but here, in the Sea-lion, the vascular supply is great, and accord-
ingly supplied with an increased number of nutritious channels. A narrowing and
thinning of the bone distinguishes or separates the body from the ramus; this nearly
median contraction has the effect of giving the side of the jaw a somewhat long and
irregularly bordered figure-of-eight contour. At this narrowest part, just behind the
last molar, there is a breadth or vertical depth of 1:2 inch, and a thickness of 04.
From it the ramus commences, and very gradually widens, its thin coronoid lamina
rising at an obtuse angle to the body. ‘The angle, a flattened rhombic plate, is inflect,
with a deepish emargination in front. The condyloid neck is compressed antero-
posteriorly.
d. Foramina of Lower Base'.—The anterior palatine are fissures of some magnitude.
Marked postpalatine foramina do not obtain; but instead a linear series of minute open-
ings reach from opposite each penultimate tooth back to the end of the maxillary splint,
in apposition with the lengthened palatal arch. There is an alisphenoid canal per-
forating longitudinally the base of the pterygoid, and communicating with the spheno-
orbitary region. A Vidian canal, admitting a fine bristle, can be traced along the inside
of the pterygoid root. A fair-sized foramen ovale lies behind and outside the alisphe-
noid canal; and exterior to it is the postglenoid foramen. Directly posterior to the
ovale, and in a somewhat irregular transverse recess, there are close together the lacerum
medium, anterior opening of the carotic canal, hiatus Fallopii, and fissura Glasseri—the
said recess, moreover, being surmounted posteriorly by the tubercle developed in front
of the tympanic. The orifice of the meatus auditorius externus is sunk in a conical
hollow between the mastoid eminence and the tympanic bulla, the large stylomastoid
foramen being situate close to its rear. Still further back, and more towards the
‘ Compare respectively the interesting researches on this subject in the Carnivora by H. N. Turner, as cited,
and Prof. Flower, P. Z. S. 1869, p. 4; also Prof. Owen’s pithy descriptive remarks on specimens in the Hun-
I pithy I
terian Museum.
DR. J. MURIE ON THE ANATOMY OF THE SEA-LION. 505
median line, is the very great horseshoe-shaped jugular vacuity. At its fore border,
partially hidden within the bone, is the entrance of the carotid canal, which pursues a
course through the tympanic, opening, as aforesaid, at the lacerum medium. A shelf
of bone divides the postcarotic foramen from the deeper-placed aqueductus cochlee.
Lastly, to the rear, and a trifle within the jugular fossa, is the basal opening of the
anterior condyloid foramen.
e. Interior of the Skull.—As regards peculiarities in the form of this cavity, allusions
will be found under the description of the encephalon ; here I confine my remarks to the
osseous superficies and foramina. Laterally the walls of the calvarium are exceedingly
thin—anteriorly, or in the frontal region, excessively thick and cancellous—occipitally
equally porous but very moderate in thickness, and with capacious venous channels.
The bony tentorial plate, necessarily broken on removal of the vertex, as displayed in
fig. 10, is uneven, and pitted with minute and larger-sized foramina. The anfractuosi-
ties of the canopy of the skull, and the irregular cerebral-pitting depressions are most
unusually well marked; and, moreover, innumerable minute and larger-sized foramina
bear evidence of the great vascularity of the osseous structure. The longitudinal venous
groove is very deep and well pronounced ; and so are the furrows lodging the meningeal
arteries &c.
The floor of the cavity (somewhat bluntly boat-shaped) possesses numerous irregu-
larities and vacuities; but the orbito-frontal parietes are smoother and incline to the
perpendicular. The olfactory fosse are narrow, high, and deep, the cribriform plates of
the ethmoid assuming the vertical, with a retroverted spinous partition. Immediately
behind the latter is a single low-arched perforation for the optic nerves, each nerve
escaping into the back of the orbit through the orbito-sphenoid bone, the perforation
drilling the median wall (fig. 5). Along the solid mid-basilar plane, successively from
before backwards, the noteworthy points are:—adjoining the optic arch a transverse
cleft, through non-ossification of preesphenoid suture ; a full broadish processus olivarius,
comparatively deficient in mid clinoid processes; a deeply excavated sella turcica, whose
bayed front margin carries relatively large angular postclinoid processes ; a scooped basi-
sphenoid lodging the pons Varolii; to the rear of this, in the basioccipital, a great lop-
sided hollow (possibly a vascular recess), chiefly to the left, though shown on the right
in the reversed fig. 9.
At the sides defined areas correspond to the orbito-parietal and temporal lobes of the
cerebrum, whilst that which receives the cerebellum and lateral sinuses is markedly
characterized by its depth, prominent nodular periotic, and large jugular orifice.
Of other fissures and visible foramina, that agreeing with the lacerum anterius extends
half an inch antero-posteriorly, an outer eaved bony plate partly overriding it; a groove
about another half inch leads back and outwards to a large foramen ovale, these and an
inner adjoining space (in the fresh subject) being occupied by the Casserian ganglion and
fifth-nerve divisions. What apparently answers to the lacerum medium (giving ingress
to the internal carotid artery) and the foramen spinosum is a widish perforation and
506 DR. J. MURIE ON THE ANATOMY OF THE SEA-LION.
adjoining minute accessory tiny open fork, situate behind but to the inside of the ovale,
and immediately in front of the periotic. The latter nodular bone dominantly projects,
a concavity of the cerebellum at the flocculus resting thereon. Anteriorly the aquie-
ductus Fallopii is barely visible in this view; neither is the meatus auditorius internus,
which looks towards the median line; and the aqueeductus vestibuli similarly occupies
a recess on the posterior face. Below the last is the carotid canal, behind the large
jugular perforation. An anterior condyloid foramen pierces the corner betwixt basi-
and exoccipitals, running nearly vertically towards the jugular groove.
For a description of the longitudinal vertical section of the aged skull, viz. that in
Pl. LXXVIL. fig. 22, I refer to Prof. Owen’s notice in the Cat. Coll. Surg., specimen
No. 3971. It is sufficient for my purpose to call attention to the great occipital crest,
thickness of frontal, position of ethmoid and turbinals, maxillo-palatine cleft, and
osseous tentorium, as all more fully pronounced in character than what obtains in
younger skulls which, nevertheless, in other general respects agree.
f. Seaual differences.—In a previous communication to this Society, I directed attention
to certain visual distinctions extant between the male and female skulls of Otaria jubata,
and gave figures of the same, hereunder reproduced. I was not then aware that Owen
had commented on the same fact, and therefore now append his remarks in a footnote '.
tise
Palatal views of adult male (fig. 1) and female (fig. 2) skulls of Otaria jubata, To scale 3 nat. size.
From P.Z.S8. 1869, p. 103.
| << Tt differs from that of the male in its inferior size, but agrees with it in all essential or modifiable cha-
racters. The more feeble bite and smaller temporal muscles have not required the elevation of the temporal
DR. J. MURIE ON THE ANATOMY OF THE SEHA-LION. 507
They apply to the skull figured by me in Pl. LXXVIL. figs. 16,17, which is that
numbered 3968, Cat. Coll. Surg. Besides the points here displayed in palatal views, a
comparison of the crania in the accompanying Pl. LAXVII. further bears out state-
ments concerning said differentiations '.
g. Progressive Cranial changes—Although writers previously had incidentally ad-
verted to an alteration in the form of the skull with age in some of the Eared Seals, yet
no one has so forcibly pointed this out as Dr. Gray®. In one of his papers on the
Otariade he justly remarks*:—“ The skull of these animals changes so much in form
as the animal arrives at adult and old age, that it is not always easy to determine the
species by it, unless you have a series of them of different ages and states to compare.”
So much do the parietal crest and other osseous prominences shoot forth in the
Sea-bear or Great Sea-lion of some travellers (Ofaria jubata), that between young and
old specimens changes as great and characteristic as obtain in the cranium of the
Gorilla occur in them.
In tracing the development of the skull of this species of Otaria, I have had the
advantage of comparing side by side a large number of both sexes and various ages. [|
tabulated a series of proportional measurements of the relative growth of different
regions, but refrain from introducing the table in this place. Instead I have illustrated,
in Series Pl. LXXVII., examples of five different stages of the development, to each of
which I append remarks. My figures have been drawn to a uniform scale, quarter
natural size; I nevertheless subjoin, in inches and tenths, the absolute length, breadth,
and height of each, for greater precision.
5th stage.
¢& very
3rd stage.
d ad. (nearly),
© ad.
Nos. in Cat. Coll. Surg., except sp. 3rd column | 3971 c. | 39718. Z.S.sp.| 3968. | 39714. | 3971 =.
Ist stage. |
Cie! ars oi '¢ 5 to 20
Crania of Otaria jubata. rive
4th stage.
3 old.
2nd stage.
Yearling. old.
Greatest length, premaxilla to condyle ...... 6-5 85 | 10-6 | 11:0 12°8 14:3
Greatest breadth 2.0 ioJ.cte ees eves ect 3:9 46 | 65| 58h 75 | 94
Greatest. height, without mandible line cutting 3-6 4-0 4-6 | 47 6-0 | 8-2
THASLO! Oe een en tetas otc ste Mess chasers sos
First stage. In the poune skull of a few weeks old the brain-region is in prepon-
“fe ate a parietal met nor any considerable develonmiont oe the Riga wigs. “The tfomcere of te
large mastoid is well shown in this skull, together with the share which the paroccipital takes in this rough
muscular ridge external to the petrosal. he middle surface of the basioccipital is less carinate than in the
male. The entry of the carotid canal in the petrosal is more distinct from the jugular vacuity. The broad
superorbital processes of the frontal are less angular. The canines and external incisors of the upper jaw are
smaller in comparison with the molars. The first and second incisors have bifid crowns. The angle of the
lower jaw is produced and bent inwards more than in the male.”
1 T may also refer to a most valuable communication ‘On the Eared Seals,” by Mr. J. A. Allen, Bull. Mus.
Comp. Zool. Camb. U.S. vol. ii. no. 1 (1870-71), wherein the author, with occasionally sweeping criticism, has
most adroitly woven together many facts concerning sexual variation and changes of the skull in the North-
Pacific species.
2 Pp. Z. 8. 1859, p. 360, and Cat. of Seals and Whales in B. M. ®° Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. 1868, i. 100.
508 DR. J. MURIE ON THE ANATOMY OF THE SEA-LION.
derance. It occupies about half the total length, the other half being divided betwixt
the orbital region and the face proper or maxillo-premaxillary parts. The entire skull
is low, broad, and flat on the top. Superiorly, from occiput to nasals, approaches an
equal-sided triangle. The breadth of the mid frontals is not only relatively but abso-
lutely a trifle greater than in the aged animal. On the other hand, the prefrontal pro-
cesses scarcely extrude. The jugals have but slight arching. The occiput is altogether
full, flat, and vertical; the condyles project little. Premaxillee comparatively short and
high ; spheno-orbital vacuity shallow, height proportionally great to length. Palate
shallow and short. Basioccipital and sphenoid parts smooth, and all other processes
small. Mandible with shallow shelving symphysis; a wide ramal arch; condyle short-
necked and low-set.
Second stage. In this cranium, authenticated as a yearling, there is a sensible change
of cerebral to facial and prefrontal areas. Maxillz and premaxille begin to lengthen.
Mid frontals narrow relatively to increase of prefrontal processes. The brain-region
becomes somewhat quadrangular; occiput rougher and begins to shoot backwards.
Temporal groove deepens; jugal arch increases. ‘The permanent teeth in place give
more character to the mouth; lengthening and deepening of palate obvious; the
hamular processes approach. Eminences of spheno-occipital and other regions show
indications of growth, but are not prominent. Condyles and coronoid processes of
lower jaw exhibit a tendency to vertical elevation ; mental portion of symphysis inclined
to become tuberose.
Third stage. Face, orbito-frontal, and brain-division now bear more equal propor-
tion; that is, the two former have increased in a greater ratio than the latter. The
mid frontals appear more scooped by reason of prefrontal development. By elongation
of condyles and concomitant increase of basi- and exoccipitals, the occiput acquires a
reverse obliquity to the first stage. The outline of the brain-cavity remains in abeyance,
whilst temporal and occipital crests become apparent, though yet moderate. Mastoid
and preoccipital eminences acquire a certain prominence. Orbito-jugal arch wider ;
premaxille decidedly elongate. ‘Teeth, especially canines, enlarged. Palatal grooving
deepened, the pterygoid processes nearing, hence postnares less open. Muscular im-
pressions on basioccipital well scooped, basiocciput turning upwards behind. Symphysis
lengthened ; upward tilt of ascending ramus. In this stage sexual distinction becomes
evident, although there is still considerable resemblance between them.
Fourth stage. Here the changes become very notable. ‘The excessive growth of the
canines of the male produce rounder, fuller premaxille. Brain-expansion is arrested.
Mid-frontal width retrogrades, while prefrontal progresses. ‘The jugal arch expands,
its orbital segment deepens, its post upper angle rises; the maxillary surface of orbit
gets fuller. Parieto-occipital crests and processes acquire importance; and this causes
the after part of the top of the skull to be elevated and no longer smooth and broad.
Moreover on each side, at the fronto-parietal suture, bony projections appear. Arching
DR. J. MURIE ON THE ANATOMY OF THE SEA-LION. 509
of palate and lengthening of pterygoids go on apace. ‘The tympanic bones descend and
become laterally compressed, whilst the carotic canal assumes a more vertical direction
posteriorly. Meantime the basisphenoid shelves upwards and forwards, the paramastoids
roughly bulging out. Growth of the occipital crest alters the back of the skull to a
kind of trefoil outline. Increment of the teeth widens the premaxillary region and
anterior nares. There is an upturning of the ascending ramus and an inflection of the
angle. The bones altogether become more massive and rugose.
Fifth stage. As the skull ripens to old age, particularly in the male, all the charac-
teristic points of the fourth stage are carried out by excessive growth of processes, crests,
and other superficial developments of bony lines, spicules, and nodules. The cavity of
the eye looks forwards; the space behind for the temporal and masseter muscles
enlarging as fleshy bulk preponderates over cerebral character.
It follows that all the aforesaid changes are an exact counterpart of what obtains in
the Gorilla. In early youth the brain is functionally predominant. Then the teeth
assume importance with a corresponding facial accession. Lastly, whereas brain-incre-
ment is apparently arrested, the muscles of mastication, those of the throat and neck,
indeed all connected with the head, and therefore involved in the organs of offence and
defence, paramountly swell in bulk and strength; nerves and blood-vessels augment
proportionally. Thus from the featureless skull is evolved the rugged, immense, and
terrible-looking carnivorous cranium peculiar to this and certain other genera of the
Fared Seals '.
2. Spinal Column and Thorax.
a. Vertebre.—Restricting myself to the Society’s male specimen, its vertebral elements
were as follows:—7 cervical, 15 dorsal, 5 lumbar, 4 sacral, and 8 candal; or a total of
59 pieces.
The cervicals are all large relatively, the largest of the series. The first 5 or 6 dorsal,
from their greater spines and transverse processes, also seem large. ‘The remainder of
the dorsals decrease in size as regards height and breadth. The lumbar vertebrae appear
of moderate size, the three hindermost being rather the stoutest. ‘The Ist sacral is of
fair size; the remainder, with the caudal, form a graduated series, none of which are
large. The spinal column (46 inches long) does not seem to hinge on any particular
vertebra, all being equally movable by the thick cartilaginous intervertebral disks.
The axis is the only cervical with a long spine. The first four retrovert neural spines
of the dorsal are longest and subequal; there is no other prominent spine behind. All
the inferior processes of the cervical vertebra, as De Blainville* has depicted, are stout
‘ See Allen, as cited, for the genera Eumetopias, Zalophus, and Callorhinus. Dr. Gray, also, in several com-
munications to the Society’s Proceedings, has shown cranial alterations in some rarer forms, since the present
memoir was read,
2 «Ostéographie,’ plate vil. Atlas, part 2.
VOL. VIII.—PART IX. June, 1874. 4B
510 DR. J. MURIE ON THE ANATOMY OF THE SEA-LION.
but short. The dorsal vertebree present no striking difference from those of Seals
generally. Gradually narrowing, the dorsals merge into the lumbar vertebrae, which
are likewise larger, but not specially characterized from other Phocine genera. In
computing the presence of four sacral vertebree, I am guided partly by the nervous dis-
tribution and partly by the fact that the said number bears closest resemblance to each
other of the series. ‘Together they are distinguished by their raking neural arches and
spines, subequal in length, and lying upon each other almost in an imbricated manner.
The foremost has the largest body, the modified great flat-surfaced transverse processes
forming a sacro-iliac synchondrosis, a facet of the second assisting. The bodies of the
2nd, 3rd, and 4th are carinate, but, nevertheless, have not the depth of the Ist. The
pedicles of their transverse processes are uncommonly squat, a retral bar, however,
enclosing an intertransverse foramen.
In our adult male animal under consideration, there are eight caudal vertebre re-
markably movable upon each other by the intervention of thick interarticular fibro-
cartilaginous disks. The vertebra diminish regularly from the first to the last, which
is of very small size, and but incompletely ossified. The first two have each backwardly
directed spinous processes. The third has two imperfectly formed thick laminar eleva-
tions, but no spine. All three of these vertebrae have well-developed transverse
processes. From the fourth to the eighth caudal element there are no spinous or
transverse processes, slightly raised elevation of the bone alone representing these
structures.
b. The Ribs.—Of the fifteen pairs of ribs, the Ist, 2nd, and 3rd are the shortest, then
follows the 15th. From the 4th backwards to the 9th and 10th, there is a gradual
increase in length, from which they decrease as they go backwards.
The subjoimed Table gives the respective costal lengths in the young and adult
animals. ‘The measurements in each are from the angle to the costal tip :—
Ribs. Young. Adult (Z.S.sp.). Ribs. Young. Adult (Z.8. sp.).
MSbisiandendtraseas 15 2°7 Oty eres 6-5 10-0
Th Wai afetsretne 21 35 LOG ees Pence 6-2 10-0
SLC! W grote eee 32 52 | LATS ores. 6:2 9-9
AGT siotsvastocess Aol 6:8 PANIES 6 ocome 6-0 9-4
Obie had cone) oe 4-7 78 IES IAW eears ergi Ov, 8:6
GEL se sen ose a3 8-9 DATING sero, etlentie ; 5:2 ted
AGL eeoene ares 59 9-1 15th 3-9 6-1
Sihiwaewemt Gall 9:5
The first rib has a stout roundish straight body, with a very slight antero-posterior
compression. ‘The neck, set almost at a right angle to the body of the rib, is thick,
and markedly grooved in front and behind. The capitulum is of moderate size; it
articulates with the anterior part of the body of the first dorsal vertebra, barely im-
pinging against the intervertebral cartilage. The prominent tubercle, and its articular
DR. J. MURIE ON THE ANATOMY OF THE SEA-LION. 511
facet, together nearly } an inch long, in this and the succeeding rib, shoot upwards
nearly in the line of the axis of the body itself. Indeed these processes seem almost
to form the true termination of the ribs, from which the neck and head proper seem
but forked offsets.
The second rib diverges slightly from the pattern of the first, inasmuch as it is rather
longer, thinner, and possesses a wider sweep or curvature from the angle to the neck.
There is just a perceptible indication of a bending backwards or semi-twist at the angle,
but not the same flattening and bulging which obtains in the succeeding ribs. ‘The
scalene tuberosity, tolerably well marked in the first rib, is diminished and well-nigh
obsolete on the second.
The third, fourth, and fifth ribs are fashioned not unlike each other, and with but
slight individual variation. They present different yet scarcely appreciable degrees of
curvature and twist, the body altering in such a manner that what was the anterior
surface in the first and second ribs becomes in them the outer flattened surface.
Their sternal extremities are more compressed and elliptical in outline than the ribs in
front or those immediately behind. ‘The angles of the three ribs in question are better
indicated than the others in the series, but none have it well pronounced. The fork-
like head and elongated tubercle distinctive of the first two ribs undergoes a gradual
change in the third, fourth, and fifth. The neck becomes vertically deeper, less con-
stricted, and consequently appears shorter, although not in reality so. The tubercle
diminishes in length, and its articular facet acquires a more backward direction. The
anterior groove at the angle lessens from the third to the fifth. The enlarged capi-
tulum of each assumes an obliquity of condition, and with a fore-and-aft articulating
face abuts upon the posterior surface of the body of the vertebree in advance and the
anterior surface of its own numerical vertebra. From the sixth to the twelfth costal
elements there is a very gradual progressive change in the amount of curvature, and in
reduction of the tubercle. The differences between the intervening ribs will be best
comprehended by comparing, say, the sixth with the twelfth, rather than attempting to
describe the next to insensible modifications which the ribs seriatim undergo.
The sixth rib, then, with similitude to the fifth, is long, of moderate breadth and
thickness, narrowed and slightly triangular in transverse section about its middle, but
flatter and compressed from within outwards, below. It joins the sternal cartilage by
a truncated somewhat bulbous end. The outer surface from the angle downwards
is plain and smooth, the front and hinder edges gently rounded. ‘The unequal arch of
the body is deepest at the angle. ‘The latter is not protuberant but definable, the more
readily so as the rib at this part as well as the neck and head is compressed antero-
posteriorly. The tubercle is of fair size; the neck and head large, but uniform in
diameter. The most notable changes in the twelfth rib are little or no antero-posterior
compression, no defined angle, the rib from one end to the other presenting a wide,
low, regular arch. The head, neck, and tubercle have decreased in ratio, the division
4B2
512 DR. J. MURIE ON THE ANATOMY OF THE SEA-LION.
between them being less pronounced. The rib at the angle has lost the semi-twist
possessed by the sixth; but instead there is a more regular spiral, so that the outer
surface has a somewhat backward inclination below. ‘The sternal extremity is thinned.
Surface within and without body biconvex, with sharp antero-posterior edges.
The 13th, 14th, and 15th ribs have little or no distinction between head, neck, and
tubercle; they are elliptical in their long diameter, weak, slightly concave in arch,
the free extremities tapering. They all articulate, with but a single vertebral body.
The zygapophysial articulating surface is on their inner sides. Instead of a convex
angle there is a shallow concayity in its place, which is very slight in the 135th, a
little more so in the 14th, and distinct in the 15th.
c. Sternum.—De Blainville’s representation of this bone (‘ Atlas, 1. 1. pl. vii.)
calls for a few remarks on my part. ‘These refer to the intersternal and superadded
cartilaginous elements. As the above authority shows, there are eight sternal
bones, the manubrium being prolonged beyond the first rib; but the attached rib-
cartilages are nine in number. In these respects the Society’s specimen agrees. De
Blainville’s more aged animal and dry skeleton, however, have misled him—first, in
assigning too limited an area for the intersternal cartilages; secondly, in the abutment
of the eighth and ninth sternal ribs against the seventh bone instead of behind
it on the’cartilage; and, thirdly, in the xiphoid cartilage being narrow and straight,
instead of spatulate. These omissions, through a defective skeleton, have to some
extent been already rectified from the present specimen, by my friend Mr. Parker’.
The manubrium has a flat dorsal and carinate ventral surface, the anterior broader
segment terminating in a forwardly projecting blunt cartilage an inch long. ‘The pos-
terior segment is much narrower, stouter, and vertically deeper than the anterior
portion. ‘The second, third, fourth, fifth, and sixth meso-sternal elements range about
one size, and differ from each other chiefly as regards breadth and thickness. From
being round, with bulbous extremities, they gradually alter, becoming broader, thinner,
and flatter. The seventh piece is unlike the sixth in having an arched instead of trun-
cate posterior extremity, the rounded edges thus giving greater space to the inter
sternal cartilage, whereby, as aforesaid, the eighth and ninth sternal ribs join it.
The “metosteon” of the xiphoid precisely resembles one of the phalanges of the
manus, but is thinner; the xipho-cartilage has a short narrow handle, ending in a broad
rounded extremity, not quite pyriform, as Parker remarks, and certainly entirely
different from De Blainville’s figure.
The several bones from the pre- to the xiphosternum measure respectively 2°8, 1°6,
1:4, 1:5, 1-4, 1-5, 1-9, 2-5 inches long. In a young female of the same species which I
have had an opportunity of comparing, these bones had the following long diameters
* A Monograph of the Structure and Development of the Shoulder-girdle and Sternum in the Vertebrata
~
(Ray Soc. 1867), p. 216, pl. xxx. fig. 7. Witness also fig. 25, pl. Ixxil. of pt. 1. of my own memoir,
DR. J. MURIE ON THE ANATOMY OF THE SEA-LION. 5138
=2°:0, 0°9, 1:0, 0°8, 0°8, 0°95, 1:1, 1-6. Thus these bones present the same relations
as regards size inthe young and olderanimal. It is not so, however, with the cartilages,
which in the young Otary are each equal to half the length of the bone, but in the
adult no more than a third.
The sternal cartilages are thick, long, and flexible; but the last three are shorter
than the others, and comparatively free. ‘The first cartilage articulates with the pre-
sternal bony facet. ‘The second, third, and fourth are attached to the middle of the
intersternal cartilages. The fifth, sixth, and seventh join the intersternal cartilages
more obliquely, and are inserted chiefly into the hinder corners of the 4th, 5th, and
6th sternal bones. The eighth cartilage is fixed to the rounded postero-outer border
of the seventh bone; the 9th to the middle of the cartilage.
The cavity of the thorax and abdomen enclosed by the ribs, is long, deep, and narrow,
according as the ribs are expanded or otherwise, heart-shaped, =22 inches long. ‘The
ribs either stand out or are flattened. ‘This is chiefly permitted by the looseness of the
cartilaginous and ligamentous union, also length and flexibility of the sternal cartilages.
3. Bones of the Extremities.
a. Pectoral Limb.—Scapula. This has not the arched or semilunar shape of the
Common Seal, but is a broad irregularly trapezoidal thin bone. It measures in our
specimen 6°5 inches from the glenoid head (the cartilage 7 sitw) across to the middle
vertebral or posterior border, and it is 8 inches in diameter between the superior and
inferior angles. The spine is of moderate nearly uniform height, and possesses a
downward slant, overarching very slightly the infraspinous fossa. It is carried onwards
to within 3 an inch of the glenoid cavity, whence an acromion process rather broader
than the spine itself reaches almost to the articular fossa. In the recent state a
ligament converts this acromial arch into a foramen. ‘The glenoidal cavity is shallow
and more oval in shape than in Phoca vitulina. The neck is very short, broad, and
stout. Only a rudiment of the coracoid process is present. The supraspinous fossa
occupies the upper three fourths of the bone’. A slightly raised ridge proceeds from
the upper third of the neck backwards and towards the superior angle, dividing the
supraspinous fossa into two shallow concavities. The narrower, but deeper, infraspinous
fossa has the oblique ridge and groove for the teres major distinctly marked. The
space lodging the infraspinatus muscle is hollow, and not convex.
Humerus. Figured in three different views by De Blainville (op. cit. pl. viii.), is
short, stout, and peculiar-looking from the great development and prominent nature
of the deltoid eminence. The greatest length of the bone in a straight line is 63 inches,
being + of an inch less than the radius, and 1} inch shorter than the ulna. The
1 Vide Cuvier, ‘ Ossemens Fossiles,’ tom. y. pt.i. p. 224, and De Blainyille, op. cit. text, tom. ii. p. 23, Atlas,’
vol. ii, pls. iii, & viii,
514 DR. J. MURIE ON THE ANATOMY OF THE SEA-LION.
axis of the three-faced shaft is nearly perpendicular, though at first sight it does not
appear so, the deltoid projection giving it outwardly somewhat the contour of the
letter S. The latter forms a thick anterior projecting and somewhat laterally com-
pressed plate of bone extending from the root of the unusually greater tuberosity
downwards, mesially, four fifths the length of the shaft. Head and neck sessile. Con-
dyloid ridges short, but giving great lateral breadth to the lower half of shaft. Inner
condyle most marked; eminentia capitata and inner trochlear eminence the reverse.
The further positions of the bones of the elbow-joint, and their singular gliding
movements upon each other, I discussed when treating of the ligamentous system
(consult pt. 11. vol. vil. p. 581).
Ulina and Radius. Throughout the Pinnipedia the ulna is hatchet-shaped, altogether
flattened, especially the olecranon (as the blade). Slight modifications distinguish
the different families and genera (witness Cuvier and De Blainville’s illustrations &c.).
In Otaria jubata the outer extensor surface of shaft is gently convex in its axes, the
inner flexor is concave; distal epiphysis conical. The even-surfaced greater sigmoid
notch is almost vertical, with the exception of a small inferior projection (=the coronoid
process) upon which the inner knuckle of the humerus plays; and on the radial side
of this projection an oblique shallow concavity represents the lesser sigmoid notch. A
widish inward scoop separates the humeral articulation from the top of the olecranon
process, which latter, thinning, sweeps backwards, terminating in a dependent angular
process. The radius has a well-defined neck, short but large and wide shallow head.
From the upper third the roundish shaft widens and flattens to its massive lower
extremity, 24 inches broad, with thickness in proportion.
Carpus, Metacarpus, and Phalanges. Of the seven carpal bones the amalgamated
scapholunar is the most remarkable, on account of its great size and of its claiming the
major share of the articular surface of the first row of bones. It is in opposition with
all the bones of the second row, the cuneiform, and radius, in all six; but it plays
against these virtually by three faces. The radial is large and convex; the face in con-
tiguity with the os magnum and unciform is somewhat vertically scooped, a mesial ridge
defining the province of each bone, whilst the cuneiform impinges against the posterior
corner of the latter; lastly, the trapezio-trapezoidal is extensive, rhomboidal-outlined,
concave from without inwards, and convex from above downwards. It is this peculiar
disposition of the latter, in unison with a certain oblique or excentric movement of the
parts, which enables the animal to use its fore flipper on land as a foot ; for the proximal
carpal row is then raised from the horizontal basal line, as in a great measure is the
unciform. Thus the wedged-in magnum, the trapezoides, and the trapezium of the
carpals form the base of support; and that also accounts for the singular radial flop
with which the manus is laid down in walking. According to the amount of bend of
the wrist-joint, so does the cuneiform in a lesser or greater degree come into connexion
with the bones. Its postero-outer face receives the pisiform and point of the ulna in a
DR. J. MURIE ON THE ANATOMY OF THE SEA-LION. 515
wide hollow ; the inner glides upon the radius; a narrow corner of the anterior impinges
against the scapholunar, its remainder articulating with the unciform ; and an outer facet
partly accommodates the fifth metacarpal as the manus is twisted outwards. The
pisiform is a small bean-shaped bone, its free end directed outwards, its attached end
lying upon the epiphysis of the ulna and the cuneiform of the four articular surfaces
presented by the trapezium ; that towards the second metacarpal is a mere corner facet.
The trapezoidal is smaller than the trapezium, its palmar surface being very consider-
ably narrowed. It just touches the third metacarpal, besides its ordinary facets for
scaphoid, magnum, trapezium, and first metacarpal. The os magnum is the least-sized
bone of the distal row, and, reversely from the last, has a narrow dorsal and broader
palmar surface. It appears not to come into contact with the second metacarpal, and
sinks in obliquely and below the scapholunar. Thus when the manus is planted on the
ground the latter bone overrides it in great part. The unciform is about equal to the
trapezoides in magnitude. It is surrounded by five bones, the fifth metacarpal more
usually constituting its outer boundary.
The metacarpals are of most unequal dimensions, that of the pollex being of inordi-
nate proportions. The lengths from Ist to 5th are as follows:—4:25, 3, 2°3, 2, and
1-9 inch. The first is by far the broadest, thickest, and flattest; the third thinnest and
roundest. The fifth differs from the fourth in being a wider bone. The proximal ends
of the outer four are enlarged and tuberose; the width of the innermost (first) subdues
its otherwise bulky character.
The phalanges, of normal number, bear a relation to the size of the metacarpals; that
is, the innermost is largest and longest, the fifth digit a trifle stronger though shorter
than the fourth. The proximal phalanx of the thumb is powerful, its distal one a short
flat figure of eight; respectively they are 3-9 and 1:5 inch long. The lengths of the
remainder of the series are:—second digit 2:7, 2-2, 1; third digit 1:9, 1-6, 1; fourth
digit 1:5, 0°8, 0.3; fifth digit 1:3, 0-3, 0-2 inch. The spatulate cartilages and that
extraordinary one of the pollex, which form the digital extremities, I drew attention to
and figured in my former anatomical contribution.
b. Pelvic Limb.—Pelvis. The long axis of the entire pelvis is almost identical with
that of the spinal column, and even in the strange attitude of walking it accords with
the lumbo-caudal region’. Tlio-pubic and ilio-ischial angles cannot be said to obtain.
Each innominate bone approaches posteriorly so as to produce a long narrow V-shaped
pelvis, and with such variation in the thickness of the bones that the brim is lozenge-
shaped. The ischium and pubis are narrow bars uniting in a thin rounded plate the
tuberosity, and enclosing a lengthened oval obturator foramen. Their acetabular ends
thicken; the acetabulum itself is large but not deep. ‘The ilium is a broader strip of
bone, slightly outturned anteriorly, its sacral border inturned, and with moderate sacro-
* Cuvier (J. ¢. p. 226) briefly distinguishes between the pelvis of the Earless and Eared Seals, a point which
Allen in his paper (J. ¢. p. 27) with justice lays great stress on as characteristic of the two groups.
516 DR. J. MURIE ON THE ANATOMY OF THE SEA-LION.
iliac synchondrosis. Measurements:—Extreme pelvic length 7:3 inches, ilium 3:1,
pubis 4:2, as is also ischium to mid-acetabulum; the latter 1:3 long, anterior iliac
angles 3:3 apart, mid iliac breadth or depth 1:2, line cutting acetabulum 1°7, mid
ischio-pubal 1:3. Diameters of brim—conjugate 4:7, transverse 1:5, oblique 5:3.
Diameters of outlet—antero-posterior 1-4, transverse 0-4.
Femur and Patella. The former, at its upper end, has head and trochanteric
eminence on a level simulating one another—and neither prominent, from the antero-
posterior flattening and breadth of the short shaft. The intercondyloid fossa is shallow,
the innermost knuckle largest, and both rather square in figure from being truncate
below. Femur is 4 inches long. Patella small, rounded, and with a flat articular
surface.
Tibia and Fibula. The straight rodlike fibula usually stands quite behind the tibia ;
its narrowed shaft is sharply triangular. Head badly defined, smaller end more
expanded. The tibia has a forward bend, a somewhat laterally compressed stoutish
shaft, and subequally enlarged extremities. The articular end opposed to the femur is
smooth and pretty equal-surfaced ; but it shelves downwards, backwards, and outwards.
This posterior inclination is most serviceable, and, indeed, enables the femur to be bent
on the lower limb at a very acute angle without depriving the muscles of their power
of action in walking. Moreover, along with unusual freedom of the femur, it
contributes to the limb being thrown back and up in a line with the tail as in the act
of swimming. There is a short inner malleolus; and the adjoining astragaloid face has
double facets. Extreme length of tibia 8-2, of fibula 6°5 inches.
Hind Foot. When the animal is on all fours the tarsal bones, of the normal number,
offer perhaps less striking and fewer, but as singular points worthy of notice as the
carpus. The entire sole (and not a segment of it) is laid on the ground plantigrade-
fashion in walking. Both astragalus and calcaneum are low. Cuvier’s words ((. ¢.
p- 226), so applicable to Otaria jubata, will bear quotation. He says :—* L’astragale
des phoques est trés-extraordinaire, en ce qu’au lieu d’une poulie plus ou moins creuse
dans son milieu il offre 4 la jambe une poulie convexe formée de deux faces, qui font
ensemble un angle saillant comme un toit, et dont lune répond au tibia, et Pautre, qui
est plus grande, au péroné. Cet os n’a pas seulement une apophyse en avant pour le
scaphoide, mais il en a une autre en arriére terminée par une tubérosité et formant une
sorte de talon interne, de maniére qu’en voyant l’astragale isolé on croiroit que c’est le
caleaneum.” I may note more particularly of the present specimen that the horizon-
tally ovoid fibular facet looks backwards and inwards, and there is a certain amount of
the same obliquity apparent in its tibial concavo-convex facet. These dispositions
. concurrently adapt themselves to the peculiarities of tibia and fibula. The plantar
surface of the os calcisis roughened and moderately convex ; the short calcaneal process
seems to have an inward tilt. It is not altogether, as Cuvier observes, that the
calcaneum is placed outside the astragalus, but rather that the two bones have a
DR. J. MURIE ON THE ANATOMY OF THE SEA-LION. 517
constricted X-position to one another, or together are semirotated, lying slanting
inwards on their short axes. These anomalies have a most important bearing, inasmuch
as mechanism for swimming and diving are concerned : and they well explain, religated
with musculo-tendinous' accessories, how it is that the hind foot acts like a pivot on
the heel when walking or running. It is in fact an adjustment of instrument for
terraqueous locomotion. ‘The awkward pedal defect colloquially known as “flat-footed”
in man is a kind of first stage towards the Otary’s condition, though through hgamen-
tous rather than osseous conformation in his case. The Earless Seal’s incapacity to use
the hind foot on land depends more on the different proportion of femur to leg-bones,
and lowered attachment of tegumentary caudal expansion, than to absolute difference
in the construction of the bones forming the ankle-joint. In the Sea-lion the cuboid,
naviculare, and entocuneiform are each fair-sized, the meso- and ectocuneiform small
and very much laterally compressed, particularly the latter, which is indeed a diminu-
tive bone.
With respect to the metatarsals, the hallucial is longest and strongest, the fifth a
shade less, the three intermediate much slenderer and a trifle shorter. Not taking into
account apical cartilages, the bones of the digits terminate somewhat subequally—the
first, however, being shortest, the fifth next, and the third by a grade the longest. It
results that the three middle digits have altogether the longest phalangeal bones: but
the proximal phalanx of the hallux is in itself decidedly the longer and stouter bone
compared with the proximal of the other digits. The second, third, and fourth ungual
projections are best marked.
Il. Tue Nervovs System.
1. Remarks on the Extraction of the Brain and Membranes.
Tue strong fibrous pericranium having been divided, the bone of the cranial vault
was carefully sawn through ina nearly horizontal line, extending on each side from the
upper arch of the foramen magnum forwards, close to the postfrontal prominence.
At the latter part the saw was again used vertically and transversely, so as to cut
the anterior points of the horseshoe-shaped horizontal incision. When the calvarium
had thus been loosened in its osseous circumference, it still remained firmly fixed by
the bony tentorial lamella. This latter was then broken through by manceuvring
in a wriggling manner backwards and upwards, and the brain-pan removed. The
great difference between the thick osseous protection afforded to the cerebral mass
above, and the thin side walls, became strikingly evident on the calvarium being raised
(see figs. 9 and 10). It would appear as if the powerful temporal and masseter muscles,
besides being massive fleshy engines of mastication, must also, with their fatty and
1 For corroborative testimony refer to the various paragraphs in pts. i. & il. of these researches, on the
Walrus and Sea-Lion.
VOL. VIII.—PART IX. June, 1874. 4c
518 DR. J. MURIE ON THE ANATOMY OF THE SEA-LION.
cutaneous coverings, act as buffers to the delicate temporal walls, which, in some
places, do not exceed a line in thickness. Thus, while the brain is provided against
lateral concussions, the very utmost limit is given it as regards breadth, and this
without diminishing the space necessary for the muscular apparatus, or increasing the
width of the hinder portion of the head, which altogether is comparatively narrow
and elongate.
On the dura mater being longitudinally divided and laterally reflected, a sketch was
made of the brain in situ. In this way the upper convolutions, sulci, and general rela-
tion of parts previously to change of position were secured. After this the brain and a
small portion of the upper part of the cord were carefully removed in the usual way,
then weighed with the membranes, and preserved in spirit.
The dura mater of the base being left within the cranium, and the calvarium replaced,
an accurate model of the interior was obtained by filling the cavity with plastic mate-
rial. From this a mould was formed, and, lastly, a plaster of Paris cast derived there-
from. As is well known, the recent brain immediately on removal alters in shape ; and
still more so, as Marshall’ has accurately noted, does the preserved encephalon change
remarkably in the relations of its parts. A photograph could not conveniently be taken
at the moment. ‘The figures here given, therefore (figs. 38, 39, & 40), of the lateral,
upper, and basal views, are rigorously measured outlines, by my friend and artist Mr.
Berjeau and myself, of the intercranial cast, filled in their details from the shrunken
brain, corrected by the sketches made of the organ in its fresh condition. If not perfect
counterparts, the figures will be found close approximations to the natural aspect of each
view in question. The longitudinal and horizontal sections (Pl. LX-XIX. figs. 44, 45)
are from the preserved hardened brain, very slightly modified by reference to a similarly
divided soft intracranial model.
It is but proper for me to express my sense of obligations to recent workers on cerebral
anatomy, among whom more particularly may be mentioned Leuret*, Gratiolet*, Dareste’,
Owen*, Huxley’, Flower’, Marshall*, Turner’, and Rolleston”.
2. The Dura and Pia Mater.
The most external fibrous cerebral envelope, the dura mater, is firm and of moderate
thickness. Its upper surface is very irregularly indented, corresponding as it does to
the greatly convoluted brain, and more particularly to the unequally hollowed and
ridged bony vault. Minute vascular channels exist plentifully over the greater part of
1 Nat. Hist. Review, 1861, p. 298. > Anat. Comp. d. Syst. Nerv. Paris, 1839-57.
3 Mém. sur les Plis céréb. de 1Homme Ke. 4 Ann. Sc. Nat. 4th ser. iii, 1855, p. 73.
5 Trans. Zool. Soc. vol. i. 1833, “ Cheetah ;”’ and his ‘ Anat. of Verteb.’ vol. i. &c.
* Brain of Ateles, P. Z. S. 1861, p. 259: his Hunterian Lectures, &e.
7 Phil. Trans. 1852, p. 185. Trans. & Proc. Zool. Soc., various papers. 8 Phil. Trans. 1865, p. 501.
° Proc. Roy. Soc. Edinb, 1865-66, vol. v. p. 578, de. 10 Nat. Hist. Review, 1861, p. 201.
DR. J. MURIE ON THE ANATOMY OF THE SEA-LION. 519
the superficies, especially at its hinder portion. The venous sinuses are prominent, and
fit into the remarkably deep grooves already mentioned in the description of the interior
of the cranium. ‘There is a considerable thickening of the dura mater as it passes out
of the foramen magnum backwards towards the spinal canal. Vascularity also distin-
guishes the pia mater, otherwise of an ordinary character.
3. The Brain.
a. Its outward aspects and dimensions—The general characteristic feature of the
brain of Ofaria, looked at on its upper surface, is its comparative squareness—in this
respect differing from the more common ovoid form of mammals generally, as well as
from the somewhat circular contour which it assumes in Phoca and particularly in
Cetaceans. This quadrilateral configuration is chiefly produced by the abrupt trun-’
cation of the frontal and occipital lobes respectively, their outer corners being con-
siderably angular, or but very moderately rounded. The lateral margins are deeply
indented about their middles; and the fronto-parietal portions are less prominent than
the temporo-occipital ones; nevertheless they, on the whole, still lend something to
the general quadrilinear aspect of the entire encephalon. Notwithstanding what has
been Said, each cerebral hemisphere superiorly presents a reniform outline, the deeply
indented Sylvian fissure being equivalent to the hilus, and the straight-edged longi-
tudinal fissure to the dorsum, The olfactory bulbs are large, and mesially project
considerably forwards. ‘The posterior lobes of the cerebrum are tolerably equal in
dimensions: the left may be slightly longer than the right; but this was not clearly
appreciable by measurement, though appearing so to the eye.
Unlike some of the so-called higher forms of Carnivora, the posterior cerebral lobes
all but overlap the cerebellum laterally, as Huxley has recorded is also the case in
the allied genus Trichechus. 'The actual amount of backward projection of the outer
cerebellar lobes is little more than 0:1 inch. Mesially, however, the superior vermi-
form and superior posterior lobes of the cerebellum are more exposed, have a
triangular form 1-1 inch long and 1:3 inch broad, and reach slightly further back than
the external lobes.
The cerebral convolutions are numerous and well developed, giving this upper sur-
face quite a sinuous appearance. ‘There is a certain amount of asymmetry between the
halves; but this shall be described hereafter. The brain is highest behind, or at the
junction of the occipital with the parietal lobes; and from this it inclines downwards
and forwards, as also more steeply outwards.
Measured from the anterior extremity of the olfactory lobe backwards in a straight line
to the most projecting part of the cerebellum, the total length is 4°6 inches. The dia-
meter across the parietal lobes is 3-2 inches. The extreme longitudinal axis of each
moiety of the cerebrum is 4inches. The greatest transverse diameter of the brain, which
is about the middle of the occipital lobes, is also about 4 inches. Thus the length of
4c2
520 DR. J. MURIE ON THE ANATOMY OF THE SEA-LION.
each hemisphere exactly corresponds to the breadth of both, taken at the hinder half of
the brain. And although the frontal half is, as shown, somewhat narrower, yet the
above measurements bring out what is the impression at first sight conveyed to the eye
—namely, that the brain altogether approximates to an equal-sided figure.
The lateral aspects are as remarkable as the superior one, and more clearly demon-
strate the infracerebral position of the cerebellum. In this view the entire brain
possesses somewhat of an oval shape, the anterior portion of the frontal cerebral lobe
narrowing rather angularly, while the rounded, bulbous olfactory surface projects
beyond; and together they have considerable vertical depth. Each occipital lobe
tapers backwards with a semicircular outline, the inferior border being the straighter
of the two. The temporal lobe is broad, tolerably vertical, or only inclined moderately
‘forward ; in front of it a wide and deep depression exists, the Sylvian fissure with its
marginal convolution. As in the upper view, the hemispherical segment behind
the aforesaid depression or constriction is seen, when viewed sideways, to be decidedly
convex, the most protuberant point being the upper part of the temporal lobe; but on
the contrary the anterior or frontal segment is remarkably flat and perpendicular. C. =) Pm. 4) M. = —36.
The hard palate is as usual covered by firm periosteum, and by a lining of mucous
membrane of a pale tint; but these are only of moderate thickness. ‘The openings of
the anterior palatine canals are two long slits placed nearly behind the incisor teeth.
They have an antero-posterior direction 0°15 inch apart in front, and diverge ‘slightly
from before backwards. ‘The front portion of the palate to as far back as the
anterior premolars is tolerably smooth. From between the premolars backwards to
about opposite the hindermost molars, there is a series of transverse ridges. ‘These
elevations are low, and somewhat flat on their summits. The most of them do not
traverse entirely the palate from one side to the other, but are irregularly interrupted
in the median line. Each half slants inwards and backwards in such a manner that if
continuous they would form a series of low arches, the convexity of which is directed
backwards. The interspaces or hollows are less than half the breadth of the raised
portions of membrane; and the median longitudinal one is somewhat wider than the
transverse ones, especially as it meets these. Behind the teeth the surface of the palate
is smooth.
b. Lingual Organ superficially considered.—The tongue in Otaria jubata is a thick
fleshy body, which dorsally at the root is greatly arched both transversely and longi-
tudinally, and becomes somewhat flatter towards the narrower anterior bifid extremity.
Looked at laterally, when it has been removed from the mouth, it presents an elongated
wedge-shape, with roundish margins. A marked lateral row of large papille defines
the smooth under surface from the opposite upper roughened dorsum. As seen above,
554 DR. J. MURIE ON THE ANATOMY OF THE SEA-LION.
the tip, fully an inch broad, has a central incision 0-2 inch deep; and this divides the
extremity into two rounded halves, which are roughened by a multitude of strong,
erect, warty papillae. A median longitudinal shallow furrow, the raphe, runs back-
wards from the cleft for 1} inch, behind which the dorsum becomes very convex (as
noted above).
The whole of the upper surface of the tongue has a very roughened rasp-like aspect,
but not the retroverted acicular spines which obtain in some Felines, e.g. the Lion and
the Cat. The papilla differ considerably at the tip, the middle, and the root of the
tongue. The margins and upper surface of the bifid tip are covered with short, semierect,
conical, and triangularly flattened soft papillae. They are longest and most numerous at
the free edge, where they form a kind of brush. On the dorsum and raphe they are
shorter and overlap each other less. These representatives of the human filiform papille,
at the sides and summit of the dorsum, insensibly alter into uniform, flat, and broadish
fungiform papille. Laterally they are closely set together in a tessellated manner,
but are rather more open towards the middle line. ‘The summits of nearly all of them
appear rounded, but they nevertheless contain a small central depression. The wide
horseshoe-shaped root is overlaid with larger circumvallate papille ; these are irregular
in contour, many elongate, others roundish; but all are granular and deeply pitted
superficially. Behind the tongue there is a long deep cleft, the soft wrinkled faucial
tract presently to be described.
ce. Faucial folds, Tonsils, and Oral Glands.—When the mouth and fauces are ex-
amined in the live animal, the anterior pillars of the fauces, uvular curtain, and
retracted root of tongue so close the faucial aperture as to hide the textures between
the proper base of the tongue and the epiglottis. Even in the dead animal with
opened mouth, when the parts remain i situ, there is a difficulty in making an
accurate examination of these posterior structures, because of the peculiarly long and
narrow postpalatine formation.
When, however, the parts have been carefully removed en masse from the skull, their
configuration and relation are more easily made out. Figure 52 (in Plate LX XX.) re-
presents the tongue and anterior two thirds of the isthmus faucium thus exposed. The
raised floor of the postfaucial tract already spoken of is deeply divided medianly, the
cleft or sulcus reaching from the root of the tongue to the velwm palati, viz. a distance
of 24 inches. On each side of the groove there is a long transversely arched ridge, the
apparent continuation of the forks of the tongue’s root. ‘These are covered by loose
rugose mucous folds, which at intervals are studded with elongated soft filiform papille.
Anteriorly the papille are short and small, but posteriorly, near the velum palati, of
considerable size and length. In fact, the latter are so distributed as to give the sub-
uvular parts quite a rough shaggy aspect. The intervening longitudinal cleft is
smoother than the side ridges; but, nevertheless, filiform papilla are not wholly absent.
The lining membrane of the postbuccal envelope, as it speads upwards or overarches
DR. J. MURIE ON THE ANATOMY OF THE SEA-LION. 559
the root of the tongue, possesses plications which correspond to the curve; and these
partially interdigitate with one another.
The keystone or summit of the said arch, the backward continuation of the fibro-
mucous membrane of the hard palate to the velum, is moderately smooth, but dotted
with puncta, the orifices of the very numerous palatine muciparous glands. The ex-
tension of this membrane becomes the duplicature of the uvula and posterior pillars of
the fauces. The anterior palatine arch and faucial pillars are considerably in advance
of the posterior, and equidistant between the uvula and proper root of the tongue.
The so-called anterior pillars of the fauces are moderately prominent bulgings, with
a middle indentation running backwards to a recess lodging the tonsils.
Tonsils.—These amygdaloid bodies correspond very well in shape and size with what
they have been likened to, almonds—their free edge and narrow end looking upwards
and forwards. The resemblance to the fruit in question is further heightened by
their surface being wrinkled and pitted, similar to the sculpturing of its outer husk
or shell. ‘There is a deep sulcus above, which runs round in front to the anterior lower
third; the faucial membrane thus constitutes a semilunar fold. In the hollow between
the tonsils and fold there is a trabecular arrangement of the membrane connecting
them, forming a series of interstices or deep pits.
The velum pendulum palati, or soft palate, is a thick fold composed of mucous
membrane, glandular and connective tissues, with an unusual quantity of strong
fleshy muscular fibre. During the contracted state the thick, fleshy velum forms a
complete partition between the pharyngeal cavity around the aperture of the glottis and
the faucial one in front. The mucous membrane is studded laterally with muciparous
apertures, which follow the attached base of the posterior pillars. The pendulous uvule
are divided by a deep median incision. Each uvula is rounded, its free margin running
outwards, backwards, and then downwards, as the posterior pillars of the fauces, to the
front of the epiglottis; a fossa, however, exists between the two latter parts.
The parotid and submaxillary glands in their diminutive development offer resem-
blances to the Seal tribe generally. In this Ofary the parotid obtains as a small flat
subtrihedral body situated below the tympanic region, sunk in a recess partially covered
by the cranial end of the sternomastoid muscle. The submaxillary gland is rounder in
form, but of nearly the same size as the parotid. It lies lower than the preceding,
more behind the angle of the mandible, and upon the surface of the digastric muscle.
Below the jaw and tongue, and in the concavity between the latter and inner normal
surface, there is a long but irregular chain of flattened glandular substance, the sub-
lingual gland. Through its substance the lengthened duct of the submaxillary passes ;
and both secretions find exit in the mouth, near the frenum lingue.
d. Muscles of the Tongue and Palate-—Mylo-hyoid. Possessing strong coarse fasci-
cular bundles of fibres, this broad and somewhat extensive sheet of muscle is attached
to the ramal groove. The muscles of the opposite sides approach and freely inter-
556 DR. J. MURIE ON THE ANATOMY OF THE SEA-LION,
mingle with each other in the middle line of the inframandibular region, rather forming
a continuous whole and tolerably thick layer than thinning into a median longitudinal
raphe. Anteriorly the fibres curve forwards; and centrally, about the middle, they have
a transverse direction, while posteriorly they bend inwards and backwards. ‘The latter
are not inserted upon the basihyal of the os hyoides, but rather superficial to it, being
fixed by strong tendinous fascia to the fibres of the sterno-hyoid, omo-hyoid, and hyo-
glossus muscles. ‘Thus, as regards their action, the fibres of the mylo-hyoid are con-
tinuous with those derived from the sternum, and therefore must act inversely as a long
lever, according as they act from the fixed point at either end. It follows also that
they have an increased power of compressing the tongue and fauces during deglutition.
Together the genio-hyoidei form a thick tongue-shaped muscular mass arising
anteriorly from the concavity of the mandibular symphysis, posteriorly spreading out
and thinning as they are inserted in a continuous arched manner into the whole front
of the basihyals and root of thyrohyals. Although divisible into two lateral equal-
sized muscles, the fibres of the genio-hyoids are closely bound together, and, like tie
mylo-hyoidei, present scarcely any raphe. ‘The fibres of each genio-hyoid at its
insertion run outside into those of the middle constrictor of the pharynx, and likewise,
with only a very indefinite fibrous division, join those of the sterno- and omo-hyoid.
The genio-hyoids, from their great strength, must act very powerfully in drawing
forwards the hyoidean apparatus, and also greatly assist the closure and grasping move-
ment of the upper pharyngeal constrictor. ‘Their outer insertions compress or bring
together the thyrohyals. It may further be remarked that, when examined deeply,
each genio-hyoid is seen to be composed of what might be considered two parts. The
middle appears as a long strong muscle with straight fibres inserted into the basihyal
and sterno-hyoid muscle. Outside this, behind and superficially, a thin layer diverges to
be partially inserted into the root of the thyrohyal and to intermingle with the omo-
hyoid and middle constrictor.
‘The massive genio-hyoglossi may be considered an azygos plane of muscular fibres
originating at the symphysial cleft, and, therefrom assuming a fan-shape, are directed
upwards and forwards to the tip of the tongue. Medianly they become vertical, and
posteriorly gain the horizontal line; inferiorly the horizontal fibres of the genio-hyo-
glossi are flattened or slightly scooped out to receive the thick genio-hyoid muscles.
The fibres of the anterior three fourths of each muscle do not ascend to the substance
of the tongue. The remaining fibres are mainly inserted upon, and partly go to the
inferior wall or basis of the pharynx. ‘Those that go backwards are inserted into the
upper surface of the basihyal and side of the ceratohyal.
Hyoglossus.—This muscle is large and tolerably thick, broad behind and narrow
wedge-shaped in front, also convex below and concave or deeply scooped out above, so
as to fit into the prominent ceratohyals. Its origin is from the ceratohyal, thyrohyal,
and posterior root of the basihyal; its outer corner of origin from the thyrohyal is
DR. J. MURIE ON THE ANATOMY OF THE SEA-LION. 557
furthest back and partly covered by the middle constrictor. As it reaches the root of
the tongue and narrows, it likewise becomes vertically deeper and laterally compressed,
and proceeds along the genio-hyoglossus to the tip of the tongue; previously to which
the styloglossus ensheaths it.
Arising from the anterior and outer side of the stylohyal the thin layer of mus-
cular fibres of the styloglossus passes forwards and downwards obliquely, and, wrapping
round the anterior half of the thicker hyoglossus, goes on with it towards the tip of
the tongue. ‘The long flattened irregular-shaped sublingual gland lies on the surface
of this muscle. Representatives of the levator palati and circumflex or extensor palati
are present. These were not made out precisely before cutting away the tongue and
pharynx. The remnants of both appeared large; the latter muscle must be rather
strong, if the long deeply-grooved hamular process be indicative of a large tendon to it.
Azygos uvule.—This so-called pair of muscles are very long, narrow, but strong
fleshy bands. ‘They arise (close together) from the hinder edge and under surface of
the palatine plates, and, proceeding backwards deeply within the tissues of the soft palate,
diverge, one to each division of the uvula, being expanded inferiorly.
The palato-pharyngeus is a strong broad fleshy layer, with a postpalatine origin.
The fibres as they go backwards diverge outwards and go round to the back of the
pharynx, mingling partly with the superior constrictor, and partly covering the ceso-
phageal membrane itself. A salpingo-pharyngeus was not differentiated, if it existed.
The presence of a stylo-pharyngeus, however, was better attested, viz. a longish band
starting anteriorly from the tympanohyal cartilaginous apex. Directed rearwards
deeply between the superior and middle constrictors, and becoming broader, it is
fastened to the nodular cartilage at the posterior end of the thyrohyal and to the
anterior cornu of the thyroid cartilage. The fibres of the palato-glossus are intimately
united with the neighbouring muscles. ‘They pass inwards and downwards from the
narial opening to the genio-hyoglossus.
2. Deglutive Apparatus.
a. Pharyne and fleshy appurtenances.—The pharyngeal cavity comprehended behind
the velum is capacious, but under the influence of powerful constrictors ; at the same
time it is so very distensible that, in the relaxed condition of the parts, many of the
folds and ruge are readily obliterated. Its whole interior mucous coat is remarkably
glandular, and particularly so at the sides of the postnarial opening. Lecons, 2nd ed. tome iv. p. 16. 3 Anat. Comp. vol. vill. p. 683.
DR. J. MURIE ON THE ANATOMY OF THE SEA-LION. 561
Depth or diameter between the highest point of the lesser curva-
ture and lowest margin of the great curvature, in a line cutting
theyspleen@iciw <7 1% ee on 0S amenes;
Length or outer Fetes followines ae curve nae the
cesophageal to the pyloric orifice . . .- : SR PGA Sy il 3
Length of the lesser curvature from the adphadde to pylorus,
following the inflexed margin of the viscus . . — LI :
Depth of the narrowed part of the V-shaped angle of dive eter
curvature ~~. . ee: . » » about 2
>)
In the interior of the storie the ilonsvedinil folds of the cesophagus stop short, by
a sphincter-like ring of mucous membrane sharply defining the cardiac orifice, which
is wide and thick-walled. The mucous coat, throughout the entire cavity of the
stomach, has a rough, marbled appearance, from the irregular crossing and inter-
blending of slightly raised, narrow ruge. ‘There is a partial septum, formed by a
large semilunar fold of membrane, which projects downwards in a line with the angular
bend of the lesser curvature. Beyond this, towards the pylorus, the mucous plaits are
more pronounced ; and close to the pyloric orifice several longitudinal large folds exist ;
between these, reaching from one to the other, are fine, transverse, honeycomb or
narrow elliptical depressions and sinuous plice. Although very indistinct, from the
folds being low and flat, there is nevertheless a resemblance in the design of the
mucous folds to what obtains in the first gastric cavity of the Cetacea, e.g. Phocwna
communis. In-the Lion (Felis) the lower part of the esophagus has transverse circular
folds, like valvulee conniventes, whereas in Otaria they are longitudinal and thicker.
The fundus is better marked (7. e. larger) than in Ofaria, and the walls throughout
much thicker. The orifices of the gastric glands in Ofaria are distinctly seen as minute
pinholes, distributed here and there at intervals on the membrane. ‘The pyloric orifice,
guarded by a circular fold or valve, is narrow, only admitting the finger, or less than
half an inch in diameter.
The lesser omentum, while still comparatively thin, is rather thicker than the great
omentum. It is attached to the lower or posterior surface of the left great venous
reservoir, and to the right posterior edge of the left lobe of the liver. At this point it
is also adherent to the right side of the left lateral ligament, passing on to the cso-
phageal end of the stomach. Having reached the upper curvature of the stomach, it
stretches around and from it to the liver, there forming the dense layer of Glisson’s
capsule. The great omentum forms a large, but exceedingly delicate, web of membrane,
traversed, as usual, by vessels derived from the right and left gastro-epiploic arteries &c.
In the present instance there was not a trace of fat in the membrane when the abdomen
was opened. It was observed not to cover the intestines and viscera, but to be inter-
mixed among the folds of the gut. This possibly may have been an accidental
circumstance.
562 DR. J. MURIE ON THE ANATOMY OF THE SEA-LION.
d. Intestines.—The small intestines have a nearly uniform calibre throughout their
entire course; the average diameter is three quarters of an inch. From the pyloric
extremity of the stomach to the ileo-cecal valve they have a length of 60 feet
2+ inches.
Excepting the curve of the gut as it passes round the head of the pancreas, which
may be arbitrarily termed the duodenum, there is no definite change in the character
of the internal mucous membrane sufficient to limit the above as it passes on to the so-
called jejunum. In like manner, excepting greater frequency of Peyer’s patches, no
line of demarcation exists between the jejunum and ileum. No valvule conniventes
are present. The mucous lining of the whole of the small intestines ordinarily appears
to the eye as smooth; but looked at more closely, and especially under water, the
membrane is seen to be of a velvety or minutely villous character. The villi are
arranged in transverse linear folds of a very delicate kind.
At the distance of 22 feet from the pyloric orifice the first Peyer’s patch is found.
It is 3 inches long and about 0-7 inch broad. Fourteen feet further on another patch
of Peyer's glands is met with, which measures 7 inches in length, with a rather greater
breadth than the first patch. The third agminated gland is 5 feet 10 inches apart from
the second, and like it is broadish, but 5} inches long. A very considerable interspace
then follows, apparently free from these glands. Eleven inches backwards from the
ileo-ceecal valve there terminates an extraordinary long and continuous Peyer's gland.
This enormous gland, or lengthened group of Peyer’s vesicles, measures 4 feet 8 inches
from the one extremity to the other. It varies in breadth from 0:5 to 0°8 inch, and in
some places the vesicles or pits are more distinct than in others, but throughout its
whole extent is well marked.
The caput cecum coli is a simple, wide, cylindroid diverticulum, half an inch long.
The great intestine has few flexures; and its walls are remarkably free from saccula-
tions. From the ileo-cecal valve to the anus it measures 593 inches, including cecum.
The diameter of the greater part of its course is lj inch, widening near the rectum
to 1}inch. Mucous, muscular, and serous coats are each and all of considerable thick-
ness. As may be inferred from the absence of sacculations, the longitudinal muscular
fibres are not segregated in bands, but form a more or less uniformly distributed outer
coat, thickest at the rectal portion, and terminating with the circular fibres in a large
sphincter ani internus. The mucous folds are irregular slight elevations and shallow
depressions, which only acquire a pronounced character at the lower part of the gut.
The surface throughout has a minutely granulated appearance.
From what has been said it follows that the total length of the alimentary
tract (that is, from the mouth to anus) is approximately equivalent to 69 feet: of
this the cesophagus counts 22} inches, the stomach 21 inches, and the intestinal tube
65 feet 2 inches.
DR. J. MURIE ON THE ANATOMY OF THE SEA-LION. 56
oo
4, Alimentary Glands Le.
a. Liver.—As in the Earless Seals, the hepatic organ is divided in a remarkable
manner—there being seven or eight very much separated lobes or lobules, and each of
these is more or less subdivided into lobules and fissures of an extremely complicated
kind. ‘This furrowed and lobular character of the liver is in some respects identical
with the condition obtained in the curious Rodent Capromys fournieri’; only in the
Sea-lion the superficial sculpturing and segregation into the smaller angular lobules
does not proceed quite so far as in the animal compared. In the aberrant form of
Lemuroid Arctocebus calabarensis” the main lobes of the liver are very much separated
by deep incisions, but the surface of the organ is comparatively smooth.
In Otaria the root of the liver rests upon the enormously dilated abdominal venous
sinuses, and, indeed, on the right side, partly surrounds that vascular reservoir.
What may be described as the first (1) lobule of the right hepatic lobe is, like the
other main divisions, tongue-shaped, and only of moderate thickness. Along with the
second lobule it is very much separated from the other right lobular divisions; indeed
those two of themselves are quite free and placed widely apart. At its root the first
lobule is adherent to the vena cava ascendens, and covers a portion of it deeply.
In greatest length, upon its diaphragmatic surface, it measures 9 inches; and transversely
its widest diameter is 34 inches. Superficially it possesses few furrows or marginal
incisions, as compared with other of the hepatic segments. Those present are chiefly
towards the left side, and have a trilobed character. ‘The second, smaller lobule (11),
41 inches long, situated in front, springs from the root of the first. It is much the
narrower of the two, and has an imperfect sagittate outline, the left barb of which is
partially adherent, and crosses the base of the first lobule. Fig. 72 shows the second
lobe displaced to the right of the first. The third lobule (111), much the largest division
of the so-called right lobe, has a sinuous, faintly fissured margin, and comes into contact
at the root behind and on the left with the fourth or quadrate lobule. It is thick,
measures 10 inches in length, and averages 4 inches in breadth. Both surfaces are more
or less irregularly furrowed, the gastric one furthermore having median, somewhat
angular, lobulations. A thick broad ligament (/) passes from the left of these to the
gail-bladder, which lies in the fissure betwixt the third and fourth lobules. The fourth
division of the right lobe (iv), or lobus quadratus (Q), is differently shaped from the
preceding, being composed of several pedunculate, unequally fissured parts, joined,
however, at the roots and partially adherent and overlapped by the base of the third
lobule behind the venous sinus. The suspensory ligament of the liver intervenes be-
tween the fourth and fifth lobules, though abdominally they are in contact. ‘The neck
of the gall-bladder is placed rather upon the left side of the third lobule; but its
fundus passes obliquely to the dorsal surface of the quadrate lobule. Very large subdi-
' See Professor Owen’s description of the anatomy of that animal, P. Z.8. 1832, p. 70.
? «On the Angwintibo,” Professor Huxley, P. Z. 8. 1864, p. 330, fig. 10, A, B.
564 DR. J. MURIE ON THE ANATOMY OF THE SEA-LION.
visions of the portal vein run into the substance of both the third and fourth lobules ;
and these, along with the cystic ligament and a moderate amount of hepatic tissue,
bridge together this otherwise separate or bifid cystic lobe. Its quadrate segment, our
fourth lobule, is about 2 inches broad and 6 inches in extreme length.
The fifth lobule, counting from the right (Vv), or right moiety of the left lobe, is large,
thick, and almost completely severed from its fellow moiety on the left. From its root
to its narrowed free point is 11 inches long; and it varies from 5 to 53 inches in breadth.
Marginally it is fissured, but not deeply, whilst its upper and lower surfaces are
throughout very much grooved and ridged longitudinally. The furthest segment to
the left, or sixth lobule (v1), is less tapering than the above, and rather smaller,
namely 8 by 44 inches in diameter, though equally thick. Dorsally it is smoother than
the fifth lobule, but ventrally is much sculptured like it; the left compartment of the
venous sinus runs well into its substance.
At the root or middle of this much segmented liver, where the blood-vessels and
hepatic ducts split into divisional branches, there are several leaf-like, almost separate,
minor lobules. These, together, represent or are homologous with the Spigelian lobe
(S), and, numerically considered, count as the seventh hepatic lobule (vi). From them
there issues an hepatic duct (no. 4). They lie upon the venous reservoir, slightly to
the right of its median constriction, merge into a flat hepatic piece still further on
the right, and are themselves partially covered by the hepatic vessels, ducts, and
Glisson’s capsule. A flat, broad bridge of union (vii1), connecting the otherwise separate
first, second, third, and seventh lobules, runs outwards from the two latter towards the
two former. It is tolerably smooth, and firmly adherent throughout to the vena cava.
From its position, and being in some respects an appendage to the lobus Spigelius, as
likewise its being situate between the here indefinite transverse fissure, cystic lobe, and
divisions to the right of that, it appears to be homologous with the so-called lobus
caudatus of Man (C).
Guided partly by the determination of both the above-mentioned anatomists on
diverse Mammalian forms, and partly by a fresh consideration of the corresponding
component parts in the human liver—the same organ in the Eared Seal, though greatly
segmented, may be said to possess perfectly homologous constituents. That is to say,
there is a right, a left, a quadrate, a Spigelian, and a caudate lobe,—each of the two
former being cut into segments, the right lobe of human anatomy possessing what
Owen has aptly termed a cystic lobe or division. Taking the broad ligament suspen-
sorium hepatis as the line of demarcation, the four divisions to the right of it and above
the enlarged venous sinus would together be equivalent to the right lobe of human
anatomy. If, however, the parts be read contrariwise, what are here separate portions,
have coalesced in those animals wherein the hepatic organ is simpler in conformation.
b. Hepatic Ducts, Ligaments, and Gall-bladder.—The very separate condition of the
numerous lobes of the liver influences the distribution of the hepatic ducts. A branch
DR. J. MURIE ON THE ANATOMY OF THE SEA-LION. 565
(No. 1) of considerable calibre, and 2°3 inches long, emerges from the innermost pro
tuberant angle of the sixth lobe, and passes towards the right side, in what represents
the transverse fissure of human anatomy. nen aranor
Mivant, Sr. Gzoras, F.R.S., F.L.S., F.Z.S.
On the Axial Skeleton of the Ostrich (Stru-
UD CUTAN) an eoeaneadcabosaeaonde
Morr, James, M.D., F.LS., F.G.S., &e.
On the Form and Structure of the Manatee
(Manatus americanus) ..............
On the Organization of the Caaing Whale
(Globiocephalus melas)
453
303
Researches upon the Anatomy of the Pinni-
pedia. Part III. Descriptive Anatomy of
the Sea-lion (Otaria jubata)..........
Owen, Professor, C.B., F.R.S., F.L.S., F.Z.8., &e.
On Dinornis (Part XVII.): containing a
Description of the Sternum and Pelvis,
with an attempted Restoration, of Aptor-
MS) EF OSS0%s OWel ees ciyaiiciseiiei sie «
On Dinornis (Part XVIII.): containing a
Description of the Pelvis and Bones of
the Leg of Dinornis gravis ..........
On Dinornis (Part XIX.): containing a
Description of a Femur indicative of
a new Genus of large Wingless Bird
(Dromornis australis, Owen) from a
post-tertiary deposit
AMISEr 18 versa auey-he ses shas. eapsucveisiore «in
On the Osteology of the Marsupialia (Part
III.). Modifications of the Skeleton in
the Species of Phascolomys ..........
On the Osteology of the Marsupialia (Part
IV.). Bones of the Trunk and Limbs,
PRASCOLOMAYS! ois fosstaP Moree sis once ecslerena
Waxpen, Artur Viscount, F.R.S., P.Z.8. &c.
A List of the Birds known to inhabit the
islandyofiCelebesier-cureriereicitettaiee sys
Appendix to a List of Birds known to in-
habit the Island of Celebes
in Queensland,
Page
50]
119
361
345
483
INDEX OF SPECIES, ETC., IN VOL. VIII.
Accipiter cruentus, 34.
—— hyogaster, 34.
rufitorques, 34.
Acridotheres cinereus, 77, 108.
—— fuscus, 77.
javanicus, 77.
Acrocephalus arundinaceus, 6-4.
brunnescens, 64.
—— magnirostris, 64.
orientalis, 64,
Actitis glareola, 96.
hypoleucos, 96.
Aegialites curonicus, 89, 90.
hiaticula, 89, 90.
—— duhius, 89.
minutus, 89, 90.
peronii, 90, 108.
Aithopyga flavostriata, 71.
Aglaophenia dromaius, 471, 475, 476, 480.
elongata, 471, 476, 481.
myriophyllum, 471.
—— tubulifera, 476.
Alcedo asiatica, 45.
collaris, 44.
— diops, 44.
—— meninting, 45,
—— minor moluccensis, 45.
moluccensis, 45.
Allman,G.J. Report onthe Hydroida collected during
the Expeditions of H.M.S. ‘ Porcupine,’ 469.
Amphihelia atlantica, 307, 324, 326.
miocenica, 307, 323, 324.
oculata, 305, 307, 322, 324, 325, 326, 337,
338, 339, 340, 342.
ornata, 307, 324, 326,
ramea, 305, 307, 324, 326, 337, 338, 339,
340, 342, 343.
VOL. VIII.—PART IX.
June, 1874.
Amphihelia seulpta, 307, 323.
venusta, 323.
Anas gracilis, 102.
querquedula, 102.
Anderson, John, On the osteology and dentition
of Hylomys, 453.
Antennularia antennina, 471.
Anthreptes malaccensis, 70.
Anthus arboreus, 117.
Aodon, 209.
Apiaster philippensis major, 42.
Aporosa, 306, 309-332.
Apteryx australis, 363.
Aptornis defossor. On Dinornis (Part XVII.): con-
taining a description of the sternum and pelvis,
with an attempted restoration of, by Prof. Owen,
119.
, comparison of the sternum and femur
of, with Tribonyx ventralis, Ocydromus australis,
Notornis, Aptornis otideformis, &c., 119-122.
, comparison of sternum of, with Cne-
miornis, 122.
, ilium of, 124.
, pelvis of, 122, 125.
, sternum of, 119, 120.
, vertebree of, 122-124.
—— otidiformis, 119-124.
Aquila audax, 380,
Arachnechthra flavigastra, 71.
frenata, 71.
Arachnothera longirostra, 70.
Arctocebus calabarensis, 563.
Ardea alba, 99.
caledonica, 100,
—— fusca, 98.
gardeni, 100.
garzetta, 99.
586
Ardea goliath, 98.
insignis, 98.
—— lepida, 99.
leucocephala, 101-
maculata, 100.
melanophis, 99.
melanoptera, 99.
melanotis, 99.
modesta, 99.
nebulosa, 99.
negripes, 99.
—— prasinosceles, 98.
rectirostris, 98.
sumatrana, 98.
typhon, 98.
Ardeola grayi, 98.
leucoptera, 98, 99.
—— malaccensis, 98, 99.
speciosa, 98.
Ardeomega nobilis, 98.
Ardetta cinnamomea, 99.
sinensis, 99.
Artamides bicolor, 70.
Artamus leucogaster, 67.
— leucopygialis, 67.
— melaleucus, 67.
mentalis, 67.
papuensis, 67.
Astraide, 307, 327-3382.
Astur barbatus, 37.
Athene borneensis, 40, 41.
—— florensis, 41.
japonica, 41,
—— malaccensis, 41.
— ochracea, 38.
punctulata, 38.
Avifauna, list of species to be added to the Celebean,
114.
Balena mysticetus, 265, 263.
Balenoptera caroline, 236.
musculus, 236, 266, 268,
299.
—— rostrata, 235-237,
276.
leucorhynchus, 67, 6S.
monachus, 67, 107, 115.
sibbaldii, 236, 237, 239, 271.
Balanophylhia britannica, 334.
INDEX OF SPECIES.
Balanophyllia cellulosa, 308, 333, 337, 339, 344.
gaditana, 308, 333, 337, 339.
Jeffreysia, 334.
socialis, 308, 333, 337, 338, 342.
Basileornis celebensis, 77.
corythaix, 77.
Bathycyathus atlanticus, 306, 318, 337, 339, 343.
—— chilensis, 318.
sowerbyi, 318.
Baza magnirostris, 36.
reinwardtii, 36.
Berardius arnouvi, On the recent Ziphioid Whales,
with a description of the skeleton of, by W. H.
Flower, 203.
Preliminary notice of a Ziphioid
Whale, probably Berardius arnuaii, stranded
on the 16th of December, 1868, on the sea-
beach, near New Brighton, Canterbury, New
Zealand, by Julius Haast, 214.
, antero-posterior length of the bodies of
the thoracic, lumbar, and caudal vertebre of,
228.
——— ——, caudal vertebre of, 228.
—- , cervical vertebrae of, 224; dimensions of,
226
—— ——,, description of the skeleton of, 217-
233.
, dimensions of, 212.
| —_— ——, dimensions of the bones of the right
pectoral limb of, 231.
= history of, 212.
| ———., hyoid bones of, 223.
, lumbar vertebrie of, 227.
, pectoral limb of, 230.
, pelvic bones of, 232.
, ribs of, 229.
, skull of, 217-223; dimensions of, 221.
, sternum of, 229.
——— ==, becth Of wooe.
——— ——,, thoracic vertebree of, 226.
, vertebral column of, 223.
| —— hectori, 211.
Birds, table of Indian genera of, found in Celebes, 24.
| —__, table showing the Australian genera of, found
in Celebes, 25.
, table showing the genera of, represented in
Celebes which likewise occur both within and
beyond the limits of the Indian region, 25.
INDEX OF
Birds, table showing the genera of, found in Celebes
which are also common to the Indian and Aus-
tralian regions, 25,
, table showing the principal Austro-Malayan
or Papuan genera of, which do not occur in
Celebes, 29.
, table showing the principal Indian genera of,
which are wanting in Celebes, 27.
Brachyurus celebensis, 62.
—-—- forsteni, 62.
Broderipus celebensis, 112.
coronatus, 60, 112.
frontalis, 61.
Buceros cassidix, 47.
corrugatus, 51.
exaratus, 47, 107.
sulcatus, 51.
Budytes viridis, 65.
Buphus bacchus, 98.
Butalis hypogrammica, 66.
Buteo pygmeus, 37.
pyrrhogenys, 37.
Butorides chloriceps, 101.
javanica, 100.
Caaing Whale (Globiocephalus melas), on the Orga-
nization of the, by J. Murie, 235.
(see Globiocephalus melas).
Cacatua equatorialis, 30, 31.
sulphurea, 30, 31.
Caccabis rufa, 101.
Cacomantis assimilis, 54.
borneensis, 54.
—— bronzinus, 54.
castaneiventris, 54.
dumetorum, 54.
fasciolatus, 55.
flabelliformis, 54.
infaustus, 54.
infuscatus, 55.
insperatus, 54.
lanceolatus, 53-55.
merulinus, 54, 55.
pallidus, 54.
passerinus, 54, 55.
—— pravatus, 55,
—— pyroyaster, 54.
—— rufovittatus, 55.
sepulchralis, 54, 116.
i
\
SPECIES. 587
Cacomantis simus, 54, 55.
sonnerati, 55.
tenuirostris, 54.
threnodes, 54.
tymbonomus, 54.
Callialeyon rufa, 44.
Calenas nicobarica, 86.
Calornis affinis, 79.
amboinensis, 80, 81.
aromatica, 82.
cantaroides, 80, 81.
chalybea, 79, 81.
crassirostris, 80, 81.
curvirostra, 82.
gularis, 80.
kitthtzi, 80.
metallica, 79-81, 107.
mysolensis, 80.
neglecta, 79, 80, 81, 1138.
nitida, 80.
obscura, 79, 80.
psittacea, 82.
purpurascens, 80, 81.
virescens, 80.
viridescens, 80.
Calycella fastigiata, 471.
Campephaga nigra, 69.
Caprimulgus affinis, 114.
arundinaceus, 115.
binotatus, 115.
europeeus, 114.
—- macrourus, 115.
— monticolor, 115.
Capromys fourniert, 565.
Carpophaga luctuosa, 84.
-— paulina, 83.
Caryophyllia abyssorum, 306, 310, 311, 315, 337,
339, 340.
africana, 313.
— arcuata, 306, 310, 313, 317, 337, 339, 342.
— lberteriana, 314, 317.
305, 306,
309, 312, 338, 340,
—— borealis,
343.
calveri, 306, 310, 311, 312, 316, 337, 339.
| -—— clavus, 305, 306, 310, 311, 337, 338, 339, 340,
343, 344.
cornuformis, 317.
| —— cyathus, 306, 310, 313, 337.
4m 2
588 INDEX OF
Caryophyllia cylindracea, 306, 310, 311, 314, 315,
337, 339, 340.
elongata, 306, 311, 340, 344.
epithecata, 306, 312, 344.
exserta, 306, 312, 343.
formosa, 317.
inskipi, 306, 310, 311, 316, 337, 339.
— ornata, 314.
pourtalesi, 306, 310, 311, 317, 337, 339, 341.
sequenze, 306, 310, 314, 337, 338, 342.
smithii, 305, 806, 309, 312, 340, 344.
vermiformis, 306, 310, 311, 316, 337, 339, 341.
Casuarius bennettii, 124.
Ceblepyris fimbriatus, 69.
—— luqubris, 69.
Celebes. A list of birds known to inhabit the Island
of, by Arthur, Viscount Walden, 23.
—. An appendix to a list of birds known to
inhabit the Island of, by Arthur, Viscount
Walden, 109.
Centrococeyx affinis, 56-60, 112.
bengalensis, 59, 60.
— dimidiatus, 59.
—— javanensis, 58, 60.
medius, 58, 60.
moluccensis, 59, 60.
—— rectunguis, 60.
viridis, 58.
Centropus affinis, 60.
ateralbus, 56,
bengalensis, 57.
—— bicolor, 55.
borneensis, 57.
—— bubutus, 57.
chlororhynchus, 57.
—— Mdimidiatus, 57.
ae
— eCuUrycercus, ol.
——— javanensis, 57, 112.
lepidus, 57, 58, 60.
—— lignator, 57, 59.
medius, 56, 57.
melanopus, 56.
x
molkenboeri, 58.
moluccensis, 57.
— nigrifrons, 56.
—— phasianus, 57.
—— philippensis, 55.
—— pumilus, 58, OO.
SPECIES.
Centropus pygineus, 59.
rectunguis, 56, 57.
rufinus, 59.
rufipennis, 56, 57.
viridis, 57, 59.
Ceratocyathus armatus, 306, 310, 314.
Ceycopsis fallax, 45, 112.
Chetura celebensis, 46.
gigantea, 46.
Chaleophaps hombroni, 86.
indica, 86, 114.
stephani, 85, 86, 114.
Chalcostetha porphyrolema, 71.
Charadrius alewandrinus, 89.
curonicus, 89.
—— fulvus, 88.
—— giganteus, 91.
—— intermedius, 89.
magnirostris, 91.
—— minor, 89.
minutus, 89.
-— philippinus, 89.
pusillus, 89.
Charitornis albertine, 76, 77.
Circus approwimans, 38.
assimilis, 37, 38, 380.
gouldi, 38.
—— jardinit, 37, 38.
macropterus, 38.
Cisticola cursitans, 64, 65.
grayt, 117.
lineocapilla, 65.
schenicola, 64.
Cittura cyanotis, 44.
sanghirensis, 44.
Cladocarpus formosus, 471, 475, 481.
Climacteris leucophwa, 106.
Collocalia concolor, 46.
esculenta, 46.
—— fuciphaga, 46.
hypoleuca, 46.
Columba enea, 83.
diademata, 83.
—— hypogastra, 83.
monacha, 83.
viridis, 81.
Coracias papuensis, 43.
temminckii, 43.
Corvus advena, 74, 75.
balicassius, 70.
—— caledonicus, 74, 75.
—— corone, 74.
— -dauricus, 75.
— enca, 74, 113.
—— validus, 74, 113.
Corydalla gustavi, 117.
Corydonix maculatus, 59.
pyrrhopterus, 58.
Cranorrhinus cassidix, 47-49.
Criniger aureus, 109.
Ouculus canoroides, 116.
canorus, 115, 116.
flavus, 54.
—— himalayanus, 116.
micropterus, 116.
presagus, 51.
—— pyrrhocephalus, 52.
saturatus, 116.
sumatranus, 53.
tolu, 58.
Cuncuma leucogaster, 35.
Cuspidella grandis, 471.
Cyathaxonide, 308, 335.
Cyornis banyumas, 117.
rufigula, 66, 107.
Dacelo cyanocephalus, 43.
monachus, 43.
Dasyurus macrurus, 496.
Delphinorhynchus, 209.
micropterus, 210.
Delphinus acutus, 20.
aries, 16.
bidentatus, 209.
butskode, 209.
densirostris, 209.
edentatus, 209.
epiodon, 209.
globiceps, 20.
—— grenlandicus, 209.
—— griseus, 17-19.
heavisidii, 20.
melas, 235.
—— micropterus, 209, 210.
nesarnak, 237.
—— obscurus, 20.
(Physocorax) moneduloides, 74.
INDEX OF SPECIES. 589
Delphinus phocena, 264, 268.
— risso, 16.
sowerbensis, 209.
sowerbyi, 210.
tursio, 266, 287.
—— (Heterodon) sowerbensis, 210.
(Phocena) rissoanus, 16, 18, 19.
Demiegretta asha, 100.
sacra, 100.
Dendrocygna gouldi, 103.
—_ guittata, 102.
guttulata, 102.
vagans, 102.
Dendrophyllia cornigera, 308, 334, 337, 339.
Dermophyllum costatum, 307, 321, 322.
crista-galli, 305, 307, 321, 337, 339, 340, 341.
—— cumingi, 307, 321.
— dianthus, 321.
stokest, 322.
Dicceum celebicum, 72.
leclancherti, 72.
Dicrurus atroceruleus, 106.
bimaénsis, 106.
—— leucops, 70.
pectoralis, 70.
Didelphys ursina, 345.
Dinornis(PartXVII.). Containing a description of the
sternum and pelvis, with an attempted restoration,
of Aptornis defossor, Ow., by Prof. Owen, 119.
(Part XVIIL.). Containing a description of
the pelvis and bones of the leg of Dinornis
gravis, by Prof, Owen, 361.
—— (Part XIX.). Containing a description of a
femur indicative of a new genus of large wing-
less bird (Dromornis australis, Owen), from a
post-tertiary deposit in Queensland, Australia,
by Prof. Owen, 381.
——- “tus, 310.
casuarinus, 362, 366, 368, 369, 375, 376.
— ; dimensions of the femur, tibia, and
metatarsus of, 371.
—— crassus, 362-365, 373, 375-377.
— , dimensions of the femur, tibia, and
metatarsus of, 371, 373.
curtus, 375,
—— , dimensions of the femur, tibia, and
metatarsus of, 371.
— didiformis, 369, 372, 375.
590
Dinornis didiformis, dimensions of the femur, tibia,
and metatarsus of, 371, 372.
dromioides, 372, 375.
, dimensions of the femur, tibia,
metatarsus of, 371.
elephantopus, 365, 375-377.
, dimensions of the femur, tibia,
metatarsus of, 371, 373.
geranoides, 372, 3875, 377.
, dimensions of the femur, tibia,
metatarsus of, 371.
giganteus, 361, 366, 368, 369, 375, 376.
, dimensions of the femur, tibia,
metatarsus of, 371, 374.
—— gracilis, 375,
and
and
and
and
and
, dimensions of the femur, tibia,
metatarsus of, 371, 372.
On Dinornis (Part XVIII.), contain-
ing a description of the pelvis and bones of the
leg of, by Prof. Owen, 361.
, dimensions of the femur, tibia, and
metatarsus of, 371, 372.
—— gravis.
—,, femur of, 366, 379.
, metatarsus of, 362, 378.
——.,, pelvis of, 369; dimensions of, 370.
, tibia of, 364, 378.
gens, 361, 375, 376.
——, dimensions of the
metatarsus of, 371, 374.
— maximus, 366, 375.
femur, tibia, and
—— ——, dimensions of the femur, tibia, and
metatarsus of, 371, 375.
-——. rheides, 375-377.
, dimensions of the femur, tibia, and
metatarsus of, 371.
robustus, 365, 375-3877.
, dimensions of the
_metatarsus of, 371, 375.
struthiotdes, 361, 373, 375.
—— ——., dimensions of the
metatarsus of, 371, 374.
——, table of admeasurements of the bones of the
leg of the known species of, 371.
Diodon, 209,
Diphasia coronifera, 471, 474, 480.
pinaster, 470, 471.
Diplodon, 209.
femur, tibia, and
femur, tibia, and
europeus, 211.
INDEX OF
SPECIES.
Diplodon gervaisii, 211.
Diplohelia doderleiniana, 307, 324, 327.
meneghiniana, 307, 324, 327.
profunda, 307, 324, 326.
sismondiana, 327.
Diplopteron insigne, 471, 479-481.
Dolichodon, 209.
Dolphin, Risso’s (see Grampus griseus).
Dromaius ater, 382.
nove-hollandie, 366.
On Dinornis (Part XIX.) :
containing a description of a femur indicative
Dromornis australis.
of a new genus of large wingless bird, from a
post-tertiary deposit in Queensland, Australia,
by Prof. Owen, 381.
, femur of, compared with Dinornis ele-
phantopus, 382-384.
—— ——, measurement of femur of, 382.
Drymophila alecto, 107.
A description of the Madre-
poraria dredged up during the expeditions of
H.M.LS. ¢ Porcupine’ in 1869 and 1870, 303.
Dysporus sula, 106.
Eclectus milleri, 31.
Edoliosoma melanolema, 69.
morio, 69.
Elanus hypoleucos, 80, 36.
intermedius, 36,
Emu, the, 382.
Duncan, P. Martin.
Enodes erythrophrys, 78.
Eos cochinsinensis, 107.
Ephiaites leucospila, 39, 40.
—— muyicus, 39, 40.
—— mentdensis, 30, 40.
Epiodon australe, 235.
australis, 208,
— desmarestii, 207.
Erythra pheenicura, 94.
Erythropitta celebensis, 62.
Erythrospiza togastra, 34.
—. trinotata, 33.
Esacus magnirostris, 91.
recurvirostris, 91.
Eudendrium ramosum, 470, 471.
Eudromia veredus, 88.
Eudynamis melanorhyncha, 53, 112.
Eulabes javanus, 81.
Eurystomus orientalis, 43.
INDEX OF SPECIES.
Eurystomus pacificus, 43.
Excalfactoria chinensis, 87.
—— minima, 87.
Faleinellus igneus, 101.
peregrinus, 101.
Falco aldrovandi, 33.
columbarius, 33.
cuculoides, 34.
indicus, 37.
javanicus, 37.
poliogenys, 37.
rupicolus, 33.
Filellum serpens, 470.
Flabellum distinctum, 307, 322, 337, 339, 340.
extensum, 307, 322.
laciniatum, 307, 322, 337, 338.
Flower, W. H. On the recent Ziphioid Whales,
with a description of the skeleton of Berardius
arnouat, 203.
—. On Risso’s Dolphin, Grampus griseus (Cuy.), 1.
Fungia symmetrica, 308, 3384, 337, 339, 344.
Fungiide, 308, 334.
Gallinago megala, 98.
Gallinula ardosiacea, 94.
chloropus, 94.
frontata, 93.
—— hematopus, 93.
orientalis, 94.
tenebrosa, 93.
Gallus bankiva, 86.
ferrugineus, 87.
Gastornis parisiensis, 366.
Gazzola caledonica, 75.
typica, 74, 75.
Geocichla erythronota, 61, 107, 113.
interpres, 61.
Geopelia striata, 86.
Glareola grallaria, 117.
Globiocephalus affinis, 290.
chinensis, 235, 291.
, comparative table of diagnostic characters of,
compared with Grampus, 20, 21.
— edwardsii, 290,
grayi, 291.
indicus, 291.
—— macrorhynchus, 291.
melas, 20, 235.
—— —-, alimentary canal of, 256-260.
591
Globiocephalus melas, auditory appendages of, 249—
251.
, cavity of the mouth, dental armature, and
pharynx of, 252-256.
—— ——,, external characters of, 238-242.
, eye and its surroundings of, 242.
—— ——., fleshy motor agents of body and limbs of,
272-284,
, general observations and history of,
235-237.
—— ——.,, genitalia of, 284.
—— —, glands accessory to alimentation of,
260-262.
— — , heart of, 266.
, hyoidean and laryngeal structures of,
262-365.
-—— ——, measurement of the tail of, 241.
—— ——, measurements of, 240.
, muscles acting chiefly on the pectoral
limb of, 272-276.
, muscles acting on the sterno-costal
framework of, 281, 282.
, muscles acting on the trunk and tail of,
276-281."
, muscles connected with neck and head
of, 282-284.
, nasal passages of, 242-248.
——— ——., nervous centre of, 272.
, on the organization of, 235.
, organs subservient to deglutition and
digestion of, 252-262.
, parts related to the senses of, 242-
252.
, pelvic bones, ligament, and muscles of,
286-290.
, respiration and machinery involved.
262-266,
, reflections, zoological and physiological,
on, 290-293.
, sanguiferous distribution of, 266-272.
, skin, and subcutaneous coverings of.
248, 249.
5
, tongue of, 251.
, tracheo-pulmonary parts of, 265.
, urino-generative organs and pelvic-
appendage homologues of, 284-290.
, vascular channels and reservoirs of.
268-271.
592
Globiocephalus propinquus, 291.
steboldii, 291.
—— svineval, 235, 239, 264,
Grammaria abietina, 470.
282, 290.
Grampus cuviert, 15.
griseus, Risso’s Dolphin, by W. H. Flower, 1.
, 235.
and @. rissoanus, identity of, 18.
, anterior surface and side view of cervical
vertebra of, 5.
——, bones of the pectoral limb of, 10.
, earliest account of, 15.
, carpal bones of, 10.
, carpal bones and the phalanges of the
young of, 14.
, chevron bones of, 7.
, coloration of, 3.
, coloration of the young of, 12.
——- ———, dimensions of vertebra of, 5.
—— ——., dimensions of the young of, 12.
, fins of the young compared with those
of the adult, 12.
——., general form of, 2.
, general form of skull of, &.
, general form of the young of, 12.
—, humerus of, 10.
——., pelvic bones of, 8.
——, periotic and tympanic bones of, 9.
———, principal dimensions of, 1.
—— ——, principal dimensions of the bones of the
pectoral limb of, 11.
—— ——,, principal dimensions of the skull of, 10.
, scapulie of, 10.
, Skeleton of, 4.
, Skeleton of young of, 13, 14.
, sternal ribs of, 8.
, sternum of, 8.
, systematic position of, 20.
—— ——, teeth of young of, 13.
, vertebree of, 4.
, vertebrae of young of, 14.
—— ——, vertebral ribs of, 7.
—— richardsonii, 15, 18.
rissoanus, 6, 8, 10, 11, 15, 236, 247, 266, 274.
, identity with G. griseus, 18.
Graucalus atriceps, 68.
leucopygius, 68.
—— personatus, 68,
INDEX OF
SPECIES.
Graucalus temminckii, 68, 118, 118.
Grey-headed Gallinule, 92.
Grind Whale, 237.
Guynia anniata, 308, 335, 337, 340, 343.
Haast, Julius. Preliminary notice of a Ziphioid Whale,
probably Berardius arnuvii, stranded on the
16th of December, 1868, on the Sea-beach, near
New Brighton, Canterbury, New Zealand, 214.
Halcyon chloris, 44. 14
coromanda, 44.
—— diops, 106.
—— funebris, 106.
Haliastur leucosternus, 35.
Halicornaria ramulifera, 471, 477, 481.
Haplophyllia paradowa, 335.
Hemichelidon griseosticta, 66.
Hemicyathus crassicostatus, 336.
Hemiphaga forsteni, 84.
Herodias alba, 99.
egretta, 99.
garzetta, 99.
nigripes, 99.
Heterodon densirostris, 209.
sowerbensis, 209.
Hierococcyx crassirostris, 116, 115,
HHimantopus intermedius, 91.
—— leucocephalus, 91.
Hirundinapus giganteus, 46.
Hirundo brevirostris, 46.
esculenta, 46,
—— francica, 46.
—— gutturalis, 65.
javanica, 66,
panayana, 68.
—— rustica, 65.
—— unicolor, 46.
vanicorensis, 46,
liydralector gallinaceus, 92.
Hydrallmania falcata, 469, 470.
Hydrochelidon delalandii, 103.
—— flwiatilis, 103.
leucopareia, 103.
nigra, 103.
Hydroida.
peditions of H.M.S. ‘Porcupine, by
Allman, 469.
Hylomys. On the osteology and dentition of, by
John Anderson, 453.
Report on the, collected during the Ex-
Gaede
INDEX OF SPECIES.
Hylomys peguensis, anapophyses of, 462.
, carpus of, 465.
, chevron bones of, 465.
, clavicle of, 464.
, colouring of, 455.
, ears of, 454.
, eye of, 454.
, femur of, 465.
—_— ——, general form of, 454, 455.
—_— ——, hypapophyses of, 463.
—_— ——, hyperapophyses of, 462.
——— ——, humerus of, 465.
, innominate bone of, 465.
—_— ——, limbs of, 454, 455.
___._ ———,, measurements of, 455.
—_— ——.,, measurements of the skull of, 461, 462.
—— ——, metapophysial processes of, 462.
, radius and ulna of, 465.
, seapula of, 463, 464.
, skull of, 455-462.
, snout of, 454.
, spinous processes of, 462.
, tail of, 455.
—— ——, teeth of, 459.
, tibia and fibula of, 465.
, transverse processes of, 462.
suillus, 453.
Hyloterpe sulfuriventra, 117.
Hyperoodon gervaisii, 206, 207.
rostratus, 203, 209, 234.
semijunctus, 206.
Hypotenidia celebensis, 95.
philippensis, 95.
striata, 95.
Hypothymis manadensis, 66.
puella, 66, 107.
Hypotriorchis severus, 33.
Ibis falcinellus, 101.
Inocotis papillosa, 101.
Totreron melanocephala, 30, 83.
Javan Hawk, 37.
Kogia, 223.
Lafoéa dumosa, 470, 471.
fruticosa, 470, 472.
halecioides, 471, 472, 477, 480.
Lafotide, 472.
VOL. VIII.—PART IX. June, 1874.
, presternum and mesosternum of, 464.
, Skeleton of 462-467; measurements of,466.
| Lagenorhynchus albifrons, 273.
albirostris, 236,247, 250,275,280, 281,296,300.
Lalage aurea, 70, 107.
dominica, 69.
leucopygialis, 69, 108.
melanoleuca, 69.
Lamprotornis cantor, 79.
columbianus, 80.
metallica, 80.
—— minor, 80, 81.
obscura, 80.
pyrrhopogon, 78.
Lamprotreron formosa, 82.
Lanius dominicanus, 67.
dubius, 81.
leucogaster, 67.
leucorhynchus, 67.
manillensis, 67.
pacificus, 80.
silens, 69.
Lasiorhinus wcoyr, 345.
Leptopterya leucorhynchus, 67.
Leucotreron gularis, 83.
Limnaétus lanceolatus, 34, 110, 111.
Limosa uropygialis, 97.
Lobipes hyperboreus, 97.
Lophohelia affinis, 308, 331.
anthophyllites, 307, 331.
—— defrance?, 308, 331.
gracilis, 305, 308, 332, 339, 341.
latistella, 332.
—— stoppaniana, 308, 331.
striata, 332.
subcostata, 307, 331.
Lophospiza griseiceps, 33.
Lophotes reinwardtii, 36.
Loriculus amabilis, 26.
eailis, 32.
Jflosculus, 27.
—— pusillus, 27.
—— quadricolor, 109.
sclateri, 32.
stigmatus, 26, 32.
Lyncornis cerviniceps, 112.
macropterus, 47, 112.
macrotis, 112.
—— temminchi, 112.
593
prolifera, 305, 307, 328, 331, 332, 337-342.
594
Macropterya klecho, 45.
leucophea, 46.
—— wallacii, 45.
Macropus rufus, 483.
Macropygia albicapilla, 85.
leptogrammica, 85, 107.
macassariensis, 85.
Madrepora oculata, 323.
ramea, 324,
Madreporaria, A description of the, dredged up
during the Expeditions of H.M.S. ‘ Poreupine’
in 1869 and 1870, by P. Martin Duncan, 303.
, Classification of the species of, 306, 308.
——,, distribution of the species, in the recent and
past faunas, of, 337.
——,, tables of the localities, d&e. of, 338.
Madreporide, 308, 333.
Manatee (Manatus americanus), on the form and
structure of, by J. Murie, 127.
additional
Manatus americanus,
193.
note on, 191—-
, admeasurements of, 128-130.
, air-passages of, 178, 179.
, alimentary canal of, 169.
, blood-vessels and lymphatic glands of,
175-178.
, cranium and dentition of, 140-143.
—— ——,, digestive tract of, 164-175.
, exterior aspects and dimensions of, 127—
131.
—— ——, fatty envelope of, 134, 135.
—— ——.,, general contour of, 127, 128.
, glands concerned in digestion of, 172-
175.
—— ——.,, hair and bristles of, 133, 134.
—— ——, heart of, 175. :
—— ——., hyoid and the surrounding pharyngo-
glossal fleshy parts of, 179, 180.
, integument, its appendages and sub-
jacent textures, of, 131-135.
, interior of the mouth, and tongue of,
164-169.
—— ——-, limbs, pelvis, and ligaments of, 139,
140.
» muscles of the accessory skeleton of,
566s"
—— ——,, muscles of the axial skeleton of, 143-
156.
INDEX OF
SPECIES.
Manatus americanus, muscles connecting the spinal
column of: dorsal aspect, 143-145; ventral
aspect, 145-148.
—— ——.,, muscles of the costal arches of: thoracic,
151-153 ; abdominal, 153-156.
—— ——, muscles of the dermis of, 163, 164.
—— ——.,, muscles of the hip-girdle of: pelvic and
generative, 161-163.
—— ——, muscles of the pectoral limb of: dorsal,
158, 159 ; ventral of, 159-161.
, muscles of the shoulder-girdle of, 156—
158.
—— ——, muscles of the skull or cephalic segment
of: facial or supracranial, 148-151.
—— ——,, muscular system of, 143-164.
, hervous system of, 180-186.
, nose and nasal passages of, 186, 187.
, ocular and auditory apparatus of, 187,
188.
, organs of circulation of, 175-178.
—— ——.,, parts related to generation (in the female
and male) of, 188, 189.
, rank and relations of, 189-191.
, Sensory organs of, 186-188.
, Skeleton and its ligamentous connexions
of, 185-143.
, skin of, 131-133.
, Spinal axis of, 1385-138.
, Spinal ligaments of, 138, 139.
, vocal and respiratory apparatus of, 178—
180.
Mareca gibberifrons, 102.
punctata, 102.
Marsupialia, on the osteology of the (Part III.).
Moditication of the skeleton in the species of
Phascolomys, by Prof. Owen, 345.
, on the osteology of the (Part IV.). Bones
of the trunk and limbs of Phascolomys, by
Prof. Owen, 483.
Megacephalon mateo, 87, 88.
—— rubripes, 87, 88.
—— rufipes, 87.
Megapodius gilberti, 87.
—— rubripes, 87.
Mclanopelargus episcopus, 101.
Melanopitta forsteni, 62.
Melias diardi, 58.
Melittophagus minutus, 111.
INDEX OF SPECIES.
Meropogon bullockoides, 111.
forsteni, 42, 111, 112.
Merops daudini, 42.
ornatus, 42.
—— philippinus, 42, 112.
viridis, 42.
Merula solitaria philippensis, 63.
Mesodiodon, 209.
densirostris, 211.
seychellensis, 211.
Mesoplodon, 208-212.
densirostris, 224.
sowerbyensis, 210.
sowerbyi, 223, 224, 229, 231.
Micropteron bidens, 210.
Micropterus, 209.
Milvus affinis, 36.
Mivart, St. George. On the axial skeleton of the
Ostrich (Struthio camelus), 385.
Monachaleyon monachus, 43.
princeps, 43.
Monodon monoceros, 278.
Monticola solitaria, 63.
Motacilla flavescens, 65.
Mulleripicus fulvus, 41.
pulverulentus, 41.
Munia brunneiceps, 73, 108.
-—— molucea, 73.
nisoria, 73.
pallida, 107.
punctularia, 73.
rubro-nigra, 73, 74.
Murie, J. On the form and structure of the Manatee
(Manatus americanus), 127.
——. On the organization of the Caaing Whale,
Globiocephalus melas, 235.
——. Researches upon the anatomy of the Pinni-
pedia. Part III. Descriptive anatomy of the
Sea-Lion (Otaria jubata), 501.
Muscicapa cantatrix, 117.
panayensis, 79,
rufigastra, 117.
Myiagra azurea, 66.
rubeculoides, 66.
Myjalestes cinereocapilla, 66.
helianthea, 66, 107.
Myristicivora bicolor, 84.
luctuosa, 84.
Myristicivora spilorrhoa, 84.
Myzomela chloroptera, 117.
Nectarinia aspasia, 71.
Nectarophata grayi, 71.
Neopus malayensis, 34.
Neoziphius, 209.
Ninow affinis, 41.
japonicus, 40.
madagascariensis, 41.
—— nipalensis, 40.
—— philippensis, 38, 41.
Nisus cruentus, 34.
trinotatus, 33.
virgatus rhodogaster, 33.
Noctua hirsuta japonica, 40.
philippensis, 38.
Nodus, 209.
Notornis mantelli, 120.
Numenius minor, 96.
—— minutus, 96.
—— pheopus, 96.
uropygealis, 96.
viridis, 101.
Nycticorax caledonicus, 100, 114.
griseus, 100.
manilensis, 100.
Octopus, 214.
Oculinide, 308, 332.
, length of femur and sternum of, 119.
Ocydromus australis, 120, 124-126.
JO;
Gdienemus grallarius, 91.
magnirostris, 91.
Onychoprion ancesthetus, 104.
melanauchen, 104.
Orea gladiator, 20, 237.
Oriolus galbula, 60, 112.
hippocrepis, 60.
horsfieldii, 60.
indicus, 60.
kundoo, 113.
sinensis, 78.
Ortygometra cinerea, 94.
quadristrigata, 94.
Osmotreron bicincta, 114.
griseicauda, 82.
vernans, 81, 113.
595
, length of sternum and femur of,
596
INDEX OF
Ostrich (Struthio camelus), on the axial skeleton of,
by St. George Mivart, 385.
——, the (see Struthio camelus).
Otaria jubata, descriptive anatomy of, by J. Murie, 501.
, alimentary canal of, 558.
, alimentary glands ce. of, 563-567.
, aorta of, 536.
, arterial distribution of, 536-545,
, arteries of the base of the brain of, 539.
, arteries of the head and neck of, 536.
, arteries of the peetoral limb of, 540.
, arteries of the pelvic limb of, 544.
—_— ——, bones of the extremities of, 513-517.
—— ——, brain of, 519-530; outward aspects and
dimensions of, 519-521; cerebrum, 520; the
cerebral lobes, 521 ; clefts and sulci of cerebrum,
outer face, 522;
convolutions of the outer face,
524; sulci and gyri of the inner face, 525 ;
folds and furrows, left half of the cerebrum,
526; interior structures, 527; basal parts of
cerebellum, 528 ; weight, 529.
, carpus, metacarpus, and phalanges of, 514.
, cartilages of the larynx of, 547.
, cavities of larynx and trachea of, 551.
, components of hyoid and larynx of, 546,
, eranio-facial nerves of, 530.
—— ——,, deglutive apparatus of, 557.
—— ——.,, digestive system of, 553-567.
—— ——, dura and pia mater of, 518.
, faucial folds, tonsils, and oral glands of,
ab4,
— , femur and patella of, 516.
es , genital glands, scrotum, &e. of, 571.
—— , glands in proximity to air-passages of,
552.
—— ——,, hepatic duets, ligaments, and gall-bladder
of, 564.
——— -__—, hind footsol, 010,
———. ——_, humerus of, bls.
, hyolaryngeal and pulmonary systems of,
546-553,
, intestines of, 562.
—— ——, kidneys of, 567.
548.
, lingual organs superficially considered
of, 553.
, liver of, 563,
, laryngeal membranes and ligaments of, |
|
}
|
|
SPECIES.
Otaria jubata, lungs of, 552.
, muscles of the genitals and anus of, 570.
—— ——, muscles of the os hyoides and larynx of,
549.
—— ——, muscles of the tongue and palate of, 555.
—— ——, nerves of, 530-533.
——— ——, nerves in fore limb of, 531.
—_—— ——.,, nerves of the main branches of head and
limbs of, 530.
——, nerves of loins and hind limb of, 532.
, neryous system of, 517-534.
——,, esophagus of, 559,
, organs of generation of, 569-573.
, organs of vision of, 534; eyeball, 534 ;
orbital muscles, 535,
, parts and organs within the mouth of,
553-557.
, pectoral limb of, 513-515.
——., pharynx and fleshy appurtenances of, 557.
——.,, pelvic limb of, 515-517.
, pelvis of, 515.
, relative positions of the abdominal viscera
of, 558,
, remarks on the extraction of the brain
and membranes of, 517.
, renal viscera of, 567.
, ribs of, 510-513.
, scapula of, 513.
, sensory apparatus of, 534.
, skeleton and cranial changes of, 501-517.
, skull of, general aspects, 501; cranial
bones, 502; the mandible, 503; foramina of
lower base, 504; interior, 505; sexual differ-
ences, 506; progressive cranial changes, 507.
, spinal column and thorax of, 509-513.
, spleen, mesenteric glands, and panereas
of, 566.
, sternum of, 512.
, stomach and omenta of, 560.
—_— ——,, teeth and palate of, 553.
—_— ——, tibia and fibula of, 516.
—— ——, ulna and radius of, 514.
, ureters and bladder of, 569,
, urethra and penis of, 569.
, urino-generative system of, 567-573.
, venous blood-channels, Bdb,
, vertebra of, 509.
, visceral arteries of, 542.
INDEX OF SPECIES.
Otaria jubata, vocal passages, respiratory organs, and
glands of, 551-553.
Otus magicus, 39.
Owen, Professor. On Dinornis (Part XVII.): con-
taining a description of the sternum and pelvis,
with an attempted restoration, of Aptornis de-
fossor, Ow., 119.
——. On Dinornis (Part XVIII.): containing a
description of the pelvis and bones of the leg of
Dinornis gravis, 361.
. On Dinornis (Part XIX.): containing a de-
scription of a femur indicative of a new genus
of large wingless bird (Dromornis australis,
Owen) from a post-tertiary deposit in Queens-
land, Australia, 381.
——. On the osteology of the Marsupialia (Part III.).
Modification of the skeleton in the species of
Phascolomys, 345.
——. On the osteology of the Marsupialia (Part IV.).
Bones of the trunk and limbs, Phascolomys, 483.
Padda oryzivora, 72.
Palapteryx ingens, 373, 374, 376, 377.
Paracyathus agassizi, 306, 319, 337, 339, 342.
—— confertus, 320,
crassus, 319.
striatus, 306, 319, 337, 340, 342.
Parra cristata, 92, 93.
gallinacea, 93.
indica, 93.
Pastor ruficollis, 78.
senex, 78.
Pelargopsis melanorhyncha, 45.
Pelecanopus cristatus, 105.
medius, 104.
Perforata, 306, 333-335.
Pernis celebensis, 111.
crassirostris, 36,
cristata, 36.
ptilorhyncha, 36, 111.
Petaurus (Acrobates) pygmeus, 358.
Petrorhynchus capensis, 208.
mediterraneus, 207, 209.
Phalacrocorax melanoleucus, 106.
Phalangista q“liriformis, 358.
Phalaropus australis, 97.
Phascolomys. On the osteology of the Marsupialia
(Part III.). Modifications of the skeleton in
the species of, by Professor Owen, 345.
597
Phascolomys. On the Osteology of the Marsupialia
(Part IV.). Bones of the trunk and limbs of,
by Professor Owen, 483.
, atlas of, 483, 484.
, bones of the fore limbs of, 487.
——,, bones of the hind limbs of, 494—497.
, cranial characters of, 345-353.
——,, dental characters of, 355-358.
, femur of, 494.
——,, fibula of, 494.
——, humerus of, 488.
——,, ilium of, 486.
——,, ilium and pubis of, 493.
——., mandibular characters of, 353-355.
——, neck of, 485.
——.,, pubis of, 493.
, radius and ulna of, 490.
, ribs of, 484, 485.
, sacrum of, 486.
, scapula of, 487.
, tail of, 487.
— , tibia of, 494.
, vertebra of, 485-487.
, vertebral column of, 483-487.
angasii, 345.
lasiorhinus, 345.
latifrons, 345-360, 483-491, 494-500.
nager, 345,
platyrhinus, 345-360, 483-491, 494-500.
setosus, 345.
vombatus, 345-360, 483, 485-487.
Philemon collaris, 106.
tnornatus, 106.
—— moluccensis, 106.
Phlogenas cruenta, 29.
luzonica, 29.
tristigmata, 85.
Phoca vitulina, 522, 568.
Phocena communis, 241, 255, 274, 278, 280, 561.
globiceps, 235.
griseus, 15.
5 =
risonnus, 17.
Phenicophaés eneicaudus, 52.
calorhynchus, 52, 53.
curvirostris, 52, 53.
erythrognathus, 52, 53.
—— pyrrhocephalus, 52, 53.
Phyllodes laciniatum, 322.
598
Physalus antiquorum, 266, 286, 298, 299.
Physeter, 208, 219, 220, 223.
bidens, 210.
—— macrocephalus, 272.
Pica albicollis, 75.
Picus fulvigaster, 41.
horsfieldii, 41.
javensis, 41.
leucogaster, 41.
sanguineus, 42.
Piked Whale, 255.
Pilot Whale (see Globivcephalus melas).
Pinnipedia, anatomy of, Part III.
Murie, 501.
Pipastes batchianensis, 117.
Pitta melanocephala, 62.
miilleri, 62.
Plictolophus buffoni, 30.
Pliobothrus symmetricus, 336, 338, 344.
Plotus melanogaster, 106.
novee-hollandie, 106.
Plumularia catharina, 479.
pennatula, 477.
pluma, 476.
setacea, 476.
Plumularide, 475-480.
Podiceps gularis, 105.
minor, 105.
Polioaétus humilis, 35.
Poliornis indicus, 37.
— liventer, 37.
Polophilus lathami, 59.
Polyphasia merulina, 54.
Pontoporia blainvillii, 235.
Porphyrio cinereus, 94, 95.
—— indicus, 92.
neglectus, 92.
pulverulentus, 92.
samoénsis, 92.
smaragdinus, 92.
Pratincola atrata, 63.
caprata, 63.
Prioniturus flavicans, 32.
platurus, 32.
wallacei, 32.
Prionochilus aureolimbatus, 72.
Psittacus cyanicollis, 107.
Descriptive ana-
tomy of the Sea-lion (Otaria jubata), by J.
INDEX OF
SPECIES.
Psittacus setarius, 32.
sumatranus, 31.
Ptilinopus flavicollis, 107.
—— hyogaster, 107.
—— melanocephalus, 83.
wanthogaster, 107.
Pyrrhocentor celebensis, 55, 56.
unirufus, 55, 56.
Querquedula circia, 102.
humeralis, 102.
Rallina isabellina, 96.
—— minahasa, 95.
rosenbergri, 96.
Rallus aquaticus, 124.
gularis, 95.
lewinti, 95. °
pectoralis, 95.
—— quadristrigatus, 95.
superciliaris, 94.
torquatus, 95.
Reinwardtena reinwardti, 85, 107.
Rhinocherus sumatranus, 247.
Rhizotrochus affinis, 307, 323, 337, 339, 343.
Risso’s Dolphin, Grampus griseus (Cuv.), by W. H.
Flower, 1.
Rugosa, 306, 335.
(see Grampus griseus).
Sabinotrochus apertus, 306, 320, 339, 337, 341.
Saiga tartarica, 246.
Sauropatis chloris, 44.
forsteni, 44.
sancta, 44.
Scissirostrum dubium, 81.
page, 81.
Scops madagascariensis, 40.
mantis, 106.
—— rutilus, 40.
Scythrops nove-hollandia, 51.
Sea-Lion (Otaria jubata), descriptive anatomy of the,
by J. Murie, 501.
——., the (see Otaria jubata).
Sertularella gayi, 469-471, 474, 480.
polyzonias, 469-471, 474.
robusta, 471.
Sertularia abietina, 470.
Sertularide, 474.
Solenosmilia variabilis, 307, 321, 3
342.
92
ay
337, 339, 341,
INDEX OF SPECIES.
Sphenotrochus intermedius, 305, 306, 320, 3a,
341.
—— milletanus, 320.
—— milletianus, 305.
Spilornis rufipectus, 35.
Spizaétus cirratus, 34.
cirrhatus, 35.
cristatellus, 35.
Sterna affinis, 104.
bengalensis, 104.
bergit, 105.
delamotta, 103.
grisea, 103.
—— hybrida, 103.
panaya, 104.
panayensis, 104,
pelecanoides, 105.
ressa, 105.
similis, 103.
sumatrana, 104.
velox, 105.
Sternula minuta, 118.
Strepsilas interpres, 91.
Streptocitta albicollis, 75.
culedonica, 75-77.
torquata, 76, 77.
Stria hirsuta, 40.
rosenbergi, 41.
scutulata, 41.
Struthio camelus. On the axial skeleton of the Ostrich,
by St. George Mivart, 385.
, atlas of, 8387-390.
, axis of, 8390-394.
, catapophyses of, 451.
, caudal vertebrae of, 387, 428-430.
, centra of, 448.
, cervical vertebree of, 385, 387.
, cervico-dorsal vertebrae of, 385, 386,
407-413.
, coceygeal vertebrae of, 386.
, diapophyses of, 450.
—— ——, dorsal vertebre of, 385, 386, 413-419.
, dorso-lumbar vertebree of, 385.
, dorsal aspect of lumbar and sacral ver-
tebrie of an immature specimen of, 425.
, hypapophyses of, 451.
—— ——, hyperapophyses of, 450.
—— —, ilium of, 436.
599
Struthio camelus, ischium of, 437.
, lateral aspect of lumbar and sacral ver-
tebre of an immature specimen of, 422.
, lateral aspect of the vertebra from the
fortieth to the forty-sixth inclusive, in an im-
mature condition of, 427.
, lumbar sacro-caudal vertebre of, 420.
—— —— , lumbar vertebre of, 387, 421-424.
—— ——,, metapophyses of, 450.
——— —— ,, neural lamine of, 449.
——— ——.,, neural spines of, 449.
——— ——.,, parapophyses of, 451.
—— ——,, paraxial parts of, 450, 451.
—— ——,, pelvis of, 431-438.
, pelvis of, dorsal aspect, 434.
—— ——,, pelvis of, lateral aspect, 433.
, pelvis of, lateral aspect of acetabular
region of an immature, 437.
—— ——.,, pelvis of, preaxial aspect, 431.
—— ——,, pelvis of, ventral aspect, 435.
—— ——,, pleurapophyses of, 451.
—— ——.,, postzygapophyses of, 450.
, presacral part of axial skeleton of, 386.
, presacral yertebree of, 387-407.
—— ——.,, prezygapophyses of, 449.
—— ——.,, pubis of, 437.
, ribs of, 438-447.
, sacral vertebra of, 387, 424-426.
, sacro-caudal vertebre of, 387, 426, 427.
, ventral aspect of lumbar and sacral ver-
tebree of an immature specimen of, 423.
, vertebrae of, 385-431.
, vertebral parts and processes of, 448-
450.
Sturnia albofrontata, 78.
—— pyrrhogenys, 78.
Sturnus dauricus, 78.
Stylaster gemmascens, 308, 332, 337, 338, 344.
Sula fiber, 106
Sylvia cysticola, 64.
Tachyspiza soloénsis, 34, 110.
Tantalus castaneus, 101,
falcinellus, 101.
Tanygnathus albirostris, 31.
—= miillert, 31.
Tanysiptera riedelir, 45, 112.
Tapir, 246, 247,
| Temenuchus dominicanus, 78.
600 INDEX OF SPECIES.
Teraspiza rhodogastra, 33, 109, 118.
Tetrao ferrugineus, 87.
perlatus, 87.
Thalasseus poliocercus, 105.
torresi, 104.
Thecopsammia socialis, 308, 333.
Thuiaria articulata, 469, 470.
hippuris, 471, 473, 477, 480.
laxa, 471-473, 477, 480.
salicornia, 471, 473, 480.
thuia, 473.
Thuiaride, 472.
Tinnunculus moluccensis, 33.
Todiramphus funebris, 44.
Toria nasica, 82.
nipalensis, 82.
Totanus calidris, 97.
glottis, 96.
Treron pulverulenta, 82.
vernans, 82,
viridis, 82.
Tribonyx ventralis, 120, 125.
, length of sternum and femur of, 119.
Trichoglossus ornatus, 32.
meyert, 32, 107.
Trichostoma bicolor, 62.
celebense, 62, 113.
Tringa damacensis, 97.
minuta, 97.
subminuta, 97.
Turacena menadensis, 85.
Turbinoliide, 306, 307, 309-327.
Turdus avensis, 61.
cantor, 79.
chalybeus, 79.
columbinus, 79.
dominicus, 69.
—— eremita, 63.
—— wsidiator, 79.
— imanilla, 63.
—— manillensis, 63.
mauritianus, 80.
Turdus orientalis, 69.
palmarum, 80.
—— philippensis, 63.
strigatus, 79.
terat, 69.
Turni« rufilatus, 87.
Turtur chinensis, 85.
tigrina, 85.
Typhon robusta, 98.
Ulocyathus arcticus, 807, 322.
Urospiza torquata, 106.
Venilia albertula, 42.
Viralva indica, 103.
Volvocivora melaschistos, 69.
—— morio, 69, 108.
Walden, Arthur, Viscount. A list of birds known
to inhabit the Island of Celebes, 23.
——. Appendix to a list, of birds known to inhabit
the Island of Celebes, 109.
Weka, 119, 120.
Wombat (see Phascolomys).
, bare-nosed, 346, 350, 351.
Yungipicus kisuki, 42, 111.
temminckit, 41, 111.
Zapornica nigrolineata, 94.
Ziphioid Whales, on the recent, with a description
of the skeleton of Berardius arnouvi, by W. H.
Flower, 203.
, dimensions of a large, stranded in Wor-
ser’s Bay, 215, 216.
Ziphiorrhynchus eryptodon, 208.
Ziphius australis, 224.
cavirostris, 206-208, 224.
gervaisit, 207.
— indicus, 208.
layardii, 211.
sowerbyi, 210.
Zonenas radiata, 84.
Zosterops atrifrons, 72, 108.
intermedia, 72, 108.
nigrifrons, 72.
END OF VOLUME VIII.
PRINTED BY TAYLOR AND FRANCIS, RED LION COURT, FLEET STREET.
TRANSACTIONS
OF
THE ZOOLOGICAL SOCIETY
OF LONDON.
VOLUME VIII.
LONDON:
PRINTED FOR THE SOCIETY :
SOLD AT THEIR HOUSE IN HANOVER-SQUARE;
AND BY MESSRS. LONGMANS, GREEN, READER, AND DYER, PATERNOSTER-ROW,
1874.
PRINTED BY TAYLOR AND FRANCIS,
RED LION COURT, FLEET STREET.
CONTENTS.
I. On Risso’s Dolphin, Grampus griseus (Cwv.). By WittraMm Henry Frower, F.2.S.,
F.R.CS., V.P.ZS., Hunterian Professor of Comparative Anatomy and Conservator
of the Museum of the Royal College of Surgeons of England . . . . page 1
Il. A List of the Birds known to inhabit the Island of Celebes. By Artuur, Viscount
Waupen, £.2.5., President of the Sociely . . . . . » » ++ +. » 23
III. Appendix to a List of Birds known to inhabit the Island of Celebes. By Antuur,
Viscount Wa.pEN, P.R.S., President of the Society . . . . . . . . 109
IV. On Dinornis (Part XVII.): containing a Description of the Sternum and Pelvis,
with an attempted Restoration, of Aptornis defossor, Ow. By Professor OWEN,
LETTS Se did USN 0 ce oun TAP iar Ane a Bi a Are ee)
V. On the Form and Structure of the Manatee (Manatus americanus). By Dr. James
Muniz, F.L.S., P.GS., &c., late Prosector to the Zoological Society . . . 127
VI. On the Recent Ziphioid Whales, with a Description of the Skeleton of Berardius
arnouxi. By Wituiam Henry Fiower, /.R.S., V.P.Z.S., Hunterian Professor
of Comparative Anatomy, and Conservator of the Museum of the Royal College
Oa SUB CONSOj PE GLONO Manne wort (7s. JP 0s” aoe 0s eee a ee 203
VII. On the Organization of the Caaing Whale, Globiocephalus melas. By Dr. Jamus
INIT a Sel NGOs CON nee Rin beeen oleae es oe ee a Ae A SaRSD
VII. A Deseription of the Madreporaria dredged up during the Expeditions of H.M.S.
‘ Porcupine’ in 1869 and 1870. By Professor P. Martin Duncan, IB. (Lond.),
F.RS., F.G.S., Professor of Geology to King’s College, London, &e. . . . 308
IX. On the Osteology of the Marsupialia. (Part III.) Modifications of the Skeleton in
the Species of Phascolomys. By Professor Ownn, F.RS., P.ZS.,&¢e. . . 345
X. On Divornis (Part XVIIL.): containing a Description of the Pelvis and Bones of
the Leg of Dinornis gravis. By Professor OwEN, F.B.S., P.ZS., de. . . 361
1Vv CONTENTS.
XI. On Dinornis (Part XIX.): containing a Description of a Femur indicative of anew
Genus of large Wingless Bird (Dromornis australis, Owen) from a post-tertiary
deposit in Queensland, Australia. By Professor Owen, F.RS., F.LS., &e. . 381
XI. On the Axial Skeleton of the Ostrich (Struthio camelus). By Sr. GrorGE
MivaRn, 2S) oo oF) sol Se AA Bee a ee ee ee OO)
XIU. On the Osteology and Dentition of Hylomys. By Joun Anperson, M.D., Curator
of the Indian Museum, and Professor of Comparative Anatomy in the Medical
College; Calcutta Vis. <6. 30's Saye ny eee ok Oe cee en
XIV. Report on the Hydroida collected during the mers of H.M.S. ‘Porcupine.
By Professor G. J. Auman, PRS. . . rR Nata see 0)
XV. On the Osteology of the Marsupialia. (Part IV.) Bones of the Trunk and Limbs,
Phascolomys. By Professor Owen, C.B., F.RS., F.ZS. . 2. 1 1... 483
XVI. Researches upon the Anatomy of the Pinnipedia.—Part Ill. Descriptive Anatomy
of the Sea-lion (Otaria jubata). By Dr. James Mure, FLAS. AGS, &c.,
late Prosector tothe, Society. << 20. “oes ee os eee
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