Mm-m,

m!^l

<'.V: .f:

'»•<*■

:-:-^:-sr,>^-]:

•^»»^

-?: iA>.

» .,•<

St* * ' ' : ""a

k<r-»-* -••*.

V

FOR THE PEOPLE
FOR EDVCATION j
FOR SCIENCE

LIBRARY

OF

THE AMERICAN MUSEUM

OF

NATURAL HISTORY

1

c-

^r

SMITIISOXIAN MISCELLAKEOUS COLLECTIONS.

—. 181

E E Y I E W

AMERICAN BIRDS,

IN THE MUSEUM OF THE

SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION.

BY

S. F. BAIRD.

PART I.

NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA.

WASHINGTON:
SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION.

,i.ay,)^('^

ADVERTISEMENT.

The accompanying sheets of a Revision of the Birds of North
and Middle America, by Prof. S. F. Baird, are disti'ibuted by the
Smithsonian Institution in advance of the completion of the whole
work, with the view of eliciting criticisms and suggestions from Orni-
thologists and Naturalists. Any remarks or corrections which may
tend to make the work more accurate and reliable, as well as speci-
mens of species not mentioned therein, or from localities other than
those indicated, will be thankfully received by the Institution.

JOSEPH HENRY,

Secretary S. I.
Smithsonian Institdtion,
Washington, 1864.

PHILADELPHIA :
COLLINS, PEINTEB.

SMITHSONIAN MISCELLANEOUS COLLECTIONS.
181

REVIEW OF AMERICAN BIRDS

IN THE MUSEUM OF THE SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION

S. F. BAIRD.

PART I.

NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA.

OSCINES.

Family TURDID^."

The American Turdidse, Saxicolidse, and Cinclidae are all closely
related to each other by the presence of common characters, which
distinguish them from the other allied American families of Oscines

' The present work is intended as a catalogue of the birds of Northern and
Middle America in the Museum of the Smithsonian Institution, with such
critical notices of the same as appear to be called for, and a list of the speci-
mens, or of such of them as best show the geographical distribution of the
species. Species not in the Smithsonian collection, but which I have had
the opportunity of personally examining and comparing, are also included.
Species mentioned by authors, but which I have not seen, will be mentioned
at the end of the genera or families to which they are supposed to belong.

As understood in the present work, the term "North America" is intended
to cover the region in and north of the valleys of the Rio Grande and Gila, or
north of a line drawn from the mouth of the Rio Grande on the Gulf of Mexico,
to that of the Yaqui, near Guaymas, on the east side of the Gulf of California,
and embraces the peninsulas of Florida and of Lower California and Greenland.
Middle America extends from the same line southward to the continental
part of South America, including Mexico, Guatemala, San Salvador, Nicaragua,
Honduras, Costa Rica, the Isthmus of Panama and of Darien, and the whole
of the West Indies, excepting Trinidad and perhaps Tobago.

Any specimens which may serve to extend the list of the species enumerated
as belonging to the Institution, or furnish additional material for investigation,
will be thankfully received.

* For a synopsis of the American Turdidse, See Sclater, Pr. Zool. Soc. 1859.
1 June, 136i.

2 REVIEW OF AMERICAN BIRDS. fPART I.

having uncovered nostrils and with ten primaries, the first of wliich
is either spurious or much shorter than the second, agreeing in this
respect with the Sylvicolidse having nine primaries only. The most
striking of these common characters is seen in the deeply cleft toes,
of which the outer is united by the basal joint alone to the middle
toe, while the inner is separated almost to the very base of its first
joint.' The frontal feathers extend, with rare exceptions, to the
very nostrils. The bill is elongated and subulate, moderately
slender, and usually notched at tip ; the culraen moderately curved
from the base, and the mouth well provided with bristles, except
in a few cases. Usually the scutellae covering the front and sides
of the tarsus are fused into one continuous plate, or else scarcely
appreciable, except on the inner edge only ; in the Mocking Thrushes
they are, however, distinctly marked. The lateral toes are nearly
equal, the outer rather the longer. "With these as some of the prin-
cipal characteristics, they may be distinguished from each other as
follows : — .

A. Nostrils oval. Loral and frontal feathers with bristly points, or inter-
spersed with bristles ; rictus with longer or shorter bristles.

Saxicolidae. Wings very long and much pointed, reaching beyond the
middle of the short square or emarginated tail, and one and a half
times or more the length of the latter. The spurious primary very
short, the second quill longer than the fourth. In the closed wing the
outer secondary reaches only about two-thirds the length of longest
primary.

Turdidae. Wings moderate, more rounded, not reaching beyond middle
of the often rounded tail, and not more than one and a third the
latter, usually more nearly equal. Spurious primary sometimes half
the length of second quill ; the second quill shorter than the fourth.
In the closed wing the outer secondary reaches three-fourths or more
the length of longest primary.

' In a perfectly fresh specimen of Turdua vmsteJinus, the basal half of the
first phalanx of the inner toe is connected with the 1st joint of the middle toe
by a membrane which stretches across to within two-fifths of the end of the
latter; there appears however to be no ligamentous adhesion. The basal
joint of the outer toe is entirely adherent, and a membrane extends from nearly
the basal half of the second joint to the distal end of the first joint of tli^
mid<lle toe. When this connecting membrane becomes dried the divisioii
of the toes appears considerably greater.

When the toes are all extended in line with the tarsus, the hind claw
stretches a little beyond the lateral and scarcely reaches the base of the
middle claw.

Tlie plates at the upper surface of the basal joints of the toes are quadran-
gular ami opposite each other.

TURDID^. 6

B. Nostrils linear, in lower edge of nasal membrane. Loral and frontal
feathers soft and downy, aud no bristles or bristly points whatever
about the mouth.

Cinclidee. Body very short and broad. Wings short, rounded, and
concave.

The American Sylmadse are in some respects very closely related
to the Saxicolidse, but may be distinguished by their much smaller
size, more slender and depressed bill, more strongly bristled rictus,
etc. ; on which account they are more strictly " fly-catchers," taking
their prey in great part on the wing.

Of the three families, the Turdidse contain a great variety of forms,
and exhibit widely different characters, rendering it exceedingly diffi-
cult to arrange them in any systematic or regular sequence, or to
accurately define their boundaries. In my work on the Birds of North
America, I placed the Mocking Thrushes among the Wrens, on ac-
count of the distinct tarsal scutellas, and other characters. I am
now, however, inclined to believe, with Dr. Sclater, that their place
is with the recognized Turdidse ; and among other reasons, on the
ground of their more deeply cleft toes, and greater extension forward
of frontal feathers. On the other hand, I have included Donacohius
among the Thrushes, on account of the deeply cleft toes ; although,
as in the Wrens, the open nostrils are considerably in advance of
the frontal feathers.

The following synopsis of such American forms of Turdidse as I
have had the opportunity of examining, may serve to determine the
genera artificially, even though their natural affinities be somewhat
violated. Nowhere is it more difficult than here to furnish in linear
series, trenchant and positive characters which shall at the same
time express and illustrate their true relationships. Cichlerminia
and Cinclocerthia, which I have not seen, are placed by Dr. Sclater
the one between Turdus and 3Iargarops, the other between Bham-
phocinclus and Harioorhynch.us. The primary division is into
Turdinse, or species with the tarsi " booted," that is, having all the
scutellce fused into a continuous plate covering the front of the tarsus
and extending half way round on the two sides ; and Miminae, or
those with this same anterior half of the tarsus covered by a suc-
cession of imbricated overlapping scales, usually seven in number.
In one species of MimocicJila, placed in the first section, the division
of the scutellae are appreciable, although they are all fused into one
plate ; while in the Cat-bird the scutellse, in some specimens (as No.
20,396), are quite indistinguishable — the kg here being as much
" booted" as in the true Thrushes ; in others, however, they arc per-

4 REVIEW OF AMERICAN BIRDS. [PART I.

fectly distinct. Even in the first section individuals, in nearly all
the species, may be noted with indications of separate scutellae.

The Tardus gigas of Fraser has been placed among the typical
Thrashes, but realjy differs in many important points, as does still
more the T. aurantius of Jamaica, in shorter wings, much longer
1st primary, very long tarsi, and other characters of Miviocichla.
I have accordingly been obliged to consider as a good genus the
section Semimerula of Sclater, although I would prefer to consider
aurantius as the type rather than gigas and its allies : —

A. Turdinae. — Tarsus covered anteriorly with a continuous plate.

1. Wings decidedly longer than the tail,' which is nearly

even. Bill considerably shorter than the head.

First quill one-half to one-third the second. Wings
rounded. Tarsus longer than the head ; out-
stretched toes reaching beyond the tail . . Catharus.

First quill usually not one-fourth the second. Wings
pointed. Tarsus hardly the length of head, but
yet longer than middle toe ; outstretched toes
falling short of tip of tail .... Turdus.

Wings as in Turdus. Tarsus shorter than middle
toe. Bill short and very broad ; width greater
than distance from nostril to tip . . . Plati/cichla.^

First quill more than one-third the second. Wings
rounded. Tarsus considerably longer than
head ; outstretched toes falling short of tip of
tail. Bill lengthened Semimerula.

2. Wings about equal to the tail, which is somewhat

graduated. Bill stout, nearly as long as the head.
Tarsiis lengthened, considerably longer than mid-
dle toe and claw.
First quill more than one-third the second. Rictal

bristles very short Mlmocichla.

3. Wings longer than the tail, which is considerably

rounded. Bill longer than the head, and slightly
decurved.
First quill more than half the longest . . . Rhamphocinclus.

B. Miminae. — Tarsi scutellate anteriorly ; scutellse seven.

4. Wings decidedly longer than the tail, which is nearly

even. Tarsus as long as the head.
Tarsus hardly longer than middle toe and claw.
Bill about equal to the head, decidedly notched ;

' In the present work the length of the tail is measured from the coccyx,
inside of the skin, and not, as usually the case, from the base of the quills at
their insertion. The wings are measured from the carpal joint, with dividers.

* Possibly Cichlopsis, Cab,, but differing much from his description.

TURDID-ffi. 0

wings rounded ; 1st quill more tlian half the
second ; 5th longest. Claws very strong and
much curved. Rictal bristles very short . . Margarops.
Bill decidedly shorter than the head, scarcely
notched ; wings pointed ; 1st quill less than
half the second ; 3d and 4th longest. Claws
not peculiar. Bristles prominent. Tarsus con-
siderably longer than middle toe and claw . Oreoscoptes.
5. Wings decidedly shorter than the tail, which is con-
siderably graduated ; 1st quill half or more than
half the second.
Tail firm, the feathers moderately broad : the ex-
terior with outer web near the end, less than
one-third the inner.
Bill lengthened ; sometimes much decurved ; no

notch at tip ....... Ilarporhynchus.

Bill notched, shorter than head ; straight.

Scutellae very distinct ..... 3Jimus.

Scutellse more or less obsolete . . . Galeoscoptes.
Tail rather soft : the feathers broad ; the exterior with
outer web near the tip rather more than one-
third the inner (except in Donacobius).
Rictus without any bristles whatever . . . Melanoptila.
Rictus with well developed bristles . . . Mdanotis.
Divisions of tarsus mostly obsolete. Rictus well
bristled. Lateral tail feathers scarcely more
than half the central ; width of its outer web
half the inner ....... Donacobius.

Of the family Turdidse, as here given, the genera are all peculiar
to America, with the exception of Tardus; and even here our species
belong to sections scarcely if at all represented in the Old World,
except by stragglers from the American Continent!

The sexes are all similar in the American species, except in some
divisions of Tardus, in its most general sense.

A very remarkable peculiarity of form is observable in some of the
species of Oreocincla, an Old World genus of Turdidse, consisting
in the possession of more than twelve tail feathers, a character
quite unique, I believe, among the land birds.* Sundevall, in a
communication on the subject to Cabanis' Journal fvir Ornithologie
(1858, 159), gives 0. varia and malayana as having fourteen tail
feathers : the other species twelve. A specimen of 0. varia, how-
ever, in the Smithsonian collection, received from the Philadelphia
Academy, and of uncertain locality, has fifteen tail feathers, and has
probably lost a sixteenth.

' See also Cabanis' Museum Heineanum, I, 1S50, 6.

REVIEW OF AMERICAN BIRDS. [PART I.

CATHARUS, BoxAP.

Catharus, Bonap. Consp. I, 1850, 278. (Type Catharus immaculatus, Boxap.)
Malacocichla, Gould, Pr. Zool. Soc. 1854, 285. (Type M. dryux, Gould.)

The genus Catharus has been made by Dr. Sclater to include two
groups: Catharus proper, in which the species have a close re-
semblance in coloration to the small American Thrushes, as T. ftts-
cescens, etc., but without any spotting on the breast, and without
crest ; and Ilalacocichla of Gould, in which the upper parts, or at
least the head, are black, and with the feathers of the head above and
nape, moderately elongated, so as to form a bushy, rounded crest.

The species of Catharus proper, as just stated, closely resemble
such small Thrushes as Turdus fuscescens, nanus, etc. in coloration
and external appearance. The bill is very similar, both in shape
and character of bristles, which are perhaps not quite so long in
some, longer in others. The plumage is, however, softer and
fuller ; the tarsi appreciably longer, the tail shorter, the feathers nar-
rower. The principal difference is in the wings, which are short,
rounded, and concave. The 1st quill in C. melpomene is nearly or
quite half the 2d, which about equals the 8th quill. In C. occiden-
talis the wings are more pointed, the 1st quill about one-third the
2d, which is between the tth and 8th in size. Here the bristles are
shorter; while in G. frantzii they are unusually long. C. occidenialis
forms the transition to the smaller spotted Turdi. In C. (llalaco-
cichla) maculatus the 1st primary is shorter.

In all the skins I have seen the outstretched legs reach either
very nearly to the tip of the tail or beyond it.

In one specimen of C. mel}Domene, from Mr. Lawrence's collec-
tion, the divisions of the tarsal scutellae are distinctly definable on
the anterior face, while they are confluent on the sides. It is possiljle
that at one stage of development the tarsi, which are covered with
a " boot," or a continuous plate, are distinctly scutellate — the scutellae
melting subsequently into a single plate. The occasional persistence
of this immature feature in an adult bird may thus be explained
without invalidating the importance of the character as Kaup has
endeavored to do in the case of Turdus migratorius.

As Dr. Sclater has furnished an excellent synopsis of the species
of American Turdidse (Pr. Zool. Soc. 1859), it will not be necessary
here to do the same.

» CATHARLS. 7

Catharus.
Cattaarus melpomene.

Tardus melpomene, Gab. Mus. Hein. I, 1850, 5 (Xalapa). — Catharus
melpomene, ScL. P. Z. S. 1859, 323.— Ib. Cat. Am. Birds, 1861, 1,
No. 1.— Cabams, Jour. 1860, 322.— Salvin, Ibis, 1860, 29.

Catharus aurantiirosiris, Sclatek, P. Z. S. 1856, 294 (uot of Haktlaub).

Hah. Mexico (Cordova, Orizaba, Oaxaca) ; Guatemala; Costa Rica.

Specimens vary somewhat in the shade of coloration and the in-
tensity of the rufcscence of tail and wings. The bill is generally
(in the dried skin) bright yellow, sometimes orange, a little dusky
towards the tip above ; sometimes this latter shade encroaches on
the culmen ; in one specimen (Xo. 22,362) the whole upper mandible
is light brownish, and in No. 2 of Mr. Lawrence's Collection it is
nearly as black as in G. occidentalis. Some specimens have a shade
of grayish in the feathers of the chin ; but in none is there any in-
dication of the yellowish-brown of the jugulum of occidentalis. The
legs are always yellowish, though varying in the shade of this color.
The rump and tail are always more rufous than the back, as in
Turdus pallasii and its allies, though the contrast is not so striking.

A specimen (30,484) from Costa Rica, in imperfect plumage,
differs in the prevalence of a grayish olive shade in the back, and a
less intense shade of rufous on the rumj? and tail.* It is not im-
probable that this may be the true C. aurantiirostris of Hartlaub,
which is said to differ in the more olive back. Although Hartlaub
describes the whole upper parts as uniformly olivaceous, includfng
the wings and tail, his figure represents the latter as being more
rufous.

If the species of Hartlaub and Cabanis should hereafter prove to
be the same, it is somewhat of a question to which of their names
the priority should be assigned. The date of the aurantiirostris
is March, 1850, exactly coeval with Bonaparte's " immaculatus."
The name " vielpomene^' appears on page 5, of sig. 1, of Museum
Heineanum, but without any signature date affixed — this practice
not having been introduced until the appearance of the fourteenth
signature, where the date of Jan. 1851 is printed at the bottom of
page 10*7. There is nothing whatever to show that even if the first
signature was published in 1850, it appeared as early as March.

' Turdus aurantiirostris, Hartlaub, Rev. Zool. March, 1850, 158 (Vene-
zuela) ; Ib. Jard. Cont. Orn. 1851, 80, pi. Ixxii. Catharus aurantiirostris,
ScLATER, P. Z. S. 1859, 323. Catharus immaculatus, Bon. Consp. Marcli, 1850,
278 (Caraccas).

8

REVIEW OF AMERICAN BIRDS.

[part I.

Note. — Additional specimens received from Costa Pvica — none in
very perfect plumage — agree in being all rather grayer, with less con-
trast of back and tail coverts than Mexican and Guatemalan. The j,
however, vary considerably among themselves — some being quite
decidedly olivaceous on the back. The most olivaceous specimens
have the most brightly orange-colored bills. In some of the others
the bill above is light horn color. Xo. 33,259 has an unusually
large first primary — more than, half the longest.

List of Specimens.

Smith-

Collec-

Sex

When
Collected.

Boniau

tor's

and

Locality.

Received from

Collected by-

No.

No.

Age.

22,362

33,122

Co id ova, Mex.

Verreaux.

16,841

Mexico.

J. Gould.

29.201

6S

Orizaba, Mex.

Prof. Sumichrast.

Prof. Sumichrast.

32,451

322

"

"

32,4.i3

68

**

**

7,951

Juv.

Guatemala.

J. Gould.

1.3.661

Dr. Sclater.

30 650

30

Duenas, Guat.

Sept. 1862.

0. Salvin.

Salvin & Godman.

30,4S2

'^^

Sau Jose, Costa

Dr. Frantzius.

J. Carniol.

Mexico. [Rica.

Cab. of G. N. Law-

D'Oca.

2

Guatemala.

" [reace.

33 258

109

Dr. Frantzius.

33,256

110

"

3:3.2.59

J. Carniol.

33,255

'*

33,257

16,841. Upper mand. b'ark ; rufous or" wings very intense. — 29,201. Bill orange red, in skin
yellowish.— 33,259. 1st primary very large.

Catbarus occidentalis.

Catharus occidentalis, Sclater, P. Z. S. 1859, 323, 370.— Ib. Cat. Am.
Birds, 1861, 1 (No. 2).

ITab. Mexico (Oaxaca and Totontepec iSclater) ; Orizaba).

This species may readily be distinguished from C. melpomene by
several characters. The general color above is much the same ; but
while the rump, tail and wings are little, if at all more rufous than
the back, the head above and nape are decidedly so. There is an
indication of streaks on the jugulum and throat, the feathers being
pale buff at base, broadly streaked centrally, and tipped with plum-
beous ; while in melpomene there is no indication of the buff, nor of
streaks, the feathers being pure plumbeous, except where the whitish
basal portion shows on the chin and throat. The legs are darker
and more olivaceous. The bill is dark brown, almost black, except
the yellowish basal portion of lower jaw. The wings are longer and
more pointed, the longest primary exceeding the 10th by .65 of an
inch, instead of .35 to .40. The spurious primary is smaller and
narrower, its exposed portion reaching over scarcely more than one-

CATHARUS. 8

third of that of the 2d quill, instead of nearly or quite one-half. The
bill is shorter and more slender (.36 or less from tip to nostril, instead
of .42). The tarsi and toes are absolutely and relatively about the
same length as in melpoynene (tarsus 1.25, middle toe and claw .85
in No. 22,361 ; a little less in 29,202).

It will be seen from the specimens indicated as from Orizaba, that
this species is not confined to the west coast, as supposed.

List of Specimens.

Smith- Collec-' Sex

soQian tor's and

No. No. Age.

Locality.

When
Collected.

Received from

Collected by-

22,361
29,202
32,454
32,45J
32,4.56
32,4.57
32,458

40,700
202
202
202
202
202
399

Mexico.
Orizaba, Mex.

Veneaux.

Prof. Siimichrast.

Prof. Sumichrast.

22,361. Not exactly Uke type.

Catharus frantzii.

Catharus frantzii, Cab. Jour. Orn. for Sept. 1860 (pub. Jan. 1861), 323
(Costa Rica).

Ilab. Costa Rica.

No. 30,482. First primary about half the 2d. Above rufescent
olive, a little more rufous on the rump and tail, still more so on the
head above and nape ; the outer edge of primaries a little grayer
than the back. Beneath plumbeous gray, darkest on the front and
sides of the breast, under wing covers, and thighs. Edges of throat
feathers perhaps a little lighter. Sides of head grayish. Flanks,
middle of belly and anal regions white ; under tail coverts pale rusty,
some of the feathers faintly edged with plumbeous. Tipper mandible
black ; lower yellow, but rather brownish at tip ; legs pale brown.
Length, 7.60; wing, 3.30; tail, 3.20; bill, from nostril to tip, .41;
tarsus, 1.36; middle toe and claw, 1.00; 5th or longest primary,
.47, longer than the tenth.

Another specimen (No. 30,483), although quite different, appears
to be a more immature stage of the same species. The upper parts
are darker and tinged with a more brownish rufous ; the breast and
sides are also strongly marked with the same.

The Catharus frantzii is intermediate between C. melpomene and
occidentalis. The back is more olivaceous and darker than in the
latter, the head of much the same color. Different from either, the
outer webs of the primaries are grayer than the back, instead of

io

REVIEW OF AMERICAN BIRDS.

[part I.

more rufous. There are no streaks on the throat as in occidentalis,
or else they are very faintly indicated ; and the plumbeous of the
under parts is much darker than in melpomene. The bill and feet
are colored as in occidentalis, the feet still darker than in the latter
species. The bill is proportionally as large as in melpomene; the
bristles apparently very long.

List of Specimens.

Smith-
sonian

No.

Collec-
tor's
No.

Sex
and
Age.

Locality.

When
Collected.

Received from

Collected by

30.482
.•?3,2".4
30,483

89

90

148

Ad.
Juv.

Costa Rica.

Dr. Frantzius.

Dr. Frant?ius.

Malacocichla.

Catharus dryas.

AJalacocirhJa dryas, Godld, P. Z. S. 1854, 285, pi. 79 (Guatemala). —
ScLATER & Salvin, Ibis, 1859, 7.— ScLATEK, p. Z. S. 1859, 324.

Uah. Guatemala.

Above slaty olive-green ; the top and sides of the head, including
lower jaw, continuous and deep black ; beneath light ochry yellow,
becoming yellowish-white on the belly and anal region ; crissum
tinged with brown ; sides of body and inside of wings somewhat like
the back ; small indistinct spots of olivaceous on the chin and throat,
which become larger and more rounded on jugulum and breast. Bill
and legs yellow.

Length, 6.00 ; wing, 3.60 ; 1st primary, .96 ; tail, 2.15 ; bill from
nostril, .40, from gape, .92; tarsus, 1.40; middle toe and claw, .96.

This species is easily distinguished from C. maculatus^ of Ecua-
dor, by the much more olive back (not dark ash) and ochry yellow
breast. The wings are longer and the tail shorter in pi'oportiou (in
maculatus measuring respectively 3.50 and 3.00).

I am indebted to Mr. Salvin for the opportunity of examining his
cabinet speciraea of this species, lent me for the purpose. (No. 31,
Salvin coll. Tileman, Rio Potochic, Guatemala, Jan. 1861.) It does

' A specimen of Malacocichla, in Mr. Lawrence's collection, from the Napo,
with a general resemblance to a type Napo skin of M. maculatus received from
Mr. Verreaux, is in some respects more like HJ. dryas. Thus the upper parts,
instead of being grayish sooty, are more olive, the under parts more ochrace-
ous yellow. The crissum, however, instead of being yellowish-white, like the
anal region, is of a snufiy brown. The tail is much longer (3.30).

CATHARUS. 11

not agree exactly with Mr. Gould's description, but is probably the
same species.

Catkarus me^icanus.

Malacocichla mexicana, Box. Coinptes Rendus, XLIII, Nov. 1856, 998
(Xalapa). — Catharus mexicanus, Sclater, P. Z. S. 1859, 324. — Ib.
Catal. 18(51, 1, uo. 4.
Hah. S. Mexico ; Guatemala.

Above yellowish olive, with a tinge of rufous in the rump and
base of tail. Top and sides of head black, this color not extending
to sides of lower jaw, which are dark ash. Beneath ashy ; the chin
and throat whitish ; middle of belly and crissum white ; breast and
sides tinged with olive. Bill yellow ; dusky along culmen ; tip
brownish yellow or very pale corneous.

Length, 6.00 ; wing, 3.55 ; 1st primary, .90; tail, 2.80 ; bill, from
nostril, .40, from gape, .90 ; tarsus, 1.30 ; middle toe and claw, .88.

Specimen examined, Xo. 32 of Mr. Salvin's collection, Rio Poto-
chic, Tileman, Guatemala, Jan. 1861 (lent by Mr. Salvin).

This species is easily distinguished by the combination of the yel-
lowish olive back, black head, and absence of spots beneath. The
olive has a more gamboge tinge than in dryas, and the black of the
head does not extend over the lower 'jaw. There is nothing of the
ochry yellow of the under parts, nor the spots of dryas.

*
TURDUS, Lisx.
Tardus, Libn. Syst. Nat. ed. 10th, 1758, 168. (Type T. viscivorus of Europe.)

The genus Tiirdus is an exceedingly cosmopolitan one, embracing
species from nearly all parts of the world excepting Australia.
There are many minor variations in external anatomy and style of
coloration ; but the transition is so gradual from one form to another
as to render it exceedingly difficult to separate them generically to any
considerable extent. They agree in the conical subulate bill, shorter
than the head ; the tip gently decurved and notched (except in
Eesperocichla) ; the rictus with moderate bristles ; the wings rather
long and pointed, with small 1st primary (less than one-fourth the
second) ; considerably longer than the tail, which is firm, nearly even,
with broad feathers. Tarsi variable, seldom as long as the skull,
the scutellse fused into a continuous plate ; only in rare individual
instances showing indications of the lines of separation.

The following arrangement of the genus is proposed as expressing,
with some accuracy, the characters of the American species : —

12 REVIEW OF AMERICAN BIRDS. [PART I.

Sexes similar.
Hylocichla. Smallest species. Bill short, broad at base ; much depressed.
Tarsi long and slender, longer than middle toe and claw by the additional
length of the claw ; outstretched legs reaching nearly to tip of tail.
Body slender. Color: above olivaceous, or reddish, beneath whitish;
breast spotted ; throat without spots.

Turdus. Bill stouter and higher. Tarsi short, scarcely longer than middle
toe and claw. Body stout, geoerally whitish beneath and spotted. (2d
quill longer than 5th ?).

Planesticus. Similar to preceding. (2d quill shorter than 5th ?). Beneath
mostly unicolored ; uustreaked except the throat, which is whitish with
dark streaks.

Sexes dissimilar.
Merula. Similar to Turdus. Male usually more or less black, especially on
the head ; females brownish, often with streaked throats. Bill distinctly
notched.

Hesperocichla. Similar to Turdus. Male reddish beneath, with a black
collar. Bill without notch.

Of the preceding sections into which I have divided Turdus, the
first one is possibly entitled to full generic rank. It is intended to
include the small North American species, with Turdus mustelinus,
Gm., at the head as type, which are closely connected on the one side
with Catharus, by their lengthened tarsi, and with Turdus by the
shape of the wing. The bills are shorter, more depressed, and broader
at base than in typical Turdus, so much so that the species have
frequently been described under Muscicapa.

The section Turdus, as well as the entire genus itself, lias as its
type Turdus viscivorus of Europe, We have no native representa-
tive of this group — one species only, Turdus iliacus, coming into
the American fauna from its occurring in Greenland.

Planesticus, first announced, as far as I can ascertain, by Bona-
parte in his Notes on Delattre's Collection, 1854, 27, appears to have
as its type T. jamacensis (T. lerehoulleti of Bonaparte, erroneously
credited to Colombia instead of Jamaica). It is among these species
that we find the closest relationships to the large European Thrushes,
as viscivorus, etc. The legs are short and stout. In the best known
species — T. migratorius — there is an occasional indication of sepa-
rate scutellce on the lower part of the tarsi, to which Kaup has
called attention in the Archiv fiir Naturgeschichte. I find the same
feature in a specimen of T. viscivorus, No. 18,116, in T. torquaius,
18,944, and many other species, and consider it merely a condition
of immaturity of development.

CATHARUS. 13

The type of llerula (Leach, 1816) is Turdus merula of Europe.
It differs from the American species I have seen in having the claws
much longer and less curved.

Turdus nsevius should be removed from its position among the
Planestici and placed either among 3Ierula, or even assigned to a
separate division. It agrees with Merula in the dissimilarity of color
in the sexes ; but differs from all the American true Thrushes in a
much more subulate and slenderly conical bill, without any notch at
the tip. The claws are longer and straighter than in T. viigratorius,
more like typical T. vierula. In form it is perhaps nearer T. tor-
quatus than other species of Merula.

It is somewhat of a question as to what name should be given to
the section of Turdus, of which nsevius is the type. Bonaparte,
in his Notes on Delattre, states that Turdus nsevius, Gm., is the type
of his new genus Ixoreus, and that it is not a Thrush at all, but a
true Tseniopterien. Dr. Sclater, to whom Bonaparte exhibited his
supposed species, T. nsevius, states (Pr Zool. Soc. 1859, 331) that
it proved to be the Tsenioptera rujiventris, of South America, a
bird of an entirely different order. Now, on the one hand, Turdus
nsevius, Gm., is positively stated by Bonaparte to be the type of his
genus Ixoreus. Dr. Sclater, however, explains Bonaparte's errone-
ous ideas of its affinities by showing that he had in view an entirely
different species, a fact which only accidentally comes to light.
Under these circumstances, if Ixoreus is not to be applied to nsevius,
must it not be assigned to Tsenioptera rujiventris, in case that
species should need a new generic appellation ; or should it be
dropped altogether ? On the whole I am inclined to adopt the latter
view, and accordingly propose the name Hesperocidila.

It will be understood, of course, that the preceding arrangement
of Turdus is only provisional, and merely intended to hint at the
affinities of the American species. Without a full series of the Old
World Thrushes, I can only base my notices on the species I have
before me.

Hylocichla.
Turdus mustelinus.

Turdus mustehnns, Gmelin, Syst. Nat. I, 1788, 817. — Apdcbon, Om.
Biog. I, 1832, 372, pi. 73.— Ib. Birds Am. Ill, 1841, 24, pi. 144.—
D'Orb. La Sagra's Cuba Ois. 1S40, 49.— Baird, Birds N. Am. 1858,
212.— Sclater, P. Z. S. 1856, 294, and 1859, 325.— Ib. Catal. 1861,
2, No. 6.

Turdus melodus, Wils. Am. Orn. I, 1808, 35, pi. ii.

Turdus densus, Bonap. Comptea Rendus, XXVIII, 1853, 2.— Ib. Notes
Delattre, 1854, 26 (Tabasco).

14 REVIEW OF AMERICAN BIRDS. [PART I-

Additional figures: Vieillot, Ois. Am. Sept. 11, pi. Ixii.— Wilson, Am.
Oiii. I, pi. ii.
Hah. U. S. east of Missouri plains, south to Guatemala. Cuba, La Sagra ;
Honduras, Moore (Pr. Z. S. 1859, 55).

This species varies less in its markings and shade of color than
perhaps any of our small spotted Thrushes. In some there is a faint
tinge of pale buff on the under parts, which are nearly pure white in
others, with the wash of buff restricted to the breast. Some speci-
mens appear more spotted beneath than others, but this is the case with
Northern skins (as 1569, from Carlisle) equally with more Southern ;
in fact specimens from Guatemala and Mexico exhibit precisely the
same variations in this respect. I am, therefore, not disposed to
consider Turdus densus, of Bonaparte, as a good species, unless
possessing distinctive characters not mentioned by that author, and
other than that of being more thickly spotted beneath, with the spots
larger and the bird smaller.

The young Turdus mnstelinvs is like the adult, except in having
rusty yellow triangular spots in the ends of the wing coverts.

Dr. Sclater gives Jamaica as one of the winter localities of this
Thrush. Mr. March has never met with it, and is of the opinion
that the bird referred to by Gosse is the Mimus hiUii, at one time
supposed by the Jamaican Ornithologists to be the T. mustelmus.

List of Specimens.

Smith-
sonian
No.

Collec-
tor's
No.

Sex
and
Age.

Locality.

When
Collected.

Received from

Collected by

4,650

8,. 390

22,.3.-.6

7,947

20,392

'96
34,414

3
377

I

Fort Pierre, Neb.
Independence, Mo
Mexico.
Guatemala.

Coban, Vera Paz.

May 3,18.5.5.
June 22, '.57.

Col. Vaughan.
W. M Magraw.
Vevreaux.
J Gould.
Cab. Lawrence.
0. Saivin.

Dr. Hayden.
Dr. J. G. Cooper.

Constancia.

8,390

Iris b

rown.

Turdus pallasii.

Turdus pallasii, Cabanis, Wiegmanii's Archiv, 1S47 (i), 205. — Ib. Jour-
nal f. Orn. 1855, 470 (Cuba).— Baird, Birds N. Am. 1858, 212.—
Sclater, P. Z. S. 1859, 325.— Ib. Catal. 1861, 2, No. 7.

Turdus solitarius, Wilson, Amer. Orn. V, 1812, 95 (not of Lixn^us). —
Sclater, P. Z. S. 1857, 212.

Turdus minor, Bon. Obs. Wilson, 1825, No. 72.

Turdus guttatiis, Cabanis, Tscbudi, Fauna Peruviana, 1844, 187 (not
Muscicapa guttata of Pallas).

CATHARUS.

15

Additional figures : Aud. Birds Am. Ill, pi. cxlvi. — Ib. Orn. Biog. I,
pi. Iviii.

Edb. Eastern North America. Cuba, Cab. Mexico ?

A large series of specimens from the northern parts of the United
States shows considerable variations in color, etc. In all, of course,
the rump and tail are rufous, in decided contrast with the rest of the
upper parts. The shade of color here varies considerably, however:
generally it is of reddish olive, sometimes as bright and of the same
shade as in T.fuscescens (as in 7591, Washington), though generally
a little less intense. In two specimens only does the back have the
olive rather than reddish shade predominant (28,225, Washington ;
29,649, Maine), as in T. sicainsonii and iianiis. These specimens are
almost as small as nanus, but have the large bill and fulvous tinge
of sides and crissum of j)allasii. In many specimens there are vestiges
of the lighter spots on the ends of the wing coverts.

The under parts do not vary much, although sometimes the tinge
of pale buff across the breast is more decided ; sometimes nearly-
wanting. The size is pretty constant ; the wing rarely exceeds 3.75,
in one case only (2,092, Carlisle) measuring 3.85 ; in half the speci-
mens it is about .20 less. The bill, too, is pretty constantly .40
from tip to nostril. The tarsi measure about 1.15.

A young bird has all the feathers of the head, back, and wing
c6verts streaked centrally with drop-shaped spots of rusty yellowish.

I have seen no specimen of this bird from south of the limits of the
United States. Mr. Sclater quotes one from Orizaba ; but it may
be the auduboni, as Prof. Sumichrast has sent a specimen referable
rather to the latter variety.

List of Specimens.

Smith-
sonian

•No.

31,413

CoUec- Sex
tor's aud

No.

Locality.

Fort Simpson, B A.
Fort, Peel's River.
Ft. Rae, Slave Lake.
Ft. Resolution, "

When
Collected.

Received from

Sep. 6, 1860.

B. R. Ross.

C. P. fjaudet.
L. Clark, Jr.
J. Lockhait.

Collected by

Turdus nanus.

Tardus nanus, AtJD. Om. Biog. V, 1839, 201, pi. cci. — Baird, Birds N. A.

1858, 213.— Sclater, P. Z. S. 1859.— 1b. Catal. 1861.
? Turdus aonnlaschta, Gjielin, S. N. I, 1788, 808.
?? Muscicapa guttata, Pallas, Zoog. Rosso-Asiat. II, 1811, 465.

Hah. Western North America (south of Columbia R. ?) to Rocky Mountains,
south to Cape St. Lucas.

16

REVIEW OF AMERICAN BIRDS.

[part I.

I have little to add to the remarks on this species in the Birds of
North America, except that the predominant shade in the back is
the olive of sioainsonii rather than the reddish of fuscescens, as in
T. pallasii. I have, however, not mentioned the difference in the
bill, which, besides being smaller, is much more depressed, as in
Anthus. The height of the bill at the base just back of the nostrils
in pallasii is from .17 to .19 of an inch, while in nanus it is only .15.
The distance from tip of bill to nostril is .35 or .36 ; the length of
tarsus, LOT to 1.10 ; the wing, 3.30 to 3.48. The clear plumbeous
cast of the flanks and thighs, and the white crissum of nanus, con-
trast characteristically with the rufous tinge of the same parts in
pallasii. The legs are rather darker and considerably more slender.

Pallas, in his Zoographia Rosso-Asiatica, I, 1831 (?), 465, de-
scribes a Muscicapa guttata from Kodiak, an island of the Russian
American Archipelago, collected by Billings. This was, in all pro-
bability, a young Thrush in the immature spotted plumage, and if
any described North American species, may, from its size and colora-
tion, be referred to Turdus nanus, rather than to any other Thrush.
Should this be substantiated, the name guttatus must take prece-
dence ; but as there is still some uncertainty on the subject, I prefer
to make no change at present until young birds of the species can
be procured. A young T. pallasii shows some rather marked differ-
ences from Pallas' description.

List of Specimens.

Sraith-

CoHec-

Sex

soniaa

tor's

and

No.

No.

Age.

8,168

16,14:3

3J3

y

10,88")

d

8.170

32,16.5

10,781

d

Locality.

Sacramento Valley.
Fort Crook, Cal.
Fori Biidtrer.
Frontera, Tex.
San Gertrude Mt.,
Cape St. Lucas.

When

Collected.

May 20, 'i
April 29
May 8.

Eeceived from

Lt. Williamson.
J. Feiluer.
C. Drexler.
Major Emory.

J. Xantus.

Collected by

Dr. Newberry.
Chas.' Wright.

Turdus audu1)oiii.

Turdus auduboni, Baird.

Merula silens, Swainson, Philos. Mag. I, 1827,369 (not Turdus silens of
ViEiLLOT, Encycl. Mtth. II, 1823, 647, based on T. mustelinus, Wils.
= T. fuscescens). — Ib. Fauna Bor.-Amer. II, 1831, 186. — Baird,
Birds N. Amer. 1858, 213, and 922.— Sclater, P. Z. S. 1858, 325
(La Parada), and 1859, 325 (Oaxaca).— Ib. CataL Am. Buds, 1861,
2, no. 9.

Eab. Rocky Mountains, from Fort Bridger south into Mexico.
Since ray article on the genus Turdus was published in the Birds

TURDUS.

17

of North America, I have seen several other specimens of the large
race of Turdus pallasii. The back is rather more olivaceous than
in pallasii, the rump paler and less rufous, and the colors generally
much as in nanus. In the largest specimen (10,886, from Fort
Bridger) the wing is 4.18 inches ; tail, 3.60 ; bill, from tip to nostril,
.45; tarsus, 1.26. Other specimens from Mexico and Guatemala
are a little smaller, but all exceed pallasii in size.

This species or race appears to belong to the high table lands of
North America ; the skin collected by Mr. Drexler, at Fort Bridger,
and that from Cantonment Burgwyn (both localities in the Rocky
Mountains), being however the only specimens recorded from the
United States. On the other hand, it seems to be rather common
in Mexico and Guatemala.

A specimen from Orizaba agrees with the others referred to in the
grayer plumage above, although not larger than many of the true
pallasii. It is probably the same variety that Dr. Sclater refers to
as T. pallasii from Orizaba.

Whether the present bird be specij&cally distinct from T. pallasii
or not, there is no doubt of its being a decidedly marked race, of
larger size and grayer plumage above. While, as defined, the true
T. pallasii is confined to eastern North America, possibly not mi-
grating south of its limits, the T. auduboni belongs to the central
North American plateau, ranging from Fort Bridger to Orizaba.

As the name of T. sileyis is pre-occupied in the genus by Yieillot,

I have ventured to affix the name of T. auduboni to the present bird,

basing the name upon the largest specimen from Fort Bridger

(10,886).

List op Specimens.

Smith-

CoUec-

Sex

sonian

tor's

and

No.

No.

-Age.

10,SS6

4S3

r^

11,734

7,950

].%,')79

13,580

32,459?

355

Locality.

Fort Bridtrer?
Cantonment Bur-
Mexico. [gwyn,N.M.

Orizaba.

When

Collected.

May 28, '58.

Received from

0. Drexler.

Dr. W. W. Ander-

J. Gould. [son.

Prof. Snmichrast.

Collected by

10,886. Type. No. 11,734. 8; 1125; 3.75.

Turdus fuscescens.

Tardus miistelinus, Wilson, Am. Orn. V, 1812, 98, pi. 43 (not of Gmelin).

Turdus fuscascens, Stephens, Shaw's Gen. Zool. Birds, X, i, 1817, 182.
Cab. Jour. 1855, 470 (Cuba).— Baird, Birds N. Am. 1858, 214.—
ScLATEK, P. Z. S. 1859, 326.— Ib. Catal. Am. Birds, 1861, 2, no. 10.

Turdus silens, Vieill. Encyclop. Meth. II, 1823, 647 (based on T. muste-
linus, WiLS.).
2 June, 1364.

18

REVIEW OF AMERICAN BIRDS.

[part I.

Turdus wilsonii, Bon. Obs. Wils. 1825, No. 73.

Turdus minor, D'Okb. La Sagra's Cuba Ois. 1840, 47, pi. v (Cuba).

Hah. Eastern North America ; Cuba; Panama (winter).

There is not much variation in the color, and but little in the size
of this species. The spots on the breast are sometimes more distinct
than common, but less so than in T. ustulatus, aud they never extend
so far back.

It is a matter of some geographical interest that Mr. Drexler
obtained the true T. fuscescens at Fort Bridger, in the Rocky
Mountains, instead of T. ustulatus, its western representative.

The collections of the Smithsonian Institution do not contain
specimens of this species from any point north of Fort Garry, nor
south of the limits of the United States, although Mr. Lawrence has
a skin from the Isthmus of Panama. I do not find it quoted as from
beyond the United States by recent authors.

List of Specimens.

Smith-

Collec-

Sex

When
Collected,

Eoaian
No.

tor's
No.

and
Age.

Locality.

Received from

Collected by

22,299

Halifax, N. S.

W. G. Winton.

18,683

ie

Portsmouth, N. H.

E. Coues.

13,132

Red River Settle-

C. S. Hubbard.

18,i522

23

" [ment,B.A.

D. Gann.

13.698

cf

Rainv Lake. 1 May 29.

R. Kennicott.

4,713

Mo. of Vermilion, j

Lt. Wairen.

Dr. Hayden.

10,881

§

Fort Bridger, Utah. May 27, '58.

C. Drexler.

8

^

Panama.

Cab. Lawrence.

M'Lean. & Galb.

13,132. No. 2,2.56. Eggs. No. 8. Cabinet of G. N. Lawrence.

Turdus ustulatus.

Turdus ustulatus, Ndttall, Man. 1, 1840, 400 (Columbia River). — Baird,
Birds N. Am. 1858, 215, pi. Ixxxi, fig. 1.— Cooper & Sdckley, P. R.
Rep. XII, II, 1860, 171.

Additional specimens of this bird, received since the publication
of the " Birds of North America," have satisfied me of the validity
of this species. Of the diagnostic characters there enumerated, I
find that of the fulvous or yellowish brown of the axillars (and to
some extent of the tibiae), as compared with their purer ash in fus-
cescens to be a constant one. The spots on the breast are much
better defined, darker, and extend farther back on the breast. The
Bides are more of a yellowish-brown. The bill is much darker,
being dark browni except at the base of the lower mandible, which is
yellowish, and in marked contrast to the remainder; while in fusees-

TURDUS. 19

cens the lower mandible is yellowish, only tinged with brownish
(sometimes scarcel}'^ appreciable) towards the end.

This species hitherto has not been noted as found outside of the
limits of Washington Territory and Northern Oregon^ nor as far east
as the Rocky Mountains — the most eastern point being Chiloweyuck
Depot, of the Northwestern Boundary Survey (as 15,931, July 3,
1859, Dr. Kennerly), where it was found breeding very abundantly.
The eggs bear a close resemblance to those of T. swainsoni, being
thickly spotted, instead of being plain blue, as in its nearest relative,
T. fuscescens.

Turdus svrainsonii.

Tardus swainsonii, Cab. Tschudi, Fauna Peruana, 1844-46, 188. — ? Scla-
TER & Salvix, Ibis, 1859, 6 (Guatemala). — Sclater, P. Z. S. 1858,
451 (Ecuador) ; 1859, 326.— Ib. Catal. 1861, 2, uo. 11,— Baied,
Birds N. Am. 1858, 216.— Gundlacu, Cab. Jour. 1861, 324 (Cuba).

Tardus minor, Gmelin, Syst. Nat. I, 1788, 809 (iu part).

Turdus olivaceus, Giradd, Birds L. Island, 1843-44, 92 (not of Linn.).

(?) Turdus minimus, Lafkesnaye, Rev. Zool. 1848, 5. — Sclater, P. Z. S.
1854, 111.— Bryant, Pr. Bost. Soc. VII, 1860, 226 (Bogota).—
Lawrence, Ann. N. Y. Lye. 1863. (Birds Panama, IV, no. 384.)
Hab. Eastern North America ; westward to Ft. Bridger and Upper Columbia,
north to Arctic Ocean, south to Ecuador.

There is not much difference in the color and size of specimens of
this species from different parts of the United States. There is a
strong fulvous tinge on the throat, breast, and side of head and neck,
a tawny yellowish ring round the eye, and a decided line of the same
extending from the nostrils to the eye. The upper parts are of uni-
form olivaceous, and pretty constant in shade ; sometimes a little
grayer, sometimes with a faint tinge of rufous, though this is usually
almost inappreciable.

Sometimes the fulvous tinge of the breast is so slight as to induce
a resemblance to T. aliciae ; but here the persistence of the yellowish
ring round the eye, and the line from eye to nostril, will generally
determine the species. In a few instances the ring round the eye
and loral line are very pale, but I have considered the distinct ex-
istence of the latter as inclining the decision in favor of swainsonii.
It is quite possible that some of these doubtful specimens may be
hybrids of the two species, as they invariably come from the regions
where both breed abundantly.

The bill is generally rather small, on an average measuring .35
from front of bill to nostril ; in one or two specimens iu the series,
as 22,250, from Washington, it measures .40, or nearly as much as

20 REVIEW OF AMERICAN BIRDS. [PART I.

alicia&. One specimen (5,657) from Kansas, has the bill only .30
from nostril to tip; the tarsi, .99; wing, 3.80; tail, 2.88. In an
average specimen from Carlisle (2,639) the bill is .40 ; tarsus, 1.12 ;
wing, 3.75 ; tail, 2.85.

A specimen from Panama, belonging to Mr. Lawrence's collection,
and which he refers to the Turdus minimus of Lafresuaye, is smaller
than the average of northern specimens, with shorter bill. It is a
very little less than the Kansas specimen, with the bill a little longer ;
but several Carlisle and other northern specimens have the wings
and tail still shorter. I am, therefore, disinclined to consider the
specimen as anything more than T. sivainsonii, perhaps a short
billed variety to which the Kansas specimen may also belong.

If the Tardus minimus of Lafresnaye be properly described, it
would appear to be different from any of the varieties of T. sioain-
sonii.

This species has been found to occur farther to the west than was
formerly supposed. Mr. Drexler obtained specimens at Fort Bridger,
Dr. Cooper in the Bitterroot Mountains, and Dr. Kennerly, of the
N. W. Boundary Survey, found it in Washington Territory. North-
ward it reaches almost to the Arctic Ocean, along the Mackenzie,
and across from there to Fort Yukon ; in fact it occurs throughout
the whole northern heavily wooded region. I have seen no speci-
mens from Labrador, where, however, T. alicise seems abundant.

Having had the opportunity of examining the specimen from Bo-
gota, which Dr. Bryant referred to the species of Lafresnaye (no. 92
of Dr. Bryant's collection), I am able to corroborate the remarks of
the former relative to its peculiarities. The spots are larger than
common in the North American birds, and appear to extend farther
back on the breast and sides, where, in fact, they are as dark as those
on the jugulum, instead of being fainter and grayer of tint. The
flanks are darker, and colored like the back, instead of being much
lighter. The line from bill to eye, and probably the ring round the
eye, are of a much more brownish-yellow.

I am, however, not ready to conclude that this specimen is specifi-
cally distinct from Turdus swainsonii, as North American skins
vary a good deal in their characters, some of them approaching
it in one direction and some in another. The size is nearly equal to
the average of swainsonii, the skin being pressed up so as to seem
shorter than it should be. It measures but 5.90, but should be at
least 6.50; the wing is 3.80; the tail 2.95; bill to nostril, .36;
tarsus, 1.04 ; all dimensions readily paralleled in the North American
bird. The bill is fully as large.

TURDUS.

21

The Turdus minimus of Mr. Lawrence, from Panama, is even
more like typical North American birds.

It is quite possible that neither of these specimens belongs to the
true T. minimus of Lafresnaye, as this author speaks of his bird
being of a smoky brown tinge above, "just as in Seiurus aquaticus
(noveboracensis),'' a decidedly different color.

List of Specimens.

Smith-

Collec-

Sex

When

Collected.

eoniaa
No.

tor's
No.

and

Age.

Locality.

Received from

Collected by

2.:a,622

Moose Factory, H.

J. Mackenzie.

20,616

79

[Bay.

Julys, '60.

C. Drexler.

C. tttexler.

20,614

485

Fort Georcre.

July 11, -60.

"

23,2S8

St. Ste[iheiis, N. B.

G. A. Boardman.

2,206

rC

Carlisle. Pa.

May 3,1845.

S. F. Baird.

22,2o0

544

WashiiigtOQ.

D. W Prentiss.

27,189

86

V

Fort Yukon.

June 20.

Jas. Lock hart.

27,182

1,190

rf

"

"

R. Keniiicolt.

23,221

Fort Good Hope.

R W. M'Failane.

27,188

V

Fort SiiMp,<on.

B R. Ross.

22,612

649

Bifi Island.

"

Jno. Reid.

19,479

Fort Resolution.

May 2.

R. Kennicott.

17,980

62

Siiskatcliewan.

1859.

"

11,58.5

Red Hiver Sett.

D. Gunn.

6,818

^

Black Hills.

Sept. IS.

Lt. Warien.

Dr. Hayden.

8,30 ;

15

ludependeiice, Mo.

M.ir. 27,'57.

W. M. Magraw.

Dr. J. G. Cooper.

6,993

H"

St. Louis, Mo.

May 15, '57.

Lt. Biyan.

W. S. Wood.

4, .324

Calcasieu, La.

1854.

G. Wurdemann.

12,199

Red Fork of Arkan-
sas.

Dr. S. W. Wood-
liouse.

8,21.5

147

Fort Laramie.

Sep. 10, '57.

Dr. J. G. Cooper.

10,887

rf

Fort Bridijer,

May 27, '58.

C Drexler.

22,037

93

Bitter R.xit Valley.

Sep. 3, '60.

Dr. J. G. Cooper.

21,916

549

rf

Clark's Fork of Col.

A. Campbell.

Dr. Kennerly.

21,917

538

V

" [River.

"

"

13, .177

Mexico.

J. Gould.

7,948

"

"

13,.57S

Guatemala.

"

20,393

Cobaii, Vera Paz.

0. Salvia.

5

Panama.

1862.

Cab. Lawrence.'

M'Leannan.

(2,206.) 7.40; 12.08; 4.08. (8,302.) Iris browtj.

Turdus aliciae.

Tardus alicix, BaiSd, Birds N, Am. 1858, 217, pi. 81, fig. 2.— Coues, Pr.
Acad. Nat. Sci. Aug. 1861, 217 (Labrador)

The validity of this species, first established in 1858, in the " Birds
of North America," has since been substantiated, and its geographical
distribution ascertained by numerous specimens in the Museum of
the Smithsonian Institution. Labrador and the Lower Mackenzie
River, Ohio, Pennsylvania, and the District of Columbia, and to the
south, Costa Rica, have all been added to the regions known to be
inhabited by it. It is, in fact, a very remarkable circumstance, that
for two or three years past it has been more abundant around Wash-

• Type of minimus of Lawrence.

22 REVIEW OF AMERICAN BIRDS. [PART I.

ington than sivainsonii itself. It certainly is much more common
now than formerly, as none of the older collections embrace it among
their species, while it is frequently met with at the present time.

As originally described, it diifers from swainsonii in larger size,
longer bill, feet, and wings especially, straighter and narrower bill.
The back is of a greener olive. The breast and sides of the head
are entirely destitute of the buff tinge, or at best this is very faintly
indicated on the upper part of the breast. The most characteristic
features are seen on the side of the head. Here there is no indica-
tion whatever of the light line from nostril to eye, and scarcely
any of a light ring round the eye — the whole region being grayish-
olive, relieved slightly by whitish shaft-streaks on the ear coverts.
The sides of body, axillars, and tibiae are olivaceous gray, without
any of the fulvous tinge seen in swainsonii. The bill measures .40,
from tip to nostril sometimes more; tarsi, 1.21; wing, 4.20; tail,
3.10 — total, about 1.50. Some specimens slightly exceed these
dimensions ; few, if any, fall short of them.

At the time that this species was described, in 1858, the only
known localities were Illinois and the line of the Missouri River
along the mouths of the Vermilion and the James Rivers. Since
that time its distribution has been found to be much more extensive.
Although not yet found west of the Missouri, nor on it above Fort
Union, it is abundant along the Lower Mackenzie, and especially
about Fort Anderson, on Anderson Rivei*. It is rare on the Youkon,
as well as on Slave Lake, except perhaps at the western extremity.
Mr. Coues found it abundant in Labrador. It is now particularly
common in the spring about Washington, and a few specimens have
been obtained about Philadelphia.* South of this it has not been
noticed with the single exception of the specimen recorded below.
Dr. Bryant, however, thinks he has seen it in Dr. Gundlach's Cuban
collection.

In a word, its distribution in North America, as at present known,
is from the Missouri River and the Mackenzie on the west, to Wash-

' Mr. J. A. Allen, in a paper on the Birds of Springfield, Mass. (Pr. Essex
Institute, IV, 1864, 5(j), speaks of Tardus alicise as abundant about Springfield,
and as grading so insensibly into the T. swainsonii, as not to be entitled to
consideration as even a strongly marked variety. I am inclined, however, to
think, from the nature of his remarks and comparisons, that he has not seen
what I call T. aliciae.

During the many years I collected birds about Carlisle, and in the course
of which I killed large numbers of T. sioainsnnii, I never saw an alicia?, although
I observed the same variations in shade and color of the former referred to by
Mr. Allen.

TURDUS.

23

ington and Philadelphia on the east, and northward to the shores
of the Arctic Ocean, where, however, it is confined within narrow
limits of lono-itude.

Smith-

Collec-

S-^x

sonian

tor's

and

No.

No.

Age.

27,323

194

?

27,203

1,420

22,607

9

IS 072

100

rf

4,708

rf

10,084

22,288

22,240

30,485

91

Locality.

When
Collected.

Received from

Collected by

Fort Youkcin. j JuneSO, '61.

Lii Pierre's House, j

' ort Auder-o». '

Fort Simp.son. i Sept 10, '60.

Grosvater B.iy, Lab. ' 1860.

Mo. of Verrailioa. I May 8, '56.

W. Northlield, 111. i

Ohio. I

Washington, D. C. i

San Jose, Costa Rica.

J. Liickhart.

B R. Ross.

R. Mai^l arlane.

B. R. Ro>s.
Elliot Cuiies.
Lt. Warren.
R Keunicott.
J. M. W^heaton.

C. Drexler.

Dr. A. V. Frantzius,

J. Flett.

Dr. Hayden.
Alice Keunicott.

(27,323.) 7.20; 12.10; 4.10. (10,084.) Type.

Turdiis iliaciis.

Turdus iliacus, Linn. Syst. Nat. 10th ed. 1758, 168, and of European
authors. — Reinhakdt, Ibis, 1861, 6 (Greenland),

The occurrence of this well known European species in Greenland
brings it within the limits of the American Fauna. Two Greenland
specimens are recorded by Dr. Reinhardt : one of them shot at
Frederickshaab, Oct. 20, 1845.*

Planesticus.
Turdus jamaicensis.

Turdus jamaicensis, Gmelin, S. N. I, 1788, 809. — GossE, Birds Jam.
1847, 142.— Bon. Consp. 1850, 271.— March, Pr. A. N. S. 1863,
292.— ScLATER, P. Z. S. 1859, 327.— Ib. Catal. 1861, 3, no. 13.

Turdus capucinus, Hartlaub, Bp. Consp. 271.

Turdus lereboulleti, Bp. Comptes Rendus, XXXVIII, Jan. 1854, 3.

Hab. Jamaica.

Smith-
sonian

No.

Collec-
tor's

No.

Sex
and

Age.

Locality.

When

Collected.

Received from

Collected by

22,144

Spanish town. Jam.

W. T. March.

' This species is smaller than our Robin (Z". migratorius'), but of a similar
grayish-olive above, including the head. The under parts are white; the
feathers of the lower throat and breast streaked with brown. The sides,
axillars, and inner wing covert are reddish cinnamon. A conspicuous white
streak over the eye and extending as far back as the nape. Bill black, yel-
low at base of lower jaw. Legs pale-colored. Second quill longer than fifth.
Length, about 8.25 ; wing, 4.64 ; tail, 3.45 ; bill, from gape, 1.07, from nostril,
.44; tarsus, 1.16; middle toe and claw, 1.15. Specimen described: 18,718,
% , received from the Royal Artillery Institution, Woolwich.

24

REVIEW OF AMERICAN BIRDS.

[part I.

Turdus leucaiiclien.

Tardus leucauchen, Sclater, P. Z. S. 1858, 447.— Sclatek, Ibis, 1S59,
6. — Ib. Catal. Am. Birds, 18(J1, 3, no. US.

Hab. Guatemala. Mexico?

Description of No. 30,647. (Compared with type.) Above black-
ish ash, with tinge of olivaceous ; wings and tail blackish brown,
almost black. Beneath pale brownish ash ; axillars and under wing
coverts tinged with yellowish ; flanks rather darker ; middle of abdo-
men and crissum white. Inner edges of the quills towards base not
lighter than elsewhere, but brown. Chin and upper throat white,
the feathers streaked centrally with black ; a conspicuous pure white
patch at lower end of throat. Legs horn color ; bill yellowish,
tinged with brown along culmen towards the tip.

Length, 9.25 (skin) ; wings, 4.80 ; tail, 4.20 ; bill, from nostril, .50 ;
tarsus, I.IG; middle toe and claw, 1.10; longest primary (4th and
5th), 1.10, longer than the shortest; 2d intermediate between 6th
and 7th.

Specimens from Costa Rica, compared with 30,647, are smaller;
the back more olivaceous ; the median line of the belly whiter; the
crissal feathers longer and more edged with plumbeous ; the bill
more tinged with brown. A triangular yellowish spot in the larger
coverts apparently indicates a slight immaturity.

Bmith

CoUec-

Sex

soniao

tor's

and

No.

No.

Ai^fe.

22, .360

43,463

32 6S4

43,46S

V

20 .5SS

1,4.52

30,647

3,011

7

3.3.263

23

!<

33,264

23

d

Locality.

"Mexico."

Choctun, Vera Paz,
[Guat.
Guatemala.
Dota Alts., Costa
" [Rica.

When
Collected.

Jan. 1860.
Jan.27, '64.

Keceived fiom

E. Verreaux.
0. Salvin.

Cab. of G. N. Law-
J. Carniol. [rence.

Collected by

30.647. "Coinp.ired with type." 33,263. Length, 9; extent, 13. Ins yellowish-brown.
33,264. Iris brown.

Turdus assimilis.

Turdus assimilis, Cab. Mus. Hein. 1850, 4.— Sclater, P. Z. S. 1857, 202 ;
1859, 370 (eggs).— Ib. Catal. Am. Bi/ds, 1861, 3, no. 15.

Hab. Mexico (Vera Cruz, Orizaba, Oaxaca;. Guatemala.

No. 22,351. Upper parts uniformly yellowish-olive, very much
as in the brighter varieties of Turdus swainsonii. Wing and tail
feathers (concealed portions) brown, of similar shade, without the

TURDUS. 25

olive. Beneath pale grayish fulvous, rather darker on the flanks,
where the color is much as on the back. Belly to crissum white.
Chin white, the feathers streaked centrally with blackish brown ; a
whitish region posterior to the streaks.

Axillars yellowish fulvous, as also to a rather less degree, the in-
side of the wings, including the basal portion of inner webs of the
quills. Bill and legs horn color, the under mandible paler.

Length, 8.15 ; wing, 5.20; tail, 4.30; bill to nostril, .51 ; tarsus,
1.20 ; middle toe and claw, 1.12 ; claw alone, .30 ; longest primary
exceeds the shortest by 1.20 ; second quill intermediate between the
6th and 7th (.16 longer than the latter).

This specimen, in color of upper parts, wings and tail, is very
similar to Tardus grayi, although readily distinguishable by the
white abdomen, darker throat-streaks, etc.

Tardus leacauchen is distinguishable at a glance from T. assimi-
lis, by its colors, almost black above, not fulvous ; light plumbeous
ashy beneath, not pale fulvous ; uniform bi'own of inner webs of
quills, and dark axillars, not decidedly paler and fulvous ; greater
amount of white on the throat ; yeltow bill ; shorter and more
rounded wings, etc.

I have been thus detailed in showing the differences between what
I consider characteristic specimens of assimilis and leucauchen, to
introduce a series of specimens exactly intermediate between the two,
all labelled assimilis: 18,564 from Orizaba, by Dr. Sclater ; 30,648
from Guatemala, by Mr. Salvin ; 22,351, Mexico, by Mr. Verreaux.
In 22,351, the size, proportion, and color are more like leucauchen ;
the wings and tail are nearly as dark ; the back, however, is green-
ish-olive ; the under parts similar, but paler ; the axillars with a
little more fulvous ; the bill is as yellow. In 18,564, the relation-
ship to assimilis is shown by a still lighter tinge above, the axillars
almost as fulvous as in assimilis. Some dark shaft spots and streaks
in the feathers of the breast are indications of a certain degree of
immaturity.

The gradation of these specimens between assimilis, as described
above, and leucauchen, is so perfect, that in coloration No. 18,564
would, I think, be referred to the former, and 22,351 to the latter.
With this, No. 30,648, from Guatemala, recently received from Mr.
Salvin, also agrees quite closely — the axillars only being rather more
fulvous.

It is quite possible that these specimens referred to as intermedi-
ate forms may, as labelled, all belong to Turdus assimilis ; while
22,351 may be another species. In this case I must leave the

REVIEW OF AMERICAN BIRDS.

[part I.

question to be decided hereafter. Mr. Sclater evidently refers to
this intermediate form in P. Z. S. 1859, 310.

Smith-
sonian
No.

Collec-
tor's
No.

Sex
and
Age.

Locality. ^ Y,^"""^
■> Collected.

Received from

Collected by

22,351
22,3.i7
18,564
30,648

40,790
40,789

"l2
6

?

Mexico.

Orizaba, Mex.

Duenas, Guat. 1860.

Xalapa.

Veneaux.

Dr. Sclater.
0. Salvin.
Cab. Lawrence.

Botteri.
D Oca.

Turdus grayi.

? Merula tristis, Swains. Philos. Mag. 1827, 369. — Tardus tristis, Sclater,

P. Z. S. 1856, 294; 1859, 330.
2\rdus grayi, Bon. P. Z. S. 1837, 118.— Ib. Conspectus, 1850, 272.—

Sclater & Salvin, Ibis, I, 1859, 5 (eggs). — Sclater, Catal. 1861,4,

no. 22.— Cabanis, Journ. for 1860, 323.
? Planesticus luridus, Bon. Comptes Rendas, XXXVIII, 1854, 4 (New

Grenada).
Turdus casius, Bon. Comptes Rendu?, XLI, 1855, 657. — Turdus cxsius,

Sclater, P. Z. S. 1859, 330.— Lawr. Ann. N. Y. Ljc. 1861, 326

(Panama).

Hab. Mexico (Xalapa, Cordova, Oaxaca) ; Guatemala (Vera Paz) ; Costa
Rica.

In a rather large series of specimens I find some differences in
individuals, which, however, do not appear of specific value, espe-
cially as the separation in one character does not correspond with that
based on another ; nor are there any appreciable geographical rela-
tionships. The length of the wing, tarsus, and bill, as well as the color
and width of the latter, vary in specimens from the same localities.
In some the inner edges of the quills towards their bases are of the
same light cinnamon as the inner coverts ; this color sometimes
sharply defined as a margin. In others, again, this is less distinct ;
while m some these edges are only of a paler gray, with the faintest
trace only of cinnamon, and no margin is traceable.

In most specimens of this bird the edges of the inner webs of the
quills towards the base are light cinnamon, like the axillars, forming
a conspicuous and well defined edging. In Iso. 30,646, however
(a female bird), this character is almost inappreciable.

No. 30,559, from Acajutla, differs in being larger (length, 10.00;
wing, 5.15 ; tail, 4.80 ; bill to nostril, .60 ; tarsus, 1.25). The colors
are paler, upper parts more olive, and the inner edges of the quills

TURDUS.

21

only veiy slightly fulvous, without any well defined edging. This
is also the case with some Costa Rica skins.

Mexican specimens seem to have shorter bills than Guatemalan.
In all there is a decided bare space behind the eye, less marked,
however, especially around the eye, than in T. gyinnophthalmus.
The latter species is otherwise somewhat similar, differing mainly in
the absence of the cinnamon tinge to the under parts of the body.

Male and female specimens from Panama, in Mi*. Lawrence's col-
lection, exhibit both extremes of coloration of the quills as referred
to above.

I do not consider the evidence before me favorable to the separa-
ration of T. csesius from the original grayi ; and therefore, for the
present, prefer to unite the two species. Planesticus lu?-idus, Bon.
Notes Orn. Delattre, 28, New Grenada, probably, as suggested by
Sclater, belongs here also.

It is difficult to say to which of the Mexican Planestici the Turdus
tristis of Swainson belongs. His description of " olive brown, be-
neath whitish ; chin with black spots ; under wing coverts pale fer-
ruginous ; bill and legs brown," really suits T. leucauchen better
than grayi, to which it has generally been referred, but is too far
from the truth to admit of bein"; identified with either.

Smith-

Collec-

Sex

1

When

Collected.

sonian
No.

tor's
No.

and

Age.

Locality.

Received from

Collected by

13,664

1 Xalapa, Mex.

P. L. Sclater.

D'Oca.

33,r)70

16r>

! Mirador, Mex.

Nov. 1863.

Dr. Sartorius.

22 3.>9

40,793

9

Cordova? Mex.

Verreaux.

32,656

14,080
9

"^

Mexico.

Jalapa. [Guat.

Cab. Lawrence.

20,394

1,449

Tactic, Vera Paz,

Jan. I860.

0. Salvin.

30,646

3,015

V

1 Cobaii, " [dor.

1861.

"

30,859

rf

] Acajutla, SanSalva-

Aug. 11, '63.

Capt. J. M. Dow.

30,481

17

SanJose Costa Eica.

Dr. V. Frantzius.

Carniol.

33,260

1 "

J. Carniol.

33,262

1 "

33,261

147

8

11

10

?

Guatemala.
Panama.

Dr. V. Frantzius.

Cab. Lawrence.
" 1
" 1

••••••

1.3.664.

4.80

1.25;

33,. ^70.

22,3.59.

4 70;

1.30;

9

4.70;

1 .30;

20.394.

4 60

1.18;

30,646.

4 80

1.25;

30,8.59.

.5.1-)

1 .30;

30,481.

4.75

1.20;

8.

4.. 50

1 22;

11.

4.40

1.20;

10.

4.8.3

1.20;

1.05. Inner edges of quills cinnamon ; sharply defined.

1.10. " " " "

1.13. Cinnamon; not sharply defined.

1.15. " sharply defined.

1.15. Paler, only a trace of cinnamon.

1.17.

1.12. Cinnamon; sharply defined.

1.10.

1 05. Paler, not edged with cinnamon.

1.10. " " "

' T. casius, Lawr.

28 REVIEW OP AMERICAN BIRDS. [PART I.

Turdus oI)soletus.

Tardus obsoletus, Lawrence, Ann. N. Y. Lye. VII, 1862 ( % , Panama).
Hab, Isthmus of Panama.

Male : Second quill betwee-n 6tli and 7th ; 4th and 5th longest.
Color above dark brownish olive, deepest on the head ; beneath show-
ing a considerably paler shade of the same, but darkest on the sides ;
throat similar, but with a grayish tinge, the centres of the feathers
obsoletely darker. Region about the vent and under tail coverts
pure white. Inner wing coverts, axillars, and inner edges of the
quills cinnamon rufous. Greater coverts with a spot of cinnamon
at the end (an indication of immaturity ?). Bill and legs uniform
brown.

Length, 8.10; wing, 4.60; tail, 3.80; bill from gape, 1.15, from
nostril, .58; tarsus, 1.17 ; middle toe and claw, 1.15.

I owe the opportunity of examining this species to the kindness
of Mr. Lawrence, the description being taken from his type speci-
men No. 12, collected by Mr. M'Leannan in 1862. The peculiar
dark lines crossing the feathers on the back, described by Mr. Law-
rence, are purely optical in character, being similar to the watering
of silks, etc. The under parts, too, are quite uniform, the edges of
the feathers being possibly a little ferruginous.

This species may be the female of one of the black species as
suggested by Dr. Sclater, in a letter to Mr. Lawrence ; but I am
unable to assign it to any of those described, and the bird is marked
as a male by Mr. M'Leannan.

' Turdus migratorius.

Tardus migralorius, Linn. S. N. 12th ed. 1766, 292.— Sclater, P. Z. S.

1856, 294 ; 1859, 331.— Ib. CataL Am. Birds, 1861, 4.— Baird, Birds

N. Am. 1858, 218.— Cooper & Suckley, P. R. R. R. XII, ii, 1859, 172.
Figures : Vieillot, Ois. Am. Sept. II, pi. Ix, Ixi. — Wilson, Am. Orn.

I, 1808, pL ii.— DouGUTY, Cab. N. H. I. 1830, pi. xii.— Audubon,

Birds Am. Ill, pL 142; Orn. Biog. II, pi. 131.

Hab. The whole of North America ; Mexico (Oaxaca, Cordova) ; Cuba, very
rare (Gundlach) ; Tobago (Kirk).

In highly plumaged specimens from the east the feathers of the
inter-scapular region are frequently, even generally, tinged with
blackish in their centres, passing gradually into ash on the edges,
and the black of the head ceases to be sharply defined. There is also
usually a well defined whitish tip, half an inch long, to the outer tail
feathers.

TURDUS.

29

In Rocky Mountain skins, the tail is either black except a very
narrow whitish edge, or the white tips of eastern specimens are re-
placed by a dull gray. The black of the head, too, is better defined,
the interscapular feathers more uniformly ash, and the upper parts
without the faint brownish wash so frequently seen in eastern speci-
mens. There are, however, some exceptions to these features, in the
series from each locality. The colors generally of western birds
appear to be paler.

It may be proper to state that, while in spring adult specimens
the bill is yellow with the extreme tip dusky, in immature, and per-
haps winter di-ess, there is every gradation from this to a uniformly
dusky bill. The entire culmen is frequently tinged with brown.

In none of the specimens before me is the head entirely destitute
of its brown or blackish color, although the edges of the feathers
are frequently so much tinged with ash as greatly to obscure this
character.

The bills vary considerably in length — the shortest measuring .50
from tip to nostrils, the average being barely .60.

A specimen from Mirador, Mex. (No. 23,908), agrees generally
with skins from the United States, but the throat anteriorly is so
closely streaked with black as to exceed the white in amount, this
color being restricted principally to the chin.

This species is found throughout the whole of North America,
north to the Arctic Ocean, wherever collections have been made,
and as far south as the latitude of Vera Cruz. No species are more
generally distributed in North America than this bird and Dendrceca
sestiva. I find no mention of its occurrence south of Mexico.

I mention only the extra limital specimens of the many skins in
the Smithsonian collection.

Smith-
sonian

No.

Collec-
tor's
No.

Sex
and
Age.

Locality. Collected. Eeceived from

Collected by

7,949
13.081
23,908

Mexico.
Mirador, Mex.

J. Gould.

Dr. C. Sartorius.

J. Taylor.

Turdus cosiliiiis.

Tardus conjinir., Baird, n. 9.
Hab. Todo3 Santos, Cape St. Lucas.

No. 23,789. Entire upper parts and sides of head and neck uni-
form grayish ash, with perhaps a faint tinge of olivaceous, less than
in eastern specimeus of T. mi<jratorius. The central portions of the

30 REVIEW OF AMERICAN BIRDS. [PART I.

feathers of the top of head are rather darker than the edges, though
almost inappreciably so, and not imparting a general dusky appear-
ance. The chin and throat are white, streaked with ashy brown.
The jugulum and breast are pale yellowish buff; the axillars, inner
wing coverts and sides of the breast similarly, but rather more de-
cidedly colored. The belly and edges of the crissal feathers are
white, the hinder parts of the flanks ashy. There is a distinct
whitish stripe from the lores over, and a quarter of an inch behind
the eye ; the lower eyelid is also white. The tail feathers are
worn, but there is an indication of a narrow white tip. The
feathers of the jugulum, especially of the sides, are tipped with
ashy like the back, as in immature specimens of T. migraiorius.
The greater wing coverts are tipped with dull white. The bill is
yellowish ; the upper mandible and the tip of lower tinged with
dusky. The feet are pale brown.

The length cannot be given accurately, as the skin is much drawn
up. The wing, however, measures 5.10 inches, its tip reaching 1.40
beyond the longest secondary; tail, 4.10; tarsus, 1.20; middle toe
and claw, 1.07 ; exposed portion of culmen, .92; from tip to open
portion of nostrils, .60.

The specimen with a general resemblance to an immature T.
migratorius (especially the western variety), in the white superciliary
streak and general markings, is much lighter beneath than in any of
the many skins of T. migratorius before me ; there being none of
the dark chestnut or cinnamon shade, but rather a light buff ; the
belly and flanks are much more purely white. The superciliary
stripe extends farther behind the eye ; indeed in most specimens of
Tnigratorius the white is nearly confined to the eyelids. The bill
and wings are rather longer than usual in 7nigratoriuH ; the middle
toe, on the other hand, appears shorter.

The specimen lacks entirely the reddish-brown back of T. fiavi-
rostris, in which latter also the breast and sides are like those of
migratorius. The white of the belly is even more extended. It
has a whitish superciliary streak, entirely wanting in Jiavirostris.
The upper part of the jugulum is not streaked. The wings are
longer and more pointed, and the primaries extend considerably
farther beyond the secondaries. The bills are of the same size ; the
tarsus is 1.20, or longer than the middle toe and claw ; while in Jiavi-
rostris (although a larger bird) the tarsus is only 1.00, and shorter
than the middle toe and claw (1.20).

Upon the whole, it may be that the specimen before me represents
an abnormal plumage of T. 7nigratorius ; but its rather different

TURDUS.

31

proportions, much paler ground color beneath, greater extent of
white on the belly, absence of black or dusky on the head, etc., leads
me to consider it as distinct. Its being a summer bird of Cape St.
Lucas is also an additional argument for this view. It is decidedly
not to be referred to T. Jlavirodris.

Smith-

souian

No.

Collec-
tor's
No.

Sex
and
Age.

Locality.

When

Collected.

Received from

Collected by

23,789

TodosSantos, C. S. L.

Sum.oflSeO.

J. Xantus.

J. Xantus.

Turdus flavirostris.

Turdus flavirostris, Swainson, Philos. Mag. 1827, 369. — Sclater, P. Z.

S. 1859, 332.
Turdus rufopalliatus, Lafr. Rev. Zool. 1840, 259 (erroneously quoted

as from Monterey, Cal.).
Turdus palliatus, Bonap. Conspectus, 1850, 272.

Hah. Western Mexico.

This species appears to be but little known to ornithologists at
the present time, none having been obtained by Boucard, Salle,
D'Oca, and other collectors. Mr. Xantus, however, procured nume-
rous specimens, in 1863, about Colima, Max., which would seem to be
its centre of abundance. It appears to vary but little in color with
sex and season, and may readily be identified by Sclater's diagnosis.

Sraith-

Collec-

Sex

When

Bonian

tor's

and

Locality.

Received from

Collected by

No.

No.

Age.

12,864
29,349

95

rr

1st. Tehuantepec.

May 17.

T. C. Martin.

A. J. Grayson.

104

d

Colema, Mex.

Jan. 1863.

J. Xantus.

J. Xantus.

29,3.50

100

d

29,351

102

d

29,352

101

d

29.353

106

?

29,354

105

V

S0,13t
30,137
31,818

143
1,711

d
?

d

Feb. 1S63.
Aug. 1S63.

29,349. Length, 8.50. Iris brown.
29',350. " 8.50. " reddish.

29.351. " brown.

29.352. "
29,3.53. " "

29,3.54. Iris brown.

30,134. Length, 8..50. Iris brown.

30,137. " 9.25.

31,818. " "

Merula.
Turdus infuse atus.

Merula infuscata, Lafres. Rev. Zool. 1844, 41. — Turdus infuscatus,
Sclater & Salvin, Ibis, I, 1859, 6.— Sclatfr, P. Z. S. 1859, 334,
362.— Ib. Catal. 1861, 5 (no. 33).
Hah. Mexico (Xalapa, Oaxaca). Guatemala.

32

REVIEW OF AMERICAN BIRDS.

[part I.

Smith-
sonian

No

Collec-
tor's
No.

Sex
and

Locality.

When
Collected.

Received from

Collected by

18.6.57
30,649

4,440

Xalapa.

Vera Paz, Guat.

Dr. P. L. Sclater.
0. Salvin.

DOca.

Salvin &Godman.

Turdus rufitorques.

Tunlux Tufitorques, Haetlaub, Rev. Zool. 1844, 214. — Sclatek, P. Z. S.
1859, 334 ; Ibis, II, 1860, 29 ; Catal. 1861, 6, no. 35.
Hah. Guatemala ; Dueiias.

Smith-
sonian

No.

Collec-, Sex
tor'.s j and
No. Af?e.

Locality.

Duenas, Guat.

When

Collected.

Aug. 3, 1S59.

Received from

Collected by

Hesperocichla.
Turdiis naeTius.

Turdus nsEvius, Gm. S. N. 1, 1788, 817.— Sclater, P. Z. S. 1857, 4 ; 1859,
331.— Baird, Birds N. Am. 1858, 219.— Cooper & Suckley, P. R.
R. R. XII, II, 1859, 172.

Orpheus meruloides, Rich. F. B. A. II, 1831, 187, pi. xxxviii.

Other figures : Vieillot, Ois. Am. Sept. II, 1807, pi. Ixvi. — Aud. Om.
Biog. IV, 1838, pi. 369, and 433.— Ib. Birds Am. Ill, pi. 143.

This species is not recorded as found elsewhere than on the north-
west coast of America, from California northward to Russian America.
Richardson obtained a single specimen on Great Bear Lake, described
as Orpheus meruloides ; and Mr. Kennicott found another in the
Rocky Mts,, on Porcupine River (No. 27,221, August 28, 1861, col-
lector's number 1,612).

It is proper to state that the specimen collected by Mr. Kennicott
(of which only the head and wing were preserved) exhibits a decided
notch in the bill. Nothing approximating to this character, how-
ever, could be discerned in over fifty other specimens examined ; in
all of which, if any indication of notch existed, it was of the most
obsolete character, and was, in most instances, not to be found at all.

PLATYCICHLA, Baikd.
Platycichia, Baird, n. g. (Type P. brevipes.')

Among the South American Thrushes in the Museum of the
Smithsonian Institution is one (No. 23,954) for which I am unable

' Platycichia brevipes, Baird. The upper parts are greenish-olive, with an
appearance of darker edges to the feathers of the head and back. The under

PLATYCICHLA — SEMIMERULA. 33

to find a name generic or specific, and which differs so very con-
siderably from any other I have met with as to be well entitled to
a new generic appellation. It was obtained by Dr. G. R. Horner,
U. S. X., during the cruise of the Delaware many years ago, on the
coast of South America, probably in Brazil. Two specimens similar
to it are in the Philadelphia Academy. This may possibly be the
Cichlopsis leucogenys, Cab. Mus. Hein. 1850, 54, or an allied species ;
but I cannot reconcile it with the description of either genus or
species by Cabanis.

With the general appearance of a Planesticus, it differs markedly
in having a short and very broad deeply cleft bill, much depressed
at the base, and with moderate bristles. The diameter of the jaw
across the base of lower mandible is .42, much greater than the
length of gonys (.31), and at least equal to the distance from
nostrils to end of bill, very different from what it is in Turdus migra-
torius. The feet are weak. The tarsi are very short, being less
than the middle toe and claw ; they are booted, or without transverse
divisions. The wings and tail are much as in Turdus migratorius.

In external form this bird exhibits quite an approach to the Ampe-
lidse, especially to Myadestes, although evidently a Thrush ; but its
short broad bill and weak feet, with short tarsi, distinguish it from
all others.

SEMIMERULA, Sclater.
, Semimerula, Sclatek, P. Z. S. 1859, 332. (Type Turdus gigas.')

Size large. Wings rather short and rounded, decidedly, but not
considerably longer than the tail, which is slightly rounded. First
quill in T. gigas nearly one-half the 2d, in auraTitius two-fifths ; 2d
about equal to the 8th, or shorter than tth ; 5th longest. Bill large,
in some specimens as long as the head. Legs stout and strong.
Tarsi decidedly longer than the head. Color dusky all over. Sexes
similar.

parts are yellowish-olive ; crissum paler ; the middle of belly and anal region
whitish ash ; the throat feathers with shaft streaks and arrow spots of dusky,
obscurely indicated on the jugulum ; under wing coverts cinnamon ; middle
coverts with an occasional cinnamon spot. Total length, 8.40 ; wing, 4.45 ;
tail, 3.80 ; exposed portion of first primary, .95 ; of second, 3.05 ; of longest
(fourth, measured from exposed base of first primary), 3.30; bill: length
from forehead, .80; from nostril, .43; along gape, .95; width of gape, .55;
legs: tarsus, .95 ; middle toe and claw, 1.00 ; claw alone, .29 ; hind toe and
claw, .68; claw alone, .35.
3 July, 1864.

34 REVIEW OP AMERICAN BIRDS. [PART I.

Among the species of Turdus, of Dr. Sclater, I find in bis section
Semimerula a group which, in its characters, differs so widely from
Turdus and Merula proper, that I cannot help considering it of
generic rank. At one end of the section is Dr. Sclater's type, T.
gigas of Ecuador, in which the wings differ most from Tur^dus in
being broad and much rounded ; the 1st primary very large, and
almost half the 2d, which about equals the 8th — the 6th quill longest.
The bill is shaped like that of T. migratorius, but rather larger.
The legs are stout and strong. In T. aurantius the wings are rather
more pointed, but considerably less so than in T. migratorius. The
lengthened tarsi, considerably longer than the head, form a conspicu-
ous feature. The general appearance of aurantius is very like that
of Mimocichla, the principal apparent difference being in the shorter
and less rounded tail. The style of coloration, too, is much the
same.

Mr. George R. Gray places Cichlopsis, of Cabanis, among the
Thrushes, with T. aurantius as the type. The true type, however,
is Turdus hucogenys, Licht. Berlin Mus., which is generically very
different from the Turdus leucogenys, Latham (=T. aurantius, Gr.).

SemisaiCFUla atii-aiitia.

Tardus aurantius, Gii. Sjst. Nat. I, 1788, 832.— Sclater, P. Z. S. 1859,
333. — Ib. Catal. Am. Birds, 1861, 6, no. 37. ^Semimerula.')

Turdus leucogeni/s, Latham, lud. Oru. I, 341. — Gosse, Birds Jam. 1S47,
136.— Ib. must. no. 23.

Hab. Jamaica.

The sexes do not appear to differ in this species, although the bills
vary greatly -in size. Thus in 24,340, 'S , the bill measures .60 from
tip to nostril; while in 22,142, 9, it measures .75, with the same
width at base or even rather narrower. Thus, as in other large
Thrushe«, I find that the bill varies considerably in size, although
the average in a large number of specimens may furnish good specific
characters.

A young bird exhibits nothing of the spotted plumage of the im-
mature North American Thrushes, differing from the adult merely in
a wash of ferruginous on the under side, as well as on the top of
head and back.

Measurement of 24,340, 'S : Length, 10.00 ; wing, 4.80; tail, 4.35;
bill from head, 1.00, from nostril, .60, from gape, 1.20 ; 1st primary,
1.10; 2d primary, 3.20; tarsus, 1.54; middle toe and claw, 1.28.

MIMOCICHLA.

36

Sraith-

Collec-

Sex

When
Collected.

EOQian

No.

tor's
No.

aud

Ajje.

Locality.

Received from

Collected by

13,670

Jamaica. '

Dr. Sclaler.

23,302

cf Juv

Trelawuey, Jam.

July 9, '59.

'■

W. Osburn.

22.140

d

Spauishtown, Jam.

W. Thos. March.

22.141

d

"

"

22.1i2

V

"

"

22,143

" [Jam.

"

24,340

2S

d

Goshen, St. Annes,iOct. 10, '61.

MIMOCICHLA, ScLATER.
Mimocichla, Sclater, P. Z. S. 1859, 33G. (Type Tardus rubripes, Temm.)

Form. — Bill large, about as long as the head, without apparent
notch in some species. Rictal bristles inconspicuous, those near the
angle of the mouth reaching scarcely more than half way to the
nostrils. Tarsi lengthened, equal to the middle toe and two lengths
of its claw, either entirely smooth (or " booted") anteriorly, or with
obsolete indications of scutellaB on the exterior face. Wing a little
shorter than the tail, rather pointed ; the 1st primary large, broadly
falcate, more or less obtuse, and contained from two and a half to
three times in the 2d primary, which is nearly equal to the 8th quill ;
the 4th and 5th quills longest, the od and 6th little shorter. Tail
somewhat graduated ; the lateral feathers about three-quarters of an
inch shorter. A naked ring round the eye.

Color. — In the four species known to me the prevalent color is a
uniform slaty or plumbeous, as in the Cat-bird {Mimus carolinensis).
The extreme chin is white, the throat with a black patch, either uni-
form or interrupted with white. The lores and space beneath the
eye blackish. The lateral tail feathers have a terminal patch of
white on their under surface for nearly half the exposed length,
obscured on the outer web by a plumbeous tinge on the upper sur-
face. All the feathers of wings and tail black, the former with the
exposed or outer surface margined broadly with plumbeous in abrupt
contrast (the black shows externally on the ends of the quills). First
aud 2d quills black, without external margin. Tail feathers margined
at the base.

The species may be thus distinguished : —

Bill Mack ; whole under parts, including vent and crissum,

uniform slaty ........ plumhea.

Bill reddish-black ; under parts plumbeous, except vent and

crissum, which are white ...... schistacea.

Bill reddisli-black ; beneath plumbeous ; lower abdomen and

thighs cinnamon red ; crissum white .... ruhrljies.

36 REVIEW or AMERICAN BIRDS. [PART I.

Bill yellow ; breast light cinereous, shading into a white ab-
domen and crissum; throat white, with narrow central
streaks of black (in all others uniform black) . . ardosiacea.

This genus — a strongly marked one among the American Thrushes
— is confined to the West India Islands, and may possibly include
more species than those here enumerated. These have been in a
state of much confusion until disentangled by the discovery, on the
part of Dr. Bryant, of the true T. x>lumheus, of Linnaeus, as shown
by him in his paper presented to the Boston Society of Natural
History.

Miniocicliia plumliea.

Tardus plumheus, Linn. Syst. Nat. ed. X, 1758, 169, not of ed. XII, 1,
294 (except reference to Catesby), nor of Gmelin, 814, 12, which
does not belong to the series at all, being a mixture of different
forms.

Mimus rubripes, Bktant, Pr. Bost. Soc. VII, 1859, 114. (Blue Jay and
Blue Thrasher of inhabitants.)

Mimokitta plumbea, Bryant, Pr. Bost. Soc. N. H. 1863.

Tardus viscivorus plumheus, Catesby, Carol. I, tab. xxx.
Hah. Bahamas.

Bill from base of skull about as long as the head. No indication of a ter-
minal notch, or at best a very faint one. Commissural edge of upper jaw
straight as far as the nostrils, then concave to the tip. Bristles about gape
very short and inconspicuous, those at the angle of the mouth extended for-
ward, reaching only half way to the nostrils. A narrow membranous ring
round the eye, with a small naked space behind.

Tarsi lengthened, rather more than equal to one and a quarter times the
length of middle toe and claw. Scutellse indistinctly evident, almost oblite-
rated and fused together, most distinct on the external face, eight in number
to the base of middle toe. Outer lateral toe and claw the longer, reaching to
base of middle claw, about equal to the hind toe and claw.

Tail graduated ; lateral feathers .60, shorter than the middle ones. Wings
a little shorter than the tail, moderately rounded ; 4th and 5th quills longest ;
3d and 6th little shorter ; 2d intermediate between 7th and Sth, .45 shorter
than the longest; l&t quill with its exposed surface one-third the length of
the 2d, slightly falcate, broadest in the middle, but with the sides about
parallel to the end, where it is obliquely truncate with the corners rounded.

General color slaty gray (like that of Mimus carolinensis), including crissum,
tibiae, inner wing coverts, etc. ; rather lighter beneath. P'eathers of crown
with concealed dark central streaks. Lores, space beneath the eye, fading
out behind and a broad square patch on the chin and throat widening
a little behind, black, without any edging of white. Space between the rami
of lower jaw, and a patch on its outer side white ; the latter duller in color
and continued beneath the eye, becoming more plumbeous, and forming an
iudistiuct line of separation between the black of throat and that below tho

MIMOCICHLA.

m

eye. Wings and tail black, the coverts and outer edges of the quills light
hoary plumbeous, margining and abruptly contrasting with the general black
(1st and 2d primaries not margined). Rather more than the terminal fourth
(1.20 inches) of lateral tail feathers with a white patch, the portion on the
outer web plumbeous ; this patch diminishes in size on the others until on
the two inner on each side it forms only a slight plumbeous tip. The bill is
black ; the legs reddish.

Tarsus, 1.40; middle toe and claw, 1.10; claw from base, .30; bill from
base of head, 1.09, from nostrils, .61; commissure, 1.10; wing, 4.68; tail,
5 ; 1st quill, 1.00 long, .20 wide.

As shown by Dr. Bryant, this is the true Turdiis plumbeiis of
Linnceus, based upon the Turdus viscivorus jJ^uvibeus of Catesby
(I, pi. xxx), a Bahama bird not recognized by naturalists until the
visit of Dr. Bryant to the Bahamas, in 1859. In the 10th edition
Linnaeus confines his citations entirely to Catesby; in the 12th, he
includes Brisson's description of Merida americana cinerea, a differ-
ent species. In their endeavors to find in Catesby's bird one or
other of the species belonging to the West Indies, authors found
a great stumbling block in the black bill represented in his figure
and description ; and Vieillot insists that Catesby must have been
in error. This is, however, one of the most strongly marked
characteristics of the species.

Smith- 'CoUec-

soniaa tur's

No. No.

33,16S

Sex
and
Afire.

Locality.

Nassau, N. P.

When

Collected.

Ap. 22, '61.

Received from

Collected hy

Lt. Fitzgerald.
Cab. Dr. lii-yant.

33,168. Legs, inside of bill, and iris orange red ; bill black.

MimocicSiIa scliistacea.

Mimocichla schistacea, Baird, n. s.

(17,713.) Bill very large and stout, about as long as the head ; commissure
very nearly straight. Bill decidedly notched. Rictal bristles short ; not
reaching as far forward as the nostrils. Legs stout ; tarsi longer than middle
toe and claw ; no indication of scutellation anteriorly. Wings rather shorter
than tail ; 1st primary much developed, almost half the 2d, broad-falcate,
rather pointed. Tail somewhat graduated ; lateral feathers .70 shorter than
central.

Color dark plumbeous, scarcely paler on the rump. Centres of feathers of
head and back darker (concealed). Tibiae plumbeous, vent and crissum
white. A broad patch on throat extending to the jugulum, lores, and space
beneath the eye, black ; chin and short stripe along the side of lower jaw,
with concealed basal edges of the throat feathers, white. Tail feathers with
a terminal white patch, largest externally, and diminishing to the central

38

REVIEW OF AMERICAN BIRDS.

[part I.

ones. Wings and tail black. Outer edges of wing feathers, except 1st and
2d primaries, and of tail feathers at the base, plumbeous. Bill in skin red-
dish-black ; legs apparently reddish. Iris in life light browu. .

Length of skin, 10.50 ; wing, 5.00 ; tail, 5.10; longest quill, .50 longer than
2d; 1st quill 1.55 long, .20 wide ; 2d, 3.40 ; bill from forehead, 1.20, nostril,
.71 ; commissure, 1.31 ; tarsus, 1.50 ; middle toe and claw, 1.21, claw alone,
.30 : hind toe and claw, .81.

I have not been without a suspicion that this bird might be the
M. rubripes, without any reddish on the belly. In view, however,
of the close resemblances among the West India species, and certain
apparent differences of form, I am more inclined to the opinion that
they are distinct. The size is about the same, but the bill is
conspicuously larger and heavier ; middle and hind toes longer, with
their claws longer ; the 1st primary longer. There is none of the
cinnamon red of the belly ; the plumbeous of the belly extends
farther down to the vent, and includes the flanks and tibiae. The
general color of the body is much darker, and the rump is scarcely
lighter than the back.

It is, however, proper to state that, while two of the three speci-
mens before me are as described, a third (No. 17,112) shows but
little plumbeous on the thighs, which are of a dirty whitish. Both
the Monte Yerde birds, nevertheless, were killed in May, and are
apparently in full plumage, and none were met with having cinnamon
colored bellies. In a large collection of the true ruhripes, from
another part of Cuba, all the individuals Avere fully marked, as above
indicated, with cinnamon red.

One specimen of this bird is in the museum of the Philadelphia
Academy.

Smith-
sonian
No.

Collec-
tor's
No.

Sex
and
Age.

17,112
17,113

'd

Locality.

Monte Verde, Cuba.

When
Collected.

SLiv e.

Eeceived from

Chas. Wright.

Collected by

(17,112) Length, 10.25. (17,113) Length, 10.00.

Miniociclila ruljripes.

Turdiis rribripes, Temm. PL Col. 409.— Vigoes, Zool. Jour. Ill, 1827, 439.
— De la Sagka, Cuba, Ois. 1839, 46, pi. iv.— Gundlach, Boston
Jour. VI, 1853, 318. — Mimus rubripes, Bp. Consp. Ti^. — Galeof^cop-
tes rubripes, Cab. Mus. Hein. 1S50, 82. — Ib. Journ. Ill, 1855,
470.— ScLATER, p. Z. S. 1859, 336.— Ib. Catal. Am. Birds, 1861, 6,
no. 40 (^Mimocichla).

Hah. Cuba.

MIMOCICIILA.

39

(31,978.) Bill from base of skull about as long as tlie head, with a distinct
terminal notch. Rictal bristles short ; those at the angle of mouth reaching
scarcely more than half way to the nostril. A distinct membranous ring
round the eye.

Tarsi lengthened. No traces of scutellse in most specimens ; the faintest
possible (perhaps fallacious) indications in others.

Wings rather rounded, shorter than the tail ; 4th and 5th quills longest ;
2d between 7th and 8th ; 1st quill slightly falcate, rather obtuse at the end,
contained a little more than two and a half times in the 2d qiiill. Tail
moderately graduated; lateral feathers .70 shorter than central.

General color slaty or plumbeous gray, darker on the back and head. Lores,
space beneath the eye and extending on the ears, and a large patch on the
throat, black ; chin, and a short patch from the side of lower jaw as far back
as its articulation, together with the concealed bases of the black throat
feathers, white. Posterior part of belly and flanks, with the tibia, light
cinnamon red. Crissum and terminal half of exposed surface of tail white.
Wing and tail feathers black, except as described, abruptly margined ex-
ternally with plumbeous (in the latter on the concealed bases of the feathers).
Legs appareutly red in life, fading into yellowish. Bill in the dried skin
dusky, possibly in life of a dark reddish color.

Length, 10.20; wing, 5.00; tail, 5.20; longest quill, .60 longer than the
2d; 1st 1.25 long, .21 wide; tarsi, 1.50; middle toe and claw, 1.12; claw
alone, .28; bill from forehead, 1.08 ; nostrils, .65 ; gape, 1.25.

lu a considerable number of specimens before me I find quite a
variation in size (No. 31,979 measuring 9.20, wing, 4.75), with but
little in form ; the 1st primary is sometimes rather smaller in pro-
portion than as described. The colors, too, are very constant.

Smith-
sonian
No.

Collec-
tor's
No.

Sex
and
Age.

Locality.

"When
Collected.

Received from

Collected by

1,816
31,978
31,979

Cuba.
"

S. F. Baird. Dep.
J. Ashhurst.

Miniociclila ardosiacea.

Tardus plumbeus, Linn. Syst. Nat. ed. XII, I, 1766, 294 (not of 10th ed.
excl. reference to Catesby). — Vieillot, Ois. Am. Sept. II, 1807, 2,
pi. Iviii. — Ib. Nouv. Diet. XX, 1818, 242. — ? Galeoscoptes plumbeus,
Salle, Pr. Z. S. 1857, 231. — Galeoscoptes (^Mimocichla) plumbeus,
ScLATEK, P. Z. S. 1859, 336.

Tardus ardosiaceiis, Vieill. Encyclop. Meth. II, 1823, 648 (St. Domingo).

Le Merle cendri d^Am^rique, Bkisson, Ornithol. II, 1760, 288 (St. Do-
mingo).

Hab. St. Domingo.

Bill from base of skull shorter than the head. Lower edges of upper jaw
straight to the middle, and then scarcely curved to the tip where there is a

40 REVIEW OF AMERICAN BIRDS. [PART I.

very slight notcli. Bristles at base of bill very inconspicuous. But a slight
indication of the conspicuous membranous ring round the eye of plumbea.

Tarsi long, about one and a third times the length of middle toe and claw.
ScutellJB visible on the exterior side, but the edges there fused ; seven observ-
able to the base of the toes (one less than in plumbea). Outer lateral toe the
longer.

Tail graduated ; the feathers rather obtusely pointed ; the lateral about half
an inch shorter than the central. Wings a little shorter than the tail, moder-
ately rounded ; 5th quill longer than 4th, 6th, and 3d ; 2d between 7th and
8th; 1st quill falcate, broadest in the middle, but pointed (not obtuse, as in
plumbea) ; exposed portion 1.14 in length, .21 in breadth, contained three
times (or one-third) in the length of the 2d.

General color rather dark plumbeous gray above and on the inside of wings
and axillars. Beneath with the jugnlum, upper part of breast, and flanks light
ashy gray, passing insensibly into the almost pure white of the middle of the
belly, anal region, and crissnm. Tibiae plumbeous. Throat and chin white,
with narrow V-shaped streaks of black on the central third of the feathers,
which extend a little into the ashy of the lower throat. Loral region and space
beneath the eye dusky. An indication of a white streak from the side of
lower jaw, margined below by a rather continuous line of black. Wings
black, with their upper exterior exposed surface abruptly like the back, but
lighter. Tail black, with a terminal patch of white on the outer feather
(about 1.20), becoming less on the others, the posterior edge nearly trans-
verse ; the upper surface on the outer webs dark plumbeous. Bill and feet
apparently bright yellow, perhaps faded from red.

Bill from base of skull, 1.14; from nostril, .70; gape, 1.34; tarsi, 1.55;
middle toe and claw, 1.15 ; claw alone, .31 ; wings, 5.20; tail, 5.25.

The only specimen I have seen of this species is in the museum
of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, where it is
labelled " T. plumbeus, South America."

In form this species exhibits a close resemblance to JIL jylumhea;
but the colors are very different. The bill is yellow, not black, and in-
stead of a uniform slaty gray over the whole body above and below,
including the crissum, the middle of the belly, vent, and crissnm are
white. Instead of a uniform square black patch on the throat, this
has white as its predominant color, with narrow central streaks of
black.

Yieillot figures and describes this bird quite accurately and un-
mistakably, giving it as an inhabitant of the Antilles ; but his
accounts are evidently based on the species as observed in St. Do-
mingo, and to which it may possibly be confined. The specimen
belonging to the Academy has no indication of locality other than
" Amer.-Merid."

Yieillot gives the bill and feet as red.

RAMPHOCINCLUS — MARGAROPS.

41

RAMPHOCINCLUS, Lafresnaye.

Ramphocinclus, Lafk. R. Z. 1843, 66. (Type Turdus hrachyurus, Vieill.)

Bill longer than the head, notched ; ciilmen and commissure considerably
decurved from the base ; gonys slightly so. Rictus with short bristles. Tarsus
lengthened, longer than the head or the middle toe ; the scutellffi fused into
one plate, or faintly indicated. Wings rather pointed, longer than the tail ;
1st primary more than half the longest ; 2d about equal to the 9th. Tail
rounded, the lateral feather graduated ; the feathers generally rather narrow,
with quite narrow outer web.

This interesting genus is well marked among its fellows, and will
readily be recognized The single species in pattern of coloration
closely resembles Melanotis hypoleucus, and should perhaps be
placed very near it, having sooty brown where the other has blue.
It differs, however, in much more curved, and longer bill ; shorter,
narrower, and less rounded tail, with narrower outer webs, etc.

Ramphocinclus liracliyurus.

Turdus hrachyurus, Vieill. Nouv. Diet. XX, 255. — Ib. Encycl. M6tli.
1823, 655. — Ranipliocijnclus hrachyurus, Lafk. R. Z. 1843, 66. —
ScLATER, P. Z. S. 1859, 338.— Ib. Catal. 1861, 7, no. 4i.—Cinclo-
certhia hrachyura, Sclater, P. Z. S. 1855, 213.

Zoothera cinclops, Bp. Consp. 259.

Total length, 8.00; wing, 4.00; tail, 3.50; graduation, .45; outer web of
lateral feathers one-fourth the inner; exposed portion of 1st primary, 1.60;
of 2d, 2.50 ; of longest (measured from exposed base of 1st primary), 3.00;
length of bill from forehead, 1.15, from nostril, .70 ; along gape, 1.34; tarsus,
1.20; middle toe and claw, 1.00; claw alone, .30; hind toe and claw, .72;
claw alone, .37.

Smith-
sonian

No.

Collec-
tor's
No.

Sex
and
Age.

Locality.

When
Collected.

Received from

Collected by

32,690 46,887

d

Martinique.

Ed. Verreaux.

MARGAROPS, Sclatek.

Margarops, Sclater, P. Z. S. 1859, 335. (Type Turdus fuscnius, Vieill.)

Cichlalopia, BoN. R. Z. 1857, 205-, not of C. R. 1854, XXXVIII, 1 (which

was based on Turdus vulpinus. Hart. =-. Rhodinocincla rosea).

Bill very large and stout, with a distinct notch ; longer than the head ;
culmen curving gently from base, and more abruptly towards tip ; commis-
sural edge of upper jaw also much curved, so that the whole lower jaw,
except at the base, falls inside of the chord connecting the two ends of the
arc. Rictal bristles short, and scant ; more so than in Mimocichla.

42

REVIEW OF AMERICAN BIRDS.

[part I.

Wings rounded ; the inner secondary quills apparently uncommonly long ;
4th quill longest, next 3d and 5th ; 2d between the 6th and 7th ; 1st quill
more than half the 2d, broad and rather falcate ; 2d quill .70 shorter than 4th.

Tail rather shorter than wings, rounded ; the lateral feathers half an inch
shorter than the central ones.

Legs short and stout ; tarsus barely longer than middle toe and claw ; dis-
tinctly scutellate over anterior half of circumference, the plates well defined,
and six or seven in number ; claws all very stout and much curved, almost
like those of a Woodpecker ; hind toe and claw decidedly longer than the
lateral.

Margarops fuscatus.

Tardus fuscatus, Vieillot, Ois Am. Sept. II, 1806, 1, pi. Ivii, his. — Ib.

Encyclop. Meth. 11,1823,639. — Cichlerminiafuscata, Newtox, Ibis,

1S59, 141, eggs, pi. xii, fig. 8 (Sta Cruz).— Cassix, Pr.- A. N. S.

1860, 376 (St. Thomas). — Margarops fuscatus, Sclatee, Pr. Z. S.

1859, 335.— Ib. Catal. 1861, 6, no. 38.

Colluricinclafusca, Gould, P. Z. S. 1836, 6 (see Newton, Ibis, 1859, 142).

Eah. St. Domingo and Porto Rico (Vieill.) ; St. Thomas; Santa Cruz

(Newton).

Length (of 30,405), 11.40; wing, 5.20; bill from Lead, 1.30; nostril, .78;
gape, 1.50 ; tarsus, 1.41 ; middle toe and claw, 1.30 ; claw alone (chord), .35 ;
hind toe and claw, .95.

Iris pearly white ; bills varying much in size ; eggs blue (Newton).

Smith-
sonian
No.

Collec-
tor's
No.

Sex
and
Age.

Locality.

When
Collected.

Received from

Collected by

30,405
30,406

14

St. Thomas.

j Acad. Nat. Sciences.
jCab. Lawrence.

K. Swift.

OREOSCOPTES, Baikd.

Oreoscoptes, Baird, Birds N. Am. 1858, 346. (Type Orpheus montanus, Towxs.)

Bill shorter than the head, without distinct notch. Bristles prominent,
their tips reaching beyond the nostrils. Wings pointed, equal to, or a little
longer than the tail. First quill not half the second, about two-fifths the
longest ; 3d, 4th, and 5th quills equal and longest ; 2d between 6th and 7th.
Tail but slightly graduated ; the feathers narrow. Tarsus longer than middle
toe and claw by an additional claw ; scutellse distinct anteriorly.

Only one species is at present known of this genus.

Oreoscoptes montanus.

Orpheus montanus, Townsend, Jour. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. VII, ii, 1837,
192.— Add. Birds Amer. II, 1841, 194, pi. IZ^.— Turdus montanus,
AuD. Orn. Biog. IV, 1S38, 437, pi. 369, fig. l.—^J!mus vwntanus,

HARPORHYNCHUS.

43

BoNAP. Consp. 1850, 27G. — Oreoscoptes montanus, Baikd, Birds N.
Amer. 1858, 347.— Sclater, P. Z. S. 1859, 340.— Ib. Catal. 1861,
8, no. 30.

Jlab. Rocky Mts. of United States, west to Pacific, south to Cape St. Lucas.

Specimens from Cape St. Lucas, as usual, are smaller than more
northern ones.

A joung bird from Ft. Bridger is precisely like the adult, differ-
ing only in having the edges of the dorsal feathers lighter, causing
a streaked appearance. The wings and tail are considerably darker
than in an adult.

Smith-

Collec-

Sex

When
Collected.

soniari
No.

tor's
No.

and
Age.

Locality.

Received from

Collected by

8,251

213

Fort Laramie.

Sept. 28, '57.

Dr. J*G. Cooper.

8,821

V

Black Hills.

Lt. Warren.

Dr. Hayden.

11,070

cT

Fort Bridger.

April 18, '58.

C. Drexler.

19,226

21

Rattle.snake Hills. May 16.

Capt. Reynolds.

Dr. Hayden.

19,.347

Willow Springs.

May 14.

"

G. H. Trook.

13,309

39

d

K.jbe Valley, Utah.

Blay 22, '59.

Capt. Simpson.

C. S. MCarthy.

13,30S

30

?

S. Fork of Hum-

May 19, '59.

"

"

12,446

d

Zuui Mts. [boldt.

Sept. 26, '57.

Capt. Sitgreaves.

Dr. Woodliouse.

11,531

63

d

Lower Colorado.

Lt. J. C. Ives.

Mollhausen.

11,532

48

d

Fort Yuma.

"

"

8,143

9

Los Angeles.

Lt. Williamson.

Dr. Heermann.

8,129

d

"

"

"

25,791

3,318

d

Cape St. Lucas.

Nov. 5,' '59.

John Xiintus.

32,164

2,429

d

"

Nov. 11, "59.

11,531. Iris yellow. 32,164. Length, 8.60. Iris orange.

HARPORHYNCHUS, Cabanis.

Toxostoma, Waglek, Isis, 1831, 528. (Type T. vetula, Wagl., not

Toxostoma, Raf. 181 G.)
Harpes, Gajibel, Pr. A. N. S. Pliila. II, 1845, 264. (Type Harpes redi-

vivus, Gamb., not of Goldfuss, 1839.)
Harporhtjnchus, Cabanis, Archiv f. Natur.g. 1848, I, 98. (Type Harpes

redivivus, Game.)

Bill from forehead as long as, or much longer than the head ; becoming
more and more decurved in both jaws as lengthened. No indication of a
notch. Rictus with the bristles extending beyond the nostrils. Tarsus long
and stout, appreciably exceeding the middle toe and claw, strongly scutellate
anteriorly. Wings considerably shorter than tail, much rounded ; the 1st
quill more than half the 2d ; 4th or 5th longest. Tail large, much graduated ;
the feathers firm.

There are few genera in Ornithology where the difference in the
comparative length and shape of the bill is so great in the different
species ; and yet the transition from the short straight form in H.
rufus to the very long and much decurved one in H. redivivus is

44

REVIEW OF AMERICAN BIRDS.

[part I.

SO gentle that few persons would ever think of separating them
generieally. Even in individual specimens of the long billed species
there is much difference in this respect, showing that so far from
furnishing generic characters, it is not entirely available even for
specific indications.

Harporliyncltus riifiis.

Tardus rufus, LiNX. Syst. Nat. 10th ed. 1758, 169, based on Catesby,
tab. 19. — Ib. Syst. Nat. I, 1766, 293. — Harporhynchus rufus, Cab.
Mus. Hein. 1850, 82.— Baird, Birds N. Am. lii'SS, 353.— Sclatek,
P. Z. S. 1859, 340.— Ib. Catal. 1861, 8, no. 48.— Mimus rufus, Pr.
Max. Cab. Jour. 1858, 180.

Figures : Vieillot, Ois. Am. Sept. 11, pi. lix. — Wilson, Am. Orn. II, pi.
xiv. — AuD. Orn. Biog. pi. cxvi.

Hab. United States, east of Rocky Mts., nortli to Lake Winnipeg.

In the " Birds of North America" I have called attention to the
fact of the larger size, Avith disproportionately longer tails, and
rather more curved bills of specimens from the high plains beyond
the Missouri River.

Smith-

CoUec-

Sex

When
Collected.

sonian
No.

tor's
No.

and
Age.

Locality.

Received from

Collected by

1,377

rf

Carlisle, Pa.

April 22, '44.

S. F. Baird.

S. F. Baird.

2,261

V

"

May 16, '45.

"

"

12,182

rf

Washington.

May 1, '59.

C. Drexler.

32,284

c<

Macnn, Ga.

March, 1S4S.

Prof. Jo.s. Leconte.

6,948

32,392

4,433

Ft. Garry, Red Riv.

Donald Gunn.

Qua.squiton, Iowa.

E. C. Bidwell.[son.

13,311

8

Fort Leavenwoith.

Capt. J. H. Simp-

C. S. M'Carthy.

8,292

Indepeudeuce, Mo.

May 26, '57.

W. M. Mag raw.

Dr. Cooper.

8,819

Loup Forks.

Aui,'. 6.

Lt. Warren.

Dr. Hayden.

6,283

rT

Fort Lookout.

June 22, '56.

"

"

6,652

357

Republican Fork.

Sept. 26, '.56.

Lt. Bryan.

W. S. Wood.

19,346

Stinking R., Sage
[Creek.

June 13, '60.

Capt. Reynolds.

G. H. Trook.

HJreett.

(1,377.) 11.20. (2,261.) 9.75. (8,292.) 12.75. Iris orange. (8,819.) 12.00. Iris yellow.

Harporliyuclius lougirostris.

Orpheus lonrjirostris, Lafk. R. Z. 1838, 55.— Ib. Mag. de Zool. 1839, Ois.
pi. i. — Toxostoma longirostre, Cab. Wiegm. Arch. 1847, i, 207. —
Mimus longirostris, Sclatee, P. Z. S. 1856, 294 (Cordova). — Harpo-
rhynchus longirostris, Cab. Mus. Hein. 1850, 81. — Baird, Birds N.
Am. 1858, 352, pi. lii.— Sclatek, P. Z. S. 1859, 339.— Ib. Catal.
1861, 8, no. 47.

Hab. Eastern Mexico ; north to Rio Grande, Texas.

Among the specimens before me is one (28,030) from Mirador,
Mexico, which differs from the rest in rather deeper rufous above ;

HARPORHYNCHUS.

45

the feathers of crissum rufous, edged with pale brownish-yellow
(instead of their being dirty white). The bill is very different,
being longer, slenderer, more pointed towards the end, and more
gently decurved than that of H. curvirostris. Its dimensions are
as follows: From forehead, 1.40; from gape, 1.52; from nostril,
1.00, measured with dividers. In 4,016, from Brownsville, the
measurements are: From forehead, 1.25; from gape, 1.32; from
nostril, .83.

Without more specimens to establish a permanent difference in
these respects, I do not feel at liberty to suggest a difference of
species, especially as the skin referred to belongs to the region in-
habited by typical H. longirosti'is.

Smith-

Collec-

Sex

sonian

tor's

and

No.

No.

Age.

4,016

1

H"

8,139

22,390

29,742

^

32,460

93

? 28,030

30
20

Locality.

Brownsville, Tex.
Lower Rio Grande.
Mexico.
Orizaba, Mex.
El Mirador, Mex.
Xalapa.

When
Collected.

Sept. 1S53.

Received from

Lt. D. N. Couch.
Major Emory.
Verreaux.
Prof. Sumichrast.
Dr. C. Sartorius.
Cab. Lawrence.

Collected by

A. Schott.

(4,016.) 10.25. Eyes brownish-yellow. (28,030.) Long billed variety.

Harporbynchus curvirostris.

Orpheus curvirostris, Swainson, Philos. Mag. 1827, 369 (eastern Mexico)
— M'Call, Pr. A. N. Sc. May, 1848, 63. — Mmus curvirostris, Gray,
Genera, 1844-49. — Toxostoma curvirostris, Bonap. Conspectus, 1850
277. — ScLATEK, P. Z. S. 1857, 212. — Harporhynclius curvirostris.
Cab. Mus. Hein. I, 1850, 81.— Baird, Birds N. Am. 1858, 351, pi
li. — Heermann, p. R. R. Rep. X, Parke's Rep. 1859, 11. — Sclater
P. Z. S. 1859, 339.— Ib. Catal. 1861, 7, no. 46.

Pomatorhinus turdinus, Temm. H. Col. 441.

? Toxostoma vetula, Wagler, Isis, 1831, 528.

Hab. Mexico, from the United States line, southward (Oaxaca, Cordova,
Orizaba, Mirador) ; Mazatlan ; Colima.

Specimens from Mazatlan and Colima differ from those in the col-
lection from ea.stern Mexico, in having heavier and thicker bills, and
perhaps stouter legs. In 31,819, the height of the bill at the nostrils
is .28 of an inch, while in 4,023 it is .26 — both being females. The
wing in 31,819 is longer and more pointed than usual, measuring
4.50. I, however, cannot think that there is any specific difference :
a large number of specimens from either side of Mexico probably
exhibiting the same variations.

The specimen, No. 8,128, mentioned on page 352 of the Report

46

REVIEW OP AMERICAN BIRDS.

[part I.

on Birds as differing from the others in the collection, still remains
quite unique in reference to some characters.

Smith-

Collec-

Sex

When

Collected.

sonian

tor's

and

Locality.

Received from

Collected by

No.

No.

Age.

4,023

24

9

Brownsville, Tex.

Feb. 1853.

Lt. D. N. Couch.

7,200

d

Rin^'gold Barracks,
Tex.

Maj. "W.H.Emory.

J. H. Clark.

7,101

Eagle Pass, Tex.

"

A. Schott.

4.0-22

V

Tamaulipas, Max.

18d3.

Lt. Couch.

?8.12^

New Mexico.

Lt. J. G. Parke.

Dr. Heermann.

23,7S3

Mazatlan, Mex.

lSi51.

J. Xantus.

31,819

1,001

V

Mts. of Colima.

June, 1863.

"

lS..i68

Eastern Mexico.

P. L. Sclater.

22,391

17,363
19

d

Orizaba, Mex.

Verreaux.
Cab. Lawrence.

(4,023.; 10.00. (7,200.) 11.30. (4,022.) 10.00. Eyes yellow. (31,819.) 11.00. Iris orange.

Marpoi'IayncSmis cmereus.

HarporhijncliHS cinerciis, Xantus, Pr. A. N. Sc. 1859, 298. — Baird, ib.
303.— ScLATEK, Catal. 1861, 8, no. 49.

12,960. Bill as long as the head ; all the lateral outlines gently decurved from
the base. Bristles not very conspicuous, but reaching to the nostrils. Wings
considerably shorter than the tail, much rounded. First primary broad,
nearly halt' the length of the 2d ; the 3d to the 7th quills nearly equal, their
tips forming the outline- of a gentle curve ; the 2d quill shorter than the 9th.
Tail considerably graduated, the lateral feathers more than an inch the
shorter. Legs stout ; tarsi longer than middle toe, distinctly scutellate, with
seven scales.

Above ashy brown, with perhaps a tinge of rusty on the rump ; beneath
fulvous white, more fulvous on the flanks, inside of wing, and crissum. Be-
neath, excej)t chin, throat, and from middle of abdomen to crissum, with well
defined V-shaped spots of dark brown at the ends of the feathers, largest
across the breast. Loral region hoary. Wings with two narrow whitish
bands across the tips of greater and middle coverts ; the quills edged ex-
ternally with paler. Outer three tail feathers with a rather obsolete white
patch in the end of inner web, and across the tips of the outer.

Spring specimens are of rather purer white beneath, with the spots more
distinct than as described.

Length of 12,960 (skin), 10.00 ; wing, 4.10 ; tail, 4.65 ; 1st primary, l.CO ;
2d, 2.50; bill from gape, 1.40, from above, 1.15, from nostril, .90; tarsus,
1.26 ; middle toe and claw, 1.12; claw alone, .30.

This species is curiously similar in coloration to Oreoscoptes mon-
tamts, from which its much larger size, much longer and decurved
bill, and the graduated tail, of course readily distinguish it. It
agrees in some respects with H. ritfus and longirostris, but it is
smaller, the bill longer and more curved ; the upper parts are
ashy olivaceous brown instead of rufous, etc.

HARPORHYNCHUS.

47

Smith-

Collec-

Sex

sonian

tor's

and

No.

No.

Age.

16.511

1,090

?

12,957

496

rf

13,090

764

rr

26,310

1,089

d

Locality.

When
Collected.

Received from

Collected by

Cape St. Lucas.

Spring, '59.

(12,957.) 10.50. Iris orange. (13,090.) 11.00. Iris orange.

Ilarporliyiiclaiis lecontei.

Toxostoma lecontei, Lawr. Ann. N. Y. Lye. V, Sept. 1S51, 109 (Fort
Yuma). — Harporhynchus lecontei, Bonap. C. R. XXVIII, 1854, 57. —
Ib. Notes Delattre, 39.— Baird, Birds N. Am. 1S58, 350, pi. 1.
Hah. Gila River ; Fort Yuma.

The specimen upon which the species was based by Mr. Lawrence,
collected at Fort Yuma, by Dr. Leconte, still remains unique, and
of H. crissalis a second specimen only has been obtained. It is not
a little remarkable that two species so large and conspicuous should
be both from the same region, and so very rare. With much the
same shade of coloration, H. crissalis is a little darker, the under
tail coverts deep chestnut instead of rusty fulvous ; the bill is much
longer and more slender, the tail also much longer.

No. 53. Fort Yuma. Cab. of Geo. N. Lawrence.

Harporlayiacltiis crissalis.

Harporhynchus crissalis, Henry, Pr. A. N. Sc. May, 1858. — Baird, Birds
N. Am. 1S58, 350,.pl. Ixxxii.
Hub, Region of the Gila River, to Rocky Mts.

A second specimen (11,533) of this rare species is larger than the
type, but otherwise agrees with it. Its dimensions are as follows : —

Length before skinning, 12.50; of skin, 12.50; wing, 3.90; tail, 6.50; its
graduation, 1.45 ; 1st quill, 1.50 ; 2d, .41 ; bill from forehead (chord of curve),
1.65, from gape, 1.75, from no.<tril, 1.30; curve of culmen, 1.62; height of
bill at nostril, .22 ; tarsus, 1.30 ; middle toe and claw, 1.12.

The bill of this species, though not quite so long as in redivivus,
when most developed, is almost as much curved, and much more
slender — the depth at nostrils being but .23, instead of .26. The
size of this specimen is equal to the largest of redivivus (3,932) ; the
tail absolutely longer. The feet are, however, considerably smaller,
the claws especially so ; the tarsus measures but 1.30, instead of
1.52; the middle claw .29, instead of .36. With these differences
in form, however, it would be impossible to separate the two
generically.

48

REVIEW or AMERICAN BIRBS,

[part I.

Collec-

Sex

tor's

and

No.

Age.

32

d

Locality.

Mimbi-es.

Fort Yuma, Cal.

When
Collected.

Received from

Dr. T. C. Henry.
Lt. J. C. Ives.

Collected by

H. B. MiiUhausen.

8,127. Type ; now in museum Phila. Acad. (11,533.) 12.50. Iris yellow.

Harporliyiiclius redivivus.

Uarpes rediviva, Gambel, Pr. A. N. S, II, Aug. 1845, 264. — Toxostoma
rediviva, Gambel, J. A. N. Sc. 2cl ser. I, 1847, 42. — Cassin, lUust.
I, 1855, 260, pi. xlii. — Harporhynchus redivivus, Cabaxis, Arcliiv
Isaturg. 1848, 98. — Baird, Birds N. Am. 1858, 349.— Sclater,
P. Z. S. 1859, 339.

This species has hitherto only been found in the coast region of
California, whence numerous specimens have been received by the
Smithsonian Institution.

MIMUS, BoiE.

Mimus, Boie, Isis, Oct. 1826, 972. (Type Tardus pohjglottus, Linn.)
Orpheus, Swainson, Zool. Jour. Ill, 1827, 167. (Same type.)

Bill not mucli more than half the length of the head ; gently decurved from
the base ; notched at tip ; commissure curved. Gonys straight, or slightly
concave. Rictal bristles quite well developed. Wings rather shorter than
the tail. First primary about equal to, or rather more than half the 2d ; 3d,
4th, and 5th quills nearly equal, 6th scarcely shorter. Tail considerably
graduated ; the feathers stiff, rather narrow, especially the outer webs, lateral
feathers about three-quarters of an inch the shorter in the type. Tarsi longer
than middle toe and claw by rather less than an additional claw ; tarsi con-
spicuously and strongly scutellate ; broad plates seven.

Mimus polyglottus.

Turdus po!y(/lottus, Linn. Syst. Nat. 10th ed. 1758, 169; 12th ed. 1766,

293. — iMimus polyglottus, Boie, Isis, 1826, 972. — Sclater, P. Z. S.

1856, 212.— Ib. 1859, 340. — Ib. Catal. 1861, 8, no. 51. — Baird,

Birds N. Am. 1858, 344.
? Orpheus leucopterus, Vigors, Zool. Beechey, 1839.
Figures: Wilson, Am. Orn. II, 1810, pi. x, fig. 1. — Aud. Orn. Biog. I,

1831, pi. xxi.— Ib. Birds Amer. II, 1841, pi. 137.

Hab. North America, from about 40^ (rare in Massachusetts, Samuels), south
to Mexico. Said to occur in Cuba.

No. 12,511. The general proportions will best be illustrated by the table of
measurements. The 3d and 4tli quills are longest ; the 2d equal to the Sth ;
the 1st more than half the 2d (in some specimens about half, in others half
the 3d, as in No. 614.)

MIMUS. 49

The upper parts are ashy, with a tinge of brown, the color purest on top of
head. The lores are dusky. The under parts are white, purest on throat
and middle of belly ; a tinge of aahy across the breast, of yellowish-brown
or faint fulvous on flanks and crissum. There are some obscure shaft streaks
of brown on the flanks, mostly concealed under the wings. There is a slight
indication of a dusky stri])e on each side of the chin, caused by a range of short
black bristles, the feathers themselves not appearing to be colored.

The wings arid tail are dark brown, not l)lack ; the large feathers edged
externally with ashy. There are two bauds of white on the wing on the tips
of the greater and middle coverts ; the ends of the secondaries are also edged
with white. In addition to this the basal portion of all the primaries is
white, restricted to the extreme base in the outer ones, and encroaching suc-
cessively in the rest until in the three innermost ones it occupies the basal
two-thirds of the feather, or more, extending farthest forward on the inner
web, the shafts remaining black. The small coverts overlying the bases of
the primaries are also white, with a brown streak near the ends ; this forms
a conspicuous white patch on the outer surface of the wing.

The outer tail feather is white, slightly mottled in one or two places with
brown, especially along the shaft near the end, and towards the base of the
inner web. The next feather is white at the extreme base, and for about the
terminal third of the inner web, and the end of the outer web. The third
has a similar but much smaller patch of white along the middle of the inner
web near the end ; the fourth has no white. The bill and legs are black.

The markings of the wings are as described in most specimens, although
in some the amount of white is less. There is, however, considerable differ-
ence in the white of the tail feathers. In a small proportion only of the
whole number examined from eastern North America, is the outer feather
pure white, and again sometimes the faint mottling on the inner web near the
middle web becomes a conspicuous dusky patch. In several specimens the
whole inner web of the second feather is white, with slight mottling along a
portion of the inner edge (32,162). In 12,445 the white spot in the end of
the 3d feather extends along the inner side of the shaft into a patch at the
base. In this specimen the outer feather is entirely white; the whole inner
web and the basal portion of the outer web of the second. In all the speci-
mens before me the outer web of the second tail feather is black, except at
the extreme base and tip. In none is there any white on the fourth feather.'

No. 12,511. Length, 9.00; wing, 4.10; tail, 4.90, its graduation, .70; 1st
prhnary, 1.50; 2d primary, 2.70; bill from above, .63, from nostril, .50;
tar.suri, 1.25 ; middle toe and claw, 1.00 ; claw, .30.

' Since writing the preceding description, I have met with one specimen
(1?,039, male, from Arkansas) which differs very considerably from any other
I have seen in an unusual amount of white, which extends farther along
the primaries so as to be very conspicuous. The two outer tail feathers are
entirely white, except a slight edging at the end of the second ; the third is
white on the shaft and along the greater part of the inner web. The fourth
has a small white patch on the end. The dimensions are : Length, 10.00 ;
wing, 4.70 ; tail, 5.00.

4 July, 1864.

50

REVIEW OF AMERICAN BIRDS.

[part I.

I have not had an opportunity of examining the supposed 31.
pohjglottus of Cuba. If, however, the description of Orpheus 2:)oly-
glottus, in De la Sagra's Cuba (Oiseaux, 53), be correctly drawn
from a Cuban specimen, it may very readily be different, as the
North American bird can certainly not be said to have the tail
brown with a white spot towards the extremity of the lateral tail
feathers, nor is there any white on the secondary quills. The ruinp
cannot be called grayish-blue, in contrast with a pale grayish-brown
of the remaining upper parts.

Mr. Richard Hill, in the Proceedings of the Philadelphia Aca-
demy, has suggested the idea that the name of polyglottus should
be applied to the Jamaican rather than to the North American bird.
The first citation of Linnsus is to Sloane's Jamaica, the second to
Catesby, and the third to Kalm. As, however, the only locality
given by Linnaeus is " Virginia," and no mention is made of Jamaica ;
and as his next species is the Jamaican orplieus, it will perhaps be
no violation of the most rigid rules of nomenclature to pass over
the citation of Sloane as irrelevant, and confine the reference strictly
to the continental species. The Turdus orjoheus, of Linnaeus, is
based on the species of Brown and Edwards, both unmistakal^ly the
small Jamaican bird, and not the larger, M. hillii, as intimated by
Mr. Hill.

In the " Birds of North America" I have adverted to the peculi-
arities of western specimens in having a longer tail than eastern.
The tail is more graduated also, the lateral feathers being L25
inches or more shorter than the central. The whole bird, in fact, is
larger ; the wings being also longer, but the disproportionate length
of the tail is quite decided.

Smith-

CoUec-

Sex

When
Collected.

sonian
No.

tor's
No.

and
Age.

Locality.

Received from

Collected by

12,443

rf

Pennsvlvania.

Nat. Institute.

Dr. G. Leib.

12,545

rf

Washington, D. C.

J. F. Cllan.

19,089

67

<^

Fort C.ibb.

May 24, '60.

J. H. Clark.

C. S. M'Carthy.

19,091

141

Adaline Creek

JnnelS, '60.

"

20,295

48

Fort Stockton, Tex.

May 26, '60.

P. Duffy.

20,296

4

"

Mar. 12, '60.

"

11,530

51

BigCanon,Col. Riv.

Lt. J. C. Ives.

MoUhausen.

17,1-20

Cape St. Lucas.

1859.

John Xantus.

17,445

3,317

cT

Oct. 31, '59.

"

23,750

\v. coast America.

Nat. Institute.

23,913

28

El Mirador, Hex.

Dr. C. Sartorius.

33,570

153

V

"

Nov. 1863.

19,089. Unasual amount of white on wings and tail.

Minius orpheus.

Turdas orpheus, Lixn. Syst. Nat. 10th ed. I, 175?, 169.— Ib. 12th ed.
1766. — ViEiLLOT, Ois. Am. Sept. II, l!-07, 12, pi. Ixviii. — Gosse,

MIMUS.

51

Birds Jam, 1846, lU.—Mimus orpheus, Sclater, P. Z. S. 1F59, 341.

— Ib. Catal. Am. Birds, 18(31, 9, uo. 52.— Marcu, Pr. A. N. Sc. 18G3,

290 (eggs).
Mimus polygtottus, Hill, Pr. A. N. Sc. 1853, 304.
Tardus sp. 2, Browne, Nat. Hist. Jam. 1756, 469 (Jamaica).
Tardus cinereus minor, Edwaeds, Av. II, tab. Ixxviii (Jamaica). — Selig-

MANN, IV, pi. li.
? Turdus dominicus, LiNN. Syst. Nat. 12tli ed. I, 1766, 295 (based on

Merula doininicensis, Brissox, St. Domingo).

Hub. Jamaica ; St. Domingo ?

(No. 22,159.) In form, size, and coloration this species is exceedingly similar
to M. polyglottiii ; the only marked difference in shape being an apparently
more graduated tail than in the eastern specimens of the latter — the differ-
ences between the lateral and central feathers amounting to from one inch to
one and a quarter. The differences in coloration between the two are much
as if an additional tail feather entirely white had been provided for M. orpheus,
the 2d, 3d, and 4th feathers being marked as the 1st, 2d, and 3d in M. poly-
gloltus. There are the same variations in markings in the corresponding
feathers of these two series in both species. The two outer feathers are usu-
ally entirely white ; the 2d sometimes a little streaked ; the 3d sometimes
entirely white, always so on the inner web, generally partially so on the outer.
The 4th has sometimes the whole inner web white ; sometimes this is restricted
to a patch towards its end. There is a very small spot of white on the end
of the fifth feather.

The under parts are of a purer white than in polyglottus, and the ash of the
breast is less distinct. The loral region also is conspicuously whiter. The
two species can, however, at once be distinguished by the dusky outer web
of the second tail feather in polyglottus, wliich is entirely white in orpheus.

Length, 9.90; wing, 4.35 ; tail, 5.20; bill from nostril, 1.00; tarsus, 1.25.

This species can hardly be considered as less in size than poly-
glottus; indeed, the measurements of the specimen selected fcr de-
scription are larger than those of the type of my description of the
eastern variety of pohjglottus. I have, in fact, not met with a
skin so small as that described by Dr. Sclater.

I have never seen a specimen of 31. dominicus, from St. Domingo,
and can express no opinion as to its relationships to M. orpheus.
It is described as having the outer three tail feathers white as in
orpheus.

Smith-

Collec-

Sex

EODiaa

tor's

and

No.

No.

Age.

22,156

22,157

'<^

22,158

24,374

30

^

24,373

30

V

Locality.

Spanishtown, Jam.

When
Collected.

Oct, 10, '61.

Received from

W. T. March.

Collected by

52

REVIEW OF AMERICAN BIRDS.

[part I.

mimus lialiamensis, Bryant.

Mimus hahamensis, Bryant, Pr. Bost. Soc. VII, Sept. 1859, 114.

Bill shorter than head. Rictal bristles reaching rather beyond the nostrils.
Curvature of commissure gentle from base to near the notched tip, where it is
increased. First primary large, rather falcate, just half the 2d ; 4th quill
longest ; 3d and then 5th but little shorter ; 2d intermediate between 7th and
8th, half an inch less than the longest. Tarsi distinctly scutellate ; plates
seven. Tail moderately graduated (.70).

Color above brownish-gray, each feather showing a brown centre, and gray-
ish or ashy edges less distinct and more soiled on the lower part of the back.
Beneath soiled grayish-white, the breast more gray, the feathers being ashy
. with lighter tips. The feathers of under parts with brown shaft-streaks, want-
ing on the throat and middle of the belly, partially concealed across the
breast, more evident on the sides of belly, and broad and conspicuous under
the wings, where the axillars are similarly streaked. Wing feathers brown,
all margined with pale ashy ; the greater and middle coverts with white,
forming two bands. Tail feathers ashy above, suffused with brownish towards
the borders, and edged with whitish. All have a whitish patch at end, on
the inner web, and on the extreme tip of outer. This white is about half au
inch long on the outer feather, a little less on the rest. Bill and legs black.

There is an obscure dusky line on each side of the throat ; the ear coverts
are dusky ; the space between bill and eye is grayish-white. The whitish
feathers of the cheeks are edged with dusky at the tips.

Length, 11.00 ; wing, 4.80 ; tail, 5.70 ; graduation, .70 ; 1st quill, 1.70 ; 2d,
3.28; bill above, 1.10; from nostril, .72; tarsus, 1.50; middle toe and claw,
1.34 ; claw, .35 ; hind toe and claw, .85 ; claw alone, .50.

Smith-

soniau

No.

Collec-
tor's
No.

Sex
aud
Ai;e.

Locality.

When
Collected.

Received from

Collected by

13,505

Bahama Key.

1859.

Dr. H. Bryant.

13,505. Type.

Mimiis Iiillii.

Mimus Jiillii, Makch, Pr. A. N. Sc. Nov. 1863, 291 (Jamaica).
Mimus orpheus, Hill, Pr. A. N. Sc. 1863, 304.

(No. 24,376.) General foi-m and charactei* as in M. bahamensis. Fifth
quill longest ; 4tli and 6th a little shorter, then 3d ; 2d shorter than 8th,
about equal to the 9th, .65 shorter than the longest. Tail considerably
graduated.

In some specimens the 3d quill is a little longer than the 8th ; in all it is
shorter than the 7th.

The colors are as described in M. hahamensis. The only appreciable differ-
ence is in the purer white of the under parts, and especially across the breast,
where the feathers are of the same soiled white to their plumbeous bases, or
for half the length, instead of being ashy to the scarcely appreciable lighter
edges. There are no faint dusky shaft streaks on the feathers in front of the

MIMUS.

53

jugulum, the shafts being white; on its sides alone are there indications of
these, which on the sides of the breast and belly become more distinct than
in J/, bahamensis, owing to the purer white of the under parts. There is
rather more white on the end of the tail feathers, this covering .70 in the
outer one.

An immature specimen (26,802) is similar to the adults, but has a little
more white on the end of the tail, and the feathers of the breast and jugulum
show triangular spots of brown at the ends. „

Length (of 24,376), 11.75; wing, 4.90; tail, 6.30; graduation, 1.00; 1st
quill, 1.50; 2d quill, 3.00; bill from nostril, .70; tarsus, 1.51; middle toe
and claw, 1.22 ; claw, .35.

This species is very closely related to the 31. hahamensis, but
appears to differ in some appreciable features. The distinction in
coloration has already been adverted to. It is a larger species, and
the tail is more graduated — the difference in length between the
lateral and middle feathers being 1.00 instead of .70. The wings
are more rounded ; the 5th quill longest instead of the 4th ; the 2d
shorter than the 8th, instead of longer.

A larger series of specimens of 31. hahamensis will perhaps be
necessary fully to ascertain the relationships between the Bahaman
and Jamaican birds, and prove whether they be really distinct or not.
How they stand in reference to 31. gundlachi, of Cuba, it is even
more difficult to determine, as our only guide is the brief comparison
by Cabanis of his species with 31. saturninus of Brazil. To this,
however, there is very little resemblance on the part of the Jamaican
and Bahaman birds, as shown by comparing them with a specimen
presented by the Berlin Museum. Cabanis speaks of the white
tip of the tail feathers being but 3-4 lines long in gundlachi ; in the
others it is from one-half to three-quarters of an inch.

Of the South American 3Iimi in the museum of the Smithsonian
Institution, the relationship is closest to 31. thenca, of Chile, much
more than to saturninus.

Mr. Hill thinks that this species is the Turdus orj^heus of Linnaeus.
A careful examination, however, of the descriptions of Brown and
Edwards, upon which the species was founded, will, I think, show
conclusively that both authors had in view the small Mocking bird
of Jamaica, rather than the large one.

Smitli-

soniaa

No.

24,376
24,.S77
26,804

26,802
26, 803

CoHec-

Sex

tor's

and

No.

Age.

2.0

d

29

V

29

cf

29

Juv.?

d

Locality.

Port Henderson,

" [Jam.

G. Salt Pond, Jam.

When
Collected.

Received from

Nov. 29, '61.

Oct. 1862.
Nov. 1. '62.
Oct. 31, '62.

W. T. March.

Collected by

54

REVIEW OF AMERICAN BIRDS,

[part I.

Mimus gracilis.

Mimus gracilis, Cabaxis, Mus. Hein. 1850. S3 (Honduras). — Sclater &
Salvun, Ibis, 1859, 5.— Sclater, P. Z. S. 1859, 343.— Ib. Catal. 18(]1,
9, no. 58.— Cab. Jour. 1860, 410 (Costa Rica;.— Taylok, Ibis, 18U0,
110 (Comayagua).

Eab. Honduras, Guatemala ; Costa Rica.

Smith-

souian

No.

CoUec-' Sex
tor'.s j and
No. 1 Age.

Locality.

When
Collected.

Received from

Collected by

30,6j1

43

San Geronimo, Guat.

Dec. 18o9.

0. Salvin.

GALEOSCOPTES, Cabanis.
Galeoscoptes, Cabanis, Mus. Hein. 1, 1850, 82. (Type Muscicapa carolinensis, L.)

Bill shorter than the head, rather broad at base. Eictal bristles moderately
developed, reaching to the n'ostrils. Wings a little shorter than the tail,
rounded ; secondaries well developed ; 4th and 5th quills longest ; 3d and 6th
little shorter; 1st and 9th about equal, and about the length of secondaries ;
1st quill more than half the second, about half the 3d. Tail graduated ;
lateral feather about .70 shorter than the middle. Tarsi longer than middle
toe and claw by about an additional half claw ; scutellate anteriorly, more or
less distinctly in different specimens ; scutellse about seven.

The conspicuous naked membranous border round the eye of some Thrushes,
with the bare space behind it, not appreciable.

I find little difference in form between the single species of Galeo-
SGoptes and Mimus polyglottus, beyond the less degree of definition
of the tarsal plates; and but for the difference in coloration (uniform
plumbeous instead of gray above and white beneath), would hardly
be inclined to distinguish the two generically.

Galeoscoptes carolinensis.

Muscicapa carolinensis, Linn. Syst. Nat. I, 1766, 328. — Tnrdus caro-
linensis, Light. Verz. 1823, 38. — D'Orbigny, La Sagra's Cuba Ois.
1840, 51. — Mimus carolinensis, Gray, Baird, Birds N. Am. 1859,
346. — Galeoscoptes carolinensis, Cab. Mus. Hein. I, 1850, 82 (type
of genus). — Ib. Jour. Orn. 1855, 470 (Cuba). — Sclater, Catal.
Birds, 1861, 6, no. 39.

Figures : Add. B. A. II, pi. 140.— Ib. Orn. Biog. II, pi. 28.- Vieillot,
Ois. Am. Sept. II, pi. Ixvii. — Wilson, Am. Orn. II, pi. xiv, f. 3.

Hab. United States, north to Lake Winnipeg, west to head of Columbia,
south to Panama R. R. ; Cuba.

In some specimens there is a tendency to obsolete narrow trans-
verse bars at the ends of the outer tail feathers. The shade of colora^

GALEOSCOPTES — MELANOPTILA.

55

tion varies somewhat. Rocky Mountain specimens appear a little
larger than others. The smallest is 29,222, from Orizaba; in this
the wing measures 3.40, the tail 3.80. A female, 10,352, from
Florida, is also very small. There is considerable difference in the
length and thickness of the bill in different specimens. In some
specimens the tarsal scutellai are perfectly well defined, in others
indistinct on the sides of the tarsus.

Sraith-

Collec- S

ex

soniaa

tor's a

nd

No.

No. A

ge.

1,12.3

^

10,3j2

5

11,S8S

$

13,137

6

rf

18,. 506

32

13,306

5,2S5

ff

22,04.1

120

21,960

481

d

21,961

566

rf

21,962

567

33,170

11

29,631

30,868

76

2.9,222

300

16,838

15

Locality.

Carlisle, Pa.
ludian Key, Fla.
Tortugas, Fla.
Foit Garry, RedRiv.

Leavenworth, Mo.
Ft. Lookout, Mo. Riv.
Coeur d'.\lene Mis'n.
Siuyakwateeu De-
pot, W. T.
Camp ott KootenayR.

Nassau, N. P.

Cuba.

El Mirador, Mex.

Oi-izalia, Mex. [jole.

Panama R. R. Fri-

Guatemala.

When

Collected.

Received from

Collected by

July
Jaa.

July

May
June

June
July

April 22, '64

S. F. Baird.
G. WurJeniann.
Capt. Woodbury.
C. A. Hubbard.
Donald Gunu.
Capt. J H. Simp-
Lt. Warren, [.sou.
Dr. J. G. Cooper.

A. Campbell.

Lt. Fitzgerald.
C. Wright.
Dr. C. Sartorius.
Prof. Sumichrast.
J M'Leannau.
Cab. Lawrence.

Dr. Hayden.
Dr. Kennerly.

(1,12.3.) 9; 11.50; 3.50. (10,352.) 8.25. (11,888.) S.50. (13,137.) With eggs, 2,258. (5,285.)
Eyes browu.

MELANOPTILA, Sclater.

Melanoptila, Sclatek, P. Z. S. 1857, 275. (Type M. glabrirostris.)

As there is but a single known species of this genus, I give the
generic characters with the specific.

Melanoptila glabrirostris.

Melanoptila glabrirostris, Sclater, P. Z. S. 1857, 275 (Omoa, Honduras,
with figure of head and wing). — Ib. 1859, 337.— Ib. Catal. Am.
Birds, 18G1, 7, uo, 41.— Sclater & Salvix, Ibis, I, 1S59, 7.

Hab. Honduras.

Bill shorter than the head ; quite similar in shape to that of Mimus caro-
linensis, but apparently without any trace of rictal bri.stles (the specimen
before me has the tip broken so that I am unable to speak as to the notch).

Tarsi rather longer than the middle toe and claw, scutellate on the anterior
half, though not very distinctly ; claws rather weak.

Wings broad, much rounded, a little shorter than the tail ; secondaries
elongated, longer than the 2d quill ; 5th and 6th quills longest, forming the
middle of a gentle curve with the 3d and 4th on one side ; the 7th and 8th
on the other ; 2d quill shorter than the 9th, and rather less than secondaries ;

56

REVIEW OF AMERICAN BIRDS.

[part I.

1st quill rather more than half the 2d. Tail rather broad, graduated; the
lateral feather .60 shorter than the central ; the feathers rather soft and
broader than usual on the outer webs.

Color glossy black ; wings and tail with a greenish lustre ; rest of body
glossed with steel blue. Bill and legs black.

Length, 7.60; wing, 3.55; tail, 3.90; gape, .87; tarsus, 1.05 ; middle toe
and claw, .92.

Smith- Collec-

soaian tor's

No. No.

Sex
and
Age.

Locality.

When
Collected.

Received from i Collected by

30,652 33

.. j Half Moon Key, Br.
1 [Honduras.

May 10, '62.

0. Salvia. Salvia & Godman.

1

MELANOTIS, Boxap.

Melanotis, Bonap. Conspectus, 1, 1S50, 276. (Type Orpheus casrulescens, Sw.)

Bill elongated, rather slender, compressed, as long as the head. Commissure
nearly straight to the decurved, notched tip. Rictal feathers moderate,
reaching to the nostrils.

Wings decidedly shorter than the tail ; 4th and 5th quills longest ; 6th and
7th a little shorter than the 3d ; 2d shorter than the secondaries ; nearly as
much shorter than the 4tli as it is longer than the 1st ; 1st quill two-tkirds
the 2d, half as long as the longest. Tail long, broad, and graduated ; tlie
feathers soft, with outer webs unusually broad, as in Mtlunoptlla ; lateral
feathers 1.25 less than the central.

Legs rather weak, but the tarsus longer than middle toe ; distinctly scutel-
late on anterior half, with seven broad scutellae. Claws strong, and well
curved.

The type of the genus is the Orpheus cserulescens of Swainson.
The second assigned species, M. hypoleucus, differs somewhat in
form. The bill is shorter and less attenuated ; the wing apparently
shorter and more concave ; the legs and the claws are stouter,
and the tarsus is but little longer than the middle toe and claw.
Both species are slaty blue, with the side of the head black. In
cserulescens the blue extends over the inferior surface, which in
hypoleucus is white with the exception of the blue crissum.

JUelanotis caerulescens.

Orpheus cvrulescens, Swainson, Phil. Mag. 1827, 369 (Mexico). — Mimus
cxrulescens, Sclater, P. Z. S. 1S56, 294. — Mclanotis cao7-ulesce7>!s,
BoNAP. Consp. 1850, 276.— Sclatek, P. Z. S. 1859, 337 (Cordova,
370; Oaxaca).— Ib. Catal. 1861, 7, no. 42.

?Turdus erythrophlhalmus, Light. Preis-Verzeich. 1830, no. 83.

Tardus melanotis, Temji. PI. Col. 498.

Hub. Mexico generally.

MELANOTIS POXACOBIUS.

5t

Measurement (2G,374). Length, 10.75; wing, 4.S0 ; tail, 5.40; bill from
gape, 1.35 ; nostril, .70 ; tarsus, 1.18 ; middle toe and claw, 1.10 ; claw alone, .30.

Smith-

Collec-

S.-V

When

8uuiau

tor's

and

Locality.

Received from

Collected by

Ko.

No.

Age.

26,374

Xnlapa.

J.ilin Krider.

D Oca.

2f»,.i54

4,282

Mexico.

Berlin Museum.

20,719

"

De Saussute.

2S.031

35

Mii-ador, Mex.

Dr. C. Sanorius.

2'),3j5

99

'c<

Colima, Mex.

Jan. 1863.

J. Xantus.

30,135

151

rf

"

Feb. 1S63.

"

34,013

183

V

Mazatlaa.

June, lSb2.

A. J. Grayson.

3i,014

184

rf

"

"

"

17

Xalapa.

Cab. Lawrence.

D'Oca.

(29,355.) Length, 10. Iris brown. (30,135.) Length, 10.50. Iris brown.

melanotic Iiypoleiacus.

Mehinotis hypoleucus, H.vrtlacb, R. Z. Oct. 1852, 4*10. — Tb. Jour, f,
Ornith. 1853, 30.— Sclatek & Salvix, Ibis, I, 1859, 7 (eggs).— Ib,
II, 1860, 29.— ScLAXER, P. Z. S. 1859, 337.— Ib. Catal. 1861, 7, no. 43.

Hah. Guatemala.

Total length, 10.00 ; wing, 4.00 ; tail, 4.90 ; difference of tail feathers, 1.25 ;
exposed portion of 1st primary, 1.50 ; of 2d, 2.40 ; length of bill from forehead,
1.15, from nostril, .68; along gape, 1.32; tarsus, 1.26; middle toe and claw,
1.10; claw alone, .30; hind toe and claw, .75 ; claw alone, .37.

Smith- Collec-

sonian \ tor's

No. 1 No.

Sex
and
Age.

Locality.

When
Collected.

Received from

Collected by

20,395 373
16,843

18

Coban, Vera Paz.
Guatemala.

0. Salvin.
J. Gould.
Cab. Lawrence.

DONACOBIUS, SwAixsoN.

Donacobius, SwAixsox, Class. Birds, II, 1S31, 236. (Type D. vociferans,
Sw. ^ Tardus atricapillus, L.)

Bill as long as head, notched. Bristles distinct, reaching to nostrils. Nasal
groove broad, filled by a plane, tense, naked, thin edged membrane ; the
nostrils pervious, occupying the anterior extremity of the groove, bordered
behind only by membrane ; broadly oval, the axis rather oblique. A large, bare
naked space on each side the neck. Wings shorter than the much graduated
tail. First primary about half the longest (fifth) ; 2d shorter than the
secondaries. Tail feathers broad ; outer webs of lateral feathers having their
outer webs half as wide as the inner. Graduation excessive ; outer feather
about half the middle.

Tarsi little longer than middle toe and claw, with six scutpllre anteriorly
fused into a continuous ungrooved plate on the outer side. Claws lengthened,
moderately curved. Inner toe cleft to base.

58 REVIEW OF AMERICAN BIRDS. [PART I.

Total length, 8.00; wing, 3.30; tail, 4.20; graduation, 2.00; exposed por-
tion of 1st primary, 1.27, of 2d, 1.90, of longest (measured from exposed base
of 1st primary), 2.45 ; length of bill from forehead, 1.05, from nostril, .63 ;
along gape, 1.26; tarsus, 1.32; middle toe and claw, 1.10; claw alone, .37;
hind toe and claw, .90 ; claw alone, .43.

The genus Donacohius has been variously placed by authors, by
some among the Thrushes, by others among the "Wrens. The notched
bill, the bristled rictus, and above all the deeply parted toes, with
the general coloration, appear however decidedly opposed lo the
latter view of its affinities ; and I have accordingly inserted it here.
It is a very strongly marked genus, and the only one of the family
without any representatives in Northern or Middle America.*

Having thus enumerated the species of Turdidse from the region
embraced in the present work, which I have had the opportunity of
examining in the museum of the Smithsonian Institution, or else-
where, I proceed to mention the remaining species which have been
given by other authors. The names used are generally those of Dr.
Sclatcr's Catalogue of American Birds, where the precise synonymy
will be found : —

Turdus pinicola, Sclater, Catal. 1861, 6, no. 36. Xalapa.
plelieius, Cabanis, Jour. 1860, 323. Costa Rica.
lligrescens, Cab. Jour. 1860, 325. Costa Rica.

' Most authors admit of but one species in the genus Donacohius, placing
the Bolivian D. albo-vittatus, of D'Orbigny, as a synonym of D. atricapillus.
Specimens in the Smithsonian collection, however, seem to indicate a decided
difference in the much larger size of the Bolivian bird (length, 9.00 ; wing,
3.50; tail, 4.50— instead of 8.25; 3.20; 4.00). There is also a very con-
spicuous and distinct white stripe from the upper edge of the eye along the
side of the head to the nape. This stripe is only faintly indicated, generally
not at all in the atricapillus. The synonomy will be as follows : —

1, Doraacoljillis atricapillus. Hab. Eastern South America.

Turdus atricapillus, Linn. S. N. I, 295. — Donacohius atricapillus, BoN.

Consp. 277. — Bukmeister, Th. Bras. Aves, II, 129.
Tardus and Donacohius brasiliensis, vociferans, etc.
Fig. : SwAiNSON, Zool. 111. n. s. pi. xxvii.

Specimens from Brazil.

2. DonacolJius altoo-vittatus. Uab. Bolivia.

Donacohius albo-vittatus, D'Orb. Mag. de Zool. 1837, 19.
Donacohius albo-lineatus, D'Orb. Voyage, IX, Atlas Zoologique, 1847,
pi. xii. — BoN. Notes Delattre, 1854, 40.

Specimens Nos. 16,832, 16,833. Bolivia, W. Evans.

CINCLUS. 59

Margarops densirostris (Vieill.), Sclatek, P. Z. S. 1859, 336. Guada-

loupe and Martinique.
montanus (Lafr.), Scl. P. Z. S. 1859,336. Guadaloupe.
Ciclilerminia lionapartii (Lafr.), Sclatek, P. Z. S. 1859, 335.

Guadaloupe.

Cinclocertliia ruficanda (Gould), Sclater, Catal. 1861, 7, no. 45.
Guadaloupe.
gutturalis, Sclatek, P. Z. S. 1859, 358. Martinique.
Mimus domillicus, Sclatek, P. Z. S. 1859, .341. St. Domingo.
gundlac&ii (Cab.), Sclater, P. Z. S. 1859, 342. Cuba.

HarporJbyncbus ocellatus, Sclatek, Catal. 1862, 358, no. 49. Oax-
aca, Mex.

The following species are mentioned as occnrring in Tobago and
Trinidad. All of them are in the collection of the Institution from
South America: —

Turdus phaeopygus, Sclater, Catal, 1861, 3. Tobago; Venezuela, etc.
gymmoplltlialEUUS (Cab.), Scl. Catal. 1861, 4. Tobago;

Venezuela, etc.
xantlioscelis, Jakdine, Scl. Catal. 1861, 5. Tobago (Bogota,

Verreaux).

Mimus melauopterus, Lawr. Scl. Catal. 18G1, 9. Trinidad ; Venezuela.

Family CINCLID^.

CINCLUS, Bechst,

Cincliis, Bechst. "Gemein. Naturg. 1802." (Type Sfumus cinclas, L.)
Hydrohata, Vieill. Analyse, 1816.— Baikd, Birds N. Am. 1858, 229.'

There are three well marked species of this genus in America :
one entirely dusky ((7. mexicanus) ; one dusky, with xA\\\q head

' After a careful consideration of the subject I have come to the conclusion
that as followers of the LiunEean binomial system of nomenclature, we are not
authorized to adopt any genus which is not based by its author upon some
particular object having a specific name avowedly used in the Linnaean bi-
nomial sense. For this reason I begin my referen- e to tht> genera of Linnjeus
with the 10th edition (1758) of the Systema Naturae (the first in which the
binomial system is presented) ; not adopting a name from an earlier edition
of the same author, where it would conflict with the one mentioned. This is
substantially the rule of the British Association, which, however, selects the

60

KEVIEW OF AMERICAN BIRDS.

[part I.

and throat, from Bolivia (C. Icucocephalus, Tschudi) ; and one dusky,
with white head, back, and under parts, from Ecuador and New
Grenada ( C. leuconotus, Scl.). Of these, specimens of leucocephalus
are in the Smithsonian collection, from Bolivia ; and Mr. Lawrence
possesses C. leuconotus, from Ecuador.

tiiaclus MaexicanMS.

Cinclus pallasii, Bon. Zool. Jour. 11, 1827, 52 (not the Asiatic species).
Cindus mexicanas, Sw. Phil. Mag. 1827, 368.— Sclater, Catal. 18G1, 10.

— Hydrobata mexicana, Baied, Birds N. Am. 1858, 229. — Cooper

& Sdckley, Rep. P. R. R. XII, ii, 1859, 175 (nest).
Cinclus americanus, Rich. F. B. A. II, 1831, 273.
Cinclus unicolor, Bon.; C. mortoni, Towns.; C. townsendii, "Aud."

Towns.
Figures : Bonaparte, Am. Orn. II, 1828, pL xvi, fig. 1.— Aud. Orn.

Biog. pi. 37U, 435. — Ib. Birds Amer. II, pi. 137.

nab. Found through the mountainous region of the central part of North
America, from Fort Halkett south into Mexico. None received from the coast
region of California.

A Mexican specimen, from Xalapa, representing the species as
established by Swainson, is rather darker below than skins from the
United States, and the feathers exhibit none of those whitish edgings
so common (but not universal) in the latter. The smoky brown of
the head and neck is sharply defined against the plumbeous of the
back, but below shades off insensibly in a wash over the breast.
The bill is black ; the legs dark brown.

In a young bird from Chiloweyuck Depot, the chin and throat are
of a dirty white, and the head is plumbeous without any of the
smoky brown tinge.

Smith-

Collec-

Sex

Eoaiaa

tor's

aaii

No.

No.

Age.

31,119

800

31,120

801

11,419

11,806

21.5

19,197

227

11,467

Locality.

Fort Halkett, B. A.

Frazer'sRiv. B. Col.
Chiloweyuck.
D('er Creek, Neb.
Fort Ma.ss. N. M.

When
Collected.

Dec. 10, '62
Mar. 18.i8.
Jan. 4, '60.

Received from

J. Luckhart.
A. Campbell.

Capt. Raynolds.
Capt. Bowman.

Collected by

Mr. Brass.
Dr. Kenuerly.
Dr. Hayden.

12th edition as the starting point, instead of the 10th, though without any
apparent good reason.

As Moahring is not a Linnsean binomialist, only adopting the generic or uni-
nomial idea, and not the binomial, I do not consider his names as tenable,
and consequently do not find that his use of the name Cinclus, in 1752, for
another genus, is a pre-occupation, as rigidly understood.

SAXICOLA.

61

Family SAXICOLIDiE.

SAXICOLA, Bechst.
SaxicoJa, Bechstein, " Gemein. Naturg. 1S02." (Type 3IotaciUa ce)ianthe,L.)

Saxicola oenaiitlae.

Motacilla ananthe, Linn. Syst. Nat. I, 1758, 186. — Saxicola cenanthe,
Bechst. " Gemein. Naturg. 1802," and of European authors. —
HoLBoLL, Orn. Green. (Paulsen ed.), 1846, 23 (Greenland). — Baikd,
Birds N. Am. 1858, 220 (Europe).— Jones, Nat. Bermuda, 1859,
28 (Bermuda).— Coues, Pr. A. N. S. 1861,218 (Labrador).— Rein-
HARDT, Ibis, 1861, 5 (Greenland).
fSaxicola cenanthoicles, Vigors, Zool. Blossom, 1839, 19 (N. W. Ame-
rica).— Cassin, 111. I, 1854, 208, pi. xxxiv (Nova Scotia).
Hab. A European bird abundant in Greenland, found as an autumnal mi-
grant in Labrador, Canada, Nova Scotia, Bermuda, etc. Occurs also in Behring
Straits. I liave not seen any from the United States.

This species of late years has been frequently detected in the
eastern portions of North America, and may be legitimately con-
sidered as belonging to our Fauna. The specimens collected all
appear to belong to the Greenland race (see Coues as above), which
is considerably larger than that of central Europe, and it is most
probable that they have reached North America by the Greenland
route. I have never seen a full plumaged spring specimen, all being
in autumnal livery, and it is not at all improbable that those hitherto
detected in America are merely winter visitors from Greenland
(where it is abundant), and to which they return to breed. The
bird may, however, nest in Newfoundland and Labrador.

The specimen described by Vigors, from the N. W. coast of
America, is considerably smaller even than skins from central
Europe, and may be distinct, as suggested by Mr. Coues.

Smith-

CoUec-

Sex

Eouiaa

tor's

and

No.

No.

Age.

18,075

206

d

20,551

43

Locality.

Gro-svater Bay, Lab.
Quebec. [laud.

Godthaab, Green-

When
Collected.

Aug. 24, '60.

Received from

Elliot Coues.
W. Couper.
Williams Coll. Lye.

Collected by

(18,075.) 7.00; 12.60; 4.30.

62

REVIEW OP AMERICAN BIRDS.

[part I.

SI ALIA, SwAiNSON.
Sialia, SwAiNSON, Zool. Jour. Ill, Sept. 1827, 173. (Type Motacilla sialis, Lisx.)

Sialia sialis.

Motacilla sialis, Linn. S. N. 1758, 187 (based on Catesbt, I, pi. 47). —

Sialia sialis, Baird, Birds N. Am. 1858, 222. — Boardman, Pr. Best.

Soc. 1862, 124 (Calais, Me. ; very rare).
Sialia wilsonii, Swainson, Zool. Jour. Ill, 1827, 173. — Cab. Jour. 1858,

120. — GuNDLACH, Cab. Jour. 1861, 324. — Jones, Nat. Bermuda,

1859, 28, 68 (resident in Bermuda).
Sylvia sialis. Lath. ; Ampelis sialis, Nutt. ; Erythraca wilsonii, Sw.
Figures : Vieillot, Ois. Am. Sept. II, pi. ci, cii, ciii. — Wils. I, pi. iii,

— AtTD. Orn. Biog. II, pi. cxiii. — Ib. B. A. II, pi. 134. — Doughty,
Cab. I, pi. xii.
Bah. Eastern United States ; resident in Bermuda ; Cuba (rare), Gundlach,

As far as the indications of the large number of specimens in the
Smithsonian Museum extend, this species is confined to the eastern
faunal region of the United States and the Provinces, not extending
up the western tributaries of the Missouri into the region of the sterile
plains, nor northward beyond Lake Winnipeg. It is a rare bird in
the West Indies — Gundlach recording it as scarce in Cuba. It is
resident in Bermuda, whence the eggs have been received by the
Institution.

From the fact of the rarity of this species as a winter migrant in
the West Indies, and its not occurring at all on the western plains,
I am inclined to believe that the difference in shade of color shows
the Mexican and the Guatemalan species to be distinct from the
North American, and entitle it to a specific appellation.

Smith-

Collec-

Eoniaa

tor's

No.

No.

27,015

8.8S2

2,3

13,163

6,660

1,285

3,865

Sex
and
Age.

Locality.

When
CoUected.

Received from

CoUected ty

1 Selkirk Settlement.

I Loup Fork of Platte, i July 3.

j St. Joseph's, Mo. ]

Fort Riley, Kansas.
I Carlisle, Pa.

Prairie Mer Ronge L. i

Mar. 9, '44.

Donald Gnnn.
Lt. Warren.
Lt. MiiUan.
Dr. W. A. Ham-
S.F. Baird. [mond.
Jas. Fairie.

Dr. Hayden.
J. Pear.sall.

Sialia azurea.

Sialia azurea, Swainson, Phil. Mag. I, 1827, 369.

Sialia wilsonii, Sclater, P. Z. S. 1856, 293 (Cordova).— Is. 1858, 299
(Oaxaca— high lands).— Ib. 1P59, 362 (Xalapa).— Sclatek, Ibis,

1859, 8 (Guatemala).— Ib. Catal. 1861, 11, no. 65.— Taylor, Ibis,

1860, 110 (Honduras).— Owen, Ibis, 1861, 60 (Guatemala), nest.
Hah. Eastern Mexico and Guatemala.

SIALIA,

63

(28,021.) Similar to S. sialis, but differing in shade of blue, wliich is
greenish, not purplish. Whole upper parts, with sides of head and lower
jaw, greenish-blue ; beneath brownish-red, except abdomen to crissum, which
are white. Female with the plumage duller, the outer web of second primary
abruptly edged with white.

Total length, 6.70; wing, 4,00; tail, 3.20; bill from nostril, .35; along
gape, .80 ; tarsus, .80 ; middle toe and claw, .84.

I was not a little surprised, on comparing a series of four Mexican
and Guatemalan Blue Birds with about fifty from the United States,
to find certain uniform differences in coloration and form, warranting
the specific separation that Swainson hints at in the reference cited
above. The shade of blue is appreciably different : instead of being
of the rich dark purplish pure blue of S. sialis, it is of almost
the very shade of greenish-blue seen in S. arctica, without the
purplish lustre of the latter. The abrupt w^hite margin of the outer
primary in female (?) specimens I have not noticed in the North
American bird. Of about the same length of body and wing, the
tail is decidedly longer, measuring in the type specimen 3.20, instead
of 2.75 or 2.80, the usual length in S. sialis.

Although Swainson did not describe this species in such manner
as to entitle him to it, I have preferred to adopt his name rather
than present a new one.

Smith-

CoUec-

Sex

sonian

tor's

and

No.

No.

Age.

28,021

11

2S,022

11

28,023

11

30,661

Locality.

Mirador, Mex.

Tactic, Vera Paz,
[Guat.

When
Collected.

Nov. 5, '59.

Keceived from Collected hj

Dr. C. Sartorius.
0. Salvin.

Sialia mexicana.

Sialia mexicana, Sw. F. B. Am. II, 1831, 202.— Sclater, P. Z. S. 18.56,

293 (Cordova) ; 1857, 126 (California) ; 1859, 362 (Xalapa).— Ib.

Catal. 1861, 11, no. 66.— Baikd, Birds N. Am. 1858, 223.— Cgopee

& SucKLEY, p. R. R. XII, II, 1859, 173.
Sialia occidentalis, Towns., Aud. ; Sialia casriileocollis, Vigors.
Figures : Aud. B. A. II, pi. 135.— Ib. Orn. Biog. V, pi. 393.— Vigors,

Zool. Beechy Voy. 1839, pi. iii.

Hah. Western United States, from the Rocky Mountains to Pacific. Not
noticed on the Missouri plains, British America, or Cape St. Lucas. Found
at Xalapa and Cordova, Mex. (Sclater).

64

REVIEW or AMERICAN BIRDS.

[part I.

Smith-

Collec-

Sex

sonian

tor's

aud

No.

No.

Age.

7,617

265

1,930

f^

4,903

V

7,6:33

18,315

766

'rf

13.282

rf

5,0.51

4,020

__

Locality.

Fort Steilacoom.
Columbia Kiv.
San Diftro, Cal.
Gila River.
Hellgate, Idaho.
Sweet Water.
FortFillmore, N. M.
Saltillo, Mex.

When

Collected.

Dec. 30, '54.

1860.
Aug. 19, '58.

May, 18.53.

Received from

Dr. Suckley.
S. F. Baird.
Lt. Parke.
Major E in cry.
Lt. Mullan.
Capt. J. H. Simp-
Capt. Pope, [sou,
Lt. Couch.

Collected by

J K Town.seud.
Dr. Heerniann.
A. Scliott.
J. Peaisall.
C. S. M'Carthy.

Sialia arctica.

Erythraca {Sialia) arctica, Swains. F. B. A. II, 1831, 209, pi. 39.—
Siulia arctica, Nottall, Man. II, 1832, 573. — Baird, Birds N. Am.
1858, 224.— ScLATER, Catal. 1861, 11, no. 67.
Sialia macroptera, Baikd, Stausbury's Rept. 1852,314 (larger race with
longer wings).
Hab. Central table lands of Nortli America, east to month of Yellowstone.
One individual collected at Fort Franklin, Great Bear Lake. Not common on
the Pacific slope ; the only specimens received coming from Simiahmoo, Fort
Crook, and San Diego. Not recorded as found in Mexico.

Smith-

Collec-

Sex

When
Collected

sonian

tors

and

Locality.

Received from

Collected by

No.

No,

Age.

1.87.)

rf

Fort Union, Neb.

1 July 1, '43.

S F. Baird.

J. J. Audubon.

3.706

rf

Salt Lake City.

! Mar. 21, '51.

Capt. Stansbury.

21,918

487

KootenayRiv. W.T.

1

A. Campbell.

Dr. Kennerly.

27.428

Sirniahmoo, W. T.

...

**

"

17,999

406

Fori Crook, Cal.

...

.John Feilner.

28.131

207

rf

"

1 Mar, 10, '62.

D. F. Parkinson.

4,425

San Diego, Cal.

April, ISO.").

Lt. Trowbridge.

(3,706.) Type of ^. macrupteva.

Family STLYIIDJG.

Bill slender, broad and depressed at the base, distinctly notched and de-
curved at the tip. Culinen sharp-ridged at base. Frontal featliers reaching
to the nostrils, which are oval, with membrane above, and overhung — not
concealed — by a few bristles or by a feather. Rictal bristles extending
beyond nostrils. Tarsi booted or scutellate. Basal joint of middle toe
attached its whole length externally, half-way internally. Primaries ten •
spurious primary about half the 2d, which is shorter than the 7th. Lateral
toes equal.

The birds of this family are readily distinguished from the Paridse,
by the slender bill, notched and decurved at tip ; much bristled
gape, sharp-ridged culmen, exposed oval nostrils, less adherent toes,

IlEGIILUS. 66

etc. They are muoli smaller tliaii the Turdidse and Saxicolidse,
with much more slender, depressed bill, longer rictal bristles, etc.
The short outer primary, with the primaries ten in number, distin-
guish them from the Sylvicolidee.

Of the two subfaniHies, Regulinse are more nearly related to the
Saxicolidse, and Polioptilinse to the Paridse ; and have, by many
authors, been respectively thus assigned. I agree with Cabanis,
however, in uniting them into one family. They may thus be dis-
tinguished : —

Regulinae. Wings longer than the emarginate tail. Tarsi booted or with-
out scutellar divisions.

Polioptilinae. Wings about equal to the graduated tail. Tarsi with dis-
tinct scutellae.

REGULUS, Cpv.

Rerjnlus, Cuv. ." Lemons d'Anat. Comp. 1799-1800." (Tyipe Motacilla

regulus, Linn.)
Reguloides, Blyth. 1847. (Type "R. proregulus, Pall.," Gray.)
Phyllohaslleus, Cab. Mus. Hein. I, 1850, 33. (Type Motacilla calen-
dula, Linn.)

Reguliis satrapa.

Recjxdua satrapa, Light. Verz. 1823, no. 410. — Baikd, Birds N. Am. 1859,

227.— ScLATEE, P. Z. S. 1857, 212 (Orizaba).— Baedeker, Cab. Jour.

IV, 33, pi. 1; fig. 8 (eggs, from Labrador). — Pr. Max. Cab. Jour.

1858, 111.— Cooper & Sdcklet, P. R. R. R. XII, ii, 1859, 174

(winters in W. Territory).
Si/lvia regulus, WiLS. ; Regidus ci'istatus, Vieill. ; R. tricolor, Nutt., Aud.
Figures: Aud. B. A. II, pi. 132.— Ib. Orn. Biog. II, pi. 183.— Vieill.

Ois. Am. Sept. II, pi. cvi.
Hab. United States and the Eastern Provinces.

This species is found throughout the entire region of the United
States and the Provinces, though hitherto not noticed in the fur
countries. On the Pacific slope it is abundant from the Puget
Sound country (where it is found in winter), south to Fort Crook ;
but no specimens are in the collection from more southern points,
not even Fort Tejon, nor any from the middle table land or Rocky
Mountain region anywhere.

The western specimens are much brighter and more olivaceous
above, especially on rump and tail, than the eastern, and may
possibly constitute a different race, or variety olivaceus. ScJater
records it as found at Orizaba, Mcx. This may, however, prove to
be a different species.

Young bii'ds, as with B. calendula, are without the colored crown.
5 July, 1864.

66

REVIEW OF AMERICAN BIRDS.

[part I.

Smith-

Collec-

Sex

souian

tor's

and

No.

No.

A>;e.

10,2.37

82S

'r<

32,224

rf

li.sni

200

V

7,176

130

Juv.

16,lyl

244

d

Locality.

Sberborn, Mass.
Carlisle, Pa.
Liberty Co., Ga.
Simiahmoo, \V. T.
Sieilacoom.
Fort Crook, Cal.

When
Collected.

Oct. 22, '42.
Nov.' 23.

Received from

0. S Babcock.
S. F. Baird.
Prof. Leconte.
A. Campbell.
Dr Suckley.
Capt. J. Feilner.

Collected by

Dr. Kennerly.

Regiilus cuvieri.

Regulus cuvieri, Aud. Orn. Biog. I, 1832, 288, pi. 55, etc. — Baikd, Birds
N. Am. 1859, 228.
Hab. " Banks of Schuylkill River, Penn. June, 1812." Aud.

This species continues to be unknown, except from the description
of Mr. Audubon, as quoted above.

Regulus calendula.

Motacilla calendula, Linn. Syst. Nat. I, 1766, 337. — Regulus calendula.
Light. Verz. 1823, no. 408.— Baird, Birds N. Amer. 1858, 226.—
ScLATEE, P. Z. S. 1857, 202.— Ib. 1858, 300 (mountains of Oaxaca).
— Ib. 1859, 3G2 (Xalapa). — Ib. Uns, I, 1859, 8 (Guatemala).—
Cooper & Suckley, P. R. R. XII, ii, 1859, 174. — Reinhardt, Ibis,
18G1, 5 (Greenland).

Regains rubineas, Vieill. Ois. Am. Sept. II, 180.7, 49, pi. civ, cv.

Other figures : Wils. Am. Orn. 1, 1808, pi. v, fig. 3. — Doughty, Cab. II,
pi. vi.— Aud. Orn. Biog. II, pi. 195.— Ib. Birds Am. II, pi. 133.

JIab. Greenland ; whole of North America, and south to Guatemala.

This species of Regulus appears to lack the small feather which,
in satrapa, overlies and conceals the nostrils, which was probably
the reason with Cabanis & Blyth for placing it in a different genus.
There is no other very apparent difference of form, however, although
this furnishes a good character for distinguishing between young
specimens of the two species.

Smith-

Col lee.

Sex

When
Collected.

sonian

No.

tor's
No.

and
Age.

Locality.

Received from

Collected by

18,0S3

107

?

Grosvater Bay, Lab.

Aug. 6, '60.

Elliot Coues.

20,621

486

rT

Fort George, H. B.

July 11, '60.

C. Drexler.

19,482

4.')9

d

Fort Resolution.

May 17.

R. Keuiiicott.

27 222

1,339

"

B R. Ross.

1,343

d

Carlisle, Pa.

April 10, '44.

S. F. Baird.

32.222

d

Liberty County, Ga.

Mar. 1848.

Prof. Leconte.

13,520

295

V

Siraiahmoo Bay.
Fort Tejou, Cal.

April23,'59.

A. Campbell.
J. Xaiitus.

Dr. Kennerly.

4,364

San Dieifo, Cal.

Lt. Trowbridge.

7,172

Espia, Mex.

Major Emory.

Dr. Kennerly.

13,631

Guatemala.

J. Gould.

POLIOPTILA. 67

POLIOPTILA, SCLATEK.

PoUoptila, ScLATER, Pr. Zool. Soc. 1855, 11. (Type Motacilla cserulea, L.)

Since the note on this genus was published by Mr. Sclater, in 1855,
enumerating four species, their number has greatly increased, as at
the present time at least nine or ten may be considered as perfectly
well established^possibly more. The species are very closely allied,
and can only be readily distinguished by an examination of the
males. In all the upper pai'ts are plumbeous gray ; the under white,
more or less tinged with plumbeous. The tail feathers black, with
the outer three or four more or less varied with white ; the quills
black ; the primaries edged with ashy, the secondaries with white.
The males all have black on the head ; either the whole hood is black,
or else gray, with a narrow line of black margining it above the eye,
or a broad line through the eye.

The following synopsis may aid in determining the males of the
different species of American PoUoptila : —

Whole top of head above black.
No white between eye and bill or above it.

Outer tail feather black, except on outer web and extreme
tip (about one-sixth or seventh). Hab. Rio Grande
and Gila ......... melanura.

Outer tail feather white, except portion hidden by under
tail coverts. Second feather white for terminal third ;
outline of white oblique, or along the fibres of the
feather. Tarsus, .75 ; tail, 2.20. Ilab. N. W. Mexico nigriceps.
Outer tail feather black at base, but with more white than
last ; outlines of white directly transverse. Tarsus,
.69 ; tail, 2.45. Hab. Brazil ..... leucogastra.

Outer tail feather entirely white ; 2d and 3d white nearly

to base. Hab. Guiana and New Grenada . . buffoni.

Lores white ; eyelids black.

Outer tail feather black at the base. Hab. Central Amer. albiloris.
Lores and short supra-ocular stripe white.

Inner web of outer tail feather white almost to base ; next
with basal third black : this color extending little
further on the inner than the outer web. Hab. Panama superciliaris.
Inner web of outer tail feather black for basal third ; next
with basal half black : this color extending much
more on inner than outer web. Size considerably
larger. Hab. Carthagena bilineata.

Sides of head black ; top gray.
Under parts plumbeous, lighter than back. Hab. Eastern La

Plata States ........ dumicola.

Under parts white, tinged with plumbeous. Hab. Bolivia . boliviana.

68

REVIEW OF AMERICAX BIRDS.

[part I.

Top of head gray ; sides whitish.

A black frontal line extending backwards over the eye. Lateral
tail feather white, except at the base. Tail slightly
graduated. First primary much less than half the
second. Hab. North America ..... caeridea.

A black crescentic line beginning at top of eye and bordering
the ear coverts. Lateral tail feather black for basal
half on inner web. Tail much graduated. First pri-
mary more than half the second. Hab. Cuba . . lemheyii.

A black line above the eye, not reaching the bill or ear coverts.
Lateral tail feather black on nearly the whole of inner
web. Tail moderately graduated. First primary more
than half the second. Hab. Arizona . . . plumbea.

Polioptila melaiiiira.

Culicivora atricapilla, Laweence, Ann. N. Y. Lye. V, Sept. 1S51, 124

(not of Swaixson).
Culicivora mexicana, Cassin, lUust. 1, 1854, 164, pi. xxvii (not of Bon.).
Polioptila melanura, Lawrence, Ann. N. Y. Lye. VI, Dec. 1856, 168. —

Baird, Birds N. Am. 1858, 382.— Heeemaxn, P. R. R. R. vol. X

(Williamson), 1859, 39.
Hah. San Diego to Fort Yuma and Cape St. Lucas.

Specimens of this species from Cape St. Lucas differ from tliose
of San Diego described in the P. R. R. Report (*7191), in having
the whole of the outer web of the outer tail feather white, and in a
rather larger white tip. The colors beneath are a little less ashy,
though not of a pure white. The ash of the back is rather lighter
and purer. The lores are rather lighter. The 1st primary is a little
larger and broader.

It is possible that the restriction of the white of the outer web
of the exterior tail feather to the outer half only is an unusual
circumstance, as both Mr. Cassin and Mr. Lawrence, in their de-
scriptions, speak of the entire outer web being white — tlie second
feather being of the former character. Under these circumstances
there will be little specific diiFerence between the tails of P. melanura
and j:>lumhea. The female bird will then be separated by the light
superciliary line and much shorter tarsi of P. plumbea — the latter
measuring .63, instead of nearly .70 of an inch.

Smith-
sonian

No.

Collec-
tor's

No.

Sex

and Locality.

Age.

When
Collected.

Received from

CoUected hy

7,191

7,192

12,966

16,961

323
1,346

cT San Diego, Cal.

?

rf Cape St. Lucas.

?

Lt. Williamson.
J. XantuR.

Dr. Heei'iuann.

POLIOPTILA.

69

Polioptila nigriceps.

Polioptila n'tgriceps, Baikd, n. s.

% . Above clear pure ligbt bluish gray ; beneath pure white, including the
flanks. Entire top of the head and sides, including lower eyelids, lustrous
black. A slight ashy tinge on the sides of the neck. Only a few feathers
in the eyelids white. Outer tail feather white, except for the basal con-
cealed third, as is also the outer web, except at the base, and the terminal
fourth (or .65 of an inch) of the next. Third feather with the inner web
tipped with white for about a quarter of an inch : perhaps in the unworn
feather extending a little on the outer web. First primary broad, about half
as long as the 2d. No white on secondaries, or else worn off in this specimen.

Length, about 4.50 inches; wing, 1.95; tail, 2.15; bill above, .48; from
gape, .32; tarsus, .75.

Ilab. Mazatlan.

This interesting new species of Polioptila resembles P. melanura
in general appearance, but will be readily distinguished by the white
outer tail feather and much purer white of the under parts. The
gray above is lighter and clearer ; the bill is larger (equal to that of
cserulea), and the tarsi are longer. The black cap seems to extend
farther down the side of the head, and along the nape.

The species appears well characterized by the length of the tarsi,
which exceed those of any other species known to me ; the bill is
not so stout as, and decidedly shorter than that of P. albiloris (32,556),
and there is no trace of white in the lores, or between eye and bill.
The tail is longer; the 1st primary only half the 2d.

From leucogastra it differs in the smaller size, shorter bill and
longer tarsi, narrower tail feathers and less amount of white on the
tail, as Avell as different geographical distribution. P. huffoni has
the outer tail feather entirely white, and the 2d and 3d white almost
to the base. The tail is considerably shorter.

Smith-
sonian.
No.

Collec-
tox*'s
No.

Sex
and

Age.

Locality.

When
Collected.

Received from

Collected by

23,7S1

294

d

Mazatlan.

July, 1S61.

J. Xantus.

23,781. Type.

Polioptila leucogastra.

Sylvia leucogastra, Max. Beit. Ill, 1830, 710. — Polioptila leucogastra,
ScLATER, P. Z. S. 1855, 12 (in part).— Ib. Cat. 1861, 12, no. 74.—
Culicivora leucogastra, Bckm. Th. Bras. Vo^el, 1856, 111.

Culicivora atricapilla, Sw. Zool. 111. N. S. pi. Ivii (not of Lawrence).

Culicivora dumecola, BoN. Cousp. 1850, 316 (not of Vieillot,).

TO REVIEW OF AMERICAN BIRDS. [PAUT I.

(No. 57, Mr. Lawrence's collection, from Bahia.) Above lead gray, darker
towards the ruiiip ; top of head and sides to lower edge of the eye glossy
black. Beneath clear white, with a tinge of plumbeous across breast and
sides. Quills black, edged like the back, the alula and inner secondaries
broadly with white. Tail feathers glossy black, except the three exterior,
of which the outermost is black on the basal half of the inner web (rather
less on the outer) ; the next has the black extended nearly half as much more
(on the basal two-thirds) ; the next is black, with the terminal fourth white.
The shafts throughout are black.

The length of the outer primary cannot be given, as the wings are not quite
perfect.

Total length, 4.50 ; wing, 2.00 ; tail, 2.35 ; bill from forehead, .57, from
nostril, .35 ; along gape, .64 ; tarsus, .71 ; middle toe and claw, .45.

Polioptila bufToiii.

PoUoptila huffoni, Sclatee, P. Z. S. 1861, 127.— Ib. Catal. 1861, 12, no. 73.

This black-headed species I have not seen. It is said by Dr.
Sclater to differ in a considerably smaller size (length, 4.00 ; wing,
1.90; tail, 1.80; bill from gape, .60), a longer bill, and in having
the outer tail feather entirely white, the second and third white
almost to the base. In leucogastra the black is much more extended,
as will be seen above.

Polioptila albiloris.

Polioptila albiloris, Salvin, P. Z. S. 1860, 298 (Guatemala).

" This species has the pileus black, the lores white ; the outer three tail
feathers tipped with white, decreasing gradually in amount (none entirely
white). There does not appear to be a superciliary stripe. Length, 4.30 ;
wing, 1.90; tail, 2.00."— Salvin.

Bab. West Coast Central America.

In the collection before me are several skins from Central America
which possess, to a certain extent, the characters of the specimen
given above — the one coming nearest to it (32,556) having the back
of a light gray color, the whole top and side of the head down to
the lower edge of the eye black. There is a short white line from
nostril towards, but not reaching the eye ; the lores themselves are,
however, black. The outer tail feather is white, except on the con-
cealed base of the inner web, which is black ; the next has this black
reaching beyond the middle of the feather ; the third has an oblique
white tip. The bill is long ; the 1st primary is little more than half
the 2d. Length, about 4.00; wing, 1.85; tail, 2.00; tarsus, .67;
bill from nostril, .35.

A second specimen (30,555) is very similar, but shows only the

POLIOPTILA.

•71

slightest trace of the white near the bill — an occasional feather only
being tipped with this color.

A female referred to this species is similar in general character,
but without the black head ; the bill rather larger. The whole
loral region to bill and the eyelids are white.*

Smith-

soniau

No.

32,556
30,555
30,554
34,101

Collec- Sex
tor's and
No. , Age.

248

Locality.

When
Collected.

cf ■ Grenada, Nicar.

cf W. coast Cent. Am.

? Eealejo, 0. A.

d

Julvie. '63.

Feb. 1S64.

Keceived from

Acad. Nat. Set
Capt. J. M. Dow.

Collected by

Polioptila superciliaris.

PoUoptila sitperciliaris, Lawrence, Ann. N. Y. Lye. 1861, 304, 322
(Panama).

First primary broad, and more than half the second, which is equal in
length to outer secondaries. Color above light ashy (paler than in Icuco-
gastra) ; secondaries margined with white. The top of the head and nape
are glossy black ; the sides, however, are white, excepting a short black line
from the eye backwards, running into the black of the nape. In other words,
a conspicuous white line from the bill over the eye (which is situated about
opposite its middle) and involving the whole loral region. The tail is glossy
black ; the outer tail feather is entirely white to the base ; the next is white,
except for the basal third ; the next white for rather less than the terminal
third ; the fourth feather has a narrow white tip. The shafts of the white
portions of the tail feathers are white.

' Since the preceding article was written Mr. Salvin has kindly transmitted
to me for examination his type specimens of P. albiloris, from Guatemala, and
skins labelled P. buffoni, from La Union, Salvador. The former agree very
well with the first described specimen of " albiloris,'^ except that the bill is
not so large nor so much decurved at the end, the lores are more nearly
white — there being only a few blackish feathers in front of the eye (more
perhaps on one side than on the other) ; the white of the tail feathers extends a
little farther towards the base. No. 34,101, also received recently, agrees with
the type, except in having the larger bill. I can see very little difference
between Mr. Salvin's specimens of " albiloris" and of " buffoni," excepting ia
the color of the lores, and those described above, form two stages of inter-
mediate gradation. I am, therefore, not disinclined to the impression that
they all form one species. They all differ from P. buffoni, of Cayenne and
Bogota, as first described by Dr. Sclater, in having nearly the basal third of
the inner web of outer tail feather black, not white ; the basal half of the
inner web of the second, and the basal three-fourths of that of the third
feather black, instead of being white, almost to the base.

The P. nigriceps differs from all these specimens in the longer tarsi and the
oblique markings on the tail.

•72

REVIEW OF AMERICAN BIRDS.

[part I.

The female resembles the male, except in having the black of head replaced
by ash, like the remaining upper parts. The white on the side of the head
is not so distinctly defined as in the male, but the short superciliary stripe is
distinctly appreciable.

Total length, 3.80 ; wing, 1.76 ; tail, 1.75 ; exposed portion of 1st primary,
.63 ; of 2d, 1.15 ; of longest (measured from exposed base of 1st primary),
1.40 ; length of bill from forehead, .50, from nostril, .33 ; along gape, .55 ;
tarsus, .57.

Hah. Isthmus of Panama.

This beautiful species, perhaps the least of the genus, is closely
related to P. bilineata, from Carthagena. Sclater, however, describes
this as having the tips of the outer lateral tail feather white, on
•which account Mr. Lawrence makes it distinct. As, however, Bona-
parte, in his diagnosis of F. bilineata (Conspectus Avium, I, 1850,
316), gives the outer tail feathers as white, the question remains to
be decided by reference to the type in the Berlin Museum.*

Smith-
sonian
No.

CoUec-
tor's
No.

Sex
and
Age.

Locality.

When
Collected.

Received from

Collected by

34,097

51
51

?

d

Isthmus Panama.

Cab. Lawrence.
Geo. N. Lawrence.

J. M'Leannan.

51. Type.

Polioptila Ijilineata?!

Culicivora bilineata, Bp. Consp. 1850, 316 (type from Carthagena, in
Berlin Museum). — Polioptila bilineata, Sclatek, P. Z. S. 1855, 12;
1860, 273.— Ib. Catal. 1861, 13, no. 75.

Eab. S. America: Carthagena; Ecuador (Esnieraldas, Babahoyo, Sclater).

A female specimen (Xo. 9,110) received from Mr. Yerreaux, and
referred to in the " Birds of North America," 381, as possibly the
bilineata, has the characters of the species in the white lores and

• Since writing the preceding I have been favored by Dr. W. Peters, Direc-
tor of the Berlin Museum, with a diagram of the outer two tail feathers of
the type specimen of P. bilineata, and of their markings. He states that
" the two outer tail feathers are white except at the base, which is black, in
such a manner that the black extends much more on the inner part at the
vexillum than on the outer part." The diagram represents much broader
tail feathers than those of superciliaris, with considerably more black at the
base ; this color on the inner web extending a quarter of an inch further than
on the outer, in the first feather covering more than one-third, in the second
about one-half of the web. In superciliaris the amount of black is consider-
ably less, and extends little more on the inner than on the outer web.

POLIOPTILA.

■73

the superciliary stripe ; but the locality assigned, of " Mexico," is
opposed to the idea of its being the true bilineata. It is much
larger than the female of superciliaris, with the white on side of head
much purer, though otherwise similar. The outer tail feather is
entirely white, except at the concealed base ; the next has basal
half of inner web black, this color extending much beyond the black
of outer web ; the third is white for the terminal fourth or 6fth. The
1st quill is more than half the 2d. It is specifically distinct, with-
out doubt, from supejx-ilia?-is, and if not hilineata, and really from
Mexico, probably indicates the existence of a third species with
black head. Compared with a supposed female of P. alhiloris, the
bill is weaker, size larger, more white on the head and tail, etc.*

Total length, 4.50 ; wing, 1.85 ; tail, 2.10 ; exposed portion of 1st primary,
.68, of 2d, 1.2S, of longest (measured from exposed base of 1st primary), 1.44;
length of bill from forehead, .55, from nostril, .33 ; along gape, .60 ; tarsus, .70.

Smith-
souian

Collec-
tor's

No.

31,390

Sex
and
Age.

Locality.

When
Collected.

Received from

Collected by

9,110

•'Mexico."

Verreaux.

Polioptila dtimicola.

Sylvia dumicola, Vieill. Nouv. Diet. Al, 170. — Ib. Encycl. Meth. II,
1823, 433.— Polioptila dumicola, Sclatee, P. Z. S. 1855, 12.— Culi-
civora dumicola, Bukm. Reise La Plata, II, 1861, 473 (Montevideo
and Parana).

fCulicivora boliviana, Sclatek, P. Z. S. 1852, 34, pi. 47 (Bolivia).

Hab. La Plata States ; Bolivia ?

I am by no means satisfied that the boliviana, of Sclater, is not
a different species from dumicola, at least Smithsonian specimens
from the two localities are readily distinguishable. The La Plata
bird is nearly uniform lead gray below, including the lining of the
wing; on the throat and breast not very much lighter than on the
back, becoming paler posteriorly, but nowhere white. In the Bolivian
the under parts may be called dull white, with a slight tin"-e of
plumbeous on the throat, and a rather deeper shade of the same
across the breast ; the cheeks below the black patch are quite clear
white, and not dark plumbeous. The light edgings on the win"-s
are more conspicuous.

' The tail feathers are almost too much worn for comparison with the dia-
gram furnished by Prof. Peters, but they do not appear materially different.

■74

REVIEW OF AMERICAN BIRDS.

[part I.

Smith-

Collec-

Sex

Boaiau

tor's

and

No.

No.

AgH.

12,.376

8

r^

12,372

8

V

16,338?

.54

16.3.36

54

9

16,848

rT

16,847

V

Locality.

Buenos Ayres.

Paraguay.

Brazil.

Bolivia.

When
Collected.

June, 18.59.
Oct. 1859.

Received from

Capt. T. J. Page.

Walter Evans.

Collected by

12,376. Steamer Argentina. 12,372. Do. 16,338? Expl. of Parana. 16,330. Do.

Polioptila plunibea.

Polwptila plumbea, Baird, Pr. A. N. Sc. VII, June, 1854, 118.— Ib. Birds
N. Am. 1858, 382, pi. xxxiii, fig. 1.

Hab. Arizona.

The only specimens received additional to those nicntioned in
Birds N. A. are Nos. 11,541 and 11,542, collected at Fort Yuma,
by Lt. Ives. The species appears to be confined to Arizona.

Polioptila caerulea.

Motacilla caerulea, Linn. Syst. Nat. I, 1766, 337 (based on Motacilla

parva casrulea, Edw. tab. 302). — Culicivora caerulea, Cab. Jour.

1855, 471 (Cuba). — Polioptila caerulea, Sclater, P. Z. S. 1855, 11.

— Ib. Catal. 1861, 12, no. 70.— Baird, Birds N. Am. 1858, 380.
Motacilla cana, Gm. S. N. I, 1788, 973.
? Culicivora mexicana, BoN. Consp. 1850, 316 (not of Cassin), female. —

Polioptila viexicana, Sclater, P. Z. S. 1859, 363, 373. — Ib. Catal.

1861, 12, no. 71.
Figures : Vieill. Ois. II, pi. 88. — WiLi50N, Am. Orn. II, pi. xviii, fig. 3.

— AcD. Orn. Biog. I, pi. 84.— Ib. B. A. I, pi. 70.

Hah. Middle region of U. S., from Atlantic to Pacific, and south to Guate-
mala. Cuba, Gundlach and Bryant.

A winter specimen, from near Cape St. Lucas, of P. cserulea, has
the ash of the back washed with a brownish tinge. I have not seen
this in any other specimens to anything like the same extent.

After a careful examination of Mexican specimens, labelled P.
mexicana by Mr. Verreaux, and of others received from Guatemala,
I am unable to distinguish them from P. cserulea. One of these,
No. 22,418 (38,658 of Verreaux), has the black frontal line, and the
same pure bluish ash of northern specimens. The lores are perhaps
a little whiter than usual, not more so than in specimens from
Tamaulipas and Illinois.

All these specimens from the south agree with northern cseridca
in the small, rather narrow, falcate first primary, scarcLly two-thirds

CHAM^AD.^,

15

the exposed portion of the second. In all the other species before
me this primary is larger, broader, and as long as or longer than the
remaining exposed portion of the second.

Smith-

Collec-

Sex

When
Collected

eoniaa

tor's

and

Locality.

Received from

Collected by

No.

No.

Age.

604

New York.

S. F. Baird.

1,835

Philadelphia.

"

615

fj

Washiugton, D. C.

Aprils, '42.

"

Wm. ai. Baird.

616

Q

"

"

"

"

29,483

1,164

§

"

April 18, '61.

E. Cones.

2,401

Savannah, Ga.

1845.

S. F. Baird.

8,671

rf

Indian Key, Fla.

Aug. 27, '57.

G. Wiiideniann.

10,213

Union County, 111.

April 20.

R. Kennicott.

10,214

(f

South Illinois.

May IS.

"

4,682

r/

Bald Island, Neb.

Apiil2.J,'56.

Lt. Warren.

Dr. Hayden.

6,641

is

rf

East of Fort Riley.

June 16, '56.

Lt. Bryan.

W. S. Wood.

7,188

Fort Thorn, N. M.

Dr. T. C. Henry.

7,193

5

Organ Mts., Tex.

Major Emory.

J. H. ciark.

4,593

34

V?

Colorado Riv., Cal.

"

A. Schott.

21,371

Yieka, Cal.

May 26.

W. Vuille.

29,748

1,790

cT

Maryville, Cal.

April 24, '63.

F. G ruber.

13,742

209

ff

Fort Tejon, Cal.

J. Xautus.

31,888

r<

San Diego, Cal.

Dec. .5, '61.

Geol. Suiv. Cal.

Dr. J. G. Cooper.

16,960

5,249

Cape St Lucas.

Oct. 10, '59.

J. Xantus.

17,290

3,409

"

3,985

rf

Tamaulipas, Max.

18.S3.

Lt. Couch.

31,823?

1,656

rf

Colima, Mex.

Aug. 1863.

"

9,223

Mexico.

J. Gould.

22,418

38,658

rf

Cohan.

Verieaux.

9,222

Guatemala.

J. Gould.

9,223. "P. mexicana."

Family CHAM^AD^.

Bill compressed, short, rather conical, not notched nor decurved. Culmen
sharp-ridged. Nostrils linear, with au incumbent scale. Rictal bristle.s reach-
ing beyond nostrils, which are scantily overhung by bristly feathers. Loral
feathers bristly and directed forwards. Tarsi booted, or covered with a con-
tinuous plate anteriorly, with faint indications of scutellse on the inner side.
Basal joint of middle toe attached for about half its length on either side.
Primaries ten ; 6th quill longest. Plumage very lax.

I have found it impossible to assign the genus Chamsea to any
recognized family of American birds, and have accordingly been
obliged to give it independent rank in this respect, although it may
properly belong to some old world group with which I am not ac-
quainted. In its general appearance it approaches the Paridse in
loose plumage, bristly lores, want of notch to bill, etc. ; but differs
in the very much bristled rictus, sharp-ridged culmen, linear nostrils,
booted tarsi, less amount of adhesion of the toes, etc. It approaches

•76

REVIEW OP AMERICAN BIRDS.

[part I.

the Stjlciidse in the sharp-ridged culraen and bristly gape, but is
otherwise very different. The excessively rounded wing is a peculiar
feature, the sixth primary being the longest.

The family may, perhaps, be best placed between the Sylviidse and
Paridce.

CHAMPA, Gambei..
Chnma'a, Gambel, Pr. A. N. Sc. Ill, 1847, 154. (Type Parus fasciattis.')

Bill much shorter than head, conical compressed. Culmen much curved;
gonys' less so. Nostrils linear, covered and nearly hidden by an incumbent
scale, as in some Wrens. Wings much rounded, about two-thirds the tail ;
the 6th primary longest ; the 3d equal to the secondaries. Tail very long and
much graduated, the lateral feathers not two-thirds the central ; feathers nar-
row, with narrow outer webs.

The genus, as far as known, embraces but a single species.

Cliaiiia^a fasciata.

Parus fasciat us, Gambel, Pr. A. N. Sc. Aug. 1845, 265 (California). —
Ckamaea fasciata, Gambel, Pr. A. N. Sc. Ill, 1847, 154. — In. J. A.
N. Sc. 2d series, 1, 1847, 34, pi. viii, fig. 3. — Cabanis, ^iegmann's
Archiv, 1848, I, 102.— Cassis, Illust. I, 1853, 39, pi. vii.— Baied,
Birds N. Am. 1858, 370.

Hub. Coast region of California.

(5,924, %, California.) Total length, 6.20; wing, 2.30; tail, 3.50, gradua-
tion, 1.20; exposed portion of 1st primary, .85. of 2d, 1.30, of longest, Gth
(measured from exposed base of 1st primary), 1.80; length of bill from fore-
head, .52, from nostril, .30 ; along gape, .60 ; tarsus, 1.05 ; middle toe and claw,
.78 ; claw alone, .23 ; hind toe and claw, .55 ; claw alone, .30.

Smith-

Collec-

Sex

fioaian

tor's

and

No.

No.

Age.

3 339

7,163

o,9'24

rf

2.1,369

607

rf

31,S90

699

Locality.

California.
Sacramento Valley.
Sta. Clara, Cal.
Fort Tejon, Cal.
San Diego, Cal.

When
Collected.

Sept. 18.57.
Dec. 5, '61.

Received from

S. F. Baird.
Lt. Williamson.
Dr. Cocper.
John Xantus.
Geol. Surv. Cal.

Collected by

Dr. Gamliel.
Dr. Heermaun.

Dr. Cooper.

3,339. Type epecimea. (31,890 ) 6.60; 7.12; 2.25. "Iris white.'

LOPHOPHANES. TT

Family PARID^.

Bill generally short, conical, not notched nor decurved at tip. Cnlmen broad
and rounded, not sharp-ridged at base. Nostrils rounded, basal, and con-
cealed by dense bristles or bristly feathers. Loral feathers rough and bristly,
directed forwards. Tarsi distinctly scutellate ; basal joints of anterior toes
abbreviated, that of middle toe united about equally for three-fourths its
length to the lateral : in Pnrinx forming a kind of palm for grasping ; outer
lateral toe decidedly longer than the inner. Primaries ten : the 1st much
shorter than the 2d. Tail feathers with soft tips.

With Cabauis I include the Nuthatches in the same family with
the Titmice, and have prepared the above diagnosis to include both
groups. They agree in having a conical bill, not notched nor de-
curved, with much rounded culmen, and nearly straight commissure,
and rounded nostrils covered with dense bristles. These characters
will readily distinguish them, in connection with the ten primaries,
and tarsi with scutellse on the anterior half only (as compared with
Alaudidse), from any other American Oscines.

The two subfamilies may be thus distinguished : —

Parinae. Body compressed. Bill shorter than the head. Wings rounded,
e(iual to, or shorter than the rounded tail. Second quill as short as the
loth. Tarsus longer than the middle toe and claw, which are about
equal to the hinder ; soles of toes widened into a palm. Plumage rather
soft and lax.

Sittinae. Body depressed. Bill about equal to, or longer than the head.
Wings much pointed, much longer than the nearly even tail. Tarsus
shorter than the middle toe and claw, which are about equal to the
hinder. Plumage more compact.

Among the Parinee are several extremes of form, but the American
species are sufficiently allied to allow them to be united into one
subfamily.

Subfamily PARING.

LOPHOPHANES, Kaup.

Lophophnnes, Kattp, Entw. Gesch. Europ. Thierw. 1829. (Type Parus cristatus.')
Baeolophus, Cabanis, Mus. Hein. I, 1850-51, 91. (Type Parus bicolor, L.)

Cabanis, as quoted above, makes a new genus for our Tufted Tit-
mouse, on the ground of a difference in the crest, and in having

78

REVIEW OF AMERICAN BIRDS,

[part I.

stouter bill and feet, and longer legs. As, however, our other species
vary considerably in this respect, I can hardly consider these as
more than specific diflFerences.

Lopliophanes bicolor.

Parus bicolor, LixN. Sjst. Nat. 12th ed. I, 1766, 340 (based on Parus
cristatus, Catesby, I, pi. 57). — Pr. Max. Cab. Jour, VI, 1858, 118. —
Lophophanes bicolor, Bon. List Birds Europe, 1842. — Baird, Birds
N. Am. 1858, 384.— Sclater, Catal. 1861, 14, no. Hl.—Bwoloplms
bicolor, Cab. Mus. Hein. I, 1850, 91 (type of genus).

Lophophanes missouriensis, Baird, Birds N. Am. 1858, 384 (var. from
Missouri River).

Figures : Wilson, Am. Om. I, pi. viii, fig. 5. — Aud. Om. Biog. I, pi. 301.
— Ib. Birds Am. II, pi. 125.

Hab. United States, from Missouri valley eastward.

Smith-

CoUec-

Sex

When
Collected.

sonian

No.

toi's
No.

and
Age.

Locality.

Received from

Collected by

823

rf

Carlisle, Pa.

Oct. 20, '42.

S. F. Baird.

S. F. Baird.

1,292

?

"

May n, '44.

"

28,9.58

573

rf

Washington, D. C.

Jan. 16. '60.

Dr. E. Cones.

29,9.-56

"

Sept. 24, '60.

D. W. Prentiss.

32,281

V

Liberty Co., Ga.

Prof. J. Leconte.

20,921

Illinois.

R. Kennicott.

29,675

Springfield, III.

P. M. Springer.

4,730

Fort Leavenworth.

April 21, '54.

Lt. D. N. Couch.

6,752

"

Jan. 2(1, '55.

"

4,731

••

St. Joseph, Mo.

April 22, '56.

Lt. Warren.

Dr. Hay den.

(823.) 6.25: 10; 3.17. (1,292.) 5.66; 9.66 ; 3.08. (28,958.) 6.30 ; 10.30; 3.20. (32,281.) 5.80;
9.50; 3.00. 6,752. Type of \a,T. missouriensis. 4,731. Eyes dark-brown.

Loplioplianes atricristatiis.

Parus atricristatus, Cassin, Pr. A. N. Sc. Phil. V, 1850, 103, pi. ii (Texas).
Lophophanes atricristatus, Cassin, 111. Birds Texas, etc. I, 1853, 13,
pi. iii.— Baird, Birds N. Am. 1858, 385.

Hab. Valley of Rio Grande, south.

Smith-

Collec-

Sex

sonian

tor's

and

No.

No.

Age.

12,107

rf

6,756

3,974

96

?

3,975

97

9,111

29,713

22,416

29,856

Locality.

San Antonio, Tex.
Fort Clarke, Tex.
New Leon, Mex.

Mexico.

When
Collected.

April 13, '51.

Received from

Capt. Sitgreaves.
Lt. J. G. Parke.
Lt. D. N. Couch.

Verreaux.

Collected by

Dr. Woodhonse.
Dr. Heermann.

Lophoplianes inornatus.

Parus inornatitSf Gambel, Pr. A. N. Sc. Phil. Aug. 1845, 265 (Upper
California). — Ib. J. A. N. Sc. new ser. I, 1847, 35, pi. vii. — Lopho-

PARUS.

79

phanes inornatus, Cassin, 111. 1853, 19. — Baikd, Birds N. Am. 1858,
386.— ScLATER, Catal. 1861, 14, no. 88.
Hab. Southern United States, from Rocky Mts. to Pacific.

Smith-

Collec-

Sex

8oaiau

tor's

and

No.

No.

Age.

5,-,ir>

rf

5,923

12.904

104

4,9;jl

18

2.j,3.54

1,496

^

12,106

rf

11,543

SI

d

6,753

Locality.

Petaluma, Cal.
Santa Clara, Cal.
Napa Valley, Cal.
San Jose, Cal.
Kort Tejon, Cal.
San Francisco Mts.
Fort Defiance, N. M.
Fort Thorn, N. M.

When
Collected.

Jan. 1858.
Oct. 9.

Received from

E. Samuels.

Dr. J. G. Cooper.

A. J Grayson.

J. Xantus.
Capt. Sitgreaves.
Lt. J. C. Ives.
Dr. T. C. Henry.

Collected by

Dr. Woodhonse.
H. B.MuUhausen.

Lopbiophanes ^vollwelieri.

Lophophanes wollweberi, Bon. C. R. XXXI, Sept. 1850, 478. — Wester-
MANN, Bijdr. Dierkunde, III, 1851, 15, plate. — Baird, Birds N. Am.
1858, 386, pi. liii, fig. 1.— Sclater, P. Z. S. 1858, 299 (Oaxaca,
high lands).— Ib. Catal. 1861, 14, no. 89.

Parus annexus, Cassin, Pr. A. N. Sc. V, Oct. 1850, 103, pi. i.

Lophophanes galeatus, Cabanis, Mus. Hein. 1850-51, 90.

Hab. Southern Rocky Mountains of U. S., and along table lands through
Mexico, to Oaxaca.

No additional materials relative to this species have been received
since ]8q8.

Smith- 'CoUec-' Sex

sonian tor's i and

No. No. j Age.

Locality.

When
Collected.

Received from

Collected by

6.794 3
6,797 1 ..

6.795 1 50
9,221 ' ..

?

Copper Mines, N. M.
Fort Thorn, N. M.
Pueblo Creek, N. M.
Mexico.

Jan. 22, '54.

Col. J. D. Graham.
Dr. T. C. Henry.
Lt. A. W. Whipple.
J. Gould.

J. H. Clark.
Dr. Kennerly.

PARUS, Linn.

Parus, Linn. Syst. Nat. 1735. (Type Pants major.) — Ib. Fauna Suecica,
238. (Type P. major,)— Ib. Syst. Nat. 1758, 189. (Type Parus
cristatus.)

Parus septentrionalis*

Parus septentrionalis, Harris, Pr. A. N. Sc. II, 1845, 300. — Cassin
must. I, 1853, 17, 80, pi. xiv.— Baird, Birds N. Am. 1858, 389.—
Sclater, Catal. 1861, 14, no. 82. — Parus septentrionalis, var.
albescens, Baird, Birds N. Am. 1858, xxxvii.

fParus atricapillus, Pr. Max. Cab. Jour. VI, 1858, 119.

Hab. Region of Missouri River to Rocky Mts.

80

REVIEW OF AMERICAN BIRDS.

[part I.

Thus far I have seen none of the common Biack-eappcd Titmouse
(P. atricapillus), from the line of the Missouri lliver and westward
to the Rocky Mountains, that were not referable to the long tailed
species. Specimens vary in amount of white on the wings and tail,
but the real 'characters are pretty constant. The specimens at
present in the collection, however, are not in sufficiently good con-
dition, nor numerous enough, to exhibit the exact limitations of the
two species.

I have already referred (B. N. A. 389) to specimens from the
southern Rocky Mountains (Fort Massachusetts), in which the
white markings are of a plumbeous tinge. Some others, since re-
ceived, exhibit this same character, and it is not impossible that it
may indicate a specific form. The specimens, however, are not in
sufficiently good condition to settle the question, but their general
appearance is more that of Farus meridionalis, than the North
American Black-caps.

Smith-

CoUec-

Sex

When
Collected.

sonian
No.

tor's
No.

aud
ARe.

Locality.

Received from

Collected by

19.557

147

?

Ft. Simpson, H.B.T.

April 23, '60 B. R. Ro.ss.

20,266

2.54

"

Oct. 19, '59. ! R. Kenuicott.

19,.5.58

306

Fort Liard.

Jan. 12, '60.

13,700

..

Lake Winnipeg.

June 6, '59. "

27,0i9

Fort Garry.

Donald Gunn.

6,765

Fort Leavenworth.

Lt. CoHch.

4,733

Mo. of Big Nemaha.

April 2, '66. Lt. Warren.

Dr. Hayden.

20,338

Fort Randall.

Capt. J.P. M'Cown.

5,873

Fort Riley.

18o6.

Jno. Xantus.

13,175

89

Near Fort Benton.

Lt. MuUan.

J. Pearsall.

17,551

261

Teton River.

"

"

11.082

Fort Bridger.

Aprin0,'.58. C. Drexler.

22.049

78

Helltjate, Idaho.

Aug. 28, '60. ' Dr. Cooper.

8,828

Black Hills.

Sept. 15.

Lt. Warren.

Dr. Hayden.

13,779

15

Fort Massachu'^etts,

Capt. A. W. Bow-

1.3,780

[N. M.

" [man.

11,472

"

"

11,473

"

11,474

...

(8,828.) 5.50; 2.75. (11,472.) Plumbeous variety. (11,473.) Do. (11,474.) Do,

Parus atricapillus.

Parus atricapillus, Linn. Syst. Nat. I, 1766, 341 (based on Parrts atrica-
pillus canadensis, Brisson, III, 553, tab. xsix, fig. 1). — Baird, Birds
N. Am. 1858, 390.— Sclater, Catal. 1861, 13, no. 80.— PaciVa atri-
capilla, Bon. Consp. 1850, 230.

Parus palustris, Nptt. Man. I, 1832, 79.

Figured by Acdubon, Wilson, etc.

Uab. Eastern North Amerid!l.

PARUS.

81

Smith- Col lec-

Sex

When
Collected.

soDian tor's
No. No.

and
Age.

Locality.

Received from

Collected by

18,694

?

Portsmouth, N. H.

Jan. 8.

Elliot Coues.

12,831

r<

Brooklyn, N. Y.

J. Akhurst.

830

9

Carlisle, Pa.

Oct. 22, '42.

S. F. Baird.

29,676?

Springfield, 111.

P. M. Springer.

29,668?

Temiscamingue,
Can. [H. B.

Thos. Richards.

32,344

Moose Factory,

1862.

J. Mackenzie.

(830.) 5.00; 7.75; 2.50.

Pariis occidentalis.

Parus occidentalis, Baikd, Birds N. Am. 1858, 391 (W. Territory). —
ScLATER, Catal. 1861, 14, no. 82.

Hab. Northwest coast region of the United States.

No specimen of this species has been received for several years.

Parus meridionalis.

Parus meridionalis, Sclater, P. Z. S. 1856, 293 (El Jacale, Max.). — Ib.
1857, 81 ; 1858, 299.— Ib. Catal. 1861, 14, no. 83.— Baird, Birds
N. Am. 1858, 392.
Not figured.

Hab. Eastern Mexico.

As already shown in Bifds N. Am., this bird is very different
from the United States species in the absence of any lighter edgings
on the greater wing coverts (seen in all the others), in the almost
entire absence of whitish edging to the quills and tail, and in the
ashy, instead of the rusty, flanks and crissum. The size is about that
of the Parus atricapillus.

Smith-
sonian

No.

Collec-
tor's

No.

Sex
and
Age.

Locality.

"When
Collected.

Received from

Collected by

10,203
32.470
32,736

.392
44,730

Mexico. [region.)
Orizaba. (Alpine
Mexico.

Dr. P. L. Sclater.
Prof. F. Sumichrast.
Verreaux.

Parus carolinensis.

■ Parus carolinensis, AtJD. Om. Biog. II, 1834, 474, pi. 160. — Ib. Birds Am.
II, 1841, 152, pi. 127.— Baird, Birds N. Am. 1858, 392.— Sclater,
Catal. 1861, 13, no. 81. — Pcecila carolinensis, Bon. Consp. 1850, 230.

ffab. South Atlantic and gulf region of U. S.
6 August, 1864.

82

REVIEW OF AMERICAN BIRDS.

[part I.

Smith-

Collec-

Sex

sonian

tor's

and

No.

No.

Age.

10,.il4

^

607

rf

706

11,971

V

29,962

301

V

19,088

60

d

Locality.

Cape May Co., N J.
Washington, D. C.

Fort Cobb, Ark.

When
Collected.

Feb, 22, '42
.\pril 5, '42,
May 1, '59.

Received from

J. K. Townsend.
W. M. Baird.

C. Drexler.
I D. W. Prentiss.
May 20, '60. I J. H. Clark.

Collected by

C. S. M'Carthy.

(607.) 4.25; 6.50. (706.) 4.60; 7.00. (11,971.) 4.80; 7.32.

Pariis montanus.

Parus montanus, Gambel, Pr. A. N. Sc. April, 1843, 259 (Santa Fe). —
Ib. Jour. A. N. Sc. new ser. I, 1847, 35, pi. viii, fig. 1. — Baird,
Birds N. Am. 185S, 394.— Sclatek, Catal. 1861, 14, no. 84.

Hab. Mountain regions of Middle and Western United States.

Several variations in coloration and other characters will be found
mentioned in the Birds N.'Am., as quoted above, but nothing appa-
rently of specific value.

Smith- Collec-

Sex

When
Collected.

Bonian tor's

and

Locality.

Received frt)m

Collected by

No. ; No.

Age.

4,390 1 171

Fort Dalles, Oregon.

Feb. 18.i5.

Dr. Suckley.

21,9.59 1 582

ColviUe Depot, W.T.

Mar. 20, '60.

A. Campbell.

Dr. Kennerly.

21,9.57 593

"

July 15, '60.

"

"

22,041 ! ..

Bitter-root Mts.

Sept 3, '60.

Dr. J. G. Cooper.

17,556 1 614

"

Lt. MuUan.

J. Pearsail.

16,206 1 60

9

Fort Crook, Cal.

John Feilner.

21,466 1 ..

"

D. F. Parkinson.

2.5,710 '1,266

Fort Tejon, Cal.

Dec. is60.

John Xantus.

10,544 I 64

cf

San Francisco Mts.

Capt. J. C. Ives.

Mollhausen.

5,643 222

?

Medeciue, BowCr"k.

Aug. 6, '56.

Lt Bryan, [man.

W. S. Wood.

11,475

Fort Massachusetts.

Capt. A. W. Bow-

10,712

Ft. Burgwyn, N. M.

Dr. W. W. Andei-
[son.

(22,041.) Iris brown.

Parus hudsonicus.

Parus hudsonicus, Forster, Philos. Trans. LXII, 1772, 383, 430.— Attd.
Orn. Biog. II, 1834, 543, pi. 194.— Ib. Birds Am. II, 1841, 155, pi.
128.— Baird, Birds N. Am. 1858, 395.

Ilab. Northeastern portions of North. America.

Specimens from the most northern localities appear larger than
those from Maine and Nova Scotia, with proportionally longer tails
(3.00 inches, instead of 2.40). I can, however, detect no other
difference, although I have access to but a few skins from southern
points. This difference is much the same as between P. atricajnlhis
and septentrionalis ; to which variety the original P. hudsonicus

PARUS,

83

belongs, yet remains to be determined, and to which, if any, a new
name is to be given.

The Parus sihiricus, of Europe, is very similar in coloration and
characters to the P. hudsonicus. The principal difference is seen in
the cheeks, which in sihiricus are pure white, this color extending
along the entire side of the neck, widening behind, and extending
round towards the back. In hudsonicus the cheeks behind the eyes
and sides of neck are ash gray, the white being confined to the region
below or near the eye. The smoky gray of the upper part of head
and neck in sihiricus is in a stronger contrast with the brighter
rufescent gray of the back, and is separated from it by an obscure
concealed whitish dorsal half collar, represented in hudsonicus only
by a dull grayish shade in the plumage.

Smith- 'collec-

Sex

When
Collected.

soDian
No.

tor's
No.

and
Age.

Locality.

Received from

Collected by

18.087

157

Rigolet, Lab.

Julv 13, '59.

E. Cones.

17,101

Halifax, N. S.

J. R. Willis.

2,926

Eastern N. America.

S. F. Baird.

J. J. Audubon.

27,349

1,308

Ft. Youkon.

February.

R. Kennicott.

19,559

256

Ft. Simpson.

Oct. 19, '59.

"

27,346

1,918

V

"

April.

B. R. Rof^s.

19,5.13

315

Ft. Liard.

Jan. 20.

R. Kennicott.

19,566

Big Island, G. S. L.

J. Reid.

22,276

920

Ft. Rae, G. S. L.

May, 1860.

L. Clarke, Jr.

Parus rufescens.

Parus rufescens, TowxsEXD, J. A. N. Sc. Phil. VII, ii, 1837, 190.— Aud.
Orn. Biog. IV, 1838, 371, pi. 353.— Is. Birds Am. 1841, 158, pi. 129.
— Baied, Birds N. Am. 1858, 394.— Cooper & Sucklet, P. R. R. Rep.
XII, II, 1859, 194 (nesting).- ScLATEE, Catal. 1861, 14, no. 86.—
Pcecila rufescens, Bonap. Consp. 1850, 230.

Hah. Western United States near Pacific coast.

Smith- iCollec-

Sex

When
Collected.

eonian
No.

tor's
No.

and
Age.

Locality.

Received from

Collected by

17,444

437

?

Simiahmoo, W. T.

Dec. 23, '59.

A. Campbell.

Dr. Kennerly.

11,812

222

Chiloweyuck, W. T.

Sept. 27.

"

"

21,955

Kootenay Camp.

"

"

6,778

Ft. Steilacoom,W.T.

Mar. 1856.

Dr. Geo. Suckley.

6,786

41

Ft. Vancouver.

Dec. 29, '53.

Gov. I. I. Stevens.

Dr. Cooper.

2,931

Columbia River.

S. F. Baird.

J. K. Townsend.

1,924

"

"

6,784

San Francisco?

Lt. Williamson.

Dr. Heermann.

22,415

40,752

d-

California.

Verreaux.

84

REVIEW OF AMERICAN BIRDS.

[part I.

PSALTRIPARUS, Boxap.

Psaltriparus, Bonap, C. R. XXXI, 1850, 478. (Type P. melanotis.)
JLgithaliscus, Cabanis, Mus. Hein. I, 1850, 90. (Type Parus erythrocephalus.)

Psaltriparus melanotis.

Parus melanotis, Hartlaub, Rev. Zool. 1844, 216. — Pcecila melanotis, Bp.
Consp. 1850, 230. — ^githaUscus melanotis. Cab. Mus. Hein. I,
1850-51, 90. — Psaltria melanotis, Westekmann, Bijdrag. Dierk.
1851. — Psaltriparus melanotis, Bonap. C. R. XXXVIII, 1854.—
ScLATEE, P. Z. S. 1858, 299.— Baird, Birds N. Am. 1858, 386, pi.
liii, fig. 3.

Psaltriparus personatus, Bonap. C. R. XXXI, Sept. 1850, 478. — Psaltra
personaia, Westeemann, Bijd. Dierk. 1851, 16, plate.

Hab. Eastern Mexico.

Smith-

soaiau

No.

29,711

Collec-
tor's
No.

Sex
and
Age.

Locality.

Cayuilalpam, Mes.
Mexico.

"When

Collected.

Received from

A. Salle.

Cab. Lawrence.

Collected by

Psaltriparus minimus.

Parus minimus, Townsend, J. A. N. Sc. VII, ii, 1837, 190. — Aro. Orn.
Biog. IV, 1838, 382, pi. 382, figs. 5, 6.— Ib. Birds Am. II, 1841, 160,
pi. 130. — Pcecila miniir.a, Bon. Consp. 1850, 230. — Psaltria minima,
Cassin, lUust. 1853; 20.— Psaltriparus minimus, Bon. C. R. XXXVIII,
1854, 62.— Baird, Birds N. Am. 1858, 397.— Cooper & Sucklet,
P. R. R. Rep. XII, II, 1859, 195.

Hah. Pacific coast of United States.

Smitb-

Collec-

Sex

sonian

tor's

and

No.

No.

Age.

6,758

336

rf

6.760

(^

12,895

V

29,745

1,191

22,417

40,844

d

Locality.

Ft. Steilacoom,W. T.
Sacramento Valley,
Napa Valley. [Cal.
Auburn, Cal.
Fort Tejon, Cal.
California.

When
Collected.

Received from

Dec. 10, '62.

Dr. Suck ley.
Lt. Williamson.
A. J. Grayson.
Ferd. Gruber.
J. Xantus.
Verreaux.

Collected by

Dr. Heermann.

Psaltriparus pluml>eus.

Psaltria plumhca, Baikp, Pr. A. N. S. VII, Jnne, 1854, 118 (Little Colo-
rado).— Psaltriparus plumheus, Baird, Birds N. Am. 1858, 398, pi.
xxxiii, fig. 2.— ScLATEK, Catal. 1861, 398, no. 77.

Hah. Southern Rocky Mountain region of United States.

PSALTRIPARUS — AURIPARUS.

85

Smith-

Collec-

Sex

Whoa

Collected.

Eouiaa
No.

tor's
No.

and
Age.

Locality.

Received from

Collected by

6,774

94

Camp 120, Arizona.

Feb. 12, '54.

Lt. Whipple.

Dr. Kennerly.

6,777

63

" 111,

Feb. 1, '54.

"

"

33,003

40

Little Colorado.

Nov. 1853.

"

i<

11,729

Cantonment Bur-
gwyn.

[son.
Dr. W. W. Auder-

6,770

Fort Thorn, N. M.

Dr. T. C. Henry.

(6,774.) Iris yellow. (6,777.) Iris black. (33,003.) Iris black.

AURIPARUS, Baird.
Auriparus, Baikd, n. g. (Type ^yithalus flaviceps, Sund.)

In the " Birds of North America," p. 399, while defining the generic
characters of Paroides, I showed that the ^githalus Jiaviceps, of
Sundevall, differed very materially from the P. j^^nduUnus, the type
of the genus. The discrepancy, in fact, is too great to permit the
two species to be associated, and I have consequently been obliged
to establish a new generic name. The peculiarities authorizing this
course will be found detailed in the work cited above. They con-
sist, as compared with other American forms, in the long pointed
quills, and the very small claws ; the tarsi are much shorter than
in Psaltriparus.

The single known species of the genus builds a covered nest of
stiff, short pieces of grass, with a hole in the side, in bushes. The
eggs are spotted, as in the Black-headed Titmice, not white, as in
Psaltriparus minimus.

Auriparus flaviceps.

jEgithalus flaviceps, Sundevall, Ofversigt af Vet. Ak. Forb. YII, v,
1850, 129.— Fsaltria flaviceps, Scl. P. Z. S. XXIV, March, 1856, 37.
— Psaltriparus flaviceps, Scl. Catal. Am. Birds, 1861, 13, no. 79. —

Paroides flaviceps, Baird, Birds N. Am. 1858, 400, pi. , fig. 2.

Auriparus flaviceps, Baird.

Conirostrum ornatum, Lawrexce, Ann. N. Y. Lye. May, 1851, 113, pi. v,
fig. 1 (Texas).

Eah. Valleys of tlie Rio Grande and Colorado : Cape St. Lucas.

This interesting species appears confined to the basins of the Rio
Grande and Gila, extending to Cape St. Lucas, where it is very
abundant. An immense number of its curiously shaped nests were
collected by Mr. Xantus. Cape St. Lucas specimens of this, as
of the other species, are much smaller than those from the more
northern localities : thus, in No. 12,967, %, the wing measures L90,

86

KEVIEW OF AMERICAN BIRDS.

[part I.

the tail 1.80 ; while in 6,T64 (%?), from El Paso, the wing is 2.15,
and the tail 2.25. The Cape St. Lucas specimens are brighter, and
the top of head just behind the forehead has the feathers strongly-
tinged with reddish-orange.

Smith-

Collec-

Sex

When
Collected.

Eoniau
No.

tor's
No.

and

Age.

Locality.

Received from

Collected by

Matamoras.

Lt. Couch.

Dr. Berlnndier.

6,774

84

El Paso, Mex.

Dec. 26, '54.

Maj. Emory.

J. H. Clark.

4,015

218

Saltillo, Mex.

Lt. Couch.

11,545

V

Fort Yuma, Cal.

Lt. J. C. Ives.

Miillhausen.

11,546

"

"

"

12,967

11

d

Cape St. Lucas.

John Xantus.

12,968

72

d

Subfamily SITTING.

SITTA, LinNMVs.

Sitta, LiNN.s;i7S, Syst. Nat. 1735 and 1758, 115. (Type S. europaea.) —
Reiche^'bach, Handbuch, No. IX, 1853, 149. (Monograph of genus.)

Sitta carolinensis.

Sitta europaea, var. y, carolinensis, Gii. S. N. I, 1788, 440.

Sitta carolinensis, L.vth. Ind. Orn. I, 1790, 262; also of all other Ame-
rican writers. — Reichenbach, Handbuch, Abt. II, 1853, 153, tab.
dxiii, figs. 3,563-4.— Baird, Birds N. Am. 1858, 374, pi. sxxiii,
fig. 4.— Max. Cab. Jour. VI, 1858, 106.

Sitta melanocephala, Vieill. Gal. I, 1834, 171, pi. clxxi.

Other figures : Wilson, Am. Orn. I, pi. ii, fig. 3. — Add. Orn. Biog. II, pi.
152.— Ib. B. a. IV, pi. 247.

Hab. United States and the Provinces ; west to valley of the Missouri.

Smith-

Collec-

Sex

When
Collected

sonian

tor's

and

Locality.

Received from

Collected by

No.

No.

Age.

26,9.34

Nova Scotia.

W. G. Winton.

1,645

Carlisle, Pa.

July 11. '44.

S. F. Baird.

1,761

9

"

Jan. 1845.

"

28,9.54

1,004

Washington, D. C.

Oct 13, '60.

E. Coues.

29,952

602

V

"

Oct. 14, '61.

D. W. Prentiss.

30,996

115

rC

"

Oct. 28, '62.

C. E Schmidt.

29,785

V

Peoria, 111.

Bishop.

8,3.S7

62

0.

Independence, Mo.

June 6, '57.

W. M. Magraw.

Dr. J. G. Cooper.

6,802

17

Fort Lpavenworth.

Dec. 24, '54.

Lt. Couch.

5,871

28

rT

East of Fort Riley.

June IS, '56.

Lt. Byan. [mond.

W. S. Wood.

5,871

Fort Riley, Kans.

Dr. W. A. Ham-

(1,645.) 6.08; 10.89; 3 68. (1,761.) 6 00; 11.25; 3.75. (28,954.) 5.90; 11.10; 3.40. (29,252.)
5.80; 10.90; 3.50. (30,996.) 6.00; 11.00.

Sitta aciileata.

Sitta aculeata, Cassin, Pr. A. N. Sc. VIII, Oct. 1856, 254.— Baikd, Birds
N. Am. 1858, 375, pi. xxxiii, fig. 3.

SITTA.

87

? Sitta carolinensis, Sclater, P. Z. S. 1856, 293 (Cordova) ; 1858, 300
(Oaxaca) ; 1859, 363 (Xalapa), 373 (Oaxaca).

Hab. Western and Middle United States, south to Cordova, Mex.

As remarked iu Birds N. Am., the odIj appreciable difference
between this species and the preceding is in the much slenderer bill.
The Mexican White-bellied Nuthatches seem to belong here rather
than to the carolinensis ; at least the specimens I have seen do so.
It is very difficult to express this difference appreciably ; but a com-
parison of large series from the two localities will readily illustrate
the fact as will the figures cited in B. N. A.

Mr. Sclater calls attention to the inferiority of size of his speci-
mens from Oaxaca ; this might be anticipated from their southern
locality as resident birds.

Smith-

Collec-

Sex

When
Collected.

sonian

No.

tor's
No.

and
Age.

Locality.

Received from

Collected by

21,948

590

d

Colville, W. T.

Mar. 1860.

A. Campbell.

George Gibbs.

21,949

601

Moogie R., W. T.

Aug. 1860.

"

Dr. Keunerly.

21,9.30

604

?

Kootenay R., W T.

"

"

"

6,S11

258

Ft. Steilacoorn,W.T.

Dr. Suckley.

16,185

274

d

Fort Crook, Cal.

Jno. Feilner.

22,083

80

"

D. F. Parkinson.

5,502

280

Petaluma, Cal.

E. Samuels.

6,806

Sau Francisco, Cal.

R. D. Cutts.

4,94-4

Sau Jose, Cal.

A. J. Grayson.

2.5,328

113

d

Fort Tejou, Cal.

June, 1857.

J. Xantus.

29,747

1,161

Auburn, Cal [Idah.

Dec. 1, '62.

Ferd Gruber.

18,423

12

W. of Fort Benton,

April, 1860.

Lt. MuUan.

Hildreth.

17,548

618

9

Bitterroot Valley.

"

J. Pearsall.

11,081

d

Fort Bridger, Utah.

May' 30.

C. Drexler.

19,228

166

d

Sheyenne River.

Oct. 29.

Capt. Raynolds.

Dr. Hayden.

11,731

Cantonment Bur-
gwyn, N. M.[Ariz.

Dr. Anderson.

12,102

d

San Francisco Mt.s.,

Oct. 14,' '52.

Capt. Sitgreaves.

Dr. Woodhouse.

6,807

26

100 miles west of
Albuquerque.

Lt. Whipple.

Dr. Kennerly.

13,673?

Xalapa, Mex.

P. L. Sclater.

R. M. D'Oca.

13,589

Mexico.

J. Gould.

Sitta canadensis.

Sitta canadensis, Linn. Syst. Nat. 1, 1766, 177.— Aud. Orn. Biog. II, 1834,
pi. 108.— Ib. Birds Am. IV, pi. 248.— Reich. Haudb. Abt. II, 1853,
, 152, tab. dxiii, figs. 3,561-2.— Baikd, Birds N. Am. 1858, 376.—

Sclater, Catal. 1861, 15, no. 91.
Sitta varia, WiLS. Am. Orn. I, 1808, 40, pi. ii.

Hab. Whole United States and British Provinces.

REVIEW OF AMERICAN BIRDS.

[part I.

Smith-

Collec-

Sex

soQiau

toi's

and

No.

No.

Age.

20,878

818

d

28,-409

13,190

d

11,608

6,937

ii

17,543

609

y

18,424

11,078

• •

^

8,840

5,280

rT

21,951

22,046

49

16,190

273

6,838

11,538

Locality.

East Bethel, Vt.
Carlisle, Pa.
Washington, D. C.
Upper Geoifjia.
Riceboio', Ga.
Selkirk Settlement.
Bitterroot Valley,

Rocky Mts.
W. of Fort Benton.
Fort Bi idger.
Black Hills.
Cedar Island, Mo.
Kooteuay R., W. T.
Rocky Mountains.
Fort Crook, Cal.
Sacramento Valley.
Fort Yuma, Cal.

When
Collected.

Received from

Oct. 19, '42.

Feb. 6, '60.
May 19, '58.
Sept. 30.

Apri'lii860.
Aug. 15, '60.

C. S. Paine.
S. F. Baird.
C. Drexler.
A Gerhardt.
Prof. Lpcoute.
Donald Guaa.

Lt. MuUan.

C. Drexler.
Lt. Warren.

A. Campbell.
Dr. J. G. Cooper.
Jno. Feilner.
Lt. Williamson.
Lt. Ives.

Collected by

J. Pearsall.
Hildreth.

Dr. Hayden.
George Gibbs.

Dr. Heermann.

MiJllhausen.

Sitta pusilla.

Sitta pusilla, Lath. Ind. Orn. I, 1790, 263.— Wils. Am. Orn. II, 1810,
105, pi. XV.— AuD. Orn. Biog. II, 1834, pi. 125.— Ib. Birds Am. IV,
pi. 249.— Reich. Handb. 1853, 153, tab. dxiv, figs. 3,567-8.— Baikd,
Birds N. Am. 1858, 377.— Sclatek, Catal. 1861, 15.

Eab. South Atlantic — and Gulf States.

Smith-
sonian

No.

Collec-
tor's
No.

Sex
and
Age.

Locality.

When
Collected.

Received from

Collected by

3,086
2,399

Liberty Co., Ga.
Savannah, Ga.

1846.
1845.

S. F. Baird.

W. L. Jones.
Jos. Leconte.

Sitta pygmaea.

Sitta pygmsea. Vigors, Zool. Beechey's Voy. 1839, 25, pi. iv. — Aud. Orn.
Biog. V, 1839, pi. 415.— Ib. Birds Am. IV, pi. 250.— Reich. Handb.
1853, 153, tab. dxiv, figs. 3,365-6.— Newberry, P. R. R. Rep. VI,
IV, 1857, 79.— Baird, Birds N. Am. 1858, 378.— Sclater, P. Z. S.
1859, 363 (Xalapa).— Ib. Catal. 1861, 15, no. 93.

Hah. "Western and Middle United States ; soutli to Xalapa.

Sraith-

Collec-

Sex

When

Bonian

tor's

and

Locality.

Received from

Collected by

No.

No.

Age.

6,840

Washington Terri-

Oct. 18.53.

Gov. I. I. Stevens.

Dr. J. G. Cooper.

21,953

884

Kootenay Riv.[tory.

Mar. 20, '60.

A. Campbell.

Geo. Gibbs.

22,047

82

Bitterroot Valley.

Dr. J. G. Cooper.

16,192

199

H-

Fort Crook, Cal.

Jno. Feilner.

21,448

"

D. F. Parkinson.

3,729

? Monterey, Cal. [Ar.

W. Hutton.

6,803

43

Sau Francisco Mts.,

Dec. 27, '53.

Lt. Whipple.

Dr. Kennerly.

11,7.30

Cantonment Biir-
[gwyu, N. M.

Dr. W. W. Ander-
[son.

CERTHIA. 89

Family CERTHIADJE.»

CERTHIA, LixN^rs.

Certhia, Linxjecs, Syst. Nat. ed. 10th, 1758, 112. (Type C. familiaris.)
(See Reichenbach, Handbuch, I, ii, 1853, 256, for a monograph of the genus.)

Plumage soft and loose. Bill as long as head, not notched, compressed ;
all its lateral outlines decurved. Nostrils not overhung by feathers, linear,
with an incumbent thickened scale, as in Troglodytts. No rictal bristles, and
the loral and frontal feathers smooth, without bristly shafts. Tarsus scutel-
late anteriorly, shorter than middle toe, which again is shorter than hind toe.
All claws very long, much curved and compressed ; outer lateral toe much the
longer; basal joint of middle toe entirely adherent to adjacent ones. Wings
rather pointed, about equal to the tail, the feathers of which are much pointed
with stiffened shafts. Primaries ten ; 1st less than half the 2d.

Of the Certhiadse but one genus belongs to America — Certhia,
with its two recognized species. The characters above given include
both family and generic characters, derived from this one genus.
This is readily distinguished by the decurved, compressed bill ;
absence of notch and bristles ; exposed linear nostrils with incum-
bent scales ; connate middle toe, very long claws, short tarsi, pointed
and stiffened tail feathers, etc.

Certtaiia americana.

Certhia familiaris, Vieill. Ois. Am. Sept. II, 1807, 70 (not the European

bird?) ; also of Wilsojt and Auditbox.
Certhia americana, Boxap. Comp. List, 1833. — Reich. Handb. I, 1853,

265, pi. dcxv, figs. 4,102-3.— Baied, Birds N. Am. 1858, 372.— Max.

Cab. Jour. 1858, 105.— Cooper & Scckley, P. R. R. Rep. XII, ii,

1859, 192.— Sclater, Catal. 18G1, 15, no. 94.

With much additional material to that used in preparing the article
on this species in the Birds N. Am., I find it still difficult to make
the specimens from western America different from eastern. The
bill is perhaps longer on an average, although single eastern speci-
mens may be found exhibiting the maximum condition in this respect.
The white of under parts appears purer, the light line over the eye

' See Reichenbach, Handbuch der Orn. I, ii, 1853.

90

REVIEW OP AMERICAN BIRDS.

[part I.

more distinct ; the colors above possibly a little darker, with more
reddish.

The series at my command of the European G. familiaris is
not sufficiently large nor perfect enough to permit any very satis-
factory comparisons. The bill, however, appears longer and higher
than in eastern G. americana. The claws are longer, and the tail
shorter, not equalling the wings, instead of exceeding them. The
first quill is longer, its exposed portion being half that of the second,
instead of considerably less. The coloration is exceedingly similar;
the central light streaks of the feathers above are, however, less
distinct, being not so white, and more pervaded by the ferruginous.
The under parts are more ashy, and the rusty of the crissum perhaps
less prominent.

Gerthia costae is, in reality, more nearly related than G. familiaris
to our species in color and length of tail. This differs again in still
larger bill and claws, and in a purer white of the under parts. The
three, however, are so very closely related as almost to be entitled
to consideration as races of one species.

Smith-

Collec-

Sex

When
Collected.

sonian
No.

tor's

No.

and

Age.

Locality.

Received from

Collected by

827

r<

Carlisle, Pa.

Oct. 22, '42.

S. F. Baird.

1,337

V

"

Aprils, '44.

"

28,948

728

rT

Washington, D. C.

April 24, '60.

E. Coues.

29,947

109

V

"

Dec. 28, '59.

D. W. Prentiss.

32,283

rf

Liberty Co., Ga.

Jos. Leconte.

11,587

Red River Settlem't.

April 9.

D, Gunn.

20,920

Illinois. [Sound.

R. Keniiicott.

17,430

461

<f

Simiahmoo, Puget

Jan. 1860.

A. Campbell.

Dr. Kennerly.

7,155

Ft. Steilacoom, "

Dr Suckley.

16,174

174

rf

Fort Crook, Cal.

John Feilner.

22,090

67

"

D. F. Parkiuson.

12,323

^

Fort Tejon, Cal.

J. Xantus.

13,743

144

^

" [gwyn, N. M.

" [son.

11,314

V

Cantonment Bur-

Dr. W. W. Ander-

7,154

47

Pueblo Creek, N. M.

Jan. 22, '54.

Lt. Whipple.

Dr. Kennerly.

(827.) 5.40; 7.80; 2.60. (1,337.) 5.00; 7.60 ; 2.50. (28,948.) 5.30 ; 8.00; 2.50. (29,947.) 5.00 ;
7.30; 2.30. (32,283.) 5.50; 7.80; 2.70.

Certliia mexicana.

Certhia .mexicana, " Gloger, Handbucli," Reichenbach, Handbuch, I,
1853, 265, pi. dlxii, figs. 3,841-2.— Sclater, P. Z. S. 1856,290;
1858, 297; 1859, 362, 372.— Is. Catal. 1861, 15, no. 95.— Baird,
Birds N. Am. 1858, 373 (under C. americana), pi. Ixxxlii, fig. 2.

Hah. Mexico ; perhaps extending along the table lands into the U. States.

This species will be readily recognized on comparison with the
United States species by its much darker color above, and especially
the deeper shade of brown on the rump, and apparently its gi'eater

TROGLODYTID^.

91

extension up the back. The throat alone is white ; the remaining
under parts, the flanks especially, having an ashy brown tinge, not
noticed in the other species.

Smith-

sonian

No.

CoUec-

toi-'s
No.

Sex
and

Age.

LocaUty.

When
CoUected.

Received from

CoHected by

8,176
13,688

Mexico.

J. Gould.

Family TROGLODYTID^E.

Rictal bristles wanting ; the loral feathers with bristly points ; the frontal
feathers generally not reaching to nostrils. Nostrils varied, exposed or not
covered by feathers, and generally overhung by a scale-like membrane. Bill
usually without notch. Wings much rounded, about equal to tail, which is
graduated. Primaries ten, the first generally about half the second. Basal
joint of middle toe usually united to half the basal joint of inner, and the
whole of that of the outer, or more. Lateral toes about equal, or the outer a
little the longer. Tarsi scutellate.

The impossibility of defining any large group of animals, so as to
separate it stringently and abruptly from all others, is well under-
stood among naturalists ; and the Troglodytidse form no exception
to the rule. Some bear so close a resemblance to the Mocking
Thrushes as to have been combined with them ; while others again
exhibit a close approximation to other subfamilies.*

' The genus Rhodinoctchia has, by most of our systematic writers, been
placed among the Dendmcolaptidx, and thus as not belonging to the Oscines
at all. Taking all this for granted, I deferred any investigation of the species
until I had finished the Oscines. A casual examination has, however, recently
convinced me that the genus is truly Oscine, and possibly one of the TrogJo-
ditidn. Dr. Sclater coincides in this view, and. is inclined to place it very
near Heleodytes. As it is now too late to iutroduce it in its proper place, I
defer further consideration of the subject to the Appendix, and merely give
the principal synonyms : —

Rhodinocichla rosea.

Furiian'iis rosens, Le.=sox, 111. Zool. pi. v. — Rhndinociclda rosea, IIartl.
Cab. Juur. 1853, 33.— Scl. Pr. 1855, 141 ; 184G, 140.— In. Catal.

92 REVIEW OF AMERICAN BIRDS. [PART I.

The structure of the feet, however, as far as my observations
extend, furnishes a good character for limiting the family, and espe-
cially of distinguishing it from the Turdidse. In the latter the basal
joint of the outer lateral toe is united to the middle toe ; sometimes
only a part of it and the inner toe is cleft almost to its very base, so
as to be opposable to the hind toe, separate from the others. la
the Troglodi/tidas, on the contrary, the inner toe is united by half its
basal joint to the middle toe ; sometimes by the whole of this joint,
and the second joint of the outer toe enters wholly or partially into
this union, instead of the basal only. In addition to this character,
the open exposed nostrils, the usually lengthened bill, the generally
equal lateral toes, the short rounded wings, the graduated tail, etc.,
furnish points of distinction. In the skins before me there appear
to be considerable ditferences in the structure and appearance of
the nostrils, which may serve to aid in defining the genera with con-
siderable precision. The exact characters, of course, cannot be very
readily ascertained from dried specimens, and I may have erred in
the interpretation of the appearances presented ; although a careful
examination of a large number of representatives of the species has
been made. All the forms agree pretty well in the character of the
wings and tail, which differ in relative size and in shape less than
in most families ; the feet are quite similar, and the bills only
moderately varied ; so that, without an examination of the nostrils,
it would be difficult to establish intelligibly some of the genera.

In general there is a thin, vertical, imperforate septum in the
median plane of the nose, separating the nasal cavities of opposite
sides. Some skins of Campylorhynchus exhibit an aperture in this
septum, but I am unable to satisfy myself that this has not been
caused artificially by passing a string through the nostrils to fasten
the two jaws together. Besides this, however, there is what may
be called the lateral septum (a modification of the turbinated bones
of the nose) on either side of the median, which either projects a
short distance into the posterior portion of the nasal cavity, with a
nearly vertical edge (seen in Tfiryothorus) , or is continued along

1861, 147, no. 891.— Lawrence, Ann. N. Y. Lye. VII, 292.— Cad.
& Hein. M. H. II, 1859, 23.
TurJus vulpinus, Haktl. R. Zool. 1849, 276.— Ib. P. Z. S. 1850, 276, plate.

Originally described from Venezuela and Caraccas, Mr. Lawrence has
received it from the line of the Panama R. R., while the Smithsonian Insti-
tution possesses specimens from Colima and Mazatlan. A note liy Col. Gray-
son, attached to a Mazatlan skin, states that it is one of tlie sweetest singers
of that viciuitj, fully equal in this respect to any species of Thrush,

TROGLODYTID^. 93

the roof of the cavity to its upper anterior extremity, constantly
diminishing in depth (as in Thryophilua), or is carried still further
round to the lower anterior end, as in Salpinctes, where it is arched
outwards so as to be parallel with the external scale. This septum
is not noticeable iu the specimen of Heleodtjles before me ; in all
others where the nostrils are sufficiently open it is quite appreciable.
This lateral septum is sometimes vertical or parallel to the median
septum ; in Ginnicerthia, however, it is slightly revolute, showing a
free edge perpendicular to the median plane, which forms a low wall
dividing the oval nasal cavity into two parts, but not coming to the
surface. In Heterorhina this wall is higher, reaching the level of
the nostrils, but not adherent to the edges; while in Microcer cuius,
if the indications of the poor specimens of M. hamhla before me are
not misinterpreted, this septum is united to the edges, forming a
bridge separating two cavities.

In most forms of Troglodylidse the nostrils occupy the lower side
of the nasal groove, and are more or less elongated, and overhung
by a valvular convex or vaulted projection of the nasal membrane,
which is thickened and rounded at the edges. This varies in de-
velopment, least in Campylorhynchus, more distinct in TJiryoihorus ;
while in Pheugopedius, it seems almost to close the aperture. In
Thryophilus, however, this scale-like projection appears to be
entirely wanting, leaving the nasal cavity broadly open, and the
lateral cavity much exposed. In Heleodytes, and in some forms of
Campylorhynchus, the nasal aperture, as in Donacohius, has its
anterior half resting in the end of the nasal groove, bordered only
behind and by thin membrane only, and with no lateral septum visi-
ble. In Cyphorinus, the nostril is small, circular, and entirely sur-
rounded by membrane. In the others, it rests against the lower
side of the nasal groove at its anterior extremity, with membrane
above and behind it only.

The bill, in most species, is long, slender, subulate, and decurved ;
in Ginnicerthia, it is more conical. It is generally without notch
at the end, except in Cyphorinus, Microcer cuius, Heterorhina, and
TJiryophilus. The feathers of the forehead do not come as far for-
ward as the nostrils, as a general rule.

The lateral toes are about equal, the outer very little the longer ;
in Salpinctes and Catherpes, however, the discrepancy is very
marked. In Heleodytes the tarsus is as short as the middle toe, or
shorter ; in all others it is longer, generally considerably so. The
legs are very stout in Heleodytes, Campylorhynchus, and Ginnicer-
thia ; in the others they are more slender.

94 REVIEW OF AMERICAN BIRDS. [PART I,

Contrary to the opinions of most Ornithologists, I have placed
the genus Donacohius among the Thrushes, rather than the Wrens :
the reasons for this are given on page 58.

With these preliminary general remarks, I proceed to present a
brief synopsis of the genera and subgenera of American Troglody-
tidee, which, however artificial, may serve to aid in their determina-
tion. The fuller characters will be found detailed under each genus : —

A. Nostrils broadly oval, not overhung ; anterior half rest-

ing in the end of the nasal groove ; no lateral septum
visible. Bill not notched. Tarsi as short as midde toe
and claw. Legs stout ....... Heleodytes.

B. Nostrils quite broadly oval, without distinct lateral sep-

tum, this being concealed by the narrow scale which.
margins the nostril above. Bill not notched. Legs
stout ; claws strong, much curved ; tarsus longer than
middle toe and claw. Tail about equal to wings . . Campylorhynchits.

C. Bill slender, not notched. Nostrils elongated, in lower

side of nasal groove, overhung by an arched portion of
nasal membrane, thickened, with rounded edges. Inner
lateral toe considerably shorter than outer.

a. Inner lateral toe equal to hind toe. Lateral plates

along posterior half of tarsi divided into smaller

ones ......... Salpinctes.

b. Inner lateral toe considerably shorter than hind

toe. Plates of posterior half of tarsus continuous,

or not divided into smaller ones . . . Catherpes.

D. Nostrils broadly oval, divided by a low wall perpendicu-

lar to the median nasal septum, but not coming to
the surface ; bordered above by scarcely thickened
membrane, placed in end of nasal groove. Legs very
stout. Bill short, broad at base, without notch. Cul-
men much curved. Tail much graduated, about equal
to the wings ........ Cinnicerthia.

E. Bill distinctly notched at end (not notched in any other

Ti'oglodytidce),

a. Bill distinctly notched, very high, and much com-

pressed. Nostrils small, truly circular, opening
in the middle of the nasal membrane. Tail much
shorter than (about two-thirds) the wings . . Cyphorinus.

b. Bill distinctly notched, quite high and compressed.

Nostrils apparently double, the single aperture
being divided by a bridge. Tail scarcely more
than half the wings ..... Microcerculus.

c. Bill faintly notched, scarcely higher than broad at

the base. Nostrils broadly oval, with membrane
above, but no thickened scale ; divided by a
septum coming to the surface, which, however,

HELE0DYTE8. 95

does not form a bridge. Tail about two-thirds

the wings Heterorhina.

d. Nostrils broadly open, and exposed ; not overhung
by a scale, and showing a lateral vertical septum
extended forwards above ; anterior half in the
end of nasal groove. Bill distinctly notched.
Tarsi longer than middle toe and claw. Tail
about equal to the wings . . . ' . . Thryophilus.
F. Bill not notched, slender, or very deep. Nostrils linear,
on lower edge of nasal groove, and overhung, sometimes
concealed, by an arched or vaulted thickened mem-
brane with rounded edges. Lateral toes about equal.

a. Bill very stout and deep, as long as the head ;

height about one-third the length above. Wings

about equal to the tail ..... Pheugopedius.

b. Bill slender. Tail about equal to the wings, or, if

shorter, only moderately graduated (outer at
least four-fifths of central). Hind claw shorter
than the rest of the toe. A lateral nasal septum,
vertical and projecting into the posterior portion
of the nasal cavity.

1. Bill as long as the head. Tail feathers
broad, about as long as the wings.

Tail equal to the wings .... Thryothorns.
Tail longer than the wings . . . Thryomanes.

2. Bill shorter than the head. Tail feathers
narrow. Colors plain.

Tail equal to the wings .... Hylemathrous.
Tail shorter than the wings • . . . Troglodytes.

c. Bill slender. Tail shorter than the wings, very

much graduated. Lateral feathers about two-
thirds the central. Hind claw as long as rest of
toe.

1. Bill as long as the head. Hind claw longer

than rest of toe ...... Telmatodytes.

2. Bill shorter than the head. Hind claw

equal to the rest of the toe .... Cistothorus.

HELEODYTES, Cabanis.
Eeleodytes, Cab. Mus. Hein. I, 1850, 80. (Type Furnarius griseus, Sw.)

Bill longer than head, without notch or rictal bristles. Nostrils broadly
oval, in the anterior extremity of nasal groove, bordered behind by a naked
membrane as in Donacobius. Commissure curved gently, not angulated ;
gonys straight. "Wings about length of tail. First primary considerably
more than half the longest ; second longer than secondaries. Tail moderately
graduated ; outer feather about five-sixths the middle ; outer web of exterior
feather about one-third the inner. Tarsi scarcely longer than the middle toe.

Colors plain, without dark spots or bars.

9G REVIEW OF AMERICAN BIRDS. [PART I.

Although the genus Heleodytes is not represented within the
region covered by the present review, I introduce a brief mention
of it with the view of completing the history of the family, as well
as of illustrating the peculiai'ities of the species of Campylorhynchi
having very similar nostrils. The relationships between the two
genera are very close, and it is almost a question whether they can
be separated trenchantly from each other. The specimen before me,
from Mr. Lawrence's collection, is from Bogota; and, as it may be
different from the species of Guiana and Yenezuela, I subjoin a brief
description.^

CAMPYLORHYNCHUS, Spix.

Campi/lorhynchus, Spix, Av. Bras. I, 1824, 77. (Type C. scolopaceus,
Spix = Turdus variegatus, Gmel.)

Bill stout, compressed, as long as, or longer than the head, without notch
or rictal bristles ; culmen and commissure curved ; gonys nearly straight.
Nostrils in the antero-inferior part of nasal groove, in advance of the frontal
feathers, with an overhanging scale with thickened edge, as in Thryothorns ;
sometimes, as in the type, reduced to a slight ridge along the upper side of
the nasal groove. Lateral septum not projecting below or anteriorly into the
nasal cavity, but concealed by the nasal scale. Tarsus a little longer than
middle toe and claw ; claws strong, much curved, and very sharp ; middle
toe with basal joint adherent almost throughout. Wings and tail about
equal, the latter graduated ; the exterior webs of lateral feathers broad. In
size the largest of the family.

' Heleodytes griseus.

Furnarius griseus, Swainson, Anim. in Menag. 1838, 325 (2^ Centen.
No. 134), fig. 67, 6 (bill), Guiana. — Campylorhynchus griseus, Cab.
Schomburgk, Reise Guiana, III, 1848, 674. — Heleodytes griseus, Cab.
Mus. Hein. 1850, 80.— Sclater, Catal. 1861, 16, no. 97.

Whole Tipper parts, including wings and tail, plain brown, without bars
or other markings, as also a line from behind the eye ; the nape and inter-
scapulum blackish-brown, the top of head lighter, the lower back and rump
reddish-brown. Entire under parts, including lining of wings, tibia, and a
broad line from bill over the eye, soiled white. All the tail feathers, except
the two central, with a broad subterminal bar of white, diminishing in width
from the outer feathers to the inner, but at the same distance from the tips.

Total length, 8.50 ; wing, 3.30 ; tail, 3.45 ; graduation, .45 ; exposed portion
of 1st primary, 1.35, of 2d, 2.15, of longest, fourth (measured from exposed
base of 1st primary), 2.45 ; length of bill from forehead, I.IG, from nostril,
.66; along gape, 1.26 ; tarsus, 1.10 ; middle toe and claw, 1.10 ; claw alone,
.30 ; hind toe and claw, .87 ; claw alone, .38.

CAMPYLORHYNCHUS. 9T

There are some points of difference in different groups of Cavipij-
lorhynchus in the character of the nostrils and some other features.
In the type, as remarked, the nasal scale is reduced to a mere ridge
on the upper side of the nasal groove — the cavity being oval. In
jocosus it is similar, with the cavity more linear. In megalopterus,
ornatus, hrunneicapillus, and their allies, the scale is more developed,
as in tropical Wrens. In G. capistratus, rufinucha, humilis, etc., the
nostril is more like Donacobius and Heleodytes, namely, at the an-
terior end of the nasal groove, bordered behind by membrane, and
not above. In these the tail is shorter and less graduated than in
the type. C. capistratus is placed by Cabanis under Heleodytes, on
account of its peculiarities of nostril ; it differs, however, in shorter
tail, shorter bill, weaker legs, and the middle toe shorter than the
tarsus, not longer.

The following table exhibits the peculiarities of the species before
me in reference to the nostrils : —

A. Nostrils rather linear, horizontal, in lower side of nasal groove, and over-

liung broadly by membrane thickened at edges : C hrunneicapillus, affinis,
pallescens, balteatus, megalopterus, zonatus, pardus.

B. Nostrils more oval, the overhanging membrane reduced to a ridge on upper

edge of nasal groove : C. variegatus, brevirostrisy zonatoides, jocosus (nostrils
more linear), albibrunneus.

C. Nostrils as in Heleodytes ; broadly oval or rounded, in anterior end of nasal

groove, with thin membrane behind : C. capistratus, rufinucha, humilis.

The transition, however, from one to another form, is very gradual,
and it is quite difficult to say, in regard to some species, whether they
belong more properly to one section or to another. Without more
specimens therefore at my command, I prefer to consider all as
identical generically.

The following synopsis may aid in determining the Middle Ameri-
can species, and their nearest S. American allies, by their colors : —

A. Upper parts uniformly brown, without bands or spots.

Head and neck with whole under parts white . . C. albibrunneus.

B. Top of head and post-ocular stripe reddish-brown ; back

streaked longitudinally and linearly with white. All the
feathers beneath conspicuously spotted. Crissum and
flanks with rounded or elongated spots. Nostrils in-
ferior, linear, overhung by a scale.

a. Spots much larger on throat and jugulum than
elsewhere. Inner webs of 2d-5th tail feathers
(between middle and outer feathers) black, except
at tips ......... hrunneicapillus.

7 August, 1864.

98 REVIEW OF AMERICAN BIRDS. [PART L

b. Spots on throat and jugulum little larger than else-
where. Inner webs of intermediate tail feathers
banded with white like the outer .... ajffinis.

C. Top of head nearly uniform yellowish-gray. Upper parts

and all the tail feathers banded transversely with
brownish-black and whitish. Rounded black spots on
the throat and breast.

a. Body beneath reddish-brown posteriorly, with
sparse rounded spots on belly and crissum ; gemi-
nate rounded spots on flanks ..... zonatus.

b. Body grayish-white beneath, and conspicuously
banded transversely everywhere posteriorly.

Wings longer than the tail ..... pallescens.
Wings shorter, or not longer than the tail . . halteatus.

D. Top of head with well defined streaks of whitish and

brown ; otherwise much as in two last species . . megalopterus.

E. Top of head and post-ocular stripe blackish. Tail feathers,

except the central, black, terminated broadly by soiled
white.

a. Nape rufous.

Interscapulum unicolor. Beneath entirely unspot-
ted (or unicolor), as are also the outer webs of the
intermediate tail feathers ..... capistratus.

Interscapular feathers banded with black spots,
separated by whitish streaks. Crissnm banded.
Outer webs of intermediate tail feathers banded
with whitish ....... rujinucha.

b. Nape streaked black and white, not rufous.
Beneath with conspicuous rounded black spots.

Crissum banded. Tail tipped with soiled white . jocosus.
Beneath plain whitish, immaculate. Tail without

white tips ........ nigriceps.

F. Top of head reddish-brown. Back with geminate black

spots, not with linear streaks. Bill very short. Nostrils
anterior, rounded, in end of nasal groove.

a. Post-ocular stripe reddish-brown. Beneath un-
spotted. Crissum banded. Exterior lateral tail
feather alone spotted on both webs . . . humilis.

b. Post-ocular stripe black ? Beneath with rounded
black spots. Two outer tail feathers spotted on both

webs ......... gularis.

Campylorliynclius albibrunneiis.

Heleodytes albobrunneus, Lawr. Ibis, IV, Jan. 1862, 10. — Ib. Ann. N. Y.
Lye. VII, 18tJ2, no. 322 (Isthmus of Panama).
Not figured.

Hab. Line of Panama Railroad.

Head and neck all round and under parts, including lining of wings, pure
white ; rest of upper parts, with wings and tail, uniform liver brown. The

CAMPYLORHYNCHUS.

99

feathers of crissum are tinged with rusty, and with a central brownish streak.
Bill horn-color, lighter along the commissure and beneath. Legs light-brown.
Total length, 7.60 ; wing, 3.50 ; tail, 3.60 ; graduation, .82 ; exposed portion
of 1st primary, 1.32, of 2d, 2.20, of longest, 4th (measured from exposed base
of 1st primary), 2.60 ; length of bill from forehead, 1.00, from nostril, 1.65 ;
along gape, 1.10; tarsus, 1.00; middle toe and claw, .85; claw alone, .23;
hind toe and claw, .74; claw alone, .35.

This species is quite closely allied to G. unicolor, of Lafresnaye,
which is pretty uniformly brown above, dirty white beneath, with a
few brownish spots on the crissum.

There is very little in the species to distinguish it gen&rically from
the type of Campylorhynchus.

Smith-
sonian
No.

Collec-
tor's
No.

Sex
and

Age.

Locality.

When
Collected.

Received from

Collected by

16,852

74

d

Frijole, P. R. E.
Panama R. K.

J. M'Leannan.
Cab. Lawrence.

(74.) Type.

Campylorliynchus t>riiniieicapillus.

Picolaptes brunneicapillus, Lafresnaye, Mag. de Zool. 1835, 61, pi. xlvii.
—Lawk. Ann. N. Y. Lye. V, 1851, 114.— Cassin, Birds Cal. Tex.
1854, 156, pL XXV.— Heermann, J. A. N. So. II, 1853, 263.— C.
brunneicapillus, Gray, Genera, I, 1847, 159. — Bp. Consp. 1850, 223.
— ScL. P. A. N. S. 156, 264.— Baird, Birds N. Am. 1858, 355.—
Heermann, P. R. R. X, 1859, Williamson's Report Birds, 41 (nest-
ing). (E. of Tejon Pass, etc.)

Hah. Adjacent borders of the United States and Mexico, from mouth of Rio
Grande to the valley of the Colorado ; San Diego. Replaced at Cape St. Lucas
by C. affinis,

I find it quite impossible to reconcile Lafresnaye's description of
G. hrunneicapillus, much less his figure with the North American
bird. This is described as having five white spots on the outer web
of the lateral tail feather, and three on the inner ; the next with
two on the outer and three on the inner web (perhaps three outer
and two inner) ; the third and fourth with marginal points instead
of spots.

This particular pattern of coloration I have not observed in any
specimens of our bird, and the spots are larger than as described,
although the markings of the tail vary a good deal. Lafresnaye,
however, describes the under parts as pale rufous from the upper
part of the breast to the tail (represented also in the plate), instead
of having this rufous confined to the abdominal region. The speci-

100

REVIEW OF AMERICAN BIRDS.

[part I.

men described is said to have probably come from California, though
possibly from Peru.

I do not feel warranted in changing Lafresnaye's name, though
it will not be at all surprising to find that he had quite a different
species from the North American bird before him. It may be that
Gould's species guttatus belongs more particularly to the latter.

Smith-

CoUec-

Sex

soniaa
No.

toi's
No.

and
Age.

7,148

..

3,966

7,149

7,150

31,894

173
776

i

d

Locality.

Ringgold Barracks,

Tex.
Monterey, Mex.
California.
Los Aupeles.
Saa Diego.

When
Collected.

April, 1853.
Mar. 2, '62.

Received from

Major Emory.

Lt. Couch.

Lt. Williamson.

Prof. Whitney.

Collected by

J. H. Clark.
Dr. Heermann.
Dr. Cooper.

(3,966.) Eyes reddish-yellow. 8.00 ; 10.75; 3.60. (31,894.) 8.00; 11.60; 3.75. Iris blood-red.

Caiupylorhynclius afiinis.

Campy} orhjnchis affinis, Xantcs, Pr. A. N. So. 1859, 298 (Cape St.
Lucas).— Baikd, Pr. A. N. Sc. 1859, 303.— Scl. Catal. 1861, 17,
no. 108.
Not figured.
Hab. Only observed at Cape St. Lucas, Lower California.

Cap of head reddish-brown ; the concealed centres of feathers dusky. Rest
of upper parts grayish-brown, all the feathers of body and scapulars with
broad central or shaft streaks of whitish edged with black ; the streaks
irregular in outline, on some feathers nearly linear, in others widening at
intervals along the shaft. Outer webs of the wing feathers crossed by about
seven rows of whitish semicircular spots, with corresponding series of more
circular ones on the inner web. Tail feathers black, all of them with a series
of about eight quadrate white spots on each web, which are alternate to each
other, not opposite, and extend from or near the black shaft to the edge ; the
extreme tips of the feathers black ; the two central feathers, however, more
like the back, with irregular mottling of grayish and black. Upper tail coverts
barred transversely with black.

Under parts white, faintly tinged with rusty posteriorly ; each feather
spotted with black, excepting on the immaculate chin. These spots are rather
larger and more quadrate on the jugulum, where they are sometimes on the
sides of the feathers (on one or both sides) ; posteriorly, however, they are
elongated or tear-shaped, and strung along the shaft, one or two on each. On
the crissum they are large and much rounded, three or fcur on each longer
feather. Legs rather dusky. Bill lead color, pale at the base below ; " iris
reddish-brown." A broad white stripe from bill over the eye and nape,
edged above and below with black ; line behind the eye like the crown ; cheek
feathers white, edged with blackish.

Immature specimens exhibit a tendency to a whitish spotting in the ends
of the feathers of the cap. A very young bird does not, however, difler ma-

CAMPYLORHYNCHUS.

101

terially, except in having the spots less distinct beneath ; the white streaks
less conspicuous above ; the white of the wings soiled with rufous. Speci-
mens vary considerably in the proportional as well as absolute thickness
and length of the bill; thus, No. 32,lfa"7 measures .80 from nostril to end
of bill, instead of .60, as given below for No. 12,965.

12,965. Total length, 7.50; wing, 3.30; tail, 3.40, its graduation .45; ex-
posed portion of 1st primary, 1.42, of 2d, 2.15, of longest, or 4th (measured
from exposed base of 1st primary), 2.45 ; length of bill from forehead, .90,
from nostril, .60; along gape, 1.07; tarsus, 1.02; middle toe and claw, .90;
claw alone, .25 ; hind toe and claw, .76 ; claw alone, .35.

This species is most nearly allied to C. hrunneicapillus ; the most
apparent diifereuce at first sight being in the greater concentration
of black on the throat and jugulum in hrunneicapillus, and the much
smaller size of the remaining spots on the under parts, with the de-
cided light cinnamon of the posterior portion of the body. The outer
and central tail feathers alone are marked as in G. affinis, the inter-
mediate ones being entirely black, with the exception of a white
subterminal band.

This is one of the most characteristic birds constituting the
isolated Fauna of Cape St. Lucas. Like nearly all the species
peculiar to this remarkable locality, it is exceedingly abundant,
breeding in immense numbers. It has not yet been detected else-
where, though it may possibly be found on the lower Colorado,

Smith-

Collec-

Sex

sonian

tor's

and

No.

No.

Age.

12,961

632

12,965

190

rf

12,963

6.-<6

V

16,959

1,463

Juv.

32,166

4,988

rf

32,167

d

Locality.

Cape St. Lucas.

When
Collected.

April 25, '60.
1861.

Received from

J. Xaatus.

Collected by

(12,963.) Iris reddish-brown.

Campylorbyuchus pallescens.

Cantpylorhyn chits pallescens, Lafkesnaye, Rev. Zool. 1846, 93 (Mexico) :

not of ScLATER (=C. haJteatus').
Campy! orhynchus megalopterux, Sclater, P. Z. S. 1858, 298 (Oaxaca) ;

1859, 363 (Xalapa) ; 371 (Oaxaca).— In. Catal. 1861, 17, no. 105;

not of Pr. A. N. Sc. Phila. 1856, 264 (which is true megalopterus).

Hah. Southern Mexico.

(No. 13,659.) Body varied with brown and soiled white; no reddish. Top
of head brownish-ash, showing more or less the pure brown centres of the
feathers ; nape streaked with black and white ; rest of upper parts banded
transversely with soiled white and blackish in about thirteen or fourteen

102 REVIEW OF AMERICAN BIRDS. [PART I.

Dearly equal zones of each color from nape to end of tall coverts ; more obscure
posteriorly, and the white changing rather to light brownish-ash. Wings
blackish, with about five series of brownish-white spots extending over outer
webs ; quills edged internally (not spotted) with the same. Tail feathers
black, with about seven transverse light bands, narrower than their inter-
spaces ; whitish on the outer webs and edi:es of the inner ; sometimes obscured
and irregular medially ; most distinctly transverse on the lateral feathers, and
most obsolete on the inner webs of the central feathers. Beneath whitish ;
chin immaculate ; throat and jugulum first with large rounded, then cordate,
light-brown spots, which, on the breast, become transverse bands or zones
covering the remaining under parts to end of crissum ; more obsolete, with the
ground color soiled with brownish, on the middle of the belly : these bands
quite similar in size and proportion to those on the back. A white band from
bill over the eye to nape, with a brown one behind the eye ; sides of head
finely streaked with brownish.

(13,659.) Total length, 7.00 ; wing, 3.50 ; tail, 3.40 ; graduation, .60 ; exposed
portion of 1st primary, 1.30, of 2d, 2.30, of longest, 4th (measured from ex-
posed base of 1st primary), 2.G5 ; length of bill from forehead, .85, from
nostril, .53; along gape, 1.00; tarsus, 1.00; middle toe and claw, .82; claw
alone, .27 ; hind toe and claw, .80; claw alone, 37.

This species is veiy similar in markings and coloration of the
upper parts to C. zonatus ; the principal difference being in the
absence of the rufous tinge of the rump, a more distinctly banded
tail, and the inner edges of the quills being continuously edged with
brownish-white, not spotted with reddish-white. Beneath the differ-
ence is very strongly marked, in the continuous transverse bands on
the body : the absence of the reddish color of belly, flanks, and
crissum, etc. : the longer wings, and other peculiarities of proportion.

To G. zonatoides, of Bogota, the resemblance above is almost per-
fect, and beneath it is quite close ; the spots of black instead of pale
brown, absence of zones on flanks and crissum (although the spots
are transversely elongated), and the rufescence of the posterior region
of body will, however, distingui-sh them. G. zonatoides also lacks
the longitudinal streaking of blackish and white on the nape seen in
pallescens, megalopterus, and zonatus.

In the museum of the Philadelphia Academy I find specimens of
a Campi/lorhynchus, labelled " Picolaptes megalopterus, Lafr.,
Amerique Merid.," which agree perfectly with Lafresnaye's descrip-
tion, and are those referred to by Pr. Sclater, in his paper published
in Proceedings Phila. Academy, 1856, 264. These differ very
appreciably from the present species in having the light bands above
of a purer white and more sharply defined, the feathers of the hood
dark-brown, conspicuously streaked centrally with grayish-white
(with a reddish tinge on the occiput) ; the nape similar, the central

CAMPYLORHYNCHUS.

103

light stripe, however, wider and whiter. The under parts are very
similar. The bands on the tail are not so decidedly transverse, but an
edging of brown along the shafts often divides the light bar. In the
other species it is the concealed centres of the hood feathers that are
brown (showing only occasionally), with yellowish-gray edges. The
nape is much less conspicuously streaked. C. megalopterus is con-
siderably larger also, measuring 8.50 inches, the wing 3. TO, tail 3.90.
This may be a Mexican bird, as stated by Lafresnaye, but more
probably it is South American.

I am by no means decided as to what is the true name of this
Mexican species, after setting aside that of megalopterus. A
specimen in the Phila. Acad., from Guayaquil, and labelled "palles-
cens,''^ by Mr. Sclater, agrees very well with a Smithsonian skin
from Piura, Peru, No. 11,748. This differs from the Mexican bird
in a larger size, and in having a longer tail and shorter wings — tail
half an inch longer than the wings instead of being a little shorter
or not longer. The top of the head is purer gray, or with less of a
yellowish-red tinge ; the nuchal streaks much wider and more promi-
nent. The most striking differences, however, are in the proportions
above mentioned, as well as the very different geographical distri-
bution.

The question now remains as to which of these two species the
nauie pallescens should be applied. As, however, Lafresnaye, in
comparing pallescens with zonatus, says that it differs especially in
form from the latter by longer wings ; and as while the Mexican
bird has much longer wings than the South American, which are
just equal to those of zonatus, it seems proper to name the Mexican
bird pallescens, especially as Lafresnaye gives Mexico as the pre-
sumed locality of his species. The South American bird (the G.
pallescens of Sclater's Catal.) may then be called Campy lorhynchus
halteatus.

Campylorhynchus nuchalis is easily distinguished by smaller
size ; broader stripes on the neck, extending on the back ; the rounded
marginal white spots, not bands, on the tail, etc.

Smith- CoUec-

Boiiiaa tor's

No. 1 No.

Spx i

and 1 Locality.

Age. 1

When
Collected.

Received from

CoUected by

13,659
13.672
26,366

32,471

76
377

Xalapa, Max.

" [region.)
Orizaba. (Alpine

Dr. Sclater.

J. Krider.
Cab. Lawrence.
Prof. Sumichrast.

D'Oca.

104

REVIEW OF AMERICAN BIRDS.

[part I.

Campylorliyuclius zonatus.

Picolaptes zonatus, Lesson, Centurie Zoologique, Jan. 1831 (at end of
description), 210, pi. Ixx (erroneously " California"). — Campylo-
rhynchus zonatus, Gray, Genera, I, Mar. 1847. — Bonap. Consp. 1850,
223.— ScLATER, Pr. A. N. Sc. 1856, 264.— Ib. P. Z. S. 1856, 290 ;

1859, 363.— Ib. Catal. 1861, 17, no. 103.— Scl. & Salv. Ibis, II,

1860, 29 (Guatemala).

Hah. Southern Mexico and Guatemala.

Smith- i CoUec-

sonian 1 tor's

No. 1 No.

Sex
and

Age.

Locality.

•When
Collected.

Received from CuUected by

18,569
30,870
20,397
30,e53

123

1,445

93

80

Mexico.
Mirador, Jlex.
Choctun, Vera Paz
Alotepeque, Guat.
Guatemala.

Jan. 1863.
Jan.iseo.
Dec. 1S62.

P. L. Sclater. F. Sumichrast.

Dr. C. Sartorius.

0. Salvin. j

" Salvin & Godman.
Cab. Lawrence.

(30,870) Iris brown.

Campylorhynclius capistratiis.

Picolaptes capistratus, Less. Rev. Zool. 1842, 174 (Realejo). — C. capis-
tratus, Gray, Genera, I, 1847.— Scl, Pr. A. N. Sc. 1856, 264.— Is.
Catal. 1861, 17, no. Ill (in part).
Bah. Confined to Pacific coast region of Central America ?

(30,654.) Whole top of head and nape black. Sides of the lower neck and
dorsal surface of body uniform cinnamon red (darkest anteriorly), with the
upper tail coverts only obsoletely banded with blackish. On raising the
feathers, however, those on the lower part of the back are seen to be streaked
longitudinally with white, having the usual blackish suffusion externally.
Greater wing coverts and, to some extent, the scapulars, like the back, bui
with one or two pairs of rather obsolete rounded black spots, separated
obscurely by a pale shade of the ground color. Alular feathers black, edged
with whitish. Quills black, with five or six pale yellowish-red spots on the
outer webs ; internally edged irregularly with whitish. Innermost or exposed
secondaries with transverse dusky bars. Tail feathers black, broadly termi-
nated by white, which is much soiled with brownish at the end ; the lateral
feathers with quadrate white spots on the outer web ; the central feathers
black with rather narrow transverse bands of pale brownish.

Whole under parts uniform yellowish-white, without streaks or spots, soiled
with reddish behind ; throat purer white ; a conspicuous white line from
nostrils over eye to nape ; lores, and a broad line behind the eye, blackish ;
rest of cheeks white. Bill black ; the inferior edge of lower jaw at base
whitish. Legs dark plumbeous.

A second specimen, 29,428, is very similar, excepting in having concealed
spots on the dorsal feathers, similar to those described on the scapulars and
wing coverts of the preceding. The under parts are entirely immaculate.
This probably represents the spring plumage — the former the autumnal.

Young specimens not yet fully fledged, in the museum of the Philadelphia

CAMPYLORHTNCHUS.

105

Academy, from San Carlos and elsewhere, exhibit not the slightest trace of
spots or other markings on the under surface, and no longitudinal light streaks
on the back.

(30,654.) Total length, 6.00 ; wing, 2.75 ; tail, 2.65 ; graduation, .35 ; ex-
posed portion of 1st primary, 1.10, of 2d, 1.60, of longest, 4th (measured from
exposed base of 1st primary), 2.00; length of bill from forehead, .92, from
nostril, .56; along gape, 1.06; tarsus, 1.06; middle toe and claw, .80; claw
alone, .27 ; hind toe and claw, .70 ; claw alone, .30.

Smith- Collec-

snnian tor's

No. No.

Sex
and

Age.

Locality.

When

Collected.

Received from

Collected by

30,6.iJ 84
29,428

?

Savana Grande,Guat.
Punta Areuas, C. K.

1862.
May, 1863.

0. Salvin.
Capt. J. M. Dow.

Salvia & Godman.

Campylorliyiiclius rufiiiuclia.

C. rufinucha, Lafr. R. Z. 1845, 339 (Mexico). — Picolaptes rvjiimcha.
Less, Descr. 1847, 285 (Vera Cruz). — C. capistratus, Scl. P. Z. S.
1859, 363 (Xalapa).
Hab. Eastern and southern Mexico ?

I am unable to say whether the following references belong to ca-
pistratus or rufinucha : —

Picolaptes capistratus, DesMuks. Icon. Orn. pi. Ixiii. — Campylorhjnchus
capistratus, Sol. P. Z. S. 1859, 371 (Oaxaca).— Ib. Ibis, I, 1859, 9
(Honduras and Belize).

Authors have, I think, been mistaken in referring the Picolaptes
rufinucha, of Lafresnaye, from eastern Mexico, to the P. capistratus,
of Lesson, from, and apparently confined to the west coast of Central
America. The specimens before me are not in very good condition,
but they indicate, both in coloration and proportion, differences which
are not readily reconciled. In both species the whole top of the
head, with the line back and in front of the eye, are blackish. In
rufinucha, however, the exposed feathers of the back and scapulars
are streaked conspicuously with soiled whitish, with the blackish
external suffusion, the black sometimes forming large rounded spots
on each side the shaft. The spots on the wings are whitish, rather
than brownish-yellow. The tail feathers are black, broadly ended
with white, soiled at the end, but the outer webs of all (except the
two central), exhibit a series of six or seven quadrate white spots,
instead of being fewer in number and confined to the outer feather.
The under parts are soiled whitish ; each feather, as far as can be
ascertained, except perhaps the chin and throat, with two or three
very small spots, usually in pairs. The crissum shows conspicuously

106

REVIEW OF AMERICAN BIRDS.

[part I.

three or four black bands on each feather — something similar being
seen on the tibiae. There is a small narrow black line along the
edge of the lower jaw. Nothing like these markings are visible in
the Smithsonian specimen of C. capistratus. The eyes are red,
according to Dr. Sartorius.

The differences in proportion are still more striking. The tail is
considerably longer, exceeding the wings ; and. the tarsus is much
shorter, being but little longer than the middle toe and claw. The
bill is rather longer. The first primary also longer.

Of the two specimens in the collection one has the feathers worn,
and is probably in summer dress. The other is moulting and in
autumnal livery, thus matching the two Central American skins of
capistratus.

Total length, 6.50 ; wing, 2.60 ; tail, 2.80 ; exposed portion of 1st primary,
1.15, of 2d, 1.70, of longest (measured from exposed base of 1st primary),
2.00; length of bill from forehead, .95, from nostril, .57; along gape, 1.05;
tarsus, .87; middle toe and claw, .78; claw alone, .24; hind toe and claw,
.62; claw alone, .30.

Smith-

soniaa

No.

Collec- Sex
tor's and
No. Age.

Locality.

When
Collected.

Received from

Collected by

28,041
30,869

Mirador, Mex.

Dr. Sartorius.

(30,869.) Eyes red.

Campylorliynclius jocostis.

C. jocosits, ScL. p. Z. S. 1859, 371 (Tehuacan, Oaxaca). — Ib. Catal.

18G1, 17, no. 109.
Not figured.

Hab. State of Oaxaca, Mex.

(No. 22,381, type.) Bill lengthened. Upper part of head, line from bill to
eye, and a stripe behind it blackish-brown ; a little lighter towards the occi-
put. Upper parts grayish-brown, the feathers of the back and scapulars
white, with one or two pairs of large rounded blackish spots, separated by
whitish or white shaft streaks and shaft spots. On the nape the black and
white in streaks, rather than spots, predominate to the exclusion of the ground
color. Wings showing six or seven bands of brownish-white across outer
webs ; inner webs edged with grayish-white. Tail feathers (except central)
black above, broadly tipped with white, soiled at the end with brown ; the
outer webs with four or five quadrate spots of white ; the lateral feather with
a white patch at end of inner web, next to the terminal white. Markings of
central feathers much broken, without regular bands. Upper tail coverts
banded transversely. Beneath quite pure white, a little brownish behind,
and each feather, except on the chin, with a conspicuous but isolated rounded

CAMPYLORHYNCHUS.

107

spot of black, becoming a transverse bar on the flanks and crissnm. No
distinct bands on the thigh. Sides of head white except the post-ociilar
stripe, and another along the lower edge of the lower jaw. A white line from
bill over eye. Bill black, rather paler at the base below ; legs dark-brown.

Total length, 6.50 ; wing, 3.00 ; tail, 3.00 ; graduation, .41 ; exposed portion
of 1st primary, 1.26, of 2d, 1.90, of longest, 4th (measured from exposed base
of 1st primary), 2.20; length of bill from forehead, 1.05, from nostril, .69 ;
along gape, 1.16 ; tarsus, .94 ; middle toe and claw, .78 ; claw alone, .21 ; hind
toe and claw, .68 ; claw alone, .31.

This species will be readily distinguished from its black-headed
allies by lacking the rufous and unstreaked nape, and by having
conspicuous black spots beneath. The bill is longer than in the rest
of its allies, and the shape of the nostril is somewhat different.

Smith-
sonian
No.

Collec-
tor's
No.

Sex
and

Age.

Locality.

When
Collected

Received from

Collected by

22,38]

40,711

?

S. W. Mexico.

Verreaux.

Boucard?

(22,381.) Type.

Campylorliynchus humilis.

C. humilis, ScL. Pr. A. N. Sc. Phila. 1856, 263 (Mazatlan).
Hab. Both coasts of Mexico ? On west side north to Mazatlan.

(29,225.) Top of head and nape light brownish-red, the feathers anteriorly
pointed, and with conspicuous black centres. Back light grayish-red, the
feathers with rather irregular black spots in pairs on opposite sides of the
webs, with occasional much lighter intervals. The marking much as in C.
Tujinucha, but showing less of the linear streaks, except behind. Markings
generally of the wing, tail, and under parts much as in this species. Under
parts soiled brownish-white, purer anteriorly, with very obsolete indications
of transverse darker bars, and occasional spots on the flanks. Crissum dis-
tinctly banded with blackish, tibise less so. A conspicuous white line from
bill over eye along side of head edged above and below with black. A nar-
row dusky line from bill to eye, and a reddish-brown one behind it, streaked
on its edges with black ; sides of neck streaked with black, and a short black
line along lower edge of the lower jaw. Bill dark plumbeous black, paler at
the base below. Legs dusky.

Total length, 6.40 ; wing, 2.75 ; tail, 2.80 ; graduation, .40; exposed portion
of 1st primary, 1.06, of 2d, 1.65, of longest, 4th (measured from exposed base
of 1st primary), 1.95 ; length of bill from forehead, .80, from nostril, .55 ; along
gape, .98; tarsus, .94; middle toe and claw, .75; claw alone, .20; hind toe
and claw, .66 ; claw alone, .30.

This species is readily distinguished from C. cajnsfratus, rvfinucha,
Qxvdi jocosus, by the reddish head and post-ocular stripe. Its banded
crissum and the spots on the outer webs of the interior tail feathers

108

EEVIEW OF AMERICAN BIRDS.

[part I.

separate it from capistratus. It is less spotted beneath than ruji'
nucha. The bill is considerably shorter than in any of these species ;
the tarsi as short as in rufinuclia.

The specimens before me agree sufficiently well with the descrip-
tion by Dr. Sclater of G. humilis, based on a bird in the museum
of the Phila. Academy. Although No. 29,225 is larger than the type,
a skin received from Mr. Verreaux, 22,382, agrees more nearly with
it in this respect. A skin collected by Mr. Xantus, near Colima, and
belonging to the same region as the Mazatlan specimen, is undis-
tinguishable from the Orizaba skin, upon which the description above
given is based. In this the iris is said to be red-brown. In the
brown head and other characters, as well as the short bill and tarsi,
it is related to C. gularis, of Sclater, although this appears to pre-
sent other distinctive characters.

Note. — Since writing the preceding description, I have had the
opportunity of examining Mr. Sclater's type in the Phila. Academy,
from Mazatlan. The species appears to me the same, the type differ-
ing only in being of rather duller plumage above, the markings not
so well defined, and in having the bars of the crissum less distinct,
and externally reduced somewhat to a central spot. There are no
distinct spots on the flanks.

Smith-
sonian

Wo.

31,820
22,382
29,225

Collec-
tor's

No.

1,013

40,710

25

Sex
and

Age.

Locality.

When
Collected.

Colima, Mex.

Mexico.

Orizaba.

June, 1863.

Received from

J. Xantus.
Verreaux.
F. Sumichrast.

Collected by

(31,820.) Iris red-brown.

The following species of Campylorhynchus 1 have not had the

opportunity of examining : —

«

CampylorliyilclllIS guttatlis, Lafr. R, Z. 1846, H.— Thryothorus
guttatus, Gould, Pr. Z. S. 1836, 89 (Mexico).

This species, which has not been referred to by recent writers,
belongs to the same section as C. hrunneicapillus, etc., with reddish-
brown head, and back striped longitudinally with white. The
throat and breast are said to be spotted with black, the abdomen
and sides with smaller spots of the same. Length, G.Y5 (probably
more) ; wings and tail three inches each. The description of the
tail is not very distinct ; but in several respects there is a close re-
lationship to C. hrunneicapillus, of Lafr., and it is not impossible
that it refers to the same species. If from Tamaulipas, like the

SALPINCTES. 109

Troglodytes leucogastra described by Mr. Gould on the same page,
it is certainly the same, as the C. brunneicapillus is the characteristic
species of that region of Mexico.

Campylorliynchus nigriceps, Sclatee, P, Z. S. 1860, 461. — Is.
Catal. 18, no. 112 (near Vera Cruz, Mex.).

This species has a black head and post-ocular stripe like capis-
tratus and rufinucha, but differs in the black nape like jocosus. The
back is reddish, barred transversely with black. The body is un-
spotted white beneath, reddish posteriorly ; the tail feathers black,
barred on the outer webs, and more obsoletely on the inner web of
the lateral, with fulvous, but without the white tips seen in the allies.

Campylorliyiicliiis gularis, Sclater, P. Z. S. 1860, 462 (Mexico).

This is a very short-billed species, closely allied to G. humilis in
this respect, as well as in the reddish-brown head. The post-ocular
stripe, however, is said to be black, as well as a rictal one. The
tail is broadly tipped with white. The two lateral tail feathers have
large white spots on both webs (not on the outermost only). The
under part, except the throat, with round black spots ; in this also
differing from humilis.

SALPINCTES, Cab.

Salpinctes, Cab. Wiegmann's Archiv, 1847, i, 323. (Type Troglodytes
obsoletus, Sat.)

This genus is sufficiently characterized in the " Birds N". Am.," as
well as in the general synopsis of th« family in the preceding pages,
for my present purposes. It is, however, especially peculiar among
all its cognate genera by having the usual two continuous plates along
the posterior half of the inner and outer faces of the tarsus divided
transversely into seven or more smaller plates, with a naked interval
between them and the anterior scutellse. At the upper end of the
outer plate these divisions or lines of junction are obsolete, becoming
more distinct below, and near the inferior extremity the plates are
reduced to oval scales. The plate along the inner face is also divided
into two or three plates, sometimes more, usually less distinct than on
the outer. The posterior edge of the tarsus, instead of being sharp,
is usually, though not always, blunted, by the bending round of the
outer plate. The lateral toes are quite disproportionate in size, the
inner with its claw scarcely reaching beyond the end of the second

110

REVIEW OF AMERICAN BIRDS.

[part I.

phalanx of the middle toe. The tail feathers are as iu Cather];)es,
broad and soft.

Salpiuctes obsoletus.

Troglodytes ohsoletus, Sat, Long's Exped. II, 1823, 4 (South Fork of
Platte).— AcD. Orn. Biog. IV, pi. 360.— Ib. B. A. II, pi. 116.—
Newbekry, p. R. R. Rep. VI, iv, 1857, 80.— Heermank, P. R. R.
Rep. X, 1859, 41. — Salpinctes ohsoletns, Cab. Wiegmann's Archiv,
1847, I, 323.— Baied, Birds N. Am. 1858, 357.— Sclater, P. Z. S.
1859, 371 (Oaxaca).

^Troglodytes lutisfasciatus, Light. Preis-Verzeich. 1831, no. 82.

Hub. Central regions of the United States, to Mexico. Cape St. Lucas. Not
recorded from Pacific slope.

Mexican specimens seem to differ in having the under tail coverts
more distinctly and broadly banded ; the outer primary half the
longest, instead of being considerably less than half My materials,
however (two skins), are not sufficient to decide whether these differ-
ences are characteristic, and accompanied by any others.

Toung birds, fully grown, differ from adults in the entire absence
of any marking on the under surface, not even on the crissum.

A specimen from Cape St. Lucas is decidedly smaller than the
more northern ones.

No specimens have been received from the Pacific slope of Cali-
fornia, excepting from Fort Tejon, which is near the dividing line.
Dr. Heermann speaks of its being common throughout California.

Smith-

Collec-

Sex

When
Collected.

sonian
No.

tor's
No.

and

Age.

Locality.

Received from

Collected by

1,837

rT

Fort Union, Dak.

July 8, '43.

S. F. Baird.

J, J. Audubon.

8,832

Blaclf Hills.

Sept. 19.

Lt. Warren.

Dr. Hayden.

11,07-t

V

F>>rt Bi-idger, Utah.

July 1.0, '58.

C. Drexler.

22,044

65

Hellsrate, Idah.

Aug. 22, '60.

Lt. MuUan.

J. Pearsall.

11,3.34

rf

Fort Defiance, N. M.

12,116

V

Saa Francisco Mts.

Oct. 9. '59.

Capt. Sitgreaves.

Dr. Woodhouse.

2-3, .367

1,090

Fort Tejon, Cal.

Nov. 29, '57.

J. Xantus.

32,169

2.SS2

V

Cape St. Lucas.

Jan. 1860.

23,383

40,722

rf

Mexico.

Verreaux.

22,387

40,723

V

CATHERPES, Baird.

Catherpes, Baird, Birds N. Am. 1858, 357. (Type Thryothorus mexi-
canus, SwAiNSON.)

This genus shares with Salpinctes the great inequality of the
lateral toes. The sides of the tarsi, however, as in all the Troglo-

CATHERPES — CINNICERTHIA.

Ill

dytidae, excepting Salpinctes, are covered with a continuous strip,
instead of being divided into small plates.

Catlierpes mexicanus.

Thryothorus viexicanus, SwAiNSON, Zool. HI. 2d series, I, 1829, pi. xi
(Real del Monte, Mex.). — Salpinctes mexicanus, Cab. Wiegm. Arch.
1847, I, 323.— ScLATEK, P. Z. S. 1857, 212; 1858, 297 (Oaxaca).—
Troglodytes mexicanus, Heermann, J. A. N. Sc. 2d ser. II, 1853, 63.
— Ib. p. R. R. Rep. X, 1859,41.— Cassin, Illust. Birds Cal. 1,1854,
173, pi. XXX. — Catherpes mexicanus, Baikd, Birds N. Am. 1858, 356.
— ScL. Catal. 1861, 18, no. 115.

^Troglodytes murarius, Light. Preis-Verzeicli. 1831, no. 80 {fide Cab.,
speaks of light-blue tail !).

Thryothorus guttutus, Lafr. R. Z. 1839, 99 (Mexico).

Certhia alhifrons, Gtikaud, Texas Birds, 1841, pi. viii (N. E. Mexico).
Ilah. Central region of North America, from boundary of United States
southward into Mexico. Oaxaca. Extends up valley of Colorado.

There is a very great difference in the length of the bill in different
specimens of this species. The longest (20,871) measures .75 from
nostril, and 1.15 from gape; while in another the bill is .15 shorter.

I have not seen specimens of this bird from any point west of
Fort Tejon, although it is said to occur in the Sacramento Valley.

Smith-

Collec-

Sex

sonian

tor's

and

No.

No.

Age.

7,116

66

3,969

17.1

^

31,821

2,040

20,871

26

Locality.

Fort Tejon, Cal.
New Mexico.
New Leou, Mex.
Rio Coahuayana,
Mirador. [Colima.

When
Collected.

Feb. 4, '54.

Sept. 1863.
Oct. 1862.

Received from

J. Xantus.
Lt. Whipple.
Lt. Couch.
J. X:intus.
Dr. Sartorins.

Collected by

Dr. Kennerly.

(3,969) Eyes dark-brown. (31,821.) Iris brown.

CINNICERTHIA, Lesson.

Cinnicerthia, "Lesson, 1S44," Gray. (Type Limnornis unirufus, Lafr.)
Presbys, Cabanis, Mus. Hein. 1, 1850, 80. (Type P. canj/>ons = preceding?)

Bill short, conical, high at base, not notched at tip. Culmen much curved.
Nostrils in anterior extremity of nasal groove ; broadly open and oval, but
with a narrow membrane above. Internal lateral septum apparently revolute,
so as to be perpendicular to the central septum, its exposed edge crossing
the nasal aperture obliquely forwards. Legs very stout ; hind toe and claw
nearly as long as the middle, which are much shorter than tarsus. Wings
about equal to the much graduated tail. Plumage Wren-like ; uniform brown,
with dusky lines on wings and tail.

I introduce the diagnosis of the genus merely to complete the

112 REVIEW OF AMERICAN BIRDS. [PART I.

history of the family, as no species belong to Middle or North
America. I quote the date of the genus from Gray, not knowing
where it is described, unless it be in the Desc. Mamm. et d'Ois. of
Lesson, a book to which I have not access.

Two well established species are C. unirufa (Lafr.), Bogota, and
C. unibrunnea, Lafr., Ecuador, both of which I have had the oppor-
tunity of examining.

A young bird of G. unibrunnea differs from the adult in having
the anterior portion of body brown, instead of reddish ; the basal
portion of gape and lower jaw yellowish, not black.

CYPHORINUS, Cab.

Cyphorinus, Cabanis, Tschudi, Fauna Peruana, 1845-46, 183. (Type
C. thoracicas, Tscu. = Thryothorus modulator, D'Orb.)

Body short and stout. Tail rounded, very short, scarcely more than half
the wings, and falling short of the outstretched toes. First primary about
half the longest ; secondaries developed, nearly as long as the primaries.
Bill distinctly notched, but without rictal bristles ; about as long as the head ;
much compressed, and elevated at the base (greatest depth about one-third
length), where the culmen is angulated and quite sharp. The nostrils are
not in the anterior end of the nasal groove, but in the middle of the nasal
membrane against its upper edge, and forming a small, truly circular tubular
opening, surrounded by a low wall, the axis of the opening directed apparently
obliquely downwards (not horizontally). Legs well developed ; tarsi rather
longer than middle toe and claw ; Lateral toes equal, hind toe shorter than the
middle. Tarsi (J-scutellate, the scutellse not very distinct ; the sides of legs
in one plate. Outer lateral toe with basal joint, and half the next, adherent
to basal joint of middle toe ; inner lateral with half its basal joint similarly
adherent ; or, to expr«^ss the relation otherwise, the whole outer edge of basal
joint of middle toe, and half the inner, adherent to the lateral toes.

I have not the opportunity of examining the species upon which
the genus was based by Cabanis, but have selected a near ally, C.
lawrencii, Scl., as probably having the same peculiarities. The
genus is a very remarkable one, and not easily mistaken for any
other, on account of the characteristics of the circular nostrils sur-
rounded by membrane, etc.

The genus Cyphorinus, as given by Dr. Sclater, includes two
subgenera — Cyphorinus and Microcerculus. I find, among his
species of Microcerculus, two quite strongly marked sections, of
which bambla and prostheleucus are respectively the types, and for
the latter I propose the name of Heterorhina. A larger number of
specimens will be required to decide as to the permanence and value
of the characters which appear to present themselves in the skins

MICROCERCULUS.

113

before mc, and to determine wlKsther tlie sections sliall be considered
as of generic or merely subgeneric importance. For the present it
will be more convenient to consider them as genera.

Cypliorimis laiirencii.

Cyphorimis cantans, Lawr. Ann. N. Y. Lye. VII, 203 (not of Cabanis).
Cyphorinus lawrencii, ScL. MSS. Lawkesce, Ann. N. Y. Lye. VIII, 18*J3,
no. 373.

Ilab. Isthmus of Panama.

Above reddish-olive, the feathers very ohsoletely, almost unappreciahly,
streaked and waved with dusky. Exposed surface of wing and tail barred
distinctly with black. Feathers of forehead tinged with reddish at base.
Chin, ears, throat, and upper part of jugulum brownish-red; rest of under
parts grayish-olive, tinged on the sides and crissum with rufous. Lining of
wing like throat, but paler.- The angle of the chin and the side of the lower
jaw dusky. A female specimen is similar, but smaller, and lighter on the
middle of the belly.

Total length, 5.00 ; wing, 2.50 ; tail, 1,55 ; length of bill from forehead, .90,
from nostril, .60; along gape, 1.04; tarsus, 1.00; middle toe and claw, .93;
hind toe and claw, .72; claw alone, .35.

This species was first referred by Mr. Lawrence to C. cantans (:=
viusicus), but on sending specimens to Dr. Sclater, this gentleman
decided them to belong to a new species which he named C. law-
rencii. C. musicus (Cayenne) differs in having the breast and belly
yellowish-white ; the ears streaked with black and white (13ur-
meister). G. modulator (Peru, etc.) is more like it, but much larger,
and has the rufous of throat extending further down the body, and
passing into whitish.

Smith-

CoUec-

Sex

Buniaa

tor"s

and

No.

No.
87

Age.

rf

••

87

V

Locality.

When
Collected.

Received from Collected by

Pauatna R. R.

Cab. Lawrence. M'Lean. & Galb

(87.) Type.

MICROCERCULUS, Sclater.
Microcerculus, Sclater, Catal. Am. Birds, 1861, 19. (Type Tardus hambla, Bodd.)

General appearance of Cyphorinus, the tail still shorter, in type less than
half the wings, the feathers soft ; the end of outstretched tibia reaching the
tip of tail. Bill compressed ; the height about one-fourth the length ; culmen
nearly straight, not angulated or gibbous at base ; tip notched, quite abruptly
decurved. Nostrils aj)parently double, or with two openings on each side.
8 August, 1864.

114 REVIEW OF AMERICAN BIRDS. [PART I.

I have not had the opportunity of examining the M. hambla —
type of the genus — and have taken the philomela, a near ally, as
the standard of reference. This has the general appearance of
Cyphorinus, but with- still shorter and more rudimentary tail ; a bill
less compressed, and elevated at base, and more decurved at tip ; the
wings more rounded. The most remarkable peculiarity is seen in
the nostrils, which, instead of being single, as is usual among birds,
are double, or with two openings. The specimens of 2^hilomela do
not show the characters very satisfactorily, but one opening is appa-
rently crescent-shaped, against the lower side of the nasal groove
near the anterior extremity ; the chord of the arc nearly parallel
with the commissure. The upper border of the aperture is thus
formed by a semi-lunar valvular scale, which may fit down close,
leaving only a free rounded aperture behind. Above the posterior
end of this opening is another one, shorter, more circular, and
against the upper edge of the nasal groove. The septum or bridge
between the two is narrow : sometimes reduced to a subjacent ridge,
in which case the nasal aperture appears single externally.

It is possible that I have misinterpreted the indications of the
specimens before me, and that the characters of the nostrils is suiii-
ciently like that in Cyphorinus not to authorize generic separation.

The species assigned by Sclater to Microcerculus, excepting C.
albigularis, which is a Pheugopjedius, form two sections: one with
hamhla as type, with tail soft and less than half the wings ; the bill
higher ; the culmen more elevated and nearly straight above. The
second with leucostictus as type : the tail firm, and two-thirds the
wing ; the bill still lower than in the last, and more Wren-like ; the
nostrils not so much doubly perforate, as with one large oval aper-
ture in the anterior extremity of nasal groove divided by a nearly
horizontal septum, which shows in the aperture without being
united to it, constituting a free septum rather than a bridge ; some-
times reaching up to the level of the aperture, and sometimes low
and inconspicuous. The tarsal scales are sometimes distinct on the
outer side, sometimes completely fused into one with the lateral
plates (leucophrys). To this second section, perhaps generic form,
I propose to give the name of Eeterorhina.

Microcerculus pliiloniela.

Ci/phorinu$ philomela, Salvia, P. Z. S. 1861, 202 (Guatemala).— ScL.
Catal. 1861, 358 {Microcerculus).— La.wr. Ann. N. Y. Lye. VII,
1862 ; Birds Panama, III, no. 311. — Cyphorinus bambla, Lawk. Ann.
N. Y. Lye. VII, 1861, 320, no. 185 (iris brown).
Hab. Guatemala to Isthmus Panama.

HETERORHINA.

115

A specimen, apparently of this species, in Mr. Lawrence's collec-
tion, from Panama, differs from a type specimen and Mr. Salviti's
description in being entirely witiiout the fuliginous shade of tho
under parts ; these are grayish along the median region, obso-
letely varied with dusky ; the sides much like the back, the same
color tinging all the under parts of body. The blackish margins
of the dorsal feathers are scarcely or not at all appreciable ; the
spots on the coverts are very obsoletely indicated. It is probably
a more adult bird than as described by Mr. Salvin.

IT. philomela is said by Mr. Salvin to differ from 31. bambla iu
having the wing coverts spotted, instead of being banded Vv^ith white.
]\I. albigularis, of Sclater, is said to differ from both in the white
throat, and from philomela in the white bands of the wing.

Total length, 4.00 ; wing, 2.05 ; tail, 1.15 ; graduation, .33 ; exposed portion
of 1st primary, .80, of 2d, 1.30, of longest, 4tli (measured from exposed base
of 1st primary), 1.60; length of bill from forehead, .76, from nostril, .48,
along gape, .82; tarsus, .80; middle toe and claw, .74; hind toe and claw,
.65 ; claw alone, .30.

Smith-
sonian
No.

CoHec-
tor's

No.

Sex
and
Age.

Locality. Col^ecled. Eeceived from

Collected by

30,660

101
68

?■

Vera Paz, Guat.
Panama.

0. Salvin.
Cab. Lawrence.

Salvin &Godman.
M"Leaa. & Galb.

HETERORHINA, Baied,
Heterorhina, Baikd. (Tyi^e Scijtalupus prostheleucus, Sclater.)

In the introductory synopsis, and in the preceding remarks rela-
tive to Microcerculus, I have sufficiently indicated the characters
of this genus. The following synopsis may serve to distinguish the
allied species: — •

A. Back brownish-red ; head darker ; sides of head black,
spotted with white.

a. Throat pure white, continuous with pure white on

the breast and belly ; wing coverts spotted with
white,

1. Top of head reddish-brown, or like the back.

Breast and belly soiled white ; tarsus .84 . prosthdeuca.
Breast and belly pure white ; tarsus .90 . leucosticta.

2. Topof head black. (Specimen from the Napo.)

b. Feathers of throat white, edged with black ; breast

plumbeous ; coverts unspotted.

1. Top of head reddish or olive brownish; tarsus. 90 griseicollis.

2. Top of head black ; tarsus 1.00 . . . leucophrys.

116

REVIEW OF AMERICAN BIRDS.

[part

B. Back and top of head nearly uniform grayish-brown ; sides

of head whitish, varied with light-brown. Size very small pusilla.

Heterorliiiaa prostlieleiica.

ScijtaJopus prostheleur.us, Sclater, P. Z. S. 1856, 290 (Cordova). — Cyplio-
Tinus prostheleiicus, Sclater, P. Z. S. 1858, 64, 96; 1859, 363, 372
(Oasaca).— Ib. Catal. 1861, 20, no. 125.— Salvin, Ibis, II, 1860,
272 (Guatemala).

(28,042.) Above brown, passing into deeper rufous to the upper coverts,
and into reddish olivaceous on top of head. Chin and throat pure white,
passing into a duller white behind ; the sides of breast plumbeous ; sides of
belly, with the crissum, rufous brown like the rump. A distinct white line
from bill over eye to nape, bordered above by an obscure black band. All
the feathers of side of head and neck are black, with a rounded white spot
near the end ; there is quite a distinct black line from base of lower jaw
margining chin and throat ; the lores are black. The tail feathers and ex-
terior webs of secondary quills are rufous, with narrow black bars (these bars
narrower than the interspaces). The primaries black, with brownish-gray
spots along their outer edges (outermost edged continuously Kith gray). The
greater and middle wing coverts are blackish, many of them with a small
white spot near their tips. The bill is black ; legs brown.

Total length, 4.40 ; wing, 2.20 ; tail, 1.60 ; exposed portion of Ist primary,
.85, of 2d, 1.35, of longest (measured from exposed base of 1st primary), 1.70 ;
length of bill from forehead, .65, from nostril, .44, along gape, .80 ; tarsus, .84 ;
middle toe and claw, .70 ; hind toe and claw, .61 ; claw alone, .27.

Ill No. 28,042, one of the tail feathers is entirely white, and there
is a white feather on the scapulars ; this, however, is evidently
abnormal.

Other specimens, from Mexico and (jruatemala, are similar, but
vary somewhat in the degree of purity of white beneath, and in the
shade of rufous above. One (91, Lawrence collection) has the black"
band margining the top of head wider, so as to leave only a small
central interspace of brown. This specimen, too, has the bill longer
than in others.

Smith-

souiau

No.

CoUec-
tor's

No.

Sex
and
Age.

20,339
22,389
28,042

1,431

27
91

d

Locality.

Choctum, Vera Paz.
Mexico.
Mirador, Mex.
Guatemala.

When
CoUected.

Received from

O. Salvin.
Verreaux.
Dr. C. Savtorius.
Cab. Lawrence.

Collected by

HETERORHINA.

in

Heterorlaiiia lewcosticta.

Ci/phorinus leucostictus, Cab. Wiegm. Archiv, 1847, i, 206 (Guiana and
Mexico). — ScLATER, P. Z. S. 1858, 63, 9G. — Lawkence, Ann. N. Y.
Lye. VII, 1861, 320 (Panama).
Hab. Isthmus of Panama, to Guiana and Ecuador.

A specimen from Panama, in Mr. Lawrence's collection, labelled
C. leucostictus, has the breast and belly pure white like the throat,
and the white spots on side of head larger. The size is considerably
less than in prostheleucus, while the tarsi are longer. The shoulders
are less spotted with white.

Another specimen from the Napo (32,693), labelled C. leucostictus,
differs from the last in having a longer, slenderer bill. The whole
top of head is black ; the black bars on the inner or superior secon-
daries are quite obsolete, those on the outer webs of the exterior
ones being changed to dentations. The spotting of the shoulders is
restricted to the alular feathers and edge of the shoulders.

Cabanis, in his description of G. leucostictus, gives Guiana and
Mexico as localities, thus refeiTing also to C. prostheleucus. The
small size of the specimen described, and the whiteness of all the
under parts, would appear to show that the description was based
on the Guiana specimen.

(No. 90, from Panama.) Total length, 3.50 ; wing, 2.00 ; tail, 1.30 ; exposed
portion of 1st primary, .75, of 2d, 1.25 ; length of bill from forehead, .67, from
nostril, .43, along gape, .76; tarsus, 90; middle toe and claw, .73 ; hind toe
and claw, .62.

(No. 32,693, from the Napo.) Total length, 4.00; wing, 2.10; tail, 1.30;
length of hill from forehead, .73, from nostril, .45, along gape, .83 ; tarsus,
.91 ; middle toe and claw, .76.

Smith-
Eoaian

No.

CoUec-
tor's

No.

Sex
and

Age.

Locality.

When

Collected.

Received from

Collected by

32,693

3 1, 92.1
90

d

Rio Napo, Ecuador.
Panama R. R.

Verreaux.
Cab. Lawrence.

M'Lean. & Galb.

Heterorliiiia griseicollis.

Merulaxis griseicollis, Lafeesxaye, Ptev. Zool. 1840, 103 (Bogota). —
Cyphorinus griseicollis, Sclatek, P. Z. S. 1860, 64 (Ecuador).
Hab. Ecuador ; Bogota ; Guatemala to Mexico ?

(30,658.) Above reddish-brown, with the top of head and nape grayish-
olive. Chin and upper part of throat white, passing insensibly into plumbeous
gray on the remaining under parts, excepting sides of belly and crissum, which
are reddish-brown like rump. A distinct white line from bill over eye to nape,

118

REVIEW OF AMERICAN BIRDS.

[part I.

witli a suffusion of black above it on each side of the vertex. Cheek feathers
white, narrowly edged all round with black ; lores and stripe behind eye black.
A black line on each side the chin and upper part of the throat, all the feathers
of which are faintly and inconspicuously edged with black. Exposed surfaces
of secondaries like back, with obscure transverse lines of black, still more
indistinctly seen on the greater coverts. Tail feathers similarly marked.
IS'o white spots on the coverts, and but faint indications on the alular feathers.

The grayish feathers of the belly have generally a lighter tip, or obscure
terminal light spot ; sometimes with a faint appearance of broad bars of
whitish and gray.

Total. length, 4.00; wing, 2.25 ; tail, 1.30; exposed portion of 1st primary,
.87, of 2d, 1.33 ; length of bill from forehead. .65, from nostril, .40, along gape,
.75 ; tarsus, .90; middle toe and claw, .7(3 ; hind toe and claw, .tii.

A specimen in Mr. Lawrence's collection, from Guatemala, differs
in a mucli deeper and more purplish rufous on the back.

Specimens from Mexico are similar, but differ in having the top
of the head and nape reddish-brown, similar to the back, only a shade
lighter, instead of olive-gray. Should this be constant, as a geo-
graphical difference, the Mexican form will be entitled to a distinctive
■name. None of the specimens agree very well with the description
by Lafresnaye of his Merulaxis griseicollis, and may all be really
distinct, especially in view of the widely different loealities.

This species, with a close resemblance to prodheleucus and leu-
costictus, may be readily recognized by the plumbeous ashy under
parts, the narrow, scarcely appreciable black edgings of the throat
feathers, the absence of white spots on the wing coverts, etc. The
bill is smaller and more slender.

Smith-

Collec-

Sex

souiani tor's

aaJ

No.

No.

Age.

26,369

22,389

37,661

d

30,658 13.)

92

Locality.

Xalapa, Mex.

[Guat.

Volcaii de Fuego,
Guatemala.

When
Collected.

Received from

J. Krider.
Verreaux.
Cab. Lawrence
0. Salvin.
Cab. Lawrence.

Collected by

D'Oca.

Salvin & Godm.

(22,389.) " C. prostheltucus."

IleterorBiina lewcoplirys.

Troglodytes leucopkrys, Tschudi, Conspectus Fauna Peruana. — CijpJw-
rinus leucophrys, Cab. Wiegm. Arch. 1847, i, 206. — Sclatek, Catal.
1861, 19, no. 123.

Troglodytes giittatiis, Haktl. Verz. Mus. Brem. 1844, 28.

Hab. Peru to Costa Rica ?

(30,486.) Above dark rufous brown, brightest towards the rump; top of
head dusky blackish, the feathers obscurely sullused at the ends with olivace-

HETERORIIINA.

119

ous. A white line from bill over the eye along nape ; lores, and a stripe back
of tlie eye, black ; all other feathers of the cheeks, chin, and throat, white,
narrowly bordered with black. Jugulum dark ashy, middle of breast paler ;
whole sides of body from and including axillars, the posterior part of belly,
anal region, and crissum, dark rufous cinnamon. Exposed surface of secon-
daries and tail feathers rufous, with transverse dark lines ; primaries similar,
externally dentated with black and rufous. Bars on tail much broken up.
Ko spots on the coverts ; the alular feathers and bend of wing streaked with
yellowish-brown.

Total length of skin, 4.80; wing, 2.35; tail, 1.55 ; exposed portion of 1st
primary, .91, of 2d, 1.30; length of bill from forehead, .72, from nostril, .45,
along gape, .81 ; tarsus, .98 ; middle toe and claw, .82 ; hind toe and claw, .67 ;
claw alone, .32.

This species is readily distinguished from H. leucosticta and
prostJieleuca, by its ashy jugulum, want of spots on the coverts,
and streaked throat. From them and griseicolb's it differs in larger
size, much greater extent of rufous on the sides and anal region,
darker head, etc. The feathers of chin and throat are edged much
more conspicuously with black than in H. griseicollis. The outer
face of the tarsus forms one continuous plate without division or
groove of any kind.

I refer this species to the C. leucoplirys of Tschudi, although the
locality of the specimen is much farther north than heretofore given,
and the bird has not been recorded from Panama. As I have not
seen a South American specimen, it is possible that a careful com-
parison may reveal a specific difference.

Smith-
sonian

No.

Collec-
tor's

No.

Sex
and

Age.

30,486

80

Locality.

When
Collected.

San Jose, Costa Rica.

Received from

Dr. V. Frantzius.

CoUected by

Heterorliina piisilla.

Cyphorinus pusillus, Sclatek, P. Z. S. 1859, 372 (Oaxaca). — Ib. Catal.
1861, 20, no. 126.
Hab. Western Mexico (Oaxaca).

Of this diminutive species, which differs considerably in appear-
ance from its allies, the only specimen before me is somewhat de-
fective, especially about the bill, so that I am unable to say how
closely it agrees, if at all, with the other Heterorhinse in their peculi-
arities. The upper parts are of a grayish-brown, rather brighter
behind ; the wings and tail obsoletely marked with transverse dark
lines. A line from bill over eye, and under parts dull white ; the

120

BEVIEW OP AMERICAN BIRDS.

[part I.

flanks, anal region, and crissum somewhat like the back, but paler ;
the sides of the breast tinged with plumbeous. Length, 3.50 ;
wing, 2.05 ; tail, 1.35.

Smith-
soaiau

No.

Collec-
tor's

No.

Sex
and

Age.

Locality.

When

Collected.

Received from

CoUectod by

22,386

40,727

d

Mexico (Oaxaca?)

Verreaux.

(22,386.) Type.

THRYOTHORUS, Vieill.

Thryothorus, Vieillot, Aualyse, 1816, 45. (Type Troglodytes arundl-
naceus, " Troglodyte des Roseaux," Vieill. Ois. Am. Sept. II, 1807,
55 = Sylvia ludoviciana, Lath.)

Bill compressed, rather slender ; height about one-fonrth the length above.
Culmen and commissure gently curved throughout ; gonys straight ; tip very
obsoletely notched. Nostrils in the lower edge of nnterior extremity of the
nasal groove, narrowly elliptical, overhung by a stiff scale-like roof of the
thickened membrane of the upper part of the nasal groove, the crescentic
edge rounded. The septum of nostrils imperforate ; the posterior part of the
nasal cavity with a short septum projecting into it parallel with the central,
not perpendicular as in Microcercidus. Wings and tail about equal, the latter
moderately rounded ; the first primary more than half the second, about half
the longest. Tarsi rather short, scarcely exceeding middle toe. Anterior
scutellae distinct, rest of each side of tarsi in a continuous plate. Lateral
toes equal.

The type of the genus, as established by Yieillot, is his Troglo-
dytes arundinaceus, by G. R. Gray and others referred to the Cisto-
tJiorus palustris, but while the account of the nidification and general
habit applies best to the latter, the description and figure unquestion-
ably relate to T. ludovicianus. (See also Baird, Birds N. Am.
1858, 359.)

As remarked elsewhere, the Wrens formerly included in the genus
Thryothorus are found to embrace several distinct groups character-
ized by the form of the nostrils, and to some extent by the shape of the
bill and the degree to which this is notched at the tip. As restricted,
the species of Thryothorus, characterized by the linear nostrils
moderately overhung by a thickened scale, all belong to North
America, and constitute two sections: one with T. ludovicianus as
type; the other (Thryomanes, Sclater) with slenderer, longer bill,
and the tail longer than the wings, its feathers broader, best repre-
sented by beivickii. The other divisions — Pheugopedius and Tliryo-
philus — are peculiar to Middle and South Ar:erica.

THRYOTHORUS.

121

The characters of these two divisions will be found detailed in
the introductory remarks, and under their respective heads. Troglo-
dytes, with its two sections, is very closely related to Thryothorus,
as restricted, so much so that it is very difficult to draw the line.
The supposed differences referred to by many authors resulted from
the comparison of Troglodytes with Thryophilus, rather than with
true Thryothorus.

In the following synopsis I present an artificial key to the species
of Tliryothorus, Pheugopedius, and Thryophilus, found in North
and Middle America, with their nearest South American allies, and
based entirely on color and markings. T. pleurostictus I know only
by description, and may not have worked it in properl}^. A more
natural arrangement, based upon the peculiarities of structure, fol-
lows the first.

Synopsis of Species.
A. Head above and back of much the same color.

a. Crissum barred transversely ; rest of under parts
spotted or banded conspicuously with black (ex-
cept in felix) .

1. Outside of wings banded ; head like the

back.
a. Throat white ; rest of under parts black,

finely banded with white . . . fasciato-ventris.
0. Under parts pure white ; sides from

neck to crissum banded with black . pleurostictus.

2. Outside of wings plain ; head more rufous

than the back. Sides of head and neck
white, conspicuously streaked with black ;
wings longer than tail, except in felix.
a. Beneath white, spotted with black from

chin to belly. Flanks rusty . . maculipectus. '
a. Chin and upper throat black, spotted
with white ; rest of under parts plain

rufous rutilus.

y. Beneath whitish, unspotted ; on sides
brown. Upper tail covert barred. Tail
longer than the wings .... felix.
h. Crissum barred transversely ; rest of under parts
plain.

1. Upper tail coverts and exposed surface of
wings barred.

a. Tail feathers reddish-brown, barred
with black. Greater wing coverts spot-
ted with whitish.

1. Beneath rusty white . . , ludovicianus.

2. Beneath rusty brown . . . berlandieri.

122

KEVIEW OF AMERICAN BIRDS.

[part I.

0. Tail feathers, except central, black ;
the exposed surface and tips only varied
with, white.

1. Bill and legs very stout, the former
longer than the head. Wings longer
than tail. A concealed nuchal half
collar of white streaks.

Color much as in T. beioichii, but
whiter beneath. Outside of
wings very obsoletely banded

2. Bill and legs more slender ; some-
times the bill shorter than head.
Tail longer than the wings. No con-
cealed nuchal half collar.

Above dark rufous brown ; be-
neath plumbeous white ; flanks
tinged with brown. Rump and
exposed secondaries distinctly
banded. Quills and middle
tail feathers brownish-black .
Above ashy-brown ; beneath, in-
cluding flanks, clear white ;
rump ashy, and, like seconda-
ries, very obsoletely barred.
Quills and middle tail feathers
grayish-brown
Colors intermediate between the
two last. Bill longer, from
nostril, .50, from gape .81, in-
stead of .39 and .70
2. Exposed surface of wings barred ; upper tail
coverts not barred. Beneath white. Tail
feathers reddish-brown, banded with black,
except in petcnicus.

a. Above quite uniform reddish-chestnut

1. Sides ashy ....

2. Sides brownish
/S. Grayish-brown above, rump rufescent

1. Sides brownish ...
c. Crissum plain, without bands.

1. Outside of wings obsoletely banded. Beneath

white ; flanks and crissum fulvous.
a. Bill shorter than tarsus

2. Outside of wings and wing coverts distinctly

banded. Beneath white ; flanks and anal
region very pale fulvous.
a. Bill longer than tarsus

3. Similar to last above ; throat white ; rest of

under parts fulvous.

petenicus.

bewichii.

leucogaster.

spilurus.

poliopleura.
rnfalbus.

sinaloa.

modestus.

albipectus.

THRYOTHORUS. 123

a. Wings considerably longer than tail ;

bill shorter than tarsus . . . gaVoraithi.

B. Wings little longer than tail ; bill

longer than tarsus .... longirostris.^
B. Head black, with white cheek-patch ; rest of upper part
deep chestnut.

a. Throat white, passing into chestnut behind. Sides

obsoletely banded with black .... castaneus.

b. Beneath white, tinged with rufous on abdomen.

Throat plain ; rest of under parts barred trans-
versely with black ...... nigricapillus.

c. Beneath white, tinged with chestnut on flanks and

anal region. Whole under parts from bill to tail

banded transversely with black • . . schottii.

The following is the more natural arrangement of the species just
mentioned, as based upon their peculiarities of form : —

Thryophilus ; rufalhus, poliopleura;, sinaloa, modestus, alhipectus, galhraithi,
striolalus, longirostris, castaneus, nigricapillus, schottii.

Pheugopedius: fasciato-ventris, pleiirostictus? macidipectus, rutilus, felix,

coraya, melarXos.

Thryothorus : ludovicianus, berlandieri, petenicus.
Tutiryomanes : bewickii, spilui-us, leucogaster.

These are followed by the species of Troglodytes, Anorthura, Cisto-
thorus, and Telmatodytes, synopses of which will be given
further on.

The following species of the group of Troglodytidse I have not had
the opportunity of examining : —

Thryothorus pleurostictus, Sclater, Ibis, 1860, 30 CGuatemala).— Ib.
Catal. 18(31, 21, no. 136. See page 121 (" Gulf of Nicoya," Salviu iu letter).

Thryothorus murinus, Hartlaub, Rev. and Mag. Zool. 1852, 4 (Rio Frio,
between Puebla and City of Mexico). (How nf^ar petenicus and albinucha ?)

Troglodytes albinucha, Cabot, Pr. Bost. N. H. See. II, 1847, 258 (Yuca-
tan). Possibly T. petenicus, and if so, prior to it.

a. Thryothorus.

Thryothorus ludovicianus.

Sylvia ludoviciana. Lath. Ind. Orn. II, 1790, 548. — Troglodytes ludo-
vicianus. Light. Verz. 1823, 35 ; also of Bonaparte and Auddbon. —
Prince Max. Cab. Jour. VI, 1858, 110. — Thryothorus ludovicianus,
Bon. List, 1838, etc.— Cab. Mus. Hein. I, 1850, 78.— Baird, Birds
N. Am. 1858, 361.— Sclater, Catal. 1861, 20.

' See note on longirostris and its allies, under T. galhraithi, p. 132.

124

EEVIEW OF AMERICAN BIRDS.

[part I.

Trofjlodijtes arundinaceus, Vieill. Ois. Am. Sept. II, 1807, 55, pi. cviii.

(Certainly this species : the habits those of C. palustris.')
Certhia caroliniana, Wilson, Am. Orn. II, 1810, 61, pi. xii, fig. 5.
Thryothorus littoralis, Vieill. Nouv. Diet. XXXIV, 1&19, 56.
Thryothorus louisinnae, Lesson, Rev. Zool. 1840, 262.
Additional figures : Aud. Orn. Biog. I, 1831, pi. 77. — Ib. Birds. Am. II,

1841, pi. 117.

Hah. Eastern Province United States, from New York southward to the Gulf.

1

Smith- CoUec-

Sex

When
Collected.

soaiaa; toi''s
No. No.

and
Age.

Locality.

Received from

Collected by

7,113 i ..

Philadelphia.

John Cassin.

1,785

Maryland.

S. F. Baird.

1,097

rf

Washington, D. C.

.Tnnel2, '43.

"

Wm. M. Baird.

28,934

ff

'•

Aug. 6, '58.

Dr. E. Coues.

32,285

rf

Macon, Ga.

Prof. J Leconte.

7,120

Rockport, 111.

Jan. 2, '52.

Dr. Kirtland.

10,204

rf

South Illinois.

Miiy 9.

R Kennicott.

7,118

Ft. Leavenworth.

Jan. 20, '55.

Lt. Couch.

12,113

V

Red Fork of Ark.

18.)0.

Capt. Sitgreaves.

Dr. Woodhouse.

12,114

d

Cherokee Nation.

Aug. 4, '49.

Thryothoms toerlandieri.

Thryothorus berlatidieri, CorcH MSS. Baird, Birds N. Am. 1858, 362, pi.
Ixxxiii, fig. 1 (New Leon).

Hab. Valley of Rio Grande.

^S'o additional specimens of this species have been noticed since
the publication of the "Birds of North America." The differences
there indicated appear sufficient to distinguish the species from the
allied T. ludovicianus. The characters of the two are as follows : —

Common Chakactees. — ;Above reddish-brown ; rump, exposed surface of
wings and tail rather faintly barred with black. Crissum strongly barred
with the same. White supra-ocular stripe bordered above by black. Sides
of neck much spotted with the same. Wing coverts spotted with whitish.
Beneath whitish, with an occasional wash of reddish.

Sides plain. Bill from nostril, .45 .... ludovicianus.
Beneath rufous ; lighter on throat and on median line.
Sides obsoletely barred with dusky. Bill from nos-
tril. 56 ........ . berlandieri.

Smith-

Collec-

Sex

sonian

tor's

and

No.

No.

Age.

7,122

142

?

7,123

143

d

7,121

123

Locality.

New Leon, Mex.
San Diego, Mex.

When
Collected.

April, 1853.
Mar. 1853.

Received from

Lt. Couch.

Collected by

(7,122.) Eyes brown.

THRYOTHORUS. . 125

Thryotlaorus petenicus.

Thryothorus petenicus, Salviit, Pr. Z. S. May, 1SG3, 1S7 (Peten),

(Mr. Salvia's type, No. 112.) Bill longer than the head; tail and wings
about equal. Color above reddish-brown ; more rufous on the rump. Upper
tail coverts grayish-brown, rather obscurely banded with black. Outer edges
of primaries marked with grayish and black, of secondaries and whole exposed
surface of wing with very obsolete, almost inappreciable dusky bars. Under
parts whitish, nearly pure on throat and middle of belly, tinged with fulvous
(and with the feathers very slightly tipped with dusky) across the breast ;
the sides more like the back, but paler. Crissum with broad white and black
bars ; flanks obscurely barred with dusky. A broad line of white, edged
with black, from bill over eye to nape : those of opposite sides connected by
a concealed series of black-edged white streaks on the nuchal feathers, which
form a half collar with more distinctly marked feathers on the side of neck
behind the ear coverts, which are like the back. Lower part of cheek feathers
white, edged with dusky. Tail feathers black ; the outer webs and tips
spotted or blotched with dirty white ; the middle feathers ashy-brown, with
spotted broken bars of black, about one-third their interspaces. Rump with
concealed spots of white. Bill longer than the head.

(Type.) Total length, 5.30; wing, 2.25; tail, 2.25; graduation, .26; ex-
posed portion of 1st primary, SO, of 2d, 1.40, of longest (measured from
exposed base of 1st primary), 1.70; length of bill from forehead, .85, from
nostril, .55, along gape, .92; tarsus, .86; middle toe and claw, .80; claw
alone, .23 ; hind toe and claw, .65 ; claw alone, .27.

This species is very similar in coloration and general appearance
to the typical styles of T. heivickii, from the eastern United States.
The bill, however, is much larger and longer, the legs much stouter,
and the wings and tail about equal, instead of the latter being longer.
In these points it agrees more nearly with T. ludovicianus, as well
as in the character of the nostrils. The white spots of the nape are,
however, wanting in hewickii, in which also the wing is more dis-
tinctly barred ; the bands on the upper surface of the tail twice as
numerous ; the white markings quite similar ; the crissal bars nar-
rower and less prominent.

This species appears closely related to Thryothorus alhinucha, of
Cabot, and murinus, of Hartlaub, though differing in some respects
from their descriptions. It is quite possible that the two latter may
prove to be the same species, even if different from petenicus. All
seem to agree with T. hewickii in the black tail feathers, varied a
little with white.

For the opportunity of examining this species I am indebted to
Mr. Salvin, who kindly transmitted his unique type for the purpose.
(No. 112, Sakleek River, near Peten, Guatemala, April, 18G2.)

126

REVIEW OF AMERICAN BIRDS.

[part I.

b. Thryomanes.*

There are three strongly marked geographical varieties, if not
species of "Bewick's Wren," separable by quite constant characters.
Of these the Mexican (leucogaster-) and the typical foriu from eastern
Jforth America (hewickii) diifer most in coloration, while the western
(spiliu^us) is intermediate in this respect, but with a longer bill than
in the other two. The peculiarities of the three forms may be ex-
pressed by the following diagnosis : —

Var. be'wickii. — Above dark rufous-brown; rump and middle tail feathers
sometimes a little paler, and very slightly tinged witli gray, and together
with the exposed surface of secondaries distinctly barred with dusky.
Beneath soiled plumbeous whitish ; flanks brown. Crissum banded ;
ground color of quills and tail feathers brownish-black.

Var. leucogaster. — Above ashy-brown ; rump and middle tail feathers
brownish-ash — the former nearly pure ash ; without appreciable bars ;
bars on secondaries obsolete. Beneath, including inside of wing, pure
white, with little or no brownish on the sides. Crissum banded ; ground
color of the quills and tail feathers grayish-brown.

Var. spilurus. — Similar to bewicJcii in color, the bill considerably longer.
Length from nostril, .50, gape, .81, instead of .39 and .70.

Young birds from all the localities differ from adults merely in
having the feathers of the throat and breast very narrowly and in-
conspicuously edged with blackish.

Tliryotlaorus Ijcw^ickii, var. l>e"vi'icliii.

Troglodytes bewickir, Ann. Orn. Biog. I, 1831, 96, pi. xviii. — Ib. B. A.
II, 1841, 120, pi. nS.—Thryothorus bewickii, Bonap. List, 1838.—
Baird, Birds N. Am. 1858, 3G3. — Telmatodytes bewickii, Cab. Mus.
Hein. I, 1850, 78.

Hah. Eastern province of United States.

Smith- ;Collec-i Sex

sonian tor's and

No. No.

2.i,2<S2
11,722
32,282

Locality.

Carlisle, Pa.
Liberty Co., Ga.
Macou, Ga.

When
Collected.

April 30, '46.
Oct. 1848.

Received from

S. F. Baird.
Prof. Leconte.

Collected by

Tliryotliorus l>ewicltii, var. spilurus.

Troglodytes spilurus, ViGOKS, Zool. Beechey's Voyage, 1839, 18, pi. iv,
fig. 1 (California).

• Thryomanes, Sclatek, Catal. Am. Birds, 1861, 22. (Type Troglodytes
hewickii, var. spilurus,')

THRYOPHILUS.

127

Trorjlodijtes heioickii, Newberkt, P. R. R. Rept. VI, iv, 1857, 80.— Cooper
& SucKLEY, ib. XII, II, 1860, 190. — Thryothorus hewickii, Sclater,
Catal. 1861, 22, no. 141 (in part).
Hah. Pacific slope of United States.

Smith-

Collec-

Sex

sonian

tor's

and

No.

No.

Age.

9,517

7,126

2.J3

7,133

5,516

ii

¥

7,127?

Locality.

Simiahmoo, W. T.
Ft. Steilacoom.
San Francisco, Cal.
Petal lima, Cal.
Fort Tejon, Cal.
Los Noijales, Mex.

When
Collected.

Oct. 19, 'i)l.
Feb. 1856.

Mar. S, '56.
Jan. 1855.

Received from

A. Campbell.
Dr. G. Sucliley.

E. Samuels.
J. Xantus.
Major Emory.

Collected by

Dr. Kennerly.

Dr. Kennerly.

Tlaryotlionis T)e"v*'icl$.ii, var. leucogaster.

Troglodytes leucogastra, Gould, P. Z. S. 1836, 89 (Tamaulipas).

Notes Delattre, 1854, 43.
fThryothorus beivickii, Sclater, P, Z. S. 1859, 372 (Oaxaca).
Hab. Soiitliern borders of United States, into Mexico.

-Bon.

Smith-

Collec-

Sex

"When
Collected.

sonian
No.

tor's

No.

and

Age.

Locality.

Received from

Collected by

12,11.5?

rf

San Antonio, Tex.

April 15, '51.

Capt. Sitsjreaves.

Dr. Woodhouse.

7,1.30

Rinijtjold Barracks,

Jan. 15, '53.

Major Emory.

J. H. Clark.

3,971

41

V

Sta. Ros;ilio, [Tex.
Tamaulipas, Mex.

Mar. 1853.

Lt. Couch.

3,970

1.58

New Leon, Guya-

April, 1853.

"

9,119

29,906

Mexico. [puco.

Verreaux.

22,388

29,907

d

(3,971.) Eyes dark-brown. (3,970.) Do.

THRYOPHILUS, Baird.

Thryophilus, Baird. (Type Thryothorus rvfalhus.')

Bill of Thryothorus, but more notched. Nostrils imperforate, broadly oval,
situated in the anterior extremity of the nasal groove, bounded behind by
bare membrane, but elsewhere by the bony outline of the nasal groove (at
least apparently so in the dried skin). The overhanging membranous scale
of Thryothorus appears thus to be entirely wanting, or reduced to a very rudi-
mentary condition. The vertical septum spoken of in Thryothorus as project-
ing into the posterior extremity of the nasal aperture here appears to be con-
tinued forward along the upper edge of the interior cavity of the nostrils to
the anterior extremity. Other characters much as in Thryothorus.

In the introductory remarks on the Troglochjtidse I have already
alluded to a genus of American Wrens, the species of which have
hitherto been included in the genus Thryothorus. They differ, how-
ever, in having a much more distinctly notched bill, and in the
peculiarly open nostrils, which seem to lack the overhanging scale

128 REVIEW OF AMERICAN BIRDS. [PART I.

or membrane of Tliryothorus and Pheugopedius, leaving the nasal
aperture to occupy the anterior extremity of the nasal groove, with
the internal lateral septum exposed, but vertical, and extending for-
ward to the anterior extremity of the nostril, not ending abruptly
behind. This is a peculiarity very easily appreciated in most cases.

The generic name of Thryothorus belongs to T. ludovicianus as
type. Prince Maximilian has used Eylemathrous for a South Ame-
rican Wren (his platensis) ; which, however, Cabanis assures us is
strictly congeneric with Troglodytes sedan (Journal fiir Orn. 1860).
Finding, therefore, no name ready at hand for this group, I am com-
pelled to make a new one.

The genus differs from Campyloy^hynchus in having a notched bill,
and a more open nostril, lacking the supra-nasal ridge or sometimes
scale seen in nearly all excepting G. cajnstratus, and its allies ; and
from this it differs in having the lateral septum exposed, not con-
cealed by the nasal membrane behind ; the legs also are much more
feeble. Heleodytes has much stouter legs, an unnotched bill, the
tarsus not longer than the middle toe and claw.

A synopsis of the principal species will be found under Tliryothorus.

Tliryopliiliis rufall>us, var. rufalbus.

Thryothorus rufalbus, Lafresnate, R. Zool. 1845, 337, Mexico ? (more
probably S. America). — Lawrence, Ann. N. Y. Lye. 1863 (Pana-
ma).— Cabanis, Jour. Orn. 1860, 408 (Costa Rica). — Sclater, P. Z.
S. 1856, 140 (David, Chiriqui).
?Tror/lodi/tes cumanensis, Light. Cab. Jour. 1860, 408 (Carthagena).
Hab. Isthmus Panama ; New Grenada ; Costa Rica ?

Tliryopliiliis rufalbus, var. poliopleura.

Thryophilus poliopleura, Baird.

Thryothorus rufalbus, Sclater & Salvin, Ibis, 1859, 8 (Guatemala) ; not
of Lafresnaye.
Hab. Guatemala.

I find, on comparison of a series of Wrens labelled T. rufalbus
from different localities, some important differences which appear,
taken in connection with the geographical distribution, to be almost
of specific value. Cabanis has already suggested a difference of
species, although not exactly on the same grounds that present them-
selves in the specimens before me.

As Cabanis remarks, the typical species of Lafresnaye is probably
to be found from northern New Grenada — the locality given of
"Mexico" being most likely erroneous. The Bogotan specimens
differ in smaller size, less extent of white beneath, and greater

THRYOPHILUS.

129

amount of rusty brown on the sides ; the sides of the bead and neck
more streaked with black. These ditferences are, perhaps, not in-
compatible with an identity of species, but the Guatemalan bird
differs from both in some decided characteristics.

A fine adult Guatemalan specimen, received from Mr. Salvin, has
the under parts ashy-white, the flanks almost pure ashy. The under
tail coverts are white, banded sharply with black. In all the more
southern specimens before me, the under parts are more yellowish-
white, the flanks conspicuously pale rufous ; the white interspaces
of the black crissal bars more suffused with rusty. The legs of the
Guatemalan bird appear to be shorter, and the bill lower and smaller.

The following diagnosis may serve to illustrate these difl'erences.
In all the specimens the upper parts are bright reddish, or cinnamon
brown, less vivid towards the head ; the wings and exposed surface
of the tail with black bands, much narrower than their interspaces.
The upper tail coverts without bands. Beneath white, without any
bands, except on the crissum, which is broadly marked with black.
A white line from bill over eye, and a brown one behind narrowly
margined with black ; the sides of the head with the white feathers
edged with black ; a black line from lower edge of lower jaw bor-
dering the chin : —

Van rufalbus. — Beneath clear white ; the sides washed with reddish-brown ;

blacli bands on tail about half the width their intervals.
Var. poliopleura. — Beneath ashy-white ; sides ashy without rusty wash ;

black bands on tail about one-third their intervals.

As already suggested, the Bogotan bird differs from both the pre-
ceding, though most closely allied to the former.

(93, rufalbus, Panama.) Total length, 5.80 ; wing, 2.80 ; tail, 2.45 ; length
of bill from forehead, .86, from nostril, .53, along gape, .97; tarsus, 1.02;
middle toe and claw, .88.

(30,656, poliopleura.) Total length, 5.90 ; wing, 2.70 ; tail, 2.50; length of
bill from forehead, .80, from nostril, .48, ak)ng gape, .91 ; tarsus, .93 ; middle
toe and claw, .80.

Smith-

.sonian

No.

Conec-
liir's
No.

Sex
and
Age.

Locality.

When
CoUected.

Eeceived from

Collected by

P

olioijleura.

30.655 1 109 1 Juv. 1 Retalenleu, Gnat.

30.656 1 104 1 Ad. | Savaua Grande, "

Sept. 1862.
1S62.
rvfalfyiis.

0. Salvin.

Salvin & Godm.

93 fj-

93 9

32 694 38.360 cT

32,692 31,485 d"

Panama E. E.

Cote feime.
Bogota.

Cab. Lawrence.

Terreaux.

M'Loan. & Galb.

9

Sep

tember, 1864.

130

KEVIEW OF AMERICAN BIRDS.

[part I.

TliryopliilMS sinaloa.

Thryophilus sinaloa, Baird, n. s.
Hab. N. Western Mexico.

(Type 23,786, d.) Bill shorter than the Lead. Gonys straight. No scale
over the nostril. Tarsus longer than the middle toe. Tail well developed ; the
feathers broad, nearly even, the lateral only graduated ; the tip extending a
little beyond the outstretched feet. Wings but little longer than the tail.

Above dark olive-brown, with slight reddish tinge ; the rump rufous or dark
cinnamon ; the tail feathers with a shade of the same, still slighter on the
outer webs of the secondaries. Tail feathers with six or eight pretty well-
defined narrow, transverse black bands (each about half the width or less of
the interspaces) ; these most regular on the outer feathers, and apt to be
hroken near the tips of some. The outer primaries edged with grayish ; the
outer webs of the other quills with a series of dusky spots. The under parts,
lores, and a stripe over the eye are white. The feathers of the sides of the neck
are white, ed^^ed with black, as are the posterior feathers of the superciliary
stripe running into this neck patch. The ear coverts are grayish-white, ob-
scurely and faintly edged with dusky. The flanks are plain brown, rather
lighter than the back. The under tail coverts are white, with tliFee or four
well defined black bands, not quite so wide as their interspaces, and suffused
along their edges with reddish-brown. Bill light horn color; the lower
mandible, except the tip, whitish. Legs lighter than the bill.

(23,786, male.) Total length, 5.00 ; wing, 2.45 ; tail, 2.15 ; graduation, .22 ;
exposed portion of 1st primary, .90, of 2d, 1.30, of longest, 4th (measured
from exposed base of 1st primary), 1.80 ; length of bill from forehead, .TZ,
from nostril, .40, along gape, .84; tarsus, .83; middle toe and claw, .70; claw
alone, .20 ; hind toe and claw, .60 ; claw alone, 26.

This species is most closely related to T. rufalhus, in the white
under parts and banded crissum. It is, however, much smaller ; the
upper parts are grayish, instead of cinnamon red ; the sides of the
neck much more conspicuously streaked with black. The lores are
Avhitish ; the greater coverts spotted with whitish. T. ludovicianus
has different nostrils ; upper parts purplish red ; beneath tinged with
yellowish. T. i:)etenicus, besides many other differences, has the
tail black, the outer feathers varied only with white. The banded
and white crissum, more striped neck, deeper bars on the wings, etc.,
distinguish it from modcslus.

Smith-

Collec-

Sex

sonian

tor's

and

No.

No:

Age.

23,780

287

d

28,786

280

d

34,016

d

29,. 361

i20

d

31,822

1,607

d

Locality.

Mazatlan.
Colima.

When
Collected.

July, 1861.

.Tune, 1862.
Feb. 1863.

Eeceived from

Co). A. J. Grayson
J. Xantus.

Collected by

(23,786.) Type. (34,016.) Iris brown. (2D,361.) Iris brown. (31,822.) Iris reddish-brown.

THRYOPHILUS.

131

Thryopliiliis modestus.

Thryothorus modestus, Cab.' Jour. 18C0, 409 (San Jose, Costa Rica). —
Lawrence, Ann. N. Y. Lye. 1863, no. 375.
Hah. Guatemala to Panama.

(No. 33,266.) Above reddish-brown; grayer on the top of head ; brighter
behind. Exposed surface of wings obsoletely barred with dusky, scarcely
appreciable except on the inner (superior) secondaries. Upper surface of tail
reddish-brown, with narrow bars of black, about one-third the width of the
interspaces, the upper tail coverts plain. Beneath, including bend and inside
of wings, with sides of head, white ; the sides of body, anal region, and
crissum fulvous, without any bars. A white Hue over the eye, and a black-
ish one through it. A few of the ear coverts scarcely appreciably edged with
dusky.

Total length of dried skin, 5.10; wing, 2.30; tail, 2.30; graduation, .75 ;
exposed portion of 1st primary, .85, of 2d, 1.30 ; length of bill from forehead,
.72, from nostril, .47, along gape, .77 ; tarsus, .91 ; middle toe and claw, .74 ;
hind toe and claw, .GO ; claw alone, .25.

Mr. Lawrence's specimens, from Isthmus of Panama, are similar,
but smaller and paler, with shorter bill.

Smith-
sonian
No.

Collec-
tor's
No.

Sex
and

Age.

Locality.

"When
Collected.

Received from Collected by

30,6o7
33,266

120
81

9S

d"

Duenas, Guat
Sau Jose. C. R.
Panama R. R.

1S62.

0. Salvin.

Dr. V. Fiantzius.

Cah. Lawrence.

Salvin & Godm.
M'Leau. & Galb.

Tliryophiliis gall>raitlii.

Thryothorm (jalbraithi, Lawre>-ce, Ann. N. Y. Lye. "VII, 1861, 320, no.
192 (Panama R. R.).

Thryothorus , Cassin, Pr. A. N. Sc. 1860, 193.

Hah. Isthmus of Panama and Carthagena.

(No. 100, 'J, .) Above reddish-olivaceous, nearly uniform, except towards and
on the tail coverts, which are more rufous. Entire exposed surface of the wiugs,
including coverts, conspicuously barred with black, this color rather narrower
than the interspaces ; lesser coverts more obsoletely. Chin and throat above
white ; rest of under parts, including lining of wing, at first pale fulvous,
becoming much deeper on the flanks, anal region, and crissum. No indica-
tions of any bars beneath. Sides of head, including a line from bill over the
eye, white ; a brownish line behind the eye, scarcely continued through the
whitish lores. Ear coverts white, obscurely edged with dusky. Tail reddish-
brown, lighter than the back, with rather broad transverse bars of black about
half the width of interspaces. In the male the upper tail coverts are obsoletely
barred, like the tail ; the female shows no traces of it.

Specimens from the Atrato region are similar, but less intense in coloration,
paler beneath, and in this respect approaching alhipectus.

(No. 100, 1, Mr. Lawrence's type.) Total length, 5.10; wing, 2.45; tail,

132

REVIEW OF AMERICAN BIRDS.

[part I.

2.10 ; graduation, .46 ; length of bill from forehead, .72, from nostril, .50, along
gape, .85 ; tarsus, .92 ; middle toe and claw, .82 ; hind toe and claw, .08 ; claw
alone, .30.

This species will be readily distinguished from T. viodestus, hj
the very distinct bars on the wings ; the broader bars on the tail ;
the deeper fulvous color beneath, extending over the beliy and
breast ; and the fulvous, instead of white, edge and lining of the
wing. The tail is shorter ; the toes longer. It is somew^hat similar
to a species from Paraguay ; but is larger, more rufous above,
redder, and more regularly barred on the tail, etc. In external
appearance it is very much like the Tliryophilus longirodris, but
the bill of the latter is much longer.*

Smith-

Collec-

Sox

When
Collected.

Koaian

tor's

and

Locality.

Received from

Collected by

No.

No.

Age.

21,744

330

Turbo, N. Grenada.

Lt. Michler.

A. Schott.

21.686

344

c^

"

21,687

346

"

21.692

309

5

"

21,693

5

Cartbagena.

100

rC

Panama R. R.

Cab. Lawrence.

M'Le^tn. & Galb.

••

100

¥

"

(100, cf-) Type. (100, ?.) Do.

' I find, in the collections of Mr. Lawrence and of the Philadelphia Academj,
three quite well marked species of long-billed Wrens (with the bill longer
than the tarsus). They all agree in the entire absence of bands or spots on
the under parts, and in having the top of head more dusky than the back,
rump, and tail coverts. They may be characterized as follows : —

T. striolatus (Max.). — Dark reddish-brown above, but little lighter be-
neath, except that the throat and cheeks are white ; the jugulum and
middle line of the abdomen yellowish-brown. Cheek feathers edged with
black. Tail with broad black bands wider than their reddish intervals ;
those on wings about as wide as their intervals. Bill from forehead,
1.12, from nostril, .78 ; tarsus, about .95. Hah. Rio Janeiro. Cab. A. N. So.

T. longirostris (Vieill.). — Generally similar to preceding, but much paler.
Lining of wings fulvous. Dark bands on wings and tail much narrower
than their interspaces. Cheek feathers edged with black. Bill fiom
forehead, 1.05, from nostril, .76; tarsus, .90. Hah. Bahia. Cab. G. N.
Lawrence.

T. albipectus (Cab.) — Above still paler than preceding. Top of head appre-
ciably more dusky ; bands on wings and tail about equal to their inter-
spaces. Beneath, including lining of wings, white, slightly soiled with
brownish-yellow on the sides and behind. Cheeks pure, continuous
white. Bill from forehead, .99, from nostril, .65; tarsus, .98 Hab.?
Cab. A. N. Sc. (This specimen differs somewhat from Cabanis's descrip-
tion, especially in the pure white cheeks, and may really be different.)

TIIRYOPIIILUS. 133

Tltrjopliiliis castaneus.

Thrijothorus castaneus, Lawk. Ann. N. Y. Lye. VII, 18G1, 321, no. 103
(Panama E. R.).

JTcib, Line of Panama R. R.

(No. 99, % .) Above dark chestnut-brown ; the wings and tail black, their
exposed surfaces, except perhaps middle and lesser coverts, banded with
chestnut ; the two sets of bands about equal on the wings ; on the tail the
black ones nearly double the others. The second and third lateral tail
feathers not banded internally, except at tip. No bauds whatever on back
and rump. Top and sides of head black ; a line from bill over eye, eyelids,
and a band from side of lower jaw curving round over the ears, white — the
latter bounded interiorly by a black line from lower jaws bordering the ear
behind, and running into the black of the nape. Chin and vipper throat
white, passing insensibly into reddish-fulvous on the jugulum, and posteriorly
into deep chestnut. The breast, sides, and crissum are barred transversely
with black, less distinct along the middle line. Inside of wings chestnut.

The white crescent on the side of head is separated from the white lower
eyelid by a black space.

Female similar, but smaller, with shorter bill.

Male: Total length, 6.00; wing, 2.75 ; tail, 2.40; graduation of tail, .70;
length of bill from forehead, .90, from nostril, .60; along gape, 1.00; tarsus,
1.03 ; middle toe and claw, .90; hind toe and claw, .74; claw alone, .35.

Female: Bill from forehead, .80; nostril, .49 ; gape, .91.

Smith-

souian

No.

Collec-
tor's
No.

Sex
aud
Age.

Locality.

When

Collected.

Received from

Collected by

34,093

99
99

Pauama R. R.

Geo. N. Lawrence.
Cab. Lawrence.

J. M'Leannan.
M'Leari.&Galb.

(99, cT-) Type. (99, $.) Do.

Tliryopliilus schottii.

Thryophilus schottii, Baikd, n. s.

Thryothorus nigricapillus, Cassin, Pr. A. N. Sc. 1860, 193 (Truando).

Not of SCLATEK.

Hah. Isthmus of Darien.

Markings above and on the head precisely similar to those of T. castaneus.
Under parts, from chin to anal region, white, the flanks and crissum tinged
with chestnut; the whole extent from chin to tail, including inner win"
covert, barred transversely and distinctly with black, the black bars a little
the narrower.

No. 17,901. Total length, 5.60; wing, 2.70; tail, 2.25; graduation of tail,
.65 ; exposed portion of 1st primary, .95, of 2d, 1.50, of longest (measured
from exposed base of 1st primary), 2.00 ; length of bill from nostril, .50 ; along
gape, .90 ; tarsus, .96 ; middle toe aud claw, .85 ; hind toe and claw, .70.

134

REVIEW OF AMERICAN BIRDS.

[part T.

As stated, this species is very similar above to castaneus ; the
l)lack bars on the tail are rather more continuous. The under parts,
however, are white, except flanks and crissum — not chestnut ; the
bars much more decided, and extending forward over the jugulum,
throat, and chin, instead of being unmarked. The resemblance to
T. nigricapillus, Sclater, from Ecuador, is still closer ; this, how-
ever, has the throat pure white, instead of being barred with black.

Smith-
No.

CoUec-
tor's
No.

Sex
aud
Age.

-, ,., When
Locality. Collected.

Received frqm

Collected by

ITPOl
21,688

172

218

Truando River, N. G.
Truando Falls, "

Lt. N. Michler. A. Schott.

PHEUGOPEDIUS, Caba>is.
Pheugopedius, Cab. Mus. Hein. 1850, 79. (Type P. geriibarbis :=melanos.)

General characters of Tliryothoriis. The bill, in typical species,
much thicker and stouter, as in Cyjjhorinus ; height about one-third
length above ; culracn nearly straight to the rather abrupt extremity.
Owing to the greater breadth of the nasal membrane, the overhang-
ing roof of the nostrils becomes more valvular ; and, in the dried
specimen at least, is very apt to close the nostril, or to leave a very
narrow crescentic slit, thus distinguishing the genus very readily
from Thri/ophilus. The tail appears more graduated, and exhibits
a tendency towards being slightly decurved or arched above aud not
plane.

I have taken the characters above given partly from P. melanos,
the type, and partly from P. fasciato-ventris. The transition, how-
ever, from Tliryothorus to Pheugopedius is quite gradual, through
such species as rutilus and maculipectus. T. felix is more like
a Thri/othorus in the bill, and nearest Pheugopedius in the tail. A
synopsis of the principal species will be found under Tliryothorus.

Pheugopedius fasciato-ventris.

? Tliryothorus fasciato-ventris, Lafres. Rev. Zool. 1845,337 (Bogota). —
Cyphorimis fasciato-ventris, Lawrence, Ann. N. Y. Lye. VII, 1861,
320, no. 186 (Panama).

Ci/phorinus albifjularis, Sclatek, P. Z. S. 1855, 76, pi. 88 (Panama).

Ilab. Bogota to Isthmus of Panama.

(89, % .) Above rather bright reddish-brown (especially on the lower
back) ; the exposed surface of wings, including greater coverts, and upper

PHEUGOPEDIUS.

135

tail coverts, barred obscurely witli black. Lores and ears sooty. Chin, throat,
and jugulum white — this color extending round behind the ears. A scarcely
appreciable white line over and but little Ijehind the eye. Rest of under
parts, including crissuin, sooty black, barred transversely and narrowly with
Mhite ; the flanks strongly washed with rufous. The upper part of the breast
almost uniform blackish — this color extending forward so as to margin the
white of the neck, but not crossing the white of the cheeks. The tail is
blackish, the exposed surfaces narrowly barred with reddish-brown (about
one-third their interspaces). Inside of wing spotted with blackish. Bill above
blackish ; the tip, tomia, and under side horn color. Legs blackish.

The bill in this species is considerably stouter, perhaps higher, than in
the type, P. cnraya, but is otherwise much the same.

Females similar, but smaller, with the white of neck scarcely bordered with
black ; the white bands beneath less distinct.

(89, %.) Total length, 6.00; wing, 2.65; tail, 2.50; its graduation, .80;
length of bill from forehead, .90, from nostril, .54; along gape, 1.00 ; greatest
height, .27 ; width at angle of mouth, .40 ; tarsus, 1.00 ; middle toe and claw,
.92; claw alone, .28 ; hind toe and claw, .72 ; claw alone, .35.

Female: Length, 5.80; bill from nostril, .47; gape, .91.

A Rivoli specimen in the collection of the Phila. Academy, from
South America, agrees well with those from Panama.

Smith-
sonian

No.

CoUec- Sex
tor's and
No. Age.

Locality.

When
Collected.

Received from

Collected by

34,09.3

89 cf Panama R. R.
89 9

Santa Martha, N. G.

Cab. Lawrence. M'Lean. & Galb.
Geo. N. Lawrence.

Plieiigopedius rittilus.

Tkryothorus rutiliis, Vieill. Nouv. Diet. XXXIV, 1817, 56. — Ib. Nouv.
Diet. II, 627.— BuRM. Syst. Ueb. II, 1856, 134 (Brazil).— Sclater,
Catal. 1861, 21, no. 134.— Lawrence, Ann. N. Y. Lye. VII, 1861,
320, no. 189.
Tkryothorus rutilans, Sw. Birds Braz. pi. xv.
Uab. N. Brazil and Venezuela, to Isthmus of Panama.

Smith-
sonian
No.

Collec-
tor's

No.

Sex
and

Age.

Locality.

When
Collected.

Received from

Collected by

97

d

Panama K. R.

Cab. Lawrence.

M'Lean. & Galb.

Plieusjopediiis maculipectus.

Thrijolhorus maculipectus, Lafh. Rev. Zool. 1845, 338 (Mexico). — Scla-
ter, P. Z. S. 1856, 290 (Cordova).— Ib. 1859, 363 (.Jalapa), 372
(Oaxaca). — la Catal. 1861, 21, no. 133. — Sclater & Salvin, Ibis,
II, 1860, 30 (Vera Paz, Guat.).
Hah. South Mexico to Guatemala.

13G

REVIEW OF AMERICAN BIRDS.

[part I.

Smith-

Collec-

Sex

EODiaa

tor's

and

No.

No.

Age.

22,381

10,721

10,20>
20,398

1,437

9(J

Locality.

When
ColieuteJ.

Mexico.
Guatemala.
Ciijabou, Vera Paz.
Guatemala.

Received from

Verreaux.
J. Gould.
0. Sal V in.
Cab. Lawrence.

Collected by

Plieugopcdiiis felLx.

Thryolhorus felix, Sclater, P. Z. S. 1S59, 371 (Oaxaca). — Ib. Catal.
1861, 21, no. 136.

Ilah. "West coast of Mexico (Oaxaca to Mazatlan).

(No. 15, Coll. Salv.) Bill about the length of head; tail longer than the
wings, much graduated, the lateral feathers about two-thirds the central.
Color of the upper parts light-brown, with a very slight tinge of rufous, which
hecomes very decided on top of head. Upper tail coverts obscurely barred ;
wings, however, perfectly plain throughout. Chin and throat white, gradually
liecoming soiled with fulvous on the median line of body ; the sides and flanks
of a shade of brownish, paler than the back. Edge of wing white, inside
tinged with fulvous. Crissum ashy-white, barred about equally with black.
All the feathers of sides ofhead and neck (including side of lower jaw)
white, edged with black, either on both sides or on one only ; the black some-
times involving the whole web ou one side. A superciliary white stripe from
the bill is obscured by the black and white markings. Upper surface of tail
feathers light-brown, like the back, with transverse bars of black, one-half to
one-third their interspaces, generally interrupted along the median line, some-
times broken up into spots, especially at the ends, the intervals between the
bars in places sometimes paler than the ground color. Legs and bill dark
plumbeous.

Total length, 5.70 ; wing, 2.30 ; tail, 2.70 ; exposed portion of 1st primary,
.90, of 2d, 1.38, of longest, 5th (measured from exposed base of 1st primary),
1.75 ; length of bill from forehead, .68, from nostril, .45, along gape, .83 ;
tarsus, .82; middle toe and claw, .68; claw alone, .18; hind toe and claw,
.59 ; claw alone, .25.

This species is closely related, in coloration, to P. rutilus and
maculipectus ; especially in the color of the back, becoming more
rufous on the head and not on the rump ; the peculiar and very
distinct black and white markings of the entire side of the head, the
perfectly plain wings, the banded crissum, the much graduated tail,
and wings (the 5th or Gth quills longest), etc. It will, however, be
very easily distinguished from rutilus, by the absence of Ijlaek spots
on the chin and throat, and of the red of the jugulum ; and from
maculipectus, by the lack of black spots on the breast ; from both
by the presence of bars on the upper tail coverts. The bill has less
of the characters of Pheugopedius — being lower, and nearer typical

TROGLODYTES.

131

Thryoiliorus ; in fact, connecting the two ; the tail is considerably
longer than in the two species mentioned, more as in T. ludovicianus.
For the opportunity of first examining this species, I am in-
debted to Mr. Osbert Salvin (Xo. 15, Salvin's collection, from
Oaxaca, type specimen received from Salle). Since the above de-
scription based on this specimen was written, the Institution has had
a skin from Mazatlan, agreeing in all essential respects.

Smith-
soniau

CoUec-

lor's
No.

Sex
and

Ai;e.

Locality.

When
CoUected.

Eeceived from

CoUected by

34,01J

S

d

Mazatlau, Jlex.

June, 1862.

A. J. Grayson. A. J. Graybon.

(34,015.) Iris brown.

TROGLODYTES, Vieillot.
Troglodytes, Vieillot, Ois. Am. Sept. II, 1S07, 52. (Type Troglodytes sedon.)

By most European authors the European "Wren is considered as
the type of the genus Trorjlodytes — Gray giving 1807 as the date
of its creation by Yieillot. In the Ois. Am. Sept., however, the
true type is the sedon there first named — the European species not
being mentioned at all.

The characters of the genus are difficult to define, as they differ
but little from Thryothorus, and some species connect the two very
closely. The nostrils are as in Tliryoihorus, having an incumbent
thickened scale overhanging the rather linear nostrils. The bill is
shorter, or not longer than the head ; straight, slender, and without
notch. The tail is considerably graduated, generally shorter or not
longer than the wings, which are much rounded.

The bill is straighter, shorter, and more slender than in Tliryo-
ihorus ; the size of the species much smaller ; the colors plainer,
more uniform, and almost entirely without the distinct light super-
ciliary line so general in Thryothorus and Thryophilus.

The Winter Wren, T. hyemalis, agrees with the European species
in proportionably much smaller and narrower tail, only about two-
thirds the wing. T. brunneicolh's agrees with it, to some extent, in
this respect. In the others the wing and tail are nearly equal.

The following synopsis may serve to illustrate some of the peculi-
arities of the species : —

138

REVIEW OF AMERICAN BIRDS.

[part I.

aedon.

aedon, var. aztecus.

parhmanni.

americanus.

A. Tail and wings aLout equal.

a. Beneath grayish-white. Crissum and flanks dis-

tinctly barred. Wing coverts spotted with whit-
ish. Dark bars of tail about half the width of
their interspaces.

First primary nearly half the longest. Color

above dark-brown, rufous towards tail
Wing similar. Above paler brown
First primary half the second. Above paler
brown .......

Somewhat similar to a^/o^, but darker. Sides
of head dark, without obscure superciliary
streak .......

b. Beneath all over yellowish-brown. Crissum band-

ed ; flanks indistinctly so or not at all. Wing
coverts not spotted. Dark bars of tail more
numerous, about equal to their light inter-
spaces. Inside of wings plain.'

First primary little more than half the second.
Beneath darker fulvous. Bars of flanks in-
appreciable ......

First primary more than half the longest.
Beneath pale fulvous. Flanks quite dis-
tinctly barred ......

c. Throat and breast dark yellowish-brown, con-

trasting with the whitish belly and strongly
barred flanks. Inside of wings banded. Bars
on tail one-fourth their interspaces. Wing
coverts spotted, and scapulars banded with
whitish ........ hrunneiconis.

B. Tail very short ; only about two-thirds the wing.

a. Pale reddish-brown ; dusky bars of upper parts

with whitish spots or interspaces . . . hjemalis.
Dark rufous above and below ; upper parts with
few or almost no whitish spots . . . hyemalis, var.

j}ac>Jicus.

intermedins.

inqidetiis.

b.

a. Troglodytes.

Troglodytes aedon.

Troglodytes acdon, Vieill. Ois. Am. Sept. II, 1807, 52, pi. cvii. — Ib.
Nouv. Diet. XXXIV, 1819, 506.— Baird, Birds N. Am. 1858, 366.—
ScLATER, Catal. 1861, 22, no. 145. — Hylemathrous aedon, Cab. Jour.
1860, 407.

• The South American species resemble those mentioned in this division ;
but beneath are either banded slightly on the crissum only, or not at all even
there.

TROGLODYTES.

139

Sylvia domest'ica, Wilson, Am. Orn. I, 1808, 129, pi. vii.
Troglodi/tes full-US, Ndtt. Man. I, 1832, 422.

Other figures : Aod. Orn. Biog. 1, 1831, pi. 83.— Ib. B. A. II, 1841, pi. 120.
Hab. Eastern province of United States, from Atlantic to the Missouri River.

Autumnal and winter specimens have sometimes a slight fulvous
tinge on the breast.

As usual, southern specimens of this species are the smaller, as
illustrated by the following measurements.

(28,944, % , Washington.) Total length, 4.30 ; wing, 2.02 ; tail, 2.05 ; ex-
posed portion of 1st primary, .74, of 2d, 1.30, of 3d, 1.50, of longest (measured
from exposed base of 1st primary), 1.51 ; length of bill from forehead, .60,
from nostril, .37, along gape, .70 ; tarsus, .66 ; middle toe and claw, .64; hind
toe and claw, .56 ; claw alone, .25.

(8,641, '^, Florida.) Fresh specimen before being skinned: Total length,
4.50; expanse of wings, 5.75 ; wing from carpal joint, 1.75. Prepared speci-
men : Total length, 4.20 ; wing, 1.80 ; tail, 1.76 ; exposed portion of 1st pri-
mary, .70, of 2d, 1.22, of 3d, 1.35, of longest (measured from exposed base of
1st primary), 1.38 ; length of bill from forehead, .61, from nostril, .39, along
gape, .70; tarsus, .65; middle toe and claw, .61; hind toe and claw, .50;
claw alone, .24.

Smith- Collec-

Sex

When
Collected.

souiaa tor's
No. No.

and

Age.

Locality.

Received from

Collected by

1,0S4 ; ..

rf

Carlisle, Pa.

June 14, '43.

S. F. Baird.

12,110

rf

Washiogton, D. C.

May 1, '59.

A. J. Falls.

2S,94i

113

.-r

"

June 12, '58.

Elliot Coues.

28,404

"

C. Drexler.

32,286

V

Macon, Ga.

Prof. Leconte.

6,512

Indian Kev, Fla.

G. Wurdemann.

8,612

Cape Florida.

Oct. 30, '57.

"

8,641

H-

"

Oct. 23, '57.

"

13,184

'-f

Nebra.ska City, Neb.

Lt. MuUan.

J. Pearsall.

13,185

V

Sioux City.

Troglodytes aedou, var. aztecus.

Troglodytes scdon, var. aztecus, Baied.
Hah. Eastern Mexico, from Rio Grande southward.

In a series of Mexican Wrens before me, in addition to well
marked specimens of T. Tiypsedon and hrunneicollis, I find a number
which I cannot distinguish satisfactorily from T. aedon. They have
the same proportions with sedon, as compared with parkmanni —
approaching the latter in a paler shade of upper plumage, in which
respect there is a slight difference from sedon. In most specimens
there is a brownish tinge on the breast (very different, however, from
hypaedon) not common in the skins usually seen of aedon, but agree-
ing very well with autumnal skins (as 728, Carlisle, and winter skins

140

RE\aEW OF AMERICAN BIRDS.

[part I.

from Florida). Xo. 2G,368, however, probably killed in spring, has
the breast gray, and, as in some specimens of iedon, the feathers
faintly spotted with brownish.

From the paler shade of the upper parts, and possibly a rather
smaller size, I am inclined to consider these Mexican specimens as
residents, and not migrants from the north.

A specimen (1,139) collected south of the Rio Grande, by Lt.
Couch, agrees better with the Mexican variety, than with T. park-
manni, to which I had referred it.

Smith-
Bouian

No.

CoUec- Sex
tor's and
No. Age.

Locality.

When
CoUected.

Received from

Collected by

7,139

29,206
30,872
26,368

51
106

lio

d

Charco Escoudido,

Tamaulipas.
Orizaba, Mex.
Mirador, Mex.
Xalapa, Mex.

Dec. 1862.

Lt. D. N. Couch.
F. Sumichrast.
Dr. Sartorius.
J. Krider.
Cab. Lawrence.

D'Oca.

(7,139.) Eyes dark-brown. (30,872.) Iris brown

Troglodytes parkmaniii.

Troglodytes parhnanni, Add. Orn. Biog. V, 1839, 310. — Ib. Synopsis,
1839, 76.— Ib. Birds Amer. II, 1841, 133, pi. 122.— Baird, Birds
N. Am. 1858, 367.— Cooper & Suckley, P. R. R. Rep. XII, ii, 1860,
191 (nest).— ScLATER, Catal. 1861, 23, no. 146.

Troglodytes sylvestris, Gambel, Pr. A. N. Sc. Ill, 1846, 113 (California,
quotes erroneously Aud. T. americanus) .

Hah. Western and Middle provinces of United States..

Although the differences between the eastern and western House
Wrens, as stated in the " Birds N. Am.," are not very appreciable;
yet a comparison of an extensive series shows that they can hardly
be considered as identical. The general color above is paler and
grayer, and there is little or none of the rufous of the lower back
and rump. The bars on the upper surface are rather more distinct.
The under parts are more alike, as while sedon sometimes has flanks
and crissum strongly tinged with rufous, other specimens are as pale
as in T. j^arkmanni.

Perhaps the most appreciable differences between the two species
are to be found in the size and proportions of wing and tail. The
wing in parkmanni is quite decidedly longer than in sedon, measur-
ing, in males, 2.12 to 2.15, instead of 2.00 to 2.05. This is due not
so much to a larger size as to a greater development of the primaries.
The first quill is equal to or barely more than half the second in

TROGLODYTES.

141

2')arhvianni ; and the difference between the longest primary and the
tenth amounts to .32 of an inch, instead of about .20 in aedon, where
the first quill is nearly half the length of the third, much more than
half the length of the second.

The original description of T. parkmanni mentions a more reddish
tinge than I detect in any specimens before me, perhaps because the
type was younger, or in autumnal dress. The dimensions agree
very well.

(7,136, % , Steilacoom.) Total length, 4.50 ; wing, 2.12 ; tail, 2.12 ; gradua-
tion, .32 ; exposed portion of 1st primary, .67, of 2d, 1.34, of 3d, 1.53, of longest
(measured from exposed base of 1st primary), 1.55 ; length of bill from fore-
head, .65, from nostril, .40, along gape, .76 ; tarsus, .67; middle toe and claw,
62 ; hind toe and claw, .53 ; claw alone, .24.

Smith- CoUec-

Sex

When
Collected.

soniaa tor's
No. No.

and
Age.

Locality.

Received from

Collected by

15,900

317

?

Chiloweyuck Depot,

W. T.

June 17.

A. Campbell.

Dr. Kennerly.

7,136

363

rf

Ft. Steilacoom, W.T.

May 3, '56.

Dr. Suckley.

16,172

366

Ft. Crook, Cal.

Lt. Feilner.

2.5,. Sol

237

Fort Tejon, Cal.

June 30, '59.

John Xantus.

13,678

Colorado Riv., Ar.

Lt. Ives.

Mollhausen.

32,170

3,446

-r

San Jose, C. St. Lu-

Dec. 5, '59,

John Xantus.

13.781

8

Ft. Mass., Col. [cas.

Capt. Bowman.

17,199

Cant. Burgwyn.

Dr. Anderson.

11,07.5

'-r

Fort Bridger, Utah.

June 10, '58.

C. Drexler.

4,739

Council Bluffs.

April 29.

Lt. Warren.

Dr. Hayden.

5,275

Blackfoot Country.

July, 1855.

(32,170 ) Iris dark-brown.

Troglodytes americaiius.

Troglodtjtes americanus, kvD. Orn. Biog. II, 1S34, 452; V, 1830, 469, pi.
179.— Ib. B. a. II, 1841, 123, pi. 119.— Baird, B. N. A. 1858, 368.

Hah. Northeastern United States.

I am unable to throw any more light upon the relationship of the
Wood Wren to the Common Wren, than that presented in " Birds
N. Am." It is somewhat similar to T. parkmanni in size and pro-
portions, but instead of being paler than sedon is much darker.

Smith-
sonian
No.

Collec-
tor's
No.

Sex
and
Age.

Locality.

When
Collected.

Received from

Collected by

295
1,906
7,255

w

United States.

S. F. Baird.

J. J. Audubon.
J. Cas.sin.

142

REVIEW OF AMERICAN BIRDS.

[rAET I.

Troglodytes intermedins.

Troglodytes {Hijlemathrous) intermedins, Cab. Jour. ISGO, 407 (San Jose,

Costa Rica).
Troglodytes hi/pasdon, Sclater, P. Z. S. 1861, 128 (southern Mexico and

Guatemala).— Ib. Catal. 18G1, 23, no. 147.
Troglodytes cedon, Sclater, P. Z. S. 1859, 363 (Xalapa). — Sclater &

Salvin, Ibis, I, 1859, 9 (Guatemala).
Eab. Costa Rica, Guatemala, and southern Mexico (Oasaca, Scl.).

(No. 33,265.) First primary very nearly half the third. Tarsus and middle
toe about equal. Above reddish-brown, with a tinge of olivaceous ; very
obsoletely banded with dusky ; a little brighter on the rump. Wing and tail
very dark-brown, banded with the color of the back, the black bands rather
the narrower ; dusky bands rather more conspicuous on upper tail coverts.
An obscure line over eye and the under parts brownish-fulvous, paler on
throat and middle of belly, darker on sides ; entirely free from bars, except the
faintest possible indication on the side of the anal region. Crissum similar,
with distinct black bars ; the light interspaces whitish in spots. Bill dusky,
yellowish at base below.

Total length of the dried specimen, 4.50; wing, 2.00; tail, 1.72; gradua-
tion, .35 ; exposed portion of 1st primary, .74, of 2d, 1.26, of 3d, 1.48, of
longest (measured from exposed base of 1st primary), 1.50 ; length of bill
from forehead, .62, from nostril, .40, along gape, .71 ; tarsus, .73 ; middle toe
and claw, .69; hind toe and claw, .55 ; claw alone, .25.

A type specimen of hypxdon, lab'elled by Dr. Sclater, and received from M.
Salle, agrees in general appearance with the Costa Rican bird, but the bill is
stouter and plumbeous below. The color generally is lighter ; the quills paler,
and their inner edges instead of being ashy, are grayish-white. The wings
arc shorter.

This species maybe easily distinguished from T. sedon, and all other
more northern allies, by the decided fulvous tinge of the under parts,
and the almost entire absence of bars on the flanks or under parts,
excepting crissum. The upper parts are more faintly barred. The
quills aud tail feathers are much darker, without the whitish spotting
on outer edge of former ; the dark bars on tail more numerous, and
nearly as wide as their interspaces, instead of half the width, etc.
From most of the smaller South American Wrens, which closelj
resemble this species in color, it differs in the more decidedly barred
crissum, more numerous dark bars on tail, etc.

Smith- 'CoUec-

Boniau! tor's

No. No.

33,265
27,948
29,710

Sex
and
Age.

Locality.

San Jose, C. R.
Mexico ?
Totontepec, Oaxaca.

When
CoUected.

Received from

J. Carniol.
P. L. Sclater?
A. Salle.

Collected by

(29,710.) Type of hypcedun, labelled by Dr. Sclater.

TROGLODYTES. 1-43

Troglodytes iuquietus.

Trofjlochjles inquietus, Lawrence, MSS.

Troglodytes hjpsedon, Lawkexce, Ann. X. Y. Lye. VII, 1861, 320
(Panama R. R. ).

Hah. Isthmus of Panama.

(109, 9.) First primary much developed ; mX)re than half the longest. Color
ahove brown, with a grayish tinge towards the head, and slightly rufous on
the rump. Exposed surface of wings and tail barred with black (more obso-
letely on wing coverts), the dark bars rather the narrower. The back faintly
barred. Beneath pale fulvous whitish, lighter on throat and middle of belly ;
tinged with brown on sides, the posterior parts of which are faintly barred.
Crissum barred conspicuously with black, the interspaces yellowish-brown to
whitish. Quite a distinct superciliary line. No spots on wing coverts.

Of the two specimens, the % is considerably lighter, almost white beneath.

(109, 9 , Panama R. R.) Total length, 4.50 ; wing, 2.05 ; tail, 1.85 ; gradua-
tion, .45 ; exposed portion of 1st primary, .85, of 2d, 1.31, of longest (measured
from exposed base of 1st primary), 1.55 ; length of bill from forehead, .67,
from nostril, .43, along gape, .76 ; tarsus, .76 ; middle toe and claw, .72 ; hind
toe and claw, .59 ; claw alone, .26.

This species was at first considered by Mr. Lawrence to be the
same with hypeedon (intermedins) ; but a careful comparison with
type specimens has shown their distinctness. It is considerably
larger, with longer bill and legs. The first primary is much larger.
The colors beneath are paler ; the lower part of sides distinctly
barred. The upper parts are considerably grayer.

None of the other small American allied Wrens before me (except
T. hrunneicollis) have a first primary decidedly more than half the
length of longest, and their tails are longer. The coloring above re-
sembles almost exactly that of T. parkmanni and the Mexican var.
of T. sedon, although the dark bars are more numerous. The under
parts are more fulvous; the bars on sides anteriorly less distinct;
the bars on the crissum more regular, and better defined. There
are no light spots on the wing coverts as in the Xorth American
species.

This species comes nearest sedon and its allies ; while intermedius
is more like the South American species, with their comparative
absence of bars.

Smith-
sonian
No.

CoUec-
tor's
No.

Sex
and
Age.

Locality. CoTle<fted Received from Collected by

109

?

Panama R. R.

Cab. Lawrence. MLean. & Galb.

(109.) Type.

144

REVIEW OF AMERICAN BIRDS.

[par:

Troglodytes torunneicollis.

Trocjlodijtes hrunneicolUs, Sclatee, P. Z. S. 1858, 297 (Parada ; Oasaca).
— Ib. Catal. 1861, 23, no. 150.
Hah. Southern Mexico.

Bill short, compressed, and straight. First primary more than half longest.
Upper parts reddish-brown, brighter on the rump. The back, rump, and
wings barred rather distinctly with dusky. The dark bars exhibit a ten-
dency to be succeeded by another bar lighter than the ground color, on the
scapulars almost white. Greater wing coverts with a spot of whitish in the
end. Beneath, from chin to breast, brownish-bufif ; middle of belly dull white,
with scant spots of brown. Lower part of sides and crissum tinged with
dark-brown, banded with suffused whitish and dusky— the dark bars, as on
the scapulars, being succeeded by a whitish bar lighter than the ground color.
Inside of wings similarly banded. Tail feathers reddish-brown, with zig-zag
narrow bars of black ; innermost (superior) secondary quills with contour lines
of dusky, instead of transverse bars.

(29,709, %.) Total length, 4.40; wing, 1.90; tail, 1.85; graduation, .45 ;
exposed portion of 1st primary, .83, of 2d, 1.26, of longest (measured from
exposed base of 1st primary), 1.45 ; length of bill from forehead, .60, from
nostril, .35, along gape, .69 ; tarsus, .70; middle toe and claw, .71 ; hind toe
and claw, .59 ; claw alone, .27.

This species somewhat resembles T. hyemalis, from which, how-
ever, its larger size, much longer tail, and browner breast distinguish
it. In none of its allies do we find the bands on the under side of
the wings, the whitish bars on the scapulars, and the general ten-
dency to have the dark bars succeeded by a whitish one. The legs
are unusually stout, the middle toe lengthened, and the 1st primary
longer than in any others, except inquieius.

Smith- CoUec-

soniani tnr's

No. No.

Sex
and
Age.

Locality.

When
Collected.

Received from

Remarks.

29,709 7
29,a« 131

d

La Parada, Mex.
Orizaba, Mex.

Jan. 1861.

A. Sall6.

F. Surnichrast.

Type.

b. Anorthura.*

Troglodytes Siyemalis.

Si/lvia troglodytes, Wilson, Am. Orn. 1, 1808, 139, pi. viii, f. 6. — Troglo-
dytes hyemalis, Vieillot, Nouv. Diet. XXXIV, 1819, 514. — Ann. Orn.
Biog. IV, 1838, 430, pi. 360.— Ib. B. A. II, 1841, 128, pi. 121.—
Baird, Birds N. Am. 1858, 369. — Sclater, P. Z. S. 1856, 290
(Cordova, Mex.).— Ib. Catal., 1861, 23, no. 152.

* Anorthura, Rensie, 1831. (Type Motacilla troglodytes, Likn.)

TROGLODYTES.

145

Troglodytes eurnpaeus, Bon. Obs. Wils. 1825, no. 127. — Nuttall, Man.
I, 1832, 427.

Hab. Eastern United States, from Mississippi River. Cordova ? Sclater.

(No. 31,045, % , Washington.) Fresh specimen before being skinned : Total
length, 4.10 ; expanse of wings, 6.00 ; wing from carpal joint, 1.90. Prepared
as dry skin : Total length, 3.50 ; wing, 1.86 ; tail, 1.31 ; graduation, .20 ; ex-
posed portion of 1st primary, .66, of 2d, 1.20, of longest (measured from ex-
posed base of 1st primary), 1.42 ; length of bill from forehead, .55, from nostril,
.35, along gape, .65 ; tarsus, .72 ; middle toe and claw, .65 ; claw alone, .18 ;
hind toe and claw, .55 ; claw alone, .26.

Smith-

CoUec-

Sex

soQiaal tor's

and

No.

No.

Age.

127

1,379

V

29,94.0

625

^

31,04.5

rf

10,206

10,207

Locality.

Carlisle, Pa.

Washington.

Cook Co., 111.
Miss. Bottom, 111.

When
Collected.

Oct. 1.3, '40.
April 22,'44.
Nov. 14,61.
Dec. 28, '60.

Keceived from

S. F. Baird.

D. W. Prentiss.
Chas. E. Schmidt.
K. Kennicott.

Collected by

Troglodytes liyemalis, var. paciiicus.

Troglodytes kyemalis, Coop. & Suck. P. R. Rep. XII, 1860, 191 (W. T.).
Hab, Pacific coast U. S.

I find, on comparing series of eastern birds with those from the
Pacific slope, that the latter are considerably darker in color above,
with little or almost none of the whitish spotting among the dusky
bars so characteristic of eastern specimens. The under parts are
more rufous, the tarsi appear shorter, and the claws decidedly larger.
The two forms seem quite as distinct as T. aedon and parkmanni ;
and there is usually no difficulty in at once deciding from which of
the two regions any specimen has been derived. The differences are
certainly greater than those existing between the eastern T. hye-
nialis and the European Wren, which, as far as I can judge from the
single specimen before me, consist mainly in the rather paler colors
of the under parts in the latter species, which also are perhaps not
so much spotted and barred beneath. The superciliary stripe, too,
is lighter and more distinct.

(No. 17,434, % , Puget Sound.) Total length, 3.60 ; wing, 1.84; tail, 1.31 ;
graduation, .28 ; exposed portion of 1st primary, .62, of 2d, 1.20, of longest
(measured from exposed base of 1st primary), 1.40 ; length of bill from fore-
head, .56, from nostril, .35 ; tarsus, .68 ; middle toe and claw, .65 ; claw alone,,
.22 ; hind toe and claw, .54 ; claw alone, .27.
10 September, 1864.

146

REVIEW OF AMERICAN BIRDS.

[part I.

Smith-

Collec-

Sex

soniaa

tor's

and

No.

No.

Age.

7,143

267

17.434

436

^

4,601

10,637

i.iif

d

Locality.

Ft. Steilacoom.W.T.
Simiahmoo, W. T.
Columbia River.
Fort Tejou, Cal.

When
Collected.

Mar. 18.54.
Dec. 22, '.ifl.
Jan. 27, '56.

Received from

Dr. Suckley.
A. Campbell.

Collected by

Dr. Kennerly.

CISTOTHORUS, Cabams.
Cistothorus, Cab. Mus. Hein. 1850, 77. (Type Troglodytes stellaris,
Light., t^wiu) — Telmatodytes, Cabanis, Mus. Hein. 1850, 78.-
(Type Certhia palustris, Wilson.)

a. Cistothorus.

Cistothorus stellaris. ,

Troglodytes stellaris, " Licut." Naumann, VSgel Deutschlands, III, 1823,
724 (Carolina). — Cistothorus stellaris, Cab. Mus. Hein. 77. — Baikd,
Birds N. Am. 1858, 365,— Sclatek, Catal. 22, no. 142 (in part).

Troglodytes brevirostris, Nutt. Man. I, 1832, 436. — Avd. Orn. Biog. II,
1834, 427, pi. 175.— Ib. B. A. II, 1841, 138, pi. 124.
Ilab. Eastern province of United States.

(No. 3,073, Georgia.) Total length, 4.40 ; wing, 1.75 ; tail, 1.75, its gradua-
tion, .70 ; exposed portion of 1st primary, .65, of 2d, 1.06, of longest (measured
from exposed base of 1st primary), 1.25 ; length of bill from forehead, .45,
from nostril, .29; tarsus, .65 ; middle toe and claw, .61 ; hind toe and claw,
.55 ; claw alone, .26.

Smith-
sonian
No.

Collec-
tor's
No.

Sex
and
Age.

Locality.

When

Collected.

Received from

Collected by

2,510
3.073
8,829

"

Carlisle, Pa.
Liberty Co., Ga.
Loup Fork of Platte.

Sept. 20, '45.

1846.
Aug. 30.

S. F. Baird.
Lt. Warren.

Jos. Leconte.
Dr. Hayden.

Cistotl&orus elegans.

Cistothorus elegans, Sclatee & Salvin, Ibis, 1859, 8 (Guatemala).
Hab. Mexico and Guatemala.

I have not a very good series of specimens before me, although
they seem to indicate that the C. elegans of Sclater & Salvin is really
distinct from the northern bird, and that these authors have been
liasty in re-combining them. If not different species they at least
are well-marked varieties. The bill of elegans is considerably
stouter and larger than that of stellaris, and the tarsi decidedly
longer — the birds themselves being of much the same size. On the
back the white streaks do not reach so far back (nearly to the rump

CISTOTHORUS.

14*7

in stellaris), and the rump and tail coverts are plain, or with very
obsolete markings.

The characters derived from my present materials are as follows,
and will probably be substantiated by additional specimens : —

C. stellaris. — White dorsal streaks extending to the rump, which is con-
spicuously banded with brown, and somewhat spotted with whitish.
Beneath, including lining of wings, light cinnamon-brown ; throat and
belly paler, almost white ; sides and crissum very obsoletely barred
with darker, and faintly spotted with whitish. Feathers of jugulum like
sides, but with the color obscured by the paler edges. Tarsus, .65 long.

C. elegans. — Streaks on back confined to interscapular region ; rump and
upper tail coverts almost plain reddish-brown. Beneath mucli paler than
in stellaris, without any appreciable indication of bars or spots on sides
and crissum, or of the fulvous of the jugular feathers. Inside of wings
snowy white. Tarsus, .72 long.

(No. 29,207, Mexico.) Total length, 4.20 ; wing, 1.72 ; tail, 1.70 ; graduation,
,60 ; exposed portion of 1st primary, .65, of 2d, 1.09, of longest (measured from
exposed base of 1st primary), 1.35 ; length of bill from forehead, .55, from
nostril, ,31; tarsus, .72; middle toe and claw, .62; hind toe and claw, .54;
claw alone, .27.

Smith-

sonian

No.

CoHec- Sex
tor's ! and

No. j Age.

Locality.

When
CoUected.

Received from

CoUected by

30,689
29,207

IJO 1 ..

56 ..

Duefias, Gnat.
Orizaba, Mex.

Aug. 21, '59.

O. Salvin.

F. Sumichrast.

Salvin & Godman.

<30,689.) Type.

b. Telmatodytes.

€istothorus palustris.

Certhia palustris, Wilson, Am. Orn. II, 1810, 58, pi. xii, fig. 4 (Penna).
— Troglodytes palustris, Bon. Obs. Wils. 1824, no. 66. — Aud. Orn.
Biog. I, 1831, 500, pi. 100.— Ib. Birds Am. II, 1841, 135, pi. 123.—
Reinhardt, Ibis, 1861,5 (Godthaab, Greenland). — Thryothorus pa-
lustris, Ndtt. Man. I, 1832, 439. — Cisiothorus (Telmatodytes) palus-
tris, Baird, Birds N. Am. 1858, 364.— Sclater, Catal. 1861, 22.

Thryothorus arundinaceus, Vieillot, Nouv. Diet. XXXIV, 1819, 58 (not
Trog. arundinaceus, Vieillot). — Thryothorus arundinaceus, Bon.
Consp. 1850, 220. — Telmatodytes arundinaceus, Cab. Mus. Hein.
1850, 78.

Hab. Eastern United States, from the Missouri River; Greenland (Rein-
hardt) ; Mexico, and Guatemala ?

(No. 1,456, % .) Total length, 5.00 ; wing, 2.05 ; tail, 1.95 ; graduation, .62 ;
exposed portion of 1st primary, .78, of 2d, 1.22, of longest (measured from
exposed base of 1st primary), 1.50; length of bill from forehead, .67, from

148

EEVIEW OF AMERICAN BIRDS.

[part I,

nostril, .46, along gape, .83 ; tarsus, .84 ; middle toe and claw, .75 ; claw alone,
.22 ; hind toe and claw, .63 ; claw alone, .32.

Smith-

Collec-

Sex

sonian! tor's

and

No. ! No.

Age.

1,456

cf

1,556

V

2';,93G

891

.-(■

12,111

rf

11,SS6

..

4,744?

Locality.

Carlisle, Pa.
Washington, D. C.

Whitfield Co., Ga.
Mouth of Big Sioux.

When
Collected.

May 4, "44.
May 20, '44.
May 21, '60.
May 19, '59.

May 4, '56.

Received from

S. F. Baird.

Dr. E. Cones.
C. Drexler.
A. Gerhardt.
Lt. Warren.

Collected by

Dr. Hayden.

Cistotliorus palustris, var. palitdicola.

Cistothorus palustris, var. palvdicola, Baird. — Troglodytes palustris,
Newb. p. R. Rep. "VI, iv, 1857, 80 (Pacific region). — Cistothorus pa-
lustris, Cooper & Suckley, P. R. Rep. X, ii, 1859, 190 (W. T.).

Hah. Pacific coast United States.

In comparing a series of Marsh Wrens of eastern Xorth America
with western, I find that they diifer appreciably in certain character-
istics, which may perhaps be expressed by the following diagnoses : —

Var. palustris. — Bill lengthened, equal to tarsus. Tail coverts above and
below either perfectly plain, or with very obsolete bands, reduced to
obscure spots beneath. Bauds on tail broken ; scarcely appreciable on
the middle feathers.

Var. paludicola. — Bill shorter than tarsus. Tail coverts distinctly banded
all across. Bands on tail quite distinct ; appreciable on the central
feathers.

How far these differences in size of bill, etc., will be found persist-
ent through larger series of specimens, I am unable to say.

I am unable at present to say to which variety the Mexican bird
(Sclater, P. Z. S. 1856, 290), and the Guatemalan (Sclater & Salvin,
Ibis, 1859, 8) belong.

(No. 7,141, Washington Territory.) Total length, 4.70; wing, 1.96; tail,
2.00; graduation, .45; exposed portion of 1st primary, .63, of 2d, 1.25; of
longest (measured from exposed base of 1st primary), 1.50 ; length of bill
from forehead, .60, from nostril, .38, along gape, .70 ; tarsus, .78 ; middle toe
and claw, .61 ; claw alone, .20 ; hind toe and claw, .50 ; claw alone, .26.

Smith-

Collec-

Sex

sonian

tor's

and

No.

No.

Age.

7,141

110

16,173

51

V

7,140

rr

26,350

Locality.

Shoal water Bay.
Fort Crook, Cal.
Sacramento Valley.
Fort Tejon, Cal.

When

Collected.

0/ct. 31, '54.

Oct. 23, '57.

Received from

Gov. Stevens.
Lt. Feilner.
Lt. Williamson.
Jno. Xantus.

Collected by

Dr. Cooper.
Dr. Heermann.

CISTOTHORUS. 149

From a careful examination of tlie data furnished by the tables
and indications of localities in the preceding pages, it will be seen
that a few species, as Tardus mustelinus, fuscescens, swainsoni,
alicise, and migratorius, Galeoscoj)tes caroUnensis, Ilimus pobjglot-
Itif! ? of the Turdidse, wivh Sialia sialis, of the Saxicolidse, and Poli-
optila caerulea of the Sylviidas occur in the West Indies as winter
visitors. The remaining species of these families (except some
peculiar to the islands), with the whole of the Ginclidse, Paridse,
Certhiadae, and Troglodylidse, are entirely wanting. Even the
species just named appear to be confined to Cuba — none of them
occurring, as far as known, in Jamaica or the other islands, and
probably visiting Cuba only as stragglers from Florida, or en route
to Mexico and Guatemala via Yucatan.

Of the Turdidae there are several genera peculiar to one or other
of the West India Islands. Of North American genera, Mimiis has
peculiar species in the Bahamas, Cuba, Jamaica, and St. Domingo,
and Polioptila in Cuba.

It will be seen hereafter that these generalizations of distribution
are widely different from what prevails among the Sylvicolidas, a
much larger proportion of the species being spread in winter over
many of the West Indies, with several resident species peculiar lo
one or more of the group.

Thryothorus albinucha. — Since the preceding sheets on the
Troglodytidae were printed, I have had the opportunity of exam-
ining the type specimen of Dr. Cabot's Troglodytes albinucha
Pr. Bost. N. H. Soc. II, 1847, 258, from Yalahao, Yucatan, April'
1842. I find it agrees almost exactly in size and proportions with
ThryoUior^us j^etenicus of Mr. Salvin, being only a very little smaller.
The coloration and markings are precisely similar, the only difference
being in the tail. The middle (exposed) feathers in petenicus are ashy
brown, with spotted or broken bars of black, most distinct and con-
tinuous across the middle. The other feathers are black ; the exterior
webs of the outer two and the ends of outer three marked with quad-
rate spots of Avhitish, sometimes tinged with plumbeous. In albinucha,
the upper surface of the tail has a slightly more reddish tinge, and
the bars are more broken and irregular. The quadrate whitish or
grayish blotches on the inner webs of lateral tail feathers extend
nearly to the middle of the feather, instead of being confined to the
tips. I do not observe any trace of the dusky tips to the feathers of
breast, nor of the obscure dusky bars on the flanks seen in petenicus.

These differences are, however, not incompatible with the identity
10* October, 1864.

] 50 REVIEW OF AMERICAN BIRDS. [PART I.

of the two species, being fully represented in specimens of T. bewickii,
and I think it will be necessary to make petenicus a synonym of alhi-
nucha, and to call the species Tliryothorus albinucha. The ap-
proximation, too, of the localities, is an additional argument in favor
of this conclusion.

Total length, 5.10 ; wing, 2.20 ; tail, 2.15 ; exposed portion of 1st primary,
.90, of 2d, 1.40, of longest (measured from exposed base of 1st primary), 1.69 ;
length of bill from forehead, .82, from nostril, .54; along gape, .90; tarsus,
.84 ; middle toe and claw, .74 ; claw alone, .20 ; hiud toe and claw, .61 ; claw
alone, .26.

Family MOTACILLID^.

Bill slender, conical, nearly as high as wide at the base, with slight notch
at the tip ; the culmen slightly concave above the anterior extremity of the
nostrils ; short bristles at gape, which, however, do not extend forward to
nostrils. Loral feathers soft and dense, but with bristly points ; nasal groove
filled with naked membrane, with the elongated nostrils in lower edge ; the
frontal feathers coming up to the aperture, but not directed forward nor over-
hanging it. Wings lengthened and sharp-pointed ; the primaries nine (with-
out spurious first), of v,-hich the first three to five, considerably longer than
the succe, fedingorm the tip ; the exterior secondaries generally much emargi-
nated at the ends ; the inner secondaries (so-called tertials) nearly equal to
the longest primaries. The tail rather narrow, emarginate. Tarsi length-
ened, scutellate anteriorly only, the hind claw usually very long, acute, and
but slightly curved (except in Motacilla). Inner toe cleft almost to the very
base, outer adherent for basal joint only.

The combination of naked nostrils, notched bill, and nine primaries,
with the tarsi scutellate anteriorly only, will at once distinguish the
Anthinfe of this family from the Alaudidae, which they so closely
resemble in coloi'ation, habits, and lengthened hind claw. The
lengthened, slightly curved hind claw, much pointed wings, emargi-
nated secondaries — the inner ones nearly as long as the primaries —
distinguish the family from the Sylvicolidse, with which also it has
near relationships.

The following synopsis will serve to define the American genera
or subgenera of Jlofacillidsr, although it will not apply to the family
as represented in all its old-world members : —

MOTACILLIDJE. 151

Motacilla.

Tail longer than the wings ; hind claw comparatively short,
and considerably curved. Feathers of back without lighter
edges ; no spots nor streaks on breast. Tail doubly forked, or
the central feathers nearly equal to the lateral, and longer
than intermediate ones. Tip of wing formed by outer three
primaries ; the distance between the 3d and4th about one-
third that between the 4th and ."ith. Tarsi lengthened ;
claw small ; hind toe and claw shorter than the middle, its
claw short, considerably curved, less than the toe alone ;
lateral toes nearly equal • Motacilla,

Anthus.

Tail decidedly shorter than the wings ; less than half the whole
length of bird ; simply emarginate and rounded. Hind claw
lengthened ; only slightly curved. Feathers of back with
paler edges ; breast streaked with dusky.

a. Wings much pointed, and lengthened.

Point of wing formed by four outer primaries, of which the
4th sometimes a little shorter than 3d. Hind toe and claw
as long as middle, shorter than tarsus, the claw alone
usually a little longer than the toe itself, and slightly
curved ; inner toe and claw longer than the outer ; out-
stretched toes falling short of the tip of tail ; hind toe and
claw shorter than tarsus ...... Anthus.

Point of wings formed by four outer primaries, the 1st
longest, or as long as others. Legs stout, the outstretched
toes reaching almost to tip of tail. Hind toe and claw
longer than tarsus, the claw very long, but equal to the
toe proper ......... Neocorys.

b. Wings short, rounded.
Point of wings formed by four outer primaries of nearly

equal length ......... Notiocorys.

Point of wings formed by five outer primaries, the 1st shorter

than 3d . Pediocorys.

MOTACILLA, Linn.

Motacilla, Linn. S. N. 1735. (Type Motacilla albn.)

The first mentioned species under 31otaciUa, in the 10th edition
of the Systema XatnriB of Linnaeus, is luscinia, or the European
Nightingale. If tliis worlv be talven as the starting point of tlie
Linnasan binomial nomenclature, it will be necessary to find some
other name for the genus, perhaps PaUenura, Pallas {fide Gray).

152 REVIEW OF AMERICAN BIRDS. [PART I.

Motacilla all>a.

MotaciUa alba, Linx. Syst. Nat. 12th ed. 1766, 331.— Keys. & Blas.
Wirb. Europ. 1S4U, xlix, and 174.— Deglaxd, Orn. Europ. I, 1849,
433. — Reinhardt, Isis, 1861, 6 (Greenland). — Newtox, Baring-
Gould's Iceland, 18G3, App. ("rather plentiful").

Figure : Gould, Birds Europe, 143.

Hah. Continental Europe, rarer in England ; Iceland ; Greenland (only two
specimens seen) ; Siberia : Syria ; Nubia.

(9410, % , Nurnberg.) Forehead as far back as above the eyes, with sides
of head and neck, white ; the remaining portion of head and neck above and
below to the jugulum, black ; the rest of under parts white. Upper parts ashy
gray, including rump ; the upper tail coverts tinged with black. Wings with
two conspimious bands and the outer edges of the secondaries white. Tail
feathers black ; the outer two white, edged with black internally. Bill and
legs black.

Length, 7.30 ; wing, 3.45 ; tail, 3.90 ; bill from nostril, .37 ; tarsus, .86 ;
hind toe and claw, .50.

MotaciUa yarrelli, a closely allied species, by some considered a
variety only, differs in having the rump black, the ashy of the back
glossed with blackish, and with the black edging of the lateral tail
feathers broader.

I have given a description of this species on account of its occur-
rence in Greenland, and thus a member of the Fauna of Xorih
America. The specimen described is from Xiirnberg, Germany.

ANTHUS, Bechst.

Anthus, Bechst. Gemein. Naturg. Deutschl. 1802 (Agassiz). (Type
Alauda spinoletta).—B\mi), Birds N. Am. 1858, 232.

I do not find the generic characters employed by European authors
to subdivide Anthus very satisfactory or constant. They consist
mainly in the varying size of the bill, the relative proportion of the
innermost secondaries to the longer primaries, and that of the hind
claw to the toe proper. In examining series of the North American
species I find considerable variations in this respect among different
individuals : in Neocorys, for instance, one specimen has the longest
secondary equal to the 6th primary ; in another nearly equal to the
4th. Similar differences occur in Anthus ludovicianus, where also
the hind claw is sometimes shorter than the toe itself, sometimes
longer.

The most permanent and appreciable characters seem to be those
based on the length of the outer primaries : thus in one group, to
which we may restrict the name Aitthus, this tip is formed by the

ANTHUS. 153

outer four quills, the fifth being abruptly shorter. To this belong
A. ludovicianus, and the European spinoletta, obscio'us, pratensis,
and cei'vinus. In a second section, of which there appear to be no
American representatives, the tip is formed by the outer three
feathers only, and to it belong arhureus, campestris, and ricJiardi.
Each of these has been made the type of a genus : Fipiastes, Agro-
doma, and Corydalla, respectively, of which the latter has priority
of date. A. arhureus has the hind claw I'ather shorter and more
curved than the rest.

All the American species of Titlark that I have been able to see,
excepting Anfhiis ludovicianus, appear to belong to quite a different
type from the European. First among them is the northern Neo-
corys, much like typical Anthus in the long pointed wings, and the
outer four primaries abruptly longer than the 5th, but differing in
considerably shorter tail, and longer legs, which actually reach the
tip of tail instead of falling considerably short of it. Most of the
South American species again, while mo«t nearly related to Neocorys
in these respects, differ from both Keocoi-ys and Anthus in the less
pointed wings. Here again there are two sections, one with the tip
of the wing formed by four primaries (Xotiocorys) ; the other (Pedio-
corys), in which five primaries enter into this tip, the whole wing,
the inner secondaries especially, apparently unusually broad ; of
this last a specimen from Quito (30,912), doubtfully referred to
A. bogotensis of Sclater, may be considered the type, and to it
belongs another species from Uraguay, which I have not attempted
to identify, as I cannot make it agree with any described species.

Properly, however, to define the characters of the American Tit-
larks will require a more complete series of the species than I have
at present access to, and for the present I merely indicate the sections
above named. If, however, Neocorys be retained as a genus, in dis-
tinction from true Anthus, I cannot well avoid considering the South
American forms as again different, and to leave the whole question
on a basis for further investigation, I propose to make use of all
these names in a subgeneric sense only.

a. Anthus, Bechst.
Anthus ludovicianus.

Alauda ludoviciana, Gii. S. N. I, 1788, 793. — Anthus ludovicianus, Licht.
Verz, 1823, 37 ; also of Audubon & Bonaparte. — Baird, Birds N,
Am. 1858, 232.— CouES, Pr. A. N. S. 1861, 220 (Labrador).— Sclatek,
P. Z. S, 1S5G, 296 (Cordova).— Ib. Catal. 1861, 24, no. 153.— Scl.

154 REVIEW OF AMERICAN BIRDS. [PART I.

& Salv. Ibis, 1850, 9 (Guatemala).— Jones, Nat. in Bermuda, 1859,

29, autumn.— BlakistoiN, Ibis, 1862> 4 (Saskatchewan).
Alauda rubra, Gm. ; Aluuda rufa, Wils. ; Anthus spmoletta, Bon., Aup. ;

Alauda pennsylvanicu, Bkiss. ; ? Alauda peiutsylvunica, Bonn. Encjcl.

Meth. I, 1790, 319.
?MuiaciUa hudsonica, Lath. Ind. Orn. II, 1790, 503. — Vieillot, Encycl.

Meth. II, 1823, 447.
Anthus pennsyhanica, Zander ; Anthus aquaticus, Aud. ; Anthus pipiens,

AuD. ; Anthus n/te«s, Mekreji. ; Anthus reinAarrffu, Holboll, Fauna

Greenland, (ed. Paulsen), 1846, 25 (Greenland).
Figures : Aud. B. A. Ill, pi. 140.— Is. Orn. Biog. I, pi. 80.— Wilson,

V, pi. 89.
Hab. Whole of North America; Greenland ; Bermuda ; south to Orizaba,
Guatemala, and even Peru? Heligoland, Europe. {Galke). Not noted in
West Indies.

In spring the colors are purer than in autumn ; the upper parts
more grayish-brown, especially on the head and nape, lacking almost
entirely the autumnal olivaceous. The reddish tinge of the under
parts seems peculiar to the spring dress. The hill and legs also
appear blacker than in autumn, and the dark streaks on the breast
more confined. The shade of color of the under parts in autumnal
specimens varies considerably from whitish to fulvous, as does also
the size of the spots. Cape St. Lucas specimens are smaller.

An Anthus labelled A. rupestria (obscurus), from Greenland, is
not appiieciably different from true ludocicianus; the legs being
paler merely than in some specimens, and agreeing exactly in this
respect with others. The markings of the tail are precisely the
same. As the obscurus is not recognized by Reinhardt as a Green-
land bird, aud the ludovicianus {reinhardtii of Holboll) is said to
be common, I presume there is an error in the label.

This species has a very wide range, extending over the whole of
North America, and probably far into South America, as there are
specimens in the museum of the Phila. Academy from Peru, which,
in their somewhat defective condition, I am unable to distinguish
from typical ludovicianus. A single instance is recorded of its
occurrence in Europe ; namely, in the island of Heligoland, in the
Korth Sea, where Herr Giitke has found so many stragglers from
America aud Asia, many of them unknown in other parts of Europe.

Specimens are in the collection from various localities throughout
the United States, from the Atlantic to the Pacific coast, as also
from Moose Factory, Rupert House, Grosvater Bay, Labrador, Fort
Good Hope, Fort Simpson, Fort Rae (not received from the Yukon
or Fort Anderson). Others are as follows : —

ANT H us.

155

Smith-
so aian
No.

Collec-
tor's
No.

Sex
and
Age.

Locality.

When

Collected.

Received from

Collected by

18,592?

32,176

32,462

3,398
1S9

d

Greenland.
Cape St. Lucas.
Orizaba, Mex.

Nov. 23, '59.

Copenhagen Mus.

J. Xantus.

Prof. Sumichrast.

J. Xantus.

Prof. Sumichrast.

(18,592?) Labelled A. rupestris.

Autlius pratensis.

Alauda pratensis, Linn. Syst. Nat. 1766, 287. — Arifhuf! pratensis, Bechst.
Deutsch. Viigel, III, 1807, 732.— Keys. & Blas. Wirb. Europas,
1840, 172.— Zander, Cab. Jour. I, extra ed. heft, 1853, 60.— Paul-
sen, ed. HoLBOLL, Faun. Gronlands, 1846, 24. — Reinhakdt, Ibis,
1861, 6. — Newton, Gould's Iceland, 1863.

Figures : Gould's Birds Europe, pi. 136.

Hab. Europe generally ; accidental in Greenland ; common in Lapland
(Newton),

This species in general form resembles the A. ludovicianus, the
fifth primary in both being abruptly and considerably shorter than
the outer four; the bill and legs quite similar. The average size
appears much the same. The upper parts are, however (especially
the head and back), more distinctly streaked with dusky; the edge
and inside of wing greenish-yellow, not white, and the upper plumage
and outer edges of the quills decidedly olive-green. The shafts of
the middle tail feathers above are whitish, not dark-brown ; the under
parts greenish-white, conspicuously streaked with dark-brown. The
bill is dusky, the base and edges paler ; the legs dusky flesh color,
not dark-brown.

I introduce this species here as having been found in Greenland,
although Reinhardt mentions only one instance of its occurrence.
The specimens examined are from Denmark.

b. Neocorys, Sclater.

Neocorys, Sclater, P. Z. S. 1857, 5. (Type Alauda spraguei, AuD.) —
Baird, Birds N. Am. 1858, 233.

Anthus spraguei.

Alauda spraguei, Aud. B. A. VII, 1843, 335, pi. 486. — Agrodoma spraguei,
Baird, Stansbury's Rep. 1852, 329. — Neocorys spraguei, Sclater,
P. Z. S. 1857, 5.— Baird, Birds N. Am. 1858, 234.— Blakiston,
Ibis, 1862, 4 (Saskatchewan).

Hab. Plains of Yellowstone and Upper Missouri to Saskatchewan.

156

REVIEW OF AMERICAN BIRDS.

[part I.

The description of this species, as given in the Birds of North
America, was taken from a type specimen received from Mr. Audu-
bon. A second sliin, collected by Capt. Blakiston on the Forks of
the Saskatchewan, differs in having the tertials nearly as long as
the primaries (about one-tenth of an inch shorter). The hind claw,
too, is considerably longer, measuring .53 of an inch, instead of .46.
In other respects the specimens appear similar. A similar discre-
pancy in length of hind claw is seen in Anthus ludovicianus, where
it is sometimes considerably longer than the toe alone.

Smith-
sonian
No.

1
Collec- Sex
tor's and
No. Age.

Locality.

When
Collected.

Received from

Collected by

1,8S4
16,766

Fort Union, Dae.
Saskatchewan.

1S43.

S. F. Baird.
Capt. Blakiston.

J. J. Audubon.

(1,S84.) Type specimen.

c. NoTiocoRYS, Baird.
Notiocorys, BAipD. (See page 151 of present work.)

Anthus riiftis.

fAlauda rufa, Gm. Syst. Nat. I, 1788, 798 (based on petite Alouette de

Buenos Ayres, Bdff. pi. enl. 738, 1).
? Anthus rufus, Burm. Syst. Uebersicht, III, 1856, 118 (Brazil).
Anthus rufus, Lawkence, Ann. N. Y. Lye. 1861, 322 (Panama R. R.).

Hab. Isthmus Panama (and eastern South America?).

(277, Lawr. coll., % .) Outer four primaries very nearly equal and longest,
the 5th mediate between 4th and 6th. Inner secondaries nearly equal to
primaries. Hind toe and claw nearly equal to the tarsus ; the claw rather
longer than its digit, sharp, moderately curved ; outstretched toes reaching
the end of tail.

Above dusky brown, the feathers edged laterally with pale fulvous ; most
so on the hind neck, least on the middle of the back. Beneath soiled white,
with a faint tinge of yellowish ; perhaps very faintly fulvous on crissum and
on breast. A pale line over the eye ; ear coverts and sides of neck as de-
scribed on the hind ne(!k ; rest of cheeks slightly specked with dusky.
JUgulum and sides of breast, and edge of wing on the inside, with shaft
streaks of dusky, which at the ends widen into arrow-shaped spots. Wing
feathers edged as described, the 1st primary more gray, the secondaries more
olivaceous. Outer tail feathers white, with a streak of dusky along the edge
of inner web for basal half, the next similar, with the dusky streak extending
nearly to the end of the inner web, and nearly as wide as the white portion.
(Third feather wanting in the specimen.) Bill dusky above, pale below, be-
coming darker to the tip ; legs flesh coior.

ANTE us.

15T

Total length, 4.35 ; wing, 2.26 ; tail, 1.94; difference between 1st and 6tli
quills, .32 ; length of bill fronti forehead, .51, from nostril, .35, along gape,
.61; tar.'^us, .77; middle toe and claw, .66; claw alone, .20; hind toe and
claw, .70; claw alone, .40

This species is much like Neocorys spraguei in appearance, though
much smaller (an inch and a half shorter), and with a greenish-yellow
gloss on the under parts, wanting in the former. The coloration is
otherwise very similar. The wings are shorter and not so much
pointed, the 5th quill being half way between the 4th and 6th, instead
of being two-fifths of the total distance from the 6th, and three-fifths
from the 4th. The hind toe and claw are perhaps not quite as long,
but still about equal to the tarsus, "^"^latever, therefore, be the
validity of the genus Neocorys, the N. spraguei appears to be the
nearest relative of the present species, agreeing with it in shorter
tail and longer legs compared with Anthus, but differing from both
in the shorter, more rounded wings.

I am by no means certain of the correctness of identification of
the specimen. No South American birds are, perhaps, in a greater
state of confusion than the Titlarks ; and in the absence of accurate
indications of the proportions of the quills, etc., so necessary in de-
fining species which vary so little in color, it is exceedingly difficult
to come to an accurate conclusion on the subject. It is not at all
improbable that the present species may prove to be undescribed, as
it is its diminutive size, rather than anything else, that has caused
its reference to the Alauda rufa of Gmelin.

Smith- CoUec-

soaiaa
No.

tor's
No.

Sex
Ajje.

Locality.

When
Collected.

Received from

Panama R. R.

Cab. Lawrence.

Collected by

M'Lean. & Galb.

d. Pediocorys, Baird.

Pediocorys, Baird. (See page 151 of the present work.)

Although there are no members of the present section known with
certainty to belong to North or Middle America, I describe the two
South American species before me as a contribution to the history
of the ffenus.

Antlius Ibogotensis.

Anthus boffoiensis, Sclater, P. Z. S. 1S55, 109, pi. 101 ; 1858, 550 (Bo-
gota and Ecuador).

158

REVIEW OF AMERICAN BIRDS.

[part I.

Anthus rtifescens, D'Orb. & Lafr. Mag. Zool. 1S3G.— D'Okb. Voyage,
226 (Bolivia). Not rufescens of Teinminck.

(30,912, Quito.) Plumage very dense and full on the under parts ; wings
broad, their point formed by the outer five primaries, of which the 4th is
lougest ; then 3d, and 5th equal 2d, little shorter; the first .14 shorter than
the 5th, and .20 longer than Gth, about equal to the longest secondary. Tail
moderately forked, rather shorter than the wings. Hind claw quite consider-
ably curved, and short, about eqiial to its digit.

Feathers of upper parts light brownish-yellow, streaked centrally and con-
spicuously with dark-brown ; scarcely appreciable on the wing coverts, which
are more rufous. Ocular regions with under parts pale buff, lighter posteriorly
and on chin and lores ; darker on the inside of the wings. Sides of neck streaked
with dark-brown, and a series of scarcely appreciable dusky spots in the tips
of the feathers across jugulum, very few in number (scarcely more than one
row). Quills broadly edged internally with dull cinnamon. Outer tail feathers
rufous, or brownish-white at tip and for about exterior half, including the
region both sides the shaft ; second feather with slight streaks of the same
along the end of the shaft ; other feathers dark-brown, edged like the back.
Bill brown, whitish at base below. Legs flesh color.

A second specimen (35,035) agrees much better with Dr. Sclater's descrip-
tion, in being paler on the belly and crissum ; darker above ; the hind claw
longer (.55). The wing formula difl'ers in being 2, 3, 1, 4, 5, and the Gth quill
is exactly midway from the 5th and 7th (.17 of an inch).

Total length, 5.75; wing, 3.35; tail, 2.90; length of bill from forehead,
.62, from nostril, .37 ; along gape, .80 ; tarsus, .90 ; middle toe and claw, .83 ;
hind toe and claw, .75 ; claw alone, .40.

Smith-
sonian
No.

Collec-
tor's
No.

Sex
and
Age.

Locality.

1
CoUeVted. Received from Collectedly

30,912
35,03j

Quito, Ecuador.
Ecuador.

C. K. Buckalew.

1 J. Aljhurst.

1

Antlius — .

(21,035, 'J, , Uruguay.) Wings not much longer than the tail ; the rounded
point formed by five outer primaries ; wing formula 3.4=2, 1, 5, the latter
which is one-fourth the distance from 4th to 6th. Inner secondaries rather
shorter than the 5th quill. Feet much as in Neocorys ; the hind claw nearly
straight, rather longer than its digit.

All feathers of upper parts blackish-brown, conspicuously margined on each
side (but not at tips) with brownish-yellow, which becomes grayish towards
the ends (except perhaps on the lower back) ; these margins proportionally
widest on the hind neck. Under parts soiled white, with a pale brownish or
bull' (not yellow) tinge ; palest on throat, crissum, and middle of belly, deepest
on inside of wing and inner margin of quills ; the feathers of jugnlum, upper
breast, and sides of body with conspicuous shaft streaks of blackish-brown ;
feathers on the sides tinged throughout with pale brownish. Loral, ocular.

ANTHUrf.

159

and superciliary region grayisli-wliite ; rest of cheeks speckled with brownish.
The blackish ground color of upper surface of wings almost concealed by the
broad edgings of yellowish-brown, varying in shade of color, and becoming
much paler on the outer primaries, inner secondaries, and greater wing coverts.
Tail feathers dark-brown ; the outer brownish or soiled white on the outer web,
and on the inner web along the shaft from near the base, widening to the end
so as to embrace the tip ; next feather with outer web and a short terminal
streak only white, the remaining feathers narrowly edged externally with the
same. Bill dusky, except at base below ; legs flesh color.

Total length, 5.70 ; wing, 2.95 ; tail, 2.65 ; difference between 3d and 5th
quills, .10 ; between 3d and Gth, .3(3 ; length of bill from forehead, ,56, from
nostril, .35; along gape, .65; tarsus, .90; middle toe and claw, .75; claw
alone, .22 ; hind toe and claw, .96 ; claw alone, .52.

A specimen (26,3(52) which was sold to Dr. Leidy, as from westera
North America, is scarcely distinguishable in any respect, except the
purer white of tail and rather paler colors ; and I am inclined to
think that it really came, like the preceding bird, from Uruguay, as
it is of precisely the same " make up" of skin, and was obtained
from the father of the collector (Chr. Wood), who accompanied
Capt. Page. It is, however, proper to state that a brother of this
same collector (W. S. Wood) obtained many specimens of birds
from the plains east of the Rocky Mountains ; and if the bird in
question really came thence, it will be necessary to introduce the
species into the Fauna of North America.

This species is quite similar in external appearance to Neocorys
spraguei, and of about the same size. The wings are, however,
considerably shorter and more rounded ; the point of the wing
formed by five, not four quills. The legs are much the same. There
is a much greater preponderance of reddish-brown on the upper
parts, and of buff below ; the axillars are brownish, not grayish-
white, and there is much less white (and of less purity) on the tail.

Smith-
sonian
No.

CoHec-

tor's
No.

Sex
and

Age.

Locality.

When
Collected.

Received from

Collected by

21,0.3)
26,362

100

cT

Uruguay.
Uruguay?

Aug. 1S60.

Capt. T. J. Page.
Dr. Leidy.

Chr. Wood.
? ?

IgO REVIEW OF AMERICAN BIRDS. [PART I.

Family SYLYIC0LID^.»

The Syli-icoUdse are essentially characterized among the Oscines
with nine primaries," by their small size, the i>sually slender and
conical insectivorous bill, shorter than the 4iead, without angle in
the gape near the base ; the toes deeply cleft so as to leave the inner
one free almost to its very base (except in Mniotiltese), etc. The
shallow notch at the end of the tongue, instead of a deeply fissured tip,
distinguishes the family from the Gserehidse, to some of which there
is otherwise so great a resemblance. The absence of abrupt hook

• A diagnostic table of families will be given as an appendix to the work.

* Although we speak of the absence of the outer or first primary, and the
presence of nine only as characterizing most of the Oscines, the expression is
not strictly correct, as in all cases where I have made a careful search, I have
never failed to find the first primary in a rudimentary condition. Indeed
the gradation from the very short, though evident spurious primary of some
of the Vireos, to the stage in others of the genus where this primary appears
entirely wanting, is merely the diflerence between its being placed so as to rest
on the inner side of the basal portion of the shaft of the outer large feather
or moved round so as to lie on its outer side. It occupies the terminal
joint of the wing, just as when well developed, and is only overlooked be-
cause confounded with the coverts of the primaries. Its presence can easily
be demonstrated by comparing the wing of a Thrush, with distinct first pri-
mary, and that of a Sparrow, Swallow, or other bird, in which this primary is
wanting (very well seen in Qaiscalus). In the Thrush, for instance, there will
be seen the usual coverts on the outside of the primaries, each one with its
sheath inserted into that of the corresponding primary, and resting a little on
the external side of the barrel of the quill. The first quill lacks a covert ;
all the rest, nine in number, have one each. The first covert is usually much
shorter than the rest, and stands singly when there is a distinct, though
abbreviated first primary, as in Titrdus. In a Sparrow, however, or Quisralus,
there appears to be a second short covert, immediately beneath the one just
referred to, but which, on examination, is seen to occupy the true place of the
deficient first primary. Whenever, therefore, there are apparently only nine
primaries, it is probable that two of these short stiff feathers will be found,
and with ten distinct primaries only one will be found. When there is any
peculiar coloration of the primaries, not seen in the other feathers of the
wing, this second of the short feathers will have it, and not the outside one,
as will be referred to more particularly hereafter, especially under Vireo
flnrifrons.

SYLVICOLID.E. 161

and notch in both mandibles separates it from such of the Vireonidse
as have nine primaries. To the I'miagridse, through the slender-
billed forms as Chlorospingus, Nemosia, Ghlorochrysa, etc., the
relationship is very close ; so much so that, by many, both families
are included in one. What the real differences are, I may hereafter
be able to point out more satisfactorily than I can at present.

The American Motacillidda are distinguished by the emargination
of the outer, and the great elongation of the inner secondaries, as well
as by other features referred to under that family. Anthns, in par-
ticular, differs in the lengthened and slightly curved hind claw.

There is, perhaps, no family to which the relationship is closer
than to the Gserebidse. Of equally small size, and, to some extent, of
a somewhat similar style of coloration, it is not to be wondered at
that many species in each family have been indifferently assigned to
either. The genus Helminthoi^haga, for instance, can scarcely be
so defined as to distinguish it from Coniro strum, excepting by the
characters of the tongue, so rarely preserved in a skin. What the
external features of distinction are, I hope to show hereafter. I am
by no means sure that some species even now retained among the
Sylvicolidx would not be more appropriately placed in Gserebidse,
as Helminthophaga hachmani, Panda gufturalis, etc.

The tongue in the SylvicoUdse is horny for the greater portion of
its extent ; more or less deeply bifid at the tip for about one-fourth
or one-fifth the length, the branches fringed or lacerated along their
external margin. It is short and rather broad at the base, and not as
extensible, as in the Gserebidse. The essential difference in structure
from that of the Gserebidse seems to be that, in some of the latter,
as Glossiptila and Gerihiola, there is a second vertical plane erected
along the inner edge of the bifm-cation or division of the tip of the
tongue, and more or less perpendicular to it, Avhich is itself lacerated
or fringed, so as to increase materially the size of the terminal brush.
In Ghlorophanes and Dacnis this vertical plane is folded outward
upon the horizontal lamina, and perhaps partially or entirely ad-
herent, and thickening considerably the inner portion of the fork.
The primary bifurcation of the tongue, however, in all the Gserebidse,
is also much deeper (about one-third the whole length), and the
lateral fringe extends much further along the base. There are other
differences in the tongues of the Gserebidse, of generic import, which
will hereafter be dwelt on more at length.

To the general character of the tongue in the Sylmcolidse, however,
that of "Deyidroica iigrina^^ forms a striking exception in its approxi-
mation to the Gserebine character, especially that of GeiHhiola. The

11 November, 1864.

162 REVIEW OF AMERICAN BIRDS. [PART I.

tongue, in this instance, is much longer, and narrower than usual;
bifid for more than one-third its length, and fringed at the end, much
as in Certhiola. It differs from other Sylvicolidse, also, in having
the sides of the tongue, from the middle, folded over and down on
the upper surface, though not adherent, nor does the lap extend quite
to the tip. This characteristic of the fold, and the absence of a ver-
tical fimbriated lamina adherent to the inner edge of the horizontal
bifurcation of the tongue, appears essentially peculiar to this bird.

This difference of the tongue in "Dendroica tigrina'^ is so funda-
mentally great, as compared with all other Sylvicolidse, that were
the other characteristics of seasonal changes of plumage, geographi-
cal distribution and migration, pattern of coloration, etc. more
similar, it would almost warrant our removing it to another family,
if not making it the type of a new one. As it is, it becomes neces-
sary to establish a new genus (Perissoglossa) for it, left now among
the Sylvicolidse, but perhaps hereafter to be transferred elsewhere.

The following diagrams of tongues of some of the Cserebidse,
Sylvicolidse, and Vireonidee have been drawn, at my request, on
wood under the microscope by Dr. W. Stimpson ; to whom, also, I
am indebted for the accompanying remarks' relative to their charac-

' " The tongues are all fissured, or bifid at the extremity, by a slit of variable
depth ; one-third the length of the tongue in Glossiptila, Certhiola, and Perisso-
glossa, but only one-sixth its length in Vireo ; in the others averaging about
one-fourth its length. By this slit two forks are formed, which are depressed,
corneous, laminiform, and incised along the extremity and outer edge by
more or less numerous fissures which form a fringe of flattened setje con-
tiguous at base, but becoming narrowed and thus separately projecting in the
same plane at their extremities. The lateral setae are transverse or even
curved backward in Glossiptila, but point obliquely forward in all the other
species.

"The inner edge of the fork is always much thicker than the external
laminar expansion, and generally ends in a sharp spine, far stronger than the
proximate setae. But in Glossiptila and Certhiola this inner edge is itself
expanded upward into a narrow lamina, which is either in a plane perpen-
dicular to the lateral expansion or folded over toward it, and this second
lamina is also divided into oblique or longitudinal setae toward its extremity.
At the extremity of the fork the two laminae are confluent, continuous, and
regularly fimbriated around the curve.

" In Certhiola and Perissoglossa the sides of the tongue at the base of the
forks are folded over and inward, but in Certhiola the folds are soldered down
■ to the base and inner edge of the forks ; while in Perissor/hssa they are not
soldered, but open outward again anteriorly before the edges become fimbri-
ated, so that the extremity of this tongue (,Perisso(jlossa) is broad, and the
Setae nearly longitudinal.

SYLVICOLID^.

163

teristics as thcj appeared to him from a purely microscopical point
of view.

]

1. Glossi}}tila rnficollis. Jamaica.

2. CerUiiola baJiamensis. Nassau.

3. (yUorophanes atricapUla. Trinidad.

4. Dncnis cayana. "

5. Perissoglostsa tigrincu Nassau.

6. Dendroicn striaia. Nassau.

7. Helmhithophagacelata. Arctic America.

8. Teretristis fornsii. Cuba.

9. Vireu barhatula. Nassau.

The following figures represent one branch of the bifurcated tip
of each tongue more highly magnified. The references are the same
as iu the preceding figures.

Nos. 2, 3, 4, and 6 were drawn from alcoholic specimens ; 1, 5, 7, S, and 9 from tongues
removed from the dried skin, and therefore perhaps not perfectly accurate.

" The base of tlie tongue is bifid and armed with teeth pointing backward
to prevent the escape of food. The largest teetli are at the extremities of the
two points. In Certhtola, Perissoglossa, Dendroica, and Teretristis the teeth
are all sharp, with the intermediate teeth nearly as large as the terminal
ones, and there are two or three teeth on the outer sides of the points. In
Glossiptila there is only one tooth on these outer edges. Vireo differs from
all the rest in having a broad and shallow excavation between the two points,
which are short, stout, and blunt; and the edge of this excavation is armed
■with very minute, equal teeth, while there are no true teeth on the outer
edges of the points." — Stimpson,

lC)i REVIEW OF AMERICAN BIRDS. [PART I.

Ill further illustration of the character of the tongue in the Sylvi-
colidse, I here present the result of an examination of alcoholic
specimens of other families, some of these, unfortunately, in poor
condition.

TuRDiD^ : Tardus migratorius and sivainsoni have the tongue
rather acute, and fleshy, with horny edges and tip, Avhich is almost
entire or very slightly bifid, and its sides very little, if at all, lacerated.

Saxicolid^ : Sialia sialic. Tongue similar to last, perhaps still
less lacerated.

Sylviid^ : Begulus safrapa. Tongue rather broad ; very slightly
lacerated around the ends of the horny part, but apparently not bifid.

These three families seem to agree pretty well in having the tongue
either entire at the end, or very slightly' bifid or notched, with the
edges nearly entire. The appearance of laceration may, to a con-
siderable extent, be due to the softening of the membranes of the
horny portion of the tongue, which allows the apparently fibrous
basis to be liberated around the edges.

In the Motacillidse and SylvicoUdas the tongue differs in being
more horny, more deeply bifid at tip, and the outer edges and tip
of the two portions lacerated or coarsely divided into a fringe, usu-
ally in the ends, to a less degree on the sides, and in a direction
nearly parallel with the axis of the tongue, or radiating from the
bottom of the notch. The horny part of the tongue is quite con-
siderable, and the notch involves generally about one-third or one-
fourth of it (less of the entire tongue). In making this generaliza-
tion I have examined the following species : —

]MoTACiLLiD.a: : Anthus ludovicianus.

Sylvicolid^: MniotiUa varia ; Panda americana ; Profo-
notaria cib^ea ; Geothlypis irichas ; Icteria virens ; Teretrisiis
fornsii ; Seiurus aurocapillus and novehoracensis ; Dendroica
virens, canadensis, coronata, hlackhurnia, castanea, pennsylvanica,
striata, sestiva, macidosa, ^^tigrina,'''' 2^cih^'icirum, discolor ; Helmintho-
phaga celata and ruficapiUa ; Myiodioctes mitratus, j)'^(siUus, cana-
densis ; SetojjJiaga ruticilla — twenty-six species in all. I have not
had the opportunity of examining any species of Helmitherus or
Oporornis ; nor of Dendroica superciliosa, which I much regret.*

' I am indebted to Prof. Agassiz for the opportunity of examining Helmin-
thophaga riificapilla.

SYLVICOLID^, 165

Icteria and Teretristis do not differ from the rest, although it has
been suggested to phice the latter geuus in Ceerebidae.

The Parid^ (Farus septentrionalis, Auriparus fiaviceps, Psal-
triparus minimus, Sitta canadensis) have the tongue thicker and
more fleshy than in Sylcicolidae ; only moderately horny at ends and
tips, and only slightly bifid and lacerated, much less than in Sylvico-
lidse, and about as in Turdidse, but less horny.

The HiRUNDiNiD^ {H. horreorum and bicolor) have the tongue
short, broad, triangular, quite fleshy, with a shallow notch at end, the
sides scarcely or not at all lacerated.

The YiREONiD^ (F. crassirostris and harhatula) have the tongue
more like the Paridse than the Sylficolidse.

The characteristics of C.^rebid.e, as far as I have been able to
examine their tongues, I have already referred to in detail. The
other families of Oscines will hereafter be referred to.

In the Tyrannid^ the tongues of JIuscivora viexicana, Pifangus
derbianus, and Todirostrum are horny for most of their length,
nearly linear, or gently tapering to a blunt, almost truncated tip,
which is not bifid, but has several shoi't incisions in the end.

In the ToDiD^ the tongue of Todiis viridis is broad and linear
to the blunt tip (shaped like the bill), and throughout horny, thin-
edged and entire.

In GALBULiDiE a Galbula from South America has the tongue
equally horny, but long, narrow, tapering gently to a point, and
without any incision whatever.

In the " Birds of North America" I have dwelt at much length
upon the characters by which the North American genera of St/Ivico-
lidse are distinguished, and refer to that work for particulars, repro-
ducing here only some of the diagnostic tables, with a few modifica-
tions. These can doubtless be much improved ; but I have not time
at present to attempt to work them over again, and must content
myself here with dwelling in detail only on the forms of Middle and
South America. It will be noticed hereafter that while the Sylvico-
linas proper belong essentially to North America, it is in Middle and
South America that the Setophaginae have the greatest development.

The following synopsis is an attempt at defining the higher sub-
divisions of the Sylvicolidse. In the large numl^er of species, their
close relationships, and the very gradual transition from one form to
another, I have found it very difficult to make any arrangement by

166 REVIEW OF AMERICAN BIHDS. [PART I.

which one unacquainted with the subject can readily determine the
group to which a species or genus may belong.

Bill conical ; its bristles very short, or u-aniiiir;,

Sylvicolinae. Bill conical, or about as higli as wide, or even
higher, opposite the nostrils. Gape with short bristles, not
reaching beyond the nostrils or none. Tip of bill not hooked ;
with or without a faint notch ; commissure nearly straight.
Wings long and pointed ; considerably longer than the
narrow, nearly even tail. Legs short and weak ; tarsi not
as long as the head (except in Mniotilta).

Uas^l joint of inner toe adherent for its basal half; basal
Joint of outer toe, and part of the next, adherent (in all
other SyhicoUdce the inner toe cleft nearly to the base,
and second joint of outer toe free). Hind toe lengthened,
nearly equal to the middle ; the digit considerably longer
than the claw. Creeping Warblers. Genera : Mniotilta,
Panda ......... JIniotiltece.

Hind toe but little, if any, longer than the lateral ; tJie
digit about equal to the claw.

Bill entirely without notch, except Proton otarius ;
no rictal bristles. Swamp Warblers. Genera : Pro-
tonotarius, Helminthophaga, Helmitherus . . Vennivorece.

Bill notched. Rictus with distinct bristles, reaching
nearly to the nostrils. Wood Warblers. Genera :
Perissoglossa, Dendroica ..... Sylvicolecc.

Geothl3rpinae. Bill much as in Sylvicolince ; with distinct notch ;
slender, or stout, the culmen gently curved ; the commis-
sure nearly straight. Legs much developed ; tarsi longer
than the skull. Bristles of rictus short, but appreciable.
Ground Warblers.
Wings pointed ; longer than the nearly even tail. Genera :

Seiurus, Oporornis ....... Seuirece.

Wings much rounded ; shorter than the graduated tail.

Genus : Geothlypis ....... Geothlypece.

Icterianae. Bill without notch, or rictal bristles. Culmen and
commissure much curved. Wings much rounded ; shorter
than the tail.

Bill very high. Tail graduated. Outer toe deeply cleft.

Genera : Icteria, Granatellus ...... Icteriece.

Bill slender. Tail nearly even. Outer toe adherent for

basal half. Genus : Teretristis ..... Teretristece.

MNIOTILTA. 1C7

Bill depressed; rictus ivith lomj hrislles.

Setophaginae. Bill miich depressed ; considerably broader than
high ; the tip more or less hooked, with distinct notch.
Bristles lengthened, reaching half way or more from the
nostrils to tip of bill.

The synopsis of the sections and generic characters of the Seto-
johaginse will be found further on under the head of that subfamily.

As already remarked, the species of Sylvicolidse, as here re-
stricted, are all of very small size, scarcely exceeding six inches in
length, usually less ; Icteria alone is larger.

S0BFAMILY SYLVIC0Lm.a3,

MNIOTILTA, ViEiLL.

Mniotilta, ViEiLLOT, Analyse, ISIG, 45. (Type Figuier varie% Buff.
(^Motacilla varia, Lixx.)).

M^niotilta varia.

MotaciUa varia, LiXN. S. N. 1, 1766, 333. — Cerihia varia, Vieillot ; Au-
dubon.— Mniotilta varia, Vieillot, Gal. Ois. I, 1834, 276, pi. 169.
— AuD., GossE. — Baied, Birds N. Am. 1858, 235. — Sclatek, P. Z. S.

1858, 298 (Oaxaca, Xalapa) ; 1859, 363 (Xalapa) ; 1855, 143 (Bo-
gota) ; 1856, 291 (Cordova) ; 1864, 172 (City of Mex.).— Ib. Catal.
1861, 25, no. 162.— Scl. & Salv. Ibis, 1859, 10 (Guatemala).— New-
Tox, Ibis, 1859, 143 (Santa Crnz ; winter).— Cab. Jour. Ill, 475 (Cuba ;

winter). — Bryant, Pr. Bost. Soc. 1859 (Bahamas; April 20).

GossE, Birds Jam. 134 (Jamaica; winter). — .Jones, Nat. Bermuda,

1859, 29 (October).— Cab. Jour. 1860, 328 (Costa Rica).— Law-
rence, Ann. N. Y. Lye. 1861, 322 (Panama R. R. ; winter).—
GuNDL. Cab. Jouru. 1861, 326 (Cuba; very common).

Certhia maculata, WiLS. — Mniotilta borealis, Nutt.

Mniotilta varia, var. longirostris, Baied, Birds N. Am. 1858, xxxi, no.

167.— Ib. Catal. in 8vo. 1859, no. 167*.
Figures: Aud. Orn. Biog. V, pL 90; Birds Am. II, pi. 114. — Wilson,

Am. Orn. Ill, pi. xix.

Hab. Eastern province of North America, and north to Fort Simpson.
Both coasts of Mexico (as far north as Mazatlan, on west side), and south-
ward to Bogota. Whole West Indies and Bermuda.

Localities quoted. Bahamas ; Bermuda ; Cuba ; .Jamaica ; Santa Cruz ; W.
Indies ; Cordova, Xalapa, Oaxaca, Mex. ; Guatemala ; Panama R. R. ; Bo^^ota.

168

REVIEW OF AMERICAN BIRDS.

[part I.

I have notliing especial to add to the account of this species con-
tained in the " Birds of Xorth America," except to say that the
diii'ereuces there referred to in the length of the bill are seen in the
more recent specimens, and belong more particularly to southern
sliins. Dr. Brewer considers the eggs of the southern bird so differ-
ent as to warrant their specific separation. I find it, however, very
difficult to express the differences other than as consisting iu longer
bill and less degree of black beneath.

This species is remarkable as occurring at Mazatlan and Colima,
and not in California or the Rocky Mountains.

Sraith-

CoUec-

Sex

When

Collected.

soniaa

tor's

aiul

Locality.

Received from

Collected by

No.

No.

Age.

32,622

997

Fort Simpson.

May 28, '61.

B. R. Ross.

iSies.*

,-r

Porlsmouth, N. H.

Dr. E. Coues.

4,6S0

Mo. ofVermiliou.

May 5.

Lt. Warren.

Dr. llayden.

68

rr

Carlisle, Pa.

May, 1839.

S F Baird.

10,10j

South Illinois.

April.

R. Keniiicott.

32,227

rf

Liberty County, Ga.

Prof. Leconte.

S,673

C^ape Florida.

Sept. 2.3, '57.

G. Wuidemann.

22,145

y

Spauishtowu, Jam.

W. T. M.uch.

24.356

26

f<

"

Nov. 4, '61.

'■

23,308

d"

Trelawney, Jam.
Santa Cruz.

Jan. 1.3, '59.
Mar. 21, '57.

Dr. Sclater.
Alfred Newton.

W. O.sburn.

23,516

rf

Moate Veide, Cuba.

Jan. 17, '61.

Chas. Wright.

34,019

126

Mazatlau.

A. J. Grayson.

29.357

122

H"

Coliiua, Max.

Feb. 1S63.

John Xautus.

30.666

179

Retaleuleu, Guat.

Sept. 1862.

0, Salvin.

Salvin & Godraan.

30,667

177

Dueua.s, Guat.

"

34,102

<^

Punta Arena.s, C. R.

Jan. 1864.

Capt. Dow.

33,268

ei

Sau Jo.se, C. II.

Dr. V. Frantzius.

34,646

d-

Angostura, C. R.

Mar. 9, '64.

J. Carniol.

PARULA, Bon.

Chloris, BoiE, Isis, 182(3, 972 (not of MffiiiRiNG, 1752). (Type Parus

americanus, L.)
Sijlvicola^ SwAiNsoN, Zool. Jour. Ill, July, 1827, 160 (not of Humphrey,

Mus. Calonnianum, 1797, 60). (Same type.)
Panda, Bon., Geog. Cotnp. Cat. 1838. (Same type.)
Compsothlypis, Cab. Mus. Hein. 1850-51, 20. (Same type.) (Panda

rejected as contrary to the Linniean canons of nomenclature.)

If Moehring's genera are rejected as made prior to the establish-
ment of the Linntean binomial nomenclature, and by a non-binomial
author, there is, perhaps, no reason why Boie's name Chloris should
not be adopted for this group. I, however, leave the matter in
abeyance for the present.

PARULA. 1G9

The following synopsis may aid in determining the species of
Panda : —

A. Color above plumbeous blue, with a triangular interscapular

patch of olive ; beneath yellow anteriorly. Lateral tail
feathers with a square patch of white on inner webs.

Yellow reaching only to breast. Feathers of jugulum

clouded with dark brownish. Eyelids only white.

White patches on three lateral tail feathers. Two white

bands on wings amerlcana.

Yellow extending over the belly. Jugulum only slightly

varied with ochraceous. No white on side of head.

white patches on two lateral tail feathers. Two white

bands on wings. Forehead and lores black . . . pityatjumi.
Similar to last, but without white on the wings. Jugulum

not ochraceous ........ inornata.

B. Above ashy. No white on wings and tail, except on inner

margins of lateral tail feathers. Beneath yellow or red
anteriorly.

From chin to breast yellow, with a well defined brown
crescent on throat. Whole back olivaceous. A stripe
over eye, and eyelids white ...... siiperciliosa.

From chin to jugulum plain orange-red. A crescentic
saddle of black on the back. Ko white on side of head.
Lores black ......... (juituralls.

Pariila aniericana.

Parus americanns, Linn. S. N. 10th ed. I, 1758, 190. — Motacilla am,
Gmelin. — Sylvia am. Lath., Aitd. — Sylvicola am. Rich., Aud. —
Jones, Nat. in Bermuda, 1839, 59. — Panda am. Box. List Birds N. A.
1838. — GossE, Birds Jam. 1847, 154 (Jamaica). — Baikd, Birds N.
Am. 1858, 238.— ScLATER, P. Z. S. 1857, 202 (Xalapa).— Ib. Ibis,
1859, 10 (Guatemala).— Ib. CataL 1861, 26, 163.— Newton, Ibis,
1859, 143 (Santa Cruz; winter).— Cassin, Pr. A. N. S. 1860, 376
(St. Thomas). — GnNDLAcn, Cub. Jour. 1861, 326 (Cuba; very com-
mon\. — Compsothlypis am. Cab. Mus. Hein. 1850, 20. — Ib. Jour. Ill,
1855, 476 (Cuba).

Ficedula ludoviciana, Brisson. — MotacUla lud. Gm. — Motacilla eqnes,
BoDD. — Sylvia torquata, Vieill. — lliryothorus torq. Stephens.—
Sylvia pusitlu, Wils. — Sylvicola pus. Swains.

Figures : Aud. Orn. Biog. I, pi. xv. — Ib. B. A. II, pi. 91. — Vieill. Ois.
Am. II, pi. 99. — Wils. Am. Orn. IV, pi. xxviii. — Buffon, pi. enl.
731, fig. 1 ; 709, fig. 1.

Hab. Eastern province of United States, north to the Lakes, west to the
Missouri Valley ; in winter south to Guatemala (not seen on the west coast
of Mexico). West Indies ; Bahamas ; Cuba ; Jamaica ; St. Croix ; St. Thomas.

no

REVIEW OF AMERICAN BIRDS.

[part I.

Smith-

Collec-

Sex

When
Collected.

soQian

No.

tor's
No.

and

Age.

Locality.

Received from

Collected by

22,301

Halifax, N. S.

W. G. Winton.

2,219

cf

Carlisle.

May 3, '4.5.

S. F. Baird.

338

V

"

May 1, '41.

8,617

Cape Florida.

Sept. 27, '57.

G. Wurdemann.

4,671

Mo. of Platte River.

April 27,'56.

Lt Warren.

Dr. Hayden.

29,629

V

Fermina, Cuba.

Feb. IS.

C. Wriirht.

24,341

3j

d

Spanishtown, Jam.
Santa Crnz.

Nov. 6, '61.
Mar. 24, '57.

W. T. March.
A. & E. Newton.

30,669

132

Coban, Vera Paz.

Nov. IS, '59.

0. Salviu.

Salvin&Godman.

Pariila pitiayuiui.

Sylvia pitiayumi, Vieillot, Nouv. Diet. II, 1816, 276. — Compsothhjpis,
pit. Cab. Mus. Hein. 21. — Parula pit. Sclatek, Cat. 26, no. 165.

Sylvia venusta, Temm. PL Col. 293, fig. 1.— D'Okb. Voy. IV, 1844; Ois.
218. — Sylvicola ven. Bdrm. Uebers. Ill, 116.

Sylvia plumbea, Swatns. Zool. 111. II, 1821-2, pi. 139.

Panda hrasiliana, Bon. Consp. 1850, 310.— Sclater, P. Z. S. 1859, 137;
1860, 213.—Compsothlypis bras. Sclater, P. Z. S. 1855, 143 (Bogota).

Hab. Soutli America, generally to Paraguay ; Ecuador ; Bogota ; Trinidad.

(20,972.) Above plurubeous-bhie, with a patch of olive-green in middle of
back, as in P. amcricana. Beneath rich yellow ; slightly ochraceous on the
jugulum ; the inside of wings, anal region, and crissum snowy white. Frontal
band and loral region black ; ears dusky. Two patches of white on the wing.
A square patch of white on inner web of outer tail feather near the end ; a
smaller one on the next feather. Females scarcely dififerent, though duller
and smaller.

Length, 4.25 ; wing, 2.15 ; tail, 2.00.

Tliis species differs from P. americana, to which it is nearly allied,
by the greater extension backwards of a deeper yellow, and absence
of the decided brown mark of jugulum ; the black frontal and loral
patch ; less amount of white on wing, and the spots on tail not ex-
tending to the third feather.

A specimen from Trinidad, belonging to Mr. Xewton, has the
breast and jugulum more ochraceous than any other before me.

Smith-, Collec-

souian tor's

No. No.

Sex
and
Age.

Locality.

When
Collected.

Received from

Collected by

20,972
16,33.5
1,819
32,698
24,967
30,612

56
99

40,430

?
?

Parana River.
Brazil.

Bogota.
Triuidad.

Mar.. 1S60.
Aug. 1S.59.

Capt. Page.

S. F. Baird.
Verreaux.
L. de Geofroy.
m; Galody.

C. Wood.

PARULA.

in

Parula inornata.

Panda inornata, Baikd.

Parula brasiliana, Sclater & Salt. Ibis, 1860, 397 (Coban, Guatemala).
Not of Light.
Hab. Guatemala and Costa Rica.

By the kindness of Mr. Salvin I have been enabled to examine a
specimen of the supposed F. pitiayumi, from Guatemala (no. 18T
(1,488) Salvin's coll., Choctun, Vera Paz, Jan. 1860), and find that
it differs sufficiently from the South American bird to entitle it to a
specific name. Mr. Salvin's specimen is probably a female ; but
compared with females of the old species it is decidedly smaller, the
tail especially, and with its feathers narrower. The tarsi are shorter.
The under parts are paler yellow, with very little or no ochraceous
on the breast. The edge of the wing is blue, not white, and the
wing lacks the two sharply defined white bands across the coverts —
their presence being only indicated by a scarcely appreciable lighten-
ing of the blue in the region of the bands.

Total length, 4.20 ; wing, 1.95 ; tail, 1.75 ; width of outer feather, .20 ;
length of bill from forehead, .45, from nostril, .29 ; tarsus, .62 ; middle toe
and claw, .48 ; hind toe and claw, .37.

The comparison of this specimen has been made with an extensive
series of P. pitiayumi, from Bogota, Trinidad, Brazil, and Paraguay.

Note. — Since writing the preceding article, specimens received
from Mr. Carmiol fully substantiate the distinctness of the Central
American Bird. One of these shows a little whitish on the edges of
the greater coverts, but none on the median.

Smith-

CoUec-

Sex

Bouian

tor's

and

No.

No.

Age.

1S7>

1,4S8 I

34,649

V

3.3,221

rT

35,222

V

Locality.

Choctun, Vera Paz.

Ang-ustura, C. K.
Dota, C. R.

When
Collected.

Jan. 1S60.

Mar. S, '04.
Aug. 27, '64.

Eeceived from

Cab. 0. Salvin.
J. Carmiol.

Collected by

Parula superciliosa.

Conirostrum siiperciliostt7n, Haetlaub, R. Z. 1844, 215 (Guatemala). —
Parula superciliosa, Sclater, P. Z. S. 1858, 299. — Ib. Catal. 1861,
26, no. 164.— Sclater & Salvin, Ibis, I, 1859, 10.
Parula mexicana, Bon. Consp. 1850, 310. — Compsotlilypis mexicana,
Cabanis, Mus. Hein. 1850, 21.
Hah. Mexico (La Parada, Oaxaca, Orizaba) ; Guatemala.

Upper parts ashy ; interscapulum and whole back, except upper tail coverts,
olive-green ; this color tinging the lesser wing coverts. Beneath, from chin

172

REVIEW OF AMERICAN BIRDS.

[part I,

to breast, yellow ; posterior to this whitish, the sides tinged with ashy. A
brown or chestnut crescent across the throat. Line from bill over the eye
along side of head, with eyelids, white. No white markings on wing and tail.
Length, 4.50; wing, 2.45; tail, 2.20; tarsus, .67.

I have seen no skins marked female, but ■what I consider to be
such differ only in a smaller patch of brown on the throat.

Smith- Collec-

souian I tor's

2io. No.

10,155 I
32,G96 UO.SOO
32,-16.5 1,1.J9

Sex
and
Aire.

Locality.

Wheu
Collected.

Received from

Collected by-

Mexico.

" [rpsrion.)
Orizaba. {Alpiae

J. Gould.
Verreaux.
Prof. Sumichrast.

Parula gutturalis.

Compsothlypis (gutturalis, Cab. Jour. Om. 18G0, 329 (Costa Rica).

(30,499.) Above ashy plumljeous ; the whole interscapulum crossed by a
black crescent, the convexity posterior and extending a short distance down
the back. Beneath, from chin to breast, bright orange-red ; rest of under
parts, including lining of wings, white ; the sides and concealed centres of the
crissum light plumbeous. Lores and cheeks below line of the eye blackish.
Quills blackish ; tail feathers not so dark, edged externally with the plumbe-
ous of the upper parts. The inner webs of lateral tail feathers narrowly
edged with white. No other white markings whatever on the wings and tail,
and none appreciable on the side of head. Bill black, yellow at the base
beneath ; legs plumbeous brown.

Total length, 4.80 ; wing, 2.55 ; tail, 2.20 ; length along culmen, .50 ; from
nostril, .33 ; tarsus, .72; middle toe and claw, .56 ; hind toe and claw, .40;
claw alone, .22.

This — one of the most beautiful of the American Warblers — is
so peculiar in coloration as not to require any comparison. It re-
sembles Dendroica hlackhurnia in the coloration of the throat, but
is otherwise very different. The specimen upon which the species
was based by Dr. Cabanis, was probably a female, or else in autumnal
dress.

It is not at all impossible that anatomical examination may show
this species to be more nearly related to the Cserebidse than to the
Sylvicolidae.

Smith- C.iUec-: Sex

soniaa tor's aud

No. No. 1 Atte.

Locality.

Whpn
Collected.

Received from

Collected by

30,404 14
3o,220

Costa Rica. [C. R. (
cT Raucho Redondo, Sept. 17, '64

Dr. Frantzius.
J. Carmiol.

J. Carmiol.

PROTOXOTARIA.

1T3

PROTONOTARIA, Baikd.
Protonotaria, Baikd, Birds N. Am. 1858, 239. (Tyjje Motacilla citrea, Bodd.)

Protoiiotaria citrea.

Motacilla citrea, Bodd. Tabl. 1783 (PI. enl. 704, fig. 2).— Protonotaria
citrea, Baikd, Birds N. Am. 1858, 239.— Sclatek, Catal. 1861, 26,
no. 166. — GuNDL. Cub. Jour. 1861, 324 (Cuba; very rare).— i7eZ-
minthophaga citrea, Cab. Jour. 1861, 85 (Costa Rica).

Motacilla protonotarius, Gm. — Sylvia prat. Lath. — Vieill. Ois. Am. Sept.
II, pi. Ixxxiii. — Wilson, Am. Orn. Ill, pi. sxiv, fig. 2. — Aud. Orn.
Biog. II, pi. iii. — Vermivora prot. Bon. — Helinaia prot. Acd. — Ilel-
mitherus prot. Bon. — Compsothlypis prot. Cab. Jour.

Motacilla auricollis, Gmel. I, 1788, 984. — Sylvia aur. Lath., etc. (based
on Le Grand Figiiicr du Canada, Brisson, Ois. Ill, 1760, 508, pi.
xxvi, fig. 1). Female. — Sylvicola aur. Nutt. Man. I, 1840, 431.

Hah. Eastern province of U. S. (southern region) ; Cuba, Costa Rica, and,
Panama R. R. IS'ot recorded from Mexico or Guatemala. Accidental in New
Brunswick (G. A. Boardman in letter).

Smith-

Collec-

Sex

sonian

tor's

and

No.

No.

Age.

10,112

7,516

18,681

12.146

34,102

d

Locality.

S. Illinois.
Independence, Mo.
Neosho Falls, Kans.
Cherokee Nation.
Punta Arenas, C. R.
Panama.

When
Collected.

May 9.
1857.

June 25.
Jan. 1864.
1863.

Received from

R. Kennicott.
W. Jf. JIagraw.
B F. Goss.
Dr. Woodhouse.
Capt. J. M. Dow.
Cab. Lawrence.

Collected by

Dr. J. G. Cooper.

(34,102.) Iris dark chestnut.

HELMINTHOPHAGA, Cabanls.
Ilehninthophaga, Cab. Mus. Hein. 1, 1S50-1, 20. (Type Sylvia ruJicapiUa, Wils.)

The discovery, since tlie article on Helminthophaga in " Birds 2^.
Am." was written, of two new species, allied to ruficapiUa, in having
a concealed brown patch in the crown, renders a new diagnosis de-
sirable of section B.

B. Tail without any conspicuous white patch, and wings without
light bands.

Concealed patch in crown orange-brown. Color uniformly

olive-green above and yellowish beneath . . . celata.
Concealed patch in crown chestnut-brown.

Olive-green above ; the head and neck ashy. Beneath,

including lining of wings, bright yellow. Wing and

tail feathers edged with olive ..... nijicapilla.

Cinereous above ; the rump and crissum yellowish.

Beneath, with lining of wings, dirty white, tinged

174

REVIEW OF AMERICAX BIRDS.

[r.lRT I.

with yellow on throat aud breast. Wing and tail
feathers edged with ashy virglnke.

Cinereous above ; whitish beneath. Upper tail coverts
chestnut-brown, as in the vertex. A dull patch of
white on outer tail feather ..... luclcc.
No concealed patch in the crown.

Olive above ; the head and neck ashy. Beneath, with
lining of wing, white. A dull patch of white on
outer tail feather ....... pcregrina.

From an examination of the recorded localities of Helminthophaga
it will be seen that, of the eight known species, one (celafa) belongs
to the western and middle provinces — straggling into the eastern,
especially along its borders ; two (virginise and Incise) are confined
to the southern region of the middle province ; while the other five
belong exclusively to the eastern province, most of them rather
southern in their range. Of these five, pinus and ruficapilla have
no West Indian localities given ; the others, cTiryaoptera, bachmani,
aud peregrina are very rare there, and found only in Cuba. Their
distribution in Mexico and Central America is varied ; but they
hardly belong at all to western Mexico. The most notable feature
in the distribution of both Hehninthopjhaga and HelmUherus, is
their not occurring in the West Indies at all except in Cuba, which
may be merely a stepping stone in the migration between Florida
and Central America, by way of Yucatan.

Helmintliopliiaga pinus.

Certhla pinus, Linn. Syst. Nat. 1, 1766, 187. — Syhia pinus, Lath., Vieill.

(not of Wilson). — Helminthophaga pinus, Baird, Birds N. Am. 1858,

254. — ScLATER & Salvin, Ibis, I, 1859, 11 (Guatemala). — Sclater,

Catal. 1861, 28, no. 176.
Sylvia solitaria, Wilson, Am. Orn. II, pi. xv. — Aud. Orn. Biog. I, pi.

XX. — Sglvicola sol. Rich. — Vermivo>-a sol. Sw. — Ileiinaia sol. Aud.

B. A. II, pi. cxi. — Helmitherus sol. Bon. — Sclater, P. Z. S. 1856,

291 (Cordova). — Helminthophaga sol. Cab.

Hub. Eastern province of U. S. (rather southern) : Eastern Mexico ; Guate-
mala. Recorded localities : Cordova, Mex. ; Cohan, Guat. Not noted from
West Indies.

Smith-

Collec-

Sex

soDian

tor's

and

No.

No.

Age.

2,229

rT

6,983

61

rf

12,19;-)

V

30.670

3,817

32,708

32,620

cT

Locality.

Carlisle, Pa.
St. Loni.s, Mo.
Creek Nation.
Cobaa, Vera Paz.
Slexico.

When
Collected.

May 6, '4-3.
May 12, '57.

Received from

S. F. Baird.
Lt. Bryan.
Capt. Sitgreaves.
O. Salvin.
Veireaux.

Collected by

S. F. Baird.
W. S. Wood.
Dr. Woodhouse.

IIEL.MIXTHOPHAGA.

175

HelmiutlftopUaga cl&rysoptera.

Motacilla chrysoptera, Likn. S. Nat. I, 1766, 333. — Si/lvia citr. Lath. —
WiLS. Am. Orn. II, pi. xv, fig. 5. — Box. — Sylvicola chr. Bon. —
Helinaia chr. Aud. B. A. II, pi. cvii. — Helmitherus chr. Bon. —
ScLATER P. Z. S. 1855,143 (Bogota). — Helinintho})ha(ja chrysoptera,
Cab. Mus. Hein ; Journ. f. Orn. 1860, 328 (Costa Rica). — Baird,
Birds N. Am. 1858, 255.— Sclater & Salvin, Ibis, II, 1860, 397
(Choctum, Guatemala). — Scl. Catal. 1861, 28, no. 177. — Lawrence,
Ann. N. Y. Lye. VII, 1861, 293 (Panama).— Gundl. Cab. Journ.
1861, 326 (Cuba, rare).
J\IotaciIla Jiavi/roits, Gmelin. — Sylfia flavifrons, Lath.

Hah. Eastern province of U. S. : Cuba (rare) ; GuatemaLa ; Costa Rica ;
Panama ; Bogota. Recorded in West Indies — Cuba only ; not from Mexico.

Smith- Collec-

Sex

"When
Collected.

Boaian tor's

No. 1 No.

and
Age.

Locality.

Received from

Collected by

2,36J

rf

Carlisle, Pa. | Jaly 8, 1S45.

S. F. Baird.

S. F. Baird.

A

Racine. Wis.

Dr. R. P. Hoy.

10,1.06

rr

Union County, 111. May 11.

R. Kennicott.

R. Kennicott.

6,982

rf

St. Louis, Mo. May 13, '57.

Lt. Bryan.

W. S. Wood.

10,2.31

Liberty County, Ga.

Prof. Jos. Leconte.

30,672

V

Coban, Guat.

1862.

0. Salvin.

Salviu & Godm.

30,671

<<

Choctura, Guat.

Jan. 1860.

"

32,702

43,030

Bogota.

Yerreaux.

(A.) Nest eggs.

Helniintliopliaga Tiaclimani.

Sylvia bachmani, AtJD. Orn. Biog. II, 1834, 483, pi. 183. — Sylvicola h.
Rich. — Vermivora b. Bon. — Helinaia b. Aud. Syn. Birds Am. II,
1841, 93, pi. cviii.— Lembeye, Av. Cuba, 1850, 36, pi. vi, fig. 1.—
Helmitherus b. BoN. — Helminthophaga b. Cab. Jour. Ill, 1855, 475
(Cuba, in winter). — Baird. Birds N. Am. 1858, 255. — Gdndlach,
Cab. Jour. 1861, 326 (Cuba, rare).

Hab. Coast of S. Carolina and Georgia ; Cuba in winter.

Smith- Collec- Sex

Konian tor's and

No. No. !Age.

I-o-^ty- Cone'cted.

Received from

Collected by

2,903 .. j -d"

Charleston, S. C.

S. F. Baird.

J. J. Audubon.

Helmiiitliopliaga riificapilla.

Sijlvia rtijicapilla, WiLS. Am. Orn. Ill, 1811, 120, pi. xxvii, fig. 3. — AuD.

Orn. Biog. I, 1832, 450, pi. 89. — Helminthophaf/a ruficapilla, Baird,

Birds N. Am. 1858, 256.— Sclater, P. Z. S. 1859, 373 (Xalapa).—

Ib. Catal. 1861, 29, no. 178.
Sylvia rubricapilla, WiLS. Am. Orn. VI, 1812, 15, General Index. — Nhtt.,

Bon. — Sylvicola rub. Rich. — Vermivora rub, Bon. — Reinhardt, Vid.

1T6

REVIEW OF AMERICAN BIRDS,

[part I.

Med. for 1S53, 1S54, 82 (Greenlaud).— Brewer, Pf. Bost. Soc. N. H.

VI, 1856, 4 (nest and eggs). — Helinaia rub. Aod. B. A. II, pi.

m.—Hehnitherus rub. Bon.— Scl. P. Z. S. 1856, 291 (Cordova) ;

1859, 363 (Xalapa). — Ilehninthophaga rub. Cab. — Sclater, P. Z. S.

1858,298 (Oaxaca; Feb. and Aug.). — Mniotilta rub. Reixhardt,

Ibis, 1861, 6 (Greenland).
Sylvia leucogastra, SiiAW, Gen. Zool. X, ii, 1817, 622.
^'■Sylvia na^kvillei" Vieillot. — Gray. — Sylvia mexicana, Holboll.

ITah. Eastern province of N. America, north to line of British America ;
Greenland ; south to Mexico ; not in West Indies. Recorded from Xalapa,
Cordova, Orizaba, and Oaxaca, Mex.

Smith- Collec-

souiani tor's

JS'o. [ No.

Sex
and
Age.

Locality.

When

Collected.

Received from

Collected by

26.930

Nova Scotia.

W. G. Winton.

W. G. Wiiiton.

2,150

H"

Carlisle, Pa.

April 26, '4i5.

S. F. Baird.

S. F. Baird.

2,237

0

"

Mav6, 184.J.

"

20.261

22

^

Lalfeof the Woods.

May .30, '60.

R. Kennicott.

R. Kennicott.

20,293

37

Ft. Stocliton, Tex.

May 6, 1860.

P. Duffy.

P. Dulfy.

32.707 29,93.5

V

Mexico.

Verreaux.

32,703 29,934
29,205

d

Orizaba, Mex,

Prof. Sumichrast.

Helniintliopliaga celata.

Sylvia celata, Say, Long's Exp. R. Mts. I, 1823, 169.— Box. Am. Orn. I,
pi. V, fig. 2. — AvT>. Orn. Biog. II, pi. 178. — Sylvicola crl. Rich. —
Vermivora eel. Jard. — Helinaia eel. AvD. B. A. II, pi. 112. — Ilelmi-
therus eel. Box.— Sclater, P. Z. S. 1857, 212 (Orizaba).— i7e/m/H-
thophaga eel. Baird, Birds N. Am. 1858, 257.— Sclater, P. Z. S.
1858, 298 (Oaxaca ; December) ; 1859, 373 ; 1862, 19 (La Parada).
—Cooper & Scckley, P. R. R. XII, ii, 1859, 178.— Lord, Pr. R. Art.
Inst. Woolwich, IV, 1864, 115 (N. W. Boundary).

Flab. Middle and western provinces of N. America : Youkon and McKenzie
River dist. Very rare in the eastern Province of U. S. ; Cape St. Lucas ;
western Mexico in winter.

On com}3aring extensive series of specimens from the Pacific coast
(including Cape St. Lucas), and those from the interior of North
America, including Arizona, Utah, Rocky Mountains, Tamaulipas,
and the Hudson Bay territories, I find that the former are of a much
brighter and clearer yellowish beneath and olivaceous above than
the latter. In all these there is much gray mixed with the yellow-
ish tints, clouding and obscuring them — sometimes very considerably.
The concealed orange-browni patch of the crown is also more re-
stricted in extent. These differences correspond with those of ma-
turity of plumage, Ijut even winter and J^oung specimens from the
Pacific coast are more brightly colored than the others in spring.

IIELMINTHOPHAGA,

111

Specimens from the Youkon seem to show traces of hybridity \vilh
peregrina, one skin especially (27,326) in which the cheeks and
forehead are as pure gray as in loeregrHna, while all the other char-
acters are those of celata. This same apparent tendency to hybrid-
ism in Youkon specimens is seen in other species, as between Junco
hyemalis and oregonus, etc., and may be explained by the fact of this
region being in the boundary line of the breeding grounds of these
closely allied I'epresentative species.

A specimen of celata, froni Georgia, shows no trace of orange in
the crown, and is much darker in color, and with larger bill than in
western ones.

Mr. Audubon speaks of the H. celata as being common and gener-
ally distributed through the Eastern States, and breeding abundantly
in Maine, New Brunswick, etc. I have myself never seen or heard
of any specimens from east of the Mississippi Yalley, excepting a
few taken in Georgia and Florida, and near Philadelphia, and these
may belong to a different species. The Institution possesses one
specimen from Dane Co., Wisconsin. ^

Specimens are in the collection from many localities in the Pacific
region of the United States up to the northern boundary, and east
to the Rocky Mts.

Smith- CoUec-

Sex

When
Collected.

sonian tor's
No. No.

and
Age.

Locality.

Keceived from

Collected by

27,221

1,214

Ft. Youkon.

June 10, '61.

R. Kennicott.

R. Kennicott.

27.325

1,.300

^

"

Juuel.5, '61.

"

19.241

r,07

5

Ft. Resolution.

May 22, '60.

"

27,228

1,301

9

Fort Sirnpsou.

B. R. Ros.=!.

B. R. Ross.

7.92.)

y

Dane Countv. Wis.

Th. Kumlien.

12,S.">2

Georgia. [Lucas.

J. Ackhurst.

20,442 ' 3,408

San Jose, Cape St.

Nov. 25, '59.

J. Xantus.

J. Xantus.

32,706 40,774

V

Mexico.

Verreaux.

(27,325.) With eggs. (12,852.) This and the last the only specimens ia the collection from
east of the Missouri River.

Helmintbophaga Tirginiae.

Helminthopkaga virginise, Baird, Birds N. Am. under explanation of
plates, 1860, xi, pi. 79, fig. 1 (Fort Burgwyn, N. M.).

Hab. Southern Rocky Mts. (middle province U. S.).

Similar to H. riificapilla. Top and sides of head, back, and wings light
ashy plumbeous, with an almost imperceptible wash of olivaceous green ;
quills and tail feathers brown, edged with pure ashy plumbeous, tlie latter
indistinctly and narrowly margined with whitish internally and at the end.
Rump, with upper and lower tail covert bright yellow, in vivid contrast with
the rest of the body. Crown with a concealed patch of orange-brown. Rest
of under parts brownish-white, with indications of yellow from chin to breast,
12 ^pril,18^5,

178

REVIEW OF AMERICAN BIRDS.

[part I.

perhaps entirely yellow there when mature. lusIcJe of wings and axillara
whitish. A white ring round the eye. Bill and legs dusky.

Length, 5.00; extent, 7.25; wing, 2.50 when fresh. Dried skin: length,
4.90; wing, 2.50; tail, 2.20 ; tarsus, .67.

Of this interesting species, discovered by Dr. Anderson, and
named after Mrs. Anderson, but a single specimen was known to
collectors, until Dr. Coues obtained it at Fort Whipple, near Pres-
cott, in Arizona (Aug. 15, 1864).

Smith-
gODiau

No.

10,719
36,977

Collec-

to) 's
No.

Sex
i.Dd
Aire.

592

Locality.

Ft Buit-'wyn, N. M.
Ft. Whipple, Aiiz.

When
Collected.

Received from

Collected by

Dr. W W. Ander-

Dv. E. Coues, [son.

[U. S. A.

Dr. W. W. Ander-
Dr. Coues. [aon.

(10,719.) The type of species.

Helmintliopliaga luciae.

Iltlmlnthophac/a lucice, CooPEK, Pr. Cal. Acad. July, 1861, 120 (Fort
Mohave).

Hub. Fort Mohave, Colorado River (middle province U. S.).

General form and size that of //. ruficapilla. Above light cinereous ; be-
neath white, having a soiled, very pale buff, almost white tinge on the throat,
breast, and flanks. A patch on the vertex, as in H. mjicapilla, and the upper
tail coverts dark chestnut-brown. Lores to nostrils, and region round the eye,
liRe the throat, in rather decided contrast to the ash of the crown. Quills
and tail feathers brown, narrowly edged externally with gray. An obsolete
terminal white patch on the inner web of the outer feather; this web in most
of the other tail feathers likewise narrowly edged with white. Axillars and
inner face of wings white. Iris brown. Tarsi blue.

Length, in life, 4.40 ; extent, 6.9(t ; wing, 2.40. Of skin, 3.90 ; wing, 2..3.3 ;
tail, 1.86; tarsus, .64; middle toe and claw, .50; bill above, ..35 ; gape, .50.

Of this species several specimens were collected at Fort Mohave,
on the Colorado River, by Dr. Cooper. The species is dedicated to
Miss Lucy H. Baird.

Smitli-

Boniau

No.

Collec-
tor's

No.

S-x
and
A-e.

T ,., When
Locality. Collected.

Received from

Collected by

31,892 1 ..

Ft. Mohave, Cal. 1

Dr. J. G. Coop.r.

(31,892.) A type of the species.

Helmintliopliaga peregrina.

Sylria perejrtna, Wils. Am. Orn. IV, 1811, 83, pi. xxv, fig. 2. — Aud.
Orn. Biog. II, pi. 154. — Sylvirola per. Rich. — Vermirora per. Box. —
Eelinaia per. Aod. B. A. II, pi. 110. — Uelmtiherus per. Bon. —

HELMITHERUS.

179

Helminthophaga per. Cab. Mus. Hein. — Ib. Jour. Orn. 1861. 85
(Costa Rica). — Baikd, Birds N. Am. 1858, 258. — Sclater & Salvin,
Ibis, 1860, 31 (Guatemala).— Sclater, P. Z. S. 1859, 373 (Oaxaca) ;
Catal. 1861, 29, no. 180.— Lawrence, Ann. N. Y. Lye. 1861, 322
(Panama). — Gundlach, Cab. Jour. 1861, 326 (Cuba, very rare).

Sylvia tennesscei, Vieillot, EncycL Meth. II, 1823, 452.

?Si/lvia missuriensis, Max. Cab. Jour. VI, 1858, 117. •

Hah. Eastern province of N. America : North to Fort Simpson, H. B. T. ;
Mexico ; Oaxaca ? Guatemala ; Costa Rica ; Panama R. R. .Very rare in Cuba.

Autumnal specimens and young birds are sometimes so strongly
tinged with greenish-yellow as to be scarcely distinguishable from
H. celata. The wing is, however, always longer, and the obscure
whitish patch on the inner edge of the exterior tail feather, near its
tip, is almost always appreciable. In celata this edge is very nar-
rowly and uniformly margined with whitish.

A young bird of the year, from Fort Simpson (27,228), has two
distinct greenish-white bands on the wings, and the forehead and
cheeks greenish -yellow. A corresponding age of H. celata has the
wing bands more reddish-brown, the wings shorter, and no white
patch on the outer tail feather.

It is possible that Mr. Sclater is mistaken in quoting this species
from Oaxaca, the only Mexican locality mentioned by authors.

Smith

Collec-

Sex

When
Collected.

soniat
No.

tor's
No.

aud
Age.

Locality.

Received from

Collected by

20. 623

rf

1 Moose Factory, H. B.

June 2, 'BO.

C. Drexler.

C. Drexler.

20,624

[Ft. George, H. B.

July 11, '60.

"

30,639

Maine.

1S63.

W. F. Hall.

W. F. HaU.

22,627

1,010

Ft. Simpson.

May 9, 1861.

B. R Ross.

10,495

728

^

Ft. Resolution.

June 17, '60,

R. Kennicott.

R. Kennicott.

31,421

249

V

Ft. Rae.

L. Clarlie.

1,879

rf

iUpper Mis.souri, Dae.

1843.

S. F. Baird.

J. G. Rell.

790

cf

Carlisle, Pa.

Oct. 10, '42.

"

S. F. Baird.

412

V

*'

May 21, '41.

"

10,157

rf

Cairo, III.

April.

R. Kennicott.

R. Kennicott.

30,673

2i9

Coban, Guat. [Rica.

Nov. 1859.

0. Salvin.

33,269

5

rf

Dota Mts., Costa

Jan. ->4, '64.

J. Carniol.

33,270

Sun Jose.

Winter.

HELMITHERUS, Raf.

Eelmitherus, Raf. Jour, de Phys. vol. 88, 1819, 417. (Type Motacilla

vermivora, Lath.)
Vermivora, Swainson, Zool. Jour. IV, 1827, 170.
Helinaia, AuD. Syn. 1839, 66. (Type Sylvia swainsoni, Add.)

Heliuitlieriis vermiTorus.

Motacilla vermivora, Gmel. Syst. Nat. I, 1788, 951. — fSylvia vermivora
Lath. Ind. Orn. II, 1790, 499.— Wils. Ill, pi. xxiv, fig. 4.— Aud.'

180

REVIEW OF AMERICAN BIRDS.

[part I.

Orn. Biog. I, pi. xxxiv. — Sylvicola vermivora, Rich. — Helinaia ver-
mivora, AuD. B. A. II, pi. cv. — Lembeye, Av. Cuba, 1850, 35, pi. vi
fig. 4. — Ilelmitherns vermivorus, Bon. ; Cab. ; Baird, Birds N. Am
1858, 252.— ScLATER, P. Z. S. 1859, 363 (Xalapa).— Ib. Catal. 1861
28, no. 175. — Sclatek & Salvin, Ibis, 1, 1859, 11 (Guatemala) ; Cab
Jour. 1860, 329 (Costa Rica) ; Ib. 1856 (Cuba).— Gl'xdlach, Cab
Jouri 1861, 326 (Cuba; somewhat rare).
Vermivora pennsylvanica, Bon., Gosse, B. Jamaica, 1847, 150.
Eelmitherus migratorius, Raf. J. de Phys. 88, lol9, 417. — Hartlaob,
Vermivora fulvicapilla, Swainson, Birds, II, 1837,245.

Hab. Eastern province of U. States (rather southern) ; southeastern Mexico ;
Guatemala ; Cuba.

Specimens are in tlie collection from various points in the eastern
United States, as far north as Carlisle, Pa., and as far west as Inde-
pendence, Mo. ; also from —

Smith-
sonian
No.

Collec- Sex
tor's j and
No. Age.

Locality.

Corcted. Received from

Collected by

29,62.3
29,622
.30,668
33,286
33,285

3,071

d

Fermina, Cuba. Feb. 17.

Coban, Vera Paz. Nov. 1859.
San Jose, 0. R.

C. Wright.

0. Salvin.
J. Carmiol.

0. Wright.

Helmitherus swainsoni.

Sylvia swainsoni, Aud. Orn, Biog. II, 1834, 563, pi. cxcviii. — Sijlvirola
sw. Rich. — Vermivora sw. Bon. — Helinaia sw. Aud. B. A. II, 1841,
pi. civ (type of genus). — Helmitherus sw. Bon. ; Cab. ; Baikd, Birds
N. Am. 1858, 252.

Coast of South Carolina and Georgia ; Cuba (very rare).

Smith-
sonian

No.

Collec-
tor's
No.

Sex

and Locality.

Age. j

When
Collected.

Received from

Collected by

2,901
32,241

'j

Charleslon, S. C.
Liberty County, Ga
Cuba.

S. F. Baird.
Prof. Leconte.
Cab. Gundlach.

J. J. Audubon.

PERISSOGLOSSA, Baird.
Perissoglossa, Baied. (Type Motacilla tigrina, Gm.)

Form of Dendroica, but bill slender, acute, with very obsolete notch ; the
commissure gently arched or curved from the base ; the gonys also straight
or even slightly concave. Tongue lengthened, narrow, deeply bifid (for one-

PERISSOGLOSSA. 131

third), and deeply lacerated or fringed externally at the end; the edge along
the median portion folded over on the upper surface, but not adherent.

On page 1611 have given the reasons for considering "Dendroica
tigrina'^ as the type of a special genus of SylvicoUdae, and for re-
taining it in this family rather than placing it in Ceerebidse, to which
there is so much apparent resemblance in the tongue. In the struc-
ture and character of this organ the species differs very widely from
other members of the family, as is shown in the cuts on page 163
accompanying those remarks.

The curvature of the bill in Perissoglossa tigrina is quite peculiar
among the Sylmcolidse with notched bills. Some Helminthophagas
(without notch) approximate this character ; though in none, except-
ing H. bachmani, is it in equal amount — all the others having the
gonys very slightly convex, instead of straight or even slightly con-
cave. It will be of much interest to examine the tongue of H.
bachmani, should the opportunity ever offer, as it is quite likely to
exhibit some noteworthy feature.

The peculiarities of the tongue of P. tigrina, and its supposed
relationships to Certhiola, were first brought to notice by Mr. Gosse.

Perissoglossa tigrina.

Motacilla tigrina, Gmelin, S. N. I, 1788, 985. — Sylvia tig. Lath. — Den-
droica tig. Baikd, Birds N. Am. 1858, 286. — Sclatek, Catal. 18G1,
33, no. 198 ; P. Z. S. 1861,71 (Jamaica; April).— March, Pr. A. N.
Sc. 1863, 293 (Jamaica; breeds).— A. & E. Newto.x, Ibis, 1859, 144
(St. Croix. Notes on anatomy of tongue). — Gundlach, Cab. Jour.
1861, 326 (Cuba; not rare).

Sylvia maritima, Wilson, Am. Orn. VI, 1812, 99, pi. liv, fig. 3. — Box. ;
NuTT. ; Add. Orn. Biog. V, pi. 414. — D'Okb. La Sagra's Cub. 1840,
70, pi. X. — Syhicola mar. Jard,, Bon., Acd., B. A. II, pi. 85. — Cer-
thiola mar. Gosse, Birds .lam. 1847, 81. — Ib. Illust. — Rhimanphus
mar. Cab. Jour. Ill, 1855, 474 (Cuba).

Hab. Eastern province of United States, north to Lake Winnipeg and Moose
Factory ; all the West Indies to St. Croix. Breeds in Jamaica. Not recorded
from Mexico or Central America.

It is an interesting fact in the history of this bird, that it breeds
in Jamaica — specimens of the eggs, as well as of the bird itself,
killed in June, July, and August, having been transmitted by Mr.
March. These appear to have longer wings, a larger white spot on
the tail feathers, and more orange-brown on the throat than I re-
member to have seen in North American birds ; but better specimens
will be required to substantiate -any real difference.

182

KEVIEW OP AMERICAN BIRDS.

[part I.

Smith-

Collec-

Spx

When
Collected.

soQian

tor's

aud

Locality.

Received from

Collected by

No.

No.

Age.

20,633

33

cf

Moose Factory.

May 28, '60.

C. Diexler.

C. Drexler.

10,167

?

Racine, Wis.

R. Keniiicott.

942

cT

Carlisle, Pa.

May 12, '43

S. 1'. Baird.

S.F. 'Baird.

678

?

"

May 17, '42

"

"

34,510

23

Nassau, N. P.

May 14, '64

C. L. Fitzijerald.

29,624

Cuba.

C. Wriglit.

20.239

2.^9

d

Spauishtown, Jam.

Jaly'ii, '63.

W. T. March.

W. T. March.

30,288

2.59

?

'

26,812

22

d

June 16, '62

24,348

36

d

"

Nov. 1860.

26 811

237

"

Aug. 12, '62.

30,287

2.59

Health shire, Jam.

St. Croix.

June, 1863
Mar. 16, "57.

[ton.
Cab. A. & E. New-

36,628

St. Thomas.

Wiuter.

Eobt. Swift.

DENDROICA, Gray.

Sylvicola, Gray, Genera, 2d ed. 1841, 32 (not of Humphrey or Swainson).
Dendroica, Gray, Genera, Appendix, 1842, 8. (Type Si/lvia coronata,
Lath.).
• "Ficedula, Cuv. 1799-1800" (not of Mcehring, 1752).

Rhimamphus, Hartladb, Rev. Zool. 1845, 342 (not of Rafinesque).

The genus Dendroica is represented by a very large number of
species, wliich vary somewhat in external form, but passing so in-
sensibly from one into the other as to render it exceedingly diflBeult
to subdivide them. They may, perhaps, be most conveniently
grouped by their colors, as has been done in " Birds of North Ame-
rica," to which I would refer, as also for general remarks. Nearly
all the species belong to the United States, going southward in
winter ; several are peculiar to Cuba, Jamaica, or Porto Rico, one to
the West Indies generally, and three to Central and South America.

Dendroica virens.

Mutacilla virens, Gmelin, Syst. Nat. I, 1788, 985. — Sylvia virens, Lath.
— ViEiLLOT, Ois. Am. Sept. II, pi. xciii. — Wils. Am. Orn. II,
pi. xxvii, fig. 3.— NtTTT. ; Bon. ; Aud. Orn. Biog. IV, pi. 399. —
Gatke, Naumannia, 1858, 423 (Heligoland, Europe, an original
description). — Sylvicola virens, Sw. ; Add. B. A. II, pi. 84. — Rein-
EARDT, Vid. Med. for 1853, 1854,72,81 (Greenland). — Rhimanphus
virens, Cab. Mns. Hein. Jour. Ill, 1855, 474 (Cuba ; winter). —
ScLATER, P. Z. S. IS.'^e, 291 (Cordova). — Dendroica virens, Baird,
Birds N. Am. 1858, 267.— Sclater & Salvin, Ibis, 1859, 1 (Guate-
mala).—Sclater, P. Z. S. 1859, 363 (Oaxaca?) ; 373 (Xalapa).—
Ib. Catal. 1861, 29, no. 181.— Lawrence, Ann. N. Y. Lye. VII, 1861,
293 (Panama).— GusDL. Cab. Jour. 1861, 326 (Cnha).—Mniotilta
virens, Reinhardt, Ibis, III, 1861, 5 (Juliauehaab, Greenlau

DENDROICA.

183

Hah. Eastern province of U. S ; Greenland ; Heligoland, Europe ; south to
Panama R. R. ; Cuba. In Mexico, Xalapa, and Oaxaca ? Cuba alone in West
Indies.

Specimens received by the Smithsonian Institution from various
localities throughout the whole eastern United States, and westward
to the Missouri ; also —

Smith-
sonian
No.

CoUec-
toi's
No.

Sex
and
Age.

Locality.

Whpn

Collecied.

Received from

Collected by

23,275

30,682
30,6S3

14
.'?,l-42
3,130

Mirador, Mex.
Tactic, Vera Paz,
Cobaa, " [Guat
Guatemala.

Jan! Ys60.
Nov. 18J9.

Dr. Sartorius.
0. Salvia.

Cab. Lawrence.

Dr. Sartorius.

Dendroica occidentalis. •

Sylvia occidentalism TowNSEND, J. A. N. Sc. VII, ii, 1837, 190 (Columbia
River).— Ib. Narrative, 1839, 340.— Acd. Orn. Biog. V, pi. Iv.—
Sylvicola occ. Bon. ; Add. B. A, II, pi. xciii. — Dendroica occ. Baird,
Birds N. Am. 1858, 268.— Coopek & Suckley, R. R. Rep. XII, ii,
1859, 178 (N. W. coast).

Dendroica chrysopareia, Sclater, P. Z. S. 1862, 19.— Ib. Catal. 1862,
358 (La Parada, Mex.) (not of P. Z. S. 1860, 19).

Dendroica niveiventris, Salvin, P. Z. S. May 26, 1863, 187, pi. xxiv, fig.
2 (Guatemala).
Hah. Western province U. S., and Mexico to Guatemala. Not seen at Cape
St. Lucas.

A specimen collected in September last, at Fort Whipple, by Dr.
Coues, of what I consider to be this species in autumnal plumage,
lacks entirely the black of the throat, which is replaced by fulvous
white. The yellow of the cheeks extends over the whole chin. The
upper parts are glossed with olivaceous, and the black streaks of the
back are nearly obsolete.

Smith-

Collec-

Sex

sonian

tor'.?

and

No.

No.

Age.

36,978

690

5,518

703
101

d

30,681

232

Locality.

Fort Whipple, Ariz,
Peialuma, Cal.
JFexico. [Guat

Volcan de Fuego,

When
Collected.

Sept. 3, '64.
April, 18.56.

Received from

Dr. Coues.
E. Samuels.
Cab. Lawrence.
0. Salvin.

Collected by

Dr. Coues.
E. Samuels.

Salvin & Godman.

(36,978.) 4.90; 7.70. (30,611.) Type of /). wmiMwiri*.

Dendroica chrysopareia.

Dendroica chrysopareia, Sclater & Salvin, P. Z. S. 1860, 298. — Ib. Ibis,
1860, 273 (Vera Paz, Guatemala).
Hah. Vera Paz, Guatemala.

184 REVIEW OF AMERICAN BIRDS. [PART I.

(229, Salvin collection.") Head and body above black, the feathers with
olive-green edges, especially on the back, obscuring the ground color ; rump
clear black. Entire side of head (extending to nostrils and on lower jaw),
and the partially concealed bases of the feathers on the median line of the
forehead, yellow, with a narrow black line from lores, through the eye, widen-
ing behind, but not crossing through the yellow. Beneath, including inside
of wings, white; a large patch of black covering the chin and throat, and
occupying the entire space between th'e yellow patches of the two sides of the
head and neck, and extended along the sides in a series of streaks. Feathers
of crissum with black centres. Wings above ashy, with two white bands
across the coverts, the scapulars streaked with blackish ; first quill edged
externally with white, the rest with gray. Tail feathers blackish, edged ex-
ternally with ashy, the lateral with white at the base. Outer tail feather
white on the inner web, except a stripe along the shaft near the end ; second
similar, but the white not reaching so far towards the base ; third with a
short patch of white in the end. Bill and legs brownish-black.

Length, 4.50; wing, 2.50; tAil, 2.40 ; tarsus, 2.75.

This species agrees with virens and occidentalis, to which it is
closely related in having the undei* parts white, with a black patch
on the chin and throat. The prevailing black of the upper part,
especially of the head and rump, will. easily distinguish it from both
these species. The black stripe through the eye (wanting in occi-
dentalis) is better defined than in virens, but there is no trace of an
obscure dusky crescent below the eye. D. townsendii diifers in a
much broader patch of black through the eye, with a yellow crescent
in it beneath the eye ; a much more olivaceous-green back, with
ashy rump ; the black of the head obscured by green, and the jugu-
lura deep yellow.

The bill in chrijsopareia is much thicker than in any of the allied
species.

The following diagnosis may serve to distinguish the allied species
of Warblers with black chins and throat (excluding D. nigrescens,
which is black, white, and gray, with only a small yellow loral spot) : —
Common Characters. — Upper parts more or less olivaceous-
green, with the feathers streaked centrally with black
(sometimes concealed). Sides of head yellow. Cliin and
throat black ; rest of the under parts, including inside
of wings, white, with or without yellow on breast. Wings
with two white bands. Inner web of lateral tail feather
almost entirely white from the base.
Above bright olive-green, with concealed black streaks ; tail
coverts ashy. Sides conspicuously streaked with black ;
crissum unspotted. Jugulum sometimes faintly tinged
with yellowish. An obscure dusky olive stripe through
the eye, and a crescentic patch of the same some distance
beneath it , . virens.

DENDROICA. 185

Above olivaceous ashy (nimp pure ash), with more distinct
black spots. Top and sides of head clear yellow, the
feathers of the crown tipped with black, or clouded with
dusky plumbeous. No dark markings or stiipes on side
of head. No distinct black streaks beneath ; black of
throat restricted to front of neck ..... occldentulis.

Prevailing color of upper part black, with olivaceous edgiugs
on the back ; rump and upper tail covert pure black.
Sides and crissum streaked with black. A simple black •

stripe through the eye ; no patch beneath it . . . chrysopareia.

Above olive-green. Upper tail coverts ashy, with central black
streaks. Feathers of head above black, with olive-green
edges. A broad olivaceous black stripe through eye from
lores, involving the ears, in which is a yellowish crescentic
patch below the eye. Black feathers of throat and chin
edged with yellow. Juguluin and sides of breast also
yellow. Sides streaked with black. No distinct black
streaks on crissum ........ townsendii.

For the opportunity of describing D. chrysopareia I am indebted
to Mr. Salvin, who kindly forwarded to me his type specimen for the
purpose. The species has not been noted except from Guatemala
(and Mexico ?), but may not improbably be yet found in the Rocky
Mountains of the United States.* Mr. Salvin's specimen (No. ^VA)
was killed at Tactic, Vera Paz, Nov. 4, 1859.

Deiidroica townsendii.

Sylvia townserulii, " Nuttall," Townsend, J. A. N. Sc. VII, ii, 1837, 191.
— AuD. Orn. Biog. V, 1839, pi. 393.—Sylvicola t. Bon. ; Aw. B. A. II,
1841, pi. 92.—Dendroica t. Baied, Birds N. Am. 1858, 269.— Scl.
P. Z. S. 1858, 298 (Oaxaca high lands in winter) ; 1859, 374 (To-
tontepec; winter). — Sclater & Salvin, Ibis, 1859,11 (Guatemala).
— CooPEK & SucKLEY, P. R. R. XII, II, 1859, 179 (Cal.).

Hab. Western province of U. S., and Mexico, into Guatemala. Migratory.

I have never seen a specimen of this species in pure spring plu-
mage, and I am not sure that the throat ever becomes pure black as
in virens and its allies. Some specimens have the whole chin and
throat yellow — the feathers of the latter very indistinctly dusky in
the centre.

' A specimen of this bird, or one very closely allied, is said to have been
recently collected near San Antonio, Texas, by Dr. A. T. Heermann.

186

REVIEW OF AMERICAN BIRDS.

[part I.

Srnith-

Collec-

Sex

soniau

tor's

and

Ko.

No.

Age.

2.91S

21,923

4 4S0

10,720

492

8,017

Locality.

Columbia Riv . Or,
Camp Moogie. \V. T.
Santa Clara, Cal.
Kt. Hurffwyn, N. M
\. E. Mexico.
Guatemala.

When
Collected.

Oct. 28, '.S5

May2i,'b0

18.55.

Received from

S. F Baird.
A. Campbell.
Dr. J G Cooper.
Dr.W. W. Ander-
S. F. Baiid. [son.
J. Gould.

Collected by

J. K. Townsend.
Dr. Keiinerly.
Dr. J. G. Cooper.

, (3,918.) Type of species from Mr. Audubon's collection.

l>eudroica iiigrescens.

Si/lvia nifjrescens, Townsend, J. A. N. Sc. VII, ii, 1837, 191 (Columbia
River). — Aud. Orn. Biog. V, 1839, 57, pi. 395. — Vtrmivora nig.
Bon. ; Nutt. — Sylvicola nig. Acd. B. A. II, pi. 94. — Rhimanphus
nig. Cab. 1850. — Deiidroica nig. Baikd, Birds N. Am. 1858, 270. —
ScLATER, P. Z. S. 1858, 298 ; 1859, 374 (Oaxaca ; high mountains,
in March).— Ib. Catal. 1861, 30, no. 183.— Heermann, P. R. R. Rep.
X, IV, 40.— Cooper & Suckley, P. R. R. Rep. XII, ii, 1859, 180.

f Sylvia kalseii, Giradd, Birds Texas, 1838, pl. iii, fig. 1, J (suggested
by Sclater).

Uab. Western and Middle provinces of U. States. Migratory southward
into Western Mexico (Oaxaca).

An aiituQinal male from Fort Whipple differs only from No. 1,908
in greater amount of white edging to the wing feathers, wider streaks
on the sides, and absence of black on the back.

Smith-

Collec-

Spx

When
Collected.

sonian

tor's

aud

Locality.

Received from

Collected by

Aife.

7,6S6

37S

Ft. Steilacoora.W.T.

May 6, 'rs.

Dr. G. Suckley.

Dr. G. Suckley.

1.908

W

Columbia Riv., Or.

Juneie, "3.5

S. F. Baird.

J. K. Town.seud.

2,91.j

rf

"

May 14, '3J.

"

"

7,690

rf

Calaveras Co., Cal.

Lt. Williamson.

Dr. Heermann.

11,.)1S

80

rf

Fort Defiance.

Lt. J. C. Ives.

Miillhausen.

3i.s:n

802rl

rT

Sin Diei,'o, Cal.

April 2, '62.

Geo!. Sui V. CaL

Dr. J. G. Cooper.

36,979

566

d

Fort Whipple, Ariz.

Aug. 13, '64.

Dr. E. Coues.

(1,908.) Type of species from Mr. Audubon's collection.

Deudroica caerulescens.

Mutucilla canadensis, Linn. Sjst. Nat. I, 1766, 336 (not p. 334, which
is D. coronnta). — Sylvia canadensis, Lath. ; Wilson, II, pl. xv, fig.
7.— AoD. Orn. Biog. II, pl. 148, 155.— Sallk, P. Z. S. 1857, 231 (St.
Domingo). — Sylvicola canadensis. Swains., Jaed. ; Bon. ; Aud. B. A.
II, pl. 95. — PJnmanphus can. Cab. — Dendroica canadensis, Baird,
Birds N. Am. 1858, 271.— Sclater, Catal. 1861, 30, no. 184.— Ib.
P. Z. S. 1S61, 70 (Jamaica).— GuNDL. Cab. Jour. 1861,326 (Cuba;
very common).

DENDROICA.

18t

Motacilla csrrulescens, Gm. S. Nat. I, 1788, 960. — Sylvia caer. Lath. ;

ViEiLL. II, pi. 80.— Sylvia car. D'Orb. Sagra's Cuba, Ois. 1840, 63,

pi. ix, fig. 1, 2.
Sylvia pusilla, WiLS. V, pi. 43. fig. 3 (.Juv.). — Sylvia hucoptera, WiLS.
Sylvia palustris, Steph. — Sylvia 7nacropus, Vieillot. — Sylvia sphagnosa,

Bon. ; Nottall ; Add.
Sylvicola pannosa, Gosse, Birds Jam. 1847, 162 (female). — Ib. Illust.

no. 37.

Ilab. Eastern province of United States ; Jamaica, Cuba, and St. Domingo
in winter ; very abundant. Not recorded from Mexico or Central America.

I have been obliged to adopt the name of caerulescens, that of
canadensis being a synonym of D. coronata, of earlier date than as
used for the present species.

Specimens in the collection from eastern United States, west to
Missouri River ; also —

Sraith-

Collec-

Sex

When
Collected.

Boiiian
No.

tor's
No.

and
Age.

Locality.

Received from

Collected by

22,301

Halifax, N S.

W. G. Wintou.

W. G. Winton.

17.71.i

Monte Verde, Cuba.

April 9.

Chas. Wright.

Chas. Wright.

23,J16

V

"

Jan. 17.

"

"

23,ol7

c^

Nouv. Sophie. Caba.

Dec. 21, '60.

"

"

21,G.53

W

Tuabuque, Cuba.

Nov. 13.

"

"

23,311

69

rf

Trehiwney, Jaio.

D. c. 20, '59.

P. L. Sclater.

W. Osburn.

24,345

41

d

Spanishtown, Jam.

Dec. 23, '60.

W. T. March.

Deiidroica coronata.

Motacilla coronata, LiXN. S. N. I, 1766, 333. — Sylvia coronata, Lath.;
Vieillot, II, pi. 78, 79.— Wils. II, pi. 17, fig. 4 ; pi. 45, fig. 3.—
Ndtt. ; Add. Orn. Biog. II, pi. 153. — D'Orb. Sagra's Cuba, Ois.
1840, 60. — Sylvicola coronata, Swains. ; Bon. ; Ann. B. A. II, pi. 76.
— Max. Cab. Jour. VI, 1858, 114.— Jones, Nat. Bermuda, 59 (abun-
dant in April). — Dendroica coronata, Gray, Genera, 1842, 2.

Baird, Birds N. Am. 1858, 272.— Sclater, P. Z. S. 1859, 363.— Ib.
Catal. 1861, 30, no. 185.— March, P. A. N. Sc. 1863, 292 (.Jamaica,
in summer; breeding). — Gundl. Cab. Jour. 1861, 326 (Cuba; com-
mon).— Cooper & Sdckley, P. R. R. XII, ii, 18.59, 180 (Puget
Sound). — Rhimanphua cor. Cab. Jour. 1855, 473 (Cuba).

Motacilla canadensis, Linn. 12th ed. 1766, 334 {Ficedula canadensis
cinerea, Br. Ill, 524, pi. 27, fig. 1).

Parus rirginianns, Linn. 12th ed. S. Nat. I, 1766, 342.

Motacilla umbria, cincta, pingiiis, Gm.

Sylvia xanthopygia, Vieill. Ois. Am. Sept. II, 1807, 47. — Sylvia xan-
thoroa, Vieill.

Localities Quoted: S. Greenland, Reinhakdt, Ibis, 1861, 5. — Cordova
ScL. P. Z. S. 1856, 291.— A'r//«/>a, Ib. 1859, ^Q'd.— Guatemala, Scl.'
& Salv. 1859, 11. — Panama, Lawk. Ann. N. Y. Lye. VlII, 63.

188

REVIEW OF AMERICAN BIRDS.

[part I.

Cuba, winter, Cab. Jour. Ill, 413.— Bahamas, winter, Bryant, Bost.
Pr. VII, lSf)9.— Jamaica, Gosse, Birds Jam. 155. — St. Domingo,
Salle, P. Z. S. 1857, 231.

Bab. Eastern province of North America, and extending sparsely north-
ward along U. S. boundary to Pacific Ocean ; Ft. Yukon ; Greenland ; eastern
Mexico to Panama R. R. ; western West Indies and Bermuda. Breeds in
Jamaica.

The discovery, by Mr. March, that this species breeds in Jamaica
is an interesting fact in the history of the species : skins and eggs
collected the middle of June have been transmitted by him to the
Institution.

Specimens in the collection from all parts of the United States
east of the Missouri plains ; also —

Smith-

Collec-

Sex

"When

Collected.

soniaa

tor's

and

Locality.

Received from

Collected by

No.

No.

Age.

30,379

Rigolet, Lab.

H. ConoUy.

H. CoDUolly.

23,620

Moose Factory, H.B.

J. McKeuzie.

J. McKeozie.

20, tj27

[Can.

July i', '60.

C. Drexler.

C. Drexler.

20,626

Teraiscamiagiie,

May 8, '60.

"

"

27,329

i.igi

2-)2

Fort Yukon.
Audcrsoa River.

B. Keunicott.
R R. McFarlane.

27.247

1,389

Fort Good Hope.

May' 25.

B. R. Ross.

J. S. Onion.

27,248

1,418

d

La Pierre's House.

"

"

Jas. Flett.

23,133

931

Fort Simpson.

"

31,430

3

Fort Rae.

June 3,. 62.

L. Clarke, Jr.

L. Clarke, Jr.

7.671

3.51

d

Ft. Steilacoom.'W.T.

May 1, '36.

Dr. Suckley.

30.S7.5

90

Mirador, Mex.

Nov. 1862.

Dr. Sartorius.

Dr. Sartorius.

32.463

332

Orizaba, Mex.

Prof. Sumichrast.

Prof. Sumichrast.

30,693

3,1.^)0

Coban, Guat.

Nov." 18.59.

0. Salvin.

30,694

237

o

Duenas, Guat.

Feb. 4, '.59.

"

30,292

258

g

Spanishtowu, Jam.

June 11, '63.

■W. T. March.

W. T. March.

36,478

Porto Rico.

■Winter.

Robert Swift.

iio

Panama.

1S62.

Cab. Lawrence.

J. M'Leannan.

(7,671.) The ouly specimeu seen from U. S. west of Missouri valley.

Deudroica aiidulJOBiii.

Sylvia audiiJionii, Townsend, J. A. N. Sc. VII, ii, 1837. — Is. Narrative,
1839, 342.— Add. Orn. Biog. V, 1839, 52, pi. 395.—SylvicoIa audu-
bonii, BoN. List, 1838.— Aud. B. A. II, 1841, 26, pi. 11 .—Dendroica
audubonii, Baird, Birds N. Am. 1858, 273.— Sclater, P. Z. S. 1858,
298 (Oaxaca; October) ; 1860, 250 (Orizaba).— Ib. Catal. 1861,30,
no. 186. — Sclater & Salvin, Ibis, I860, 273 (San Geronimo, Guat.).
— Heermann, p. R. R. Rep. X, iv, 1860, 39. — Cooper & Suckley,
P. R. R. Rep. XII, II, 1859, 181.— Sclater, P. Z. S. 1864, 172 (City
of Mexico).

Hab. Western and middle provinces of the U. S. ; Cape St. Lucas ; western
Mexico and Orizaba ?

Specimens in the collection from all parts of the western United
States, as far east as the limits of the high central plains ; also —

DENDllOICA.

189

Sniith-

souiau

No.

Collec-
tor's
No.

Sex
aud
Age.

Locality.

When

Collected.

Received from

Collected by

27,287
32,17.)
23,751
35,037

2,4;->4
3, 40 J

2,220

d

Cape St. Lucas.
San Jose, C. St. L.
Mazatlaii.
Touila, Jalisco, Mex.

Nov. 25, '59.
Oct. V863.

Johtt Xantus.

National Institute
John Xantus.

John Xantus.

Dendroica Mackburniae.

MotaciUa hlackhnrnice, Gmelin, S. N. I, 1788, 911.— Sylvia hi. Lath. ;
ViEiLLOT, II,pl. 96.— Wilson, III, pi. 23.— NuTT. ; Add. Orn. Biog. II,
V, pi. 135, '3d9.—Sylvicola bl. Jard. ; Rich. ; Aud. B. A. II, pi. 87. —
Rhlmanphus bl. Cab. Mus. Hein. 1850, 19. — Dendroica bl. Baikd,
Birds N. Am. 1858, 274.— Sclater & Salvin, Ibis, 1859, 11 (Guate-
mala).—Sclater, P. Z. S. 1859, 363 (Xalapa) ; lb. 1860, 64 (Ecua-
dor). — Ib. Catal. 1861, 30, no. 187 (Pallataiiga and Nanegal,
Ecuador).

?Motacilla chrysocephala, Gmelin, I, 1788, 971 (Figuier orange et F.
etranger, Buff. V, 313, pi. 58, fig. 3, Guiana).

Sylvia parus, WiLS. V, pi. 44, fig. 3. — Aud. Orn. Biog. II, pi. 134. — ■
Sylvicola varus, Aud. B. A. II, pi. 83.

Sylvia lateralis, Steph.

fMotacilla incana, Gmel. I, 1788, 976. — Sylvia incana, Lath. ; Vieill.

?Sylvia melanorhoa, Vieill. Nouv. Diet. XI, 1817, 180 (Martinique). —
Ib. Encycl. Meth. II, 444.

Localities Quoted : Bogota, Sclater, P. Z. S. 1855, 143. — Panama, Lawr.
Ann. N. Y. Lye. VII, ^2.— Costa Rica, Cab. Jour. 1860, 328.— Ba-
hamas, Bryant, Bost. Pr. VII, 1859.
Hab. Eastern province of U. S. ; eastern Mexico, and south to Bogota and
Ecuador; Bahamas alone of West Indies with certainty.

Specimens from the ITnited States generally east of the Missouri
plains ; none from north of its limits ; also from —

Smith- Collec-

Bonian tor's

No. No.

32,712
32,709
30,684
30,685
30,490
30,488
33,275
33,274
30,489
33,271

32,62.5
32,624
3,717
247
108
104
105
107
106

Sex
and
Age.

Locality.

When
Collected.

Received from

Coban, Guat.

San Jose, C. R.

San Jose, C. R.

1861.
Nov. 1859.

Verreaux.
0. Salvin.
Dr. V. Frantzius.

J. Carmiol.

Collected by

Dendroica castanea.

Sylvia castanea, Wils. Am. Orn. II, 1810, 97, pi. xiv, fig. 4. — Bon. ; Nutt. •
Aud. Orn. Biog. I, pi. Q9.— Sylvicola castanea. Swains. ; Jakd. ; Rich. ;
Bon., Aud. B. A. II, pi. 80. — Rhimanphus castaneus. Cab. — Dendroica

190

REVIEW OF AMERICAN BIRDS.

[part I.

castanea, Baird, Birds N. Am. 1858, 276. — Sclater & Salvin, Ibis,
1859, 11 (Guatemala).— ScLATEK, Catal. 1861, 31, uo. 188.— Cassin,
Pr. A. N. Sc. 1860, 193 (Isthmus Darien ; winter). — Lawrence,
Ann. N. Y. Lye. 1861, 322 (1st. Panama; winter).
Sijhia autumnalis, WiLS. Ill, pi. 23, fig. 2. — Aud. Orn. Biog. I, pi. 88.

Uab. Eastern province of North America to Hudson's Bay ; Guatemala,
south to Isthmus of Darien. Not recorded from Mexico or West Indies ;
crosses probably in migrating direct from Florida to Yucatan.

Specimens from United States generally east of Missouri plains ;
also —

Smith-

CoUec-

Sex

soiuaa

tiir's

aud

No.

No.

A!,'e.

20,629

cf

32,3 U

li2

21,702

320

21,701

¥

Locality.

When

Collected.

Received from

Collected by

Moose Factory. I Jaue 2, '00.

Panama.
Turbo, N. G.
Tiuando, N. G.

C. Diexler.
J. McKenzie.
Cab. Lawrence.
Lt. Michler.

M'Leaa & Galb.
A. Schott.

I>endroica pinus.

Sylvia pinus, Wils. Am. Orn. Ill, 1811, 25, pi. xix, fig. 4. — Bon. ; Nutt. ;
AoD. Orn. Biog. II, pi. 111. — T/iri/othurus pinus, Steph. — Sylvicola
pinus, Jard. ; Rich. ; Bon. ; Aud. B. A. II, pi. 82, — Jones, Nat. Ber-
muda, 1859, 59 (abundant in Oct.). — Rhimanphus pinus, Bon. —
Dendroica pinus, Baird, Birds N. Am. 1858, 277. — Sclater, Catal.
1861, 31, no. 189.— Cooes, Pr. A. N. Sc. 1861, 220 (Labrador coast),

Sylvia vic/orsii, Ann, Orn. Biog. 1, 1832, 153, pi. 30. — Vireo vigorsii, Nutt,

Hah. Eastern province of U. S., north to Labrador; winters in U. S. Not
recorded in West Indies or middle America (except Bermuda ?).

Specimens in the collection from United States generally east of
the Missouri plains and from Labrador ; none from south of the
United States.

Dendroica montana.

Si/lria montann, WiLS. Am. Orn. V, 1812, 113, pi. xliv, fig. 2 ("Blue
Mts. of Pennsylvania"). — Aud. Orn. Biog. V, 294 (" California" !) —
Sijlricola montana, .Jard. ; Aud. B. A. II, 1 841, 69, pi. 9"''. — Dendroica
montann, Baird, Birds N. Am. 1858, 279.

Sylvia tujrina, Vieill. Ois. Am. Sept. II, 1807, 34, pi. 94 (U. S. and St.
Domingo). — Bon,

The only cases on record of the occurrence of this species are
those described by Wilson, Vieillot, and Audubon. I am not aware
that any specimens are now extant in any collection, at least I have
never seen or heard of any.

DENDROICA.

191

Dendroica pennsylvanica.

Motacilla pennsylvanica, Lixn. S. N. I, 1766, 333, no. 19 ; Gmelin. —
Sylvia p. Lath. ; Wilson, I, pi. xiv. fig. 5. — Demlroica p. Baird,
Birds N. Am. 1858, 279.— Sclater & Salvin, Ibis, 1859, 11; 18G0,
273 (Coban, Guat. ; ^'ovembe^). — Sclater, Catal. 18G1, 31, no. 191.

Sylvia icteroctphala, Lath. Ind. Orn. II, 1790, 538 — Vieill. II, pi. ftO ;
Box. ; AuD. Orn. Biog. I, pi. 59. — Sylvicola ict. Swaixs. ; Jard. ;
Add. B. a. II, pi. Sl.—Dendroica ict. Sclater, P. Z. S. 1859, 363
(Xalapa) ; 373 (Oaxaca).

Other Localities : Bahamas, Bryant, Pr. Bost. Soc. VII, ISbd.^ Costa

Rica, Cab. Jour. 1860, 328. — Panama, winter, Lawe. Ann. Is. Y.

Lye. 1861, 322.

Hab. Eastern province of the U. S. ; Bahamas ; Guatemala to Costa Rica

and Panama R. R. Not recorded from Mexico or West Indies, except Bahamas.

Specimens in the collection from all parts of the United States
east of the Missouri plains ; also —

Smith- Conec- Sex

80Diaa tor's { aud

No. I No. Age.

30,f)89 3,127

LocaUty.

Tileraan, Vera Paz,
Gaaiemala. [Guac.

When
CoUected.

Eeceived from

Conectcd hy

Jan. 1861.

0. Salvin.
Cab. Lawience.

Dendroica caerulea.

Sylvia caerulea, Wils. Am. Orn. II, 1810, 141, pi. xvii, fig. 5. — Sylvicola

c. Swains. ; Jakd. ; Ricn. ; Bon. ; Acd. Orn. Biog. I, pi. 49 ; Ndtt. —

Dendroica c. Baird, Birds, N. Am. 1858, 2S0. — Sclater, Catal.

1861, 31, no. 192.— Gdndl. Cab. Jour. 1861, .326 (Cuba ; very rare).

Syl'ia rara, Wilson, II, pi. xxvii, fig. 2. — Bos. ; Acd. Orn. Biog. I. pi. 49.

Sylvia azurea, Steph. Shaw, Zool. X, 1817. — Bon. Am. Orn. II, 1828,

pi. 27 ( 9 ).— Acd. Orn. Biog. I, pi. 48, 49 ; Nott.
Sylvia bifasciata. Say, Long's Exped. I, 1823, 17(1.
Sylvia populorum, Vieill. Encyc. Meth. II, 1823, 449 (from Wilson).
Other Localities: Bogota, Sclater, P. Z. S. 1857, 18. — Panama B. R.,
Lawrence, Ann. N. Y. Lye. 1861, c22.
Hab. Eastern United States, north to Niagara Falls ; Cuba (very rare) ;
Guatemala, Panama, and Bogota. Not recorded from Mexico or West Indies
(except Cuba).

Specimens in the collection from the United States east of the
Missouri plains, as far north as Carlisle in the east, and Michigan
in the west ; also —

Smith-

souiaa

No.

Conec-
tor's
No.

Sex 1

and 1 Localitv.

Aire, j

When
Collecied.

1
Received from Collected by

12,160
32,713

34,6i4

32.713

1('4

(f Cherokee Nation, July 4,1849. Dr. Woodhouse.
? Cohan, Guat. ... Verreanx.

Guatemala. ... Cab. Lawrence.

Bogota. ... J. H. Roome,

Dr. AVo'idhuuse.

192

REVIEW or AlVIERICAN BIRDS.

[part I.

Dendroica pliaretra.

Sylvicola pharetra, Gosse, Birds Jam. 1847, 163. — Ib. Illust. Birds Jam.
— OsBURN, Zoologist, 6660. — Dendroica pharetra, Sclatee, P. Z. S.
1861, 71.— Ib. Catal. 1862, 358, no. 193.
Hah. Jamaica only.

As stated by Dr. Sclater, this is a perfectly good species, rather
similar in general appearance to Mniotilla varia, but with the
feet and bill of Dendroica. The resemblance to D. striata is quite
close. The specimens before me are not in very good condition, but
the colors differ from those of Mniotilla varia in having all the
feathers of the crown black, edged with white, causing a fine streak-
ing, instead of having the crown black with white median and lateral
stripe {M. varia), or entirely black (Z>. striata). The rump and
upper tail coverts are unstreaked brownish-olive, not black as in M.
varia, nor streaked with black, as in D. striata. The sides of the
head are streaked or spotted with black ; the streaks are on the front
of the jugulum as well as the sides. There is no large white patch
on the inner web of the outer tail feathers as in the two other species
mentioned, but merely a dirty whitish edging at the ends of the
same feathers. This last mentioned character will probably dis-
tinguish it in any stage of plumage. Bill very stout. Length, 4.70 ;
wing, 2.55; tail, 2.50.

Smith-
sonian

No.

CoUec-

tor's
No.

Sex
and

Ago.

Locality.

Wlien

Collected.

Received from

Collected by

23,310
23,309
27,942

80
80

St. Ariuand, Jam.
Trelawney, Jam.

Sept. ]8r)9.
Aug. 24, '59.

P. L. Sclater.

W. Osburu.

Deudroica striata.

Muscicapa striata, Forsteb, Phil. Trans. LXII, 383, 428. — Motacilla s.
GiiELiN. — Sylvia s. Lath, ; Vieillot, II, pi. 75, 76. — Wils. IV, pi.
30, fig. 3 ; VI, pi. 54.— Bon. ; Nutt. ; Ann. Orn. Biog. II, pi. 133.—
Lembeye, Av. Cuba, 1850, 33. — Sylvicola s. Swainson ; Bon. ; Acd.
B. A. II, pi. 78.— Reinhakdt, Vid. Med. for 1853, 1854, 73 (Green-
land).—Max. Cab. Jour. VI, 1858, 113. — Mniotilla s. Reinh. Ibis,
1861, 6 (Greenland). — Rhimanphus s. Cab. Jour. 111,475 (Cuba). —
Dendroica s. Baird, Birds N. Am. 1858, 280.— Copes, Pr. A. N. Sc.
1861, 220 (Labrador coast).— Sclater, CataL 1861, 31, no. 193.—
G0NDL. Cab. Jour. 1861, 326 (Cuba; rare).

Other Localities Quoted : Bogota, Sclater, P. Z. S. 1S55, 143.

Bahamas, Bryant, Pr. Bost. Soc. VII, 1839.
Hah. Eastern province of all N. America to Arctic Ocean ; Greenland ; Cuba,
in winter (rare) ; Bahamas ; Bogota. Not recorded from intermediate localities.

DENDROICA.

193

Landbeck, in Wiegmann's Archiv fiir Naturgesch. for 1864, page
56, describes as new a Dendroica atricapilla, collected at Valdivia,
Chile, in June 11, 1858. Without expressing a definite opinion on
the subject, I cannot distinguish this bird, by his description, from D.
striata, although the dimensions appear rather smaller.

I), striata, D. coronata, and D. stdiva are the only species of the
genus that occur as far north as the shores of the Arctic Ocean.

Tery many suecimens in the collection from the whole United
States east of the Missouri plains, as well as from the interior of
British Xorth America ; also —

Smith- 1 Col lec-

Sex

souiau tor's

and

No. No.

Ai,'e.

LocTility.

When
CoUected.

1S,0S4
20, "..V2
2o,63tt
27,330
31,121
31,423
22,64)
22.641
22 631
22,800
19,.';04
3i,522

SO

cf

471

..

1,21.5

?

71

3.J3

oS6

567

672

427

621

cf

IOj

?

Grosvater Bay, Lab.
Labrador.
Fort George, H. B.
Ft. Youkon.
Peel's River.
Fort Anderson.
Fort Good Hope.
Fort Simpson.
Bg Island, S. Lake.
Fort Rae, "

Ft. Resolution,"
Nas-an, Bahamas.
Bogota.

July 17, '59.

July 1, "60.
JuuelO, '61.

June 21.
Sept. 1S61.

June 13, '61.
June 7, '60.
May 12, '64.

Received from

Elliot Coue.s.
Williams' Coll.
C. Drexler. [Lye.
R Kennicott.
0. P. Gaudet.
R. R. McFarlane.
B. R. Koss.

L. Clark, Jr.
R Kennicott.
C L. Fitzgerald.
Cab. Lawrence.

Collected by

Elliot Coues.
R. Kennicott.

J. S. Onion.

J. Reid.

L Clark, Jr.

R. Kennicott.

(27,330.) With eg

Among the American Sylvicolidse is a group of what may be
called " Golden Warblers," having, as their common characters, the
body yellowish-green above, golden yellow beneath ; the quills and
tail feathers dark brown, margined internally with yellow, externally
with the color of the back ; the breast and sides streaked with
orange brown, of which color is also sometimes the head. This
combination of characters is peculiar to the group, and especially
the yellow of the inner webs of the tail feathers, which is found in
no other American Warblers. Originally represented by a single
species — the familiar D. sediva of the United States — the list has
recently been largely increased. All except sestiva belong to Middle
America, or the northern part of South America, but especially to
the West Indies, where, it is probable, that each large island will be
found to have its own peculiar representative, as is the case to a
greater or less extent with Certhiola, Loxigilla, Saurothera, Todus,
lind many other genera. The diagnostic characters of the male
birds of the best known species are as follow : —
13 April, 1865.

194 REVIEW OF AMERICAN BIRDS. [PART I.

Forehead and vertex, with sides of head and tliroat, yellow.
Lateral tail leather entirely yellow, except a dusky streak
along the shaft towards tlie end. Inner webs of all tail
feathers yellow to the shaft, except the sixth or central.
Wings pointed.

First quill nearly the longest, and always exceeding the 4th astiva.
Forehead yellowish ; vertex only brownish-orange, this sometimes
concealed by greenish tips. Sides of head and throat yel-
low. Outer web of lateral tail feather (except on the margin)
dusky. Yellow of inner edge of quills not reaching the
shaft, except perhaps in petechia. Wings rounded.

Second quill longest ; 1st longer than the 5th. Larger
wing covert edged with olivaceous, scarcely more yel-
low externally; alula brown, not margined. Yellow
patch on inner web of outer tail feather, not reaching
the shaft ; the 5th only narrowly edged with yellow . gundlachii.
Third quill longest; 1st shorter than the 5th. The oliva-
ceous edges of larger wing coverts brightening ex-
ternally into golden yellow ; alula sharply margined
with yellow. Yellow patch on inner web of lateral
tail feather reaching the shaft ; inner web of 5th feather
with marginal half yellow ...... petechia.

Similar to last, but wings shorter. The 3d quill longest ;

the 1st quill longer than the 4th and 5th. Y'ellow of

iuner webs of tail feathers not reaching the shaft . rujic.apilla.

Entire head, including sides and inferior surface, orange-brown.

Yellow of inner edge of quills reaching the shaft. Tail

feathers much as in the last. Wings rather rounded.

Third quill longest ; 1st longer than the 5th ; edges of wing
coverts brightening into golden yellow. Orange brown
confined to the head and neck. Wing 2.75 long . vieiUotl.
Similar to last, but considerably smaller. Orange brown
of head extending interiorly to the jugulum. Wings,
2.25 rvfigula.

In addition to the species just mentioned the Si/lvicola aureola
of Gould, and the S. eoa of Gosse evidently belong to the Golden
Warblers, although their precise relationships cannot be delined for
want of specimens.*

' Dcndroica aureola.

Si/lcicola aureola, Godi,d, Voyage Beagle, Birds, 1S41, '$•&, tab. 28.

" Nape, back, and tail coverts yellowish-olive ; wings and tail blackish,
broadly margined with yellow ; front and crown yellow, with the tips of the
feathers reddish castaneous ; hind head gray, mixed with yellow, the cheeks
and throat bright yellow ; breast of same color, each feather marked down

'DENDROICA. 195

Denclroica sestiva.

Mutucilla cEsliva, Gm. S. N. I, 1788, 996. — Sylvia cestiva, Lath. ; Vieill.
II, pi. 95. — Bon. ; Aud. Orn. Biog. I, pi. 35, 93 ; Nutt. — Sylvicola
ast. Swains. ; Bon. ; Aud. B. A. II, pi. 88.— Max. Cab. Jour. 1658,
114. — Rhimampfius (cat. Bon. ; Cab. Jour. Ill, 472 (Cuba). — Sclatek,
r. Z. S. 1S57, 202. — Dendroica ast. Baikd, Birds N. Am. 1858,
282.— Sclateh, p. Z. S. 1859, 363.— Ib. Catal. 1861, 32, no. 194
(Ecuador, Cayenne, N. Grenada). — Taylor, Ibis, 1864, 81 (Trini-
dad).—Cooper & Scckley, p. R. R. XII, II, 1859, 181 (N. W. coast).

Sylvia carolinensis, Lath. Ind. Orn. II, 1790, 551.

f Sylvia fava, Vieii.lot, II, 1807, 31, pi. 81.

Sylvia citrineUa, WiLs. II, pi. xv, fig. 5.

Sylvia ckildreni, AuD. Orn. Biog. I, 1831, pi. 35 (young).

the middle with pale reddish castaneous ; sides and middle of the abdomen
whitish. Hub. Galapagos.

"Length, 5 inches; wing, 2^; tail, 2,f^; tarsus, j !; ; bill, -^\.''

•

This species appears to resemble petechia in coloration, but to differ in fewer
and less distinct stripes beneath, in the gray of the head, and lightness of the
abdomen. There is no meuliou made of the proportions of the quills.

Dendroica eoa.

Sylvicola eoa, GossE, Birds Jamaica, 1847, 158. — Ib. Illustration Birds
Jamaica.
Hah. Jamaica (Crab Pond, Jan. 24).

"Male. Upper parts olive, approaching to yellow on the rump; sides of
head marked with a band of orange, extending from the ear to the beak, and
meeting both on the forehead and on the chin. Wing quills and coverts
blackish, with yellowish edges. Tail blackish-olive, with yellow edges ; the
outermost two feathers on each side liave the greatest portion of the inner
webs pale yellow. Under parts pale yellow. The crown, rump, tertials,
belly, and under tail coverts sparsely marked with undefined spots of pale
orange."

" Female. Nearly as in the male, but the deep orange is spread over the
whole cheeks, chin, throat, and bieast. The head and back are dusky gray,
tinged with olive, and patched vvitli the fulvous much more largely, but irregu-
larly, as if laid ujinn the darker hue.

" Length, 5 inches ; expanse, 7.60 ; wing, 2.70 ; tail, 1.90 ; rictus nearly .60;
tarsus, .90; middle toe, .50. Irids dark hazel; feet hoin-color; beak pale
horn ; culmen and tip darker."

The preceding description, copied from Gosse, relates to a Jamaica Warbler,
unknown, excepting from the preceding account, but evidently having a clo.-e
relationship to the Golden Warblers. It appears to have the head all round
orange (brown?), as also perhaps the rump and tertials; aud to be marked
(streaked ?) with the same beneath, including the crissum. The inner webs
of the tail feathers are yellow, as in the Golden Warblers.

196 REVIEW OF AMERICAN BIRDS. [PART I.

f Sylvia rathhoyiln, Arc. Orn. Biog. I, 1831, pi. 65. — Sylvicola r. Aud.

B. A. II, pi. 89.
fMotacilla rubiginosa, Pallas, Zoog. Rosso- Asiat. 1, 1831,496 (Kodiak).
Rhimamphus chryseolus, Bon. Bull. Soc. Linn. Caen, II, 1851, 32 (Z>.

(estiva, from South America ; Cayenne).
Other Localities: Xalupa, Sclatek, P. Z. S. 1859, 363. — Guatemala,

ScLATER & Salvin, Ibis, 1859, 11. — Panama, winter. Lawk. Ann.

N. Y. Lye. 1861, 322.— Turbo, N. Grenada, Cass. Pr. A. N. So.

ISQO, 191.— Bogota, Sclatek, Pr. 1855, 143.— C/^^ o/ i/ex/co, Ib.

1864, 172.

ITab. Entire North America, into South America as far as Ecuador, Cayenne,
and Trinidad. Not recorded from West Indies, where replaced by allied species.

No North American bird has a wider range throughout the entire
continent, or is more abundant and familiar, breeding apparently as
far south as Mazatlan if not through Central America. Its range
into South America is also quite extensive, reaching Ecuador through
New Grenada, and eastward as far as Cayenne and Trinidad. I have
sought in vain for tangible characters to distinguish more than one
species, apparent discrepancies in single southern specimens having
been matched by others from the United States.

A skin from Costa Rica (30,487) appears to have more yellow
than usual on the inside of the quills, and a considerable amount of
red on the head ; not more, however, than in upper Missouri speci-
mens. Others exhibit occasional differences from the typical char-
acter, but nothing of apparent specific value. A specimen from
Guatemala, probably female, is much smaller than any other in the
collection, measuring only 4.00; wing, 2.25; tail, 1.85.

If there is any feature apparently belonging more to southern
than northern skins it is a greater paleness of bill, and a tendency
to a narrow line of dusky along the outer side of shaft of outer tail
feather, reaching to its base, instead of only about half way. Even
this, however, is not constant, and may be more a condition of winter
plumage than anything else.

I have not noticed in young birds the peculiar whiteness of the
tnroat and ash of the sides of head and nape, seen in D. j^etechia.

Specimens (about 200 in all) are in the collection from nearly all
regions of North America, from the Atlantic to the Pacific, and
north to the Arctic Ocean ; from Forts Yukon, Good Hope, Ander-
son, Simpson, Rae (where very abundant), Resolution ; Moose
Factory, etc. (None from Cape St. Lucas ?) • also —

DENDROICA.

191

Sraith-

Collec-

Sex

When
Collected.

soaiau
No.

tor's

No.

and

Age.

Locality.

Received from

Collected by

3.5,016

28.5

Juv.

Mazatlan.

A. J. Grayson.

32,712

20,167

V

Mexico.

V'erreaux.

29,356

121

r/

Colima, Mex.

Feb. 1863.

J. Xantus.

J. Xantus.

30,687

2.59

Duefias, Guat.

0. Salvin.

31,688

3,160

"

Sept. 18.59.

"

30,686

263

Petaleuleu, Guat.

Sept. 1862.

"

Salvin & Godm.

30,0.53

¥

La Liliertad, S S.

Sept. 1:5, '63.

Capt. J. M. Dow.

Capt. J. M. Dow.

30,487

130

San Jose, C. E.

Dr. Fraiitzius.

34,6.56

..

"

J. Carmiol.

17,897

310

V

Turbo, N. G.

Lt. Micbler.

A. Schott.

17,898

329

d

Panama.

Fred. Hicks.

**

30,601

Trinidad.

M. Galody.
Cab. A. & E. New-
[tou.

Dendroica giiiidlaclii.

?Motacilla albicollis, Gmelin, Syst. Nat. I, 1788, 983 {Ficedula domini-
censis, Brisson III, 494, tab. 26, fig. 5, St. Domingo). — Deudroica
albicoMis, Cassin, Pr. A. N. Sc. 1860, 192. — Lawrence, Ann. N. Y.
Lye. 1860, 18 (Cuba).— Gundlach, Cab. Jour. 1861, 326 (Cuba).

? ?Motacilla chloroleuca, Gmelin, Syst. Nat. 1, 17S8, 984 {Ficedula domini-
censis minor, Beisson, III, 496, tab. xxvi, fig. 2, St. Domingo).

Sylvia cestiva, Lembeye, Aves Cuba, 1850, 31, not tlie figure. — Rhiman-
phus cestivua, Cabanis, Jour. 1855, 472 (Cuba).

Dendroica gundlachi, Baird.
Hab. Cuba.

Wings rounded, rather short ; the 2d quill longest ; 3d and 4th successively
very little shorter; 1st intermediate between 4tli and 5th ; difference between
1st and 2d quill .07. (The five specimens before me all agree in these
characters.)

( '^ .) Upper parts dark yellowish-green, scarcely brighter on the rump, the
shaft of the feathers perhaps more dusky. Top of the head more and more
yellowish to the bill, especially towards the bases of the feathers ; the central
portions of the feathers tinged with reddish (Mr. Lawrence speaks of a male
bird having the whole crown of a deep orange color). Under parts bright
yellow; the jugulum and sides streaked with reddish. Wing feathers dark
brown; the quills and coverts edged externally with the dull olive of the
hack, which scarcely becomes more yellow on the margin of the coverts, as
in petechia ; the marginal color of the primaries towards their ends passing
into gray ; the alula uniform brown ; the quills margined internally, but not
sharply, with yellowish, which is almost a dull white towards the ends viewed
from above. The upper surfaces of the tail feathers are dark greenish-brown,
margined externally like the rump; the outer four feathers have rather illy
defined yellow patches on their inner webs towards the end, which, liowever,
on the outer feather does not quite reach the shaft, and is separated on the
others by a greater and greater interval of the ground color; the 5th has the
inner margin alone yellow. The bill is plumbeous, with pale edges ; the feet
apparently greenish.

A female bird is quite similar, but with the yellow patches on the tail still

198 REVIEW OF AMERICAN BIRDS. [PAUT I.

more restricte*?. A young bird with mtich worn plumage belonging to Dr.
Gumllach's collection, the same as that referred to by Mr. Lawrence, is ashy
above, with patches of olive-green ; the under parts creamy white, strongly
tinged with yellow across the breast and on crissum. The yellow patches
of tail feathers much restricted. A young male (34,.504), farther advanced,
has the adult plumage, with only a few patches of light ashy on the nape and
sides of neck, and some whitish spots on the chin

Length of 34,504, ^,4.90; wing, 2.50; tail, 2.20; tarsus, .88; bill from
nostril, .32.

For the opportunity of examining specimens of this species I am
indebted to Dr. J. Gundlach, who has transmitted five specimens of
different ages and sexes. None of these, however, appear to be in
highest spring plumage, for which reason the comparison with the
allied species cannot be made entirely satisfactory, and the differ-
ences in coloration may not be really quite as great as they now
appear. The difference in the structure of the wing \j'ould, however,
alone be sufficient to separate this species from petechia. The tips
of the outer four quills are closer together; the 1st quill not .10 less
than the 2d ; the 2d longest ; the 3d and 4th successively very little
shorter ; the 1st longer, however, than the 5th. In petechia the 1st
quill is .20 shorter than the 3d (which is longest) ; the 4th is nearly
as long, and decidedly exceeding the 2d ; the 1st shorter than the
5tli, or about equal to the Gth.

None of the Cuban specimens before me show the red vertex of
the full plumaged petechia of Jamaica ; the feathers being tinged
centrally like immature males of the latter species ; but, from Mr.
Lawrence's statement, the reddish crown belongs equally to both
species. The differences in wings and tail, however, exist throughout
the entire series of the species. The colors above are much brighter
and more yellowish in petechia; the wing coverts are broadly edged
with yellowish-green, like the back, which color on the edges, and
still more on the ends of the greater and middle coverts, passes into
almost decided yellow ; the edge of the alula and of the wing are
bright golden yellow ; all the quills are edged conspicuously and
uniformly on the outside like the back, and inside abruptly with
yellow. In albicollis the edging of the wing feathers is much duller
and more uniform, without the bright yellow of the coverts and alula.
The outer edges of the primaries are more inclined to gray ; the
yellow of the inner edges of the quills paler, and less abrupt. The
yellow of the inner webs of the tail feathers in albicollis is more
contracted ; does not come up so sharply to the shaft, but is usually
separated from it, and the 5th feather has only the inner margin
yellow, instead of being of this color nearly to the shaft. As already

DENDROICA.

199

remarked, however, these differences in coloration may be less appa-
rent with more perfect specimens.

The upper parts are much darker and more olivaceous than in
sestiva ; the top and side of the head lack the bright yellow. The
tibiae are grayish-olive, not bright yellow ; the yellow of the wing
coverts is wanting, and the yellow edging of the quills internally
much less. In sesliva the yellow of the tail is more extended — the
outer feather being entirely of this color, excepting a streak in the
end of the outer web ; and even in the fifth tail feather the entire
inner web is yellow, except at the extreme tip. The wing is much
more pointed in sediva ; the 1st quill being generally longest, and
considerably exceeding the 4th, instead of being less.

The determination of the specific name of this species has been a
matter of considerable perplexity. I am by no means satisfied that
the St. Doraingan and the Cuban birds are the same ; and even if
identical, the name alhicollis is a misnomer, liable to cause a very
erroneous impression, as the throat is golden-yellow, except in the
very young bird, when alone it is dirty whitish. I have, therefore,
thought best to impose a new name, borrowing it from the eminent
naturalist who has given to us a knowledge of the Ornithology of
Cuba scarcely less perfect than that of the eastern United States.

The name of chloroleuca, Gmelin, which may refer to the same
species, unless there be two with rufous crown in St. Domingo, is
equally objectionable with albicoUis.

Smith-

CoUec-

Sex

souian
No.

tor's

No.

and

A.-e.

3t,503
34,-503
34,504
34,J05

Locality.

Whpn
Collected.

Received from

April, 1S64. Dr. J. Gundlath.

Collected by

Dendroica petecliia.

Motacilla petechia, Lixx. S. N. I, 1766, 3.34 (based on Avicnia lutca
i-ertive rubra, Edwards, V, 99, tab. 256, fig. 2, erroneously quoted
ag from Peaiia.). — Dendroica petechia, Sclater, P. Z. S. 1S61, 71. —
Id. Catal. 1801, 32, no. 195.— March, Pr. An. Sc. 1863, 292 (.Ja-
maica; nesting).

Syhncola sestiva, Gosse, Birds Jam. 1847, 157.

Hah. Jamaica.

(No. 22,153, '^ .) Above yellowish-green, rather brighter on the rnmp ; the
top of the head from bill, brownish-orange, with the bases of the feathers yel-
low (in some specimens their tips not unfrequentlylike the back, thus conceal-

200 REVIEW OF AMERICAN BIRDS. [PART I.

ing the orange). Under parts, including tibra, lores, and cheeks helow the eye,
bright golden-yellow, the jugulum, breast, and sides streaked with brownish-
orange ; crissum plain. Wing feathers dark brown, broadly margined ex-
ternally with the color of the back, of nearly the same tint on the edges of
the primaries, but considerably more yellowish towards the edges of the greater
and middle coverts and secondaries. All -"he quills edged internally (and the
alula externally) and sliarply with sulphur-yellow, like the lining of the
wings, but not reaching the shaft of the feather — being cvit oQ' even at the
base of the feather by a very narrow portion of the ground color. Tail feathers
dark greenish-brown, becoming darker centrally, the outer edges like the
back ; the shafts black above, white beneath, the inner webs (except in the
two central) bright yellow, except at the tips — the yellow not quite reaching
the shaft on the fourth feather, and extending only half way to it on the fifth.
In specimens of less perfect plumage the shafts of all the feathers are margined
internally with the color of the outer webs, this widening on the more anterior
feather.

The female (and perhaps autumnal male) differs in a more restricted amount
or entire deficiency of the brownish-orange ol the crown, and the more obsolete
stripes beneath, as well as to some extent in the markings of the tail as above
described. Young birds have the throat and chin creamy white, the nuchal
region and the sides of head and neck strongly tinged with light ash. The
other characters appear much as described.

The wings in this. bird are rather short, and much rounded ; the 3d quill is
longest ; the 4th a little shorter than the 2d ; the 1st is intermediate between
the 5th and 6th, very rarely equal to, still less frequently a little longer than
the 5th, perhaps never exceeding the 4th. In eight specimens the succession
of length of the quills is expressed by the formula 3. 4. 2. 5.1.6; in two,
3. 4. 2. 1. 5. 6. The tail is considerably rounded.

Total length, 4.90; wing, 2.62; tail, 2.30, its graduation .15; difference
between 1st and 3d primaries, .22; bill from forehead, .50, from nostril, .32,
along gape, .60 ; tarsus, .80.

This species, though very similar iu external appearance to D.
sestiva, may be readily distinguished on comparison. It is a rather
larger bird, with much (disproportionately) broader ciuills and tail
feathers. Thus the greatest width of the outer primary is ..31, in-
stead of .25 to .2'7. A difference in the proportion of the quills is
constant. As stated, the 3d quill is generally longest in petechia;
the 1st generally shorter than the 6th, always shorter than the 4th.
In sestiva the wing is much more pointed ; the 1st quill is about
equal to the 2d and 3d, rarely a little shorter ; more frequently longer,
and .25 or more longer than the 5th, instead of being less ; and very
nearly ecjual to the 3d, not .20 shorter.

The differences in coloration consist in the more greenish tinge of
the upper parts in petechia ; the edges of the quills greenish-yellow,
especially the outer primaries, not almost pure yellow. The yellow
of the inner webs of the tail feather, in very perfect specimens, only

DENDROICA.

2C1

reaches the shaft on the outer three feathers alone, and in fact even
here the upper surface shows a slight suffusion of the color of the
shaft along its inner edge. The isolation on the fourth feather, how-
ever, amounts to two or three hundredths of an inch, and on the
fifth to half the web. In most specimens, however, there is more
or less brown along the inside of all the shafts. In high ])lumaged
males of sestiva the yellow reaches the shaft in the outer five feathers,
the fifth exhibiting a slight suffusion only in its terminal half; some-
times, however, this suffusion is seen on the fourth. There is con-
siderably less yellow on the inner edges of the quills than in sestiva
in which the yellow reaches the shaft near the base.

The orange-brown tinge to the whole top of the head is an im-
portant character of j^x^fechia, even though sometimes wanting or
obscured. Not unfrequently, however, traces of the same are seen in
sestiva; and one specimen (4,300, Louisiana) has as much reddish
in the crown as many males of petechia.

I have not noticed, in petechia, the obscure brownish streaks seen
on the backs of high plumaged specimens of sestiva ; and the rump
is more uniformly greenish-olive, instead of having the feathers
much edged with yellow.

Smitli-

CoUec-

Sex

When
CoUected.

souiau
No.

tor's
No.

and
Age.

Locality.

Keceived from

Collected by

2.3, 3U

62

cf

Savannah le Mar.

Aug. 2, '-jS.

P. L. Sclater.

W. 0>buru.

23,313

62

V

I'ort land, Jam. [Jam.

April, lS.-)0.

"

"

24.3.)4

19G

rf

Spanishtown, Jam.

Aug:. 2S, '61.

W. T. March.

26,Sns

38

rf

"

AUiT. 1S62.

"

26,S09

238

V

"

"

"

24.303

202

^

"

Aug. 28, 61.

"

24.352

Juv

[9

Dendroica

fMotaciUa rnJicapiUa, Gmelin, S. N. I, 1788, 971 (based on Ficedula
, martini carta, Bkisson, III, 490, pi. xxii, fig. 4, Martinique).

?Chloris erithachorides, FEUiLife, Jour. Obs. Phys. Ill, 413.
?Dendroica a-stiva, Newton, Ibis, I, 1859, 143 (St. Croix).
? Dendroica petechia, Cassin, Pr. A. N. Sc. 1860, 192, 376 (St. Thomas).

—? Sylvia petechia, Vieill. Ois. Am. Sept. II, 1807, 32, pi. 91 (" U.

States").

I have little douljt that the Golden Warblers of St. Croix and St.
Thomas ai'e specifically different from those inhabiting Jamaica
and Cuba respectively, and would not be much surprised to find
that each of the first-mentioned islands, as well as others of the
West Indian group, possessed a Golden Warbler peculiar to itself.

202 REVIEW or AMERICAN BIRDS. [PART I.

I have before me a St. Croix skiu kiudly lent by Mr. Newton,
and one from St. Thomas, from Mr. Lawrence's collection, and
have examined other St. Thomas specimens in the museum of the
Philadelphia Academy. None of these, unfortunately, are in that
perfection of feather and coloration necessary to exhibit their true
character, and I am unable to indicate these features properly,
though believing them to be different from j^^techia.

The St. Croix bird, which resembles petechia in the yellow edges
to the wing coverts, is smaller, with considerably shorter wings
proportionally (2.40, instead of 2.65) ; the wing formula is quite
different, being 3. 2. 1. 4. 5. 6, instead of 3. 4. 2. 5. 1. 6 — the 1st
quill being thus longer than the 4th and 5th, the 2d next to the
longest, instead of the 1st being shorter than the 4th and 5th, and
the 4th second in length. The St. Thomas specimens have much
the same wing formula — 3. 2. 4. 1. 5. 6 in most; in two, 3. 4. 2. 1. 5. 6 ;
they are rather larger, however, with more yellow on the tail.

A specimen, in poor condition, obtained in Barbadoes by Mr.
Gill, and preserved in alcohol (Xo. 33,V6G), although apparently an
adult male, is of very small size: length, 4.30; wing, 2.25; tail,
2.00 ; and has as the Aving formula, 3. 4. 5. 2. 1. The tail has almost
the same amount of yellow as in D. sesliva, and much more than in
any of its red-capped allies, viz., the entire inner webs of five ex-
terior feathers, with exception of a terminal streak. On the outer
web of the exterior feather the basal yellow does not extend quite
as far up as in sestiva. The entire top oi head is of a deep chestnut-
brown. This bird, therefore, may be a different species again from
those just referred to. The specimen exhibits the unusual anomaly
of having seven tail feathers on one side, and six on the other.

The solution of all the questions connected with this subject will
depend upon full series of specimens in perfect spring plumage, from
all the different West India Islands. It is, however, quite evident
that, while D petechia, of Jamaica, and D. gundlachi are distinct
species, there is at least one, and perhaps several additional species
in the West India Islands more to the eastward, perhaps one for
each group of islands.

Note. — As the present pages are passing through the press the
Institution has received a series of Golden Warblers from St.
Thomas, collected by Mr. Swift, which, unfortunately, being in
winter plumage, do not furnish the means of making a final com-
parison, though substantiating what has already been said in regard
to the character of the wina:s.

DENDROICA.

203

Smith-

suutau

No.

36.621
36.6-22
36,623

Collec-
tor's

No.

Sex
and

Ag".

Locality.

When
Collected.

Eeceived from

Kobert Swil't.

Collected by

Dendroica vieilloli.

Dendroica vieilloti, Cassin, Pr. A. N. Sc. May, 1800, 192 (Panama;
Cartliagena). — Sclatek, Catal. 1861, 32, no. 196 (New Grenada
and Mexico). — ?Salvix, MSS. (Gulf of Nicoya).

Dendroica erithachorides, Baird, Birds N. Am. 185 -, 283 (not of FepillI).

? rJdmanphus rujiceps, Cabams, Jour. Orn. for Sept. 1860, 326 (published
Jan. 1861 ; see cover) (Costa Rica).

Hab, Mexico to New Grenada.

(No. 10,211.) Above olive-green, rather brighter on the rump; beneath,
including lining of wings, briglit golden yellow. Entire liead all round, with
broad streaks on the breast and sides, orange-brown. Wings nearly black, the
larger coverts, first primary, alula, and inner secondaries broadly edged with
greenish-yellow ; the other quills with olivaceous like the back ; the insidea
of the quills broadly and sharply margined obliquely with yellow, which
leaches the shaft on the inner secondaries, and in all the quills except the
long primaries, is continued entirely around so as to join the exterior margin-
ing. Exposed surface of the tail feathers (including their outer webs) dark
greenish-brown, edged externally with the color of the back, the outer feather
alone having the outer web yellow, with a dark shaft streak from near the
base. The inner webs of the 1st, 2d, and 3d feathers entirely yellow, except
at the end ; the 4th and 5th with more and more dusky along the shaft ; the
6th with narrow margin only of yellow. Bill dark horn color. Legs pale.

The colors of the female are much duller ; the head only tinged with brown,
especially along the centres of the feathers, and the streaks on the body be-
neath, indistinct. The inner webs of the tail feathers show much more brown
on them.

The wings, in this species, are broad and rounded, as in petechia. The 3d
quill is longest ; the 4th and then the 2d a little shorter ; the 1st about inter-
mediate between the 2d and 5th, not shorter than the 5th. Tlie tail is con-
siderably rounded. In five specimens the formula is 3. 4. 2. 1. 5. G ; in one,
3. 2. 4. 1. 5. 6. The difference between the 1st and 3d quills is about .19.

Total length, 5.00; wing, 2.75; tail, 2.30; width of outer feather, .35;
difference between 1st and 3d quills, .13 ; length of bill along culmen, .50,
from nostril, .35, along gape, .63 ; tarsus, .81 ; middle toe and claw, .62; hind
toe and claw, .50.

This species, in the broad rounded wings, short first primary, and
wide quill- and tail feathers agrees with petechia much more than
with sediva, although it is even larger, and the wings proportionally
longer (including 1st quill) than petechia. The 1st quill, too, is

204

REVIEW OF AMERICAN BIRDS.

[part I.

longer than the 5th, not shorter. The quills are more broadly
margined than in that species, and all the colors more brilliant. The
entirely red head will readily distinguish it however. The reddish
streaks in the feathers of the chin, and a tinge of the same in the
lores, will distinguish the female bird from all others.

The preceding remarks were based upon the types of D. vieilloti
(all from Lt. Michler's collection), as described by Mr. Cassin.
Since then I have had the opportunity of examining specimens from
other localities. A series from Mazatlan exhibits some differences,
but the specimens are all moulting, and it is impossible to determine
their true characters. It is, however, quite in accordance with the
general rule in the distribution of American birds, that a species
inhabiting the main land of South America should be replaced
farther north, especially so far as Mazatlan, by a second, closely
allied to it. To which form, if there be two, the ruficeps of Cabanis
belongs, it is difficult to say, as his description refers equally to
specimens before him from Carthagena, Costa Rica, and Mexico ;
most probably, however, to the former, and as such true synonyms
of D. vieilloti.

Smith-
sonian

No.

CoHec-
tor's
No.

Sex
aud

Age.

Locality.

When
CoUected.

Received from

Collected by

10,212
10,211
17,000
17,899
21,767

3.3,017
3.-),01S
35,019

h

6

5

46

2S6
281

2S2

d

V?

d

Juv.

d
Juv. cf

?

Carihageua, N. G.

New Grenada.
Caiicun, Yucatan.
Mazatlan, Mex.

isib.

Aug. 1864.

Lt. Michler.

[Jr.
Cab. Dr. S. Cabot,
A. J. Grayson.

A. Schott.

(10,211.) Type. (3.3,017.) 5. ; 7.50.

Dendroica rufigula.

Dendroica ruJiguJa, Baird.

Sylvia ruficapiUa, "Lath.," Vieill. Nouv. Diet. XI, 1817, 228.— Ib.

Encycl. Meth. TI, 1823,442 (not of p. 440) ("Martinique")-— Ib.

Galerie Ois. I, 268, pi. 164. (Not ruficapiUa of Gmelin and Latham.)

Hab. ? West Indies ; ? Martinique.

Similar to D. vieilloti, but smaller ; the rufous of entire head extending
down the neck to jugulum. Wing formula, 3. 4. 2. 1. 5. 6.

Length, 4.50 ; wing, 2.25 ; tail, 2.00 ; tarsus, .72 ; middle toe and claw, .52 ;
hind toe and claw, .45 ; bill from nostril, .37.

I have already adverted to the possibility that the Brown-headed
Golden Warblers of Mexico aud Central America may be different

DENDKUICA. 205

from typical vieilloti, from Cartbagena. In the collectioa of the
Philadelphia Academy I find a single specimen labelled "*S. rufica-
2ytlla," without indication of locality, which differs detidedly from
all others I have seen in being much smaller, and in having the
orange-brown of the head and throat extending farther down as a
broad lappet over the neck to the jngulura, instead of being confined
to the head alone. The lateral tail feather has perhaps less yellow
on its outer web, though the markings of the tail and wings are
very similar. The size is considerably less ; the wings half an inch
shorter ; the middle toe and claw one-tenth of an inch shorter ; the
bill is more slender ; the wing formula is the same. Of its distinction
from vieilloti as a species I have little doubt, and can only regret
the uncertainty in regard to the locality. It agrees very well, espe-
cially in the greater extension of the rufous of the throat, with the
Sylvia ruficapilla of Yieillot, as cited above, from Martinique ; and
it may be really a West Indian species.

Specimen in collection of Philadelphia Academy

Dendroica olivacea.

Sylvia olivacea, Giraud, Birds Texas, 1841, 14, pi. vii, fig. 2. — Sclater,
P. Z. S. 1855, 66. — Sylcicola olivacea, Cassin, 111. Birds Texas, etc.
1855, 283, pi. xlviii. — Rldmanphus o'ivaceus, Sclater, P. Z. S. 1856,
291 (Cordova). — Dendroica olivacea, Sclater P. Z, S. 1858, 298
(Oaxaoa; cold region). — Dendroica olivacea, Sclater, P. Z. S. 1859,
363 (Jalapa).— Ib. Catal. 1861, 31, no. 190.

Sylvia ta;niata, Dubus, Bull. Acad. Brux. XIV", 1847, 104.— Ib. Rev. Z.
1848, 245.— Sylvicola taniata. Box. Consp. 1850, 3U9.
ITab. Mexico (both coasts to the southward) ; Guatemala.

Head and neck all round, with jugulum, brownish-saffron, with a greenish
tinge on the nape. Rest of upper parts ashy. Middle and tips of greater
wing coverts white, forming two bands on the wing ; a third white patch at
the bases of the primaries (except the two outer), and extending forwards
along the outer edges. Secondaries edged externally with olive green. Inner
webs of quills conspicuously edged with wliite. Under parts, except as de-
scribed, white, tinged with brownish on the sides ; a narrow frontal band, and
a broad stripe from this through eye and over ear coverts, black. Outer tail
feather white, except at base and towards tip ; greater portion of inner web
of next feather also white, much more restricted on the third.

Length, 4.60; wing, 2.88 ; tail, 2.15 ; tarsus, .75.

A female specimen (14,369), perhaps also in autumnal plumage, has the
saffron replaced by clear yellowish, except on top of head and nape, wl)ich
are olive green. The black frontal and lateral bands are replaced by whitish,
leaving only a dusky patch on the ears.

The bill in this species is quite peculiarly slender and depressed,
and the culmeu is straighter than in any other Dendroica. The nos-

206

REVIEW OF AMERICAN BIRDS.

[part I.

trils, too, are much more linear, and the wings unusually long. In
these respects, as well as in pattern of coloration, it forms a very
strongly marked section among the JJendnnvas, even if not entitled
to consideration as a separate genus. The saffron brown head, neck,
and breast; the narrow black forehead, with black stripe through
the eye ; the white belly, and the two white wing bands and white
patch at base of primaries, easily characterize it specifically.

Smith-

CoUec-

Sex

suiiiaii

tor's

and

No.

No.

Age.

14,369

9

2:t,:!74

i

d

32,404

.391

rf

30,ti92

2.53

d

Locality.

Mexico.
I'opocatepetl.
Orizaba (alpine refr.)
Choctuin, Vera Paz.

When
CoUected.

Received from

Collected by

A. Salle.
Verreanx.
Prof. Suiuichrast.
0. Salvin.

Salvin&Godman.

Dendroica maculosa.

Motacilla maculosa, Gm. S. N. I, 178S, 9S4. — Sylvia m. Lat.i. ; Vieill.
ir, pi. 93.— Bon. ; Nott. ; Aro. Oni. Biog. I, II, V, pi. 50, 123.—
D'Orb. Sagra's Cuba, Ois. 1840, 72. — Sylvlcola m. Swaixs. ; Bon. ;
Add. B. a. II, pi. 96.—Rhima})/,hns in. Cab. Jour. Ill, 1855, 474
(Cuba). — Dendroica m. Baird, Birds N. Am. 1858, 284. — Sclater,
P. Z, S. 1859, 363, 373 (Xalapa).— Ib. Catal. 1861, 32, no. 197.—
Bryant, Pr. Bost. Soc. VII, 1859 (Bahamas). — Sclater & Salvin,
Ibis, 1859, 11 (Guatemala).— Lawrence, Ann. N. Y. Lye. 1861, 322
(Panama; winter). — Gundlach, Cab. Jour. 1861, 326 (Cuba; very
rare).

Si/Ivla magnolia, WiLS. Ill, pi. 23, fig. 3.

Hah. Eastern province of North America to Fort Simpson ; eastern Mexico
to Guatemala and Panama; Bahamas ; Cuba (very rare).

Specimens from the Eastern United States genera .y from the
Atlantic to Missouri vallev : also —

Smith-

Collec-

Sex

souiau

tor's

and

No.

No.

Aire.

20.634

rf

23,627

19,519

iss

V

32.711

20,16.1

rf

22.363

.32,626

30,691

273

Locality.

When
Collected.

Received from

Collected by

May 28, "GO.

Moose Factory.

Fort Simpson.

Foi't Resolution.

Mexico.

Cohan.

Choctum, VeraPaz.! Feb. 1S62.

June 12, "60.
1860.

C. Drexler.
J. MacKenzie.
B. R. Ross.
R. Kennicott.
Verreanx.

0 Salvin.

Dendroica kirtlandii.

Sylvicola kirtlandii, Bairp, Ann. N. Y. Lye. V, .June, 1S52, 217, pi. vi
(Cleveland, Ohio). — Cassin, lUust. I, 1855, 278, pi. 47. — Dendroica
kirtlandii, Baikd, Birds N. Am. 1858, 286.

DENDROICA.

SOY

Until receutlj, the only authenticated and known specimen of this
species was ilie type, Nu. 4,3(J3, killed by Dr. Kirtland, near Cleve-
land, Ohio, May, 1S51, and prepared by myself. I have, however,
lately found a second skin in the collection of Dr. Samuel Cabot, Jr.,
of Boston, taken at sea between the island of Abaco and Cuba. The
plumage is not quite so matured as in the type, and lacks the dark
spots on the jugulum ; it is, however, otherwise very similar. A
third specimen (female) is reported in the Ohio Farmer for June 9,
1860, as killed that season near Cleveland, and preserved by Mr.
R. K. Winslow, who states that the late Wm. Case, of Cleveland,
also killed a specimen, but did not preserve it. Dr. Hoy also thinks
he has seen it at Racine. A careful search in the vicinity of Cleve-
land, about the middle of May, will probably be rewarded by the
discovery of additional specimens.

Smith-
BOQiaa

No.

1
Collec- Sex
tor's and

No. Age.

Locality.

When
Collected.

Received from

Collected by

4,363

d

Cleveland. Ohio.
Near Abaco, Baha-
[nias.

Mavl3, '51. , S. F. Baird

"... Cab. S. Cabut, Jr.

J. P. K.rtlaiid,

(4,363.) Type of species.

Deudroica car1>onata.

Sylvia carbonata, AuD. Orn. Biog. I, 1831, 308, pi. 60 (Kentucky). —
NuTT. — He.linaia carbonata, AuD. Syn. — Ib. B. A. II, 1841, 95, pi.
109. — Dendroica carbonata, Baird, Birds N. Am. 1858, 287.

This species continues to be known only by the description and
figure of Audubon.

Dendroica palmariim.

Motacilla paJmarum, Gmel. S. N. I, 1788, 951 (based on Palm Warbler,
Latham, Syn. II, p. 498, no. 131, St. Domingo). — Si/lvia p. Lath. ;
ViEiLLOT, II, pi. 73.— Bos. ; D'Okb. Sagra's Cuba, Ois. 1840, 61, pi.
vni.—Si/lvlcola p. Sallk, P. Z. S. 1857, 231 (St. Domingo).—
Dendroica p. Baikd, Birds N. Am. 1858,288.— Sclater, Catal. 1861,
33, no. 199.— Ib. P. Z. S. 1861, 71 (.Jamaica; April).— Bryant, Pr.
Bost. Soc. VII, 1859 (Babamas).— Guxdlach, Cab. .Jour. 1861, 326
(Cuba ; very common).

Si/lvia petechia, Wils. VI, pi. 28, fig. 4.— Bon. ; Nutt. ; Aud. Orn. Biog.
II, pi. 163, 164.—SylvicoIa petechia. Swains. ; Aud. B. A. II, pi. 90.

Sylvicola ruficnpilla, BoN. — Rhimanphus riif. Cab. Jour. Ill, 1855, 473
(Cuba ; winter).

Hub. Eastern province of North America to Fort Simpson and HudRon's
Bay ; Bahamas, Jamaica, Cuba, and St. Domingo in winter. Not noted from
Mexico, or Central America.

208

REVIEW OF AMERICAX BIRDS.

[part I.

Specimens from United States generally from Atlantic to Missouri
valley ; also from —

Smith-

Collec-

Sex

When

sonian

tor's

and

Locality.

Keceived from

Collected by

No.

No.

A^e.

26,023

Stewiacke. N. S.

W. G. Winton.

20,62S

North of Montreal.
Ft. George, H Bay.

1S60.
1S61.

0. Drexler.
Mr. Gladmon.

C. Drexler.

22,642

568

V

Fort Siuipson.

B. R. Ross.

19,506

rm

rf

Fort Ile.solution.

June 1 .

R. Kennicott.

19,307

726

V

"

.June 20.

*'

23. -.21

Monte Verde, Cuba.

Jan. 27.

C. Wright.

23, .122

Bayamo, "

Nov. G. '61.

"

23, .524

San Andre, "

Oct. lS-,9.

34,249

?

Remedios, "

Dec. 14, 63.

N. H. Bishop.

Dendroica pityopliila.

Sylvicold pitt/ophila, Gpndlach, Ann. N. Y. Lye. Oct. 18.'5, 160 (Cuba).
— Rhima/iphus piti/ojihiius, Guxdl. Cab. Jour. 1857,2-40.

Hab, Cuba only.

Above, including sides of bead and neck, uniform plumbeous gray ; tbe
forebead, vertex, and loral region olive green. Chin and fore neck bright
yellow, extending on the middle of jugulum, and bordered by black streaks
towards lower part of neck, most conspicuous on sides of breast. ' Beneath
dull white, the insides of wings more ashy, the flanks something like the
back. Two dull ashy white bands across the wing coverts ; the quill- and
tail feathers edged with paler ash than the ground color. Lateral tail feather
with a whitish patch on the inner web, running forward to a point along the
shaft, including the whole web at the end ; second feather with a more re-
stricted patch of the same.

Length, 4.50; wing, 2.30; tail, 2.20; culmen, .45; bill from gape, .55;
tarsus, .66.

This species in general appearance somewhat resembles D. siiper-
ciliosa. The black streaks, however, of the sides of jugulum are
not continued along the flanks ; the forehead and vertex, with lores,
are olive green, not black and plumbeous, and there is no indication
whatever of the black and white markings of the side of the head.
There is also some similarity to D. pin us ; but the plumbeous back
and cheeks (not olive green), and the whitish under parts, except on
throat (not greenish-yellow), will readily distinguish them.

Smith- Collec-
sonian tor's

No. j No.

Sex
and
Age.

Locality.

When
Collected.

Received from

Collected by

33,079 j ..

d

Cuba.

Dr. J. Gundlach.

DENDROICA. "^--- 2

Dendroica d' ninica.

Motacilla f inica, L. Syst. Nat. 12th ed. 1766, 334 (Ficedula dominica

ci,.c,\ , Jeiss. Ill, 520, pi. 27, fig. 3.) — Dendroica dominica, Baikd.
Motacilla siiperciliosa, Bodd^kt, Tableau PI. enl. 686, fig. 1, 1783. —

Dendroica superciliosa, Baikd, Birds N. Am. 1858, 259. — Sclater,

P. Z. S. 1859, 363 (Xalapa) ; 373 (Oaxaca) ; 1861 (Jamaica);

1863, 368 (Mexico).— Ib. Catal. 1861, 33, no. 200.— Sclatek &

Salvin, Ibis, 1860, 274 (Duenas, Guat., Sept.).— March, Pr. A. N.

So. 1863, 293 (Jamaica).— Gondlacu, Cab. Jour. 1861, 326 (Cuba;

very common).
Motacilla Jiuvicollis, Gmelin, S. N. 1, 17S8, 959. — Sylvia fl. Lath. ; Wils.

II, pi. xii, fig. 6.— ? ViEiLLOT, Encycl. Meth. II, 1823, 453.
Motacilla pensilis, Gmelin, S. N. 1, 1788, 960. — Sylvia p. Lath. ; Vieill.

II, pi. 72 (St. Domingo).— BoN. ; Aud. Orn. Biog. I, pi. 85 ; Nutt. ;

D'Okb. Sagra's Cuba, Ois. 1840, 65. — Sylvicola pens. Kich. ; Box. ;

Aud. B. a. II, pi. 79,— Gosse, Birds Jam. 1847, 156 (Jamaica).—

Rhimanphus pens. Cab. Jour. Ill, 474 (Cuba).
Other Localities: Cordova, Sclater, P. Z. S. 1856, 291; St. Domingo,

Salle, P. Z. S. 1857, 231 ; Jamaica, Gosse, Birds Jam. 156.

Hah. Eastern province of U. S., north to Washington and Cleveland ; in
winter abundant in Cuba ; St. Domingo and Jamaica ; Mexico (as far north
as Colima on west coast) and Guatemala. Resident in Jamaica ?

Specimens from the West Indies exhibit the same variations in
the extent of black on the forehead, and in the color of the super-
ciliary stripe, as North American. The portion of this stripe
anterior to the eye is sometimes white, sometimes bright yellow,
and sometimes a mixture of the two ; but I am entirely unable to
base a second species upon such diversities. All I have seen from
Mexico and Guatemala have this stripe white. There is a great
variation in the length of the bills in different specimens.

There can be no doubt that this is the Motacilla dominica of
LinnfBus.

This species, although not belonging to either the middle or
western provinces of North America, Avas collected at Colima (west
coast of Mexico), by Mr. Xantus. This is an interesting fact, but
paralleled by the occurrence at Manzanillo, Mex. (the seaport of
Colima), of Larus atricilla and Sterna antillarum (frenata), two
species not known farther north on the Pacific coast, although
occurring along the whole eastern coast of the United States. A
specimen, killed June 4, by Mr. March, in Jamaica, would indicate
that it breeds in that island, as well perhaps as in others of the
West Indies.

14 April, 1S65.

210

REVIEW OF AMERICAN BIRDS.

PART I.

Smith-

Collec-

Sex

"When
Collected,

S(>niaa

tor's

and

Locality.

Received from

Collected by

No.

No.

Age.

1,09S

??

Washington, D. C.

1842.

S. F. Baird.

W. M. Baird.

3,323

Liberty County, Ga.

1846.

"

W. L. Jones.

7,700

Cleveland, Ohio.

May, 1849.

Dr. Kirtland.

Dr. Kirtland.

10.170

Cairo, 111.

April 29.

R. Kennicott.

R Kennicott.

2:3,r,27

d

N. Sophie, Cuba.

Jan. 25, '61.

C. Wright.

C. Wright.

23,528

(f

Moute Verde, Cuba.

Jan. 16, '61.

"

**

2(i,S07

'37

d

Spanishtowu, Jam.

June 4, '62.

W. T. March.

W, T. March.

24,342

"

Nov. 1861.

"

'*

3,9SG

'74

0

Tamaulipas, Mex.

Lt. Couch.

Lt. Couch.

31,S24

2,043

cT

Near Colima, Mex.

Sept.' l'863.

John Xautas.

John Xantus.

3.>,(136

1,70.)

Aug. 186.3.

"

30,690

274

Duenas, Guat.

Sept. 29, '59.

0. Salvia.

Dendroica graciae.

Dendroica gracice, CouES, MSS.
Hab. Fort Whipple, near Prescott, Arizona.

(No. 36,988, % ?) Bill shorter than the head ; gonys slightly convex. Color
of upper parts, with sides of neck, ash-gray ; the middle of back, and less
conspicuously, the upper tail coverts, streaked with black. A line from
nostrils to above the eye (passing into white for a short distance behind it),
eyelids, a crescentic patch beneath the eye, the chin, throat, and centre of
jugulum, bright yellow; the rest of under parts, including inside of wing,
axillars, and tibiae, white ; the border of the yellow, and the sides of body
streaked with black. A line from bill, through the eye, the cheeks (in-
closing the yellow crescent), the sides of tlie vertex, the forehead, and
the centres of feathers on top of head, blackish. Wings and tail blackish,
the outer edges of the larger feathers pale bluish-gray ; two white bands
across the wing coverts. Lateral tail feather white, except the inner web at
extreme base, the shaft, and a narrow streak at the end of the outer web ;
the next feather similar, but the basal blackish extending farther along
3d feather with edge of outer web, and a wedge-shaped patch in end of inner
web, only, white.

Autumnal specimens similar ; the black markings less distinct; the back
tinged with olivaceous.

Very young birds do not differ materially from the adult, showing nothing
of the spotting and mottling of the TurdidcE.

Total length (fresh specimen before being skinned), 5.00 ; expanse of wings,
8.00. Total length (prepared specimen), 4.60 ; wing, 2.75 ; tail, 2.30 ; length
of bill from forehead, .50, from nostril, .30 ; along gape, .56 ; tarsus, .65 ;
middle toe and claw, .52; claw alone, .16; hind toe and claw, .40; claw
alone, .19.

This interesting new species, recently discovered in Arizona, by
Dr. Coues, and named by him after a member of his family, is
almost exactly like D. nigrescens in the color and markings of the
back (with its blackish interscapular streaks), wings, and tail, as
well as of the under parts, except that the chin and throat are

DENDROICA. 211

yellow, margined with black, instead of black margined with white.
The heads are very differently marked. To D. dominica there is a
strong resemblance, except that the infra-ocular crescent and eyelids
are yellow, not white ; the black of sides of head is much less ex-
tensive, and without the conspicuous white patch behind it. There
is much more white on the tail ; the back is streaked with black ; the
bill is shorter and straighter, and the size much less.

The relationship to D. adelaidfe, Baird, is much closer, however,
than to any other species. The proportions are rather different —
the wings, tail, and toes being considerably longer ; the bills pre-
cisely similar. The coloration and marking of the upper parts, and
of the head, are almost precisely the same, perhaps even to the
dorsal streaks, very obsoletely visible in the winter specimens of
adelaidse. The yellow, however, of the under parts does not ex-
tend beyond the jugulum, where it is abruptly defined, instead of
spreading over the whole under parts, excepting perhaps the crissum.
D. adelaidse, too, lacks the conspicuous black streaks of the sides ;
and the white of the outer tail feather is merely a quadrate patch in
the terminal half of the inner web.

This species appears to be abundant in Arizona, not less than ten
specimens having been collected by Dr. Cones, though mostly in
very indifferent plumage, owing to the season.

Of the four species, just referred to, the D. nigrescens is readily
distinguished by the black chin and throat ; the diagnostic characters
of the other three will be as follows : —

Common Characters. — Upper parts ash gray, the forehead and
sides of vertex black. A line from nostril to above eye
(passing into white behind), chin, and throat, yellow, mar-
gined laterally with blackish ; crissum, inside of wings,
axillars, and two bands on wing, white.

Superciliary line extending to the nape, and white, except-
ing anterior to the eye. Cheeks black, separated from
the ash of the neck by a white patch. Eyelids and
infra-ocular crescent white. Back not streaked. Bill
lengthened, gonys almost concave.

Yellow confined to jugulum ; rest of under parts

white ; the sides streaked with black , . dominica.

Superciliary line scarcely extending beyond the eye, and
yellow, excepting at extreme end. Cheeks ashy, like
sides of neck ; dusky only near the eye, and not bor-
dered on side of neck behind by white. Eyelids and
infra-ocular crescent yellow. Back streaked. Bill
short, gonys slightly convex.

212

REVIEW OF AMERICAN BIRDS.

[part I.

Yellow of under parts confined to jugulum ; rest of
under parts white ; the sides streaked with
black ........ gracice.

Yellow of under parts extending to crissum. Sides

scarcely streaked ...... adelaklce.

Smith-

Collec-

Sex

When

Collected.

suniau

tor's

aud

Locality.

Received from

Kemarks.

No.

No.

Age.

36.984

6.5.5

cf

Fort Whipple, near

Oct. 29, '64.

Dr. K. Coues.

5.20; 8.40

36,985

570

d

" [Prescott.Ar.

Aug. 13, '64.

5 20; 8.00

36,986

567

"

*'

5.10; 7.80

.36,987

568

"

"

5.20; 7 90

36,9Sg

534

"

Aug. 11

5.00; 8.00

36,989

569

"

Aui;. 1.3.

4.70; 7. SO

36.990

53:5

"

Aug. 11.

4.90; 7.70

36;991

597

d"

"

Aug. 15.

4.8.5; 7.80

36.992

536

"

Aug. 11.

36,993

433

d

20 miles S. from Ft.
[Wiugate, Ar.

July 2, '64.

5.30 ;' 7!90

(36,988.) Type. (36,993.) Iris, bill, aud feet black ; sole= yellow.

Dendroica adelaidae.

Dendrolca adelaidce, Baikd.
Ilab. Porto Rico.

(No. 36,486.) Entire upper parts, and sides of neck as far forward as the
eyes, uniform ash gray. Beneath, including edge of bend of wing, bright
yellow ; lining of wings, axillars, and crissum, white. A broad yellow line
from bill to eye, with the eyelids yellow ; forehead and sides of vertex black.
A black loral line. Wings with two conspicuous white bands ; the quills
and tail feathers blackish, edged externally with whitish, internally with
purer white. Three lateral tail feathers with a quadrate terminal white
patch on inner web. Bill black. Legs pale yellowish.

Total length, 4.70 (estimated) ; wing, 2.10 ; tail, 2.05 ; lateral feather .20
shorter than middle ; difference of longest primary and 9th, .35 ; length of
bill from forehead, .50, from nostril, 30 ; along gape, .55 ; tarsus, .65 ; middle
toe and claw, .51 ; claw alone, .17 ; hind toe and claw, .39 ; claw alone, .18.

The ashy feathers of forehead have a central streak of black, seen
also to less extent in the crown. The cheeks below and behind the
eye are ashy like the neck above. There is a slight appearance of a
black line or patch separating the yellow and ashy on the side of the
neck, and of a central blackish streak in the yellow feathers of the
side of the breast. The sides of body arc more olivaceous, with
very obsolete indications of daskj streaks. The j^ellovv of belly
becomes paler towards the anus, and passes into the white of crissum
and tibite. The wings and tail are almost black ; the edging of the
secondaries is more olivaceous, of the primaries more whitish, espe-
cially towards the end. The white internal edging is very distinct.
The anterior border of the white caudal patch is straight and per-

DENDROICA.

213

pendicular to tlie shaft, tlie patch covering the posterior two-fifihs of
the feather ; on the 3d feather it is confined to the tip. The yellow
stripe to the eye is continued a short distance beyond it, but becomes
white.

It is quite possible that mature spring male specimens have the
middle of the back streaked with dusky, as in D. graciae and
townsendii.

This interesting new species of Warbler has several peculiarities
of form which almost entitles it to rank as a type of a separate
genus. The anterior toes are very short, quite like Panda, whicli
also it resembles somewhat in coloration, but the wings are too
short, and the bill not conical enough. In fact, bill and feet are
much as in Dendroica maculosa. The wings, however, differ in
being much shorter, less pointed, and more rounded. The tail, also,
is much rounded. The nape shows quite a number of long bristles,
with fibrillte at the end, which I have not noticed elsewhere among
the Warblers.

The relationships of the species, as far as coloration is concerned,
are to D. grades, Coues, and D. dominica, as shown in the preceding
article.

I have much pleasure in dedicating this new species to the
daughter of Mv. Robert Swift, of St. Thomas, a gentleman to whom
the Smithsonian Institution is indebted for a very important collec-
tion of the birds of St. Thomas and Porto Rico, made solely at his
expense, to be used in preparing the present work.

Smith-, Collec

soniaul tor's

No. No.

3(5,4S6

Sex

and

Locality.

When

Collected.

Jan. ISG.J.

Received from

Robert Swift.

Collected by

(36,486.) Type.

Dendroica discolor.

Sylvia discolor, Vieill. Ois. Am. Sept. II, 1807, 37, pi. 98. — Bon. ; Arm. Orn.
Biog. I, pi. 14; NuTT. — Lembeye, Aves Cuba, 1850, 32, pi. vi, fig.
2. — Sijlvlcola discolor, Jard. ; Rich. ; Bon. ; Aud. B. A. II, pi. 97. —
GossE, Birds Jam. 1847, 159. — Rlu'manphus discolor, Cab. Jour. Ill,
1855, 474 (Cuba ; winter). — Dendroica discolor, Baied, Birds N. Am.
1858, 290.— ScLATER, Catal. 1861, 33, no. 201.— Newton, Ibis, 1859,
144 (St. Croix).— Bryant, Pr. Bost. Soc. VII, 1859 (Bahamas).—
GiTNDLACH, Cab. .Jour. 1861, 326 (Cuba; very common)
Sylvia minuta, Wilson, III, pi. 25, fig. 4.

Eah. Atlantic region of U. S., north to Massachusetts; in winter very

214

REVIEW OF AMERICAN BIRDS.

[part I.

abundant throngliout all the West India Islands, as far at least as the Virgin
Islands. Not recorded from Mexico or Central America.

Specimens from the Atlantic slope only of the United States as
far north as Massachusetts ; also from —

Smith-
sonian
No.

Collec-
tor's
No.

S(*fc
and
Age.

Locality.

When
Collected.

Received from

Collected by

26,8i.3
24,350
23,316
32,710
36,481
26,975
66,627

'40

40

43

44,844

d

Bahama.'-.
Spaui.'-htown, Jam.

Trelawuey, Jam.
Martinique.
Porto Rico.
St. Thomas.

St. Croix.

April, 1S64.
June 14, '62

Jan. 10, '57.

Winter '64.

Lt. Fitziferald.
W. T. March.

P. L. Sclater.
Verreaux.
Robert Swift.
J. Ackhurst.
Robert Swift, [ton.
Cab. A. & E. New-

W. T.' March.
W. Osburn.

Subfamily GEOTHLYPIN^.

SEIURUS, SwAiNsoN.

Seiums, Swainson, Zool. Jour. 1827, 171. (Type MotaciUa auricapilla, L.)
Enicocichla, Gray, List Genera, 1840. {Uenicocichla, Ag.)

Seiurus aurocapilliis.

MotaciUa aurocapilla, LiXN. S. N. I, 1766, 334. — Turdus aur. Lath. ;
WiLS. Am. Orn. II, pi. xiv, fig. 2. — Aud. Orn. Biog. II, pi. cxliii. —
Sylvia aur. BoN. — Seiurua aur. Swainson, Zool. Jour. Ill, 1827, 171.
— Baikd, Birds N. Am. 1858, 260.— Moore, P. Z. S. 1859, 55 (Hon-
duras).— Max. Cab. Jour. 1858, 177. — Jones, Nat. Bermuda, 27. —
Henicocichla aur. Sclater, Catal. 1861, 25, no. 159. — Gundlach,
Cab. Jour. 1861, 326 (Cuba). — Seiurus aur. D'Okb. Sagra's Cuba,
1840, 55.

Tiirdus coronaius, Vieill. Ois. II, 1807, 8.

Other Localities Quoted. — Cordova, Sclater, P. Z. S. 1856, 293. —
St. Domingo, Salle, P. Z. S. 1857, 231.— Guatemala, Sclater &
Salvin, Ibis, 1, 1859, 10. — Santa Cruz (winter), Newton, Ibis, 1859,
142. — Cuba (winter), Cab. Jour. Ill, 471. — Jamaica, Gosse, Birds,
152.— Sclater, P. Z. S. 1861, 10.— Costa Rica, Cab. Jour. 1861, 84.

Hab. Eastern province of North America, north to English River, H. B. T. ;
whole West Indies ; eastern Mexico ; Honduras, Guatemala, aud Costa Rica ;
Bermuda in autumn and winter (Jones).

I do not observe any special difference between skins of this
species from a Avide range of localities, excepting that those from
the Mississippi Valley appear larger, with proportionally longer
wings. The Jamaican, Mexican, and Central American are rather
smaller than the average : the Cuban exhibit both extremes.

SEIURUS.

215

Specimens nave been received from various localities in the wliole
eastern United -States, as far west as tlie mouth of the Platte, or
beginning of the high plains, and as far north as English River,
H. B. T. (July 15, Kenuicott). The extra-limital localities are as
follow : —

Smith-

Collec-

Sex

When

sonian

tor's

and

Locality.

Eeceived from

Collected by

No.

No.

Age.

34,501

21

Nassau, N. P.

May 14, '64.

Lt. C.L.Fitzgerald.

29,617

V

Fermiua, Cuba.

Feb. IS.

C. Wright.

C. Wright.

24,366

34

rf

Spanishtown, Jam.

Nov. 4, '61.

W. T. March.

W. T. March.

24,367

V

"

"

"

23,305

••

d

Long Hall, Jam.
St. Croix.

March 11.
March 13.

P. L. Sclater. [ton.
Cab. A. & E. New-

W. Osburn.

36,629

St. Thomas.

Winter '64.

Robert Swift.

32,461

366

Orizaba, Mex.

Prof Sumichrast.

Prof. Sumichrast.

32,695

32,618

H"

Cuban, Guat.

Verreaux.

30,662

3,792

rf

Choctum, Guat.

Feb. 1862.

O. Salvin.

Salvin AGodman.

30,663

162

SavanaGraade,Guat

1862.

"

34,647

••

•'

Barrauca, C. K.

April 16, '64.

J. Carmiol.

Seiurus iiovel>oraceiisis.

Motacilla noveboracensis, Gmelin, S. N. 1, 1788, 958. — Sylvia nov. Lath. ;
ViEiLLOT, Ois. Am. Sept. II, pi. Ixxxii. — Seiurus nov. Njjtt. ; Bon. ;
AuD. B. A. Ill, pi. 199.— Baird, Birds N. Am. 1858, 261, pi, Ixxx,
fig. 1. — Max. Cab. Jour. 1858, 121. — Henicocichla nov. Cab. Schom.
Guiana, III, 666 ; Jour. 1860, 324 (Costa Rica).— Sclater, Catal.
1861, 25, no. 161 (Tobago). — Gdndlach, Cab. Jour. 1861, 326
(Cuba). — Mniotilta nov. Gray.

f ? Motacilla fuscescens, Gmelin, S. N. 984 (based on Ficedula jamaicensis,
Brisson, III, 512, Jamaica).

Tardus aquaticus, WiLS. Am. Orn. Ill, 1811, pi. xxii, fig. 5. — Aud. Om.
Biog. 1839, 284, pi. 433.

Sylvia anthoides, Vieillot, Nouv. Diet. XI, 1817, 208. — Seiurus tenui-
rostris, Sw. 1827 ; Game. — Seiurus sulfurascens, D'Orbigny, Sagra's
Cuba, 1840, §7, pi. vi. — Seiurus gossii, Bon. Consp. 1850, 306 (Ja-
maica).— ?Anthus Vherminieri, Les.s. Rev. Z. 1839, 101 (Colombia).

Other Localities Quoted: Xalapa, Sclater, P. Z. S. 1859, 363.

Guatemala, Sclater & Salvin, Ibis, 1859, 10. — Panama, Lawrence,
Ann. N. Y. Lye. 1861, Z22.— Carthagena, Cassin, Pr. A. N. Sc. 1860,
\^\.— Santa Cruz (winter), Newton, Ibis, 1859, \A2.— Cuba, Cab.
Jour. 111,471. — Jamaica, Gosse, Birds, 151.— Scl. P. Z. S. 1861, 70.

Hab. Eastern province of North America, nortb to Arctic Ocean and Yukon,
(westward along northern border of U. S. to Cascade Mountains) ; whole
West Indies ; southeastern Mexico ; all Central America ; Panama and eastern
South America (Bogota; Cartliagena ; Brazil).

The examination of a large series of specimens, from widely re-
mote localities, reveals differences of but little moment. Some
skins from Jamaica, killed in August, agree exactly in the strong

216

REVIEW OF AMERICAN BIRD§,

f PART I.

sulphur yellow tinge beneatli, and ochiy superciliary stripe, as well
as in other characters, with autumnal Carlisle specimens, while others
are much paler. Generally in spring the belly is paler in color, and
the streaks better defined, the eye stripe purer; in autumn more
sulphuraceous ; while later in the winter the colors appear to become
paler and more like the spring plumage.

Skins from Guatemala, and one labelled as from Brazil, have the
concealed median yellowish patch at the base of the forehead rather
more distinct than in Xorth American ones ; the under parts, espe-
cially the crissum, with the superciliary stripe, paler, nearly white,
and the streaks apparently encroaching less on the belly. These
characters, however, are matched separately in North. American
skins, and may be merely a peculiarity of winter dress.

A very young bird (22,619), from the north, has the feathers of
upper parts, including wing coverts, distinctly tipped with brownish-
yellow ; the sub-terminal portion very dark. In a still older speci-
men, the only difference from the adult is in the presence of dusky
spots on the back, with scattered specks of yellowish.

No North American bird exceeds the present in the extent of its
range : from the Arctic Ocean in the north, to New Grenada and
Brazil to the south.

Specimens from many localities throughout the whole United
States from the Atlantic coast to the Missouri River, and north
almost to the shores of the Arctic Ocean. Those from points west
of this, and from regions beyond the limits of the United States,
are as follow : —

Sraith-

Colleo- Sex

When

Collected.

Eonian

No.

tor's and
No. Age.

Locality.

Received from

Collected by

27,24.i

1,328

?

Youkon Kivf-r.

June 15, '61.

R. Keunicott.

R. Kenuicott.

27,246

1,536

1.50 miles S. W. from
Youkon.

.,

2S,082

1,690

V

Fort Norman.

B. R. Ross.

N. Taylor.

.SI, 121

70

Fort, Peel's River.

June 8.

C. P. Oaudet.

C. P. Gaudet.

27,239

1,362

Fort Simp.son.

June

B. R Ross.

B. R. Ross.

27,233

1,523

Fort Rae.

"

L. Clarke, Jr.

21,625

-f

Moose Factory.

May 26, '60.

C. Drexler.

2-2,039

70

f^

Hellgate, Idaho.

Aug. 26, "60.

Dr. J. G. Cooper.

Dr J G. Cooper.

21,922

<

).

Camp Moogie, W. T.

July 24, '60.

A. Campbell.

Dr. Kennerly.

23,304

IS

-f

Savannah le Mar.

Aug. 28, "58

P. L. Sclater.

W. Osburn.

.S6,630

St. Thomas.

Winter '64.

Robert Swift.

24,368

33

:f

Spanishtown, Jam.
St. Croix.

Nov. 4, '61.
Mar. 23, '58

W. T. Mar(ih.[ton.
Cab. A. & E. New-

W. T. March.

28,02)

Mirador, Mex.

Dr. Sartorius.

18,566

Guatemala.

Dr. Sclater.

30,664

3,050

Belize, Hond.

Dec. 14, '57.

O. Salvin.

24,304

Nicaragua.

Capt. J. M. Dow.

33,267

San Jose, C. R.

J. Carmiol.

34,648

Angostura, C. R.

Mar. 13, '64.

"

21,754

39

Carthagena, N. G.

Lt. Michler.

A. Schott.

7,639

.

Brazil.

S. F. Baird.

SEIURUS.

217

Seiiiriis ludoTiciaiiiis.

I Turdu"^ ludovicianns, Add. Orn. Biog. I, 1832, 99, pi. xix. — Sfutrus ludo-

viciunus, Bon. — Baird, Birds N. Am. 1858, 262, pi. Ixxx, fig. 2.
—Sclater, P. Z. S. 1859, 363 (Xalapa) ; 373 (Oaxaca) ; 1861,
70 (Jamaica). — Sclater & Salvin, Ibis, 1860, 273 (Guatemala). —
Henicodchla lud. Sclater, Catal. 1861, 25, no. 161 (Orizaba).
fTurdus molacilla, Vieill. Ois. Am. Sept. II, 1807, 9, pi. 65 (Kentucky).
(Can hardly refer to anything else ; still, markings of side of head
very different.) — Seiurus motacilla, Box. 1850. — Henicodchla mot.
Cab. Jour. 1857, 240 (Cuba).— Gcxdlach, Jour. Orn. 1861, 326.
Henicodchla major, Cab. Mus. Hein. 1850 (Xalapa).

Hab. Eastern province of United States, as far north as Carlisle, Pa., and
Michigan ; Cuba and Jamaica ; southern Mexico (Colima) to Guatemala.

Most specimens of this bird from the West Indies, and regions
south of the United States, exhibit a decided ochraceous wash ou
the sides and crissum, quite marked in comparison with northern
skins. I am, however, inclined to consider this a condition of late
autumnal plumage, as it is most strongly marked in a specimen from
Cuba, collected in October, by Mr. Wright ; while another killed in
the middle of January is quite as free from an ochraceous wash as
spring specimens from Carlisle and Washington.

This species, formerly considered very rare, has been taken, during
the past few years, about Washington, in considerable numbers by
Messrs. Prentiss and Coues. They have also found Turdus alicias
abundant in the same time — a species only detected and distinguished
from T. swainaoni in 1858.

Specimens from numerous localities in the United States as far
north as Carlisle, Pa., and Ann Arbor, Mich., and west to Inde-
pendence, Mo. Extra-limital localities are —

Sraith-
soniaa

No.

Collec-
tor's
No.

Sex.
and
Age.

Locality.

When
Collected.

Received from

Collected by

2.3, .51 4
21,674
23,303
33,;)77
28,02t
29,362
30,665

139
14
119

i

d
d

Monte Vertie, Cuba.
Tuabuque, Cuba.
Trelawaey, .Tarn.
Mirador, Mex.

Colima.
Duenas, Guat.

Jan. 17.
Oct. 9.

Sept. 5, '")9.
Sept. 1S63.

Feb.'isG.3.
lS(i2.

C. Wright.

Dr. Sclater.
Dr. C. Sartorius.

John Xantus.
0. Salvin.

W. bsburn.

218

REVIEW or AMERICAN BIRDS.

[part I.

OPORORNIS, Baikd.
Oporornis, Bairp, Birds N. Am. 1858, 246. (Type Si/lvia a(jiUs, Wils.)

Oporornis agilis.

Sylvia agilis, Wils. Am. Orn. V, 1S12-, 64, pi. xxxix, fig. 4. — Aud. Orn.
Biog. II, pi. 138 ; Bon. — Sylvicolu ay. Jakd. ; Add. B. A. II, pi. 99,
— Trichas ag. Nutt. — Oporornis ay. Baikd, Birds N. Am. 1858, 246,
pi. Ixxix, fig. 2. — ? Trichas tephrocotis, Nutt. Man. 2d ed. 1840,462
(Chester Co., Penn.).

Hab. Eastern province of United States.

A specimen in the collection of the Philadelphia Academy, killed
by Mr. Krider, has the darker ash of the jugulum of a decided sooty
tinffe.

Sraith-

CnUec-

Sex

eoQiau

tor's

and

No.

No.

Age.

1,23.3

2,309

'cf

20,S76

31,020

^

12,81.)

rr

30,031

d

Locality.

Whpn
Collected.

Received from

Collected by

Philadelphia.
Carlisle, Pa.
Loudou Co., Va.
AVashington.
Racine, Wise.
Cook Co., 111.

Oct. 1. '43.
May 20, '4.5.

Sept." 23, '61.
May, 1838.
May 23, '64.

S. F. Baird.

N. Janney.
C. E. Schmidt.
Dr. Hoy.
R. Keuuicott.

S. F. Baird.

C. E. Schmidt.

Dr. Hoy.

R. Keuuicctt.

(30,031.) 5.20; 8.90; 2.90.

Oporornis formosus.

?, Sylvia sequinoctialift, Vieill. Ois. Am. Sept. II, 1807, 26, pi. 81, Penn.

(not of Gmelin).
Sylvia formosa, Wils. Am. Orn. Ill, 1811, 85, pi. xxv, fig. 3. — Nutt. ;

Aud. Orn. Biog. I, pi. 38. — Sylvicola formosa, Jard. ; Rich. ; Bon. ;

Max. Cab. Jour. VI, 1858, 113. — Myiodioctes formosus, Add. Syn. —

Ib. B. a. II, pi. 74.— Lembeye, Av. Cuba, 1850, 37.— Gundlach, Cab.

Jour. 1861, 326 (Cuba). — Oporornis formosus, Baikd, Birds N. Am.

1858, 247.— ScLATER & Salvin, Ibis, I, 1859, 10 (Guatemala).
Other Localities Cited: Cuba, Cab. Jour. 111,472. — Mexico, Sclater,

Pr. 1862, 19. — Isthmus Panama, LaaHexce, Ann. N. Y. Lye. VII, 62.

Hab. Eastern province of United States, north to Washington and Chicago ;
Cuba, Guatemala, and Isthmus Panama. Not recorded from Jamaica and
Mexico.

The Sylvia sequinociialis of Yieillot (but not of Gmelin, which is
Geothlypis sequinoct.) probably belongs here. The name, however,
is geographically inapplicable, and cannot be retained.

GEOTHLYPIS.

219

Smith-
sonian
No.

Collec-
tor's
No.

Sex
and
Age.

^°-^>'y- Conect^d.

Received from

Collected by

10,153
12,196
32, -236
30,680

207
114

9

Uuiou County, 111. May lo.
Cherokee Naiion. 1 July 15, '49.
Liberty County. Ga | "...
Choctun, Vera Paz. Jan. 1S60.
Guatemala.

E. Kennicott.
Dr. Woodhouse.
Prof. Lecoute.
0. Salvin.
Cab. Lawrence.

K. Ki'uuicott.
Dr. Woodhouse.

Salvin & Godmaa.

GEOTHLYPIS, Cab.

Trickas, SwAiss. Zool. Jour. 1827, 167 (not of Glogek).
Geothlypis, Cab. Wiegm. Archiv, 1847, i, 316, 349. (Type Tardus tri-
chas, LixN.)— Baikd, Birds N. Am. 1858, 240.

Species of Geothhjpis are found throughout America, some of
them having a wide distribution. Most, however, belong to the
northern and middle sections of the continent. They may be
arranged as follows :-^

Forehead crossed by a broad black mask, which passes over the
eyes, cheeks, and ears. Crown and occiput without a pure
ashy patch.

The black mask bordered above and behind by whitish of
more or less extent ; nape tinged with brown.

Beneath yellow ; belly and aual region whitish in

distinct contrast ; lining of wings white. Mask

narrowly bordered by bluish-gray . . trichas.

Beneath throughout uniform rich yellow ; lining

of wings yellow. Mask broadly bordered by

bluish-white melanops.

The black mask without whitish border, and extending
farther back on the head.

Beneath, including inside of wings, yellow . . speciosa.
Paler green above ; brighter yellow beneath than

the last semijlava.

Forehead crossed by a narrow black mask, which extends to
the eyes, sometimes through them over the ears ; not bo/-
dered behind by whitish. Top of head ashy, in decided
contrast. Beneath yellow.

The black extending through the eye over the ears. Eye-
lids black.

Bill slender ; the height less than half the distance

from nostrils to tip ; culmen nearly straight.

Ashy of crown extending over side of head

to the black of the ears .... velata.

Bill stouter ; height about equal to half the dis-

220 REVIEW OF AMERICAN BIRDS. [PART I.

tance from nostrils to tip ; culmen gently
curved. Ash of head contracted, and con-
fined to the vertex ; the olive of nape extend-
ing to the black of the ears .... sequinoctialis.
The black of face confined to loral region, and just below
eye, or extending only iu a narrow ring behind it.
Eyelids white ?

Bill very stout ; height more than half the dis-
tance from nostrils to tip ; culmen much
curved. Ash of head extending over nape
and sides of head behind the eyes, and in-
cluding ear coverts ..... poliocephala.
No distinct frontal black band. Head and neck all round, with
jugulum, ashy ; the feathers on the lower throat and jugu-
lum blackish in the centres. Rest of under parts yellow.
Loral region dusky only ; space round the eye

blackish, without white feathers . . . philadelpliia.
Loral region blackish ; eyes with a patch of white

feathers on ujjper and lower lids . . . macgillivrayi.

Geotlilypis trichas.

Turclus trichas, Linx. S. N. 1766, 203. — Sylvia trichas, Lath. ; Ann., etc.

— D'Orb. La Sagra's Cuba, Ois. 1840, 67. — Geothlypis trichas, Cab.

Mus. Hein. 1850, 16.— Baird, Birds N. Am. 241.— Gundlach, Cab.

Jour. 1861, 326 (Cuba).—ScLATER,Catal. 1861, 27, no. 167.— March,

Pr. A. N. Sc. 1863, 293.— Lord, Pr. R. Art. Inst. Woolwich, IV,

1864, 115 (N. W. Boundary).— Jo.xES, Nat. Bermuda, 29.
Sylvia marilandica, Wilson. — Trichas mar. Box.
Regulus mystaceus, Stephens. — Trichas personatus, Swainson. — Sylvia

roscoe, Add. — Trichas hrachydactylus, Swains.
Other Localities Quoted : Xalapa, Oaxaca, Cordova, Scl. — Guatemala,

Sol. & Salv. — Bahamas, Bryant.
Figures: Vieill. Ois. II, pi. 28, 29.— Aud. Orn. Biog. I. II, V, pi, 23,

102, 240.— WiLS. I, pi. vi, fig. 1.— BuFFON, PI. enl. 709, fig. 2.

Ilah. The '7hole United States, from Atlantic to Pacific, and south to Guate-
mala ; Bermuda (October) ; Bahamas ; Cuba ; Jamaica.

(No. 26,024, % .) Wings a little shorter than the somewhat graduated tail.
Bill slender, the depth contained about two and a half times in distance
from nostrils to tip. First quill about equal to seventh. Forehead to above
the anterior edge of the eye, and across the entire cheeks, ears, and jaws,
and ending in an angle on sides of neck, black, with a sufi'usion of hoary
blaish-gray behind it on the crown and sides of neck ; the occipital and
nuchal region grayish-brown, passing insensibly into the olive green of the
upper parts. Chin, throat, jugulum, edge of wing and crissum, rich yellow
(the latter paler) ; rest of under parts, with lining of wings, yellowish-white,
the sides tinged with brownish ; outer primary edged with whitish, the others
with olive green. Bill black ; legs yellowish.

GEOTHLYPIS. 221

Total length, 4.40 ; wing, 2.15 ; tail, 2.30 ; graduation, .25 ; width of outer
tail feather, .28 ; difference between 1st and 3d quills, .15 ; length of bill from
forehead, .52, from nostril, .30 ; along gape, .60 ; tarsus, .75 ; middle toe and
claw, .66 ; claw alone, .18 ; hind toe and claw, .48 ; claw alone, .26.

In autumnal plumage the whitish of ths belly becomes tinged with
yellowish, affording but little distinction from the yellow of the
breast and crissum. The black becomes obscured, especially that
on top of the head, by the extension forward of the brownish of the
vertex. The eyelids are apt to show a whitish ring. There appears
to be a tendency in the bill to become lighter colored, especially the
lower mandible, as in Icteria. I have not yet seen an autumnal
male with the black bill so characteristic of spring specimens.

Specimens vary in the width of the black forehead, in that of the
hoary gray behind it ; the whole crown being sometimes of the latter
color, and the occiput behind it.

In some western specimens the size is a little larger, and the bill
appears considerably stouter than in the eastern, but I cannot see
any other difference.

West Indian, Mexican, and Guatemalan specimens do not present
appreciable differences, except what arises from their autumnal
dress ; all have the paler bills referred to above.

The female bird either lacks the black mask entirely, or else it is
only appreciable on the sides of the head ; the whole top of the
head is usually strongly tinged with reddish-olive. The feathers on
the eyelids are generally whitish in the female and autumnal male,
quite different fi'om the pure black of the spring male.

I find considerable difference in specimens of this species, both as
to size and extent to which the yellow of the breast reaches over the
abdomen, etc. In some the black frontal band is bordered behind
by a narrow band of gray, abruptly defined against the olive of the
crown (2,535) ; in others it is of greater extent, and shades more
insensibly into the olive. In 10,95Y, from Fort Bi-idger, and some
others, this gray is nearly white, and as broad as or broader than the
black. I am, however, unable to see any permanent characters
looking to a separation into two species. The characters assigned
by Swainson for his Trichas hrachydactylus, as distinguished from
T. joersonatus, appear to be common to all specimens of Maryland
Yellowthroat I have ever seen.

All specimens from Washington appear smaller, with slenderer
bills than others.

As this species is found distributed throughout the entire extent
of the United States, from the Atlantic to the Pacific coast, and up

222

REVIEW OF AMERICAN BIRDS.

[part I.

to its northern boundary, I do not present the special localities of
any but extra-limital specimens.

Smith- CoUec-

Sex

When
Collected.

smiiHn tor's

aud

Locality.

Received from

Collected by

Xo. No.

Age.

2.?. .533

d

Monte Verde, Cuba.

.Tan. 16, 61.

C. Wrisiht.

34,2')1

d

Kemedios, Cuba.

Dec. 14, '63.

N. H Bishop.

23,318

is

cf

Trelawney, Jam.

April 20, '59.

Dr. Sclater.

W. oVbili-n.

24,3-i9

31

?

Spauislitowu, Jam.

W. T. March.

W. T. March.

24,3J8

«'

cf

"

**

"

2*3,806

'<

"

MayVo, '62.

"

'*

16.9.00

3,037

?

Cape St. Lucas.

Oct. 1.

John Xantus.

John Xantus.

26,371

Mexico.

J. K rider.

36,ol0

50

'd

Merida, Yuc.

Dec. '22, "64.

Gov. Snlazar.

Dr. A. Sc'hott.

30,678.

193

Coban, Vera Paz.

Jan. 1860.

0. Salvin.

Salv. & Godman.

30,679

3,164

Choctun, Vera Paz.

Jan. 1S61.

Geothlypis melaiiops.

Geotlilypis melanops, Baird, n. s.
Hab. Eastern Mexico.

(No. 26,372, % .) Bill slender, conical ; culmen nearly straight to the
gently decur^ed tip. First quill abont equal to the 7th. Tail considerably
graduated ; the feathers broad.

Color much as in G. trichas, with a similar black mask, crossing the fore-
head and passing over the cheeks and ears, through the eyes. This black
mask is, however, bordered internally and above for nearly its own width by
white, very faintly tinged with bluish, the nape only in fact being tinged
with olive brown. The rest of the upper parts are olive green. All the under
parts are pure rich uniform yellow, even including the middle of belly, the
edge and the inside of wings ; the sides of body are somewhat tinged with
brownish. Bill black ; legs yellowish.

Total length, 5.00; wing, 2.44; tail, 2.60; graduation, .41; width of outer
feather, .33 ; difference of 1st and 4th quills, .24 ; length of bill from forehead,
.55, from nostril, .34 ; along gape, .65 ; tarsus, .84 ; middle toe and claw, .75 ;
claw alone, .25 ; hind toe and claw, .56; claw alone, .27.

In a series of over one hundred specimens of black-faced Geo-
thli/pis, agreeing in general characters with G. trichas, there is one
specimen from Mexico so different from all the rest as apparently to
be entitled to specific separation. It is of considerably larger size
than the average of G. trichas ; the tail is longer; its feathers
broader. The feet are larger ; the middle toe and claw much longer.
The entire under parts are of a nearly uniform yellow, without the
whitish of the abdomen so characteristic of typical G. trichas. The
space above, and inclosed by the black facial mask, is quite pure
bluish-white, of much greater extent than in other specimens.

This species is probably resident in Mexico, as the specimen de-

GEOTHLYPIS.

223

scribed is ia full spring plumage, without any clouding of the black
mask. It is very difl'erent from G. speciosa,'^ Scl.

Smith-
sonian
No.

Collec-
tor's

N...

Sex
iiud
Age.

Locality.

"When
CoUected.

Received from

CoUected by

26,372

S

Mexico.

J. Kridor.

(26,372.) Type of species.

Geotlilypis velata.

Sylvia velata, ViEiLL. Ois. Am. Sept. II, 1807, 22, pi. Ixxiv. — D'Orb.

Voy. IV, 2\1.—Trichas velata, S\v. ; Bukm. Uebers. Ill, 1856, 115.

— Geothlypis vel. Cab. Mus. Hein. 1850,16. — Sclatee, Catal. 1861,

27, no. 170.
Sylvia canicapilla, Max. Beit. Ill, 701 (Brazil).

Hah. Brazil.

(No. 24,042.) Bill slender, conical, much as in G. macgillivrayi, the culmen
nearly straight. First quill about equal to the 8th ; the 4th longest. Color

Geothlypis speciosa, Sclater.

Geothlypis speciosa, Sclatek, P. Z. S. 1858, 447 (Mexico). — Ib. Catal.
1861, 27, no. 169.
Hab. Eastern Mexico.

"Bright oil yellow ; head, especially on the sides, with the auricular region,
black ; quills blackish-brown ; beneath bright yellow, the sides browni.sh,
under wing coverts yellow ; bill black ; feet dusky flesh color. Length, 5.30 ;
wing, 2.40; tail, 2.30."— Sclater.

I have not seen this strongly marked species, which differs from G. trichas
apparently in the wider black mask, absence of hoary margin to the mask,
and in uniform yellow of under parts, including lining of wings. The tarsi,
toes, and claws are longer. In these respects, as well as in the coloration of
the under parts, it agrees with G. melanops ; but lacks the white head of the
latter, in which, too, the black extends rather less on the forehead than even
in G. trichas.

Geothlypis semijlavus, Sclater (G. seimjlavus, Sclater, Pr. Z. 1860, 273, 291.
— Ib. Catal. 1861, 27, no. 168, Ecuador), is said to agree with the last men-
tioned, in most points, but to differ in paler, olive above, and purer yellow
beneath. The black of the cheeks extends far down on the sides of the neck,
and on the forehead reaches to above the eyes. The three black-faced
Geothlypi, therefore, of the regions south of the United States, agree in the
purer and more continuous yellow beneath, and longer toes. An interesting
coincidence in this respect is seen with the chestnut-headed Basileuteri — B.
riififrons and G. trichas, the more northern species having the whitish belly ;
B. dellatrii and G. speciosa, from the middle region, having this more yellow ;
while the South American B, mesochrysus and G. semijlavus have the yellow
of greatest intensity.

224

REVIEW OF AMERICAN BIRDS.

[part I.

above olive green ; the forehead, loral region, and sides of head extending a
little above the eyes and over the ears, black ; the rest of the head above
ashy, glossed with brown, the color extending over the sides of the occiput to
the black of t;heeks. Whole under parts, with edge of wings, rich yellow ;
the lining of wings rather paler ; the sides tinged with olive green. Upper
mandible black ; lower paler, or whitish. Legs apparently flesh color.

Total length, 5.30; wing, 2.35 ; tail, 2.40; graduation, .36; diflference be-
tween 1st and 4th quills, .24 ; length of bill from forehead, .50, from nostril,
.35 ; along gape, .62; greatest depth, .16 ; tarsus, .86 ; middle toe and claw,
.75 ; claw alone, .25 ; hind toe and claw, .55 ; claw alone, .27.

In the best specimen before me (24,042) there is a line of whitish
feathers in the fold of skin bounding the lower eyelid inferiorly,
apparently concealed from view in ordinary cases. The feathers on
the extreme edge of the eyelid are, however, black, not white as in
G. macgillivrayi.

Smith-
sonian
No.

Collec-
tor's

No.

Sex
and

Age.

Locality.

When
Collected.

Received from

Collected by

15,223
2-1,042

94

Brazil. [zil.
St. Catherines, Bra-
Bahia.

U. S. Expl. Exped.

L. Wells.

Cab. Lawrence.

T. K. Peale.

(94.) This specimen has the bill rather stouter than the preceding.

Geotlilypis aequiBioctialis.

Motacilla cequinoctialis, Gm. S. N. I, 1788, 972. — Trichas wq. Gray. —
Geothhjpis ceq. Cab. Mus. Hein. I, 1850, 16. — Sclater, Catal. 1861.
27, no. 171 (Trinidad; Cayenne).— Taylor, Ibis, 1864, 81 (Trinidad).
Hah. Northeastern portion of South America (Cayenne ; Trinidad, etc.).

(No. 2,905.) Bill stout ; the culmen and commissure gently curved from
the base. First quill about equal to the 9th ; 3d and 4th longest. Upper
parts olive green ; forehead, with loral region and cheeks, including a short
space above the eye and ear coverts, black. Top of the head ash gray, with
rounded or somewhat pointed outline on the occiput, so that the olive of the
nape extends forward to the black cheeks, cutting off the ashy. Under parts
yellow, with perhaps a faint tinge of ochry along the belly. Upper mandible
dark brown ; lower nearly white. Legs apparently flesh color. A line of con-
cealed grayish feathers on the Igwer eyelid.

Total length, 5.00 ; wing, 2.50 ; tail, 2.30 ; graduation, .46 ; difference be-
tween 1st and 4th quills, .30 ; length of bill from forehead, .60, from nostril,
.36 ; along gape, .65 ; depth, .19 ; tarsus, .90 ; middle toe and claw, .82 ; claw
alone, .22 ; hind toe and claw, .QQ ; claw alone, .30.

The differences betw^een the species of gray-crowned Geotlilypis
from Brazil (velatus), and its ally (sequinoctialis) from northern
South America (Cayenne, Guiana, and Tenczuela), were first con-
trasted by Cabanis, and appear to be substantially correct as stated.

GEOTHLYPIS.

225

The ashy of the crown, in the present species, is more restricted, as
instead of passing down the occiput, and extending straight across
between the black cheeks, its outline is rounded behind, less ex-
tended, and allowing the olive green of the nape to pass forward to
the dusky eyelids. The under parts are of a more ochry yellow.
The bill above is paler. The bill is considerably stouter at the base,
and more curved ; the legs, too, decidedly stouter ; the middle and
hind toe longer. The tail appears to be a little shorter, or at least
not longer than the wings, instead of decidedly longer.

Smith-

Bonian

No.

CoUec-
tor's
No.

Sex
aud
Age.

Locality.

When
Collected.

Received from

Collected by

2,905

2,367

562

S. Arner. ?("Ciilifor-
Triiiidad. [nia" ? ?)
S. America ?

S. F. Baird.

J. J. Audubon.

(2,905.) Supposed to be type of Trichaa delafieldii, and also type of Triclias velata, Baird,
Birds N. Am.

Oeotlilypis poliocepliala.

Geothhjpis poJiocephala, Baird, n. s.

? GeothJijpis cequinoctialis, Sclater & Salvin, Ibis 1860, 273 ("Guatemala).
Not of Gm.

Hab. West coast of Mexico, and Central America ?

(No. 34,017.) Bill very stout, with the culmen considerably curved from
the base, and not unlike Icteria ; the depth of bill more than half distance
from nostrils to tip. Tail considerably longer than the wings, a good deal
graduated. Wings short, much rounded ; the 1st quill about equal to 9th.

Above olive green. A narrow frontlet of black, extending over loral region
to the eye, and curving round, passes a short distance below it. Eyelids
white. Top of head and nape, and sides behind the eyes, including most of
ear coverts, ashy. Beneath, including bend of wings, dull yellow ; the sides
paler, and tinged with brown. Inside of wings yellowish-white. Outer pri-
mary, as usual in the genus, edged with white, the others with olive. Bill
light brownish above, whitish beneath.

This specimen is marked male, but is in poor condition. One received from
Mr. Salvin, from Guatemala, differs a little in having the black continued
entirely round the eye, but inferiorly not extending behind its posterior ex-
tremity. There are no white feathers on the eyelids. The sides of head and
ears are ashy, as in the first specimen. Tlie bill is even stouter, and the
culmen more curved, than in 34,017, and exhibits a very striking difference
from that of G. velata.

Length (34,017), 5.40; wing, 2.20 ; tail, 2.65 ; its graduation, .50 ; difference
between 1st and 4th quills, .18 ; bill above, .50, from nostril, .30, from gape,
.61 ; depth, .165 ; tarsus, .87 ; middle toe and claw, .68 ; hind toe and claw, .51.

No. 30,677. Length, 5.35 ; wing, 2.35 ; tail, 2.60 (worn) ; bill above, .56,
15 April, 1865.

226

REVIEW OF AMERICAN BIRDS,

[part I.

from nostril, .35 ; greatest deptb, .185 ; tarsus, .91 ; middle toe and claw, .80 ;
hind toe and claw, .60.

The species above described, if its characters are maintained
throughout a series of specimens, appears to nie worthy of separation
from velata and sequinoctialis, being really more different from them,
than are the two latter from each other. Whether the two speci-
mens are identical as species remains to be proved ; the difference
between the white eyelids of the one, with the eye not encircled be-
hind by black, and the narrow black border behind the eye of the
other, to the exclusion of the white eyelids, is somewhat analogous
to that distinguishing G. macgillivrayi from G. j^hiladelphia. The
former condition may, however, be only a feature of immaturity, as
the female and young G. 2^hiladelpMa have whitish eyelids.

The differences from allied species are expressed in the synopsis.
The ash of the head is even more extended than in G. velaia — reach-
ing over the nape and on the sides of head, where it replaces mucK
of the black of the cheeks of the others. The bill is much stouter,
the culmen more curved ; the tail is longer, and the wings shorter and
more rounded. The legs are apparently intermediate in character.

Smith-

soiiiao

No.

Collec-
tor's
No.

Sex
and
Age.

Locality.

When

Collected.

Received from

Collected by

34,017
? 30, 677

16
198

d

Mazatlan.
Petaleuleu, Guat.

June 14, "62.
Sept. 1S62.

A. J. Grayson. ]

0. Salvin.

(34,017.) Type of species.

Geotlilypis pliiladelpltia.

Si/lvia Philadelphia, Wils. Am. Orn. II, 1810, 101, pi. xiv ; AvT>. ; Kutt.
— Trichas Philadelphia, Jaed. — Reinhaedt, Vidensk. Meddel. for
1853, and Ibis, 1861, 6 (Greenland). — Geothlypis phila. Baird,
Birds N. Am. 1858, 243, pi. Ixxix, fig. 3.— Sclater, Catal. 1861, 27
(Orizaba). — Lawrence, Ann. N. Y. Lye. 1861, 322 (Panama).
Figures: Wils, Am. Orn. II, pi, xiv. — Aud. B. A, II, pi. 101.
Uab. Eastern province of United States to British America ; Greenland ;
southeastern Mexico aud Panama R. R. Not recorded from West Indies or
Guatemala.

Smith-

Collec-

Sex

When

Collected.

sonian
No.

tor's
No.

and
Age.

Locality.

Received from

Collected by

18.819

Stewiacke, Nova

W. G. Winton.

W. G. Winton.

1,499

^

Carli.sle, Pa. [Scotia.

May 26, '44.

S. P. Baird.

S. F. Baird.

1.034

V

"

May, 1843.

"

"

27,033

Selkirk Settlement.

Gov. Mactavish.

27,0.52

^

South Illinois.

Donald Gunu.
R. Keiinicott.

Donald Gunn.

7,.")l.-i

4i

Independence, Mo.

Dr. Cooper.

207

Panama K. K.

Cab. Lawrence.

M"Leannan.

GEOTHLYPIS.

22T

Geotlilypis macgillivrayi.

Salvia macgillivrayi, Avd. Orn. Biog. V, 1839, 75, pi. 399. — Trichns
macg. Add. — Geothli/pis macg. Baird, Birds N. Am. 1858, 244, pi.
Ixxix, fig. 4. — ScLATEK, Catal. 18G1, 27 (Jalapa and Guat.). — In.
P. Z. S. 1859, 363, 373 (Xalapa, Oaxaca).— Cab. Jour. 1861, 84
(Costa Rica). — Cooper & Sdckley, P. R. R. Rep. XII, n, 1859, 177.
— Sylvicola macg. Max. Cab. Jour. VI, 1858, 118.

Sylvia tolmimi, Towns. J. A. N. Sc. 1839. — Trichas tolmicei, Nutt. Man. I.

Tiichas vegeta (Licht.), Bp. Consp. 1850, 310; Jide Cab. Jour. 1861, 84
(Mexico).

Hah. Western and middle provinces of United States to northern boundary ;
soutb to Costa Rica.

Smith-

CoUec-

Sex

son lau

tnr's

aud

No.

No.

Age.

7,n05

3J6

1,910

d

10,345

321

c<

20,373

6S1

10,944

W

10.9.54

32,178

2,486

32,466

45

y

32,704

40,772

ff

30,67.i

4,612

V

30,674

201

d

Locality.

Ft. Steilacoom,W.T.
Columbia River.
Chilowevucli Depot
Fort Tejou, Cal.
Fort Bridger.
Fort Laramie.
Cape St. Lucas.
Orizaba, Mex.
Mexico.
Coban, Guat.
Duenas, (juat.

When

Collected.

Received from

Collected by

May 3, '56.

Jlay, 18.35.
June 20.
Sept. 18.37.
June 10.
Au^. 31.
Dec. 16, '59.

Nov. 1859.
Jau. 31, '58.

Dr. Suckley.
S. F. Baird.
A. Camiibell.
John Xantus.
C. Drexler.
W. M. Magraw.
John Xantus.
Prof. Sumichrast.
Verreaux.
0. Salvin.

Dr. Suckley.
J. K. Towusend.
Dr. Keunerly.
John Xantus.
C. Drexler.
Dr. Cooper.
John Xantus.
Pruf. Sumichrast.

(1,910.) Type of species. (32,178.) Iris dark brown.

Geotlilypis

(No. 30,6TG.) Among some specimens from Guatemala, iDresentetl
by Mr. Salvin to the Smithsonian Institution, is one labelled Geo-
thhjpis macgillivrayi ; which,- however, by no means belongs to it,
and is of a species quite unknown to me. In form it is intermediate
between Geothlypis and Oporornis — having a pointed wing, a little
longer than tail ; the 3d quill longest, the 2d a little longer than
the 4th, the 1st about equal to it. The under tail coverts are as in
Oporornis, reaching nearly to the end of the tail. The legs are also
as in Oporornis. The upper parts are olive green, brightest towards
the tail ; the head above tinged wnth brown. The whole under parts
are yellow, less vivid on the throat, and tinged with ashy across the
breast. An obscure line from bill to eye, and the eyelids aro
yellowish-white ; a dusky spot before the eye. Bill horn color.
Legs yellow. It resembles the female G. trichas in the yellowish
throat, but the wings are longer and more pointed, etc. Length,
5.00; wing, 2.40 ; tail, 2.25 ; tarsus, .83 ; middle toe and claw, .67.
The wings are much too short for either 0. agilis or formosus,
though otherwise similar in form.

228 REVIEW OF AMEEICAN BIRDS. [PART I.

This may possibly be the female of G. npeviosa, Scl., which I have
not seen. It is certainly different from any species known to me, in
combining characters of the two genera mentioned.

Smith- 'coUec-

soiiian tor's

Xo. No.

Sex

and Locality.

Age.

When
Collected.

Received from Collected by

30,676 3,154

Duenas, Guat.

Sept. 17, '59.

O. Salvin. i

SiJBFAMiur ICTERIANiE.

ICTERIA, ViEiLLOT.

Icteria, Vieillot, Ois. Am. Sept. I, 1S07, iii and 85. (Type Muscicapa
viridis, Gm., Turdus virens, Linn.)

Bill broad at base, but contracting rapidly and becoming attenuated when
viewed from above ; bigh at the base (higher than broad opposite the nostrils) ;
the culmen and commissure much curved from base ; the gonys straight.
Upper jaw deeper than the lower ; bill without notch, or rictal bristles. Nos-
trils circular, edged above with membrane, the feathers close to their borders.
Wings shorter than tail, considerably rounded ; 1st quill rather shorter than
the 6th. Tail moderately graduated ; the feathers rounded, but narrow.
Middle toe without claw about two-thirds the length of tarsus, which has the
scutellse fused externally into one plate.

The precise systematic position of the genus Icteria is a matter
of much contrariety of opinion among ornithologists ; but I have
little hesitation in including it among the Sylvicolidse. It has been
most frequently assigned to the Vireonidse, but differs essentially
in the deeply cleft inner toe (not half-united as in Vireo), the partially
booted tarsi, the lengthened middle toe, the slightly curved claws,
the entire absence of notch or hook in the bill, and the short, rounded
wing with only nine primaries. The wing of Vireo, when much
rounded, has ten primaries — nine being only found when the wing
is very long and pointed.

Icteria Tireiis.

Turdus virens, Linn. Syst. Nat. 10th ed. 1758, 171, no. 16 (based on

(Enanthe americana, pectore luteo, Yellow-breasted Chat, Catesby,

Carol. I, tab. 50).
Muscicapa viridis, Gmelin, Syst. Nat. 1, 1788, 936. — Jcteria viridis, Box. ;

AuD. Orn. Biog. II, pi. 137.— Baird, Birds N. Am. 1858, 248.—? Max.

Cab. Jour. VI, 1858, 122.
Icteria dumicohi, Vieill. — Pipra pohjglolta, "WiLS.
? Icteria velasquezii, Bon. P. Z. S. 1837, 117 (Mexico).— Sclater k Salv.

Ibis, I, 1859, 12 (Guatemala).

ICTERIA.

229

Hal). Eastern province of United States ; rare nortli of Pennsylvania.
Mexico and Guatemala ? Not noted from West Indies.

I am still much perplexed in reference to the distinctness of the
Mexican /. velasquezii from /. virens. All the Chats I have seen
from localities south of the United States (four in the Smithsonian
collection) agree in having the bill lighter colored, the upper man-
dible brown with lighter lower edge, the lower nearly whitish. All
have the sides and crissum tinged with brown. The size is rather
less than in viridis, the proportions about the same ; the tail if any-
thing shorter, not longer. In two specimens the bill is shorter,
higher, and the culmen more curved than in any virens I liave seen ;
in one it is about the same, and in another (13,601) it is longer and
more slender. The white maxillary patch is rather restricted.

In no adult male specimens from the United States do I find the
bill other than intense black, and the crissum pure white. The
flanks are a little brownish, but less so than in Mexican skins. A
female from Carlisle, Pa., however (2,312; May), has the crissum
and flanks precisely as in southern specimens ; the bill, also, is nearly
as light colored.

/. longicauda has the tail much longer, and the upper parts much
grayer. The mandibular white extends farther back, as does the
white at the posterior corner of the eye. Young birds from Cape
St. Lucas differ from adults in the light-colored bill, and brownisli
wash on the flanks and crissum ; but the back, instead of being pure
olive green, has a brownish faded appearance.

Cabauis (Journal, 1860, 403), in summarily uniting all described
Icteria into one species, entirely overlooks the great difference in
the length of the tail of eastern and western specimens.

Icteria auricoUis, of Licht., doubtless refers to I. velasquezii.

Specimens of this species are in the Smithsonian museum from
all parts of the United States east of the valleys of the lower Mis-
souri, as far west as Fort Riley and Neosho Falls, ]^ansas, and
south of Cape May and Carlisle ; also —

Sitiith- Collec-

sonian tor's

No. No.

Sex
and
Age.

I-o-^''^' Conec^ed.

Received from

Collected by

19,080 37
22,371 ■43,775

7,954
13,601
20,401

Fort Cobb, Ark.

Mexico.

Guatemala.

Choctuu, Vera Paz.

Slay 27.
Jan. 1S60.

J. H. Clark.
Verreaiix.
J. Gould.

0. Salvia.

C. S. McCarthy.

230

REVIEW OP AMERICAN BIRDS.

[part I.

Icteria longicaisda.

Icteria loi/gicuiuht, Laavkence, Ann. N. Y. Lye. VI, April, 18.53, 4. —
Baird, Birds N. Am. 1858, 249, pi. xxxiv, fig. 2.— Sclatek, Catal.
42, no. 253.

ficteria auricollis (Light. Mus. Berl.), Bon. Consp. 1850, 331.

Hab. "Western and middle provinces of United States ; Cape St. Lucas and
Mexico ?

Specimens of this species are in the Smithsonian collection from
many points in California and the Rocky Mountains as far north as
Yreka, Cal., to northern Mexico, and east to the Upper Missouri, as —

Smith-

Collec-

Sex

sonian

tor's

and

No.

No.

Age.

5,310

5

4,648

d

8,841

16,948

3,236

rf

9,109

34,716

Locality.

Wlien
Collecied.

Received from

Collected by

Ft. Loolii;ut, Mo.Iliv.
Ft.Piene, "

Loup Fork.
Cape St. Lucas.
Mexico.

June 17, \i6.
May 12, '5J.
AUiJ. 5.
Ocf. 10.

Lt. Warren.
Col. Vaughan.
Lt. Warren.
J. Xantus.
Verreaux.

Dr. Ihiyden.
J. Xantus.

GRANATELLUS, Dubps.

GranateUuf<, Dnnus ("Esq. Orn."), Bon. Consp. 1850,312. (Type G.
renustus, Dub.)

Bill shaped much as in Icteria ; broad and high at the base, scarcely notched
at tip. Culmen and commissure much curved ; gonys slightly convex ; the
upper edge of lower jaw much curved, but straight towards the end. Lower
jaw deeper than the upper. Nostrils circular, in anterior end of nasal groove,
with membrane against posterior half, but not above it, and with the nasal
leathers falling short of their edges, as in some Troglodytidce and Donacobius.
Rictal bristles inconspicuous ; the throat and chin with bristles interspersed
among the feathers. Tarsi short ; the scutellse much fused on the sides.
Wings considerably shorter than the rounded tail, the feathers of which have
rounded tips ; the first quill as short as the secondaries.

I can find no place for this curious form so appropriate as near
to Icteria, as although the style of coloration is very different (ashy
above, sides white, belly red), the structure is nuieh alike. The
bills are quite similar in shape and proportions — being very deep,
and the upper mandible much decurved from the base ; there is, how-
ever, a very slight faint notch, scarcely appreciable in some speci-
mens. A striking difference is in the disproportionate size of the
lower jaw, which is actually deeper than the upper, anterior to the
nostrils. The naked space just behind the nostrils is also peculiar,
as perhaps the absence of membrane above them. The tail is more
graduated, and the feathers more rounded than in IcUria. .

GRANATELLUS. 231

Four species of this genus are now known, the differences of
which are indicated in the following diagnoses. The characters of
G. sallaei and ■pelzclnii I borrow from Sclatcr — not having seen
these species.

Common Characters. — Slaty blue above ; tail black. A broad post-
ocular patch, and sides of body white. Middle region of body
beneath, from breast to crissum inclusive, vermilion red.
Sides of head and neck black ; chin and throat white.
, Top of head like the back ; forehead and pectoral col-

lar black ; lateral tail feathers tipped with white venustus.
Similar to last, but without black pectoral collar . frunciscce.
Top of head black ; no black pectoral collar ; tail

feathers without white tips .... pdzelnii.

Sides of head, with entire chin and throat, plumbeous ; tail

feathers not tipped with white sallaei.

Granatellus venustus.

GranateUus venustus, " Dubus, Esq. Orn. tab. xliv," Bon. Consp. 1850,
312 (Mus. Bruxell. ex Mexico).— Sclater, P. Z. S. Nov. 18G4, 607,
pi. xxxvii, fig. 2 (copied from Dubus).
Hab. "Western Mexico.

(No. 30,169, % .) Above bluish slate color. Forehead, sides of head and
neck including edge of vertex, and a narrow pectoral collar, continuous
black. A broad triangular patch of white behind the eye in the black of the
neck. Median portion of under parts, from the black pectoral band to and
including crissum, vermilion red. Axillars, lining of wings, flanks, chin and
throat (which are bordered by black, as described) white ; side of breast
plumbeous. Outer web, and terminal half of inner web of 1st tail feather,
terminal fifth of 2d, and a slight tip of 3d, all white ; rest of tail black.
Quills dark brown, edged externally like the back, internally with whitish.
Bill dark plumbeous, paler ou the tomia and gonys ; legs rather dusky. Iris
white.

A close examination shows a number of black bristles interspersed in the
white of the throat.

Length, 5.40 ; wing, 2.47 ; tail, 2.90 ; graduation, .35 ; difl'erence between
1st and 4th quills, .36 ; bill above, .55 ; nostril, .36; gape, .65 tarsus, .77 ;
middle toe and claw, .60.

The differences between this species, G. loeizelnii,^ and G. sallaei,
are given below.

' GranateUus pelzelnii.

GranateUus pelzelneii, Sclater, P. Z. S. Nov. 22, 1SG4, 606, pi. xxxvii,
fig. 1 (Madeira River, Brazil).

Supra plumbeus, pileo et capitis lateribus nigris ; vitta post-oculari utriuque

232

REVIEW OF AMERICAN BIRDS.

[part I.

Smith-

soDiau

No.

Collec-

toi's
No.

Sex
and
Age.

Locality.

Wlien
Collected.

Received from Kemark.s.

30,169

50.5

cT

Sierra Madre, Coli-
[ma.

April, 1S63.

Jolin Xantus. Iris white.

Graiiatefiltis francescae.

GranaleUus francesca, Baird, n. s.

Above bluisli slate color. Forehead, continuous with a broad stripe above
and beyond the eye, as also the sides of the head and neck, black. A tri-
angular patch of pure white extending from the postero-superior border of the
eye, along the side of the head and continued, though much obscured, across
the nape. Under parts, including inside of wings and side of breast, white ;
the jugulum and median line of body to and including crissum, carmine red.
Wings blackish ; the outer webs more plumbeous, edged with paler, and with
two narrow whitish bars across the coverts ; the inner webs abruptly edged
with white. Tail black, the outer feather white, except at base ; the black
passing farther along the inner web ; the next feather with the black more
extended ; the third with the white confined to the tip ; the fourth with a
narrow streak of white in the end ; the others all black. Tibise plumbeous.
Bill lead color; paler along the tomia and the gonys. Legs blackish.

Female with the red of under parts restricted to a tinge on the crissum ;
the white replaced by soiled pale buff, as also is the black of the head ; middle
of belly quite white. Young male like female, but with under parts purer
white ; the jugulum and under parts with traces of red.

Total length, 6.35 ; wing, 2.51 ; tail, 3.40, its graduation, .60; difference of

lata et corpore subtus albis ; pectore toto, ventre medio et crisso rosaceo-
rubris ; alis et cauda nigricanti-fuscis, immaculatis ; rostro plumbeo, tomiis
pallesceutibus ; pedibus corylinis. Long. corp. 4.50; alse, 2.00; caudse, 2.00.

This species was collected, by Dr. Natterer, in Brazil, Sept. 1829, and while
most similar to G. venustus, differs in the want of the black pectoral band and
of the white tips to the tail feathers, and in the black of top of head. The
white throat separates it from sallaei.

Granatellus sallaei.

Granatellus sallaei {Setophaga sallaei, " Bp. & ScL.," Bp. Comptes Een-
dus, XLII, May, 1856, 957), Sclater, P. Z. S. July 8, 1856, 292, pi.
cxx (Cordova) ; 1859, 374, J (Oaxaca) ; 1864, 607.— Sclater &
Salvix, Ibis, 1860, 397 (Cajabon, Guat.).
Hah. South Mexico to Guatemala.

G. sallaei differs from I'entistus in having the chin and throat iilumbeous
instead of white. The black sides of the head, forehead, and pectoral collar
appear to be represented merely by a darker shade of the ground color. The
tail lacks the white tips. The plumbeous ground color, the white post-ocular
stripe, and the red of the breast, belly, and crissum, with the white sides, are
common to both species.

TERETRISTIS.

233

1st and longest primaries, .50 ; length of bill from forehead, .60, from nostril,
.37 ; along gape, .61 ; tarsus, .80 ; middle toe and claw, .Q6 ; claw alone, .20 ;
hind toe and claw, .45 ; claw alone, .21.

This beautiful and hitherto undescribed species is quite similar to
G. venustus in appearance, but differs in a much longer, broader,
and more rounder tail. The wing is much graduated ; the 4th and
5th quills nearly equal ; the 3d a little shorter ; the 2d about equal
to the Tth ; the 1st shorter than the secondaries. The principal
difference in coloration consists in the absence of the black pectoral
collar (although a few concealed spots may be considered as repre-
senting it) ; in the pure white of the sides of the breast, instead of
plumbeous ; in the narrow whitish bands across the wings ; the
greater amount of white on the tail, etc. From pelzelnii it is distin-
guished by the plumbeous crown and white tips of the tail feathers.

This bird is one of a number of new species discovered, during
the past winter, by Col. Grayson, on one of the Three Marias, a
group of Islands off the coast of Mexico, about eighty miles from
San Bias ; and I cannot more appropriately dedicate it than to Mrs.
Grayson, to whose encouragement Col. Grayson owes so much of the
persistency and success with which he has prosecuted the study of
the ornithology of California and western Mexico.

Smith-
sonian
No.

C.iUec-

toi-'s
No.

Sex
aud
Age.

Locality.

When

Collected.

Received from

Remarks.

37,312
37,313
37,314

67
70
69

:f .Tuv.

V

Three Marias, Max.

Jan. IStiJ.

Col. A. J. Gray sou.

"Iris brown."
['"ype.

TERETRISTIS, Cabams.

Teretrisds, Cabanis, Jour. Orn. Ill, 1855, 475. (Type An abates fernan-
diiice, Lemb.)

Bill slender, rather deep and compressed from the base, not quite so long
as the head ; the outlines of upper mandible considerably decurved, and
without notch at tip ; the gonys straight. Rictal bristles short and incon-
spicuous, not reaching the nostrils. Some scattered bristles in the chin.
Nostrils rather elongated, without membrane above them anteriorly, the frontal
feathers coming up close. Wings shorter than the slightly rounded tail.
First quill shorter than outer secondaries ; 2d about equal to 7th ; 3d and 4th
equal and longest. Tail slightly graduated, the feathers acuminate. Inner
toe with basal joint cleft rather more than half; tarsi short, but little longer
than middle toe and claw ; the scutellse distinct, or else fused on the outside ;
claws short, considerably curved. Sexes similar. No spots on the tail.

This is another genus the precise position of which is somewhat

234

REVIEW OF AMERICAN BIRDS.

[part I.

uncertain. The bill is much like that of some Certhiolse in shape
and curve, though the mouth is deeply cleft, and the tongue com-
paratively simple (see page 1G3), as in the Warblers. In the com-
pression, however, and decurvation of the bill, there is a close rela-
tionship to Icteria, though it is smaller, longer proportionally, and
much more slender. The basal joints of the middle toe are rather
more united than common in SylvicoUdx ; not so much as in Virco.
The tarsi are shorter, and the claws more curved than in Icteria.

This genus, confined to Cuba, is represented by two known species
which agree in having the upper parts olive gray, the crissum
whitish, the wings and tail not varied by white. The diagnosis is
as follows : —

Head and neck all round yellow (slightly olivaceous above) ;

rest of under parts whitish, tinged with ashy on the sides fernandince.

Head and neck above like the back ; sides of head (sharply
defined against the vertex) and whole under parts, except
crissum and anal region, bright yellow .... fornsii.

Teretristis fernasidinae.

Anabates fernandince, Lembete, Aves Cuba, 1850, 66, tab. v, fig. 2
(western Cuba). — Gundlacit, Bost. Jour. VI, iii, 1853, 317 (eggs ;
Cuba). — Teretristis fern. Cab. Jour. Ill, 1855, 475. — Gcxdlach, lb.
1861, 326 (Cuba ; very common). — Ilelmitherus hianda, Box. Consp.
I, April, 1850, 314, Cuba (not the species of Lichtensteiu, Jide
Cabanis).
Hab. Western Cuba.

Head and neck all round olive green above, yellow beneath ; the loral
region and eyelids, and edge of wings also yellow. Rest of upper parts ashy
gray, with faint tinge of olivaceous. Under parts pale ashy gray, lighter
across breast ; the middle of breast and belly yellowish-white. Lining of
wings white. Bill dark lead color, lighter along the tomia. Legs dark brown.
The bill varies a good deal in size and shape.

Total length, 5.00 ; wing, 2.25 ; tail, 2.45 ; graduation, .25 ; difference between
1st and 3d quills, .40 ; length of bill from forehead, .55, from nostril, .37, along
gape, .60 ; depth, .15 ; greatest width at angle of rictus, .25 ; tarsus, .74 ; middle
toe and claw, .62; claw alone, .18 ; hind toe and claw, .45 ; claw alone, .22.

Smith-

CoUec-

Sex

soniaa

tor's

and

No.

No.

Age.

29,636

29,6.]3

29,635

29,634

••

33,678

33,677

V

134

d"

Locality.

When
Collected.

Received from

Collected by

Fermi 11 a, Cuba.

Cuba.

Feb. 20.
April 2.3.
Feb. 19.

Clias. Wright.

Dr. J. Gundlach.
Cab. Mr. Lawrence.

TERETRISTIS.

235

Teretristis fornsii.

Ttretristis fornsii, Gl-xdlach, Ann. N. Y. Lye. VI, Feb. 185S (eastern
Cuba). — Ib. Cab. Jour. 18G1, 326 (Cuba; very common).

Hah. Eastern Cuba.

Entire upper parts light ashy. Beneath, including lores, ocular region, and
a narrow line above it, ears, and edge of the wing, yellow, sharply defined ;
the sides of body, anal region to crissum and tibite, light dull ash. Inside
of wings white. Bill and legs dark plumbeous.

Length, 4.90 ; wing, 2.25 ; tail, 2.35 ; bill from gape, .60 ; tarsus, .73. No.
23,511 has a much broader bill than usual.

In proportions this species resembles the fernandinas, but the
two are easily distinguished by the color. In the former the head
above is olive green, the yellow of under parts confined to throat ;
in fornsii the whole upper parts are uniform ashy, the yellow of
under part extending over the breast and belly.

Smith-

Collec-

Sex

sonian j tor's

and

No. 1 No.

Age.

17,717

17,718

23, .511

2:?,.512

33,076

Locality.

When
Collected.

Received from

Collected by

Monte Verde, Cuba.

Sept. 4, '61.

Chas. Wrijjht.

Dr. J. Gundlach.

Subfamily SETOPHAGINiE.

Sylvicoline birds with the characters of Flycatchers ; the bill notched at
tip, depressed and broad at the base, though quite deep ; the rictus with well
developed bristles reaching beyond the nostrils, sometimes to the end of the
bill. First quill rather less than the 4th, or still shorter. Size of the species
rarely exceeding six inches. Colors red, yellow, and olive.

The species of this section resemble the small Flycatchers of the
family Ttjrannidse in the structure of the bill, etc., and in the habit
of capturing insects more or less on the wing, though they are more
restless in their movements, seeking their prey among trees, or in
bushes, rapidly changing their place, instead of occupying a perch,
and returning to it, after pursuing an insect through the air. The
yellow or orange crown found in many species also carries out the
analogy ; but the strictly Oscine characters of the tarsal scutellaj,
and the nine primaries will serve to distinguish them.

While the Sylvicolese are eminently characteristic of the orni-
thology of Xorth America, in the number of specimens and of
species — few indigenous true Warblers being found south of the

236 REVIEW OF AMERICAN BIRDS. [PART I.

United States — it is this section that has its higliest development
in South and Middle America, the species being almost equally
numerous with the Sylvicolese. It is a curious fact, too, that the
Selophagese of the United States agree with its Sylvicoleae in the
wing being long and pointed, the 1st quill being always longer than
the 5th ; while the more southern species have the wing more
rounded, the 1st quill always considerably shorter than the 5th ; and
even in the Dendroicas of the West Indies and South America the
1st quill is much shorter than in very near northern allies (as D.
petechia and vieilloti compared with aestiva). The only exception is
in Cm'dellina ruhrifrons of Mexico which has a pointed wing. What
the signification of this more imperfectly developed wing in the
southern members of the Sylvicolidse may be, I am at present unable
to state, or whether a similar condition exists in other families.

As usual, in extensive divisions of birds, the transition from one
generic form to another is so gradual, through the different species,
that it is very difficult to define the genera with precision, or to
establish trenchant characters for separating them. The following
synopsis, however, will be found to express the principal modifica-
tions of structure and characters of the group : —

A. Wings pointed ; the 1st quill longer than the 5tli ; the 3d as
long as or longer than the 4th. Tail nearly even, or slightly
rounded (the difference of the feathers less than .20) ; the
feathers broad and firm ; the outer webs of exterior feathers
narrow at base, but widening to nearly double the width
near the end.

1. Bill from gape nearly as long as skull, broad at base and

much depressed ; rictal bristles reaching half way
from nostrils to tip. Culmen and commissure nearly
straight. Wings equal to the tail. Tarsi long ; toes
short ; middle toe without claw, about half the tarsus Setophaga.

2. Bill from gape nearly as long as skull, broad at base, but

deep and more Sylvicoline ; rictal bristles reaching
but little beyond nostrils. Culmen and commissure
straight to the tip. Wings longer than the almost
even tail. Middle toe without claw, three-fifths the
tarsus ......... j\] ijiodioctes.

3. Bill from gape much shorter than head, wide at base but

compressed and high ; the culmen and commissure
much curved from base, scarcely notched at tip ;
rictal bristles reaching nearly half way from nostrils
to tip. Wings about equal to the almost even tail.
Middle toe without claw, about three-fifths the rather
short tarsus Card ell ina.

TERETRISTIS.

237

B. Wings rounded ; the 1st quill shorter than in the preceding
section, always less than the 5th.
1. Bill much depressed, and widened at base. Culmen
and commissure quite straight to near the tip.

a. Bill attenuated towards the end ; lateral outlines

straight or concave. Tail decidedly longer
than the wings. Second quill as long as 6th.
Rictal bristles reaching nearly to tip of bill,
which from gape is rather less than the
length of skull. Tail considerably grad-
uated (.50), the feathers soft, broad;
the outer web of outer feather wide,
nearly even, and about one-third the
width of inner. A rufous patch on

vertex Myioborus.

Rictal bristles reaching a little beyond mid-
dle of bill, which is elongated, and from
gape about equal to length of skull.
Tail moderately rounded, the feathers
firm ; the outer web of outer feather
not more than one-fourth the width of
inner. A yellow stripe on vertex . Eathhjpis.

b. Bill broad towards the end ; lateral outlines ob-

tuse, like Todirostrmn. Tail very little longer
than the wings. Second quill much shorter
than 6th.

Rictal bristles extending just beyond nos-
trils. Tail graduated, the feathers nar-
row, pointed. Outer webs narrow . Myiothlypis.
2. Bill pointed, depressed, and more or less wide at base,
but deep, and the culmen gently curved from the base.

a. Tail nearly even, the feathers narrow, about equal

to or very little longer than the lengthened
wings (1st quill about equal to the 7th). Bill
thickened, and broad at base. Rictal bristles
lengthened. Tarsi short. Vertex with two
black stripes inclosing a median one of a yel-
low, orange, or ashy color .... Basileuterus.

b. Tail decidedly longer than the abbreviated wings

(1st quill not longer than 9th), much grad-
uated, the feathers narrow. Bill rather nar-
row, scantily bristled. Tarsi long. Top of the
head chestnut ...... Idiot es.

c. Tail about equal to the lengthened wings (1st quill

about equal to the 6th), nearly even, the
feathers broad. Bill very small, and narrow ;
rictus well bristled ; prevailing color red. . Ergaticus.

238 REVIEW OF AMERICAN BIRDS. [PART I.

The preceding: synopsis is strictly empirical, and intended merely
to aid in distinguishing the genera. A more natural order of
sequence is to arrange the genera into three groups, of which Seto-
jyJiaga, Myiodioctes, and Cardellina respectively may be considered
as types, with several divergent forms, representing each other in
the following order : —

Tail broad, rounded, a little or considerably longer than tlie wings. Bill
broad and flat : —

Setopuaga. Setop/iarja,

Eathlypis,
Mjjioborus.

Tail narrow, nearly even, and about equal to the wings. Bill broad, de-
pressed:—

Myiodioctes. Myiodioctes,
JJasileuterus,
Idiotes,
MyiotJdi/pis.

Tail as in preceding. Bill narrow, Parine in appearance. Culmen
curved : —

Cardellina. Cardellina,

Ergaticus.

In these three divisions, typical SetojjJiaga, Myiodioctes, and Car-
dellina, respectively, have the wing long and sharp-pointed ; the
others succeeding these have the wing shorter, more rounded, and
exhibit other divergent characters. I ajn by no means disinclined
to restrict the genera of Setophagese to the above mentioned three,
or at least to four, including Basileiderus, and to consider the others
as only sections or subgenera. There scarcely appears to be any
alternative to this view than to accept all the others mentioned as
of independent generic rank.

MYIODIOCTES, Audubox.

Myiodioctes, AuDnBON, Synopsis, 1839, 48. (Type MoiaciUa milrata,

Gm.)— Baird, Birds N. Am. 1858, 291.
Wihonia, Bonap. List, 1838 (preoccupied in botany).
Myioctonus, Cabanis, Mus. Hein. 1850, 18. (Type Motacilla mitrata.)

Bill broad, depressed; the lateral outlines a Jittle concave; the bristles
Teaching not quite half way from nostrils to tip. Culmen and commissure
nearly straight to near tlie tip. Nostrils oval, witli membrane above. Wings
pointed, rather longer than the nearly even but slightly roiinded tail ; 1st
quill shorter than the 4th, much longer than 5th ; the 2(1 and 3d quills longest.
Tarsi rather lengthened, the scutellar divisions rather indistinct ; the middle
•toe without claw, about three-fifths the tarsus.

MYIODIOCTES.

239

This genus differs from typical Setophaga in stouter feet and luuch
longer toes — the middle toe of S. ruticilla not exceeding the lateral
of 21. mitratus. The tail is shorter than the wings, not longer than
or at least equal to them. The bill is differently shaped, being nar-
rower and more cylindrical, though decidedly depressed ; the lateral
outlines are slightly concave, not about straight. The tip is less
decurved.

21. 2:)usUla and canadensis are quite similar, generically with
rather more tumid bill, and perhaps narrower tail feathers.

The species of 2Iyiodioctes all belong to the United States, and
I have already given a synopsis of their characters in Birds N. Am.

Myiodioctes luitratus.

MotaciUa mdrata, Gmelix, S. N. 1, 17S8, 293. — Sijlvia m. Lath. — Vieil.
II, pi. 77. — Bon. ; Nutt. ; Acd. Orn. Biog. II, pi. 110. — Syh-icola m.
Max. Cab. Jour. VI, 1858, 113. — Sylvanij. .n. Nuttall, Man. 1, 1840,
333. — Setophaga m. Jard. — D'Orb. Sagra's Cuba Ois. 1840, 89. —
Wjlsonia m. Bon. 1838. — Allen, Pr, Essex lust. 1864. — Myiodioctes
m. AuD. Syn. 1839,48.— Ib. B, A. II.pl. 71.— Sclater, P. Z. S. 1856,
291 (Cordova) ; 1858,358 (Honduras).— Ib. Catal, 1861,33,no. 202.
— Baird, Birds N. Am. 1858. 292.— Jones, Nat. Bermuda, 1859, 26
(March). — Sclater & Salvin, Ibis, 1859, 11 (Guatemala) — Law-
rence, Ann. N. Y. Lj-c. VIII, 63 (Panama R. R.).— Gundlach, Cab.
Jour. 1861, 326 (Cuba). — ^fijioctonus m. Cab. Mus. Hein. 1851. — Ib.
Jour. Orn. Ill, 1855, 472 (Cuba).

Muscicapa cucullata, Wilson, III, pi. xxvi, fig. 3.

Muscicapa selhyi, Aud. Orn. Biog. I, pi. 9.

Hah. Eastern Province of United States, rather southern ; Bermuda ; Cuba •
Jamaica ; eastern Mexico ; Honduras and Guatemala to Panama R. R.

Specimens from various points in the Atlantic and Mississippi
Talley States as far north as Carlisle, Pa., and Cleveland, Ohio •
also —

Smith-
so iiiaa

CoUec-
tor s

No.

Sex
aud
Age.

17,185
30,696

Jamaica
Clioctum, Vera Paz.

When
Collected.

Received from

CoHected by

J. B Smith.
0. Salvin.

Myiodioctes canadensis.

Muscicapa canadensis, Linn. S. N. I, 1766, 327. (Muscicapa canadensis
cinei-ea, Brisson, II, 406, tab. 39, fig. 4) — Gmelin. — Wilson, III, pi.
xxvi, fig. 2. — Aud. Orn. Biog. II, pi. 103.— Setophaga can. Swains. ;
Rich. ; Gray. — Myiodioctes can. Aud. B. A. II, pi. 103. — Brewer

240

REVIEW OF AMERICAN BIRDS.

[part I.

Pr. Bost. SoR. VI, 5 (nest and eggs).— Sclater, P. Z. S. 1854, 111
(Ecuador; winter); 1855, 143 (Bogota) ; 1858,451 (Ecuador).—
Ib. Catal. 1861, 34, no. 204.— Sclater & Saltin, Ibis, 1859, 11
(Guatemala). — Lawrence, Ann. N. Y. Lye. VI, 1862. — Baird,
Birds N. Am. 1858, 294:.—Euthli/p{s can. Cab. Mus. Hein. 1850-51,
18 ; Jour. Orn. 1860, 326 (Costa Rica).

Sylvia pardalina, Bon. ; Ndtt. — Si/lvicola pardalina, Bon. — Myiodiocfes
pardalina, Bon.

fMuscicapa honapartii, Add. Orn. Biog. 1, 1831, 27, pi. 5. — SetopTiaga hon.
Rich. — Wilsonia hon. Bon. — Sylvania hon. Nutt. — ?Myiodioctes hon.
Add. Syn.— Ib. B. A. II, 1841, 17, pi. 17.— Baird, Birds, N. Am.
1858, 295.

Setopkarja nigncincta, Lafr. Rev. Zool. 1843, 292 ; 1844, 79.
Hah. Whole eastern province of United States ; eastern Mexico to Guate-
mala, and south to Bogota. Not noted from West Indies.

Specimens from eastern United States and Mississippi Valley ;
also —

Smith-

Collec-

Sex

When

Collected

sonian tov's

and

Locality.

Received from

Collected by

No.

No.

Age.

29,760

Ottawa, Can.

W. T. Coleman.

13,699

31

Isle Caroline, Lake

June 2.

R. Kennicott.

.32,71.9

20,170

V

Mexico. [Winnipeg?

Verreaux.

34,001

294

<-r

Petaleuleu, Guat.

Sept. 1862.

0. Salvin.

33,284

134

9

San Jose, C. K.

Dr. V. Frantzius.

34,621

■■

Bogota.

J. H. Roome.

Myiodioctes pusillus.

Muscicapa pmiJla, Wilson, Am. Orn. Ill, 1811, 103, pi. xxvi, fig.

4. — Wilsonia pus. BoN. — Sylvania pus. Ndtt. — Myiodioctes pus.

BoN. Consp. 1850, 315.— Sclater, P. Z. S. 1856, 291 (Cordova) ;

1858, 299 (Oaxaca Mts. ; Dec.) ; 1859, 363 (Xalapa) ; 373.— Ib.

Catal. 1861, 34, no. 203.— Baird, Birds N. Am. 1858, 293.— Sclater

& Salvin, Ibis, 1859, 11 (Guatemala). — Lord, Pr. R. Art. Inst.

Woolwich, IV, 1S64, 115 (Br. Columbia). — Myioctonus pus. Cab.

M. H. 1851, 18.— Ib. Jour. 1860, 325 (Costa Rica).
Sylvia wilsonii, Bon. ; Ndtt. — Muscicapa wilsonii, AuD. Orn. Biog. II, pi.

124. — Setophar/a wilsonii, Jard. — Myiodioctes wilsonii, Add. B. A.

II, pi. 75.
Sylvia petasodes, Licht. Preis-Verz. 1830.
Motacilla pileolata. Pall. Zoog. Rosso.-Asiat. 1, 1831,497 (Russian Am.).

Hah. Entire breadth of United States, north to Russian America ; Mexico,
to Costa Rica.

Specimens from the Pacific coast are more brightly colored than
eastern, and the yellow of the forehead has a mixture of orange in
it. The size is rather smaller, and the bill seems rather narrower.

BASILEUTERUS.

241

There are, however, so many iutormediate grades between the two
extremes as to render inexpedient any attempt at specific separation.
Specimens in the collection fi*om many localities throughout the
United States from Atlantic to Pacific ; also —

Smith-

Collec-

Sex

"When
Collected.

gunian

No.

tor's
No.

and
Age.

Locality.

Received from

Collected by

20.635

474

Ft. George, H. B.

Sept. 3, '60.

C. Drexler.

C. Drexler.

20,6.36

490

'•

May 26, '60.

"

22,303

, ,

Halifax, N. S.

"W. G. Winton.

W. G.'ivinton.

27,291

7

Ft. Youkon.

J. Lockhart.

J. Lockhart.

27,292

1,229

"

May] YS61.

R. Kenuicott.

R. Kennicott.

27,290

1,208

La Pierre's House.

B. R. Ross.

J. Flett.

32,173

2,489

d

Escondida. C. S. L.

Nov.' Vs.W.

J. Xantus.

J. Xantus.

32,174

6,016

d

San Gertrude Mts.

Jan. 1S61.

"

"

30,138

506

?

Colinia (Sierra Ma-

April, 1863.

"

"

32,467

47

d

Orizaba, Mex. [dre).

Prof. Snmichrast.

Prof. Sumiclirast.

30,877

96

Mirador, Mex.

Nov.' 1862.

Dr. Sartiirius.

Dr. Sartorius.

32,716

32,622

d

Coban, Gnat.

Verreaux.

30,697

299

Duenas, Gnat.

0. Salvia.

33,423

129

San Jose, C. R.

Dr. V. Frantzius.

:U,6r)5

d

Barranca, C. R.

April 16, '64.

J. Carmiol.

.34,656

d

"

April l.j.

"

34,657

?

April 19.

Myiodioctes minutus.

Muscicapa ininuta, "WiLsox, Am. Orn. VI, 1812, 62, pi. 1, fig. 5. — Aud.
Orn. Biog. V, pi. 434, fig. 3. — In. B. A. I, pi. 67. — Sylvia tninuta,
Bon. — Wilsonia m. Box. List, 1838. *

Sylvania pumilia, Nutt. Man. 1, 1840, 334.
Hah. Eastern United States.

This species continues to be unknown to modern ornithologists — no
specimens being recorded as extant in collections.

BASILEUTERUS, Cabaxis.

Basileuterus, Cab.

BasiJeuterus, Cab. Scliomburgk's Reise Br. Guiana, III, 1848, 66Q. (Type
Sylvia vermivora, Vieillot.) (See antea, page 237.)

Bill broad at the base and mucb depressed, but thick ; the culmen curved
gently from the base, the commissure curved for most of its extent. Rictal
bristles variable, but reaching about half way from the nostrils to tip of bill.
The tail is slightly emarginated, and only a little rounded, the lateral feather
•sometimes rather graduated, the feathers rather narrow. Wing about equal
to the tail, rounded ; 4th quill longest, 1st about equal to the 8th. Toes
rather shorter than in JSJyiodioctes, the middle without its claw nearly two-
thirds the tarsus-
There is a good deal of variation in the size of bill and other
features, with different species ; but the broad decnrved bill, nearly
even narrow tail with the lateral feather more or less graduated,
wings equal to the tail and much rounded, the 1st quill equal to the 8th
16 May, 1865.

242 REVIEW OF AMERICAN BIRDS. [PART I.

and 9th, are common to all. The relationship to Myiodiocies is quite
close, especially to canadensis and pusillus ; but the- characters just
mentioned will distinguish them. The transition, however, to Idiotes
is very gradual, through such species as /. mesochrysus. Setojjhaga
is distinguished by a much more depressed and thinner bill, with
the culmeu and commissure nearly straight for most of the length,
as well as by other features.

Synopsis of Species of Basileuterus.

Top of head with two black stripes inclosiug a median of
yellow or orange. No rufous on sides of head.
Beneath entirelj^ yellow.

Central stripe of head orange brown, mixed
with gray. Back olive green.

Supra-ocular stripe and eyelids whitish vermivorus,'^ Cab
Supra-ocular stripe and eyelids yellow

(not seen) bivittatus, Scl.

Central stripe of head yellow, sometimes mixed
with orange. Back olivaceous-ash.

Supra-ocular stripe and eyelids yellow-
ish-green ..... culicivorus, Bp.

Chin and throat gray; rest of under parts yellow.
Back olive. Supra-ocular strij^e ash color ?

Central stripe of head brownish-orange . . coronatus^ Scl.
Central stripe of head yellow ; thitiat darker

ash (not seen) ..... cinereicollis, Scl.

Top of head with two black stripes inclosing a median of ^

ash, or nearly unicolor ashy or brown. No rufous on
sides of head. Beneath whitish, or not bright yellow.
Back olive green, uniform with rump.

Top and sides of head ash, scarcely lighter in

centre. Supra-ocular line and eyelids white. [Scl.

Sides tinged with olive green . . . leucoblepharum,^

' A species — B. hypoleucus, Bp. — from Brazil, is said to diflfer in being white
beneath.

^ B. viridicata, Burm. Ill, 113 (D'Orb. Voyage, IX, 325) appears quite similar,
with the vertex stripe yellow, not orange. In this respect it agrees with cinerei-
collis (ScLATER, P. Z. S. 1864, 166, Bogota), and like it has a grayish-ashy
throat, tinged with greenish. The difference I am unable to state. Basileu-
terus chrysogasier, of Peru {Setophaga chrys. Tschcdi, F. P. 192), is said to be
yellow beneath, olive green above, a little darker on top of head where the
feathers are yellow at base, and orange in middle.

^ Basileuterus leucohhpharum, ScL. Catal. p. 36. A Paraguayan, and conse-
quently a typical specimen, has the whole top of head uniform slaty gray,

BASILE UTERUS. 243

Top of head dusky, inclosing a lighter median ashy
stripe. Eyelids and supra-ocular stripe less
distinct. Sides tinged with olive green . superciliosus, Bd.

Similar to last, but creamy white beneath. Supra-
ocular stripe distinct. Sides tinged with rufous

or fulvous stragulatus, Scl.

Back dark brownish ; rump and base of tail yellowish semicervinus,^ Scl.

uropygialis, Scl.

The following are the better known species of Basileuterus from
South America: —

Basileuterus vermi-^orus.

Sylvia vermivora, Vieill. Nouv. Diet. II, 1817, 278. — Basileuterus v. Cab.

Schomb. Guiana. — Sclatek, Catal. 1861, 34, no. 34.
Setophaga uuricapilla, Swaiks. Anim. Men. 1838, 293 (Brazil).
Hah. Bogota, Trinidad, Brazil, etc.

Basileuterus hypoleucus.

Basileuterus hypoleucus, Bp. Consp. 1850, 313. — Bcem. Uebers. Ill, 1856,
113 (Brazil).

Basileuterus bivittatus.^

Muscicapa bivittata, Laf. & D'Orb. Syn. Av. 1837, 51. — D'Oeb. Voyage,

almost inappreciably lighter along the middle of the crown, the white on the
eyelids very distinct. The bill is slender and narrow. Brazilian specimens
exhibit a quite well defined band on each side of the crown from the bill,
bordering a central stripe of slate gray ; the white of eyelids is less promi-
nent, and the bill decidedly broader. These differences, if constant, may
render it desirable to establish the Trichas superciliosus, of Swainson, as a
distinct species, under the name of Basileuterus superciliosus.

• Not having seen a specimen of B. semicervinus, I am unable to give its
diagnosis. Sclater says that B. uropygialis differs in having the uropygiuni
and rump more lightly colored ; the back olive, and head cinereous (instead
of brown), almost as in stragulatus, with which, too, it agrees in color of lower
surface.

^ A specimen in the collection of the Philadelphia Academy I am unable to
refer to any of the described Basileuteri. There is a central line on top of
head of pale yellowish-gray, the feathers dull yellowish at the base ; on each
side of this a broad black stripe (wider than in vermivorus), the two meeting
on the forehead. A dirty whitish line passes from bill over eye to nape, and
below this is another well defined line of blackish-ash, through and behind
the eye, beginning as a dusky loral spot. There appears to be a whitish patch
on the lower eyelid. The under parts, instead of being bright uniform yellow,
are olivaceous white along the median line, clouded with purer olive on throat
and breast ; the sides of belly and body deep olive, like the back.

This may be B. hypoleucus, Box. Consp. 313 (Brazil) ; but it is not smaller
than vermivorus, nor can the under parts be called white.

244 REVIEW OF AMERICAN BIRDS. [PART I.

Ois. 324 (Cbiquitos, Bolivia). — Basileuterus hivittatus, Sclatek,
P. Z. S. 1859, 137.— Ib. Catal. 1861, 34, no. 206 (Ecuador).
?Mi/iodioctes iristriatus, Tschudi, Wiegin. Arch. 1844, 1. — Ib. Fauna
Peruana, 193 (Peru).

iSasileuterus coronatus.

]\Jj/iodioctes coronata, Tscn. Wiegm. Arch. 1844 (23), Peru. — Basileuterus
cor. Bp. Consp. 1850, 314.— Sclater, Catal. 1861, .34, no. 207.

Hah. Ecuador ; Bogota.

Basileuterus viridicatus.

Musclcapa viridicata (Vieill.), D'Orb. Voy. 325. — Basileuterus virid.

Bdkm. Uebers. IV, 1856, 113.
Muscicapa eleguns, D'Okb. & Laf. Syn. Av. 1837, 52.
Hub. Cbiquitos, Bolivia.

This hardly appears to be the bird of Vieillot and Azara ; if not, the name
of eleyans may be used.

Basileuterus cinereicollis.

Basileuterus cinereicollis, Sclater, P. Z. S. 1864, 166 (N. Grenada).
Appears very near Basileuterus viridicatus {elegans), D'Orb. & Laf.

Basileuterus chrysogaster.

Setophagu chrysogaster, Tsch. Wiegm. Arch. 1844, 16 (Peru). — Basi-
leuterus chr. Sclatek. — Ib. Catal. 1861, 35, no. 209 (Ecuador).

Basileuterus leucoblepharum.

Sylvia lencohlephara, Vieill. Nouv. Diet. XI, 1817, 206 (from Azara,
Paraguay). — D'Orb. Voy. Ois. tab. 12, fig. 2. — Trichas leuc. Bctrm.
Uebers. Ill, 1856, 114 (Brazil). — Basileuterus leuc. Sclater, Catal.
1861, 36, no. 217.
South Brazil and Paraguay.

Basileuterus superciliosus.

Trichas superciliosus, Swain. An. Men. 1838, 295.
North Brazil.

Basileuterus stragulatus.

Muscicapa stragulata. Light. Verz. 1823, 55. — Basileuterus stragulatus,
Sclater, Catal. 1861, 35, no. 216 (Brazil).

Basileuterus semicervinus.

Basileuterus semicervinus, ScLATEK, P. Z. S. 1860, 84. — Ib. Catal. 1861,
35, no. 215 (Ecuador).

BASILEUTERUS. 245

Basileuterus culiciioois.

Sjlvia cnlicivora, Light. Pieis-Verzeicli. 1830, no. 78 (Mexico; Deppe
& Scliiede). — Cab. Jour. 1863, 57. — Basileuterus culicivorus, Bonap.
Cousp. 1850, 313.— Cab. Mus. Hein. 1850, 17.

Muscicapa brasieri, Giraud, Birds Texas, 1841, pi. vi, fig. 2. — Basileuterus
hraseri, Sclatek, P. Z. S. 1855, 66 ; 1856, 292 (Cordova) ; 1859, 374
(Oaxaca).— Ib. Catal. 1861, 34, no. 208.— Sclatek & Salvin, Ibis,
II, 1800, 274 (Volcan, Guatemala).

Hub. S. Mexico (botli sides) ; Guatemala and Costa Rica.

(No. 30,698.) Above greenisli-ash, more tinged with olive on the upper
part of back and rump. Beneath yellow, the crissum somewhat tinged with
rufous. Top of head with a black stripe on each side from the bill, the inter-
mediate portion greenish-yellow^ passing more into green on the nape, similar
in color to a supra-ocular stripe Loral region and space below eye greenish,
mixed with yellow. Spot anterior to eye, and a stripe behind it, dusky ; all
these markings on the side of head, however, obscure, and poorly defined.

Specimens from Mexico and Guatemala, the former marked male, have the
median stripe of the head yellow. Others again, likewise from Guatemala
and Mexico, have the yellow of each featlier passing towards the end more
into brownish-orange, apparently unaccompanied by any other differences.

Length (of 30,698), 4.90; wing, 2.40; tail, 2.25 ; graduation, .16; bill from
forehead, .50, nostril, .30, gape, .56 ; tarsus, .76 ; middle toe and claw, .56.

This species differs from Basileuterus vermivorus and himttatus,
of South America, in having the upper parts ashy instead of olive
green. The markings of the head are more as in hiviltatus, as com-
pared with vermivorus. The supra-ocular stripe and other lighter
markings on the side of the head are greenish, and not ashy or gray-
ish in their tinge. The eyelids are yellow, not white. There is much
more yellow in the central stripe on top of heads even mixed with
orange, and the feathers are not tinged with gray at the tips. The
inside of the wing is greenish-yellow, not nearly white as in vermiv-
orus ; nor is there the decided indication of whitish in the chin.

B. hivittatus, Laf, from Bolivia and Ecuador, as above stated,
differs in the olive back, in this agreeing with vermivorus. It agrees
more with culicivorus, and differs from vermivorus, judging from the
description, in larger size, and in the yellowish superciliary stripe
and circumocular region, instead of grayish-white.

Note. — Since writing the preceding description, specimens have
been received from Mr. Carmiol, collected in Costa Rica, which
differ slightly in having a decidedly olivaceous gloss to the upper
plumage, especially on the rump and edge of the quills. I do not
note any other differences, and these may be merely seasonal. There
is, however, in this respect, a greater approximation to the B. bicil-

246

REVIEW OF AMERICAN BIRDS,

[part I.

tatus of authors, and it may ultimately be decided that thej belong
to that species. All have a slight stain of orange in the end of the
yellow feathers of the crown, not quite so decided as in 26,377.

Smith-

CoUec-

Sex

Wlien

Collected.

sonian

tor's

and

Locality.

Received from

Collected by

No.

No.

Age.

22,36.5

43 907

c<

Mexico.

Verreaux.

20.. 377

"

J. Krider.

D'Oca.

30,698

303

ChoctuQ, Vera Paz.

Jan. 1860.

0. Salviu.

Salvia & Godmau.

120

rf

Guatemala.

Cab. Lawrence.

34,6.n

rT

Ban-auca, C. R.

Mar. 17, '64.

J. Carmiol.

34,Gj2

"

"

"

34,653

^

Marcli 21.

(22,363.) Crown yellow. (22,.377.) Crown orange. (30,698.) Crown yellow. (120.) Crown
orange. (34,601.) ii ; 6^. Crown stained with orange.

Basileuterus uropygialis.

Basileuterus nropyglalis, Sclater, P. Z. S. 1861, 128 ; 1864, 167.— Ib.

Catal. 1861, 35, no. 214.
Basileuterus semicervinus, Lawrence, Aun. N. Y. Lye. 1861, 322, Panama
R. R. (not of Sclater, 1860).
Hah. Isthmus of Panama.

(No. 124, Cab. G. N. L.) Upper parts brownish-olive, the head above slightly
tinged with cinereous ; rump, upper tail coverts, and rather more than basal
half of tail, with the under parts, yellowish-fnlvous, the latter, however, paler,
and quite light on middle of belly, but darker on the crissum. The sides of
head, neck and body, inside of wings and breast, washed with olive brown.
A line from bill to eye, and eyelids fulvous ; lores, and spot behind eye dusky.
Terminal half of tail brownish-olive, becoming darker to tip. Bill black.
Legs flesh color. First quill equal to the 8th ; the wings longer than the tail,
wliich is rounded.

Total length, 4.70; wing, 2.30; tail, 2.10 ; graduation, .30; difference be-
tween 1st and 4tli quills, .28; length of bill from forehead, .62, from nostril,
.36; along gaj^e, .55 ; tarsus, .87; middle toe and claw, .QQ.

This species was identified by Mr. Lawrence as semicervinus
(from Ecuador) before Sclater's description of iwopygialis (from
Brazil) appeared. It seems, however, to me to agree better with
the description of the latter species. According to Sclater, the
difference of vropi/gialis from semicervinus consists in having the
urop3^gium and under parts lighter, the back olive, and the head
cinereous, almost as in B. stragulatus, with which also it agrees ia
coloration of lower surface.'

The species is related to J?, stragulatus, although the bill is broader

' Since writing the above, Dr. Sclater, P. Z. S. 1864, 167, states that B.
vropygialis was erroneously assigned to Brazil, and that its true patria is
Panama.

BASILEUTERUS.

24t

at base and the tail shorter, so that the outstretched legs reach to
or beyond the tip. The wiugs are more pointed. The colors be-
neath are quite similar, not so pale along the median line ; the upper
parts, however, much darker, the head lacks the blackish, and the
fulvous of rump and basal half of tail are wanting in stragulatus.

Smith-

soaiau

No.

CoUec-

tor's
No.

Sex
and
Age.

Locality.

When
Collected.

Eeceived from

Collected by

34,096

124

d

Panama E. K.

G. N. Lawreuce.
Cab. Mr. Lawrence.

Galbraith.

Idiotes, Baird.

Idiotes, Baikd. (See page 237.) (Type Seiophaga mjifrons, Sw.)

Bill broad at base, but quite deep, being nearly as lugb as wide ; tlie culmen
curved gently from the base, the lateral outlines straight ; the bristles only
moderate, reaching half way from nostrils to tip of bill. Tail lengthened,
longer than the short wings, and considerably graduated ; the 4tli quill
longest ; the 1st not longer than the 9th. Toes rather lengthened.

The species of this group have generally been placed in Basi-
leuterus. They, however, differ in having the bill narrower at base,
and proportionally deeper, the bristles less developed, although the
culmen is as much curved. The wings are much shorter, and the
tail proportionally longer and more rounded, considerably exceeding
the tail instead of being about equal to it. The transition, how-
ever, is quite gradual through B. belli and /. mesochrysus, which, to
some extent, combines the characters of both.

Sy7iopsis of Species of Idiotes.
Back olive ; top of head chestnut (bordered with dusky in belli).
Cheeks black.

A white superciliary stripe. Beneath whitish . melanogenys.

Cheeks chestnut; lores dusky. A superciliary stripe, and
another beneath eye, white. Throat and breast yellow.
Rest of under parts white, or only washed with

yellowish ........ mjifrons.

Entire under parts yellow ; crissum more fulvous.
White infra-ocular stripe reaching behind ears.
Chestnut of crown reaching the nape. Wings
equal to lateral tail feather .... delattrii.

Under parts and crissum yellow. Infra-ocular white
not extending beyond eye. Chestnut of crown

248

REVIEW OF AMERICAN BIRDS.

[part I.

scarcely extending over occiput. Wing nearly
as long as middle tail feather .... mesochrijsus.
Cheeks, ocular region, and lores chestnut. A superciliary
stripe bright yellow, bordered above by dusky.

Whole under parts yellow .... belli.

Basileuterus melanogeiiys.

Basileuterus melanogenys, Baird, n. S.
Hab. High-lands of Costa Rica.

(No. 30,497.) Above ashy olive, the quills and tail feathers edged with
brighter, edges of the latter slightly tinged with rufous. A square patch of
chestnut brown on top of head. The sides of head black, encircling the eyes,
each feather white in the centre. A broad stripe of white from base of bill
passing over the eye, and margined above by black, which thus borders the
rufous crown externally. The forehead mixed black and white. Beneath
dull whitish, the sides and to some extent the breast, tinged with olivaceous
ash ; the chin dusky on account of the blackish tips of the feathers.

The white feathers about the head have all a tendency to black tips and
edges, producing the black markings — very few feathers being entirely black.

The wings are a little shorter than the tail. The bill is more slender, and
the culmen less decurved than in most species of its section.

Total length, 5.50 ; wing, 2.50 ; tail, 2.65 ; graduation of tail, .35 ; differ-
ence between 1st and 4th quills, .40 ; length of bill from forehead, .50, from
nostril, .30; along gape, .58 ; tarsus, .85.

Sraith-

soaiaa

No.

Collec-
tor's
No.

Sex
and
Age.

Locality.

When
Collected.

Received from

Collected by

30,497
30,498

117
118

Juv.

Costa Rica (San
" [Jose?).

Dr. V. Frantzius.

(30,497.) Type of species.

Basileuterus rufifrons.

Setophaga 7-uJifrons, Swain.son, Animals in Menageries, 1838, 294. — Box.
Conspectus, 314. — Basileuterus rujifrons, Bon. Consp. 1850, 314. —
ScLATEE, P. Z. S. 1856, 291 (Cordova) ; 1858, 299 (Oaxaca).— Ib.
Catal. 1861, 35, no. 210.— Baird, Birds N. Am. 1858, 296.

Hah. Mexico ; northwest to Mazatlan.

Whole top of the head with the ears reddish or chestnut brown ; nape and
sides of neck ashy. Rest of upper parts olive green, with an ashy tinge of
greater or less intensity. A white stripe from each side of the bill (meeting
narrowly on the forehead) over the eye, and another pair from lower jaw
meeting on the chin and passing beneath the eye, meets its supra-ocular fellow
behind the ears, their junctions, however, concealed by the chestnut ear
coverts. Lores, and a short space behind the eye dusky. Throat and breast

BASILEUTERUS.

249

bright yellow, abruptly defined against the whitish of under parts. Inside
and edge of wings yellow ; flanks and crissnm pale brownish-fulvous ; tibiae
more ashy. No spots or bands on wings or tail. Tlie feathers along the
middle of forehead and vertex with concealed yellow at the base.

Length, 4.S0 ; wing, 2.00 ; difference between 1st and 4th (longest) quills,
.24; tail, 2.40 ; its graduation, .55 ; bill from gape, .55 ; tarsus, .80.

This species is sometimes described as quite cinereous above ;
this, however, depends on the state of phimage — perfect specimens
being nearly as olivaceous as in delaUrii. Occasionally specimens
are found iu which the line of demarcation behind of the yellow
breast is obscured by the color passing backwards over the belly in
a light wash pervading the whole under parts, the edges of the
feathers brighter yellow, leaving the anal region, however, nearly
white. The flanks, crissum, and tibia; are then tinged with greenish
olive.

Smith-

soaian

No.

CoUec- Spx
tor's i and
No. 1 Aije.

Locality.

When T. ■ , r
CoUected. Received from

CoUected by

13,624

30,876
28,026
28,027
26,37.5
26,376
34,018

132

S2
7

Mexico.
Mirador, Mex.

Xalapa.

Mexico. [Madre).

Mazatlan (Sierra

Oct. 1862.
Dec. 1861.

J. Gould.

Dr. C. Sartorius.

J. Krider.

A. J. Grayson.

D"bca.

(30,876.) Iris reddish-brown.

Basileuterus delattrii.

Basileuterus delattrii, Bon. Comptes Rendus, XXXVIII, 1854, 383. — Ib.
Notes Orn. 1854, 63 (Nicaragua).— Sclater, P. Z. S. 1860, 250
(Orizaba).— Ib. Catal. Am. Birds, 1861, 35, no. 211.— Sclater &
Salvix, Ibis, II, 1860, 274, Duenas (Guatemala), May 8.

Ilah. Mexico and Guatemala ?

(No. 30,700.) Similar to mfifrons in color of head, the olive green of the
back brighter, this color invading and replacing the ashy of the nape and
sides of neck ; the infra-ocular white band, less distinct behind, but appa-
rently extending behind the eyes. Whole under parts greenish-yellow, a
little paler on middle of belly ; flanks olive green ; the sides behind and
crissum tinged with fulvous. Wings much rounded, about equal to the
lateral tail feather ; 1st quill shorter, or not longer than the secondaries, as is
the case in riijifronx.

Total length, 5.10; wing, 2.10; tail, 2.70; graduation, .52; diflTerence be-
tween 1st and 4th quills (longest), .28 ; length of bill from nostril, .31 ; along
gape, .60 ; tarsus, .82.

Since receiving an authentic specimen from Mr. Salvin I have
found that several specimens from Mexico, formerly considered to

250

REVIEW or AMERICAX BIRDS.

[rART I.

be delaUrii, are only varieties of rufifrons ; and I am now un-
acquainted with any Mexican examples of the species, although
quoted by Dr. Sclatcr as from Orizaba.

Smith-|Collec-

souian tor's

Ko. No.

30,700

Sex
and
Atre.

ijocality

Cuban, Vera Paz, Xuv. 15, 'oO.
[Guat. I

^VIiph
CoUected.

Received from CoUected 1>y

Basileuterus mesoclirysiis.

Basileuterus mesochrysus, Sclater, P. Z. S. 1860, 251 (Bogota).
Basileuterus delattrii, Sclater, P. Z. S. 1855, 144 (Bogota). — Cab. Jour.

1860, 325 (Costa Rica).— ? Lawrence, Ann. N. Y. Lye. 1861, 322

(Panama).
Hab. Bogota, to Costa Eica ?

(Xo. 30,491.) General cliaracters of B. delattrii, but the wings much longer
and more pointed, nearly equal to the entire tail, which is shorter and less
rounded ; the 1st quill rather longer than the secondaries. There is no
appreciable white in the chin ; that on the side of the lower jaw is scarcely
apparent, and does not extend below the chestnut cheeks. The brown of the
crowu does not extend so far back ou the head, and hence not behind the
ears. The upper parts are of a purer olive ; beneath of a clearer yellow, the
crissum being uuicolor with the belly. The quills and tail feathers are darker.

Total length, 4.S5 ; wing, 2.28; tail, 2.50; graduation, .24; difference be-
tween 1st and 4th quills, .24 ; length of bill from nostril, .30 ; along gape, .55 ;
tarsus, .85.

It is possible that a larger series of typical B. delattrii may show
that the differences mentioned above are not characteristic, and that
the Costa Ricau specimens actually belong to delattrii. I think, how-
ever, they are really different.

Smith- jCollec-

soQianl tor's

No. No.

Sex
and
Atre.

Locality.

When
Collected.

Received from

Collected by

30,491
.33,276
30,492
34,6.34
29,553

San Jose, Costa Kica.

191
123

X)r V. Frautzius.
J. Carniiol.

Berlin Museum.
Cab. of Lawrence.

(29,553.) Labelled "i>'. dehdtrii."

Basileuterus Tbelli.

Muscicapa belli, Giraud, Birds Texas, 1841, pi. iv, fig. 1. — Basueuterus
belli, ScLATEK, P. Z. S. 1855, 65; 1859, 374 (Oaxaca).— Ib. Catal.
Am. Birds, 1861, 35, uo. 213 (Orizaba). — Sclater & Salvix, Ibis,
II, 1860, 31 (Guatemala).

BASILEUTERUS,

251

Basileiiterus chrysophrys, Bonap. Consp. 1850, 314. — ScLATEE, P. Z. S.
1857, 202 (Xalapa).
Hah. Mexico and Guatemala.

(No. 32,468.) Above olive green ; crown and cheeks orange brown. Entire
under parts, including edge of wings, greenish-yellow, the sides and lining
of wings olivaceous. A broad stripe of yellow from the bill over the eye ;
the two stripes separated on the forehead by black, which is continued, more
obscurely, along the top of head, so as to separate the yellow stripe from the
brown vertex.

The orange brown of the cheeks extends narrowly above, more broadly
below the eye to the bill, involving the lores. The yellow stripe extends on
the nape some distance beyond the rufous crown. Bill black ; legs yellowish.
Wings a little shorter than tail.

Total length, 5.10 ; wing, 2.28 ; tail, 2.50 ; graduation, .32 ; difference be-
tween 1st quill and 4th, .32; length of bill from forehead, .49, from nostril,
.28 ; along gape, .55 ; tarsus, .80 ; middle toe and claw, .61.

Smith-
sonian
No.

Collec-
tor's
No.

Sex
and
Age.

26,370
11,7.58
32,468
30,699

I,i62
321

Locality.

Mexico.
Orizaba.

Coban, Guat.

When
Collected.

Received from

Nov. 1859.

J. Krider.
P. L. Sclater.
Prof. Sumichrast.
0. Salvin.

Collected by

Botteri ?

Salvin &Godman.

Myiothlypis, Cabanis. (See page 231.)

Myiothhjpis, Cab. Mus. Hein. I, 1850, 17.
tatus, Laf.')

(Type Trichas nigrocris-

Bill much depressed, very flat, the culmen and commissure almost truly
straight, the bill tapering only gradually to near the tip, where it is more
rapidly rounded off, so that the lateral outlines are at first sliglitly concave,
and then convex at the tip, somewhat as in Todus or Todirostrum, but more
tapering. Rictal bristles reaching a little beyond the nostrils. Wings a little
shorter than the tail ; the 1st to 4th quills much graduated, so that the 1st
is equal only to the shortest secondary ; the 2d to the 9th quill ; the 3d is be-
tween the 6th and 7th ; the 4th and 5th longest. The tail is moderately
graduated, though the feathers are pointed. The legs are stout and strong ;
the outside of the tarsi apparently with the sciatellse passing entirely round
to the posterior edge. Head with a narrow pointed crest.

This is a strongly marked genus, and easily distinguished from
Basileuterus by the very flat, straight bill, much broader or less

' Basileuterus nigricristatus.

Trichas nigrocristatus, Lafe. Rev. Zool. 1840, 230 (Bogota). — Myiothlypis
n. Cab. Mus. Hein. 1, 1850, 17. — Basileuterus n. Sclater, Catal. 1861,
36. — Basileuterus nigricapillus, Sclatek, P. Z. S. 1860, 74.

252 REVIEW OF AMERICAN BIRDS. [PART I.

attenuated towards the end than in any other Sylvicolidse, and re-
sembling somewhat species of Todirostrum. The excessive gradua-
tion of the outer quills is another marked feature, although the wing
is rather pointed. The peculiarities of the scutellae, if real and not
apparent, point towards the Tyrannidse ; although, as far as I can
determine, there are but nine primaries. The type species belongs
to the Andean region of Ecuador and New Grenada, and is olive
green above and on sides, yellow beneath ; loral spot, and patch
on top of head, black. (30,910. Quito. C. R. Buckalew.)*

' In the Smithsonian collection is a female bird, collected in Paraguay, by
Capt. Page, which resembles somewhat the description by Bonaparte of J/yo-
ihlijpis luteo-viridis, from Bogota, in being entirely olive green above, the under
parts, with a line from bill over eye (becoming duller behind), yellow ; bill
horn color ; legs yellow. If the luteo-viridis, however, be the female of 31.
nigricrisiatus, as suggested by Bonaparte and Sclater, this specimen cannot
belong to it, as it differs entirely in form. The bill resembles that of Euthlypis
lachrymosa, though not quite so long ; it is like that of M. mitratus, also, in
the straight culmen and gape, but is wider at base, and entirely lacks the
Todirostrum character of Mi/lothli/pis nigricristatus. The wings are consider-
ably shorter than the tail, which is narrow, the feathers much pointed and
graduated, as in Myiothlypis, but longer (very much as in Geothlypis). The
■wings are less rounded than in M. nigricristatus, the 2d quill being a little
longer than the 6th, not about equal to the 9th. Length, 5.50 ; wing, 2.45 ;
difference between 1st and 4th quills, .40 ; tail, 2.90, its graduation, .35 ;
tarsus, .86 ; middle toe and claw, .65 ; bill from gape, .64. There is no indi-
cation of crest. (16,334. J . Paraguay, June, 1859. Capt. Page, U. S. N.,
No. 53.)

The relationships of this species are certainly nearest to Myiothlypis, differ-
ing mainly in longer tail, less graduated wing, and differently shaped lateral
outline of bill. To include the two together, the characters of the genus
must be considerably modified ; somewhat as follows : " Bill much depressed,
very broad at base, but thickened ; the culmen and commissure straight to
near the tip ; bristles prominent. Wings shorter than the tail, graduated;
the 1st quill not longer than the secondaries. Tail considerably graduated,
the feathers acutely pointed."

Both this bird and M. nigricristatus would be taken for Geothlypis, but for
the broad, depressed, bristled bill. The Paraguay bird may be called, pro-
visionally, M. Jlaveolus if not luteo-viridis.

SETOPHAGA. 253

SETOPHAGA, Swainson.

Setophaga, Swains.

Setoplwga, Swainson, Zool. Jour. Ill, Dec. 1827, 360. (Type Musc'icapa

ruticilla, L.)— Baird, Birds N. Am. 1858, 297.
Sylvania, Nuttall, Man. Orn. I, 1832. (Same type.)

Bill much depressed, tlie lateral outlines straight towards tip. Bristles
reach half way from nostril to tip. Culmeu almost straight to near the tip ;
commissure very slightly curved. Nostrils oval, with membrane above them.
Wings rather longer than tail, pointed ; 2d, 3d, and 4th quills nearly equal ;
1st intermediate between 4th and 5th. Tail rather long, rather rounded ; the
feathers broad, and widening at ends, the outer web narrow. Tarsi with
scutellar divisions indistinct externally. Legs slender ; toes short, inner
cleft nearly to base of 1st joint, outer with 1st joint adherent ; middle toe
without claw, not quite half the tarsus.

The description above given is based upon the type of the genus —
*S'. ruticilla. Of the many species referred by authors to Setophaga
the only one that corresponds with it in most of these characters is
the Mexican S. ^^I'cto. This is quite similar in most points, but
differs in the wing being a little less pointed, the 1st quill about
equal to or a little longer than the 5th. The feet are quite differ-
ent— the toes being considerably longer, so that the middle toe with-
out claw is two-thirds the tarsus. The claws are proportionally
longer, perhaps less curved, and the scutellas more distinct on the
outside of tarsus. The South and Middle American species, hereto-
fore assigned to this genus, are all characterized by peculiar features
readily distinguishing them from S. ruticilla, and are certainly
entitled to subgenei'ic rank.

As far as I now recollect S. ruticilla is the only one of the Seto-
phageae in which the sexes are certainly dissimilar. The rule is the
reverse in the other Sylmcolidse.

In the following synopsis I combine the principal species belonging
to Setophaga, Myiohorus, and Euthlyjns : — •

a. End of lateral tail feathers black. Sexes dissimilar.
Belly white. Setophaga.

Ground color black, without vertex spot. Sides of
breast and bases of quills and tail feathers red-
dish-orange in male, yellowish in female . . ruticilla, Sw.

b. Lateral tail feathers, including their tips, white. Sexes similar.
Belly vermilion- or carmine-red.

254 REVIEW OF AMERICAN BIRDS, [PART I. ,

Entirely lustrous black, including head and neck.
No vertex spot. A white patch on the wings.

Setophaga. '

Forehead black. A broad band on the wings

and almost the whole of outer tail feather \

white ....... picta, Sw.

Forehead white. A narrow band on the wings

and tips only of lateral tail feathers white multicolor, Bp.
Plumbeous ash, including head and neck. A chest-
nut brown vertex-spot. No white on wings.
Myiohorus.

Throat, lores, and forehead continuously pure ,

black. Spot on vertex uniform dark chest-
nut, scarcely margined on the sides with
black. Inner web of outer tail feather
white for terminal two-fifths ; 3d feather
with a distinct white tip. Tail, 3.00 . miniata, Sw.
Black of head somewhat tinged with plumbe- |

ous ; a distinct band of this color extend-
ing from bill over the eye, cutting off
the black of forehead. Spot on vertex

orange chestnut, lighter at base, and ;

quite broadly margined with blackish, j

White on outer tail feather restricted to |

terminal third ; 3d feather with a small ';

white tip or none. Tail, 2.75 . . Jlammea, Kaup.

Beneath clear yellow, or with a tinge of orange. Crissum

whitish. Vertex with an orange brown spot (except 'I

in melanocephala). Above plumbeous ash. Wings j

and tail black. Mijwhorus. '

Head and neck all round like the back.

Breast and belly gamboge yellow. Forehead
and sides of vertex plumbeous. Outer
tail feather white for more than terminal
third ....... verticalis, Lafr. j

Breast and belly yellowish-orange. Forehead

and sides of vertex black. Outer tail i

feather with less than terminal half white aurantiaca, Baird. j

Head and neck above like the back. Whole under !

parts yellow ; base of bill above yellow (except ]

in brunneiceps) . A dusky loral spot. No pec-
toral collar. ;
A cinnamon vertex spot encircled by black, 1
extending below and upwards into the j
eye to tlie gape. A dusky loral spot. !
Circum-ocular region, and line to bill :

SETOPHAGA. 255

(continuous with it) yellow. Yellow [Sclater.'

frontlet very narrow . . . . ? " rujicoronata,"

Topof head black, without vertex spot. Other-
wise like last, hut the blackish of cheeks
not running below the eye into the dusky
lores. (Black confined to vertex, and not [Tschudi.

reaching occiput as in last ?) . . melanocephala,

Whole top of head cinnamon, without en-
circling black, except a narrow front.
Circuna-ocular region and line to hill,
extending very narrowly along the base
of the forehead, white. No yellow at
base of bill. Rest of side of head, with
line over eye, dark ashy. Middle of back
olivaceous ...... hnmneiceps, Lafr.

Similar to the last, but without dusky loral spot, and
with a dusky pectoral band.

Entire cheeks yellow torquata, Baird.

Anterior portion of entire head yellow, bordered be-
hind, above, and on sides by black ; the clieeks,
forehead, and chin entirely yellow, or with more
or less white^ ornata, Boiss.

C. Extreme tips onhj of lateral tall feathers ivhite. Sexes similar.
Beneath yellowish ; crissum whitish. A median yellow
vertex stripe. Above, including wings and tail, plum-
beous. Euthli/pis.

A white spot before the eye. Breast tinged with

fulvous lachrymosa, Bon.

' I have followed some authors, and I think Dr. Sclater, in referring this
species to the S. rvficoronata of Kaup ; but the description of this author is
very unsatisfactory, and I doubt very much the correctness of the identifica-
tion, as the Phila. Academy specimen, like ornata with chestnut vertex-patch,
answers much better to his diagnosis. Should this suggestion be correct I am
not aware of any published name that properly belongs to the Ecuador bird.

^ This section includes S. ornata^ Boiss., faveola, Lafr., and leuconiphomina
Kaup, the differences of which are not well established, and it is quite possible
that all these names refer to one species. lu the collection of the Philadelphia
Academy is a specimen (without locality) which diflfers from the common
form of S. ornata in having a decided chestnut brown patch on the vertex,
the anterior feathers in which are tipped slightly with black. The forehead
(broadly), the whole side of the head to just behind the eye, and the entire
under parts are rich yellowish-orange. In some respects this bird agrees
better with S, rvficoronata, of Kaup, than the one referred to above.

256

REVIEW OF AMERICAN BIRDS.

[part I.

Setophaga, Sw. (See p. 236.)

Setopliaga rtiticilla.

Motacilla ruticiUa, Linn. S. N. 10th ed. 1758, 186 (Catesby, Car. tab.
67). — Muscicapa ruticiUa, Linn. S. N. 1, 1766,326. — Gmelin ; Vieil-
LOT, I, pi. 35, 36. — WiLS. I, pi. vi, fig. 6. — Bon. ; Aud. Orn. Biog. I,
pi. 40. — D'Oeb. Sagra's Cuba.Ois. 1840,87. — Setophaga rut. Swains.
Zool. Jour. Ill, 1827, 358.— Bon. ; Add. B. A.— Sclateh, P. Z. S.
1854, 111 (Ecuador) ; 1855, 144 (Bogota) ; 1856, 92 (Cordova) ;
1859, 374 (Oaxaca) ; 1860, 84 (Ecuador), 292.— Ib. Catal. 1861,
36, no. 220.— Ib. P. Z. S. 1864, 172 (City of Mexico).— Sclater &
Salvin, Ibis, 1859, 12 (Guatemala).— Baird, Birds N. Am. 1858,
297.— Max. Cab. Jour. 1858, 186.— Salle, P. Z. S. 1857, 231 (St.
Domingo). — Newton, Ibis, 1859, 143 (St. Croix ; winter). — Cab.
Jour. 18r-6, 472 (Cuba); 1860, 325 (Costa Rica).— Gdndlach, ib.
1861, 326 (Cuba).— Bryant, Pr. Bost. Soc. VII, 1859 (Bahamas).—
Lawrence, Aun. N. Y. Lye. 1861, 322 (Panama R. R.). — Sylvania
rut. N0TTALL, Man. I, 1832, 291 (type of genus).
Motacilla flavicauda, Gmelin, I, 1788, 997 ( 9 )•
Hub. Eastern and in part middle provinces of North America to Fort Simp-
son ; most of all the West Indies ; Mexico to Ecuador.

Specimens in the collection from many localities in the eastern
United States as far west as the valley of the Missouri ; also —

Smith-

Collec-

Sex

When
Collected.

sonian
No.

toi-'s
No.

Afire.

Locality.

Received from

Collected by

20,63S

26

?

Moose Factory.

May 26, '60.

C. Drexler.

C. Drexler.

20,637

669

9

Rupert House.

Sept. 3, '60.

"

"

19,528

402

(J

Fort Simpson.

June 7.

B. R. Ross.

B. R. Ross.

19,i52S

532

d

Fort Resolution.

May 23, '60.

R. Kennicott.

R. Kennicott.

4,689

Mouth of Platte.

April 26.

Lt. Warren.

Dr. Haydeu.

4,68S

Mouth of Big Sioux.

"

"

l9,2n.T

24

d

Wind River Mts.

May 23, '60.

•Capt. Raynolds.

"

19,206

34

?

"

"

"

"

11,060

d"

Fort Brid?er, Utah.

May 27.

C. Drexler.

C. Drexler.

34.512

32

Nas.sau, N. P.

May 14, '64.

Lt. Fitzgerald.

23,533

Q

Monte Verde, Cuba.

Sept. 4, '61.

C. Wright.

C. Wright.

23,. 540

Monte Libou, Cuba.

Sept. 25, '61.

"

"

21,6.56

?

Tuabeque, Cuba.

"

"

21,658

d

Filanthropia, Cuba.

Dec. 8.

"

"

23,330

d

Treiawney, Jam.

Nov. 20, '58.

P. L. Sclater.

W. O.sburn.

24, .362

44

d

Spanishtown, Jam.

Sept. 1S61.

W. T March.

W. T. March.

26,967

St. Thomas.

J. Akhurst.

36,641

St. Croix.

Mar. 16, '58

Robert Swift, [ton.
Cab. A. & E. New-

.30,766*

3,09.5

?

Belize, Hond.

Dec. 14, '.57.

0. Salvin.

30,706

338

d

Petali'ulu, Guat.

Sept. 1862.

34,660

d

Barranca, C. R.

Mar. 13, '64.

J. Carmiol.

34,661

d

Setopliaga picta.

Setophaga picta, Swains. Zool. 111. 2d series, I, 1829, pi. iii. — Kaup, P.
Z. S. 1851, 50.— Sclater, P. Z. S. 1856, 66 ; 1858, 299 (Oaxaca).—
Ib. Catal. 1861, 36, no. 221 (Guatemala).— Baied, Birds N. Am.

SETOPHAGA.

257

1858, 298, pi. Ixsvii, fig. 2. — Sclater & Salvi.v, Ibis, 1859, 12
(Guatemala).
Muscicapa leucomus, Giradd, Birds Texas, 1841, pi, vi, fig. 1. — Sclater,
P. Z. S. 1855, 66.
Hab. All Mexico and Guatemala.

General color, including sides of body, lustrous black. Eyelids, a larsre
patch on the wing, involving the greater and middle coverts, the edges of the
secondaries, the inside of wings, axillars, crissum^ tibiffi, outer tail featlier
except at base, and a diminishing space on the second and third, white.
Middle of breast and abdomen carmine red. Wings and tail equal.

The white of the crissal feathers is confined to the tips, the rest being black,
sometimes showing in the white. The fourth tail feather sometimes has a
Blight white tip ; the second feather is almost entirely white.

I have seen no specimen marked as the female of this beautiful species,
but that sex probably differs only in a less intense coloration, and more re-
stricted amount of white. There is no appreciable dilTerence between Mexican
and Guatemalan skins.

Length (34,020), 5.00 ; wing, 2.70 ; tail, 2.70 ; tarsus, .65

This species differs in form from S. miniafa in longer wings and
shorter tail — the two being about equal, instead of the tail being
considerably the longer. The tarsi of this species are also shorter.

Setophaga multicolor, Bon.,* from Mexico, seems to differ in having
the forehead white, the white of the wings narrower, that of the tail
more restricted, the belly white. The species appears to be entirely
unknown, except from Bonaparte's description.

Smith-

Bouian

No.

CoUec-
tor's
No.

Sex
and

Age.

Locality.

When
Collected.

1
Received from Collected by

4,014
34,020
13,628
30,705

144
113

340

cf

Boqeillo, New Leon.
Mazatlan. (Sierra
Guatemala. [Madre.)
Volcan de Fueijo,
[Gnat.

April, 18.53.
Dec. 1861.

1S62.

Lt. D. N. Couch.
A. J. Grayson.
J. Gould.
0. Salvin.

Salviu & Godm.

(4,014.^ Eyes brown.

Myioborus, Baird. (See page 237.)

Bfijiohorus, Baird. (Type Setophaga verticalis, Sw.)

Rictal bristles very long, reaching to the end of the bill ; the toes more
as in ruticilla, though longer, the middle toe without claw about three-fifths
the tarsus. The wings are shorter than the broad, soft, rounded tail, and the
wing is much rounded ; the 4th quill longest, the 1st about equal to the 7th.

Setophaga multicolor.

Sctophacja multicolor, BoN. Conspectus, 1850, 312.

Hah. Mexico.

17 May, 1865.

Mus. Seuck.

258 REVIEW OF AMERICAN BIRDS. [PART I.

The species of this section have been usually referred to Setophaga,
but differ very appreciably as indicated. I have, however, combined
them in the same analytical arrangement under Setophaga for con-
venience of diagnosis. The following are the better known species
of 2It/iobo7'us from South America (see page 253) : —

Setophaga verticalis.

Seiophar/a verticalis, Lafk. & D'Orb. Sjn. Av. 1837, 50. — D'Orb. Voy.
Ois. 330, pi. 35, fig, 1.— ScLATER, Catal. 1861, 37, no. 225.
Hah. Bogota and Ecuador. Specimens in collections of Smithsonian Inst.,
Phila. Acad. J and G. N. Lawren

Setophaga .

fSeiophaga rujicoronata, Sclater P. Z. S. 1855, 144, etc., and Catal.
1861, 37, no. 226 (not of Kaup?).
Hab. Ecuador. Specimens in collections of Smithsonian Inst. (Ecuador,
from C. R. Buckalew), Phila. Acad., and G. N. Lawrence.

Setophaga melanooephala.

Setophaga inelanocephala, TscncDi, Consp. Fauna PerufWia, 1845-6, 192,
tab. xii (Peru).
Hah. Peru. Cab. Phila. Acad.

Setophaga ruficoronata.

? Setophaga rujicoronata, Kacp, P. Z. S. 1851, 49. — Box. Obs. Delattre,
1853, 63.
Hab. Bogota. Cab. Phila. Acad.

Setophaga ornata.

Setophaga ornata, Boiss, R. Zool. 1840, 70 (Bogota. Face and forehead

white).
Setophaga flaveola, Lafr. R. Zool. 1844, 81 (Bogota. Face and forehead

yellofr). Cab. Phila. Acad.
"^Setophaga leucomphomma, Kaup, P. Z. S. 1851, 227 (Bogota).
Hab. Bogota. Cab. Phila. Acad.

Setophaga brunneiceps.

Setophaga hrunneiceps, Lafr. & D'Orb. Syn. Av. 1837, 50. — D'Orb. Voy.
Ois. 329, pi. 29, fig. 3 (Bolivian Andes). — Basileuterus hrunneiceps,
BoN. Consp. 1850, 314.
Hah. Bolivia.- Cab. Phila. Acad.

This bird is quite different in form from the preceding species ; its narrower
hill, shorter wings, color of head and back, etc., approximating it to Basi-
leuterus, although its longer, broad graduated tail, with the white lateral tail
feathers, are as in Mjjiohorus.

SETOPHAGA.

259

Setophaga castaneo-capilla.

Setophaija castaneo-capilla, Cab. Scliomburgk's Guiana, III, 1S48, 607
(Roraima, Guiana).
Tliis species lias usually been assumed as identical with the preceding,
although judging from the description alone, it appears quite distinct. The
essential features consist in having the crest chestnut brown, the forehead,
sides of neck and back with faint wash of olivaceous. The outer tail feather
has the outer web and the tip of the inner white ; the second with a large
white spot inclosed by black ; the third white only at tip. Nothing is said
of the black forehead, nor of the white lines of the face and front. There is
much less white also on the lateral tail feathers.

Setophaga miniata.

Setophaga mitiiata, Swains. Philos. Mag. I, 1827, 368. — Baied, Birds
N. Am. 1858, 249, pi. Iviii, fig. 1.— Sclater, P. Z. S. 1856, 292
(Cordova) ; 1858, 299 (Oaxaca).— Ib. 1859, 363 (Xalapa).— Ib.
1864, 173 (City of Mexico),— Ib. Catal. 1861, 37, no. 222.

Muscicapa vulnerata, Waglek, Isis, 1831, 529. — Setophaga vul. Box.
Consp. 1850, 313. — Setophaga casfcinea, Lisson, R. Z. 1839, 42.

Muscicapa derhami, Gikaud, Birds Texas, 1841, pi. iii, fig. 2. — Sclater,
P. Z. S. 1855,65.
Hab. Mexico.

(No. 13,668.) Above dark bluish-ash ; the quills dark brown ; the tail black.
A square patch of dark chestnut brown on the vertex ; the forehead anterior
to this, lores, circum-ocular region, cheeks beneath the eye, whole fore neck
and sides of jugulum, black ; rest of under parts rich carmine red, except in-
side of wings and crissum, which are white. Tibiae plumbeous. The exposed
portion of outer web, and exposed half of inner, of the lateral tail feather, white,
the amount of white successively more restricted on the 2d and 3d feathers.
Wings considerably shorter than the tail. Bristles reaching to end of bill.

Female similar to male in color.

Length, 5.10 ; wing, 2.55 ; tail, 3.00 ; tarsus, .75.

A specimen (No. 558, type of Muscicapa derhami) less mature,
or possibly a female, has the black feathers of the forehead and
throat edged with plumbeous ; the sides of the head are plumbeous.
This bird is the one described in Birds N". Am.

Smith-

suniaa

No.

Collec-
tor's
No.

Sex
and
Age.

Locality.

When
Collected.

Keceived from

Collected by

5.0S
1.3,66S
37,496

62

■?■

N. E. Mexico.
Jalapa.
Orizaba, Max.

Jan. 30, '65.

S. F. Baird.
P. L. Sclater.
Prof. Sumichrast.

J. G. Bell.
D'Oca.

(.558.) A type specimen of Muscicapa derhami, Giraud.

Setophaga flammea.

Setophaga flammea, Kaup, P. Z. S. 1851, 50 (Guatemala) ; P. Z. S. 1855,
77 (references to priority). — Sclater, Catal. 1861, 37, no. 223. —

260

REVIEW OF AMERICAN BIRDS.

[part I.

ScLATER & Salvin, Ibis, 1859, 12 (Guatemala). — Cabanis, Jour.
IX, ISGl, 85 (Costa Rica).
Setophaga intermedia, Haktlaub, R. Z. 1853, 3.

Eab. Guatemala ; Costa Rica (Cab.).

It is with much hesitation that I admit this as a distinct species, and do so
mainly because Dr. Sclater, who has seen many sj^ecimens of the two allied
forms, considers them different. The most highly plumaged specimen before me
diflfers from the /S. miniata, as just described, in the red of the belly being more
vermilion than carmine. The black on the throat and forehead is less intense ;
on the side of the head it is mainly confined to the region below and anterior
to the eye, the plumbeous ground color extending in quite a broad and distinct
band from the bill over the eye. The chestnut of the feathers of the vertex
is lighter, and of a yellowish shade at the basal portion, while in miniata it is
unicolored ; it is more restricted in extent, being bordered on each side by
quite a broad band of black. The white of tail is more restricted, only one-
third the inner web of outer feather being involved instead of two-fifths, and
rarely extending on the third feather. The bill is perhaps a little broader,
the tail and wings shorter, the tail feathers narrower.

A female, as marked by Mr. Salvin, differs from the male only in having a
still greater mixture of plumbeous in the black of the forehead.

Length of 20,400, %, 5.10; wing, 2.45 ; tail, 2.70; tarsus, .72.

The S. intermedia, of Hartlaub, was probably based upon a female
bird — the diagnosis of plumbeous throat, concolor with the back and
forehead, not being applicable to the male. Kaup's diagnosis of tips
only of the outer three tail feathers white is not very distinctive, as
there is comparatively little difference in this respect from miniata.

From a statement by Mr. Sclater, in the Pr. Z. S. 1855, ^1, it
appears that the name of Kaup, though presented to the Zool. Soc.
in 1851, was not actually published until after that of Hartlaub, in
1853. It is, therefore, a question whether the latter should not have
])riority. As, however, there is no internal evidence or external in-
dication apart from the claim of Dr. Hartlaub and the unofficial
admission of Sclater to prove the fact, I retain the name of flammea,
regretting at the same time that the actual date of issue of the sheet
containing the description was not in some Avay noted upon it.

Smith-
sonian
No.

Collec-
tor's
No.

Sex
.and

Age.

Locality.

When
Collected.

Received from

Collected by

]3,665
18,567
8,021
20,400
20,589
30,704

1,469

1,468

348

130

Guatemala.
Coban, Gnat.
Guatemala.

NovViSoD.

P. L. Sclater.

J. Gould.
0. Salvin.

Cab. Lawrence.

SETOPHAGA. 261

Setopliaga aiirantiaca.

Setophafja aiirantiaca, Baird, n. s.
Eab. Costa Rica.

Upper parts, with head and neck, plumbeous, without any tinge of olive ;
wings and tail black, the quills edged slightly with plumbeous. Crown orange
brown, margined on the forelwad and above the eyes with black. Fore part
of the neck blackish. Beneath yellowish-orange ; the crissum and inside of
wings white ; the tibije and edge of wing plumbeous. Rather less than the
terminal half of outer tail feather, and a diminishing amount on the second
and third feathers, white, the white extending farther towards the base on the
outer webs of the outer feather ; the black extending forwards externally on
the edge of the second and third feathers. Iris black.

The sexes do not appear to differ. Some specimens are, however, of a deeper
orange. A young bird (30,493), not fully fledged, is very similar, but lacks
the brown crown. The orange of the under parts is very deep and distinct.

Length (No. 33,280, J), 5.00; wing, 2.45; tail, 2.57; gape of bill, .60;
tarsus, .75.

This species is very similar to S. verficalis, of Bogota, but differs
in having the under parts yellowisli-orange, rather than clear gam-
boge yellow. The throat is apparently darker. The black of the
forehead and sides of the vertex-spot I do not find in the speci-
men before me of verticalis, nor are they mentioned in the descrip-
tions. There is more white on the tail feathers of verticalis, involving
more than half of the inner web and two-thirds of the outer. There
is no trace in aurantiaca of the ashy margins of the tail feathers
mentioned by D'Orbigny.

Smith-

CoUec-

Sex

When
Collected.

soniaa
No.

tor's

No.

aud

Age.

Locality.

Received from

Collected by

30,493

101

Juv.

Costa Rica.

Br. V. Fraatzius.

.33,280

8

V

Dota Mts., C. R.

Jan. 2.3, '6-1.

J. Canuiol.

J. Carmiol.

33,279

8

"

"

33,277

8

V

"

Jan. 23, '64.

"

"

33,29.1

8

rT

"

Jan. 27, '64.

"

"

33,278

8

^

"

"

'<

33,282

S

V

"

Jan. 24, '64.

"

"

3-l,6.-)S

rT

San Jo~e.

Mar. 4, '64.

"

"

34,6J9

cT

Bari-aaca.

Mar. 12, '64.

Setopliaga torquata.

Setophaga torquata, Baikd, n. s.
Hub. Costa Rica.

Upper parts, continuous with a narrow pec+oral collar ashy plumb ou?,
with a tinge of olive above ; the collar more dusky. A narrow frontal line,
entire sides of head, including lores and circum-ocular region, and under part.-;,
bright yellow. Crissum and inside of wings pale yellowish ; edge of wing darker

252

REVIEW OF AMERICAN BIRDS.

[part I.

vellow. Vertex with the feathers considerably elongated, and orange brown,
margined all round with black. Quills and tail feathers black, not appreciably
margined. Outer tail feather with all the exposed portion white ; less of this
color on the second, with a margin of black on the outer web near the end ;
third feather with a small stripe of white in the end. Tibia greenish plum-
beous.

In one specimen the forehead only (except the narrow line at base of bill)
is black, and the black line above the superciliary yellow is quite narrow ; in
another, the decumbent brown crest is mainly on the sinciput, the black
anterior and lateral to it being in considerably less extent. An immature speci-
men, not fully fledged, probably of this species, lacks the spot on the vertex ;
the whole jugulum is dusky, this color extending forward along the throat to
the bill ; the lores and a crescentic patch beneath the eye are dusky.

Length, 5.50 ; ^ing, 2.75 ; tail, 2.85 ; bill from gape, .56 ; tarsus, .80.

The clear yellow face without any dusky marks, and the yellow
under parts crossed by a dusky pectoral collar, appear to distinguish
this species from all its congeners.

Smith-
sonian
Xo.

Collec-
tor's
No.

Sex
and
Age.

30,496
30,495
30,494
32,283

97
9S
99

Locality.

When

Collected.

San Jose, C. R.

Received from

Dr. V. Frantzius.

Collected hy

J. Carmiol.

EuTHLYPis, Cabanis, (See page 231.)

Euthhjpis, Cabaxis, Mus. Hein. 1850, 18. (Type E. laclinjmosa, Cab.)

Bill much depressed, and lengthened ; from forehead as long as the head,
the lateral outline rather concave near the end. Rictal bristles reaching half
way from nostrils to tip of bill. Culmen and commissure gently curved. Tail
rounded, and a little longer than the wings, the feathers moderately broad.
Wings rounded ; 1st quill about equal to the 6th ; 3d and 4th longest. Pro-
portions of feet about as in the rufous crowned Myioborus.

This subgenus, besides its relations to Sctophaga, has characters
belonging both to Myiohorus and 3Ii/iodwctes. The tail feathers
have the firmness and comparative narrowness of outer web of the
latter, the feet and rounded wings of the former. The bill is more
lengthened than in either.

But a single species of this subgenus is known. It is the largest
of the Setophagese : yellow beneath, plumbeous above, with two dark
stripes on the head inclosing a median yellow one.

CARDELLINA.

263

Setopliaga lacliryniosa.

Basileuterus lac. Bon. Consp. 1850, 314 (from spec, in Berlin Mus.). —
Euthhjpis lac. Cab. Mus. Hein. 1850, 19 (Lagunas, Mex. ; same as
Bonaparte's spec.)— Sclatek, P. Z. S. 1856, 291 (Cordova) ; 1859,
363 (Jalapa).— Ib. Catal. 1861, 36, no. 219.— Sclatek & Salvin,
Ibis, 1860, 274 (Alotenango, Guat., Sept. 1859).

Setophafja lachrymosa, Baikd.

Hah. Eastern Mexico and Guatemala.

Above, including top and sides of head, olivaceous-plumbeous ; wing and
tail featliers almost black, edged on outside with plumbeous. Beneath yel-
low, the breast, jugulum, and flanks washed with ochry. Crissum dirty white ;
tibias and inside of wings tinged with olive. Feathers along base of upper
mandible, with loral region and two stripes on top of head, black, the latter
iBclosing a broader median one of yellow. A spot in front of eye, and eyelids
white. A white spot at end of all the tail feathers, principally on the inner
web, and decreasing in magnitude from outermost to middle. Bill black ;
legs pale.

Length, 6.10 ; wing, 2.75 ; diflerence between 1st and 4th quills, .25 ; tail,
2.90 ; graduation, .35 ; bill above, .60, from nostril, .36, from gape, .70 ; tarsus,
.90 ; middle toe and claw, .73 ; claw, .24; hind toe and claw, .50.

Smith- Collec-

sonian tor's

No. No.

29,70.-)
30,701 331

ftex
and
Age.

Locality.

Mexico [Guat.
Savafia Grande,

When
Collected.

Eeceived from.

A. Salle.
0. Salvin.

Collected hy

CARDELLINA, Dubus.

Cardellina, Dubus. (See page 236.)

Cardellina, "Dubus," Bon. Consp. 1850, 312. (Type Cardellina amicia,
Dubus, = Muscicapa rubrifrons, Giraud.)

Bill Parine in appearance, much shorter than head, high at base, and the
ciilmen considerably decurved throughout ; the commissure curved and some-
what angulated in the middle. Eictal bristles stiff, but not very long, hardly
reaching half way from the nostrils to tip of bill, which exhibits scarcely any
trace of notch. Wings long and pointed ; the 2d, 3d, and 4th quills nearly
equal and longest ; the 1st a little longer than the 5th. The tail is shorter
than the wings, nearly even, a very little rounded. Feet small ; tarsi short,
the scutellar divisions indistinct externally ; the middle toe without claw
little more than half the tarsus.

This form agrees very closely in the characters of wing and tail
with Myiodioctes mitratus. The legs, however, are shorter, and the
bill very differently shaped, more like that of a Titmouse.

264

KE\1EW OF AMERICAN BIRDS

[part I.

Cardelliiia ruljrifroiis.

Miscicapa ruhrifrons, Gikaud, Birds Texas, 1S41, pi. vii, fig. 1 (N. E.

Mexico). — Cardelliiia rubrifrons, Sclater, P. Z. S. 1855, 66; ib.

1858, 299 (Oaxaca) ; 1859, 374 (do.).— Ib. Catal. 1861, 37, uo. 229.
Cardellina amicta, (" Dl-bu?, MSS."), Bon. Consp. 1850, 312.
Parus erythropis, Light. MSS. (Mus. Berlin).

Hab. Mexico and Guatemala.

(No. 29,708.) Above grajisli-ash ; a nuchitl patch, rump and under parts,
white, more or less tinged with rosy. Head and neck all round bright red,
crossed however by a hood of black on the top of head, passing down over the
ears, leaving the forehead, lores, eyelids, and sides of the neck red. There is
no red on the occiput, the white of the nape immediately succeeding the black.
Inside of wings white, and an ashy white band across the median wing
coverts. Sides of body ashy. Female similar, but duller in color.

Length, 5.00; wi^ng, 2.77; tail, 2.75 ; graduation, .14 ; differeflce between
1st and 3d (longest) quills, .12 ; bill from forehead, .45, nostril, .27, gape, .48 ;
tarsus, .70; middle toe and claw, .54.

Sraitb-iCoUec-

sonian tor's

No. I No.

29.708
30,702

Sex
and
Age.

Locality.

Mexico.
Tutonicapam, Guat.

Wben
Collected.

Eeceived from

Collected by

A. Sail.'.
O. Sa.lvin.

Ergaticus, Bairtl.

Ergalicits, Baird. (Page 237.) (Type Setophagn rubra, &w.)

Bill very short, and rather slender ; the culmen, however, and commissure
curved from the base. Rictal bristles well developed, reaching midway from
nostril to tip. Wings rather shorter than the nearly even, somewhat rounded
tail ; the 3d and 4th quills about equal ; the 1st a little shorter than the Gth.
Tarsi lengthened ; the middle toe without claw half the tarsus.

This form differs from typical Cardellina in much slenderer,
though somewhat similarly shaped bill, greater development of rictal
bristles, considerably shorter and more rounded wings, etc. In some
respects it resembles the section Idiotes of Basileuterus, but may
properly be separated.

Cardellina rulira.

Sctophaga rubra, Swains. Phil. Mag. I, 1827, 368 (eastern Mexico). —
CAS.SIN, 111. Birds Cal. Texas, I, 1854, 266, pi. :z.m\.— Cardellina
rubra, Bo.v. Consp. 1850, 312.— Sclatek, P. Z. S. 185G, 292 (El

CARDELLINA.

2G5

Jacale, Mex.) ; 1S58, 290 (Oaxaca) ; 1859, 363, 374 (Xalapa
Oaxaca) ; 1864, 173 (City of Mexico).— Ib. Catal. 1861, 38, no. 230.'
— Basileiiterus ruber, Cab. Mus. Hein. 1851, IS.

Sylvia viiniata, Lafk. Mag. Zool. 183G, pi. liv.

Puriis hucolis, GiKADD, Birds Tex. 1841, jjI. iv, fig. 2 (N. E. Mexico).

Efab. Mexico.

(No. 13,666.) Rich carmine red, rather darker on the back. Ear coverts
silvery white. Wing and tail feathers brown, edged externally with the
colors of the back. Larger inner wing coverts rosy white. Bill pale horn
color, dusky above. Legs pale. Sexes similar.

Length, 4.70 ; wing, 2.40 ; tail, 2.55, its graduation, .20; diflerence between
1st and 4th quills, .30; bill from nostril, .27, gape, .50; tarsus, .77 ; middle
toe and claw, .56.

Sraith-

Boaian

No.

Collec-
tor's
No.

sex
and
-Age.

Locality.

When
Collected.

Received from

Collected by

561
32,717
18,666
32,718
3.5,140
37,495

45,8.30

184
112

Juv.

d"

d"

N. E. Mexico.

Mexico.

Xalapa.

Mirador (pines).
Orizaba (high-
lauds).

June 1S64.

S. F. Baird.

Verreaux.

Sclater.

Verreaux.

Dr. Sartorius.

Prof. Sumichrast.

D'bca.

(561.) Type specimen of Parus huoutis, Giraud.

Cardelliiia versicolor.

CardeUina versicolor, Salvix, P. Z. S. May, 1S63, 188, pi. xxiv, fig. 4
(Volcan de Fuego, height of 8,000 feet, and Totouicapam).

Hah. Highlands of Guatemala.

(No. 30,703, 9 •) General color red ; darker on back, paler on the rump and
beneath ; the feathers of the head and neck all round, and the breast tijiped
with' silvery rose-color. Wing and tail feathers dark brown, edged externally
with red ; lining of wings rosy white. Bill and legs dark horn color. Male
probably similar, or with colors more intense.

Length, 4.80 ; wing, 2.30 ; tail, 2.50, its graduation, .24 ; difference between
1st and 4th quills, .32; bill from nostril, .27; tarsus, .74.

This species is very similar in size and form to C. rubra, differing
in color mainly in having- a silvery tinge to the red of the whole
head, neck, and breast, instead of pure silvery ears.

Smith-
sonian
No.

Collec- Sex
tor's and

No. Age.

Locality.

When
Collected.

Received from

Collected by

30,703

357

?

Totouicapam, Guat.

Oct. 1862.

0. Salvin.

Salviu &Godmaa.

266

REVIEAV OF AMERICAN BIRDS.

[part I.

The following are some synonyms of presumed Xortli or Middle
American Sylvicolidae of older authors, not satisfactorily identified.

Sylvia decurtata, Box. Pr. Zool. Soc. 1S37, 118. — Pachyst/lvia decurtata,
Bon. Consp. 1S50, 309.
Hab. Mexico.
Probably Hylophilus cinereiceps.

Motacilla fulva, Gaielix, I, 1788, 973. — Sylvia fulva, Lath. Ind. II,
1790, 542 (Louisiana).

Sylvia griseicoUis, Vieillot, Ois. Am. Sept. II, 1807, 29, pi. 87.

Sylvia ochroleuca, Vieill. Nouv. Diet. XI, 181 7, 187 (United States).
( Vi}-eo Jlavifrons ?)

Sylvia pumila, Viejll. Ois. Am. Sept. II, 1807, 39, pi. 100 (St. Do-
mingo, Cayenne, etc.).

Sylvia russeicauda, Vieill. Ois. Am. Sept. II, 1807, 17, pi. 71 (Penna.).

Sylvia semitorquata, Lath. Ind. Orn. II, 1790, 542 (Louisiana).

Sylvia virescens, Vieill. Ois. Am. Sept. II, 1807, 42 (America).

XoTE. — Specimens received since the preceding account of the
Sylmcolidse went to press furnish the occasion for the following
observations and corrections : —

Parula pitiayumi. Page 170.

Among the collections made during the past winter, by Col.
Grayson, in the Tres Marias, Mex., were several specimens of a
Panda, which I cannot separate from the true South American
P. intiayumi ; differing only in rather larger size and less amount
of black in the loral region, which, in fact, is nearly as plumloeous
as the forehead, the space immediately anterior to and beneath the
eye being blackish. The upper parts appear rather paler than
usual. They differ from the Guatemalan and Costa Rican inornata
in the larger size and possession of two white bands across the
wings. The species has not been identified as occurring on the
main land of Mexico.

Smith-|Conpc- Sex

soaiau tof's I aud

No. No. Affe.

37,:;1G

Locality.

Tres Marias, Mex.

"When
Collected.

Received from

Col. A. J. Grayson.

Collected by

Seiurus aurocapilliis. Page 214.

Among the collections made at Mazatlan, Mex., by Col. Grayson,
is a specimen, 31, SIT (316) of this species, not previously recorded

HIRUNDINID^. 26 1

as occurring on the Pacific slope of the continent. In the fa-ct of
its being a bird of the eastern province of the United States during
summer, and in winter crossing the mountains of northern Mexico
to the- Pacific coast, it appears to resemble Dendroica dominica,
IlniotiUa varia, Larus atricilla, Sterna antiUarum and anglica, etc.,
none of which are known on the California coast at any season.

Dendroica chrysopareia. Page 183.

Dr. Sclater has recently stated that the specimens referred to (p.
185) as from San Antonio, Texas, are true D. chrysopareia, and
thus the species is to be included in the fauna of the United States.

Family HIRUXDIXIDiE.

Bill short, triangular, very broad at base (nearly as wide as long) and
much depressed, narrowing rapidly to" a compressed, notched tip; mouth
opening nearly to the eyes. Primaries nine, graduating rapidly less from the
§xterior one ; tail feathers twelve.' Feet weak ; tarsi scutellate, shorter than
middle toe and claw. Number of joints in toes normal ; basal joint of middle
toe partially or entirely adherent to lateral toes. "Wings long, falcate. Tail
forked. Eyes small. Plumage compact, usually lustrous. All the American
species with a white patch on the sides under the wing ?

The Hirundinidse form a very well marked group of birds easily
distinguished from all others. They exhibit a close resemblance, in
external appearance and habits, to the Cypselidse; from which, apart
from the internal structure, they are readily distinguished by the
possession of nine, instead of ten primaries ; twelve, instead of ten
tail feathers ; scutellate tarsi, toes with normal number of joints (1.
2. 3. and 4., respectively, exclusive of ungual phalanges), instead of
a different proportion ; differently shaped nostrils, etc. In both
families the wings are developed to an extraordinary degree ; the
outer primary nearly twice or more than twice the length of the
inner, and enabling its possessor to sustain flight almost indefi-
nitely. The relations of the family among the Oscines appear closest
to the old-world Iluscicajndae.

The precise character of scutellation of tarsus is somewhat difficult

' Of the two specimens of Aiiicora fasciata before me, neither has more
than ten tail feathers. I do not know whether this is characteristic of the
species or not.

268 REVIEW OF AMERICAN BIRDS. [PART I.

to make out, owinj; to a tendency to fusion of the plates, although
not essentially different from most Oscines. There is a series of
scutellse along the anterior face of the tarsus, and a longitudinal
plate on each side, meeting but not coalescing behind. The anterior
scutellfe sometimes appear to fuse into the outer lateral plate ; or
sometimes the latter is more or less subdivided ; the inner plate is
generally more distinct from the anterior scutellaj, and usually entire,
except perhaps at the lower extremity.

In comparing the wings of the Eirunclinidse with those of the
Ci/pselidse, we readily notice one of the essential characters of the
Oscines, viz., that the greater wing covei'ts hide only half or less
than half of the secondary quills, instead of reaching much beyond
their middle, or nearly to the end. (See Sundevall, Ornith. Syst.)

There are many species of Hi7'iindinidx in America — some more
or less local, others with wide range. One of these species — Cotyle
riparia — is believed to be identical with a European ; and one — H.
erythrogaster (Jiorreomim, also, if distinct) — is geuerically insepa-
rable from the European H. rustica. The other genera are not
represented in Europe, though JPetrochelidon has at least one Aus-
tralian example (P. nigricans).

Most of the genera of American Hirundinidse are widely diffused
over the whole continent — the Atticora group alone not extending
north of Central America.

In America we have nothing corresponding to the European
genus Ghelidon (C. nrbica), characterized by having the tarsi and
toes covered wuth feathers to the claws, as in Lagopus (the soles
bare).

The American Hirundinidse vary considerably in reference to the
character of the nostrils, whether superior or lateral, with or without
membrane : the comparative length of tarsus, toes, and claws : the
amount of adhesion of middle toe to lateral : the feathering of the
tarsus: depth of fork of tail, etc., these features applying to the
different groups somewhat as follows : —

Nostrils superior ; broadly oval ; not overhung by membrane on inner and
upper side, especially anteriorly : Progne, Petrochelidon, Atticora, Stelji-
dopteryx. f^

Nostrils lateral ; overhung or bordered internally by membrane, which is
straight edged above or internally, and directed either parallel with axis
of bill, or diverging from it : Hinindo, Tachi/cineta, and all other Ameri-
can genera, except those of first section.

Bill very stout ; the culmen and commissure much decurved, so that the
chord of the latter includes lower jaw, in Proyne and Phoeoprogne. In

IIIRUNDINID^. 269

all others the hill weaker, more depressed, the commissure nearly straight
to near the tip.
The middle toe is lengthened ; the tarsus equal to the toe without the claw,
its joint with tibia having overljanging feathers attached, which extend
on the inner face of the tarsus a short distance, in Ilinindo, Taclnjcineta,
Pterochelidon, Progne. Tarsus similarly feathered, but proportionally
longer — being equal to middle toe and half the claw, in Neochelidon,
Aiticora, Pygochelidon, and Stelgidopteryx. It is of the same proportion,
but entirely bare of feathers in Callichelidon and Notiochelidon.

In Cotyle alone are there short feathers attached to the posterior face of tarsus
near the lower end. Here also alone the lateral claws are very long,
reaching considerably beyond the base of the middle claw.

In Progne and Phccoprogne the basal joint of middle toe is adherent but little
more than half way externally, about half way internally ; almost the
same on both sides. In almost all the rest it is adherent externally
nearly to the end, and about half way internally, except in Tachjjcineta
thalassina, where the adhesion is complete on both sides, except at the
end of the inner ; in Neochelidon and Notiochelidon, where the basal and
half the middle joint: and in Aiticora, where the basal and the whole
middle joint are adherent externally.

In Stelgidopteryx the edge of the wing (outer edge of outer primary) is pro-
vided with a series of stiff recurved hooks ; in all other American genera
these are entirely wanting, though said to exist in the African genus
Psalidoprocne, Cab.

The following synopsis may aid in determining the genera and
subgenera of American Hirundinidae, although the succession is not
strictly natural : —

Nostrils broadly oval, or circular ; opening upwards and for-
ward, and exposed ; without overhanging membrane.
Edge of wing smooth. Tarsus short, stout ; equal to
middle toe without claw ; feathered on the inner
side above. Nostrils almost or entirely without
membrane.

Bill stout ; culmen and commissure much
curved. Frontal feathers without bristles.
Tail deeply forked. Color lustrous black ;
belly and crissum sometimes white . . Progne.
^ Similar to last, only culmen straight to near tip ;

tarsus with feathers along inner edge for
basal half or two-thirds. Fork of tail shal-
low. Color mouse brown above ; white be-
neath ....... PhcEoprogne,

Bill rather weaker ; commissure and culmen
nearly straight to near tip. Frontal feathers
bristly. Tail nearly even. Throat, rump

270 REVIEW OF AMERICAN BIRDS. [PART I.

and crissum, and usually forehead, rufous ;

belly white Petrochelidon.

Edge of wing smooth. Tarsus longer than in last ;
equal to middle toe and half the claw. Nostrils
bordered along posterior half by membrane, but
not overhung internally. Bill very small. Tail
forked. Crissum dusky, except Neochel idon fucata.
Basal and whole of next joint of middle toe ad-
herent externally to outer toe. Tail very
deeply forked.

Tarsus feathered at upper end internally Atticora.
Basal and half the next joint of middle toe ad-
herent externally to outer toe.

Tarsus entirely bare .... Notiochelidon,

Tarsus with feathers on inner face at

upper end ..... Neochelidon.

Basal joint only of middle toe adherent ex-
ternally, and free at extreme end.

Tibial joint covered with feathers whieh
extend a short distance along inner
face of tarsus ..... Pygochelidon.
Edge of wing armed with stiff recurved hooks. Tarsus
as in preceding (tarsus and toes much as in Pi/go-
chelidon). Bill larger and more depressed. Tail
emarginate only. Crissum white . . . SteJyidoptenjx.

Nostrils lateral ; bordered behind and inside, or overhung by
membrane, the outer edge of which is straight, and di-
rected either parallel with axis of bill or diverging frorfi it.
Tarsus short ; about equal to middle toe without claw.
Tibial joint feathered; feathers extending along
inside of upper end of tarsus.

Tarsus bare at lower end. Lateral claws reach-
ing only to base of middle.
Tail very deeply forked, much longer than
closed wings ; lateral feathers linear,
and very narrow at end, twice the
length of central. Upper parts and
pectoral collar steel blue ; front and
throat, sometimes under parts, rufous.
Tail feathers with large spots . . Hirundo.
Tail with shallow fork, not exceeding half
an inch, shorter than closed wings.
Feathers broad. Color blue or green
above, with or without white rump ;
white beneath ..... Tachycineta.
Tarsus with a tuft of feathers at lower end.

PROGNE. 271

Lateral claws lengthened, reaching beyond
base of middle claw.

Tail slightly forked. Color dull brown
above ; beneath white, with brown

pectoral collar Cotyle.

Tarsus long ; equal to middle toe and half claw ; entirely
bare. Tail considerably forked, about equal to
closed wing. Color green above ; white beneath . Callichelodon.

The arrangement and subordination of forms whieli I propose to
adopt in the further consideration of the subject, as expressing more
nearly the affinities of the American Hirundinidae, is as follows :, —

Progne. Largest size. Commissure sinuated and much arched from base.
(Only here). Nostrils superior. Frontal feathers soft.
Subdivisions Progne, Phceoprogne.

Petrochelidon. Commissure almost straight to near tip. Bill large. Nos-
trils superior, not ? overhung. Frontal feathers bristly. Legs bare. (Only
here.) Kump rufous.

Subdivision Petrochelidon.

Chelidon. Nostrils superior, but slightly overhung. Legs feathered to claw.
(Here only.) (European exclusively.) Rump and under parts white.

Hirundo. Nostrils lateral ; overhung by membrane. Lower end of tarsus
bare. Rump white, or else like the back. Crissum white, or rufous.
Subdivisions Hirundo, Tdchycineta, Callichelidon.

Atticora. Smallest size. Nostrils superior, not overhung. Bill very small.
Crissum mostly black. Middle toe usually adherent beyond basal joint,
except Pijgnchelidon. (Here only.)

Subdivisions {Cheramaca?), Pygochelidon, Atticora, Notiochelidon,
NeX)chelidon.

Stelgidopteryx. Nostrils superior, not overhung. Edge of wing scratchy
and rough. (Here only.) Crissum white.

Subdivisions Stehjidopteryx {Psalidoprocne?).

Cotyle. Nostrils lateral, overhung by membrane. Lower end of tarsus with
a tuft of feathers, and lateral claws reaching beyond base of middle.
(Here only.) Crissum white.
Subdivision Cotyle.

PROGNE, BoiE.

Progne, Boie, Isis, 1S26, 971. (Type Hirundo purpurea, L. (^H. subis, L.))
-Baird, Birds N. Am. 1S58, 314.

Body stout. Bill robust, lengthened ; lower or commissural edge of max-
illa sinuated, decidedly convex for basal half, then as concave to the tip, the

272 REVIEW OF AMERICAN BIRDS. [PART I.

lower mandible falling within its chord. Nostrils superior, broadly open, and
nearly circular, without any adjacent membrane, the edges rounded. Legs
stout. Tarsus equal to middle toe without claw ; the joint feathered ; lateral
toes about equal ; the basal joint of the middle toe half free internally, rather
less so externally. Claws strong, much curved

The preceding diagnosis is intended to characterize two groups
of Swallows, differing especially from all others in their thickened
form, robustness of bill and feet, and especially in the elongated,
comparatively powerful bill, the upper jaw dequrved, its commissural
edge much sinuated from the base, instead of as in all the others —
being nearly straight to near the tip — so that a line from angle of
mouth to tip will include the whole lower jaw. With these characters
in common, there are two well-marked subgenera, recognizable as
follows : —

Pkogne. Plumage glossy black above. Tail deeply forked, the lateral feathers
much and gradually pointed. Bill most robust ; upper outline convex
from base. Tarsus with a few feathers only at base, on inner face.

Ph^opeogne. Plumage dull mouse brown above. Tail emarginate, or but
slightly forked ; the lateral feathers very abruptly pointed, and rounded.
Bill weaker and more depressed ; upper outline straight to near the tip.
Tarsus with a line of feathers along inner edge for two-thirds the length
from base.

a. Progne, Boie.

Bill notched, robust, and deep ; the commissure much sinuated, convex, and
ascending to the nostrils, then concave to the tip. Maxilla convex above from
base ; lower mandible slightly convex below, much more so above. Frontal
feathers with a few bristles at base ; none appreciable in chin. The upper
joint of tarsus covered with feathers slightly adherent along inner face above,
but not extending along the groove. Scutellse distinct. Lateral tges about
equal, reaching to base of middle claw ; all the claws very strong, and much
curved. Tail much forked ; the feathers much pointed ; the wings pointed,
reaching beyond tip of tail. Plumage compact ; glossy black above, with
purple, violet, or blue reflection. Below either similarly colored, or with
white belly and crissum.

I have found it very difficult to come to any definite conclusion in
reference to the species of Progne inhabiting the continent of Ame-
rica, or to determine with accuracy their geographical distribution,
notwithstanding the large number of specimens examined, including
those in the Phila. Acad, of Nat. Sciences. This is due, in great
measure, to the variation of plumage with age and sex — the young
birds of one species representing the adult plumage of another — and

PROGNE. 273

the size varying with the latitude. The absence of indications of
sex, of date, and even of locality, too, tends to confuse very much
all efforts at identification.

All the species of true Progne are lustrous black above, with
blue, purple, or violet reflections. Several species are of this color
all over, differing among each other in size, proportions, and shape
of tail, etc. Others have white bellies and crissum, with the throat
and jugulum either like the back, or brown,

I am quite satisfied that the impression as to the wide range of
the North American Purple Martin (P. auhU) is en-oneous, at least
during its breeding season, I have as yet seen no specimens from
South America referable to this species, nor do I find any mention
of it in the more recent lists of species of particular localities in that
continent by Sclater and others. Closely related allies, however,
exist, which will be elsewhere referred to.

The endeavor to identify the specimens before me has been greatly
embarrassed by the absence of specimens unmistakably referable to
the Hirundo chalybea, of Gmelin ; this may be what I have called
leucogaster, but it in no way agrees with the original description.

All the species of Progne exhibit very distinctly the patch of
white on the side of the body, covered by the closed wing — appa-
rently, indeed, characteristic of all the American Birundinidae.

Synopsis of Species.
Adult males entirely glossy bhie-blaek all over.

Females aud immature birds gray or light brownish
below ; the belly and crissum whitish, but more or
less clouded with gray, especially in the central por-
tion of the longer crissal feathers, the shafts generally
dusky. (Perhaps especially applicable only to subis.)
Feathers about anus with a very small central por-
tion pale whitish-gray. Wings and tail but
slightly glossed. Fork of tail about .80 deep subis.
Feathers about anus and of anterior part of crissum,
with much of their central portion pure, con-
cealed white. Belly of female perhaps much
more white than in last. Wings and tail
glossed almost like the back. Fork of tail
about 1.00 deep ...... cryptoleuca.

Females and immature birds as in P. subis ?

Feathers about anus and crissum dark brown in
their concealed portion. Wings and tail dull,
but slightly glossed. Fork of tail 1.10 deep . furcata.
18 May, 1865.

274 REVIEW OF AMERICAN BIRDS. [PART I.

Smallest of tlie group (length, 6.00 ; wing, 5|).

Tail less forked than in subis . . . concolor.

Females and immature males beneath of a uniform brown

or grayish-brown, the edges of the feathers paler . elegans.
Adult males glossy blue-black, except belly and crissum, which
are snow-white.

Females and immature males with the black of under
parts replaced by brown. Shafts of the white feathers
white ......... dominicensis.

Adult males glossy blue-black above ; dull brown or grayish-
brown beneath (?) ; belly and crissum white.

Females and immature males with the shafts of longer

crissal, and, to some extent, of ventral feathers dusky.

No blue-black patch on each side the breast ? Adult

male about 6.50 inches long. Wing about

5.00 . . . . . . . . leucogaster.

A blue-black patch each side the breast ? Adult

male about S.OO long. Wing about 5.50 . domestica.

Progne sul>is.

Ilirundo subis, Ltnn. S. N. lOth ed. 1758, 192 (Illrundo ccerulea cana-
densis, Edwards, Av. tab. 120, Hudson's Bay).

H. purpurea, Linn. S. N. 12th ed. 1766, 344 (//. purpurea, Catesby,
Car. tab. 51). — Apd. Orn. Biog. I, pi. xxiii. — Ib. B. A. I, pi. xlv.
—Max. Cab. Jour. 1858, 101.— Yarrell, Br. Birds, II, 232*, 274
(England and Ireland, Sept. 1842). — Jones, Nat. Bermuda, 34
(Sept. 22, 1849). — Progne purpurea, Boie, Isis, 1826, 971. — Brewer,
N. Am. Ooi. I, 1857, 103, pi. iv, fig. 47 (eggs).— Baird, Birds N.
Am. 1858, 314.— Sclatek, Catal. 1861, 38.— Cooper & Suckley, P.
R. R. Rep. XII, 2, 186 (Fort Steilacoom).— Blakiston, Ibis, 1863,
65 (Saskatchewan).

Hirundo violacea, Gm. I, 1026.

II. carulea, Vieill. Ois. Am. Sept. I, 1807, 57, pi. xxvi.

H. versicolor, Vieill. Nouv. Diet. XIV, 1817, 509 (U. S.).

H. ludoviciana, Cuv. R. A. I, 1817, 374.

Hab. The whole United States and the Provinces ; Saskatchewan ; Cape
St. Lucas and northern Mexico (winter). Accidental in England.

(No. 1,561, %.) Entirely lustrous steel blue, with a purplish gloss; the
tail feathers and the wings except the lesser and middle coverts, and edge
inside, dull black, scarcely glossed. Tibire dark brownish. A concealed
patch of white on the sides under the wings. Concealed central portion of
anal feathers light whitish-gray.

(No. 1,129, 9.) Above somewhat similar, but much duller. Beneath
smoky brownish-gray, without lustre ; paler behind, and becoming sometimes
quite whitish on belly and crissum, but all the feathers always with dusky
shafts, and more or less clouded with gray centrally, even though fading into

PROGNE. 275

■whitish to the edges. This is particularly appreciahle in the longer crissal
feathers. The edges of the dark feathers of throat and jugulum are usually
paler, imparting somewhat of a lunulated appearance, their centres sometimes
considerably darker, causing an appearance of obsolete spots. There is a
tendency to a grayish collar on sides of neck, and generally traceable to the
nape ; this, in one specimen (5,492) from California, being hoary gray, the
forehead similar.

The young male of the second year is similar to the female, with the steel
blue appearing in patches.

Total length (of 1,561), 7.50; wing, 6.00; tail, 3.40; difference between
inner and outer feather, .75; difference between 1st and 9th quills, 2.88 ; length
of bill from forehead, .55, from nostril, .34 ; along gape, .94; width of gape,
.74; tarsus, .61; middle toe and claw, .80; claw alone, .25; hind toe and
claw, .54; claw alone, .27.

As already stated, I have been unable to satisfy myself as to the
correctness of authors in giving a very wide range to our Purple
Martin. Although Audubon mentions that the species leaves the
United States in autumn and returns in the spring, I can find no
indication in the more recent lists of species by Sclater, Salvin, and
others, of its occurrence in any part of Mexico, Central America,
or Andean South America. It is quoted from Brazil, but no one
Las identified it in any part of the West Indies, the only assigned
locality — Cuba — being occupied by quite another and a different
species (P. cryptoleuca). If, therefore, found in South America at
all, it must make a long flight across the Caribbean Sea, without
stopping by the way. In any case I am inclined to believe that the
supposed specimens of this bird breeding in South America belong
to allied species, and if a visitor at all, the present bird is only as a
winter migrant.

In a foot-note* I give the description of certain specimens from

" Progne elegans.

Progne elegans, Bairp, n. s.

?Progne purpurea, Darwin, Birds of Beagle, 38 (Monte Video (Novem-
ber) ; Bahia Blanca, Buenos Ay res (September), breeding in holes
in an earth cliff).
Hah. Buenos Ayres ? Vermejo River; Brazil. (?)

Adult, steel blue all over.

(Young male, No. 21,009.) Above of a blackish-bronze color, with metallic
lustre; beneath uniform dull dark brown, all the feathers edged or squarau-
lated with paler. A few steel blue feathers in different parts of the body show
that the adult male is entirely steel blue.

Another specimen, marked female,(?) has the edges of the feathers still
lighter, those of the crissal feathers nearly white. The steel blue feathers are
in greater number. A third, also marked female, and probably of that sex,

2Y6

REVIEW OP AMERICAN BIRDS.

[part I.

the Yermejo River, Paraguay, which may belong to the species usu-
ally considered as the resident "P. purpurea^'' of South America,
but belonging clearly to a different and apparently unnamed species.
Specimens are in the collection from the entire United States

is similarly marked below ; dark brown above, with only faint metallic gloss
towards tlie ends of the feathers, all the feathers narrowly margined with
light grayish.

(No. 21,009, Paraguay.) Total length, 7.50 ; wing, 5.40 ; tail, 3.40 ; depth
of fork, .84; distance between 1st and 9th primary, 2.3G ; length of bill from
forehead, .52, from nostril, .32, along gape, .87, width, .62 ; tarsus, .57 ;
middle toe and claw, .85; claw alone, .26; hind toe and claw, .54; claw
alone, .27.

A specimen in Mr. Lawrence's collection, from Bahia (No. 146), and probably
of this species, has nearly attained its full plumage. The color is a steel blue,
with less purple than in P. subis, except about the head and neck, the
lower part of the back showing a good many of the blackish-bronze feathers
just described. The feathers of the under parts posteriorly, although steel
blue, have yet a very narrow border of dull gray. The tibial feathers are gray
at base, tipped with whitish, and there is a good deal of concealed white in
the middle of the feathers of the anal region, less, however, than in the Cuban
species. As in that bird there is also more lustre on the quills and tail
feathers than in suhls ; but, owing to these being in moult, I cannot make
any comparison of proportions.

The great difference in the coloration of the young bird distinguishes this
species very satisfactorily from the P. subis, in which, as far as the examina-
tion of many specimens goes, the under parts are never of that peculiar uni-
form dark brown just described. Of this stage of plumage, so marked in the
three specimens from the Vermejo, and in a specimen belonging to the Phila-
delphia Academy, I find no mention by authors.

It is very probable that this is the species usually considered as the P.
subis {purpurea), of South America. That this is not the fact is easily shown
by the difference in size and proportion, as well as in the coloration of the
young birds. It cannot be chalybea, even if this, when adult, be entirely
blue, as it is much larger than as described by Buffon and Brisson, and is
dark fuscous brown beneath, and neither reddish-gray nor grayish-brown. It
of course is none of the white-bellied species, and as far as I can see, lacks a
name.

The "Prorjne purpurea,^' which Darwin found breeding at Bahia Blanca,
Buenos Ayres, in holes excavated in the earth, probably belongs to this species.
This habit I have not heard mentioned in reference to the North American bird.

Smith- CoUec-

soniaa tor's

No. : No.

Sex
and
Age.

Locality.

When
Collected.

Received from

Collected by

21.009 1 32

21.010 1 32

21.011 1 32

d

Vermejo River.

Feb. 1860.

Capt. T. J. Page, Pa-
" [ranaExpl.

Chr. Wood.

PROGNE.

from Atlantic to Pacific, as well as from Cape St. Lucas,
special localities are as follows : —

2n

Some

Smith-

Collec-

Sex

When

sonian

tor's

and

Locality.

Eeceived from

Collected by

No.

No.

Age.

1,.361

rr

Carlisle, Pa.

May 22, '44.

S. i\ BairJ.

1,129

V

July IS, '43.

"

l,;-,96

rf

June 5, '44.

5,204

rT

Mo. of Yellowstone.

Julv, ]8."lh.

Lt. Warren.

Dr. Hayden.

fl.492

607

V

Petaluma, Cal.

April, 1S56.

E. Samuels.

5,493

576

<^

"

"

.5,049

rf

Indianola, Tex.

Mar. 12, '55

Capt. J. Pope.

3,952

231

r<

Coaliuila, Mex.

May, 1853.

Lt Ci.uch.

12,951

4.-)0

rC

Cape St. Lucas.

J. Xautus.

26,448

3,339

rr

"

Nov. 5, '59.

" [U.S.A.

37,003

549

rf

Fort Whipple, Ariz.

Autr. 11, '64.

Dr. E. Coues,

11,611

Riceboro", Ga.

May 22, '49.

Jos. Leconte.

(1,129.) 7.80; 16.50; 5.92. (1,-596.) 8.16; 16.60; 6.00.

Progne cryptoleuca.

Progne cryptoleuca, Baikd.

Jlirundo purpurea, D'Okb, Sagra's Cuba, Ois. 1840, 94 (excl. syn.). —
Progne purpurea, Cab. Jour. 1856, 3. — Gundlach, Cab. Jour. 1861.

Hab. Cuba, and Florida Keys ? (Perhaps Bahamas.)

(J^o. 34,242, '^ .) Color much as in P. subis — ricli steel blue, with purple
or violet gloss ; the wings and tail, however, much more decidedly glossed, and
with a shade of greenish. The feathers around the anus and in the anterior
portion of crissum with dark bluish down at base, pure snowy white in the
middle, and then blackish, passing into the usual steel blue. The white is
entirely concealed, and its amount and purity diminish as the feathers are
more and more distant, until it fades into the usual gray median portion of
the feather. The usual concealed white patch on the sides under the wings.

(No. 34,242.) Total length, 7.60; wing, 5.50; tail, 3.40; perpendicular
depth of fork, .86 ; diiference between 1st and 9th primary, 2.75 ; length of
bill from forehead, .55, from nostril, .34; along gape, .86 ; width, .58 ; tarsus,
.53 ; middle toe and claw, .79 ; claw alone, .24 ; hind toe and claw, .52 ; claw
alone, .25.

This species has a close external resemblance to P. subis, for
which it has usually been mistaken. It is of nearly the same size,
but the feet are disproportionately smaller and weaker ; while the
wings are shorter, the tail is as long and more deeply forked ; the
feathers considerably narrower, and more attenuated (the outer .40
wide, instead of .46). The colors above are more brilliant, and ex-
tend more over the greater wing coverts and lining of wings, while
the quills and tail feathers have a richer gloss of purplish, changing
to greenish. An apparently good diagnostic feature is the concealed
pure white of the feathers about the anal region, replaced in subis by
grayish, rarely approximating to whitish.

218

REVIEW OF AMERICAif BIRDS.

[part I.

This is a smaller species than the Progne furcala,^ from Chile
(9,112), with the tail, however, nearly as long and proportionately
almost as much forked. It is much more richly colored, however;
the concealed middle portion of the anal feathers white, not dark
brown, etc. The feet are much smaller.

A Progne collected by Mr. Wright, at Monte Yerde, is duller in
color than that from Reraedios, but has still more concealed white
below, in the median portion, not only of the anal feathers, but of
those of the entire crissum and of the belly. A female bird, which
I presume to be the same species, can scarcely be distinguished from

> Progne furcata.

Progne furcata, Baird, n. S.
Hah. Chile (and other parts of we.?teru South America ?).

(No. 9,112, % .) Color as in P. stibis, with rather more of a purple glo.?s.
Basal portion of the feathers in the anal region dark brownish, without trace
of the whitish of P. suhis. Tail deeply forked (for over an inch).

Measurements : Total length, 8.30 ; wing, 5.80 ; tail, 3.60 ; perpendicular
depth of fork, 1.06 ; difference between primaries, 2.70 ; length of bill from
forehead, .50, from nostril, .32 ; along gape, .90 ; width, .60 ; tarsus, .60 ; middle
toe and claw, .90; claw alone, .25 ; hind toe and claw, .51 ; claw alone, .24.

This species is like P. subis, but differs appreciably from a large series of
specimens in a considerably longer tail (3.60, instead of 3.40), and a much
deeper fork (1.06, instead of .75.) The bill is considerably narrower than the
average of suhis, though )iot more so than in one specimen (4,773) from the
upper Missouri. The concealed portion of the feathers about the anal region
is much darker than in subis. The size, except of tail, is about the same.

This is probably the species to which Gray (Cat. Br. Mus.) refers as P.
modesta (concolor), from Chile. The P. concolor, the synonyms of which I
give below, is a very much smaller species, with the tail less forked than iu
subis, instead of much moie so, and is probably peculiar to the Galapagos.

Smith-
soniaa

No.

Collec- Sex
toi's and
No. Age.

9,112

Locality.

Jad.

When
CoUecied.

Received from

Remarks.

Verreaux.

Progne concolor.

Hirundo concolor, Gould, P. Z. S. 1837, 22 (.James Isl., Galapagos).

Progne modesta, Godld, Birds Beagle, 39, pi. v. (Same specimen.)
Hab. Galapagos Islands.

Length, 6''; wings, 5^; tail, 2^ ; tarsus, i I middle toe (without claw?), .35.
Less purple than purpurea. Tail less forked. Nostrils less ; bill much the
same. Feet much less strong.

PROGNE.

279

the female of dominicensis, except in tlie brownish shafts of the
longer crissal feathers, and an almost imperceptible tinge of brown-
ish in the webs of the same feathers. It is almost exactly like the P.
leucogaster, of Mexico and Central America.

A fuller series of specimens than is at present at my command
will be required to determine all the relationships of this species to
its allies.

A Pi'ogne, male (10,368), of the second year, from Cape Florida,
I somewhat hesitatingly refer to the same species, as having the
same proportions and dimensions. This is the specimen referred to
in the Smithsonian Catalogue, and Birds N. Am. 923, as Progne .

Smith-

CoUec-

Sex

sonian

tor's

and

No.

No.

Age.

.34,242

d

17,729

d

17,730

?

no,36s

O.cf

Locality.

When
Collected.

"Received from

Remarks.

Remedios, Cuba.
Monte Verde, Cuba.

Cape Florida, Fla.

May, 1S64.
May 2.

.May 18, '58.

N. n Bishop.
Chas. Wright.

G. Wurdemann.

Iris brown.
7.50; 15.;' 5.50.

Progne dominicensis.

Hirundo dominicensis, Gm. S. N. I, 1788, 1025 (Hirundo dominicensis,
Ekiss. II, 493 ; Buff. PI. enl. 545, fig. 1).— Vieill. Ois. Am. Sept.
I, 1807, 59, pi. 28,29 (St. Domingo).— ?Jakdine, Ann. Mag. XVIII,
1846, 120, Tobago (breeds).— Taylok, Ibis, 1864, 166 (Porto Rico).
— Progne dominicensis, March, Pr. A. N. Sc. 1863, 295 (nesting). —
GossE, Birds .lam. 69.

Hirundo albiventris, Vieill. Nouv. Diet. XIV, 1817, 533 (St. Domingo?).

Hah. Jamaica, Porto Rico, and St. Domingo ?

(No. 30,278, adult male, Jamaica.) General color lustrous steel Llu3, with
purplish reflections ; the median region only of the under parts, from the
breast to and including crissum, pure white. Feathers of tibia gray at base,
white at tip. Wings and tail blackish above, scarcely glossed, except on
lesser and middle coverts. A concealed white streak in the sides, hidden by
the wing — this color at the base of the feathers, and not extending to the
ends. Bill black ; feet dusky, perhaps dark flesh-color in life. "Iris hazel"
( Gosse) .

(No. 26,815, female.) Much duller in plumage. Above dark brown, or
smoky brown, glossed with dull steel blue ; the quills, rectrices and head brown,
almost without gloss. Sides of head neck and body, chin, throat, jugulutn,
and inside of wings dull wood brown, without gloss ; the median line of chin
and throat rather paler ; rest of under parts white, as in male, and quite
abruptly defined ; tibia gray, the feathers tipped with whitish.

The young male is like the female, with more steel blue on the head, the
throat with blue feathers interspersed. Very young birds are like the female,
and exhibit the same quite abruptly defined white below, with well marked

280

REVIEW OP AMERICAN BIRDS.

[part I.

paler streak on throat. In all stages of plumage the feathers of crissum are
snowy white to their roots, including the shafts.

(No. 30,278.) Total length, 7.00; wing, 5.60; tail, 3.15; difference be-
tween outer and inner feather, .78 ; diflFerence between 1st and 9th primary,
2.88 ; length of bill from forehead, .55, from nostril, .34, along gape, .88 ;
width of gape, .68 ; tarsus, .55 ; middle toe and claw, .78 ; claw alone, .26 ;
hind toe and claw, .48 ; claw alone, .23.

The pure white of the belly and crissum, in all stages, will readily
distinguish females and young of this species from those of subis,
in which the white is not pure, and the feathers of the crissum always
clouded with gray in the centres. The adult male is of course
readily distinguished by the snowy white belly, etc.

In size the two birds are not materially different — the dominicensis
rather the smaller. The tail feathers appear disproportionately
narrower and more attenuated — the outer being .40 of an inch wide,
instead of .48. The feet, too, are disproportionately smaller, the
hind toe and claw especially, which measure .48, instead of .54.

I cannot detect any difference between the Jamaica bird and a Porto
Rican skin in Mr. Lawrence's collection, except that the latter has
a patch of blackish on the outer web of the longest crissal feather.
I am, however, by no means sure that the Cuban and Porto Rican
birds, either or both, belong to the ti'ue dominicensis, of St. Domingo.
They are, at any rate, very different from the species of continental
Middle, or of South America, usually considered as identical.

Smith-
sonian

No.

Collec-
tor's
No.

Sex
and

Age.

Locality.

When
CoUected.

Received from

Collected by

30,278
30,279
30,280
26,813
24,378

18
18

••
145

ad.cT

0.

cfad.

Spanisiitown, Jam.
Porto Kico.

May, 1863.

July, 1863.
Julv, 1862.
July, 1861.

W. T. March.
Cab. Lawrence.

Progne leucogaster.

Progne leucogaster, Baird.

Progne dominicensis, Sclater, P. Z, S. 1857, 201 (Vera Cruz) ; 1859,

364 (Xalapa). — Sclater & Salvin, Ibis, 18.39, 13 (Guatemala). —

Salv. Ibis, 1859, 466 (Belize).— Taylor, Ibis, 1860, 110 (Honduras).

Progne chahjbea, Cabanis, .lour. 1860, 402, (San Jose, Costa Rica ; July)

(not //. rhal. of Gmelin?).— Lawrence, Ann. N. Y. Lye. 1861,318

(Panania R. R.).— Cas.sin, Pr. A. N. So. 1860, 133 (Carthagena).

Eab. From Southern Mexico to Isthmus of Darien, and Carthagena. (N.

eastern South America ?)

(No. 30,718, 'J, .) Upper parts glossy steel blue, as in P. subis ; the quills,
greater coverts, and tail feathers blackish, scarcely glossed, with the color of

PROGNE. 281

the back; chin, throat, jugulum, aid sides of head (below the centre of teh
eye) neck and body, with inside of wings, grayish-brown, without gloss or
lustre (as in Coti/le riparia'), rather lighter along the median line. Rest of
under parts dull white, not very sharply defined, passing behind into pure
white on the anal region and crissum — the latter having the shafts of the
longer feathers dusky, in contrast with the snowy white of the plume. A
concealed white stripe on the sides under the wings, as in other Proijne. Tibia
gray, the feathers tipped with whitish.

The female (30,717) is quite similar, with much less gloss above, the white
of the belly apparently passing further forward, and still less sharply defined;
the throat a little lighter.

(No. 30,718, ^ , (iuatemala.) Total length, 6.30; wing, 5.10; tail, 2.70;
perpendicular depth of fork, .53 ; difference between 1st and 9th primary,
2.55 ; length of bill from forehead, .50, from nostril, .28, along gape, .84 ;
width of gape, .62; tarsus, .49 ; middle toe and claw, .73; claw alone, .23;
hind toe and claw, .46 ; claw alone, .22.

This Mexican and Central American species has generally been
considered to be identical with the West Indian P. dominicensis,
but a comparison of large series of specimens shows considerable
differences. It is decidedly smaller, and the depth of fork of tail
only two-thirds as great. As to color, none of the specimens before
me exhibit any trace, on the under surface of the body, of the
glossy steel blue of the back, found in males of dominicensis ; in
this respect resembling females and immature males of the latter
species. From these, however, it may be distinguished by smaller
size — even in the males — and by having the shafts of the longer
crissal feathers dusky, instead of being pure white. The white of
the belly is less abruptly defined against the gray of the breast
(which is darker also), and apparently occupies a wider space.

The male bird (No. 30,718), the measurements of which I have
given, appears to have a disproportionately short foot. In No.
30, tn, supposed female, from Dueilas, the dimensions of the leg are
as follows: Tarsus, .56 ; middle toe and claw, .81 ; claw alone, .2T ;
hind toe and claw, .51; claw alone, .26, or nearly the size of P.
subis with longer middle toe and claw. Other specimens are inter-
mediate somewhat in this respect. It may be that the differences
indicate a second species, but I cannot define it from the materials
at my command. The only other difference I note is a greener or
less purple gloss to the back.

It is barely possible that fully adult males of this species may
have steel blue throats, as in true dominicensis, although I find no
allusion to the fact in any description. Even in this case, however,
the smaller size, less deeply forked tail, and dusky shafts of the longer
crissal feathers will distinguish them.

282 REVIEW OF AMERICAN BIRDS. [PART I.

So far as I can ascertain, this species has never received a dis-
tinctive appellation. Specimens from Panama, apparently identical,
have been labelled P. chahjhea, by Mr. Cassin and Mr. Lawrence ;
but as explained below,* I cannot agree with their conclusions, or
those of Cabanis.

There are in the collection specimens of a closely allied, though
larger species, from Bolivia, which I have referred to the P. do-
mestica, named from Azara.'^

• Progne chalybea.

Hirundo chalybea, Gmelin, S. N. 1, 1788, 1026 {Hirundo cayanensis, Beis-
sox, II, 495, tab. 46, fig. 1 ; Buff. VI, 675 ; PL enl.545, fig. 2, Cayenne).

Hah. Cayenne.

Of this species I have never seen a specimen, or one agreeing unmistakably
•with the minute account of the above mentioned authors.

As described by Brisson (L'Hirondelle de Cayenne), it is steel black above,
with the entire under parts grayish-brown. The lateral tail feather exceeds
the middle by six lines. Length, 6 inches ; bill, 9^ lines ; tarsus, 5 lines ;
middle toe and claw, 7 lines. Bufi'on speaks of it as lustrous violet black above,
beneath reddish-gray, veined with brown ; lighter on the lower parts of belly
and crissum. Length, 6 inches ; bill, 9^ lines ; tarsus, 5 or 6 lines, etc. The
size is thus much as in Brisson's bird ; the lower parts reddish-gray, varied
•with brown, paler behind, instead of grayish-brown. Neither author refers
to any white whatever on under parts. In size the species agrees better with
P. leucogasier than any other true Progne, and it is barely possible the two
may be the same, but I cannot reconcile the apparent differences. It would,
at any rate, be strictly in accordance with the usual law of distribution of
South American birds to find the Cayenne species specifically difi'ereut from
the Central American.

^ Progne domestica.

Hirundo domestica, Vieill. Nouv. Diet. XIV, 1817, 521 (Golondrina do-
mestica, D'AzAKA, Apunt. II, 1805, 502, no. 300, Paraguay). — Vieill.
Encycl. Meth. II, 1823, 527. — ? Progne domestica, Gray, Genera. —
Ib. Catal. Fiss. Br. Mus. 1848, 28 (Bolivia).— Cabanis, Mus. Hein.
I, 1850-1, 51 (Rio Grande do Sul).— Bukmeister, Ueb. Ill, 142.—
Ib. Reise La Plata, II, 1861, 477 (La Plata).
Hah. Paraguay and Bolivia.

(No. 16,834, young male, Bolivia.) Above steel blue, much as in P. siihis.
Beneath, from chin to breast, and on sides, smoky brown. Rest of under
parts white, the sliafts mostly dusky. Feathers tipped with steel blue, form-
ing as a kind of collar across the jugulum and along the sides of body ; no
trace of tiieni on the chiu, throat, and abdominal region, not even in the pin
feathers.

A second specimen, also probably young male, is still lighter on the throat
and breast, almost white on the latter, although clouded with brown, and with

PROGNE.

283

Smitli-

CoUec-

Sex

When

Collected.

No.

toi-'s
No.

and

Locality.

Received from

Collected by

2i1,70-i

San Audres, near
Vera Cruz.

June 1S.")6.

A. Salle.

12,86.)

V

Teliiiantepec.

T. C. Martin.

A. J. Grayson.

311,718

363

rC

Cahabon, Vera Paz.

Mai-. 1SG2.

0. Salvia.

Salv. & Godmao.

30.717

4,480

Duenas. Guat.

Oct. 1861.

"

"

29,431

V

Acajutla, Salv.

Mar. 11, 'es.

Capt. J. M. Dow.

29.432

^

"

"

"

33,288

146

San Jose, C. R.

Dr. V. Frantzius.

17,791?

Carthagena, IJ. G.

Lt. Slicliler.

A Schott.

1

143

r<

Panama R. R.

Cab. Lawrence.

M'Leau. & Galb.

.. ?

144

V

"

Ph^oprogne, Baird.

Similar to Progne ; the bill and legs weaker. Tail sliglitly forked, the
lateral feathers not attenuated, and the wing not reaching beyond its tip.
Plumage without the metallic lustre of true Proyne. A narrow line of feathers
attached along basal half or two-thirds of the inner side of tarsus.

The species of this group have been assigned by authors both to
Progne and Gotijle, but differ in some respects from both. To

scattered blue-tipped feathers. A third, perhaps female, has no blue feathers
beneath.

It is difficult to say what maybe the color of the under parts in the adult male
bird. It seems as if a jugular or pectoral collar and the sides of body might
be steel blue, the chin and throat smoky brown, and the belly and crissum
white, with more or less concealed dusky shafts to the feathers. Nothing like
this, in adult plumage, however, is described or known.

Closely allied to the P. leucogaster. this species differs in considerably larger
size ; paler, almost whitish chin and throat, tendency to steel blue on the
sides of breast and sides of body, etc.

(No. 16,834.) Total length, 7.70 : wing, 5.40 ; tail, 3.20 ; depth of fork, .70;
difference between 1st and 9th primary, 2.50; length of bill from forehead,
.49, from nostril, .34; along gape, .90; width, .60; tarsus, .58; middle toe
and claw, .84; claw alone, .26 ; hind toe and claw, .50; claw alone, .25.

This is probably the same species as that referred to by Gray as P. domestica ;
but without specimens from Paraguay, for comparison, I am unable to say
■whether it is the trvLQ " domestica," a,s based upon a description by Azara.
Burmeister (Reise La Plata, II, 477), in saying that the adult of domestica,
from Paraguay, is entirely steel blue, has possibly confounded with it the P.
elegans, described on a previous page. I see no reason to believe that the
white belly and crissum are ever wanting.

Smith-
sonian
No

Collec-
tor's

No.

Sex
and
Age.

Locality.

When

Collected.

Received from

Collected by

16,8.34
16,836
16,839

Bolivia.

Walter Evans.

284 REVIEW OP AMERICAN BIRDS. [tART I.

Cotyle, however, the relationship, except in coloration, is very slight,
as the nostrils are superior, without overhanging membrane as in
Cotyle ; the lower end of tarsus destitute of feathers (the upper, on
the contrary, being provided with them) ; the lateral claws short,
much curved, and not reaching beyond the base of the middle. The
bill is much stouter, and the body more robust ; the edge of wing
without hooks, in these respects differing from Stelgidopteryx.

With somewhat the fulness of form of F7'ogne, the bill resembles
the latter in having the nostrils superior, exposed, and without over-
hanging membrane. The frontal feathers are soft, but with short
bristles lining the base of the upper jaw, and a few on the side of the
lower, but none in the chin. The bill is more depressed than in
Progne, but similarly shaped ; the lower edge of the upper mandible
much sinuated, or quite convex to the anterior extremity of the
nostril, and then passing into an equally concave curve to the tip.
Both jaws are more depressed, and their upper outlines less convex,
especially towards the base, than in Progne. The feet are weaker,
but the adhesion of the toes much as in Progne — the basal joint of
the median being free for about half internally, a little less externally.
The upper joint of the tarsus is covered with feathers, which are
attached along the inner edge in a narrow line for half the length,
or more than half the length (even three-fourths). This feature is
quite peculiar to Phseoprogne, not existing at all in Progne, nor to
anything like the same extent in any other American Swallows. The
tarsal scutellae are so much fused as to be almost undistinguishable.
The wings are more falcate, the feathers broader and less curved
than in Progne ; the tail but slightly forked ; the lateral feathers
without the gradual attenuation of Progne.

The species of this group belong strictly to South America, but
are not well determined. I give below the two which seem to be
contained in the specimens which I have examined. None have
any metallic gloss, as in Progne — resembling in color Cotyle and
Stelgidopteryx more than any other genera. The form is more that
of Petrochelidon, the nostrils being equally superior and uncovered,
and the tail is somewhat similar. The bill is, however, much stouter,
longer, and the commissure is sinuated, not nearly straight.

Synopsis of Species.
Common Characters. — Above and along sides dull smoky brown,
without metallic lustre ; a fainter pectoral band of the same.
Rest of under parts white.

Sides of neck white, passing around on the nape into a narrow

PROGNE.

285

hoary collar,
browu spots

Epigastrium with a median line of rounded

. fusca.*

' Frogne fusca.

Hirundo fusca, Vieill. Nouv. Diet. XIV, 1817, 510.— Ib. Encycl. Meth.
II, 529 (based on Golondrina de la parda, Azara, Apunt. II, 1805,
505, no. 301, Paraguay). — Frogne fusca, Cab. Mus. Hein. 1, 1850-1
(not of Gray?).

Bab. Region of the Parana.

(No. 12,042, % .) In coloration and markings an almost exact reproduction
of Cotyle riparia, although much larger. Above rather light smoky brown,
without metallic lustre ; the rump not paler than the back ; the quills and
tail feathers considerably darker, their upper surfaces with a faint greenish
gloss. All the smaller feathers above with paler edges. Beneath pure white ;
the sides of body and breast, lining of wings, tibiae, and a pectoral band,
brown like the back, the latter glossed with whitish. Feathers along median
line of belly, from pectoral baud almost to vent, with large, somewhat con-
cealed rounded blotches of brown, especially on the inner webs. Side of the
neck, with its lower half hoary white, this color extending round above so as
to form a nuchal band, but narrower, and much obscured with brown. Feathers
of crissum and chin, including their shaft, pure white from base. Bill and
legs apparently dark brown.

The boundary between the white and brown on the side of head is in a line
with the commissure, though even below this and on the side of lower jaw
the feathers are tinged with brown. The smaller under wing coverts, and? the
feathers along the edge of the wing inside, are rather broadly margined with
white.

(No. 16,341.) Total length, 6.50 ; wing, 4.85 ; tail, 3.00 ; depth of fork, .32 ;
difference of primaries, 2.35 ; length of bill from forehead, .61, from nostril,
.34; along gape, .85 ; tarsus, .54: middle toe and claw, .75 ; claw alone, .25 ;
hind toe and claw, .50 ; claw alone, .24.

The specimens here described, from Capt. Page's collection, are labelled
" Brazils," but were probably taken on the Parana River, in the interior of
the country, and in the region of Azara's species. It is, however, possible
that the species may be the tapera, as restricted by authors, and the bird I
have considered as tapera, true fuxca, if not an unnamed species.

A specimen from the Vermejo (21,012) differs in lacking almost entirely the
paler edges of the feathers of upper parts, and in having the sides of the neck
much less hoary. The inside of the wing is less varied with white.

Smith-
soniaa

No.

Collec-
tor's
No.

Sex
and
Age.

Locality.

When

Collected.

Received from

Collected by

16,341
16,343
12,042
?21,012

120

120

120

38

?
?

d

9

Brazil.
Vermejo River.

Oct. 1SJ9.
Feb. 1S60.

Capt. Page, Expl.
" [Parana R.

Chr. Wood.

286 REVIEW OP AMERICAN BIRDS. [PART I.

Sides of neck and nape brown, like the back, or the former
only slightly hoary. No distinct spots along the middle
of epigastrium tapera.^

PETROCHELIDON, Cabanis.

Petrockeliclon, Cab. Mus. Hein. 1850-1, 47. (Type Hirundo melanog aster,
SvvAiNS. = P. swainsoni, Scl. )

Bill stout and deep, somewhat as in Progne. Nostrils entirely superior,
open, without overhanging membrane on the inner (or upper) side, but some-
what overhung by short bristles, seen also along base of inner mandible and
in chin. Legs stout ; the tarsi short, not exceeding the middle toe exclusive of
its claw ; feathered all round for basal third or fourth, though no feathers are
inserted on the posterior face. Tail falling short of the closed wings, nearly
square, or slightly emarginate ; the lateral feathers broad to near the ends,
and not attenuated.

The claws of Petrochelidon are large, and considerably curved.
In poeciloma there is a distinct, though short web connecting the

' Progne tapera.

Hirundo tapera, Linn. S. N. 12th ed. 1766, 345, Brazil {DEirondelle
d^Am^rique, Brisson, II, 502, tab. 45, fig. 3). — Progne tapera, Cab.
Schomburgh's Reise Guiana, III, 672. — Sclater, Catal. 1861. —
Cotyle tapera, Bdrm. Uebers. Ill, 1857, 143 (Brazil).

?Hirundo pascintm, Max. Beit. Ill, 1830, 360.
Eab. Brazil? Bolivia? Bogota?

Specimens in the museum of the Philadelphia Academy, supposed to belong
to this species, though from Bolivia and Bogota, resemble fusca very closely,
but differ in larger and more attenuated bill, shorter toes, and fewer feathers
on tarsus. The size and color are much the same ; but the sides of neck and
nape lack the hoary white collar obscured behind, nor do I observe the line
of elongated rounded, partially concealed large brown spots along the median
line of the belly. "The white of the under parts is not so pure.

Whether this be the same with the Brazilian tapera, of authors, I have not
had the opportunity of determining, but would not be surprised to find that
it was distinct. It is also quite possible that, in the absence of specimens
actually from Paraguay, I have incorrectly identified Capt. Page's specimens
as /usca, and that they are really tapera.

Total length, 6.60; wing, 5.*30 ; tail, 2.85; depth of fork, .45; difference
of primaries, 2.55 ; length of bill from forehead, .65, from nostril, .38 ; along
gape, .88; tarsus, .54; middle toe and claw, .72; claw alone, 20; hind toe
and claw, .48 ; claw alone, .22.

The Hirundo americana tapera, of Sloane (Jamaica, II, 212), the first reference
quoted by Linnseus, cannot be the present species, as it refers to a Jamaican
bird which Sloane compares with the European Swift ; it may be either Progne
dominicensis or Chaetura zonaris, quite possibly the latter. It is, therefore, a
question how far the name tapera can be retained for the species.

PETROCHELIDON. 287

bases of the inner and middle toes. The lateral toes are nearly-
equal, the outer, if anything, slightly longer; the entire basal joint
of the outer adherent to middle ; the membrane just referred to ex-
tending along the basal joint of the inner. The basal joint of the
middle is free externally at extreme end. The feathers of crissum are
very full, and reach nearly to end of tail.

This is one of the most natural genera of American Swallows, em-
bracing a considerable number of species, all characterized by the
rufous rump. H. nigricans, Yieill. (Gollocalia arhore.a of Gould),
from Australia, appears to be strictly congeneric, as first suggested
by Cabanis. The development of bristles in the chin and among
the frontal feathers appears quite characteristic, giving a roughness
to the forehead very different from the softness and smoothness of
Atticora and other genera.

The diagnostic characters of the principal American species of
Petrochelidon are as follows : —

Common Characters. — Above steel blue ; the feathers of the inter-
scapuliim with concealed wliitish edges; no whitish median
or basal down. Rump and narrow nuchal band chestnut ;
crissum gray brown, tinged anteriorly at least with chestnut ;
the longer feathers and inner side of lateral tail feathers edged
with whitish. Middle region of belly white. Usually with
a whitish or reddish frontal band.

Chin and throat, with side of head, and continuous with
nuchal band, chestnut brown.

Jugulum with large blue-black patch. Chestnut of
throat darker than that of rump.

Frontlet reddish-white, with narrow band of

black along upper mandible . . . hinifrons.
Frontlet chestnut brown, without black at

base of upper mandible . . . swainsoni.

Jugulum plain, without black spot. Chestnut of
throat lighter than that of rump. Frontlet
chestnut brown.

Sides of body only slightly tinged with chest-

niit fulra

Sides deep chestnut, continuous with that of

breast and crissum. Size smaller . pceciloma.

Chin, throat, and sides of head white.

Fore part of breast chestnut, without black spot.
Sides faintly tinged with same.
Frontal band obsolete ..... mjicollaris.

P. nigricans, of Australia, lacks the nuchal band ; the sides of

288 REVIEW OF AMERICAN BIRDS. [PART I.

bead are blackish ; the throat grayish-white ; the breast pale chest-
nut, both with dusky shaft streaks. The chestnut of front and rump
is quite pale.

PetiocBielidon iMiiifrons.

Hinindo lunifrons, Say, Long's Exp. 11,1823,47 (Rocky Mts.).—CASSiN;
Brewer, N. A. Ool. I, 1857, 94, pi. v, no. (38-73 (eggs).— Baird,
Birds N. Am. 1858, 309.— Lawrence, Ann. N. Y. Lye. 1861, 317
(Panama R. R. ; winter).— Vereill, Pr. Bost. N. H. Soc. 1864, 276
(migration and history).— Lord, Pr. R. A. Inst. "Woolwich, IV,
1864, 16 (Br. Col. ; nesting). — Cooper & Scckley, P. R. R. XII, ii,
184 (Wash. Terr.).

H. opifex, Clinton, 1824. — H. respublicana, Avu. 1824.

H.fulva, Bon. (not ofViEiLLOT). — Aud. Orn. Biog. I, pi. 58.— Ib. B. A.
I, pi. 47.— Maxim. Cab. Jour. VI, 1858, 100.

Hah. Entire United States from Atlantic to Pacific, and along central
j-egion to Arctic Ocean and Fort Yukon ; Panama, iu winter. Not noted at
Cape St. Lucas, in Mexico, or West Indies.

(No. 18,322, %.) Top of head glossy black, with greenish lustre; back
and scapulars similar, but rather duller, and somewhat streaked by the
appearance of the white sides of the feathers — the bases of the feathers,
however, being plumbeous. Chin, throat, and sides of head chestnut brown,
this extending round on the nape as a distinct continuous collar, which is
bounded posteriorly by dull grayish ; the chestnut darkest on the chin, with
a rich purplish tinge. Rump above and on sides paler chestnut (sometimes
fading into whitish). Upper tail coverts grayish-brown, edged with paler,
lighter than the plain brown of the wings and tail. Forehead, for the length
of the bill, creamy white, somewhat lunate, or extending in an acute angle a
little over the eye ; a very narrow blackish frontlet ; loral region dusky to
the bill. A patch of glossy black in the lower part of the breast, and a few
black feathers in the extreme chin, the latter sometimes scarcely appreciable.
Under parts dull white, tinged with reddish-gray on the sides and inside of the
wings. Feathers of crissum brownish-gray, edged with whitish, with a tinge
of rufous anteriorly (sometimes almost inappreciable).

(No. 18,322.) Total length, 5.10; wing, 4.50; tail, 2.40, nearly even;
difference of primary quills, 2.10; length of bill from forehead, .38, from
nostril, .25, along gape, .60, width, .50 ; tarsus, .48 ; middle toe and claw, .72,
claw alone, .22 ; hind toe and claw, .44, claw alone, .20.

There is some variation in amount and shade of rufous in different
specimens. Usually there is none on the sides of body, and very
little at the base of the crissum. The rufous of the rump is always
lighter than that of the throat, where this color extends down on
the jugulum, with indistinct rounded outline behind, shading into
the smoky, reddish-gray of the sides of the breast.

As in its allies, immaturity is shown longest in the absence or

PETROCHELIDON, 289

dulness of the frontal band. There is no appreciable difference in
the sexes.

A specimen in Mr. Lawrence's collection, from Panama, I cannot
distinguish, except in being smaller. Length, 4.80; wing, 4.10;
tail, 2.10. The forehead is nearly white, as usual in lunifrons.^

Summer specimens from the southern Rocky Mts. (Los Pinos,
N. M.) and Carlisle are considerably smaller than those from Fort
Bridger.

Specimens in the collection from throughout the whole United
States to northern border, as also —

' Petrochelidon .

?Hirundo americana, Gmelin, S. N. I, 1788, 1017 (from Buffon, VI, 698,
La Plata). — Petrochelidon americana, Cab. Mus. Hein. 1850-1, 47.
?Eirundo pyrrhonnta, Vieill. Encycl. Meth. II, 524 (Azara, Apuut. II,
511, no. 305, Paraguay). — Cotyle p. Burm. Reise La Plata, II, 1861,
477 (Tucuman).
Hab. Brazil? Paraguay?

In Mr. Lawrence's collection is an immature bird (No. 148, from Brazil),
much like corresponding stages of P. lunifrons, but differing in considerably
smaller bill, and in the lower tail coverts being much shorter (falling three-
quarters of an inch short of the tip). The rufous of the rump extends further
up the back, and there is a decided wash of reddish over the breast and belly,
sides and crissum, leaving only the abdominal region pure white. The fiontal
band is not fully developed, but seems as if it might be whitish ; there is a
blackish spot on the lower throat, and a few whitish feathers in the chin. The
chestnut of the throat is lighter than in lunifrons, or of about the same shade
as that of rump. I think there is no doubt of its being quite distinct from
lunifrons or swainsoni, but in its still immature condition cannot venture to
identify it. There are two names to which it might be referred, the H. ameri-
cana, of Gmelin — P. americana. Cab. M. Hein. I, 47 — (based on IlirondeUe a
croupion roiix, etc. (from the La Plata), Buffon, Ois. VI, 698, La Plata) —
which, however, appears much too large — and Hirundo pyrrhonota, Vieill.
Encycl. II, 524; Azara, Apunt. II, 511, Sonnine ed. 1U4 ; Cotyle pyrrhonota,
Burm. La Plata, II, 477. This is described by Azara as having black crissum ;
Burmeister, however, says this is grayish, edged with rusty whitish ; the fore-
head, lores, cheeks, and rump rusty brownish-red ; fore-neck, breast, and belly
ash gray, washed with yellowish, and tinged with reddish about the anus.
Length, 5". Wings, A".

Buffon speaking of his IlirondeUe a croupion rorix et queue carr^e, describes
it as brownish-black above, with green and blue reflections ; rump rufous, the
feathers edged with whitish ; under parts dull white, the lower tail coverts
rufous. Another specimen is said to have a rufous throat. No mention is
made of a black spot on the jugulum, or of a frontal band.

19 May, 1865.

290

REVIEW OF AMERICAN BIRDS.

[part I,

Smith-

Collec-

Sex

When
Collected.

BOQian

No.

tor's
No.

and

Age.

Locality.

Received from

Collected by

•20,639

^

Moose Factory, H.B.
Carlisle, Pa. [Lake.

May 17, '60.

C. Drexler.
S. F. Baird,

27,298

1,324

Fort Kesolution, S.

A. M'Kenzie.

19.543

..

"

June 23.

R. Kennioott.

27.297

1,212

Big Island, S. Lake.

J. Reid.

27,296

216

Fort Yukon.

J. Lofkliart.

28,l.iO

"

23,218

589

Fort Good Hope.

R. McFarlane.

34,3.32

rf

Los Pinos, N. M.

June 20, '64.

Dr. E. Coues.

34,3.4

V

" [C. Am.

"

"

30,556

rf

At sea, W. coast,

Oct. 20, '63.

Capt. J. M. Dow.

iss

V

Panama R. R.

Cab. Lawrence.

M'Lean. & Galb.

(34,352.) 5.90; lii.lO. (34,354.) 6.00; 11.80.

Petrochelidon sTvainsoni.

Hirundo melanogaster, Swainson, Phil. Mag. I, 1827, 366 (Mexico). — ■
Petrochelidon melonog aster, Cab. Mus. Hein. I, 1850, 47.

Petrochelidon swainsoni, Sclater, P. Z. S. 1858, 296 ; 1859, 376.— Ib.
Catal. 1861, 40, no. 244. (Swainson's name changed as inappro-
priate.)

Hab. Highlands of Mexico.

This species is almost precisely like P. lunifrons, but is smaller, and the
frontlet, instead of being creamy or rosy white, is chestnut brown like the
throat ; the lores are less dusky, and there is no dusky at base of upper
mandible. In these respects it resembles P. fulva, but will be readily dis-
tinguished by the large glossy black spot on the throat, and blackish chin, as
well as comparative absence of reddish on crissum and sides.

Two specimens, both marked males, differ considerably in size, as
shown by the following measurements. In one (22,376) the forehead
is of the same shade of rufous as the throat, and the blacli spot on
the throat very small ; in the other, which is decidedly larger, the
forehead is considerably paler than the throat, and the throat spot
more distinct, the chestnut of throat and sides of head much darlier.

(No. '22,376, % .) Total length, 4.50 ; wing, 3.90 ; tail, 2.25 ; diflFerence of
quills, 1.90; length of bill from forehead, .35, from nostril, .21, along gape,
.55; tarsus, .48; middle toe and claw, .60, claw alone, .20; hind toe and
claw, .37, claw alone, .19.

(No. 33,572. ) Total length, 4.90 ; wing, 4.30 ; tail, 2.20 ; length of bill from
forehead, .41, from nostril, .22, along gape, .60; tarsus, .53; middle toe and
claw, .66, claw alone, .21 ; hind toe and claw, .38, claw alone, .21.

Collec-
tor's
No.

40,745
136

Sex
and

Locality.

Mexico.
Mirador, Mex.

When
Collected.

Aug. 1863.

Received from

Verreaux.
Dr. Sartorlus.

Collected by

PETROCHELIDON. 291

iPetrocIielidon ftilTa.

Hirundo fulva, Vieill. 01s. Am. Sept. I, 1807, 62, pi. xxx (St. Do-
mingo).—Ib. Nouv. Diet. XIV, 1817, 521.— Ib. Encyc. Meth. II,
1823, 526. — Petrochelidon fulva, Cab. Mus. Hein. 1850, 47. — Ib.
Jour. Orn. IV, 1856, 3 (Cuba).
, Hirundo coronata, Lembeye, Aves de Cuba, 1850, 45.

Hab. Cuba and St. Domingo ?

(No. 34,238, 9.) Top of head, back, and scapulars steel blue, with a
greenish gloss, more violet in some specimens. Forehead from the eyes (not
strictly defined), nuchal bands and rump (but not tail coverts), dark chestnut
brown ; chin, throat, sides of breast and crissum, especially near anus, lighter
chestnut brown ; the sides of body and inside of wings smoky brown, tinged
with the color just mentioned ; median region of the body white. No blackish
on the breast or on forehead. Wings and tail with their upper coverts lustrous
brown. A dusky spot in the loral region.

(No. 34,238, 9 .) Total length, 5.00 ; wing, 4.20 ; tail, 2.10 ; perpendicular
depth of fork, .15 ; difference between 1st and 9th quills, 2.00 ; length of bill
from forehead, .36, from nostril, .21, along gape, .56, width, .45 ; tarsus, .47 ;
middle toe and claw, .65, claw alone, .19 ; hind toe and claw, .37, claw
alone, .20.

The feathers of the back have a white patch on each side the shaft,
about the middle, causing white streaks when visible among the
feathers. The forehead and rump are quite dark chestnut ; the
chin and throat, with crissum just behind anus, come next in shade,
this color fading still more on jugulum and sides (the jugulum some-
times darker than chin), and scarcely appreciable posteriorly on the
side of the abdomen. The longer feathers of crissum are dark brown,
with reddish-white edges, much paler than near the vent. The white
of the belly is sometimes glossed faintly with chestnut, especially
along the shafts of the feathers. The axillars and lining of wings,
with tibia, are of a smoky gray, with a rufous tinge. ' The chestnut
nape is narrow, and sometimes quite obsolete ; the color of the neck
behind it is dull and lustreless. The dark chestnut of the rump
extends round on the sides as well as above, continuous with the
paler tinge of the anterior portion of the crissum. The inner web
of the lateral tail feather is edged with whitish near the end.

There is no black band along base of upper mandible, as in luni-
frons. The chestnut feathers of the front exhibit a tendency to
dusky centres, except near the bill, a feature not noticed in other
species.

This bird is much smaller than the North American lunifrons,
and differs in the rufous chestnut (not whitish) front, the absence
of black patch on throat, much lighter rufous of the throat (paler

292

REVIEW OF AMERICAN BIRDS.

[part I.

considerably than the front), etc. The tarsi are longer in proportion,
being absolutely of the same length, while the feet are much weaker
and the toes shorter.

Smith-

1
CoUec-

Sex

soaian tor's

and

No. No.

Age.

34,238 i ..

?

34,2.56

^

34,490

34,491

154

Locality.

When
Collected.

Received from

Collected by

Bemedios, Cuba.
Cuba.

April 4, '64.
May, 1863.

N. H. Bishop.
Dr. J. Gundlach.
Cab. Lawrence.

Petrocbelidon pceciloma.

Hirundo pcecUoma, GossE, Birds Jamaica, 1847, 64.

Petrochelidon fulva, Sclater, P. Z. S. 1861, 72.— Ib. Catal. 1861, 40, no.

245 (Jamaica). — Hirundo fulva, March, Pr. A. N. Sc. 1863, 295

(nesting).
Hah. Jamaica.

Similar to preceding, but smaller ; chestnut color darker. Chestnut of
sides very decided, and continuous with that on breast and crissum.

(No. 24,381.) Total length, 4.50; wing, 4.15 ; tail, 2.05; fork, .10: differ-
ence between 1st and 9th quills, 1.95 ; length of bill from forehead, .35, from
nostril, .20, along gape, .55 ; tarsus, .48 ; middle toe and claw, .64 ; hind toe
and claw, .38.

A series of specimens from Jamaica differs from Cuban in being
rather smaller in size, and in having the chestnut brown of the under
parts considerably deeper and more marked, extending along the
sides of the body so as to be continuous with that of the sides of the
rump. The chestnut nuchal collar, also, is more distinct. A young
bird from Jamaica differs from the adult in lacking the frontal band
almost entirely, and in having a whitish chin. I have not had an
opportunity of examining the St. Domingan species, but would not
be surprised if it proved different from those of Cuba and Jamaica.

A closely allied species is the P. ruficollaris, of Peale.*

' Petrochelidon ruficollaris.

Hirundo ruficollaris, Peale, Mammals and Birds U. S. Expl. Exped.
1848, 175.
Hab. Peru.

Head above and back glossy blue-black. Rump above and on sides, fore
part of the breast, and sides of body beneath the wings, chestnut, as also an
indistinct nuchal half collar. Chin, throat, sides of head below the eyes, and
rest of under parts, white ; the crissum tinged with rufous anteriorly, the long
feathers grayish-brown, edged with whitish. Wings and tail dull brown, the

HIRUNDO.

293

Smith-
Si) uiau
So.

Collec-
tor's
No.

Sex
aad
Age.

Locality.

When
Collected.

Received from

Collected by

21,381
2i,3S2
21,333
24,;iS4
30,2S1
30, 252
30,2S3

16
10
16

0.

Spaaishtown, Jam.

Dec. 1861.
1S63.

W. T. March.

HIRUNDO, Linn.
Hirundo, Linn. Syst. Nat. I, 10th ed. 1758, 191. (Type II. rustica, Linn.)

Under the generic head of Hirundo I propose to combine several
groups of American Swallows agreeing in moderate, depressed bill,
with straight commissure, and lateral nostrils overhung by mem-
brane ; the tarsi feathered only at the upper end, or else entirely
bare ; the lateral claws moderate, not extending beyond the base of
the median ; the edge of the outer primary without hooks ; the tail
variable in character, from a very deep fork to a slight emargination
only. The relationships to the other genera have already been ex-
pressed in the diagnosis presented in the beginning of the article on
the family.

The following characters express the peculiarities of the diflFerent
sections or subgenera of Ilirundo : —

latter with lateral feathers edged internally near end with whitish. Forehead
without frontal band, other than an almost inappreciable gloss of chestnut.

Total length, 4.55 ; wing, 4.00; tail, 2.15 ; difference between quills, 1.80 ;
length of bill from forehead, .30, from nostril, .17, along gape, .54, width, .43.
Feet mutilated.

The well-marked jugular or pectoral band, white throat and cheeks, and
absence of distinct frontlet will readily distinguish this species from lunifrons
and its allies. It may be that a more decided frontlet exists in more perfect
plumage, although there is nothing to indicate that this has not been attained
in the specimen.

This species appears to have been overlooked by all writers subsequent to
Mr. Peale.

Smith-
sonian

No.

Collec-
tor's
No.

Sex
and
Age.

Locality.

When
Collected.

Received from

Collected by

14,999

C 377

d

Callao, Peru.

July 12, '39.

U. S. Expl. Exped.

T. R. Peale.

(14,999.) Type. Irids brown.

294 REVIEW OF AMERICAN BIRDS. fPART I.

Tarsi slightly feathered on inner face at upper end ; equal in
length to middle toe without claw.

Tail very deeply forked Hlrundo.

Tail slightly forked or emarginate .... Tachycineta.
Tarsi entirely naked ; lengthened, equal to middle toe and
half its claw.

Tail considerably forked . . . ■ . . . Callichelidon.

HiRUNDO, Linn.

Nostrils lateral. Tarsi short, not exceeding middle toe without its claw ;
the upper joint covered with feathers, which extend a short distance along
the inner face of tarsus. Tail very deeply forked ; the lateral feather much
attenuated, twice as long as the middle. Basal joint of middle toe free for
terminal fourth on outside, for half on inside.

In type, and in American species, forehead and throat rufous ; a black
pectoral collar ; tail feathers with large light spots on inner webs.

But two species, perhaps only one of this subgenus, as restricted,
belong to America. There are, however, quite a number found in
the old world.

Hirundo liorreorum.

Hirundo horreorum, Barton, Fragments N. H. Penna. 1799, 17. — Baird,
Birds N. Am. 1858, 308.— A. & E. Newton, Ibis, 1859, 66 (Sta.
Cruz ; transient). — Sclater & Salvin, Ibis, 1859, 13 (Guatemala).
— ScLATER, P. Z. S. 1864, 173 (City of Mex.).— Lawrence, Ann.
N. Y. Lye. 1861, 316 (Panama).— Cooper & Sdckley, P. R. R. Rep.
XII, 11, 184 (south of Columbia River).

Hirundo rufa, Vieill. — Cassin, 111. — Brewer. N. Am. Ool. I, 1857, 91,
pi. v, fig. 63-67 (eggs).— Cab. Jour. IV, 1856, 3 (Cuba; spring
and autumn). — Reinhardt, Ibis, 1861, 5 (Greenland ; two speci-
mens).— GuKDLACH, Cab. Jour. 1861, 328 (Cuba; common).

Hirundo americuna, Wilson, Am. Orn. pi. 38, fig. 1, 2. — Rich. — Lembeve,
Aves de Cuba, 1850, 44, lam. vii, fig. 2.

Hirundo riistica, Aud. Orn. Biog. II, pi. 173. — Ib. Birds Am. I, "pi. 48. —
Jones, Nat. Hist. Bermuda, 34 (Bermudas ; Aug. and Sept.).

Hab. Whole of United States ; north to Fort Rae, Slave Lake ; Greenland ;
south in winter to Central America aud West Indies. Not found at Cape St.
Lucas.

The steel blue of the upper parts of this species has a decided
violet tinge, sometimes purplish. The black or steel blue pectoral
collar is very rarely continuous below in adults ; when it is, it is
usually formed in the centre by only one or two series of feathers,
which are black to the down. The rufous of throat is a little darker

HIRUNDO.

295

than that of under parts, and more continuous, though sometimes
there is but little difierence in the shade. The space just posterior
to the collar generally appears lighter than on the belly. Usually,
however, the rufous wash of under parts is decidedly paler than that
of throat and forehead ; sometimes quite pale ; in only one or two
instances as light as European specimens (as 6,020 and 29,294). In
such cases, however, the absence of broad jugular band of continuous
black, and the shorter tail, will distinguish from the European bird.

There is an occasional tendency to a widening of the jugular
collar, especially in young birds, but this is so much mixed with
rufous feathers as to be easily understood.

In young birds the frontal chestnut band is considerably reduced
in size, and generally paler and duller in color.

The largest specimen of H. ho7-reorum I have seen is No. 19,542,
from Fort Rae. Here the wing measures 4.90, and the tail 4.50
(the usual length of tail is under 4.00) ; the next largest specimen
being No. 34,349, from the Rocky Mountains. The maximum length
of tail in specimens of H. rustica, of Europe, before me, is 5.00 —
the average being perhaps 4.50.

The series of specimens from western America is not sufficient to
determine whether there is any essential difference ; the bill, however,
appears decidedly smaller.

I regret very much that the specimens from South America* at my
command are too few to make a satisfactory comparison with the
North American bird. There appears, however, to be a difference
in a rather smaller bill, and in having the gloss of the upper parts
steel green, rather than purple or violet. I am, however, much
inclined to doubt whether there is any specific difference. The
chestnut brown of the forehead is quite as deep and extensive as in
the northern bird, although Burmeister describes it as whitish, pass-
ing behind into rust-yellow, and speaks of the whole under parts

' Hirundo erythrogaster.

Hirundo erythroyaster, BoDD. Tabl. PI. enl. (724, fig. 1), 1783, 45 (Cay-
enne).— ScLATEE, Catal. 1861, 39 (Brazil).

Hirundo Tufa, Gm. S. Nat. I, 1788, 1018 (PI. enl. 724, fig. ]).— Bdrm.
Ueb. Ill, 148 (Brazil).

Hirundo cyanopyrrha, Vieill. Nouv. Diet. XIV, 1817, 510.

Smith-

eouiaiL

No.

CoUec-
tor's
No.

Sex
and

Age.

Locality.

When
Collected.

Received from

Collected by

21,007
21,008

35
35

f

Vermejo River.

Feb. 1860.

Capt. Page, Expl.of
" [Parana.

Chr. Wood.

296

REVIEW OF AMERICAN BIRDS.

[part I,

being rnsty yeHowlsh-red, without distinguisliing the throat as
darker. These characters certainly do not apply to the Paraguay
skins in Capt. Page's collection, whatever they may to Brazilian
specimens. These are moulting the large feathers of wing and tail.

The characters given by Burmeister to the North American bird,
viz., "under parts white, the anal and crissal feathers alone rusty
yellowish-red," do not belong to it, as shown above.

In this connection I may state that in the collection is a specimen
of H. rustica, of Europe, taken at sea during a voyage from Norfolk
to Rio Janeiro, probably carried westward by the prevailing winds
in the equatorial region.

Should, as is very probable, the South American bird prove identi-
cal with the more northern one, the name rufa must be adopted as
having the priority.

Specimens in the collection from the whole United States from
Atlantic to Pacific, and north to the boundary ; also —

Sraith-

Collec-

Sex

When
Collected.

Boniaa
No.

tor's
No.

and
Age.

Locality.

Received from

Collected by

19,. 542

Ft. Eae, Slave Lake.

L. Clarke, Jr.

22,666

"

1861.

"

34,349

v

Los Pinos, N. M.

June 19, '64

Dr. E Coues.

3,9o6

121

San Diego, N. Leon.

18.'i3.

Lt. Couch.

8,640

Indian Key, Fla.

Aug;. 28, '57.

G. Wurdemann.

33, .586

Off coast Cuba.

April 1, '64.

Dr. H. Bereudt.

32,740

17,443

Mexico.

Verreaux.

30,708

147

Duenas, Gnat.
Guatemala.

1S62.

0. Salvin.
Cab. Lawrence.

Salvin & Godm.

30,557

9

At sea, W.C. Central
America

Oct. 20, '63.

Capt. J. M. Dow.

Tachycineta, Cab.

T ichycineta, Cab. Mus. Hein. 18.')0-1, 48. (Type //. ihalassina, Sw.)

Nostr'ls lateral, overhung or bordered internally by inoumbent membrane.
Tarsi with the tibial joint covered by overhanging feathers, adherent a short
distance along inner face, about equal to middle toe without claw. Lateral
toes equal. Adhesion of basal joint of middle toe variable. Tail emarginate
only, or slightly forked ; fork not exceeding half an inch in depth. Color
blue or green above, with or without metallic gloss ; with or without white
rump. Entirely white beneath.

Under this head I combine several variations of form which shade
so gradually into each other that I can scarcely define them even as
subgenera. The type (thalassina) differs from all the others in a
small, narrow bill, weak feet, more extensively feathered tarsus, and
in a peculiar softness of the plumage without metallic gloss, seen

HIRUNDO. 29t

perhaps only elsewhere in CaUichelidon cyaneoviridis. The basal
joint of middle toe is entirely adherent externally, and for more than
half internally, and in this respect agrees with leucoptera and alhi-
linea, while in hicolor and leucorrhoa it is adherent for only three-
fourths externally, and about half internally.

The feet of H. leucorrhoa appear proportionally moi'e robust than
in other species, differing in this respect from its miniature, albilinea,
which agrees better with the rest.

The following is a synopsis of the American species ; all of which,
as stated, are green above, with or without white rump ; white
beneath : —

a. Tachycineta.
Plumage soft and velvety, without metallic gloss. Sides of head,
space around eyes, and whole under parts white ; with the
feathers all plumbeous at base. Female duller in plumage.
Above green, with various shades and tinges of violet and

purple thalassina.

Plumage above compact, and with rich (usually gieen) metallic
gloss. Sides of head to line with eyes like its upper part.
Beneath white, sometimes with ashy tinge across breast ; the
feathers of chin and throat, and generally of crissum, white
to base. A concealed spot in jugulum.
Entire upper parts uniform in color.

Inside of wings and axillars ash color. No concealed

basal white on the upper parts . . . hicolor.

Rump white. No white loral line.

Back green. Pure white beneath. Feathers of back

and forehead with much concealed white at base.

Edges of secondaries and greater coverts white albiventris.

"Back bluish or purple. A grayish band across

breast. No white on wing. Feathers of back

? at base" meyeni.

Rump white. A distinct white loral line.

Rump plain white. Bases of dorsal feathers ashy.
No shaft streaks beneath. Length, 5.50 ; wing,

4.50; tail, 4.40 leucorrhoa.

Rump and under parts with more or less distinct
dusky shaft streaks. Breast and sides with an
ashy tinge. Length, 4.50 ; wing, 3.75 ; tail, 2.00 albilinea.

Hirundo bicolor.

Hirundo bicolor, Vieill. Ois. Am. Sept. I, 1807, 61, pL xxxi. — Apd.
Orn. Biog. I, pi. 98.— Is. B. A. I, pi. 46.— Cassin.— Bkeweb, N. Am.

298

REVIEW OF AMERICAN BIRDS.

[part I.

Ool. I, 1857, 100, pi. iv, fig. 47 (eggs). — Lembeye, Av^es de Cuba,
1850, 46, lam. vii, fig. 2.— Baird, Birds N. Am. 1858, 310.— Lord,
Pr. R. A. lust. Woolwich, IV 1864, 15 (Br. Columbia; nesting).—
Jones, Bermudas, 34 (Sept. 22, 1849).— Cooper & Suckley, P. R.
R. Rep. XII, II, IS'i.—Petrochelidon bicolor, Sclater, P. Z. S. 1857,
201.— Ib. 1859, 364 (Xalapa).— Ib. Catal. 1861, 40.— Sclatek &
Salvin, Ibis, 1859, 13 (Guatemala). — Tachycineta bicolor, Cab.
Mus. Heiu. 1850, 48 ; Jour. Orn. 1856,4 (Cuba). — Gdkdlach, Jour.
Orn. 1861, 330 (common in Cuba).

Hirundo viridis, WiLs. Am. Orn. V, 1812, pi. 38.

Hirundo leucogaster, Stephens, Shaw, Gen. Zool. X, 1817, 105.

Hah. Whole United States, and north to Slave Lake, south to Guatemala ;
Bermudas ; Cuba, common in winter. In summer on table-lands of Mexico.

I find no essential difference in coloration in a large series from
different parts of North America, Mexico, and Guatemala. A skin
from Fort Rae is larger than the rest, measuring — wing, 4.90 ; tail,
2.65. Carlisle specimens measure 4.75 and 2.50, respectively. In
a single specimen in the museum of the Philadelphia Academy of
Natural Sciences, from California, the back and rump have a steel
blue gloss, rather than green — seen to less extent in some Smith-
sonian skins from the West Coast — while others exhibit nothing of
the kind, and I cannot think that there is any good reason for sup-
posing that there may be a western species as distinguished from
an eastern. Western and Mexican skins have perhaps a rather
.smaller bill, and the feathers of the tarsus appear to extend farther
along the inner side.

The occurrence of this species in the high region between Orizaba
and City of Mexico, in June, as recorded below, is a fact of great
interest.

Specimens from the whole United States from east to west, and
north to boundary ; also —

Smith-

Collec-

Sex

When
Collected.

Euaiaa
No.

tor's
No.

Hnd

Age.

Locality.

Received from

Collected by

2n,640

?

Moose Factory, H.B.

May 26, '60.

C. Drexler.

32,342

J. M'Kenzie.

27,299

1,298

Big Island, S. Lake.

J. Reed.

.<?1,225

"

"

23,134

Fort Simpson.

B. R. Ross.

27,300

1,331

V

Fort Youkon.

June.

R. Kennicott.

4,663

c<

Mataraoras, Max.

Lt. Couch.

Dr. Berlandier.

29,203

Orizaba, Mex.

Prof. Sumichrast.

30,711

386

Vera Paz, Guat.

0. Salvin.

Salvin & Godm.

3.i,134

18.i

Pine reijion above

June, 1864.

Dr. Siirtorius.

35,135

195

"[Mirador,iMex.

HIRUNDO. 299

Hiruiido tlialassina.

Hirundo tlialassina, Swaixson, Phil. Mag. I, 1827, 365 (Mexico). — Aur>.
Orn. Biog. 17, pi. 385.— Ib. B. A. I, pi. 46.— Brewer, N. A. Ool.
I, 1857, 102 (the fig. pi. v, fig. 74 of egg belongs to another species).
— Baird, Birds N. Am. 1858, 311.— Maxam. Cab. Jour. 1858, 101.
— Lord, Pr. R. A. Inst. Woolw. IV. 1864, 115 (Vancouver Isl. ; nests
iij holes of trees). — Cooper & Sdckley, P. R. R. Rep. XII, ii, 185
(W. T.). — Chelidon ihalassina, Boie, Isis, 1844, 171. — Tachycineta
tlialassina, Cab. Mus. Hein. 1S50, 48. — Petrochelidon tlialassina,
ScLATER & Salvin, Ibis, 1859, 13 (Guatemala). — Sclater, Catal.
1861, 39, no. 239.— Ib. P. Z. S. 1864, 173 (City Mex.)

Hub. Western and middle piovinces of United States, south to Guatemala.

Specimens from different localities, as well as from the same place,
vary somewhat in the shade of coloration. Sometimes, as in other
Swallows, the innermost secondaries are edged and tipped with
white, more or less conspicuously. Young birds are uniform lustre-
less grayish-brown above, something like Cotyle riparia, white
below, with perhaps a tinge of ashy across breast ; the upper sur-
face of wings and tail with a greenish gloss ; the whole side of
head, including loral region and around the eye, dusky, not white as
in the adult. The white feathers on the posterior inner face of the
tarsus are more conspicuous than in the adult, and reach nearly two-
thirds the way to the toes, but do not exist at the lower end as in
Cotyle riparia, which at once distinguishes them. All the feathers
of under parts, even of chin and throat, are gray at base, not white ;
those of breast plumbeous to near tips, with a central stripe of lighter
(concealed).

Specimens (probably resident) from Cape St. Lucas are much
smaller than from Upper California, the wing measuring 3.95, the
tail 1.90 inches, while 1,895 measures 4.50 and 2.20, respectively.
No. 29,204, from a typical locality (Orizaba), measures 4.70 and
2.40.

The fully fledged young bird differs so much in appearance from
the adult, that I was at one time inclined to consider them as differ-
ent species. The female is duller than the male, especially on the
head and rump.

300

REVIEW OF AMEUICAN BIRDS.

[part I.

Bmith-

Collec-

RPTf

When

Collected.

soaian

tor's

and

Locality.

Received from

Collected by

No.

No.

Age.

19,350

Gray Bull Cr'k. Neb.

June 7, '60.

Capt. Raynolds.

G. H. Troc.k.

19,209

rf

Wind River, Neb.

May 26, '60

"

Dr. Havden.

6,965

330

?

Medicine Bow Cr.

Julv2.'), '57.

Lt. F. T. Bryan.

W. S. Wood.

11,038

d

Fort Bridger.
Victoria.

May 21, '58.

C. Drexler.
J. Hepburn.

1,895

d

Columbia River.

July 12, '35.

S. F. Baird.

^. K. Townsend.

1,945

V

"

"

"

*'

12,885

Napa Valley, Cal.

A. J. Grayson.

12,9-19

657

San Jose, Cape St.

J. Xantus.

12,950

667

" [Lucas.

''

3,951

229

rf

Saltillo, Mex.

Lt. Conch.

13,590

1.51

Mexico.

J. Gould.

Cab. Lawrence.

J. Taylor.

29,204

285

Orizaba, Mex.

Prof. Sumichrast.

30,710

385

?

San Geronimo, Vera

0. Salviu.

30,712

3,716

d

[l-az.

Jan. 1862.

(1,895.) Type of Mr. Audubon's figure?

Ilirundo allbilinea.

Petrochdiclon leucoptera, Lawkexce, Ann. N. Y. Lye. 1861, 317, no. 156

(Panama) (not of Gmelin).
Petrochdiclon albilinea, Lawrence, Ann. N. Y. Lye. VIII (read April 27),

May, 1863 (Panama).
Petrochelidon littorea, Salvin, P. Z. S. (read May 21) 1863, 189 (both

coasts of Central America).

Hah. Line of Panama R. Pi., northward along coast of Central America;
Mazatlan ?

(No. 35,049, % .) Above glossy compact green, including head, back,
npper tail coverts, and sides of head to the level of the gape and below the
eye ; wings and tail similar, but less brilliant. Rump all round, external
edges of the central secondaries, entire under parts, including lining of wings
and axillars, white, with perhaps a faint ashy tinge, especially across the
breast ; the shafts inclined to be dusky, especially on the rump. Lores
greenish dusky, bordered above by an obscure white line from base of bill ;
the feathers of the hind neck and upper part of back, as well as those of the
forehead, with much concealed white. There is a trace of a narrow pectoral
collar of green on the sides of the breast, entirely interrupted below, however.
The featliers of chin and throat entirely white, of crissum white, except at
extreme bases.

The white of under parts appears perfectly pure on tliroat, middle
of belly, and crissum ; across the breast there is a shade of ashy, as
also in the sides, most appreciable when the feathers are raised. On
the rump the dusky shaft streaks are most decided, and towards the
end involve the adjacent webs to some extent ; below they are
appreciable to a careful examination, except perhaps on the chin
and throat. There is a good deal of white at the base of the tail
feathers on the inner webs. There is also a gloss of violet, in some
aspects, on the wings and tail.

HIRUNDO.

301

(No. 35,049, % .) Total length, 4.25 ; wing, 3.75 ; tail, 1.90 ; depth of fork,
.25; diflerence of primaries, 1.80; length of bill from forehead, .35, from
nostril, .22, along gape .55, width of gape, .45 ; tarsus, .42 ; middle toe and
claw, .55, claw alone, .18 ; hind toe and claw, .33, claw alone, .15.

The above description is taken from a type of Mr. Salvin's P.
Uttorea. Mr. Lawrence's type of alhilinea is almost precisely like
it — a little larger, and with patches of a more bluish gloss on the
back.

This species is very similar to P. leucorrhoa/ of Buenos Ayres,
which is, however, much larger, and lacks the concealed white of the
forehead and hind neck. The greenish-black collar margining the
jugulum in leucorrh.oa is more nearly continuous below, and is in a
measure completed by concealed dusky edges to the feathers across
the breast. There is no dusky appreciable on the shafts of the
feathers of the under parts, and almost none on the rump, and there
is no distinct white at the base of the tail feathers. The outer tail
feather is narrowly edged with whitish.

An albino Swallow, collected by Col. Grayson, at Mazatlan,
belongs, as nearly as I can ascertain, to H. albilinea.

Both these species are distinguished from P. leucoptera of eastern,
and P. vwyeni of western South America, by their white loral stripe
or line. I add description of these two species in order to complete
the history of the genus.

' Hirundo leucorrhoa.

Hirundo leucorrhoa, Vieill. Nouv. Diet. XIV, 1817, 519, and Encycl.
Meth. 1823, 523, Paraguay (Azara, Apunt. II, 509).—Petrockelidon
hue. Cab. Mus. Hein. 1850, 48. — Cotyle hue. Bdkm. Uebers. Ill,
1856, 144.— Ib. La Plata Reise, 1861, 478 (Parana).

Hirundo frontalis, Gould, Pr. Zool. Soc. 1837, 22. — Ib. Birds Beagle,
1841, 40 (Monte Video).

'^Hirundo leticopyga,'' Light. Mus. Berol. — Cabanis, Mus. Hein. 48.

Hirundo gouldii, Cassin, Pr. A. N. Sc. 1850, 69 {"■H. frontalis,''^ Gould).
Hah. Paraguay and adjacent regions. Nests in hollow trees or holes in
ground.

(No. 12,351.) Total length, 5.20 ; wing, 4.45 ; tail, 2.40 ; depth of fork, .20 ;
difference of quills, 2.10 ? length of bill from forehead, .49, from nostril, .25,
along gape, .61 ; tarsus, .50 ; middle toe and claw, .70, claw alone, .20 ; hind
toe and claw, .46, claw alone, .21.

Smith-

souiau

No.

CoUec-
tor's
No.

Sex
aad
Age.

ocality.

When
Collected.

Eeceived from

Collected by

12,351

27

Buenos Ayres.

Capt. Page, U. S. S.
Argentina.

302

REVIEW OP AMERICAN BIRDS.

[part T.

Smith-

Collec-

Sex

soniao

tor's

aod

No.

No.

Agh.

34,026/

35,049

39.3

H-

••

loo

d

Locality.

Mitzatlan.

San Jose, Gnat.

Pauama K. R.

Whea
Collected.

Received from

Col. Grayson.
O. Salvin.
Citb. Lawrence.

Collected by

Salvin& Gofiman.
il'Lean. & Galb.

(34,026?) Albino. (35,049.) Ty^p^ oi PetrochelidonlUtorea. (155.) Type of species.

Hirundo all)iTentri».

Hirundo albiventris, BoDD. 1782 (BrFF. PI. enl. 546, 2, Cayenne). — Petro-

ckelidon alb. Sclater, Calal. 18G1, 41, no. 247.
Hirundo leucoptera, Gm. S. N. II, 1788, 1022 (based on PL enl. as above).

— Cab. Schomb. Guiana, III, 672. — Petrochelidon hue. Cab. Mus.

Hein. I, 48.— Cotyle leuc. Buem. Uebers. Ill, 1856, 143 (Brazil).—

Ib. Reise La Plata, II, 1861, 478 (Banda Oriental).

Bill very large ; tail mucli emarginated. Above glossy metallic greenish-
blue on the head, more bluish-green on the back. Rump white (but not tail
coverts, which are like the back) all round, as also entire under parts, in-
cluding inside of wings. Outer edges of the inner secondaries, and inner
great coverts, most of inner webs of lateral tail feathers and basal portion
of feathers of whole back, hind neck, and forehead also white. No trace of an
interrupted pectoral collar, except concealed basal gray across the breast,
darkest in a median spot. Only occasional and almost inappreciable dusky
shaft streaks. Feathers of chin and throat entirely white, those of the crissum
with the extreme root only plumbeous.

Young birds appear to have more white on the wings.

(No. 35,056.) Total length, 5.40 ; wing, 4.20 ; tail, 2.25 ; fork, .34 ; difference
between quills, 2.10 ; length of bill from forehead, .50, from nostril, .27, along
gape, .68; width of gape, .50; tarsus, .44; middle toe and claw, .60, claw
alone, .19 ; hind toe and claw, .36, claw alone, .19.

P. meyeni^ (leucopyga, Meyen, nee Licht.) I have not seen, though
it is said to be closely allied, but to differ in a steel blue back, a
grayish baud across the breast, and the absence of white edges to
the wing feathers, thus probably more like leucorrhoa, but without
the white loral line, and with a decided grayish pectoral band.

' Hirundo meyeni (leucopyga).

Hirundo leucopyga, Meyex, Nova acta Ac. L. C. XVI, II, 1834, suppl.
73, pi. X (Chile).— Co<«//e leu. Bdem. Uebers. Ill, 1856, 144.—
Hirundo leucopi/gia, Gould, Birds Beagle, 1841, 40 (Valparaiso and
Tierra del Fuego).
Petrochelidon meyeni, Cab. Mus. Hein. I, 1850, 48. — Sclater, Catal.
1861, 40, no. 246.— Cassin, Catal. Hir. 1853.
Hah. Coast of Chile and Patagonia.

Note. — If leucopyga, as used by Lichtenstein for H. leucorrhoa, be merely a
museum name, as appears probable, it should stand for the present species.

1-

llttUiNUU.

ouo

Smith-
sonian
No.

Collec-
tor's
No.

Sex
and
Age.

Locality.

When
Collected.

Received from

Collected by

35,056

342

Brazil.
Bahia.

Acad. Nat. Sciences.
Cab. Lawrence.

Callichelidon, Bryant.
Callichelidon, Bryant, MSS. (Type H. cyaneoviridis, Bryant.)

Nostrils lateral ; overhung by membrane. Tarsi lengthened ; equal to middle
toe and more than half the claw ; entirely bare of feathers. Basal joint of
middle toe entirely adherent externally, for more than half internally. Lateral
toes equal, or outer a little the longer. Tail deeply forked ; the feathers some-
what attenuated ; as long as the wings.

Above green, beneath white.

The type of this new subgenus, perhaps entitled to rank as a full
genus, has the same soft velvety condition of the dorsal plumage,
without metallic lustre, as in thalassina. The tail is deeply forked
and the lateral feathers narrow and tapering from the base. The
second species, placed here provisionally on account of the long
bare tarsi, exhibits on the back a strong metallic lustre, and the tail
is less deeply forked.

The legs are longer and more naked than in other American
Swallows — in this respect approaching Cheramoeca, of Cab. ( C. leu-
costerna, of Australia). Here, however, the outer toe is said to be
shorter than inner ; the claws very large, the outer toe but little
adherent at base.

Synopsis of Species.

Above soft velvety grass green, changing to blue on rump.
Beneath pure white. Feathers of chin and throat white
to base .......... cyaneoviridis.

Above metallic golden-green. Beneath white ; the chin dusky.
Feathers of chin and throat plumbeous at base ; of breast
with large greenish spots, somewhat concealed . . euchrysea.

Hiriindo cyaneoviridis.

Ilirundo cyaneoviridis, Bryant, Pr. Bost. N. H. Soc. VII, 1859, 111
(Na.'Jsau, N. P., Bahamas; very abundant). — Callichelidon cyaneo-
viridis, Bryant, MSS.
Hah. Island of New Providence, Bahamas.

(No. 11,946.) Upper parts soft velvety green, with a slight occasional
gleam of golden, passing on the wings into greenish-blue, and on the rump

804

REVIEW OF AMERICAN BIRDS.

[part I.

and upper tail coverts into greenisli blue and violet. Beneatli pure white,
the sides and linings of wings faintly tinged with ashy. Ear coverts white,
tinged at ends with dusky ; traces of a narrow dusky collar on the sides of the
jugulum. Feathers of chin and throat white to very base, those of jugnlum
and rest of under parts lead color towards roots. The lateral tail feathers
externally are edged narrowly with whitish. The ends of the quills have a
violet tinge. The bases of the feathers of nape and forehead light gray, but
not white.

Total length, 5.80; wing, 4.60; tail, 3.00; depth of fork, l.OO; difference
between primaries, 2.35 ; length of bill from forehead, .44, from nostril, .23,
along gape, .57, width, .47 ; tarsus, .49 ; middle toe and claw, .56, claw alone,
.20 ; hind toe and claw, .36, claw alone, .20.

Smith- Collec- Sex

soniaa! tor's and

No. 1 No. 1 Age.

Locality.

When
Collected.

Received from

Collected by

11,946 j .. 1 ..

Nassau, Bahamas.

April, IS.'iy^

Dr. H. Bryant. ]

(11,946.) Type.

Hirundo euchrysea.

Hirundo eiichri/sea, GossE, Birds Jamaica, 1S47, 68 (Jam.). — Ib. 111. tab.
xii. — March, Pr. A. N. Sc. 1863, 295. — Herse euchrysea, Bp. Consp.
dil.—PelrocheHdon eu. Sclater, P. Z. S. 1861, 72.— In. Catal. 1861,
39, no. 240 (.Jam.).

Hab. Jamaica.

(No. 23,333, 9-) Above bright and lustrous metallic green and golden,
variously blended ; the quills and tail feathers, with lining of wings and
axillars, similar, but duller. Beneath white ; the metallic green of the head
extending on the edge of the chin, the middle part of which is grayish ; the
jugulum and breast with large dull spots somewhat like the back. Down of
the back of neck and of the back rather dark ashy. Tibise brown. Quill
and tail feathers blackish-brown, glossed as described. Feathers of chin and
throat gray at extreme base.

(No. 23,333, 9.) Total length, 4.70; wing, 4.35 ; tail, 2.30; difference of
primaries, 2.10? length of bill from forehead, .37, from nostril, .20, along
gape, .47, width, .35 ; tarsus, .42 ; middle toe and claw, .48, claw alone, .15 ;
hind toe and claw, .28, claw alone, .14.

Smith-
soaian

No.

Collec-
tor's
No.

Sex
and
Age.

Locality.

When
Collected.

Received from

Collected by

23,3.3.3
30,284

77

?

Trelawney, Jam.
Spanishtown, Jam.

June 19, '59.
Jan. 1S63.

P. L. Sclater.
W. T. March.

W. Osburn.

ATTICORA. 305

ATTICORA, BoiE.
Atticora, BoiE, Isis, 1844. (Type Ilirundo fascinta, Gm.)

Atticora, iu its more extended sense, includes a series of small
species (the least of the American members of the family) with
diminutive bills, the nostrils superior and broadly open, bordered
behind by membrane, but not overhung laterally. The tarsi long
in proportion, equalling the middle toe and half the claw ; either
slightly feathered above, or entirely bare ; the adhesion of the middle
toe to the outer variable, but carried to its maximum extent in some
forms. Tail forked, sometimes very deeply. The subdivisions are
as follows : —

Ptgochelidon. — Basal joint of middle toe adherent, except at extreme end.
Tarsus feathered at upper end on inner face. Dusky, or else lustrous
black above and on crissum.

Atticora. — Basal and middle joints of middle toe adherent externally. Tarsus
feathered above. Tail very deeply forked. Lustrous black, with pectoral
band and tibia white.

NoTiocHELiDON. — Basal and half of middle joints of middle toe adherent ex-
ternally ; tarsi entirely bare. Top of head, wings, and tail black ; brown
on back and crissum.

Neoqhelidon. — Toes as in last ; tarsus feathered above. Dull lustreless brown.

In all the species the feathers of chin and throat are plumbeous
at base.

Atticora, Boie.

Nostrils superior, broadly open and circular ; bounded for posterior half by
membrane ; not overhung, however, on the inner side. Frontal featiiers soft,
smooth, without any bristles, neither at base of upper mandible nor on chin.
Bill small and delicate. Legs rather large and stout, the toes shorter than
usual ; tarsus nearly equal to middle toe and claw, the tibial joint with
feathers attached, and slightly invading and overhanging upper end, but not
extending along inner face. Outer and middle toes connate for half the length
of the latter, leaving only the terminal joints of each (exclusive of claws)
free ; the basal joint of middle toe adherent to the outer toe. The claws
sharp and curved ; the lateral toes equal.

Tail deeply forked, extending beyond wings ; lateral feathers tapering, but
not attenuated, one-half longer than the middle.

Color entirely lustrous black, with white abdominal band and tibia.

The great amount of adhesion of the toes characterizes this sub-
20 May, 1865.

306

REVIEW OP AMERICAN BIRDS.

[part I.

genus among American Swallows. In two specimens before me I
can make out only ten tail feathers, and cannot say whether more
exist. Neither has the wings perfect, so that I cannot indicate the
number of primaries. The type, and hitherto single representative
of the section, is A. fasciata, of Cayenne.^

jSTotiochelidon, Baird.

Notiochelidon, Baied. (Type Atticora pileata,'GovLT).)

Bill small ; nostrils superior, as in Atticora, but less perfectly circular.
Tarsi entirely bare, even on tlie joint of tibia, rather long — equal to middle
toe and half claw. Lateral toes short ; about equal, or the outer a little the
longer ; the claws all stout, sharp, much curved. Outer toe adherent for
nearly half its length (two terminal joints free) ; the terminal one and a half
joints, or three-fifths of middle toe free. Inner toe united to basal two-thirds
of middle. Tail deeply forked for about one-third the length, the branches
divaricated.

No metallic lustre, except upon the top of head. Beneath white ; the
crissum blackish.

This form differs from typical Atticora in less deeply forked tail,
and in less adhesion of toes — the middle toe being free externally
for one and a half joints, instead of only one, and internally in pro-
portion. The feet are more slender, and the claws less curved ; the
tarsus entirely bare, even to the joint.

' Atticora fasciata.

Ilirundo fasciata, Gm. S. N. I, 1788, 1022 (based on PL enl. 724, fig. 2,
(Cayenne). — Sw. Zool. 111. 2d ser. pi. xvii. — Atticora fasciata,
BoiE, Isis, 1844, 172.— B0KM. Ueb. Ill, 1857, 146.— Sclatek, Catal.
1861, 39, no. 236.
Hab. Brazil and Cayenne.

Entirely glossy black, with faint dark steel blue lustre ; wings and tail
duller. A sharply defined white band across the sides and middle of breast ;
tibiae white. The claws very sharp.

(No. 149.) Total length, 5.40 ; wing, 3.90 ; tail, 3.20 ; depth of fork, 1.20 ;
length of bill from forehead, .37, from nostril, .20, along gape, .46, width, .38 ;
tarsus, .50 ; middle toe and claw, .50, claw alone, .19 ; hind toe and claw,
.34, claw alone, .19.

Smith- .CoUec- Sex

8onian tor's and
No. j No. Age.

Locality.

When
Collected.

Received from i Collected by

35,097 813
149

cT

Cayenne.

Acad. Nat. Sciences.

Cab. Lawrence. j

ATTICORA.

307

Atticora pileata.

Atticora pileata, Gould, Pr. Z. S. 1858, 355 (Guatemala). — Sclater &
Salvin, Ibis, I, 1859, 13.

Hab. Guatemala.

(No. 30,714, % .) Top and sides of head and neck black, with dull bluish
gloss. Interscapular region and sides of body smoky brown ; above passing
rather gradually into blackish-brown of rump, wings, and tail ; beneath ab-
ruptly defined against blackish-brown of crissum. Rest of under parts and
tibiae white ; this color, however, on the chin, throat, and jugulum (the former
two especially) margining the feathers narrowly only, and exposing much of
the smoky brown bases. Tibial feathers brown at base.

(No. 30,714, % .) Total length, 4.75 ; wing, 3.75 ; tail, 2.45 ; depth of fork,
.75 ; difference of primaries, 1.75 ; length of bill from forehead, .33, from
nostril, .17, along gape, .43, width, .35 ; tarsus, .43 ; middle toe and claw, .50,
claw alone, .20 ; hind toe and claw, .35, claw alone, .17.

This species is totally different in appearance from any other known
American Swallow. Cabanis is in error in suggesting that it may
be the young of cyanoleuca.

Smith-
sonian
No.

Collec-
tor's
No.

Sex
and
Age.

Locality.

When
Collected.

Received from

Collected by

30,713
30,714

3,704
377

?

d

Coban, Vera Paz.

Feb. 1862.

0. Salvin.

Salvin &Godman.

Neochelidon, Sclater.

Neochelidon, Sclater, Catal. Am. Birds, 1862, xvi. (Type Hirunclo
tibialis, Cassin.)

Microchelidon, Sclater, Catal. 1861, 39. (Same type ; name pre-
occupied.)

Similar to preceding in bill and toes ; the tarsus, however, with the joint
covered with feathers, which invade the inner face at the upper end. Tail
less forked ; fork one-fourth the length.

Atticora tiliialis.

Petrochelidon tibialis, Cass. Pr. A. N. So. 1853, 370 (Brazil). — Micro-
chelidon tibialis, Sclater, Catal. 1861, 39, no. 238. — Neochelidon
tibialis, Sclater, Catal. 1862, xvi (Errata).

Hab. Isthmus of Panama to Brazil.

The type of the section is the H. tibialis, of Cassin. This species
is the least of our Swallows, and resembles a Swift rather than a
Swallow. It is dark smoky or sootj brown above and on crissum,,

808

TIEVIEW OF AMERICAN BIRDS.

[part I.

the rump and under parts paler, the tibia white,
appears to be N. fucata.^

A second species

(No. 150, Panama.) Total length 4.00 ; wing, 3.45 ; tail, 2.00 ; depth of
fork, .45 ; difference between 1st and 9th quills, 1.60; length of bill from fore-
head, .27, from nostril, .17, along gape, .43 ; width at base, .32 ; tarsus, .35 ;
middle toe and claw, .45, claw alone, .17 ; hind toe and claw, .28, claw
alone, .11.

Smith-jCoUec-

EuDian tor's

No. No.

Sex
and

Locality.

Panama E. R.

"When.
CoHected.

Keceived from

Cab. Lawrence.

CoUected by

M'Lean. & Galb.

Pygochelidon, Baird.

Pygochelidon, Baikd. (Type Hirundo cyanoleuca.)

Bill minute. Nostrils broadly oval, nearly superior ; the plane of their out-
line directed obliquely forwards and inwards ; not overhung anteriorly on
inner edge by membrane. Tarsi rather long, equal to middle toe and half
claw ; the joint and upper end on inner face with adherent feathers. Inner
toe slightly longer. Basal joint of middle toe adherent externally, except
just at the end ; internally for half the length. Tail forked for about one-
fourth the length.

This subgenus differs from its other allies with the nostrils superior,

' Atticora fucata.

Hirundo fucata, Temm. PI. col. 161, fig. 1 (Paraguay). — Burm. Uebers.
Ill, l4'i,— CotyJe fucata, BoiE, Isis, 1844.— Cab. M. H. I, 49.— Bdrm.
Ueber£. Ill, 1856, 145.— Ib. Reise La Plata, II, 1861, 478 (Mendoza).
Hab. Paraguay, Argentina, and La Plata basin generally ?

This species has usually been placed in Cotyh, but probably on account of
the dull brown color of upper parts, somewhat like that of C. riparia. The
head and neck all round, with the jugulum, are reddish fulvous, above, how-
ever, only tinging the dark brown of the head. The breast and sides are
brownish, the belly and crissum white, all tinged with reddish ; in general
aspect, except the reddish color, much like C. riparia. It differs, however,
in exposed nostrils, more connate and shorter toes, short claws, and absence
of tuft of feathers at lower end of tarsus.

In some respects, however, it differs decidedly from Neochelidon, as in having
some bristles in the chin and along the base of commissure. The outer toe
is a little shorter than inner, not a little longer ; the fork of the tail is shallower,
the feathers broader and more rounded at tip. In many respects there is quite
a close relationship to Petrochelidon, differing chiefly in the shorter and more
adherent toes. The style of coloration is quite similar.

ATTICORA. 309

in having the toes more deeply cleft — the basal joint of the median
being free at its extremity on the outer side, instead of being adhe-
rent to the middle, or even the end of the middle joint. From Peiro-
chelidon it differs in the longer tarsi, which equal the middle toe
and half its claw, not the middle toe alone ; less completely feathered
tarsi at upper end ; and in wanting the bristles in the chin and at
base of bill above, which are soft and smooth. While the nostrils
in Petrochelidon appear in the dried skin to be entirely without
membrane, in Pygochelidon they are bordered behind and internally
for a short distance, without, however, being overhung.

Synopsis of Species.
Above and on crissum uniform lustrous blue-black. Beneath,
white ; the feathers of chin and throat dark plumbeous at
base. *

Breast with a black pectoral band. Feathers of back
scarcely white towards their middle portion. Cris-
sum entirely black ....... melanoleuca.

Breast without pectoral band. Feathers of* upper back
white in middle. Crissum with all feathers entirely
black ......... cyanoleuca,

(Var. montana with larger bill.)

Breast without band. Crissum white towards anus ; long
feathers only black, and towards their tips. Feathers
of upper part of back ash-colored, not white in middle patagonica.
Above and on crissum greenish-black. Beneath dark ashy ; the
feathers of chin and throat plumbeous at base.

Feathers of upper part of back cinereous, not whitish in

the middle .... ... murina.

Atticora cyanoleuca.

Eirundo cyanoleuca, Vieill. Nouv. Diet. XIV, 549, and Encycl. Meth.

1823, 521 (based on Golondrina de la timoneles negros, Azara, Apunt.

Pajaros Par. II, 1805, 508).— ^m"com c. Cab. Mus. Hein. 1850,47.

— Bdrm. Uebers. Ill, 1857, 146.— Ib. La Plata Reise, II, 1861, 479

(very common in the La Plata country ; nests under eaves and

roofs of houses).
Hirundo melampyya, Light. Verz. 1823, 57 (Bahia).
Eirundo minuta, Max. Beit. Ill, 369.— Temm. PI. Col. 209, fig. 1.
Eab. La Plata basin ? Brazil.

(No. 35,050.) Above and on sides of head and reck to line of gape, steel
blue, including tail- and lesser wing coverts, as well as a patch on side of
breast ; wings and tail feathers dark blackish-brown, with faint gloss.
Feathers of hind neck and interscapiilum with concealed white in their middle
portion. Beneath white, all the feathers blackish plumbeous at the base, ex-

310

REVIEW OF AMERICAN BIRDS.

[part I.

tending rather further along on the breast ; the feathers in the middle of the
breast with a darker patch on their inner webs, only visible on raising the
feathers. Entire crissum from anus black, glossed on surface with steel blue,
the bases all dark plumbeous. Lining of wings and axillars dark smoky
brown ; side of body under wings washed with grayish brown. Tibia brown,
the feathers slightly tipped with whitish.

Immature specimens show traces of a fulvous or rusty yellowish wash on
the under parts.

(No. 35,050.) Total length, 4.80 ; -wing, 3.85 ; tail, 2.40, fork, .45 ; difference
of quills, 1.68 ; length of bill from forehead, .31, from nostril, .16, along gape,
.45, width, .32; tarsus, .41 ; middle toe and claw, .53, claw alone, .15 ; hind
toe and claw, .35, claw alone, .16.

A. melanoleuca} appears to differ pi'incipally in having a black
pectoral band. A. jyatagonica has the base of crissum white ; the
interscapular feathers gray in the middle, not white.

Smith-
sonian
No.

GoUec-

tor's
No.

Sex
and
Age.

i-ai"^ corct^d.

Received from

Collected by

3),050
32,743
li3,006
15,002

65
10,140

150

9

Bahia Negra.
Brazil.

Bahia.

June, 1859.

Capt. Page, Expl.
Vevreaiix. [Parana.
U. S. Expl. Exped.

Cab. Lawrence.

Chr. Wood.
T. k. Peale.

Atticora cyanoleuca, var. luoiitana.

Atticora cyanoleuca, var. montana, Baird. — ? Petrochelidon cyanoleucus,
ScLATER, P. Z. S. 1858, 551 (Riobamba).— Ib. 1859, 138.— Ib. 1860,
75 (Quito) ; 85 (Nanegal).— Ib. Catal. 1861, 40, no. 2A\.— Atticora
cyanoleuca, Cab. Jour. f. Orn. 1861, 91.

Hirundo melampyga, Tschudi, F. Peruana, 133 (not of Light.).

?Hirnndo cyanoleuca, Darwin, Birds Beagle, 41 (Valparaiso ; builds in
holes in banks).
Hah, Costa Rica : south along Andes to Chile ?

(No. 34,676, 9 •) Very similar to A. cyanoleuca, of Brazil, in color and size,
although rather smaller, except that the tail is more deeply forked (.60 deep,
instead of .45) ; the bill larger, broader, and more depressed (from nostril
.18, instead of .16) ; the sides of the body under the wings blackish, with
slight steel blue gloss (in true cyanoleuca merely brownish dusky, without
gloss). Upper parts glossed with violet, instead of uniform steel blue, having
a tinge of greenish. A slight, almost inappreciable wash of rusty yellowish
beneath.

Atticora melanoleuca.

Hinnido melanoleuca. Max. Beit. Ill, 371 (Brazil).— Temji. PL Col. 209,
2. — Atticora m. Burmeister, Uebers. Ill, 1856, 146 (Central Brazil).
Middle of dorsal feathers white ; tail 3J.
Hab, Brazil,

ATTICORA.

311

(No. 34,676, 9 .) Total length, 4.6r. ; wiug, 3.75 ; tail, 2.40, depth of fork,
.60; difference between primaries, 1.65; length of bill from forehead, .32,
from nostril, .18, along gape, .46 ; tarsus, .40 ; middle toe and claw, .50, claw
alone, .16, hind toe and claw, .34, claw alone, .17.

A young bird has the upper parts dull dark smoky-brown, with a
greenish-blue gloss on the middle of the back only. The under
parts are white, tinged with brownish-yellow on the chin, becoming
paler on tlie throat ; a jugular band and the sides, especially behind,
strongly tinged with the same. The feathers of the crissura are
dark brown, without gloss, and margined with paler. A still
younger specimen (33,289) has only the faintest possible trace of
blue gloss on the back ; the rump is smoky brown, lighter than the
wings and tail ; the brownish tinge of under parts deeper and more
extended.

The characters assigned to this variety, although apparently slight
and untangible, are yet quite appreciable on a comparison with a
large series of Brazilian specimens. The larger bill and deeper fork
of the tail are especially noticeable. The supposed difference in
amount of black on the sides may be more apparent than real.

I am inclined to refer to this variety *11 the specimens I have seen
from Bogota, and one from Peru — these agree in the larger and more
depressed bill ; one of the former, however (No. 24,953), has the
upper parts with a green lustre, as in hicolor, not blue.

Smith- 'collec- Sex

When
Collected.

sonian' tor's
No. 1 No.

and
Age.

Locality.

Received from

Collected by

34,676

?

Barranca, C. R.

Aprin6,'64.

J. Carmiol.

34,67^t

rf

Sau Jose, C. R.

May 29, '64.

"

34,675

oV

"

"

"

29,549

172

"

1S58.

Berlin Mus.

24,9.53

Bogota.

L. de Geofroy.

32,739 40,6.54

^

" •

Verreaux.

14,948 379

d

Peru.

U. S. Expl. Exped.

T. R. Peale.

(24,953.) Green lustre.

The two species of the subjoined foot-note are introduced to com-
plete the history of the subgenus.^

• Atticora patagonica.

Hiiundo patagonica, D'Orb. & Lafr. Sjn. Av. 1837 (Chile and Pata-
gonia).
Atticora hemipyga, Burm. Reise La Plata, II, 1861, 479 (Mendoza).
Hah. Uruguay and Patagonia.

(No. 21,039.) Above, and on sides of head and neck to line of commissure,
glossy steel blue ; the wings and their coverts, witli tail, dull dark brown,
the lesser coverts only slightly glossed at ends. None of the feathers with

312

REVIEW OF AMERICAN BIRDS.

[part I.

STELGIDOPTERYX,- Baikd.

Stdgidopterijx, Baikd, Birds N. Am. 1858, S12. (Type Hirundo serri-
peiinis, A0D.)

Bill rather small ; nostrils oval, superior, margined behind, but scarcely
laterally by membrane, but not at all overhung ; the axes of the outline con-
concealed white, but, dark gray in the middle. Beneath white, all the
feathers dark plumbeous at base ; the breast with a grayish shade across it
owing to the fact that the feathers there are grayish-brown, rather* narrowly
edged with white, less pure than on the throat, and allowing this gray to show
through as well as among the whitish. The crissal feathers immediately
behind the anus are white ; the longer ones are white, or grayish-white at
base, and then blackish, glossed with steel blue at the end. The axillars and
inside of wings are brownish-gray. The sides of body under the wings are
slightly soiled with gray. Bill black ; feet apparently flesh color.

(No. 21,039.) Total length, 5.00 ; wing, 3.90 ; tail, 2.55, perpendicular depth
of fork, .40 ; difference of quills, 1.63 ; length of bill from forehead, .40, from
nostril, .19, along gape, .51, width, .40 ; tarsus, .50 ; middle toe and claw, .60,
claw alone, .16 ; hind toe and claw, .38, claw alone, .17.

This species appears quite distinct from the cyanohuca of Brazil, in slightly
larger size, much larger bill and feet, absence of white in the interscapular
feathers, and of bluish gloss on the lesser wing coverts ; lighter color of bases
of feathers below ; grayish breast, the feathers less tipped with white ; white
feathers behind the anus, and whitish bases of the rest of crissal feathers (not
black) ; lighter tibiae, etc. The lateral tail feathers are rather narrower, and
not acuminated or attenuated at the end — the outline of inner web towards
the end being convex, not concave.

It is a question whether this is not the real H. cyanoleuca, of Vieillot, as
based on Azara's description. If so, the Brazilian cyanohuca will take for
name one of its synonyms.

Bmith-
Bonian

No.

Collec-
tor's
No.

Sex
and

Age.

Locality.

When
Collected.

Received from

Remarks.

21,039
21,040

108
108

Uruguay.

Sept. 1S60.

Capt. T. J. Page. Pa-
" [ranaExpl.

Clir. Wood.

Atticora murina.

??IIirnndo cinerea, Gm. S. N. I, 1788, 1026 (based on L^Hirondelle de
Perou, Bkiss. II, 1760, 498, ex Feuille Journ. Obs. 1725). — Atticora
cinerea, Sclater, Catal. 1861, 39, no. 237.

Petrochelidon murina, Cassin, Pr. A. N. Sc. 1853, 370 (Ecuador). —
Sclater, P. Z. S. 1860, 74.

? Atticora cyanophsea, Cabanis, Jour. Om. 1861, 92 (Bogota).
Hah. Andes of South America.

I am by no means satisfied that the bird of Brisson is the present species,

STELGIDOPTERYX, 313

verging. Frontal feathers soft, and, like cliin, without bristles. Tarsi equal
to middle toe without claw ; the upper end covered with feathers all round,
none at lower end. Basal joint of middle toe adherent externally nearly to
end ; internally, scarcely half. Lateral toes about equal, their claws not
reaching beyond base of middle claw. Tail slightly emarginate ; the feathers
broad, and obliquely rounded at end. Edge of wing rough to the touch ; the
shafts of the fibrillse of outer web of outer primary prolonged and bent at
right angles into a short stiff hook.
Color dull brown above.

The great peculiarity in this genus consists in the remarkable
roughness of the edge of the wing, said to occur also in Psalido-
2)roc7ie, Cab. The object is uncertain, but is probably to enable the
bird to secure a foothold on vertical or inclined rocks, among or
on which it makes its nest. A favorite breeding place of S. serri-
pennis is in the piers and abutments of bridges, and these hooks
might render essential aid in entering into their holes.
* The birds of this genus have usually been referred to Cotyle,
which, however, they resemble only in color. The nostrils are ex-
posed, instead of being overhung ; the tarsus is bare below, not
feathered, and the lateral claws are considerably curved, and not
reaching beyond the base of the lateral, as in Cotyle. The structure
of the wing is very different.

According to Cabanis, Psaadoprocne (P. cypselina, Cab. of
Africa) has the same structure of wing, but it seems to differ in
having the tail deeply forked, as in Alticora ; the toes and nails even
shorter than in Atticora, not longer ; and in having the outer toe
shorter than the inner, instead of equal to it.

The genus has a wide range, extending from British America to
Brazil, and probably Ecuador.

as his description of the tail and its under coverts, at least, does not apply at
all. Brisson's article is evidently copied from Feuille (1725), a very vague
author, as likely to call a Cuckoo or Flycatcher '^Hirundo" as anything else.
This species is much in form like A. cyanoleuca, but considerably larger.
I have little doubt that the A. cynnophcea, of Cabanis, is the young bird of this
species, as a specimen in the museum of the Philadelphia Academy, from
Bogota, agrees exactly with Cabanis's description, and is hardly to be distin-
guished, except in its evident immaturity, from the Academy-type of Cassin's
Petrochelidon murina, from Ecuador. It is probably closely related to the H.
andecola, of D'Orb. & Lafr. Syn, Av. 1837, 69 (La Paz), but differs somewhat.

314 REVIEW OP AMERICAN BIRDS. [PART I

Si/nopsis of Species.
Chin, throat, and breast nearly uniform mouse gray.

Above uniform smoky brown. Under parts white, except

as described. Crissum white, not banded . . . serripennis.
Chin and throat reddish fulvous, in strong contrast with gray of
breast and sides. Belly tinged with suljjhur yellow. Crissum
white.

Above uniform brown, or with rump gradually paler, but
not contrasted with back.

Crissum banded at end with blackish ; sulphur yel-
low of belly well marked .... rxtjicollis.
Crissum plain white ; belly scarcely yellow . . fulvipennis.
Above brown ; the rump appreciably and abruptly paler
(light gray).
Crissum banded at end with black . . . uropygialis
Crissum plain white (?). Color much darker and

size smaller than preceding .... gutturalis.

Stelgidopteryx serripennis.

Hirundo serripennis, Ann. Orn. Biog. IV, 1838, 593. — Ib. B. Am. 1, 1840,
193, pi. 51.— Cotyle s. Box. Consp. 1850, 342.— Cassin.— Brewer,
N. Am. Ool. I, 1857, 106, pi. iv, fig. 50 (eggs).— Baird, Birds N.
Am. 1858, 313.— Lord. Pr. R. A. Inst. IV, 1864, 116 (Br. Columbia).
—Cooper & Suckley, P. R. R. Rep. XII, ii, 186 (W. Terr.)— Heer-
MANN, P. R. R. X ; Williamson's Rep. 36 (San Antonio, Tex. ;
breeding). — Stehjidopteryx s. Baird, Birds N. Am. 1858, 312.

Hah. Whole United States (exclusive of N. E. States ?), south to Central
Mexico.

(No. 32,269, % .) Above smoky brown, rather deeper on the head, perhaps
a little paler on the rump. Larger quills and tail feathers dusky brown ; the
secondaries and greater coverts sometimes lighter along their external edges.
The under parts (for about half the total length) from bill to and including
breast, with the sides of body and lining of wings, mouse gray, rather lighter
along the throat ; the rest of imder parts, including crissum, white, the latter
with the shafts sometimes dusky, and very rarely with dusky blotches at the
ends of the longer feathers.

Young birds (as 1,120) differ in a tinge of reddish fulvous on the upper
parts ; the wing coverts, secondaries, and inner primaries margined more or
less broadly with a brighter shade of the same. The gray of the under parts
is also washed with this color, especially on the chin and across the breast.
The hooks of the edge of the wing have not yet become developed.

(No. 32,269, % , fresh specimen before being skinned.) Total length, 5.40 ;
expanse of wings, 12.20; wing from carpal joint, 4.50.

(No. 32,269, %, prepared specimen.) Total length, 5.20; wing, 4.50; tail,

STELGIDOPTERYX.

315

2.25, depth of fork, .15 ; difference of primaries, 2.28 ; length of bill from
forehead, .40, from nostril, 24, along gape, .56, width of gape, .43 ; tarsus, .45 ;
middle toe and claw, .57, claw alone, .19 ; hind toe and claw, .41, claw alone, .16.

The differences between this species and ruficollis, the South
American representative, are given below.*

' Stelgidopteryx ruficollis.

Hirundo ruficollis, Vieill. Nouv. Diet. XIV, 1817, 523.— Ib. Encycl.

Meth. II, 525 (Brazil).— Co/^e ruficollis, Sclater, P. Z. S. 1860,

292.— Ib. Catal. 1861, 41, no. 249.
Hirundo fiavigastra, Vieill. Nouv. Diet. XIV, 1817, 534. — Ib. Encycl.

Meth. II, 531 (based on Azara, as below, from Paraguay). — Cotyle

fiavigastra, Boie, Isis, 1844, 170. — Box. <:onsp. 1850, 312. — Burm.

Uebers. Ill, 1856, 144.
Hirundo hortensis, Light. Verz. Doubl. 1823, 57 (Bahia). — Temm. PI.

Col. 161, 2.
Hirundo jugular is, Maxim. Beit. Ill, 365 (Brazil).
Hirundo fiaviventer. Lesson, Traite d'Orn. I, 1831, 269 (Brazil).
Golondrina de la vienire amarillazo, Azaka, Apuut. II, 1805, 512.
Hah. La Plata region and Brazil. (Farther north and in the Andes re-
placed by uropygialis ?)

(No. 32,742, 9 •) Above, with sides of head, smoky brown ; darker on the
head, becoming sensibly paler on rump, especially on the edges of the feathers,
but still not in any decided contrast with the lower part of back ^the primary
quills and tail feathers dark dusky brown ; the secondaries whitish along
their outer edges towards the end and at the tip. Chin and throat reddish
fulvous ; breast and sides of body, with inside of wings, brownish-gray ; the
median region of body white, tinged with sulphur yellow. Under tail coverts,
from vent, pure white, with a slight gloss of yellow (less than on belly), the
longest feathers abruptly tipped with the color of the tail (for nearly half an
inch), the shafts of some others dusky. Feathers of tibia brown, tipped with
yellowish-white.

(No. 32,742.) Total length, 5.50 ; wing, 4.55 ; tail, 2.50, depth of fork, .13 ;
difference of primaries, 2.10 ; length of bill from nostril, .21, along gape, .55,
width, .42 ; tarsus, .40 ; middle toe and claw, .52, claw alone, .18 ; hind toe
and claw, .32, claw alone, .15.

The upper parts are colored much as in C. serripennis, rather darker per-
haps, and the rump rather paler, forming a greater contrast. The whitish
edging of the secondaries is more decided. Beneath, however, the colors are
decidedly different. The tail is much longer ; the feet and bill smaller.

Smith-
sonian
No.

Collec-
tor's
No.

Sex
aud
Age.

Locality.

When
Collected.

Received from

Collected by

15,000
32,742
16,344

35,'370

92

Brazil.

July,' i 859.

U. S. Expl. Exped.
Verreaux.
Capt. T. J. Patre,
Expl. of Parana.

T. R. Peale.
Chr. Wood.

316

REVIEW OF AMERICAN BIRDS.

[part T.

Specimens in tbe collection from various points in United States,
especially —

Smith-

Collec-

Sex

When
Collected.

sonian

tor's

and

Locality.

Eeceived from

Collected by

No.

No.

Age.

32,269

rf

Macon, Ga.

Jos. Lecoute.

2,209

rr

Carlisle, Pa.

May 3, '4.5.

"

3,370

V

"

May, 1S47.

"

10,120

Wasliinsjton, D. C.

J. C. McGuire.

2.S99

Charleston, S. C.

S. F. Baird.

J. J. Audubon.

32.268

Liberty County, Ga.

Jos. Leconte.

34,179

11

H"

Sioux Citv, Neb. [T.

May 4, '60.

Capt. J Feilner.

6,034

81

ShoalwaterBay, W.

June, 1854.

Dr. J. G. Cooper.

6,033

82

Steilacoom, W. T.

Dr. Suckley.

6,032

Sacramento, Cal.

Lt. Williamson.

Dr. Heermann.

1],0J2

Fort Bridger, Utah.

June .3, '.58.

C. Drexler.

3,957

131

New Leon, Mex.

April, 1803.

Lt. Couch.

36,999

704

6

Fort Whipple, Ar.

Sept. 8, '64.

Dr. E. Coues.

32,741

46,971

d

Mexico.

Verreaux.

Stelgidopteryx fulvipennis.

Cotijh fulvipennis, Scl.\tek, P. Z. S. 1859, 364 (immature bird; Jalapa,
Mex.). — ScLATER & Salvix, Ibis, 18G0, 31 (Guatemala).

?Cotyle serripennis, Sclater, P. Z. S. 1856, 285 (Cordova). — Sclater &
Salvin, Ibis, 1859, 13, 126 (Guatemala).— Owen, Ibis, 1861, 61 (San
Gerouimo, Guat. ; nesting in a bank).

? Cotyle Jiavigastra, Sclater, P. Z. S. 1857, 212 (Orizaba).

Hub. Mexico and Guatemala.

(No. 30,716, % .) Above smoky brown, almost inappreciably lighter on the
rump, darker on the bead ; quills and tail feathers smoky brown, the secon-
daries and greater coverts edged towards their ends with whitish. Chin and
throat pale reddish fulvous, but in distinct contrast to the mouse gray of the
breast, sides of body, and inside of wings. Rest of under parts white, with
a faint trace of yellowish ; the crissum pure white, the long feathers without
brown tips, the shafts only faintly brownish towards the end. The feathers
of axillars and inside of wings slightly edged with fulvous.

In young birds the wing coverts and quills above are broadly margined
with reddish fulvous ; the breast as well as the throat washed with the same.

(No. 30,716, %.) Total length, 5.00; wing, 4.20; tail, 2.20, depth, .20;
length of bill from forehead, .40, from nostril, .20, along gape, .55, width, .45 ;
tarsus, .40 ; middle toe and claw, .55, claw alone, .19 ; hind toe and claw, .35,
claw alone, .16.

This species, originally established upon a young bird, appears
perfectly distinct, and is intermediate in character between serri-
pennis and ruficollis. The only adult I have seen is in autumnal
plumage, and has a silky gloss that I have not noticed in spring speci-
mens of serripennis (no autumnal ones being at hand for compari-
son). The color of the upper parts, back as well as wings, appears to
be decidedly darker. The differences of the under parts consist in

STELGIDOPTERYX.

317

the faintly rufous throat, contrasting, not uniform, with the mouse
brown of the breast ; this brown only extends over the front of the
breast, instead of reaching to the belly, which is faintly yellowish,
not dull white. The crissum is quite the same in both. Young
birds of the two species are so similar that I cannot distinguish
them by the color.

The species agrees with ruficollis, and differs from iiropijgialis,
in the want of contrast of a pale rump and dark back. The size
is decidedly less. It differs from both in much paler fulvous of
throat, less amount of sulphur yellow on the belly, and the want
of the dusky brown tips of the longer of the under tail coverts.

Smith-
sonian
No.

Collec-
tor's

No.

Sex
and
Age.

Locality.

When
Collected.

Eeceived from

Collected by

?3S,lo4
26,373
30,716
35,096

399
405

Jav.
ad.d"
Juv.

Orizaba, 5Iex.
Xala^a.
Duenas, Guat.

Oct. iV, '59.
July 17, '59.

M. Botteri.
J. Krider.
0. Salvin.

D'Oca.

Salvia & Godman.

(35,096.) "Compared with type."

Stelgidopteryx iiropygialis.

Cotyle mopygialis, Lawr. Ibis, April, 1863, 181. — Ib. Anu. N. Y. Lye.

(Panama).
Cotyle flavigastra (Vieill.), Sclater, P. Z. S. 1860, 274 (Babahoyo,

Ecuador).— Co^^?e ruficollis (Vieill.), Sclatek, P. Z. S. 1860, 292

(Esmeraldas, Ecuador).

Hab. Istlimus Panama ; southward along Andes.

(No. 157, % , type.) This species, if really distinct from ruficollis, resembles
it very closely in most respects. It is, however, smaller, and the rump de-
cidedly lighter, or pale grayish, in prominent contrast to the brown of the back.
The rufous of the throat seems rather deeper, and the inside of wings darker.

A specimen (17,792) differs in having the wings longer and more pointed,
measuring 4.45, the extreme difference between tips of primaries 2.15, the
tail 2.30. It may, however, be that the wing of the type is not fully grown.

(No. 157.) Total length, 5.10 ; wing, 4.15 ; tail, 2.40, fork, .18 ; difference
of primaries, 1.96 ; length of bill from forehead, .41, from nostril, .20, along
gape, .55, width, .40 ; tarsus, .39 ; middle toe and claw, .52, claw alone, .18 ;
hind toe and claw, .35, claw alone, .14.

Smith-
sonian
No.

CoUec- Sex
tor's ' and
No. ; Age.

Locality.

When
Collected.

Eeceived from

Collected by

17,792

175
157

d

Isthmus Darien.
Panama.

Lt. Michler.
Cab. Lawrence.

A. Schott.
M'Lean. & Galb.

(157.) Type.

318

REVIEW or AMERICAN BIRDS.

[part I.

Stelgidopteryx fulvigula.

Stelgidopteryx fulvigula, Baikd, n. S.
Hah. Costa Rica.

(No. 34,677, % , Costa Rica.) Above smoky brown. Quills and tail

feathers almost or quite black; rump with the feathers gray, edged with
whitish, forming a conspicuous contrast to the back. Chin, throat, and
forepart of breast reddish fulvous ; sides under the wings 'brown, with a
decided wash of fulvous ; axillars and inside of wings smoky brown ; rest
of under parts dull white, with perhaps a tinge of yellowish ; crissum pure
•white, in one specimen with a trace of a dusky spot at ends of longer feathers.

The edges of the feathers of upper parts, especially of the wing coverts and
secondary quills, are tinged with reddish fulvous, indicating immaturity, as
does also the absence of the hooks on outer web of first primary. Judging
from the analogy of other species, these edgings probably disappear entirely
in full dress.

(No. 34,077, % .) Total length, 4.50 ; wing, 3.60 ; tail, 2.00, its fork, .12 ; differ-
ence of primaries, 1.50 ; length of bill from forehead, .39, from nostril, .20,
along gape, .49 ; gape, .40 ; tarsus, .38 ; middle toe and claw, .50, claw alone,
.16 ; hind toe and claw, .33, claw alone, .12.

The very conspicuous light rump will i-eadily distinguish this
species from all its allies, except U7-opygialis. It is, however, con-
siderably smaller than that species and much darker above, especially
on quills and tail feathers (on both surfaces and including the shafts),
the light rump more conspicuous. The fulvous red of throat seems
to extend further on the breast, the white of the belly to extend
farther forward, the brown of the sides to be more restricted. The
under coverts lack the conspicuous dusky band at tips of larger
feathers. The conspicuous wash of reddish fulvous on the side may
be from immaturity.

It is barely possible that this may be the immature state of S.
uropygialis ; but the difiFerences in size and coloration appear of
specific value and not dependent on age.

Smith-
sonian
No.

CoUec-

tor's
No.

Sex
and

Age.

Locality.

When

Collected.

Received from

CoUected by

3-t,677
34,678
34,679

O.cf

Angostura, C. R.

June 6, '64.
Aug. 7, '64.

J. Carmiol.

(34,677.) Type,

COTYLE, BoiE.

Cotyle, BoiE, isis, 1822, 550. (Type Hirundo riparia, L.)

Bill small ; nostrils lateral, overhung by a straight-edged membrane. Tarsus
about equal to middle toe without claw ; feathered at upper end, especially

COTYLE.

319

on inner face, and having also a small tiift of feathers attached to posterior
edge near the hind toe. Middle toe with basal joint adherent externally to
near the end, half way internally, the claws comparatively little curved, the
lateral reaching beyond the base of middle. Tail slightly forked. Color dull
lustreless brown above, in riparia white beneath with gray pectoral band.

Many American birds have been referred to Gotyle, but the only-
one really belonging to the genus is the cosmopolitan G. riparia.
The peculiarity of the genus consists essentially in the tuft of tarsal
feathers at the base of the hind toe, and the unusual length of
the lateral claws, combined with the lateral nostrils overhung by-
membrane.

Cotyle riparia.

Einindo riparia, LiNN. S. N. 1,1766,344. — Was. V, pi. 38. — Add. Orn.
Biog. IV, pi. 385. — Ib. B. Am. I, pi. 50. — Lembeye, Aves de Cuba,
1850, 47, lam. vii, fig. 3. — Jones, Nat. Hist. Bermuda, 34 (occasional,
Aug. and Sept.) — Cotyle riparia, Boie, Isis, 1822, 550. — Cassin. —
Bkewer, N. a. Ool. I, 1857, 105, pi. iv, fig. 49 (eggs).— Cab, Jour.
1856, 4 (Cuba).— Ib. 1861, 93 (Costa Rica (?)).— Gundlach, Cab.
Jour. 1861, 330 (very rare in Cuba).— March, Pr. A. N. Sc. 1863,
297 (Jamaica; very rare). — Heekmann, P. R. R. X, 36 (California;
abundant?).

IJirundo cinerea, Vieill. Nouv. Diet. XIV, 1817, 526.

Einindo riparia americana, Max, Cab. Jour. VI, 1858, 101.

Hab. The whole of North America ; Bermudas ; Greater Antilles ; Costa
Rica ? Also found in northern parts of the old world.

A careful comparison of the European specimens in the Smith-
sonian collection with American does not furnish any tangible
grounds for separation ; although the former, on the whole, appear
to have longer wings, and more deeply forked tail with narrower
feathers.

Specimens are in the collection from many localities throughout
eastern and middle provinces of United States. Only one specimen
from western province, and this is somewhat doubtful.

Smith-

Collec-

Sex

When

Collected.

somau
No.

toi-'s
No.

and

Age.

Locality.

Received from

Collected by

6,030

rr

? Sacramento, Cal.

Lt. Williamson.

Dr. Heermann.

20,641

102

Hannaby River.

June 9, '60.

C. Drexler.

22,668

511

Foi't Simpson.

1861.

B. R. Ross.

23,219

Foi-t Good Hope.

R. R. McFarlane.

31,126

Big Island.
Fort Yonlion.

J, Reed.

R. Kennicott.

19,213

64

?

Wind River.

May 26, '60

Capt. Raynolds.

Dr. Hayden.

(6,030.) Is the locality correct ?

320 REVIEW OF Ar.IERICAN BIRDS. [PART I.

The following references to American Swallows I have not suc-
ceeded ill identifying : —

Hirundo unalaschkensis, Gmelin, Syst. Nat. 1, 1788, 1025. "Nigra; subtus
cinerea ; uropjgio exalbiclo, I'ectricibus marginibus rotundatis. Long.
4^ unc. Hub. Unalaschka."

Hirundo andecola, D'Orb. et Lafk. Mag. de Zool. 1837. "Affinis prece-
dent! (i7. patagonica) naagnitudine et forma rostri sed difFert alis longi-
oribus, Cauda fere recta et coloribus. Supra nigra, colore viridi-nitens,
alis caudaque vix emarginata nigro-fuscis, rectricibus lateralibus tres
lineas tantummodo iutermediis longioribus. Subtus gutture colloque
plumbeis, pectore hypochondriisque cinerascentibus, abdomine medio
anoque sordide albiscentibus,tectricihus caudse inferis griseomaculatis.
Long. 14 cent. Habit, in Andibus, La Paz, Bolivia."
This species appears related to Atticora mnrina or cinerea, but does not seem

exactly the same.

Hirundo maculosa, Kuhl (based on BrFFOjr, PI. enl. 546, 1). Above
lustreless brown ; beneath white, with oval brown spots, closest ante-
riorly, more separated tQwards the tail. Hah, Cayenne.

vmEONiD^. 321

The three strictly dentirostral families of Oscine birds which still
remain for consideration — the Vireonidae, Ampelidae, and Laniadx —
differ from those just described in certain common characters. The
bill is usually stouter and more hooked, in some forms excessively
so, with a deep notch and sometimes a prominent tooth behind it ;
the tip of the lower mandible is also more or less notched. The
nostrils are lateral, the bristles of the mouth generally well de-
veloped. Except in a few species of Vireo and in Ampelis, there
are ten distinct primaries, the outer from one-fourth to one-half the
second. The tail is sometimes short and square, sometimes long
and graduated. The tarsus is always scutellatc* anteriorly, and
exhibits a tendency to subdivision in the lateral plates, very unusual
in the families already considered. The basal joints of the toes
are also more adherent than in the preceding: sometimes attached
throughout, sometimes more free, much as in Troglodytidae. From
the typical Turdidee they will be known by the scutellate tarsi,
from all of the family by the greater adhesion of toes, and peculiar
bill ; from the Troglodytidse by the notch and hook of bill and other
characters. The only form resembling Sylmcolidae (Hylophilus)
has ten primaries and a more notched bill, as well as more united
toes and very large claws.

While in the characters referred to, the three families differ from
those previously under review, their precise limitation among them-
selves has been a subject of much difficulty. The proper position
of Dulus, especially, has been a matter of considerable doubt,
although it seems more properly placed among the Ampelidae, being
removed from the Vireonidse on account of its less adherent toes,
longer basal phalanges of anterior toes, wider gape, etc. In various
respects, too, Ampelis can hardly be combined with Ptilogonys, as
has been done. It may also be a question wheliher if Ampelis be
united into the same family with Ptilogonys and its allies, Collurio
may not be appropriately added to it. The Myiadestes group of
what has usually formed the subfamily of Ptilogonatinae, differs in
the longer tarsi, with undivided plates, more deeply cleft toes, etc.,
from Ptilogonys, and should more properly be approximated to the
Turdidae, as will hereafter be explained.

The following characters will serve to illustrate the peculiarities
of the three families : —

' Except in Myiadestinx, which really belong with, or at least near, the
Turdidae.

21 May, 1866.

322 EEVIEW OF AMERICAN BIRDS. [rART I.

Basal phalanx of anterior toes abbreviated ; that of median toe decidedly
shorter than the basal of inner, or the two basal of outer, and adherent
• for its whole length on both sides to the lateral (*. e., not free at all).
Lateral plates of tarsus undivided, except at extreme lower end.

Vireonidae. Gonys more than half the length of lower jaw (from tip to
angle of mouth), usually longer than width of mouth, which is narrow.
Bill conical, much compressed, decurved at end and notched, but
scarcely toothed. Frontal feathers bristly and erect, or bent but slightly
forward. Nostrils overhung by membrane. Tarsus longer than middle
toe and claw. Lateral toes generally unequal ; outer claw reaching
half way along middle claw.

Basal phalanx of middle toe about as long as the basal of inner, or the two
basal of outer ; free externally, at least for about one-third its length,
internally for about one-half. Lateral plates of tarsus with decided
tendency to subdivision (except in Myiadestinas) .

Ampelidae. Gonys decidedly less than half the length of lower jaw, or
than width of mouth, which is very broad and deeply cleft. Bill tri-
angular, much depressed, decurved at end and notched, with moderate
though decided tooth. Frontal feathers rather soft, scarcely bristly
Eor erect. Nostrils overhung by membrane. Tarsus equal to or shorter
than middle toe and claw. Lateral toes nearly equ^l ; outer claw
reaching only to base of middle claw.

Laniidae. Gonys about half length of lower jaw ; about equal to width
of mouth. Bill very powerful and raptorial, much compressed, with a
strongly marked hook, notch, and tooth at end. Frontal feathers very
bristly, and directed forwards, so as to conceal nostrils and base of bill.
Nostrils with bony walls, except behind. Tarsus longer than middle
toe and claw, sometimes much scutellate on sides. Lateral claws nearly
equal ; outer claw reaching a little beyond base of middle claw.

Family YIRE0NIDJ3.

The essential features of this family appear to consist in the com-
bination of the dentirostral bill, notched in both mandibles ; the ten
primaries (except Vireosylma), of which the outer is usually from
one-fourth to one-half the second ; the rather short, nearly even tail,
with narrow feathers, and the great amount of adhesion of the
anterior toes — the whole basal joint of the middle being generally
united on both sides to the adjacent joints, and decidedly shorter
than the basal of inner or two basal of outer. The outer lateral toe
is generally appreciably longer than the inner, reaching considerably
beyond the base of the middle claw. The tarsi are always distinctly

VIREONID^.

323

scutellatc anteriorly. The young are never spotted, nor streaked as
in the Thrushes ; nor indeed do the adults exhibit such markings.

In the adhesion of the toes at their bases there is some resemblance
to the Troglodytidse, but their structure is different. In the latter
family the joints are lengthened, the basal of the middle, about as
long as the 1st and 2d of the outer, and equal to or a little longer
than the basal inner. In Vireonidee the basal joints are abbreviated ;
the basal of the middle equal to about one and a half joints of the
outer, and not quite as long as the basal inner. This difference is,
perhaps, related to the more or less terrestrial habitat of the one, and
the strictly arboreal of the other. In Vireonidse, too, there is a
greater tendency to having three rows of scales on the upper part
of the palm, on the three toes respectively, instead of having the
outer two rows united more into a single series.

The young of Vireonidse, before the first full moult — at least
those of Vireo, Vireosylvia, and Hylophilus — are not spotted as in
Turdidse and Myiadestes, but closely resemble the adult.

The Vireonidse are peculiar to the jS'ew World, and are generally
distributed. Laletes and some species of Vireo and Vireosylvia
are peculiar to the islands ; Hylophilus extends to Trinidad and
Tobago ; the other genera are confined to the Continent.

The following synopsis of the genera may serve to facilitate their
determination — the primary division being based on the character
of the toes : —

Legs slender ; claws weak ; lateral toes unequal ; the inner claw
reaching about to the base of middle one, the outer nearly
half way towards its tip.

Bill slender ; culmen straight, at least for basal half; quite
abruptly and considerably decurved at the end.
Wings pointed, considerably longer than the nearly
even tail ; spurious quill either wanting or very
short, not one-third the second . • . Vireosylvia.
Wings rounded, rather longer than the more or
less rounded tail ; spurious quill lengthened,
one-third or more the second ; second gener-
ally, and third almost always longer than
secondaries ; third or fourth quill usually
longest. Bill rather compressed . . . Vireo.
Wings much graduated, shorter than the consider-
ably rounded tail ; the sixth quill longest ;
second quill much shorter than secondaries ;
third scarcely longer. Bill short, more de-
pressed, and broader between angles of mouth
than in Vireo Neochloe.

324 REVIEW OF AMERICAN BIRDS, [PART I.

Bill stout, deep, much compressed, somewhat resembling
Cyclorhis.
Wings pointed, although first quill is about two-
fifths secoud, wliich about equals secondaries :
the fifth longest ; claws stouter than Vireosi/lvia,
although proportions much the same. Bill
with fine longitudinal furrows . . . Laletes.

Legs stouter ; claws large and strong ; the lateral toes nearly
equal ; the claws of both reaching nearly to or beyond the
middle of the central claw. Hind toe lengthened. First
quill about half the second, which usually equals secon-
daries ; fourth generally longest.
Bill slender, as in Vireo, but more conical, the culmen
straighter, not convex at end, and but little decurved.

Wings about equal to the somewhat rounded tail . JTylophilus.

Bill very stout and Shrike-like Cyclorhis.

Bill rather more slender than in last .... Vireolanius.

Having thus presented the cliaracters of the genera of Vireonidae,
before taking them up in detail I propose to present some general
views in regard to the typical members of the family, or Vireosylvia
and Vireo, the true Yireones. Few groups of American birds, of
the same extent, exhibit such diversities of form, there being scarcely
any two that agree closely in the shape and proportions of the wings,
tail, feet, &c., while the larger number stand isolated and single in
their minuter peculiarities of external anatomy.

The colors, however, are very uniform ; the upper parts being
olivaceous or ashy, the under white, varied with yellowish ; the
face variously striped ; the wings with or without light bars across
the coverts, and light edgings on the secondaries ; the tail feathers
unspotted. The iris in many species is red, yellow, or white ; the
bill horn color or plumbeous ; the legs always dusky. In one
species (atricapiUui<) the head above is black; mjosephae it is dark
brown.

In view of the great variations of form in the different species,
and their gradual transition from one character to the other, there
would be but little violence done by considering all as belonging to
the single genus Vireo. Those, however, with long-pointed wings
and short even tail, with very small spurious primary or none, may
perhaps be conveniently separated, as Vireosylvia from Vi7\'o, the
former to include Vireosylvia proper, with its slender body and
straight, rather weak bill, and Lanivireo, with its stouter form,
thick, curved, and powerful bill and stronger feet, like a miniature
Shrike. The gradation from one species to the other of Vireo, as
\

VIREONIDiE. 325

restricted, is so slight, while those agreeing in one or other feature
differ so much in the remaining points of structure, that it is almost
impossible to group them satisfactorily, and we can only make a few
arbitrary sections of no great sharpness of delinition, to aid iu
identifying the species — one of them Vireo proper, with longer,
more pointed wings ; the other Vireonella (Baird), with the wings
shorter and more rounded.^

The following synopsis is intended to show the characters of the
higher divisions of the group just referred to : —

ViBEOsyiiViA. Wings long and pointed, one-third or one-fourth longer than
the nearly even or slightly rounded tail. First quill very small (less than
one-third the second), sometimes apparently wanting. Second quill
longer than the seventh, much longer than the secondaries. Tarsi short
(scarcely exceeding .70 of an inch) ; toes rather long.

Vireosijluia. Body slender and elongated. Bill slender, narrow, straight ;
the culmen straight for its basal half, the commissure quite straight ;
light horn color, paler beneath. Feet weak. Type V. olivaceus.
Species V. olivacea, Jlavoviridis, campestris, barbatula, agilis, chivi,
phlladelphica, gilva, swainsoni, josephae.

' Allusion has already been made, on page 160 of the present work, to the
possibility of detecting a rudimentary primary in nearly or quite all the
Oscines which seem to have but nine. While the apparent presence or
absence of this outer quill is sometimes useful iu characterizing genera or even
families, in Vireosylvia it is only of specific importance — the difference being
merely one of development and position of the quill. In F. Jlavifrons, in
which this outer primary is supposed to be wanting, its presence may easily
be appreciated. One of the peculiar characters of this species consists in a
narrow edging of white to all the primary quills, while the primary coverts
(the small feathers covering their bases, as distinguished from what are usu-
ally termed the wing coverts, which more properly belong to the forearm or
secondaries) are without them. If these coverts are carefully pushed aside,
two small feathers, considerably shorter than the others will be disclosed, one
overlying the other, which (the subjacent one) springs from the base of the
exposed portion of the long outermost primary, and lies immediately agains*
the outer edge. This small subjacent feather is stiff, falcate, and edged with
white like the other quills, and can be brought partly round on the inner
edge of the large primary, when it will look like any spurious quill. The
overlying feather is soft, and without light edge.

In the other Vireos with appreciable spurious or short outer primary, a
similar examination will reveal only one small feather at the outer side of the
base of the exterior large primary. In all the families of Passeres where the
existence of nine primaries is supposed to be characteristic, I have invariably
found, as far as my examinations have extended, that there were two of the
small feathers referred to, while in those of ten primaries but one could be
detected.

326 REVIEW OP AMERICAS BIRDS. [PART I.

Lanivireo. Body stout ; head broad. Bill short and stout, broad
at base, the culmen curved from the base, the commissure con-
siderably arched. Bill blue black. Feet stout. Tyjpe V. fiavifrons.
Species V. Jiavijrons, soliturius, proj/inquus, plumbeus.
ViEEO. Wings short and rounded, a little longer than the tail, equal to it, or
shorter. First primary distinct and large, from two-fifths to half or more
the length of the second, shorter or not longer than the eighth.

Vireo. Wings pointed ; first quill less than half the second, which
is about equal to seventh or eighth, and decidedly longer than the
tenth primary and the secondaries. Type V. noveboracensis. The
species coming under this section are noveboracensis, carmioli, alri-
capiilus, huttoni, belli, vicinior,^ and pusilla.
VireoneUa. Wings rounded, scarcely longer than the tail ; the first
quill half as long as the second (or more than half), which is not
longer than the tenth primary and secondaries, or even less. Bill
and feet generally much stouter than the preceding. Type V.
guncUachi. The species belonging here are modestus,^ latimeri,
pallens, ochraceus, crassirostris, gundlachi, and hypochryseus.

The Yireones are found throughout the New World, both to
the extreme north and south, each section having peculiar forms.
None of the North American species are ever met with in the West
Indies, excepting V. oUvaceus, solitarius, Jiavifrons, and novebora-
censis, in Cuba, where they are extremely rare, and occur only as
stragglers. They, however, penetrate on the Continent far to the
south, in winter, some even reaching Bogota.

VIREOSYLVIA, Bon.

V{reosylv{a,'Boy. Geog. Comp. List,1838. (Type Muscicapa olivacea,L:if.')

Phyllomanes, Cab. Arch. Nat. 1847, 1, 321. (No type mentioned ; name

proposed as substitute for Vireosylvia.)

«

Wings pointed, longer than the tail, which is nearly even, or very slightly

rounded. First primary (as in the type), wanting apparently in some species.
Bill elongated, about as broad as deep at base, then becoming more and more
compressed ; the commissure and culmen nearly straight to the abruptly de-
curved and hooked tip. Both mandibles with distinct notch, the lower also
slightly hooked. Nostrils open, oval, in lower edge of cavity, with membrane
above and behind ; the frontal feathers advanced and reaching nearly to
posterior edge. Bristles in frontal feathers and in rictus to moderate extent.
Legs in type rather short and weak ; tarsus but little longer than middle toe

' F. vicinior has the first quill half or rather more than half the second,
but otherwise falls within the limits of the present section.

2 V. modestiis in very small bill and other characters belongs very near V.
huttoni of the preceding section, although its short wing brings it under the
present one.

VIREOSYLVIA.

32T

and claw, with, seven well-marked scutellae anteriorly. Outer lateral toe the
longer, reaching beyond base of middle ; claws much curved, compressed,

400S9

Vireosylvia olivncea.^

acute. In the dried specimen entire basal joint of middle toe adherent to one
and three-fourths joints of outer, and the whole basal joint of inner ; the ad-
hesion externally extending indeed a little over the second joint of middle toe.^

Vireosylvia, Bon.

The following synopsis expresses the characters of the species of
Vireosylvia as restricted : —

Common Chakacteks. — All species olive above, white or yellowish beneath.
An ashy or brownish cap, contrasting more or less abruptly with the olive
back. A whitish superciliary stripe extending to the nape, and a dusky one
to and behind the eye. No light bands on the coverts. Inside of wings
(flanks sometimes) and crissum yellowish, otherwise usually white beneath.
^. Bill lengthened ; gape or commissure less than twice the
distance from nostril to end of bill. No spurious primary.
Cap ashy, in contrast with olive green of back, edged
with dusky, forming a faint supra-ocular dark
stripe. A dusky stripe on each side of the chin.
Superciliary stripe and cheeks, especially anterior
to the eye, and the chin tinged with brown-
ish-buflf. Ash of head indistinctly defined,
owing to a wash of olivaceous. Olive of

' In the following figures the left foot is always given, and from the outer
side.

2 In the fresh bird the whole of the basal joint of the inner toe is adherent
to the first phalanx of the middle, the membrane reaching a very little above
the distal end of the latter. The basal joint of the outer, and more than half
of the second joint are likewise adherent to the middle toe, the membrane
extending to the middle of the second joint. The basal joints are thus united
into a palm, not cleft at all. The upper surfaces of this palm are covered
with hexagonal, not quadrangular scales, arranged in a connected pavement
in three series. When the toes are extended, the hinder reaches to a point
intermediate between the slightly unequal lateral toes, and nearly to the
middle of the claw of the central toe.

328 REVIEW OF AMERICAN BIRDS. [PART I.

back tinged with brown, and a wash of olive

across the breast calidris.

Superciliary stripe and cheek grayish-white,with-
out any buff. Breast and chin quite pure
white. Olive of back clear and pure ; the
ash of head well defined, and with little or
no tinge of olive ..... barbatula.

Cap distinctly ashy, in decided contrast with the olive
back. No stripe on each side the chin.

Outer quill about equal to, or very little shorter
than the fourth. Second longest. Wing
three inches long.

Dusky edge of ashy cap very distinct.
Sides but slightly olivaceous. Cris-
sum and axillars faintly yellowish.
Inner edge of quills white. Concealed
portion of tail feathers wood brown.
Bill and feet pale brown . . . oUvacea.
9 Outer quill about midway between fourth and

fifth. Second usually longest. Wing three
inches long.
Dusky edge of cap and whitish super-
ciliary line indistinct. Sides from
neck broadly olive yellow. Crissum
and axillars deep sulphur yellow.
Concealed portion of tail feathers
olive green. Inner edge of quills
yellowish ..... Jlavoviridis,

Outer quill shorter than fifth, midway between
fifth and sixth. Third quill longest. Wing
Bot exceeding 2.80 inches. Dusky edge of
cap very distinct. Concealed portion of tail
feathers olive green.

Sides broadly olivaceous. Crissum and
axillars sulphur yellow, less than in
Jlavoviridis. Length about 5.50. Wing

2.80 agilis.

Color of sides and crissum less intense.

Size much smaller. Length 5.00.

Wing 2.50. Tail feathers narrow . chivi.

B. Bill short, weak ; gape more than twice the distance from

nostril to end of bill. With spurious primary, except in

philadelphicus. Cap not edged with dusky.

No spurious primary. Cap ashy. Back olive. Under
parts sulphur yellow, paler on chin and abdomen.

Second primary rather shorter than the sixth . philadelphica.
A short spurious primary, less than one-third the second
quill. Beneath white. Cap ashy. Back olivace-
ous ash.

VIREOSYLVIA. 329

Second primary about equal to sixth, or longer . giha.
Second primary about equal to seventh. Bill

much depressed ...... swainsoni.

Spurious primary longer, rather more than one-third
the second quill. Cap brown. Back olive. Chin
and throat white ; rest of under parts sulphur
yellow.

Second primary about equal to seventh . . josephae.

Vireosylvia calidris.

? Motacilla calidris, Linn. Syst. Nat. 10th ed. 1758, 184; 12th ed. I,
1766, 329 (based on Edwakds, tab. 121, fig. 2 (Jamaica). — Vireo-
sylvia calidris, Baikd.

f Muscicapa olivacea, LiXN. S. N. I, 17G6, 327 (Muscicapa olivacea, Ed-
, WARDS, tab. 253, Jamaica).

? Vireo virens, Bodd. Tabl. PI. enl. 1782 (based on PL enl. 273, fig. 1,
Merle de St. Domingue).

? Turdus hispaniolensis, Gm. Syst. Nat. I, 1788, 822 (based on Merula
olivacea dominicensis, Bkisson, II, 296, St. Domingo).

Muscicapa altiloqua, Vieill. Ois. Am. Sept. I, 1807, 67, pi. 31 (St. Do-
mingo).— Vireo altiloqua, Gray, Genera. — Salle, P. Z. S. 1857,
231 (St. Domingo).— March, Pr. A. N. Sc. 1863, 294 (Jamaica;
eggs). — Vireosylvia altiloqua, BoN. Consp. 1850, 330. — A. & fl. New-
ton, Ibis, 1859, 149 (-^auta Cruz; eggs)." — Lawk. Ann. N. Y. Lye.
VIII, 1864, 99 (Sombrero).— ??ScLATER k Salvin, P. Z. S. 1864,
348 (Isthmus Panama !).—Cassin, Pr. A. N. Sc. 1860, 375 (St.
Thomas).— ScLATEK, k Z. S. 1861,72 (Jamaica).— Ib. Catal. 1861,
43, no. 262.

Vireo longirostris, Swainson, F. B. A. II, 1831, 237 (Jamaica).

Phyllomanes mystacalis, Cab. Wieg. Arch. 1847 ; Orn. Not. II, 348 (West
Indies).

Vireosylvia olivacea, GossE, Birds Jamaica, 1847, 194.

Vireosylvia atripennis, Lawrence, Pr. A. N. Sc. lbG3, 106 (Sombrero).

Hah. Jamaica, St. Domingo, Porto Rico, St. Thomas, Santa Cruz, and
Sombrero.

(No. 23,324, % .) Second and 3d quills equal, then 4tli, the 1st intermediate
between 4th and 5th, but nearer the former.

Top of head dull ash color, the rest of upper parts olive green (also tinging
the ash of head), washed very slightly with brownish; pure olivaceous only
towards rump, and on the edges of quills and tail feathers ; the outer edges
of greater secondary wing coverts more yellowish. Beneath white, tinged
with greenish-yellow, the sides olivaceous, with a decided tinge of the same
across the breast ; the crissum, axillars, and edges of the inner wing coverts
greenish-yellow. Inner edges of the primary quills nearly white, of the
secondaries and of the tail feathers olivaceous-yellowish.

A broad pale stripe from nostrils over the eye to nape, anteriorly tinged
strongly with buff; a dusky stripe from commissure through the eye, and a

330 REVIEW OP AMERICAN BIRDS. [PART I.

still darker narrow line each side the chin along lower edge of under mandible,
the space between this stripe and the one through the eye like the supra-
ocular stripe, and like it, tinged anteriorly with buff; a decided indication of
this color seen also on the chin.

The ashy cap is so much overlaid with olivaceous as to be scarcely percep-
tible, and without distinct outline ; the outer edge is dusky as in V. olivaceus,
but almost inappreciable. The primary quills are dark brown.

(No. 23,958, % .) Total length, 5.50 ; wing, 3.25 ; tail, 2.50 ; difference of
exposed portion of 1st and 2d primary, .20 ; difference of 5th and 2d, .30 ;
length of bill from forehead, .85, from nostril, .47, along gape, .90 ; tarsus, .75 ;
middle toe and claw, .60, claw alone, .20; hind toe and claw, .47, claw
alone, .22.

The quills in all the Jamaican specimens before me show great
constancj in proportions, the second and third about equal, the
former if anything slightly longer ; the fourth next, the first (or
outer) nearly midway between the fourth and fifth, sometimes a little
nearer the latter. The same formula prevails in St. Croix and one
Sombrero skin ; in a St. Thomas specimen the first quill is but little
longer than the fifth, in this respect more like the average of Cuban
and Bahaman birds.

The coloration as above described varies somewhat in other speci-
mens, the buff wash on sides of head and chin being sometimes
more decided, sometimes less so, but always appreciable.

Messrs. Sclater & Salvin (P. Z. S. 1864, 348) refer to a specimen
of "V. altiloqua''' from the Isthmus of Panama. May not this be
the V. frenata of Dubus, from Ocana, New Grenada ?*

Vireosylma atripennis, of Mr. Lawrence, from Sombrero island,
difiTers in blacker quills and tail feathers, a dusky tinge on top of
head, and to a less degree beneath, as also on the inner edges of
quills and tail feathers.

After a careful examination of the type specimen, however, I am
unable to satisfy myself of its being really a distinct species. The
quills and tail feathers are, it is true, darker than in V. calidris, but
an investigation shows that to be due, in part at least, to a blackish
foreign matter, partly deposited in grains, which can be rubbed off,
and is removable to a considerable extent by benzine, but not by
water. After washing the quills on one side in benzine, I found no

• An identification of Vireosylvia frenata of Dubus (Bulletin de Bruxelles,
XXII, I, 1855, 150; Ocana, N. Grenada), if truly of this genus, with either V.
calidris or barbatula, can hardly be justified. From the description it would
seem to be much less olivaceous above (yellowish-ash), the top of the head
pure ash ; the quills and tail feathers ashy brown, margined with yellowish,
very different from the two species just mentioned ; the length of 19| centi-
metres, or more than 7^ inches, greatly exceeds their dimensions.

viheosylvia.

881

appreciable difference there from V. caJidris, of Jamaica and St.
Croix. The wing formula differs slightly in being 3. 2. 4. 5. 1. ; the
outer quill being a little shorter than the fifth. A second specimen
from Sombrero is undistinguishable in coloration from Jamaican
skins, and has the 1st quill intermediate between the fourth and fifth.

In the absence of a larger number of specimens I cannot say what
are the exact relationships of the St. Croix and St. Thomas birds
to the Jamaican. The two before me I cannot in any way distinguish
from some Jamaican skins, among which there is some variation.
Specimens from Porto Rico and St. Domingo are also similar in
general features. There is considerable variation in the size of bill
in specimens from the same locality.

There can be little question that the figure of Edwards, upon
which the name of Linnaeus is based, refers to the Jamaican long-billed
Vireo, although he does not satisfactorily express the color of the
under parts. I have, therefore, restored calidris as the specific name.

The ^luscicaj^a olivacea, of Linnaeus, which has usually been con-
sidered to refer to the North American red-eyed Vireo, is based on
pi. 253 of Edwards' Gleanings, which is unquestionably the Jamaican
Vireo now under discussion. Linnasus, however, associates with it
the figure of Catesby, I, tab. 54, which is the North American bird.
The name of 31. calidris, at any rate, takes precedence of olivacea,
as occurring in the 10th edition.

Thirty specimens examined.

Smith- CoHec-i Sex
soniaui tor's aud
NO: I No. Age.

23,32J
23,324
38,0.50
38,048
37, .'584
40,072
5
39,349
39,3.50
39,351

Locality.

When
Collected.

Keceived from

Savaauah le Mar,
Trelawney [Jam.
Spanishtown, Jam.

Metcalfe Parish, "
Jeremle, Hayti.

Porto Kico, N. side.

Sombrero Island.

St Thomas.
St. Croix.

Aug. 26, \58.
JuuelO, ';59.
May, 1865.

April 2.

April 19,'64.
April 1, '64.

Dr. Sclater.

W. Thos. March.

Prof. G. N. Allen.
Prof. Agassiz.

Geo. Latimer.

R. Swift.

Cab. Lawrence.

" [ton.

Cab. A. & E. New-

Collected by

W. Osburn.

P. R. Uhler.

A. A. Julien,

( .) Type of V. atripennis. (40,072.) From alcohoL

TireosylTia liarliatula.

Phyllomanes barbatulus, Cab. Jour. Ill, 1855, 467 (Cuba). — Gundlach,
Cab. Jour. 1861, 324 (Cuba).— Ib. Repertorio, Cuba, 1865.

Vireo altiloqiiu^, Gambel, Pr. A. N. Sc. 1848, 127 (Florida).— Baied,
Birds N. Am. 1858, 354 (Florida).

332

REVIEW OF AMERICAN BIRDS.

[part I.

Vireosylvia barbatula. (Cuba.)

Vireosylvia ahiloqna, Cassin, Pr. A. N. Sc. 1851, 152.— Ib. Illust. 1S54,
8, and 221, pi. 37 (Florida).— Bryakt, Pr. Bust. Soc. V, 1859, 113
(Bahamas). — Laavkence, Aun. N. Y. Ljc. 18G0 (Cuba).

Ilah. Cuba; the BaLamas, and Charlotte Harbor, Florida. (W. Coast.)

(No. 259,58, % , Cuba.) Proportion of quills as in V. cali'Jris, 2. =3. 4. 1. 5.,
but the tipd of the quills closer together, and the 1st quill about half or a little

less than half the distance
between 5 th and 4th ; the
quills narrower.

Colors similar to those
of V. calidris, but of a
purer and paler olive
above ; the back tinged
with ash ; the cap purer
ash, and better defined,
without olivaceous wash,
its dusky edge more dis-
tinct. The superciliary
stripe whitish, or grayish, with the cheeks paler, and both, as well as the chin,
without the buff tinge. Under parts nearly pure white, very faintly tinged
across the breast with ashy ; the sides olivaceous ; the crissum and axillars
pale sulphur yellow.

(No. 25,958, %.) Total length, 5.50; wing, 3.15; tail, 2.50; difference of
1st and 2d quills, .18, of 5th and 2d, .22 ; length of bill from forehead, .82,
from nostril, .46, along gape, .89 ; tarsus, .72 ; middle toe and claw, .60, claw
alone, .21 ; hind toe and claw, .50, claw alone, .23.

The black-whiskered Vireos of Cuba, Bahamas, and Florida are
distinguished by the characters just mentioned from the Jamaican
species, and agree in coloration very well am jng themselves. While
in V. calidris the first quill is, with scarcely an exception, about
midway between the fourth and fifth, the second a little longer than
the third, the tendency in the present series is to have the third quill
rather the longer, and the first only equalling the fifth. Only in
No. 17,111 and 25,958, from Cuba, and 34,513, from Nassau, is the
first quill longer, or reaching nearly half way fi'om the 5th to the 4th.

Braith-

CoMec-

Sex

Wlien

Collecied.

soDiaa
No.

tor's
No.

and

Age.

Locality.

Received from

Collected by

2.i,9o8

Cuba.

Dr. Gundlach.

33,064

243

,,

Cab. Lawrence.

Dr. Giiudiach.

17,711

Monte Verde, Cuba. 1 May 6.

C. Writ,'ht.

13,505

Nassau, N. P i Dec. 8, '59.

Dr. Bryant.

34,514

23 +

[Fla.

Mav 14, '64

Lt.C. L.Fitzperald.

24,282

243

Charlotte Harbor,

June, 1848.

Dr. Heertnann.

VIREOSYLVIA.

533

Vireosylria oliracea.

Muscicapa olivacea, Linn. S. N. I, 17G6, 327 (based on Edwards, tab.
253, and Catksby, pi. 54). — Wils. Am. Orn. II, 1810, 53, pi. xii»
fig. 3. — Lanius olivaceus, Licht. Verz. 1823,49 (N. Amer.). — Vireo
olivaceus, Vieill., Bon. Obs. Wils. 1826, 124.— Swaiks. F. B. A. II,
1831, 233.— AuD. Orn. Biog. II, pi. 150.— Is. B. A. IV, pi. 243.—
Baird, Birds N. Am. 1858, 331. — Vireosylria oliv. Bon., Geog.
Comp. List, 1838.— Ib. Consp. 1850, 329.— Reinhardt, Vid. Med.
f. 1853, 1854, 82 (Greenland).— Ib. Ibis, III, 7.— Sclater, P. Z. S.
1855, 151 (Bogota) ; 1859, 137, 363 (Xalapa).— Ib. Gatal. Am. Birds,
1861, 43, no. 261.— A. & E. Newton, Ibis, 1859, 145.— Sclater &
Salvin, Ibis, 1859, 12 (Guatemala). — Lawrence, Ann. N. Y. Lye.
VII, 1860, 246 (Cuba).— Ibis, 1864, 394 (Derby, Engl. May, 1859).
—Phyllornanes oliv. Cab. Mus. Hein. 1850-51, 63.— Ib. Jour. 1860,
404 (Costa Rica).— GuNDL. Cab. Jour. 1861, 324 (Cuba ; very rare).

9 Vireo virescens, Vieill. Ois. Am. Sept. I, 1807, 84, pi. liii (Penna.). —
?GRAy, Genera, I, 267, pi. Ixv.

Vireo bogotensis, Bryant, Pr. Bost. Soc. VII, 1860, 227 (Bogota). — Law-
rence, Ann. N. Y. Lye. 1863 (Birds Panama, IV, No. 378).

nab. Whole of Eastern North America (Halifax, Greenland, Fort Simpson),
west to base of Rocky Mts., reaching Fort Bridger and still further northward
to Bitterroot Mts. and Kootenay ; south to Panama and Bogota, in winter
(Xalapa only in Mexico) ; very rare in Cuba (only West Indian locality).
Accidental in England.

(No. 1,418, % , Carlisle, Pa., May, 1844.) Upper parts olive green. Top of
head, from bill to nape, ash color. A white line from nostrils above and
beyond the eye, bordered above by a dusky line forming the edge of the ashy
cap, and below by a similar, perhaps paler loral and post-ocular cheek stripe.
Beneath, including tibiae, white, with perhaps a tinge of olivaceous ash across
the breast ; the sides of neck like the back ; sides of the body with a faint
wash of olive. Axillars and crissum faintly tinged with sulphur yellow ; lining
of wings and its edge, the latter especially, nearly white. Quills blackish-

40089

Vireosylvia olivacea.

brown, edged externally, except at ends of primaries, with olive, internally
with white. Tail feathers lighter brown, edged externally like the back, in-
ternally with pale olivaceous-white.

Bill dusky above, pale below ; tarsi plumbeous ; iris red.

334 REVIEW OP AMERICAN BIRDS. [PART I.

Female birds generally similar, but smaller.

(No. 1,418, %.) Fresh specimen: Total length, 6.33; expanse of wings,
10.25 ; wing from carpal joint, 3.33. Prepared specimen : Total length, 5.75 ;
wing, 3.20; tail, 2.50; difference between 1st and 2d primaries, .17, of 5th
and 2d, .10, of 9th and longest, .86 ; length of bill from forehead, .70, from
nostril, .42, along gape, .85 ; tarsus, .77 ; middle toe and claw, .65, claw alone,
.20 ; hind toe and claw, .48, claw alone, .21.

In Xo. 1,418 the second quill is longest, the third and fourth a
little shorter ; the first or outer a little less than the fourth, much
longer than the fifth. In other specimens the first quill is longer
than the fourth ; generally, it may be said, that the first quill is
always (or with rare exceptions) nearly equal to the fourth, some-
times a little longer, sometimes a little shorter ; always much longer
than the fifth, the second quill always longest of all.

There is some variation in color in this species, both individual
and seasonal. In No. 34,081, % , from Iowa, the colors are purer
and brighter ; the ash of crown dark and clear, without the olivace-
ous wash so frequently met with. The dusky markings about the
head are almost black, and there is almost no yellowish whatever on
the crissum.

Autumnal and late summer specimens are much more brightly
colored ; the olive clearer, the gray of head more sharply defined,
and the crissum and axillars with a strong tinge of yellowish. In
only a single spring specimen out of twenty is there a positive,
though still pale sulphur yellow crissum, all others showing this
faintly or not at all. The most brightly colored autumnal skin in
the series is No. 22,308 (Washington, October), in which the colors
are nearly as vivid as in V. chivi, and perhaps answering to F.
virescens of Yieillot.*

There is considerable diflFerence in thickness, and some in the length

' In the article on Vireonidse, in the Pacific R. R. Report, page 333 (Birds
N. America) I have given the name of V. virescens, Vieillot, to the Bartramian
Vireo, V. agilis. In this, however, I am now satisfied I was wrong. The
specific name was based by Vieillot (Nouv. Diet. d'Hist. Nat. XXXVI, 1819,
104) on a bird killed in New Jersey. He describes the top of the head as
" blackish ;" the figure, however, distinctly represents a black line bordering the
crown, and above the light supra-ocular stripe. The quills and tail feathers
are said to be edged with greenish, the lower tail coverts to be yellowish, the
length 4.60. Nothing is said about the proportions of the quills. In view
of all the circumstances, locality, etc., it is very probable that this description
belongs to a young, perhaps autumnal V. olivacea, a name apparently unknown
to Vieillot. There is no indication in the description of the very bright colors
of V. chivi or agilis, the olive being described as having a strong grayish tinge.

VIKEOSYLVTA.

835

of bill. Young birds have considerably shorter bills, the colors less
vivid, but otherwise similar to the adults.

I find no appreciable differences in specimens from Guatemala,
Panama, and Bogota, either in size or other characters, which can-
not be readily matched by northern skins.

The name of Linnaeus, cited for this species, is based by him on
pi. 253 of Edwards' Gleanings, and on pi. 54 of Catesby's Carolina ;
the former, however, and that first mentioned, being unquestionably
the Jamaican V. calidris, while the latter refers to the subject of the
present article. A strict adherence to the rule of priority may re-
quire the name " olivaceus,'' therefore, to be thrown aside, and some
other, as "mVescens," Yieill., adopted; but as Catesby's plate has
priority of Edwards', we may perhaps consider the priority of quota-
tion as neutralized, and leave " olivaceus^^ for the species. A similar
question exists in reference to the proper specific name of the North
American " Mimus polyglottusy I am not quite satisfied, however,
that either of these names should be retained.

About one hundred and thirty specimens have been examined,
from various localities throughout the whole eastern province of the
United States.

Smith-

Collec-

Sex

When
Collected.

Boniau
No.

tor's
No.

and
Age.

Locality.
/

Received from

Collected by

26,933

Halifax, N. S.

W. G. Wintou.

1,418

rf

Carlisle, Pa.

May 1, '44.

S. F. Baird.

1,433

cf

"

May 3, '44.

"

1,440

V

"

"

"

29,24-)

737

(f

Washineton, D. C.

April 26, '60.

Dr. E. Cones.

32,274

Liberty County, Ga.

Jos. Leconte.

3,823

Eutaw, Ala.

Prof. WinchelL

19,554

620

V

Fort Resolution.

June 7.

R. Kenuicott.

22,678

509

Fort Simpson.

June 22, '60.

B. R. Ross.

27,03".

Selkirk Settlement.

Geo. M'Tavlsh.

21,049

"

Donald Guuu.

39,3.38

V

Cook County, 111.

June 9. '64.

R. Kennicott.

24,287

Neo.sho Falls.

Summer.

B. F. Goss.

34,358

318

r<

Republican Fork.

May 26, '64.

Dr. E. Coues.

19,084

57

V

Fort Cobb, Ark.

May 23, '60.

J. H. Clark.

21,945

540

Pack River, W. T.

Kootenay.

June 14, '60.

A. Campbell.

Dr. Kennerly.

22,043

96

Bitterroot Valley.

Sept. 4, '60.

Dr. J. G Cooper.

11,063

..

Fort Bridper.

Sept. 1, 57

C. Drexler.

13,181

V

Mis-iouri River, 800
mile.s ab. St. Louis.

Lt. MuUan.

J. Pearsall.

3,4181

51

<f

Sioux City, Iowa.

May 20, '64.

Capt. J Feilner.

8,695

Fremont, Platte Riv.

Lt. Warren.

Dr Hayden.

6,813

16

r^

Devil's River, Tex.

Col. Graham.

J. H. Clark.

6,814

Western Texas.

Capt. J. Pope.

13,602

163

Guatemala.

J. Gould.

Cab. Lawrence.

33.298

San Jose, C. R.

J Carmiol.

29,550

Costa Rica.
Panama R. R.

Berlin Mus.
Cab. Lawrence.

M'Leannan.

32,290

Bogota.

G. N. Lawrence.

34,623

J. 11. Roome.

(21,945.) With eggs.

336

REVIEW or AMERICAN BIRDS.

[part I.

Vireosylvia flavoviridis. (Panama.)

Vireosylvia flavoTiridis.

Vireosylvia fav. Cassin, Pr. A. N. Sc. V, Feb. 1851, 152.— Ib. VI, pi. ii
(Panama).— ScLATER, P. Z. S. 185G, 298 (Cordova).— Ib. 1859, 375
(Oaxaca ; April). — Ib. Catal. 1861, 44, no. 264. — Sclater & Salvia,
Ibis, I, 1859 12 (Guaternala).— F;reo ^ay. Baird, Birds N. Am.
1858, 332.—PhyllomanesJlav. Cab. Jour. 1861, 93 (Costa Rica).

Hab. From northern border of Mexico to Istbmus of Panama, especially on
west side.

(No. 3,976, % .) Above olive green; the whole top of head and nape ash
color, the edges of this cap, and a loral line dusky, but not very decidedly so.

A grayish-white line from
nostrils over the eye. Be-
neath white, the sides of the
neck, breast, and body bright
olivaceoua-jellow ; the axil-
lars and crissum rich sul-
phur yellow. On the breast
the yellow extends almost
to the median line, the color
of opposite sides separated
by a narrow interval. Quilla
dusky brown ; margined ex-
ternally, except at ends of primaries, with olive green, internally with grayish-
white of a decided yellow shade. Tail feathers dark olivaceous-brown, bright
olive externally, internally olivaceous-yellow. Iris yellow or "red."

Bill horn-color, paler below. Legs plumbeous. Wings long and pointed.
Second and 3d quills nearly equal ; 4th a little less ; 1st about intermediate
between 4th and 5th.

(No. 3,976.) Total length, 6.00; wing, 3.20; tail, 2.60; diflference of 1st
and 2d quills, .30, of 2d and 5th, .15, of 9th and longest, .70 ; length of bill
from forehead, .70, from nostril, .45, along gape, .85 ; tarsus, .70 ; middle toe
and claw, .58, claw alone, .14; hind toe and claw, .42, claw alone, .20.

Specimens appear to vary somewhat in intensity of coloration,
size and shape of bill, and in dimensions, but little otherwise. The
sexes are similar. The wing formula above mentioned is the preva-
lent, though in a few instances the first quill is about equal to or a
very little less than the fifth.

This species is of about the size of V. oUvacea, or a little larger ;
the tail longer proportionally, the wings shorter and much less
pointed. The wing formula is much the same, but the difference of
the shortest and longest primaries is about .70, instead of .90, as in
olivacea. The bills are not dissimilar ; the coloration, however,
appreciably different. The dusky lines over and through the eye
are much less vivid, the white one less distinct. The decided olive
yellow of the entire side of body from neck to crissum, extending

VIRUOSYLVIA.

331

beyond the closed wings and encroaching on the front part of the
breast, is never seen in olivacea, where any olive is concealed. The
crissum and axillars are much brighter yellow ; the inner edges of
the quills yellowish, not white. The tail feathers are decidedly
olivaceous in their concealed portion, not clear brown ; and the
olivaceous of the back is much brighter and more yellow.

Smith-

Collec-

S

ex

When

EODian

tor's

a

nd Locality.

Received from

Collected by

No.

:^o.

A

ge-

3,976

172

■f Monterey, Mex.

Li. D. N. Couch.

3,977

178

:f

34,021

0

Mazatlan, Mex.

June 16, '62.

Col. A.J. Grayson.

34,023

000

"

"

"

34,024

0000

" [ma, Mex.

"

23,787

151

RoBario, near Coli-

Jane, 1863.

J. Xantns.

23,782

157

"

"

23,790

164

"

"

30,504

134

San Jose, C. R.

Dr. V. Frantzius.

30,505

179

"

"

33,296

133

"

"

33,297

"

J. Carmiol.

38,929

Isthmu.s Panama.

Jan. 25, '65.

F. Hiclis.

34,608

170

**

J. H. Roome.
Cab. Lawrence.

38,928

:f Panama.

Jan. 12, '65.

F. Hicks.

(3,976.) Eyes yellow. (38,929.) Eye red. (38,928.) Eye chocolate.

Tireosylvla cliiTi.

Sylvia chivi, Vieill. Nouv. Diet. XI, 1817, 174 (based on Azara, Con-
tram3ei5tre Gaviero, Aiiuntam. II, 34, no. 152). — Ib. Encyclop.
Meth. 1823, 437.

Hab. La Plata region ; north to BaMa.

(No. 16,340, 9.) General distribution of color the same as in V. olivacea.
The concealed portion of tail feathers more olivaceous than brown. The
inner edges of the quills pale olivaceous-
yellow, of the rectrices brighter yellow.
Sides of the body greenish-yellow. Axil-
lars and crissum sulphur yellow. Super-
ciliary dusky stripe deep and distinct.
Bill plumbeous, dusky above, pale at the
base below.

Third quill longest ; 2d and 4th very
little shorter ; 1st shorter than the 5th,
nearly intermediate between it and the
6th.

(No. 16,340.) Total length, 4.95 ; wing, 2.45 ; tail, 2.10; width of lateral
feather, .25 ; difference of 1st and 2d quills, .14, of 1st and 3d, .21, of 2d and
5th, .09, of 3d (longest) and 9th, .54; length of bill from forehead, .59, from
nostril, .35, along gape, .67 ; tarsus, .65 ; middle toe and claw, .50, claw alone,
.14; hind toe and claw, .43, claw alone, .15.

A male bird. No. 30,973, from the Vermejo, is of precisely the same size.
22 May, 1866.

Vireosylvia chivi. (Vermeijo Riv.)

aas

REVIEW OP AMERICAN BIRDS.

[part I.

In a prett\- extensive series of specimens of South American
Vireos, whicli iiave been referred to V. chivi, agtlis, hartramii, etc.
of authors, supposed to be synonyms of the same species, I find
considerable differences which apparently indicate tha presence of
two or even three species, differing almost too much in size and
coloration to be considered the same. I have therefore selected the
specimens from Captain Page's Paraguay expedition as typical of
the oldest name, V. chivi, based on Azara's descriptions. These
specimens, two in number, agree with Azara's bird in the small size ;
the coloration is less intense than in the rest, the yellow of the under
parts being not much brighter than in olivaceus, but as a spring
plumage this is to be expected, if, as is probable, Azara's descrip-
tion was taken from autumnal birds.

The great inferiority in size to V. olivaceus, and the difference in
the wing formula, will at once distinguish this species or race. The
coloration of No. 16,340 is almost precisely that of No. 1,418, the
type of the description of V. olivaceus, the olive being only a little
deeper, the axillars brighter yellow.

If there are two species of South American Vireos of the chivi
type, as suggested, the more southern appears to be the smaller
and the northern one the larger, although not closely restricted.
Thus a specimen in the collection labelled " Buenos Ayres," possibly
erroneously, however, is as large as the largest, while two from
Bahia are as small as the La Plata skins described.

Smith-

Collec-

Sex

soniaD

tor's

and

No.

No.

Age.

10,173?

15S

16,340

11.5

$

20,973

37

cT

Locality.

Bahia, Brazil.

Brazil.
Vermejo,Kiver.

When
Collected.

Received from

Oct. IS-W.
Feb. 1S60.

I)r. G.^abauis.
Cab. Lawrence.
Capt. Patre. Expl.
" [of Parana.

Collected by

Chr. Wood.

Tireosylvia agilis.

Laniiis agilis, Light. Verz. Doubl. 1823, no. 526 (Baliia, Brazil). —
? Thamnophdus af/ilis, Spix, Av. Bras. II, tab. xxxiv, fig. 1. — PhijUo-
vianes agilis, Burm. Th. Bras. Vogel, II, 1S56, 108. — Vireosylvia
agilis, ScLATEK, P. Z. S. 1860, G4, 273 (Ecuador).— Ib. Catal. 1861,
44, no. 263 (Bogota, etc.).

Vireo hartramii, Swaixson, F. B. A, II, 1831, 235 (not of Aud.).

Vireosylvia virescens, Caspin, Pr. A. N. Sc. 1851, 151. — Sclatek, P. Z. S.
1855, 151 (Bogota). — Vireo virescens, Baied, Birds N. Am. 1858,
333 (Brazil), not of Vieill.

Hab. South America ; south to Buenos Ayres, Ecuador, Guatemala.

VIREOSYLVIA. 339

(No. 2,034.) Similar to V. oliracea in olire of upper parts, lead colored
cap edged with blackish, a whitish superciliary, and dusky loral stripe.
Sides, however, more conspicuously olivace-
ous yellow ; axillars and crissura purer yel- /"^^ 8050
low ; inner edges of quills and tail feathers
pale, but distinctly yellowish ; rest of under
parts greenish-white.

Third quill longest ; 2d and 4th scarcely
less ; 1st intermediate between 5th and 6th.

(No. 2,034.) Total length, 5.50; wing,

2.80 ; tail, 2.35 ; width of outer feather, .30;

difference of 1st and 3d primaries, .27, of 2d „■ 7 • -t m „.„ „i„ \
^ > ■) Vireosylma agilis. (Guatemala.)

and 5th, .15, of 3d and 9th, .54; length of

bill from forehead, .66, from nostril, .37, along gape, .77 ; tarsus, .70 ; middle

toe and claw, .53 ; hind toe and claw, .44 (claw broken).

The ashy cap does not extend over the nape, and is rounded off
behind, leaving the sides of occiput olive.

A specimen from Trinidad, belonging to Mr. A. Kewton, differs in
much brighter and deeper olive and yellow shades ; the ash of cap
extends farther back on the nape, but is rather rounded behind.
The concealed portion of the tail feathers is almost as distinctly
olive as the back. The wing is unusually long, measuring 2.95 ; the
first quill is about equal to the fifth ; the difference of shortest and
longest quills .62.

Another specimen (No. 8,050, from Guatemala), which may pos-
sibly belong even to a different species, is equally bright in colora-
tion with preceding, and the ash of cap extends still more over the
nape, widening behind ; the posterior outline almost transverse. The
tail feathers are broader (.35) ; the wing shorter (2.75) ; the first quill
intermediate between the fifth and sixth ; the difference of longest
and shortest quills .55. One from Ecuador, referred here, in poor
condition, differs in some minor points. One from Buenos Ayres,
again, is unusually large, the tail longer, the wing equal to the
Trinidad specimen.

Compared with V. chivi, of the La Plata region, this species, as
described above, is considerably larger, and in size nearer to V. oli-
vacea ; the wings are more pointed, the olive yellow and yellow of
the sides and under parts brighter and more distinct.

From V. olivacea it differs in the much brighter coloration of
the under parts, and in the wing formula, as well as in inferior size.
In many points of coloration it bears a close resemblance to V. fiavo-
viridis. It is, however, smaller and less brightly colored, and the
olive yellow of the sides does not encroach so much on the breast.
There is also an appreciable difference in the markings of the head,

340

REVIEW OP AMERICAN BIRDS.

[part I.

the dusky edges of the cap, aud tbe dark loral line, relieved against
a whitish superciliary stripe, so distinct in olivacea and agilis, being
scarcely or much less appreciable in Jiavoviridis. The wings are
more rounded in agilis; the first quill considerably shorter than
fifth, instead of being nearly equal or longer.

This species, whether what I describe as V. chivi be the same or
not, scarcely extends north of Continental South America — the skin
fi'om Guatemala, just mentioned, being almost the only one quoted,
and the locality of this may possibly be erroneous, even if the bird be
not of a different species. I have never found any indication of the
occurrence of any bird of this type in the West Indies or North
America in recent times.^

It is quite probable that the careful comparison of a larger number
of good specimens of Vireos of the type of chivi and agilis may re-
sult in establishing the existence of one or two more species ; that
from " Guatemala" (No. 8,050), at least, is difi"erent in several points
from the rest, and I had provisionally named it before concluding
that it was best to allow the decision of the question to rest upon
the examination of a better series.

Smith-
sonian

No.

Collec-
tor's
No.

Sex
and

Age.

Locality.

When
Collected.

Eeceived from

Collected by

10,174

2,034

15,070

34,091

8,050

?■

S. Brazil.
Brazil.

Buenos Ayres.
Quito, Ecuador.
Trinidad.
"Guatemala."

Dr. Cabanis.
S. F. Baird.
J. K. Townsend.
Prof. Jameson.
Cab. A. & E. New-
J. Gould. [ton

Langsdorff.

(8,0.00.) "Perhaps erroneous locality."

VireosylTia pliiladelplisca*

Vireosyhia philadelphica, Cassin, Pr. A. N. Sc. V, Feb. 1857, 153. — Ib.
VI, pi. i, fig. 1 (Philadelphia). — Sclatek & Salvin, Ibis, I, 1859,

' I have never met with a bird agreeing with the description of Vireo bar-
tramii, of Audubon. The proportions of the body and the quills are much as
in V. agilis. The tail, however, is said to be "wood-brown margined with
paler," instead of olivaceous ; and the lower parts "white, the breast tinged
with pale yellow, and the throat and sides with gray," instead of being white
below ; the crissum bright sulphur yellow, the flanks yellowish-olive. The
crown (not the nape) is "deep gray, bordered by a line of blackish," which
separates it from all kiiown North American species, excepting V. olivaceus
and harbatulus, from which the proportions of the quills are entirely different.

If, therefore, this species be really as described by Audubon, it has been
entirely unnoticed since his time, although distinct, and should be carefully
sought for by ornithologists in the Eastern United States.

VIREOSYLVIA.

341

43641

Vireosylvia philadelphica.

12 (Guatemala). — Vireo philadelphiciis, Baird, Birds N. Am. 1S5S,
335, pL 78, fig. 3.
Vireosylvia cobanensis, Sclatek, P. Z. S. 1860, 463 (Coban). — Is. Ann.
Mag. N. H. 1861, 328.

Hah. Eastern North America to Hudson's Bay and Maine, south to Costa
Rica and Guatemala. Not recorded from Mexico or West Indies.

(No. 20,643, % .) Above dark olive green, tinged with plumbeous ash ex-
cept on the rump ; top of head and nape purer plumbeous ash, not edged with
dusky, the line of demarcation in-
distinct. Beneath light sulphur
yellow, paler and almost white on
chin and middle of abdomen ; sides
more olivaceous. A whitish stripe
from bill over eye, as also a patch
beneath it and the eyelids ; a dusky
loral and post-ocular spot. Quills
and rectrices brown, edged exter-
nally with olive, internally with
whitish ; the larger coverts with

paler outer edges. Bill blackish, paler plumbeous below. Legs plumbeous.
Spurious outer or first quill (seen in gilva) wanting ; the outer about equal
to 5th ; 3d longest ; 2d and 4th not much shorter.

(No. 20,643, % .) Total length, 4.80; wing, 2.65 ; tail, 2.25 ; difference be-
tween outer and longest primary, .28, of longest and innermost, .62; length
of bill from forehead, .54, from nostril, .30, along gape, .61 ; tarsus, .65 ; middle
toe and claw, .52 ; hind toe and claw, .44.

Specimens vary somewhat in purity of tints, and especially in in-
tensity of yellow of under parts, which color is deeper in autumnal
skins.

I regret that I led Mr. Sclater into an error by informing him that
the Vireo subsequently described by him as V. cobanensis was differ-
ent from V. philadelphica. The skin forwarded for examination by
him appeared to differ in some noticeable points, but those subse-
quently received from Mr. Salvin and other sources agree exactly
with specimens from Wisconsin and Hudson's Bay.

Smith-

Collec-

Sex

When
Collected.

EOQian
No.

tof's
No.

and

Age.

Locality.

Eeceived from

Collected by

20,643

7fi

Moose Factorv, H.B.

June 2, '60.

C. Drexler.

35,115

27

Watei-ville, Me.

May 21, '63.

Prof. C. E. Hamlin.

4,364

Cleveland, 0.

Dr. Kirtland.

6,841

..

rr

Dane County, Wis.

Th. Kumlien.

18,572

Coban, Guat.

Dr. Sclater.

20,401

i7i

Guatemala.

0. Salvin.
Cab. Lawrence.

33,300

San Jose, C. R.

Jan. 12, '64.

J. Carmiol.

(18,572.) Type of V. cobanensis. (33,300.) Iris brown.

542

REVIEW OF AMERICAN BIRDS.

[part I.

Tireosylvia gilva.

Muscicapa f/ilva, Vieill. Ois. I, 1807, 65, pi. xxxiv. — Vireo gilvus, BoN.
Obs. Wils. 1825, no. 123.— Aud. Oni. Biog. II, pi. 118.— Ib. Birds
Am. IV, pi. 241.— Baird, Birds N. Am. 1858, 33^.— Vireosj/lvia
gilva, Cassix, Pr. A. N. Sc. 1851, 153.— Sclater, P. Z. S. 1S56, 298
(Cordova) ; (?)1S58, 302 (Oaxaca ; .June) (perhaps V. swainsoni).

Muscicapa melodia, Wils. Am. Om. V, 1812, 85, pi. xlii, fig. 2.

Hab. Eastern North America to Fort Simpson. Cordova and Oaxaca only
southern localities recorded. Not West Indian.

(No. 1,017, 9.) Above olive green, strongly glossed with ashy; the head
and nape above more distinctly ashy, but without decided line of demarcation

behind, and without dusky
edge; rump purer olive. Stripe
from nostrils over eye to nape,
eyelids, and space below eye
creamy white. A rather dusky
post-ocular and loral spot, the
latter not extending to the bill.
Under parts white, with tinge
of greenish-yellow (occasion-
ally of creamy fulvous or buflT ) ,
especially on breast ; sides
more olivaceous. Crissum and axillars scarcely more yellowish. Quills and
rectrices wood brown, edged internally with whitish, externally with olivace-
ous, except perhaps on longer primaries. Edge of wing white. Larger wing
coverts grayish-brown, with paler edges, and no trace of olivaceous. Bill
horn color above, paler below.

First quill very short or spurious ; 2d about equal to, generally rather longer
than 6th ; 3d longest ; 4th, then 5th a little shorter.

(No. 1,017, 9.) Fresh specimen: Total length, 5.33; expanse of wings,
8.35; wing from carpal joint, 2.85. Prepared specimen : Total length, 4.80 ;
wing, 2.75 ; tail, 2.25 ; difference of 3d and 10th quills, .73 ; exposed portion
of 1st primary, .58, of 2d, 1.8S, of longest (measured from exposed base of
1st primary), 2.12; length of bill from forehead, .56, from nostril, .28, along
gape, .63 ; depth of bill, .15 ; tarsus, .65 ; middle toe and claw, .51, claw alone,
17 ; hind toe and claw, .41, claw alone, .19.

The preceding description is from a female specimen which does
not differ appreciably from the male, but is a little smaller. Young
and autumnal specimens are perhaps a little more brightly colored.

Vireosylvia gilva. (Pennsylvania.)

VIREOSYLYIA.

343

Smith-

Collec-

Sex

"When
Collected.

soniaa

No.

tor's
No.

and
Age.

Locality.

Received from

Collected by

1,016

rf

Carlisle, Pa.

May 24, '43.

S. F. Baird.

1,017

?

"

"

"

10,115

rf

Washington.

J. C. M'Guire.

29,275

7S4

rf

"

May 5, '60.

E. Cones.

19,553

93

■-r

Fort Simpson.

May 22, '60.

B. R. Ross.

27,035

Selkirk Settlement.

Gov. Mactavish.

4,729

H-

Missouri River.

May 9, '57.

Lt. Warren.

Dr. Hayden.

5,305

V

Fort Lookout.

June 15, '56.

'•

35,405

1,905

Evanston, 111.

Chicaco Acad.

F. J. Huse.

25,240

Cairo, 111.

J. K. Townsend.

Vireosylvia swainsoni. (California.)

Tireosylvia swainsoni.

Vireo swainsoni, Baikd, Birds N. Am. 1858, 336 (Pacific coast).
Vireo bartramii, Swainsox, F. B. A. II, 1S31, 235 (in part ; spec, from
Columbia River ?).

Hab. United States, from Rocky Mountains to Pacific coast.

(No. 5,321, % .) Similar to V. gilva, but smaller ; colors paler. Bill more
depressed. Upper mandible
almost black. Second quill
much shorter than 6th.

(No. 5,521,^.) Totallength,
4.75 ; wing, 2.71 ; tail, 2.35 ;
difi'erence between lOtli quill
and longest, .58 ; exposed por-
tion of 1st primary, ,58, of 2d,
1.82, of longest (measured
from exposed base of 1st pri-
maryj, 2.10; length of bill

from forehead, .56, from nostril, .29, along gape, .65 ; depth of bill, .13 ; tarsus,
.70 ; middle toe and claw, .56 ; hind toe and claw, .43.

In the article on Vireo gilvus, in the Pacific H. R. Report (Birds
N. America), I pointed out certain differences between western and
eastern specimens, and applied the provisional name of V. swainsoni
to the former. An examination of many additional specimens since
that time has only tended to confirm the impression of the existence
of two species, the differences noted, though apparently slight,
being constant and readily appreciable. In the w^estern bird ( V.
swainsoni) the bill is darker in color, much smaller, and more de-
pressed, the depth at the base being less than the width, instead of
being equal to it. The wing is more rounded, the second quill much
shorter than the sixth, generally shorter or but little longer than the
seventh. In eastern specimens ( V. gilva) the second quill is about
equal to the sixth. The second quill is about .30 of an inch (or
more) shorter than the longest in swainsoni, while in gilva it is

344

REVIEW OF AMERICAN BIRDS.

[part I.

only about .20 shorter. The feet of sicainso7ii are weaker, and the
colors generally paler and grayer. " Iris dark brown" (Coueti).

Smith- CoUec-

Sex

When
Collected.

soniaa

tor'B

aud

Locality.

Received from

Collected hy

No.

No.

Age.

21,946

546

rf

Clark's Fork, Col.

Jnue7, '60.

A. Campbell.

Dr. Keunerly.

21,9)7

539

" [River.

June 1, '60.

"

"

6,826

Steilacoom, W. T.

Dr. Suckley.

5,915

Dr. Cooper.

5,521

747

c<

Petaluma., Cal.

May, 1856.

E. Samuels.

12,891

2,091

Napa Valley.

A. J. Grayson.

2.-., 399

2,336

Fort Tejon, Cal.

Sept. 15, '57.

John Xautus.

11,06J

Y

Fort Bridi,'er.

June 3, '58.

C. Drexler.

J 1,066

rT

" [t,'wyn,N.M.

May 26, '58.

" [son.

l;3,113

,-r

Cantonment Bar-

Dr. W. W. Ander-

37,006

594

.-r

Fort Whipple, Ar.

Aug. 13, '64.

Dr. E. Cones.

40,695

1,398

V

May 8, '65.

Tireosylvia josepliae.

Vireo josephx, Sclater, P. Z. S. 1859, 137, pi. 154 (Pallatanga, Ecua-
dor).—Ib. Catal. 18G1, 42, no. 257.

Hab. Ecuador to Costa Rica ; Pueito Cabello.

(No. 34,667.) First primary short, about two-fiftlis the 2d, which is about
equal to the 8th or 9th ; the 4th and 5th about equal and longest. (These

proportions the same in five
specimens.)

Above olive ; greener and
brighter on the rump, becom-
ing brownish anteriorly, or
more truly olive ; the top and
sides of head, with najie, olive
brown. A broad stripe from
nostrils over and beyond eye
to nape, aud a patch beneath
it and eyelids quite pure
white, leaving the lores and a
post-ocular stripe like the head. Cheeks tinged with olive. Chin and throat
whitish ; rest of under parts yellow, deepest on sides and crissum. Sides of
breast tinged with brownish-olive. Quills and tail feathers brown, edged ex-
ternally with olive green, internally with pale yellow. No bands on the wings,
but the greater coverts of a paler olivaceous than elsewhere. Bill dusky
above, paler below ; legs plumbeous. "Iris brown."

(No. 34,667, % .) Total length, 4.70 ; wing, 2.70 ; tail, 2.20 ; exposed por-
tion of 1st primary, .65, of 2d, 1.75, of longest (5th) (measured from exposed
base of l.-5t primary), 2.18 ; length of bill from forehead, .56, from nostril, .32,
along gape, .71 ; tarsus, .b7 ; middle toe and claw, .51 ; hind toe and claw, .38.

Of the five specimens before me, one, No. 27,947, from Bogota,
furnished by Mr. Sclater as a type of his species, differs in the ex-
istence of an ochry brown tinge on the crissum, tail feathers, and

Vireosylvia josephce. (Puerto Cabello.)

VIREOSYLVIA.

345

ends of primaries. It is possible that this may be an extraneous
feature, as it has somewhat the appearance of a stain, and is not
mentioned by Sclater. The chin and throat are rather more yellow-
ish. There is, as far as I can see, no specific difference between
this specimen and the others, the yellow of under parts, if anything,
being there the deepest. The original description and figure, from
an Ecuador (Pallatanga) series, represent the under parts as much
whiter than in the present specimens, and it is barely possible that
two species may be involved.

This species is markedly different from any other, and scarcely
needs comparison. The proportions of quills are quite peculiar, and
the brown cap, with the olive back is decidedly unique. In general
form it constitutes a transition from V. gilva to V. noveboracensis.

Smith-

CoUec-

Sex

souiaa, tor's

and

No. 1 No.

Age.

27,947

257

32,511

34,667

H-

34,66S

V

41.269

rT

35,241

d

Locality.

Bogota.

Puerto Cabello.
Barranca, C. R.

Dota, C. E.

When

Collected.

April 16,'64

Sept. 30, '65.
jQl7 28.

Eeceived from

Dr. Sclater.
J. Kridor.
J. Carmiol.

Collected by

(35,241.) Iris brown.

Lanivireo, Baird.

Common Characters. — A broad stripe from bill to and around but not beyond
the eye. Two broad whitish bands across wing coverts. Bill plumbeous.

A. Without spurious primary.' Head above olive green.

Line from bill to and around eye yellow.

Back olive green like head ; throat and breast yellow ;

rump and upper tail covert ashy . . . Jlavijrons.

B. With spurious primary. Head above plumbeous. Line

from bill to and around eye white.

Back, edges of wing and tail olive green ; sides of

breast greenish-yellow. Wing 3.00.
. Upper tail coverts olive green ; base of crissum

•* sulphur yellow; sides of neck ash color;

no yellow on side of throat . . . solitaria.
Upper tail coverts ashy ; crissum white ; sides
of neck olive green ; side of throat tinged
with yellow ...... propinqua.

Whole upper parts plumbeous, faintly olive towards
rump. Beneath white, with only a very faint
trace of olive on flanks. Wing 3.25 . , . plumbea.

346

REVIEW OF AMERICAN BIRDS.

[part I.

Vireosylvia flavifrons.

Viieo Jiuvifrons, Vieill. Ois. Am. Sept. I, 1807, 85, pi. liv. — Acd. Om.
Biog. II, 1834, pi. 119.— Ib. Birds Am. IV, pi. 238.— Cassix, Pr. A.
N. Sc. 1851, 149.— ScLATER, P. Z. S. 1857, 227 (Vera Cruz) ; 1860,
257 (Orizaba). — Sclater & Salvin, Ibis, I, 1859, 12 (Guatemala).
— Cab. Jour. 111,468 (Cuba; winter). — Guxdlach, Cab. Jour. 1861,
324 (Cuba; rare).- Cab. Jour. 1860, 405 (Costa Rica).— FtVeo
{Lanivireo) /lav. Baird, Birds N. Am. 1858, 341.

Muscicapa sylvicola, WiLS. Am. Om. II, 1810, 117, pi. vii, f. 3.

Hab. Eastern United States, south to Costa Rica. Very rare in Cuba.

(No. 28,390.) Head and neck above and on sides, with interscapular region,
bright olive green. Lower back, rump, tail, and wing coverts ashy. Wings

brown, with two white bands

yf ______^ across the coverts, the outer

edges of inner secondaries, and
inner edges of all the quills,
with inside of wing white-
Outer primaries edged with
gray, the inner with olive.
Tail feathers brown, entirely
encircled by a narrow edge of
white. Under parts to middle
of body, a line from npstrils
over eye, eyelids and patch beneath the eye (bordered behind by the olive of
neck) bright gamboge yellow ; rest of under parts white, the flanks faintly
glossed with ashy. Lores dusky. Bill and legs plumbeous black.

No spurious primary evident ; 2d quill longest ; 1st a little shorter than 3d.
Length, 5.80; wing, 3.00; tail, 2.00; diiference of longest and innermost
quills, .90; tarsus, .73.

Autumnal birds, perhaps more especially the young,, are more
glossed with olivaceous, which invades the ashy portions, and tinges
the white.

Vireosylvia ^lavi/rons, $ . (Carlisle, Pa

Smith-

Collec-

Spx

When
Collected.

sonian
No.

tor's
No.

and

Age.

Locality.

Received from

Collected by

3,397

^

Carlisle, Pa.

May 7, '47.

S. F. Baird.

2,217

V

•'

May 3, 1847.

'•

♦

12,228

..

cf

Washington, D. C.

April 30, '.o9

C. Drexler.

23,924

:-f

"

April 27,-t)l.

E. Coue.s.

32,279

••

Liberty County, Ga.
Union County, 111.

Jos. Leconte.
R. Kennicott.

7,423

Cleveland, 0.

Pr. Kirtland.

8,340

65

rC

Independence, Mo.

June 1.3, '57.

Dr. Coi'per.

9,113

32,614

rf

Cuban, Guat.

Verreaux.

13,629

159

Guatemala.

J. Gould.
Cab. Lawrence.

.So, 240

Grecia, C. R.

Dec. 3, '64.

J. Carmiol.

33,299

San Jose, C. R.

"

29,229

••

V

Punta Arenas, C. R.

Mar. 18, '62.

Capt. J. M. Dow.

VIREOSYLVIA. 341

Tireosylvia solitaria.

Muscicapa solitaria, WiLS. Am. Orn. II, 1810, 143, pi. xvii, fig. 6.—
Vireo solitarius, Vieill. Nouv. Dint. XI, 1817. — Aud. Orn. Biog. I,
pi. 23.— Ib. Birds Am. IV, 1842, pi. 239.— Cassin, Pr. A. N. Sc.
1851, 150.— ScLATER, P. Z. S. 1856, 298 (Cordova) ; 1859, 363
(Xalapa) ; 375 (Oaxaca ?)•— 1b. Catal. 1861, 42, no. 255 ?— Sclatek
' & Salvin, Ibis, 1860, 31 (Guatemala).— Cab. Jour. 111,468 (Cuba).
— GuNDLACH, Cab. Jour. 1861, 324 (Cuba ; very rare). — Vireo {Lani-
vireo) sol. Baird, Birds N. Am. 1858, 329.

? Vireo cassini, Xantus, Pr. A. N. Sc. May, 1858, 117 (Fort Tejon).—
Baikd, Birds N. Am. 1858, 340, pi. 78, fig. 1 (same spec).

Hab. United States, from Atlantic to Pacific ; Cape St. Lucas. Not recorded
from southern Rocky Mts., where replaced by V. plumbea. South to Mexico
and Guatemala. Very rare in Cuba.

(No. 300, '^ .) Above olive green, including upper tail coverts ; the top and
Bides of head and nape ashy plumbeous ; sides of the neck plumbeous olive.
Broad line from nostrils to
and around eye, involving
the whole lower eyelid,
white. A loral line in-
volving the edge of the
eyelid, and a space be-
neath the eye dusky plum-
beous. Beneath white ;
the sides yellow, overlaid
with olive, this color not rireo^lvia solitaria. (Washington, D. C.)

extending anterior to the

breast. Axillars and base of crissum pale sulphur yellow, the long feathers
of the latter much paler or nearly white. Wings with two bands and outer
edges of innermost secondaries olivaceous-white ; the quills dark brown,
edged externally with olive green, internally with white ; tail feathers simi-
larly marked, except that the lateral feather is edged externally also with
white, the central without internal border. Bill and legs blackish-plumbeous.
Iris brown.

First quill spurious, rather more than one-fifth the 2d, which is intermedi-
ate between 5th and 6th ; 3d longest.

(No. 300, % .) Fresh specimen : Total length, 5.40 ; expanse of wings, 9.00.
Prepared specimen : Total length, 5.25 ; wing, 2.95 ; tail, 2.35 ; difference be-
tween 10th and longest primary, .85 ; exposed portion of 1st primary, .50, of
2d, 2.08, of longest (measured from exposed base of 1st primary), 2.25 ;
length of bill from forehead, .60, from nostril, .31, along gape, .66 ; tarsus, .72 ;
middle toe and claw, .54 ; hind toe and claw, .46.

Spring specimens show sometimes a gloss of plumbeous on the
back, obscuring the olive, the contrast of colors being greater in
the autumnal and young birds. Sometimes the crissum appears
nearly white. The length of the spurious primary varies consider-

348

REVIEW OP AMERICAN BIRDS.

[part I.

ably: from .45-. 75 of an inch. With the specimens before me I
am unable to see any essential difference between eastern and
western specimens.

A young bird from Fort Simpson is not materially different from
the adult, exhibiting no trace of the spots of immature Turdidse
and Sylvicolidee.

I am now inclined to consider the specimen upon which Vireo
cassini was based to be only a dull-plumaged, winter skin of V.
solitaria, with the under parts tinged with brownish-buff, and the
olive shades obscured. I have never seen a specimen killed in
eastern North America having this coloration, nor even making a
decided approximation to it, but I can find no tangible characteristic
of external form to distinguish them.

Smith-

CoUec-

sex

When
Collected.

sooiau
No.

tor's
No.

and

Age.

Locality.

Received from

Collected by

300

rT

Carlisle, Pa.

April 21, '41.

S. F. Baird.

929

V

April 2S, '4.3.

"

29,273

1,421

Washincrton.

Oct. 17, '61.

D. W. Prentiss.

32,277

d"

Liberty County, Ga.
Illinois.

Jos. Leconte.
R. Ki^nnicott.

4,727

Mo. of Vermilion.

May 6.

Lt. Warren.

Dr. Hayden.

11,064

^

Fort Bridger, Utah.

May 16.

C. Drexler.

27,340

1,303

0.

Fort Simp.soii.

B. R. Ros.s.

6,822

382

rT

Ft. Steilacoom.W.T.

May 13, '56.

Dr. Suckley.

12,901

Napa Valley, Cal.

A. J. Grayson.

21,378

^

Yreka, Cal.

June 10.

W. Vnille.

25,398

2,245

Fort Tejon.

June 8, '57.

J. Xantus.

10,229

" [C. St. Lncas.

39,360

'd

San Gertrude Mts.,

Jan. 186].

37,497

42

rT

Orizaba, Jlex.

Jan. IS, '65.

Prof. Sumichrast.

38,158

M. Botteri.

(6,822.) Iris hazel. (10,229.) Type of V. caaaini.

Tireosylvia propinqua.

Vireosylvia propinqua, Baied, n. sp.
Hah. Coban, Guatemala.

(No. 20,402.) Top and sides of the head bluish-ash ; a line from bill to eye,
eyelids and under parts, including vent and crissum, white. Upper parts
olive green, this color extending on the sides of the neck as far as the ear
coverts. Throat and breast tinged with yellowish, deepest on the lateral
portion. Two white bands on the wing. Bill and legs plumbeous. Quills
and rectrices as in solitaria.

First or spurious primary very small, scarcely ,30 of an inch ; 2d quill
equal to the 5tli ; the 3d longest.

(No. 20,402.) Total length, 5.10; wing, 3.00; tail, 2.35; exposed portion
of 1st primary, .2'!, of 2d, 2.18, of longest, 3d (measured from exposed base
of 1st primary), 2.30 ; length of bill from forehead, .60, from nostril, .31, along
gape, .60 ; tarsus, .72 ; middle toe and claw, .63 ; hind toe and claw, .47.

VIREOSYLVIA.

349

In a series of Guatemalan birds, presented by Mr. Salvin to the
Smithsonian Institution, was one labelled Vii'eo solita7-ius, which
exhibits the following peculiarities when compared with a large
number of North American specimens of V. solitarius. The olive-
of the back extends to, and includes the nape and sides of the neck
back of the ears, which in the others are ashy plumbeous. The
upper tail coverts are plumbeous, or ashy, not olive. The sides of
the throat are sulphur yellow, not white, or with a faint tinge of
olive. The flanks are white, only faintly tinged with olive, not
olive green tinged with yellow. The anal region and crissum are
pure white (the former especially), not yellow. The spurious pri-
mary is much smaller, and scarcely appreciable ; the second quill is
rather longer than the fifth, instead of being decidedly shorter. The
whole wing is longer. The bill is broader at base.

The entire absence of any similarly marked specimen in the large
series before me, some of them autumnal birds from Central America,
induces me to think that the bird just described is really a distinct
species, though where its headquarters may be, unless in Guatemala,
I cannot imagine.

Smith- CoUec- Sex

Boiiian tor's ' and

No. j No. 1 Age.

Locality.

When

Collected.

Received from

Collected by

20,402 1 954

Goban, Vera Paz.

Nov. 1S59.

0. Salviu.

(20,402.) Type.

Tireosylvia pluml)ea.

Vireosytvia plumbea, CouES, Pr. A. N. Sc. Phila. 1866 (Fort Whipple,
near Prescott, Arizona).

Hab. Southern Rocky Mountains. In winter to Colima, Mex.

(No. 37,011.) Whole upper parts and side of head uniform plumbeous ; the
lower part of the back with a faint wash of olivaceous. A white line from
bill to and around eye ;
a dusky line from corner
of ey-e to bill. Sides of
breast and flanks plum-
beous, paler than the
back ; the flanks very
slightly tinged with
olive green. Rest of
under parts white ; the
*xillars ashy, edged Vireosylvia plumbea. (Arizona.)

with white. Wings
above with two conspicuous white bands ; the innermost quills edged es-

350

REVIEW OP AMERICAN BIRDS.

[part I.

ternally, and the longer ones internally with white, the latter edged externally
with light ash. Bill and legs dark plumbeous. "Iris hazel." Tail feathers
narrowly edged all round with white, narrowest internally, and increasing
from central to lateral feathers. Upper tail coverts clear ash.

As the specimen in finest plumage (described above) is moulting the quills,
the measurements are taken from another (37,010). In this the 1st quill is
not quite one-third the 2d, which equals the 6th ; the 3d and 4th longest.

(No. 37,010.) Fresh specimen : Total length, 6.10; expanse of wings, 10.80.
Prepared specimen : Total length, 5.75 ; wing, 3.25 ; tail, 2.70 ; difference be-
tween 10th and longest quill, .95 ; exposed portion of 1st primary, .75, of 2dj
2.34, of longest, 3d (measured from exposed base of 1st primary), 2.54;
length of bill from forehead, .55, from nostril, .31, along gape, .70 ; tarsus
.75 ; middle toe and claw, .60, claw alone, .21 ; hind toe and claw, .50, claw
alone, .23.

This species is in general character very similar to V. solitaria,
although larger, especially with longer wings and tail, as shown by
a comparison of the table of measurements. The olive green of
solilarius is replaced by plumbeous, and the yellowish by white,
forming a marked contrast in appearance. Only a faint trace of
olive on the lower back and flanks represents the predominant colo-
ration of solitaria. The olive external marginings of the wings
are here replaced by ash ; of the tail, by whitish. In some specimens,
however, there is a slight edging of olive towards the base of the
secondaries.

The specimens described above were killed in August ; others
killed in May are quite similar. No. 29,359, from Colima, in Feb-
ruary, is slightly more olivaceous on the lower back and flanks.

Smith-
sonian
No.

Collec-
tor's

No.

Sex
and

Age.

Locality.

When
Collected.

Received from

Collected by

38,428

1.35

711

596

575

1,543

1,487

1,456

118

V
d

Laramie Peak.
Fort Whipple, Ar.

Plains of Colima.

June 1864.
Sept. 8. '64.
Aug. 15, '64.
Aug. IS, '64.
July 29, '6.5.
May 17, '65.
May 12, '65
Feb. 1863.

Dr. R. Hitz.
Dr. E. Coues.

J. Xantus.

37,008

37,009

37,010

40,702

40,703

40,699

29,359

(37,0C

)9.) Iris

Fireo
c

brow

, Vie
ensis

n. (40,702.) 6.00; 1

VIB

ILL. Ois. Am. Se]
Gm.)

0.20. (40,703
.EO, ViEII

3t. I, 1807,

) 5.60; 11.20.

L.

83. (Type Mus

zicapa

novebora-

Characters essentially those of Vireosylvia; the bill shorter; the 1st quill
always present, better developed, sometimes more than half 2d. Wings
shorter, more rounded; tarsi usually longer.

VIE.EO.

351

Vireo noveboracensis. (Pennsylvania.)

The species of Vireo are most easily tabulated by color, and in
the following synopsis no regard is paid to external form, but species
of Vireo and Vireonella are mixed together. It will, however, be
remembered (page 320) that V. noveboracensis, africapillus, car-
mioli, huttoni, belli, vicinior, smdjyusillus fall under the head of Vireo
proper, with their longer, more pointed wings, and (except in vicinior)
smaller outer primary — belli, vicinior, andpusillus differing, however,
from the others in longer tarsi, and longer and more graduated tail,
with narrower, more pointed feathers. Under Vireonella are to be
ranged V. modestus, latimeri, pallens, ochraceus, crassirostris, gund-
lachi, and hypochryseus, each of which has a peculiar form. V.
modestus in its very small bill approaches closely to huttoni, most of
the other species having rather larger bills than the average.

Common Characters. — All the species olivaceous above, or ashy ; beneath
whitish, or olivaceous-yellow. Wiugs with light bauds, except in latimeri
and hypochryseus ; tail withoiit spots. A light stripe from bill to above eye,
but not beyond it, except in carmioli and hypochryseus. In atricapillus, the
top of the head is black.

A. Top and sides of head black. Chin and throat white.

Back olive.
A white line from the bill to and around eye.

Beneath white ; sides olivaceous ; bill black . . atricapillus.

B. Head above olivaceous or ashy. Chin and throat white ;

rest of under parts white or yellowish. •
A yellow line from bill to and around eye.

Eest of under parts white ; the sides yellowish ;
crissum paler.

Bill blackish ; two greenish-white bands on the

wings ; cap bright olive like the back . noveboracensis.
A whitish line from bill to and around eye.

Beneath white, except sides and crissum, which are
pale yellow. Head above ashy ; back olive.
Wings pointed; 1st quill two-fifths the 2d,
which equals the 8th. Bill .30 from nos-

352 REVIEW OF AMERICAN BIHDS. [PART I.

tril ; honi color above, pale beneath. One
light baud ou wing coverts . . • belli.
Beneath white ; whole upper parts ashy. Scarcelj
olivaceous, except towards rump.

Wings pointed ; 1st quill less than half 2d,
which about. equals the 8th. Bill .25 from
nostril to tip ; horn color above, whitish
beneath. One white baud on wing coverts piisillus.

Wings moderate ; 1st quill rather more than
half 2d, which about equals 9th and the
secondaries. Bill .32 from nostril ; en-
tirely blackish-plumbeous. One white
baud on wing. Inner toe much shorter
than outer ...... vicinior.

Wings rounded ; 1st quill more than half 2d,
which is shorter than 10th and the secon-
daries. Bill .35 from nostril ; horn color
above, whitish beneath. Two white bands
on wing ....... pollens.

Rest of under parts yellow. Head and neck above
ashy. No light bands on wings.

Wings rounded ; 1st quill more than half 2d,
which is shorter than the 10th. Bill .30
from nostril ; light horn color . . . latimeri.

C. Head above olivaceous like the back. Chin and throat
yellowish, more or less uniform with the remaining under
parts. A yellowish line from bill to eye, not beyond it,
except in carmioli and hijpochryseus ; wing bands wanting
only in hypochryseus.

Bill small, attenuated ; about .25 from nostrils to tip.
Superciliary stripe reaching beyond eye. Colors
bright olive above, yellow beneath.

First quill two-fifths 2d; 3d but little

shorter than the 5th (longest). Wings

longer than tail .... carmioli.

Superciliary stripe reaching only to the eye.

Colors dull olive above, and buffy yellow

beneath. %

First quill not quite half 2d, which is
longer than 10th ; 3d between 6th
and 7th. Wings longer than tail.
Olive of upper parts much brighter
towards tail ..... huttoni.
First quill more than half 2d, which is
about equal to 10th ; 3d about equal
to 7th. Wings equal to tail. Olive
of upper parts uniform . . . modestus.

YTREO. 353

Bill large and robust ; .30 or more from uostrils to tip.
First quill more than half 2d.

Superciliarj stripe leachiug only to the eye. Two
whitish wing bands.

Second quill about equal to the secon-
daries.

Above bright olive green ; beneath
greenish-yellow, with buify or
ochry tinge. Wing bands and
margins of secondaries"' broad.
Eyelids and region behind eye
uniform with the cheeks . ochraceus.

Above ashy olive. Wing bands and
light outer margins of inner
secondaries broad. Eyelids
and region behind eye yellow-
ish, in moderate contrast with
the cheeks .... crassirostris.
Second quill decidedly shorter than the
secondaries.
Above plumbeous olive. Wing
bands very narrow ; light
edgings of inner secondaries
almost inappreciable. Eyelids
and region behind the eye yel-
lowish, in strong contrast with
the cheeks .... gundlachi.
Superciliary stripe reaching to the nape. No
bands on the wing.
Second quill about equal to secondaries.
Above bright olive green ; beneath,
with superciliary stripe, deep
olivaceous-yellow. Tail length-
ened. (Largest and most deep-
ly colored of all the species.) . hypochryseus.

YiREO, Yieill.

Tireo atricapillus.

Vireo atricapillus, WoonnotiSE, Pr. A. N. Sc. 1852, 60 (San Pedro, Tex.).
— Ib. Sitgreave's Rep. 1853, 75, pi. i, Birds. — Cassin, lUust. 1854,
153, pi. xxiv.— Baird, Birds N. Am. 1858, 337.

Hah. Southern border of Western Texas.

(No. 6,818, % .) Top and sides of head and neck black ; rest of upper parts
olive green. Wing- and tail-feathers almost black on their upper surface,
the quills and rectrices edged with olive (paler on the exterior primaries),
23 May. 1866.

354

REVIEW OF AMERICAN BIRDS.

[part I.

the wing coverts with two greenish-white bands on a blackisli ground.

Broad line from bill to and around
eye (not meeting on forehead) with*
under parts, white ; the sides of
body olivaceous ; the axillars and
inner wing coverts (perhaps cris-
sum) yellowish. Bill black ; feet
plumbeous.

First quill less than half 2d, which
about equals the lOlh ; 3d little
shorter than 4th (longest).
(No. 6,818.) Fresh specimen : Total length, 4.75 ; expanse of wings, 7.25 ;
wing from carpal joint, 2.12. Prepared specimen: Total length, 4.10; wing,
2.25 ; tail, 1.95 ; exposed portion of 1st primary, .66, of 2d, 1.48, of longest
(measured from exposed base of 1st primary), 1.77; length of bill from fore-
head, .54, from nostril, .29, along gape, .61 ; tarsus, .75 ; middle toe and claw,
.50, claw alone, .17 ; hind toe and claw, .40, claw alone, .19.

The black head of this species, as far as known, makes it unique
in the genus. It is extremely rare, but three specimens being known.

Vireo atricapillus, Woodh. (Texas.)

Smith-
sonian

No.

Collec-
tor's
No.

Sex
and
Age.

Locality.

When
Collected.

Received from

Collected by

6,818
15,040

21

d

San Pedro Eiv.,Tes.
El Paso.

Col. J. D. Graham.
Capt.L. Sitgreaves.

J.H.Clark [hou.=e.
Dr. S. W. Wood-

6,818.) 4.75; 7.25; 2.12. (15,040.) Type.

Tireo noTelioracensis.

Muscicapa noveboracensis, Gm. Syst. Nat. 1, 1788, 947 ( Green Fly- Catcher,
Pennant, Arctic Zool. II, 389). — Vireo noveh. Bon. Obs. Wilson,
1825.— AtTD. Orn. Biog. I, 328, pi. 63.— Ib. Birds Am. IV, pi. 240.—
Cassin, Pr. A. N. Sc. 1851, 150.— Baikd, Birds N. Am. 1858, 338.—
Max. Cab. Jour. VI, 1858, 187.— Sclater, P. Z. S. 1857, 204
(Xalapa) ; 228 (Vera Cruz).— Ib. Catal. 1861, 42, no. 256.— Scl.
& Salv. Ibis, II, 1860, 274 (Coban, Guat.).— Jones, Nat. Bermuda,
1859, 71 (resident).— Cab. Jour. Ill, 469 (Cuba).— Gundlach,
Cab. Jour. 1861, 324 (Cuba ; rare).

Vireo musicus, Vieill. Ois. Am. Sept. I, 1807, 83, pi. 53. — Muscicapa
cantatrix, WiLS. II, 1810, 266, pi. xviii.

Hab. United States, west to base of Rocky Mountains ; south to Guatemala ;
Bogota? Very rare in Cuba. Abundant and resident in the Bermudas.

(No. 10,193, % .) First primary about half the length of 2d, which is longer
than secondaries, and about equal to the 8th ; the 4th longest ; 3d and 5th
little shorter.

Above quite bright olive green ; the sides of neck, and a gloss on its upper
surface, ashy. The middle concealed portion of feathers of lower back and
rump pale sulphur yellowish. Beneath white ; the chin and lower cheeks

VIREO.

355

with a grayish tinge ; the sides of breast and body, with axillars and base
of crissum (more faintly), bright yellow ; the inner wing coverts and rest of

Vireo noveboracensis.

crissum much paler, almost white. A broad yellow line from nostrils to, and
continuous with a yellow ring round the eye, which is encircled exteriorly by
olivaceous ; a dusky loral, but no post-ocular spot. Wings with two covert-
bands and innermost secondaries externally broadly yellowish-white; rest
of quills edged externally with olive, except the two outer and tips of other
primaries, which are grayish. Rectrices edged externally with olive, except
outermost, which is bordered by grayish. All the long quills bordered in-
ternally by whitish. Bill blue-black, paler on the edges ; legs dark plumbe-
ous. Iris white.

(No. 10,193, I .) Total length, 4.90 ; wing, 2.40 ; tail, 2.20 ; exposed por-
tion of 1st primary, .78, of 2d, 1.56, of longest, (4th and 5th) (measured from
exposed base of 1st primary), 1.86; length of bill from forehead, .53, from
nostril, .30, along gape, .62 ; tarsus, .70 ; middle toe and claw, .50, claw alone,
16 ; hind toe and claw, .40, claw alone, .20.

(No. 1,036, % .) Fresh specimen : Total length, 5.00 ; expanse of wings, 8.00 ;
wing from carpal joint, 2.50. Prepared specimen: Total length, 4.75 ; wing,
2.50; tail, 2.25; difference between 10th and longest quills, .45; exposed
portion of 1st primary, .86, of 2d, 1.56, of longest (measured from exposed
base of 1st primary), 1.90; length of bill from forehead, .51, from nostril,
.29, along gape, .62; tarsus, .76 ; middle toe and claw, .52, claw alone, .18;
hind toe and claw, .46, claw alone, .25.

Specimens vary slightly in a greater amount of ashy on the head,
and less brilliancy of the yellow of head and sides. Sometimes
there is a decided ashy shade in the white of throat and jugulum,
which again has a very faint tinge of yellowish.

A young bird does not differ in markings from the adult.

A specimen marked " Colombia" is rather smaller than the aver-
age, but otherwise similar.

The measurements of the feet of Xo. 10,193, %, appear to be
quite abnormal, and I add those of No. 1,036, %, as more accurately
expressing the average in these respects.

356

BEVIEW OF AMERICAN BIRDS.

[part I.

Smith-

Collec-

Sex'

When
Collected.

sonian

tor's

and

Locality.

Received from

Collected by

No.

No.

Age.

7,108

Philadelphia.

Phila. A. N. Sc.

1.036

-f

Washington, D. C.

May 26, '43.

W. M. Baird.

1,037

V

June 12, '43.

Dr. E. Cones.

10.193

..

rf

Union County, III.

April 21.

R. Kennicott.

10,3.51

Key West, Fla.

Dec. 29, '59.

G. Wurdemaun.

34.360

317

rf

Republican Fork.

May 26, '64.

Dr. E. Coues.

13.1-2-1

38

V

Upper Missouri.

Dr. Hayden.

.3 972

Brownsville, Tex.

Lt. Couch.

6,8.36

Above El Paso, Tex.

Dr. T. C. Henrv.

6,837

Western Texas.

Col. J.D.Graham.

J. H. ciark.

17,.307

W. of Ft. Arbuckle.

May 13, '60.

J. H. Clark,

C. S. M'Carthy.

181

Mexico.

Cab. Lawrence.

Salle.

37,9U

208

rf

Merida, Tuc.

Feb. 22, '65.

Gov. Salazar.

Dr. A. Schott.

27,94)

Honduras.

Dr. P. L. Sclater.

,

27,946

Colombia.

"

41,6.56

Bermada.

...

C. M. Allen.

(1,036) 5.00; 8.00; 2 50. (1,037.) 5.10; 2.50. (S4,360.) 5.10; 7.70. (17,307.) With eggs.
No. 2,529. (37,914.) Iris white.

Vireo earmioli, Baird. (Costa Rica.)

Tireo earmioli.

Vireo earmioli, Baied, n. sp.
Hab. Highlands of Costa Rica.

(No. 35,237, % .) Wings lengthened, considerably longer than the slightly
rounded tail ; the 1st quill about two-fifths the 2d, which equals the 7th

(much longer than 10th) ; 4th and
5th nearly equal, and longest ; 3d
little shorter. Feet short, about
two-thirds tarsus. Bill small, slen-
der and attenuated ; the lateral out-
lines decidedly concave.

(No. 35,236.) Above bright olive
green ; beneath clear greenish-yel-
low, palest (almost whitish) on
throat ; tinged with olive green on
sides and breast ; purer yellow inside the wings, the quills and tail-feathers
edged internally with pale sulphur yellow. Wings with two broad bars, and
broad outer edges of inner secondaries greenish-yellow, contrasting very
strongly with the almost black of the wing-feathers ; rest of quill- and the
tail-feathers edged externally with olive-green, paler towards the extremity ;
the edges of the outermost feather of wing and tail much paler. A conspicu-
ous yellowish line from nostrils over the eye, and extending nearly as far
behind it as in front of it, though not reaching the nape, and not interrupted
above ; lower eyelids similar. A dusky loral spot from corner of eye to angle
of mouth ; rest of cheeks olivaceous. Bill quite dusky ; lower mandible
paler; legs plumbeous. "Iris brown."

(No. 35,237, %.) Total length, 4.50; wing, 2.50; tail, 2.20 ; diflFerence be-
tween 10th quill and longest, .45 ; exposed portion of 1st primary, .70, of 2d,
1.65, of longest, 3d, measured from exposed base of 1st primary), 1.85 ; length
of bill from forehead, .50, from nostril, .25, along gape, .55 ; depth, 15 ; tarsus,

VIREO.

35T

.75 ; middle toe and claw, .50, claw alone, .16 ; hind toe and claw, .42, claw
alone, .21.

Of the two specimens No. 35,237 has the wings perfect, but is
apparently immature ; the head has an ochry tinge, not seen in the
other, and the eye stripe paler. No. 35,23G, which probably best
represents the normal state of coloration, lacks the outer primary
on both sides, and exhibits other indications of a condition of
moulting. Both agree, however, in many peculiarities, sharply
separating the new species from any other in the complete series of
Vireonidse before me. I have named it after Mr. Julian Carmiol,
who has been so indefatigable in developing the ornithology of
Costa Rica.

Smith-
soQiaa

No.

CoUec-
tor's

No.

Sex
a M d

Age.

Locality.

Wheu
Collected.

Eecelved from

Collected by

3.), 236
3J,237

V
d

Dota, Costa Rica. July 27, '64.

J. Carmiol.

(35,236.) Type. (35,237.) Type. Iris brown.

Tireo buttoni.

Vireo huttoni, Cassin, Pr. A. N. Sc. Phila. 1851, 150 (Monterey, Cal.).—
Ib. 1852, pi, i, fig. 1.— Baied, Birds N. Am. 1858, 339, pi. 78, fig.
2.— ScLATER, P. Z. S. 1858, 302 (Oaxaca) ; 1862, 19 (La Parada).—
Ib. Catal. 1861, 358, no. 256.

nab. California and Western Mexico, to Oaxaca.

(No. 3,725.) First quill rather less than half 2d, which about equals the
10th ; 3d a little longer than 7th ; 4th and 5th nearly equal, and longest. Tail
slightly rounded, shorter than wings. Bill very small.

Above olive green ; brightest behind, especially on rump and edging of tail,
duller and more ashy towards and on top and sides of head and neck. Wings
with two bands on coverts, and
outer edges of innermost secon-
daries rather broadly olivaceous-
white ; other quills eilged externally
with olive green, paler towards
outer primary ; internally with
whitish. Lateral tail-feather edged
externally with yellowish-white.
Feathers of rump with much con-
cealed yellowish-gray.

Under parts pale olivaceous-yel-
lowish ; i^urest behind, lightest on throat and abdomen ; the breast more oliva-
ceous, the sides still deeper olive green, the breast soiled with a slitrlit buSy
tinge. Axillars and crissum yellowish ; the inside of wings whitish. Loral

Vireo huttoni, Cassin. (California.)

358

REVIEW OF AMERICAN BIRDS.

[part I,

region and a narrow space around eye dull yellowish, in faint contrast to the
olive of head. Bill horn color above, paler below ; legs dusky.

(No. 3,725.) Total length, 4.70 ; wing, 2.40 ; tail, 2.05 ; difference between
10th and longest quills, .43 ; exposed portion of 1st primary, .72, of 2d, 1.52>
of longest, 4th and 5th (measured from exposed base of 1st primary), 1.90;
length of bill from forehead, .45, from nostril, .29, along gape, .60; tarsus,
.72; middle toe and claw, .50, claw alone, .16 ; hind toe and claw, .45, claw
alone, .22.

The description just given is based upon the type specimen, pro-
bably in winter plumage. Spring specimens do not vary materially
except in greater purity of white edgings of the feathers. Two
Mexican specimens are rather larger, the wing measuring 2.50, the
tail 2.30. No other differences are appreciable. In general the first
primary is about half the second, sometimes rather less.

This species is readily distinguished from other Vireos, excepting
V. modestus, which it greatly resembles in the small bill, form,
coloration, and size ; nor indeed is it easy to distinguish them. In
modestus, however, the first quill is usually more than half the
second, not less ; the wing shorter, and less pointed ; the tail longer.
The upper parts are more uniform, not much brighter towards rump
and tail. The quite distinct circum-ocular light ring of huttoni is
scarcely if at all appreciable. The wide separation geographically
is of much importance.

Smith-

Collec-

Sex

When
Collected.

sonian

tor's

and

Locality.

Received from

Collected by

No.

Ko.

Age.

39,486

44

Sau Francisco, Cal.

Spring,' 65.

Col. Bulkley.

E. J. Lorquieu.

12,903

103

Napa Valley, Cal.

Col. A. J. Grayson.

17,769

649

California.

Jas. Hepburn.

3,725

Monterey, Cal.

June, 1S47.

W. Button.

3,724

"

"

*'

3,973

rf

Monterey, Mex.

Lt. D. N. Couch.

39,707

La Paiada, W. Mex.

Jan. 1861.

A. Salld.

Boncard.

2566

?

Feb. 1861.

Cab. Dr. Sclater.

San6.

(3,725.) Type. (3,973.) "Eyes dark brown."

Vireo liellii.

Vireo hellii, Aud. Birds Am. VII, 1844, 333, pi. 485 (Missouri River).—
Cassix, Pr. A. N. Sc. Phila. 1851, 150.— Baikd, Birds N. Am. 1858,
337.— Sclater, Catal. 1861, 42, no. 258.— Box. Consp. 1850, 330.

Eah. United States, from Missouri River to base of Rocky Mountains.

(No. 1,926.) Above olive green, brightest on the rump ; tinged anteriorly with
ashy ; the top and sides of head ashy, in faint contrast. A line from nostrils
to eye (scarc«^ly beyond it), and eyelids very pale yellowish-white ; lores
dusky. Under parts, including inner wing, coverts aud edge of wing creamy

VIREO.

359

1926

(>b(llii,Avu. (Dacuta.)

Median portion of rump feathers
Bill liorn-color above, pale below. Legs plum-

wbite ; the sides, axillars, and crissum pale yellow (sides of lower, neck
ami of breast glossed with olivaceous), faintest on the longer feathers of the
latter. Two rather nar-
row bands on the wing
coverts, and the outer
edges of innermost se-
condaries white ; tlie
other quills edged witli
faded olivaceous. Iinier
edges of quills whitish.
Tail feathers biown, c,

edged externally willi
olive ; internally fading into paler brown.
concealed pale yellowish,
beous. " Iris brown."

First quill spurious ; not quite half the 2d, which is about equal to the 8th ;
3d and 4th quills longest ; 5th scarcely shorter. Tail nearly even, or a little
rounded, the feathers narrow.

(No. 1,926.) Total length, 4.20; wing, 2.18; tail, 1.90; exposed portion
of 1st primary .60, of 2d, 1.32, of longest, 3d (measured from exposed base
of 1st primary), 1.60 ; length of bill from forehead, .51, from nostril, .28, along
gape, .60 ; tarsus, .75 ; middle toe and claw, .54; hind toe and claw, .42.

The above description is taken from a type specimen received from
Mr. Audubon, and represents the average spring plumage. Autum-
nal skins arc rather brighter, and there is occasionally an ochraceous
tinge on the white of the under parts.

This species at first sight appears like a miniature of V. gilvxisi,
the head being almost exactly similar. The back is, however, much
brighter olive, the sides and crissum deeper yellow. The superciliary
light stripe is shorter. The white markings of the wings are want-
ing in gilvus. The wing, tail, and feet are entirely different in their
proportions.

Smith-

Collec-

Sex

When
Collected.

s.iaian
No.

tor's
No.

and

Locality.

Received from

Collected by

],92(i

..

Fort Union, Dae. 1S4.3.

S. F, Biird.

J. J. Audubon.

S.197

1.3.'?

V

Nemalia Riv , Kans July 16, 'o7.

W. M. Mag raw.

Dr. J. G. Cooper.

8,1S7

123

rf

Sliawnee Riv. Mis'n! July 4, '57,

"

"

2'=i.229

V

Neo.slio Falls, Kaas.

B. F. Goss.

]9,0So

41

r<

Fort Cobb, Ark. May 23, '60

J. H Clark.

34.:«1

342

rf

Republican Forlt. 3Iav 27, '64.

Dr. E. CoHos.

4,070

Ft. Cliadbourn,Tex.

Dr.E. Swift, U.S.A.

6,818

Western Texas.

Capt. Pope, U.S.A.

6,817

"

Col. J D Graham.

J. H. Clark.

12,52S

d

San Pedro Riv., Tex. May 24, Ml.

Capt. Sitgreaves.

Dr. Woodhouse.

(1,926.) Type. (26,229.) With eggs. (19,085.) With eggs. (34,361.) 4.S0;6.90.

360

REVIEW OF AMERICAN BIRDS,

[part I.

(Califoruia.)

Vireo pusillus.

Vireo pusillus, Coues, Pr. A. N. Sc. Pliila. 1866.
? Vireo hellii, Cooper, Pr. Cal. Acad. 1861, 122 (Fort Mohave).

Uab. Cape St. Lucaa, San Diego, Fort Mohave, and Arizona.

Somewhat similar in general appearance to Vireosylvia gilca and swainsoni,
but smaller. Bill very small ; tarsi lengthened. Wings about equal to the
tail, which is lengthened, graduated, and with the feathers narrow and pointed.
Exposed part of Ist primary about half that of the 2d, which is intermediate
between 7th and 8th ; the 4th and 5th longest.

Above grayish-ash, witli a tinge of olive behind. Beneath, including the
inside of the wings, white, with a soiled tinge on the sides of the throat and

across the breast. Ax-
illars and flanks, ex-
hibiting a faint trace of
greenish-yellow. Eye-
lids and a short line
from the nostrils to the
eye whitish ; no other
stripe apparent. A
dusky loral spot. Pri-
mary coverts edged in-
distinctly witli whitish, producing an obscure band (a second on the middle
coverts hardly appreciable). Quills and tail feather edged externally
with pale grayish-olive, the innermost secondaries with whitish. Bill dusky
above, whitish beneath. Legs plumbeous. Iris of two specimens marked as
"light brown," of another as " rufous."

The details of structure' taken from No. 23,785, of color from 23,788. Length
of 23,785, 1 , 4.80 when fresh, of skin, 4.25 ; wing, 2.25 ; tail, 2.25 ; bill above,
.37; tarsus, 73; middle toe and claw, .50; hind toe and claw, .42. First
quill, .70; 2d, 1.40 ; longest (5th), 1.64. (Cape St. Lucas.)

Since writing tlie preceding description, I have received a Vireo
(Xo. 31,893), collected by Dr. Cooper, at San Diego, which, al-
though considerably larger, I cannot distinguish specifically. The
diiference in size is what might be expected between specimens from
Cape St. Lucas and San Diego, and the occurrence of a Cape species
at the latter place is in accordance with the facts observed in other
instances where such birds as Sialia arctica, Polioptila vielanura,
etc., equally peculiar to the middle province, have found their way to
the California coast at San Diego, through the break in the coast
range of mountains.

The larger specimen somewhat resembles V. pallens of Central
America, but has a much smaller bill and a longer tail, with but one
distinct white band on the wing. The bill is about the size of that
in V. huttoni ; but the white under parts and other differences of

VIREO.

361

coloration and form distinguish them. The measurements are as
follows : — *

(No. 31,893, % .) Total length, 4.70; wing, 2.30; tail, 2.35 ; exposed por-
tion of 1st primary, .71, of 2d, 1.44, of longest (3d, 4th, and 5th), (measured
from exposed base of 1st primary), 1.70; length of bill from forehead, .40,
from nostril, .25, along gape, .55 ; tarsus, .75 ; middle toe and claw, .46, claw
alone, .lo ; hind toe and claw, .38, claw alone, .18

Smith-

Collec-

Sex

When

soniau

tor's

and

Locality.

Received from

Collected by

No.

No.

A'e.

16,956

1,942

cf

Cape St. Lucas.

Joliu Xautus.

16,9.J7

1.031

" [Lucas.

"

2.?,7So

3.463

rf

San Jose, Cape St.

Dec. 1859.

"

23,788

6,023

d

Sierra San Gertrude,
Cape St. Lucas.

Jan. 1861.

" [ney.

31.893

2.)9c

<r

San Diego. ? Cal.

April 24,'62.

Prof. J. D. Wiiit-

Dr. J. G. Cooper.

40,696

l,o2i

V

Date Creek, 50 m. S.
of Prescott, Ariz.

June 6, '65.

Dr. E. Coues.

(16.957.) 4.. %i. Iris light brown. (23,785.) 4.80. Iris rufous. (.31,893.) 5..50 ; 7.25 ; 2.30. Iris
browu. (40,696.) Eye brown ; billligbt horn, almost white beneath. Has loud and melodious
Bong. (Coues.)

Vireo vicinior.

Vireo vicinior, CorES, Pr. A. N. So. Phila. 1866.
Hab. Prescott, Arizona.

(No. 40,697, %.) Bill stout, considerably compressed and deep. Wings
moderately pointed, about equal to tail, which is decidedly graduated ; 1st
quill rather more than half
2d, which about equals 9tli
and the secondaries ; the 4th
and 5th longest. Tarsus con-
siderably longer than middle
toe and claw ; lateral toes
quite conspicuous for their
disproportion, the inner claw
reaching only to base of outer,
and falling short of base of
middle ; the terminal digit
of inner toe reaching only to
end of second joint of middle
toe.

Upper parts, with sides of
head and neck, ashy or light
plumbeous, faintly olivaceous
on rump. Beneath white ;

Vireo vicinior, CotJES

' After the completion of the present article the specimen, No. 40,696, was
received from Dr. E. Coues (agreeing with No. 31,893 in size), thus extend-
ing the range of the species to Arizona, as might have been anticipated.

(No. 31,893, % .) Fresh specimen : Total length, 5.50 (4.50?) ; expanse of
wings, 7.25 ; wing from carpal joint, 2.30.

362

REVIEW OF AMERICAN BIRDS.

[part I.

slightly ai?hy on sides of breast. Flanks and inside of wings showing a faint
trace of yellow, only appreciable on raising the wings. An obsolete line from
bill to eye, and a more distinct ring round the eye, white. No bands on the
wing, except a faint edging of whitish on the greater coverts ; the quills edged
internally with white. Bill and legs plumbeous. " Iris brown. Mouth livid,
bluish-white." (Coues.)

Fresh specimen: Total length, 5.60; expanse of wings, 8.60. Prepared
specimen: Total length, 5.10; wing, 2.50; tail, 2.60, its graduation, .22;
difference of 10th and longest quills, .40 ; exposed portion of 1st primary, .85,
of 2d, 1.65, of longest (measured from exposed base of 1st primary), 1.95 ;
length of bill from forehead, .50, from nostril, .32, along gape, .61 ; depth of
bill, 18 ; tarsus, .72 ; middle toe and claw, .51, claw alone, .16 ; hind toe and
claw, .40, claw alone, .19.

This species would at first sight be taken for a small specimen
of V. plumbea, the colors, character of bill, etc., being exactly simi-
lar, except that the white of lores and around eye is much less dis-
tinct, and there is only .one faint band on wing, instead of two
conspicuous ones ; the tail feathers, too, lack the distinct white
edgings. The much more rounded wing, and the first primary half
the second or more, will, however, readily distinguish them. The
form of the bird is very much that of V. jmsiUus, which it resembles
also in color. The outer quill is, however, longer, the biW deeper
and more compressed, the inner lateral toe considerably shorter, and
the size larger. The colors are purer, without the olive of the back
or the yellowish of the under parts ; the bill, too, is entirely dark
plumbeous, instead of ^rn color, whitish beneath. From V. jmllens
it is distinguished by smaller, darker bill ; longer tail and wing; one
wing band, not two, and purer colors.

Smith-

Bonian

No.

Collec-
tor's
No.

Sex
aud
Age.

LocaUty.

When
CoUected.

Received from

Remarks.

40,697

1,507

cf

Fort Whipple, near
[Prescott, Ar.

May 24, '65.

EUiot Coues, M.D.

Type.

Vireo modestiis.

Vireo modestus, Sclatee, P. Z. S. 1860, 462 (Jamaica) ; 1861, 72, pi.
xiv, fig. 1.— lis. Catal. 1861, 43, no. 259.— March, Pr. A. N. Sc.
1863, 294.— F. noveboracensis, Gosse, Birds Jam. 1847, 192 (not
of Gmelin),

Hab. Jamaica.

(No. 22,143, % .) The whole upper parts are of a dull olive green, with a
shade of brown, the sides of head and neck paler. The quills and tail feathers
are brown ; the 1st and 2d primaries very faintly edged with whitish, the

VIREO.

363

Virtu mudentus, Sclateu. (Jamaica.)

nest more broadly, this color gradually changing to bright olive on the
secondaries and tertials. Two distinct bands on the wing, and the outer
edges of inner tertials are
yellowish-white. The
tail feathers are edged
externally with olive
green, the outermcst
having a narrow edge of
whitish. Under parts
pale yellow, palest on
throat, and with a tinge
of buff on the belly and

crissum. Sides of neck, breast, and flanks tinged with olive, which also
washes the front of the breast. Under wing covers whitish, the axillars
sulphur yellow. Bill light horn color above, whitish beneath; legs plumbe-
ous. Loral region light olive yellow, in slight contrast with the forehead.
There is little or no concealed yellow on the feathers of the rump.

The tail about the length of the wings, or a little shorter, rounded ; the
lateral feathers .16 of an inch shorter than the middle. The wing is concave ;
the primaries .35 longer than the secondaries ; the 1st primary rather more
than half the 2d, which is about as long as the secondaries ; the 3d is rather
shorter than the 7th, the 4th and 5th longest. The bill is compressed ; the
tarsus is rather more than one and one-third the length of middle toe and claw.

(No. 22,143, % .) Total length, 4.75 ; wing, 2.30 ; tail, 2.21 ; difference be-
tween 10th and longest quills, .34; exposed portion of first primary, .78, of
2d, 1.41, of longest (4th and 5th), (measured from exposed base of 1st pri-
mary), 1.75 ; length of bill from forehead, .50, from nostril, .26, along gape,
.60 ; tarsus, .75 ; middle toe and claw, .55, claw alone, .17 ; hind toe and claw,
.41, claw alone, .20.

The specimen described above agrees very well with the descrip-
tion and figure of Dr. Sclater. Four others are all smaller, one of
them (received from Dr. Sclater), No. 23,323, more olivaceous be-
neath, brighter green above ; another, Jso. 22,159, grayer above,
belly without buff tinge, and the whitish edging of lateral tail feather
wanting. In these differences, however, there is hardly enough to
warrant a separation into two sj^ecies.

This species is readily distinguished from V. gundlachi by the
smaller size, longer wings, more olive back, less clearly defined yel-
low belly, and in having light markings on the wings and tail. V.
bahamensis is larger, the bill much larger, the tail proportionally
shorter ; the third quill but little shorter than the fourth. V/'reo
noveboracensis has much longer wings, a white throat and belly,
and yellow front. Its nearest relative is V. hidiovi. This, how-
ever, has a smaller liill, longer wings, even tail with brighter olive
edging ; the lower back and rump considerably brighter than the

364

REVIEW OF AMERICAN BIRDS.

[part I.

bead and luterscapular region. The first primary is barely half, or
not half the second, instead of more than half as in modedus.

Note. — The point of upper mandible, as seen from above, is not
sufficiently acute in the figure.

Sinith-

souiau

No.

CoUec-
tor's
No.

Sex
and
Age.

Locality.

■WhPn
Collected.

Received from

Collected by

23,323
22,143
22,l.j9
24,370
24,371

23

52
02

?

d

d

Trelawuey, Jam.
SpauioLitown, Jam.

Oct. 17, 'oS.
Nov. 6, '61.

Dr. Sclater.
W. T. March.

W. Osburn.

(23,.323.) A type.

Vireo latimeri, Baird.

(Porto Rico.)

Vireo latimeri.

Vireo hitimeri, Baikd, n. sp.
Hah. Porto Rico.

(No. 39,347.) Upper parts olivaceous ; brightest and greenest on lower back
and rump, passing anteriorly into almost clear gray on the head, the inter-
scapular region soiled with
reddish olive. No light bands
nor edging of the wings, ex-
cepting the olive green borders
of the quills, becoming paler
towards the edge of the wing.
Chin and throat, with a line
from bill to eye, and eyelids,
white. Sides of head gray.
Breast and remaining under
parts yellow, palest centrally,
tinged with greenish on sides. Inside of wings pale yellowish, inner edges
of quills tinged with the same. Bill light horn color, paler below ; legs
plumbeous. "Iris hazel."

Wings short, though longer than tail, concave, much rounded — the differ-
ence between the 10th and longest primary being but .23 of an inch. First
quill much more than half 2d, about half 3d, which is shorter than 7th ;
4th and 5th about equal and longest. Tail short, nearly even.

(No. 39,347.) Total length, 4.80 ; wing, 2.20 ; tail, 1.90 ; difference between
10th and longest quills, .24; exposed portion of 1st primary, .76, of 2d, 1.S5,
of longest (4th and 5th), (measured from exposed base of 1st primary), 1.C8 ;
length of bill from forehead, .55, from nostril, .32, along gape, .64; tarsus,
.75 ; middle toe and claw, .55, claw alone, .16 ; hind toe and claw, .45, claw
alone, .20.

This species, in its gray head and neck in contrast to the yellowish
of under parts, is quite different from any other excepting V.josephse.
The wings, however, are much shorter, and differently proportioned ;

VIREO.

365

the brown cap and post-ocular stripe are -wanting, and the light line
from bill only goes to the eye, instead of passing broadly to the
nape. I have great pleasure in dedicating it to Mr. Geo. Latimer,
of Porto Rico, at whose expense a valuable collection of birds of the
Island was made and presented to the Institution — the species just
described amons; them.

Smith- CoUec- Sex

soniani tor's aud

No. No. Age.

Locality.

When
Collected.

Received from

Remarks.

39,348
39,347

Porto Kico, N. Side. 1864-5

Geo. Latimer.

Iris hazel.
Type.

Fireo pollens, Saltin. (Nicaragua.)

Tireo pallens.

Vireo pallens, Salvin, P. Z. S. May, 1S63, 188 (Realejo and Punta
Arenas).

Hah, West coast of Central America.

(No. 33,601.) Wings short and rounded, about equal to the tail ; 1st qnill
rather less than half the 2d, which is less than the secondaries ; 3d about equal
to the 7th ; 4th and 5th long-
est. Bill large and stout ;

feet well developed, the claws
reaching to end of tail. Tail
rather rounded, the feathers
narrow ; the lateral .15 shorter
than central.

Upper parts dull grayish-
olive ; a little brighter per-
haps on rump and edges of
quill- and tail-feathers. No

difference appreciable in color of the outer edge of lateral tail feather. Two
bands on the wing, and outer edges of inner secondaries white. No concealed
yellowish on rump. Beneath soiled white, with a very slight tinge of oliva-
ceous on sides ; the lining of wings and inner edges of quills pure white.
Tibiae ashy. A whitish line from bill to, and perhaps a narrow ring around
the eye. Lores dusky. Bill horn color above, pale below ; feet dusky.

(No. 33,601.) Total length, 4.70 ; wing, 2.10 ; tail, 2.00 ; difference between
10th and longest quills, .25 ; exposed portion of 1st primary, .70, of 2d, 1.35,
of longest (measured from exposed base of Ist primary), 1.64; length of bill
from forehead, .58, from nostril, .35, along gape, .68 ; tarsus, .80 ; middle toe
and claw, .55, claw alone, .20 ; hind toe and claw, ||0, claw alone, .24.

This species is very similar in form and general appearance to V.
pusillus, agreeing in the rounded tail with narrow pointed feathers,
lengthened legs, long claws, etc., with about the same dimensions;
otherwise, however, the bill and feet are much larger, measuring

3G6

REVIEW OF AMERICAN BIRDS.

[part I.

from nostril .35, instead of .25 ; the tarsi .80, not .15. The wings
are more rounded, the difference between longest primary and tenth
being .30 instead of .40. The differences from V. vicinior, Coues,
are noted under that species.

The specimen described is one of the t5'pcs of Mr. Salvin, and
kindly presented by that gentleman and Capt. Dow.

Smith-

souiau

No.

CciUec- Sex
tor's 1 and
No. I Age.

Locality.

When
Collected.

Received from

Remarks.

33,601

4,6S2 ..

Eealejo, Nic.

May 16, '63.

Capt. Dow &0. Sal- 1 A type,
[vin. 1

Tireo ocliraceus.

Vireo ochruceus, Salvin, P. Z. S, 1863, 188, no. 5 (San Jose, Guat.)
?V. semijlavus, Salvin, P. Z. S. 1863, 188, no. 6 (Peten, Guat.)
Eab. Western and southern Mexico, Yucatan, and Guatemala.

(No. 427, Salvin's Coll.) Wings short and rounded, a little longer than the
tail ; 1st quill nearly half as long as the 3d, considerably more than half the

2d ; 5th and 6tli quills long-
est ; 4th little shorter ; 2d
shorter than 10th ; 3d equal
to 8th. Bill large, broad at
base, and rather depressed,
the sides nearly straight.
Tail somewhat rounded,
the feathers narrow.

Above olive green, with
a soiled buflfy or reddish
tinge ; the olive purest on the rump. Beneath yellow with a reddish olive
tinge ; paler on throat, more olive on sides and perhaps across breast ; the
inside of wings paler yellow ; the inner edges of quills whitish. Cheeks
olive. A brighter yellowish line from bill along upper edge of eye to its
posterior corner, although apparently interrupted above the eye, and not
extending around lower eyelids, the space from eye to angle of mouth
more dusky. Wings with two broad bands, and outer edges of inner secon-
daries olivaceous-white, in decided contrast with the blackish-brown ground ;
the rest of quills and the tail feathers edged with olive green. Bill horn color
above, paler below. Legs plumbeous.

(No. 427, 9 .) Total length, 4.50 ; wing, 2.20 ; tail, 2.00 ; difference between
10th quill and longest, .21 ; exposed portion of 1st primary, .80, of 2d, 1.36,
of longest (5th and 6thWmeasured from exposed base of 1st primary), 1.66 ;
length of bill from forehead, .55, from nostril, .29, along gape, .60; tarsus,
.79 ; middle toe and claw, .56, claw alone, .20 ; hind toe and claw, .45, claw
alone, .22.

The lack of a light mark below the eye and the interruption above
it of the usual superciliary stripe, causing the latter to reappear

VIREO. 36T

again as a small yellowish spot above the posterior corner, seems
quite peculiar.

A specimen (male, June 16) from Mazatlan agrees closely in form
with the present bird, although rather larger. The first quill is only
a little more than half the second. The colors are duller, and the
under parts paler ; the white markings are less distinct, owing to the
worn condition of the feathers. The extension of the range of the
species from Southern Guatemala to Mazatlan is an interesting fact,
paralleled by the facts in the case of Hirundo alhilinea, various Tro-
chilidae, etc., no specimens of which have hitherto been observed in
the intermediate coast of Mexico.

The type of the species described above has been kindly furnished
by Mr. Salvin.

Vij-eo semijlavus (the type of which I have before me from Mr.
Salvin) I can hardly consider as distinct from ochraceus, as it re-
sembles it very closely in
size, form, and propor-
tions. The first quill, in
the type, is shorter than
in ochraceus — being not
quite half the second ; the
other quills are as in V.
ochraceus. The upper
parts are rather brighter
green ; the under parts lack the ochrey tinge, and the light markings
on the wing are narrower. The aame peculiarities of the eye stripe
are seen in both types. The difference of coloration is what might
be expected between birds killed in January and in April, and the
difference in length of outer quills such as is met with frequently in
well established species.

(No. 428.) Total length, 4.40; wing, 2.10; tail, 1.95; difference between
lOth and longest quills, .20 ; exposed portion of 1st primary, .62, of 2d, 1.25,
of longest, 5th and 6th (measured from exposed base of 1st primary), 1.60;
length of bill from forehead, .54, from nostril, .30, along gape, .60; tarsus,
78 ; middle toe and claw, .52, claw alone, .18; hind toe and claw, .44, claw
alone, .20.

A specimen from Merida, Yucatan (April), a locality nearly due
north of Lake Peten, and closely related to the region of the latter
in its zoological geography, agrees in general characters, but has the
outer primary a little more than half the second, although not as
long as in the type of ochraceus — about what it is in the Mazatlan
specimen. The bill is darker and rather narrower.

Vireo semiflavuis.

3G8

EEVIEW OF AMERICAN BIRDS.

[part I.

Smith-
sonian
No.

Collec-
tor's
No.

Sex
aud
Age.

Locality.

When
Collected.

Received from

Collected by

34,025
3S,278

1

427
428
394

d
?

d

Mazatlan, Mex.
San Jose, Guat.
Sakluk, Peten,Guat
Merida, Yucatan.

June 16, '62.
Jan. 1863.
April, 1S62.
April 14,'65.

Col. A. J. Grayson.
0. Salvin.

Gov. Salazar.

Dr. A. Schott.

Vireo crassiroiti-is, Bkyant. (Bahamas

(427.) The type of V. ochraeeus. (42S.) The type of V. semijiavus. (39,278.) Most like
No. 428.

Vireo crassirostris.

Lanivireo cr. Bktant, Pr. Bost. Soc. N. H. VII, 1859 (Bahamas).
Ilab, Bahamas.

(No. 13,508.) Upper parts grayish-olive, the edges of quills and tail-
feathers brighter olive green. Beneath pale yellowish, soiled slightly with

ashy ; brightest on
sides and crissum,
paler on middle of
belly ; flanks ting-
ed with olivaceous;
quills edged inter-
nally with white.
Two well - marked
bands on wings, and
broad outer edges
of inner secondaries
yellowish-white. A yellow band from nostril (meeting its fellow) to the eye,
and a narrow yellow ring around it. Bill dark plumbeous horn color, lighter
along edges. Feet dark plumbeous.

Wings longer than the tail (2.40 to 2.10). The 1st or spurious primary
more than half the length of the 2d, which is shorter than the 9th x^rimary,
and about equal to the secondaries (not shorter, as in V. gundlachi) ; the 4th,
5th, and 6th quills are longest, their tips reaching about .30 beyond the
secondaries. Tail slightly rounded, the feathers narrow and pointed. The
tarsi are long and stout (.85 of an inch), and measure one and a half times
as much as the middle toe and claw. The bill is unusually stout and large,
and the feet well developed.

(No. 13,508.) Total length, 4.55 ; wing, 2.40 ; tail, 2.15 ; difi"erence between
10th quill and longest, .30 ; exposed portion of 1st primary, .77, of 2d, 1.33,
of longest, 4th and 5th (measured from exposed base of 1st primary), 1.66 ;
length of bill from forehead, .58, from nostril, .35, along gape, .70 ; depth, .19 ;
tarsus, .85 ; middle toe aud claw, .54, claw alone, .20 ; hind toe and claw, .50,
claw alone, .24.

In some specimens the yellow of the forehead is much obscured.
The anterior corner of the eye is dusky. The cheeks are tinged
with olive green. The yellow of under parts is not uniform and con-
tinuous. The type of the species is not so bright in its colors as
specimens received subsequently from Nassau.

VIREO.

369

This species is closely related to V. guncUacJii in size, form, and
general appearance ; but differs in the much stouter, darker bill,
larger legs ; the wings longer than the tail, instead of shorter; the
second quill equal to secondaries, instead of much shorter. The
olive of back is grayish, not plumbeous ; the under parts duller yel-
low, and the two conspicuous wing bands and broad edging of inner
secondaries are reduced to a minimum. The much brighter olive
green edging of quills and tail-feathers are inconspicuous in
gundlachi.

In color of bill and general appearance of upper parts and fore-
head there is quite a resemblance to V. noveboracensis ; the larger
bill and prevailing yellow of under parts readily distinguish it. It
also in color is somewhat like F. modestus ; but the bill is very
much larger, the upper parts duller olive, the frontal yellow
brighter, etc.

Smith-
sonian
No.

Collec-j Sex
tor's j and Locality.
No. 1 Aire.

When
Collected.

Received from Kemarks.

13,508
33,186
33,187

Nassau, N. P.

Aiii-il, lSi9.
April, 1S64.

Dr. H. Bryant.
Lc. Fitzgerald.

A type.
In alcohol.

YiREONELLA, Baird.
Vireo giiBidlacIii.

Vireo gundlachi, Lembeye, Aves de la Cuba, 1850, 29, pi. v, fig. 1 (Cieu-
fuegos, Cuba). — Cab. Jour. Ill, 468.

Hab. Cuba.

(No. 13058, % .) Upper parts of an olivaceous-plumbeous ; the under, witli
the loral region, and a circle around the eye (the latter brighter) dull yellow,
as in V. philadelphica.
Sides tinged with oli-
vaceous. There are two
narrow, very inconspicu-
ous pale bands on the
wing. The tail- and wing-
feathers are brown, edged
with the color of the back
(without any whitish),
the outer edge of the
outer tail feather not
paler than in the others

29633 A ^

Virto gundlachi, Lemb. (Cuba.)

1305S

Bill pale

Quills edged internally with white,
horn color above, a little lighter beneath. Legs plumbeous.

"Wings extremely short and much rounded, nearly a quarter of an inch
shorter than the tail ; 1st primary large, and more than half the 2d, which i.s
much shorter (.20 of an inch) than any of the secondaries, and .40 of an inch
24 May, 1866.

370

REVIEW OF AMERICAN BIRDS.

[part I.

less than tlie longest quill. The 4th quill is longest ; the Cth and 6th scarcely
shorter; the 7th, 8th, and 9th decreasing gradually ; the 3d about intermedi-
ate between 7th and 8th. The primaries in the closed wing are scarcely
more than .20 of an inch longer than the secondaries. Tail slightly rounded,
the feathers narrow and somewhat pointed, the lateral about .15 of an inch
shorter than the central. The bill is much compressed, being considerably
hic'her than broad, though not dissimilar in shape to that of V. Jlavifrons.
The feet are large ; the tarsi long, about one and a third times the length of
middle toe and claw.

(No. 13,058, % .) Total length, 4.80 ;.wing, 2.10 ; tail, 2.20 ; difference between
10th primary and longest, .20 ; exposed portion of 1st primary, .75, of 2d, 1.25,
of longest (4th) (measured from exposed base of 1st primary), 1.64; length
of bill from forehead, .59, from nostril, .30, along gape, .65, depth, .17 ; tarsus,
.79 ; middle toe and claw, .58, claw alone, .20 ; hind toe and claw, .48, claw
alone, .23.

Another specimen (No. 29,632) : Wing, 2.26 ; tail, 2.45 ; exposed portion
of 1st primary, .ij'o, of 2d, 1.30, of longest, .1.74.

A second specimen (No. 29,632) has the wings and tail longer,
2.26 and 2.48; the first quill is only half the second, which, how-
ever, like the others, is much shorter than the secondaries.

Smith-

CoUec-

Sex

Boniaa

tor's

aud

Ao.

No.

Age.

13,058

162

cf

29,632

d

Locality.

Cuba.

Fermina, W. Cuba.

When
Collected.

Received from

G. N. Lawreuce.
Cab. Lawronce.
Chas. Wright.

Collected by

Vireo liypocliryseus.

T7reo hypochrygeus, Sclater, P. Z. S. 1862, 369, pi. 46 (Mexico).
Hub. Tres Marias Islands, N. W. coast of Mexico.

(No. 37,331, % .) Wings short, rounded, about equal to tail: much gradu-
ated ; 1st quill more than half 2d, which about equals the 10th ; the 6th quill

longest ; the 5th and
4th but little short-
er. Tail considerably
rounded (in one spe-
cimen the lateral
feather .38 shorter
than middle). Bill
stout. Legs rather
weak, the claws fall-
ing far short of end
of tail.
Whole upper parts, with sides of neck, bright yellowish-green, without
light bands or edgings ; beneath deep yellow, tinged with olive on sides and
peaJiaps on breast. A broad line from bill over the eye to nape, and eyelids,
bright yellow ; the cheeks below the eye more olivaceous ; quills edged in-

Vireo hypochryseus, Sllater. (Tres Marias.)

NEOCHLOE.

sn

ternally witli white, the outer edges of primaries with gray. Bill rather dark
horn color, paler on the edged and end of lower mandible. Legs dark
plumbeous.

The nostrils are circular, and in the anterior extremity of the nasal groove ;
the tips of frontal feathers reaching to their posterior edge, but not growing
up to it. The tongue is broad and fleshy, the end thin, flat, and horny ; the
tip quite deeply cleft ; the outer edge somewhat lacerated. {Note from alco-
holic specimen.}

(No. 37,331, %.) Total length, 5.65; wing, 2.50; tail, 2.50, graduation,
.25 ; difference between 10th primary and longest, .38 ; exposed portion of
1st primary, .90, of 2d, 1.58, of longest (Gth) (measured from exposed base
of 1st primary), 1.94 ; length of bill from forehead, .62, from nostril, .35, along
gape, .71; tarsus, .78; middle toe and claw, .54, claw alone, .20; hind toe
and claw, .46, claw alone, .23.

The type specimen of the species, kindly lent hj Dv. Sclater,
agrees exactly with those from the Three Marias. The species is
quite unique in its peculiar coloration, and its discovery at the
Three Marias is one of the most intercstiug of the results of Col.
Grayson's important explorations in northwestern Mexico. The
exact locality of Dr. Sclater's bird has not been indicated.

Smith-
sonian

No.

CoUec- Sex
tor's and
No. Age.

Locality.

When
Collected.

Eeceived from

Collected by

37,331
37,332

S-t
83

d
d

Tres Marias, Isl. N.
" [W. Mex.

Mexico.

Jan. 1865.

Col. A. J. Grayson.
Cab. Dr. Sclater.

Parzndaki.

( .) In alcohol. ( .) lu alcohol. ( .) The type of species.

NEOCHLOE, Sclater.

NeocUoe, Sclater, P. Z. S. 1857, 213. (Type N. brevipennis.)'
Form short and thick. Head large. Wings a little longer than the tail,
which is considerably rounded ; wing short and broad ; the primaries not
much longer than se-
condaries ; the outer six
graduated ; the 1st more
than half the 2d, which
is shorter than the se-
condaries ; the 3d about
equal to 9th or 10th ;
the 6th longest. Feet
slender, rather long,
similar to Vireo. Bill
not differing much from
Vireo, but rather broad-
er and more depressed
at base.

3816a

AcuclUoe brtvijjennis, Sci,a:er. (Orizaba.)

372

BEVIEW OP AMERICAN BIRDS.

[part I.

The essential characters of this genus are to be found in the con-
siderably rounded tail, which somewhat exceeds the wings, and in
the very short, much rounded wings and considerable amount of
graduation of the primaries — the sixth being longest, the second
shorter than the secondaries, and the third barely longer than the
tenth. But one species is known, the coloration of which is entirely
peculiar in the family,

IVeochloe Tirevipennis.

Neochloe hrevipennis, Sclater, P. Z. S. 1857, 213 (Orizaba, Botteri).
Hab. Orizaba.

(No. 38,163.) Wing much graduated; the 6th longest; first quill more
than half 2d ; second shorter than secondaries. Tail longer than wings,
somewhat graduated.

General color dark ashy plumbeous ; the entire top of head and nape sap
green ; the outer surface of wings bright greenish-yellow, edges of tail feathers
and upper tail coverts similar, but duller ; edge of bend of wing bright yel-
low. Chin and median region of abdomen, including crissum, white, as are
the lining of wing and inner edges of quills. Concealed portion of wing and
tail feathers above, as well as their under surfaces, almost black, especially
the quills. Bill and feet plumbeous black.

(No. 38,163.) Total length, 4.40; wing, 2.25; tail, 2,40; difference of
feathers, .24; difference of 10th and longest quills, .34; exposed portion of
1st primary, .67, of 2d, 1.26, of 3d, 1.56, of longest (6th) (measured from ex-
posed base of 1st primary), 1.80; length of bill from forehead, .50, from
nostril, .25, along gape, .56 ; tarsus, .75 ; middle toe and claw, .53, claw alone,
.15 ; hind toe and claw, .44, claw alone, .23.

The outer edges only of the quills are green, so that the inner
secondaries exhibit a good deal of black. The outer two primaries
are edged with gray, not green, and on the other primaries the latter
color changes to gray towards the end. The specimen described is
the second known, the type, also collected by M. Botteri, being in
the British Museum.

Smith-
sonian
J!fo.

CoUec-
tor's
No.

Sex
and
Age.

Locality.

When
Collected.

Received from

Collected by

38,163

271

Orizaba, Max.

M. Botteri.

M. Botteri.

HYLOPHILUS, Temm.
" Hijlophilus, Temm. PL Col. 173, fig. 2. (Type H. pacilotis, Temm.")

Similar to Vireo in general appearance, but shorter and stouter. Wing
short, rounded, about equal to the tail, which is narrow and rounded, the

HYLOPHILUS.

ST3

Hylophilus viridiflavtis, Lawk. (Panama.)

feathers frequently considerably pointed. Primaries but little longer than
secondaries ; the 1st
about half the 2d,
which generally equals
the secondaries ; the 4th
and 5th longest. Bill
more conical than in
Vireo ; the culmen curv-
ing very slightly, some-
times nearly straight to
the but little decurved
tip, the notch of which
is long and shallow.
Bristles of mouth less
developed. Legs length-
ened ; claws very sharp
and larger than in
Vireo ; hind toe longer ;

both the lateral claws reaching beyond base of middle claw ; the outer beyond
the middle of the claw. Adhesion of toes as in Vireo.

This genus is easily distinguished from the Vireos by the conical,
more acute bill, but slightly decurved at tip, more arched com-
missure, longer hind toe, much larger claws, and a more rounded
wing than usual in Vireo. In the character of the feet it comes
quite near Laletes.

The species of Hylophilus which I have had the opportunity of
examining agree very well in general characters, the principal varia-
tion consisting in trifling differences in the proportions of the quills
and length and graduation of tail. The first quill is usually less
than half the longest: in insularis it is more than half. The tail
in the type is longer than the wing ; in others it is about equal ; in
a few species it is shorter.-

The following synopsis expresses the characters of the species
known to me : —

Common Characters. — General color of upper parts olive green, the head, or
at least the forehead, usually differing in having an ochrey or rufous wash,
sometimes seen on the tail or back, sometimes wanting ; the forehead gener-
ally more yellowish. No bands on wings or tail. Under parts whitish,
yellowish, or olivaceous. Bill generally pale. Legs flesh color or plumbeoua,

A. Head and nape above uniform cinnamon brown. Fore-
head not different.

Bufous of head confined to upper surface. Under parts

fulvous yellowish. Legs dusky .... pcecilotis.

374 REVIEW OF AMERICAN BIRDS. [PART I.

B. Cap rufoun or ocbraceous, •well defined against color of

back ; forehead luuch. brighter.

Forehead and vertex much brighter ochraceous than
rest of head. "Wliole upper parts, except the oli-
vaceous rump, more or less rufous ; breast tinged
Tvith the same. Legs flesh color .... ochraceiceps.

Forehead rusty brown. Upper parts dark olive green ;
tail alone tinged with rufous. Beneath light oliva-
ceous-green. Legs dusky ferruginifrons.

Forehead ochrey yellow. Back and tail bright olive
green, without rufous. Beneath clear yellow. Legs
plumbeous aurantiifrons.

C. Cap tinged with bistre or sepia brown, shading gradually

off into the olive of back ; the rump only bright olive.

Forehead paler only, not brighter. The only yellow of

abdomen on crissum.

Cap tinged with bistre brown, as is the back. Beneath.
soiled fulvous white ; throat grayer ; flanks olivace-
ous. Legs yellowish. First quill not half the
longest ......... acuticauda.

Cap and back ochrey ash. Beneath soiled smoky fulvous
ash ; no olive on flanks. Legs pale. First quill
more than half longest ...... insularis.

D. Cap and forehead clear olive green, uniform with the re-

mainder of upper parts.

Beneath bright yellow ; paler on throat. Legs yellow viridijlavus.

E. Cap clear ash color, in abrupt contrast with the bright olive

green of remaining upper parts. Beneath whitish. Sides

of body and crissum olivaceous.

Ash of head and nape sharply defined behind and on
side of neck ; unmixed with olive. Flanks strongly

washed with olive green decurtatus.

Ash of head and nape less extended, and indistinct
behind and on side of neck ; mixed or washed
with olive. Flanks only slightly washed with,
olive yellow. Upper parts more yellow. Size
smaller. ........ pusillus.

None of the species of Ilylophilus mentioned in the foot-note,
all belonging to South America, have yet come under my observation.^

' Hylophilus semibrunneus, Lafk. Rev. Zool. 1845, 341 (Bogota).

Olive ; head, neck, and upper part of back olive brown ; beneath pale olive
yellowish ; throat, bend of wing, and middle of abdomen whitish ; bill pale
brown; feet plumbeous. Length, 4.50.

Similar to II. pcecilotis, but differs in having decidedly larger bill, and in
having the brown of head extending over the ears, the whole neck, and upper
part of back.

HYLOPIIILUS. 315

Hylophilus pcecilotis.

Hylophilus pcecilotis, Temm. PI. Col. (1S23), 173, fig. 1 (from Maxi-
miliau's specimen). — Box. Coiisp. 1850, 329, — Bdrm. Uebers. Ill,
1857, 110.— Cab. Mus. Hein. 1850-1, 64.— Sclatek, Catal. 1861,
44, uo. 2Q^.— Sylvia pcecilotis, Max. Beit. II, 1831, 715 (BaLia aud
Minas).

Hah. Eastern Brazil.

f

(No. 173, Cab. G. N. Lawrence.) First quill lengthened, about half the
longest ; 2d quill rather shorter than 10th ; 4th longest. Wing not (juite as
long as the tail, which is somewhat graduated.

Upper parts bright olive green ; the whole cap, with nape, light cinnamon
brown. Beneath grayish-white, tinged with fulvous or brownish-yellow on
the breast ; the sides with olive. Inside of wings yellow, as are tlie inner
edges of the quills. Sides of head ashy ; ear coverts plumbeous, with whitish

Hylophilus flavipes, Lafr. Rev. Zool. 1845, 342 (Bogota).

Above grayish-olive, cap a little darker; beneath ochraceous-yellowish,
the throat whitish ; breast dirty palish ; bill pale brown ; feet yellowish.
Length, 4.50.

Hylophilus frontalis, Tschitdi, Arch. Naturg. 1844. — Ib. Fauna Peruana,
184(j, 194, pi. xiii, f. 1. Eastern Peru.
Above olive green ; the forehead and line from base of bill to eye, citron
yellow ; tail grayish-green. Under parts greenish-yellow, paler on throat ;
the breast and crissum somewhat tinged with rufous brown. Lower wing
coverts olive. Bill brown ; feet plumbeous ; iris brown. Length, 6.25.

Hylophilus olivaceus, Tschudi, Arch. Naturg. 1844. — Ib. F. Peruana^ 1S4G,
195. Hdb. Eastern Peru.
Allied to H. thoracicus, but differing in color. Above ashy olive, forehead
and rump brighter ; eyelids yellowish. Beneath dull yellow ; olivaceous on
breast and throat, the belly and crissum whitish. Under wing coverts white.
Bill reddish-brown ; tarsi reddish. Irides brown. Length, 4.50 ; wing, 2.33.

Hylophilus thoracicus, Temm. PI. Col. 173, fig. 1. — Sylvia thoracica, Max.
Beit. Ill, 1831, 717. Hab. Coast of Brazil.
Above olive green ; cheeks gray. Beneath pale yellow ; crissum white ;
legs plumbeous. Length, 5.50. (Burmeister, III, 110.)

Hylophilus flaveolus, Burm. Th. Bras. Ill, 110. — Sylvia Jlaveola, Max. Beit.
Ill, 1831, 719. Hah. Bahia.
Above grayish-brown ; wings and tail more reddish-brown. Lower back,
breast, and belly reddish-yellow ; throat white ; legs plumbeous. Length,
5.70. (Burmeister.)

Hylophilus cinerascens, Max. Beit. Ill, 1831, 723.— Bctkm. Th. Bras. Ill,
111. Hah. Espirito Santo Riv., Brazil.

Above greenish-olive gray. Beneath grayish-white ; wing coverts grayish-
brown, edged with pale yellowish-red; legs plumbeous. Length, 4.15.

376

REVIEW OF AMERICAN BIRDS.

[part I.

shaft-streaks. Crissum pale yellowish. Bill horn color, paler beneath ; legs
dusky. Iris "grayish-brown" {Max.).

(No. 173, Bahia.) Total length, 4.40; wing, 2.10; tail, 2.25; difference of
feathers, .30; difference of 10th and longest quills, .30; exposed portion of
1st primary, .80, of 2d, 1.32, of longest (4th) (measured from exposed base
of 1st primary), 1.60 ; length of bill from forehead, .54, from nostril, .31, along
gape, .60; tarsus, .70; middle toe and claw, .52, claw alone, .16; hind toe
and claw, .44, claw alone, .21.

The description given above is from a Babia specimen belonging
to Mr. Lawrence. Another, in defective condition, from an unlcnown
locality on the coast of Brazil (Xo. 23,979), is much more 3'ellow
beneath, including crissum, and with the wings of same length, has
the tail much longer (2.60).

Bmith-

souiau

No.

CoUec-
tor's
No.

Sex
and
Age.

Locality.

When
Collected.

Received from

Collected by

24,no8
23,979

173

Brazil.
Bahia.

I)r. G. B. Horuer.
Cab. Lawrence.

HylopHiiliis ocliraceiceps.

Ilylophilus ocliraceiceps, Sclater, P. Z. S. 1859,375 (Oasaca). — Ib.
Catal. 1861, 44, no. 268.— Sclater & Saltin, Ibis, ISCO, 397.
(Guatemala).

Hah. "Western Mexico, to Costa Rica.

(No. 22,375, %, a type.) Third quill equal to 7th ; 2d considerably shorter
than lUth and secondaries ; tail rounded.

Upper parts olivaceous-rufous ; the tail clear rufous brown ; the rump dull
olive green. Cap brownish ochrey, brighter anteriorly, more yellow on the
edges anterior to the eye. Beneath faint ochrey yellow ; the chin and throat,
with cheeks more ashy, the breast more ochrey, the flanks and crissum more
olivaceous, the inside of wings and inner edges of quills yellowish. Edges
of inner secondaries externally like the back, their border becoming paler
towards the outer primaries, the coverts at the base of the primary quills
clear dark brown, forming a marked spot. Bill horn color above, paler below ;
feet apparently reddish.

(No. 22,375, S.type.) Total length, 4.10; wing, 2.20; tail, 1.95; differ-
ence of feathers, .25 ; difference of 10th and longest quills, 28 ; exposed por-
tion of 1st primary, .72, of 2d, 1.30, of longest (5th) (measured from exposed
base of 1st primary), 1.65 ; length of bill from forehead, .60, from nostril,
.35, along gape, .65 ; tarsns, .68 ; middle toe and claw, .50, claw alone, .20 ;
hind toe and claw, .48, claw alone, .22.

A second specimen, from Costa Rica, agrees with the one just
described, but with less of the ochrey tinge on the breast.

HYLOPHILUS.

sn

Smith-

suniau

No.

Collec-
tor's
No.

Sex
aud
Age.

Locality.

"When

Collected.

Received from

Kemarks.

22,370
34,780

40,736

Mexico (Oaxaca?).
Angostura, C. K.

June 10, '64.

Verreaux.
J. Carmiol.

Type.

Hylophilus ferruginifrons.

Hylophilus ferruginifrons, Sclatek, P. Z. S. 1862, 110 (New Grenada).
Hub. New Grenada.

(Type.) Fourth and 5th quills longest ; 2d about equal to 10th and secon-
daries ; 1st less than half the longest.

Above dark olive green, brighter aud lighter on rump and edges of inner
quills (becoming paler towards the outer ones}, the tail tinged with umber
brown. Forehead almost
ferruginous. Beneath gray-
ish olive ; paler on throat
and middle of belly. In-
• side of wings, axillars, and
inner edges of quills clear
yellow. Crissum yellow-
ish. Bill dusky, the com-
missural edges and end of
lower mandible paler ; legs
dusky ?

(Type. Cab. Sclater.) Total length, about 4.25 ; wing, 2.30 ; tail, 1.80 ; dif-
ference between 10th and longest primary, .35 ; exposed portion of 1st primary,
.76, of 2d, 1.31, of longest (4tli) (measured from exposed base of 1st primary),
1.65; length of bill from forehead, .58, from nostril, .32, along gape, .64;
tarsus, .70 ; middle toe and claw, .48, claw alone, .10 ; hind toe aud claw, .46,
claw alone, .22.

\ Dr. Sclater has kindly lent me his type specimen of the above
species.

Hylophilus ferruginifrons, Sclater. (N. Grenada.)

1

Smith- Collec-
sonian ' toi-'s

No. 1 No.

Sex

and Locality.

Ao-e.

When
Collected.

Keceived from

Remarks.

Bogota.

Cab. P. L. Sclater.

Type.

Hylopliiltis aurantiifrons.

Hylophilus aurantiifrons, Lawkence, Ann. N. Y. Lyc. 1861, 324 (Birds
Panama, II, 211). Panama.
Hah. Isthmus Panama.

(No. 38,926.) Fourth quill longest ; 3d about equal to 6th ; 2d equal to 10th
or secondaries ; 1st less than half the 3d.

378

REVIEW OF AMERICAN BIRDS.

[part T.

Above light olive green, brighter behind. Forehead fulvous yellow, the
rest of cap ashy olive, tinged with fulvous or ochrey, scarcely distinguishable
behind from the back, which is slightly washed with the same. Cheeks like
head above, but lighter. A yellowish loral spot passing to upper part of eye ;
the eyelids whitish. Under parts pale yellow, lightest (almost white) on
throat darker inside the wings and on crissum ; flanks slightly olivaceous.
Inner edges of quills yellowish-white ; outer edges of exterior primaries gray,
of other quills olive. Tail feathers decidedly olive, edged internally with
yellowish. Bill above horn color, flesh color below ; legs plumbeous.

(No. 38,926, % .) Total length, 4.30 ; wing, 2.25 ; tail, 2.05 ; difference of
10th and longest primary, .31 ; exposed portion of 1st primary, .80, of 2d,
1,45, of longest (4th) (measured from exposed base of 1st primary), 1.75 ;
length of bill from forehead, .61, from nostril, .35, along gape, .66; tarsus,
.62 ; middle toe and claw, .46, claw alone, .13 ; hind toe and claw, .46, claw
alone, .21.

The specimen described agrees quite well with the type, but is
larger and brighter in color. The shade of olive in the cap is
darker and redder than that of the back.

This species, of about the same size, closely resembles viridi-^
fiavus in color, especially below. The latter is, however, of a
richer, more ochrey yellow below, lacks the colored front, and has
the cap uniform with the back. The whole bill is reddish, and the
feet are flesh color or red, not plumbeous.

Smith-
sonian
No.

Collec-
tor's
No.

Sex
aud

Age.

Locality.

"When

Collected.

Received from

Collected by

3S,926

83
175

Panama.

Jan. 10, '65. Fred. Hicks.

Cah. Lawrence.

M'Lean. & Galb.

(38,926.) Eye dark; legs lead; upper bill smoky ; lower pinkish. ( .) Type.

Hylophilus acuticauda.

Hylophilus acuticaudus, Lawkence, Pr. A. N. Sc. 1865, 37 (Venezuela).
Hab. Venezuela.

(No. 399, type.) "Wings short and much rounded; tail lengthened, longer
than the wings, the feathers narrow and lanceolate. Second quill consider-
ably shorter than 10th ; 3d about equal to 9th.

Above dull olive, browner anteriorly, brighter towards rump aud on edges
of quills ; the forehead with some concealed yellowish at base of feathers.
Sides of head, throat, and breast pale dull brownish-ash ; belly fulvous white ;
flanks olivaceous ; crissum, tibia, and inner lining of wings (including inner
edges of quills), yellow. Bill light horn color, paler below ; legs pale brownish-
yellow.

(No. 399, type.) Total length, 4.50 ; wing, 1.85 ; tail, 2.00 ; difference of
10th and longest quills, .16 ; exposed portion of 1st primary, .65, of 2d, 1.20,

HYLOPHILUS.

3t9

of longest (4tli) (measured from exposed base of 1st primary), 1.45 ; length
of bill from forehead, .53, from nostril, 30, along gape, .60 ; tarsus, .07 ; bind
toe and claw, .44.

The type speciijien of this species does not appear entirely mature,
although if so the coloration of the adult will probably not be ma-
terially different. It pei-haps comes nearest in coloration to the
description of H. Jiavipes, Lafr.

Smith-
soniaa

No.

CoUec-
tor's
No.

Sex
and

Age.

Locality.

When

Collected.

Received from Remarks.

••

399

Venezuela.

Cab. Lawrence.

Type.

Hylopliilus insiilaris.

Ili/Iophilus insidaris, Sclater, P. Z. S. 1861, 128 (Tobago).
Hub. Island of Tobago. (Kirk.)

(No. 270*, Dr. Sclater's type.) Fourth, 5th, and Cth quills nearly equal
and longest ; 2d equal to secondaries ; exposed portion of 1st primary more
than half the longest. Upper parts olive green, becoming brighter behind
especially on upper tail coverts and edges of wing- and tail-feathers ; ante-
riorly more and more tinged with
dull ochrey ashy brown. Base of
upper mandible, cheeks, and under
parts soiled smoky light brownish-
buff (almost sepia brown). Inside
of wings and axillars bright yellow ;
inner edges of quills paler yellow.
Crissum and tibise yellowish-olive.
No olive on flanks. Bill dark horn
, color ; paler below. Legs pale.

(No. 270* Scl. Cab.) Total length,
4.60 ; wing, 2,50 ; tail, 2.15 ; difference between 10th and longest quills, .28 ;
exposed portion of 1st primary, 1.08, of 2d, 1.64, of longest (5th) (measured
from exposed base of 1st primary), 1.92; length of bill from. forehead, .64,
from nostril, .37, along gape, .80 ; tarsus, .78 ; middle toe and claw, .52 ; claw
alone, .18 ; hind toe and claw, .44, claw alone,,. 22.

I am indebted to Dr. Sclater for the opportunity of examining
the type of this species.

Smith-

Boaian

No.

Collec-
tor's
No.

Sex
and
Age.

Locality.

When
Collected.

Received from

Collected by

270*

Tobago.

Cab. Dr. Sclater.

Kirk.

(270*.) Type.

380

REVIEW OP AMERICAN BIRDS.

[part I.

Hylopliilus viridiflavus.

Hijlophilus viridlfiavus, Lawrence, Ann. N. Y. Lye. 1861, 324 (Birds
Panama, II, 212 (Isth. Panama).— Sclatek & Salvin, P. Z. S. 1SG4,
348 (Isth. Panama).

Hah. Isthmus Panama.

(Xo. 38,024, 5 .) Fourth quill longest ; 3d, 5th, and Gth little shorter ; 2d
equal to 10th ; 1st about half longest. Wings very short and much rounded,
about equal to the graduated tail.

Above light olive green, rather brighter behind. Beneath, including bend

and lining of wings, rich
yellow. Cheeks pale
ash ; chin and throat
tinged with the same.
Loral region gray. Bill
and legs pale yellow.
(" In life bill and
legs slightly pinkish ;
iris yellowish, nearly
white." Hicks.-)

Fresh specimen : Total
length, 4.75 ; expanse of
wings, 6.50. Prepared
specimen : Total length,
4.60 ; wing, 2.15 ; tail,
2.10 ; difference of tail
feathers, .25 ; difference
of 10th and longest quills, .25 ; exposed portion of 1st primary, .85, of 2d,
1.38, of longest (4th) (measured from exposed base of 1st primary), 1.63;
length of bill from forehead, .55, from nostril, .32, along gape, .64; tarsus,
.77 ; middle toe and claw, .55 ; claw alone, .20; hind toe and claw, .48, claw
alone, .24.

Jli/lophilus viridijlavus, Lawu. (Panama.)

Smith-

Collec-

Sex

EODian

tor's

and

No.

No.

Age.

38,924

69

?

38,925

72

rf

176

V

Localitr.

When
Collected.

Received from

Collected hy

Fred. Hicks.
Cah. Lawrence.

M'Lean. & Galb.

(38,924.) Eyes white; legs and bill slightly pinldsh. (176.) Type.

Hylopliilus decurtatus.

S'jlvicola decurtata, BoN. P. Z. S. 1837, 118 (Guatemala). — PachyayJcia

decuriata, Bon. Consp. 1850, 309.
Hylophilus cinereiceps, Sclatek & Salvin, P. Z. S. 1S60, 299 (Vera Paz,

Guat.).— Ib. Ibis, 1860, 397 (Guat.).— ?Ib. P. Z. S. 1864,348.—

Sclatek, Catal. 1861, 44, no. 267.
Hab. South Mexico and Guatemala.

HYLOPHILTTS.

381

(No. 22,374, % .) Wing considerably graduated ; 2d quill about equal to
10th ; 5th longest ; exposed portion of 1st less than half 3d, more than half
2d. Tail short, rather rounded ; feathers narrow.

Above bright olive green ; whole top of head and nape clear pure ash gray,
in sharp contrast ; cheeks paler, whitish about eyes. Beneath white, with
a slight creamy tinge, purest on throat and belly ; the sides of breast and
flanks yellowish olive, lighter than the back, passing more into yellow on
crissum, and still purer yellow on inside of wings and axillars. Quills dusky
brown, edged externally with olive green, the outer primaries only with gray ;
quills edged internally with whitish. Tail feathers olive. Bill above dusky,
whitish below. Legs dusky ?

(No. 22,374, % .) Total length, 3.75; wing, 2.10; tail, 1.80; difference of
feathers, .14 ; difference of 10th and longest quills, .34 ; exposed portion of 1st
primary, .71, of 2d, 1.35, of longest (5th) (measured from exposed base of
1st primary), 1.62 ; length of bill from forehead, .56, from nostril, .32, along
gape, .63 ; tarsus, .64 ; middle toe and claw, .43, claw alone, .16 ; hind toe and
claw, .36, claw alone, .20.

The loral region and a narrow ring around the eye are grayish-
white, as is to a less extent the space below thq eye.

This species is almost certainly the Fachysylvia decurtata of
Bonaparte.

Smith-

CoUec-

Sex

sonian

tor's

aud

No.

No.

Aire.

22,.S74

rf

24,16.3

172

'-^

402

403

'j

Locality.

When
Collected.

Mexico (Cordova?)
Guatemala.

Received from

Verreaux.

G. N. Lawrence.

Cab. Lawrence.

Collected by

Hyloptailus pusillus.

Hijlophiluspuxillus, Lawrence, Ann. N. Y. Lye. VII, 1861, 323 (Panama);
VIII, 1865, 180 (Greytown, Nic).

Hub. Isthmus Panama, to southeastern Nicaragua.

Very similar to decurtatus, but smaller ; ash of head not extending as fiir .
back over the nape, and slightly mixed with olive ; less distinct on side of
neck ; tail beneath more olive. Olive of sides less in amount, and more
yellow. Back more yellow. "Iris brown." Carmiol.

(No. 400, Panama.) Total length, 3.80; wing, 2.05 ; tail, 1.60 ; difference
of 10th and longest primaries, .27 ; exposed portion of 1st primary, .70, of 2(\^
1.32, of longest (5th) (measured from exposed base of 1st primary), 1.60;
length of bill from forehead, .60, from nostril, .34, along gape, .64 ; tarsus, .60.

(No. 34,672, % , Costa Rica.) Total length, 3.70 ; wing, 1.85 ; tail, 1.40 ; dif-
ference of 10th and longest primary, .16 ; exposed portion of 1st primary, .62,
of 2d, 1.12, of longest (5th) (measured from exposed base of 1st primary)^

S82

REVIEW OF AMERICAN BIRDS.

[part I.

1.40; length of bill from forehead, .55, from nostril, .34, along gape, .62;
tarsus, .60.

The comparison of many specimens of the grayheaded Hylophiliis
of Guatemala, with others from Panama, exhibits, on the whole, the
differences referred to, as stated by Mr. Lawrence, but they are ex-
ceedingly slight, and may not unreasonably be referred to the influ-
ence of season or locality. Of the three types of Mr. Lawrence,
two, in which the olive green of the cap is most, distinct, and the
size least, are decidedly immature birds ; the third (No. 400), bow-
ever, is adult, and although the color referred to is reduced in
amount, it is still quite appreciable.

Unmistakably adult specimens from Costa Rica and Nicaragua
are still smaller than those from Panama, as shown by the measure-
ments ""iven above. They are even brighter yellowish above than
in the tvpe, the. edges of some of the feathers almost yellow. Com-
pared with Guatemalan skins of unmistakable decurtatus, the
difference is very appreciable.

A young bird, scarcely full fledged, has the olive of back soiled
with buff, the top of head is dull sepia brown, and the olive of back
is tinged with the same.

I am not satisfied as to the existence of more than one species,
but for the present retain jiusillus, and await further evidence to
determine the question.

Smith-

CoUec-

Spx

When

sonian

toi's

and

Locality.

Received from

Collected by

No.

No.

Age.

37,366

69

?

San Juan, Nic.

1865.

H. E. Holland.

39,754

rf

Santa Rosa, C. R.

Jan. 4, '65.

J. Cavmiol.

34,671

rf

Angostura, C. R.

June 10, '64.

34,672

rT

"

June 8, '64.

"

34,673

0.

"

June 12, '64.

"

35,242

?

Dota, C. R.

Julv 22, '64.

"

400

^

Panama.

Cab. Lawrence.

M'Lean. & Galb.

401

?

•'

"

"

174

d

(400.) Type. (401.) Type. (174.) Type.

LALETES, ScLATER.
Laletes, Sclater, P. Z. S. 1861, 72. (Type L. oshurnii.)

General appearance that of a Vireo. The rather pointed wings, are longer
than the narrow, nearly even, slightly rounded tail. First primary about half
the second, which about equals secondaries ; the 4th quill longest. Bill deep
and much compressed from base ; depth two-thirds the distance from nostril to
tip. Culmen straight for basal third, then decurving to the hooked, deeply
notched bill ; gonys also curved. Commissure slightly arched. Nostrils

LALETES.

383

rather large and oval, anterior, with membrane above and behind. Frontal
feathers directed slightly forward, with few bristles. Sides of upper bill with

23326

Lalttea oaburnii, Sci.atek. (Jamaica.)

slight furrows parallel to culmen. Legs large ; the feet stouter, the claws
longer than in Vireo. The hind toe is especially more developed ; the com-
parative length of lateral toes, however, and their adhesion, much as in Vireo.

This genus somewhat resembles Cyclorhis in the deep bill, but
differs in weaker claws, the inner lateral one not reaching beyond the
base of the middle. The much higher and more compressed bill,
with its longitudinal furrows ; the larger toes, the hinder one much
longer in proportion, separate it from Vireo. It forms a connecting
link between the Yireos and Cyclorhis.

L<aletes osburnii.

Laletes osburnii, Sclater, P. Z. S. 1861, 72.
Olive Chatterer. (Jamaica.)

Hab. Jamaica.

(Jamaica.)

(No. 23,326, % .) Wings rather pointed, longer than the nearly even tail.
First quill about half 2d, which is not quite equal to the secondaries ; 4th and
5th quills longest.

Above olive green, brightest on rump ; head above and on sides tinged with
ashy. Beneath yellow ; breast, flanks, and crissum more olivaceous, throat
paler ; inside of wings and inner edges of quills creamy white, as are the
loral feathers at their base. Concealed portion of quills fuscous brown, of tail
feathers more olive. Bill blackish ; tomia and tip paler ; legs flesh color ?

(No. 23,326, % .) Total length, 5.40 ; wing, 2.80 ; tail, 2.05 ; difi'erence of
10th and longest quills, .42 ; exposed portion of 1st primary, .85, of 2d, 1.65,
of longest (5th) (measured from exposed base of 1st primary), 2.20; length
of bill from forehead, .66, from nostril, .36, along gape, .73, depth, .23 ; tarsus,
.83 ; middle toe and claw, .68, claw alone, .24 ; hind toe and claw, .56 ; claw
alone, .26.

384

REVIEW OF AMERICAN BIRDS.

[part I.

Smith- Collec-j Sex

Bouiau tor's ; aud

No. 1 No. Age.

Locality.

Collmed Received from Collected by

23,326

87

d

Trelawney, Jain.

Jau. 31, '59.

Dr. Sclater.

W. Osburn.

(23,326.) Type.

CYCLORHIS, SwAiNsoN.

Cyclorhis, Swainson, Zool. Journal, III, 1828, 162. (Type Tanagra
guianensis, Gm.)

Form very stout ; the head b|oad. Wings rather longer than the narrow,
nearly even, or slightly rounded tail ; the quills graduated : the 1st more than

Vyclorhis guMiiensis, Sclatee. (Cayenne.)

half the 2d, •which about equals secondaries ; the 4th or 5th longest ; the
tips not attenuated. Bill very powerful, deep, much compressed (depth
almost equal to distance from nostril to notch of bill) ; culmen and gonys
much curved from base ; gape nearly straight ; tip of upper bill decurved
and with deep notch ; tip of lower less distinctly marked. Nostrils small,
nearly circular, in anterior end of nasal fossa, with membrane above and
beliind it. Frontal feathers directed somewhat forward, but not overhanging
nostrils, and with very few bristles ; those of rictus moderate.

Feet stout (rather less so than in Dulus). Tarsus rather longer than middle
toe and claw ; distinctly scutellate anteriorly, and with one or two divisions
externally at lower end. Basal joint of middle toe entirely adherent exter-
nally to one and a half joints of outer ; internally, but slightly free and united
to half of adjacent joint. Lateral toes nearly as long as middle, reaching
over half the length of middle claw or even farther. Hind toe longer than
the lateral. Claws all very stout and sharp, much curved.

The bill of Cyclorhis, in its compression, great depth, and other

CYCLORHIS. 385

characters, is very similar to that of Falcunculus (of the Laniada:)
of Australia, which it also resembles so much in other characters as
usually to induce authors to bring the two together, either as ad-
jacent genera, or as belonging to closely allied subfamilies.

The difference generically between Cyclorhis and Vireolanius is
very slight, and I cannot find any real ground of separation. In
the latter the bill is perhaps lower and proportionally more elongated ;
the culmen less curved ; the tip longer and more curved, although C.
nigrirostris differs from the other species of Cyclorhis in just these
characters. The nostrils are perhaps more circular and smaller in
Cyclorhis. The colors differ somewhat — the prevailing tints in
Cyclorhis being olive green and dull yellow, as in the Vireos, while
in Vireolanius they are deep verdigris green, bright blue and clear
yellow (white below in type). If we were to limit Vireolanius to
the type — melitophrys — the difference would be rather more appre-
ciable. For the present, however, I keep the two groups separate.

Although most of the species of the two genera are strictly
South American, I yet give all in detail, in order to furnish a com-
plete monograph of the family of Vireonidae.

Common Characters. — Above plain olive green; lower throat (sometimes
breast, or whole under parts), axillars, inner face of wings, and inner edges
of quills yellowish ; rest of under parts whitish. A rufous band from
nostrils over eye to nape, sometimes only to eye. Chin, and more or less
of cheeks, ashy. Head above ashy, more or less pure, rarely like the back.
Lower mandible in most species plumbeous black.

A. Head above and nape, with the entire cheeks, ash color ;

the former sometimes glossed with ochraceous. \

Legs flesh color. Throat, jugulum, and breast yel- '
low.

Entire under parts (except chin) yellow , flaviventris.^
Beneath yellow ; middle of belly to crissum
whitish.

Yellow more extended, with decided

olivaceous green tinge across the

— breast. Cheeks dark ash . . suhjiavescens.

Yellow of breast more restricted, and

scarcely olivaceous. Cheeks light

ash ...... fiavipectus.

Legs dusky plumbeous. Lower throat and sides of
breast yellowish.

Superciliary rufous extending to nape. Lower
mandible plumbeous at base.

' Specimens from Guatemala lack the black spot of bill.
25 May, 1866.

336 REVIEW OF AMERICAN, EIRDS. [rART I.

Head above nearly pure asli. Second

quill shorter than lOtL . . yuianensis.^

Ilead above washed with ochraceous.
Second quill longer than 10th. Size

larger viridts.

Superciliary rufous reaching only to eye.
Lower mandible weak ; liesh color.
Head above strongly washed with

ochraceous ..... ochroccphala.
B. Vertex and nape olive green, like the back ; cheeks and
jugular band, with sides of breast, yellowish, or olive
green. Legs flesh color ? Lower mandible dusky.
Forehead chestnut brown, this color extending back-
ward to the nape as a superciliary band. Cheeks
and jugulum yellowish. Upper mandible pale virendceps.
Forehead plumbeous, with a daik chestnut baud
from nostrils to eye only. Cheeks and jugulum
olivaceous. Upper mandible black . . nigrirostris.

Of the species described, C. su!flavesr.ens and C. viridis are those which
have least strongly marked distinctive characters.

In examining the preceding analytical arrangement of the species
of Cyclorhis some interesting geographical considerations present
themselves. The most northern species (C. Jlaviveniris) exhibits
most yellow beneath, this diminishing progressively in more southern
species, as G. subjlavescens (Costa Rica), and C. Jlavipectus
(northern part of South America). All these more northern species
have pale-colored legs, while those of Eastern South America have
dusky legs, and like those just mentioned have the vertex and nape,
with whole cheeks, more or less ash, in decided contrast to the
back. The two Andean, on the contrary, have these parts like the
back. All the species, as a rule, have the under mandible plumbeous
black at the base, caused by the deposit of a black pigment on the
bone ; this is only exceptionally absent except in ochroccphala,
where it seems never to occur. In all, the upper mandible is pale
in the dried skin ; said sometimes to be red in life ; in nigrirodris
only is it black. The iris is said in most species to be either red or
yellowish.

Cyclorhis flariventris.

Cijclaris flaviventris, LafFw Rev. Zool. 1842, 133 (Santa Cruz, Mex.)- —
Cydorisjl. Box. Consp. 1850, 3Z0. — Cyclorhis Jl. Sclater, P. Z. S.
1856,99; 1858,448; 1850,3G3 (Jalapa); 1864,173 (City of Mexico).

' Specimens from Ceara, Brazil (perhaps autumnal), have yellow extend-
ing over the breast, much as in flavipcclus, but with dusky legs, the vertex
tinged with ochraceous.

CYCLORHIS.

38T

— Ib. Catal. 1861, 45, no. 276.—? Sclater & Salvin, Ibis, 1, 1859, 13
(Guatemala). — Cyclorhis fi. Tschddi, Archiv Naturg. 1845, 363
(Mexico).

Ilah. Soutliern Mexico and Guatemala.

(No. 37,498, % .) Upper part and sides of head, with nape, ashj, with a
broad stripe of rufous brown from each nostril (the two confluent anteriorly)
over and beyond eye to nape (the eye considerably anterior to the middle of
the stripe) ; rest of upper parts olive green. Chin very pale ashy ; rest of
inferior surface, with inside of wings, bright yellow. Upper mandible pale ;
lower, plumbeous black, the end whitish. Legs apparently flesh color. " Iris
cherry red." Second quill shorter than the 10th ; 3d less than the 7th.

(No. 37,498, % .) Total length, 6.10 ; wing, 3.25 ; tail, 2.95 ; exposed por-
tion of 1st primary, 1.25, of 2d, 2.00, of longest (5th) (measured from ex-
posed base of 1st primary), 2.55 ; length of bill from forehead, .85, from
nostril, .50, along gape, .85, depth, .37 ; tarsus, .92 ; middle toe and claw, .75,
claw alone, .30 ; hind toe and claw, .68, claw alone, .34.

In the specimen described, and in fact in all before me, there is a
faint wash of ochraceous on the vertex, though in several, as No.
30,8T4, the color of the ash is nearly pure. In this same specimen
the ochrey color of the forehead extewds over the lores, and involves
the lower eyelids to a greater degree than usual. The ash of the
chin is much restricted — being limited to the space between the
rami.

There is not much variation in the extensive series before me.
The yellow is sometimes deeper in spring specimens ; in autumnal
it is paler, with a slight buffy tint. It is somewhat remarkable,
however, that of four Guatemalan skins in the collection, three
should lack the black of the lower jaw. The fourth, from Coban,
a locality nearest of all to Mexico and Yucatan, is as described
above. I can detect no other difference. All other specimens have
the dark spot in question.

The uniform yellow of the under parts sufficiently distinguishes
this species from all its allies.

Smith-

Collec-

Sex

When

Collected.

Eonian
No.

tor's
No.

and

Age.

Locality.

Received from

Collected by

37,49S

.58

rf

Orizaba, Mex.

Jan. 2S, '65.

Prof. Sumiclirast.

37,499

21

"

Jan. 6, '65.

"

33,162

91

"

M. Bofteri.

30,874

120

Mirador, Mex.

Mar. 1863.

l)r. Sartorius.

30,873

120

"

"

"

37,915

192

V

Merida, Yuc.

Feb. 19, '65.

Gov. Salazar.

Dr. Schott.

37,916

191

"

"

"

37,917

193

9

"

"

"

"

39,279

495

rT

"

May 23, '65.

"

"

22,372

32,615

Coban.

Verreanx.

39,169

Guatemala.

J. Gould.

iso

d

Cab. Lawrence.

(37,499.) Iris brown ; bill and feet flesh color. (30,874.) Eyes cherry red. (30,873.) Do.

888

REVIEW OF AMERICAN BIRDS.

[part I.

Cyclorliis sul)flavesceiis.

Crjclorhis siihjiavescens, Cab. Journ. fur Orn. 1860 (May, 1861), 405
(Costa Rica ; September) ; 1861, 93 (spec, without dusky spot on
)jill)._ScLATER, Catal. 1862, 359, No. 276*.
Bab. Costa Rica.

(No. 34,669, 9.) Upper part and sides of head, with, the nape and the
chin, ash color ; the vertex soiled with rufous olive. A broad rufous band
from each nostril over and behind the eye (the two confluent anteriorly),
which is anterior to its middle point. Rest of upper parts olive green. Whole
throat and breast greenish-yellow, the flanks and inner lining of wings purer
yellow, as also to some extent a tinge on the crissum. Middle of belly white.
Bill pale above; lower jaw dark plumbeous, with whitish tip. Legs flesh
color. " Iris yellowish" (Carmiol).

Second quill shorter than 10th ; 3d about equal to 8th.

(No. 34,669, 9 .) Total length, 6.00 ; wing, 2.95 ; tail, 2.50 ; exposed por-
tion of 1st primary, 1.15, of 2d, 1.85, of longest (5th) (measured from exposed
base of 1st primary), 2.30; length of bill from nostril, .42, along gape, .80,
depth, .33 ; tarsus, .86 ; middle toe and claw, .66, claw alone, .27; hind toe
and claw, .64, claw alone, .30.

Specimens differ in the amount of yellow on the under parts,
which are sometimes entirely yellow (though paler behind), with
the middle of belly only white ; in other instances the middle of
breast, belly, and the crissum are white. The flanks, however, are
always yellow. Autumnal specimens show a buffy tinge in the white.
Of the six specimens examined, all have the plumbeous spot on the
bill.

This species is easily distinguished from Jlaviventris by its whitish
belly. It is most closely related to G. fiavipedus in its flesh colored
legs and yellow breast, and in fact it is somewhat of a question
whether they are specifically distinct. The Costa Rica bird is
rather larger, and less brilliantly colored ; the ash of the bead is
darker ; the yellow of breast more olivaceous, and perhaps extend-
ing a little farther back. The ochraceous wash of the hood is more
marked, although both species vary among themselves in this as well
as the other points. Better skins than those before me may, how-
ever, exhibit the differences more satisfactorily.

Smith-

CoUec-

Sex

Eoniaui tor's

and

No. 1 No.

Age.

35,2.39

rf

.33,295

.34,669

V

30,.506

111

30,507

112

34,670

V

Locality.

Dota, C. R.
San Jose, C. K.

Barranca, C. K.

When
CoUected.

July 27, '64.
Apri'1'4, '64.

Aprill7,'64.

Received from

J. Carmiol.

Dr. V. Frantzius.
J. Carmiol.

Remarks.

Iris yellow.

Iris red.

Iris light yellow.

Iris yellow.

CTCLORHIS,

389

Cyclorhis flavipectus.

Cyclorhis Jiavipectus, Sclater, P. Z. S. 1858, 448 (Trinidad and Santa
Martlia).— Ib. Catal. 1861, 45, no. 275. — Taylok, Ibis, 1864, 81
(Trinidad).

Hah. Trinidad and northern coast of South America.

(No. 32,719, % .) Head above, and nape, light plumbeous, washed very
faintly with orange or ochrey brown ; cheeks paler, and pure ashy, running
into the still lighter, almost white chin ; rest of upper parts bright olive
green. Throat and breast (extending down a little more along the sides)
bright greenish-yellow ; the inner face of wings and inner edges of quills
purer yellow. Rest of under parts white. Under surface of tail decided
olive green. A broad superciliary band of orange or ochrey brown from
nostrils (the two meeting on the forehead) reaching to the nape, rather farther
beyond the eye than the distance to it. Bill horn color, the tip and edges
whitish ; the lower mandible plumbeous black. Legs flesh color.

Fourth and 5th quills equal and longest ; 2d shorter than the 10th and the
secondaries.

(No. 32,719, %.) Total length, 6.00; wing, 2.80; tail, 2.60; exposed por-
tion of 1st primary, 1.05, of 2d, 1.75, of longest (measured from exposed base
of 1st primary), 2.16; length of bill from forehead, .75, from nostril, .46,
along gape, .83, depth, .36 ; tarsus, .88 ; middle toe and claw, .72, claw alone,
.30 ; hind toe and claw, .61, claw alone, .34.

The extreme nape is of a purer plumbeous than elsewhere on top
of the head. Xo. 32,719 has a faint buff wash on the sides of body
not seen in the others, and probably indicative of the autumnal
plumage.

This species is readily distinguished from G. guianensis, which it
otherwise resembles, by the yellow, not dusky legs: the greater
amount of yellow beneath, which extends over the jugulum to fore
part of breast : and the ochrey wash of top of head, although this
latter character may depend somewhat on season. The ash of
cheeks and chin is lighter, the yellow of under parts purer. The
size is larger, the bill deeper ; the legs stouter, besides being differ-
ently colored. There is less of the gray tinge of the under parts
of guianensis.

SmitU-

gonian
No.

CoUec-

tor's
No.

Sex
aud
Age.

Locality.

Whea
Collected.

Received from

Collected by

32,719
30,600

21,167

d

Santa Martha.
Triuidad.

Verreaux.

M. Galody. [ton.

Cab. A. & E, New-

Cyclorhis guianensis.

Tanagra guianensis, Gjr. I, 1788, 893 (Verderoux, Buffon, Hist. Nat.
Ois. IV, 272, Guiana). — ICijclorhis guianensis, Bukm. Uebers. Ill,
1856, 106 (describes the var. from Ceara, with yellow breast). —

390

EEVIEW OF AMERICAN BIRDS.

[part I.

Cyclorliis g. Sclater, P. Z. S. 1S58, 448 (Cayenne, etc.)-— Ib. Catal.
1861, 45, no. 274.
Cyclorhis poliocephala, Tschudi, Wieg. Arch. 1845, 363 (N. Brazil and
Guiana). — (?Not of Fauna Peruana, 169).
Bab. Guiana (and eastern Brazil ?).

CSo. 178, % , Cab. G. N. Lawrence, Cayenne.) Head (including clieeks and
chin) and nape clear pure light plumbeous, the chin considerably palnr. Rest

Cyclorhis guianensis, Sclatee. (Cayenne.)

of upper parts unvaried olive green, continuous with a rather narrow band
across the lower part of the throat and extending on side of breast, which are
of more yellowish olive. Inside of wings, axillars, and inner edges of quills
yellow. Remaining under parts grayish, the median line and lower belly
white. Longer crissal feathers tinged with olive. A broad orange brown
stripe from nostrils (where it meets its fellow and forms a frontal band) over
and beyond the eye to the nape, the eye placed a little anterior to the middle
of the band. Bill horn color ; the lower mandible, except at tip, blackish-
plumbeous. Legs dusky.

Exposed portion of 1st quill more than half that of the 2d, which is rather
shorter than secondaries ; 4th and 5th quills longest.

The band across the lower throat scarcely involves the jugulum, and is a
little more than half an inch wide. The flanks and tibiae are grayish, without
any wash of olive. The under surface of tail is decidedly olive green.

(No. 178.) Total length, 5.25 ; wing, 2.75 ; tail, 2.50 ; exposed portion of
1st primary, 1.00, of 2d, 1.70, of longest (4th) (measured from exposed base of
1st primary), 2.05 ; length of bill from forehead, .71, from nostril, .45, along
gape, .80 ; depth, .32 ; tarsus, .83 ; middle toe and claw, .64, claw alone, .26 ;
hind toe and claw, .56, claw alone, .30.

Smith-ICoUec- Sex

BOiiian I tor's and

No. No. Age.

Locality.

When

Collected.

Received from

Cayenne.

Cab. Lawrence.

Collected by

CYCLORHIS.

391

In the collection before me are two specimens from Ccara, Brazil,
which differ in having the yellow extending on the front and sides
of the breast almost as much as in Jlavipectus ; the rest of under
parts, except the middle of belly, with a decided buff tinge, the
crissum and tibia? more yellowish. The head above is washed with
ochraceous ; thus, in most respects, very similar to Jlavipectus, but
with dusky legs. The latter character distinguishes them at once
from Jlavipectus. They are rather larger than the specimen de-
scribed above of C. guianensis, and differ otherwise, as stated, but
agree in the dusky legs. If the same species, they may be in au-
tumnal plumage. A specimen from Bahia (thus likewise from the
easternmost part of Brazil) is quite similar. Additional specimens
may prove it to be distinct from guianensis. (C. cearensis, Bd.)

Smith- Col lec-

souian tor's

No. JS'o.

36,693

39,G94

Sex
auJ
Aire.

Locality.

Bahia.
Ceaia, Brazil.

When
Collecied.

Received from

Cub. Lawrence.
Xat. Hist. Mus. Kio.

Collected by

Cyclorhis ochrocephala.

Ci/clorhis ochroccphala, TscnuDi, Arch. f. Naturg. 1845, I, 362 (sontli
Brazil; Buenos Ayres). — Ci/clorhis och. Sclatek, P. Z. S. 1S58,
448.— Ib. Catal. 1861, 45, no. 277.
Cijclnrhis guianensis, Sw. Orn. Bras. pi. 58.

Cyclorhis viridis. Cab. Mus. Hein. I, 1850, 64 (S. Brazil ; Paraguay). —
Cyclorhis vir. BuEM. Uebers. Ill, 1856, 107 (southern Brazil).
Hab. Southern Brazil.

.(No. 21,018, % ,) Head above, and nape, ashy, but ui?ually washed so con-
tinuously witli ochrey brown as entirely to conceal the ground color ; rest
of upper parts olive green. Cheeks, lores, and side of nape pure ashy ; chin
paler. Forehead ochrey brown, extending in a narrow line along the upper
eyelid, but not beyond it ; the contrast with rest of crown not abrupt. Lower
throat, the upper part of jugulum, and the sides of the breast greenish-yellow ;
the inside of wings and inner edges of quills purer yellow. Under parts
buffy white, purer white in middle of belly. Under surface of tail olive
brown rather than olive green. Bill horn color ; lower mandible paler, with-
out trace of plumbeous black spot. Feet dusky plumbeous, almost black.
First qiiill less than half the longest ; 3d intermediate between 8th and 9th ;
2d less than the 10th or the secondaries.

(No. 20,018, % .) Total length, 6.30 ; wing, 3.20 ; tail, 3.00 ; exposed por-
tion of 1st primary, 1.05, of 2d, 1.85, of longest (5th) (measured from txpo^^ed
base of 1st primary), 2.40 ; length of bill from forehead, .72, from nostril,
.42, along gape, .80, height, .33 ; tarsus, 1.00 ; middle toe and claw, .75, claw
alone, .29 ; hind toe and claw, .69, claw alone, .32.

392

REVIEW OF AMERICAN BIRDS.

[part I.

Another specimen has the color of under parts purer, with less
buff. Another from Rio (Xo. 18,571), likewise with less buff be-
neath, has the vertex showing a considerable amount of plumbeous.
The back is somewhat tinged with ochraceous in the type specimen.

This species agrees with guianensis in dusky legs and the re-
striction of the yellow to the lower throat and extreme upper part
of the jugulum. It is, however, larger ; the bill lower, without
trace of the blackish spot ; the ochrey band of forehead extends in
a very narrow line only along the upper eyelid, instead of broadly
reaching the nape, and the vertex is washed with ochrey, so as
almost or entirely to. cover the plumbeous or ashy of the feathers.
The under surface of the tail shows less olive green.

Smith-

souiau

No.

Collec-
tor's

No.

Sex
and
Age.

Locality.

WliPn
Collected.

Received from

Collected by

IS, 571
23,921

1.5,1 S2

21,013

< P.'46'
I C. 151

70
161

Rio Janeiro.
Brazil.

Tigre, Brazil.
S. Americ.i.

July, 1S60.

r. L. Sclater.
Dr. Horner.

Expl. Exped.

Cnpt. T. .T. Vnse.
Cab. Lawrence.

Chr. Wood.

Cyclorhis vlridis.

Saliator viridis, Vieill. Nouv. Diet. XlV, (1817) 108.— Ib. Encyel. Meth.
II, 1823, 79.3 (based on Hahia verde, Azara, Apuut. I, 301) (Para-
guay).— ? Cyclorhis viridis, Sclatek, P. Z. S. 1858,448 (Bolivia). —
Ib. Catal. 1861, 46, no. 280 (not of Gabanis and Bprjieistek).

Hal). La Plata and Bolivia ?

(No. 20,976, 9 , Parana.) Head above ashy, almost concealed by a gloss of
reddish-brown ; rest of upper parts olive green. Chin, lores, cheeks, and sides
of nape pale ash. Forehead ochrey brown, this color extending narrowly
above and beyond the eye to the nape. Lower part of throat and sides of
breast, with iusides of wings, pale yellow ; the flanks washed with the same ;
rest of under parts soiled white. Bill rather dusky ; under mandible some-
what darker, but without a distinct spot as in guia7iensis. Legs dark plumbe-
ous. First quill much more than half the longest ; 2d between 8th and 9th ;
3d but little shorter than 4th, which is longest, about equal to 5th.

(No. 20,976, $ .) Total length, 6.00 ; wing, 3.00 ; tail, 3.00 ; exposed portion
of 1st primary, 1.25, of 2d, 1.95, of longest (4th and 5th) (measured from
exposed base of 1st primary), 2.25; length of bill from forehead, .75, from
nostril, .45, along gape, .80, depth, .37 ; tarsus, 1.00 ; middle toe and claw, .72,
claw alone, .29 ; hind toe and claw, .69, claw alone, .32.

I have referred to the C. viridis, of -Tieillot, based on a descrip-
tion by Azara, a specimen from the Parana, a region sufficiently
near that of Azara's bird for the two to be identical, and agreeing

CYCLORIIIS.

393

sufficiently with the account of the latter author. It is of much
the same size as C. ochrocephala, but differs primarily in having the
brown superciliary stripe pass beyond the eye to the nape, as in guia-
nensis, though it is narrower and less distinct. The brown w^ash
on the head is less than in ochrocejyhala ; the yellow on the throat
less extensive. The bill is higher, and the under mandible more
dusky, though not blackish. The first and second quills are longer,
the former more than half the longest, not less ; the second longer
than the tenth, in this respect difi'ering from the other S. American
species.

From guianensis the species can be distinguished bj its much
larger size; the wing formula; the ochraceous wash of the head;
less amount of yellow on throat (?), etc.

A specimen from Bolivia (No. 280a), kindly lent by Dr. Sclater,
and labelled by him G. vmdis, agrees with that above described in
general features. It is rather larger: wing, 3.30, the outer quills
not quite so long, and the loAver mandible with a very conspicuous
black spot.

Smith-
sonian
No.

CoUec-

tor's
No.

Sex
a.,d
Age.

Locality.

When

Collected.

Received from

Collected by

20,976

70
2S0ct

d

Parana.
Bolivia.

April ISCO.

Capt. T. J. I'age.
Cab. Sclater.

Chr. Wood.

Cyclorhis virenticeps.

Cijdorhls virenticeps, Sclater, P. Z. S. ISGO, 274, pi. 164 (Babalioyo,
Ecuador).— Ib. Catal. 1861, 46, no. 278.
Ilab. Babalioyo, Ecuador.

(No. 27Sn.) Whole upper parts, including vertex, bright olive green. A
broad, rufous, almost chestnut brown band from the nostrils (meeting on tlie
forehead) passing over and beyond the eye to the nape. Chin, lores, and sides
of lower mandible ashy ; rest of cheeks, entire throat, upper part of jugulum,
sides of breast and inner face of wings, with inner edges of quWls, yellow.
Rest of under parts white, soiled with buIT, except along the middle of belly.
Upper mandible pale horn color ; lower plumbeous black, except at the tip.
Legs apparently flesh color. "Iris hazel" {Fruser').

(No. 278a.) Total length, 6.00; wing, 2.95 ; tail, 2.G5 ; length of bill from
forehead, .76, from nostril, .44, along gape, .76, depth, .33 : tarsus, .90 ; middle
toe and claw, .70, claw alone, .26 ; hind toe and claw, .65, claw alone, .32.

The type specimen of this species, kindly supplied by Dr. Sclater,
is moulting some of the wing feathers, so that the quill formula
cannot be accurately given. The supra-ocular stripe extends farther
behind the eye than in front of it, and the lower eyelid appears to

394

REVIEW OP AMERICAN BIRDS.

[part I.

have a line of feathers of the same colour as in the other species.
The bill is stout and deep, and the culmen much curved.

Smith- iCoUfic-

Bouian tor's

No. No.

Sex

and
Age.

Locality.

"When
Collected.

Received from

CoUected by

27Sa

Babahoyo, Ecuad.

Cab. P. L. Sclater.

Fraser.

(27Sa

■) Type

Cyclofhie
nigrirostris.

Cyclorhis nigrirostris.

Cyclaris n. Lafe. Rev. Zool. 1842, 133 (Colombia).— Ib. Mag. de Zool.
1843, pi. 33. — Cycloris n. Bon. Consp. 1850, 330. — Cyclorhis nig.
ScLATEE, P. Z. S. 1855, 151; 1858, 448.— Ib. Catal. 18G1, 46, no.
280 (Bogota).

Hah. Bogota.

(No. 279a.) Above olive green, with a short stripe from each nostril (not
confluent anteriorly) of dark orange brown, extending over and bejond the

eye, for a considerably less
distance than anterior to
it. A frontal band (ex-
tending faintly along side
of vertex), lores, cheeks
below, and a little behind
the eye, chin, and most
of the throat- and breast
ashy, paler below, and
passing behind into soiled
buify gray. Sides of neck
and the ears, continued into a narrow, almost interrupted band across the upper
part of jugulum, the sides of breast, and more faintly the flanks, olive green,
but little paler than the back. Inner wing coverts, axillars, and inner edges
of quills yellow. Bill entirely blackish, except at base of lower mandible,
where it appears to be flesh color. Legs quite pale, though hardly flesh color.
The bill is lower and tbe culmen straighter than in other species, and has
the exclusive character of black maxilla. The first quill is less than half the
longest ; the 2d less than the 10th ; the 3d about equal to the 8th ; the 4th
and 5th longest.

(No. 279a.) Total length, 5.50 ; wing, 3.10 ; tail, 2.65 ; exposed portion of
1st primary, 1.00, of 2d, 1.75, of longest (4tli and 5th) (measured from ex-
posed base of 1st primary), 2.30; length of bill from forehead, .75, from
nostril, .44, along gape, .80, depth, .30 ; tarsus, .90 ; middle toe and claw, .70,
claw alone, .28 ; hind toe and claw, .66, claw alone, .30.

Gf two specimens I have had the opportunity of examining, the
one serving as the basis of my description has been kindly lent by
Dr. Sclater. The other, in the museum of the Philadelphia Academyj

VIREOLANIUS.

395

is quite similar, but with a shorter bill. The species is nearest iu
its relationships to C. virenticeps, but differs in the black maxilla;
the light base of the lower mandible ; the ashy frontal band (seen
indistinctly on the side of vertex) ; the much darker, and shorter
supra-ocular stripe ; the olive green of under parts instead of yellow,
and of much less extent ; the ashy region behind the eyes, etc.

Smith-
Eoniaa

No.

CoUec-l Sex
tor's and
No. Age.

Locality.

When

Collected.

Bogota.

Received from

Ciib. Sclater.
Mus. Phila. Acad.

Collected by

VIREOLANIUS, Dpbus.
Vireolanius, " Dubus," Box. Cousp. 18G0, 330. (Type F. melitophrys,

DUBUS.)

This group of birds agi'ees in all essential generic characters with
Cydorhis, especially in the shape and structure of bill, adhesion

Vireolanius inelitophrys, Dubus. (Gaatemala.)

and length of toes, shape of wings, tail, etc., and it is a question
whether they should not be united. The only difference is in a
rather less amount of curvature of culmen than in most species, and
a rather less depth of bill ; although in this respect G. nigrirostris
agrees exactly with Vireolanius. The legs are perhaps less stout.
The pattern of coloration is quite the same. The type differs most
from Cydorhis, and at the same time from the other species asso-
ciated with it in Vireolanius, in having the tail rather longer than
the wings, not shorter.

396

REVIEW OP AMERICAN BIRDS.

[P^iRT I.

Common Characters. — Top of head and uape either bright hlue or lead color,
in abrupt contrast to the uniform deep green of the rest of upper parts.
Bill blackish.

A. Beneath white, with rufous pectoral band. Legs yellow.

Head above and nape bright blue.

A band above eye, and spot below it, yellow.
A line through the eye, and one from
lower edge of lower mandible, black . melitophrys.

B. Beneath olivaceous or yellowish, without bands. Throat

yellow. Legs dusky.

Head above and nape bright blue. Sides of head
green, like back. Beneath olivaceous.

A well marked yellow supra-ocular line and

infra-ocular spot ..... eximins.
No distinct line nor spot as above . . . pulchellus.
Head above and nape lead color. Sides of head with-
out green like the back. Beneath yellowish. A
supra-ocular line and infra-ocular spot of yellow.
An ocular and a subocular blackish plumbeous
band, with white interspace behind. Be-
neath yellowish ..... icteroplirys.
Sides of head nearly uniform plumbeous, the
markings indicated above very obsolete.
Beneath olivaceous .... cMorofj aster.

Tixeolaaiius isielitoplir^ s.

Vireolanius melitophrijs, " Dubus MS.," Bon. Consp. 1850, 330 (Mexico).
— ScL. P. Z. S. 1S57, 213 ; 1S59, 363.— Ib. CataL 1861, 45, no. 271.
Hah. Southern Mexico and Guatemala,

(No. 447.) Back and upper surface of wings and tail bright olive green ;
head above and uape ash color ; under parts and sides of head and neck below

Vireolanius melitophrys, DuBrs. (Mexico and Guatemala.)

VIREOLANIUS.

39T

the eyes white. A broad gamboge yellow stripe from bill, above and beyond
the eye ; a black band from commissure of bill across lower half and behind
the eye (apparently widening and abruptly truncated behind), and a much
less conspicuous black line from lower corner of the gonys, the two nearly
parallel, and coextensive with the superciliary yellow (the lower one cutting
off an infra-ocular white stripe). A well defined band of rufous brown across
the breast, the sides of body suffused with the same. Primaries edged ex-
ternally with whitish near the ends. Quills edged internally with yellowish.
Crissum and inner wing coverts white. Bill black ; legs yellow.

(No. 447.) Total length, 6.00 ; wing, 2.85 ; tail, 8.00 ; exposed portion of
1st primary 1.00, of 2d, 1.80, of longest (5th) (measured from exposed base
of 1st primary), 2.22 ; length of bill from forehead, .85, from nostril, .45, along
gape, .90 ; tarsus, .95 ; hind toe and claw, .60, claw alone, .30.

The upper part of head is slightly glossed with olive. The bases
of the yellow feathers iu front of the eye are white. The lower
half of the orbital region is crossed by the black ocular stripe, the
upper by the yellow. The ocular yellow and black stripes extend
as far behind the eye as in front of it.

For the opportunity of examining this species I am indebted to
Mr. Salvin.

Smith- CoUec- Sex

sonian tor's and

No. No. Age.

Locality.

When
Collected.

Received from

Collected by

.. ( 447 1 ..

Volcan de Fueso,
[oak forest, Gnat.

Sept. IS, '59.

Cab. Salvin.

Salvin &Godman.

(447.) Type.

Tireolanius pulc3iellus.

Vireolanius pulcJiellus, Sclater & Salvin, Ibis, 1859, 12 (Guatemala). — ■
Lawrence, Ann. N. Y. Lye. VII, 1862 (Panama). — Sclater, Catai.
1861, 45, no. 273.
Hab. Mexico and Guatemala, to Panama Isthmus.

(No. 20,403, Choctun.) Upper part of head from bill and nape blue ; rest
of tipper parts and

sides of whole head
(to nostrils) and
neck deep dark
green. Beneath
light yellowish-
green, more yellow
on the belly and
crissum ; throat
almost pure yel-
low, as are the
inner wing coverts
and inner edges of
the quills, the lat-

Vireolaniua pulchellus, Scl. & Salv. (Vera Paz )

398

REVIEW OF AMERICAN BIRDS.

[part I.

ter with more of a buff tinge. Bill and legs dark plumbeous, the former
whitish along the tomia.

Total length, 5.50 ; wing, 2.85 ; tail, 2.40 ; exposed portion of 1st primary,
1.00, of 2d, 1.80, of longest (4tli) (measured from exposed base of 1st pri-
mary), 2.10; length of bill from forehead, .74, from nostril, .44, along gape,
.81, depth, .28 ; tarsus, .82 ; middle toe and claw, .69, claw alone, .25 ; bind
toe and claw, .54, claw alone, .27.

In some specimens there is an extremely obsolete indication of a
yellowish spot on lower eyelid, and a yellowish infra-ocular line from
commissure. The supra-ocular green of side of head is also some-
times rather paler than the post-ocular portion, in slight contrast,
and all the green of the side of the head is lighter than that of the
back. Sometimes the blue of the head is more or less mixed with
green. The lores are green like the rest of the side of head.

This species differs from the type in having the tail shorter, instead
of a little longer than the wings.

Smith-
Eoniaa

No.

22,373

2S,040
20,403

29,430
34,665

CoUec-

Sex

tor's

and

No.

Age.

43, .157

rf

64

1,580

177

d

Locality.

Mexico.
Mirador, Mex.
Choctnm, Vera Paz.
Guatemala.

Angostura, C. R.

When
Collected.

Jan. 1S60.
Junell,'64.

Received from

Verreaux.
Dr. Sartorius.
O. Salvin.
Cab. Lawrence.
Capt. J. M. Dow.
J. Carmiol.

Collected by

Tireolaniiis eximius.

Vireolanius eximius, Baikd.

Vireolanius icterophrys, ScLATER, P. Z. S. 1855, 161, pi. 103 (Bogota),

not of BONAPAETE.

Hab. Bogota.

Coloration precisely similar to that of V. pulchellus, but with a bright yel-
low stripe from nostrils above and beyond the eye, a yellow infra-ocular spot,
and dusky lores. Bill and legs blackish ; the lower mandible whitish at end.

Total length, 5.50 ; wing, 3.00 ; tail, 2.50 : length of bill from forehead, .80,
from nostril, .50, along gape, .85, depth, .32; tarsus, .80.

As in V. 2^ulchellus, the top of head is clear blue ; the rest of
upper parts, and the sides of head, dark greeny the under parts
light yellowish-green ; the chin and throat, and inside of wings,
clearer yellow, as also the inner edges of the quills. The bill is
longer than in V. pulchellus.

The species is described from a specimen in the museum of the
Philadelphia Academy.

VIREOLANIUS.

399

Smith-

Eoniau

No.

Collec-
tor's
No.

Sex
aud
Age.

Locality.

When
Collected.

Received from

Eemaiks.

Bogota.

"

Cab. Phila. Acad.

Type.

Vireolanius icterophrys.

Vireolanius icterophrys, Bon. Comptes Rendus, XXXVIII, 1854, 380 (" Rio
Negro"). — Ib. Notes Delattre, 60.

Hab. "Cayenne ;"" Rio Negro ;" Eastern Peru.

(Sp. Phila. Acad.) Top of head and nape plumbeous ; rest of upper parts
deep green. Under parts, inner face of wings, and inner edges of quills
bright clear yellow, rather paler behind, and more olive on flanks. A broad
"band from nostrils over and beyond the eye, and spot on lower eyelid (coming
to the edge), yellow. Lores, continuous with a line through and behind the
eye, and a line from side of lower jaw beneath and beyond the eye, blackish-
plumbeous, passing behind into plumbeous like the nape, the space between
them and behind the eye white. Bill and feet blackish.

Total length, 5.00 ; wing, 2.85 ; length of bill from forehead, .73, from nostril,
.40, along gape, .82, depth, .28 ; tarsus, .77.

The yellow superciliaiy line is broadest anteriorly, but does not
cross the base of the culmen ; its posterior feathers are whitish.
The post-ocular plumbeous stripe passes into the plumbeous nape.
The lower dark stripe is bordered behind b}^ the downward extension
of the white infra-ocular band ; anteriorly it does not quite reach
the lower mandible, on account of the upward extension of the yel-
low of chin.

The specimen of this species in the museum of the Philadelphia
Academy is labelled as from Cayenne. Bonaparte quotes his as
from the Rio jSTesro.

Smith-
sonian

No.

CoUec-' Sex
tor's and
No. Age.

Locality.

When

Collected.

Eeceived from

Remarks.

30, SI 9

I,i63

^

Head of Huallaga,
Cayenne. [K. Peru.

W. S. Church. ' Very defective.
! Mus. Phila. Acad, i

Vireolanius chlorogaster.

Vireolanius ch! or or/aster, Box. Comptes Rendus, XXXVIII, 1854, 380
(" S. America"). — Ib. Notes Orn. Delattre, 60. — Sclatee, Catal.
1861, 45, no. 272a (Eastern Peru).

Hah. Eastern Peru.

Top and sides of head and nape plumbeous ; rest of upper parts green.-

400

REVIEW OP AMERICAN BIRDS.

[part I.

Beneath greenisli-yellow, more olive ou tbe sides ; clearer yellow on tlie cLin,
inner face of wings, and inner edges of quills. A band from nostrils over
and beyond the eyes, and a spot on lower eyelid, yellow ; rest of sides of head
plumbeous, with the dusky and white bands of icterophrys very obsoletely
indicated. Bill dusky ; legs paler.

Total length, 4.60 ; wing, 2.60 ; tail, 2.10 ; exposed portion of 1st primary,
.85, of 2d, 1.72, of longest (5th) (measured from exposed base of 1st primary),
2.05 ; length of bill from nostril, .40 ; tarsus, .72.

The forehead and side of crown are tinged with olive, and in the
plumbeous of the sides of head are indicated very obsoletely an
olivaceous line from commissure through and behind the eye, and
another from side of lower jaw, beneath it ; the two separated behind
by a paler patch.

The general style of coloration and appearance is that of V. icte-
rophrys, Bon., but the size is smaller, the under parts more olivace-
ous, and the stripes on the side of head so nearly obsolete as to be
readily overlooked. The superciliary yellow line is, however, sufS-
ciently conspicuous ; the infra-ocular yellow spot rather less distinct.
The difference of locality is also important.

For the opportunity of examining the species I am indebted to
Dr. Sclater.

Smith-
sonian
No.

CoUee-' Sex

tor's and Locality.
No. t Age.

When
Collected.

Received from

Collected by

••

272(1

Eastern Peru.

Cab. P. L. Sclater.

Verreaux.

Family AMPELID^.

The characteristics of the Ampeliclss have already been presented
in the synopsis of allied families ; chief among them the short broad
depressed and triangular bill with short gonys, the deeply cleft
mouth, the short tarsus, and the tendency to subdivision of its
lateral plates. Whether Dulus belongs properly here or elsewhere
is a serious question ; it is at any rate the type of a subfamily, as
also are Ampelis and Ptilogonys, if indeed they do not represent a
still higher division. The solution of these questions must, however,
be left to further investigation into the internal anatomy of the
genera ; for the present I retain all under Ampelidee. The characters
of the subfamilies are as follows : —

DULUS. 401

A. Gape of mouth much arched. Metatarsal scutellse in two series. Body

streaked beneath.

Dulinae. Legs very stout, though short. Nostrils large, circular, ex-
posed, with naked membrane behind though scarcely above them.
Frontal feathers directed backwards, soft, and like those of rest
of head ; with few bristles. Wings longer than the narrow, nearly
even tail. First primary nearly one-half the 2d, which is much
longer than secondaries. Under tail coverts reaching over about'
the basal two-fifths of tail. Adults streaked longitudinally beneath.
Young unknown.

B. Gape of mouth nearly straight. Metatarsal scutellae in three series. Body

plain beneath.

Ampelinae. Legs moderate. Nostrils elongated, linear, with the
frontal feathers extending close to the edge and to anterior ex-
tremity, concealing them ; these feathers short, velvety, and erect,
with few bristles. Wings very long and acute ; outer or 1st pri-
mary so much reduced as to be almost inappreciable ; the 2d
nearly the longest. Wing nearly twice the length of the short,
narrow, even tail. Under coverts of tail reaching almost to its
tip. Secondary quills with flat horny appendages at end of shaft
like red sealing wax. Young birds streaked beneath as in Dalus^
Adults plain.

Ptilogonatinae. Legs moderate. Nostrils oval, with wide naked
membrane above, and to some extent behind them ; the frontal
feathers not reaching to their border, and ratlier soft. Wings
graduated, shorter than the somewhat broad, fan-shaped tail ; the
1st quill nearly half the 2d. Young birds without spots or streaks ;
adults plain.

Subfamily DULIN^.

DULUS, VlEILLOT.

Dnlus, VlEILLOT, Analyse, 1816, 42, no. 131. (Type "Tangara esclave,'^
BuFFON = Tana(jra dominica, Linn.)

Plumage compact. Wings moderately pointed, a little longer than the
nearly even, slightly rounded tail. First quill not quite half the 2d, which
about equals 6th ; 3d and 4th longest. Tail feathers rather narrow.

Bill shaped much like Icteria ; considerably decurved ; cnlrnen decurving
from base, upper edge of lower mandible less so ; commissure much arclied ;
mouth deeply cleft. Bill broad as well as high at base, compressed about
the middle to the strongly notched tip ; lower bill with slight broad notch.
Tongue rather narrow, horny towards tip, and simply bifid. Nostrils large,
circular, in anterior end of nasal groove ; surrounded, except anteriorly, by
membrane ; the frontal feathers not directed forwards, and with few bristles,
not reaching to posterior edge of nostrils. Rictal bristles short.

Legs very stout ; tarsus scarcely as long as middle toe and claw: aboiit seven
well-marked scutellae anteriorly; sides of tarsus normally of a single plate
26 May, 1866.

402

REVIEW OF AMERICAN BIRDS.

[part I.

each, a little subdivided below ; in No. 40,071 divided on outer side into two
plates in right leg, not divided in left. Lateral toes nearly equal ; the outer

Dulus dominicus, Strickl. (Hayti.)

claw reaching to base of middle claw. The basal joints of claws short ; the
basal joint of middle claw adherent for two-thirds its length to basal joint
of outer, and for same distance to about half basal joint of inner ; the adhesion
less than in Vireo.

In the preceding- description I liave combined the characters of
the genus and the subfamily, as Dulus is thus fai' the only known
member of the Dulinse. The form is a very peculiar one, and its
precise systematic position is a matter of much uncertainty. It has
been placed by Dr. Sclater among the Vireonidas ; but from them
it differs in the longer basal phalanx of middle toe ; less amount of
adhesion of the anterior toes ; shorter tarsi ; much broader and
more deeply cleft gape ; less extension forward, more backward
direction, and softer texture of frontal feathers (the tips of which do
not run into bristles) ; fewer bristles about the mouth ; the broader
and more exposed nostrils, etc. The tip of outer claw reaches only to
base of middle claw, instead of nearly to the middle as in Vireonidse.
The genus was assigned by H. E. Strickland to the Ampelidas, and
the majority of its characters seem to indicate a place intermediate
in some respects between Ampelis and Ptilogonys, and I there leave
it for tjie present. The longitudinal streaks of the under parts,
although more conspicuous, are somewhat like those of the young
A. cedrorum, and strengthens the propriety of associating the two.
None of the true Vireonidse, either as adults or young, as far as
known, are at all streaked or spotted.

AMPELIS.

403

Dultis dominicus.

Tanaijra dominica, LiKX. Syst. Nat. I, 1766, 316 (based on Tangara
dominicensis, Brissox, III, 37, tab. 2, fig. 4, St. Domiugo). — Gm. I,
1788, 894. — Dulus dominicus, Strickl. Cont. Orn. 1851, 103 (rectifi-
cation).— Lafr. Rev. Mag. 1851, 583 (habits, aiEnities, etc.). —
ScLATER, Catal. 1861, 41.

Dulus palmarum, Vieill. Nouv. Diet. X, 1817,438. — Ib. Eneycl. Meth.

(No. 40,071.) Feet extremely stout; tarsus shorter than middle toe and
claw. Wings longer than nearly even tail, moderately pointed ; 1st quill
nearly half the 2d, which about equals 7th ; 4th. longest ; 3d and 5th scarcely
shorter.

Above olive brown, becoming olive green on the rump and edges of quill-
and tail feathers ; darker olive on the head, the" sides of which are fuscous
brown. Beneath whitish ; all the feathers with central linear streaks of olive
brown, narrowest on belly, broadest on crissum (which is tinged with olivace-
ous). Inner lining of wings pale fulvous ; inner edges of quills whitish.
Bill pale horn color, lighter below ; feet rather dusky.

(No. 40,071.) Total length, 6.25 ; wing, 3.20 ; tail, 2.75, nearly even ; ex-
posed portion of 1st primary, .95, of 2d, 2.15, of longest (measured from ex-
posed base of 1st primary), 2.30; length of bill from forehead, .61, from
nostril, .36, along gape, .80, depth, .24; tarsus, .80 ; middle toe and claw, .8*
claw alone, .25 ; hind toe and claw, .65, claw alone, .31.

A specimen in the Philadelphia Academy, although marked female,
is considerably larger, though apparently not otherwise different.
That descrl|||d above was kindly supplied by Prof. Agassiz.

According to Strickland (Cont. Orn. 1851, 104), Dulus nuchalis,
of Swainson (2^ Centen. 1838, 345), forms a second species, closely
allied, but with a transverse bar of white on nape. The type (from
Brazil) is said by him to be in the Cambridge Museum.

Note. — Since writing the preceding article several specimens have
been received from Mr. A. E. Younglove.

Smith-

Collec-

Sex

sonian
No.

tor's
No.

and
Age.

40,071
41,8.56
41,855

6

6

477

Locality.

Jeremie, Hayti.

[Hayti.
Port an Prince,
St. Domingo.

When

Collected.

186 1-5.
.Tau. 29, "66.
April 10, '66

Received from

Mus. Corap. Z.'ol.
A. E. Younglove.

Cah. Phila. Acad.

Collected by

P. R. Uhler.

(40,071.) Alcoholic sp. (41,855.) Bill and eyes black. (41,856.) Bill and eyes black.

Subfamily AMPELINiE.
AMPELIS, Linn.

Ampelis, Linn. Syst. Nat. 12th ed. 1, 1766, 297. (Type Lanius garrulus,
L. Named by Linnaeus in 1735.)

404

REVIEW OF AMERICAN BIRDS.

[part I.

BomhijciUa, Vieillot, Ois. Am. Sept. I, 1807, 88. (Tjpe B. cedrorum.)
" Bomhyciphora, Meyen, 1810" (Gray). — " Bombycivora, Temm. 1815"
(Gray).

Body stout, compact ; plumage silky and soft. Wings long and much,
pointed, considerably longer than the narrow, nearly even tail. An extremely

Ampdis garrula, Linn.

small first primary, which sometimes is visible on the inner side of the base
of the second quill, sometimes rests on the outer side as in other Oscines sup-
%)osed to have only nine primaries (see pages 160, 325). The 2d quill is
nearly as long as the 3d ; the remaining primaries graduate very rapidly to
the 10th, which reaches scarcely beyond half the exposed portion of 3d. The
shafts of the secondaries are tipped by a flattened, obovate horny appendage
of a bright red color, like sealing wax ; traces of something similar to which
may sometimes be seen on the tail. The tail is narrow and jpaily even.

Bill short, deeply cleft, depressed, and broad at the base, the width of
mouth more than two-thirds the commissure ; the culmen and gonys con-
siderably less than half the gape, and both much curved from base, the com-
missure nearly straight. The tip of upper mandible is decurved, deeply
notched, and with a decided tooth behind the notch ; lower bill slightly
notched. The nasal fossae are filled with soft, short, erect, velvety feathers,
advancing far forward close along the upper edge of nostrils, and concealing
them ; the nostrils are much elongated, and narrowly elliptical. The rictal
bristles appear to be wanting, although a few short ones overhang the base
of the bill.

The tongue is broad, fleshy, sagittate behind, homy and bifid at the tip.
The legs are short, but stout ; the tarsus scarcely longer than the middle toe
without claw : decidedly shorter than the entire toe ; distinctly scutellate :
five or six divisions anteriorly ; the lateral plates on both sides also more or
less subdivided in Ampelis garrula, especially inferiorly. The lateral toes
are slightly unequal, the claws of the outer or longer barely reaching the
base of middle claw. The basal joint of middle toe is adherent for one-half
to one-third the adjacent joint of the inner toe, and for a little more than
that distance to barely more than one joint of the outer, the basal joint of
middle and inner toes being of about equal length ; the scutellse above basal
joints of anterior toes in three series. The hind toe is about equal to the
inner lateral.

AMPELIS. 405

In A. garrula the naked skin on the posterior edge of tarsus be-
tween the two lateral plates, and on inner side between the lateral
and frontal, shows a development of small hexagonal plates — seen
to much less extent in A. cedrorum, where also the lateral tarsal
plates are frequently undivided, except at lower end.

The young of A. cedrorum are streaked longitudinally beneath,
as in adult Dulus, although more faintly.

The genus Ampelis exhibits a close resemblance to Progne in the
broad, deeply cleft bill ; the long, pointed wings ; the short, stout
legs. The most striking differences in Progne consist in the still
broader and more deeply cleft bill, less hooked lower mandible, open
superior and rounded nostrils, absence of spurious first primary, etc.,
with others of less signification. Still it would not be at .all sur-
prising to see them associated more closely by authors than has
hitherto been the case.

Three species of the genus Ampelis are known : one common to
the northern portions of the northern hemisphere, one peculiar to
North America, and a third found in Japan and Eastern Siberia.
They may be distinguished by the following diagnosis : —

A. Terminal band of tail yellow.

Yellowish cinnamon ; more plumbeous behind. Chin,
forehead, and band from forehead above and behind
the eye, black. A white mandibular patch.

Large ; chin and throat black ; crissum orange
brown ; two white bands on the wing, and a
white line along tips of primaries . . . garrula.
Smaller ; chin only black ; crissum whitish. No

white on wing ...... cedrorum.

B. Terminal band of tail red.

Colors generally similar to those of A. cedrorum.
A red baud across the end of the greater wing
coverts. Black line behind eye continued
along under side of crest, which is very long phcenicopterum.

The A. 2^henico2Jferum is stated by Temminck to have the nasal
setae so short as to leave the nostrils exposed, and to lack the seal-
ing-wax appendages ; the latter condition may, however, result from
the immaturity of the specimen, as it is very common to find the
same thing in individuals of the other species.

Ampelis garrula.

Lanius garrulus, Linn. " Fauna Suecica, 2, no. 82." — Ib. Syst. Nat. 10th
ed. 1758, y^,.— Ampelis garrulus, Linn. Syst. Nat. 12th ed. 1766, 297
(Europe).— BoN. Consp. 1850, 336.— Baikd, Birds N. Am. 1858,

406 REVIEW OP AMERICAN BIRDS. [PAET I.

317.— BoARDMAN, Pr. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist. IX, 1862, 12G (Calais,
Me.)— Cooper, Pr. Cal. Acad. II, 18til (1863), 122 (Fort Mohave,
Ar.). — Bomhycilla garrula. Box. Zool. Jour. Ill, 1827, 50. — Ib.
Synopsis, 1828, 438.— Ib. Am. Orn. Ill, 1828, pi. xvi.— Rich. F. B.
A. II, 1831, 237.— Add. Orn. Biog. IV, 462, pi. 363.— Ib. Birds Am.
IV, 169, pi. 246.— Max. Cab. Jour. VI, 1858, 188. (American.)—
Bombycilla garrula, Keys. & Blas. Wirb. Europas, 1840, 167. —
Degla.nd, Oruith. Europ. I, 1849, 349 (European.)— Wolley, Pr.
Z. S. 1857, 55 (nest and eggs). — Newton, Ibis, 1861, 92, pi. iv
(nesting).— NcRDJiAxx, Cab. Jour. VI, 1858, 307, and VII, 1859,
pi. i (nesting). (European.)
Hah. Northern parts of Europe, America, and Asia. In America not hitherto
found in the western province. In winter extending along the Rocky Moun-
tains and the plains as far south as Fort Massachusetts and Fort Riley; regu-
lar visitor to shores of Lake Michigan and Lake Erie. East of this rarely
seen along the United States border,

For the description and general remarks relative to this species I
refer to the Birds X. Am. quoted above. According to Degland,
the female difTers in less extent of black of throat, the quills having
the white or yellow confined to the ends of outer webs only, instead
of on the inner webs also, and a less number and smaller size of
the cartilaginous appendages.

The specimen seen by Dr. Cooper, at Fort Mohave, if really of
this species, fixes the most western locality on record.

For many years authentic eggs of the Bohemian Chatterer were
greatly sought after, but it was not until 1856 that any were brought
to the notice of the scientific world, when the late Mr. H. Wolley
discovered them in Lapland. Early duplicates from his collection
were sold at five guineas each, and although a good many have since
been obtained, they are yet considered as great prizes. A nest, with
its eggs, of those collected by Mr. Wolley, has been presented to
the Institution by Mr. Alfred K'ewton. The only instances on record
of their discovery in America are of a nest and one ^gg by Mr,
Kennicott, on the Yukon, in 1861, and a nest and single egg on the
Anderson River, by Mr. MacFarlane, both of which, with the female
parents, are in the possession of the Institution.

AMPELIS.

40T

Smith-

Collec-

Rpx

When
Collected.

«

Bouiaa

tor's

and

Locality.

Received from

Collected by

No.

No.

Age.

18,949

..

rT

Prussia.

Mad. Drouet.

lS,9dO

Y

"

" [peiihagen.

18,606

Denmark.

Uaiv.Zool.Mus.Co-

27,316

1,483

V

Fort Yulion.

July 4, '61.

R. Keunicott.

27,304

"

-J. Lockhart.

27,307

49

V

Fort Anderson.

R. R. McFarlane.

27,309

1,223

Great Bfar Lake.

B. R. Ross.

27,314

Big Lsland.

"

Jubn Reid.

28,1.5 1

rf

Fort Simpson.

"

22,801

8

Fort Rae.

Sept. 22, '61.

L. Clarke.

,

31,128

797

Fort Halkett.

B. R. Ross.

W. Brass.

11,0J5

132

i

Fort Bridger.

Dec. S, '57.

C. Drexler.

19,214

237

rT

Deer Creek, Neb.

Feb. 13.

Capt. Raynolda.

Dr. Hayden.

17,532

682

Y

Bitterroot Valley.

Winter.

Capt. JIullan.

J. Peaisall.

11,470

Fort Massacliusetts.

Capt. KouMuan.

5,875

Fort Riley, Kan*

18.n.

Dr. W. A. Harn-

5,813

Racine, Wise.

Winter.

Dr. Hoy. [ruoud.

33,062

Cleveland, 0.

Winter '64.

Dr. Kirtland.

23,623

Moose Factory.

J. Maclienzie.

(27,316.) With nest and one egg. (27,307.) With nest and one egg.

Ampelis cedroruiu.

Ampelis garruhts, var. $, Linn. Syst. Nat. I, 176G, 297.

BovihyciUa ceclrorum, Vieillot, Ois. Am. Sept. I, 1807, 88, pi. Ivii. — Is.
Galerie Ois. I, 1834, 18(3, pi. cxviii. — Cab. Mus. Heiu. I, 55. — In.
Cab. Jour. IV, 1856, 3 (Cuba).— Gdndlach, Cab. Jour. ISGl, 328
(Cuba; rare). — Ampelis ctdrorum, Sclatek, P. Z. S. 1856, 299
(Cordova) ; 1858, 302 (Oaxaca f January) ; 1859, 364 (Xalapa ;
Cordova) ; 1864, 172 (City of Mexico).— Ib. Catal. Am. Birds, 1861,
46. — ScLATER & Salvin, Ibis, 1859,13 (Guatemala). — Bated, Birds
N. Am. 1858, 318.— Taylor, Ibis, 1860, 111 (Honduras).— Makgii,
Pr. A. N. Sc. Phila. 1863,294 (Jamaica).— Lord, Pr. R. Art. Inst.
Woolwich, IV, 116 (British Columbia ; nesting). — Cooper & Bdck-
LEY, P. R. Rep. XII, II, 187 (Washington Ter.).
' Ampelis americana, WiLS. Am. Orn. I, 1808, 107, pi. vii. — Bomhycilla
americana, Jones, Nat. Bermuda, 1859, 29 (winter). — Rich. F. B.
A. II, 1831, 239.

Bomhycilla carolinensis, Brisson, Orn. II, 1760, 337 (not binomial). —
AuD. Orn. Biog. I, 1831, 227, pi. xliii.— Ib. Birds Am. IV, 1842,
165, pi. 245. — Wagler, Isis, 1831, 528. — Ampelis carolinensis,
Gosse, Birds Jamaica, 1847, 197 (January).— Bon. Consp. 1850, 336.

Hah. Whole of North America as far north as Lake Winnipeg and Hud-
son's Bay, South Branch of Saskatchewan, lat. 52^ {Richardson) ; south to
Guatemala ; Jamaica and Cuba in winter.

Details concerning this species will be found in the "Birds N". Am."
cited above. As there stated, young birds are streaked beneath as
in Dulus, but more obsoletely.

408

EEVIEW OF AMERICAN BIRDS.

[part I.

Smith-

Collec-

Sex

When

soDiaa

tor's

and

Locality.

Received from

Collected by

No.

No.

Atre.

33,011

?

Slierborn. Mass.

A. L. Babcoclj.

1,617

Cailisle. Pa.

July 4, '44.

S. F. Baird.

20,642

645

Q

Moose Factory.

Aug. 26, '60.

C. Drexler.

18,308

^

EedKiverSettlem't.

D Gunn.

27,034

"

Gov. Mactavish.

28,920

686

?

Washington.

Mar. 2, '60.

Elliot Coues.

32,270

Macon, Ga.

April, 1848.

Prof. Jos. Leconte.

33,878

Tortugas,

Capt. Woodbury.

i5,31S

Yellowstone River.

July 24, '.56.

Lt Warren.

Dr.

Hayden.

38,413

Laramie Riv. [W.T.

May, 1864.

Dr. Hitz.

l.j,9.)7

367

^

Cliiloweyiicli Depot

July 6, '59.

A. Campbell.

l>r.

Rennerly,

21,939

489

Sinyakwateeu "

Julv 3, '60.

'*

"

4,236

.San Francisco.

1853-1854.

E. D. Cutts.

26,591

rr

Cape St. Lucas.

1859.

J. Xautus.

3,958

Y

Tamaulipas, Mex.

Mar. 20. '53.

Lt. Couch.

20,405

1,862

Clioctun, Vera Paz.

Jan. 1860.

0. Salvin.

7,952

Guatemala.

J. Gould.

ScBFAMiLT PTILOGONATIx\J<;.

The characters of the subfamily have already been stated on page
401, but it still remains to discuss the question of its precise extent.
As generally given by authors, it includes two series of genera, the
most apparent external distinction between them consisting in the
distinct scutellge on the anterior face of the tarsus in the one, which
are wanting in the other. These more palpable features are, how-
ever, accompanied by others, of more or less importance, and I can
hardly avoid the conclusion that they should belong to different
families, one, embracing Ptilogonys and Phsenopepla {Ptilogona-
tinse), remaining with the Ampelidse ; the other (Mi/iadestes,
Cichlopis, Platycichla) removed as Ilt/iadestinee to near the
Turdidse and Saxicolidae.

The following diagnostic characters will serve to illustrate the
features of these two groups as compared with each other : —

Ptilogonatinee. Tarsus stout, shorter, or not longer than middle toe and
claw ; conspicuously scutellate anteriorly, and frequently on one or other
or on both sides ; sometimes with a row of small plates behind. Wings
much graduated ; the second quill not longer than secondaries. Outline
of lateral tail feathers parallel or widening from base to near tip. Tail
unvaried, or else inornate at end. Quills without light patch at base.
Head crested. Young birds not spotted. Not conspicuous for song.

Myiadestinae. Tarsus slender, longer than middle toe and claw ; undivided
as in Tardidx. Toes deeply cleft. Wings more pointed ; second quill
much longer than secondaries. Lateral tail feathers, cuneate, or narrow-
ing from base towards tip ; generally whitish at end on inner web.
Quills with their extreme bases, especially of inner webs, buify yellow,
showing a light patch inside. Head not crested, though the feathers
sometimes full. In the young all.^he feathers with light rounded spots.
Pre-eminent as melodious singers.

PTILOGONATIN^. 409

It may be considered that the presence or absence of scutellae
on the tarsus is a matter of comparatively slight importance, since
in some Thrushes having normally smooth tarsi, we occasionally find
individual specimens exhibitiug scutellse, and the Mocking Birds
differ from the true Thrushes in having such scutellse. Yet when
to this we add the tendency in Ptilogonys and Phsenopepla to
division of the whole length of the lateral plates, and even occasional
indications of a supplementary series on the posterior edge of tarsus,
the difference from the smooth tarsi of Myiadestes and its allies, is
one of essential moment. Add to this the peculiarities of marking
in young birds, and the difference of vocal powers, and the grounds
for separation would seem well established, and the assignment of
the Myiadestinee, as a subfamily, to a place near the Saxicolidae and
Turdidse (perhaps better under the latter), well founded, as all the
characters referred to above apply to the Turdinse. Since, however,
other authors may not agree with me in this view, and as the Tur-
didse have already been discussed, I propose to present the llyia-
destinse in the present article after the Ptilogonatinae, and to leave
the final decision of their true position to a future period.

TJie comparative diagnoses of Myiadestinee and Turdinae may be
expressed as follows : — •

Common Characters. — Tarsi without regular transverse scutellse, except at
lower end. Wings acute, pointed, as long as or longer than tail, which is
but slightly graduated. First primary rarely half 2d, which exceeds the
secondaries. Base of qnills bufty yellow, as are inner edges. Tail spotted
or varied at the end. Young birds with many light spots. Very melodious
singers.

Myindestinx. Bill short, much depressed ; mouth deeply cleft ; width
at base about equal to the distance from nostril to tip, or greater;
commissure more than twice distance from nostrils to tip of bill, and
nearly two and a half times length of gonys. Legs weak ; tarsi
rather longer than middle toe and claw. Tail feathers tapering
slightly from base to near tip, giving a slightly cuneate appearance
to the tail.
Turdinae. Bill stouter, more lengthened ; narrow at base and more
compressed; width at base less than distance from nostril to tip;
commissure not more than twice distance from nostrils to tip of bill,
and about twice length of gonys. Tarsi stouter, longer than middle
toe and claw. Tail feathers widening slightly from base to near tip,
giving a parallel sided or slightly fan-shaped appearance to the tail.

The Miminse differ from both in the strongly scutellate tarsi ;
shorter, more rounded wings, the 1st primary generally half the 2d ;
the tail usually much graduated, etc.

410

REVIEW OP AMERICAN BIRDS.

[part I.

It still remains to be determined whether there is any essential
family difference between the typical Turdidse and the Saxicolidse,
and whether a rearrangement of these groups, perhaps including
even the Sylviidse, may not be required. lu any case, however,
that the Myiadestinee must be embraced in the same series, I have
little question.

The two genera of Plilogonatinse, as restricted, with the common
characters given above, difier as follows : —

Phaenopepla. Crest narrow, pointed behind. Outer primaries broad, not
attenuated nor pointed at end ; the 1st half the 2d. Tail rounded, fan-
shaped ; feathers very broad, wider towards end. Bill feeble, rather
narrow, well bristled ; nostrils somewhat overhung by frontal feathers.
Sexes dissimilar; male black; quills with median white patch on inner
webs ; tail not varied.

Ptilogonys. Crest broad, and decumbent. Outer primaries narrow, attenu-
ated and pointed at ends ; 1st about one-third the 2d. Tail even or
cuneate, feathers narrower. Bill stouter, much broader, fewer rictal
bristles ; nostrils much exposed. Sexes similar ; color cinereous ; wings
not varied ; tail feathers with median white patch on inner webs.

PTILOGONYS. SwAixsoN.

Ptilogonys, Swainson, Catal. Bullock's Mex. Mus. 1824. (Type P.

cinereus.)
Ptiliogonys, Swainsois", Philos. Mag. I, May, 1827, 368. (Same type.)
Ptiliogonatus, Swainson, Zool. Jour. Ill, July, 1827, 164. (Same type.)

Plumage soft, silky, glossy, and rather compact. Head with a broad, full,
soft crest, not pointed behind. Tibiae thickly tufted with full, soft feathers.

Ptilogonys cinereus, Swaisson. (Mexico.)

PTILOGONYS. 411

Tail longer than wings, somewhat fan-shaped, nearly even in type, the sligl^t
emargination greater than the rounding (in cuudulus much graduated, with
central feathers prolonged). Feathers broad, the outer webs very narrow.
Wings pointed, although the outer feathers are miich graduated ; 1st quill
not half the 2d, which is shorter, the 3d rather longer, than secondaries ; 5th
and 6th longest ; 1st, 2d, and 3d attenuated and acuminate at end.

Bill short, much depressed, hooked and notched at both tips ; gape wide
and deep ; commissure straight ; culmen for terminal half and short gonys
considerably curved. Nostrils oval, bordered above and behind by mem-
brane, the frontal feathers reaching not quite to the posterior margin ; rictal
bristles distinct, but moderate.

Legs weak ; tarsi very short, less than middle toe and claw, with strongly
marked rough scutellse (seven) anteriorly, one or two divisions on the lower
part of sides. Outer toe rather longer than inner, and reaching just beyond
base of middle claw. Hind claw considerably longer than middle. Basal
joint of niiddle toe adherent for almost its whole length to one and a half
joints of outer; internally for basal half of length to basal half of first joint
of inner.

P. caudatus, very similar otherwise, differs remarkably in structure of tail,
which is cuneate and nearly one and a half times the length of the wing ;
the two central feathers greatly prolonged and tapering gently to a rounded
narrow tip, the other feathers graduate from these to the outermost.

Ptilogonys differs from Myiadestes iu more compact plumage ;
a shorter, broader, thicker bill ; the frontal feathers much less
bristly ; the nostrils broader and more exposed, with a greater ex-
tent' of naked membrane behind them. The legs are shorter, but
stouter ; tarsus much shorter and roughly scutellate, not smooth ; the
claws thicker and more curved ; the hinder considerably larger than
the middle. Nearly the whole extent of basal joint of middle toe
is adherent externally, not the half only ; internally adherent for
half to the basal half of first joint of inner, which in Myiadestes are
divided to base. The wing is much more graduated ; the third quill
having the relationship to the longer ones that the second has in
Myiadestes. The tail lacks the deep emargination of Myiadestes ;
the lateral feathers are of equal width to near the end, or even
wider, instead of becoming narrower.

There has been much diversity among writers iii the spelling of
the name of this genus, Mr. Swainson, its author, having himself
written it very differently. His first rendering of the name, how-
ever— Ptilogonys — is more nearly correct than the subsequent ones,
as compounded of jtrixov and yow, or feathered knee, in allusion to
the tuft of cottony feathers on the tibia).

The two known spfecies of Ptilogonys are quite similar in colora-
tion, but differ markedly in shape of tail, which in one is even, in
the other greatly cuneate. The characters are as follows : —

412

REVIEW OF AMERICAN BIRDS.

[part I.

Common Chaeacteks. — General color bluish-ash. Wings and tail glossy
greenish-black. Quills edged internally with white. A broad, large white
patch on inner webs of tail feathers. Cris^um egg yellow ; flanks more
olivaceous. Tibiae cottony white.

A. Ptilogonijs. Tail a little longer than wings ; nearly even.

Head ashy. Cheeks and nape (concealed partly by
incumbent crest) smoky ash ; forehead and chin
whitish, the latter passing into ash of throat and
breast. Eye-ring white. White tail patches rect-
angular ........ cinereus.

B. Sphenotelus. Tail almost one and a half times wings ;

pointed and very cuneate.

Head and nape all round olivaceous-yellow ; top of
head ashy. Eye-ring yellow. White tail patches
lozenge-shaped ....... caudatus,

Ptilogronys cinereus.

"Plilogoiiys cinereus, SwAiNSON, Catal. Bullock's Mex. Mus. 1824, app.
p. 4."— BoN, Consp. 1850, 335.— Cabanis, Mus. Hein. 1851, 55.—
Baird, Birds N. Am. 1858, 319.— Sclater & Salvin, Ibis, 1859, 13 ;
1860, 31 (Guatemala).— Sclater, P. Z. S. 1856, 299 (Cordova) ;
1858, 302 (Oaxaca) ; 1859, 364 (Jalapa), 379 (Oaxaca ; eggs) ; 1864,
173 (City of Mexico).— Ib. Catal. 1861, 47, no. 2S4:.—Ptiliogoni/s
cinereus, Swainson, Phil. Mag. I, May, 1827, 368 ; Zool. 111. Ser. 2,
pi. 62, 120. — Pliliofjonatus cinereus, SwAixsoN, Zool. Jour. Ill, July,
1827, 164.

Ilypothymis chrysorrhoa, Temm. PI. Col. pi. 452.

Hah. Mountain regions of Mexico, from near northern border : south to
Guatemala.

Ptilogonys cinereus, Swaikson. (Mexico.)

PTILOGONYS.

413

(No. 30,719.) Plumage compact ; rather silky. Wing considerably shorter
than the tail, which is almost even, slightly emarginated, broad and some-
what fan-shaped, the feathers widening from base to near tip ; the central
only with parallel edges to the rounded tip, and rather shorter than the
lateral. First quill much less than half the 2d, contained about three times
and a half in the longest (5th), falcate and rather acute; the 2d equal to
10th ; the 3d about equal to 7th ; the ends of the 2d and 3d quills attenuated
and acute. Tarsi distinctly scutellate ; rictal bristles moderate.

Predominant color dark bluish-ash, scarcely lighter below ; the head all
round pale ash ; the forehead, chin, and side of lower jaw almost white ; the
cheeks and the nape (mostly concealed by the incumbent crest) smoky ash ;
eyelids white ; lores and space below eye blackish. Quill- and tail-feathers
glossy greenish-black, varied above only by a narrow border of the back-
color, the quills abruptly edged internally with white, the axillars varied
with the same, the tail feathers having the middle third of their inner webs
white, in a rectangular patch. Anal region behind, and crissum rich Indian
or egg yellow ; the flanks posteriorly olive yellow. Tibiag and middle of belly
white. Bill and legs black. "Iris carmine" (Xanlus).

(No. 30,719.) Total length, 8.00; wing, 3.75; tail, 4.30; width of outer
feather, .50 ; difference between 10th and longest quills, .80 ; exposed portion
of first primary, .78, of 2d, 1.90, of longest (Gth) (measured from exposed
base of 1st primary), 2.90 ; length of bill from forehead, .55, from nostril, .28,
along gape, .73 ; tarsus, .60 ; middle toe and claw, .65, claw alone, .20; hind
toe and claw, .45, claw alone, .22.

Immature birds, perhaps females, differ in having the ashy tints
of the body replaced by dirty brownish, of an umber or sepia tint,
and traces of the same are not unfrequently seen in the more per-
fectly plumaged specimens. Indistinct, scarcely appreciable spots
of olive green are sometimes to be seen in the feathers of the back.

Smith- CoUec-

Sex

When
Collected.

Boniaa
No.

tor's
No.

aad

Age.

Locality.

Received from

Kemarks.

30,139

510

rf

Sierra Madre, near

April, 1863.

John Xantus.

Length, 7.75 ; iris

2,966

Mexico. [Colima.

S. F. Baird.

. . [carmine.

38,15.5

167

Juv.

Orizaba.

M. Botteri.

38,1.56

167

Juv.

"

"

30,719

377

Duenas, Gnat.

1861.

0. Salvin.

30,720

4,353

"

Nov.

"

185

d

Cordova.

Cab. Lawrence.

Ptilogonys caudatus.

Ptilogonys caudatux, Cabanis, Jour. 1860 (May, 1861), 402 (Costa Rica).
Hah. Mountains of Costa Rica.

(No. 35,247.) Tail much graduated ; the central feathers prolonged, and
tapering gently from the middle to a rounded point ; the others successively
shorter ; the lateral about two-thirds the length of central ; feathers nar-
rower than in cinereus (about .40), and scarcely widening from base to end.

4U

REVIEW OF AMERICAN BIRDS.

[PART I.

First qaill contained not quite three and a half times in longest ; tlie 2d
rather sliorter than 10th ; the 3d a little shorter than 7th ; the 1st, 2d, and 3d
moderately attenuated at end ; the 1st falcate, acute.

Upper surface of body and wings, with jugulum and breast, bluish-ash.
Head and neck all round, with nape belly and flanks, yellowish-green, paler

Ptilogonys cattdatus, Cabanis. (Costa Rica.)

on throat ; the top of head, from bill, pale ashy ; chin and forehead anterior to
eyes lighter, and tinged with yellowish ; the crissum and narrow ring round
eye egg-yellow. Tibiae and concealed tuft on thighs whitish. Quill- and tail-
feathers glossy greenish-black ; the former edged internally with whitish, the
four or five outer tail feathers with a patch of white in the middle third of
inner webs, diminishing in size towards the interjor one ; the outermost with
the outlines following nearly the line of the fibres of the feather, or lozenge-
shaped, not rectangular. On the fourth feather the spot does not reach the
inner edge of the feather, and is still more reduced, sometimes wanting in
the fifth. Outer edges of quills very narrowly like back. Bill and feet
black. Iris " bluish-yellow" (Carmio/).

(No. 35,247, 9 .) Total length, 10.60 ; wing, 3.80 ; tail, 5.50 ; middle feather,
1.90 longer than lateral ; difference of 10th and longest quills, .80 ; exposed
portion of 1st primary, .80, of 2d, 1.70, of longest (5th and 6th) (measured
from exposed base of 1st primary), 2.80; length of bill from forehead, .60,
from nostril, .29, along gape, .75 ; tarsus, .70 ; middle toe and claw, .70, claw
alone, .23 ; hind toe and claw, .50 ; claw alone, .25.

The adults of the two sexes do not appear to differ in color. In
younger birds (No. 35,245), however, the bluish-ash is replaced by
the yellowish-green, of which color is the entire body and head. In
still younger birds there is a strong tinge of brown. In No. 35,245,
too, the crest, instead of being broad and full, the lateral feathers as
long as central, is pointed, owing to the central feathers being much
longer, and more distinct in outline, or rather the lateral more abbre-
viated, in this respect much like the crest of Fhaenopepla nitens.

PHiENOPEPLA.

415

The crest of this species appears longer than in cinereus ; the
tail is very differently shaped in the great prolongation and acute-
ness of the central feather (almost one-half longer than the lateral),
and the graduation of the rest, instead of being nearly even. These
feathers, too, ai*e narrower. The outer quills appear rather less
attenuated. The principal difference in color consists in the yellow-
ish-green of the head and neck all round, relieved only by the gray
of top of head ; the ring round eye yellow, not white ; the encroach-
ing on flanks and front of belly of the yellowish-green ; the lozenge-
shaped rather than rectangular patch of white on tail feathers, etc.

Smith-

CoUec-

Sex

sonian

tor's

and

No.

No.

Age.

30,500

17

33,290

..

33,291

, ,

3-.,245

<f

3'),2t6

^

3o,247

V

Locality.

When
Collected.

Eeceived from

Collected by

San Jose, C. R.

" [C. K.
Rancho Redondo,

6, '64.
ir, '64.

Dr. A. V. Frantzius.
J. Carmiol.

PHAENOPEPLA, Sclater.

If
Phainopepla, Sclatek, P. Z. S. 1858, 543. (Type Ptilogonys nitens, Sw.)

Plumage rather compact : in tlie male glossy. Head with a narrow elongated
occipital crest. Wings pointed, reaching about to middle of tail. Spurious
primary large, broad; more
than half second, which is
about equal to seconda-
ries ; 6th quill longest ;
5th, 4th, and then 3d suc-
cessively shorter ; the lat-
ter rather shorter than
7th ; end of quills not
attenuated nor pointed.
Tail longer than wings;
somewhat fan - shaped ;
rounded at end ; not
emarginated ; the feathers
very broad, and widening
behind.

Bill not very wide ; nos-
trils with overhanging
membrane ; frontal feath-
ers bristled, and reaching
to hinder edge of nostril ; rictal bristles extending to anterior edge ; both tips
of bill notched. Tarsi about equal to middle toe and claw, or a little longer ;
distinctly scutellate anteriorly ; one or two indistinct divisions on outer side

8275'

Phfienopepla nitens, Sct.ater. (Arizona.)

416 REVIEW OF AMERICAN BIRDS. [PART I.

at lower end. Claws short, much curved. Inner toe cleft nearly to base ;
basal joint of outer adherent. Outer toe a little longer than inner, reaching
a little beyond base of middle claw.

This genus differs from llyiadestes in scutellate tarsi, smaller feet,
more curved claws, crest, tail, etc. Its relatiotiships to Ftilogonys
are closer, but the crest is narrow and pointed ; the wing less gradu-
ated ; the first primary much larger ; the tail more rounded ; the
feathers much broader. The bill is much narrower and weaker.
The feet are very similar ; the toes rather more cleft, though less
than in Myiadestes.

Pliaenopepla niteiis.

PtiUogonys nitens, Sw. An. in Menag. 1838, 285, — Bon. Consp. 1850,
335.— Heermann, Jour. A, N. Sc. Phila. II, 1853, 263.— Cassin,
111. Birds Texas, etc. 1854, 169, pi. xxix. — Cicldopsis nitens, Baiep,
Birds N. Am. 1858, 320, 925.—Phainopepla nitens, Sclater, P. Z. S.
1858, 543; 1864, 173 (City of Mexico).

"Lepturus galeaius, Ltss."

Hab. Mountainous portions of western and middle provinces of United
States, and south to Orizaba ; Cape St. Lucas.

(No. 8,275, %.') Tail broad, almost fan-shaped; graduated slightly; not
at all emarginate, and longer than wing. First quill broad, slightly falcate,
scarcely attenuated; more than half the 2d, which about equals the 10th;
6tli longest ; 3d equal to 7th. Feathers on nape rather full, with a lengthened,
pointed, narrow occipital crest.

Male (No. 8,275) entirely glossy greenish-black ; the inner webs of all the
primary quills with a large, lengthened patch of white, which does not reach
the inner margin ; their outer webs very narrowly edged with ashy, as are also
lateral tail feathers externally.

Female (No. 8,274) brownish-ash, paler below ; the white of inner webs
of quills obsolete ; the greater coverts and quills edged externally with
whitish, the anal and crissal feathers edged and tipped with the same ; the
outer tail feather with narrow edge of white externally towards end.

Immature birds show every gradation of color between the two extremes
described above.

(No. 8,275, % .) Total length, 7.60 ; wing, 3.80 ; tail, 4.35 ; difference of 10th
and longest primary, .54; exposed portion of 1st primary, 1.20, of 2d, 2.20, of
longest (6th) (measured from exposed base of 1st primary), 2.80; length of
bill from forehead, .46, from nostril, .31, along gape, .66 ; tarsus, .70 ; middle
toe and claw, .65,^aw alone, .20 ; hind toe and claw, .44, claw alone, .20.

MYIADESTIX^.

4n

Smith- iCollec-

Sex

When

Bouianl tor's

and

Locality.

Received from

Collected by

No.

No.

Age.

18,01.1

446

rr

Fort Crook, Cal.

April, 1S60.

John Feiluer.

2.5,383

194

rf

Fort Tejon, Cal.

1S57.

John Xantus.

8,275

r^

Colorado Desert.

Lt. Williamson.

Dr. Heermaun.

8,274

"

"

n,j2S

5

Fort Tuma, Ar.

Lt. Ives.

H. B. MoUhausen.

26,462

3,248

0,

Cape St. Lucas.

Oct. 10, '59.

John Xantus.

26,4e3

3,123

rf

"(Saa Nicholas).

"

"

3,964

Coahuiia, Max.

1S.53.

Lt. Couch.

3'), 132

173

Mirador, Mex. (Pine

Jane, 1S64.

Dr. C. Sartorius.

35,133

173

[region.)

• ••■

(26,463.) Iris fire red.

Subfamily MYIADESTINiE.

As explained on page 408, 1 am decidedly of opinion that, notwith-
standing a close resemblance in general appearance, Myiadestes
and Cichlopsis should be removed from their usual association
•with Ptilogonysf amon|f Ampelidae, to or at least very near the
Turdidse, and form a subfamily witii Platycichla (p. 32). The
latter genus is so closely related to CicJdopsis as alniost'to be the
same : Platycichla forming the link with Turdinse through Pla-
nesticus, while such species as Myiadestes unicolor show the affini-
ties of Cichlojysis to Myiadestes.

In the original description of Cichlopsis, Cabanis gives scutellate
tarsi as a character. In the specimen before me of C. leucogonys,
belonging to Dr. Sclater, one tarsus is entirely smooth, except the
one or two divisions at lower end (as usual in Turdidse), while the
other exhibits a faint indication of an additional division. Through
the somewhat transparent epidermis may be seen faint transverse
lines which may represent such division, but do not come to the
surface, and are precisely such as occur among other booted forms.
This tendency to occasional abnormal scutellation is a partial
monstrosity, or it may be a condition of immaturity, as I have
observed in Myiadestes toxvnsendii.

The genera of Myiadestinse may be characterized as follows,
although I cannot make the diagnoses very trenchant, and must
refer to the more elaborate descriptions and comparisons for com-
plete details : —

Myiadestes. Occipital feathers full and soft. Plumage rather loose. Bill
•weak, much depressed. Commissure nearly straight. Hind toe longer
than inner lateral. Toes deeply cleft. Closed wing externally with an
exposed light band across the base of the quills, and another nearer the
end, separated by a darker one. Tail somewhat graduated on the sides.
Ciclilopsis. Occipital feathers short and close. Plumage more compact.
Wing without any external marking. Commissure nearly straight. Bill
27 June, 1866.

418

REVIEW OF AMERICAN BIRDS.

[rART I.

stout, moderately depressed, rectilinear viewed from ahove. Hind toe
and claw shorter than inner lateral. Tail sliiihtlj graduated on sides.
Tliroat plain.
Platycichla. Plumageaud wing as in Cichlopsis. Commissure considerably
arched. Bill attenuated ; lateral outlines decidedly concave viewed from
above ; lower mandible much weaker than in Cichlopsis. Hind toe and
claw longer than inner lateral. Toes more deeply cleft. Tail slightly
rounded. Throat streaked.

MYIADPSTES, Swaixson.
Myiadestes, Swaikso.n, Jard. Nat. Library, XIII.
132. (Type M. genibarbis, Sw.)

Flycatchers, "1838,"

Plumage soft, loose, and full, especially on the flanks and over thighs.
Body slender, depressed ; the wings much pointed, and reaching nearly to

ITyiadestes -tnUtarius, Baird. (Jamaica.)
(Bill and foot Datura! size ; wiug and tail three-fuurths.)

middle of lengthened tail ; about equal to the tail. Bill weak, short and
broad, much depressed ; the gape very wide ; the commissure, which is almost
perfectly straight, more than half distance fiom nostril to tip of Ijill ; ridge
well marked ; keel less distinct. Culmen straight to near tip, then decurved,
hooked, with distinct notch in both tips. Nostrils oval, nearly lateral, with
overhanging membrane ; the frontal feathers coming to posterior edge, bend-
ing more and more forwards and mixed with bristles.

Legs rather weak. Tarsus much compressed, without scutellce, which are
fused into one plate, with perhaps a single division at lower end anteriorly,
and one, sometimes two, on outer edge. To'es and claws slender and length-
ened ; hind claw about equal to middle. Outer lateral toe a little longer than
inner, and reaching a little beyond the base of middle. Inner toe cleft to base
of basal joint ; basal joint of outer entirely adherent ; basal joint of middle
toe half adherent externally, one-third internally.

Feathers of occiput full and somewhat lengthened, forming a crest. Wing
pointed, although the outer quills are graduated. Primary quills ten : tlie
1st about one-third or less the longest ; the 2d equal to 8th or 9th ; the Sth
longest ; the 1st falcate and attenuated ; the 2d and 3d attenuated also. Tail
somewhat graduated, and also considerably emarginated or forked ; this fork
not so deep, however, as the graduation.

MYIADESTES, 419

Ilijiadedes is a genus embracing a number of species quite similar
in character as well as in coloration, and belonging to the mountain-
ous regions of America, including the "West Indies. The genus
was founded on the IIuscicajM armillatus, of Martinique, ^Yhich
is probably very similar to M. solitarius, of Jamaica, taken here as
the type. This, however, is in some respects different from other
species, especially in the decided falcation of the first primary, and
the attenuation of the tips of the outer two or three quills.

The species vary a little in the wfdth of bill, the angularity of
culmen, the length of rictal bristles, the length of outer primary,
emargination of tail, etc. One of the most aberrant forms in this
respect is M. elisaheth, in which the bill is narrower, deeper, and
much more Thrush-like in appearance.

The species are all of dull colors, in which ash gray or plumbeous
plays a principal part. All exhibit a peculiar pattern of coloration
of the wing. The bases of all the quills, except more or fewer of
the outer, are white or yellowish, best defined on the secondaries,
where the patch is confined to the basal portion, extending more
along the inner edges of the primaries, the aggregate showing on
the inner edge of the wing as a well-defined patch, just as in the
Thrushes. Externally this patch is usually visible just below the
greater coverts of primary and secondary quills, although generally
altered in color, and is then succeeded by a dusky bar, and then
again by another bar like the first, which however is confined to the
outer webs of the quills. These tw^o bars, sometimes pale yellowish,
sometimes plumbeous, separated by a dark one can be traced more
or less distinctly in all the species. In all likewise the tail is
whitish or grayish on its outer edge and on the tips of the more
lateral feathers. The bill and legs are sometimes dusky, sometimes
yellowish.*

Common Characters. — General color ashy blue or gray (except in Myiadestes
elisaheth, which is olivaceous above and whitish beneath) ; the vcing with
conspicuous light patch across quills at base inside, less evident externally,
where there is a second light bar separated from the first by a dusky one.
(J/, leucotis is rufous above, black beneath, with white patch at base of
quills.)

' As these sheets are passing through the press, the Smithsonian Institu-
tion has received a specimen of M. leucotis of Tschudi, from Peru, presented
by the Museum of Neuchatel, which proves to be quite aberrant in shorter,
more rounded wings, longer bill, stouter legs, and different pattern of colora-
tion of the wing. It may reasonably constitute the type of a different genus
or subgenus, but I do not at present propose to name it as such. The general
characters will be found in the diagnostic table, and a full description
farther on.

420

REVIEW OF AMERICAN BIRDS.

[part I.

A. Pattern of coloration beneath decidedly and abruptly

varied.

Body slaty blue ; cliin and throat, with crissum, orange
brown, abruptly defined. A patch of white on under
eyelid. Bill black.

Extreme point of chin and sides of base of lower
jaw each with an almost inappreciable and
not continuous white spot. Ears blackish,
not varied. Thighs slate color ; legs yellow.
Length, 7.50 ...... solitarius.

Whole chin, continuous with a large patch on
side of lower jaw (without dusky-border be-
low ?), white. Ears not varied ? Lower part
of thighs yellow ; legs brown ? Length, 6.25 armillatus.
A white stripe along lower part of cheeks, bor-
dered beneath by a blackish line. Ears
streaked black and white. No white on
chin ? nor yellow on thighs ? Legs pale.
Length, 7.00 ...... genibarhis.

B. Wliole under parts nearly uniform (plumbeous or ashy),

varied ouly slightly in shade (black in Jeucotis).
Prevailing color ash gray ; chin, upper throat, and cris-
sum paler. A white ring round the eye ; lores, and
a line each side the chin dusky. Bill black ; legs
dusky.

Upper parts uniform ash gray, the two light wing
patches very distinct, and fulvous yellow.
Maxillary stripe indistinct .... townsendii.

Outer surface of wings rufous brown, back less

conspicuously so. Wing bands indistinct. ^
Maxillary stripe well marked . . . obscurus.
Above rufous ; under parts dark plumbeous.

Forehead ashy ; top of head less rufous. Wing
bands quite distinct. Upper mandible black ;
lower, with legs, yellow .... venezuelensis.

Nearly uniform slaty blue all over.

Forehead ashy ; chin paler than rest of under

parts. Bill black : legs dusky . . . unicolor.
Forehead, face, and chin black. Bill orange red ;

legs yellow ....... melanops.

Above grayish-olive ; dull white beneath.

A dusky line each side chin. Bill narrow, thick-
ened, black, with the base below, as also the
legs, yellowish ...... elisabeth.

Above rufous ; under parts black.

Cheeks, axillars, inside of wing, and patch at base
of quills (not visible externally) white ; ex-
ternal wing band obsolete. Bill black above,
yellow beneath ; legs dusky . . . leucotis.

MYIADESTES.

421

The species of Soutli American Myiadestes, mentioned in the
foot-note, I have not been able to examine.*

Myiadestes solitariiis.

3Iyiadestes solitarius, Baird, n. s.

Mitscicapa armillata, GossE, Birds Jam. 1847, 198 (not of Vieillot).—
Ptilogonys armUlatus, Gray & Mitchell, Gen. Birds, I, pi. 69. —
ScLATEK, p. Z. S. IB'Jl, IS.—Mi/iaclesies arm. Sclatek, P. Z. S. 1857,
6.— Ib. Catal. ISGl, 47.— March, Pr. A. N. Sc. Phila. 1863, 294.

Hab, Jamaica.

Myiaiestes solitarius, Baied. (Jamaica.)

' Myiadestes griseiventer.

Ptilogonys griseiventer, Tsch. Arch. Nat. 1844. — Ib. Fauna Peraana,
1846-7, 140. — Myiadestes griseiventer, Cab. Arch. Nat. 1847, 1, 209.

Rufous olive ; forehead cinereous ; cap olivaceous, with some rufous spots.
Upper wing coverts black, the outer web and tip edged with rufous ; primaries
"brown, edged externally with olive ; secondaries with inner webs white at
"base. Beneath gray ; crissum rufous. Middle tail feathers like the back, the
two outer with hinder part of inner web white, the others black, tipped with
white.

Bill blackish-brown; lower jaw paler in middle. Legs yellowish-brown^
Irids blackish-brown.

Length, 6.80 ; tarsus, .83 ; tail, 3.33 ; wings, 3.82.

Myiadestes ardesiaceus.

Myiadestes ardesiaceus. Less. Desc. Mamm. et d'Ois. (CEuvres Comp.

de Buflfon, ed. Didier, 1847, VII), 1847, S19. Brazil.

Bill black ; tarsi brown. Body above brownish-slate ; cheeks, fore part and

sides of neck, sides of breast and flanks dusky brown ; the middle of body,

from thorax to' lower-tail coverts, white, tinged with very pale yellow ; thighs

brown. Length, 16 centimetres.

This bird has not been identified as a Myiadestes by authors, and may belong
to another genus, especially as Lesson places in the same genus with it the
Setophaga ornata of Boiss.

422

REVIEW OP AMERICAN BIRDS.

[part I.

(No. 30,285, % .) Wing pointed, but decidedly shorter than the tail ; the
1st quill falcate, acute, one-third the longest ; the 2d rather shorter than 7th,
sinuated and somewhat attenuated at end ; 5th quill longest. Bill nnich de-
pressed ; rictal bristles lengthened. Tail considerably graduated, but slightly
emarginated.

Above clear slaty blue ; rather paler beneath, and lighter towards the belly.
Chin and throat, anal region, and crissum dark cinnamon red. Lower eyelid,
extreme angle of chin, and small patch on side of lower jaw white ; loral region,
and cheeks below eye black. Edge of wing, and patch at base of quills whitish,
as seen on inner face of wing ; externally this patch is ashy, followed by the
usual blackish bar, and the ashy one beyond that. Lateral tail feather whitish,
except base and outer web at end ; the next feather with a long patch at end
of inner web, and the tip white ; remaining feathers blackish, the central
like back. Bill black; legs yellow. "Irids hazel or dull orange" {Gosse).

(No. 30,285, % .) Total length, 7.70 ; wing, 3.55 ; tail, 4.20 -graduation, .60 ;
emargiuation, .15 ; difference between 10th and longest quills, .80 ; exposed
portion of 1st primary, .94, of 2d, 2.30, of longest (5th) (measured from ex-
posed base of 1st primary), 2.80; length of bill from forehead, .56, from
nostril, .30, along gape, .69 ; tarsiis, .85 ; middle toe and claw, .81, claw alone,
.24; hind toe and claw, .55, claw alone, .25.

In Xo. 38,044 the first quill is much longer (nearly one-half the
third), and much attenuated at end ; the second quill also unusually
attenuated. (See figure.)

This species has, by later authors, been identified as the" Musci-
capa armillata of Yieillot, although erroneously. Yieillot's species
is given in Ois. Am. Sept. as inhabiting "the Antilles," but in
Encyclop. Methodique he assigns it to Martinique. The white of
chin and side of jaws, the rufous belly, the yellow of legs and the
brown feet, with a length of Q^^ inches, as given by Vieiilot, are
not to be found in the Jamaican bird. As far as I can determine
it has never been named, and I apply to it the name of solitarius,
from the account by Gosse of its habits.

Smith-
soaiau

No.

CoUec-
toi's
No.

Sex
aud
A-e.

Locality.

When
Collected.

Received from

Collected by

2.3, .327
23.328
38,044
30,2S5
30,286

55

?

Trelawaey, Jam.

Spanishtown, Jam.
Port Royal Mts. "

Jan. 19, '59.
Mar. 18, '65.

Dr. Sclater.
W.T. March.

W. Cslnnn.
Mr. Colchester.

Myiadestes armillatus.

Muscicapa armillata, Vieillot, Ois. Am. Sept. I, 1807, 69, pi. 42 ("An-
tilles").—Ib. Nouv. Diet. XXI, 448.— Ib. Encyc. Meth. II, 824
("Martinique").— ?il/j/iac/es<es armillata, Bon. Consp. 1850, 335.
Eah. "Martinique."

MYIADESTES. 423

" Bill blackish ; a white spot on the sides of the throat, and at its origin
(the chin) immediately below the lower mandible (the two continuous) ; the
eye surrounded by the same color. Head, back, rump, two intermediate tail
feathers, and the breast of a grayish-slate, paler below. Wing- and tail-feathers
blackish, bordered externally by gray, the three lateral on each side of the
tail more or less white. Belly and hinder parts brownish-rufous ; a beautiful
yellow in form of a bracelet on the feathers of lower part of leg ; feet brown.
Length, 6 inches 3 lines." Vieillot, Ois. Am. Sept. I, 69.

"Young, before the first moult, grayish-ash above ; head brown with yel-
lowish spots ; feathers of throat and hinder parts blackish at their extremity,
and yellowish elsewhere." Vieillot, Encyclop. Meth. II, 824.

According to Yieillot this species is found in Martinique, where
it dwells in the elevated regions, and on account of its remarkable
note is known as the " Musicien'''' or " Siffleur de la ilonfague.'"

The differences between Yieillot's description and the Jamaican
bird usually called armillatus, haTe,already been referred to, Yieil-
lot's figure represents the tail as more rounded ; the legs longer and
distinctly scutellate, which, however, may be an error of the plate.

Myiadestes geiiil>a]rl»is.

Myiadestes genibarbis, Sw. Jard. Nat. Libr. XIII. Flycatchers, 1S33,
134, pi. xiii.

Hab, Some one of the Windward Islands of the Lesser Antilles ?

General appearance that of lU. solitarius, of Jamaica. Whole iipper parts
lead blue ; wings and tail marked as in the other species of its section. The
throat and upper part of jugulum, the crissum, anal region, belly, and
flanks are brownish-red or rufous. The breast is plumbeous, paler than the
back. A narrow, dusky or blackish line from the lower edge of the mandible
borders the rufous of throat, and cuts off a mandibular stripe, which is reddish-
white as far as the eye, but then becomes mixed with blackish, and passes
again as far as the end of cheeks into rufous like the throat. The extreme
chin is also reddish-white, though somewhat separated from that of side of
lower jaw by the dusky line mentioned. The ear coverts are blackish, each,
with a central streak of whitish, sometimes tinged with reddish. A whitish
patch on under eyelid. The axillars are pale rusty, the tibia plumbeous.
Legs yellow. Bill black. .

Total length, 7.00 ; wing, 3.40 ; tail, 3.70 ; exposed portion of 1st primary,
.81, of 2d, 2.12, of longest (-tth) (measured from exposed base of 1st primary),
2.60; length of bill from forehead, .55, from nostril, .25, along gape, .75;'
tarsus, .86. * .

This species, though in general, similar to 31. solitarius, is still
very appreciably different. Its most striking peculiarity is in tlie
dusky line each side the throat, cutting off above it a stripe, first
reddish-white, then mixed with dusky, and then rufous like the
throat, this color reaching to posterior end of ear coverts. The ear

424 REVIEAV OF AMERICAN BIRDS. [PART I.

coverts instead of being nearly unicolor, are conspicuously streaked
with whitish. The rufous of throat extends farther down, that of'
belly and flanks farther forwards, reducing the plumbeous of under
parts very materially, and confining it mainly to the breast. The
chin is whitish for a considerably greater extent. The axillars are
pale rufous, instead of ashy. The size is less ; the form much the
same.

The present species approaches most closely to the description of
if. genibarbis\ by Swainson, but differs apparently in some appre-
ciable characters. The black streak on each side the throat, in
genibarbt.s, cuts off a stripe which is continuously white to the end
of ear coverts, instead of becoming mixed with dusky on the middle
third and chan^'ing then to rufous. The rufous of genibarhis does
not extend as far forward, showing much less on the belly and flanks.
In the uncertainty,' however, as , to- whether Swainson described his
specimen accurately or not, I will, for the present, make use of his
name.

The M. armillatus, of Yieillot, appears to differ in much greater
extent of whitish on ehin and side of lower jaw, in absence of the
dusky mandibular stripe and white streaks on the ears, and in the
yellow band on the tibia. It is possible, however, that the two may
be identical ; but the differences of M. solitarius, as a separate
species, is beyond a doubt.

• Myiadestes genibarbis, Sw. Jard. Nat. Library, XIII. Flycatchers, 1838,
134, pi. xiii.

Eah. ?

"Above clear cinereous; all un<ler parts not red are of same color, but
much paler; a whitish maxillary stripe, bordered by a black line (below),
and the ears are black, striped with white lines. External edges of the wing
feathers gray, except terminal half of primaries and a black band at basal
half of secondaries ; lateral tail feathers black, having ends of inneV webs
more or less white, the outermost almost entirely white, with outer edges of
that and the next gray ; the middle pair wholly cinereous. Under plumage
from chin to throat bright rufous ; which color descends a little on the breast,
and is bordered on each side the chin by the black maxillary stripe resembling
a whisker, already mentioned ; breast and sides cinereous, nearly of as dark
a tint as the back ; as this color desceiJds, however, it becomes paler and
blends into the rufous of the belly, vent, and under tail coverts ; bill deep
black; legs very pale. Total length about 7.00; bill along gape, .70, front,
.40; wings, 3.40, tail beyond, 2.00, from base, 3.00 ; tarsus, .SO."

The locality of the specimen described is a matter of uncertainty — Swain-
son supposing, from its apparent affinities, that might have come from Africa.
It is evidently, however. West Indian.

■m

MYIADESTES.

425

Of this species there are three specimens in the museum of the
Philadelphia Academy ; the best and that descriljcd labelled " Trini-
dad," another much duller in coloration marked "Bresil," and the
third without any locality. Both indications are doubtless incorrect,
the species belonging more probably to some one of the larger, more
mountainous of the Windward islands of the Lesser Antilles. "*^

JJIyiadestes elisatoetli.

Muscicapa elisabeth, Lembeye, Aves de la Cuba, 1850, 39, pi. v, fig. 3
("Riusenor," Cuba). — Mi/iadesfes elisabeth, Cab. .Jour. IV, 185(3, 2
(rocky ruountaiiis of western Cuba). — Gundlach, Ann. N. Y. Lye.
VI, 1858.— Ib. Cab. Jour. ISGl, 328.

Hab. Cuba.

(No. 25,911.) Tail rather longer than wing, slightly emarginateil ; quite
graduated. Wing moderately pointed; 1st quill broad to tip, very slightly

Myiadestes elisabeth, Lembeye. (Cuba.)

falcate, not pointed ; nearly half the 2d quill, which is also broad, and shorter
than 7th, about equal to 8th ; the 4th longest ; then 5th, 6th, 3d. Bill narrow
and deep for the genus, differing from the rest of species ; rictal bristles
lengtliened.

Above uniform brownish-olive, more ashy on rump ; beneath dull white ;
the sides of neck ashy ; the breast, sides, axillars, and perhaps orissum tinged
with the same. Eyelids fulvous yellow ; cheeks below eye dusky, and a
narrow dark line each side the chin ; ear coverts more fulvous. The inner
wing coverts and tips of longer axillars fulvous. The usual light patch at

•

• Since writing the preceding article I have had the opportunity of ex-
amining three specimens of the species in the Lafresnaye Collection (4,433,
4,434, 4,435), recently purchased by Dr. Bryant, and presented to the Boston
Society of Natural History. These have a general resemblance to the bird
just described, excepting that in one there is a trace of rufous in the tibial
feathers. They are labelled " Martinique or South America," and are evi-
dently not authenticated as to locality. A young bird among them (No. 4,335)
has the entire under parts brownish-red, with blackish edges to the feathers,
the upper parts similarly spotted.

426

REVIEW OF AMERICAN BIRDS,

[part I.

b.ase of quills, visible internally as a yellowisli-white bar across the wing,
externally as a fulvous brown bar followed by a blackish one, and again a
fulvous. In other words, the olive of upper parts is varied on the wings by
having the outer webs of quills, except outer pri^iaries, fulvous olive, crossed
near the base by a broad blackish bar. Central tail feathers like back ; others
blackish ; cutermost ashy for most of length, and like next, tipped with white.
Bill black ; the base below white. Legs flesh color ?

(No. 25,911, % .) Total length, 7.50 ; wing, 3.55 ; tail, 3.80; graduation of
tail, .25 ; difference of 10th and longest quill, .66 ; exposed portion of 1st
primary, 1.00, of 2d, 2.15, of longest (5th) (measured from exposed base of 1st
primary), 2. CO ; length of bill from forehead, .56, from nostril, .31, along gape,
.70 ; tarsus, .82 ; middle toe and claw, .78, claw alone, .26 ; hind toe and claw,
.52, claw alone, .26.

Smith-

Collec-

Sex

sonian, tor's

aud

No. 1 No.

Age.

2.5,911

W

21,645

V

21,670

cf

21.646

rf

23 543

23.542 ! ..

341

d

Locality.

When
Collected.

Received from

Collected by

Cuba.

Donna del Gate,

" [Cuba.

Monte Libano.Cuba.

Cuba.

Dec, 11.
Sept.' 24.

Dr. J Gundlach.
Chas. Wngbt.

Cab. Lawrence.

Myiadestes meSanops.

Mt/iaJestes melanops, Salvin, P. Z. S. 1864, 580, pi. xsxv (Tucurrique,
Costa Rica).

Hub. Costa Rica.

(No. 30,501.) "Wing moderately pointed; 1st quill about one-third the
longest ; 2d scarcely longer than 8th ; 4th and 5th longest.

Above bluish-slate color ; rather lighter below ; middle of belly somewhat
paler. Forehead, cheeks anterior to eyes, and chin black ; axillars whitish
at ends, the bases of the quills showing the usual patch on the inner face of
wing, which in this species is white ; externally it is ashy, scarcely appre-
ciable, and followed by the usual -dusky bar. Quill- and tail-feathers black-
ish, the central of the latter scarcely more ashy, as is the case in the terminal
portion of the outer two feathers and the outer edges of the outermost ; both
obscurely tipped with whitish. Bill reddish-yellow ; legs and feet clear
yellow. H

(No. 30,501.) Total length, 7.25; wing, 3.60; tail, 3.45, graduation, 40,
emargiuatiou slight; difference of 10th and longest quills, .70; exposed
portion of 1st primary, .90, of 2d, 2.30, of longest (4th) (measured from ex-
posed base of 1st primary), 2.75 ; length of bill from forehead, .60, from
nostril, .30, along gape, .70 ; tarsus, .81 ; middle toe and claw, .79, claw alone,
.24; bind toe and claw, .58, claw alone, .28.

In some specimens the pure clear bluish -plumbeous of back is
faintly glossed behind with olive brown. Young birds have the bill

MYIADESTES.

42t

black, except at the base below, or else black ait tip ; all the feathers
with a central spot of ochraceous-yellowish, bordered by blackish,
traces of these spots occasionally visible in adults.

Smith-

CoUec-

Sex

When

Collected.

sonian
No.

toi's
No.

11 nd

Age.

Locality.

Received from

Remarks. .

30,501

31

Costa Rica.

Dr. A. V. Frantzius.

33,293

32

"

"

30,503

33

6

"

"

30.502

34

"

"

3.3,294

119

"

"

3.-),343

'rf

Dota, C. R.

Jnly i7 '64

J. Carmiol.

Iris yellow.

35,244

V

Raucho Redondo.

Nov. 15, '64

Myiadestes venezuelensis.

Myiaihstes venezuflensis, Sclatkk, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. 2d ser. XVII,
468.— Ib. p. Z. S. 1857, 6; 1860, 64 (Ecuador).— Ib. Catal. 1861,
48, no. 290 (Bogota).

ILth. Venezuela, Bogota, and Ecuador.

(No. 32,r)13.) First quill about two-fifths the longest; nearly half the 2d,
which is rather shorter than 7th ; 4th-and 5th longest.

Above dark rusty brown, brightest towards rump. Forehead (shading off
into the olivaceous rufous of cap), cheeks, and under parts, including lining
of wings and axillars, dark slate color, becoming paler behind ; the .tibije,
flanks and end of crissum somewhat tinged with olivaceous rufoi^s (some-
times scarcely appreciable). Lores dusky. As in most species, a band of
light fulvous at bases of quills, distinctly seen' on the inside of wing ; scarcely
appreciable externally, and followed by a dusky bar. Middle tail feathers
somewhat like back, but with a purplish tinge ; other feathers purplish-black,
the outermo.>5t gray for most of outer web, the nest to a less extent, both with
a patch of white at end of inner web. Bill dusky above, yellow beneath ;
feet yellow.

(No. 32,513.) Total length, 7.20 ; wing, 3.30 ; tail, 3.25 ; difi^erence of 10th.
and longest quills, .70; exposed portion of 1st primary, ".95, of 2d, 2.16, of
longest (4th) (measured from exposed base of 1st primary), 2.60 ; length of
bill from forehead, .55, from nostril, .26, along gape, .69 ; tarsus, .80 ; middle
toe and claw, .75, claw alone, .21 ; hind toe and claw, .56, claw alone, .23.

This species agrees sufficiently well in form with the Mexican,
but has shorter and more rounded wings ; a proportionally longer
first primary, and perhaps a more even tail. The yellow mandible,
darker rufous of back extending to head, dark slate of throat, and
absence of white or dark lines about the head readily distinguish it
from 31. obscurus, most nearly allied in color.

428

EEVIEW OF AMERICAN BIRDS.

[part I.

Bmith-

soniau

No.

Cultec-
No,

32,513
32,514
24,9-1-t

Sex
aud
Age.

Locality.

Puerto Cabello, Veil.
Bogota,

When
Collected.

Received from

J. Krider,

L. de Geofroy.

Collected by

Myiadestes iinicolor.

Myiadestes unicolor, Sclater, P. Z. S. 1856, 299 (Cordova); 1857,5,
213 (Orizaba) ; 1858, 97.— Ib. Catal. 1861, 47, uo. 289.— Sclatek
& Salvin, Ibis, 1860, 397 (Cobau).

Hab. Central Mexico and Guatemala.

(No. 22,377, 9 , type.) Second quill rather shorter than 7th ; 4th and 5tli
longest, and about equal ; 1st about one-third the longest.

General color dark slate color, paler below (darkest on juguhim and breast) ;
chin and anal region lighter. Eyelids white ; lores and cheeks dusky. Tail
feathers black, except central, which are like the back, the outermost which
is ashy except at base, and the second feather which has the end and a portion
of inner web asliy, the extreme tips of the two last mentioned feathers whitish.
Quills with a baud of dull fulvous across their bases, shown very obscurely
exterually as a transverse wing-bar, followed by a blackish one. Bill black;
legs hazel.

(No. 22,377, 9.) Total length, 7.50; wing, 3.80; tail, 3.70; difference be-
tween "outer and fourth tail feathers, .50 ; difference between 10th and longest
quills, .85 ; exposed portion of 1st primary, 1.00, of 2d, 2.50, of longest (4th)
(measured from exposed base of 1st primary), 3.00 ; length of bill from fore-
head, .60, from nostril, .30, along gape, .76 ; tarsus, .85 ; middle toe and claw,
.80, claw alone, .22 ; hind toe and claw, .60, claw alone, .26.

This species in form resembles 31. obscurns, although in colora-
tion is more like townsendii, from which the prevailing dark slate
(not grayish-ash), and the absence of the distinct cinnamon bars
across the quills i^eadily distinguish it. The pattern of coloration
of quills is as in townsendii, but the want of contrast in the tints
renders this almost inappreciable in the prevailing dark slaty plumbe-
ous of upper parts. The axillars and inner lining of wings are slate,
like the breast ; but the pale fulvous band at base of cjuills is very
well marked in the inside of wins;.

Smith-
sonian
No.

CoUec-| Sex
tor's I and
No, Age,

Locality.

When

Collected,

Received from

Remarks.

22.377
30,720

Cordova, Mex.
Choctum, Vera Paz.

Jan. 1860.

Verreaux.
0 Salvin.

Type, [type.

Compared with

MTIADESTES.

429

Slyiadestes townsendii.

Ptiliogomjs townsendii, ApD. Orn. Biog. V, 1839, 206, pi. 419, fig. 2. (For
other references see Birds N. Am. 321). — Newbekry, P. R. Rep. VI,
Whipple's Rep."Zool. Sl.— Culicivora towns. DeKat, N. Y. Zool. II,
1844, 110. — Myiadestes towns. Cabasis, Wieg. Arch, 1847, 1, 208. —
ScLATEE, P. Z. S. 1857, 5 ; 1858, 97.— Baibd, Birds N. Am. 1858,
321.— Cooper & Scckley, P. R. Rep. XII, ii, 187.— Kexxekly, P. R.
Rep. X, Whipple's Rep. 25. — Lord, Pr. R. Art. Inst. Woolwich, IV,
116 (Br. Col.).

Hab. Mountainous regions of middle and western United States. (Not
found at Cape St. Lucas nor in Mexico.)

(No. 16,168.) Second quill shorter than 6th; 3d rather longer than 5th;
4th longest. Wings much pointed, as long as the tail, which is forked, and
the lateral feathers graduated.

Prevailing color dark ash gray, scarcely lighter on breast, paler on abdomen,
mixed with paler dull whitish-gray on chin, throat, belly and crissum ; the ends

Myiadtstes townsendii, Cab.

of axillars, inner wi:ig coverts, edge of bend of wing, outer web of lateral and tips
of outer tail feathers, dull white. A white ring round the eye ; the loral region
and cheeks below eye blackish. Quill- and tail-feathers dark brown ; the
central tail feathers more like back, the lateral edged and tipped as described.
All the quills with a broad, well-defined patch of light cinnamon at their bases ;
which in the outer five are not visible across the outer webs, but show dis-
tinctly externally on the rest. A second less distinct but broader band of
similar color (brightest on the primaries) crosses the outer webs of the same
quills nearer the end, the two bands separated by a blackish one. Outer
edges of inner secondaries grayish-white. Bill black ; feet dusky.

No appreciable difference in the sexes ; the young bird thickly spotted with
pale ochrey.

430

REVIEW OF AMERICAN BIRDS.

[part I,

(No. 16,168.) Fresh specimen : Total length, 8.10 ; expanse of wing, 13.20 ;
wing from carpal joint, 4.50. Prepared specimen : Total length, 8.00 ; wing,
4.40 ; tail, 4.40, depth of fork, .42 ; difference between 10th and longest pri-
mary, 1.22; exposed portion of 1st primary, 1.00, of 2d, 3.00, of longest, 4th
(measured from exposed base of 1st primary), 3.45 ; length of bill from fore-
head, .60, from nostril, .30, along gape, .71 ; tarsus, .80 ; middle toe and claw,
.80, claw alone, .24; hind toe and claw, .50, claw alone, .26.

On the chin and crissum the tips of feathers are much lighter
than the ashy bases, producing a mixture of the two colors, although
this is scarcely appreciable in some specimens. There is a very
faint indication occasionally of a dusky line on each side of the chin,
as in M. obscurus.

Young birds have a large triangular pale ochraceous light spot on
the end of each feather (rather paler below), bounded externally by a
narrow border of blackish ; the quill- and tail-feathers as in the adult.

The more important localities of specimens before me are as
follows : —

Smith-

Collec-

Sex

When
Collected.

sonian

tor's

and

Locality.

Received from

Collected by

No.

No.

Age.

2,922

Columbia River.

S. F Baird

J. K. Townsend.

8,285

p

Fort Steilacoora.

Dr G. Suckley.

16,164

^

Fort Crook, Cal.

Juo. Feilner.

21,942

623

Kootenay River.

Ang. 1860.

A. Campbell.

Dr. Kennerly.

21,943

612

rf

Flathead River.

Sept. 8, '60.

"

"

19,22.3

162

' Pumpkin Butte.

Oct. 22.

Capt. Raynolds.

Dr. Hayden.

11,056

9

' Fort Bridffer, Utah.

May 6.

C. Drexler.

18.325

rT

Hellgate, Id.

1860.

Lt. MuUan.

Jno. Pear.'!all.

38 427

Laramie Peak.

1864.

Dr. Hitz.

8,286

••

1 Zuni.

Lt. Whipple.

Dr. Kennerly.

(2,922 ) Type of species.

Myiadestes otoscurus.

Myiadestes obscurus, Lafr. Rev. Zool. 1839, 98 (Mexico).— Sclater,
P. Z. S. 1856, 300 (Guatemala) ; 1857, 5, 213 (Orizaba) ; 1859,
364 (Jalapa) ; 376 (Oaxaca; eggs).— Ib. Catal. 18G1, 47, no. 288.—
Bon. Consp. 336.— Sclater & Salvin, Ibis, 1, 1859, 14 (Guatemala).
Eah. Mountainous regions of Mexico, into Guatemala ; Tres Marias Islands.
(No. 37,500.) Wing about equal to tail, which is emarginate and rounded.
Fourth quill longest ; 5th and 3d a little shorter ; 2d longer than 7th ; 1st two-
fifths the 2d.

Back olivaceous-rufous, more olive on rump and upper tail coverts ; the
outer surface of wings, including edges of quills, more rufous cinnamon. A
pale cinnamon concealed patch at base of inner webs of quills, abruptly de-
fined on the secondaries, fading out gradually in the primaries along their
inner edges. Head, neck, and under parts plumbeous-ash (the latter less
pure). Chin (fading out gradually into the ash of throat), sides of lower
mandibles (separated from chin by a black line), and line from nostril to
above eye, with middle of belly, dull white ; eyelids pure white, the loral
region dusky, the cheeks below the eye blackish. Tail black, excepting

MYIADESTES.

431

the two central feathers which are plumbeous-ash, and. the exterior which is
light ash, blackish at the base ; the next feather also ashy towards the tip,
both feathers with a narrow tip and a border of white along the end of inner
web. Axillars and inner face of wings tinged with fulvous. Bill black ; feet
pale hazel. " Irids red brown" {Xaniits).

(No. 37,500.) Total length, 7.80; wing, 4.20; tail, 4.10; diflference of outer
and 5th (longest) tail feather, .5, difference of innermost and 5th, .25 ; differ-
"ence of 10th and longest quills, 1.00 ; exposed portion of 1st primary, 1.00, of
2d, 2.65, of longest (4th) (measured from exposed base of 1st primary), 3.12 ;
length of bill from forehead, .61, from nostril, .30, along gape, .84; tarsus,
.81 ; middle toe and claw, .79, claw alone, .29 ; hind toe and claw, .54, claw
alone, .30.

The outer webs of the quills are of a darker rufous than elsewhere
on the upper surface. The rufous on secondaries reaches the shaft,
except about the middle, where there is only a narrow edge bordering
a blackish patch like the inner web. On the outer primaries the
inner portion of the whole outer web is dusky, bordered externally
by rufous cinnamon, diminishing in amount exteriorly, and not
appreciable on the outer two quills.

Specimens vary considerably in intensity of the rufous of the back,
which is sometimes very bright, at onier times much duller. Occa-
sionally, as in No. 35,038, the whitish line from bill to eye meets its
fellow, forming a pale frontal band, the same specimen having the
upper part of back ashy, like the head and nape. Sometimes there
is a wash of fulvous olive on the flanks, which again are entirely
ashy. As far as the materials before me show, it is in specimens from
western Mexico, Tonila, and Tres Marias, that the ash of head in-
vades the back : the rufous of back paler ; the tail also appears
longer (4.40 in No. 31,321, Tres Marias).

This species is quite similar to M. townsendii, although the wings
are shorter and less pointed. It is readily distinguished by the
reddish of the back and wings ; the dulness of the two trans-
verse light cinnamon or fulvous bars across. the quills, with the inter-
vening black one ; the ashy, not whitish edge of the tail ; the whitish
line from nostrils to above eye, and the black line bordering the
chin.

Smitli-

Collec-

Sex

Eoaian

tor's

and

No.

Nu.

Aj^e.

37,327

60

rT

37,3^8

59

<^

3-),038

2,219

rT

37,500

82

37,501

81

22,378 17,271

30,722 , 4,405

•'

Locality.

Tres Maiias Islands,
* " [Mex.

Tonila, Jalisco.
Orizaba, Mex.

Mexico. [Gnat.

Volcaa de Fuego,

When
Collected.

Jan. 1865.
Oct. 1863.

Received from

Col. A.J.Grayson.

J. Xantus.
Prof. Siiraichrast.

Verreanx.
O Salvin.

Collected by

432

REVIEW OF AMERICAN BIRDS.

[part I.

Myiadestes leucotis.

Ptilogonys leucotis, TscH. Arch. Nat. 1844. — Ib. Fauna Peruana, 1846-7)
139, pi. vii, fig. 1. Uab. Peru. — Myiadestes leucotis, Cab. Arcli.
Nat. 1847, I, 209.
Hah. Peru.

(No. 41,908, Peru.) Above cinnamon brown ; the top of head and entire
under parts black, except the flanks, which are like the back, and a patch on

Myiadtstes levcoiis, Cab.

Ilyiadestes leucotis, Cab. (Peru.)

the sides of breast under the wing, which is white ; the cheeks also are white.
The quill- and tail-feathers are sooty black, even including the shafts ; the
innermost secondaries not so dark, and like the wing coverts, washed ex-
ternally with cinnamon. Exposed upper surface of central tail feathers tinged
with a faint shade of cinnamon, the terminal half of outermost, and a large
patch in the end of next, grayish-white. The axillars, inner wing coverts,
and a quadrate patch at base of inner web of all the quills, except the 1st
primary and innermost secondaries, white, the color reaching to the shaft, but
not visible externally. Upper mandible and legs black; lower mandible yel-
low. "Iris fiery red" {Tschudi').

Wings rather shorter than the tail, considerably rounded ; tlie first primary
large and broad, not falcate, about half the 2d, which about equals the 8th ;
the 4th and 5th longest. Tail somewhat graduated, the feathers acute and
acuminate at tips ; the outer tapering from about its middle. Bill lengthened ;
commissure nearly straight, but slightly sinuated towards base ; nostrils broad
and open. Legs stout ; tarsus about equal to middle toe and claw, without
distinct scutellar divisions anteriorly except below ; a few faint and obsolete
transverse divisions on outer side. Inner toe separated to base, the basal
joint of middle toe united for rather more than basal half to outer toe ; claws
all rather large.

(No. 41,908.) Total length, 9.00 ; wing, 4.25 ; tail, 4.55, its graduation, .65 ;
difference of 10th and longest primary, .75 ; exposed portion of 1st primary,
1.42, of 2d, 1.75, of longest (4th and 5th) (measured from exposed base of 1st
primary), 3.30 ; length of bill from forehead, .74, from nostril, .40, along g.ipe,

CICHLOPSIS.

433

.96 ; tarsus, .96 ; middle toe and claw, .96, claw alone, .29 ; hind toe and claw,
.67, claw alone, .32.

This bird constitutes a peculiar form among Myiadestes, differing
in certain characters which probably are of generic value. The
bill is much longer^ and proportionally narrower, than in the others;
the feet and claws stouter. The wing is more rounded, without any
falcation or acumination of the outer quills, and differing especially-
in the large first primary, which is half the length of the second.
In this respect it is nearest to M. veneziielensis. The absence
of the peculiar markings in the wings, seen in the other species,
is noteworthy. The shape and markings of the tail, however, are
much as in true Myiadestes. i

It is possible that a more perfect condition of the feathers may
show either a diminution or an increase of the differences referred
to, and I await better specimens before attempting to decide upon
the claims of the species to generic rank. In some respects there
is a relationship to Cichlopeis.

The specimen described above is one of Mr. Tschudi's types,
presented to the Institution by the Museum of Neuchatel. It is
moulting a considerable portion of its> feathers, which somewhat
obscures its characters, and it may even be a young bird not yet
arrived at maturity.

CICHLOPSIS, Cabanis.
Ctchlopsis, Cab. Mus. Hein. I, 1851, 54. (Type C. leucogonys.)

General appearance Thrush-like. Wings quite pointed, about equal to the
tail ; outer primary about two-fifths the 2d, which is longer than 7th, the tips

C'cMopsis levcogonys

28 June, 1366

434 REVIEW OF AMERICAN BIRDS. [PART I.

not attenuated. Tail emarginated, and still more rounded. Bill ratlier stout,
and somewhat Thiush-like ; broad, mucli depressed, and with mouth deeply
cleft, much as in Myiadestes, but deeper and stouter in proportion. Gonys
about two-fifths the lower edge of lower mandible. Frontal and rictal bristles
well developed. Feet short; tarsus about equal to middle toe, without scu-
tellar division, excepting two plates at lower end, both sides of which also
exhibit slight indication of similar division. Lateral toes about equal, their
j claws reaching to base of middle claw. Basal phalanx of middle toe united
for a very little more than half to rather less than half the basal phalanx
of inner toe, and for two-thirds its length to one and a half joints of outer :
this phalanx a little shorter than the basal of inner toe.

The relationship of this genus to Myiadestes is very close, and
seems to connect |he group with the Turdidse. The'body is fuller;
the basal joints of the middle toes a very little more united ; the
bill stouter, stronger, and deeper ; the plumage more compact, and
the wing lacks the peculiar pattern across the base and outer edges
of the quills, having instead the lighter rusty edgings at the base
inside, so common in the Turdidse. The outer quills lack the
attenuation of typical Myiadestes, but resemble almost exactly those
of M. unicolo7\ In fact the only tangible differences are in the
stouter bill, rather more united toes, more compact plumage, and
absence of wing pattern.

Dr. Cabanis gives, as one of the characters of Cichlopsis, the
tarsi distinctly scutellate. In Dr. Sclater's specimen, however, the
tarsi are as much booted as in the genuine Thrushes. The basal
joints of the middle toe are united a very little more than in Turdidse;
but, on the other hand, in Myiadestes proper, these are as deeply
cleft as in the Thrushes.

The young of Cichlopsis are probably spotted, as in Myiadestes,
judging fi'om the indications of the adult.

Cichlopsis leucogonys.

Cichlopsis leiicof/eni/s, Cab. Mus. Hein. 1850-1, 54 (Brazil).

Cichlopsis leucogonys, "Cab.," Sclater, P. Z. S. 1857, 6; 1858, 542

(rectification).— Ib. Catal. 1861, 48, no. 291.
Myiadestes leucotis, Bon. Consp. 1850, 336 (not of Tschddi).
Myiocichla ochrafa, Bon. Comp. Rend. XXXVIII, 1854, 6, and Notes

Del. 30 (Brazil).
??" Turdampelis lanioides, Less. Echo du Monde Sav. 1844, 156''(Sclater).
9?Turdampelis rufococci/x, Lkss. Desc. Mam. et Ois. 1847, 324 (Sclater).
Hab. Brazil.

(No. 291fl, Sclater Coll.) Wing rather longer than tail, which is moderately
emarginated and still more graduated ; the feathers broad. First quill about
two-fifths the 2d, not quite one-third the longest (4th and 5th) ; 2d inter-

CICHLOPSIS.

435

mediate between 6th. and Vth ; 3d between 5th and 6th, the feathers broad ;
the 1st primary slightly falcate, but not attenuated. Tarsi with two scutellar
divisions only anteriorly at lower end, as in other Myiadestes, the upper
indistinct.

Whole upper parts, with head all round, and upper part of breast, oliva-
ceous-rufous (without any shade of green) ; lighter below, but brighter on
throat ; rest of under parts ashy ; the flanks, lower breast, crissum, and tibia
tinged with olive rufous. Tail like back ; the central feathers and inner
webs of the others with a purple tinge ; the lateral paler on inner edge and
at tip. Under wing coverts fulvous white ; the basal portion of inner webs
of quills (but not outer) pale cinnamon, fading off gradually along the edges
of the quills, rest of these webs purplish-brown ; whole of outer webs of quills
like back, without any bars. Bill above black, beneath whitish ; legs dusky.

(No. 291a.) Total length, 8.00; wing, 4.20; tail, 4.00, graduation, .34,
emargination, .20 ; difference of 10th and longest quills, .91 ; exposed portion
of 1st primary, 1.14, of 2d, 2.75, of longest (5th) (measured from exposed
base of 1st primary), 3.20 ; length of bill from forehead, .70, from nostril, .35,
along gape, .85 ; tarsus, .90; middle toe and claw, .86, claw alone, .26 ; hind
toe and claw, .55, claw a^one, .25.

This species is closely related in form to Platycichla brevipes,
Baird, although the lower mandible is rather deeper and stouter,
the upper less attenuated viewed from above. The first quill is
longer, two-fifths the second instead of one-third, and not quite as
much pointed ; the tail is more graduated and emarginated ; the
feet much the same. The principal difference, therefore, is in the
stouter lower mandible, and less attenuated bill, longer first pri-
mary, and more emarginate and graduated tail.

From Myiadestes armiUatus it differs in stiffer tail and falcate
acuminate outer primary. With such species, hovv^ever, as M.
obscurus and venezuelensis, it has very close relationships in form,
so much indeed that it is very difficult to separate them generically ;
the tail feathers are perhaps broader and stiffer, and the bill rather
longer and stronger ; the wings and feet are precisely similar.

The two citations from Lesson, quoted in the synonymy, by Dr.
Sclater, hardly appear to belong to this species, but rather to an
allied one. The description in " VEcho^^ I have not seen, that in
" Desc. des Mam. et Ois.''^ shows many discrepancies.

Tor the opportunity of examining this species I am indebted to
Dr. Sclater. I have seen a second specimen in the museum of the
Philadelphia Academy.

Smlth-

Bonian

No.

CoUec-
tor's
No.

Sex
aud

Locality.

Brazil.

Wlien
Collected.

Keceived from

Cab. Sclater.

Collected by

436

REVIEW OF AMERICAN BIRDS.

[part I.

PLATYCICHLA, Baied.
Platycichla, Baird, Rev. Am. Birds, I, 1864, 82. (Type P, brevipes, Bd.)

Platydchla brevipes, Baikd. (Brazil.)

General appearance that of Cichlopsis, the bill rather longer and much more
attenuated at the end ; the lower mandible much weaker and narrower, the
toes perhaps a little more deeply cleft ; the feet larger, but similarly propor-
tioned ; the claws longer and less curved. The wings and tail are similar,
the latter rather shorter ; the outer quill one-third the 2d. Inside and bases
of quills colored as in Planesticus, and throat similarly streaked.

This generic form in many respects, with Cichlopsis, unites the
Thrushes to the Myiadestes, and shows clearly that all three should
belong rather with the Turdidae as a subfamily, than with Ampe-
lidee. I find no differences in any to throw them out of the Turdidae,
with which they agree so closely in the undivided tarsi (except
occasionally at lower end), the short spurious primary, the toothed
and bristled bill, etc.

For further remarks relative to this genus I refer to page 32 of
the present work. I there placed it among the Thrushes, and now
consider it as showing the relationship between the true Turdinas
and Amjyelinae, and proving the propriety of combining them in
the same family.

Platycichla brevipes.

Platycichla brevipes, Baied, Rev. Am. Birds, I, 1864, 32 (Brazil).
Hab. Brazil.

For the description of this species I would refer to the page of
the present work cited above.

COLLURIO.

43T

Family LANIID^.

The diagnosis on page 322 will give a general idea of the characters
of this family, as represented in the New World, especially as com-
pared with its allies the Vireonidae and Amjielidae. The only genus
found in America is that of typical " Lanius," and from which I have
drawn the family characters, although as given above they are in
general rather those of the Laniinee.

Enneoctonus, of which Europe has several species, differs in much
less rounded wing, the first quill about one-third the longest, the
second about equal to the fourth ; the tail shorter than the wing,
and much less graduated ; the bill more feeble. In the specimen
before me of Enneoctonus collurio there is no indication whatever
of division of lateral plate of tarsus, and the nostrils are scarcely
concealed.

COLLURIO, Vigors.

Collurio, Vigors, Pr. Zool. Soc. 1831, 42. (Type Lanius excubitor, L.)
Lanius, Aut. (not of Lixn^ds, whose type is L. cristatus).
Collyrio, G. R. Gray.— Baird, Birds N. Am. 1858, 323.

Body robust. Wings rather shorter than the much graduated tail (the
lateral feather about three-fourths the central). Primaries ten ; the 1st about
half the 2d, which is
longer than the 7th, the
outermost slightly sinu-
ated at end. Bill very
powerful, deep and much
compressed, both out-
lines much curved and
convex ; the upper man-
dible decurving into a
strong hook with a deep
notch behind it, followed
by a prominent tooth ; tip
of lower bill obsoletely
similar. Nostrils almost
circular, placed nearly
opposite middle of com-
missurf, in nasal fossa.

Collurio exeubUoroides.
(All the figures three-fourths natural size.)

without membrane, excepting behind, overhung and mostly concealed by the
stiflf frontal bristly feathers and bristles ; base of mouth also with p^-ominent

43S REVIEW OF AMERICAN BIRDS. [PART I.

bristles. Feet strong and well developed ; the tarsi longer than middle toe
and claw, with seven or eight scutellse anteriorly, the lateral plates usually
witii a tendency to subdivision inferiorly, especially the outer, which is some-
times divided regularly its entire length in C. excubitoroides, although this
character is not the same even on opposite feet of the same specimen. Lateral
toes nearly equal, reaching about to base of middle claw ; the toes quite
deeply cltift, the inner nearly to its base, but adherent to half the basal joint
of middle ; externally this joint is united nearly throughout to one and a
half joints of outer toe ; these basal joints somewhat abbreviated, so that
the inner is rather longer than middle.

There is a slight variation in form in American species of Colhirio,
the legs being shorter and the bill longer proportionally in boreaiis
than in the others. In excubitoroides the legs are longer both
absolutely and relatively than in any American species, or G. excu-
bitor of Europe. There is much difference in specimens, and even
in different feet of the same specimen in regard to the subdivision
of the lateral plates (especially the outer) of tarsus, this sometimes
being quite regular, as much so as anteriorly, at other times quite
the contrary ; frequently the plates are entire, except at the lower
end.

The type of the genus Lanius, as established by LinniBus in the
10th edition of Systeraa Naturae, is the L. cristatus of India and
Java, which, according to Cabanis, is congeneric with the L. collurio,
the type of Bole's genus Enneoctonus. Lamus should, therefore,
replace Enneoctonus for the long-winged European Shrikes, and
another name adopted for the larger European and American forms.
In the "Birds of North America," 1858, I used the name Collyrio
of Moehriug for this group, following G. R. Gray, but as I now admit
no genera of authors prior to or contemporaneous with Linnseus,
who did not adopt the binomial system, as established by him, not
even those of Linnaeus himself prior to 1758, it becomes necessary
to take the next in order, namely, Collurio of Vigors.

The following synopsis will exhibit^ the characters of the North
American Shrikes, as well as of their close ally, C. excubitor of
Europe : —

General Color. — Bluish or plumbeous-ash above ; the outer edges of scapu-
lars, sometimes the forehead and rump, paler. Beneath white, sometimes
with waved transverse dark lines. A broad black stripe from side of upper
bill through eye (extending more widely beneath than above it, sometimes
wanting above) to end of ear coverts. Wings (except lesser coverts) and
tail black ; the former with a white patch across base of primaries (some-
times on inner webs of secondaries) ; the secondaries tipped with white ;
the tail with broad white tips to the lateral feathers, the concealed bases
of which are also usually white.

COLLURIO 439

A. Black cheek-stripes involving eyelid only ou upper border

of eye, and not meeting across the forehead. A crescentic
patch of white in the black, beiow the eye ; upper edge
of black stripe behind the eye bordered by hoary wnit-
ish. Breast and belly always with distinct, transverse
waved lines of dusky. Bill, when mature, entirely black.
Length about 10 inches.

Above light ash. Upper tail coverts and forehead much
paler than the back, the former without waved
lines. Axillars whitish.

Inner webs 04 secondaries paler towards edges,
but not of well-defined white. Concealed
bases of tail featliers, except sixth, white.
Tarsus shorter than the gape of mouth . horealis.

B. Black cheek-stripes not involving upper border of eye or

upper eyelid, which is whitish, and not meeting across
the forehead, its upper edge behind the eye with scarcely
a lighter border. No patch of white on lower eyelid.
Under parts unvaried white ; in female obscurely waved.
Base of under mandible whitish. Length about 9 inches.
Above light ash. Upper tail coverts and forehead de-
cidedly paler than the back. Axillars whitish.
Inner webs of all secondaries (except innermost)
white to shaft, except for less than terminal
half, which is black along the shaft. Con-
cealed base of tail white, except on sixth
feather. Tarsus equal to the gape . . excubitor

C. Black cheek-stripes involving upper eyelid, as in A, but

without patch of white below the eye ; meeting in a nar-
row, sometimes inconspicuous line across the forehead,
its upper edge behind the eye not bordered by lighter.
Beneath plain white, or very obscurely waved in ludovici-
aniis (the female ?). Bill, when mature, entirely black.
Length about 8.50 inches.

Above dark plumbeous-ash. Upper tail coverts and
forehead scarcely paler than the back. Sides and
breast tinged with bluish-gray.

Black of loral space rather hoary along upper
border. Frontal dark line inappreciable or
■wanting. Inner webs of secondaries paler
only along the marginal half, and not ab-
ruptly white. Axillars plumbeous. Tail
feathers, except the innermost, with a con-
cealed well-defined white patch at base,
largest on the more exterior one. Bill from
nostril, .50. Under parts often with very
obscure faint waved lines (in the female ?).
White patch on wing reaching about to
middle of 1st primary. Tarsus equal to the
gape .....•.• ludovicianus.

440

REVIEW OF AMERICAN BIRDS.

[part I.

Black of loral space without any lightening above
it. Frontal black band well marked. Inner
webs of secondaries (except innermost) pure •
white to shaft, except along rather more than
terminal half, where the shaft is bordered
by black. Axillars whitish. Tail feathers
black to base, except the loose fibres, which
are grayish. Bill from nostril, .GO. Under
parts without waved lines. White patch on
wing reaching nearly opposite to end of 1st
primary. Tarsus about equal to the gape . elegans.
Above light ash color. Upper tail coverts and forehead
much lighter than the back, tlxe former sometimes
almost white. Sides and breast generally nearly
pure white. * *

Black of loral space with conspicuous hoary
margin above it. Inner web of secondaries
much as in C. ludoviciunus. Axillars whit-
ish. Tail feathers with concealed white
patch at bases of all the feathers. Bill from
nostril, about .50. No waved lines beneath.
White patch on wing reaching nearly oppo-
site to end of 1st primary. Tarsus longer
than the gape ex cuhitor aides.

Collurio toorealis.

Lanius borealis, Vieillot, Ois. Am. Sept. 1, 1807, 90, pi. 1. — Sw. F. B. A.
II, 1831, 111.— AuD. Syn. 1839, 157.— Is. Birds Am. IV, 1842,130,
pi. 236.— Cassin, Pr. A. N. Sc. 1857, 212.— Max. Cab. Jour. VI,
1858, 190 (Upper Missouri).— Jones, Nat. Bermuda, 1857, 51 (Ber-
muda).— Collyrio borealis, Baird, Birds N. Am. 1858, 324. — Cooper
& SucKLEY, P. R. Rep. XII, II, 1860, 188 (Washington Territory).

Lanius excubitor, Forster, Phil. Trans. LXII, 1772, 382 (not of LiNN.iiDs).
—Wilson, I, 1808, 74, pi. v, fig. 1.

Lanius septentrional is, Bon. Syn. 1828, 72 (not of Gmelin, which cannot
be identified as an American species). — Ib. Rev. et Mag. Zool.
1853, 294.— Cassin, Pr. A. N. Sc. 1857, 213.— Murray, "Ed. New
Phil. Jour. XI, 1859, 223 (H. B. T.).

Hab. Whole of America north of United States ; in winter south to Wash-
ington, St. Louis, Prescott (Ariz.), and north California.

(No. 19,545, % , in full spring plumage.) Fourth quill longest ; 3d and 5th
little shorter ; 2d shorter than 6th ; exposed portion of 1st not quite half that
of longest.

Whole upper parts pure clear light ash ; beneath (including axillars) plire
white, the breast and upper part of belly waved transversely with obsolete
narrow dusky lines (about .15 of an inch apart) ; each feather having two
or three, which are curved, convex, and the terminal one some distance from
the tip. Bristly feathers covering the nostrils and the feathers along the

COLLURIO. . 441

base of upper mandible to gape, black ; this color extending as a broad stripe
through the eye, and behind it to nape, involving the ear coverts, and forming
a conspicuous and continuously deep black stripe, excepting a few white
feathers on lower eyelid (sometimes a well-marked crescentie spot), and an
almost inappreciable lightening among the loral feathers, the black of oppo-
site sides, however, not meeting on the forehead as in L. excubitoroides. The
black involves only the upper eyelid, but is quite broad below the eye. The
forehead and space above the black stripe, almost to its posterior extremity,
are hoary white, shading into the ash of crown ; the rump and ends of scapular
feathers are similarly colored, though perhaps less purely white ; the ends
of upper tail coverts becoming also more ashy. Wings and tail black, the
tips of the secondaries and the bases of the primaries white, this increasing
in amount on the latter from the outermost, and showing externally as a
white patch (but hardly appreciable, especially on outer webs in first and
second). Secondary quills whitish along inner edge, and full half of the
inner web tinged with grayish, but without abrupt definition. Outer tail
feather, with basal half of inner web, and a narrow stripe in the outer web
along the shaft, as well as the shaft itself nearly to end, black ; the black
advancing more and more in the other feathers till on the 4th there is only a
narrow tip of white ; the 5th and 6th entirely black ; all the feathers with
small basal white patch, except on inner web of 6th. Bill and feet pure
black.

Female birds in the breeding season are much duller than the males, the
ash of upper parts much tinged with ochrey brown, the black stripe through
the eye more or less obsolete, the white of wing much less conspicuous.

(No. 19,545, %.) Fresh specimen : Total kngth, 10.00 ; expanse of wings,
14.50; wing from carpal joint, 4.70. Prepared specimen : Total length, 10.00 ;
wing, 4.50 ; tail, 4.70 ; exposed portion of 1st primary, 1.65, of 2d, 2.S0, of
longest (measured from exposed base of 1st primary), 3.40; length of bill
from forehead, .85, from nostril, .60, along gape, 1.05 ; tarsus, 1.05 ; middle
toe and claw, .88, claw alone, .33 ; hind toe and claw, .63, claw alone, .35.

The plumage of the male, in the breeding season, as indicated
above, has not been before described. As met with during its more
winter abode in the United States, G. borealis is duller in plumage,
and though sometimes quite pure ashy, always has a tinge of brown-
ish ; and the stripe on the side of the head is only well defined behind
the eye. There is generally a better marked clear white crescentie
spot below the eye, and a blackish spot anterior to its upper half;
the feathers along the base of upper mandible, from nostrils to gape,
are black ; but the rest of the pre-ocular region is grayish, clouded
somewhat by the blackish bristly points and shafts of some of the
feathers. The bill, instead of being pure black, is much paler, and
almost whitish at the base, especially of lower mandible. The dark
lines below are more distinct, and extend more on the throat, as
well as along the sides.

Other specimens of females, or immature males probably, are

442

REVIEW OF AMERICAN BIRDS.

[part I.

still more different : the more distinct dark transverse waved lines
extend over the whole under surface from chin, except about the
anal region ; the upper parts almost continuously ochrey brown ;
the black eye stripe indicated only bj rather dusky ears ; the white
at base of primaries nearly or entirely wanting ; the white at end
of tail feathers more restricted. Every grade of coloration between
these extremes is to be met with.

As usual in American birds, the more boreal specimens are de-
cidedly the larger. The species probably does not breed within the
limits of the United States, except possibly in the northern portions
of the mountain regions ; but in winter it is found over the entire
breadth of the country to quite a southern latitude.

Lanius major, Pallas, Zoog. Rosso-As. I, 1831, 401, and Key-
SERLING & Blasius, Wirb. Europas, 1, 1840, Ix, and 193, from North-
eastei-n Europe and Siberia, judging from the description, appears
to resemble borealis in size and other characters ; the dark inner
webs of the secondaries ; the diminished amount of black anterior
to the eye ; the whitish rump, and the waved lines of the under
parts, as well as in having the tarsus shorter than the gape. The
rump, however, is said to be waved transversely with dusky, and
the eyelids to be white, as in excuhitor, not black.

The differences in color of G. horealis from ludovicianns and
excuhitoroides are shown in the preliminary diagnoses. The bird
is stouter in form, with proportionally longer bill, and decidedly
shorter tarsi. The tarsi are considerably shorter than those of
excuhitoroides.

Specimens examined, fifty-three. The more important localities
are the following : —

Smith-

Collec-

Sex

When

soniaD

tor's

and

Locality.

Received from

Collected by

No.

No.

Ajre.

19,543

394

d

Fort Resolution,
Great Slave Lake.

April 24, '60.

R. Kennicott.

27,317

1,342

Fort Simpson.

B. R. Ro.>s.

27,319

1,621

Ft. Peel's River.

R. Kennicott.

27.311

962

Fort Youkon.

Sept. 24, '60.

"

27,312

173

V

June 27.

Jas. Lockhart.

.'31,4.JO

164

Fort Rae.

June 10,'63.

L. Cliirk.

19,0.51

39

Fort Liard.

April 2, '60.

B. R. Ross.

32,345

Moose Factory.

J. Mackenzie.

2:i,256

New Brunswick.

G. A. Board man.

17,192

Halifax, N. S.

W. G. Winton.

907

Carlisle, Pa.

Nov. 1S42.

S. F. B;iird.

12,.501

9

Washinuton. D. C.

Feb. 10, '46.

R. J. Pollard.

7,196

27

Shoal water Bay, W.

Nov. 1854.

Dr. J. G. Cooper.

16,169

V

Fort Crook, Cal. [T.

J. Feilner.

18,.329

rf

Hellgate, Montana.

Lt. Mullan.

Jno. PearsaU.

11.001

r(

Fort Brids,'er.

April 16.

C. Drexler.

39,369

1,152

Fort Whipple, Ar.

Feb. 6, '65.

Dr. E. Coues.

(27,312.) With eggs. (707.) 9.80 ; 14.50; 4.50. (39,369.) 10.20; 14.S0.

COLLTJRIO. 443

Collurio ludoTicianus.

Lanius ludovicianus, Linn. Sjst. Nat. 1766, 134 (based on Lanius ludo-
vicianus, Bkisson, II, 162, tab. xv, fig. 2). — Aud. Oru. Biog. I, 1831,
300, pi. 37.— Ib. Birds Am. IV, pi. 237.— Cassin, Pr. A. N. Sc. 1857,
213. — Collyrio ludovicianus, Baird, Birds N. Am. 1858, 325.

Lanius ardosiaceus, Vieillot, Ois. Am. Sept. I, 1807, 81, pl.ii.

Lanius carolinensis, Wils. Am. Orn. Ill, 1811, 57, pi. xxii, fig. 5.

Hab. South Atlantic (and Gulf ?) States.

(No. 3,054.) Fourth quill longest ; 3d, and then 5th little shorter ; 2d inter-
mediate between 6th and 7th ; 1st about half the lougest.

Upper parts rather dark plumbeous-ash, almost inappreciably paler on the
upper tail coverts ; beneath dull bluish-white, the sides of body pale plumbe-
ous, shading insensibly into the whitish of belly ; the axillars, for the most
part, almost as dark plumbeous as the back, the outer webs of tbose nearest
the wing whitish (the inner wing coverts dark plumbeous, edged with dusky)A
In the specimen described (perhaps female) the feathers of jugulum and
breast present very obsolete and indistinct waved transverse lines of pal©
plumbeous, and some of the upper tail coverts are tipped with blackish.
Bristly feathers at side of upper mandible continuous with a broad stripe
through and behind the eye to posterior extremity of ear coverts, black. This
stripe extends narrowly above and broadly below the eye, aud is not varied
on lower eyelid with white. There is no black frontal line, although the
black frontal bristles of opposite sides sometimes almost meet. Forehead
and side of crown as far as the eyes somewhat hoary, shading into the ash
of the head. Outer webs of scapular feathers also whitish, shading into the
color of back. Wings black ; the lesser coverts only like the back ; the tips
of secondaries, and a distinct patch at base of primaries, white. This patch
crosses the bases of all the primaries (indistinct on tbe outer), extending
farthest along the middle ones, where it reaches a point but little beyond the
middle of the exposed portion of the outer primary. The inner webs of
the secondaries are gray or whitish for about half way from the border to the
shaft, but not abruptly defined. The tail is black ; the concealed bases of all
the feathers, except perhaps the innermost, are white ; the entire terminal
third of the outer feather, and still more of its outer web, with a constantly
decreasing amount on the succeeding feathers as far as the fourth, white ; the
shafts, however, are dusky almost to their extremities. Bill and feet black.

(No. 3,054.) Total length, 8.50 ; wing, 3.72 ; tail, 4.10, its graduation, .92;
exposed portion of 1st primary, 1.76, of 2d, 2.40, of longest (measured from
exposed base of 1st primary), 2.75; leugth of bill from forehead, .82, from
nostril, .50, along gape, .98, depth, .36; tarsus, 1.00; middle toe and claw,
.82, claw alone, .30 ; hind toe and claw, .65, claw alone, .32.

Of the ten specimens before me nearly all exhibit, to a greater or
less extent, the obsolete wavings on the feathers, described above.
In several, also, the lesser wing- and upper tail-coverts are^ tipped
occasionally with blackish — features not observed in excuhitoroides.
There is some variation in amount of white on the tail in No. 542,

444

REVIEW OF AMERICAN BIRDS.

[part I.

this involving more than half of the outer feather, or nearly the
whole of its exposed portion.

Young birds differ in having the upper plumage much duller and
tinged with ochraceous ; the feathers, especially of head and rump,
waved (n|pst finely on the head) with dusky, the jugulum and breast
similarly marked. The tips of the greater wing coverts are pale
ochraceous, and, like the lesser, are waved with dusky ; the black
cheek stripe is obsolete in front of the eye, excepting a spot at its
anterior canthus ; the bill and legs are paler.

The difference between this species and its American allies will
be pointed out farther on. It appears to be very closely related to
the L. meridionalis of Europe (Temminck, Man. I, 1820, 143;
Degland, Ois. Eur. I, 1849, 384; Bree, Birds Europe, I, 1859,
159, plate, etc.) ; but judging from Degland's description, the latter
differs principally in the vinaceous or rosy tinge of the under parts,
and in the rectrices being entirely black at the base. The eye stripe,
with its paler upper border anteriorly, and the white markings of
the wing appear to be much the same. The length of vieridionalis
(ten inches) is considerably greater.

Specimens examined, ten.

Smith-

Boniaa

No.

Collec-
tor's
No.

Sex
and

Age.

Locality.

When
Collected.

Received from

Collected by

3,05-1
542

2,420

Juv.

Liberty County, Ga.
Southern Atlantic

States.
Savannah, Ga.

1S46.
1S4.5.

S. F. Baiid.

Collurio elegans.

Laniuf! elegans, Sw. F. B. A. II, 1831, 122.— Ndttall, Man. 1, 1840, 287.
— Cassin, Pr. A. N. Sc. 1857, 213.— Baird, Birds N. Am. 1858,
327. — CoUyrlo elegans, Baikd, Birds N. Am. 1858, xxxv.

Hah. Califoruia ?

. Third quill longest ; then 4th and 5th ; 2d between 5th and 6th ; 1st about
half the longest. Bill lengthened and very powerful, as large and strong as
that of L. horealis.

Upper parts dark plumbeous-ash (very much as in L. ludovicianus) ; darkest
on head, a little paler perhaps on the lower back and rump (very slightly and
almost inappreciably, however) ; the forehead as dark as, or even darker than
the vertex ; the longer scapulars quite white at ends. Beneath bluish-white,
quite pure on throat and sides of neck, middle of belly, and crissum ; the
sides of body and the front of breast decidedly bluish ; the axillars, how-
ever, with their outer webs quite white, their inner more ashy ; the lesser

COLLURIO. 445

coverts gray. Wings and tail black, varied with white ; the former showing
externally a large white patch at bases of primaries, and broad white tips to
the secondaries. The white on primaries extends nearly as far as the tip of
the 1st quill ; the inner webs of the secondaries (excepting the innermost
ones) are pure white to the shaft for their basal half, the posterior border of
the patch perpendicular to the shaft ; this color also bordering the web for
half its width to the end, and quite abruptly defined. The tail feathers are
apparently without any concealed white at their bases, although the discon-
nected fibres are grayish ; the outer feather has the terminal third and all
the outer web white ; the amount of white diminishes in the 2d, 3d, and 4th
feathers ; the 5th and 6th entirely black.

There is a broad black band from bill through and behind eye, and un-
varied by white, as in excuhitoroides, and with a well defined narrow frontal
line of the same color ; the loral region, however, exhibits a tinge of deep
ashy ; the bill and legs are black.

Total length, 8.75 ; wing, 4.20 ; tail, 4.40, graduation, 1.00 ; exposed por-
tion of 1st primary, 1.35, of 2d, 2.60, of longest (measured from exposed base
of 1st primary), 2.95; length of bill from forehead, 1.00, from nostril, .59,
along gape, 1.10, depth, ,39; tarsus, 1.20; middle toe and claw, .95, claw
alone, .34 ; hind toe and claw, .70, claw alone, 33.

The description given above is taken from a specimen in the col-
lection of the Philadelphia Academy, labelled as having been col-
lected in California by Dr. Gambel, and is very decidedly different
from any of the recognized North American species. Of nearly
the size of C. excubitoroides and ludovicianus, it has a bill even
more powerful than that of C. horealis. In its unwaved under
parts and uniform color of the entire upper surface, except scapulars,
it differs from horealis and excubitoi'oides, and resembles ludovici-
anus. In the extension of white over the inner webs of the secon-
daries, it closely resembles C. excubitor. The great restriction of
white at the base of the tail — the four central feathers being entirely
black, and the bases of the others grayish-ashy — is quite peculiar
to the species.

I am by no means satisfied that the bird here described is the true
Lanius elegans of Swainson — there being several marked differences
from his description. In the essential features, however, of the
larger size, especially of the bill, the concolored forehead, the scarcely
lighter rump, and the greater amount of white on the inner webs
of the secondaries, there is a decided accordance. In Swainson's
bird the tail seems to be almost as white as in extremes of colora-
tion of excubitoroides, instead of being much blacker than usual.

Colltirio excubitoroides.

Lanius excubitoroides, Swainson, F. B. A. II, 1831, 115 (Saskatchewan).
—Gambel, Pr. A. N. Sc. 1847, 200 (Cala.).— Cassin, Pr. A. N. Sc.

446

REVIEW OF AMERICAN BIRDS.

[part T.

1857, 213.— ScLATEK, P. Z. S. 1864, 173 (City of Mexico).— Co%r/o

excubitoroides, Baird, Birds N. Am. 18.58, 327.
? Lanius mexicanus, Brehm. Cab. Jour. II, 1854, 145. — Sclater, Catal.

1861, 46 (Mexico).
Lanius ludovic'ianus, Max. Cab. Jour. 1858, 191 (Upper Missouri).

Hah. Western province of North America, as far north as California ; Middle
North America, to the Saskatchewan, and east to Wisconsin, Michigan and
Illinois ; south to Orizaba and Oaxaca, and City of Mexico ; Cape St. Lucas.

(No. 38,423 ? % ; Laramie Peak.) Graduation of tail rather less than one-
fourth of its total length. Fourth quill longest ; 3d scarcely shorter ; then
the 5th ; 2d longer than 6th ; exposed portion of 1st about half that of longest.
Above pure light bluish-ash; beneath, including axillars, pure unbroken
white. A very narrow frontal line with all the nasal feathers, and continu-
ous with a broad stripe
through and behind eye,
involving entire ear cov-
erts, with the wings and
tail, bill and feet, deep
black (the lesser wing
coverts, however, like the
back) ; the cheek stripe
extending narrowly
above the eye and
broadly below it, and
not varied with white
on the lower eyelid.
The forehead and side
of vertex in contact with
the black stripe, as
far as posterior border
of eye, hoary, almost
pure white, shading off quite abruptly into the ash of head ; the scapular
feathers, wliere they overlap the wings, as well as upper tail coverts, similarly
white, and shading into the adjacent ash ; the coverts, however, slightly
glossed with ashy, especially above. The tips of the secondary quills, and
a conspicuous patch across the base of the primaries (visible externally in
the closed wing) are white ; this involves both webs of the primaries (except
perhaps the 1st), and extends about as far as the tip of the 1st primary,
occupying more and more space from the outer to the middle quills. The
secondaries are edged internally, as well as tipped with white ; this color
usually mixed with grayish, occupying rather the larger portion of the web
towards the base, but not abruptly defined as in the primaries, and only
reaching the shaft at the extreme base, and that obliquely. Outer two tail
feathers entirely white, except a wash of dusky along the shaft (greatest in
extent on the 2d feather) ; the 3d feather is white with rather more than the
central third black ; the fourth feather is black, with the extreme base and

CoIIyrio exnthit oroides, Baird. (Laramie Peak.)
(All the figures three-fourths natural size.)-

COLLURIO. 44T

tip only white, the rest are entirely black, except their concealed bases, which,
in all the feathers are white.

(No. 38,423.) Total length, 8.50; wing, 4.05; tail, 4.25, its graduation,
1.00 ; exposed portion of 1st primary, 1.50, of 2d, 2.60, of longest (measured
from exposed base of 1st primary), 2.95 ; length of bill from forehead, .83,
from nostril, .48, along gape, .95, depth, .33; tarsus, 1.12; middle toe and
claw, .77, claw alone, .28 ; hind toe and claw, .64, claw alone, .32.

Young birds are marked very much as those of G. ludovicianus,
akeady described. There does not seem to be much difference in
color between the sexes. Winter specimens appear inclined to a
reddish tinge and obscure waves of dusky.

The specimen described (No. 38,423) presents an extreme amount
jpf white on the wings and tail. More frequently there is a rectangular
patch of black on the inner web*-of outer tail feather (usually at
distal end of basal half), and generally visible at the tips of under
tail coverts, which becomes larger and larger in the next two
feathers ; the fourth, and sometimes fifth, with a narrow tip only of
white. Scarcely any two specimens, however, agree exactly in this
amount of black ; in all, the extreme bases of the quills are white,
excepting the innermost, which usually are black, unless when the
white on the ends of the lateral tail feathers is of more than usual
extent.

In No. 38,420 the white of inner webs of secondaries is purer,
and on the more exterior reaches to the shaft on the basal third,
then passing off obliquely behind to the inner edge of the quill, not
transversely. The other characters are much as described. This
amount of white on the secondaries is, however, but seldom met with.

No. 5,066, from Donaiia, N. M., has the hoary front so light as
to appear in very abrupt contrast against the dusky stripe through
the eye.

In No. 8,721, from near San Francisco, the colors are much
darker than as described, the plumbeous of upper parts being as
dark as in ludovicianus, and without any hoariness on forehead
and side of vertex ; more as in elegans.

In general, specimens from the California coast are considerably
darker than those from the Plains, very similar in color to C. ludo-
vicianus; the hoariness of forehead greatly reduced, sometimes
scarcely appreciable. The sides and axillars are more plumbeous ;
less, however, than in ludovicianus, and the upper tail coverts are
always considerably and appreciably lighter than the back.

Cape St. Lucas specimens are rather darker, especially on the

448

REVIEW or AMERICAN BIRDS,

[part I.

26438

head, than those from the Rocky Mountains ; and among them are

several with unusually large
bills, almost as large as that
of C. elegans, one of which
(No. 26,438) measures .95
from forehead, .55 from nostril,
and 1.05 from gape, which
generally exceeds the average.
The other characters, however,
are essentially those of excubi-
toroides. In nearly the whole
series (all autumnal birds)
there is a decided tinge of reddish on breast and sides, which also
are obscurely undulated with dusky.

Specimens from the Mississippi Yalley, east of the river, are
darker, with the white markings less prominent, and with a general
approximation to the characters of C. ludovicianus. They, are,
however, usually paler than the California birds. Mexican speci-
mens are perhaps more like those just referred to, and less typical,
although some are true and well-marked excuhitoroides. One of
these Mexican skins (Xo. 13,600) has an unusually slender and
deeply hooked bill. (See figure above.)

In this species (?), as in G. ludovicianus, there is so much varia-
tion' in the amount of white on the tail, as well as in the comparative
length of the feathers, as to unfit these features for specific indica-
tion, except as a general average.

This Shrike, in its extreme stage of coloration, differs from ludo-
vicianus in paler and purer color ; the ash of back lighter ; the
under parts brilliant white, not decidedly plumbeous on the sides as
in the other, and without so great a tendency to the usual obsolete
waved lines (noticed distinctly only in winter or immature birds) ;
the axillars bluish-white, not plumbeous. The white of wings and
tail is more extended ; the hoary of forehead and whitish of scapu-
lars more distinct. The bristles at base of bill somewhat involving
the feathers are black, forming a narrow frontal line, not seen in the
other. The most striking difference is in the rump and upper tail
coverts, which are always appreciably and abruptly lighter than
the back, sometimes white or only faintly glossed with plumbeous ;
while in typical specimens of ludovicianus these feathers are scarcely
lighter at all, and generally more or less varied with blackish spots
at the end. The legs and tail are apparently longer, the latter less

COLLURIO. 449

graduated. These differences are, however, most appreciable in
specimens from the middle and western provinces Those from the
Western States, east of the Missouri River, as far north as Wiscon-
sin, are more intermediate between the two, although still nearest to
the Rocky Mountain bird as described; the back darker, the rump
and axillars more plumbeous, the sides more bluish I have little
doubt that the examination of series from the States along the
Mississippi will show a still closer resemblance to typical C ludo-
vicianus, and that the gradation between the two extremes will be
found to be continuous and unbroken. It therefore becomes a
question whether there is really more than one species, varying with
ipngitude and region, according to the usual law, the more western
Wbe lighter, with longer tail ; or whether two species, originally dis-
tinct, have hybridized along the line of junction of their respective
provinces, as is certainly sometimes the case. The approximation
m many respects of coloration of the Shrikes of the Pacific coast to
those of the South Atlantic States, is not without its importance in
the discussion of the subject. Pending the decision of this question,
however, I propose to retain the name of excubitoroides, as repre-
senting, whether as species or variety, a peculiar regional form,
which must be kept distinctly in mind. The comparatively greater
size of the bill in the Cape St. Lucas specimens is seen in other
species from this locality.

The intensity of the black front in this species varies considerably,
sometimes very distinct, and again entirely wanting. This may
probably be a character of the breeding season, the dulness of black
anterior to the eye, and the lighter color of the bill, having a close
relationship here, as in other species, to maturity, sex, and season.

The essential differences betAvcen this species and the G. excubitor,
of Europe, Avill be found in the diagnosis given under the generic
head. They are quite appreciable on a slight comparison.

Specimens examined, over one hundred in number. The more
important localities are the following : —

29 June, 1866.

450

REVIEW or AMERICAN BIRDS.

Smith-
Eoniaa

No.

Collec- Sex
tor's ', and
No. I Age.

Locality.

"When
Collected.

Received from

Collected by

5,504
5.505
8,721
39.4S.3
6,947
4,!)40
S,719

6.55
743

762

18.3.30
13, .302
38,420
38,423
35,403 1,729
5,066

49

37,005
26,438
26,437
40, .530

8,722
35,032
10,172
34,558
26,012
12,504

1,664
29,360

4,190
13,600
33,573
29,694

706
1,7.32

Petal uma, Cal.

" [cisco.

Presidi.1, San Fran-
San Francisco.
Santa Clara, Cal. ,
San Jo.se, Cal.
Tulare Valley.
Fort Tejon.
Fort Beaton, Id.
SteptoeValley,Utah.
Fort Laramie.
Laramie Peak.
Colorado Terr.
Donana, N. M.
Fort Whipple, Ar.
Cape St. Lucas.

"(San Nicolas).
Fort Rice, Dae.
Racine, Wis.
Chicago, 111.
Marion County, 111.
Mt. Carroll, 111.
Winnebago, 111.
Red Fork of Arkan-
Michigan. [sas.

Colima, Mex.
Charco Escondido,
Mexico. [Mex.

Mirador, Mt. Ori-
Oaxaca. [zaba.

April, 18.56.
May, 1856.

1860.
Mar. 12, '59.

1864.
May, 1864.

Nov.'u, '.5.').
Sept. S, '64

1859.
Oct. 1S59.

1865.

18.53.
June, 1864.

May 28, 'R4.
July, 1862.

Feb. 1863.
Mar. 1863.

Feb. 1864.
Nov. 1860.

I l___J '.__

(37,00.5.) 9.00; 12.60. (26,012.) With eggs.

E. Samuels.

Lt. Trowbridge.
Col. C.S. Bulk ley.
Dr. J. G. Cooper.
A. J. Gray.^on.
Lt. Williamson.
J. Xantus.
Lt. MuUan.
Capt. J. H. Simp-
Dr. Hitz. [son.

Chicago Ac. Sc.
Capt. J. Pope.
Dr. E. Coues.
J. Xantus.

Gen. A. Sully.
8. F. Baird.
rhicai.'o Ac. Sc.
R. Kenuicott.
H. Shinier.
J. W. Tolman.
Dr. Woodhou.se.
S. S. Haldeman.
J. Xantus.
Lt. Couch.
J. Gould.
Dr. Sartorius.
A. Sal 16.

E. T. Lorquin.

Dr. Heerraann.

J. Pears'iil. .

C. S. M'Carthy.

D. Thompson.

S. m! RotiihavA
[niflP

J. Taylor.

#

^^•

AMNH LIBRARY

100103241

/

/im-A

m^<t

Jmm

^

':.&:

;^

.*i*

y

%

^

^:*.^

f;-^-
%

i"-.'-' «<•

\i

^^*-^ffir1

&.>

^ -'^"^MMMffi-l

i^

^B

Sii:

,n,:.

5^

,^^:*V^"^;. •»><-*

k"^

Si^ai

*\

■^^

■ k".-

' ♦/7;>-Jiir^ >.*.■ tv\-,»

^Ss-

-:fe''