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REVIEW OF APPLIED ENTOMOLOGY.

SERIES B : MEDICAL AND VETERINARY.

VOL. IV.

[^ SEP IT '''^17 -^1

^'Crial iv.

THE REVIEW
OF APPLIED
ENTOMOLOGY

SERIES b: medical

AND VETERINARY.

VOL. IV.

ISSUED BY THE IMPERIAL
BUREAU OF ENTOMOLOGY.

LONDON :

SOLD BY

THE IMPERIAL BUREAU OF ENTOMOLOGY,
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1916.

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IMPERIAL BUREAU OF ENTOMOLOGY.

lionorarp Committee of n^anagemetit.

VISCOUNT HARCOURT, CJiainnan.

Lieutenant-Colonel A. W. Alcock, C.I.E., F.R.S., London School of

Tropical Medicine.
Mr. E. E. Austen, Entomological Department, British Museum

(Natural History).
Dr. A. G. Bagshawe, C.M.G., Director, Tropical Diseases Bureau.
Mr. E. C. Blech, C.M.G., Foreign Office.

Sir J. Rose Bradford, K.C.M.G., F.R.S., Secretary, Royal Society.
Surgeon- General Sir David Bruce, C.B., F.R.S., A.M.S.
Mr. J. C. F. Fryer, Entomologist to the Board of Agriculture and

Fisheries.
Dr. S. F. Harmer, F.R.S., Keeper of Zoology, British Museum

(Natural History).
Professor H. Maxwell Lefroy, Imperial College of Science and

Technology.
The Hon. Sir John McCall, M.D., Agent-General for Tasmania.
Dr. R. Stewart MacDougall, Lecturer on Agricultural Entomology,

Edinburgh University.
Sir John McFadyean, Principal, Royal Veterinary College, Camden

Town.
Sir Patrick Manson, G.C.M.G., F.R.S., Late Medical Adviser to the

Colonial Office.
Sir Daniel Morris, K.C.M.G., Late Adviser to the Colonial Office

in Tropical Agriculture.
Professor R. Newstead, F.R.S., Dutton Memorial Professor of

Medical Entomology, Liverpool University.
Professor G. H. F. Nuttall, F.R.S., Quick Professor of Protozoology,

Cambridge.
Professor E. B. Poulton, F.R.S., Hope Professor of Zoology, Oxford.
Lieutenant-Colonel Sir David Prain, CLE., C.M.G., F.R.S., Director,

Roval Botanic Gardens, Kew.
Mr. H. J. Read, C.B., C.M.G., Colonial Office.
The Honourable N. C. Rothschild.
Mr. Hugh Scott, Curator in Entomology, Museum of Zoology,

Cambridge.
Dr. A. E. Shipley, F.R.S., Master of Christ's College, Cambridge.
Sir Stewart Stockman, Chief Veterinary Officer, Board of Agri-
culture.
Mr. F. V. Theobald, Vice-Principal, South Eastern Agricultural

College, Wye.
Mr. C. Warburton, Zoologist to the Royal Agricultural Society of

England.

The Chief Entomologist in each of the Self-governing Dominions

is an ex officio member of the Committee.

©eneral Secrctar]^.

Mr. A. C. C. Parkinson (Colonial Office).

Director a»i& 3£Mtor.

Dr. Guy A. K. Marshall.

B56i6taiit Director.

Mr. S. A. Neave.

Head Oj^ce.— British Museum (Natural History), Cromwell Road,

London, S.W.7.
Publication Office. — 89, Queen's Gate, London, S.W.7.

ag(

3 11 line 50 for " Culicada milsomi "

read

" Culicada milsoni "

;5

12 „ 1 „ " Annual Report for
1914 "

>>

" Annual Report Vete-
rinary Dept. Gold
Coast for 1914."

13 ,

, 15 ,

, " Goniocetes comjJar "

5>

" Goniocotes compar "

18 ,

, 39 ,

, " rJiodiesense^^

l>

" rhodesiense "

23 ,

, 25 ,

, " Ser. A, "

it

" Ser. B, "

24 ,

, 25 ,

, " wenyAt "

ii

" wejiyAKt "

25 ,

, 41 ,

, " Pirnsky "

it

" Pirussky "

33 ,

, 45 ,

, •'ClUellus''

it

" Citellus "

46 ,

, 26 ,

, " 1 lb. "

ti

" 1 gal. "

51 ,

, 32 ,

, "Roberg"

»

" RCHBERG "

80 ,

, 18 ,

, " Omithodoros "

>>

" Ornithodorus "

145 ,

, 43 ,

, " Azelia''

>»

" Azelaria "

154 ,

, 38 ,

, " D. albipectus "

»

" D. albipictus '*

159 ,

, 34 ,

, "Dyar(H. C.)"

J>

" Dyar (H. G.) "

179 ,

, 4 ,

, " tapeiiella "

a

" tapetzella "

183 ,

, 11 ,

, "Sylvius''

a

" Silvius "

VOL. IV. Sep. B. Part 1.— pp. 1-16. JANUARY, 1016.

THE REVIEW
OF APPLIED
ENTOMOLOGY.

SERIES b: medical

AND VETERINARY.

ISSUED BY THE IMPERIAL
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LONDON I

DULAU & CO.. Ltd., 37. SOHO SQUARE, W.
Price 6cl. not.

All Rights Reserved.

IMPERIAL BUREAU OF ENTOMOLOGY.

l>onorarp Commime of rnanagetnetit*

RT. HON. LEWIS HARCOURT, M.P., Chairman.
Lieutenant-Colonel A. W. Alcock, C.I.E., F.R.S., London School of

Tropical Medicine.
Mr. E. E. Austen, Entomological Department, British Museum

(Natural History).
Dr. A. 6. Bagshawb, C.M.Gr., Director, Tropical Diseases Bureau.
"Mr. E. C. Blech, C.M.G., Foreign Office.

Sir J. Rose Bradford, K.C.M.G., F.R.S., Secretary, Royal Society.
Surgeon-General Sir David Bruce, C.B., F.R.S., A.M.S.
Mr. J. C. F. Fryer, Entomologist to the Board of Agriculture and

Fisheries.
Dr. S. F. Harmer, F.R.S., Keeper of Zoology, British Museum

(Natural History).
Professor H. Maxwell Lefroy, Imperial College of Science and

Technology.
The Hon. Sir John McCall, M.D., Agent-General for Tasmania.
Dr. R. Stewart MacDouqall, Lecturer on Agricultural Entomology,

Edinburgh University.
Sir John MoFadyean, Principal, Royal Veterinary College, Camden

Town.
Sir Patrick Manson, G.C.M.G., F.R.S., Late Medical Adviser to the

Colonial Office.
Sir Daniel Morris, K.C.M.G., Late Adviser to the Colonial Office

in Tropical Agriculture.
Professor R. Newstead, F.R.S., Dutton Memorial Professor of

Medical Entomology, Liverpool University.
Professor G. H. F. Nuttall, F.R.S., Quick Professor of Protozoology,

Cambridge.
Professor E. B. Poulton, F.R.S., Hope Professor of Zoology, Oxford.
Lieutenant-Colonel Sir David Prain, C.I.E., C.M.G., F.R.S., Director,

Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew.
Mr. H. J. Read, C.B., C.M.G., Colonial Office.
The Honourable N. C. Rothschild.

Mr. Hugh Scott, Curator in Zoology, Museum of Zoology, Cambridge.
Dr. A. E. Shipley, F.R.S., Master of Christ's College, Cambridge.
Sir Stewart Stockman, Chief Veterinary Officer, Board of Agriculture.
Mr. F. V. Theobald, Vice-Principal, South Eastern Agricultural

College, Wye.
Mr. C. Warburton, Zoologist to the Royal Agricultural Society of

England.
The Chief Entomologist in each of the Self-governing Dominions

is an ex officio member of the Committee.

©eneral SecretatB.
Mr. A. C. C. Parkinson (Colonial Office).

director anD £Mtor.
Mr. Guy A. E. Marshall.

Bssfdtant SXrector. B^eidtant Bdftor.

Mr. S. A. Neavb. Mr. W. North.

Head Office. — British Museum (Natural History), Cromwell Road,

London, S.W.
Publication Office.— 21, Elvaston Place, London, S.W.

IMPERIAL BUREAU OF ENTOMOLOGY.

REVIEW

OF

APPLIED ENTOMOLOGY.

Series B. ^^^^'^^^^^

( ^^^^^24 I9lfr

Vol. IV.]

BiSHOPP (F. C.) & Laake (E. W.). U.S. Bur. Entom. A Preliminary
Statement Regarding Wool Maggots of Sheep in the United States.

— Jl. Econ. Entom., Concord, viii, no. 5, October 1915, pp. 466-474.

The wool maggots, although pests of importance to sheep-owners,
have received practically no attention from investigators in the United
States. In the Southern States, Phormia regina is active throughout
the winter, though it may disappear for a few days during cold periods ;
it usually reaches its greatest abundance in the early spring, diminishing
as hot weather comes on. In the northern part of the country, this
fly is absent during the coldest weather, but is to be fomid in large
numbers during the spring and autumn, and in the extreme north is
abundant throughout the summer. The adults of P. regina emerge
when the temperatures are moderate in autumn and spring. In Texas,
infestations occur from the begimiing of lambing, which is about
1st December, to shearing time, from April to June. The cessation
of injury is due to some extent to the diminution of the numbers of
the fly, and especially to the removal of the wool. Lucilia sericata
occurs throughout the year in the Southern States, except in the coldest
seasons of the winter. It is not so plentiful, however, in late autumn,
early spring and in w^arm periods in mid-winter as is P. regina. The
adult Lucilia does not appear as early in the spring as that of P. regina.
Keproduction does not often take place in winter, even in the extreme
South. The adults are present throughout the sununer, though they
often diminish in numbers during excessively hot and dry periods.
In Texas, the winter is passed in the larval and pupal stages in the
soil or beneath carcases. L. sericata has a wide distribution in North
America. It is more closely associated with human habitations than
P. regina or Chrysomyia macellaria and is seldom seen far from houses.
In order to mitigate the injury due to these pests, it is essential that
greater care be exercised in destroying the carcases of animals or
burying them under at least two feet of earth. Treatment with borax
and other chemicals is not as satisfactory as burning. To prevent
infestation of the sheep after lambing, this should occur in winter
whenever practicable. Strains of hornless sheep should be developed

(C232) Wt.P. 12/91. 1500. 1.16. B.&F.Ltd. Gp.ll3.

in the United States, as the chances of injury are thereby reduced.
In treating infested sheep, the wool should be trimmed so as to allow
the insecticide full access. The trimming should be begun round the
outside of the infested area so as not to drive the maggots back into
the clean wool. A Hymenopterous parasite, probably Nasonia
brevicornis, Ashm., has been found to breed freely in a number of
carrion-infesting flies, including P. regina, Lucilia sericata and L. caesar.
Other parasites have been reared, but this is the most important one.
[See also this Review, Ser. B, iii, pp. 159-162.]

BucKLAND (J.). The Value of Birds to Man.— JL R Soc. Arts.,
London, Ixiii, no. 3284, 29th October 1915, pp. 999-1000.

The increase in numbers of Margaropus annulatus (Texas-fever
tick) in Jamaica during recent years is synchronous with the decrease
of insectivorous birds. In each of the 4 stages in the life-history of tliis
tick, it is exposed to the attack of birds. Examination of the stomach
contents of one bird showed the presence of 74 adult female ticks in
an engorged condition. The island of Jamaica is remarkably suitable
for the breeding of cattle, but experience has shown that all imported
animals succumb to tick-fever. It is therefore essential that, in some
way, the insectivorous birds should be encouraged to increase.

LtJTJE {—). Durch Fliegen und ihre Larven verursachte Erkrankungen.

[Diseases caused by Flies and their Larvae.] — Deulsch. Tierdrzt.
Wochenschr., Hamwver, xxiii, no. 46, 13th November 1915,
pp. 395-397, 7 figs.

In the summer of 1915 the plague of flies of various sorts in the
western theatre of operations was more serious than in the previous
year and the treatment of flesh wounds was complicated by their
presence. Myiasis in horses and cattle was also prevalent. An almost
epidemic disease of the external genitals made its appearance among
cows. A number of the larvae concerned were bred and proved to be
those of Wohlfartia (Sarcophaga) magnifica. A similar disorder, having
probably the same cause, has been found in ewes.

Cotton (E. C). The North American Fever Tick {Boophilns annulatus,
Say.) — Tennessee Univ. Agric. Expt. Sta., Knoxville, Bull. no. 113,
March 1915, pp. 33-77, 15 figs., 13 tables. [Received 29th
September 1915.]

The original Federal quarantine line was established along the
northern boundary of the region permanently infected with Texas
fever. In the eastern part of America this line followed closely the
isotherm of 59° F. In the more arid regions of the south-west it bent
sharply southward along the line of 60 per cent, humidity. Sporadic
outbreaks of fever occurred north of this line at irregular intervals,
always following the introduction of southern cattle. The parasitic
stages of Margaropus {Boophilus) annulatus are little affected by change
of air temperature. They require 7 to 9 days for larval engorgement,
5 to 10 days for nymphal engorgement and 4 to 14 days for the adult.

The non-parasitic stages vary with season and temperature. The
pre-oviposition period varies from 2 to 56 days, the oviposition period
from 9 to 122 days. Engorged adults are negatively phototropic.
The rate of oviposition varies with the temperature. Engorged adults
exposed to temperatures of 24° F. or lower may be killed by freezing.
Under dry conditions, they will survive at lower temperatures.
Experiment showed that all eggs exposed to a temperature of 2° F.
were killed. Within the humid portion of the tick area, humidity
is probably not an important factor in larval longevity when the eggs
hatch during the same season as they are laid. The average longevity
of larvae hatching from overwintering eggs is 94 days, that of larvae
from eggs hatching before winter is 176 days. Larvae are able to
survive the ordinary winter temperatures of the tick area, except
along the northern border. A temperature of 4° F. is fatal to all
larvae.

Chapin (R. M.). Studies on Changes in the Degree of Oxidation of Arsenic
in Arsenical Dipping Baths. — U.S. Dept. Agric, Washington, D.C.,
Bull. no. 259, 13th July 1915, 12 pp., 2 figs., 7 tables. [Received
5th October 1915.]

The changes taking place in the arsenic compounds of dipping fluids
are essentially brought about by the growth of micro-organisms, other
factors being relatively of little importance. As the result of experi-
ments carried out by the author during 1913, the following conclusions
were reached :■ — ^(1). No amount of arsenic which can reasonably be
used in a dipping bath is sufficient to retard to any appreciable degree
the rate of oxidation or of reduction, though a longer time is required
for the complete oxidation of a large amount of arsenic than for a
.small amount. (2). Under conditions favourable to reduction, the
action may progress with extraordinary rapidity, far overbalancing
any simultaneous opposing action of oxidising organisms. In such
■cases however the reducing organisms soon exhaust either their vitality
or the medium and thereafter are unable successfully to oppose the
action of the oxidising organisms. As soon as the dipping fluid is
used, oxidising and reducing organisms, together with nutrient matter
for either or both of these, are added. Frequent and abundant use
of the bath favours reduction ; limited and infrequent use favours
oxidation.

Further experiments upon the effectiveness of certain antiseptics
against the activity of the organisms gave the following results : —
(1) flotation of a millimetre of paraffin oil on the surface of
dipping baths during periods of disuse will measureably retard
oxidation by decreasing the rapidity of the diffusion of oxygen into
the fluid ; (2) cresylic acid, in admissible amounts, partially inhibits
the growth of oxidising organisms, a conclusion borne out by practical
experience with proprietary dips containing this substance ; (3)
formaldehyde is an effective antiseptic against both classes of organisms
and does not interfere with analytical methods for the determination
of arsenic.

The experiments of 1914 were directed to the determination of the
practical applicability of formaldehyde as a preservative against
(C232) a2

oxidation of dipping fluids in the vat. It was found that formaldehyde
solution (37 per cent.) used in the proportion of 1 gal. to every 1,500
gals, of fluid in the vat was a safe and effective means of reducing
oxidation to a low figure. Since there seems to be no evidence that
oxidation is ever likely to progress so far as to result in injury to cattle,
the question of the use of formaldehyde is purely an economic one.
In most cases it will probably be cheaper to allow some of the arsenic
to be wasted by oxidation.

BiSHOPP (F. C). Fleas.-- C/.aS. Dept. Agric., Washington, D.C., Bull,
no. 248, 14th August 1915, 31 pp., 9 figs.

Fleas in the adult stage are almost exclusively parasitic on warm-
blooded animals. Adults normally feed once a day or possibly oftener.
Certain species show a marked tendency to infest certain portions of
the host, and in the case of inoculation of an animal with plague bacilli
by a flea, it has been observed that there is a relationship between the
point of attack and the formation of the swellings. The number of
eggs deposited by a single female varies with the species, the abundance
of food and climatic conditions. The egg-stage lasts from 2 to 12 days.
The food of the larvae of nearly all species consists partly of blood
voided by the adult, partly of particles of animal or vegetable origin.
The total period from the deposition of the egg to the emergence of
the adult, in tests with the dog flea conducted during the summer at
Washington, ranged from 17 to 35 days. A table showing the relative
lengths of the life-cycle of fleas in different countries is given. This
duration is influenced by food, temperature and humidity. [See this
Review, Ser. B, ii, pp. 62-64.] In nearly all cases breeding places are
closely associated with the resting places of the host. A marked
seasonal variation is shown in the abundance of fleas in any country.
In the United States human fleas are prevalent during the summer.
In India there is a marked decrease in numbers at the approach of the
hot season. Variation from year to year is due to weather conditions ;
in the United States years of greatest abundance may coincide with a
summer rainfall which is above the normal. In those portions of the
country where mild winters and comparatively humid summer con-
ditions prevail, fleas are most abundant. Sandy soil is most suitable
for breeding, as it provides the most uniform conditions of moisture.
The movements of fleas are of little importance in spreading the species.
Dispersal is effected by the movement of the host, by the scattering
of the eggs and by the carriage of adults or immature stages in
merchandise.

The following species are capable of carrying bubonic plague :—
XenopsijUa cheo2yis, Roth. (Indian rat flea), Ceratojjhyllus fasciahis,
Bosc. (European rat flea), Pidex irritans, L. (human flea), Leptopsylla
musculi, Duges (European mouse flea), Ctenocephalus cams, Curtis
(dog flea), C. felis, Bouche (cat flea), Hoplopsyllus anomalus, Baker,
and Ceraiojjhylliis acutus, Baker (squirrel fleas), C. anisus. Roth., and
Pygiopsylla ahalae, Roth, (rat fleas). The human flea is largely
dependent on man as a host, although in Europe it seems to thrive
on the badger and in the United States is commonly found on the
skunk. Pigs and rats also serve as temporary hosts. EcJiidnophaga
gaUinacea (chicken flea) is widely distributed in the tropics and warm

temperate regions. In the United States it occurs in the southern
and south-western parts, and appears to be spreading. Dermatophilns
'penetrans, L. (chigger flea), occurs in Florida, West Indies, Mexico,
South America, East Africa and Madagascar.

Natural means of control are afforded by hot, dry weather, the direct
rays of the sun in summer and excessive moisture in the breeding places.
Certain Staphylinids prey on the adults, and in Texas, ants attack the
eggs and larvae. Among artificial methods, the use of alum has given
good results in China. This substance is added to the whitewash or
calcimine used on the Avails, paper is dipped in a solution of alum
and put under rugs and matting, and powdered alum is sprinkled on
carpets or other floor covering and swept in. Light traps have been
used in certain cases against the adults. These traps consist of a
tumbler three parts full of water with about an inch of olive oil on
the top on which a wick floats. This is set in the middle of a soup
plate filled with strong soapsuds and placed on the floor of the
bedroom at night. As a repellant, oil of pennyroyal is widely used.
Menthol, camphor, 3 per cent, solution of carbolic acid and hydrogen
peroxide relieve the inflammation caused by the bites.

Richardson (C. H.). Fly control on the College Farm. — Rep. Entom.
Deft., New Jersey Agric. Coll. Expt. Sta., for 1914, Paterson, 1915,
pp. 3S2-399. [Received 12th November' 1915.]

Investigations during 1914 were largely directed to a study of the
fly fauna of a typical New Jersey farm, especially of those species
which frequent milk and are thus possible carriers of infectious diseases.
The work on larvicides was continued with a view to discovering new
materials and to formulating new methods of control. Milk-baited
traps were regularly visited between May and October by the following
species :• — CaUijjhora erijthrocephala, Meig., Lucilia sericafa, Meig.,
Pliormia regina, Meig., Musca domestica, L., Muscina stahulans. Fall.,
and Fannia canicularis, L. Less abundant species were :■ — Ravinia
communis, Parker, R. latisetosa^ Parker, Sarcopliaga bullala, Mans.,
S. haemorrhoidalis, Meig., S>. helicis. Town., Pollenia rudis, F., Cynomyia
cadaver ina, Desv., Lucilia caesar, L., Morellia micans, Macq.,
Graphomyia americana, Desv., Muscina assimilis. Fall., Ophyra
leucostoma, Wied., Fannia scalar is, F., and Scatophaga stercoraria, L.
An effort was made to locate the breeding places of the different species.
Judging by the number of species bred, cow manure was the most
important producer of flies, chicken manure the least important.
Under ordinary conditions, horse manure breeds the largest numbers
of house-flies. The latter also hatched from cow, pig and chicken
manure. They did not breed in cow manure in the field, but only
when it was mixed with straw. Chicken manure offered a breeding
place for house-flies only when moist. About one-half the species
which were regularly attracted to milk were bred from various kinds
of manure and are therefore liable to be a source of contamination to
milk when it is improperly protected.

The work on larvicides consisted largely of an attempt to find new
chemicals suitable to control house-fly larvae in manure. None of
the compounds except borax, iron sulphate and mercuric chloride
were effective at the strengths tested. Mercuric chloride is a violent

poison at the strength of 1 part to 50 of water, but is too expensive
for general use. None of the three compounds was of sufficient
strength to kill all the larvae and some always reached the pupal stage.
One apparently healthy adult emerged from a borax and iron sulphate
dish. Outdoor experiments with iron sulphate showed that the lar\'ae
can be killed if this substance is carefully mixed with the manure.
Surface treatment of manure heaps with iron sulphate does not result
in total elimination of the larvae. The fertilising value of the manure
did not appear to be seriously harmed. Pyroligneous acid had no
effect on any stages of development. Fly breeding in horse stables
was practically eliminated by the use of iron sulphate. No breeding
was observed to take place in old compost heaps. Ammonia was not
given off from these in a perceptible quantity, nor did they possess
the characteristic odour of fresh manure. These observations suggest
that the female fly may be attracted to fresh manure either by the
odour of ammonia or by the foecal odour. Experiments conducted
at a time when flies were abundant indicated that the attractiveness
of ammonia was slight. Alcohol extract of manure was attractive
to larger numbers of flies than water or ether extract, because it con-
tained the largest quantity of the compounds which produce the foecal
odour, namely, skatol and indol ; these substances deserve a trial as
baits for fly traps, although their present cost would probably limit
their use to dilute solutions.

All manure from horse and cow sheds was placed daily in cement
pits and these were emptied, with a few exceptions, at least once a
week. Chicken manure, in the one instance in which it was infested
by larvae, was treated with unslaked lime and water, which raised the
temperature to 140° F. and killed the larvae. This procedure camiot
be recommended, as it undoubtedly drives off most of the ammonia
from the manure. Sulphur was used for fumigation against adult flies
on a number of occasions.

Headlee (T. H.). Report on the Mosquito Work for 1914. — Rept.

Entom. Dept., Neiv Jersey Agric. Coll. Expt. Sta., for 1914,
Paterson, 1915, pp. 401-466. [Received 12th November 1915.]

During 1914 considerable attention was devoted to salt-marsh
mosquito control. The long-continued low temperature at the
beginning of the season delayed the development of the early spring
brood. The principal species in this brood was Aedes cantator,
Coq., but in the southern parts of the State it was associated with
A. sollicifans, Wlk. In wooded areas, this brood remained in evidence
for about eight weeks. From the emergence of the early brood until
the 15th July, the number of mosquitos from the drained salt-marsh
was negligible and the number from the undrained marshes only
normal. After this date the tides became high and did not resume
their former level until 25th July. A second brood occurred towards
the end of this period. The members of this brood which emerged
from the undrained and incompletely drained marshes spread through
the pines and farm land for more than 30 miles from the coast. The
brood which issued during the latter half of July from the undrained
marshes of South Jersey was augmented and replaced by later ones
and continued troublesome throughout August and September.

Large numbers of Culex pipiens, L., and C. salinarius, Coq., hatched
out about the middle of July from the polluted marshes of north-
western Newark Bay. The flights of C. pipiens from the breeding
places only ceased when these dried up owing to the weather and
additional drainage. A detailed account of the drainage work carried
out in 1914 is given.

Mason (F. E.). Report of the Veterinary Pathologist.— ^nn. Rept.for
1914, Velerinary Service, Ministry of Agric, Egypt, Cairo, 1915,
pp. 24-40. [Received 7th October 1915.]
During 1914 cases of a disease having the characteristics of East
Coast fever were detected in Sudanese cattle. The disease always
declared itself within three weeks of the date of arrival. No cases
were found in Sudanese cattle which had been kept longer than that
period in quarantine. Systematic collection of ticks from the cattle
at various points on their journey showed that, even before arsenical
dippings were carried out at Haifa, the species of ticks capable of
carrying East Coast fever did not often remain on the cattle further
north than Luxor and were rarely found on arrival at Cairo. In
affected cattle, Koch's blue bodies were found in the spleen, lymphatic
glands, liver and kidneys. The author hesitates to diagnose the disease
as East Coast fever, on the ground that these bodies are apparently
not specific of this fever. In Egyptian fever, a disease affecting cattle,
bodies indistinguishable from Koch's bodies have been found, and
the disease at the same time presents peculiarities sufficient to
differentiate it from East Coast fever. A form of piroplasmosis occurs
in Sudanese sheep in which similar blue bodies are found. It has also
been encountered in Syrian and Egyptian sheep and has been reproduced
from the latter by blood inoculation into lambs. In the majority of
cases of Egyptian fever, the course of the disease resembles that of
Texas fever. Observations during the past three years show that the
disease is widespread in Egypt, being apparently more prevalent in
Lower Egypt, and occurring also among Sudanese cattle. Fatal cases
of Egyptian fever are rarely met with. The blood may show a heavy
infection, 80 to 90 per cent, of the corpuscles containing four or five
parasites each. Haemoglobinuria has been obsei-ved. Autopsy
shows minute ulcers in the intestine, enlarged lymph glands and
frequently an enlarged spleen. The species of tick associated with
outbreaks of this fever is Margaropus annulatus.

Experiments on the subcutaneous injection of virulent cattle plague
blood to produce immunity were continued, with the result that doubly
inoculated cattle were proved to withstand the injection of doses
ranging from 2 to 10 cc. at periods of two and two and a half years
after the date of their immunisation. Up to the present no animal
has developed cattle plague out of 731 tested in the above way, although
some developed Texas or Egyptian fever.

Castellani (A.) & Jackson (T. W.). Notes on certain insecticides.

— Jl. Trop. Med. Hyg., London, xviii, no. 22, 15th November

1915, pp. 253-255.

The results of a number of experiments carried out in Serbia are

given. The substances found to be efficient against Pediculus humanus,

L., {corporis, de Geer) in order of efficiency, were : Kerosene oil,

8

vaseline, guaicol, anise preparations, iodoform, lysol, cyllin and
similar preparations, carbolic acid solution, napthalinc and camphor.
Pyrethnmi has a very feeble action on lice, while boric acid, corrosive
sublimate and zinc sulphate, when used in powder form, have
apparently no action whatever. This was also the case with pre-
cipitated sulphur in powder form, even when mixed with sebaceous
human secretion. Kerosene oil was the best for bed-bugs and guaicol
comes next. Substances which have a powerful action on lice, may
have little or no action upon bed-bt gs and rice versa. Iodoform kills
lice \\'ithin 10-15 minutes, but bed-bugs may live for more than 24
hours when exposed to it ; it has also very little effect on fleas.
P}Tethrum, on the other hand, has a much more powerful action on
bed-bugs than on lice. For use against lice on a large scale, such as
among troops and prisoners, naphthaline is perhaps the best insecticide.
For the better class of patients, menthol powder is to be preferred to
naphthaline in most cases, as its odour is not displeasing, while it is
repellent to mosquitos, in addition to lice and fleas ; it is especially
useful in summer and in hot countries, as it has a cooling effect on the
skin and often prevents prickly heat.

McEachran (J. F.) &HiLL (G. F.). Investigations into the Cause of
Worm Nodules (Onchocerca gibsoni) in Cattle, at Darwin, Northern
Territory, Australia. — Melbourne, [1915], 8 pp. [Received 3rd
November 1915].

Investigation of cattle at Darwin showed that almost every individual
was infected with worm nodules, the buffalos alone appearing to be
exempt.

The following blood-sucking insects have been recorded in the
vicinity of Darwin :• — Tabanidae : Tabanus gtegarius, Erich.,
T. nigrifarsis, Taylor, T. linealns, Taylor, T. cinerescens, Macleay,
T. brevivitta, Walk., Silvius sordidus, Taylor ; ]\Iuscidae : Stomoxys
c^lciirans, L., Lyperosia exigita, de Meijere ; Chironomidae :
Culicoides subnitidvs, Skuse ; Culicidae : Ochlerotatns {Culicelsa)
vigilax, Skuse, 0. annuUrostris, Skuse, Anopheles {Myzorhynchus)
bancrofti, Giles, Taeniorhynchiis {Chrysoconops) acer, Walker;
Anoplura : Haemuiopinus tuberculatus Burm. ; Ixodidae :
Margarojms [Boophilus) aitstralis, Fuller. Experiments were performed
to test whether imported cattle free from 0. gibsoni could become
infected by grazing with infected cattle and to ascertain the role played
by insects in carrying 0. gibsoni. The following conclusions were
reached :■ — (1) Local cattle may become infected with worm nodules
a few months after birth. Cattle from Victoria, where nodules are
very rarely present, may, by grazing with infected cattle, become
infected within six months. No evidence ca]i be adduced regarding
the mode of infection. (2) The housing arrangements of calves were
such that biting and flying insects had ready access to the
animals. The fact that they were not aft'ected during the seven or
eight months period of exposure indicates that the intermediate
host is not a biting or flying insect, and even an ordinary skin
parasite, such as Haematopinus tuberculatus, which travels a short
distance, may be eliminated. (3) The negative results obtained point

9

to the probability of the intermediate host being in the ground. The
pens were floored with concrete and the experimental calves had no
opportunity of lying on ground where infected cows had previously
been. Part of the life-history of the parasite may be passed
on or in the ground.

It is suggested that a series of experiments on similar lines should
be commenced at a later period of the year, from June to December.
Such experiments would determine whether cattle become infected
at a period when biting flies are not numerous. A special study
should be made of the biting flies of the territory, particular
attention being paid to those which attack buffalo and also terrestrial
insects which may be possible vectors.

DiGUET (L.). Nouvelles observations sur le mosquero ou nid d'araignees
sociales employe comme piege a mouches dans certaines localites
du Mexique. [Further observations on the mosquero or nest of
gregarious spiders used as a fly-trap in some localities of
Mexico.] — Bull. Son. Nat. Acclimat., Paris, Ixii, no. 8, August 1915,
pp. 240-249, 4 figs.

Coenotele gregalis, E. Simon, is the spider whose nest is employed
as a fly-trap in certain parts of Mexico [see this Review, Ser. B, iii,
p. 151]. The Drassid spider, Poecilochroa convictrix, E. Simon, and a
minute Clavicorn beetle, Corticaria nidicola, Grouv., are commensals.
AVhere the latter was absent, its place was taken by migratory ants,
which perform the same duties of cleaning the nest. P. convictrix
attacks the larger victims in the web.

Laveran (A.). Comment le bouton d'Orient se propage-t-il? [How
does Biskra boil spread l\ — Ann. Inst. Pasteur, Paris, xxix, no. 9,
September 1915, pp. 415-439.

Man and certain animals can be inoculated with Biskra boil, which
often develops on accidental lesions of the skin and can be conveyed
by infected towels. As the boils appear on those portions of the body
which are not clothed, winged insects seem to be the carriers ;
mosquitos and PJdebotomus being especially under suspicion ; bed-
bugs have also been suspected. It is quite possible that biting insects
may play an important role, not by directly inoculating the virus, but
by causing minute lesions which serve as entrances for it. In countries
where the disease is endemic, the house-fly seems more adapted for
conveying Leishmania than blood-sucking insects, though conveyance
would be purely mechanical, as Leishmania tropica does not appear to
develop in the house-fly. As regards an animal reservoir of the virus,
the dog, alone, seems likely to play this role in regions where cutaneous
canine Leishmaniasis is common, as at Teheran. Elsewhere, the
patients seem to form the sole reservoir of the virus. L. tropica may
include varieties and transmission may differ in different zones of
endemicity, and this may explain why observations carried out in
India do not agree with others made in Algeria. The foot-notes to
this paper include 67 references.

10

Stedefeder ( — ). Der Bremsenschwindel der Schafe {Oestrus ovis)^
[Sheep staggers {Oestrus ovis).] — Berliner Tierdrztl. Wochenschr.,
Berlin, xxxi, no. 46, 18th November 1915, pp. 541-544, 3 figs.
In 1860 there were 28 million sheep in Germany ; these decreased
to rather more than five million in 1913, in which year the total wool
imports amounted to £21,750,000. Owing to the restriction of imports
due to the war, the prevalence of sheep staggers, which was particularly
noticeable in 1915, is a serious matter. Oestrid larvae were present
in some mild cases of staggers which took the form of a catarrh and
ended with the expulsion of the larvae. In some other cases, in which
a severe meningitis was present as well as a catarrh, no larvae were
found in the brain capsule, though bacteria were abundant. The
meningitis must be therefore considered to be due to bacteria and not
to Oestrid larv^ae, which have hitherto been thought to be the causal
agents. A bibliography of six works is given.

Bekampfung der Lause in Pferdebestanden : Merkblatt ftir die
preussische Armee. [Combating lice in horse lines : Instruction
sheet for the Prussian army.] — Berliner Tierdrtzl. Wochenschr.,
Berlin, xxxi, no. 46, 18th November 1915, p. 547
The following preparations have proved successful in killing lice
on horses : — (1) Grey mercury ointment, not more than 150 grains at
each application, may be rubbed in either alone or mixed with oil or
soft soap ; it must be brushed over the whole body with the horse-
brush, care being taken near the eyes ; (2) an infusion of tobacca
(1 to 25 or 30) with or without the addition of vinegar — this is
poisonous ; (3) a mixture of 1 part petroleum to 10 of methylated
spirit or equal parts of petroleum and rape-seed oil ; (4) a 2 to 3 per
cent, solution of creolin in water or a 3 per cent, solution of liquor
kresoli saponatus ; both these solutions must be brushed in ; (5)
Sabadilla vinegar, 1 : 20 — this is poisonous and should be well rubbed
in at strongly infested spots only; (6) fish oil may be used in the
same way as (5) ; (7) in case of need the horse may be washed with
soapy water and while the coat is still damp, finely sifted beech ashes
or peat ashes may be dusted on and well brushed in. To prevent the
eggs from hatching, infested spots should be repeatedly washed with
vinegar, which will dissolve the egg-shells. All the above are sufficient
to kill the lice, but in obstinate cases, arsenicals may be resorted to.
In any case, success depends on repeated applications, at five-day
intervals. Where the horse lines are permanent, the exercise of
cleanliness in every direction will contribute to a satisfactory result.

Taylor (F. H.). Half-yearly Reports from 1st July to 31st December

1914 and from 1st January to 30th June 1915. — Aus-tralian Institute

of Trojncal Medicine, Townsville, Queensland, 10 and 11 pp.

[Received 27th October 1915.]

As the result of an expedition to the northern ports of Queensland,

the expenses of which were met by a grant of £100 from the Quarantine

Department, with the object of mapping the distribution of Stegomyia

fasciata, F., it was found that this mosquito occurs in all the ports of

North Queensland, especially Normanton and Thursday Island.

A new species of Culex was found in Normanton and the distribution

of several known forms considerably extended. Aedes {Skusea)

11

uniformis, Theo., previously known from India was found in Cairns.
Many of the species collected at Port Darwin were previously known
only from Southern Australia, and three species had not previously
been recorded from the mainland, namely, Hodgesia triangulata,
originally described from Papua, Ochlerotatus (Reedomyia) pajnpan-
gensis from the Philippine Islands, and Taeniorhynchus {Chrysoconops)
aurites from West Africa, the Philippines and China, thus connecting
the mosquitos of Australia with those of the East. Among those from
Port Douglas, were the male of Anopheles {Myzorhynchus) harhirostris
var. bancrofti and the new species of Culex, which has spotted wdngs.
Experiments are in progress to determine the life-cycle of Stegomyia
fasciata, as it is of great importance to know this for different periods
of the year in view of a possible outbreak of yellow fever in Queens-
land. The following species were collected : — From Port Darwin :
Anopheles harhirostris var. hancrofti, Giles, Anopheles {NyssorhyncJius)
annulipes, Walk., Stegomyia fasciata, ¥., S. scutellaris, Walk., Mime-
teomyia (S.) hilli, Taylor, Pseudoskusea basalis, Taylor, Macleaya
tremula, Theo., Ochlerotatus {Scutomyia) notoscriptus, Sloise, var.,
0. (Reedomyia) pampangensis, Ludlow, 0. {Culicelsa) vigilax, Skuse,
0. (C.) paludis, Taylor, 0. {Culex) occidentalis, Skuse, Culex fatigans,
Wied., Culex tigripes, Grp., C. sitiens, Wied., Mansonioides [Taenior-
hynchus) uniformis, Theo., Taeniorhynchus hrevicellulus {Chrysoconops
acer. Walk.), T. {Chrysoconops) aurites, Theo., ^e^es {Skusea) funerea,
Theo., and Hodgesia triangulata, Taylor.

From Port Douglas : A. harhirostris var. bancrofti, A. annulipies,
S. fasciata, 0. vigilax, C. fatigans, Culex sp. n;

Additional species collected by the author in northern ports,
included :■ — Mucidus alternans, Westw., Mimeteomyia atripes, Skuse,
{S. punctolateralis, Theo.), Pseudoskusea basalis, Taylor, Ochlerotatus
{Scutomyia.) notoscriptus, Skuse, Macleaya tremula, Theo., Finlaya
poicilia, Theo., Aedes {Skusea) funerea, Theo., and A. {S.) uniformis^
Theo.

In the second half year, investigation into the spread and distribution
of S. fasciata, C. fatigans and A. annulipes were completed. S. fasciata
is prevalent in the coastal towns, C. fatigans is not so widely distributed,
while A. annulipes was absent in some places.

The ticks collected comprised specimens of Margaropus {Boophilus)
australis. Fuller, Amhlyomma triguttatum, Koch, and A. trimaculatum,
Luc, the two latter being from reptiles. A collection sent by Dr.
E. W. Ferguson of Sydney contained specimens of Culex frenchi,
Theo., Ochlerotatus {Cidicada) cum.pstoni, Taylor, andO. {Culicada) annu-
lipes, Taylor, which had previously been recorded from New South
Wales. Specimens of Mimeteomyia atripes, Skuse, a species described
in 1888, were discovered by Dr. Ferguson at Milsom Island, and
by Mr. W. A. Thompson at Blackheath, New South Wales.

In addition to the routine work, a paper was published entitled :
" Contributions to a knowledge of Australian Culicidae, No. 11,"
which contains the descriptions of the following new mosquitos : — ■
Mimeteomyia {Stegomyia) quasiornata, Neomacleaya australis, Culex
mossmani and C. normanensis from Queensland, and Culicada milsomi
from New South Wales, besides additional records for previously
known forms. The male of Anopheles harhirostris var. hancrofti is
also described for the first time.

12

Beal (W. r.). Annual Report for i9U.— London, 1915, 18 pp.,
3 plates, 9 tables, 1 map. [Received 2ud November 1915.]

Glossina sp., Tabanus taeniola, T. biguUatus, and a number of un-
determined Tabanidae were captured during the year. An epidemic
of verminous enteritis occurred among sheep brought from Senegal.
The worms found in the stomach were Spiroptera microstoma or
macrostoma {Habronema muscae) and are transmitted by the house-fly.
The embryos of the worm pass out with the faeces and then enter the
bodies of fly larvae which have hatched from eggs deposited on the
dung or moist litter. The young worm reaches its final stage of
development about the time the adult fly emerges. The worm
passes out of the fly on to the horse when the former settles on
the muzzle or the body, is licked in by the horse and passes into
the stomach. It lives on the mucous membrane and also burrows
channels in it.

Seidelin (H.). Distribution and Prevalence [of Yellow Fever].—

Yelloiv Fev. Bur. Bull., Liverpool, ill, no. 4, August 1915,
pp. 259-260. [Received 12th November 1915.]

The number of yellow fever cases reported during the years 1913
and 1914 show a marked decrease. During the past four years, the
only large epidemic outbreak occurred in Tocopilla, Chile, in 1912.
No endemic focus of any importance has been eradicated during the
years of observation, except possibly in Northern Brazil. Renewed
investigations tend to confirm Sir Rubert Boyce's contention that a
widespread endemic prevalence of yellow fever is present in West
Africa, and it is probable that similar investigations in other yellow
fever countries will lead to similar results.

Seidelin (H.). Town Planning in the Tropics with special Regard to
the Prevention of Yellow Fewer.— Yellow Fev. Bur. Bull., Liverpool,
iii, no. 4, August 1915, pp. 260-266. [Received 12th November
1915.]

An efficient prophylaxis against yellow fever consists in a complete
extermination of the transmitting mosquitos. As long as there is any
doubt as to whether one or several species, in additioi to Stegomyia
fasciata, are able to act as transmitters, it is advisable to destroy all
mosquitos. These, in the first instance, should be prevented from
gaining access to quarters inhabited by non-immunes. The simplest
method is the screening of such quarters. The problem of the segre-
gation of a European settlement in connection with a native town is
discussed, and the British and Spanish methods of town-planning
shortly described.

Herrick (CI. W.). Some external Parasites of Poultry, with special
Reference to Mallophaga, with Directions for their Control.—

Cornell Univ. Agric. Expt. Sta., Ithaca, N. Y., Bull. 359, April
1915, pp. 233-268, figs. 95-116. [Received 18th November 1915.]

The presence of lice on domestic fowls causes an irritation which
eventually weakens the host and gives opportunity for further diseases

13

to attack the bird. The incubation period of the eggs seems to vary
considerably ; in Menopon pallidum hatching probably occurs in
from 6 to 10 days after oviposition, while in Nitzschia jMlicaris from
13 to 20 days are required. The adult of M. pallidum has been kept
alive for 9 months. A list of species of Mallophaga infesting various
domestic fowls is given, including : — Menopon pallidum, Nitzsch
(common hen louse), M. biseriatum., Piaget (large hen louse), Li'peurus
variabilis, Nitzsch, L. heterographiis, Nitzsch, Goniocotes hologaster,
Nitzsch (lesser chicken louse), G. gigas, Tasch. (large chicken louse),
and Goniodes dissimilis, Nitzsch, on Gallus domesticus ; Lipeurus
jejunus, Nitzsch, L. anseris, Gurlt, Docophorus icterodes, Nitzsch, and
L. squalidus, Nitzsch, on the goose ; Goniodes stylifer, Nitzsch, and
L. polytrapezius, Nitzsch, on the turkey ; Goniodes yavonis, L. {falci-
coi-nis, Nitzsch), on the peacock ; Lipeurus baculus, Nitzsch, and
Goniocetes compar, Nitzsch, on the pigeon. Less common species are :
Trinoton luridum, Nitzsch, on the duck, T. conspurcatum, Nitzsch,
and T. lituratum, Nitzsch, on the goose, and Menopon phaeostomum,
Nitzsch, on peafowl.

Dermanyssus gallinae, de Geer (the poultry mite), has been reported
from England, France, Italy, South Africa, Brazil, and all parts of the
United States. The incubation period of the eggs varies from 3 to 5
days. Several generations occur during the warm season. Cerato-
phyllus gallinae and Echidnophaga gallinacea (fowl fleas), Trombidium
sp. (harvest mite) and the tick, Haemaphysalis chordeilis, Pack., which
infests turkeys, are also recorded. The last-named species has been
recorded in Massachusetts and Vermont, where the death of turkeys
has occurred as the result of their attacks. The species may be the
same as the one which infests grouse in these districts. Methods
for controlling these parasites are described. [See this Revieiv,
Ser. B, iii, pp. 158 and 159.]

HaciaB/ieHie flnn iicTpeOneHifl nnaiAHbixTj BLueii. [Instructions for
the destruction of clothes-lice.] — « MSBtCTifl BcepocciPiCKaro
Coioaa ropOAOB'b.» [Bulletins of the AU-Russian Union of
Towns], Moscow, no. 18, October 1915, pp. 58-60.

These instructions, issued, by the Military Sanitary Board, recom-
mend the destruction of lice by the application of high temperature
to infested clothes, etc. As this is not always practicable on active
service in the field, resort must be had to chemical remedies, of which
the best is : a mixture of 65 parts of naphtha-soap with 35 parts of
technical cresol or, in the absence of this, with 10 per cent, of crude
carbolic acid in a 10 per cent, water solution (a 10 per cent, solution
of the naphtha and cresol soaps is obtained by dissolving 30 lb. of
them in 27 gallons of water). Lice in linen are destroyed by soaking
it in one of the above solutions and hanging it out to dry. Clothes are
brushed with a brush moistened in the above solutions, particularlv
along the seams and folds, and after the cloth has dried it may be
brushed again so as to remove the dead parasites. The application
of this solution is a safeguard against the parasites for some time.

14

Scott (J. W.). Insect Transmission of Swamp Fever. — Science,
Lancaster, Pa., xlii, no. 1088, 5th November 1915, p. 659.

During the summer of 1914, a case of swamp fever was obtained
experimentally by the author, and the conditions of the experiment
showed that the disease was contracted through the agency of biting
in'^ects. This serious and destructive blood disease of the horse has
been reported from France, Germany and Japan, and is widely dis-
tributed in North America. It occurs from near sea-level to at least
9,000 feet, usually in swampy regions, but has been also reported from
wooded districts. The disease shows a seasonal distribution, reaching
a maximum in late summer or early autumn. In France it was
supposed that natural transmission was by drinking water con-
taminated with urine or faeces from an infected horse. Experiments
conducted at Wyoming in this direction during 1912-13 gave negative
results. Later investigations carried out by the author in the attempt
to find some external agent which acted as a carrier of the disease led
him to the belief that the stable-fly [Stomoxys calcifrans] was responsible
for transmission. This conclusion was based on the following reasons :
(1) Stable-flies were observed to attack the horses repeatedly and in
large numbers ; (2) negative results of other experiments showed that
mosquitos were not responsible ; (3) house-flies do not bite, and other,
flies present in the experimental cages did not attack the horses so far
as could be observed.

FuscHiNi (C). Ancora sulla distruzione delle mosche. [A further
note on the destruction of flies.] — Riv. Vide. Enol. Agrar.,
Conegliano, xxi, no. 18, 15th September 1915, pp. 425-426.

To destroy flies, bread, in slices from I to | of an inch thick, dried
in the sun to increase its absorbent properties, is soaked in a 10 per
cent, solution of commercial formalin to which a little milk has been
added. The slices are laid on plates or pieces of paper, in the places
where the flies are most abundant. Within a quarter of an hour the
flies begin to die ; owing to the action of formalin, the bodies dry
rapidly without putrefying.

Carpaxo (M.). La febbre della costa Mediterranea ; Piroplasmosi tipo
"parvum" nei bovini del basso bacino del Mediterraneo. [Medi-
terranean coast fever; piroplasmosis of the " parui^m " type in
cattle of the lower basin of the Mediterranean.] — Ann. Igiene
Speriment., Turin, xxv, no. 4, 1915, pp. 343-410, 18 figs., 2 plates.

In the Italian colony of Libya, as in the whole lower basin of the
Mediterranean, a disease of cattle occurs which is especially serious
in imported animals ; the symptoms resemble those of African East
Coast fever and tropical piroplasmosis. It is stated to be due to
Theileria parva and Piro'plasma annidatum, and is called Mediterranean
Coast fever by the author, who was sent by the Italian Ministry of War
to study it. On the coast of Libya the natives are not acquainted
with this fever, owing to its very mild and sporadic character in the
indigenous animal. Imported cattle, chiefly those from regions where

15

the disease does not occur, are the most affected. Serbian cattle
imported for the troops became infected about 30 days after their
arrival and some died in a few days ; in no case did the native animals,
among which they had been placed, suffer in any way. Piroplasmosis
did not, however, occur in imported animals which were kept segregated
from native animals, in localities free from ticks. Animals from
Tunisia, Sardinia and south Italy, under the same local conditions,
only contracted the disease in a mild form. Young animals are more
susceptible than old ones and females more than males. The epizootic
began in spring and reached its maximum in July — the time of year
when ticks are most abundant. The losses were considerable, as most
of the infected animals died. Among the Serbian cattle, the disease
affected about 100 per cent, of the animals and resulted in a mortality
of about 90 per cent. The parasites concerned are described, viz : —
(1) Theileria parva vel Piro])lasnia parvum vel P. bacilUforme, the agent
of Rhodesian fever or African Coast fever, which is considered
identical with the one studied by the author in Eritrea ; (2)
Piroplasma annulatum ' vel P. tropicum, the agent of tropical
piroplasmosis or Transcaucasian piroplasmosis. The disease is
transmitted by a tick, which is almost certainly Hyalomma
aegyptium, the only Ixodid commonly met with on the Libyan
coast, where it also infests horses, mules, donkeys and camels ;
on these animals, as on cattle, it is found only in the adult stage.
The larval and nymphal stages are passed, according to some authors,
on wild animals, probably on a squirrel, Funambnlus palmanim
and on a hare, Lepus nigricollis. As two species of parasite are
associated in causing the disease, H. aegyjotiimi must, for the present,
be held to transmit both of them, as no other tick Avas observed.
Experimental transmission by means of infected blood was the subject
of many tests and, among other results, they confirmed the fact that
both the micro-organisms in question are simultaneously concerned
in the disease. The restriction of imports to those breeds of cattle
which are least susceptible is one of the preventive measures advised,
while others aim at isolation from sources of tick-infestation.

EoDHAiN (J.) & HoussiAu (J.). Dermatite vesiculeuse saisonniere
produite par un coleoptere. [A seasonal vesicular dermatitis
caused by a beetle.] — Bull. Soc. Path. Exot., Paris, viii, no. 8,
13th October 1915, pp. 587-591, 1 fig., 1 plate.

In April and May 1915, an epidemic of vesicular dermatitis occurred
at Leopoldville, Belgian Congo. It was caused by the irritant
secretions of a small Staphylinid beetle, but was rapid and benign in
character and yielded to treatment with zinc ointment. Natives
appeared to be less attacked than Europeans. It is also stated that,
according to Da Silva, Paederus columbinus, Lap., which is common in
Brazil, causes an acute dermatitis in that country.

In the discussion on this paper, M. Roubaud stated that similar
symptoms are produced in Tropical Africa by various Cantharid
beetles, including Cantharis flavicornis, Duf., and C. vestita Duf., in
Senegal.

16

RoDHAix (J.) & ViLLENEUVE (J.)- Passercmyia, genre nouveau des
Anthomyidae (Dipt.). ^ larve h6matophage. [Passermnyia, a new
genus of Anthomviidae with a haeinatophagous larva.] — Bidl.Soc.
Path. Exot., Paris, viii, no. 8, 13th October 1915, pp. 591-593.

A new genu.s, Passeromyia, is erected and described for Muscina
heterochaeta, Yillen. [Bull. Soc. Entom. France, no. 14, 28th July, 1915,
p. 225). This species is very common in Africa, from the tropics
southward, and the larvae have been found to attack many nestling
birds, including those of various Ploceidae, Cinnyris cupreus, and
species of Hirundo. It belongs to the sub-family, Muscinae, whereas
Phormia sordida, the larvae of which has similar habits [see this
Review, Ser. B, iii, p. 122] belongs to the Calliphorinae.

In a note to this article, it is pointed out that confusion has arisen
among some authorities between Phormia sordida, Zett. {Lucilia dispar,
Dufour) and Phormia {Protocalliphora) azurea, Fall. The authors
agree with Rondani and Zetterstedt in treating these as two distinct
species.

Bequaert (J.). Note rectificative concernant les Auchm6romyies du
Congo. [A rectification relating to Auchmeromyia from the
Congo.] — Bidl. Soc. Path. Exot., Paris, viii, no. 8, 13th October
1915, pp. 593-594.

The example of Choeromyia choerophaga, Roub., recorded from the
N.E. corner of the Belgian Congo [see this Review, Ser. B, iii, p. 197]
is stated to have been erroneously identified and to be in fact a female
of Cordylobia anthropophaga, Blanch.

d'ANFREViLLE (L.). Notc historiquc a propos des moustiques agents
de transmission des maladies. [A historical note on mosquitos
as carriers of disease.] — Bidl. Soc. Path. Exot., Paris, viii, no. 8,
13th October 1915, pp. 594-595.

An official French report, dated 24th August 1818, records the fact
that all the Europeans taking part in the first expedition to Upper
Senegal were provided with pieces of cloth to protect them against
mosquitos, because the sleeplessness due to mosquito bites was one
of the chief predisposing causes of mortality among Europeans ou
the river.

Martini (E.). Ueber drei weniger bekannte deutsche Kuliziden :

Aedes ornalus, Meig. ; Mansonia richardii. Fie., und Anopheles
{Coelodiazesis) nigripes, Stager. [On three little-known German
mosquitos.] — Arch. f. Schiffs- u. Tropen-Hygiene, Leipzig, xix,
no. 22, November 1915, pp. 585-607, 10 figs.

The three mosquitos, Ochlerotatus {Aedes) ornatus, Taeniorhynchus
{Mansonia) richardii and Anopheles nigripes are described in this paper.
Larvae of 0. ornatus and A. nigripes were found in water in hollow
trees near Hamburg, Liibeck and Rostock ; the females of the former
are easily caught near the breeding places. T. richardii was abundant
near Hamburg early in July 1914.

NOTICES.

The Editor will be glad to receive prompt Information as to tbd
appearance of new pests, or of known pests in districts which have
hitherto been free from them, and will welcome any suggestion the
adoption of which would increase the usefulness of the Review.

Secretaries of Societies and Editors of Journals willing to exchange
their publications with those of the Bureau, are requested to com*
munieate with the Assistant Editor, 27, Elvaston Place. Queen's
Gate, London, S.W.

The inbserlption to the Review is 12s. per annum, post free ; or
the two series may be taken separately. Series A (Agricultural)
being 8s., and Series B (Medical and Veterinary), 5s. per annum.

All orders and subscriptions should be sent to Messrs. DULAU
& Co., Ud., 87, Soho Square, London, W.

CONTENTS.

Sheep Flies in the U.S.A.

Birds as Destroyers of Ticks in Jamaica

Myiasis in Cows caused by Wohlfartia magnifica in Germany

The Bionomics of Margaropus annulatus in the U.S.A.

The Changes in the Degree of Oxidation of Arsenic in Dips

Notes on Fleas in the U.S.A. . .

The Control of House-Flies in New Jersey . .

Eeport on the Mosquito Work for 1914 in New Jersey

Ticks and Tick-borne Cattle Diseases in Egypt

Experiments against Lice and Bed-bugs in Serbia . .

The Prevalence of Onchocerca gibsoni in Australia . .

The Use of a Spider's Nest as a Fly Trap in Mexico . .

The Method of Transmission of Leishmania tropica

The Cause of Staggers in Sheep in Germany . .

The Control of Lice on Horses in Germany . .

Slosquitos of Northern Australia

Biting Flies and Intestinal Worms on the Gold Coast

The Distribution and Prevalence of Yellow Fever . ,

Measures against Yellow Fever in Tropical Towns . .

Parasites of Poultry in the U.S.A.

The Destruction of Lice in Russia

Transmission by Insects of Swamp Fever in Horses in the U.S.

Bread soaked in Formalin as a Fly Trap

Piroplasmosis of Cattle in the Mediterranean

A Staphylinid Beetle causing vesicular Dermatitis in Man in the

Belgian Congo
A New Genus of Flies parasitic on nestling Birds in Africa . .
Cardylobia anthropophaga from the Belgian Congo . .
An early Record of Measures against Mosquitos in Senegal
Three little-known Mosquitos in Germany

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VOL. IV. Ser. B. Part 2 — pp. 17-32. FEBRUARY, 1916.

THE REVIEW
OF APPLIED
ENTOMOLOGY.

SERIES b; medical

AND VETERINARY.

ISSUED BY THE IMPERIAL
BUREAU OF ENTOMOLOGY.

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DULAU & CO., Ltd., 87, SOHO SQUARE, W.
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IMPERIAL BUREAU OF ENTOMOLOGY.

l)onordrp Conimlttee of rnanagement.

RT. HON. LEWIS HARCOURT, M.P., Chairm(m.
Lieutenant-Colonel A. W. Alcock, C.I.E., F.R.S., London School of

Tropical Medicine.
Mr. E. E. Austen, Entomological Department, British Museum

(Natural History).
Dr. A. G. Baqshawe, C.M.G., Director, Tropical Diseases Bureau.
Mr. E. C. Blech, C.M.G., Foreign Office.

Sir J. Rose Bradford, K.C.M.G., F.R.S., Secretary, Royal Society.
Surgeon-General Sir David Bruce, C.B., F.R.S., A.M.S.
Mr. J. C. F. Fryer, Entomologist to the Board of Agriculture and

Fisheries.
Dr. S. F. Harmer, F.R.S., Keeper of Zoology, British Museum

(Natural History).
Professor H. Maxwell Lefrqy, Imperial College of Science and

Technology.
The Hon. Sir John McCall, M.D., Agent-General for Tasmania.
Dr. R. Stewart MacDougall, Lecturer on Agricultural Entomology,

Edinburgh University.
Sir John McFadyean, Principal, Royal Veterinary College, Camden

Town.
Sir Patrick Manson, G.C.M.G., F.R.S., Late Medical Adviser to th«

Colonial Office.
Sir Daniel Morris, K.C.M.G., Late Adviser to the Colonial Office

in Tropical Agriculture.
Professor R. Newstead, F.R.S., Dutton Memorial Professor of

Medical Entomology, Liverpool University.
Professor G. H. F. Nuttall, F.R.S., Quick Professor of Protozoology,

Cambridge.
Professor E. B. Poulton, F.R.S., Hope Professor of Zoology, Oxford.
Lieutenant-Colonel Sir David Prain, C.I.E., C.M.G., F.R.S., Director,

Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew.
Mr. H. J. Read, C.B., C.M.G., Colonial Office.
The Honourable N. C. Rothschild.

Mr. Hugh Scott, Curator in Zoology, Museum of Zoology, Cambridge.
Dr. A. E. Shipley, F.R.S., Master of Christ's College, Cambridge.
Sir Stewart Stockman, Chief Veterinary Officer, Board of Agriculture.
Mr. F. V. Theobald, Vice-Principal, South Eastern Agricultural

College, Wye.
Mr. C. Warburton, Zoologist to the Royal Agricultural Society of
England.

The Chief Entomologist in each of the Self-governing Dominioni
is an ex officio member of the Committee.

(Bencral SecretatB.
Mr. A. C. C. Parkinson (Colonial Office).

Director anO ]6Mtor.
Mr. Guy A. K. Marshall.

B00l0tant Dtrector. 2l50t0tant EMtor.

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Head Office. — British Museum (Natural History), Cromwell Road,

London, S.W.
Publication Offi/ce. — 27, Elvaston Place, London, S.W.

17

Ligu9 Sanitaire Francaise centre la mouche et le rat. [French sanitary
league against the fly and the rat.] — Circulars and Bulletins issued
April 1914 to September 1915. Offices, 72, Rue de Rome, Paris.

This Society was founded on 21st February 1914 with the object of
directing popular attention to the losses caused by diseases which are
so far prevent ible in that they are carried by animals and insects, the
destruction of which would very materially limit their spread. The
president of the Society is Professor R. Blanchard, the Ministers of
Agriculture, the Colonies, Commerce, Finance, War, Marine and the
Interior are honorary presidents and the honorary committee com-
prises a number of well known French savants.

The following publications have already been issued : — The first
bulletin (April 1914) consists of a report of the inaugural meeting. The
second (July 1914), besides a report of the second meeting held on
22nd June 1914, (ontains reprints of articles from a number of
important French newspapers urging the public to support the League,
explaining its objects and pointing out the great value of the work
which it seeks to accomplish. The third bulletin (20th February
1915), is entitled " La lutte contre les poux " [the struggle against lice]
from the pen of Professor Blanchard, being intended for the assistance
of soldiers in the field. A brief popular description of the three species
of lice usually infesting human beings and of the manner in which
they spread is given. Soldiers are warned that lice are the carriers of
recurrent fever and exanthematous typhus, and a very practical chapter
is devoted to methods of destruction. The use of ointments is not
recommended, as they often irritate the skin and soil the clothing ;
applications of camphorated alcohol, or warm vinegar containing
1 per 1,000 of corrosive sublimate, infusion of pyrethrum powder,
petrol or benzine are recommended. The use of these lotions should
be repeated two or three days later as the eggs are not killed by them.
Against body lice it is sufficient to change the clothing and spray the
garments with benzine. Motor spirit used -with a sponge and followed
by a hard brush, especially along the seams, is efficacious ; even
tobacco smoke blown vmder the clothing through a rubber tube is
very useful, though it does not kill the eggs. Anisol at 3-5 per cent,
kills both lice and eggs almost immediately, but the cost is prohibitive.
Members of a disinfection staff are advised to wear long overalls and
brush their hands and arms with camphorated alcohol ; in the trenches,
the straw should be renewed as often as possible and the fouled straw
burned ; all woodwork should be sprayed with cresyl.

The fourth bulletin, also by Professor Blanchard, deals with the
disposal of the dead in war time, and the Japanese method as
carried out in Manchuria is described and illustrated. Dr. R. D.
de la Riviere contributes an article on the danger to men of various
parasites. Another paper sets forth a sketch of a campaign against
flies, and the use of the cinematograph is strongly urged in order to
convince uneducated people of the actuahty of the danger from flies.
" Pure water and no insects " is the title of another paper.

The fifth bulletin (25th August 1915) is entitled " La lutte contre
la mouche " [the struggle against the fly], with 25 figures, and
deals with the general character and bionomics of the more im-
portant Dipterous pests. On the battle-field Callijjhora erytkrocephala,

(C239) Wt.P12/91. 1500. 2.16. B.&F.Ltd. G.11/3. a

18

Musca domestica and Muscina stabulans oviposit on corpses soon
after death and before putrefaction has set in ; Lucilia latifrons
and Sarcophaga carnaria are attracted by putrefaction ; flies of
the genus Phora do not make their appearance until later. The
regulations of the sanitary authorities of various English and
American towns are translated at length and the latest work on the
treatment of manure heaps is given very fully. In an appendix by
H. G. Richter a detailed description, with 2 figures, is given of an
installation for the keeping of manure by placing it on gratings over
a concrete floor to catch the runnings which are led into a tank fitted
with a pump so that they may be thrown again on to the heap in order
to destroy the larvae in it ; the manure should not be piled higher
than about five feet. This bulletin of 62 pages constitutes an
excellent general review of the whole subject and the author appears
to have availed himself of the latest information obtainable up to the
date of publication.

In addition to these bulletins, two circulars have been issued, one
giving general advice as to how to rid premises of flies, and the other a
description, with figures, of a folding food safe. The popularisation
of knowledge and information of this kind should do much to assist
the sanitary authorities in their work.

,\ Reports of the Sleeping Sickness Commission of the Royal Society^

no. xvi, London, 1915, 221 pp., 32 charts, 16 plates, 3 maps.

This report is largely a recapitulation of matter which has already
been published. The examination of wild animals in the Sleeping
Sickness Area in Nyasaland showed that about one-third of the
antelopes investigated were infected with various trypanosomes. The
same trypanosomes were also found in the wild animals living in the
fly-belt of the Upper Shire valley, to the south of the Proclaimed Area.
An examination of smaller mammals, including monkeys, gave negative
results. Wild game living outside the fly-country were found to be
unaft'ected by pathogenic trypanosomes. Glossina morsitans was
found to be heavily infected with the same species of trypanosomes
as those found in the blood of the wild game. The other important
species of tsetse-fly found in Nyasaland, G. brevipalpis, was infected
with the same trypanosomes, and it is considered probable that it is as
capable of spreading disease as G. morsitans. The trypanosomes
with which the wild game and the fly were infected were : — T. hrucei
vel rhodiesense, T. pecorum, T. simiae, and T. caprae. The opinion
is expressed that T. hrucei, the cause of nagana in Zululand and in
other parts of Africa, is identical with T. rhodesiense, causing disease
in man in Nyasaland and Rhodesia. T. pecorum, the commonest of
the pathogenic trypanosomes in Nyasaland, affects cattle and other
domestic animals, and is probably the most important and dangerous
species of all those which affect the stockowner. A new species,
T. simiae, is described ; it is remarkable for the rapidity with which
it kills domestic pigs.

On account of the marked infectivity of the wild game in the fly-
country, the Conmiission recommends that efforts be made to diminish,
as far as possible, the number of wild animals in fly-areas. On the
hypothesis that the tsetse-fly finds its chief food supply in wild game.

19

any diminution in these animals would lead to a corresponding diminu-
tion in the number of flies. It is recommended that all restrictions be
removed regarding the pursuit and killing of wild game in fly- areas.
The natives should be permitted to use their own methods and should
be provided with a certain number of guns. The removal of infected
natives into fly-free areas is suggested, as this would avoid the necessity
for segregation camps. The clearing of forest round villages is con-
sidered useful, as it helps to keep the fly away from the village proper,
lets in sunlight and air and keeps wild animals at a distance. For
purposes of administration it is advisable to collect natives into fairly
large villages, rather than allow them to live in single huts scattered
through the bush. Prophylaxis and treatment of the disease by drugs
is at present considered to be of little or no practical use.

It is asserted that this problem cannot be attacked with any chance
of success from the side of the fly alone. The fly-country in Nyasaland
comprises some 5,000 square miles, much of which is thinly populated.
The opinion is expressed that it is quite impracticable to lessen the
number of flies to any material extent by destroying them or their
pupae, and that when the country becomes opened up, the big game
will disappear and the flies wdth them.

Garden (G.). Nyasaland Protectorate. — Ann. Rept. Dept. Agric. for
the year ending 31st March 1915, Veterinary Div., Zomba, 1915,
pp. 29-32.

An outbreak of trypanosomiasis in the Fort Johnston district
resulted in the death of a large number of animals, and the abandonment
of Fort Johnston as a Government cattle station was consequently
advised. It was found that the two tsetse areas formerly divided by
the river had apparently been linked up. It is considered that this
can only be accounted for by the falling of the river. Some 4 or 5
years ago, its width opposite the township averaged not less than
120 yards, while this is now reduced to 50 yards and the current has
entirely disappeared. The fly areas in the Northern district are
apparently increasing.

An outbreak of the disease on the Zomba-Blantyre Road comcided
as regards the season with previously recorded outbreaks there.

Messore (L.). Relazione della campagna antimalarica nel territorio
di Marcianise nell' anno 1913. [Report on the anti-malarial
campaign in the Marcianise district in 1913.] — La Malar iologica,
Naples, viii, no. 5, 15th October 1915, pp. 119-129.

Though cases of malaria have rapidly diminished in the Marcianise
district of Campania since the State distribution of quinine was
begun, they still persist owing to the injflux of agricultural labour from
neighbouring districts and also owing to the large number of tanks
in which hemp- — the chief product of the region- — is steeped during
the summer for the preparation of the fibre. During the process the
water becomes too foul for the breeding of Anopheles, but earlier in
the season these tanks contain rain-water.

(C239) a2

20

Makett (P. J.). Fly Prevention Measures.— J/. R.A.M.C., Londmi,
XXV, no. 4, October 1915, pp. 456-460. [Received 3rd December
1915.]

The egg-clusters of Musca domeslica deposited on manure heaps
are found in sheltered spots, preferably facing the sun and in places
which have been trodden on. When flies are observed ovipositing,
they should not be disturbed, but the position of the eggs should be
noted, so that they can be destroyed later. A trained man can remove
from 30 to 40 batches a day. In summer the eggs must not be left
for more than one day, since hatching takes place in from 4 to 8 hours.
The first larval stage is passed in the upper 2 or 3 inches of the manure
heap, the larvae remaining in groups. At the completion of the first
stage, migration takes place at night and on the surface of the manure.
As a trap for the larvae of this stage, square ration tins are used.
These are provided with four slits about 2 inches from the bottom, are
filled with about 4 inches of sand or chaff and are embedded in the
manure heap so that the slits are on a level with the surface. The
traps are placed along the edges of the mound at intervals of 3 or
4 feet. In one trap, 5,000 larvae have been caught in one night.
A 40 per cent, solution of formalin with native raw sugar added
is used against adult flies. This solution is placed on the heaps in
tins, with bread soaked in it. The traps are very effective on calm,
dry days.

Incineration of manure is carried out by another unit. The
incinerators consist of large-meshed wire netting, placed on iron bars
supported on empty cresol drums. The wire netting is covered with the
-drier portions of litter, and manure is heaped on this ; fires are started
"with old sacks soaked in paraffin, which are applied to the, face exposed
to the wind. When the fire is started, the incinerators are loaded to
a depth of 2^ feet. The condensation of moisture is avoided by not
loading to a greater height than indicated. The chief objections to
this method are the amount of labour required and the materials used
in making the incinerators.

In camps and billets only the adult flies can be dealt with.
Wire gauze is applied to all windows ; kitchens and dining-rooms
are furnished with balloon wire traps, baited with stale beer and
sugar or with a paste consisting of cheese, sugar and water.
Sticky papers are made by covering paper with a well-boiled mixture
of 5 parts castor oil and 8 parts resin. Kitchens are sprayed
at least once a week with formalin solution, 2 ozs. to 1 gal. water.
Protection of foodstuffs must be carried out as thoroughly as possible.

DiBLE (J. H.). Transmission of Malaria in Northern France.—
Jl. R.A.M.C., London, xxv, no. 5, November 1915, pp. 577-579.
[Received 17th December 1915.]

Two cases of malaria were reported in Northern France during
August 1915. The disease was contracted in the region occupied by
the British Army, and it is logical to conclude that malaria-infected
mosquitos are now present in this area. The country in which the
•cases occurred is well suited to mosquitos, being flat and well watered.

21

The farms in this district have an abundance of decaying organic
material in their vicinity, and mosquitos are numerous during the
summer months. Prior to the War there were presumably no malarial
inhabitants in this region. It is significant that one of the patients
had been living during the whole summer in a part of the country
which had been occupied by Indian troops, among whom recrudescent
cases of malaria were common. The occurrence of these cases raises
the question of the possibility of the disease remaining endemic, and
suggests the necessity for the adoption of strict anti-malarial measures
in these localities.

JoYEUx (C). Sur quelques Arthropodes recolt6s en Haute-Guin6e
francaise. [Some Arthropods collected in French Upper Guinea.]
— Bull. Soc. Path. Exot., Paris, viii, no. 9, 10th November 1915,
pp. 656-659.

The larvae of Amhlyomma variegatmn are very abundant at the
beginning of the dry season, from early November to February. Both
man and animals are attacked by these larvae, which begin to drop of?
12 hours after attachment. The nymphs also attack man, but less
frequently and only one definite case of attack by the adult was
observed. Dernmnyssus gallinae and D. hirundinis are common in
poultry houses and in the nests of the swallow, Hirundo rufula, Riipp.,
and the swift, Micropus affinis, Gray, attached to roofs. As in Europe,
the bites of these mites cause irritation which disappears in a few days ;
they do not appear to transmit any Haematozoa. The author also bred
Cimex boueti, for which Roubaud has since suggested the generic name
Lept^cimex. Hippohosca maculata, Leach, is common. It bites horses,
cattle and sheep, but the author has never succeeded in inducing it
to attack man. The whitish puparium laid by the female blackens in
24 hours, the adult emerging in from 23 to 30 days. Glossina palpalis
and G. morsitans are frequently met with on the banks of the Niger
and its tributaries, two examples of G. morsitans being taken for every
52 of G. palpalis. The Simuliidae collected were all allied to Simulium,
aureuyn.

The author bred the following mosquitos : Culiciomyia nebulosa,
Theo., Culex duttoni, Theo., A^wphehs {Pyretophonis) costalis, Lw.,
which was very numerous, A. (Myzomyia) fuTWstus, Giles, Cyathomyia
fusca, Theo., Stegomyia fasciata, F. {calopus, Meig.), and Toxorhynchites
brevipalpis, Theo. The larvae of the last species are very carnivorous
and destroy all the usual fauna in native pots. The pupal stage lasts
six days.

Only one case of human myiasis, caused by Lucilia argyrocephala,
Wied., was noticed. Seven cases of animal m3dasis due to Pycnosoma
{Chrysomyia) bezziana, Vill. {megacephala, Bezzi nee Fabricius), were ob-
served. This species has also been recorded in the Upper Ivory Coast by
Bouet and Roubaud and in the Belgian Congo by Rovere, who worked
out its life-history. The female lays from 70 to 95 eggs on the skin. In
from 18 to 24 hours the larvae penetrate to the subcutaneous tissue
and develop in it. The adult larvae fall to the ground and pupate
there. While Rovere only observed this myiasis in cattle, the author
also found it in horses. Sarcophaga nurus was also present ; pupation
in this species takes place in 14 days, the adults emerging 24 to 30 days

22

later. The Cayor worm, Cordylohia mithrojjophaga, appears in March
and then diminishes till it disappears in September. Auchmeromyia
luteoh. is very common in the native huts. GastrojiHiilus equi is very
common in the horse and the mule ; G. nasalis was once observed
in the duodenum of a mule.

RoDHAiN (J.) & Bequaert (J.). SuF QuelquGs Oestrides du Congo.
[On some Congo Oestrids.] — Bull. Soc. Path. Exot., Paris, viii,
no. 9, 10th November 1915, pp. 687-695.

This is a continuation of a previous communication [see this Review,
Ser. B, iii, p. 198]. Sufficient material has been collected to enable a
revision of the Oestrinae to be undertaken, and it is stated that the
synoptic table published by the authors in 1913 will recpiire serious
modification. The present paper contains an outline of the more im-
portant synonymy. A key is given to the generic characters of the larvae
of the Oestrinae, those of Cepheno7nyia, Latr., and PJiaryngomyia,
Schiner, being taken from Brauer. A similar key to the characters of the
adults is also given. Adults of the genera Pharyngomyia, Schiner, and
Aulacephala, Macq., are not known to the authors in nature. Brauer's
genus Pharyngobolus is but little known as an adult and may be
identical with Aulacephala. With regard to Cephalopsis (Oestrus)
titillator, B. Clark (0. macidatus, Wied.), the description and figures
given by Clark leave no doubt in the authors' minds that this is the
correct name for the camel Oestrid generally known as Cephalomyia
maculata. Though Oestrus variolosus, Lw., is widely distributed in
Africa, the larva is not known with certainty, but King's figures show
a great resemblance to that of 0. bertrandi, one of the authors' own
species, which they now regard as probably identical with 0. vario-
losus, Lw. They propose to substitute the generic name Kirkioestrus
for Kirkia, as this name is preoccupied ; two species of this genus are
known with certainty^ — K. surcoufi, Gedoelst, and K. minutus. There
is reason for thinking that K. surcoufi and A', blanchardi, Gedoelst,
are the same species, in which case the latter name must have priority.
Collectors are asked to do their best to obtain examples of the
parasites of the large mammals of Central Africa, as these latter are
threatened with extinction owing to the rapid development of the
country, and with them, the record of their parasites will be lost. The
breeding out of larvae is specially urged.

RouBAUD (E.). Etudes biologiques sur la Mouche Domestique.
Methods biothermique de Destruction des Oeufs dans le Tas de
Fumier. [Biological studies of the Domestic Fly. Biothennic
method of destroying the eggs in manure heaps] — C.R. Soc. Biol,
Paris, Ixxviii, no 18, 3rd December 1915, pp. 615-616,

Under the ordinary conditions existing in manure heaps, oviposition
by flies takes place within the first 24 hours of the addition of
each fresh lot to the heap ; the development of fermentation stops
oviposition. The author endeavoured to ascertain what were the
substances in horse-manure which in any way determined the
oviposition. The presence of fresh horse urine is not necessary ;

23

eggs were laid with equal readiness on horse-droppings with
or without urine, whether the latter were fresh or six days old and
fermenting. On fresh horse-dung it took place in the first 48 hours,
but never on stale dung as much as a week old, and it would appear that
the attraction lies in the constituents of freshly discharged dung.
In what may be called pure manure heaps, consisting only of excrement
and the urine with which the litter is saturated, the house-fly will
apparently not oviposit, but if some secondary element such as
wheat-bran be introduced, the heaps become suitable for oviposition.
A list is given of seven combinations of bran and various urines diluted
or otherwise with water, and in all these mixtures oviposition took
place.

A mixture of horse and cow dung allows of the development of the
larvae in the latter, and if a heap of horse-manure be covered with
cow-dung, the flies at once begin to oviposit on the latter ; this never
occurs on bovine dung alone. Experiments have shown that by
raking off the top of a fermenting manure heap, and exposing the
hotter layers, if fresh stable-dung and litter not more than 24 hours
old be thrown into the hole and covered up with the rakings, the heat
is sufficient to kill all the eggs in the fresh dung ; the eggs cannot
support a temperature above 115° F. In placing the fresh manure on
the heap, care should be taken to rake it over so that as much as
possible of the fresh dung falls to the bottom of the hole, i.e., nearest
the heat ; if this be done late in the day, practically all the eggs laid
on that dung will be destroyed [see also this Review, Ser. A, iii, p. 197,
198].

Stanton (A. T.). Notes on Sumatran CuUcidae. — Ind. Jl. Med.
Research, Calcuita, iii, no. 2, October 1915, pp. 251-258. [Received
10th December 1915.]

Nineteen species of AnojjJieles are known from the Malay Peninsula,
twelve of which also occur in Sumatra. One species only has so far
been found to be peculiar to Sumatra.

The following Sumatran mosquitos are recorded •.—AnojpTieles v/
aconitus, Don. ; A. alhotaeniatus, Theo. ; A. barbirostris. Van der Wulp ; A
A. fuliginosus, Giles ; A. kochi, Don. ; A. leucosphyrus, Don. ;
A. ludlowi, Theo. ; A. iiiaculatus, Theo. ; A. rossi var. indefinitus,
Ludlow ; A. schiiffneri, Stanton ; A. sinensis, Wied. ; A. tessellatiis,
Theo. ; A. umbrosus, Theo. ; Mncidus laniger, Wied. ; Armigeres
jugraensis, Leicester ; Stegomyia scutellaris, Walk. ; S. fasciata, F. ;
Finhya poicilia, Theo. ; Taeniorhynchus brevicellulus, Theo. ;
T. conopas, Frauenfeld ; Mansonioides anmdijjes, Walk. ; M. uniformis,
Theo. ; M. annuliferus, Theo. ; Cidex fatigans, Wied. ; C. bitaenio-
fJiynchus, Giles ; C. vishnui, Theo. ; C. tritaeniorhynchus, Giles ;
C halifaxii, Theo. ; Haryagomyia genurostris, Leicester ; Rachiono-
toonyia caeruleocephala, Leicester ; Chaoborus indicus, Giles,

Christophers (Major S. R.). The Pilotaxy of AtiopJieles. — Ind. Jl.
Med. Research, Calcutta, iii, no. 2, October 1915, pp. 362-370,
1 plate.

This paper deals more especially with the chaetae of Anopheles.
No attempt is made to correlate in a systematic way the hairs in

24

CuLiciDAE with those in allied Nematocera, but there can be little
doubt that many of them are essentially connected with the phylo-
genetic history of the Culicidae, both as a whole and as regards the
.sub-groups. A study of the pilotaxy in Anojyheles may therefore prove
useful in prosecuting phylogenetic studies of the group.

Christophers (Major S.R.). The male Genitalia of Anopheles. — Ind.
Q Jl. Med. Research, Calcutta, iii, no. 2, October 1915, pp. 371-394,

^ 6 plates.

This paper gives descriptions and drawings of the male genitalia
of most of the Oriental species of Anopheles. Some general conclusions
are drawn from the descriptions and the characters of the genitalia
are applied to a classification of the genus. In an appendix, the male
genitalia of a large number of other species are described and figured.

MiTTER (J. L.). The Occurrence of Slygeromyia maciiJosa at Kasauli
and its Breeding Place. — Ind. Jl. Med. Research, Calculta, iii,
no. 2, October 1915, pp. 395-396, 1 table.

Larvae and pupae of Stygeromyia maculosa were collected from
manure pits at Kasauli, while searching for the breeding places of
Hae^natohia sangidsugens. Twenty- nine adults of S. maculosa emerged,
together with a large number of Sfonoxys and flies of the genus Musca.
A table is given showing the number of flies caught on different dates
and times, on mules in the transport lines, where the breeding place of
S. maculosa was found. The table demonstrates the comparative
rarity of this species and its habit of biting at dusk.

V

Skriabin (K.). HtMBan JumnHKa JiomaflMHaro OBona bt> wenyAt
rpana. [A living larva of a bot-fly in the stomach of a rook.]
— «cBtCTHMKl»05meCTBeHH0M BeTepilHapiM.» [Messenger of Public
Veterinary Medicine, xxvi, 1915, pp. 1119-1121.] (From a biblio-
graphical note in Revue Russe d^Entoniologie, Petrograd, xv,
no. 3, 28th October 1915, pp. 437-438.)

The author found in 1908, in Turkestan, in the stomach of a rook
{Corvus frugilegus), the living larva of an Oestrid, identified as that of
Gastrophilus in^rmis ; the larva was found firmly attached in the
crop. The presence of this larva in a bird is considered to have been
accidental. G. inerniis was first described by Brauer in 1858 from
Austria-Hungary, and the present record extends the area of its
distribution considerably.

AoKnaAii KoMMCcin Bpaneti npM CrapoPi fopoACKOH BonbH^ut B-b
Oftecct no Bonpocy o 6opb5t co BiunBocTbH). [Report of a
Commission of Surgeons of the Old Municipal Hospital of Odessa
on the question of the control of lice.] — « M3BtCTifl BcepoccJM-
CHarO Coroaa ropoflOB"b.» [Bulletins of the All-Russian Union of
Towns], Moscow, no. 18, October, 1915, pp. 53-58.

The investigations of the Commission were directed towards Pediculus
humanus {vestimenti) and P. capitis, Pthirius pubis being rare in the

25

army. The observations were conducted on 51 inmates of night-
shelters who had been admitted to hospital, the nature of their illness
not requiring their transference to special wards. In order that the
conditions should approach as closely as possible to those in the
trenches, the patients did not have baths and remained in their clothes.
Simultaneously with these observations, experiments were carried out
in vitro at the Bacteriological Station and the municipal disinfecting
chamber. The lice were kept in open glasses with a flat bottom, at
room temperature, and balls of cotton-wool, moistened with 15 drops>
of ether, oils of anise, caraway, eucalyptus, cinnamon, wormwood,
fennel, bergamot, lavender, petroleum or turpentine, were suspended at a
distance of 4 inches from the bottom of the glass ; all the insects perished
after 24 hours, those in the control glasses living 3 or 4 days. Wormwood
powder gave no results ; insect powder from fresh Dalmatian
pyrethrum stupefied the lice in 2 or 3 minutes and killed them within
24 hours. Flowers of sulphur, precipitated sulphur, calomel and a
mixture of tartaric acid and sodium hyposulphite gave negative results.
Small gauze bags containing camphor suspended in the glasses stupefied
the lice in 2 or 3 hours and caused death after 2 days ; bags containing
naphthaline destroyed all the lice in 1| hours. Experiments with the
same substances on the patients showed that ethereal oils mixed in
equal proportions with cotton-seed oil rubbed on the body and applied
to the folds and seams of the clothes had no effect. Eucalyptus oil
stupefied the parasites for an hour or two, after which they recovered ;
petroleum and turpentine with 50 per cent, of creoline or xylol mixed
with cotton-seed oil were ineffective ; slight results were obtained
with sabadilla decoction, consisting of sabadilla vinegar with 10 per
cent, of balsam of Peru ; 15 to 20 per cent, mercury ointment combined
with naphthaline was effective, but three applications of this gave
rise to dermatitis. Small bags of camphor worn underneath the shirt
gave slight results ; those containing naphthaline proved effective,
but require to be renewed every 3 days.

It was concluded that none of the substances tested can be
considered completely effective under the conditions of active service,
the best of them being naphthaline. Heating and boihng the clothing
still remain the only really effective remedies.

,,n0X0flHafl iwasb" pa 6opb6bl Cb HactKOMblMM. ['Campaign-
jelly " for the control of insect parasites of man.] — « CaflOBOH'b.»
[The Horticulturist], Rostov-on-Don, no. 11, November 1915,
p. 854.

This jelly, which is recommended by Mr. V. S. Pirnsky against
lice, etc., consists of : 15 per cent, soft soap, 10 per cent, solution of
corrosive sublimate, 34 per cent, of beef fat, 34 per cent, of lard and
7 per cent, of birch tar.

Creel (R. H.). Hydrocyanic acid gas; its practical use as a routine
fumigant. — U.S. Public Health Reports, Washington, D.C., xxx,
no. 49, 3rd December 1915, pp. 3537-3550, 1 fig.

Hydrocyanic acid gas is more penetrating and more toxic than
sulphur dioxide or carbon monoxide. It is easily and quickly generated,
requires little apparatus, is not destructive to inanimate objects and

26

presents little danger in experienced hands. From a number of
experiments, it was found that 5 oz. of potassium cyanide per 1,000
cubic feet gave as good results as 10 oz. Powdered potassium cyanide
was the best, and commercial cyanide and sulphuric acid (66 Be.)
were quite as efficient as chemically pure cyanide and sulphuric acid
(sp. g. 1"84). It seemed evident that holds of ships would not retain
the fumes so as to be dangerous to life 30 minutes after removal of
the hatches. At the rate of 5 oz. per 1,000 cubic feet the chemicals
alone would cost less than the sulphur fumigation prescribed in the
quarantine regulations of the United States Treasury Department.
The small cost of equipment materially increases the disparity in
expense.

The following apparatus is described and figured for use in holds
of ships. It consists of :• — (1) An ordinary wooden barrel, open at the
top, as the container for water and acid solution ; (2) five-gallon tins
for the cyanide, \\'ith the tops removed, on pin-hinges placed on one
side 2 inches below the top, and made to fit similar hinges on the
sides of, (3) a funnel of galvanised iron, 23 inches in diameter at top
and 6 inches at the bottom, with a depth of 12 inches, there being a series
of 1-inch holes on the sides of this funnel opposite to the hinges. The
acid and water mixture should be placed in the barrel before it is
lowered into the hold ; the funnel is then placed in the top of the barrel
and the tins containing cyanide are attached to the funnel by means
of the pin hinges. Eopes are attached to the bottom of the tins and
passed over the hatch coamings. By pulling these ropes, the contents
of the tins are dumped into the barrel. This arrangement has proved
very satisfactory.

Lamson, Jn. (G. H.). The Poisonous Effects of the Rose Chafer upon
Chickens. — Jl. Econ. Eniom., Concord, viii, no. 6, December 1915,
pp. 547-548.

Serious losses occur each year during June and early July among
chickens which have fed on Macrodactyhis subsjyinosus (rose chafers).
Post mortem examination shows the crop so full of the insects as to
give the impression that death has been due to a " crop-bound "
condition. Death has also been attributed to a mechanical injury to
the crop by the spines on the legs or to the crop having been bitten
by the rose chafers. Investigations carried out in Connecticut showed
that death occurred in from 9 to 24 hours after feeding. An extract
of rose chafers given to chickens caused high mortality. Young birds
died a few hours after feeding ; older chickens, when fed ■v\'ith a small
([uantity of extract, lived, but showed signs of poisoning; large doses
resulted in their death. Adult hens did not die from the poison. From
15 to 20 individuals were sufficient to kill chickens a week old, and
from 25 to 45 a chicken 3 weeks old. If death did not occur within
24 hours, the birds recovered. In less than 5 per cent, of cases
convulsions occurred. Examination failed to reveal the presence of
arsenic, which might have been found on the foliage upon which the
rose chafers had been feeding. Extracts for intravenous injections
were made from 40 grams of rose chafers and 60 cc. of salt solution of
0-9 specific gravity. Three cc. of extract injected into a rabbit weighing
690 grams caused death in 6 minutes ; 4 cc. caused the death of a

27

1,435 gram rabbit in 3]; minutes. So far as can be determined, the
insects contain a nenro-toxin, which has a direct effect upon the
action of the heart of both chickens and rabbits and is excessively
dangerous as a food for chickens. It is essential that chickens be kept
in mowed fields and away from grape vines and shrubs upon which
the rose chafers may be abundant.

Theiler (Sir A.). The Problem of Horse-Sickness. — South African Jl.
Sci., Cape Town, xii. no. 3. October 191-3, pp. 65-82. [Received
29th December 1915.]

Facts collected up to the present time tend to show that horse-
sickness is transmitted by winged insects and experience has shown
that the exclusion of such insects from stables prevents infection,
though attempts to transmit the disease with various insects have failed.
The negative results obtained are attributed to the difficulty of keeping
winged insects alive in an insect-proof loose-box together with a horse
for a sufficiently long time, or even in a glass cylinder when feeding
them individually. In experiments undertaken to find out the source
of infection of the insect host, the results were negative, but it was
■observed that other domestic animals are probably also susceptible
to this disease. Horse-sickness occurs throughout Central and East
Africa to the Red Sea. The question of immunity is discussed, as
well as prevention of the disease by protecting the animals from
infection.

Poison Bait for Biting Flies. — South African Jl. Sci., Cape Town, xii,
no. 3, October 1915, p. 94. [Received 29th December 1915.]

It has been found possible to destroy Stomoxys calcitrans by means
of a liquid poisoned bait, containing 1 per cent, of sodium arsenite
and 10 per cent, of sugar. The possibility of destroying other biting
flies in South Africa, such as tsetse-flies and Tabaxidae, in the same
way, is suggested.

Macfie (J. W. S.). Observations on the Bionomics of Stegomyia
fasciata. — Bull. Entom. Research. London, vi, no. 3, December
1915, pp. 205-229, 2 tables.

In investigating the habits of Stegomyia fasciata only recently
emerged adults were used. They were kept in glass jars with water
at the bottom. A fold of paper was fixed in the middle of the jar for
the insects to rest on. and on the upper surface of the paper drops of
honey were placed. Human blood was supplied daily. The maximum
length of life of the males was 28 da vs. and that of the females. 62 da vs.
Several females showed signs of senescence after laying a number of
batches of eggs. The first blood-meal taken by the female was on
the second or third day after emergence from the pupa. Fertilisation
and a blood-meal preceded oviposition, and fertilisation preceded the
blood-meal. Eggs were laid on the sixth or seventh day. After this,
they fed regularlv once, soon after each batch of esfcrs was laid. Three
or four days elapsed between each act of oviposition. Egg-laying
continued throughout life, the number in each batch varying greatly.

\

28

The majority of the batches were found early in the morning between
6 and 7 a.m. ; if not laid at this time, they were generally found in
late afternoon or evening. An unfertilised female retained her egg-
laying power for 43 days, and it has been shown by Goeldi that fertilised
eggs may remain dormant in a female for 102 days, if a feed of blood
is withheld. A temperature of 98'6° F. appeared to have the effect
of shortening the life, diminishing the blood-sucking propensities and
destrojang the fertility of S. fasciata.

Inbreeding experiments showed that adults which hatched from
eggs laid by the same mother in the same batch were fertile with each
other. This fact is of little importance in the case of S. fasciata, as it
is very abundant at Accra, but is of significance in the case of the
rarer species of Stegomyia, for which the avoidance of inbreeding
would be more difficult.

The duration of the life-cycle can be extended under certain con-
ditions. In one case the egg-stage lasted from 14th June to 20th July.
The arrest of development of the larvae in many instances may have
been due to the fouling of the medium or to infection by Ciliates or
Vorticella. Several species of mosquitos are known to breed in salt or
brackish water. At Accra, Ochlerotatus irritans breeds in water
containing 1,400 parts of chlorine per 100,000, Culex fatigans in water
containing 1,600 parts and C. decens in water containing 2,000 parts
( = 3"28 per cent. Na CI). Experiments showed that S. fasciata either
would not oviposit in a 2 per cent, salt solution, or laid eggs which
were rapidly killed. In several experiments with saline media ^
development appeared to be accelerated, as compared with controls,
in tap-water. This acceleration may be a natural reaction on the
part of larvae and pupae to protect themselves from the drying up of
pools in which they normally breed.

Lamborn (W. a.). Second Report on Glossina investigations in
Nyasaland. — Bull. Entom. Research, London, vi, no. 3, December
1915, pp. 249-265, 3 plates.

During the latter part of March and the beginning of April, the
distribution of Glossina morsitans on the east side of Lake Malombe
was studied. Although in none of the localities visited were the flies,
so numerous as in the proclaimed area, yet isolated flies were found
over a very wide range. The distribution of G. morsitans in varied
types of country was well seen in the fly-belt of the proclaimed area.
The numbers were greatest where the thorn bushes and large trees,
were thickest. In studying the proportion of the sexes, it was found
that when the flies were bred from pupae, the numbers of males and
females were almost equal ; when flies were captured, the males were
much more numerous than the females. This is due to a difference
in feeding habits, and to the fact that females are more abundant
on the outskirts of a fly area, and when pregnant, hide themselves from,
the males.

The adults were found to be attacked by a dragonfly, Orthetruni
chrysostigma, Burm. During May, two specimens of Mutilla glossinae
Turner, were reared from pupae near Monkey Bay. Since then, 54
males and 71 females have been reared from 1,143 pupae. There is,
reason to believe that M. glossinae can be bred in some numbers in the

29

laboratory. The parasites do not as a rule become active until the
afternoon, remaining hidden until that time beneath objects on the top
of the ground, or buried beneath the surface of the soil. A Bombyliid
fly, Thyridanthrax abruptus, Lw., parasitic on G. morsitans in Rhodesia,
was also reared from pupae. This fly is not uncommon in the fly area.
Two Chalcids, Stomatoceras micans, Wtrst., and an apterous species
[Eupelminus tarsatus, Wtrst.] were bred from the pupae. About
1 per cent, of the Mutillids showed evidence of a Chalcid hyperparasite.
No parasites have as yet been reared from pupae from the proclaimed
area, a fact which may explain the numerical superiority of G. morsitans
in this region.

Observations on the larva of G. morsitans showed that the slimv
secretion which covers it when newly born, is protective against such
ants as occur in breeding places and probably keeps the cuticle from
being injured when the larva burrows into the soil. The condition of the
soil is an important factor in determining the breeding place. In
nearly every case, breeding places were found beneath a fallen and
decaying tree, w^hich had been prevented by its branches from touchino-
the ground and which kept an area beneath it shaded and free from
moisture. Few pupae were found in hard clayey soil beneath trees.
Pupae may be deposited in cavities of dead trees, in which a certain
amount of soil has collected. The chemical composition of the soil
is immaterial, so long as it is friable, nor is the orientation of the breed-
ing place important, provided the pupae are sheltered from the direct
rays of the sun. In Nyasaland, the favourite situations are near game
and native paths or near water-holes.

On his return to the proclaimed area in June, the author found an
abundance of flies along the road running west from Domira Bav
where clearing operations had been carried out in the previous January.
This was due to the fact that many trees had fallen before being com-
pletely severed, a condition which formed an ideal breeding place for
the fly.* Many pupae were found on a part of the area from which the
fly had temporarily receded, on account of drought. These may
repopulate the area when a change of conditions takes place.

Experiments in liberating marked flies confirmed the supposition
that, in passing from a morsitans area to a free area, the same flies
which had been hovering round continue to follow for a considerable
distance. Motor cyclists coming into Fort Johnston have asserted
that the flies settle on their backs and are carried into the township.
The increased motor traffic may be indirectly responsible for the high
mortality of cattle from trypanosomiasis which has occurred during
the past few months at this place.

The sense of sight and of smell probably play a part in attracting
flies to moving objects, but this statement requires further confirmation.

Glossina hrevipalpis was found in February in a limited area of the
Lingadzi estate, eight miles from Lake Nyasa. The fruit trees growing
on the spot were bananas, mangoes and citrus trees ; three indigenous

*[Tliis observation is of no little imjjortance, for it serves to indicate
that if clearing operations are carried out carelessly they may actually
cause an increase, instead of a diminution, in the numbers of the fly.
In this instance, it seems probable that the mere clearing of all under-
growth, without felling the timber, would have been both jnore effective
and more economical. — Ed.]

30

trees were present. The area was devoid of undergrowth, except for
a belt of high grass growing in the mud of the river bank. A breeding
ground of this species was discovered later near Lake Nyasa, where
its haunts are characterised by the great density of the vegetation
and a light, sandy soil. The greatest number of pupae was found
in a small area traversed by a path evidently frequented by game.
Four pupa cases out of 737 showed evidence of parasitism, probably
by Chalcids.

Taylor (F. H.). A Blood-sucking Species of Pericoma in Queensland

^ (Dipt.).— Bull. Entom. Research, London, vi, no. 3, December 1915,

p. 267, 1 plate.

Pericoma townsvillensis, sp. n., from Townsville, Queensland, is.
described. This is the first species of the family Psychodidae
recorded in Australia. It is a severe biter, the irritation remaining*
for some hours. In one case the swelling caused by the bite was
surrounded by a marked reddish area ; these symptoms persisted for
three weeks.

Knab (F.). Some New Neotropical Simuliidae. — Bull. Entom. Research^
London, vi, no. 3, December 1915, pp. 279-282.

^^i. The species described in this paper were collected in tropical America
and include the following : — Simulium sanguineum, sp. n., from the
Atrato River, Colombia, attacking man ; S. limbatum, sp. n., from
British Guiana ; S. phcidum, sp. n., from Trinidad. The last-named
species does not appear to attack man, all the specimens taken being
found on the ears of horses or mules. The eggs are laid on stones at
the side of streams. Larvae and pupae are found in the strongest
current, attached to the sides of boulders or to dead sticks or leaves.
Eggs laid in a glass tube hatched after five days.

A ScHWETZ (Dr. J.). La limite occldentale de la Glossina morsitans dans
le Katanga du Nord. [The western Hmit of G. morsitans in North
Katanga.] — Bull. Entom. Research, London, vi, no. 3, December
1915, pp. 283-288, 1 map.

Climate, vegetation and the distribution of water are the three
factors, a knowledge of which enables the presence or absence of a
given group of Glossina to be foreseen in Central Africa. The
terminology with regard to vegetation is often inexact and the con-
fusion has arisen owing to the difficulty of adapting clear definitions
to the endless variations present in nature. The author defines the
various terms as follows : Forest, consisting of tall trees, the upper
branches of which give a permanent shade and the trunks of
which are entwined by a profusion of creeping plants, small
trees and bushes ; in the Lomami region such forests are met
with along rivers and in marshy lowlands. Wood or park land com-
prises an area covered with more or less stunted trees which usually
give little shade ; few or no creeping plants are present. Savannah
consists of a flat or undulating area covered with grass ; if the grass is
short, the term steppe is suggested. A savannah is generally dotted
here and there with bushes and small trees. When these are plentiful
and the trees are of a certain height, a wooded savannah results.

31

While all species of Glossina need shade, G. tnorsitans does not
require to be near water, as is the case with G. palpalis, which further
requires a moderately hot, damp temperature. G. morsitans is
therefore to be found only in the woodland, while G. palpalis occurs
in the forest near water. The Lomami district varies in altitude from
about 1,500 feet in the north to about 3,600 feet in the south. Though
forming part of the Katanga administration, Lomami is distinguished
by its geological and botanical features. As regards the latter,
Katanga is characterised by an almost continuous woodland, broken
only by grassy plains on the very high plateaus. This woodland is
only found on the south-eastern edge of the Lomami district, the
remainder of which is a more or less typical savannah w^ith areas of
forest along the rivers and in the lowlands. In certain parts, areas of
woodland are met with, but they are isolated and do not cover large,
continuous stretches, as in Katanga.

Pending the issue of a special report, notes are given on the limits of
G. morsitans and of the dominant type of vegetation which are made
clear by the map accompanying the report. Though G. morsitans is
plentiful between the Luvidjo river to Ankoro, there are no permanent
streams, though the country is typical woodland abounding in game.
During the dry season there is no water near the road for a distance
of about 21 miles and yet G. morsitans was seen in greater abundance
on this plateau than anywhere else. On the whole the limits of the
woodland correspond w^ith those of G. tnorsitans and a gradual change
of the former indicates a similar one in the numbers of the latter. In
conclusion it may be said that the western limit of G. morsitans in this
part of Africa coincides with the disappearance of the woodland.
The author therefore points out that M. Bequaert was in error in
putting the Lualaba River as the western limit of this fly, which
extends in suitable localities for 70 miles or more to the west of that
river.

ScHWETZ (Dr. J.). Quelques Observations Pr61iminaires sur les Moeurs

de la Glossitm brevipalpis. [Preliminary Observations on the
^\ Habits of Glossina brevipalpis.} — Bull. Entom. Research, London, vi,
^ no. 3, December 1915, pp. 289-292, 1 map.

Without a knowledge of the peculiar habits of Glossina brevipalpis,
the existence of this fly can only be discovered by chance. It remains
inactive and hidden throughout the day, except after sunrise and more
especially before or after sunset. It also flies close to the ground, so
that Europeans are less likely to notice its presence than the bare-legged
natives. It needs shade and its requirements as regards water are
mid- way between those of G. morsitans and G. palpalis. Artificial light
by night causes G. brevipalpis to become extremely active, which is not
the case with G. palpalis. G. brevipalpis is less voracious than G. pal-
palis, and among over 1,000 specimens only two or three were found
with their abdomens distended with ingested blood, and only three
females were taken. In the Belgian Congo, this species had been
taken in South Katanga and on the west coast of Lake Tanganyika,
but had not previously been recorded west of the Lualaba,

32

HowLETT (F. M.). A Preliminary Note on the Identification of Sand-
flies.— BnU. Entom. Research, London, vi, no. 3, December 1915,
pp. 293-296, 1 diagram, 2 plates.

The small amount of information at present available on the life-
histories of the species of PJilehotomus has led to the publication of the
present note in the hope that it might be of use to medical officers by
giving them easily-seen characters by which the early stages of
Phlebotomus papatasii, P. argentipes and P. mirmtus may be
differentiated. These species are common in India and the first and
last are also known to occur in Southern Europe. For practical
purposes, the characters of the egg and newly hatched larva are
more valuable than those of the adults, since almost any engorged
female will lay eggs within a couple of days and young larvae will
hatch out in a week or ten days, while either the egg or the young larva
affords easy means of identification. The characters of the egg and
of the newly-hatched larvae are described and an account is given
of the hatching of the egg. The influence of temperature is a simple
bionomic character which also differentiates the species and has some
practical importance. In this respect, as in others, P. argentipcfi
seems to be more or less intermediate between P. papatasii and
P. minulus. The length of the life-history in a typical lot of each
species is indicated in a diagram. This shows that P. minutus, although
its life-history is considerably lengthened, breeds more or less con-
tinuously through the cold weather at Pusa, Bengal, where the
observations were made. Larvae of P. argentipes hatching at the
beginning of the cold weather may develop either quickly or slowly
(even in the case of larvae from the same batch of eggs) ; while those
of P. papatasii hatching at the same time will remain as larvae until
the following spring, when they pupate and emerge in late February
or March according to the temperature.

Jordan (K.) & Rothschild (Hon. N. C). On some Siphonaptera
collected by W. Riickbeil in East Turkestan. — Ectoparasites,
London, i, no. 1, 30th December 1915, pp. 1-21, 27 figs.

The fleas described in this paper were obtained in the neighbourhood
of Djarkent, Semiretschenskoi, Turkestan. They include the following
species :• — Coptopsylla ardua, sp. n., from RJiombomys opimus ; Ceratu-
phyllus macrophthalmus, sp. n., from Arvicola terrestris scythicus ;
C. praefectus, sp. n., and C. fidus, sp. n., from Apodemus tscherga ;
C. elatus, sp. n., from A. tscherga and Crocidura ilensis ; C. tersus,
sp. n., from Rhobomys opinms ; Amphipsylla dumalis, sp. n., from
Mustela erminea, Cricetulus fulvus, Ellobius ursulns and A. tscherga ;
Amphipsylla primaris, sp. n., from M. erminea ; A. contigua locuples,
subsp. n., from Mustelus ermiiieiis, Mustela pallida, M. nivalis,
A. tscherga, Microtiis obscurus, M. eversmanni, M. ilaeiis and Crocidura.
ilensis ; Mesopstjlla hebes, sp. n., from Arvicola terrestris scythicus ;
M. lenis, sp. n., from A. tscherga or Allactaga elater ; Ctenophthalmus
dux, sp. n., from Ellobius ursulus and Cricetidus fidvus.

NOTICES.

The Editor will be glad to receive prompt information as to the
appearance of new pests, or of known pests in districts which have
hitherto been free from them, and will welcome any suggestion the
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CONTENTS.

The French Sanitary League for the Control of Noxious Insects and

Animals
Teetse FHes and Trypanosomiasis in Nyasaland . .
Trypanosomiasis of Stock in Nyasalan<^ - . .
A.iopTieles and Malaria in Italy
Fly Prevention Measures in Military Camps . .
The Occurrence of Malaria in Northern France
Blood-sucking Arthropods in French Upper-Guinea. .
Notes on some Oestrids from the Congo
Experiments with House-flies in Manure Heaps
Notes on Sumatran Mosquitos . .
Tlie Pilotaxy of Anopheles
Notes on the Male Genitalia of Anopheles
The Habits of Stygerornyia maculosa in India
Gastrophilus inermis infesting a Rook in Turkestan . .
The Control of Clothes Lice
A new Preparation against Lice
Hydrocyanic acid gas as a Fumigant in Ships
The Poisonous Effects of Macrodactylus suhspinosus upon

\J • iO«.£X» •• •• •• •• •• ••

The Transmission of Horse-Sickness in South Africa

A Poison Bait for Stomoxys calcitrans in South Africa

The Bionomics of Stegomyia fasciata in West Africa

Investigations on Glossina in Nyasaland

A Blood-sucking Species of Pericoma in Queensland

Notes on new Neotropical Simuliidae

The Western Limit of Glossina morsitans in North Katanga

The Habits of Glossina brevipalpis in the Belgian Congo

The Early Stages of Phlebotomus in India . .

New Fleas from Turkestan . . . . ... . .

Fowls

PAGE.

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VOL. IV. Ser. B. Part 3.-^pp. 33-62. MARCH, 1916.

THE REVIEW
OF APPLIED
ENTOMOLOGY.

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Tropical Medicine.
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(Natural History).
Dr. A. G. Baqshawb, C.M.G., Director, Tropical Diseases Bureau.
Mr. E. C. Blech, C.M.G., Foreign Office.

Sir J. Rose Bbadpord, K.C.M.G., F.R.S., Secretary, Royal Society.
Surgeon-General Sir David Bruoe, C.B., F.R.S., A.M.S.
Mr. J. C. F. Frybr, Entomologist to the Board of Agriculture and

Fisheries.
Dr. S. F. Habmbr, F.R3., Keeper of Zoology, British Museum

(Natural History).
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Technology.
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Dr. R. Stewart MaoDouqall, Lecturer on Agricultural Entomology,

Edinburgh University.
Sir John MoFadyean, Principal, Royal Veterinary College, Camden

Town.
Sir Patrick Manson, G.C.M.G., F.R.S., Late Medical Adviser to the

Colonial Office.
Sir Daniel Morris, K.C.M.G., Late Adviser to the Colonial Office

in Tropical Agriculture.
Professor R. Newstead, F.R.S., Dutton Memorial Professor of

Medical Entomology, Liverpool University.
Professor G. H. F. Nuttall, F.R.S., Quick Professor of Protoroology,

Cambridge.
Professor E. B. Poulton, F.R.S., Hope Professor of Zoology, Oxford.
Lieutenant-Colonel Sir David Prain, C.I.E., C.M.G., F.R.S., Director,

Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew.
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The Honourable N. C. Rothschild.

Mr. Hugh Soott, Curator in Zoology, Museum of Zoology, Cambridge.
Dr. A. E. Shipley, F.R.S., Master of Christ's College, Cambridge.
Sir Stewart Stockman, Chief Veterinary Officer, Board of Agriculture.
Mr. F. V. Theobald, Vice-Principal, South Eastern Agricultural

College, Wye.
Mr. C. Warburton, Zoologist to the Royal Agricultural Society of
England.

The Chief Entomologist in each of the Self-governing Dominions
if an ex officio member of the Committee.

©eneral Secretatg.
Mr. A. C. C. Parkinson (Colonial Office).

Dtrcctor anO EMtor.
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33

Rothschild (Hon. N. C.)- Further notes on Siphonaptera fracticipita,
with descriptions of new genera and species. — Edoparasites,
London, i, no. 1, 30th December 1915, pp. 25-29, figs. 28-31.

Five species are added to the genus Doratopsi/Ua, Jord. and Roths.
These are : D. intermedia, Wagn., occurring in Central America,
south-east Brazil and Paraguay ; D. curvata, sp. n., from the kangaroo
mouse and the shrew mouse in Iowa City and Alberta, Canada ;
D. antiquorum. Roths., from Brazil ; D. blarivxie, Fox, found at
Washington, D.C. ; D. cuspis, sp. n.. from Sorex araneus in Himgary.
The genotvpe, D, dasycnemus. Roths., occurs in the British Isles,
Eastern France, Switzerland, Bohemia and Saxony.

Rothschild (Hon. N. C). On Neopsi/Ua and some allied genera of
Siphonaptera. — Ectoparasites, London, i. no. 1, 30th December
1915, pp. 30-4i, figs. 32-47.

The following fleas are described i—NeopsyUa in4>p{na, sp. u., from
Alberta, Canada, fomid on Spennophilus riehardsoni, Pulorius longi-
caiidatus and Evotomys saturatus ; N.faceta, sp. n., from Massachusetts,
on Sciiirus hudsonicits ; N. testor, sp. n., collected in a nest (? oi
mouse) near New York ; N. spinea, sp. n., from Roumania, on
S pernio philus citellus and Putorius piUorias ; N. secura, sp. n., from
the Himalayas, on Epimys spp. ; N. stevensi, sp. n., from Kalapokii,
Nepal-Sikkim frontier, on Epimysfidvescens ; PJmlacropsylla paradisea,
gen. et sp. n., from Paradise, Arizona, on Epimys sp., Mus sp., and
civet cat ; Catallagia charJottensis, Baker, from British Columbia,
on Peromyscus macroch irus ; C. decipiens, sp. n. , from British Columbia,
on Peromyscus sp. and Neotoma cinera, and from Alberta, on Evotomys
saturains.

Jordan (K.) & Rothschild (Hon. N. C). Contribution to our know-
ledge of American Siphonaptera. — Ectoparasites, London, i, no. 1,
30th December 1915, pp. 45-60, figs. 48-64.

The American species of Siphonaptera described in this paper include
AnomiopsyUus nudatus. Baker, from Arizona, on Epimys sp. and
Mephistus sp. ; CallistopsyUiis tcrinu-s, gen. et sp. n. ; MegartJira-
glossus prociis, gen. et sp. n., from British Columbia, on Spilogale and
Peromyscus ; M. sicamus, sp. u., from British Columbia, on Canis
htrans ; M. lonyispinus. Baker, from Red Deer River. Rocky
Mountains, Canada, on Sciurus richardsoni bailey i and Mus sp. ;
M. bisetis, sp. n., from New Mexico, on Neotoma sp. ; Ceratopkyllus
iynotus. Baker, from Ames ; C. ignotu^ albertensis, subsp. n., from
Alberta, on Geomys sp., Mustela sp., and Lynx canadensis ; C. iynotm
apachinus. Fox, from Colorado, on Thoinomys talpoides ag-restis ;
C. ignotus recida, subsp. n., from British Columbia, on T. talpoides,
and Mustela sp. ; C. ignotu-s franeiscanus, Roths., from San FKincisco,
San Mateo and Simol, California, on Thomomys bottai, Puiarius
xanthogenys and Clitellus beecheyi ; Leptopsylla adelpha. Roths., from
Arizona, on Mus sp. ; Atyphloceras echis, gen. et sp. ii., from Arizona,
on Mits sp.

(C244) Wt.Pl2 91. 1,500. 3.16. B.& F.Ltd. Gp.11,3. A

KuTTALL (G. H. F.) & Robinson (L. E.). Ticks ; a Monograph of the
Ixodoidea. Bibliography, ii. — Cambridge, May 1915, 32 pp.

This bibliography contains the titles of 462 papers dealing with ticks
and their relation to disease.

NuTTALL (G. H. F.) & Warburton (C). Ticks ; a Monograph of the
Ixodoidea. Part iii. — Cambridge, October 1915, pp. 319-550,
figs. 308-450, plates 8-13.

This part deals with the genus Haemaphysalis, of which 50 species
and varieties are recognised. Many species, including their immature
stages, are figured for the first time. The life-history of this genus
agrees in the main with that of Ixodes. An account of the biology of
H. cinnabarina var. pimctata, H. cinnabarina, H. leporis-])alustris,
H. Jeachi, H. concinna and H. inermis is given. Of these species,
H. cinnabarina var. punctata and H. leachi have been proved to be
carriers of pathogenic Protozoa. The former occurs commonly on
sheep in Kent and is capable of transmitting British redwater, due to
Piroplasma divergens, to cattle. The latter is found throughout
Africa, where it transmits canine piroplasmosis. Among the natural
enemies of these ticks which are recorded are the Chalcids, Ixodiphagus
texamis, found in the engorged nymphs of H. Jeporis-palustris, and
I. caucurtei, in the nymphs of H. concinna and H. inermis.

Las pulgas. [Fleas.] — Bol. Agricullura Tecnica y Economica, Madrid,
vii, no. 84, December 1915, pp. 1025-1031.

This paper reviews in a brief and popular form the present-day
knowledge of fleas. The chief species of economic interest are
mentioned, and in the section dealing with them in their role as carriers
of bubonic plague it is stated that this scourge has killed seven million
people in the last 18 years.

^ L'huile de Foie de Morue centre les Mouches chez les Chevaux.

^ [Cod Uver oil against flies on horses.] — La Vie Agric. et Rur.,

Paris, V, no. 23, 4th December 1915, p. 421.

Cod liver oil exhibits a specific toxic reaction in flies. A horse
which is rubbed over with this oil is quickly freed from flies, without
injurious eflects, the oil acting as a repellent for from 10 to 18 hours
after application.

BiSHOPP (F. C). Fleas as Pests to Man and Animals, with Suggestions
for their Control. — TJ.S. Dept. Agric. Washington, D.C., Farmers'
Bull. no. 683, 8th November 1915, 15 pp., 6 figs.

Much of the matter in this paper has been recently published [see
this Review, Ser. B, iv, pp. 4, 5]. In the eastern part of the United
States, Ctenocephalus canis (dog flea) is of great importance as a house-
hold pest, while in parts of the south and west, the human flea {Pidex
irritans) is primarily responsible for house infestations. A number of

35

instances have been recorded from the southern and west-central
States in which pigs appear to be the source of heavy infestations of
the human flea. The adults feed on the pigs and breeding takes place
in the bedding of these animals. Fleas on cats and dogs can be killed
by washing the animals in a saponified coal-tar creosote preparation.
In the case of cats, the solution should be washed out of the fur with
soap and warm water. Fleas on pigs may be destroyed by dipping
the animals in a creosote dip, or by sprinkling them with crude
petroleum while they are feeding. To avoid infestation of houses,
it is important to keep all animals from beneath dwellings. It is also
desirable to keep separated the different kinds of animals which are
subject to attack. Among the methods for destroying fleas in houses,
scattering flake naphthaline over the floor of a closed room and allowing
it to remain for 24 hours, or fumigation with hydrocyanic acid gas or
sulphur are recommended. When infestations are derived from fleas
which breed beneath or around houses, all loose material in which
breeding may take place should be removed, and crude petroleum,
followed by common salt and water, used freely. The application
of lime to cleaned areas apparently destroys immature fleas. In
exceptional cases lawns may become infested and fleas breed among
the roots of the grass. It is impracticable to apply chemicals in such
situations, but breeding can be checked by cutting the grass short
and so exposing the young fleas to the sun. In certain districts it
has been found possible to destroy fleas in barns and pig-styes by
flooding the infested areas. Breeding in poultry houses may be
prevented by scattering salt on the ground two or three times a week
and then watering thoroughly. The control of Echidnophaga gallinacea
on fowls may be accomplished by applying carbolated vaseline or a
mixture of kerosene and lard to the affected parts.

Hase (A.). Weitere Beobachtungen iiber die Lauseplage. [Further
observations on the plague of lice.] — Centralbl. Bakt., Parasit. u.
Infektionskrankh., P<^ Abt. Originale, Jena, Ixxvii, no. 2, 29th
November 1915, pp. 153-163.

The author was sent by the Ministry of War at Berlin to investigate
the question of lice on the eastern front. Some individuals are never
infested with lice, while others develop an insensibility to bites. This
latter fact explains the indifference with which the civil population
of Russian Poland view the presence of these parasites. An examina-
tion of 181 of the various prophylactics advertised showed that most
of them were completely useless. It may safely be said that, up to
the present, no really lasting preparation has been found ; the very
best are only effective for a couple of days. Even better class soldiers
stated that dirty, greasy underclothing conferred a certain protection
against infestation and it was found that the defective ventilation — •
due to the clogging by grease and dirt— caused a high temperature of
about 86° Fahr., and that this is a deterrent to lice. Some of the men
freed their shirts by laying them on ant-hills ; this method was
mentioned by Gaulke in 1863. The troops were all anxious to be
freed from the pests with the exception of an East Prussian, who
said that the little creatures reminded him of home.

(C244) a2

30

Hegh (E.). Notice sur les Glossines ou Ts6ts6s. [A short account of
Tsetse-Flies.] — Published by Hutchinson and Co., London, for
the Ministry of the Belgian Congo. [1915]. 148 pp., 29 figs.

This is a useful and well compiled resume of the work already
published on tsetse-flies, and is intended for the use of officials in the
Belgian Congo. The study of these flies is a matter of extreme
importance and the discovery of an effective means of combating
them would be invaluable to that country. Following Austen's
classification, the genus is divided into four sections : — (1) Glossina
palpalis group ; (2) G. morsitans group ; (3) G. fusca group ; and
(4) G. brevipalpis group, and the distribution of the members of these
groups is given. The method of reproduction is described, and an
account given of the different stages in the life-history. The dis-
tribution of G. morsitans and G. palpalis in the Belgian Congo is given
in detail. In feeding experiments with tsetse-flies it has been shown
that food consisting of mammalian blood is more favourable for
reproduction than that of birds. In considering the relation between
tsetse-flies and wild game, it is stated that the present evidence
of the habits and distribution of the flies and those of big game
tends to show that the latter are not indispensable for the main-
tenance of the insects. In discussing the means of control of the flies,
the following factors are considered :■ — (1) the action of external
agents (heat, cold, humidity, etc.) ; (2) the methods of limitation
and destruction (predaceous and parasitic enemies, prophylactic
measures, capture of adults, etc.). The pamphlet concludes with an
account of the best methods of collection, preservation and breeding
of the flies.

LuTZ (A.) & Machado (A.). Viajem pelo rio S. Francisco e por alguns
3 dos seus afluentes entre Pirapora e Joazeiro. [A journey on the

S. Francisco River and on some of its tributaries between
Pirapora and Joazeiro.] — Mem. Inst. Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro,
vii, no. 1, 1915, pp. 5-50, 18 plates. [Received 20th December
1915.]

This journey through the States of Bahia and Minas Geraes (Brazil)
began in April, when the dry weather was already well-established,
and lasted up to mid-July. With one or two exceptions, there was
no rain during that period.

The following is a list of the blood-sucking Diptera collected : —
SiMUUiDAE : Simidium amazonicuni, Goeldi, S. brevibranckium,
sp. n., S. diver sifurcatum, Lutz, S. incrustatum, Lutz, S. orbitale, Lutz,
S. paraguayense, Lutz, S. pruinosuni, Lutz, S. rubriilioiax, Lutz,
S. sjyinibranchium, Lutz, and S. subviride, Lutz. Ceratopogoninae :
Culicoides debilipalpis, Lutz, C. guttatus, Coq., C. paraensis, Goeldi,
Coiocripus stylifer, Lutz, and C. pusillus, Lutz. Psychodidae:
Phlebotomus intermedins, Lutz. Tabanidae : Diachhrus bimacidatus,
Wied., D. immaculatus, Wied., Chrysops luetus, F., C. molestus, Wied.,
Erephopsis pubescens, Lutz, E. pygmaea, sp. n., E. scionoides, sp. n.,
E. xanthopogon, Wied., Selasoma tibiale, F., Cryptotylus unicolor, Wied.,
Tabanus miles, AVied., Neotabanus comitans, Wied., N. ochrophilus,
Lutz, and N. triangidum, Wied. The mosquito fauna observed during
the journey was poor compared Avith that in the neighbourhood of

o

7

Rio de Janeiro, chiefly because the species which breed exclusively
in Bromeliaceae and bamboos were not present. The absence of many
other species may be accounted for by the limitations due to the
character of the journey, the comparatively small number of per-
manent lakes, the high temperature of the water due to continued
sunshine and the prolonged dry weather. The larvae met with
were identified as belonging to the genera Cellia, Mansonia, Culex,
Melanoc&nion, Uranotaenia and Aedes. The larvae of Aedomyia
squamipennis, Arrib., were easily distinguishable by having a large
air-bag on either side at the base of the antenna; Anopheles (Cellia)
argyrotarsis, R.D., occurred throughout the journey, sometimes
invading the steamboat when in harbour. A. albinianus, Wied., is
comparatively rare. Taeniorhynchus {Mayisonia) titillans, Walk.,
occurred in some lakes, but this species is not common. Uranotaenia
pulcherrinfha, Arrib.. was abundant, but U. geotnetrica, Theo., was rare.
The last two species seldom attack man, but do not lack mandibles,
as is the case with CuJex cingulatus, Theo. (nee F.), and A. squamipennis.
Culex fatigans, Wied., and Stegmnyia fasciata, F., were abundant on
board, where they bred in water in the ship's hold. Blood-sucking
Hemiptera included Cimex lectuhrius, Triatoma megisia, Burm.,
T. maculata, Erichs., and T. infestans, Klug, while an example of
T. rubrofasciata was taken in the city of Bahia.

LuTZ (A.). Tabanidas do Brazil e de alguns Estados visinhos: Segunda
Memoria. [Tabanids of Brazil and of some neighbouring States :
Second Memoir.] — Mem. Inst. Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, vii,
no. 1, 1915, pp. 51-119, 3 plates.

This paper is a continuation of former ones on the systematics of
the Tabanidae of Brazil [see this Review, Ser. B, iii, p. 194]. The
genera, AcantJiocera, Dichelacera and Slibasoma are here dealt with
in detail. Keys to the species are given, many being described as new.

Torres (M.). Alguns fatos que interessam a epidemiolojia da
molestia de Chagas. [Some facts relating to the epidemiology of
Chagas' disease.] — Metn. Inst. Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, vii,
no. 1, 1915, pp. 120-138.

These observations were made in Brazil in that part of the State of
Minas Geraes which lies on both sides of the Rio das Velhas, a tributary
of the S. Francisco River. In this large area the clay-walled,
palm-thatched cottages of the inhabitants are found everywhere.
Triatoma tnegista and T. sordida abound in them, especially the first
named, of which few individuals were free from flagellates, while
T. sordida, on the contrary, rarely carried them. As regards these
two species in this region, the absence of natural infection was very
evident, all the flagellates observed in their alimentary canals being
stages of Trypanosoma cruzi, morphologically identical with the
parasites obtained in infections in the laboratory. Triatoma sordida
was never found parasitised under natural conditions in the open.
The age of the insect was found to have a bearing on infection. In
cottages where all the adult bugs were infected, some of the nymphs

38

were free, while infection was rare in larv'ae undergoing
the last moults, becoming very rare or completely absent in young
lan-ae. Obser\^ations made on young larvae taken in the cottages
showed that, in nature, they suck blood from a very early stage ;
cannibalism, such as was observed in the laboratory in the case of
Triatoma sordida, seems to be exceptional in nature. These facts
offer a simple explanation of the seasonal appearance of the acute
infections of the disease. As Chagas noted early in the study of this
disease, newly-born children presenting signs of recent infection by
Trypanosoma cruzi are more common in the hot months of the year ;
the acute cases first appear in September, are relatively very abundant
in December and January, and are either very scarce or altogether
absent in the cold months beginning in May. The species of Triatoma
attain their final stages in the hot months, the individuals then met
with in the cottages being nearly all nymphs or adults. No significance
attaches to the fact that the cycle of Ttypanosonia cruzi does not depend
on the stages of the insect, careful experiments having shown that even
when undergoing the first and second laival moults, Triatoma can
infect a vertebrate by its bite. The means by which Triatoma becomes
infected indicates the most important phase in the developmental cycle
of Trypanosoma cruzi. The infection of the Triatoma larvae by contact
with the faeces of infected Hemiptera must be absolutely excluded.
The coprophagism noted by Brumpt in the case of Rhodnius jyrolixus,
does not occur in Triatoma megista or T. sordida. Experiments also
showed that in nature cannibalism only occurs between young larvae
of the same age. It was established that Triatoma spp. are only infected
by sucking infected vertebrates and that man and cats are the chief
reservoirs in the cottages. Details are given of an experiment showing
that of ten vertebrates, including five men and women, two cats and
three dogs — three only, a man, a woman and a cat, were capable of
infecting the insects after a single meal ; the man infected 40 per cent,
of the Triatoma fed on him once only, the woman 14 per cent., and the
cat not less than 66 per cent. One woman, though presenting all the
clinical characters of the disease, was incapable of infecting Triatoma.
According to Machado practically all the Triatoma in one cottage
might contain flagellates, while in another cottage they might be free,
although the inhabitants might present the same symptoms of the
disease. This anomal}^ is now expHcable if it is recollected that
vertebrates constitute the sole reservoir of the virus. Assuming that
in a cottage containing Triatoma harbouring flagellates and vertebrates
harbouring T. cruzi, the vertebrates may temporarily lose their
power to infect, then the Triatoma will become absolutely free from
flagellate parasites at the end of approximately 386 days, which is
the duration of their life. In some benign forms of the disease, such as
that in which affection of the thyroid gland is the most marked
symptom, the capacity for infecting Triatoma must be very much
reduced and the role of reservoir quite unimportant.

Chagas recorded that Triatoma geniculata, Latr., living in the
burrows of armadillos, contained flagellates of Trypanosoma cruzi.
It has been found that not only Taius novemcinctus, L., but also
Dasypus sexcinctus and D. unicinctus, L., harbour Trypanosoma
cruzi, and in parts of the South American continent where the
disease has never been reported in man and even in uninhabited

39

districts, infected armadillos have been observed. These animals
appear therefore to be the reservoir of the virus away from
human habitations. A bibliography of 24 works concludes this
paper. ^

da Costa Lima (A.). 0 chalcidideo Himterellus hookeri, Howard,

parasita do carrapato RhipicepJialus sanguineus, Latreille, observado , 0*

no Rio de Janeiro. [The Chalcid, Hunferellus hookeri, Howard,' | j
a parasite of the tick Rhipicephahis sanguineus, Latreille, observed''^
in Rio de Janeiro.] — Rev. Vet. Zootechnia, Rio de Janeiro, v, no. 4,
August 1915, pp. 201-203, 1 plate. [Received 21st December
1915.]
In April 1914, the author observed on a dog infested with Rhipi-
cep>}iahis sanguineus, Latr., a number of small black Hymenoptera
which were running rapidly about the animal's coat, and the Chalcid,
Hunterellus hookeri, How., was bred from the ticks taken from it.
A bibliography of four works is given.

Macfarlane (H.). Report on work other than routine work done in
(3- the Bacteriological Institute, Hongkong, for the first half of 1915.

— Hongkong, 12th November 1915. [Received from the Colonial
Office 3rd January 1916.]

The investigation of the mosquitos of Hongkong was continued.
Up to date, probably not less than 50,000 specimens of mosquitos
have been examined. In July visits were made to Kowloon to
determine the breeding places of Stegomyia fasciata. Twenty-nine
per cent, of the houses visited had larvae in their water storage ; all
the larvae bred out were those of S. fasciata, except one S. scutellaris.
Most of the larvae were found in water stored in earthenware jars.
The author is of the opinion that S. fasciata is present in Kowloon in
sufficient numbers to be a serious problem in the event of yellow fever
being introduced. In Victoria, the examination of miscellaneous
water-holding receptacles showed that they were not to be regarded as
breeding places of S. fasciata, though they were largely infested with
S. scutellaris. The supply of drinking water is continuous for about
seven months in the year, and search for larvae in storage vessels
during the period of intermittent supply yielded 59 larvae from 1,100
vessels. These were mainly S. scutellaris, with a few Cuhx fatigans,
no examples of S. fasciata being present. Results so far show that
Victoria is not, for all practical purposes, infested with S. fasciata.
The difference between the system of water supply of this town and
that of Kowloon is considered responsible for this state of affairs.

Roubaud (E.)- Description de deux Simulies nouvelles des hautes

(^ regions de I'Afrique tropicale (Dipt., Tipul.). [A description of

two new species of Sinmlium fiom the high regions of tropical

Africa. (Dipt. Tipul.)] — Bull. Soc. Eniom. France, Paris, no. 18,

24th November 1915, pp. 293-295, 2 figs. [Received 3rd January

1916.]

A description is given of Simulium neavei, sp. n., from altitudes

of from 4,000 to 5,000 feet in W. Ankole, Uganda, and S. dentidosum,

sp. n., taken at 6,000 to 7,000 feet on the slopes of Mt. Kenya and at

3,600 feet at the foot of Mount Elgon, British East Africa.

40

d'Anfreville (L.). La Fievre jaune et le Maroc. [Yellow fever and
Morocco.] — Bull. Soc. Path. Exot., Paris, viii, no. 10, 8th
December 1915, pp. 732-733.

The introduction of yellow fever into Morocco is Ukely to be greatly
facilitated by the completion of the harbour works at present in course
of construction. Stegomyia fasciata, the transmitter of yellow fever,
i,s distributed northward as far as the frontiers of France, occurring
throughout Spain, and in the coastal districts of Morocco has been
taken in Mazagan in the south and at Kabat and Sale towards the
north. This mosquito begins to appear in May, and disappears at the
end of November. It is especially abundant from July to September,
and the houses of the Arabs form favourable places for breeding. An
epidemic of yellow fever lias been prevented by the absence of good
sea -ports. Steamers anchor at a considerable distance from the shore,
and infected mosquitos, even in a favourable wind, would scarcely be
able to reach the land. The only possible means of contamination
would be the landing of a yellow fever patient during the first three
days of infection. The dangerous season is the same for Morocco as
for West Africa, the ports of Senegal, w^here the disease is well known,
being only three or four days distant. It is therefore of the utmost
importance for the future protection of Morocco that strict sanitary
measures should be enforced at the ports.

RoDHAiN (J.) Bequaert (J.). Suf QuclquGs Oestrides du Congo
(3"^ ' communication pr61iminaire). [On some Oestrids from the
Congo.] — Bull. Soc. Path. Exot., Paris, viii, no. 10, 8th December
1915, pp. 765-778.

This paper deals with the Oestrid parasites of Elephas africamis,
Blum., in the Belgian Congo. Four out of the five known species
parasitic on elephants occur in this region. These are : Neocuterehra
squamosa, Griinberg, Pharyngobohis africanus, Brauer, Cobboldia
loxodontis, Brauer, and C. chrysidiformis, sp. n. ; the fifth species is
C. elephantis, Cobb, occurring in the Indian elephant.

The larvae of N. squamosa are found in the adipose tissue of the sole
of the foot. The numbers obtained were few, and attempts to rear
the adult failed. The larvae of P. africanus occur commonly, attached'
to the wall of the oesophagus, in elephants found in the Welle region.
The pupae have been obtained from fresh dung. C loxodontis and
C chrysidiformis are very frequently met with side by side in the
.stomach of the same animal. A description of the two species is given.
The duration of the nymphal stage in both is 19 or 20 days.

Weidman (F. D.). An Arachnoid {Pneumotiiher yymcaci, Landois and
Hoepke?) parasitic in the lungs of a Monkey {Macacus rhesus).—
Jl. Contj). Path. Thcrajyeut., London, xxviii, no. 4, December 1915,
pp. 326-330, 1 fig.

An Arachnoid parasite, Pneumoiuber macaci, Landois and Hoepke,
was found in nodules in the lungs of a monkey from the Philadelphia
Zoological Gardens. Other records of similar parasites have been
made in the cases of an a]ie. Cynocejihahis sp., from Java, eleven

L_

41

examples of Cerco'pithecus schmidti, from the Upper Congo region,
and Otospermophiliis heecheyi (Californian ground squirrel). The
degree of pathogenicity of the parasite is problematical. It is probably
not sufficient to cause death. The mode of entry is not knowU; but
it is presumed that ova or larvae are inhaled, develop in a bronchus,
and thence penetrate into the lung parenchyma. It is possible that
the natural habitat is upon straw used for bedding, or upon fruit.
According to Landois and Hoepke, the ova are swallowed with food ;
the larvae develop in the intestine, then penetrate the intestinal walls
into lymphatic spaces, eventually reaching the lungs through the
thoracic duct and blood stream. This route seems unlikely.

Among birds, the best known Arachnoid infestation is that of hens
by Cytodites midus. The parasite occupies the air spaces and bronchi,
causing a fatal disease. A few cases have been recorded among human
beings, though the parasites have not been found in the lungs. The
source of infestation in man is unknown.

Jepson (F. p.). Report of the Entomologist. — Depl. Agric, Fiji, Ann.
Rept.for the year 1914, Suva, 6th May 1915, pp. 17-27. [Received
7th January 1916.]

Stegmnyia fasciuta, the chief carrier of yellow fever, is abundant in
Fiji, and in view of the opening of the Panama Canal is of primary
importance. The question of the formation of a mosquito bureau at
Suva is under consideration. The following are the species of mosquitos
recorded in Fiji :~Cidex fat igam, C. nocturnus, C. jepsoni, Stegamyiu
fasciata, S. jjseudoscutelhris, Finlaya j>oicilia, Phoniomyia sp., and
Taeniorhynchus brevicelhdus.

A notable diminution in the numbers of Musca domestica (house-fly)
occurred in the province of Bua. The decrease was attributed by
some to improved sanitation, by others to the work of the wasp,
PoJistes hehraeus, which is predaceous on the adults and larvae.
The latter theory is the more probable, as certain social wasps are
known to feed their larvae on flies. According to Illingworth, house-
flies in Fiji are controlled by a small brown ant. Large numbers of
Stomoxys sp. were found in one paddock, breeding in horse manure.
These could be checked bv dressingrs of lime.

Ferguson (E. W.), Descriptions of new Australian Blood-sucking
Flies belonging to the Family Leptidae. — Jl. and Proc. R. Soc.
Neiv South Wales, Sydney, xlix, no. 2, 15th November 1915,
pp. 233-243, 1 plate.

The species described in this paper were taken between March and
June in various localities in New South Wales. With the exception
of Spaniopsis clelandi, which occurs on the mountains in sunmier, all
the others are autumn or winter forms. They are all found on the
sandstone ridges, and not in the gullies, and probably have a wide
distribution along the coastal districts of eastern Australia, but so far
have not been found west of the mountains. It has been suggested
that the flies may have a causal connection with '* bung eye," but in the
opinion of the author this is unlikely, since this disease is more prevalent

42

in the inland parts than on the coast and is practically confined to the
summer months. The following species are described :• — Spaniopsis
vexans, sp. n. ; S. niarginipennis, sp. n. ; >S. delandi, sp. n. ; S. longi-
cornis, sp. n.

Macfie (J. W. S.)- Babesias's and Trypanosomiasis at Accra, Gold
Coast, West Africa. — Ann. Trop.Med. Parasit., Liverpool, ix, no. 4,
30th December 1915, pp. 457-494, 2 plates, 10 tables, 6 charts.

Cases of babesiasis among cattle and sheep have been recorded from
Nigeria, the Ivory Coast and the Congo. Examination of the blood of
domestic animals at Accra showed that piroplasms occurred in 53 per
cent, of the hump-backed cattle, in 40 per cent, of the straight-backed
cattle, and in 21 per cent, of the sheep. None were found in pigs
and goats. Two species of Piroplasma were met with, but owing to
lack of unquestionably uninfected animals, it was not possible to
determine the ticks which transmit these parasites. Presumably they
are transmitted by one or more of the species collected, viz., Mar-
garopus [Boophilus), Amhglomma variegatum and HyalommaaegyptiKm,.
One case of canine babesiasis was found at Accra. Dogs commonly
become infested with ticks, and it is therefore possible that the disease
is prevalent. Twenty per cent, of the brown rats examined showed
the presence of a piroplasm, NuttaUia decumani, sp. n., in the blood.
Three types of trypanosomes are found in Accra, viz., T. pecaudi,
T. vivax and T. jjecorum. Tsetse-flies are very rare in Accra, but are
numerous in the surrounding districts, and any animals coming from
a distance must be exposed to attack by these insects for the greater
part of their journey. It is therefore probable that the trypanosome
infections recorded were contracted before reaching Accra. Trypano-
somes were found in 92 per cent, of the hump-backed cattle, in 18 per
cent, of the straight-backed cattle, and were rare in sheep, pigs and
goats. The heavy infection of the hump-backed cattle was doubtless,
due to a long journey through infected districts. T. pecaudi {T. brucei
of Uganda), the rarest of the three species occurring at Accra, is most
fatal to domestic animals in Nigeria and probably in the Gold Coast
also. In its behaviour in the tsetse-fly T. pecaudi is said to differ
from other polymorphic trypanosomes, development taking place in
the gut and proboscis, instead of in the gut and salivary glands. This
parasite proved pathogenic to a white rat and to guinea-pigs into which
blood from the rat was injected. T. vivax was present in enormous
numbers in the blood of cattle examined. It was inoculated, without
result, into white rats, guinea-pigs, and a rabbit. Infections by
T. pecorion were never heavy. One case of canine trypanosomiasis,
due to T. p)ccorum, occurred. Nineteen cases of equine trypanosomiasis
were met with, and in all these it was almost certain that infection had
taken place in Accra, either by stray tsetse-flies or by some other biting
insect such as Stomoxys or Lgperosia. The immunity of mules imported
from the Canary Islands is only a partial one and does not protect
them from fatal infection by T. pecaudi. This species is invariably
fatal to horses, T. vivax being rarely so, while T. pecorum is inter-
mediate in this respect. Trypanosomiasis in Accra should be an
easily preventible disease, since tsetse-flies do not appear to breed in
the immediate vicinity of the town. No precautions, however, are

43

taken to prevent the spread of the disease and infected animals are
allowed to move freely about the town. Two cases of trj-panosomiasis
resembling acute dourine were observed in mules. The trypanosome
may have been the Runcorn Laboratory strain of T. equiperdum, but
in these cases the disease was not contracted during coitus. It is
therefore possible that dourine may be transmitted by biting insects
as well as mechanically in coitus.

ScHWETZ (J.). Preliminary Note on the general Distribution of GJosdna
(2> 'palpalis, Rob. Desv., in the District of Lomarai, Belgian Congo. —

Ann. Trop. Med. Parasit., Liverjjool, ix, no. 4, 30th December
1915, pp. 513-526, 1 map.

The district of Lomami has a tropical climate, with two seasons
more or less marked according to the latitude. The altitude varies
from 1,000 to 5,000 metres. In the S.E. border the " park " or bush
type of vegetation is found ; the remainder is occupied by savannah,
traversed by belts of equatorial forest. Glossina palpalis in this district
occurs mainly in the vicinity of water covered or surrounded by dense
vegetation, and it does not occur in the neighbourhood of water when
the latter is bordered only with grass, reeds or papyrus. In the Lomami
district exceptions to this general principle are however found, being
adaptations to local conditions. Several examinations of a given spot
are necessary before it can be definitely asserted w^hether this fly is
present or not. The statement that G. paljMlis is active from sunrise
to sunset is incorrect. Other conditions being equal, G. palpalis appears
earlier and disappears later in the rainy season than in the dry season.
It is scarcely affected by fine, warm rain, bat its appearance is retarded
by heavy rain. On the fords of the Lukashi and the Lurimbi, both
of which routes are much traversed, the view of Roubaud that
G. palpalis is especially abundant at river-crossings which are
frequented by animals and men does not appear to hold.

Fantham (H. B.) & Porter (A.). Some experimental Researches on
induced Herpetomoniasis in Birds. — Ann. Trop. Med. Parasit.,
Liverp)Ool, ix, no. 4, 30th December 1915, pp. 543-558, 1 plate.

The following general conclusions are reached as the result of a
series of experiments on the introduction of insect flagellates into
vertebrates : — Under suitable conditions insect flagellates can be
introduced into vertebrate hosts and can produce infection therein.
Infection, especially in bnds and mammals, may result in the death
of the host. Similar infections are known to occur naturally in mice
and pigeons. The organisms thus introduced retain their powers of
development on the same lines as when present in insects. The
morphological cycle of Leishniania is similar to that of Herpetomonas.
Various vertebrates may serve as reservoirs of leishmaniases. The
virus may be very attenuated and so escape detection, or may be
revealed by the presence of flagellate forms in cultures. It has also
been suggested by Stephens that each case of leishmaniasis in
vertebrates arises de novo from the introduction of insect flagellates.

44

Herpetomoniasis can be induced in birds by feeding them on insects
containing Herpetomonads. H. cnlicis from Cidex pipiens and
H. jaculum from Nepa. cinerea fatally infected birds which were fed
on them. The disease induced may run an acute or a chronic course.
In acute cases the flagellate form of the parasite was the more obvious
at death ; in chronic cases non-flagellate forms were more numerous.
Natural herpetomoniasis of a pigeon has been recorded in Algeria.
The flagellate stage of Leishmania donovani in vertebrates is now
known, thus completing the evidence that a Leishmania is morpho-
logically a Herpetomonas.

Lloyd (LI.). On the Association of Warthog and the Nkufu Tick

{Ornithodoms moubata). — Ann. Trop. Med. Parasit., Liverpool, ix,
no. 4, 30th December 1915, pp. 559-560.

Observations on 0. moubata were made during searches for the
pupae of G. 7norsitans near Hargreaves, Luangwa Valley, N. Khodesia.
A native who had been sent into a warthog burrow to obtain loose
soil for examination, was attacked by ticks, with which the burrow
was infested. The ticks were in various larval stages. This tick has
been suggested as a possible carrier of Trypanosoma rhodesiense. The
burrow in which the ticks were found was separated by a river from
a deserted rubber plantation, and the nearest village, from which this
tick was said to be absent, was four miles distant. At Mwenga,
N. Rhodesia, a specimen of 0. moubata was removed from a warthog.
The animal is possibly of importance as a distributing agent of the
tick and should not be overlooked in prophylactic measures against
relapsing fever.

Wood (J. Y.). Malaria in Koinadugu District, with special Reference
f'^ to Kaballa, the District Headquarters, 1914. — Ann. Rept. Medical

Dept., Sierra Leone, for the year ending 31st December 1914,
London, 1915, pp. 37-41. [Received 12th January 1916.]

Malaria is common in the Koinadugu District, the subtertian tj-pe
being generally met with. The commonest carriers were Anopheles
costalis and A.funestus, and possibly also A. rhodesiensis. Examination
of three swamps in the Kaballa valley showed that breeding in these
situations was not extensive, but was confined to certain portions,
which may be due to the presence of certain fish, of which a species
of Barbus was the most active in destroying lar\^ae. Another fish,
Fiindulus gardneri, was obser^^ed to feed on eggs, larvae and pupae
of Cidex.

^ Entomological Reports. — Ann. Rept. Medical Dept., Sierra Leone, for
' ' the year ending 31st December 1914, London, 1915, pp. 51-53.

[Received 12th January 1916.]

An investigation was made during the rains of the mosquitos and
their breeding places to be found at Hill Station. The following
were collected :— («) In rock pools : Anopheles costalis, Lw., Stegomyia
sugens, Wied. ; Ochlerotatus apicoanmdatus, Edw. ; 0. minutus, Theo.
(6) In hollows in trees : C^dex decens, Theo. ; 0. si^nidans. Cart. ;
O. apicoanmdatus, Edw. ; Stegomyia sp. ; S. fasciata, F. (c) In iron
pipes and tins : S, fasciata: C. decens.

6

45

The blood-sucking Diptera collected at Bonthe and in the Koina-
dagu district included :• — Culicidae : Anopheles costalis, Lw,, Culex
consmiilis, Newst., Ochlerotatus nigricephalus, Theo., Culiciomyia
nebulosa, Theo., Stegomyia apicoargentea, Theo., Stegomyia fasciata, F.,
Mansonioides uniformis, Theo., Anopheles rhodesiensis, Theo.,
A. umhrosus, Theo., A. funestus, Giles, Stegomyia sugens, Wied.,
S. africana, Theo., Ochlerotatus minutus, Theo., and Uranotaenia
nigripes, Theo. Tabanidae : Tabanus socialis, Walk., T. pluto, Walk.,
T. taeniola, P. de B., T. fasciatus, F., T. par, Walk., T. besti, Sure,
T. marmorosus, Sure, T. kitigsleyi, Ric, T. congoiensis, Ric,
T. laverani, Sure, T. ruficrus, P. de B., T. subangustus, Ric,
T. sticticollis, Sure, Haematopota buUatifrons, Aust., H. similis, Ric,
H. torquens, Aust., Hippocentrum murphyi, Aust., H. triniacu-
latum, Newst., and Haematopota lacessens, Aust. Muscidae : Glossina
palpalis, R. D., G. fusca; Walk., G. longipalpis, AVied., Stomoxys
calcitrans, L., and S. nigra, Macq.

The ticks collected included : — Rhipicephalus sanguineus, R. lunu-
latus, R. falcatus, Haetnaphysalis leachi, Margaropus {Boophilus)
australis, Aponomma laeve, Amblyomma splendidum, A. variegatum
and A. marmoreum.

Kennan (R. H.). Report of the Senior Sanitary Officer. — Anri. Rept.
Medical Dept., Sierra Leone, for the year ending 31st December 1914,
London, 1915, pp. 83-112, 4 plates. [Received 12th January
1916.]

Inspections for determining mosquito indices in Freetown were
made quarterly, with the following results :• — (1) 16th to 19th March,
0'4 per cent. ; (2) 2nd to 6th June, ll'e per cent. ; (3) 9th to 17th
September, 25*2 per cent. ; (4) 11th to 30th December, 3 "2 per cent.
In the September examination, 54 out of 63 breeding-places were in
water-bearing plants and the mosquitos breed from the larvae
included :■ — Culex tigripes, Eretmopodites inor'}%ata, E. quinquevitattus,
Stegomyia simpsoni, and S. fasciata.

The presence of Stegonujia in vessels other than ocean-going steamers
at Freetown was investigated. In thirteen vessels lying on shore, not
in actual use and containing fresh water, were found the larvae of
Stegomyia fasciata, S. sugens, Culex duttoni, and C. pipiens. C. pipiens
and S. sugens were also bred from fresh water in lighters in
the harbour. Six examples of Anopheles (Pyretophorus) costalis were
found on a wreck a mile from the shore.

Examination of the natural breeding places of mosquitos in Freetown
demonstrated the presence of : — Culex decens, C. duttoni, C. tigripes,
Stegomyia fasciata and Anopheles costalis. In artificial breeding places
C. decens, S. fasciata, Culiciomyia -nebulosa and A. costalis were found.

Buchanan (R. M.). Insects in Relation to Disease. — Glasgow Med.
Jl., Glasgow, Ixxxv, January 1916, pp. 1-24, 5 plates.

This is a popular lecture delivered at the opening of the Forty-first
Congress of the Incorporated Sanitary Association of Scotland,
1st September 1915. Musca domestica is given most attention, and
other insects mentioned include Fannia canicidaris, F. scalaris,

46

Stomoxys calcitrans, Calliphora erythrocephala, C. vomitoria, Lucilia
caesar, PoJJenia riidis, Scatophaga sfercoraria, Glossina morsitans and
G. palpaJis. Emphasis is laid on the fact that an intimate and complete
knowledge of the life-history of noxious insects is essential if they are
to be controlled.

Whitfield (A.)- Acarus from a Case of Copra Itch. — Proc. Roy. Soc.
Med., London (Dermat. Sect.), viii, no. 6, April 1915, p. 116.

In connection with a case of copra itch in a stevedore in London,
the author obtained a specimen of Tyroglyplms Jongior, Gerv., var
cnstellunii. Hirst, from a sample of the copra [see this Revieiv, Ser. B, i,
pp. 15-16].

Bevan (LI. E. W.). Ticks and the Animal Diseases.— i2/?oc?e5ia Agric.
Jl., Salisbury, xii, no. 6, December 1915, pp. 766-784, 2 figs.

Parasites introduced into domestic animals by means of ticks
produce their ill-effects in several ways : — (1) by interference with the
circulation of the blood ; (2) by the destmction of blood cells ; (3) by
robbing the host of food material ; and (4) by the production of
substances toxic to the host. Almost all cattle in Ehodesia become
infected by the blue tick [Margaropus decolomtus] with the parasites
of redwater and gall-sickness. If cattle are infected when young, they
usually become more or less immune, but always retain the parasites
in the blood. Older animals or imported cattle suffer more severely
when infected, and in a state of lowered vitality are attacked by minor
ailments such as scour, pneumonia and liver disease. The following
formula is given for a dipping fluid for use against the brown tick
[Rhipicephalus appendiculafus] : — 3 lb. soft soap, 1 lb. paraffin, 4 lb.
sodium arsenite (80 per cent, arsenic) and 400 gals, water. In severe
cases, in addition to regular dipping, a special dressing made of from
6 to 8 paraffin wax candles dissolved in a quart of paraffin should be
applied to the inside of the ears and other protected parts. In the
Beira districts, diseases of cattle caused by tsetse-flies are reported
to have been controlled by use of a dipping fluid.

HoLBOROw (A. G.). Notes relating to Arsenical Dipping Fluids. —
Rhodesia Agric. Jl., Salisbury, xii. no. 6, December 1915,
pp. 785-788.

The oxidation of arsenite of soda in dipping fluids is due to the
action of micro-organisms, the arsenate produced possessing about
lialf the tick-killing power of the original solution. Oxidation was
found to be slightly arrested by the constant dipping of cattle. In
three tanks near Salisbury, oxidation was shown to proceed rapidly
until from 15 to 20 per cent, of the arsenite had been changed. The
process was then reversed, until finally only a small quantity of arsenate
was present. About 500 head of cattle were dipped in the tanks every
week. There appears to be no fixed rate of oxidation which can be
applied to all dipping fluids. An isometer can be used to determine
the arsenite present, but leaves the arsenate unrecorded. In a
Rhodesian tank, under average conditions, the fluid should be changed
about every six months.

47

WoLFEL (K.). Beitrag zur Kenntnis der Tsetse {Glossina morsitans)
und der Trypanosomiasis. [A contribution to the knowledge of
Tsetse {Glossina morsitans) and trypanosomiasis.] — Zeitschr. f.
Infektionskrankh., parasitdre Krankh. u. Hyg. der Hausiiere,
Berlin, xvii, no. 1-2, 17th August 1915, pp. 19-36, 1 map.
[Received 21st January 1916.]

In German East Africa trypanosomiasis is the most important
disease of cattle next to rinderpest and coast fever. The chief areas,
which are shown on a map, are an eastern belt and a western belt,
both running from north to south. The eastern one follows the coast,
becoming wider and denser towards the south. The western belt
reaches^ — with some breaks- — from Lake Victoria to Lake Nyasa, and
touches Lake Tanganyika over a considerable distance. Between
these belts lie the important cattle breeding districts, viz. : — Arusha-
Moshi, parts of Muanza and Tabora, Kondoa-Irangi, Dodoma, Iringa
and Langenburg, and to the west of the western belt the still more
important areas of Urundi and Ruanda.

The Tabora district is one of the worst infested and most of the
observations recorded here were made there. This area is mostly
covered wdth woods or bush, with spaces of steppe and cultivated
ground. G. morsitans is present throughout the north-western, western,
southern and eastern parts of the district or nearly three-quarters of
its area. The only places free from fly are the open steppes and the
larger settlements. In the north-east of the district the infested bush
merges into bush free from fly, although there is no change of vegetation
or soil conditions. It is very probable, however, that infestation will
spread into these free areas. Only on two occasions did the author
come across places well stocked with game but poor in fly, and only
once was fly abundant in a valley poor in game ; in the latter case,
the tracks showed that game had abounded there shortly before the
place was examined. In the Tabora district in dry years the fly was
least abundant at the end of the dry season or at the beginning of the
rainy one. The numbers increased at the end of the rainy season
and reached their maximum at the beginning of the dry season.

Experiments in clearing the bush along the roads have given the
following results : In rainy weather the fly, when present in moderate
numbers in the bush, may be reduced, especially in the morning,
by clearing. Where present in abundance, a clearing of 110 yards
on either side was not quite sufficient to free the road entirely. In
the dry season the fly, when abundant, was reduced on the road, but
not to any great extent. Even a clearing of 330 yards on either side
of the road was not sufficient to keep it away when very abundant.
Clearing is therefore only of value under certain conditions, as, for
instance, on roads ruiming through infested river valleys, which are
otherwise free from fly. This is the case in the neighbourhood of
Kilimandjaro. Where railway stations have to be built in infested
places, a clearing of 440 to 550 yards on either side will be effective.

G. morsitans does not live permanently at high altitudes, the limit
lying between 4,200 and 4,600 feet. In hot weather it may be
temporarily found above this limit.

Of 642 flies examined, 3 per cent, contained trypanosomes. Among
46 antelopes of eleven species, only three were found to harbour
trjrpanosomes, which were also found in one out of thirteen

i8

wart-hogs. Nagana was common among domestic animals, and
trypanosomes were found in pigs which had passed through the
fly belt between Tabora and Kilimatinde. Spontaneous cures were
not uncommon in the case of native donkeys and cattle. These were
also noticed in Muscat donkeys and in mules. A bibliography of
eight works concludes this paper.

Da Costa (B. F. B.), Sant'Anna (J. F.), Dos Santos (A. C.) and
Alvares (M. G. de A.) Sleeping Sickness : A record of four
years' war against it in Principe, Portuguese West Africa.—
Published for the Centra Colonial, Lisbon, by Bailliere, Tindall and
Cox, London, 1916, xii + 260 pp., 75 plates, 3 maps.

The first part of this report deals with the introduction of sleeping
sickness into Principe during the early part of last century and
the gradual spread of the disease in that island, the geography and
natural conditions of which are described at some length. The tropical
forests which originally covered the greater part of the island have
been cleared to a large extent and have become replaced by bush and
herbaceous vegetation. The savannah t}^e is unknown. The principal
indigenous mammals met with are Cercopithecus mona, Viverra civeta
(civet-cat), field-rats, mice, and frugivorous and insectivorous bats.

Before measures were undertaken on a large scale, Glossina jmlpalis
was present throughout the island with the exception of the southern
part. This distribution is correlated with that of wild pigs, on which
the flies feed. The plan of campaign against sleeping sickness in the
island is described, an account of the measures adopted having already
been published [see this Review, Ser. B, ii, pp. 13-16 and 121-124].
These have been completely successful, and in 1914 it was announced
that G. 2^cd2)alis had disappeared from the island. This being the case,
it is recommended that the Medical Mission be dissolved in a few
months, the duties of sanitary supervision being transferred to two
doctors, while the health ofiicer retains thirty permanent employes
and one European overseer.

A bill drafted by the Mission contains the following recommenda-
tions :■ — (1) Natives frcm infected regions not to be admitted into the
island ; patients suffering from the disease not to be allowed to leave
the island without special permission ; compulsory internment of
existing cases of sleeping sickness in the State isolation hospital ;
permanent medical supervision for all the inhabitants of the island ;
obligatory notification of all future cases of human trypanosomiasis.
(2) Prohibition of the importation of animals from regions infested by
tsetse-flies except for immediate slaughter ; prohibition of rearing of
domestic animals, except in the southern part of the island ; total
prohibition of pig-breeding ; restriction of the canine population of
the island. (3) Compulsory annual cleaning by the owners of all lands
not under cultivation ; periodical improvement of the beds of streams
and swamps ; prevention of growth of thick forest under 600 feet
above sea-level ; compulsory notification of the reappearance of
Glossina in any part.

The blood-sucking insects of the island, other than G. palpalis,
found in 1913-14, included: — Tabanidae : Tahanus comjoiensis,

49

T. taeniola ; Muscidae : Stomoxys nigra ; Culicidae : Toxorliyn-
chites sp,, Culiciomyia nebulosa, Banksinella luteolateralis, Stegmnyia
fasciata, Anopheles {Pyi etophorus) costalis, and Culicoides milnei.
Parasites of the genus Herpetomonas were found in the gut of
T. congoiensis and S. nigra.

Legendre (J.). Sur I'existence dans la Somme du Phlebotomus
papatasii, Scop. [On the existence in the Somme of Phlebotomus
papatasii.] — C. R. Soc. Biol., Paris, Ixxix, no. 1, 8th January
1916, pp. 25-26.

Phlebotomus papatasii has previously been recorded from several
localities in southern France, viz., from Montpellier, Beaune,
Saint-Cyr, etc. It is now reported from Vignacourt during the first
fortnight in July.

Legendre (J.). Sur un nouveau Mode de Transport des Larves de
Moustiques. [On a new Method of transporting Mosquito Larvae,]
—C. R. Soc. Biol., Paris, Ixxxix, no. 1, 8th January 1916,
pp. 26-27.

The larvae of Culex sp. collected in a ditch in December were removed
from water and placed under the following conditions :— (1) Between
two layers of damp moss in an uncovered box ; (2) between similar
layers in a box provided with a lid pierced with holes ; and (3) three
layers of larvae, separated by layers of damp moss, enclosed in an
hermetically sealed box. The boxes were opened after five days ; the
larvae, upon being again placed in water, became active and appeared
to develop normally. These experiments show that the larvae of
Culex can survive out of water and in a closed vessel for at least 5 days,
a fact which greatly facilitates their transport.

DA SiLVA (P.). Experiences sur la transmission de la leishmaniose
infantile par les Puces {Pulex irritans). [Experiments on the
transmission of infantile Leishmaniasis by Pulex irritans.] —
Arquivos Inst. Bad. Camara Pestana, Lisbon, iv, no. 3, 1915,
pp. 261-267. [Reprint.]

The role played by Ctenocephalus canis and Pulex irritans in the
transmission of human and canine kala-azar has not yet been completely
elucidated. In the experiment here described, 25 P. irritans, free from
infection, were allowed to feed on a child in an advanced state of
kala-azar. These 25 fleas in 484 feeds all gave negative results, though
the number of feeds and the length of their lives were sufficient to
permit of the evolutive cycle of any parasites ingested. In consequence
of these results and of those of Wenyon and Patton, it must be
concluded, until the contrary be proved, that neither C. canis nor
P. irritans are agents in the transmission of human and canine
kala-azar.

(C244) B

50

Mai* paOoT-b "KommccIm no BbipaOoTKt Mtp-b 6opb6bi Cb Hact-
KOMbiMM, pasHOCMTenflMH anHAeMHMecKMX'b 3a6oJitBaHiii".

[Reports of " the Commission for the investigation of remedies
against insects which carry epidemic diseases."] — « MSB'^CTin

MocKOBCHaro ShTOMonorimecKaro 06mecTBa.» [Bulletins of the
Moscow En'omological Society], Moscow, vol. 1, 28th November
1915, pp. 162-184. [Received 27th January 1916.]

The following are the first three reports of this Commission, which
has been founded by the Moscow Entomological Society under the
chairmanship of Professor N. M. Kulagin.

1. Engelhardt (V. M.). BnifiHie TewnepaTypij, cyxocTM Boanyxa m

nponMTbiBaHin TKaHeii paa/iHHHbiMM BeiuecTBaMM Ha musHe-
cnoco6HOCTb BSpocnblXl* BlueM. [The effect of the temperature,
the dryness of the air and the soaking of fabrics wath various
substances on the vitality of adult hce], pp. 164-170.

The fatal effect of high temperature on lice is already well known
and various methods of utilising it for their control have been
devised. The author's experiments were limited to temperatures not
higher than the average temperature of the human body, from which
it appears that lice were able to live without food for 2 to 5 days at a
temperature of 85° F. in wet air and for 2 to 3 days in dry air ; at 68° F.
they lived for 3 to 6 days in wet air and for 2 to 4 days in dry air,
while at 60° F. the respective number of days were 4 to 6 and 4 to 5 ;
thus the length of life of lice without food is in direct proportion to
the moisture of the air and in inverse proportion to the temperature.
Experiments on the soaking of fabrics with various substances were
made with birch tar, turpentine, kerosene and combinations of these
substances. The kind of birch tar employed, whether crude, rectified,
black, or white, is of no great importance, and for practical purposes
a 5 per cent, solution of crude birch tar may be applied, which, although
it somewhat discolours the linen, will keep away lice for 10 to 15 days ;
white birch tar is more expensive and rather less effective. Turpentine
gave good results, but is very volatile ; kerosene does not soil the
linen, but is not lasting in its effect, and sometimes affects the skin.
Combinations of these three substances proved stronger in their effect
than each of them separately, particularly a solution of 1 per cent,
of rectified birch tar in a 50 per cent, kerosene emulsion, and another
containing 10 parts of Russian turpentine and 5 parts of rectified
birch tar in 500 parts of water. Good results were also obtained by
the application of creoline in a 1 per cent, solution in water.

2. MusBELius (A. A.). OnbiTbi M Ha6/iH)AeHifl Hafl-b nMiaHiewb nna-

TflHblXl> BlUeif M HaAli A'^MCTBieM'b Ha HMX-b HiKOTOpblX-b
AyUJHCTblX'b Beu^eCTBT). [Experiments and observations on the
feeding of clothes lice and on the effect of various odorous
liquids on them.] pp. 170-179.

Records of several series of experiments with different ethereal oils
are given. From the first of these, it appears that oil of origanum
(marjoram) had the most rapid effect, while oil of cloves is more rapid
in its action, but less effective than that of cinnamon or bergamot.

51

The second series of experiments carried out was with oil of cajeput,
oil of anise, and oil of sassafras, the first-named being the most rapid
in its action. Further experiments showed that the addition of
naphthaline to the above oils hastened their action.

3. VisHNjAKov (Th. A.)- MacjitflOBaHie BninHia HtnoTopbix-b iviaTe-
piajioB-b, MoryiuMX'b 6biTb ynorpeOnfieivibiMM npH Momt 6tnbfl
Bi> pacTBopt cb BOAOH Ha HiMSHeHHOCTb B3pocnbixi> nnaTflHbix-b
BUJeil. [Investigations on the effect of various substances likely
to be employed in water, when washing linen, on the vitality of
adult clothes lice], pp. 179-183.

The author has experimented on the effects of soda, borax, boric
and salicylic acids on lice, all of which substances are likely to be used
when wasting linen. The experiments were conducted at 60° to 63° F.,
;ind consisted in submerging the lice for some time in glasses containing
the above solutions. It was found, however, that only submersion
for 48 hours in saturated solutions of soda or for 8 hours in saturated
.solutions of salicylic acid were harmful to the parasites. Other
experiments showed that the most effective solutions against lice are
I per cent, and 5 per cent, solutions of pure and white birch tar,
a 1 per cent, solution of creohn, and 1 per cent, and 10 per cent,
solutions of crude eau-de-javelle.

PORTCHINSKY (I. A.). flo MHiepeCHOMy, HO MailO MSCntflOBaHHOWiy
BOnpocy 0 CBOMCTBaxi» WynKa XMmHMKa Paederus fuscipes, Curt.
[About the interesting, but little investigated question of the
habits of Paederus fuscipes, Curt.] — «JlK)6MTenb npMpOflbl.»
[Friend of Nature], Petrograd, no. 12, December 1915, pp. 364-366.

The author refers to the occurrence of the Staphylinid, Paederus
columbinus, in Brazil, and of P. fuscipes, Curtis, in Astrachan [see this
Review, Series B, iii, p. 68], and urges further investigation into the
poisonous qualities of these insects, especially as regards the method
of ejection and the nature of the irritant liquid.

RoBERG (D. N.). i. The R61e played by the Insects of the Dipterous
Family Phoridae In Relation to the Spread of Bacterial Infections,
ii. Experiments on Aphiochaetaferrvginea, Brunetti, with the Cholera
Vibrio. — PMippine Jl. Sci., Manila, x. Sec. B., no. 5, September
1915, pp. 309-336. [Received 27th January 1916.]

The experiments recorded in this paper were undertaken in order
to determine whether Aphiochaeta ferruglnea, Brunetti, is a carrier of
disease and whether, if such is the case, it can be considered as f\

important as Musca domestica, Stomoxys ealcitrans, Lucilia, etc. / ^

Complete life-histories of members of the family Phoridae have
been worked out in very few cases. Those species which have been
reared have been bred on fungi and dead or decaying vegetable or
animal matter. Some have been reared from snails and a few from
bees, ants, or beetles. Conicera atia, Mg., Phora aterrima, F., Tru-
pheoneura opaca, Mg., T. trinervis, Beck., T. perennis, Mg., Dohrniphora
abdominaUs, Fall., ChaetoneuropJiora caliginosa, Mg., and C. oru
curvimrvis, Becker, have been obtained from decaying animal matter.

52

An account of the characters of the family and a description of A.ferru-
ginea are given. According to Briinetti, this species requires from
12 to 15 days for the first generation to emerge. Pupation takes place
from 5 to 8 days after oviposition, and the emergence of adults occurs
7 days later. A.ferruginea is the commonest of the small flies breeding
in human faeces. The minute size of the flies enables them to pass
through ordinary fly-proof screens used against the house-fly and
other large Diptera. The results obtained in the experiments afford
evidence that this insect is a possible carrier of Asiatic cholera, and
by analogy, other alimentary infections, such as typhoid fever, bacillary
dysentery, and infantile diarrhoea, may be transmitted, either through
the ingestion of food contaminated by organisms from the surface of
the fly's body or faeces, or by ingestion of the entire fly which may
have become mixed up with the food. Fly-proof sanitary pails which
are proof against the common house-fly may not be secure against
invasion by Phoridae, The fact that cholera vibrios may be
transmitted from larvae, through pupae, into adults is important
only under exceptional circumstances. In the Philippine Islands,
where there are many questions unsolved in the epidemiology of
Asiatic cholera, the Phoeidae are worthy of serious consideration.

ScHUFFNER (W.). Pseudotyphoid Fever in Deli, Sumatra (a variety of
Japanese Kedani Fever). — Philippine Jl. Sci., Manila, x Sec. B.,
no. 5, September 1915. pp. 345-353, 3 plates, 3 tables. [Received
27th January 1916.]

Kedani fever appears in Japan at certain times of the year which
are determined by periodical floods. In Sumatra no such regularity
can be observed. The disease occurs most frequently from June to
August and from November to January ; the former period is dry,
the latter has the greatest rainfall. The mortality due to the disease
differs in the two countries ; in Japan, it is on an average 30 per cent,
and is dangerous in advanced age, while in Sumatra mortality is
about 3 per cent. The carrier of the disease in Japan is the larval
form of a species of Tromhidium. The host of this mite is the field
mouse, which harbours the parasite about the ears. The transmitter
in Deli is either a tick or mite. Labourers on estates in which the
disease occurs suffer from attack by the larvae of Trombidium sp.
and Cheyletus sp. The bite of the Deli form of mite causes violent
irritation for about fifteen minutes, while that of the Japanese variety
may remain unnoticed for several days. In Deli another host of the
tick or mite probably occurs, just as in Japan. Though the pseudo-
typhoid of Deli would appear to be much less fatal than the kedani of
Japan, there are many points of resemblance between the two diseases.
Skin affections are an essential part of both, and an eruption appears
on the second or third day of the disease and attains its full development
on the sixth to eighth day. The course of the fever corresponds in all
respects to that seen in enteric fever. In the blood a diminution of
polymorphonuclear forms and an increase in lymphocytes is constantly
found. The lungs and bronchi may be involved and in fatal cases
extensive bronchopneumonia has been found. Agglutination tests
with the patients' serum for B. typhosus, B. paratyphosus A, and
B. paratyphosus B, as well as attempts to cultivate organisms from
the blood, met with no result.

NOTICES.

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appearance of new pests, or of known pests in districts which have
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CONTENTS.

PAGE.

Notes on New Species of Fleas. , 33

New American Fleas . . . . . . . . . . . . . • 33

The Bibliography of the Ixodoidea . . . . . . . . . . 34

A Monograph of the Ticks of the Genus EaemapTiysdlis . . . . 34

Fleas in relation to Disease .. .« .. .. .. .. 34

Cod-liver Oil against Flies on Horses . . 34

Fleas infesting Man and Animals in the U.S.A. 34

The Control of Lice in Germany . . . . . . . . . . 35

A Summary of Information oonceming Tsetse-Flies . . . . 36

Blood-sucking Insects of Eastern Brazil . . . . . . . . 36

The Tabanidae of Brazil 37

Notes on Chagas' disease in Brazil . . . . . . . . . . 37

Eunterellus hookeri, a Parasite of Bhipicephalus sanguineus in Brazil 39

Siegomyia fasciata in Hong Kong . . . . . , . . . . 39

New Species of Simulium from East Africa . . . . . . . . 39

The Eisks of the Introduction of Yellow Fever into Morocco . . 40

Oestrid Flies parasitic on Elephants in the Belgian Congo . , 40

Pneumotuber macad parasitic in the Lungs of Monkeys . . . . 40

Mosquitos and House-flies in Fiji . , . . . . . . . . 41

New Australian Blood-sucking Flies belonging to the Family

Leptidae .. .. .. .. .. .. .. •• 41

Babesiasis and Trypanosomiasis in the Gold Coast . . . . . . 42

The Distribution of Glossina palpalis in the Lomami District of the

Belgian Congo . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43

Experiments on induced Herpetomoniasis in Birds . . . . 43

Ornithodorus moubata in Warthog Burrows in Northern Rhodesia 44

Mosquitos and Malaria in Sierra Leone . . . . . . . . 44

Blood-sucking Diptera of Sierra Leone . . . . . . . . 44

Mosquito Investigations in Sierra Leone . . . . . . . . 45

Insects in Relation to Disease . . . . . . . . . . . . 45

Tyroglyphus longior var. castellanii causing Copra Itch in London 46

Diseases carried by Ticks in Rhodesia . . • . . . . . 46

The Oxidation of Arsenical Dipping Fluids in Rhodesia . . . . 46

The Distribution of Qlossina in German East Africa . . . . 47

The Eradication of Qlossina palpalis in the Island of Principe . . 48

The Occurrence of Phlebotomus papatasii in France . . . . 49

On a new Method of transporting Mosquito Larvae . . . . . . 49

Experiments on the Transmission of Infantile Leishmaniasis by

Pulex irritans . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49

The Control of Lice in Russia . . . . . . . . . . . . 50

The poisonous Character of Paederus fuscipes in Astrachan . , 51
Aphiochaeta ferruginea, a Carrier of the Cholera Vibrio in the

Philippines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51

Kedani Fever and its Carriers in Sumatra and Japan . . . , 62

VOL. IV. Ser. B. Part 4.~pp. 53-68. APRIL, 1916.

THE REVIEW
OF APPLIED
ENTOMOLOGY.

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Tropical Medicine.
Mr. E. E. Austen, Entomological Department, British Museum

(Natural History).
Dr. A. Q. Bagshawe, C.M.G., Director, Tropical Diseases Bureau.
Mr. E. C. Blech, C.M.G., Foreign Office.

Sir J. Rose Bradford, K.G.M.G., F.R.S., Secretary, Royal Society.
Surgeon-General Sir David Bruce, C.B., F.R.S., A.M.S.
Mr. J. C. F. Fryer, Entomologist to the Board of Agriculture and

Fisheries.
Dr. S. F. Harmer, F.R.S., Keeper of Zoology, British Museum

(Natural History).
Professor H. Maxwell Lbfroy, Imperial College of Science and

Technology.
The Hon. Sir John McCall, M.D., Agent-General for Tasmania.
Dr. R. Stewart MaoDougall, Lecturer on Agricultural Entomology,

Edinburgh University.
Sir John McFadyban, Principal, Royal Veterinary College, Camden

Town.
Sir Patrick Manson, G.C.M.G., F.R.S., Late Medical Adviser to the

Colonial Office.
Sir Daniel Morris, K.C.M.G., Late Adviser to the Colonial Office

in Tropical Agriculture.
Professor R. Newstead, F.R.S., Dutton Memorial Professor of

Medical Entomology, Liverpool University.
Professor G. H. F. Nuttall, F.R.S., Quick Professor of Protozoology,

Cambridge.
Professor E. B. Poulton, F.R.S., Hope Professor of Zoology, Oxford.
Lieutenant-Colonel Sir David Prain, C.I.E., C.M.G., F.R.S., Director,

Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew.
Mr. H. J. Read, C.B., C.M.G., Colonial Office.
The Honourable N. C. Rothschild.

Mr. Hugh Scott, Curator in Zoology, Museum of Zoology, Cambridge.
Dr. A. E. Shipley, F.R.S., Master of Christ's College, Cambridge.
Sir Stewart Stockman, Chief Veterinary Officer, Board of Agriculture.
Mr. F. V. Theobald, Vice-Principal, South Eastern Agricultural

College, Wye.
Mr. C. Warburton, Zoologist to the Royal Agricultural Society of

England.

The Chief Entomologist in each of the Self-governing Dommions

is an ex officio member of the Committee.

©eneral Sccrctatg.
Mr. A. C. C. Parkinson (Colonial Office).

director anO ;6&ltor.
Mr. Gut A. K. Marshall.

Seelstant Dtccctor. assistant lEMtor.

Mr. S. A. Nbave. Mr. W. North.

Head Office. — British Museum (Natural History), Cromwell Road,

London, S.W.
PMuxition Offiix. — 27, Elvaston Place, London, S.W.

53

King (W. V.). The R6Ie of Anopheles punctipsnnis, Say, in the trans-
mission of Malaria. — Science, Lancaster, Pa., xlii, no. 1094, 17tli
December 1915, pp. 873-874.

As the result of recent experiments conducted in New Orleans,
Louisiana, it has been proved that Anopheles punctipennis is an
efficient medium for the development of the sexual cycle of Plasmodium
vivax, the organism of tertian malaria. A. punctipennis is common
in the United States and owing to its abundance and wide distribution,
the question of its agency in the spread of malaria is important. The
fact that A. punctipennis is a host of tertian malaria does not necessarily
indicate that it is an efficient carrier of other forms of malaria. Previous
experiments by Hirschberg suggest that this is not the case.

Kaupp (B. F.). Some Experiments with Agents calculated to kill the

Tromhidium holosericeum. — Science, Lancaster, Pa., xliii, no. 1097,
7th January 1916, pp. 33-35.

Tromhidium holosericeum (common fowl mite) occurs throughout
the United States. It is very troublesome during July and August,
when conditions are favourable for rapid multiplication. The effect
of certain insecticides, including sulphur, Paris green, naphthaline,
carbolic acid, etc., upon the mites was tested. Powdered sulphur,
air-slaked lime, and Paris green, in the dry state, had no efiect on the
mites. Naphthaline, or powdered moth balls, killed all mites in
45 minutes, by virtue of the volatile substances emitted. Insect
powder containing gasoline and crude carbolic acid killed the mites
in 1 minute. Solutions sufficiently concentrated killed in the following
lengths of time : Crude carbolic acid, 20 seconds ; 5 per cent, carbolic
acid, 1 minute ; 1 per cent, naphthaline in kerosene, 30 seconds ;
1 per cent, kreso dip, 10 minutes, and 2 per cent., 4 minutes ; 10 per
cent, formaldehyde, 10 minutes. The substances used, to be effective,
must be in solution or be capable of giving ofi volatile substances
which are themselves destructive.

Noel (P.). Les mouches, les moustiques, les poux et les rats dans les
tranch6es. [Flies, mosquitos, lice and rats in the trenches.] —
BuU. Trim. Lab. Entom. Agric. Seine Infer., Rouen, January-
February-March 1916, pp. 9-15.

Dr. Loir, chief of the Service d'Hygiene at Havre, recommends the
following preventive against body lice : — One part each of naph-
thaline and camphor with sufficient benzine to render them miscible,
mixed with sawdust, 3 parts by weight. This mixture is placed in
small, flat sachets measuring 1| by 2j inches, which are worn next
the skin.

A Good Fly Glue. — Queensland Agric. Jl., Brisbane, iv, no. 6.
December 1915. p. 352.

The following mixtures are recommended for trapping flies :• —
(1) 6 parts colophony, 4 parts rape -seed oil, and 3 parts resin, melted
together ; (2) 8 parts resin, 4 parts each of turpentine and rape-seed
oil, and | part honey ; (3) 1 lb. resin, 3 oz. each of molasses and
linseed oil, boiled together to form a thick paste.

(C254) Wt.Pl/106. 1,500. 4.16. B.&F.Ltd. Gp.11/3.

54

Strickland (C)- Short Key to the Identification of the Larvae of the
Common Anopheline Mosquitos of the Malay Peninsula. — Kuala
Lumpur, 1915, 18 pp., 7 plates. [Received 27th January 1916.]

A key is given to the full-grown larvae of Malayan Anophelines,
based on the characters of the clj'peal and palmate hairs, and of the
antennae.

Shircore (J. 0.). A Note on some Helminthic Diseases, with special
reference to the House-fly as a natural carrier of the Ova. —

Parasitology, Cambridge, viii, no. 3, January 1916, pp. 239 243.

Examination at Mombasa of local natives who complained of
intestinal troubles showed evidence of helminthiasis in 83 per cent, of
the cases investigated. Ova of the follo^\'ing parasitic worms were
found : — Ankyhstoma duodenale, Ascaris lumh'icoides, Tricliocephalus
dispar, Taenia saginatu, Schistosomiim mansoni, Oxyuris vermicularis
and Stroiigyloides stercoralis. Flies from one of the wards of the native
hospital, in which a number of cases of helminthiasis were contracted,
were examined. Ten out of 100 flies contained ova of T. dispar,
T. sa^inata or A. duodeymJe ; of 100 flies caught in the police lines,
11 harboured ova, and of 25 caught in the meat market two contained
ova. These captures were made at mid-day ; in captures made at
6.30 a.m. in the bazaar and in the hospital no eggs w^ere found. The
females contained ova more frequently than the males. Although
human faeces showed a high infection \vith A. duodenale and A. lum-
bricoides, the ova of these species were found in flies on very few
occasions. The eggs of T. disjiar and T. saginata, although less com-
mon in human faeces, were comparatively abundant in the flies.
The order of frequency of ova in the flies was : — T. dispar 16, T. saginata
8, A. duodenale 5, A. lumbricoides I, and S. mansoni 1. The small
number of eggs of A. lumhicoides found in the flies was probably due
to their large size. The ova of T. dispar appeared able to withstand
putrefaction in dead flies for nearly two months.

Strickland (C). Considerations regarding an Outbreak of Malaria at
Morib, Federated Malay States. — Parasitology, Cambridge, viii,
no. 3, January 1916, pp. 249-254.

Investigation into the nature and causes of a recent outbreak of
malaria at Morib, Federated Malay States, has shown that the w^hole
population is subject to fever, and the fact that childrenof the stationary
population suffer and present signs of chronic disease proves almost
conclusively that the fever is endemic there. Five species of Anopheles
were captured, viz., A. ludlowi, A. rossi, A. umbrosus, A. sinensis, and
A. tessellatus ; of which A. ludlowi, A. umbrosus and A. sinensis are
known to be carriers of malaria in the Andamans, India and Borneo.
From a record of captures and dissections, it is probable that most
of the fever at Morib was due to A. ludlowi, and slightly to A. umbrosus ;
A. rossi and A. sinensis were probably negligible factors.

The outbreak shows the great practical importance of obtaining
an exact comparative infectivity table of the various Anophelines.
At Morib, the statement that A. ludlowi was the cause of the fever is

00

based on creneral considerations onlv. Hi]l-land malaria in Malava.
and perhaps in India,, is probably so difficult to control because it is
conveyed by mosquitos of bigh infectivity and low prevalence, whereas
low-land malaria can be prevented because it is carried by mosquitos
of low infectivity and high, prevalence.

NuTTALL (G. H. F.). Notes on Ticks, iv. — Parasitdogy, Cambridge,
viii, no. 3, January 1916, pp. 294-337, 21 figs.

Tbe following new ticks are described : — Ixodes eichhorni, sp. n.,
found on the person of a collector at Rook Island, German Xew
Guinea, and on a kingfi^sher in the Admiralty Islands ; I. victor iensis,
sp. n., on Phascohinys, in Victoria. Australia ; I. imirobiensis, sp. n.,
on a dog at Nairobi ; /. ricinvs var. gibbosus, var., n.. on Copra hircus,
in Smyrna, in company with Hyahmrna a-egypttum and Ea^maphjsalis
cinnabarinu var. punctata ; 1. denMus var. spinipalpis, var. n., on
Lepus americanus and Seimus hudsonius in Western Canada.

Additional stages of the following species are described: — I.japonensis,
Neum., from Yunnan on the borders of China and Tibet, Upper Burma
and Japan ; I. nuttaUi, LahiUe, from Peru ; /. aurituJus, Xeum.. on
an undetermined bird from the Straits of Magellan, on TrupiaJis
militaris from Tierra del Fuego, on a thrush from Peru, on a bird from
Costa Eica, and on Haliaetus leucocephalus alascanus from Canada.
Species redescribed include : — I. gramdatus, Supino, on Sciurus spp.
and Felis tigris in Burma, and on Epimys rufescens in India ; I. anatis,
Chilton, on Anus superciliosa and Apteryx mantelli from Xew Zealand ;
I. eudyptidis, !Mask., on penguins, Xew Zealand ; /. tasnmni. Xeum.,
on Triehosurus vulpecula and Dasyurus macidata in Australia.

Malloch (J. R.). Some Additional Records of Chironomidae for
Illinois and Notes on other Illinois Diptera. — Bull. Illinois State
Lab. Nat.-Hist., Vrbana. xi. Article -i, December 1915, pp. 305-
363, 6 plates.

These notes on blood-sucking midges include the following species : —
Culicoides guttipennis, Coq., occurring commonly in June and July
1915 ; C. stdlifer, Coq., biting man in August ; C. sanguisugus, Coq.,
a common species in towns ; C. haemutopotus, 3IaUoch, taken
in Mav and June ; C. biguttatus, Coq., not pre^'iou3ly recorded
from Illinois ; and PseudocuJicoides griseus, Coq., biting man early
in Mav. The author expresses the opinion that the species which he
described as P. major may be synonymous with P. griseus. Several
specimens of Ceratopogon peregrinus, Johannsen. were found on 7th
Julv feeding on a dead worm. The genus Xeoceratopogon is erected
for Ceratopogon bellus, Coq. Descriptions are also given of Forcipcmyia
elegantula, sp. n., Euforcipomyia hirtipennis, gen. et sp. n., E. {Cerato-
pogon) fusicornis, Coq., Johannsenomyia albibasis, sp. n., the male
of which bears a striking resemblance to Probezzia pallidu which
occurred with it, and Probezzia infuscata, sp. n.

(C254) Al

X

56

The Bot-F\y. —Qi(eensla7id Agric. JL, Brisbane, v, no. 1, January
1916, p. 36.

To protect horses from the attacks of the bot-fly {Gastrophilus eqiii)
the chin and knees should be smeared daily with the following dressing :
Oil of tar, 1 oz. ; olive oil, 6 oz. If the parasites are observed to be
present, the animal should receive 2 oz. of oil of turpentine and 1 pint
of raw linseed oil. followed in a few davs bv a dose of Barbados aloes.

RoDHAiN (J.). La maladie du sommeil dans I'Ouelle (Congo beige) ^ la
fin de 1914. [Sleeping sickness in Welle (Belgian Congo) at the
end of 19U.]—Bull. Soc. Path. Exot., Paris, ix, no. 1, 12th
January 1916, pp. 38-72, 1 map, 6 tables.

The district of Welle, which is abundantly watered by important
rivers, shows few undulations except in the south-eastern and eastern
parts. Two types of vegetation can be distinguished, viz. , the savannah
and the equatorial forest. Three species of Glossina occur — G. palpalis,
G. morsitans, and G. fusca. G. paljmlis is found along the important
rivers of the forest region and near the mouths of their tributaries.
Certain rivers, notably the Tele and the Likati, show a much greater
infestation than others. The banks of the water-courses are little
frequented by man and the flies feed on the game present in these
situations. In the region of the savannah, where the trees bordering
the rivers are reduced to certain areas, the distribution of G. palpalis
is correspondingly limited. In the valleys where the rivers are
bordered by pap5rrus, as well as on the high plateau of Aru, this fly
does not occur. It is rarely met with outside the wooded area, only
leaving it when food is scarce or at times of flood.

G. morsitajis occurs only in the extreme north-east, its area of
distribution representing the south-eastern limit of the Soudanese
extension of this species, which ranges across the Bahr-el-Ghazal
and the tributaries of the Shari to the Niger and Dahomey.

G. fusca is found in small numbers throughout the forest region and
in the savannah is met with at irregular intervals near the forests
which border the rivers.

A systematic examination of the population of this region, carried
out between 1912 and 1914, has led to the following conclusions : —

(1) The entire western frontier of Welle is infected ; passing eastwards,
sleeping sickness is invading the territories of Ibembo and Monga.

(2) The northern frontier and the regions of the French Congo bordering
on the Mbumu as far as its source should be considered as infected.

(3) A zone in which the malady is endemic exists at the extreme north-
east, around Aba. (4) In the forest region, three small and very
locahsed centres have been discovered. (5) The disease has become
estabhshed along the banks of the Welle from Dungu to Suronga.
There has thus been a considerable extension of the disease since 1907,
when part of the territory was examined by Ollivier.

Prophylactic measures have been actively carried out in the
known centres. Persons suffering from the disease have been treated
either in hospital or in their own homes, according to the gravity of
the case ; the removal of patients from infected districts has been
effected, and forests cleared at points frequented by the flies. Measures

57

against the Azande focus must be limited to protecting the menaced
frontiers by freeing the adjoining districts from infection. The want
of doctors has, until recently, hindered active operations in central
Welle, the geographical position of which alone renders control
measures difficalt. The powers of doctors and officials have been
considerably increased by the new regulations of 29th September 1914,
but to ensure success, the necessary supervision requires to be still
more effective.

HiGGiNs (J. T. D. S.). Note on Cases of Phlebotomus Fever at an
Island in the Eastern Mediterranean. — Brit. Med. Jl., London,
no. 2874, 29th January 1916, p. 166.

Eight cases of sand-fly fever occurred in a garrison under the
author's charge. The infection was due to Phlehotoynus papatasii, and
the trouble ceased after the sleeping-places were moved from the ground
floor, and after a neighbouring area covered with rubble and refuse
was cleared and dressed with lime.

Bacot (A. W.). The temperature necessary for the destruction of lice
and their eggs.— Brilish Med. Jl, London, 29th January 1916.

The results described here are those of work undertaken because the
points concerning temperature dealt with by Dr. Kinloch in connection
with lice [see this Review, Ser. B, iii, p. 156] were so at variance
with the author's experience regarding the heat necessary to kill other
insects. Living specimens of lice, Pedicidus humanus {vestimenti), were
obtained and bred from in a box carried in a pocket where the insects
had the advantage of the natural heat and humidity of the body. It
was found that both the eggs and the lice (in their second instar)
survived a thirty minutes' trial in an incubator (dry air) at 120*2° F.,
the lice being apparently unaffected, as they subsequently completed
their development. Living lice, however, were killed by thirty
minutes' submersion in water at 122-3° F. ; at the same temperature
in dry air, they were paralysed and 28 out of 32 specimens in all stages
of growth died within a few hours, but four (two in the second and two
in the third instars) survived. At 129*2° F. the lice were all dead
thirty-five minutes after placing in the incubator and, up to the time
of writing — three weeks after the test, no young had emerged from the
eggs submitted to this temperature, though the control box was
swarming with lice in all stages of growth. Eggs on pieces of cloth
were dipped into water at 209*1° F. for one minute and a half-minute
respectively, and, as was to be expected, they became an opaque
white, presumably owing to the coagulation of the albumin. None
of these hatched, though kept in the same pocket as the control eggs.
A further test was carried out in a water bath to ensure greater
accuracy. One batch of eggs was placed in a tube containing tap-
water and another portion of the same batch was kept dry, in a
similar tube. The tubes were submerged to within an inch of the
rim in the water bath, the registered temperature of which was 131° F.
After thirty minutes, the eggs were removed and kept wath the control
portion (in three separate boxes) in the same pocket. Up to the time
of writing (sixteen days after the test) no eggs had hatched from the

58

test boxes, though lice in various stages of growth were present in the
control box. It is so improbable that lice having a long hatching
period may survive a temperature which kills those which develop
more rapidly, that the author concludes that dry heat or submersion
in water at 131° F. kills both active lice and their eggs. It follows, as
a consequence, that considerably lower temperatures than those
usually employed may be used to kill these vermin. For the thorough
sterilisation of infested garments, the question of penetration is all
important. A considerable economy of fuel might probably be effected
by allowing a longer exposure at a lower temperature, while it should
be practicable to use quite lightly built chambers or temporarily
adapted rooms to obtain dry air temperatures of, say, 140° F.

Hall (M. C). The Dog as a Carrier of Parasites and Disease. — U.S.
Dept. Agric, Washington, D.C., Bull. no. 260, 23rd November
1915, 27 pp., 13 figs. [Received 9th February 1916.]

Investigations in the western United States indicate that the two
common species of fleas attacking man, viz., Ctenocephalus canis and
Pulex irritans, are carried by the dog. Both species are capable of
transmitting bubonic plague to man, and C. canis is, in addition, a
carrier of the tapeworm, Dipylidium caninum. Echidnophaga gallinacea
(fowl flea), a common pest in some of the southern States, frequently
infests dogs. In the States the dog is known to be the carrier of
eleven species of ticks, the majority of which are parasites of man or
stock. Dermacentor variabilis is commonly found on dogs, while
D. venustus (spotted-fever tick) and Margaropus annulatus (Texas-
fever tick) may occur on them. The dog is also affected by a form of
mange due to the mite, Sarcoptes scabiei canis, and this disease may be
transmitted to man. S. scabiei ovis, causing a rare form of sheep scab,
may be carried by the dog, which is also a host of Dermatophilus
penetrans (chigoe flea), occurring in tropical countries and indigenous
in the southern portion of North America, as well as of the parasitic
larvae of certain flies which habitually attack man and stock. These
inchide Dermatobia hominis {cyaniventris), occurring in South and Central
America, Cordylobia anthropophaga in Africa, and Chrysomyia macellaria
in the United States. These parasites are especially liable to occur
on stray dogs, which are thus a source of danger to the community
and should be destroyed.

ScHUBERG & BoiNG. Ueber die Uebertragung von Kranliheiten durch
einheimische stechende Insekten. [The transmission of diseases
by native biting insects.] — Centralbl. f. Bakt., Parasit. u.
Infektionskr., Jena, lie Abt. Referafe, Ixiv, no. 8, 28th December
1915, pp. 227-228. [Abstract from Arb. a. d. Kaiserl. Gesund-
heitsamte, Berlin, xlvii, 1914, p. 491.]

With regard to the transmission of anthrax by Stomoxys calcitrans,
the authors' experiments with large animals confirm those previously
obtained by Schuberg and Kuhn ; it cannot be doubted that this fly
conveys infection. Further experiments make it very probable that
Stomoxys can convey streptococci in cases where the fly has shortly
before (within a day) absorbed those which are pathogenic to the
animal bitten. This probably applies to man also.

59

Carini (A.). Ueber die Hundekrankheit Nambi-uvu und ihren Parasi-

ten, Rangelia vi'alii. [The dog disease Nambi-uvu and its

Parasite, Rangelia vitcdii.'] — Centralbl. f. Bald., Parasil. u.

Infektionskr., lie Ahi. Originate, Jena, Ixxvii, no. 3, 29th December

1915, pp. 265-271, 2 plates.
In Brazil there exists a serious infectious disease of dogs, which is
characterised by jaundice, skin disorders and internal haemorrhage.
In severe cases death ensues in from three to ten days. The disease
is due to a Piroplasmid parasite which multiplies in the dog either by
fission or by the formation of schizogonia. As schizogonia have never
been noticed in Piroplasma canis, a genus has been erected for
this parasite, which is named Rangelia vifalii. Ticks are believed to
act as carriers, as town dogs are not attacked by the disease, which
occurs among country dogs, especially those used for the chase, and
both Amblyomma ca.yennense and A. striatum have been found on
them. Injections of trypan blue (1-2 per cent., 10-20 ccm.) have
given good results in the first stages of the disease, and according to
Dr. Chagas, injections of quinine have cured many cases.

Morris (Staff Surgeon L. M.). Malaria in H.M. Ships "Hermione"
and " Bristol," at Tampico, with special reference to methods of
screening. — Jl. Royal Naval Med. Service, London, ii, no. 1,
January 1916, pp. 42-50, 1 sketch-map.
Malaria is very prevalent on the Panugo River, Mexico, from May to
January, marshes and lagoons 03curing on both sides of it. The
crews of both vessels were attacked in spite of the measures
taken. Two outbreaks occurred on the " Hermione," the first
of 51 cases, which were contracted on the first night in the
river when Anopheles swarmed on board, and the second, of
55 cases, which began after the first rains in May. The mosquitos
present were A. macidipennis, a few species of Cidex and a very
few Stegomyia. On the day after arrival, brass wire gauze, as
used in Panama, was placed over the posts and doors and mushn
over other openings. Quinine was also administered. Efficient
screening is difficult without the intelligent help of all officers
and men, and lectures are necessary to bring this about. Ships
proceeding to known malarial localities should be previously screened
with wire gauze in the case of doors, hatches, scuttles and air-supply
inlets. Coverings for other openings can be c[uickly improvised if
reserve supplies of wire gauze and open-mesh musHn are available.

CuMPSTON (J. H. L ). Australia and Yellow Fever.— Commonwealth
of Australia Quaran'inc Service Publication no. 6, Melbourne,
1st October 1915, 95 pp., 13 figs., 5 maps. [Received 11th
February 1916.]

The endemic foci on the Pacific Coast of America at present con-
stitate the most important possible sources of the introduction of
yellow fever into Australia. The opening of the Panama Canal will
bring other foci within the range of Australia. The greater distance
of these latter, together with the care that will be exercised by the
United States authorities, will, to a certain extent, reduce the risk of
introduction. The prevalence in large numbers of Stegomyia in the
northern parts of the eastern coast of Australia will permit of the

60

rapid spread of the disease, and one of the serious aspects of the
question is that epidemics of yellow fever frequently begin with a
series of mild cases, the nature of which may be overlooked. The
fact that trade between Queensland and America has already increased,
combined with the great prevalence of Stegomyia in that State, points
to the necessity of taking immediate measures to prevent any possible
outbreak. The proposal put forward that there should be an
Intelligence Officer, trained in sanitary administration, stationed at
Panama to act as an outpost for Australia and Asia, is considered
worthy of the warmest support. It would also be advisable for the
Australian and New Zealand authorities to combine and station an
officer in Samoa or Tahiti. The most important aspect of the yellow
fever question, so far as Australia is concerned, is to reduce the mosquito
population.

A mosquito survey, with special reference to Stegomyia fa sciata, has
been made in the principal coastal towns of North Queensland.
S.fasciata and Culexfatigans were found in all the towns visited, while
Anopheles (NyssorhyncJms) annidipes occurred in all except Thursday
Island and Innisfail. Other mosquitos recorded in Townsville were : —
Anopheles barbirostris var. bancrofti, Giles ; Mucidus alternans,
Westw. ; Calomyia priestleyi, Taylor ; Ochlerotatus {Scutomyia)
notosoriptus, Skuse ; 0. vigilax, Skuse ; Aedimorphus australis, Taylor
Pseudohowarditia linealis, Taylor ; Ochlerotatus {Culicada) annulatus
Taylor ; Culex squamosus, Taylor ; C. {Leucomyia) annulatus, Taylor
C. annulirostris, Taylor ; Culex {CuUcelsa) abdominaUs, Taylor
C.fuscus, Taylor ; C. pahdis, Taylor ; C. simj^lex, Taylor ; C. sitiens
Wied. ; C. concolor, R-D. {tign])es, Grp.) ; Taeniorhynclius {Chryso
conops) acer, Walk. ; Mansonioides {Taeniorhynchus) imiformis, Theo.
Finlaya poicilia, Theo. ; Aedeomyia veviustipes, Skuse ; Ficalbia
{Dixomyia) elegans, Taylor ; Uronofaenia albescens, Taylor ; U. propria,
Theo., and U. {Anisocheleomyia) yiivipes, Theo.

A second survey of North Queensland showed that larvae of
;S. fasciata were present in water-holding receptacles throughout the
towns visited. [See this Revietv, Ser. B, iv, p. 10.1

In addition to the records from Queensland, S. fa sciata has been
found at Grafton and Newcastle in New South Wales, and at Port
Darwin in the Northern Territory. S. sciitellaris, Walk., is uncommon
in Australia. It has been recorded at Port Darwin, and occurs also in
one locality in New Guinea. An allied species, S. pseudoscutellaris,
Theo., appears to be more widely distributed. The resolutions of the
International Sanitarj^ Convention of 1912 and the regulations in
force for the quarantine control of vessels arriving at and passing
through the Panama Canal are given.

Randone (F.). La comparsa di un focolaio di " febbre di tre giorni"

in Siracusa. [The appearance of a focus of Three Day Fever
in Syracuse.] — Malaria e Malaitie dei Paesi Caldi, Rome, vi,
nos. 5-6. September-December 1915. pp. 247-249.

A small epidemic of three-day fever, which occurred in a household
at Syracuse in the summer of 1915, is described. The symptoms were
typical and Phlebotomus was very abundant. The family attacked
had lately occupied a house of recent construction which was surrounded
by old ruined walls.

61

da Costa Lima (A.) Accao do pyrethro sobre os mosquitos. [The
effect of pyrethrum on mosquitos.] — Brazil- Medico, Rio de
Janeiro, xxix, no. 37, 2nd October 1915, pp. 289-291.

Pyrethrum powder is said to be effective in destropng mosquitos
when burnt in rooms at the rate of 15 grammes per 40 cubic feet of
space, the room being kept closed for at least three hours. The effect
was uncertain when the amount of powder was reduced to 10 grammes
per 40 cubic feet.

Halberkann (J.). Ueber Schutzmittel gegen Stechmiicken. [Protec-
tion against mosquitos.] — Miinchener Med. WocJiensckr., Munich,
Ixii, no. 41, 12th October 1915, p. 1407.

As a protective against mosquitos, Pyrethrum roseum has been
recommended, but experiments made at Hamburg proved that a
strong tincture did not deter Stegomyia fasciata from biting. It is
doubtful whether odorous substances have a practical value as
repellents ; only such preparations as obstruct the tracheae seem to
be of use. The " Miickenfluid " repeatedly referred to by Giemsa,
has proved useful both in Germany and in German East Africa. The
fluid is diluted in 20 parts of soft water and used as a fine spray.
Pyrethrum was at first an ingredient, but has now been discarded, and
this mixture now consists of a 2\ per cent, solution of potash soap or of
1| per cent, soda soap and has proved very effective. Still better is a
mixture of 50 grammes commercial formalin, 18 grammes Spir. sap.
Kahn [Phar. Ger.], and 2 litres of water.

Vecsei (F.). Beitrag zur Epidemiologie der Pest : DiePestinSchanghai.

[Acontribution to the epidemiology of plague: plague in Shanghai.] —
Wiener Klin. Wochenschr., Vienna, xxviii, no. 52, 30th December
1915, pp. 1445-1449, 2 plans.

This paper describes the outbreak of plague in Shanghai and the
measures adopted there against it. Owing to the protective measures
taken on the Austrian warship " Kaiser Franz Joseph " during its
stay at Shanghai, only three rats were seen on board. Seventy per
cent, of the rats in Shanghai are Mus rattus, the remainder being
Miis decumanus.

Barret (H. P.). Notes on the Breeding places of Anopheles.—

Amer. Jl. Trop. Dis. & Prevent. Med., New Orleans, iii, no. 7,
January 1916, pp. 406-410.

During a mosquito survey of Charlotte, North CaroHna, and the
vicinity in the spring and summer of 1915, one of the most interesting
facts noted was the almost universal prevalence of the larvae of
Anojyheles punctipennis and the great variety of their breeding places.
Wherever other mosquitos were breeding, Anopheles larvae were likely
to be found. They occurred in company with Culex restuans, C. terri-
tans, C. fatigans {qimiquefasciatus), Ochlerotatus (Aedes) sylvestris,
0. {A.) canadensis, Stegomyia fasciata {A. calopus) and Psorophora
Columbia. The breeding places included :■ — Temporary collections
of rain water ; rain barrels, tubes, etc. ; drainage ditches, small
springs and streams ; creeks and larger streams ; the first two classes
being artificial and the third and fourth natural.

62

Mazzuoli (S.). Osservazioni suUa peste aviaria. [Observations on
fowl plague.] — Clinica Veterinaria, Milano, xxxviii, no. 1, 15th.
January 1916, pp. 1-6,

A number of experiments are described which relate to the mechanism
of transmission of fowl plague. In one of these, two fowls infested with
Argas persicus were kept together in a cage, one having been inoculated
with the virus. After death, which occurred after 36 hours, its
body was allowed to remain near the other fowl, which was unaffected.
The same negative result was obtained when the experiment was
repeated.

Hutchison (R. H.). Notes on the preoviposition Period of the House
Fly, Musca domestica, L. — U.S. Dept. Agric, Washington, D.C.,
Bull. no. 345, 5th February 1916, 14 pp., 1 fig., 3 tables.

Experiments on the preoviposition period of Musca domestica were
carried out at Arlington. Ya., and New Orleans during 1913 and 1914.
Laboratory-bred flies were used in the investigations, originating from
larvae or pupae found in manure heaps. Adult flies were kept in cages
22 inches high by 12 inches square ; the cages were protected from the
direct rays of the sun. but were exposed to air currents and to outdoor
conditions of temperature and humidity. Flies were transferred
to the cages soon after emergence and were supplied with
food and media for oviposition. The preoviposition period
was found to vary between 2| and 23 days. The shortest
records occurred in midsammer, and the longer ones during autumn,
thus showing that temperature has a marked influence on the length
of the period. It is also dependent on humidity, quality of food of
adults, and quality of the larval food with the resulting effect on the
size and physiological condition of the adult. Lack of water proved
fatal to adults. Bananas, water and manure were found to be suitable
foods. In experiments with isolated pairs of flies very few results
were obtained ; this suggests that the association of a number of
females in the process of egg-laying is the normal habit and that
isolation has an inhibiting effect. The date of pairing varied from the
first to the forty-seventh day after emergence, and pairing did not
occur when the temperature was below 55° F. The maximum
longevity was 70 days, the minimum less than one day, while the
average of the records of about 3,000 flies was slightly more than
19 days.

Sur Taction des capsules de sulfure de carbone contre les larves de

Gastrophilus equi. [On the action of capsules of carbon bisulphide
on the larvae of Gastrophilus equi.] — Becueil de MSd. Vet. publie
a VEcole d'Alfort, Paris, xcii, nos. 1-2, 15i;h January — 15th
February 1916, p. 105.

This article records the successful use of capsules of carbon bisulphide
in killing larvae of Gastrophihis equi in horses. In this case three horses
were first purged with 20 grammes of extract of aloes, and on the
following day four 10-gramme capsules were administered at one-hour
intervals, before feeding. From the next day onwards, numerous
dead Oestrid larvae were expelled ; no injurious effect was observed
in the animals.

63

Chatton (E.) & Blanc (G.)- Cnjpfoplasnm rJiipicepaJili, n. g., n. sp.,
Protiste endoparasite de la Tique, Rhipicephalus sanguineus, du
Gondi {Ctenodactylus gundi). [Cryptoplasma rhipicepJiali, gen. et.,
sp. n., a Protozoan endoparasite of the tick, Rhipicephalus
sanguineus, from the Gondi.] — C. R. Soc. Biol. Paris Ixxix, no. 3,
5th February 1916, pp. 134-138, 2 figs.

Rhipicephalus sanguineus, Latr., is one of the most common parasites
of the gondi, a rodent occurring in south Tunis. This tick is found also
on the dog, rabbit and some birds and may be connected with the cases
of Toxoplasma among these hosts. It is probably a transmitter of
Piroplasma quadrigeminum, NicoUe, with which the gondi is infected
to a high degree. Investigations in connection with Toxoplasma led
to the discovery of a new parasite, Cnjptoplasma rhipicephali, occurring
in the alimentary tract or body cavity of a single nymph. This parasite
is described and compared with the Haemogregarine of the gecko,
Tarentola mauritunica.

TowNSEND (C. H.). U.S. Bur. Entom. The Insect Vector of Uta,
a Peruvian Disease. — Jl. of Parasitology, Urbana, III, ii, no. 2,
December 1915, pp. 67-73, 1 fig.

The disease known as " Uta," occurring on the west face of the
Andes in Peru, has been proved to be due to a Leishmania, and Forci-
poimjia utae and F. toivnsendi, native to the western Andean region,
appear to be proved capable of transmitting this parasite, which is
voided by them from the anus while feeding. Infection must take
place when the bites are rubbed. The seasonal prevalence of the
disease from November to April, which are the rainy months, coincides
with the period of greatest prevalence of the insects. It may prove
that these midges, while normally confining their attacks to other
insects, have become accustomed, during their periods of greatest
abundance, to transfer their attacks to man owing to a shortage of
the food-supply. That other insects also transmit Leishmania is
very probable. Certain Tabanids probably carry the organism of
" apaicha " in the eastern rain-forest region. In the Amazonas
province of Peru the natives accuse a new species of Ornithodoros
alhed to 0. turicata, Duges, of carrying " uta " by its bites, but this is
considered improbable. Fleas, bed-bugs and ticks seem excluded in
the case of this disease and other Peruvian leishmaniases, as the
lesions are practically confined to the exposed parts of the body.

Eansom (B. H.) & Hall (M. C). The Life-History of Gongylonema,
scutalum. — Jl. of Parasitology, Urbana, III., ii, no. 2, December
1915, pp. 80-86.

Sheep fed upon insects containing the larvae of Gongylonema scutatum,
become infested with this Nematode. Its eggs are present in their
faeces and hatch out when swallowed by insects of various species.
Gongylonema larvae have been found in various species of dung beetles
collected from sheep manure, namely, Aphodiusfemoralis, A. granarius,
A. finietarius, A. coloradensis , A. vitfatus, Onihophagus hecate, and
0. pennsylv aniens. They have also developed in various species of
Aphodius and in the cockroach, Phyllodromia {Ectobia) gernvinica.

6i

Crawley (H.). Note on the stage of Piroplasma higeminum which
occurs in the cattle-tick, Margaropus annulaius. — Jl. of Parasito-
Icgy, Urbana, III, ii, no. 2, December 1915, pp. 87-92, 1 fig.

A parasitic protozoan, found in smears made from female cattle-
ticks {Margawpus annulatus) and from crushed eggs, is believed to
represent the stage of Piroplasma higeminum occurring in the tick.
In the present case, the unusual mortality of the ticks would suggest
that the parasite is pathogenic to them as well as to cattle.

NuTTALL (G. H. F.). Ticks of the Belgian Congo and the Diseases
they convey .^J5wZ/. Entom. Research, London, vi, no. 4, February
1916, pp. 313-352, 48 figs.

The subject of ticks and tick-borne diseases is of great importance
to agriculturists and pathologists in the Belgian Congo. Of the species
recorded from the Congo, one conveys relapsing fever to man and
eight have been shown to carry diseases to domestic animals in various
parts of Africa. After giving a brief summary of the classification of
the group, the general characters of the different genera, and the biology
of ticks, the author gives a more detailed account of the species found
in the Belgian Congo, and their relation to disease. The species
recorded include Ornithodorus mouhaia. Murray, conveying relapsing
fever to man in many parts of tropical Africa ; Haemaphysalis leachi,
Aud., carrying canine piroplasmosis ; Rhipicephaliis appendiculatus,
Neum., transmitting African Coast Fever in cattle ; R. capensis, Koch,
found experimentally to carry African Coast Fever ; R. evertsi, Neum.,
carrying equine piroplasmosis ; R. sanguineus, Lat., a carrier of
canine piroplasmosis in India and probably also in Africa ; R. simus,
occasionally carrying Rhodesian fever in cattle ; Margaropus
(Boophilus) decoloratus, Koch, conveying bovine piroplasmosis
throughout tropical and southern Africa ; Hyalomma aegyptium,
probably a transmitter of Nuttallia equi, causing biliary fever in horses ;
and Amblyomma hebraeum, Koch, carrying " heartwater," a frequently
fatal disease in sheep, goats and cattle. The best methods of collecting,
preserving and breeding ticks in captivity are described. An index to
Congo ticks and their hosts is appended.

Y^ Edwards (F. W.). Eight New Mosquitos in the British Museum
Collection. — Bull. Entom. Research, London, vi, no, 4, February
1916, pp. 357-364, 5 figs.

The following new species of mosquitos are described -.—Ochlerotatus
oreophilus, from North India ; 0. eatoni, from Madeira ; Culex
nilgiricus, from Madras ; C. ingrami, from Ashanti ; C. pacijicus,
from New Hebrides ; Ereimopodites dracaenae, from Sierra Leone ;
Wyeomyia grenadensis, from Grenada ; and Anopheles domicolus, from
Northern Nigeria.

65

Waterston (J.). Chalcidoidea bred from Glossina morsitans in
Nyasaland. — Bull. Entom. Research, London, vi, no. 4, February
1916, pp. 381-393, 9 figs.

Five species of Chalcidoid parasites, bred from puparia of Glossina
morsitans in Nyasaland, are described. These are : — Chalcididab :
Halticliella edax, sp. n., Stomatoceras micans, Wtrst., S. (Centrochalcis)
eocaratum, sp. n. Encyrtidae : Ewpehninus tarsatus, sp. n. Eulophidae :
Syntornosphynmi glossinae, Wtrst. The last-named species is a
hyper-parasite of G. morsitans through Mutilla glossinae, Turn.

Ricardo (Gertrude). Two New Species of Haematopota from the
Federated Malay States. — Bull. Entom. Research, London, vi,
no. 4, February 1916, pp. 403-404. \)

Haematopota stantoni, from Kuala Lumpur and Selangor, and
H. malayensis from Kuala Lumpur, are described as new.

Ricardo (Gertrude). Notes on a Collection of Species of Tabanidae
from Hong Kong.^Bull. Entom. Research, London, vi, no. 4
February 1916, pp. 405-407.

The blood-sucking Tabanidae recorded in this paper include :

Tabanus ruhidus, Wied. ; T. albimedius. Walk. ; T. mandarinus,
Schiner ; T. sanguineus, Walk. ; T. macfarlanei, sp. n. ; T. hong-
kongiensis, sp. n. ; T. indianus, Ric. ; T. crassus, Wlk. ; T. ditaeniatus,
Macq. ; T. flavothorax, Ric. ; T. hybridus, Wied. ; T. hilaris, Wlk. ;
T. jucundus, Wlk. ; Chrysops dispar, F. ; C. mlokosiewiczi. Big.

TowNSEND {Q. H. T.). Recent Questioning of the Transmission of
Verruga by Phlebolomus. — Bull. Entom. Research, London vi
no. 4, February 1916, pp. 409-411.

The power of Phlebotonms verrucarum. Towns., to transmit verruga
has recently been questioned by Strong and other investigators. It is
stated by these observers that the infection may be transmitted in a
similar manner to that of small-pox. The fact that hundreds of
verruga cases in all stages of eruption are treated in an open ward
without one new case arising contradicts this. Contrary to the
supposition of the same investigators, Bartonella does not appear to be
closely related to the distinctively tick-borne Protozoa. The mosquito,
Phalangomyia debilis, D. and K., does not occur in the verruga
zone, but is confined to the higher region above the centres of infection,
and there is therefore no possibility of this insect being a carrier of the
disease as is suggested. The carrier of verruga must necessarily be a
nocturnal or crepuscular bloodsucker which is abundant in individuals
during the humid season, or period of greatest prevalence of the disease,
and never absent at any time of year. It can be stated absolutely
that Phlebotomus is the only species which meets these requirements
coupled with the fact that it is confined to the veri-uga zone.

66

CoNNAL (A.) & CoGHiLL (H. S.). Annual Report of the Medical
Research Institute of Nigeria for 1914. London, 1916, 22 pp.
[Received 16th February 1916.]

Yellow fever investigations were carried on throughout the year.
The disease was transmitted to guineapigs by means of direct sub-
cutaneous or intraperitoneal injection of blood from human cases.
The infection was kept up through a series of guineapigs by the same
method of inoculation. Para])Jasma flavigenum was constantly found
in the blood of the infected animals. Two monkeys were inoculated
from infected guineapigs. P. flavigenum was found in the blood for
a short time after the injection and a portion of the spleen showed
" blue bodies " also. Observations on the feeding habits of Stegomyia
fasciafa showed that the female feeds either during the day or night,
and after feeding for two or three successive days may remain one or
two days without feeding. Examination of native children in the
town of Abeokuta showed that 12 out of 35 possessed intra-corpuscular
bodies similar to P. flavigenum and 18 were infected with malaria.
Out of 65 guineapigs examined in the same town, 18 showed Para-
ph smaAike bodies.

Stegomyia fasciata, CuUciomyia nebuhsa, Ochlerotatus irritans, O.nigri-
cephalus and Anojyheles costalis were used in feeding experiments in an
attempt to find the insect host of monkey malaria. No developmental
forms were however found in the mosquitos, nor did clean monkeys
become infected. Blood smears from three cases of human trypanoso-
miasis showed the presence of trypanosomes of the gamhieyise type.
T. pecorum was found in the blood of pigs from various districts.
Seven out of 22 dogs examined proved to be infected with a trypano-
some of the hrucei type.

The follo\^^ng is a list of bloodsucking Diptera collected in Lagos
and other districts : — Anopheles costalis, A. umbrosus, A. mauritianus,
Culex consimilis, C. invidiosus, C. duftoni, C. univittatus, C. guiarti,
C. decens, C. thalassius, C. salisburiensis, C. insignis, C. tigripes,
C. fatigans, C. rima, C. qimsigelidus, C. grahami, C. albovirgalus,
C. annulions, Ochlerotatus nigricephalus, 0. caligiiiosus, 0. domesticus,
0. ochraceus, 0. irritans, 0. punctothoracis, 0. cumminsi, 0. argent eo-
pimctata, Stegomyia fasciata, S. luteocephala, S. africana, S. sugens,
S. siinpsoni, Cidiciomyia nebuJosa, Vranotaenia amiulata, U. bilineata
var. fraseri, Taeniorhytichus metallicus, T. aurites, T. annettii, Man-
sonioides africanus, M. uniformis, Banksinella punctocostalis, Glossina
palpalis, G. caliginea, Hippocentrum versicolor, Chrysops longicornis,
Tabanus secedens, T. obscurehirtus, T. socialis, T. besti, T. fasciatus,
Haematopota pertinens, H. lacessens, H. gracilis, H. vittatus, H. j)uniens,
T. albipalpus, T. billingtoni and T. socialis. Specimens of the flea,
Xenopsylla cJieopis, were found on rats caught in Lagos and the following
ticks were obtained : — Amblyomma variegatum, Hyalomma aegyptium,
Margaropus (Boophilus) anmdatu6 and Haemapihysalis leachi.

Stkickland (C). Certain Observations in the Epidemiology of Malarial

Fever in the Malay Peninsula. — Agric. Bull, Fed. Malay Slates,

Kuala Lumpur, iv, no. 3, December 1915, pp. 62-68.

Observations on the occurrence of malaria in the Malay Peninsula

have led the author to put forward the following hypothesis : —

Opened-up land in the hills and mountains is malarious because the

67

ravines and valleys have been cleared of jungle, and these places are
not malarious if the jungle over them has not been cut down. This
theory is based on (1) the actual incidence of the disease among people
living near jungle- covered ravines, and (2) evidence afforded by the
mosquitos. Malaria is unknown among the Tamil coolies living along
the Kuantan Road in Pahang. The line is surrounded on all sides by
forest and is close to two streams, both covered in by jungle. On the
other hand, fever was prevalent among coolies on an estate near
Gambang, on the same road. In Kuala Lipis the European com-
munity live in quarters at the head of ravines which are closely over-
grown with jungle ; the district is considered so free from malaria
that mosquito curtains are seldom used.

Carriers of malaria are absent from the forest-clad ravine swamps.
Anopheles umbrosus, causing malaria on the flat land, does not breed
in the hilly jungle, nor does A. mactilatus breed in a similar situation.
A. aitkeni is the only common species and has never been found inside
houses, nor is it known to bite man. In human habitations near the
jungle no Anophelines are found except those which breed in collections
of w^ater from round which the jungle has been cleared. In cuttings
made in the jungle, A. sinensis, A. albirostris, A. maculatus, A. karwari,
A.fuliginosus, A. rossi and A. kochi are commonly found.

The author believes that this hypothesis provides a working basis
for the prevention of malaria in the hill-land. The remedy lies in not
clearing the ravines within a line several feet outside the bounding hill
contour when opening-up hill-land, or, if the ravines have been already
cleared, in allowing the forest to grow up again. Assuming this
hypothesis to be correct, it w^ould appear that while on the alluvial
coast-belt malaria is present in districts close to undrained jungle, in
the hills the opposite is the case. This means that A. umbrosus,
causing malaria on fiat coast land, will not breed in the hills and that
A. nutculatus, which causes fever in the hills, will not breed on the coast
alluvium. An intervening area is present in which the ranges of
the two species overlap to a certain extent.

RoDHAiN (J.). Note sur les Trypanoses et les Piroplasmoses des grands
animaux de rOuelI6. [Note on the Trypanosomiasis and Piro-
plasmosis of the larger mammals of Welle.]- — Bull. Soc. Path. Exot.,
Paris, ix, no. 2, 9tix February 1916, pp. 95-109, 1 fig., 1 table.

The trypanosomes and malarial parasites affecting man in tropical
Africa have their homologues in the trypanosomes and piroplasmoses
of wild and domestic animals. The question of the part played by
animals as reservoirs of trypanosomes pathogenic to man is therefore
of the highest importance. Of 89 head of cattle examined, 13 were
infected with T. congolense {=dimorpho7i) and T. cazalboui ; of 9 sheep,
one only was attacked by T. congolense ; 9 horses and 21 goats gave
negative results. T. congolense is transmitted by Glossina, while
T. cazalboui can be disseminated by species of Siomcxys, of which
S. calcitrayis is distributed throughout the Welle district. Among the
big game examined, no cases of infection were found, except in one
example of the duiker, CepJialophus dor salts, in the blood of which
T. ingens was detected. Specimens of Glossina were rare in the localities
in which the game were examined.

68

Ghssina palpalis, G. morsitans and G. fusca are met with in the
Welle district. From dissections of specimens of G. fusca and hj
comparing the position of the trj-panosomes in this species and in
G. palpalis, G. morsitans, G. brevipalpis, etc., it may be assumed that
G. fusca transmits trypanosomes of the types cazalboui, congolense
and pecaudi.

Various forms of piroplasmosis occur in cattle, sheep, dogs and
antelopes. In cattle the two types found were Piroplasma bigeminum
and Theilena mutans. All the cattle in Welle have come originally
from Lado or Aru, to the east and it is probable that the infection is
endemic in these districts. The piroplasma of sheep, T. ovis, approaches
T. mutans in its morphological characters. When inoculated into
the blood of young animals, slight infections are produced which are
followed by immunity. The parasites can persist in the blood of the
host for long periods ^\'ithout affecting the general health, but in some
cases may produce fatal results in a short time. Further researches
with previously uninfected animals are necessary in order to determine
the action of Ixodes in the propagation of the disease. Among the
antelopes examined, two specimens of Cobus defassa showed parasites
similar to T. 7nutans. A dog w^as found to be infected with
Piroplasma canis.

The following blood-sucking Diptera were collected by the author :---
Stonioxys calcitrayis ; Lyperosia minuta and L. punctigera, feeding on
Rhinoceros simtis, Bubalis lelwel jacksoni and Cobus defassa ; Ghssina
palpalis, G. morsitans, G. fusca ; Chrysops silacea, C. distincHpennis,
C.funebns, Tabanus socius, T. secedens, T. ruficrus, T. biguftatus and
species of Haetnatopoia {Chrysozona).

Hirst (S.). On the "Harvest Bug" {Microtrombidium autum-
nalis, Shaw). — Jl. Econ. Biol., London, x, no. 4, December 1915.
pp. 73-77, 2 figs. [Received 28th February 1916.]

Specimens of Microtrombidium autumnale, Shaw, (hai^vest bug)
were obtained by the author in the Isle of Wight during September
1915. This mite is very troublesome in the district and occurs chiefly
on the high chalk downs in the neighbourhood. Residents are believed
to become immune to attack after long sojourn in affected districts.
A description of the larval form is given. In France, in addition to
M. autumnale, MetatJirombidium p)o^icep)s, Oud., and Trombidium
striaticejjs, Oud., have been recorded as attacking man.

Hirst (S.). On the Tsutsugamushi {Microtrombidium akamushi,
Brumpt), Carrier of Japanese River Fever.— Jl. Econ. Biol.y
London, x, no. 4, December 1915, pp. 79-82, 2 figs. [Received
28th February 1916.]

The larval forms of Trombidiidae occurring in Japan are capable
of transmitting Kedani or River Fever. In this paper a description
is given of the larv-al form of Microtrombidium akamuslii, Brumpt,
taken from the ears of field mice. At least four other species of the
genus Microtrombidium are known from their larval forms in Japan.

NOTICES.

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CONTENTS.

PAGE.

Anopheles puncUpennis transmitting Malaria in Louisiana . . . . 63
Experiments in tlie Control of Trombidium holosericeum in the

U.S.A 63

Naphthaline and Camphor against Lice . , . , , , . . 63

'Adhesive for trapping Flies . . . . 63

A Key to the Larvae of Malayan Anophelines . . . . . . 64

The House-fly as a natural Carrier of Helminthic Ova in East Africa 64

Malaria and Mosquitos in the Federated Malay States .. ,^ 64

Notes on Ticks of the Genus Ixodes . . . . , , . , , « 65

New Blood-sucking Chironomids from Illinois « 65

The Protection of Horses from Bot-flies in Queensland . . . . 66
Qlossina and Sleeping Sicknesa in the Welle district of the Belgian

Congo .. .. .. .. .. .« ». .^ 66

Phlebotomus Fever in the Eastern Mediterranean . . . . . . 67

The Temperature necessary for the Destruction of Lice and their

Eggs - 67

The Dog as a Carrier of Parasites and Disease in the U.S.A. . , 68

The Transmission of Anthrax by Stomoxys calcitrans .* .« 68

A Disease of Dogs caused by Bangelia vitalii in Brazil ,^ . . 69

Malaria and Mosquitos on Ships in Mexico . . 69

TJhe Possibility of the Introduction of Yellow Fever into Australia 69

Phlebotomus Fever in Syracuse .. ,. ., ,, ., 60

The Effect of Pyrethrum on Mosquitos .. .. .. .. 61

Protective Fluids against Mosquitos .. .. .. .. .. 61

Rats and Plague in Shanghai . . . . . . . . . . . . 61

Notes on the Breeding Places of Anopheles punctipennis in North

Carolina .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ... 61

Experiments with Fowl Plague and Argas persicus in Italy . , 62

The preoviposition Period of Musca domestica in the U.S.A. »• 62

The Use of Carbon Bisulphide against Gastrophilus equi . . ..« 62

A New Blood Parasite in Bhipicephalus ^sanguineus in Tunis . . 63

The Insect Vector of " Uta " in Peru 63

The hite-'H.i&torj oi Gongylonema scutatum in the JJ.B. A. .. .• 63

The Stage of Piroplasma bigeminum in Margaropus annulatua . . 64

Ticks of the Belgian Congo and the Diseases they convey . . . . 64

New Tropical Mosquitos ... . . . . . . . . . . 64

Chalcidoid Parasites of Qlossina morsitans in Nyasaland . . . . 65

Two new Species of Haematopota from the Federated Malay States 66

Notes on Tabanidae from Hong Hong . . 66

The Transmission of Verruga by Phlebotomus in Peru . . . • 65

Mosquitos and Tabanids of Nigeria .. .. .. .. •• 66

The Epidemiology of Malarial Fever in the Malay Peninsula . . 66
Trypanosomiasis and Piroplasmosis in the Welle District, Belgian

Congo .. .. .. .. .. .« .. •• 67

Notes on Microtrombidium autumnale in England . . . . .^ 68

Microtrombidium akamushi and Kedani Fever in Japan . . . • 68

VOL. IV. Sep. B. Part 5.-PP. 69-84. MAY, 1916.

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(Natural History).
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Mr. E. C. Blech, C.M.G., Foreign Office.

Sir J. Rose Bradford, K.C.M.G-., F.R.S., Secretary, Royal Society.
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(Natural History).
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in Tropical Agriculture.
Professor R. Newstead, F.R.S., Dutton Memorial Professor of

Medical Entomology, Liverpool University.
Professor G. H. F. Nuttall, F.R.S., Quick Professor of Protozoology,

Cambridge.
Professor E. B. PouLTON, F.R.S., Hope Professor of Zoology, Oxford.
Lieutenai\t-Colonel Sir David Prain, C.I.E., C.M.G., F.R.S., Director,

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Mr. F. V. Theobald, Vice-Principal, South Eastern Agricultural

College, Wye.
Mr, C. Warhurton, Zoologist to the Royal Agricultural Society of

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69

f{ Claee (H. L.). Report of the Surgeon-General for the year 1914-15.

— Trinidad and Tobago Council Paper no. 154 of 1915, Port-of-
Spain, 1915, 153 pp. [Received 28tli February 1916.]

Anti-malarial measures were carried out in several districts during
the year. As a result, the breeding grounds of Anopheles were restricted
to a few parts which ofiered special difficulties in the way of efficient
drainage. Measures against Stegomyia and Culex included the survey
of four localities, one being the Dry River, the remaining three in the
immediate neighbourhood of Port-of-Spain. In Queen's Park
Savannah, the larvae of C. fatigans and Stegomyia were found in
hollows in the trunks and roots of trees. In the Botanic Gardens,
St. Anne's, the most fertile breeding places were found in holes in trees
and in bamboo joints ; the larvae present were those of Stegomyia
fasciata (calopus), Megarhinus trinidadensis, Limatus durhami and
Sabethoides nitidus. The Dry River showed a scarcity of larvae,
owing to the presence of larvivorous fish and the swiftness of the current
in certain parts.

Memoria presentada al Congreso de la Nacidn por el Ministro de Agri-
cultura Dr. Horacio Calder6n — 1913. [Report presented to the
Congress of the Nation by the Minister of Agriculture, Dr. Horacio
Calderon, 1913.] — Buenos Aires, 1915, 531 pp. [Received 28th
February 1916.]

In the part of this report which deals with live-stock, it is stated
that piroplasmosis caused some losses during the year owing to a
considerable transit of cattle from the north to the south. As a result
of this traffic in cattle, some ticks {Margaropus annulatus 1) were
carried to several estates in the provinces of Buenos Aires and Santa
Fe. and tick infestation there was found to be due not only to imported
individuals, but to a second and third generation born on the spot.
During the year, 1,013,823 head of cattle were dipped in the official
dipping tanks. Trials with trypan-blue showed that it possessed a
real curative value against piroplasmosis. Attention is called to the
necessity of co-operation for the erection of dipping tanks and the
regular practice of dipping. A special board was entrusted with the
drawing up of a plan of operations based on the most recent knowledge
of the biology of the tick.

Ragazzi (C). Intorno all' esistenza della febbre della costa in Cire-
naica. [Concerning the existence of coast fever in Cyrenaica.] — ■
Clinica Veterinaria, Milan, xxxviii, nos. 2 & 3, 30th January &
15th February 1916, pp. 35-43 & 65-76.

This paper first gives a general review of African coast fever, due to
Theileria parva, in various countries and deals with its occurrence in
the Italian Colony of Libya. While Prof. Carpano believes this disease
to be endemic there in a mild form among native cattle [see this Review,
Ser. B, iv, p. 14], the author considers that no case of proved local
origin has hitherto been found and that it may have been imported a
first time without affecting native cattle. A second introduction may
spread more widely among receptive animals. Strict inspection at
the port of importation and a quarantine depot are therefore very
necessary. A bibliography of nine works is given.

(G260) Wt.Pl/106. 10. 5.16. B.&F.Ltd. Gp.11/3. A

70

Paoli (G.). Ixodidi raccolti nella Somalia Italiana meridionale.

[Ixodidae collected in southern Italian Somaliland.] — Sepaiate,
dated 24tli February 1916, from Redia, Florence, xi, no. 1,
pp. 269-297, 5 figs., 1 plate.

Of 600 Ixodidae collected in southern Itahan Somaliland in 1913,
the most common species were Rhipicephalus pulchellus, Gerst.,
Amblyomma lepidum, Don., A. eburneum, Gerst., and Hyahmma
aegyptium, L. Rhipicephalus appendiculatus, Neum. and R. simus,
Koch, were rare and no examples of Margaropus {Boophilus) annulatus,
Say, Amblyomma variegatum, F., or A. hebraeum, Koch, were obtained.
Other species obtained included : — Argasidae : Argas persicus, Ok.,
Ornithodoros savignyi, Aud., 0. moubata, Murr. ; Ixodidae : Rhipi-
cephalus ecinctus, Neum., Amblyomma marmoreum, Koch, Aponomma
exornatum, Koch, Haemaphysalis calcarata, Neum., and H. leacJd, Aud.

Rene (C). Le fraitement de la gale du cheval. [The treatment of
mange in horses.] — Progres Agricole, Amiens, xxx, no. 1465,
13th February 1916, p. 84.

For horses suspected of suffering from mange the following remedy
is recommended : Titrated nicotin extract of State manufacture, 1 lb. ;
commercial soda crystals. If oz. ; water, 2 gals. This may be applied
with a brush or a sponge, but, owing to the danger of poisoning, the
whole surface of the body should not be treated at one time.

Sweet (Georgina). Investigations into the Occurrence of Onchocer-
ciasis in Cattle and associated Animals in Countries other than
Australia. — Proc. R. Soc. Victoria, Melbourne, xxviii (new series),
no. 1, November 1915, pp. 2-51, 5 plates, 11 tables. [Received
11th March 1916.]

Investigations into the occurrence of worm-nodules, due to Onchocerca,
in cattle and associated animals show that these nodules were present
in the Malay Archipelago, Malay Peninsula, India, Ceylon, and Egypt.
AlUed parasitic worms have been found in the aorta of cattle and buffalo
in Java, Sumatra, Malay States and India. 0. gutlurosa is
characteristic of northern Africa, presumably in Bos taurus ; 0. indica
occurs in B. indicus in India, and 0. gibsoni in B. indicus in the Malay
Peninsula. The distribution of nodule-forming worms is probably
much wider than is at present suspected. The original host is probably
Bos gaurus, the Indo-Malayan gaur or wild ox.

Feoggatt (J. L.). Dips and Dressings used for protecting Sheep from

Blow-flies. — Agric. Gaz. of New South Wales, xxvii, no. 1, January
1916, pp. 17-28. [Received 6th March 1916.]

Dressings for this purpose may be either liquids, powders or pastes.
The composition of the liquids is very variable, as also their preparation
for use. Experience at the Experiment Station tends to show that all
dips supplied ready for use mat the wool together and deleteriously
affect the fibre. Many powders to be applied direct by dusting are
said to be of no practical value under Austrahan conditions and
they contain nothing of the nature of a healing agent where the

71

skin is broken. The object of these various dressings is either
to keep the flies away or to kill the maggots as soon as they
hatch out. The analysis of liquid dips shows that the active principle
relied upon by a number of manufacturers is some mixture of the
phenols and cresols (carbolic acid and closely allied chemical sub-
stances), pyridine and its bases (generally present in small amount),
and resin or resinates. There are nearly always two or more of these
present in any one mixture. In several dressings which, according
to the manufacturers, will prevent fly-blow, eucal3rptus oil is a general
constituent. In a few cases arsenic, copper sulphate (bluestone),
turpentine, naphthaline, and iodoform are found to be present.

In the powders intended to keep the flies away from the sheep,
iodoform seems to be the most popular active principle. In those
intended to assist healing of the affected part in addition to pre-
venting fly-blow, arsenic or some compound of arsenic and free
sulphur are present. Pjrrethrum powder is met with in several of the
powder dressings.

In the analyses of the paste dressings, there is a great diversity in
the active principles. Arsenious sulphide, free sulphur, cresols, and
pyridine and its derivatives are the principal substances. The nature
of these various compounds is briefly discussed, and it is remarked
that mixtures containing resin or turpentine are extremely deadly to
maggots, but their effect on the flies would seem to be neutral. On the
wool, resin gives rise to thick, hard masses of matted fibre, which are
often found to be the spots in which maggots shelter. Copper sulphate
is satisfactory in regard to fly-blow, in that it dries up the wool,
preventing any recurrence of the odour set up during the previous
maggot infestation. It is however liable to act too drastically, in that
it hardeims and may crack the skin if the solution used is too strong,
and it always deleteriously affects the wool-fibre. Iodoform exercises
at the best but a very slight deterrent influence on flies, although it.
shows soiBie effect on the maggots. The results obtained by experi-
menting with eucalyptus oil are variable. At times, it has a deterrent
effect on Pollenia stygiu {Calliphora villosa) and Anastellorhina augur
(CalUphora oceaniae) for a short time, whereas as regards Lucilia
sericata, CaUiphora rufifacies, and Pycnosoma (C.) varices, it is, if
anything, an attraction rather than a deterrent. Sulphur is said by
many sheep-owners to be efficient in helping to ward off the attacks of
the sheep-flies at certain times, though the nature of its action is
rather uncertain.

The value of dips as regards their action on the maggots has been
studied systematically ever since the Experiment Station was founded
and the following observations have been made. Maggots, under the
action of poisonous or other substances which are foreign to them
seem to have the power of throwing off a slimy secretion, and if they
can get away mto clean earth or other material before the poison acts
they get rid of it by shedding or rubbing off this coating!
Many hundreds of maggots are found daily on the dip-saturated
ground near the pens and from these over 90 per cent, of flies have been
bred out regularly ; it is thus clear that a very large number of maggots
escape. To prevent this, there should be no dry earth in or near the
pens and all maggots on the ground should be collected and destroyed.
Various dips at the usual strength were tested by immersing maggots

(C260) ^°

72

in them until apparently dead or for a period not exceeding one hour ;
in the former case the maggots were taken out of the dip and placed
in moist earth and left for 24 hours and the mortality tabulated. Very
few dips killed in less than 20 minutes and not more than 50 per cent,
of the maggots were killed by the various dips tried after one hour's
immersion. Many crawled out of the powders after 24 hours contact,
alive and healthy ; the addition of water in some cases caused a higher
mortality, in others no difference was observable. When the maggots
crawled out of the liquid and reached clean earth, they nearly always
gave rise to flies ; when they crawled out of the wool after dipping,
the effect was nil so far as killing the maggots was concerned. The
net result of the observations is to show that though dips drive out
the maggots, they do not help appreciably to eradicate the flies.

Any dip must fulfil certain conditions, if it is to be of any
real value in deahng effectively with the fly pest, and yet not
have any ill effect on the wool. No dressing seems to have been
discovered wliich will prevent subsequent fly-blow ; the maggots
are driven out and the attacked part healed, but the odour seems still
to remain and attracts flies to the same place again. The effect on the
wool is often bad ; it rots and can be pulled away in lumps, in other
cases it mats and forms masses with soft centres which shelter maggots.
The effect of many dips on the animals themselves, especially if badly
blown and sore, is also far from good. Some dips, particularly coal tar
preparations and copper sulphate, mil not come out properly in the
scouring and their effects on the dyeing quality also require study,
pips are sometimes good at one time and bad at another for reasons
which are not very apparent. They may be connected with another
tfly being the cause of a second attack, the difference of climatic con-
ditions or lack of standardisation of the dips. The growth of the
wool on a merino sheep is about a quarter of an inch per month and
this keeps the dip further and further away from the sldn. The
methods of application are discussed, and of these, swabbing and
rubbing, if thoroughly done, seems to be the most effective.

Hill (G. F.). Report of the Government Entomologist to the
Administrator of the Northern Territory of Australia for the
eighteen months ended 30th June 1915, pp. 43-46 of Administra-
tor's Keport for the year 1914-15 [sine loco], 1915. [Received
9th March 1916.]

OcJilerotatus {Culicelsa) vigilax appeared in 1914 in the Botanic
Gardens in Darwin and adjacent mangrove swamps about 10th
January. Thence this mosquito spread to the town ; it increased
in numbers until 30th January and then gradually decreased. At the
end of November it was again found in the town, increasing in numbers
until the end of January, and then slowly disappearing. This species
enters houses after dusk, and remains hidden there until the foUowing
morning. Breeding takes place in pools of salt water in the low-lying
districts to the north and north-east of the town ; any reduction in
the numbers can therefore only be obtained by drainage of these areas.
Culexfatigans was less abundant than in former years. The prevalence
of Stegomyia fasciata in Darwin, especially during the latter part of
the dry season, was very marked. This species was probably

73

responsible for the epidemic of dengue fever during the past season.
Breeding places of Anopheles (Nyssorliynchus) annulipes were found in
accumulations of stagnant salt and brackish water. Some were
treated with larvicides, others were stocked with water-bugs of the
family Notonectidae, which are predaceous on the larvae of this
mosquito and of Culex sitiens. Musca domestica was comparatively
scarce, except in a few locaUties. Ants are said to be an important
factor in its control.

The report of the Chief Officer of Health contains an account of the
measures carried out with regard to mosquito reduction. These
consisted mainly of attempts to prevent breeding in water receptacles
in the town, but on the whole httle advance was made owing to lack
of support on the part of the inhabitants.

Proclamation by the Governor-General of the Commonwealth of
Australia. — Commonwealth of Aiistralia Gaz., Melbourne, no. 159,
23rd December 1915. [Received 13th March 1916.]

This proclamation modifies and consolidates those of previous years
which relate to the importation into Australia of certain animals and
plants. In these provisions it is enacted that, in order to prevent
the introduction of Hypoderma bovis, no cattle shall be imported into
Austraha from Great Britain and Ireland, the United States of America,
or Canada, except those shipped between October and May.

Dipping Cattle. — Rhodesia Agric. Jl., Salisbury, xiii, no. 1, February
1916, p. 107, 1 plate.

The dipping tank described in this letter is built of cement and is
provided with an inwardly projecting ledge which extends for some
distance from the point of entry. This prevents a large waste of dip
as the animals enter. Farmers are advised to mix 10 lb. bitter aloes
with the dipping fluid when putting cattle through a new tank.

Sinclair (J. M.). Veterinary 'Rq^ovX.— Rhodesia Agric. Jl, Salisbury,
xiii, no. 1, February 1916, pp. 113-115.

During November 1915, new outbreaks of African coast fever
occurred in the Melsetter district. A further outbreak occurred in
the next month. The cattle were successfully removed to clean areas
through a temperature camp and were dipped every three days.
Good results have already been obtained. At the time of drawing
up this report 69 tanks were in working order, and several were in
course of construction.

North Borneo Medical Report.— Jnimw Med. Gaz.y Calcutta, li, no. 2,
February 1916, pp. 64-65.

Extractsare given from the MedicalReportof Dr. W.B. Orme,P.M.O.,
of the State of North Borneo, including Dr. Roper's key to the local
malaria-carrying mosquitos, viz : — A. With unspotted wings —
Anopheles brevipalpus, sp. n. B. With spotted wings : (1) with
banded palps — A. kochi, A. maculatus, A. leucosphyrus, A. punctulatus,
A. ludlowi. (2) With tips of palps grey — A. separatus. (3) With
palps unhanded — A. barbirostris, A. umbrosus, A. albotaeniatus.

74

Christophers (Major S. K.). A Revision of the Nomenclature of
Indian Anophelini. — Ind. Jl. Med. Research, Calcutta, iii, no. 3,
January 1916, pp. 454-488. [Received 20th March 1916.]

A list of vahd species and varieties of Indian Anophelines is given
with their synonyms and a key to the Indian species. The relation
to malaria of 24 out of the 38 species mentioned is discussed.
The following are recorded as carriers either experimentally or in
nature :- — A. barbirostris, A. culicifacies, A.fuliginosus, A.funestus var.
listoni, A. ludlowi, A. maculatus, A. ^naculi'pal'pis, A. minimus, A. rossi
(though the position of the varieties of this species is doubtful),
A. stepJiensi, A. theobaldi, A. turkhidi and A. willmori. A lengthy
bibliography is appended.

Christophers (Major S, R.). An Indian Tree-Hole breeding Anopheles,
A. barianensis, James, = A. {Cododiazesis) ^^wmfteMs, Haliday. —
Ind. Jl. Med. Research, Calcutta, iii, no. 3, January 1916,
pp. 489-496, 1 plate. [Received 20th March 1916.]

Anopheles plumbeus (barianensis) has been recorded from several
localities in the Western Himalayas at heights varying from 6,000 to
8,000 feet. Larvae were collected at Simla from water contained in
the hollows of trees, generally oaks. The water was usually dark
brown in colour. Larvae in the laboratory fed readily on fragments of
crushed insects. Adults were found during the day resting inside
hollow trees. Most of the females captured contained blood in the
gut ; as they were found to enter houses in the morning and evening,
it is probable that most of the blood was of human origin. Adults
kept in captivity fed and oviposited freely, while larvae reared from
the eggs gave rise to adults about four weeks later. A. plumbeus
was numerous in the area investigated, but so far as was known, no
cases of indigenous malaria were contracted at Simla. A description
of the developmental stages is given.

Prashad (B.). Male Generative organs of some Indian Mosquitos.—
Ind. Jl. Med. Research, Calcutta, iii, no. 3, January 1916,
pp. 497-502, 2 plates. [Received 20th March 1916.]

This paper gives an account of the male genitaha of Anopheles
willmori, James, Culex fatigans, Wied., Stegomyia scutellaris. Walk.,
Ochlerotatus pseudotaeniatus, Giles, and Theobaldia spathipalpis, Rond.

AwATi (P. R.). studies in Flies. — ii. Contributions to the Study of
Specific Differences in the Genus Mu.sca.^hid. Jl. Med. Research,
Calcutta, iii, no. 3, Januarv 1916, pp. 510-529, 20 plates, 1 table.
[Received 20th March 1916.]

This paper gives an account of the morphology of the genitalia in
Calyptrate flies, and discusses the homologies of the segments and their
appendages in the male. The genitalia in the genus Musca are dealt
with in detail.

75

MiTTER (J. L.). The Life-History of Haematohia sanguisugens, Austen.
— Ind. Jl. Med. Research, Calcutta, iii, no. 3, January 1916,
pp. 530-537, 1 plate. [Received 20th March 1916.]

The following observations on the life-history of Haematohia sangui-
sugens, Aust., an Indian blood-sucking Muscid, were made at Kasauli.
Under natural conditions, eggs are deposited in fresh cattle-dung.
Gravid females, when introduced into breeding jars, deposited eggs
in fresh cow-dung in from 10 minutes to a few hours, from 2 to 12 eggs
being placed in one spot. At a temperature of about 75° F. larvae
hatched out in from 12 to 15 hours, and at 68° F. in from 20 to 24 hours.
Feeding began immediately after hatching and the larvae were reared
successfully when the dung was kept moist and free from moulds.
The length of the larval stage was six or seven days at 75° F. and
eight or nine days at 68° F. The pupal period lasted from five to six
days or from seven to eight days at the same temperatures. The adults
began to feed in five or six days after hatching. Both sexes are blood-
sucking and feed at all hours during the day. They have been found
attached to the neck, shoulders, and abdomen of cattle, and resting
on weeds, shrubs, etc., near cattle sheds, or in fields where cattle were
grazing. They were not found on animals in the city or inside cattle
sheds, stables, or human dwellings, even when surrounded by shrubs
and grasses. Horses, mules, and man were also attacked. At Kasauli,
adults are present from April to November. Breeding occurs from
June to October, and is at its height in August and September. There
is a marked preponderance of females.

MiTTER (J. L.). Tlie Life-History of Bdellolanjnx sanguinolentus,
Austen. — Ind. Jl. Med. Research, Calcutta, iii, no. 3, January 1916,
pp. 538-540. [Received 20th March 1916.]

The breeding habits of Bdellolarynx sanguinolentus, Aust., resemble
those of Haematohia sanguisugens. The eggs, from 25 to 35 in number,
are laid singly on the surface of fresh cattle dung. The larvae hatch
out in 11 or 12 hours at a temperature of 71° F. ; the maximum size
is reached on the fourth day, and pupation occurs on the eighth day.
The pupal period lasts seven days, at a temperature of from 68° to
70° F.

LisTON (Major W. G.). Report of the Bombay Bacteriological
Laboratory for the year i9U.—Bo7nhay : Govt. Central Press, 1916,
14 pp.

A number of experiments were carried out to determine the best
method of performing inoculation with anti-plague vaccine. The use
of two small doses instead of one large dose conferred greater immunity.
Observations on man showed that an initial dose of 1 or 2 cc, followed
by double the first dose a week later, could be satisfactorily used.
Further experiments with hydrocyanic acid gas for killing rats were
carried out. The three species of Xenopsylla found on rats in Bombay,
occur in the following proportions : — X. cheopis, 80'6 per cent. ;
X. astia, 18'5 per cent. ; and X. hrasiliensis, 0'84 per cent.

76

Ceeel (E. H.). The Prevalence of Bubonic Plague and its Control.

— Military Surgeon, Washington, D.C., xxxviii, no. 3, March 1916,
pp. 269-280.

It is probable that the most potent factor that has operated towards
preventing any serious plague epidemic in the Philippines has been
the rat-proof construction of the native Filipino hut- — elevated three
or four feet, with the ground exposed and bare, bamboo floors and
single walls — which affords but little harbour for rats. The relative
freedom of Europe from plague, as compared with the epidemics of the
middle ages, may likewise be ascribed to the use on that continent
of rat-proof buildings of stone and solid masonry. Where plague is
endemic, the country concerned has a non-rat-proof type of buildings.

MiTZMAiN (M. B.). Anopheles punctipennis, Say; its relation to the
transmission of malaria — Report of experimental data relative to
subtertian malarial iever.— Public Health Reports, Washington,
D.C., xxxi, no. 6, 11th February 1916, pp. 301-307.

The possible role played by Anopheles punctipennis, Say, in the
United States in the transmission of subtertian malarial fevers is dealt
with. The only record of previous work on this subject, which is that
of Hirschberg in 1904, was not considered adequate to exclude this
Anopheline definitely as a carrier. Two hundred and nineteen specimens
of A. punctipennis were dissected from 3 to 38 days after multiple bites
on individuals whose blood contained varying numbers of subtertian
gametocytes. No infection was observed in the dissection of stomachs
and salivary glands. Two healthy individuals were bitten 91 and 180
times by specimens of A. punctipennis, 4 to 33 days after sucking blood
of a subtertian malaria carrier. In this experiment, and in another in
which 22 additional mosquitos of the same species were fed on another
healthy individual, A. punctipennis could not be incriminated in the
transmission of subtertian malaria. Control feedings with 74 speci-
mens of A. quadrimaculatus, Say, resulted in an infection of 13 "8 per
cent., and with three specimens of A. crucians, Wied., of 33*3 per cent.
In one case an individual developed subtertian malaria 11 days after
the single bite of an example of A. quadrimaculatus which had become
infected (as shown by dissection) 17 days previously.

MiCHiE (H. C.) & Paesons (H. H.) Roeky Mountain Spotted (Tick)
Fever : Report of an Investigation in the Bitter Root Valley of
Montana. — Medical Record, New York, no. 2362, 12th February
1916, pp. 265-277.

This paper is a resume of our knowledge of Kocky Mountain spotted
fever, and includes the results of eighteen months' research on this
disease, as it occurs in the Bitter Root Valley. It is stated that the
tick conveying the disease {Dermacentor) is a slow feeder, requiring
hours to become attached to an animal. Those exposed to the bites
of this tick should search their person at least three times a day ; if
this were done, there would be very few cases of spotted fever. A
bibhography of 43 works, referred to in the paper, is given.

77

Fricks (L. D.). Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever : A Report of Labora-
tory Investigations of tlie Virus. — Public Health Reports,
Washington, D.C., xxxi, no. 9, 3rd March 1916, pp. 516-521.

Among the facts determined by various workers during 14 years of
investigation are the following : Man, rhesus monkeys, and at least
six varieties of small wild rodents found in the Rocky Mountain region
are susceptible to infection, while the larger domestic animals are
generally immune. Of laboratory animals, guinea-pigs and white
rats are highly susceptible, while white mice are apparently immune.
The virus is transmitted by the bite of infective wood ticks (Derniacentor)
and no other biting Arachnid or insect has been found capable of
transmitting it.

von EzDORF (R. H.). Demonstrations of Malaria Control. — Public
Health Reports, Washington, B.C., xxxi, no. 10, 10th March 1916,
pp. 614-629, 4 figs.

The results of antimalarial measures undertaken at Roanoke Rapids,
North Carolina, and Electric Mills, Missouri, are given in this paper.
At Roanoke in 1913, Anopheles quadrimaculatus was breeding
extensively and was readily found in houses ; in 1914 very few
were found, and in 1915 this species had disappeared, only a few
A. punctipennis being present. The incidence of the disease was very
greatly reduced in both localities.

Tsetse-Fly and Big Game in S. Rhodesia. — Correspondence from the
British South Africa Company, received from the Colonial Office
17th March 1916.

In the area visited by the Government Entomologist in November
and December 1914, between the Sengwa and Umniati Rivers, tsetse-fly
{Glossina morsitans) appears to be extending its range. Although
the game laws have been suspended in this region, there is no
appreciable decrease in the numbers of game, except in the case
of elephant. A case of trypanosomiasis was reported near the
Sengwa River in November 1914 and in this connection the Medical
Director found that the fly was spreading eastwards and recommended
the destruction of antelopes. In a report from the Director of
Agriculture, relating to the destruction of game in affected districts,
the extermination of game in a clearly defined zone is considered
feasible and likely to have the desired effect. It is suggested that the
services of natives, armed in some cases, should be utilised for this
purpose. The cost would be partly covered by the sale of the skins,
etc., of the animals shot. Blood smears should be made from every
animal killed. Estimates should be made of the numbers of game in
each area shot over, and also of the distribution and quantity of the
fly before and after the operation ; this work should be controlled by
the entomologist. It is proposed that this extermination should only
take place in a belt situated on the north, south and east of the free
shooting area of Mafungabusi, which is bounded on the west by an

78

area in which sleeping sickness is known to exist. It is stated that
the opening of certain areas to free shooting has had the effect of
driving game from these areas into inhabited country and that the
hunters have neglected other game to some extent in order to secure
elephants. The need for further tsetse-fly investigations is urged.

CouTA^T (A. F.). The Habits, Life-History, and Structure of a Blood-
sucking Muscid Larva {ProtocalUphora azurea). — Separate from
Jl. of Parasitology, JJrhana, III., i, March 1915, pp. 135-150,
7 figs. [Received 17th March 1916.]

The larva of the Muscid, Phormia {ProtocalUphora) azurea, is normally
a blood-sucking parasite of nestling birds, causing fatal results in some
cases. Specimens were found by the author in June 1914 on crows
about five weeks old ; others were found in the nest, and therefore
were probably intermittent feeders. Attempts made to rear the
larvae on fresh and putrifying meat, failed. Previous observations
by Kirsch, Brauer, and others, have shown that these larvae may bore
into living tissues. The larvae preferred rather dry places to moist
ones, and do not appear to be adapted to living in decomposing or
faecal matter. One of the crows examined contained malarial
parasites in the blood, but the larvae are not thought to have played
a part in the transmission of these. The length of life of the larva is
probably between 14 and 20 days. Pupae kept in breeding cages
transformed into adults in 10 days. Adults fed readily on milk and
biscuits and were not attracted to meat, as is the case with other
blow-flies. P. azurea has been recorded from France, Britain, Italy,
Germany and New England, in each case in very small numbers, and
seems to occur chiefly among birds which build in protected positions,
such as stables, etc. A description of the different stages is given.

Paeker (R. R.), New Evidence concerning the Dispersal of the House-

F\y. -—Bull. Dept. Public Health, Helena, Montana, ix, nos. 7 & 8,
November-15th December 1915, pp. 3-7. [Received 30th
March 1916.]

During 1915 investigations into the dispersal of house-flies under
city conditions were carried out. A total of 387,877 marked flies were
released during a period of 35 days from four stations at various
positions in the city. The flies were recaptured in varying numbers
at different places, the most distant being about IJ miles from any
point of release. It was concluded that movements were mainly
dependent on stimuli such as odours from feeding and breeding places.

The results suggest that the following points are of practical signi-
ficance under city conditions in Montana : — (1) flies from a given
breeding place may spread over an area within a city of at least five
square miles ; (2) flies do not remain close to breeding grounds, but
often show considerable migration ; (3) conditions within a city which
are favourable to breeding are important to the residents and also to
those living close to the city ; (4) the importance of co-operation in
control work is strongly emphasised.

79

TVIooRE (W.). Fumigation of Animals to destroy their external
Parasites.— J/. Econ. Entom., Concord, ix, no. 1, February 1916,

pp. 71-80, 2 figs.

During 1915 a number of essential oils were tested at the Minnesota
Experiment Station in relation to their values as insect repellents.
Most of the oils were found to injure plants and when placed on animals
afforded only temporary relief. The benzene series of compounds
was also tested. A rat placed in a fumigation box having a capacity
of 180 cubic feet and the atmosphere saturated with nitrobenzene
was active and feeding at the end of 24 hours ; after 36 hours, it was
alive, but sluggish, and died at the end of 48 hours. The experiment
was not conclusive, as the rat was forced to eat food saturated with
nitrobenzene, and lack of oxygen may have affected the results. The
effect of this compound on insect parasites was observed. Dog fleas
were found to leave the host at the end of half an hour and to be quite
dead at the end of 1| hours, while the dog itself was uninjured. Pigs
infested \\dth lice required an exposure of from six to eight hours.
A sheep with very close wool was freed from 90 per cent, of the ticks
{Melo'phogus ovinus) on it after 12 hours ; those picked up from the
floor of the fumigating box revived after 12 to 24 hours, while those
left in the wool did not do so. This result is of especial value, as sheep
in wool cannot be dipped successfully. The puparia were not killed
by fumigation. Mites on chickens were destroyed in from eight to ten
hours, and red mites in a chicken house were also killed. Texas cattle
fever ticks {Margaropus annulatus), mostly engorged females ready to
oviposit, were killed by an exposure for 10 hours. With one exception,
none of the animals fumigated showed signs of injury. Cats were able
to withstand an exposure of 1| hours, but were killed in 10 or 12 hours.
The author and another person remained in a small room fumigated
with nitrobenzene for 1| hours, during which time the house-flies were
destroyed, while the only effect on the investigators was a slight
irritation to the eyes and throat. In some later experiments the com-
pound was allowed to evaporate from a cloth, since evaporation by
heat gave a super-saturated atmosphere which was Uable to produce
poisonous effects. One drop at 83° F. saturated one cubic foot, while
■at 40° F., only one-tenth of a drop was present.

Paradichlorobenzene was found to be less poisonous than nitro-
l)enzene ; dog-fleas were Idlled in 2| hours, while sheep-ticks were
apparently unaffected. Ortho-, meta-, and para-cresol were tested,
l)ut only orthocresol was able to kill fleas in 1| hours, without injury
to the animals. Carbolic acid crystals evaporated by heat produced
similar results in 1| hours, and saHcylic aldehyde drove the fleas off
the animal in five or ten minutes, but did not kill them for some hours.

Experiments on a large scale, such as the fumigation of barns, are
necessary. The chief difficulty in Minnesota is the low temperature
of barns in winter, whereby an insufficient quantity of nitrobenzene
is held in the air to produce the required result.

80

Mally (C. W.). The House-Fly. — Reprinted from the Farmers Weekly^
Bloemfontein, 13th, 20th, & 27th October 1915, 9 pp. [Received
21st March 1916.]

In South Africa the adult stage of the house-fly {Musca dotnestica) is-
reached 11 days after oviposition. The total number of eggs deposited
by a single female is about 500, and if conditions are favourable there
are 12 generations annually.

The use of sodium arsenite as a means of control is given at some-
length [see this Review, Ser. B, iii, pp. 220-221]. In addition to the use
of branches of Acacia cyclopia as a carrier for the sweetened solution,
sawdust, oiled paper, sacking, canvas, straw, etc. may be utilised*
AVhere carriers are not available, the bait should be sprinkled freely
over the breeding places.

Hewitt (C. G.). A Contribution to a Knowledge of Canadian Ticks. —

Trans. R. Soc. Canada, Ottawa, Ser. iii, ix, sect. 4, 1915^
pp. 225-239, 3 plates, 1 map. [Received 27th March 1916.]

The following species of ticks are recorded : —

Aegasidae : Ornithodoros megnini, Duges, on jack rabbits at
Lethbridge, Alta. ; this is the first record north of Oregon and Idaho.
IxoDiDAE : Ixodes angustus, Neum., on a mouse from New Brunswick,
and on squirrels, Lepus americanus, and Tamkis townsendi, in British
Columbia ; I. auritulus, Neum., on Cyanocitta stelleri carlottae (Queen
Charlotte jay) from British Columbia, and Haliaetus leucocephalus
alascanus (Alaska bald eagle) ; /. hexagonus. Leech, on a weasel in
British Columbia ; I. hexagonus, var. cookei. Pack., on dog in Ontario ;
I. marxi, Banks, on red squirrel and fox in Ontario ; 1. pratii. Banks,
on dog, cat and horse, at Milk River, Alta. ; I. ricinus, L., on man,
dog, deer, Lepus sylvaticus, ground squirrel, etc., in various locaHties
in British Columbia ; I. texanus, Banks, on Procyon lotor (racoon)
and Sciurus dou^lasii in British Columbia ; Haemaphysalis cinnabarina,
Koch, on cattle, Pedioecetes phasianellus (sharp-tailed grouse), Tym-
panuchus americanus (prairie hen), and turkey, in Manitoba and British
Columbia ; H. expositicius, Koch, from Winnipeg ; H. leporis-
palustris. Pack., on rabbits and ground- inhabiting birds, in Manitoba,
Saskatchewan, and British Columbia ; Arnhlyomma americanum, L.,
from Manitoba ; Dermucentor albipictus, Pack., on moose, elk, horse,
cattle, and deer, in British Columbia, Manitoba, Quebec and New
Brunswick ; D. variabilis, Say, on dog, cattle, horses, and man, in
Manitoba ; D. venustus. Banks, on man, horse, mountain sheep, cattle,
rabbit, etc., from British Columbia and Manitoba.

The life-cycle of I. angustus, according to Hadwen's observations,
occupies about seven months. Oviposition begins 16 days after
maturity is reached, while larvae hatch on the 73rd day. Nymphs
appear 61 days later. An account is also given of the life-histories of
Dermacentor variabilis, D. venustus and D. albipictus.

81

Macfie (J. "W. S.). Report of the Accra Laboratory for the Year 1914.

London, 1915, 56 pp., 3 charts, 4 plates, 20 tables. [Beceived
27th March 1916.]

A large part of this report has been published in other journals
[see this Review, Ser. B, iv, pp. 27 and 42]. The following additional
facts are recorded. The ticks, Amhlyomma marmoreum and Haema-
fhysalis leaclii, were taken on hedgehogs. Several cases of spiro-
chaetosis occurred among poultry in Accra in December 1914 ; no
ticks were found on afiected birds, but Echidnophaga gallinacea was
present in considerable numbers. Atoxyl appears to be valuable as a
prophylactic. Aponomma laeve and A. marmoreum were found on
snakes, and the latter also occurred on lizards. Some of the snakes,
lizards, and toads examined showed the presence of Haemogregarines.
During the year, 334 consignments of mosquito larvae from Accra and
Christiansborg were received, and the following species identified : —
Stegomyia fasciata, Culexfatigans, C. decens, G. tigripes, and Anopheles
costalis. NaphthaUne suspended above water was shown to have
little value as a larvicide, but in the proportion of 1 to 2,856 killed
adults emerging from the pupae within 24 hours. It would probably
prevent adults from sheltering and ovipositing in wells and cisterns.
Naphthaline is fairly soluble in kerosene and the solution might be
used in some situations which cannot be effectively screened and where
it is impossible or inadvisable to remove the water entirely. Under
the temperature conditions prevailing at Accra, however, kerosene
used alone in enclosed spaces was found to give off vapour sufficient
to kill larvae and adults.

The following is a list of insects collected at Accra by the author :—
Coleoptera. Tenebrionidae : Alphitohius sp. from a swallow's
nest. Diptera. Culicidae : S. fasciata, F. ; C. fatigans, Wied. ;
Ochleroiatus punctothoracis, Theo. ; 0. irritans, Theo. Tabanidae :
Tahanus bigutlatus croceus, Sure. ; T. ditaeniatus, Macq. Muscidae :
Glossina palpalis, E,. D. ; Cordylobia anthropophaga, Grunb., from a
cat. Siphonaptera. Pulicidae : Xenopsylla aequisetosa. End.,
from Cricetomys gambianus (giant pouched rat). Orthoptera.
Hemimeridae : Hemimerus talpoides. Walk., from C. gambianus.

JoBBiNS-PoiMERoy (A. W.). Notcs on Five North American Buffalo
Gnats of the Genus Simidium. — TJ . S. Dept. Agric, Washing-
ton, D.C., Bull. no. 329, 6th March 1916, 48 pp., 15 figs., 5 plates.

Buffalo gnats are present in considerable numbers in the Mississippi
Valley and in many other portions of the Southern States. Adults in
copula have been found flying near the stream from which they were
emerging, while females are known to travel long distances in search
of food. Adult females feed almost entirely on mammahan blood ;
they have also been recorded as attacking Lepidopterous larvae and
pupae. Simulium venustum was found from early spring to late
autumn in the ears of horses and mules, but seldom on man or cattle ;
the maximum numbers occurred near the beginning and end of this
period. The method of oviposition of the various species differs
according to the habitat. In South Carohna, two distinct groups
can be recognised. The first, represented by Simulium piciipes, is
restricted to rivers with rocky beds and containing such obstructions

82

as partly submerged trees, etc. Eggs are deposited at or below the
surface on smooth rocks, posts, or debris. The second group, con-
taining *S. vittatum, S. venustum, S. johannseni and S. bracteimi, is-
found in small streams with less current and with submerged herbage
on which eggs are deposited. The time of day at which oviposition
occurs is from 4.30 p.m. until 5.30 p.m. or until dusk. The most
suitable weather conditions are sunshine and lack of wind, while the
maximum temperature at which egg-laying can take place is 95° F.
The earliest record of oviposition at Dallas, Texas, was on 25th March,
and the latest at Spartanburg, S. C, on 2nd November. About 500
eggs may be laid by a single female at one time. Experiments at
Spartanburg have shown that eggs and young embryos are unable to
hatch after undergoing desiccation. Outbreaks of Simulium in large
rivers in early spring are due to the fact that desiccation is prevented
by the rising of the water at this period. The eggs hatch either in
still or running water, the period of incubation in the different species
varying from 7 to 12 days. The young larvae require swiftly flowing
water for their development. The sudden appearance of Simvlium
in new localities may be due to a change in distribution occasioned by
an increase in the swiftness of the current by heavy rains. The length
of the larval stage in summer is about 17 days. The food is entirely
microscopic, the larvae apparently thriving best in streams containing
Euglena viridis and Spirogyra. The streams in South Carolina which
are contaminated by chemical refuse from cotton mills are entirely
free from larvae ; this fact is of importance in carrying out control
measures. Pure animal sewage is not deleterious to growth, provided
other factors are favourable. The duration of the pupal stage at
Mumford, N.Y., is three weeks ; at Havana, 111., the maximum period
in late autumn is nine days at a temperature of 36° F. The minimum
period in the case of S. venustum at Spartanburg during June is 84
hours, at a temperature of from 70° to 90° F. The emergence of the
adult is hastened up to 90° F. In the Southern States breeding is
continuous from the middle of March until the end of November,
the life-cycle occupying approximately four weeks. In South Carolina
there are five or six generations annually, except in the case of S. pictipes,
which normally has three generations. In IlHnois, S. venustum has-
three or four generations each year.

The larvae are often parasitised by Nematode worms of the genus
Mermis and by Myxosporidia. Hydropsyche sp. and Cyprinid fish
prey upon this stage. The adults are parasitised by Mermis sp. and
by the trypanosome, Crithidia simuliae, and are attacked by a wasp,
probably Monedula signata. The supposition that species of Simulium-
are capable of transmitting virulent charbon, cholera among chickens
and pigs, and pellagra, has been put forward by various observers.
In an attempt to determine whether such a relation exists, investi-
gations on the biting and feeding habits of S. venustum were carried
out. The results were as follows :■ — (1) In all adults taken while
ovipositing, apparently digested blood was present in the stomach ;
(2) no eggs within the ovaries developed without engorgement and the
requisite time to digest the blood meal ; (3) adults apparently fed
again after oviposition ; (4) the males had reduced mouth-parts and
were not engorged with blood, indicating the acquisition of this habit
by the females for a special purpose.

A very complete bibhography is given.

83

Friedmann (A.). Beitrage zur Bekampfung der Kleiderlause in KleU
dern. [Contribution to the control of body lice in clothing.] —
Centralbl.' fur Bakt. Parasit. u. Infektionskr., Jena, Ite. Abt.
Originale Ixxvii, pt. 4, pp. 320-338. [Received 24th March 1916.]

A brief summary is given of results obtained against lice by previous
authors with moist and dry heat and various chemicals. The author's
own observations show that the eggs develop best at 85-89° F. and
40-50 per cent, relative humidity. Exposure for five minutes to hot
steam is fatal to them ; both lice and eggs were killed by exposure
to a dry heat of 160° F. Lice and eggs on woollen material rolled up
so as to completely fill a test tube and exposed to the same dry heat
were all killed. Five advertised insect powders were tried, but none of
them killed lice in 48 hours though brought into intimate contact with
them. A considerable amount of evidence was obtained that lice
avoid silk materials. When Hce were exposed in flasks to the vapour
of carbon bisulphide for 24 hours they all died, and attempts to hatch
eggs similarly exposed failed ; lice and eggs rolled in various woven
materials were also killed by this means. Clothing infested with Hce
was hung in a room 16 feet by 13 feet and 9 feet high and 7 litres of
carbon bisulphide was placed in saucers in it and the room closed for
15 hours at a temperature of 70° F. Examination of the air of the
room showed that it contained 425 parts of carbon bisulphide in 10,000.
Two hours after opening the room all odour had disappeared, the lice
were all killed and all attempts to hatch the eggs failed. Experiments
with lice in infested clothing exposed to the vapours for 10-12 hours
in well closed metal boxes were quite successful. Sulphurous anhydride
was found eiiective at 31 grains per cubic foot of air even in clothing
tied up in bundles. In laboratory experiments four hours exposure
of lice-infested material in large glass flasks was successful at a lower
percentage of gas, but apparently not less than 22 grains per cubic foot
at 70° F. is required to ensure a good result.

Si (C.) & CuNHA (A.). Estudos sobre a Tristeza. [Studies on Piroplas-
mosis.] — Rev. Veterinaria e Zootechnia, Rio ds Janeiro, v, no. 6^
December 1915, pp. 288-303, 4 plates

This paper is a summary of the history and nomenclature of piro-
plasmosis and discusses immunisation methods. At Gamelleira
(Brazil) the tick most commonly identified in this connection was
Margaropus annulatus var. microplus, Canestrini. A list of 25 recent
works on the subject is appended.

Alessandrini (G.). I pidocchi ed i mezzi per distruggerli. [Lice and

the means of destroying them.] — Annali d'lgiene, Rone, xxvi,
no. 2, 29th February 1916, pp. 92-108. 3 figs.

This paper reviews the various methods of control that have been
employed against Pediculus capitis, de G., and P. humanus, L. (vesti-
menti, de G.). A description of these species is given and their biology
is discussed. One of the control measures referred to is that suggested
by Dr. Muto, of the Italian army, who has reported successful results
with 8-10 per cent, creolin evaporated in a tightly, if not hermetically,
closed wooden receptacle. Clothing to be freed from lice is exposed
to the fumes at a temperature of 104° Fahr. for 10-20 minutes.

84

BouiLLiEz (M.), Contribution k l'6tude et a la repartition de quelques
Affections parasitaires au Moyen Chari (Afrique Centrale).
[Contribution to the study and distribution of certain parasitic
affections in the Middle Shari.] — Bull. Soc. Path. Exot., Paris,
ix, no. 3, March 1916, pp. 143-167, 1 map.

This paper continues a preliminary report [see this Review, Ser. B,
iii, p. 29] on the distribution of sleeping sickness in the centre of
French Equatorial Africa and contains information as to further foci
of the disease. The movements of native traders and their people
across the Kamerun frontier having been largely diverted in con-
sequence of the war, it was often difficult to determine whether the
cases seen were really indigenous or imported, and it is pointed out that
this diversion of travel routes may possibly lead to the infection of
Glossina in areas in which the flies are at present free from trypano-
somes. Up to a very short time ago, G. palpalis had not been found
in this area and it was only in September of 1915 that a few specimens
were discovered on the banks of the Ko Kiver, though no case of disease
was seen in any of the neighbouring villages, while no G. palpalis was
found in or near the villages on the neighbouring river Sara, in which
sleeping sickness is rife. The disease is locaUsed, though G. mcrsitans
is abundant everywhere and G. tachinoides is almost as common,
especially along the water courses ; the author therefore thinks that
these species may be eliminated as carriers. As a useful prophylactic
measure, it is suggested that a pass should be issued to travellers,
certifying, among other things, their freedom or otherwise from
trypanosomes, date of examination, treatment, etc. Traffic should
be restricted to certain routes on which there should be examination
posts. Details are given of numerous inoculation experiments with
various species of trypanosomes. Examination of the blood of geckos
and of several species of lizards failed to yield any bodies having a
possible relation to leishmaniasis. The malaria index of the area is
as high as 80 per cent., but there is only one really common
mosquito, viz :• — Anopheles (Myzomyia) funestus.

BouET (Gr,). Existence d'un petit foyer de trypanosomiase humaine h
la Basse Cote d'lvoire. [Existence of a small centre of human
trypanosomiasis in the Lower Ivory Coast.] — Bull. Soc. Path.
Exot., Paris, ix, no. 3, March 1916, pp. 168-186.

Investigations made in ] 906-08 tended to show that sleeping sickness
is not endemic in the lower Ivory Coast, but since that time several
undoubtedly locally acquired cases have been recorded, the neighbour-
hood of Bingerville being regarded as a centre. Domestic animals
which were examined failed to yield Trypanosoma gambiense, though
T. dimorphon was found and T. cazalboui occurred in animals brought
from the north ; imported animals die from infection by T. dimorphon.
Of 458 flies examined none was found infected with T. gambiense,
though T. dimorphon was present in 3 '7 per cent. ; a single case of
Glossina infected with T. cazalboui was discovered in 450 ffies, probably
contracted locally from an imported animal. In consequence of the
general conditions and the humidity of the whole area, G. palpalis is
not localised and the chance of the infection of this fly with T. gambiense
is regarded as very small, though possible, and proper precautions
should be taken to destroy its haunts near inhabited centres.

NOTICES.

The Editor will be glad to receive prompt information as to tbe
appearance of new pests, or of known pests In districts whleli have
hitherto been free from them, and will welcome any suggestion the
adoption of which would Increase the usefulness of the Review.

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their publications with those of the Bureau, are requested to com'
municate with the Assistant Editor, 27, Elvaston Place, Queen's
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The Subscription to the Review is 12s. per annum, post free; or
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being 8s., and Series B (Medical and Veterinary), 5s. per annum.

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& Co., Ltd., 37, Soho Square, London, W.

CONTENTS.

Measures against Mosquitos in Trinidad

Piroplasmosis of Cattle in Argentina

Piroplasmosis of Cattle in Libya

Ticks collected in Italian Somaliland . .

The Treatment of Mange in Horses . .

The Distribution of Onchocerca in Domestic Cattle

Dips and Dressings used for protecting Sheep from Blow Plies in

^.TlSljl/u'JJ.dj •• •• •• •• •• •• ••

Notes on Mosquitos of the Northern Territory of Australia
Legislation against the Introduction of Hypoderma bovis into

xxllSXFctllct •• •• •• •• •• ••

Dipping Tanks against African Coast Fever in Rhodesia

A Key to the Malaria-carrying Anophelines of N. Borneo

Indian Anophelines and their Relation to Malaria . .

The Habits of Anopheles plumheus in India . .

The Male Genitalia of some Indian Mosquitos

Specific Differences in the Genus Musca

The Bionomics of Eaematohia sanguisugens in India

The Bionomics of Bdellolarynx sanguinolentus in India

Relative prevalence of Xenopsylla spp. on Rats in Bombay

The Importance of Rat -proof Buildings in controlling Plague

The Relation of Anopheles punctipennis to Malaria in the U.S. A

Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever in Montana

Notes on Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever . .

The Results of Antimalarial Measures in the U.S.A.

Tsetse-Fly and Big Game in S. Rhodesia

The Habits and Distribution of Phormia azurea

The Dispersal of the House Fly in Towns in the U.S.A.

Experiments in Fumigation with Nitrobenzene in the U.S.A.

Notes on Musca domestica in South Africa

The Distribution of Ticks in Canada . .

Blood-sucking Insects from the Gold Coast

The Habits of Simulium in the U.S.A.

Experiments in the Control of Lice . .

Notes on Piroplasmosis in Brazil

Glossina and Sleeping Sickness in French Equatorial Africa

Glossina and Sleeping Sickness on the Ivory Coast . .

PAGE.
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J}

VOL. IV. Ser, B. Part 6.— pp. 85-100.

JUNE, 1916,

THE REVIEW
OF APPLIED
ENTOMOLOGY,

^' .^Vvson'^^ IflS

SERIES b: medical

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ISSUED BY THE IMPERIAL
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Tropical Medicine.
Mr. E. E. Austen, Entomological Department, Britisli Museum

(Natural History).
Dr. A. G. Baoshawh, C.M.G., Director, Tropical Diseases Bureau.
Mr. E. C. Blech, C.M.G., Foreign Office.

Sir J. Rose Bradford, K.C.M.G., F.R.S., Secretary, Royal Society.
Surgeon-General Sir David Bruoe, C.B., F.R.S., A.M.S.
Mr. J. C. F. Fryer, Entomologist to the Board of Agriculture and

Fisheries.
Dr. S. F. Harmer, F.R.S., Keeper of Zoology, British Museum

(Natural History).
Professor H. ]\Llxwell Lhfroy, Imperial College of Science and

Technology.
The Hon. Sir John MoCall, M.D., Agent-General for Tasmania.
Dr. R. Stewart MaoDouqall, Lecturer on Agricultural Entomology,

Edinburgh University.
Sir John MoFadyean, Principal, Royal Veterinary College, Camden

Town.
Sir Patrick Manson, G.C.M.G., F.R.S., Late Medical Adviser to the

Colonial Office.
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in Tropical Agriculture.
Professor R. Newstead, F.R.S., Dutton Memorial Professor of

Medical Entomology, Liverpool University.
Professor G. H. F. Nuttall, F.R.S., Quick Professor of Protozoology,

Cambridge.
Professor E. B. Poulton, F.R.S., Hope Professor of Zoology, Oxford.
Lieutenant-Colonel Sir David Prain, CLE., C.M.G., F.R.S., Director,

Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew.
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The Honourable N. G. Rothschild.

Mr. Hugh Scott, Curator in Zoology, Museum of Zoology, Cambridge.
Dr. A. E. Shipley, F.R.S., Master of Christ's College, Cambridge.
Sir Stewart Stocknlan, Chief Veterinary Officer, Board of Agriculture,
ilr. F. V. Theobald, Vice-Principal, South Eastern Agricultural

College, Wye.
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England.
The Chief Entomologist in each of the Self-governing Dominions

is an ex officio member of the Committee.

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-^serial l'u/,>--

Laveran (A.). Presentation de moustiquaires destinies sp6cialement

aux troupes en campagne et aux voyageurs. [An acco^i^t j^s*2*^ '
mosquito nets intended especially for troops on a campaign apfl—
for travellers.] — Bull, Soc. Path. Exot., Paris, ix, no. 3, 8th March
1916, pp. 122-124, 2 plates.

This paper describes the mosquito nets adopted by the armies of the
United States and Japan. The Japanese type, which the author con-
siders the more effective, consists of a cylinder of net supported by two
rings of steel, about 10 inches in diameter, which are kept apart by a
spiral of the same metal. The upper part of the cylinder is closed ;
to the lower ring is attached a fold of cloth which can be placed closely
round the neck when the net is worn. The net can be folded up when
not in use.

d'ANFREViLLE (L.). Lss Moustiqucs de Sal6, Maroc. [The Mosquitos
of Sale, Morocco.] — Bull. Soc. Path. Exot., Paris, ix, no. 3, 8th
March 1916, pp. 140-142, 6 figs.

The presence of Stegomyia fasciaia in the coastal districts of Morocco
has already been dealt with [see this Revleiv, Ser. B, iv, p. 40]. Other
species occurring from September to February are : — Anopheles
maculipennis, Culex annulatus var. marocanus, var. n., and C. fatigans.
Anopheles become very scarce from October onwards, but a small
number are still found up to the beginning of January, which is
the coolest period of the year. The disappearance of malaria
coincides with that of the Anopheles. A. maculipennis appears in
April and disappears in September. C. annulatns var. marocanus,
which is seldom found indoors, is described. C. fatigans disappears
in the very cool weather and reappears with a rise of temperature.
It oviposits everywhere, especially in the cesspits of Arab houses.

Marchoux (E.). Transmission de la Lepre par les Mouehes {Mtisca
domestica). [Transmission of leprosy by flies {Musca domestiea).]
— Ann. Inst. Pasteur, Paris, xxx, no. 2, February 1916, pp. 61-68.

The fact that house-flies are capable of transmitting leprosy has
been recorded by several investigators and further observations on
this subject were carried out by the author during 1913. In the
preliminary experiments, flies which had been allowed to feed on a
pulp obtained from the glands of strongly infected rats were enclosed
together with wounded rats. The flies, upon dissection, showed the
intestine to be filled with a reddish matter formed from the glandular
pulp, and containing enormous numbers of bacilli. Examination of
the rats after a considerable interval showed that infection had occurred
only in the case in which septic material had been present throughout
the experiment. Further experiments showed that failure to infect
was due to the drying up and consequent death of the bacilli on the
feet and proboscis of the flies ; infection only occurred when these
parts had been recently soiled. When bacilli from the intestine were
introduced beneath the skin of rats, infection followed in all cases.
Female flies were found to absorb more septic material than males,
and the same material remained alive for a longer period in the intestine

(C2C9) Wt.Pl/106. 1,500. 6.16. B.& F.Ltd. Gp.11/3. a

86

of the female. The bacilli could live in the digestive tract for at least
four days, and it is therefore considered probable that infection can
take place by the deposition of fresh excrement on wounds. This
deposition occurs less commonly than is usually believed, since flies
removed from septic material for 24 hours do not cause infection.

Lane (Lieut.-Col. D. T.). Report on Malaria in the Punjab during the
Year 1914, together with an Account of the Work of the Punjab
Malaria Bureau. — Lahore, 1915 : Printed by the Superintendent
Govt. Printing, Punjab, 3 pp., 3 maps, 3 charts. Price
Rs. 1-5-0 or 2s.

Three maps, three charts and a mortality table illustrate this report.
From a summary of the malaria survey of Lahore, it is concluded that
protection from malaria would not be difficult or expensive there.
There is a chain of pools along the sides of practically all the roads
approaching the city and in some of these Anopheles larvae were found
all the year round.

Hirst (S.). On a New Variety of European Tich: {Dermacentor reticu-
latus, var. aulicus, var. nov.) — Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., London,
xvii, no. 100, April 1916, p. 308.

A preliminary account is given of Derfnacenfor reticulatus, var.
aulicus, n., found on a wild boar killed in France.

Storey (G.). The Fumigation of Barracks against Bed-Bugs {Cimex
lectularius, h.). — Agric. Jl. Egy2')t, Cairo, v, (1915), nos. 1-2,.
1916, pp. 81-83.

During the summer of 1915, the troops stationed in Egypt suffered
serious discomfort from bed-bugs, which are numerous in nearly all
the barracks. After the miUtary authorities had unsuccessfully tried
washing with paraffin and creosote, the Entomological Section of the
Ministry of Agriculture tried fumigation with hydrocyanic acid gas.
The method employed is described in detail, 1 oz. of cyanide and 1 oz.
of sulphuric acid in 2 oz. of water being allowed for every 100 cubic
feet of space. The gas was given four hours to act and then the rooms
were fully ventilated for about two hours before they were entered.
After the operation was finished, vast quantities of bugs were
found to have been killed. The military authorities were so satisfied
with the results that further requests for similar treatment were
received and were carried out until the stock of cyanide was practically
exhausted. This paper closes with notes on the proper construction
and fitting of buildings with a view to the prevention of the necessity
for fumigation.

Creel (R. H.). The Extension of Plague Infection of the Bubonic
Type. — Amer. Jl. Public Health, Concord, N.H., vi, no. 3, March
1916, pp. 191-221, 4 sketch-maps.

The spread of bubonic plague in the New World is described. It is
concluded that the transmission of plague by flea-infested clothing
from a human case is a remote contingency and that the possibility of
transmission by stray fleas in merchandise is evident, but improbable,

87

because the habitat of plague-carrying fleas is in the burrows of rodents
and on their bodies, and when temporarily separated therefrom, the
natural tendency of the fleas is to regain that habitat. Diffusion of
infection within a city results chiefly, if not entirely, from migration
of infected rodents, and these latter when transported in merchandise
are responsible for the spread of infection from one community to
another. The reduction of rodents and the prevention of their
dispersal should therefore be the chief prophylactic measures.

AsHwoRTH (J. H.). A Note on the Hibernation of Flies. — Scottish
Naturalist, Edinburgh, no. 52, April 1916, pp. 81-84.
The following flies were collected in a house in Edinburgh on 22nd
February 1916 : — Limnophora septemnotata, Zett., Pyrellia erioph-
thalma, Macq., Muscina stabulans, FaU., CallipJiora {Protocalliphora)
groenlandica, Zett., Pollenia riidis, F. The great majority of the
specimens were L. septemnotata, while all were females except two
examples of M. stabulans. A second inspection on 7th March resulted
in the capture of large numbers of L. septemnotata and one specimen
each of M. stabulans and C. groenlandica, all the specimens being
females. L. septemnotata was very abundant during the past autumn
and to a less extent during previous years. The rooms with a southern
aspect were invaded during September and October and hibernation
in various sheltered crevices began during November. The activity
of the females was resumed on the return of favourable conditions.

WiDMANN (E.). Beitrage zur Kenntnis der Biologic der Kleiderlaus

und deren Bekampfung. [The biology of clothes lice and their

control.] — Bull. Inst. Pasteur, Paris, xiv, no. 6, 30th March

1916, p. 190, [Abstract from Zeitschr. f. Hygiene, Ixxx, 1915,

p. 289.]

Development of the eggs of lice requires from six to seven days at a

temperature of 78° to 85° Fahr. The optimum temperature is 82° Fahr.

Development is retarded when the temperature is raised from 94° to

113° Fahr., as it also is at low temperatures from 68° Fahr. down to

13° Fahr. At 122° Fahr. the eggs are killed in 15 minutes, at 139° Fahr.

in five minutes. The most efficient destructive agents are heat, then

sulphurous anhydride and carbon bisulphide. These last ensure

death of the eggs in 15 minutes. Tables are given showing the action

of these various insecticides.

Heymann (B.). Die Bekampfung der Kleiderlause. [Combating
clothes lice.] — Bull. Inst. Pasteur, Paris, xiv, no. 6, 30th Marct
1916, p. 191. [Abstract from Zeitschr. f. Hygiene, Ixxx, 1915
p. 299.]
After deahng with the morphology and biology of Pediculus humanus
{vestimenti), methods of destruction are discussed. Lice are killed in
three hours at a temperature of 113° F., in 1| hours at 122° F., in
20-30 minutes at 140° F., and in 5-10 minutes at 177° F. The eggs
require a Httle longer time. In practice, heating for one hour at 140° F.
should be sufficient. At a low temperature, 50-55° F., lice may be
kept fasting for nine days, while at the temperature of garments
(77-80° F.) they only live from three to five days without food. The
-action of various chemical agents is also dealt with.

(C269) a2

88

PoRTCHiNSKY (I. A.). Myxa Bonb(J)apTa m en pyccKie copoflMHU.

Eiojiorifi 3tom MyxH h SHaMGHie en r(na HenoetKa m ajia }\ov\a\u-

HMXTj >KMBOTHblX"b. [WoMfahrlia magnifica, Schin., and allied

Russian species. The biology of this fly and its importance to

man and domestic animals.] — «Tpyflb! Biopo no SHTOMOJlorin

yMCHaro KoMMTeia MMHHciepcTBa 3eMnefl-bji"m.» [Memoirs of

the Bureau of Entomology of the Scientific Comtnittee of the Ministry

of Agriculture], Petrograd, xi, no. 9, 1916, 108 pp., 39 figs., 2 plates.

The author's previous work on Wohlfahrtia magnifica was published

in 1874, 1875 and 1884 and first drew attention to the importance of

this fly. The first part of this memoir deals with a number of cases of

attacks on man by this insect. It is pointed out that even at the present

time insufficient care is taken to identify the flies attacking man,

and in many cases alleged to be due to Calliphora, Sarcophaga, etc.,

in the author's opinion, the real offender is W. magnifica.

Many examples of myiasis in man caused by this fly are recorded

and described from various parts of Russia, the ears, nose, etc.,

being most frequently attacked. The majority of cases occur in

the hot weather from June to September. Within the auditory meatus

the larvae usually penetrate into the walls and in rare cases they

enter the cartilage. Cases of deafness resulting from the injury

to the auditory meatus by the larvae and complete blocking of the

meatus by inflammatory growths are not infrequent. Cases of myiasis

of the eye are also common, and in one case 70 larvae extracted from

one eye were sent to the author, although about half of those originally

extracted were thrown away. As far back as 1770, a surgeon named

Wohlfahrt described and figured larvae which he had extracted from

the eye of a patient {Nova acta phys. med. Akad. Caes. Leop. Car.

iv., 1770, p. 277) and the figures given by this author are excellent

representations of the fly which now bears his name. For many

years afterwards cases of myiasis due to this fly were attributed to

Sarcophila latifrons, which really infests insects, principally locusts,

or to Sarcophaga carnaria.

Among domestic animals the larvae of W. magnifica usually infest
wounds on the bodies of cattle, horses, pigs, sheep, dogs and poultry,
especially geese. The smallest wound is immediately infested with
larvae, which soon enlarge it. In England, Holland and Denmark,
where W. magnifica is absent, animals are often attacked by Lucilia
sericata, Mg. ; this fly is present also in Russia, but it never attacks
animals there, being replaced by W. magnifica, whereas in the govern-
ment of Petrograd, where neither of these two flies exist, their place is
taken by Lucilia caesar, L. W. magnifica is particularly dangerous
in cases of epizootics such as foot and mouth disease, as it infests the
wounds on the feet and considerably increases the sufferings of the
animals.

In dealing with the bionomics of this fly, it is stated that it only
attacks living animals and that the statement of Brauer that it usually
breeds in carcases and is only an occasional parasite of higher animals
is incorrect. In Europe, this fly is absent from England, Holland,
Denmark, Scandinavia, and the governments of Petrograd and
Finland in European Russia, while it is rare in some other northern
and north-western governments. Men are usually attacked in their
sleep and therefore such cases occur oftener in Russia, where the

89

people still live largely under natural conditions, particularly the
nomads of the steppes and the agricultural population. Light and
warmth are necessary conditions for the development of W. magnifica
and it is most active during the hot hours of the day, disappearing
early in the morning, in the evenings and in gloomy weather. Thus,
it is most dangerous to sleep outdoors between 10 a.m. and 4 p.m. in
countries infested with this fly. The insect practically never appears
in houses, occurring mostly in fields, orchards and similar places, and
until the females are sexually mature, they may be seen everywhere
on flowers. Each female carries from 124 to 168 larvae, all of which
mature at the same time and, immediately after deposition, hide in
folds of the skin, wounds, etc. Unlike those of other flies, these larvae,
the stages of which are described and figured in detail, never penetrate
into the digestive organs.

The control of this pest is very difficult and, in addition to prevention
of attack, consists in the removal and destruction of the larvae, which
necessitates frequent inspection of the animals. The larvae are very
tenacious of life, and will survive about two hours immersion in a
2 per 1,000 solution of corrosive sublimate or in 95 per cent, alcohol;
about 1\ hours in a 5 per cent, solution of boric acid ; about 30 minutes
in a 2 per cent, and 10 minutes in a 5 per cent, solution of carbolic acid ;
they are able to survive for the same time in turpentine and in pure
hydrochloric acid, but perish in one minute in sulphuric ether and in
chloroform water (2 in 100). After remaining for about one hour in
95 per cent, alcohol the larvae, if taken out and placed in earth, are
able to pupate and gives rise to adults. In the case of attacked
animals, the larvae must be first removed with forceps and the wounds
thoroughly cleaned and washed with a strong solution of lysol and
powdered with naphthaline, or if possible, dressed with coirrosiva
sublimate wool. When lars'^ae have penetrated into the gums,
inhalations of the steam from hot water poured over a handful of dry
leaves, fruits or seeds of Hyoscyamus, the head of the patient being
covered with a cloth, are useful, as after a few minutes the larvae will
drop out ; the same results may be obtained by throwing seeds of
this plant on burning coal and inhaling the vapour. AVhen the larvae
infest the nose and the frontal sinuses, they can be removed by washing
with creolin, sulphuric ether and chloroform water, after which a
water douche must be used to remove any dead individuals. The
use of snuff is not a good remedy, as the sneezing caused only expels
the adult lar\^ae.

Allied species, which occur in Kussia are : — W. meigeni, Schin., the
adult of which resembles that of W. rnagnifica, though the larvae
differ considerably. The life-history of this fly is unknown. It
occurs in Europe and in European Russia, except in the governments
of Petrograd and Finland, and in Scandinavia. W. intermedia,
Portsch., was found by the author in Orenburg, Samara, and once in
Poltava ; the imago resembles that of W. meigeni, but is smaller.
The larvae however are twice as large as those of both the previous
species ; their armament is also different. W. balassogloi, Portsch.,
was first described in 1882 and is found in Orenburg, Stavropol and
Astrachan, in Transcaucasia and in Central Asia ; it is thought to be
a parasite of locusts ; this fly is the smallest of the series. W. tetri-
piinctata, L. Duf., is found in south Europe, in Caucasia and Central
Asia ; its bionomics are practically unknown.

90

King (W. V.). Anopheles pundipennis, a Host of Tertian Malaria. —
Amer. Jl. Trop. Lis & Prev. Med., New Orleans, iii, no. 8, February
1916, pp. 426-432, 1 plate.

The matter in this paper has ah-eady been dealt with [see this Review,
Ser. B, iv, p. 53].

SiLER (J. F.). Medical Notes on Jamaica. Part I : General Information
Concerning Jamaica. Its Prevailing Diseases. — Amer. Jl. Trop.
Dis. & Prev. Med., New Orleans, iii, no. 8, February 1916,
pp. 433-458.
In Jamaica, malaria ranks highest among the prevailing diseases.
The north-eastern side of the island is given largely to the cultivation
of bananas and the Superintending Medical Office has expressed the
opinion that the cultivation of bananas and malaria go hand in hand,
and that the necessary trenching required in banana culture furnishes
excellent breeding places for mosquitos. Practically all admissions
to hospitals for malaria from the north-eastern portion of the island
are labourers from the banana estates. The highest admission rate
occurs in December and it is during this month that the rainfall is
greatest. The malaria-transmitting moscjuitos of Jamaica are
Anopheles alhimanus, Wied. (aestivo-autumnal and tertian),
A. argyrotarsis, R.D. (aestivo-autumnal and tertian), A. crucians,
Weid. (aestivo-autumnal), A. grabhami, Theo., and A. vestitipennis,
D. & K. A. alhimanus is the principal carrier. A. crucians, though
common in the United States, appears to be rare in Jamaica. The
relationship of A. grabhami and A. vestitipennis to the transmission of
malaria is not definitely known. Malaria prophylaxis is not practised
systematically. Some mosquito control work — draining and oiling — •
has been undertaken in different parts of the island, but no systematic
work on a large scale has been carried out. The dense undergrowth,
the large banana estates and the abundance of water, make this type
of work prohibitive under prevailing economic conditions.

Culex fatigans {quinquefasciatiis), the transmitting agent of filariasis,
has a fairly wide distribution in the island and the absence of the disease
may be due to the fact that a sufficient number of cases have not been
introduced. If this be not the case, it is due to some unknown factor
which would merit further investigation.

SiLER (J. F.). Medical Notes on Jamaica. Part II : Pellagra in
Jamaica.' — Amer. Jl. Trop. Dis. & Prev. Med., New Orleans, iii,
no. 9, March 1916, pp. 481-502, 2 figs, 1 sketch-map.
The presence of pellagra in Jamaica in endemic form in but two
places^ — the Lunatic Asylum and the Manning Home — its rarity in
the district almshouses and the inability of the author and his com-
panions to find it among the general population are very suggestive
of a low-grade infection in which poor nutrition plays an important
part as a predisposing factor. The hypothesis that this disease is
transmitted by Simulium does not appear to be supported by obser-
vations made in Jamaica. The nearest possible breeding places of
Simulium were about four miles distant from the Asylum and from
about ten to fifteen miles in the case of the Home. No Simulium were
seen near these institutions and enquiry failed to elicit any information
suggestive of their presence.

91

? Taylor (F. H.). Contributions to a Knowledge of Australian
Culicidae, no. ii. — Proc. Linn. Soc. New South Wales, Sydney,
xl, no. 1. 28th April 1915, pp. 176-184, 2 plates. [Received
12th April 1916.]

This is a description of the new and little known mosquitos already
noticed in a previous report [see this Review, Ser. B, iv, p. 10].

Taylor (F. H.). Australian Tabanidae, no. i. — Proc. Linn. Soc. New
South Wales, xl. no. 4, September to November 1915, pp. 806-815.
[Received 18th April 1916.]

The following new species of the genus Silvius, subfamily
Pajstgoniinae, are described : — S. hilli, S. sordidus, S. borealis, S. fuli-
ginosus, S. trypherus, S. elongatulus and S. tabaniformis, from the
Northern Territory, and S. fulvohirtus, from Queensland. An
additional record is given of S. alcocki. Summers, from Darwin,
Northern Territory.

HowLETT (F. M.). Report ol the Imperial Pathological Entomologist.
— Kept. Agric. Research Institute, Pusa, 1914-15, Calcutta, 1916,
pp. 74-77'. [Received 17th April 1916.]

Observations were made on the life-histories of insects which breed
in decaying or septic animal matter. Against lice on sheep and
goats, a lime-sulphur spray or wash, followed by a spray of v/eak
vinegar, gave very beneficial results. Lice on man were affected to a
marked degree by extremely small quantities of mercury compounds.
Preliminary observations were made on the biting-reflex in the bed- \J
bug. Ornithodorus savignyi, a possible disease-carrying tick, was ^
studied. The life-histories of Taeniorhynchus sp. and Culex gelidus
were determined, both species being troublesome to cattle, the latter
frequently breeding in cattle urine. A survey of the breeding-places
of mosquitos in Pusa was carried out during March. In order to
determine the influence of local waters on breeding, experiments were
made on the effect of equimolecular salt solutions on the larvae. The
results showed that a high percentage of lime was beneficial to some
species. The life-histories of three species of Tabanidae and the
/' Diopsid fly, Sphyracephala hearseyana, were worked out.

Ross (W. A.). Popular and Practical Entomology — Eradication of the
Bedbug by Superheating. — Canadian Entomologist, London, Ont.,
xlviii, no. 3, March 1916, pp. 74-76.

When a building in Ontario, which was badly infested with Cimex
lectularius (bed-bug), was submitted to a maximum temperature of
160° F. for 10 hours, all the stages w^ere found to be destroyed.

Atkinson (E. L.). The Fly Pest in Gallipoli.— JZ. R. Naval Med.
Service, London, ii, no. 2, April 1916, pp. 147-152.

In the attempt to control the fly pest in Gallipoli, efforts were made
to prevent breeding in dead bodies and in manure. During dry weather
the latter was burned in heaps and by the aid of field incinerators built

92

of stone. In wet weather the daily accumulation was buried as far
as possible. In certain units, manure was allowed to accumulate ;
hence numerous flies, mainly Calliphora, spread over the clean areas.
Ditches, drains and latrines were treated with chlorinated lime. A
solution consisting of 2 lb. sodium arsenite, 10 lb. treacle, 10 gals,
water and 2 pts. beer (if possible) was sprayed over shrubs, roofs, etc.
Pieces of rag were soaked in it and hung about. A mixture of formalin,
about 15 per cent, in milk, sweetened with sugar, was recommended
for use in messes and dug-outs. A collection of the most prevalent
flies was made, and the time of development ascertained. The most
abundant were Musca domestica, Fannia canicularis, F. scalaris,
Slonioxys calcitrans, Calliphora vomitoria, C. erythrocephala, Lucilia
caesar, Sarcophaga curnaria and Muscina sfabulans.

Tests made in October 1915, with a sample of Liquid " C," showed
that this liquid was the best fly antidote so far used. Bodies were
mummified by its action and rendered inoffensive, even after and
during a fall of rain. It was a definite repellant and killed adults
readily. Larvae were killed in many cases, but results in this con-
nection at Helles were not entirely satisfactory. Care was needed in
applying the liquid, since it had an irritating effect on the skin and was
extremely inflammable.

MiTZMAiN (M. B.). Anopheles crucians, their infectibility with the
parasites of tertian malaria. — U.S. Public Health Reports,
Washington, D.C., xxxi, no. 12, 24th March 1916, pp. 764-765.

In view of the common impression that Anopheles crucians, Wied.,
is susceptible to infection with the parasites of aestivo-autumnal
malaria {Plasmodium falciparum) only, it is of interest to record
experimental results in connection with this species and tertian fever
(P. vivax). In the course of a series of experiments with A. puncti-
pennis, 19 specimens of A. crucians were fed simultaneously on the
6th and 7th February 1916 on the blood of an individual suffering
from tertian malaria. Examination of the blood of this case showed
large numbers of asexual parasites and but few mature gametocytes.
Seven of the specimens died within five days after feeding ; three of
these were found to contain numerous immature zygotes, and in one
that had died on the second day, the vermiculus stage was identified
in the crushed stomach contents. Two of the twelve survivors were
found to be infected, eleven and thirteen days respectively after the
feed. In both mosquitos the salivary glands harboured sporozoites.

Ross (T. S.). Flies in a Jail. — Ind. Med. Gaz., Calcutta, H, no. 4, April
1916, pp. 133-134.

Though the Tanjore District jail and its surroundings are all that
can be desired sanitarily, flies swarmed A\ithin the premises and were
thought to be the cause of the prevalence of dysentery and of a small
outbreak of enteric fever in 1914. Killing the flies with flappers and
traps of condensed milk and other articles of food treated with formalin
proved useless and a very careful search was then made for breeding
places. A few larvae were found in a rubbish heap ; rubbish was there-
after buried in pits and well covered with earth. It was ultimately

93

found that flies were breeding in large numbers in the latrine trenches
just outside the jail, in spite of the fact that the trenching was carried
out most carefully and that a covering of five inches of earth was used.
FUes began to appear about ten days after the trench was filled, reached
their maximum in about a month and then continued appearing for
about a fortnight. It was found that the mature larva makes its
way into the earth covering the excreta and pupates when it arrives
just below the surface. The earth covering therefore actually assists
the issue of flies and the more carefully the trenching is carried out,
the more securely are the larvae protected against their natural
enemies. The crows and kites which feed on the larvae in badly-
managed trenching grounds, were not present. This discovery pointed
to the desirability of destroying the eggs or larvae in the excrement
prior to covering it. Of three contiguous pits, one was covered in the
ordinary way, in the second a pint of borax solution (1 dram to a pint
of water) was poured over the excreta and in the third a quarter of a
pint of crude petroleum was sprinkled. All the pits were covered with
earth ; gauze frames placed over them showed that 446 flies emerged
from the first, 61 from the second, and 246 from the third. The
experiment was repeated on a fresh series of three pits with stronger
solutions of borax and with the same amount of crude petroleum, no
control pit being used. From the petroleum pit 34 flies issued, from
the pit with borax, half an ounce to the pint, 77 flies issued, and from
the third pit with borax, one ounce to the pint, 74 flies issued. The
experiments were not completed as the author was transferred. The
monthly cost of petroleum locally would be about 3s. 4d. for the total
jail population of about 450 and with double this amount it seems likely
that the breeding could be completely stopped. That the flies were
probably responsible for the dysentery is shown by the fact that in
1915 there were only five cases among the convicts compared with
an average of 27*6 for the previous five years. No case of enteric
occurred in 1915.

S'ERGENT (Edm.) & Sergent (Et.). Alternance des 6coulements d'eau,
principe directeur des mesures antilarvaires. [The alternation of
water out-flows as the leading principle of antilarval measures.] —
La Malariologia, Naples, (Ser I, ix, no. 1) Ser. II, i, no. 1, 29th
February 1916, pp. 3-9, 4 figs.

At the beginning of their anti-malarial campaigns in Algeria in
1902 the authors established anti-mosquito brigades, which required
continual supervision, much work and considerable expense. Experience
has suggested a new method which is extremely simple, always efficient,
and very cheap, as one or two workmen require but a few minutes each
week to carry it out. This new method is often the only anti-larval
measure necessary and is based on the fact that in the Algerian Tell
region, i.e., the region suitable for colonisation, Anopheline larvae live
on an average for three weeks. Thus the formation of a breeding place
may be tolerated without any danger ensuing, provided it is auto-
matically dried up in less than three weeks, thus destroying the
larvae. To obtain this result it is sufficient to prevent the water from
remaining more than one week in one and the same spot. In practice
this is attained by alternating the out-flow of the water each week.
Two drain-channels, instead of one, must be made for each spring, and

94

during the summer one of these "vvill be used for one week and then
dammed up while the water is allowed to flow into the other. The
channel not in use will dry up during the week, so that these outlets-
may be regarded as mosquito traps. By applying this principle to
irrigation, breeding places may be rendered harmless without prejudice
to agricultural requirements.

Canalis (P.). Some experiments on the insecticidal action of Clayton-
gas. — Bull. Mens. Office Internal. d'Hyg. Publique, Paris, viii,
no. 3, March 1916, pp. 457-463.
This paper describes experiments with Clayton gas against fleas^
bugs and cockroaches. These were made in a large room of the Genoa
maritime sanitary station and in the holds of five vessels in the harbour.
It was found that in all cases the gas at 2 or 3i per cent, strength killed
the innumerable cockroaches and fleas as well as the bugs and their
eggs. The time required to reach the above strength varied Avith the.
size of the spaces dealt with, in the case of those of from 80 to 750
cubic metres, four hours w^ere sufiicient. The gas is always more
concentrated in the lower strata, so that when the upper spaces contairt
a strength of 2 per cent., the destruction of the insects may be con-
sidered certain. Detailed tables are given in the case of eacli
experiment.

Egberts (N.) & Robertson (G. E.). Fumigation of the U.S.S. Ten-
nessee by the Cyanid Method. — U. S. Naval Med. Bull.,
Washington, B.C., x, no. 2, April 1916, p. 296.

The methods by which the U.S.S. Tennessee was fumigated at the
Navy Yard, Philadelphia, Pa., in September 1915, to rid her of rats^
coclioaches and bed-bugs, is described. The material required was
750 lb. of sodium cyanide (in egg-shaped lumps weighing 1 oz. each),
1,000 lb. of sulphuric acid, 400 three-gallon (U.S. gallon) cedar buckets,.
25 lb. of paraffin, 50 lb, of washing soda, 400 two-pound paper bags^
about 800 labels, and two large barrels. Every compartment in the
ship was tabulated and the cubic space estimated, except the double-
bottoms and the magazines, which were considered to be uninf ested as
they were habitually closed off from the ship proper. One bucket
was allowed to every 3,000 cubic feet. The planning of the route to
be foUowed by the operators was the most difficult part of the fumi-
gation, insomuch as the party had to go into every part of the ship,,
start the generators, escape and shut the entrance behind them without
at any time passing through any space already containing gas. The
cedar buckets were paraffined to prevent their destruction by the acid.
They were filled from the barrels in which the acid and water were
mixed. About two or three quarts of the diluted acid was used per
bucket. Each bucket was labelled to show the amoimt of acid it
contained and its destination. The paper bags were simultaneously
fiUed with cyanide, labelled and distributed. By dropping the bags
into the buckets (instead of emptying their contents) additional safety
was ensured by the shght delay in the generation of the gas. The
ship was kept closed for fourteen hours and the crew were not allowed
on board until eighteen hours after the ship was opened. Three months-
after fumigation the ship was still free from rats, there were only a few
cockroaches and, it is believed, no bed-bugs.

95

Mosquito Conditions in Connecticut in 1915.— Rept. Connectimt Agric.
Expt. Sta., 1915, New Haven, 1916, pp. 140-144. [Received
25th April 1916.]

In May 1915 a new law was passed providing for the ehmination of
mosquito breeding places. The text of the bill is given. Mosquitos,
especially Ochlerotatus (Aedes) sollicitans, Walk., were very abundant
during the year, on account of the heavy rains and high tides in July
and August, and the consequent flooding of many salt marshes. In,
the anti-mosquito measures carried out, old ditches in various locahties
were maintained and a new ditch cut in one district. A portion of
West River was oiled to destroy larvae of Culex pipiens. Surveys of
several districts were made with a view to carrying out control
measures.

BuTTRiCK (P. L.). Report on a Mosquito Survey at the Mouth of the
Connecticut River. — Rept. Connecticut Agric. Expt. Sta., 1915,
New Haven, 1916, pp. 144-172, 1 map. [Received 12th April
1916.]

Four classes of marshes are distinguished in the area surveyed :
(1) Areas covered with Zizania aquatica (wild rice), which do not breed
mosquitos ; (2) so-called sedge grass marshes, flooded at certain tides,
in which breeding is abundant ; (3) marshes less frequently flooded
and at a higher level than the preceding, where breeding is also less
rapid ; (4) areas further from the shore, rarely flooded by salt water
but more frequently by fresh water ; this type only forms a casual
breeding place of either fresh or salt water forms. The commonest
mosquito is Ochlerotatus {Aedes) sollicitans, Walk., breeding in salt
marshes. The eggs are laid on the mud of the marsh ; they hatch
when covered with water, and adults emerge in about a week under
warm conditions. They then invade the uplands, often flying for
several miles. Ordinarily, the marshes are flooded once or twice a
month ; as a result, one or two broods of mosquitos are produced
monthly. The date of emergence can be predicted in certain parts,,
but where conditions are complicated by the rise and fall of the river,
the time of flooding is irregular.

Breeding of 0. sollicitans can be prevented by a system of drainage
by which flood water is not allowed to stand on the marsh. Such a
system requires a clear outlet, a main drainage course, and a system of
parallel ditches from 10 to 18 inches wide and from 24 to 36 inches deep
cut at distances varying from 100 to 300 feet apart, at right angles to
the main course. The ditches should have straight sides and should
be cleaned each spring and inspected at intervals during the breeding
season. Besides ehminating mosquitos, ditching has the effect of
increasing the hay yield of the area drained. The estimated cost of
ehminating all salt marsh and the more important fresh water breeding
areas in the region of this survey is about £3,800. The paper concludes,
A\dth a detailed description of individual breeding areas in the region,
under consideration.

96

DucKETT (A. B.). Notes on a little-known Rabbit Ear-Mite {Psoroptes
cuniculi, M^gnin). — Proc. Entrm. Soc. Washington, Washington,
B.C., xviii, no. 1, March 1916. p. 17.

During April 1915, two rabbits used for experimental purposes died
from the effects of ear mange, caused by Psoroptes cuniculi, a mite
hitherto unrecorded in America. Examination showed cerebral
disturbances, the mites having penetrated to within five milHmetres
•of the brain. Listrophorus gihhus, Pasquest, a European species of
mite, was also observed for the first time on the hair of rabbits.

TowNSEND (C. H. T.). Non-intentional Dispersal of Muscoid Species by
Man, with particular Reference to Tachinid Species.— Proc. Entom.
Soc. Washington, Washington, B.C., xviii, no. 1, March 1916,
pp. 18-20.

The conditions necessary for the effective dispersal of insects to new
■countries are (1) the maintenance during transit of the conditions under
which a given species normally breeds or fives in either a quiescent or
active state, and (2) the presence of the same conditions in the country
of introduction. The flies whose larvae normally five in the dung of
domestic animals, such as Musca (Promusca) domestica, Stomoxys
calcitrans, Lyperosia (Haematobia) irritans, Muscina stahulans, etc.,
are easily carried to all parts of the world to which cattle and fike
animals are shipped, since the required conditions are present.
Chrysomyia {Cochliomyia) macellaria, infesting open wounds and fresh
carcases, and Cynomyia tnortuorum, inhabiting older carcases, remain
confined to America and Europe respectively, since the first require-
ment is practically always wanting. In cases in which the larvae are
parasitic in insect hosts and remain dormant in the earth in the pupal
stage, the second condition is lacking, and even when aided by man,
estabfishment is extremely difficult. It is very doubtful whether any
of the Tachinids regarded as common to Europe and North America
are really so. The existence of a closely similar species in the coimtry
of introduction constitutes a bar to establishment, since the foreign
species is often swallowed up by the native species through inter-
breeding, the issue apparently inheriting the physiological characters
of the latter. The identification of species outside their natural
faunal limits is therefore of great difficulty and involves a consideration
of the principles governing dispersal.

Banks (N.). The Acarina or Mites. — U.S. Dept. Agric., Washington,
B.C., Kept. no. 108, loth December 1915, pp. 153, 294 figs.
[Received 8th May 1916.]

This paper is intended for the use of economic entomologists. The
distribution of the various species of Acarina in America is given in
detail with keys to all the known American genera. A list of
works useful in the study of American Acaiina is appended.

97

Prince (J. A. Le) & Orenstein (A. J.)- Mosquito Control in Panama ;
with an introduction by L. 0. Howard, U.S. Bureau of Entomo-
logy. New York and London : G. P. Putnam's Sous, 1916,
pp. xvii + 335, 100 illust.. Price $2.50 net.

This book is an account of the work done in Cuba and Panama
in controlling mosquitos. The first chapter deals with the campaign
at Havana which began in 1901 at a time when relatively httle was
known of the habits and life-history of Anopheles. The season of
prevalence of Anojjheles in Cuba is much shorter than on the
Isthmus, and oiling at irregular intervals gave satisfactory results.
The reason why Anopheline eggs are not laid in certain apparently
suitable areas, is as yet unexplained. The work on the Isthmus is
traced from 1904 and it is stated that the sites selected by the French
for housing and hospital accommodation were excellent, considering
the hmited knowledge of the aetiology of malaria existing at the time.
The magnificent gardens of the hospital at Ancon had however been
converted into almost perfect breeding groimds for mosquitos, by the
placing of shallow water troughs round all the trees and shrubs as a
protection against ants. The local meteorological and topographical
conditions, and the changes produced by the canal works and their
bearing on the local Anopheline are described.

The following list of Anophelines of the Canal Zone is given :
Anopheles argyrotarsis, 1R,.D. ; A. tarsijiiaculaivs, Goeldi ; A. gorgasi,
D.K. ; A. albimanus, Wied. ; A. cruzii, D.K. ; A. ajncimacula, D.K. ;
A. pmictiniacula, D.K. ; A. malefactor, D.K.; A. eiseni, Coq. ;
A. franciscanus, McCrack. ; A. pseudopunctipemiis, Theo. The
commonest species are A. albimanus, A. pseudopunctipennis and
A. malefactor, but the predominence of a species varies from season
to season and place to place. A. tarsimacidatus appears only to occur
near the Atlantic. The commoner species of the canal zone may be
divided into three groups : — {a) the white hind-footed group,
comprising: A. argyrotarsis, A. albimanus and A. tarsimaculatvs ;
(6) the group with uniformly coloured legs, comprising: A. pseudo-
punctipennis and A . franciscanus ; and (c) the spotted-leg group,
comprising: A. tnalefactm' and A. ajjicimacida.

The larvae of Stegomyia fasciata and of Anophelines are seldom
found in the same water, the former being almost confined
to containers near dwellings, in which the latter do not breed on
the Isthmus. Anopheline larvae are frequently found in hoof-prints
and wheel ruts. The floods of the rainy season flush great numbers
of these breeding places and remove obstructions, enabling the water
to drain off, but on the other hand depressions become filled, and
large breeding areas may be formed. Extensive growths of algae in
streams greatly favour mosquitos, and oiling often tends to mat them
together; it is thus very important to keep the banks of streams well
trimmed and to ensure by every means a steady and rapid flow of
water. These and many other causes of the natural or artificial
production of breeding areas are discussed in detail.

In Chapter VI. the habitat and food of adult Anophelines are
discussed. The authors state that during the years 1904-1912 not a
single case of biting in full sunlight was recorded, though later, at

98

Catiin, they were freely attacked in sunlight by A. tarsimaciilatus and
A- alhimnnus. In the dark, the light of a lantern protected the
illuminated part of the body, and observers standing in the direct rays
of an acetylene lamp were not bitten, though the shadow even of a
finger permitted the attack of A. albimaniis at once. Anophelines
are most voracious at dusk and soon after dawn, and the exceptional
biting in daylight at Gatun may perhaps be explained by the urgent
need of blood. Though hundreds of Culicines are found dead in the
globes of electric lights, Anophelines are practically never thus
attracted.

A. alhimanus usually flies against light breezes and this species
travels much further from its breeding grounds than A. pseudopundi-
pentiis or A. malefactor. Details are given of many interesting
observations on the flight of mosquitos and of the methods used for
staining individuals in order to determine the length of flight. Of
40 stained specimens recovered, 24 were found to have travelled from
1,300 to 1,600 yards from the point of liberation.

In the filHng of depressions, which is a necessary part of anti-
mosquito work, the surface cracks which form must be carefully
filled up, and every precaution must be taken against subsoil
water collecting either under the made soil or in the borrow pits.
The use of drains, and the best mode of construction in order to
prevent them from becoming breeding places, is dealt with at length.

The problem of oiling on a large scale is fully considered. The
oil kills either from specific toxicity or by clogging the breathing
tubes, or possibly by reducing the surface tension and making it
difficult for the larvae to remain long enough at the surface to rupture
the film and obtain air. The objection to kerosene is that the film is
so thin that it is easily broken by floating material and other causes ;
it is expensive and is apt to be wasted because it is difficult to see
where the film is satisfactory. It is also liable to take fire from
sparks, etc., especially near a railway. Crude oil of asphaltum is
extensively used in Panama, as it is cheap, though its poor spreading
qualities would make it unsuitable in any other climate. Various
methods of oiUng are described in detail, especially the drip
method ; for small streams, etc., small bundles of cotton waste soaked
in oil and kept in place by tying to a stone or some fixed object, are
said to be very effective, and to give a film of oil for a week or more ;
the waste can be used again and again. The oil used on the Canal
Zone for these purposes amounts to about half a milhon gallons
annually. An extensive plant has been laid dow^l at Ancon for the
production of a special larvicide, the formula of which is as follows : —
Resin 150-200 lb., soda 30 lb., crude carbolic acid, (gravity 0'97),
150 U.S. galls. These are boiled together in a special apparatus and
the product is a black, liquid, resin soap which emulsifies freely with
fresh water. The carbolic acid must contain at least 15 % of phenol,
and must not be of a higher gravity than that stated ; if the larvicide
is of standard strength and quality, an emulsion of 1 in 5,000 should
kill an Anopheline larva in ten minutes. This preparation is cheap;
the high concentration saves cost in transport ; its action is very
uniform and rapid ; it is easily made ; is harmless or nearly so to the
higher animals ; there is no risk from fire ; it kills larvae embedded in

99

mud ; it kills algae and grasses. The disadvantages are : It does not
•emulsify and is inert in brackish water ; it must be kept in closed
vessels ; it rapidly loses its toxicity when mixed with water containing
algae and other organic matter.

In a chapter on natural enemies the value of small fish and the
limitations of their action are discussed at length; the larvae of
dragonflies and water beetles were found to be of great value in
places where fish could not live; certain birds, especially night jars,
as well as bats, consume large numbers of adult mosquitos.

The use of screens and the destruction of adult Anophelines in
houses are dealt with at length. In Panama only the best copper
gauze, made of wire one-hmidredth of an inch in diameter and having
18 strands to the inch, can be used ; 18 mesh No. 31, B.W.G. is the
technical description of this gauze. Useful hints on construction and
fitting and for the adaptation of screening to tents and railway cars
are given. Stress is laid upon the fact that defective and damaged
screening is worse than none at all. Details of the construction of
gauze labyrinth traps, which are said to be very useful, are also given ;
these should be attached to the lee side of buildings for Anophehnes
and to the windward side for Culicines. This part of the work
concludes with a chapter on the results obtained; the accompanying
chart, showing the percentage of cases among the employes of the
Isthmian Canal Commission from November 1905 to December 1913,
demonstrates that scientific warfare against mosquitos has made the
€anal Zone habitable and rendered possible the construction of the
canal.

The second portion of the book, comprising 93 pages, is devoted
to the campaign in Havana and on the Isthmus against yeUow fever.
The importation into the Canal Zone of large numbers of non-immune
labourers presented serious possibilities, and every possible measure
was and has been taken to protect them from infection. Attention
is drawn to the danger of infection by what are known as walking
•cases of yellow fever^ — i.e., so slight as not to prevent the sufferer
from going about. The opinion is however expressed that the com-
plete suppression of Stegomyia is not necessary, though desirable, and
that its reduction in a given locality to a point below that required
to propagate the disease is sufficient ; what this point should be,
must be settled for each separate locality and would vary with the
number of cases present.

This book is an exceedingly clear and well ^^^:itten record of
probably the largest sanitary work ever undertaken. The maps and
illustrations are well chosen and give a clear idea of the conditions
under which the work was carried out and the difficulties to be
contended with. The style of the book is such as to be readily
comprehensible to the layman, and it is perhaps the best general
testimonial to the great importance of Applied Entomology that has
appeared for some time.

100

NOTICES OF
ENTOMOLOGICAL APPOINTMENTS, &c.

Dr. Alfred E. Cameron, formerly of the Department of Agricultural
Entomology, Victoria University, Manchester, has taken up duties in
the Entomological Branch, Department of Agriculture, Ottawa,
Canada.

Messrs. A, J. Grove and L. Harrison have been appointed by the
War Office to advise on Entomological problems in connection with
the military operations in Mesopotamia.

The services of Dr. W. A. Lamborn have been lent by the Imperial
Bureau of Entomology to the War Office and he is now attached to the
Expeditionary Force in East Africa.

Mr. C. B. Williams has been appointed by the Board of Agriculture,
Trinidad, to study the parasites of the Sugar-cane Froghopper in that
island.

NOTICES.

The Editor will be glad to receive prompt information as to the
appearance of new pests, or of known pests In districts which have
hitherto been free from them, and will welcome any suggestion the
adoption of wliich would increase the usefulness of the Review.

Secretaries of Societies and Editors of Journals willing to exchange
their publications with those of the Bureau, are requested to com-
municate with the Assistant Editor, 27, Elvaston Place, Queen's
Gate, London, S.W.

The Subscription to the Review Is 12s. per annum, post free; or
the two series may be taken separately, Series A (Agricultural)
being 8s., and Series B (Medical and Veterinary), 5s. per annum.

All orders and subscriptions should be sent to Messrs. DULAU
St Co., Ltd., 37, Soho Square, London, W.

CONTENTS.

PAGE.

Mosquito Nets suitable for Troops . . . . . . . . . . 85

Anopheles and Malaria in Morocco . . . . . . . . . . 85

The Relation between Flies and Leprosy .. .. .-. .. 85

-dno^^Zes and Malaria in the Punjab. . .. .. .. .. 86

A New Variety of Dermacentor reticulatus in France . . . . 86

Fumigation with Hydrocyanic Acid against Bed-Bugs in Egypt . . 86

The Causes of the Spread of Bubonic Plague . . . . . . 86

The Hibernation of Flies in Scotland 87

The Control of Lice . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 87

The Bionomics of Wohlfahrtia magnifica in Russia . . . . . . 88

AnopMles punctipennis, a Carrier of Tertian Malaria in the U.S.A. 90

Malaria and Mosquitos in Jamaica . . . . . . . . . . 90

The Relations between Pellagra and Simulium in Jamaica . . 90

New AustraHan Mosquitos . . . . . . . . . . . . 91

New Species of Silvius in Australia . . . . . . . . . . 91

Insects and Ticks injurious to Man and Animals in India. . . . 91

The Use of Heat in destroying Bed-bugs .. .. .. .. 91

The Control of Flies in Gallipoli . . . . . . . . . . 91

Anopheles crucians, an experimental Carrier of Tertian Malaria in

the U.o.A. .. •• .. •• •• •• •• •• vZ

The Control of Flies in Jails in India . . . . . . . . . . 92

Measures against Mosquito Larvae in Algeria . . . . . . 93

The Fumigation of Ships with Clayton Gas . . . . . . . . 94

Methods of fumigating Ships with Hydrocyanic Gas . . . . 94

Mosquito Control in Connecticut . . . . . . . . . . 96

The Breeding Places of Mosquitos in Connecticut . . . . . . 95

A little-known Rabbit Ear-Mite, Psoroptes cuniculi, in the U.S.A. 96

The Dispersal of Musoid Flies by Man . . . . . . . . 96

The Acarina of the U.S.A 96

Mosquito Control in Panama (Review) .. .. .. .. 97

VOL. IV. Ser. B. Part 7.— pp. 101-116. JULY, 1916.

THE REVIEW
OF APPLIED
ENTOMOLOGY.

SERIES b: medical

AND VETERINARY.

ISSUED BY THE IMPERIAL
BUREAU OF ENTOMOLOGY.

LONDON I

SOIiD BT

DULAU & CO.. Ltd., 37. SOHO SQUARE. W.
Price 6cl. net.

All Rights Reserved.

IMPERIAL BUREAU OF ENTOMOLOGY.

l>onorarp Coitimlttee or tnanagenictin

RT. HON. LEWIS HARCOURT, M.P., Chcnrman.
Lieutenant-Colonel A. W. Alcock, CLE., F.R.S., London School of

Tropical Medicine.
Mr. E. E. Austen, Entomological Department, British Museum

(Natural History).
Dr. A. G. Bagshawe, C.M.G., Director, Tropical Diseases Bureau.
Mr. E. C. BLEcn, C.M.G., Foreign Office.

Sir J. Rose Bradford, K.C.M.G., F.R.S., Secretary, Royal Society.
Surgeon-General Sir David Bruce, C.B., F.R.S., A.M.S.
Mr. J. C. F. Fryer, Entomologist to the Board of Agriculture and

Fisheries.
Dr. S. F. Harmer, F.R.S., Keeper of Zoology, British Museum

(Natural History).
Professor H. Maxwell Lefroy, Imperial College of Science and

Technology.
The Hon. Sir John MoCall, M.D., Agent-General for Tasmania.
Dr. R. Stewart MaoDouqall, Lecturer on Agricultural Entomology,

Edinburgh University.
Sir John MoFadyean, Principal, Royal Veterinary College, Camden

Town.
Sir Patrick Manson, G.C.M.G., F.R.S., Late Medical Adviser to the

Colonial Office.
Sir Daniel Morris, K.C.M.G., Late Adviser to the Colonial Office

in Tropical Agriculture.
Professor R. Newstead, F.R.S., Dutton Memorial Professor of

Medical Entomology, Liverpool University.
Professor G. H. F. Nuttall, F.R.S., Quick Professor of Protozoology,

Cambridge.
Professor E. B. Poulton, F.R.S., Hope Professor of Zoology, Oxford.
Lieutenant-Colonel Sir David Prain, CLE., CM.G., F.R.S., Director,

Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew.
Mr. H. J. Read, C.B., C.M.G., Colonial Office.
The Honourable N. C. Rothschild.

Mr. Hugh Scorr, Curator in Zoology, Museum of Zoology, Cambridge.
Dr. A. E. Shipley, F.R.S., Master of Christ's College, Cambridge.
Sir Stewart Stockman, Chief Veterinary Officer, Board of Agriculture.
Mr. F. V. Theobald, Vice-Principal, South Eastern Agricultural

College, Wye.
Mr. C Warburton, Zoologist to the Royal Agricultural Society of

England.

The Chief Entomologist in each of the Self-governing Dommions

is an ex officio member of the Committee.

General Secrctari?.
Mr. A. C. C Parkinson (Colonial Office).

IDirectoc auD BDftor.
Dr. Guy A. K. Marshall.

Bsstetant Director. Sset^tant 3E5(tor.

Mr. S. A. Ne.\ve. Mr. W. North.

Head Office. — British Museum (Ntitural History), Cromwell Road,

London, S.W.
Publication Office.— 27, Elvaston Place, London, S.W.

101

Chun (J. W. H.). Horse Flies and Anthrax. — China Med. Jl.,
(3 Shanghai, xxx, pt. 2, March 1916, pp. 89-91.

Three cases of fatal cutaneous anthrax are reported from Harbin
following on the bite of Tabanids, and it is inferred from the
circumstances that the flies became infected from horses suffering
from anthrax, which appears to be fairly common in this region.

RouBAUD (E.). Presentation d'un Atiophehs maculi'pennis capture d

M Paris. [A Record of an Anopheles maculipennis captured in

^ Vai'is.]— Bull. Soc. Path. ExoL, Paris, ix, no. 4, 12th April 1916,

p. 203.

A female example of Anopheles maculipennis, Meig., captured in the

Pasteur Institute, lived for 24 hours on sugary substances, but refused

to bite. Anopheline larvae are well-known in the suburbs of Paris,

but their occurrence in Paris itself is rather improbable, although it

was from a specimen taken in the Faubourg St. Jacques that Joblot,

in 1754, drew the first figure known of these larvae. The presence of

adults has not been previously reported in Paris itself though there is

nothing to prevent specimens being carried from time to time into the

city.

Yakimoff (W. L.), Schokhor (N. J.) & Koselkine (P. M.). Spiro-
ch6tose des poules au Turkestan russe. [Spirochaetosis of fowls
in Russian Turkestan.] — Bull. Soc. Path. Exot., Paris, ix, no. 4,
12th April 1916, pp. 227-228.

With regard to the transmission of spirochaetosis of fowls in

Turkestan, it is stated that in one case where an epizootic existed

. in a fowl-yard, although it was not possible to examine the blood of

the birds, a number of Argas jjersicus from them were obtained and

these transmitted infection to other fowls.

RoDHAiN (J.) & Van den Branden (F.). Sur la receptivite de la
roussette, Cynonycteris straminea, aux diflerents virus de
trypanosomes africains. [The susceptibility of the flying-fox,
Cynonycteris straminea, to different strains of African trypano-
somes.]— Bull. Soc. Path. Exot., Paris, ix, no. 4, April 1916^
pp. 234-236.

Attempts to infect flying-foxes {Cynonycteris straminea) with
T. lewisi, T. cazalboui {vivax-angolense) and T. co7igoIense, failed.
Two were mfected with T. gambiense and death occurred in 52 and
68 days respectively. It was found that T. gambiense does not
develop in Cyclopodia greeffi, with which Nycteribiid the animals were
infested.

BouET (G.) & Roubaud (E.). Nouvelle contribution a I'Etude des.
Ch6romyies de I'Afrique Oecidentale francaise. [A new contribu-
tion to the study of the Choeromyia of French West Africa.]—
Bull. Sos. Path. Exot., Paris, ix, no. 4, 12th April 1916,
pp. 242-243.

Both Choeromyia choerophaga and C. boueti were found in large
numbers during a recent journey in Lower Senegal. These fhes are
specially parasitic on Orycteropiis (antbears) and warthogs in Westt/T-.

(C276) Wt.P.1/106. 1,500. 7.16. B.&F.Ltd. Gp.11/3. , ^. a ^^^o

^ AUG 2 81915 ^]

Nlus

e^^

102

Africa and were found together in their burrows. They were also
found, together with Conhjlohia anthropophaga and Auclimeromyia
luteola, in huts and in holes in trees. The great predominance of
males in the burrows was noticeable, whereas females predominated
in huts and in tree-holes. The females seem therefore to seek the
open at certain periods of the year, at least. Of special importance
is the presence of the female Clioeromyia in human dwellings in
company with A. luteola and C. anthropophaga. Probably further
investigations will show the occasional parasitism on man of larvae
from the burrows of hairless animals. It is suggested that the same
association may exist between man, these flies and warthogs as lately
shown by Lloyd in the case of Ormthodorus moubata in Khodesia
[see this Review, Ser. B, iv, 3, p. 44].

Laveran (A.) & RouBAUD (E.). Sur un Myriapode ayant sejourn6
dans les fosses nasales d'un homme. [A Myriapod living in the
nasal cavity of a man.] — Bull. Soc. Path. Exot., Paris, ix, no. 4,
12th April 1916, pp. 244-246, 1 fig.

A female specimen of the Myriapod, Geophilus carpopJiagus, Leach,
was received at the Pasteur Institute, Paris, in March 1916 from
Dr. Gapin, one of whose patients had expelled it when blowing his nose.
The parasite measured nearly 2^ inches in length and had apparently
been living in the nasal cavity for several months, causing headache
and vertigo, which ceased immediately the cause was expelled.
G. carpopJiagus is a very common species in France and this individual
is believed to have entered by the nostrils when quite small.

CtRIMshaw (P. H.). Flies in a Perthshire House. — Scottish Naturalist,
Edinburgh, no. 53, May 1916, p. 114.

A collection of hibernating flies obtained in a house in Perthshire
included :• — 47 Limnophora septemnotata, Ztt., all females ; 35 males
and 44 females of Pollenia rudis, F. ; 48 males and 20 females of
Pyrellia eriophthalma, Mcq. ; 1 male and 2 females of CalUphora
erythrocephcda, Mg. ; 1 male and 2 females of C. groenlandica, Ztt. ;
1 female of Musca domestica, L. ; 4 specimens of Oecothea fenestralis,
Fin. ; 2 females of Aphiochoeta rufipes, Mg. Two Mycetophilids,
some Chalcids and one CoccinelUd, Adalia oblitemta, L., were also
present. From the number of insects in each room, there appeared
to be no evidence of a marked preference for any particular aspect.

Basile (C). Leishmaniosi interna. [Internal Leishmaniasis.] —

Annali d'Igiene, Rome, xxvi, no. 4, 30th April 1916, pp. 248-268,

6 figs.

The discovery of the existence of leishmaniasis of the internal organs

has somewhat upset the theories held as to the causation of the various

other forms of this disease by a specific parasite. A resume of the

history and distribution of the disease is given, with a summary of

information as to the parasites, methods of artificial cultivation, and

the general results obtained by the inoculation of animals. Patton's

statement that Cimex hemiptera (rotundatus) was a transmitting agent

was followed by that of Donovan with regard to Triatoma {Conorrhimis)

rifbrofasciata. Patton also studied the behaviour of the organisms

103

in Culex fatigans, Anojyheles stephensi, Stegomyia sugens, OmitJiodoms
moubata, Pulex irritans and Cteyiocephalus canis with negative results,
whereas the w%ole cycle of evolution was observed to take place in
Cimex lectidarius and C. hemiptem. While Patton readily inoculated
dogs and monkeys with the virus of the Indian form of the disease
obtained from man, he was unable to produce infection by the use of
bugs as transmitting agents, and it still remains to be proved that the
organisms observed by him in Cimex are pathogenic to dogs, monkeys
or white rats ; the position of his work is compared with that of
Brumpt on the development of tr^-panosomes in the bodies of Cimex
houeti and Ornithodorus moubata, though neither is capable of trans-
mitting the organisms. The discovery of Nicolle that the organism of
Mediterranean kala-azar was identical with that of Leishmania infantum
led to the conclusion that children were infected from dogs, and the
canine and infantile forms are now regarded as identical. The author,
by a process of exhaustion, arrived at the conclusion that fleas were
the carriers and was able to transmit the disease through Ctenocejjhalus
canis (serraticeps) which had been fed on the spleen of a badly infected
dog. It is now considered proved that the vertebrate host may be
infected either by direct puncture of an infective insect or by contami-
nation with its faeces. Laveran and Franchini obtained direct
infection in mice through fleas which had been allowed to bite a dog
infected with Herpetomonas ctenocepJiali. Rats have been infected
with Herpetomonas px^^^oni through Ceratophyllus fasciatus, with
Crithidia melophagi through Melophagus ovinus, and with C . fasciculata
through Anopheles. Fantham and Porter have also obtained experi-
mental transmission of the flagellates of various insects, including :—
Nepa cinerea, Ctenocephalus canis, Stratiomyia chameleon and
S. potamida, Pediculus capitis and Gerris fossarum either by ingestion
or injection of material into the peritoneum ; the organism so intro-
duced lives and multipUes in the blood and internal organs of mice
and dogs, giving rise to an infection having symptoms of internal
leishmaniasis ; the experiments were extended to fish, frogs, toads,
lizards and snakes with similar results. Sergent, Lheritier and Lemaire
have advanced the hypothesis that Phlebotomus minutus is a carrier
and that the source of infection at Biskra is the local gecko [Tarentola
mauritanica]. [See this Review, Ser. B, iii, pp. 143, 230-231.]
The symptoms, pathological anatomy and treatment of the
disease*^ are discussed. Prophylaxis is difficult, as the precise
mode of transmission and the necessary conditions are still a little
obscure. Price and Rogers noticed in India that segregation of the
.sick diminished the numbers of new cases to a remarkable degree
[see this Review, Ser. B, ii, p. 67-68]. Young made the same obser-
vation in Assam, and was of opinion that the disease was transmitted
from man to man by biting insects living in the dwellings of attacked
persons. In India there is no real proof of the existence of canine
leishmaniasis. In the Mediterranean region adults are rarely attacked,
children suffering almost exclusively, and here the connection with
dogs is more or less clear. Dogs sick of the disease rarely leave the
houses and a strict suppression of them is suggested. The author, in
1909, collected practically all the infected dogs in Bordonaro, and
whereas many cases were notified in children in that year, there were
none in 1910 and only one in 1911.
fC276) a2

(:■

104

FiLippiNi (A.). Tossiciti della benzina usata quale pediculicida. [The
toxicity of benzine used against lice.] — Annali d'lgiene, Rome,
xxvi, no. 4, 30th April 1916, pp. 268-269.

In treating lice on the head, soldiers in the field have been found to
suffer headache and other troubles as the result of copious appHcations
of benzine, followed by the wearing of an air-tight head covering.
Ordinary benzine is a mixture of hydrocarbides of the fatty series of
the general formula C„H„n, while benzole is a hydrocarbide of the
aromatic series, defined chemically as CoHj. and these two products
are often confused in toxicological hterature. Both of them are
dangerous to inhale and the cases referred to above appear to be acute
poisoning due to inhaling the benzine vapours. Action on the skin
and chronic lesions take a long time to develop. Petroleum may with
advantage be substituted for benzine for insecticidal purposes ; it&
action is more certain (benzine often only stupefying the parasites,
w^hich recover once the vapour has disappeared), it is less inflammable
and practically non-poisonous. Its smell is the only disadvantage.

Orenstein (A. J.). The Problems and Principles of Malaria Preven-
tion.— South African J I. Sci., Cape Town, xii, no. 6, January
1916, pp. 193-199. [Received 9th May 1916.]

In this review of the relations between mosquitos and malaria the
following Anophelines are recorded as capable of transmitting the
disease: — Anopheles maculipennis, Meig.; A.hifurcatus,'L.; A. pseudo-
punctipennis, Theo. ; A. tarsimaculatus, Goeldi ; A. formosaensis,
Tsuzuki ; A. {Cellia) albimanus, Wied. ; A. (C.) agyrotarsis, R. D. ;
A. (C.) pharoensis, Theo. ; A. (Myzomyia) listoni, Liston ;
A. (M.) funestus, Giles ; M. turkhudi, Liston {hispaniola, Theo.) ;
A. {Myzorhynchus) barbirostris, van der Wulp ; A. sinensis, Wied. ;
A. unibrosus, Theo. ; A. {Nyssorhynchus) annulipes, Walk. ; A. fuli-
ginosus, Giles ; A. niaculipalpis, Giles ; A. sfephensi, Liston ;
A. theobaldi, Giles ; A. ivillmori, Theo. ; A. (Pyretophorus) costalis,
Loew ; A. (P.) superpictus, Grassi ; and A. tnyzomyifacies, Theo.

The fact that cases of disease may be infrequent in a district in which
both human carriers and insect transmitters are present is important
in an anti-malarial campaign, since it is sufficient to reduce both the
Anophelinae and the human parasites to what has been termed " the
non-infective minimum," and to maintain them at that level. The
sexual form of the malarial parasite has been found to occur in
numerous individuals who show no signs of disease, since they have
been more or less immune through successive attacks. Such individuals
are a source of danger to the community.

Malaria prevention can be carried out along five lines : — (1) The
elimination of human carriers only ; (2) the reduction to a non-
infective minimum of the number of malaria-transmitting mosquitos ;
(3) the protection of individuals against bites of mosquitos ; (4) the
protection of individuals by means of drugs against the develop-
ment of the parasite in the blood ; (5) a combination of several or all
of these methods. The first method is impracticable since it involves
the systematic blood examination of all members of a community
and intensive treatment of all affected persons. The second plan has

105

been carried out in Khartoum, Ismailia, and Panama and has given
very promising results. It involves a preliminary study of the following
points :• — (1) The incidence rate of malaria in the given locality ; (2)
the species of Anophelines prevalent ; (3) the life-cycle and breeding
habits of malaria-transmitting species ; (4) the probable flight ranges
of these species under existing chmatic conditions. The protection
of the individual against bites includes the efficient screening of
dwellings, the catching of mosquitos within dweUings, and the use of
mosquito nets over beds. Mosquito gauze used in screening should
be of the 16- or 18-mesh kind, according to the species of mosquito
which is prevalent. Pure copper or bronze gauze only reduces the
air space by about 35 per cent. Window screens should be fixed, and
it is advisable that verandahs should be similarly protected. Openings
in floors, ceilings, ventilators, etc., must be mosquito-proof, and doors
should open outwards, with efficient self-closing devices. Mosquito
catching is a useful measure if carried out in early morning and after
sunset. Quinine is valuable in the case of persons compelled to spend
some time in a malarious locality, but its power of eradicating malaria
in a large territory is debatable.

KiNGON (J. R, L.). The Economics of the East Coast Fever as
Illustrated by the Transkeian TemioTies.—South African Jl. Sci.,
Cajje Town, xii, no. 6, January 1916, pp. 213-226, [Received
9th May 1916.]

The number of cattle lost through African Coast fever in the Trans-
keian Territories in 1911 was estimated at 1,111,705 head, and in 1914
at 434,063 head. The financial loss incurred has been placed at five
million pounds. Although the progress of the disease has been
arrested to some extent, a subacute phase seems to persist, the result
of which is that a very small percentage of calves outlive the first year.
The numerical loss in animals affected trade, in that the transport
system was completely disorganised, and this in turn increased the
cost of freight and indirectly that of living. Government measures,
including laws restricting the movement of cattle, the erection of
barriers, dipping tanks, etc., involved an expenditure of many thousands
of pounds. In discussing the effect of the loss of cattle sustained by
natives, the author raises the question as to whether labour will be
released for agricultural and other industries of South Africa. He
considers that the Territories cannot be quite the same after this loss
and that already some change has arisen in the tribal systems and
customs.

r^ Bishop (W. A.). Two types of skin Myiasis.— Proc. Med. Assoc.
^ Isthmian Canal Zone, Mount Hope, 1916, vii, pt. 2, pp. 87-93.

Details are given of cases of myiasis caused by Bermatobia cyani-
ventris and Chrysomyia macellaria (screw worm). In the latter case,
plugging the nostrils with cotton wool soaked in chloroform was the
method adopted for expelling the larvae. In the discussion which
followed, a case was reported in which 250 larvae were expelled
from the nose of one patient. Screw worm infection is said to have
greatly diminished in the Canal zone.

106

Richardson (C. H.). A Chemotropic Response of the House-Fly

{Musca dotnestica, L.). — Science, Lancaster, Pa., xliii, no. 1113,
28th April 1916, pp. 613-616.

This paper gives a prehminary account of experiments carried out
in New Jersey to determine the response of the house-fly to certain
organic and inorganic compounds which occur as products of fermenta-
tion of horse manure. In the first experiments, various compounds
were exposed in wire fly-traps, the latter being placed in situations in
which flies were always present, but never extremely abundant.
Positive results were obtained only with ammonium hydroxide and
ammonium carbonate. The flies were attracted in large numbers
to ammonium carbonate, the best results being obtained when water
was added to the compound, since it prevented the deposition of the
less volatile ammonium acid carbonate. Since water and carbon
dioxide were not attractive to flies, it was concluded that ammonia,
the remaining constituent of ammonium carbonate, was the stimulating
agent. The percentage of females caught in the ammonium carbonate
trap amounted to 90- 7. Traps baited with food materials maintained
near the first experiment showed that females were especially attracted
by this compound, though they were not especially abundant in that
spot.

Further experiments were conducted to determine whether fresh
horse manure which did not volatilise ammonia would induce
oviposition and whether such manure, when again giving off ammonia,
would attract the female fly. Fresh manure was treated with dilute
hydrochloric acid to convert the free ammonia into the chloride, which
is non-volatile at ordinary temperatures. As a result it was found
that the lots which volatilised ammonia from ammonium carbonate
were more than four times as attractive as untreated acidulated lots
placed from 1 to 2 feet away, and 20 times more attractive than
acidulated lots placed at distances of from 25 to 50 feet. In one
experiment in which an acidulated manure lot stood on each side of a
dish containing ammonium carbonate and Avater, 12 egg-masses were
deposited upon the acidulated manure, while none were found in
acidulated manure controls 30 feet distant. The oviposition response
was roughly in an inverse ratio to the distance from the source of
ammonia. Experiments with timothy chaff conducted in a similar
manner showed that chaff which produced ammonia induced
oviposition ; larvae w^ere able to develop normally in this medium.
Pine sawdust was less attractive and the larvae died soon after hatching.
Oviposition in cotton and on filter paper occurred in the presence of
combinations of ammonium carbonate and water with valerianic and
butyric acids ; without these acids the response was practically
wanting. The fact that some o\aposition took place in distantly
removed controls of the acidulated manure series showed that certain
flies went a short distance from the source of ammonia in order to place
their eggs in a favourable substance, or else that they were attracted
by the odour of ammonia and came by chance upon the controls.
A certain power of discrimination between substances valuable or
useless as food for the larvae was exhibited in some cases. Butyric
and valerianic acids both occur in manure and have previously been
shown to increase the attraction of ethyl alcohol to Drosojihila
ampelophila.

107

Malloch (J. R.)- Triphleps insidiosus, Say, sucking Blood (Hem.,

Het.). — Entom.News, Philadelphia, xxvii, no. 5, May 1916, p. 200.

The author records having been attacked by the Anthocorid bug,
Triphleps insidiosus. Say, at the end of October in lUinois. This is
apparently the first record of an attack on man by this species.

Knab (F.). Four European Diptera established in North America.—

Inseciitor Inscitiae Menstruus, Washington, D.C., iv, nos. 1-3,
January to March 1916, pp. 1-4.

Hydrotaea meteorica, L., has been found on cattle in Montana and
North Dakota. In the former State this species is abundant and
troublesome, as it enters the eyes and ears of cattle to feed on the
moisture present. Lynchia maura, Bigot, a common parasite of the
domestic pigeon in the Mediterranean region, occurs also at Key West,
Florida, in Georgia, Cuba, Brazil and Venezuela. The same species
has recently appeared in Hawaii. In Florida the presence of this
parasite was accompanied by a fatal disease. The Borborid, Leptocera
sylvatica, Meig., was taken from a compost heap at Arlington, Virginia.
The remaining species, Pegomyia hyoscyami, Panz., occurs on various
food-plants.

A Fly Destroyer. — Queensland Agric. Jl., Brisbane, v, no. 4, April
1916, p. 220.

A mixture consisting of equal parts of casein, brown sugar and water,
which has been allowed to stand for 24 hours, is stated to be a cheap
and effective trap for house-flies.

Supply of Dipping Material. — Rhodesia Agric. Jl., Salisbury, xiii, no. 2.
April 1916, pp. 178-181.

Owing to the shortage in the supply of cattle dip, arrangements have
been made by the Government for the distribution of arsenite of soda
for the preparation of the Natal Laboratory Dip, at the rate of 100 lb.
for £2 IO5. Od. This arsenite contains about 60 per cent, arsenic,
or 20 per cent, less than that generally used for preparing the dipping
fluid. The following formulae are therefore given for the preparation
of the three-day dip and seven-day dip respectively :■ — (1) 5 lb. 5 ozs.
arsenite of soda, 1 gal. paraffin, 3 lb. soft soap, 400 gals, water ;
(2) 10 lb. 10 oz. arsenite of soda, 2 gals, paraffin, 5|- lb. soft soap,
400 gals, water. The soap is dissolved in a sufficient quantity of hot
or cold water and the paraffin is added to the solution, the whole being
stirred until an emulsion is formed. A solution of the arsenite of soda
is then added, and the quantity made up to 400 gals.

Sleeping Sickness. — Rhodesia Agric. Jl., Salisbury, xiii, no. 2, April
1916, p. 185.

Persons in search of game in the southern part of the Sebungwe
district are warned of the danger of hunting in any locality west of the
Sengwe and Lutope Rivers within the fly area, and especially in the
valley of the Busi River.

108

Sinclair (J. M.). Veterinary Report. — Rhodesia Agric. Jl, Salisbury,
xiii, no. 2, April 1916 pp. 265-268.

During January 1916 an outbreak of African Coast fever occurred
in the Mazoe District. Tr}'panosomiasis was present among pigs on
two farms on the Umfuli River, under conditions which point to
infection by vectors other than tsetse fly [Glossina morsitans'].
Prehminary experiments with this form of the disease have been carried
out and arrangements made for the regular dipping of the remaining
pigs in an arsenical solution. In February, one case of African Coast
fever was recorded in the Mazoe District in a herd not previously
infected, but running on the same infected veld near the dipping tank,
and fresh outbreaks occurred in the Melsetter District. An undeter-
mined skin disease among cattle in the Wankie District may have
been due to Amhlyomma variegatum (bont tick), which occurs in that
^rea.

Eltringham (H.). Some experiments on the House-fly in Relation to
(^ the Farm Manure Heap.— JL Agric. Sci., Camhriclge, vii, pt. 4,

pp. 443-457, April 1916, 3 figs. [Received 31st May 1916.]

The object of these experiments was to test the fly breeding capacity
of the farm manure heap in the open as distinguished from heaps close
to dwellings and to ascertain how far it is true that all manure heaps,
wherever placed, breed flies. Six experimental heaps were established,
three close to the laboratory buildings at Rothamsted and three others
about 33 yards from these buildings and 74 yards from the nearest
cottages and about a quarter of a mile from the main street of the village
of Harpenden. A rectangular trench 1 foot deep and 18 inches wide
was dug round the area on which the heaps were to be placed and lined
with boards. This trench was then filled in to ground level with loose
earth and old manure straw forming a hght mass suitable for the
pupation of the larvae. A wooden frame 1 foot deep and 5 feet square
was placed on the inner side of the trench to serve as a container for
the manure. The trenches and the manure heap were covered with
unbleached cheese cloth on frames and wire balloon traps, fitted with
a sliding arrangement to render removal and replacement easy, were
fixed to the manure heap cover and to the trench covers. A barrow
load of horse manure from neighbouring army stables was placed on
each heap daily for a fortnight and the heap then covered in ; 23 days
later the heap was cleared away. The following flies were caught —
Eristalis tenax, L., 1 ; Musca domesfica, L., 3 ; Stomoxys calcitrans, L.,
5 ; Fannia canicidaris, L., 1 ; ChortophUa cilicrura, Rnd., 4 ; Hydro-
taea armijpes, F., 2 In another experiment manure was obtained from
a stable closely surrounded by houses and near to a bakery, in 13 days
the following files were captured : — M. domestica, L., 798 ; S. calci-
/rans, L.,31; C. cilicrura, ^nd., 22 ; F.canicularis,^.,^; H.armipes,
F., 10. Over 85 per cent, of Musca domestica hatched from the heap
and the remainder from the trenches. Another heap of well trodden,
mixed cow and horse manure from a farm yielded in 23 days :■ —
E. tenax, L., 8 ; S. calcitrans, L., 8 ; Sargus cujjrarius, L., 15 ;
Chrysomyza demandata, F., 2 ; F. canicularis, L., 6 ; C. cilicrura, Rnd.,
9 ; and a similar heap (not trodden) at the laboratory produced : — ■
E. tenax, 13 ; S. calcitrans, L., 9 ; C. cilicrura, Rnd., 14; Scatophaga

109

.stercoraria, L., 4; Sargus cuprarms, L., 4; F. canicular is, L., 3; the
total absence of Musca domestica being again noticeable. Another
heap of mannre, not compacted, near farm buildings and about a mile
from the laboratory, yielded :^ — 0})hyra leucostoma, Wd.,36; S. calci-
■ trans, L., 4 ; S. cuprarius, L., 13; C. cUicrura, End., 37; C. deman-
data, F., 6 ; F. canicularis, L., 3. A small heap of mixed garden and
kitchen refuse and some fowl dung close to the laboratory yielded : — •
Muscina sfabukms. Fin., 13 ; F. canicularis, L., 17 ; C. cUicrura, Rnd.,
13 ; 0. leucostoma, Wd., 4. In a large manure shed, the floor of which
was a cement tank 12 inches deep and with an area of 660 square feet,
a portion of the contents, 25 square feet in area, was covered and,
though possibly some flies escaped, 453 were taken in 10 days and these
nearly all Muscina stabulans ; at this rate the manure shed might have
produced 1,200 flies per diem ; only three Musca domestica were
taken.

Records of a number of other similar experiments are given and the
following general conclusions were reached : The house-fly will breed
in large numbers in stable refuse stored close to dwellings, the con-
trolhng factor being the dweflings rather than the stable refuse, the
latter providing a breeding place for flies visiting the house in search
■of food ; the open, farm manure-heap far from houses is but little
frequented by house-flies ; spent heaps under rural conditions produce
practically no flies at all ; the farm heaps though producing hardly
any house-flies are a prolific source of Stomoxys calcitrans and for the
protection of farm animals all such heaps should be specially treated ;
when the farm dwellings and buildings adjoin one another, the danger
is even greater especially if dairies and other food-preparing depart-
ments are in proximity to farm refuse. Town manure heaps should
be far more strictly regulated than at present. In addition to S. calci-
trans which, though regarded as chiefly a pest of horses, is a serious pest
of man, Musca aufumnalis, De G., is a great nuisance in houses,
entering attics and disused apartments in enormous numbers in autumn.
.So called hibernating house-flies are almost invariably of this species.
No difficultv w^as found in breeding this fly from cattle dung found in
iields.

/. Barter (H. F.). On Three New African Midges. — A?in. Trap. Med.
^ Parasit., Liverpool, x, no. 1, 29th April 1916, pp. 131-138, 1 fig.,

1 plate.

The new species described are Forcipomyia lefcmni, from the Gold
'Coast and Culicoides cordiformitarsus and C stephensi, from Cairo.

/^

'Carter (H. R.). Immunity to Yellow Fever. — Ann. Trop. Med.
Parasit., Liverpiooi, x, no. 1, 29th April 1916, pp. 153-164.

In countries in which yellow fever is epidemic the view is held that
permanent immunity is conferred by an attack ; in endemic foci, on
the other hand, it is believed that subsequent attacks are common.
Evidence for the permanence of immunity should be most abundant
in places in which yellow^ fever occurs in epidemics ; this evidence
would rarely be satisfactory to those holding a contrary view, because
•the behef of physicians in such places that this immunity is permanent

110

would render them little apt to recognise secondary attacks unless they
were well marked, which would rarely be the case. Between 1888 and
1898 more than 30,000 persons certified as protected from yellow fever
by previous attack or by 10 years residence in an infected focus entered
the towns of Key West and Tampa in Florida from Havana. These
towns were full of Stegomyia fasciata {Aedes calopus) and persons
susceptible to yellow fever, while fever prevailed in Havana during
this time. As no yellow fever developed in Florida, there should have
been no considerable number of secondary attacks which could infect
S. fasciata among these people. That yellow fever could be readily
contracted from Havana by those susceptible to it, is shown by the
fact that during this time 450 persons from Havana, not certified as.
immune, yielded 13 cases of yellow fever at a quarantine station.
This is evidence that yellow fever carriers are not so common as is-
frequently supposed, as is also the fact that the quarantine stations,
of the United States have for many years passed in a large number of
people from yellow fever ports with no evidence of their having inf ected
S. fasciata in the United States.

Cleland (J. B.). The Stomach Contents of Australian Birds. — Agric
Gaz. N.S.W., Sydney, xxvii, no. 4, April 1916, pp. 263-269.

An examination of the stomach contents of 1,150 individuals,,
comprising 224 species of birds living in a wild state in Australia, has-
been made. The full data will be published as a Science Bulletin,
but in the present paper detailed summaries and verdicts on individual
birds or gi'oups of birds are given together with a broad summary of
results, especially from the point of view of the blow-fly pest in sheep..

Sparrows and starlings, though useful to a slight extent, do much
more harm than good. There is not the slightest prospect of their
ever being ehminated from Australia and instead of being fostered,
most energetic means should be adopted to ensure their destruction,
where necessary. Crows, whilst doing marked harm at times, un-
doubtedly are on other occasions of decided value. By destroying
dead carcases this bird tends to prevent the multiplication of blowflies.
Before any sheep-owner decides to destroy it in his neighbourhood,
he should calculate carefully whether its value in his particular instance^
is not greater than the losses caused by it. Of the large number of
other birds examined, with the exception of one or two notorious-
exceptions, the vast majority serve a more or less definite useful
purpose in maintaining the balance of nature as regards the various,
species of insects and should therefore be encouraged. Only a few
have however been found to feed on blow-flies.

JojoT (C). Note sur la lutte centre la maladie du sommeil au
Cameroun 1913-1914. [Note on the struggle again.st sleeping,
sickness in Kamerun in 1913-1914.]— 5m^L Soc. Path. Exot.,
Paris, ix no. 5, 1916, 10th May 1916, pp. 303-305.

Between 1907 and 1910 important measures against sleeping sickness.
were carried out in Kamerun. The disease existed in a sporadic
state in that part of the colony situated to the north-east of the Sanaga
and the western Logone rivers and two dangerous foci were present to-

Ill

the south-east of this hue. On the acquisition of the basin of the
Upper Sangha by Germany in 1911, fears were entertained for the
reinfection of the old colony, since a centre of infection had been shown
to exist in the new territory. As a result, the struggle against sleeping
sickness received a new impulse ; the new territories were declared
contaminated and the recruiting of carriers or native labourers in the
old colony for the Upper Sangha was forbidden. A commission was
appointed in 1913 and carried out the following measures :■ — (1) The
injection of persons in infected villages with atoxyl, arseno-beuzol, etc. ;
(2) the formation of clearings in the neighbourhood of infected dis-
tricts ; (3) the prohibition of passage from infected areas without
special permission ; this rule was rigorously enforced in the Aba-
Berberati-Bula triangle, where the disease was very prevalent. The
outbreak of war has resulted in the movement of natives and troops
throughout the region, thus reversing the last regulation.

Sheep Lice. — Internat. Rev. Sci. & Pracf. Agric, Rom?, vii, no. 1,
January 1916, p. 101. [Abstract from The Pastoral Review,
Melbourne, xxv, no. 9, 16th September 1915, pp. 854-855, figs.]
Keceived 2nd May 1916.]

Sheep hce belong to the following species :■ — Haemafopinus ovilkis,
H. pedalis {H. macrocephalus), found in the United States and TricJio-
dectes sphaerocephalus. The first named was discovered in New
Zealand in 1906 ; the second was reported for the first time in
Australasia in the South Island, New Zealand. As insecticidal sheep
dips have been used for a long time in New Zealand, these insects have
not caused much injury. These two species suck blood from their
host, causing weakness and reduced production of wool. T. sphaeroce-
phalus is still more injurious, it does not suck but feeds on the epide; mis
and on the wool. It is so prolific that in a short time one ram bearing
lice will infect a whole flock. On account of the drought in 1915, the
Australian shepherds were compelled to graze their flocks even in the
lice-infected districts and to mix immune with infected flocks, which
has caused a rapid spread of the parasite. The loss of wool due to lice
in South Australia was estimated to amount to £100,000 in 1914 and
to a much greater sum in 1915, in which year the parasite occurred
over a much larger area than in preceding years. The ova of the lice,
being surrounded by a fatty matter, are not reached by insecticides,
hence the necessity for two dips ; one after shearing, and the other
within sixty days, that is, before the hce hatched from the ova which
survived the first dip, begin to oviposit. Dips containing poisons
are considered by Mr. F. H. Williams to be the only ones which are
effective in protecting sheep against infection.

r Macfie (J. W. S.) & Ingram (A.). New Culicine Larvae from the
l:^ Gold Co£ist.~~Bull Entom. Research, London, vii, no. 1, Mav 1916,

pp. 1-18, 14 figs.

The mosquito larvae described and figured in this paper were collected
at Accra and at Sunyani in Ashanti. Larvae of Stegomyia mefcdlica^
Edw., were found in clear but dark brown water in the hollow of a tree.
Specimens of Culiciomyia Jiehidosa and S. unilineata were also present.

112

This strain of S. metallica was maintained in the laboratory for seven
months without any visible effects resulting from the close inbreeding.
Isolated pairs did not breed rapidly ; the females fed reluctantly and
eggs were deposited at irregular intervals. The larvae were able to
develop both in a highly nitrogenous, dark brown medium, or in tap
water with a layer of sand at the bottom. The duration of the develop-
mental stages was as follows : — Egg, seven days ; larval, ten days ;
pupa, three days. Stegomyia luteoce])hala, Newst., was found in the
gutters of two bungalows at Accra ; the water was slightly turbid
and contained decaying vegetable matter. Ochlerotatus irritans, Theo.,
occurred in small pools near the lagoon at Accra ; the water contained
about 2 '2 per cent, of salt. 0. sudanensis, Theo., together with larvae
of AnoijJieles costalis, Culex insignis and Uranofaenia annulata, was
found in crab holes along the sides of the stream at Sunyani ; the
water always contained much suspended matter. Culex pruina, Theo.,
-and Eretmopodites inornatus were present in water containing decaying
vegetable matter, found in a hollow in the concrete foundation for the
erection of a pump. Culex insignis, Cart., occurred in crab holes
containing water with much suspended matter. C. ingrami, Edw.,
was f ouncl in deep clear pools in the thick forest. C. consitnilis, Newst. ,
was present in masses of filmy algae in clear water. Larvae and pupae
of Eumelanomyia inconspicuosa, Theo., occurred in clear water in the
hollow of a fallen tree. Mimomyia hispida, Theo., together with
larvae of M. plumosa and Uranotaenia alhoabdominalis, was found in
marshy ground along the edge of the stream at Sunyani., The position
of these species in Edwards' " Kevised Keys to the known larvae
of African Culicinae " {Bull. Entom. Research, iii, pp. 373-385) is
indicated as far as possible.

Johnston (J. E. L.). A Summary of an Entomological Survey of
Kaduna District, Northern Nigeria. — Bull. Entom. Research,
London, vii, no. 1, May 1916, pp. 19-28, 2 figs., 2 tables.

This paper describes an entomological survey of the Kaduna District
and the site of the future capital of Nigeria. Special attention was
paid to the presence of Glossina and the resulting trypanosome diseases
of cattle. Tsetse-flies were very scarce in the district, possibly owing
to the dry season, though a few examples of Glossina palpalis and
G. tachinoides were obtained. Stomoxys spp., especially S. nigra and
S. calcitrans, were abundant. Though it has been shown that Trypano-
soma nigeriense will develop in the gut of S. nigra, it is more probable
that cattle were infected by Glossina near the streams. Of the total
number of cattle examined, 12 '6 per cent, were infected with trypano-
somes and 26 per cent, with piroplasmata, while one sheep out of 12
examined showed piroplasmata. The trypanosome causing infection
was mostly of the T. vivax type.

The commonest mosquito was C. nebulosa (.51 'SS per cent.), while
Anopheles costalis and Culex duttoyii ranked second (14' 19 per cent.).
The remaining 19'7 per cent, consisted of :■ — Stegomyia fasciafa,
S. simpsoni, S. sugens, S. africana, Culex decens, C. fatig%ns, C. tigripes,
C. annulioris, Ochlerotatus cumminsi, and Mansonioides uniformis.
Other blood-sucking flies and ticks collected, included :■ — Tabanidae :
Haematopota gracilis, Aust. ; H. lacessens, Aust. ; H. pertinens,

113

Aust. ; H. funiens, Aust. ; H. vittata, Lw., besides three species
unidentified ; Tahanus albipalpus, Wlk. ; T. fasciatus, F. ;
T. hillingtoni, Newst. ; T. secedens, Walk. ; T. socialis, Walk. ;
T. iaeniola, P. de B. Muscidae : Stomoxys calcitrans, L. ; S. nigra^
Macq. ; S. omega, Newst. ; Pliilaematoimjia sp. Hippoboscidae :
Evppohosca maculata, Leach. Ixodidae : Boophiliis anmdatm, Say ;
Haemaphysalis leachi, Aud. ; Amhlyomma variegatum, F. ; Hyalomma
aegyptium, L.

Lamborn (W. a.). Third Report on Glossina Investigations in
^ Nyasaland. — Bull. Entom. Research, London, vii, no. 1, May 1916,

pp. 29-50.

The survey of the distribution of Glossina morsitans in the pro-
claimed area, especially in the neighbourhood of Rifu and Kuti,was
completed by 6th August 1915, when a return was made to the vicinity
of Monkey Bay in order to establish artificial breeding places on a
large scale. In the centres at Rifu and Kuti, the fly was not found to
be locahsed sufficiently to render feasible any attempt to control it by
clearing the bush, as had previously been suggested. [See this Revieiv,
Ser. B, ii, p. 96.] At Rifu, pupae were found in greater numbers under
the shelter of dead trees than under cover of rocks. Breeding was
found to be at a minimum during the late dry season.

The parasite, Miitilla glossinae, Turn., was reared in large numbers,
from pupae obtained near Monkey Bay. M. glossinae is to be
regarded as a primary parasite, depositing eggs in Glossina pupae at
varying stages of development. No evidence has yet been obtained
that G. brevipalpis is attacked by this species of Mutilla under natural
conditions. The duration of the life-cycle within the tsetse-fly pupa
varies very considerably, and may be influenced by chmatic changes..
In one individual reared from a G. brevipalpis pupa, development
occupied nearly 12| weeks, while in other specimens, the develop-
mental period was extended to 17 weeks. The numbers of M. glossinae
and other parasites emerging from pupae increase rapidly in the dry
season ; out of -76"2 pupae obtained from natural breeding places,
between 22nd August and 16th October, 97 flies and 131 Mutilhds
emerged. From 368 pupae collected within the proclaimed area,,
onlv two parasites, a Mutillid and a Bombyliid, were reared. A second
Mutillid parasite, M. benefactrix, sp. n., was obtained from pupae
collected at Monkey Bay. This species showed greater activity than
M. glossinae and differed in the method of pairing.

Experimental evidence showed that the Chalcid, Syntomosphyrum
glossinae, Wtrst., is hyperparasitic on M. glossinae. The latter may
be attacked in both larval and pupal stages. About 3 per cent, of the
pupa cases of M. glossinae examined between 7th April and 2nd June
showed evidence of parasitism, while between 22nd August and 16th
October less than 1 per cent, were parasitised. Observations are being
carried out relative to the action of S. glossinae on M. benefactrix.
A second hyperparasite of 31. glossinae, namely, Enqoelminus tarsatus,
was obtained from pupae of G. morsitans collected at Monkey Bay.*

* There is reason to suppose that this insect is more likely to be a
primary parasite rather than a hyperparasite. — Ed;

114

In captivity, pairing took place soon after emergence and oviposition
began about two hours later in pupae believed to be parasitised by
M. glossinae. Nine females oviposited in pupae of G. morsitans, the
cocoon of M. glossinae being present in every case except one ; 22 males
and 58 females emerged. In those instances in which definite data
were obtained, the period between oviposition and emergence varied
from 28 to 32 days, the greatest number obtained from a single
puparium being nine. In several cases Mutilhds emerged from pupae
into which E. tarsatus had inserted its ovipositor and in two cases
tsetse-flies emerged from such pupae. A few large Chalcids, Stomato-
ceras spp., were obtained from pupae found in the neighbourhood of
Monkey Bay between 7th April and 2nd June, but were absent from
pupae in the proclaimed area. These Chalcids may be hyperparasite of
31. glossinae, since specimens of the latter were present in some cases,
but more probably are primary parasites of Glossina which develop
more rapidly than M. glossinae and may incidentally attack the larva
of this species.

In considering the relation between tsetse-flies and the larger animals,
it has been observed that an abundance of flies is correlated with the
actual or recent presence of game in any given area. The high develop-
ment of the sense organs connected with the antennae renders the fly
able to detect its food from a long distance. A meal is required every
five or six days, hence the presence of a large number of game animals
is not essential. Part of the food is derived from baboons which occur
in all districts in which the fly has been studied. Bare-necked birds,
such as vultures, may furnish food material to a shght extent, but the
presence of feathers in other forms is beheved to render feeding veiy
difficult. The scarcity of reptiles appears to negative the supposition
that these animals may furnish a blood supply. Small Lacertidae
are probably too active to be of material value as a source of food.
Tests wdth toads and tree-frogs gave negative results. It is however
pointed out in an editorial note that the evidence that G. morsitans
does not normally feed on non-mammalian blood is less conclusive than
would appear from these statements. The preference of G. falpalis
for reptilian blood under natural conditions is also noted. This
preference is contrary to laboratory results, which cannot therefore be
rehed upon in considering the natural food of these flies.

Artificial breeding places have been constructed at Rifu, in the
proclaimed area and near Monkey Bay, the object being to determine
which trees are most favoured as resting-places. Various species of
trees were felled and in some of the breeding places the natural soil
was replaced by soil from natural breeding places ; in others the earth
was mixed with fragments of rotting wood and bark, with earth from
termitaria and with antelope droppings. Natural breeding places
in both these areas were eliminated. The effect of bush fires on the
distribution of the fly in certain districts in the proclaimed area was
observed. A marked decrease in numbers was noted in the burnt
area, but pupae sufficient to repopulate the same were found under logs
untouched by the fires. Flies were abundant in a neighbouring district
and this abundance was undoubtedly the result of the fire and the
driving away of the game. Systematic burning of grass is not likely
to be of material value in controlhng the fly, as it only occurs in patches
over much of the fly country, and the fires therefore fail to spread.

115

Wart-hogs remain in the burnt areas, feeding on roots, and thus
probably furnish a source of food for newly-emerged flies.

In stud^-ing the proportion of sexes among captured flies, it was
observed that male flies become attached to possible hosts in order to
secure females which come to feed. When the possible hosts rest, the
females are less attracted and most of the males fly off. Pairing is
attempted by the male whatever may be the stage of development
of the female. Collectors can readily obtain flies by catching them off
each other and these captures always show a small proportion of
females. If flies which have settled near the possible host are included,
the results show a much higher percentage of females. The number of
active G. morsitcms decreases during the hottest part of the dav.
Examination of possible sheltering places during this period showed
that large numbers of females are to be found in recesses in the trunk
and bark of large trees, especially baobabs, while the males occur in
more exposed positions. The proportion of females taken in the
ordinary way in morning and evening was 12 and 10 per cent,
respectively ; when taken at mid-day, mostly ofE trees, the proportion
was 43 "5 per cent. The following explanation is suggested for the
variations observed in the proportion of males and females captured
at different times of the day : — Males which have recently fed, attend
man to await the females which come to feed. The female may be
secured by a male, or if pregnant, may be driven off, and attempt to
feed later. After feeding, the female retires under cover of large trees
or to breeding places to protect itself from the males. It is almost
certain that the sexes exist in the same area in equal numbers. Attempts
to control the fly by systematic capture would be most successful if the
flies were taken off the trees at mid-day. Breeding was apparently
at its maximum at the time of investigation, i.e. in October 1915;
the pupal period averaged 21 days, as against 10 weeks in the dry
season. The same shortening of the developmental period was
observed in the case of Mutilla glossinae, E. tarsatus and Stomatoceras.

In September 1915, a large area of territory in Nyasaland was thrown
open for free shooting in the behef that this measure would reduce the
tsetse-flies. The author is of the opinion that the desired result cannot
be obtained in this way, because the fly-area is continuous with areas
in North-Eastern Ehodesia, and the game may retire to Rhodesia
during the dry season, returning with the rains and bringing an abund-
ance of flies with it.

In a supplementary report, further observations are made on the
resting habits of G. morsitans, on artificial breeding places, and on
parasites. Baobab trees were found to be preferred as resting places,
though any large trees were suitable. Birdhme traps placed in
recesses of the trees did not prove effective in capturing flies. Numerous
artificial breeding places were successfully established. At Rifu,
where 10 species of trees had been felled, no one of them was apparently
preferred. The results indicate the possiblity of checking the fly by
the estabhshment of artificial breeding places ; at Lingadzi the results
almost suggested that control could be carriecl out by ehminating only
the larger natural breeding places. This method might be used over
small areas, such as those in the vicinity of main roads and important
centres. The possibihties of the transfer of flies by moving game

116

across clearings from which natural breeding places had been removed
might be prevented by means of a wire fence. G. jxilpalis is known
to have been spread by the railway in south Nigeria, and therefore this
method of control may be required when the projected railway from
Blantyi'e is carried north through the fly area. Another method of
control which might be effective would be the destruction of large trees-
in the fly area. These however are few, and could more suitably be
used in providing artificial breeding places.

Though a number of Mutillids w^ere obtained from sandy soil,
M. glossinae was not amongst them. Three female M. glossinae,
emerging from G. morsitans pupae on 5th, 11th and 19th October,
were paired with a male on the day of emergence, o^'iposited in
G. morsitans pupae and adults emerged between 7th and 11th, 8th and
20th, and 19th and 24th December respectively. The Bombyhid,
TJiyridanthrax abrwptus, Lw., proved to be a primary parasite of
G. morsitans pupae. Eggs deposited in pupae between 7th and 4th
November emerged as adults between 20th and 24th December.
Some of the adults fed freely and lived for a week.

MacGregor (M. E.). Resistance of the Eggs of Stegomyia fasciata
6 {Aedes caJopus) to Conditions adverse to Development. — BulL

Entom. Research, London, vii, no. 1, May 1916, pp. 81-85, 3 figs.

Several generations of Stegomyia fasciata were reared from eggs
obtained in April 1915 from West Africa. These had been in a dried
condition for at least 3| months. [See this Review, Ser. B, iii, p. 187.]
Under the breeding methods adopted, it was found that the eggs of
succeeding generations were very Hable to destruction by desiccation
and therefore differed in some way from those originally received.
The two alternatives suggested were : — (1) that the eggs when laid
were protected by some substance in the shell which was soluble in or
destroyed by water and that only eggs laid out of water were able to
resist desiccation ; (2) that the egg must remain in water for some
time and the embryo be partly developed before the shell was rendered
resistant. Eggs deposited on slightly moist leaves collapsed in a very
short time and thus negatived the first supposition. Those allowed
to remain in water for 60 hours or more, showed no alteration when
removed for 12 hours. Prolonsfed contact with water is therefore
necessary to promote resistance to desiccation. Embryos of freshly
laid eggs are easily killed by drying, while experiment showed that
eggs removed from water 3| days after oviposition were able to hatch
after exposure for one hour to the condensed beam of an electric arc
hght.

Turner (R. E.). On Mutillidae parasitic on Glossina morsitans. — Bidl.
Entom. Research, London, vii, no. 1, May 1916, pp. 93-95, 2 figs.

Descriptions are given of Mutilla glossinae. Turner, and M. bene-
factrix, sp. n., reared from pupae of Glossina inorsitans collected at
Monkey Bay, Nyasaland.

NOTICES.

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CONTENTS.

in

The Connection between Tabanids and Anthrax in China

The Capture of Anopheles macuUpennis in Paris . .

Spirochaetosis of Fowls in Kussian Turkestan

The Susceptibility of the Flying-Fox to African Trypanosomes

The Bionomics of Choeromyia spp. in West Africa . .

A Myriapod living in the nasal Cavity of Man in France . .

Flies hibernating in Houses in Scotland

The Relations between Leishmaniasis and Biting Insects

The Disadvantages of using Benzine against Lice . .

The Relations between Mosquitos and Malaria . . ' . .

The Economic Effects of East Coast Fever in South Africa

Myiasis in Man in the Panama Canal Zone . .

Experiments with Substances attractive to Musca domestica

the U.S.A

TripJdeps insidiosus attacking Man in the U.S.A. . .

Noxious European Flies established in North America

Casein as a Bait for House-flies

The Use of Sodium Arsenite in Cattle Dips in Rhodesia . .

Warnings against Fly Areas in Rhodesia

East Coast Fever and other Stock Diseases in Rhodesia . .

The Relations of House-flies and Farm Manure Heaps in Britain

New African Midges

Immunity to Yellow Fever in Florida

The Value of Birds In destroying Blow-Flies in Australia . .

Measures against Sleeping Sickness in Kamerun

Lice infesting Sheep in Australia and New Zealand

New Culicine Larvae from the Gold Coast . .

An Entomological Survey of Kaduna District, Northern Nigeria

The Bionomics of Glossina morsitans in Nyasaland

Resistance of the Eggs of Stegomyia fasciata to adverse Conditions

MutiUids parasitic on Glossina morsitans . . . .

PAGE.

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VOL. IV. Ser. B. Part 8. -pp. 117-131. AUGUST, 1016.

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(Natural History).
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Mr. E. C. Blecu, C.M.G., Foreign Office.

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(Natural History).
Professor H. Maxwell Lefroy, Imperial College of Science and

Technology.
The Hon. Sir John McCall, M.D., Agent-General for Tasmania.
Dr. R. Stewart MacDougall, Lecturer on Agricultural Entomology,

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117 Uh SEP 2 6,.,- <

Lloyd (LI.). Report on the Investigation into the Bionol^cis of ^^

Glossina morsiians in Northern Rhodesia, 1915. — Bult: JSmQnr^ IVluS'^'^ -^
Research, London, vii, uo. 1, May 1916, pp. 67-79. 2 figs., 1 plate,
3 tables.

In the Kashitii area, Glossina morsitans appears to be numerous and

troublesome although game is relatively scarce. Collections of pupae,

however, have shown that the apparent abundance is due to the fact

that on account of the restlessness of the animals, flies of both sexes

swarm round persons passing through the area and feed readily.

In the same area female flies were caught in relatively much greater

numbers than at Nawalia and Ngoa. Game in the last-named area

is plentiful and the number of pupae collected was four times as great

as in the Kashitu area. Hence it may be deduced that pupae, and

therefore flies, are more numerous in districts in which game is plentiful.

Certain districts in the Ngoa area were investigated ; the conditions

as regards the relation between the game, pupae and hunger of the fly

were found to be similar to those observed in the Kashitu area. Man

was frequently attacked where game was scarce or non-resident, while

flies were rarely seen where game was plentiful. If the game were

reduced to a minimum, so that the fly was attracted to man, the fly

might be destroyed by means of nets in very limited areas. The

reduction of game in a fly area would lead at first to an apparent

increase in the numbers of the fly, owing to increased hunger ; the

number of females in a capture would increase to about 50 per cent.,

"vvhile pupae would occur in fewer numbers, thus showing that an

actual reduction had taken place. The increase in the number of

females in a capture would be important if netting were used as a

means of control. Collections of pupae from burnt areas showed that

about 12 per cent, were dead at the time of collecting. This record

was made a considerable time after the fires, hence it was not an accurate

estimate of the proportion destroyed. All the breeding places

examined showed the presence of a dark hiding place for the flies, and

were of the type met with in other fly areas. Exceptions occurred

near the Lukanga River, in the thin mopani forest and in the bed of

the Bwobwa stream in Chutika. These three breeding places were

.such as to show that it is improbable that pregnant females are

influenced by any special odour, such as that of humus. A single

pupa of G. brevipalpis was found in the sandy bed of the Bwobwa

stream, together with G. morsitans, beneath a large fallen tree.

Six species of insect parasites of the pupae of G. morsitans
were found. Mutilla glossinae, Turner, is generally distributed in
G. fnorsitans areas in north Rhodesia. The duration of the pupal
period was observed to be 45 days. Adults in captivity fed readily
on jam ; the females lived about three weeks and the males from 10 to
14 days. Attempts to breed them were unsuccessful. The percentage
of parasitism by M. glossinae at Chutika was on an average 7 per cent. ;
parasites emerged between 15th August and 6th October from pupae
collected during July. At Nawalia, the parasitism reached 1 3 per cent. ,
a quarter of the parasites being males. Emergence from pupae collected
on 21st and 23rd August took place between 25th September and 26th
October. Attempts to breed Anastatus viridiceps, Wtrst., in captivity,
failed. Stomatoceras micans, Wtrst., occurs at Mwengwa and Ngoa.
(C286) Wt.Pl/100. 1,500. 8.10. B.&F.Ltd. Gp.lI/3. a

118

In one case an almost fully developed tsetse-fly emerged from a
puparium parasitised by this species. Syntomosphyrum glossinae,
Wtrst., has been met with at Mwengwa, Ngoa and Kashitu and
probably occurs in the Luangwa Valley. The insect was taken from
September to November ; about 25 usually emerged from one
puparium. Among the Dipterous parasites of G. morsitans, two
Bombyhids, Villa lloydi, Aust., and probably Thyridanthrax abruptus,
Lw., were obtained from Ngoa and Chutika respectively. The first
species was collected in September and flies emerged during the same
month. The second species was taken in July and adults appeared
in August.

A record of G. morsitans feeding on avian blood was obtained at
Kashitu when two flies were seen on the bare skin of the neck of a
ground hornbill, one being in the act of sucking blood. In three
instances flies feeding on rabbits were observed to be engorged with a
clear fluid instead of blood ; this may have been serous fluid obtained
by piercing the body wall.

Cases of sleeping sickness in the Luangwa Valley were partly scattered
and partly centred around the villages of Chinunda, Chutika, Chewanda
and Kakumbi. The first two and the last of these contain food, shade,
and potential breeding places of the fly. Natives passing through
the villages are liable to come into contact with shady places in which
the flies are resting, and an infected fly brought into this type of village
could remain long enough to infect several persons. G. morsitans
probably requires the blood of domestic animals in addition to that of
man, and as domestic animals are present in these villages, the fly
might be able to breed there. Epidemics of disease occur in shady
and scattered villages ; hence these epidemics could probable be
prevented by rendering the villages compact and by removing shade.
The clearing of bush round water-holes is a more difficult matter, as
the water would fail if the shade were removed.

Annandale (N.) & Kemp (S.). Fauna of the Chilka Lake : — Aquatic
and Marginal Insects.^ — Memoirs of Indian Museum, Calcutta, v,
pp. 177-188, 1 plate, 3 figs.

It is probable that several species of Chironomids breed in the lake
itself and Culicoides peregrinus, Kieff.,is very common at Barkul in
July and September, breeding in small pools near the edges. Another
species alhed to Palpomyia polysticta, Kieff . , is found in the lake itself
and seems to be distinct from any of those described from India. With
regard to Culicidae, Major A. B. Fry stated in 1911 that the vast
perennial mosquito population of the villages on the lake comes from
the lake itself and, where weeds and algae offer protection from the
attacks of fish, Anophehne larvae and nymphs swarm, chiefly those
oi Anopheles rossi and A. fuliginosus, though A. listoni, A.fouieri, and
A. sinensis {nigerrimus) were also present. The authors only found
larvae of A. rossi in the lake and these were abundant in brackish water
ofl Barkul in February and July. The absence of A. ludlowi is con-
sidered remarkable, as it is the common Anopheline of brackish water
near Calcutta. The opinion is expressed that most of the mosquitos
loieed in the small pools near the edge rather than in the lake itself.

119

Herms (W. B.). The Pajaroello Tick {OrnitJiodorus coriaceus, Koch),
with special reference to life-history and biting habits. — Jl. of

Parasitology, Urbana, III, ii, no. 3, March 1916, pp. 137-142, 1 fig.

The venomous Pajaroello tick is much feared in the mountainous
portions of Santa Clara and San Benito Counties, Cahfornia. The
accounts all agree in the essential detail that the bite results in an
irritating lesion which is slow to heal and often leaves an ugly deep
scar. In August 1913, living specimens taken near Mount Hamilton
were identified as Ornithodorus coriaceus, Koch, described in 1844
from a single female specimen from Mexico, which is probably the
original habitat. This Argasid superficially resembles 0. moubata,
Murray, which transmits relapsing fever in Africa. Since August 1913,
its complete life-history has been worked out. The larvae from 323
ova, deposited by one female on 9th March 1914, hatched in about 21
days at a temperature averaging 79° Fahr. They were placed on the
ear of a rabbit on 2nd May, and, among others, one was recovered fully
engorged on 11th May. Its first moult occurred on 21st May, giving
about 51 days for the larval stage in this instance. The second moult,
without a second engorgement, took place on 15th June. The nymph
became fully engorged in about twenty minutes on 2nd July, the third
moult occurring on 12th August. Becoming fully engorged again
on 11th October, the fourth moult took place on 23rd December.
Engorging again on 16th January 1915, the fifth moult took place
9th March and the mature tick, a female, appeared. On 27th March it
became fully engorged on a mouse and was placed with a male
on 16th April, pairing taking place on 17th April. The first
oviposition consisting of 428^ eggs took place on 10th June 1915.
Thus the period from egg to egg in this individual covered
exactly fifteen months. This time may be reduced very considerably
by applying the ticks to a suitable host at shorter intervals and in
the case of one male sexual differentiation was accomphshed in 159
days, as against 343 days in the above instance. Under natural
conditions it seems quite probable that there is one generation eack
year and that two years may be necessary in many instances. Although
the incubation period at a given sustained temperature suft'ers little
variation, e.g., at 79° Fahr. it is 21 days, the length of time required
for the other stages varies considerably. The minimum length of the'
larval period was found to be 19 days. The number of moults varies
from four to seven. The length of time a female may remain fertile
without further pairing is at least two years. No little difficulty was
experienced in rearing this tick. The ear of a rabbit is best suited for
feeding the larval stages ; later stages are best fed by placing the
ticks either on a rabbit or on a mouse, holding these until the fully
engorged ticks drop off, this process requiring from 15 to 20 minutes.
The venomous nature of the bite of this tick as affecting man, monkey
{Macacus rhesus), rabbit and mouse is described. In the animals the
injury did not prove severe. A detailed account of two bites suffered
by Mr. W. L. Chandler is given. Considerable irritation and swelUng
was produced and for several weeks both lesions exuded a clear
lymph from beneath a scab, which remained in evidence for two or
three months. Mr. Chandler reported these ticks as very numerous in
some locahties. Their presence and number seemed to be determined

(C286) a2

A.

120

by that of cattle. Ticks were also found where there were no cattle,
but in places which were evidently the favourite haunts of wild
animals.

KELLoorG (V. L.) & Ferris (G. F.). Anoplura and Mallophaga from
Zululand. — Ann. Durban Mus., Durban, i, no. 2, 15th May 1915,
pp. 147-158, 2 plates. [Received 5th June 1916.]

The Anoplura recorded include : — Polyplax otomydis, Cummings,
from Otomys irroratus ; P.jonesi, sp. n., from Saccostomus cmnpestris ;
Hoplopleura intermedia, sp. n., from Miis coucha ? and H. enormis,
sp. n., from Arvicanthis dorsalis.

Edwards (F. W.). An Annotated List of Mosquitos occurring at
Durban, Natal. — Ann. Durban Mus., Durban, i, no. 2, 15th May
1915, pp. 160-1G6. [Recsived5th June 1916.]

' ' The following species of mosquitos are recorded : — Anopheles
maurifianus, Grp., not frequenting houses and not known to be a carrier
of malaria ; Toxorhynchites brevipaljns, Theo., a beneficial species,
widely distributed in Africa, its larva feeding on the larvae of other
mosquitos ; Banhsinella lineatopennis, Ludl., occurring throughout the
Ethiopian region and from India to the Malay States and Philippine
Islands ; B. luteolateralis, Theo. ; B. luteolateralis, Theo., var. flavi-
nervis, Edw. ; Armigeres argenteoventralis, Theo., found in Durban,
Ashanti and Lagos ; Stego?nyia fasciaia, F. ; Ochlerotafus durbanensis,
Theo., rare at Durban, found also at Delagoa Bay, in Abyssinia and in
Uganda ; 0. bevisi, Edw. ; 0. albocephalus, Theo., recorded also from
Gambia and the Gold Coast ; 0. dentatus, Theo. ; 0. quasiunivittatus,
Theo. ; Taeniorhynchus meiallicus, Theo., widely distributed in Africa,
the adults inhabiting marshes ; T. aureus, Edw. ; T. ckubbi, Edw. ;
T.fuscopennatus, Theo., found also in Uganda and British East Africa ;
Mansoniodes africanus, Theo., a swamp form, widely distributed in
tropical Africa ; M. tmiformis, Theo., known to carry filariasis ;
Culiciomyia nebulosa, Theo. ; C^dex thalassius, Theo., occurring also
in Gambia, South Nigeria, the Gold Coast and Portuguese East Africa ;
C. tipidiformis, Theo., found in South and East Africa, Canary Islands,
Crete and North India; C. pipiens, L. ; C. fatigans, Wied. ; C.
pallidocephalus, Theo. ; C. univittatus, Theo., occurring also in Southern
Spain ; C. simjjsoni, Theo., known also in the Transvaal and Rhodesia ;
C. tigripes, Grp., the larvae of which prey on other mosquito larvae ;
and Eretinapodites quinquevittatus, Theo., also recorded from Sierra
Leone, Gold Coast, Belgian Congo and Madagascar.

Ferris (G. F.). Mallophaga and Anoplura from South Africa, with a
list of Mammalian Hosts of African species. — Ann. Durban Mus.,
Durban, i, no. 3, 20th April 1916, pp. 230-252, 12 figs. [Received
5th June 1916.]

The following Anoplura are recorded :—Scipio aulacodi, Neu., and
S. breviceps, sp. n., from Thryonomys sp. ; Haematopinus phachochoeri,
Enderl., from Potaynocliaerus cJioeropotanms ; Linognailms angidatus.

121

Piag., from Cephalophus nafalensis ; L. fahrenholzi, Paine, from
Cervicapra fulvorufula ; Hoplopleura intermedia, Kell & Ferr., from
Mus concha.

A list of the Mammalian hosts of African species of Mallophaga and
Anoplura is appended.

/^ Chubb (E. C). Note on the New Zululand Tsetse Fly, Glossina brandoni,
Chubb, and a record of the Butterfly, Danais petiverana, Dbb. and
Hew. in Natal. — Ann. Durban Mus., Durban, i, no. 3, 20th April
1916, pp. 253-254. [Received 5th June 1916.]

A single female specimen of Glossina brandoni, Chubb, was obtained
in 1915 in the Court-house of Ubombo, Zululand. This species, which
is very closely related to G. austeni, Newst.,* differs from the common
Zululand species, G. pallidipes, Aust.

Chatton (E.) & Blanc (G.). Un Ps3udo-parasite, Cryptoplasma rhipi-
cephali, Chatton et Blanc. [A pseudo-parasite, Cryptoplasma
rhipicephali, Chatton and Blanc] — C. R. Soc. Biol., Paris, Ixxix,
no. 10, 20th May 1916, p. 402.

The forms occurring in the alimentary tract or body cavity of a
supposed nymph of the tick Rhipicephalus sanguineus, and regarded
as an endo parasite {Cryptoplasma rhipicephali), are now recognised
to have been spermatozoa [see this Review, Ser. B, iv, p. 63]. The
preparation was erroneously labelled " nymph," being in reality an
adult male.

/<-.

Gaskell (Major T. K.). The Hibernation of Flies in a Fifeshire House.

— Scottish Naturalist, Edinburgh, no. 54, June 1916, p. 139.

During March 1916, large numbers of Limnophora septemnotata
were found in a house at Largo, and were especially abundant in a
room with a western aspect. Other specimens collected from a south
room were Pollenia rudis, Aphiochaeta rufipes, Pyrellia eriophthalma,
Muscina stabulans, Phaonia signata, Leria ser rata, Simulium sp. and
several Chalcids.

Waterston (J.). On the Occurrence of Stenomalus muscarum (Linn.)
(''• in company with Hibernating Flies. — Scottish Naturalist,

Edinburgh, no. 54, June 1916, pp. 140-142.

Specimens of the Chalcid, Stenoynalus muscarum, L., were obtained
from the rooms of a house at Largo during March 1916. This species
is more or less constantly found in houses together with hibernating
Diptera. It is reported to have been bred from the puparia of Musca
and eggs are believed to be deposited on Muscid larvae. All the
hibernating specimens examined were females. The association of
S. muscarum with the Diptera may be accidental or may be an adapta-
tion on the part of the former to facilitate oviposition in the spring.
In the family Pteromalidae the following genera are also known to
parasitise household insects : — Spalangia, Latr., on Musca ; Cerocephala,
Westw., on Calandra ; Arthrolytus, Thoms. and Dibrachys, Forst., on
various hosts ; and Pteromalus, Swed., on Lepidoptera.

* [There is little doubt that it is identical with G. austeni. — Ed.]

122

Hewitt (C. G.). Outline of Entomological Work projected for 1916. —
Agric. Gaz. Canada, Ottaiva, iii, no. 5, May 191G, pp. 400-402.

The increase in the numbers of the warble fly [Hyjwderma] in certain
parts of Quebec devoted to dairy farms has led to an enquiry into the
distribution and means of control of these insects. The study of
ticks affecting live-stock will be continued. Further data will be
obtained on the breeding habits and control of Canadian mosquitos.
Experiments will be carried out on the control of bed-bugs by super-
heating.

DoLLMAN (H. C). Glossina morsitans, Westw. Some Notes on the
(^ Parasitisation of its Pupae. — Trans. Entom. Soc. London;

London, nos. 3 and 4, 1915, 2nd June 1916, pp. 394-396, 1 plate.

Pupae of Glossina morsitans collected from beneath fallen or felled
trees in the district of Namaula, North-west Rhodesia, in August
and September 1915, showed a high degree of parasitism by Muiilla
glossinae, Turn. Adults of M. glossinae emerged between 28th August
and 9th September ; the total number, viz., 63, included only one
female.

GiEAULT (A. A.). A New Phanurus from the United States, v/ith Notes
on allied Species. — Canadian Entomologist, London, Ont., xlviii,
no. 5, May 1916, pp. 149-150.

Phanurus emersoni, sp. n., reared from Tabanid eggs at Dallas,
Texas, is described. Notes are given on the allied species, P. opacus,
How., P.floridanus, Ashm., and P. ovivorus, Ashm.

TowNSEND (C. H. T.). New Genera and Species of Australian
Muscoidea. — Canadian Entomologist, London, Ont., xlviii, no. 5,
May 1916, pp. 151-160.

A number of new genera and species of Australian flies are proposed
and described, including Paracalliphora (genotype CaUiphora oceaniae,
E,. D.) and Tracheomyia. The genotype of the latter. Oestrus macropi,
Frogg., occurs in the larval stage in the windpipe of the kangaroo.
This species appears to be an endemic Australian species, and the larval
habitat is unique. It may be allied to Pharyngomyia or Pharyngobolus,
but in its larval characters more closely approaches Oestrus.

fy TowNSEND (C. H. T.). A new generic name for the serew-worm fly.
■ — Jl. Washington Acad. Sci., Washington, D.C., v, no. 20,
4th December 1915, pp. d44-646. [Reprint received 14th June
1916.]

The generic name Cochliomyia is proposed for the screw-worm fly
[Chryso?nyia macellaria]. This genus is said to differ from Chrysomyia,
R. D., in the character of the epistome.

123

^ TowNSEND (C. H. T.). Identification of the Stages in the Asexual Cycle

^ of Bartonella bacilliformis, the Pathogenic Organism of Verruga,

and their Bearing on the Etiology and Unity of Disease. — Jl.

Washington Acad. Sci., Washington, B.C., no. 21, 19tli December
1915, pp. 662-667. [Reprint received 14th June 1916.]

Phlebotomus vernicarum, Towns., has been proved conclusively to be
a carrier of the Peruvian disease known as verruga. The specific
organism of the disease, Bartonella bacilliformis, is a Protozoan, which
passes through the asexual phases of multiplication in the endothelial
cells o4 the capillaries of the subcutaneous tissues. Erythrocytes
become infected during their passage through the capillaries when
they come into contact with an infected endothelial cell. The eruption,
which is characterised by the rapid proUferation of the endotheUal
cells, is the direct result of the asexual reproduction of B. bacilliformis
in the subcutaneous tissues.

f\

Chidester (F. E.) & Patterson (R.). The Influence of Various
Concentrations of Sea Water on the Viability of the Salt Marsh
Mosquitos, Aedes sollicitans and Aedes cantator (Dip.) — Entom.
News, Philadelphia, xxvii, no. 6, June 1916, pp. 272-274.

The degree of salinity of the pools of the salt marshes on the New
Jersey coast is about seven or eight per cent., but may be subject to
greater fluctuations. Two series of experiments were carried out to
determine the effect of marked changes in salinity on the larvae of
Ochlerotatus (Aedes) sollicitans and 0. (A.) cantator. In the first series,
larvae were transferred from pools to water varying from a 13 per cent,
salinity to distilled water. Death soon occurred in the more concen-
trated solutions and in distilled water. In the second series, larvae
were placed in solutions varying from 16 to 35 per cent, salinity ;
none were able to survive in the 22 per cent, or higher concentration for
more than two days. Further examination of pools showed that in
one case many larvae of 0. sollicitans were living in water with a 22 per
cent, salinity, at a temperature of 64° F., while none were present in a
pool a short distance away, where the salinity was 24 per cent, and the
temperature 67° F. Other records showed that 0. sollicitans were able
to withstand a higher degree of salinity than 0. cantator. The distri-
bution of various species of mosquitos over the salt marshes appears
to be dependent to a certain extent on the amount of salt present in
the water ; this factor may also influence the development of the eggs.

Sturgess (G. W.). Report of the Government Veterinary Surgeon for
1915. — Ceylon Administration Report, 1915, Colombo, Part 4,
9th April 1916, 8 pp. [Received 26th June 1916.]

During October cattle in the Matale District were troubled by biting
flies, which were identified as Haematop)ota singalensis. Sarcoptic y
mange occurred among goats in the Mannar District and resulted in A
the death of the animals in some cases. Treatment consisted of
dipping the animals in izal solution (1 oz. to 1 gal. water), followed
by the application of a mixture of kerosene, sulphur, and coconut
oil if necessary.

124

MoEisoN (J.) & Key WORTH (W. D.). Flies and their Relation to
Epidemic Diarrhoea and Dysentery in Poona. — Ind. Jl. Med.
Research, Calcutta, iii, no. 4, April 1916, pp. 619-627, 3 charts,
2 tables. [Keceived 30th June 1916.]

The observations in this paper form a continuation of those carried
out during 1912 and 1913 [see this Review, Ser. B, iii, p. 127]. During
1914, counts of flies were made at stations in which the conditions were
maintained without marked change from day to day. As in preceding
years, a close correlation existed between the number of flies and cases
of diarrhoea from 10th June to 12th August ; after this date the flies
began to decrease, but the epidemic did not reach its maximum until
19th August. Flies were therefore not responsible for cases of disease
which occurred between 12th and 19th August, but a direct connection
was believed to exist between these cases and the access to a polluted
water supply occasioned by previous floods. In 1915 attention was
directed to the water supply. Settling tanks, which had been installed
in August 1914, resulted in an improvement in the health of the people
as a whole during the dry season of 1914-15. Polluted flood water was
not used. On and after 1st July in the city and 7th August in the
cantonments, water was treated with hypochlorite of Hme. The
result was the absence of the usual epidemic during July and August,
and no increase in the death-rate among children such as usually
occurred at this period was recorded. This treatment of the water
has been adopted as a permanent measure. The conclusion is reached
that flies are responsible to a very slight degree, if at all, for the
mortality in the native city of Poona or for the annual epidemic
of disease in the cantonment.

Christophees (S. K.) & Chand (K.). A Tree-Hole Breeding Ano-
fheles from Southern India: A. {Coelodiazesis) cuUciformis, Cogill.
—Ind. Jl. Med. Research, Calcutta, iii, no. 4, April 1916,
pp. 638-645,1 plate. [Received 30th June 1916.]

A description is given of the larva and nymph of Anopheles ciilici-
fortnis, Cogill, the former stage having been obtained in tree-holes at
Pudupadi. The larvae are carnivorous in habit, feeding on each other
and different insects. The water from which they Avere collected was
dark brown in colour. This species was not found in any other districts
visited. On the Nilgiri Plateau A. gigas, A. lindesayi, A. aitkeni,
A. jeyporiensis, A. maculipalpis and A. maculatus were present.
Below Sigur Cjhat (3,000 ft.) the last four species, together with A.
sinensis, A. tessellatus, A. leucosphyrus, A. barbirostris and A. rossi,
were found. At Calicut the commonest species was A. jamesi. In
the Malabar Wynaad forest A. aitkeni, A. barbirostris, A. cuUciformis,
A. elegans and A. rossi occurred. A. rossi var. ragus was present at
Palghat.

Cornwall (J. W.) & La Frenais (H. M.), A Contribution to the Study
of Kala-Azar. — Ind. Jl. Med. Research, Calcutta, iii, no. 4, April
1916, pp. 098-724, 3 plates, 5 tables. [Received 30th June 1916.]

Cultures of flagellates of Leishniania donovani were obtained from the
peripheral blood of seven patients in whom kala-azar had either been

125

diagnosed or suspected. It is possible that in future this method may
prove of value in the diagnosis of the disease. In testing the effect of
certain substances on the flagellates, it was found that fresh vertebrate
serum was usually fatal within a few hours, but in some cases the
flagellates survived for 24 hours or more. Heated serum was less fatal
in its effects. Rabbit blood proved to be the most suitable medium
for procuring cultures. In inoculation and feeding experiments no
flagellates were seen to enter epithelial cells from a rabbit's stomach.
One white rat became infected by an intraperitoneal injection of
flagellates ; bugs fed on this rat did not become infected. Cimex
hemiptera (rotundatus) was fed on citrated blood containing L. donovani
flagellates through a membrane of rabbit skin. Numerous flagellates
were found in the stomach of the bug immediately after feeding and
were also present 29 days later, together with round or oval bodies
without flagella resembling the L. donovani body of kala-azar. Develop-
ment of the flagellates in the stomach did not take place at temperatures
of 61° F. or lower. A subsequent feed on a normal rabbit or rat or on
sterile citrated rabbit's blood did not completely destroy the flagellate
forms in the stomach. It is possible that a bug, if infected as a larva,
may retain the infection throughout life. In a number of preparations
of the stomach contents of infected bugs an apparently new thick-
tailed flagellate form was observed. Experiments carried out to deter-
mine whether bugs can transmit kala-azar to man proved that flagellates
present in the stomach were not transferred to sterile citrated human
or rabbit's blood during the act of feeding. The view that bugs can
directly transmit kala-azar to man thus receives little support.

KoRKE (V. T.). On a Nosema {Nosema pulicis, n. sp.) Parasite in the
Dog Flea {Clenocephalus felis) . — hid. Jl. Med. Research, Calcutta,
iii, no. 4, April 1916, pp. 725-730, 1 plate. [Received 30th June
1916.]

Nosema pulicis, sp. n., infesting Ctenocephalus felis is described.
Infection of flea larvae begins in the mid-gut and later extends through-
out the entire alimentary canal. Infected larvae are characterised
by their dark and mottled appearance. Under experimental condi-
tions, adults did not readily develop from such larvae, but this may
have been due to the advent of cold weather.

ViLLENEuvE (J.). Dcscription de quelques Anthomyidae nouveaux
d'Afrique. [Description of some new Anthomyiidae from Africa.]
Ann. Soc. Entom. France, Paris, Ixxxv, no. 1, May 1916,
pp. 145-150.

The following new species are described : — PyrelUa versatilis, from
Ruwenzori ; P. bequaerti, from Ruwenzori ; P. ditissima, from Belgian
Congo, Transvaal, Natal and British East Africa ; P. ano-rufa, from
Cape Colony ; P. maculisquama, from East Africa ; P. distincta and
P. laxifrons from the Belgian Congo ; Limnophora semiargentata, and
Fannia setigena, from Ruwenzori. The presence of P. cadaverina, L.,
in the Belgian Congo is noted.

126

ViLLENEuvE (J.). Contribution i I'Etude des Calliphorinae africains
du Genre Paratricydea, Villen. [Contribution to the study of
African Calliphorinae of the genus Paratricydea, Villen.] — Ann.
Soc. Entom., France, Paris, Ixxxv, no. 1, May 1916, pp. 151-158.

Additional notes are given on the genus Paratricydea and the
following new species described : — P. nigroviolacea, from Cape Town ;
P. consors, from Nyasaland ; P. imitans, from Nyasaland, Nigeria and
Belgian Congo ; P. dubiosa, from Nyasaland ; P. gambiensis from
Gambia ; P. lutescens, from Belgian Congo ; P. caerulea, from Ruwen-
zori ; P. pseudohccilia from Belgian Congo. A key to the known
species of the genus is appended.

MiEssNER (H.). Zahlreiche Todesfalle beim Rind in der Leineniede-
rung, veranlass durch SimuUum reptans. [Numerous deaths
among cattle in the lowlands of the Leine, caused by Sinmlium
repta7is.]— Deutsche Tierdrztl. Wochenschr., Hannover, xxiv, no. 20,
13th May 1916, pp. 183-185, 1 plate.

In 1915 a number of deaths were again caused by SimuUum reptans
among cattle in the lowlands of the Leine from 22nd to 25th April
[see this Review, Ser. B, ii, p. 146]. Features of the present outbreak
are the great number of deaths and the presence of infection in localities
seven or more miles from the banks of the Leine. The latter is due to
SimuUum infestation of the streams flowing into the Leine, to weather
conditions favourable to the fly and to a strong east wind immediately
subsequent to the emergence of large numbers.

Schumann (P.). Beitrag zur Sarkoptesraude des Pferdes. [Notes on
the sarcoptic mange of the horse.] — Deutsche Tierdrztl. Wochenschr.,
Hannover, xxiv, no. 21, 20th May 1916, pp. 194-195.

In treating mange in army horses it is important to decide whether
the animals must be shaven entirely or only in the affected spots, and
also whether the mites regularly migrate to preferred places or settle
direct on the infected spots. The author's experiments with two
horses resulted in the following conclusions : — (1) The incubation
period lasted 17 and 24 days ; it is shorter in the long winter hair
and longer when the coat is shorn. (2) The mites find more favourable
conditions in the long winter hair. They settle at the infected spot
and spread from it. These do not appear to be preferred spots in the
sense that the mites migrate to them from the infected spot and then
burrow.

Knese (— .). Die Sarcoptesraude der Pferde und ihre Behandlung.
[Sarcoptic mange of horses and its treatment.] — Deutsche
Tierdrztl. Wochenschr., Hannever, xxiv, no. 21, 20th May 1916,
p. 195.

The following liniment is said to give good results in the treatment
of sarcoptic mange : Turpentine, 1:4; linseed oil, 1:4; flowers of
sulphur, 6 lb. per 10 gallons ; tartar depurat, 3 lb. per 10 gallons.
Preparatory treatment consists in shearing the horse and in softening

127

the scales witk a mild cresol-soap liniment which is brushed in with a
hard brush until the skin looks clean. On the next day the liniment
■given above is brushed on in a thick coat ; its action lasts for several
days. For the next eight days rubbing should be carried out with
wood, wool or straw, a brush being liable to hurt the animal. On the
•eighth day the coating should be washed away with warm soapy water,
but it is better to leave it on until it gradually comes away. Only in
■v^ery bad cases is a second application necessary.

SiTANALA (J. B.). Verslag omtrent den medischen dienst dij de 3^
wetenchappelijke expeditie naar Zuid-Nieuw-Guinea, 1912-1913,
voor zooverre waargenomen door J. B. Sitanella, Inl. arts.

[Report on the medical service of the third scientific expedition
to southern New C4uinea, 1912-1913, as it in so far pertained to
the charge of J. B. Sitanella, native medical practitioner.] —
Meded. Burgerlijk. Geneesk. Dienst. Ned.-Indie, Batavia, 1915,
pt. 4, 1916, pp. i-14. [Received 30th June 1916.]

The region explored by the expedition comprised the Lorentz river
and the country between this river and Mount Wilhelmina, one of the
snow-covered peaks of the Orange mountains. The experience gained
by former expeditions showed that active prophylaxis against malaria
and beriberi would be necessary. Malarial prophylaxis included the
administration of quinine, the use of mosquito-nets and fumigation
by means of fires of green wood. Out of every ten mosquitos killed,
at least nine were Anophelines. Early in November only a few small
Anophelines occurred at Kloofbivak, which only attacked in the dark.
During the first half of December, however, the numbers of mosquitos
increased considerably and larger species of Anophelines were present
which also attacked in the light.

SwELLENGREBEL (N. H.). Verslag over de muskieten verzameld door
/Ti den inlandsehen arts, Sitanella, gedurende de 3de wetenschappelijke

expeditie naar Z. Nieuw Guinea, 1912-1913. [Report on the
mosquitos collected by the native medical practitioner Sitanella,
during the third scientific expedition to southern New Guinea,
1912-1913.] — Meded. Burgerlijk. Geneesk. Dienst Ned.-Indie,
Batavia, 1915, pt. 4, 1916, pp. 15-16. [Received 30th June 1916.]

The mosquitos sent for identification arrived in very bad condition
and it was only possible to identify examples of Anopheles {Myzorhyn-
chus) harhirostris.

De Raadt (0. L. E.). Het vlooienverlies bij de levende rat. [The loss
of fleas from the living rat.] — Meded. Burgerlijk. Geneesk. Dienst
Ned. Indie, Batavia, 1915, pt. 4, 1916, pp. 17-19. [Received
30th June 1916.]

The rat-flea only uses its host as a source of food and frequently
leaves it between feeds. Under normal circumstances the flea will
always be able to find a rat to return to, but where the number of
rodents has been greatly decreased (for instance, if plague prevails

128

among them) it is possible that the flea may be driven by hunger to-
attack man. The author has tried to ascertain whether fleas deprived
of their food under such circumstances are sufficiently numerous to be
likely to infect man with bubonic plague. Two experiments are
described. It would appear that when rats are not constantly in the
immediate neighbourhood of fleas owing to their scarcity, the total loss
of fleas is considerably greater (38-43 per cent, of the total number)
than when the host is constantly present. This fact must be considered
when investigating the possibility of man being infected with bubonic
plague by living rats which have only been temporarily in his vicinity.

De Eaadt (0. L. E.). Bijdrage tot de Kennis der epidemiologic van
de pest op Java. [Contribution to the knowledge of the epidemi-
ology of plague in Java.] — Meded. Burgerh'jk. Geneesk. Dienst
Ned.-Indie, Batavia, 1915, pt. 4, 1916, pp. 20-38, 3 plates.

The first part of this paper deals with researches in connection with
the significance of the rat-fleas found on Javanese rats for determining
the source of these rats. It would appear that Xenopsylla cheopis-
is most prevalent on rats caught indoors, much less so on rats caught
in the fields, and that it is entirely absent on rats taken from the cofiee
plantations, while Pygiopsylla ahalae is most prevalent on rats from
the coffee plantations, much less so on those from houses and least of
all on those from the fields. The conclusion drawn from this is that the
necessary conditions for the development of X. cheopis are solely to be
found indoors and this flea may therefore, to a certain extent, be called
a house flea. Its appearance on rats taken in the fields and in coffea
plantations can only be explained by its transportation from the
houses by means of house- and also of field-rats. It is further held
that the conditions for the development of Pygiopsylla ahalae are most
favourable in the coffee plantations and probably also in the woods.
It is doubtful whether such conditions obtain indoors, and the presence
of this flea indoors is probably due to introduction by rats which live
in the coffee plantations. It may be noted that P. ahalae is absent
in houses in districts where there are no coffee plantations or woods.
Difiierences of temperature cannot account for this inability of P.
ahalae to develop indoors and differences in moisture — due to the great
amount of shade in the plantations — may probably be the cause of it.
This accords with the statement by Swellengrebel, that the P. ahalae
index is much more dependent on the humidity of the atmosphere
than the Xenopsylla index and that Pygiopsylla rapidly decreases in
numbers after the rainy season. From the above results, the conclusion
is arrived at that the species of flea may, to a certain extent, be used as
an indicator for the origin of the rats. A high Pygiopsylla index,,
when combined with the absence of X. cheopis or with a low X. cheopis
index, signifies that the rats come from coffee plantations or woods,,
while a high X. cheopis index denotes that the rats have come from
the houses. Another conclusion is that a high P. ahalae index of rats-
caught indoors, taken in connection with the unfavourable conditions-
indoors for the development of P. ahalae, points to a great immigi'ation
of wood- and coffee-plantation-rats into the houses. Taking into
consideration the great probability of a close intercourse between

129

indoor rats living in the houses and those living in the coffee-plantations
and further the considerable number of fleas infesting the latter, the
possibility of rat plague being transmitted from one village to another
by these indoor-rats, living out-of-doors, cannot be held to be
•exceptional.

The second section covers investigations concerning the biology of
Javanese house and field-rats. There are two varieties of house-rat
in Java, namely the larger, Mus rattus griseiventer, Bonh., and the
smaller, Mus rattus concolor, Blyth. Though morphologically distinct,
these two varieties do not differ in their habits ; being climbing species,
they both live by preference in the upper parts of houses and are there-
fore of great importance as regards human plague. In view of the
fact that Java is very thickly populated, the villages being at compara-
tively short distances from each otheY, about three-quarters of a mile
on an average, it was of interest to ascertain whether house-rats were
really incapable of moving from one village to another. In certain
experiments it was found that from 5 to 9' 6 per cent, of the rats caught
in the rice-fields, at an average distance of about 650 yards from the
nearest village boundary, were house-rats ; the rest were all field rats.
From the X. cheo'pis index on the former, they must be held to have
emigrated from the houses and to be living in the fields temporarily.
In July 1913 an outbreak of rats was reported in some coffee planta-
tions in the district of Malang, Cqffea robusta being chiefly affected.
According to Dr. Wurth, the fact that Cofjea liberica (Liberian coffee)
and Coffea arabica (Java coffee) have not such a strongly developed
pith or so soft a bark, accounts for their comparative immunity.
The author commenced an investigation as to the rats on the Kali
Tello and Alas Tledek plantations and found that there were from 36' 7
to 45 per cent, house- and from 63' 3 to 55 per cent, field-rats. Investi-
gations made in Java- and Robusta-coffee plantations (where there
had been no outbreak) showed 84*5 to 92*2 per cent, of house-rats.
They were therefore not responsible for the outbreak, and form the
chief portion of the normal rat population of the coffee-plantations.
The smaller examples, M. concolor, were mainly represented and it
is supposed that these were driven out of the houses by the larger
M. griseiventer. Their food-stores always consisted of the young
shoots of Saccharum s-pontaneum, L. (wild sugar-cane) and the fruit of
Phyllanthus emblica, L., which grows wild in the plantations. They
do not therefore damage the coffee-trees.

"O"

In Java the field-rat is represented by M. rattus diardii, Jentink.
It is normally present in the proportion of from 1"6 to 15' 1 per cent,
in coffee-plantations, but this rises to 55-63"3 per cent, in coffee-
plantations where the crop has suffered considerable damage from
a sudden influx of rats. It may therefore be assumed that the injury
to coffee is caused by rats which migrate and that these are field-rats.
No definite reason can be assigned for their attacking coffee which is
untouched by the normal rat population, but it may be supposed that
the latter find the food they prefer more easily than those migrants
suddenly placed in strange surroundings.

130

De Raadt (0. L. E.). Kiinnen hoofdluizen pest overbrengen ? [Can
plague be spread by head-lice ?] — Medcd. Burgerlijk. Geneesh.
Dienst Ned.-Indie, Batavia, 1915, pt. 4, 1916, pp. 39-40.
[Received 30th June 1916.]

Swellengrebel has proved that Pediculus humanus (vestimenti) is
a factor in the spread of bubonic plague. That this also applies to
Pedicuhis capitis the author considers to be proved by five inoculation
experiments which are briefly outlined. The head-lice from a plague
patient were ground in a mortar with salt solution and the mixture was-
then injected into rodents, all the experiments being positive.

De Vogel (W. Th.). Rapport over het onderzoek aangaande den
gezondheidstoestand van de havenplaats Sibolga, Residentie Tapa-
noeli, verricht van den 24§ten April tot den 6den Mei 1913.

[Report on investigations into the sanitary conditions of the port
of Sibolga, Tapanoeli Residency, from 24th April to 6th May
1913.] — Meded. Burgerlijk. Geneesh. Dienst Ned.-Indie, Batavia,.
1915, pt. 4, pp. 62-98, 2 maps, 3 charts, 10 figs. [Received
30th June 1916.]

This paper details the investigations undertaken as a preliminary
to planning the sanitation of the malaria- infected port of Sibolga on
the west coast of Sumatra. Mosquitos were breeding in a number of
places. A number of Anophelines, thought to be all A. {M.) ludloivi,
predominated in small, isolated pools and in marsh grass. In another
group of breeding places, mainly consisting of " sawah " rice land, Culex
was predominant, other species present being A. (M.) ludlowi and
A. (M.) rossi. The anti-malarial measures advised are the clearing of
the breeding places marked on the maps accompanying this report,
quinine prophylaxis and the building of a system of covered channels
for deahng both with surface water and sewerage.

Shikcore (J. 0.). A Method for the Trapping of Glossina morsitans
Suggested for Trial. — Trans. Soc. Trop. Med. dc Hyg., London, ix,
no. 3, January 1916, pp. 101-102, 3 diagrams. [Received
August 1916.]

Diagrams are given of a suggested method of trapping Glossina
morsitans, based on the known habits of this tsetse. The traps consist
of revolving canvas screens smeared with adhesives which are placed
on routes known to be frequented by the flies.

Macfarlane (R. M.). The Sanitation of a Small European Settlement.
in Portuguese East Africa; with Notes on some of the Diseases
Prevalent in the District. — Trans. Soc. Trop. Med. & Hyg., London,
ix, no. 5, March 1916, pp. 139-156, 1 map, 1 fig. [Received
August 1916.]

This paper gives an account of the measures taken for the sanitation
of a new mission station in Portuguese East Africa, about 160 miles
east of the Nyasaland border. The commonest form of mala ia
seemed to be simple tertian, due to Plasmodium vivax. Mosquitos.

131

were never numerous, though the majority were Anophelines. The
greatest incidence of malaria coincided with the end of the rains, and
the following month. Regular attention was paid to the breeding
places of mosquitos from the time that the first case of fever occurred.
The stagnation of water in channels was prevented as far as possible ;
oihng was not found practicable owing to the high cost of petroleum.
Quinine prophylaxis and the use of mosquito nets were adopted.

Sleeping sickness is not known to exist in the district and tsetse-fly
was said to be very scarce.

African tick fever, of which a case was noticed, is probably not
endemic in the district, as the author did not meet with Ornithodorus
moubata in any of the villages.

MacGeegor (M. E.). Note on Culex pipiens breeding 66 ft. below
(^ ground. — Jl. Trop. Med. & Hygiene, London, xix, no. 12,

15th June 1916, p. 142.

In June 1915 workmen employed by the London Underground
Electric Railway Company were seriously attacked by a biting insect
when working by night in a " dead end " of the Highgate Station,
66 ft. underground. Investigation showed that numbers of Culex
pipiens were present, which had bred in a water tank below the passenger
platform. The water, which teemed with larvae and pupae, was
treated with sanitas-okol and this destroyed them satisfactorily.

Given (Staff-Surgeon D.H.C.). The Campaign against Mosquitoes on
r^ board H.M.S. " Cadmus." — Jl. State Medicine, London, xxiv,
^ no. 2, February 1916, pp. 47-51, 2 figs.

Hankow is considered to be one of the worst ports on the Yangtse
for mosquitos. There is, however, comparatively little malaria among
the foreign communities, the chief trouble caused by mosquitos which
are mostly Culicines, being the irritation due to their bites at night.
On board H.M.S. Cadmus anti-mosquito measures were undertaken
early in April. After cleansing out the bilges of the ship's sampans,
which were mainly responsible for the mosquitos on board, and
replacing their thatched covers by light canvas awnings, removable
at sunset, the diminution in numbers was very marked. Mosquitos
still continued, however, to reach the ship, which was anchored 300
yards from the bank, being perhaps blown off passing vessels. All
the scuttles and ports of the ship were fitted with fine wire gauze
netting, though this proved of httle value. The use of mosquito nets,
oil of citronella and a Japanese remedy consisting of fumigation with
joss-sticks were more effective. It was found difiicult to fix netting
round a hammock so as to render it mosquito-proof, but two fairly
satisfactory torpedo-shaped nets were devised, illustrations of which
are given. In consequence of the precautions taken, there was not a
single case of malaria on board during a ten-months' stay up the
Yangtse, though a number of cases occurred on other ships.

ENTOMOLOGICAL NOTICES.

During May and June of this year, Professor H. Maxwell Lefroy
(Temporary Lt.-Col., E.A.M.C.) was on special duty in Mesopotamia
connected with fly investigations.

We regret to record that 2nd-Lt. R. A. F. Eminson, King's Royal
Rifle Corps, has been killed in action. Mr. Eminson had recently
carried out some valuable investigations into the bionomics of Glossina
7norsitans in Northern Rhodesia.

NOTICES.

The Editor will be glad to receive prompt information as to the
appearance of new pests, or of known pests in districts which have
hitherto been free from them, and will welcome any suggestion the
adoption of which would increase the usefulness of the Review.

Secretaries of .Societies and Editors of Journals willing to exchange
their publications with those of the Bureau, are requested to com-
municate with the Assistant Editor, 27, Elvaston Place, Queen's
Gate, London, S.W.

The Subscription to the Review Is 12s. per annum, post free ; or
the two series may be taken separately, Series A (Agricultural,
being 8s., and Series B (Medical and Veterinary , 5s. per annum.

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& Co., Ltd., 37, Soho Square, London, W.

CONTENTS.

m

The Bionomics of Olossina morsitans in Northern Rhodesia

Mosqnitos of the Chilka Lake, India . .

The Bionomics of Omithodorus coriaeeus in California

Anoplura from Zululand

A List of Mosqnitos occurring at Durban

Anoplura from South Africa . .

Note on the new ZuMand Tsetse-Fly, Glossina brandoni . .

A Correction regarding Cryptoplasma rhipicephali, a supposed Tick

Parasite . . . . • • • • • • • •

The Hibernation of Flies in Houses in Scotland

Stenomalus muscarum in company with Hibernating Flies

Scotland . . • . • • • • • •

Outline of Entomological Work projected for 1916 in Canada

Notes on Mutilla glossinae in Rhodesia

A New Parasite of Tabanid Eggs in the U.S.A.

New Genera and Species of Australian Flies . .

Proposed New Generic Name for the Screw-worm Fly

The asexual Cycle of Bartonella bacilKformis, the pathogenic

Organism of Verruga in Peru
The Influence of Sea Water on the Salt Marsh Mosqnitos in the

U.O.xx. •• •■ •• •• •• •• ,•• ••

Insects infesting Domestic Animals in Ceylon

Plies and their Relation to Epidemic Diarrhoea and Dysentery in

Jt 00113* •• •• ♦• •• •• •• •• ••

Anopheline Mosqnitos in Southern India

Experiments with Bed-bugs and Kala-azar in India

Nosema pulicis, sp. n., infesting Ctenocephalus felis in India

New Anthomyid Flies from Africa . .

New Calliphorine Flies from Africa . .

Simulium reptans causing Deaths of Cattle in Hanover

Sarcoptic Mange of Horses and its Treatment in Germany . .

Mosqnitos and Malaria in Dutch New Guinea

Mosqnitos collected in Dutch New Guinea . .

The Relation between Fleas and Rats in Java

The Relation between Rats and Plague in Java

Pediculus capitis experimentally carrying Plague in Java . .

Mosquitos and Malaria in Sumatra

Suggestions for Trapping Glossina morsitans

Insect-borne Diseases in Portuguese E. Africa

Culex pipiens breeding 66 ft, below Ground in England

Measures against Mosquitos on Ships in China

PAGE.

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VOL. IV. Ser. B. Part 9.— pp. 133-148. SEPTEMBER, 1916.

THE REVIEW
OF APPLIED
ENTOMOLOGY.

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l>onorarp Comtnlttec of manaacment.

RT. HON. LEWIS HARCOURT, M.P., Chairman.
Lieutenant-Colonel A. W. Alcock, C.I.E., F.R.S., London School of

Tropical Medicine.
Mr. E. E. Austen, Entomological Department, British Museum

(Natural History).
Dr. A. G. Bagshawe, C.M.G., Director, Tropical Diseases Bureau.
Mr. E. C. Blech, C.M.G., Foreign Office.

Sir J. Rose Bradford, K.C.M.G., F.R.S., Secretary, Royal Society.
Surgeon-General Sir David Bruce, C.B., F.R.S., A.M.S.
Mr. J. C. F. Fryee, Entomologist to the Board of Agriculture and

Fisheries.
Dr. S. F. Harmer, F.R.S., Keeper of Zoology, British Museum

(Natural History).
Professor H. Maxwell Lefroy, Imperial College of Science and

Technology.
The Hon. Sir John McCall, M.D., Agent-General for Tasmania.
Dr. R. Stewart MacDougall, Lecturer on Agricultural Entomology,

Edinburgh University.
Sir John MoFadyean, Principal, Royal Veterinary College, Camden

Town.
Sir Patrick Manson, G.C.M.G., F.R.S., Late Medical Adviser to thi

Colonial Office.
Sir Daniel Morris, K.C.M.G., Late Adviser to the Colonial Office

in Tropical Agriculture.
Professor R. Newstead, F.R.S., Dutton Memorial Professor of

Medical Entomology, Liverpool University.
Professor G. H. F. Nuttall, F.R.S., Quick Professor of Protozoology,

Cambridge.
Professor E. B. Poulton, F.R.S., Hope Professor of Zoology, Oxford.
Lieutenant-Colonel Sir David Prain, C.I.E., C.M.G., F.R.S., Director,

Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew.
Mr. H. J. Read, C.B., C.M.G., Colonial Office.
The Honourable N. C. Rothschild.

Mr. Hugh Scott, Curator in Zoology, Museum of Zoology, Cambridge.
Dr. A. E. Shipley, F.R.S., Master of Christ's College, Cambridge.
Sir Stewart Stockman, Chief Veterinary Officer, Board of Agriculture.
Mr. F. V. Theobald, Vice-Principal, South Eastern Agricultural

College, Wye.
Mr. C. Warburton, Zoologist to the Royal Agricultural Society of

England.

The Chief Entomologist in each of the Self-governing Dominions

if an ex officio member of the Committee.

©eneral Secretari?.
Mr. A. C. C. Parkinson (Colonial Office).

H)(rectoc anO J6&itor.
Dr. Guy A. K. Marshall.

BsBfetant 2)trcctor. Sssistant EDttor.

Mr. S. A. Neavb. Mr. W. North.

Head Office. — British Museum (Natural History), Cromwell Road,

London, S.W.
Publication Office. — 89, Queen's Gate, London, S.W.

133

Peacock (A. D.). The Louse problem at the Western Front. — Br. Med.
JL, London, nos. 2891 & 2892, May 27th & June 3rd, 1916,
pp. 745-749 & pp. 784-788, 9 figs.

In the first part of this paper the anatomy and habits of Pediculus
himianus, L., are dealt with at length. The eggs hatch in from 10 to 12
days, and though the longest period during which lice survive separation
from the human body is nearly nine days, the maximum time during
which eggs under such conditions may remain dormant is about 40
days. It is therefore an important fact that eggs on clothing, especially
outer garments, if not treated regularly by ironing or disinfection, are a
possible source of infestation for as long as a month after laying.

Details are given of the distribution of hce on the clothing, as well
as of the degrees of infestation in the different classes of troops. The
base trenches are somewhat less infested than the dug-outs, though
the troops in them suffer about equally, owing to the impossibihty of
changing under-clothing in the former. Evidence is adduced that it is
not the dug-outs themselves which harbour the pest, but the men
and clothing in them. Blankets are said to be minor factors in
dissemination and, though straw may be sufficiently infested at the
end of seven days to infest men using it, as lice greatly prefer clothing
to straw, the chances of straw becoming an important factor in convey-
ing them is thought to be small. The men themselves, despite such
efforts at cleanliness as can be made under the conditions, are the real
carriers and centres of infestation.

A great number of experiments were made with insecticides and
deterrents and N.C.I. (Naphthaline 96 %, creosote 2%, iodoform 2 %)
proved the most efficient ; the powder should not be used too freely,
as it is apt to cause severe smarting. Vermijelli is also effective, but
an ointment consisting of soft paraffin 2 lb. and crude tar oil 4 oz.,
proved still more so. A combined use of N.C.I, and VermijelH gave a
better result than either separately. Mercurial blue ointment did not
give very good results, and its use over large areas of the body is
impossible, as poisoning may result. Sulphur proved a complete
failure. The methods of disinfecting clothing by steam and boihng
water are briefly discussed as quite effective for large quantities ; cresol
solution, 1^ % cold, will kill all lice on a shirt soaked in it for 1 hour ;
chloride of Ume solution, 7 % cold, is effective in 24 hours, but alum,
10 % cold, was a total failure. Unless the clothing be thoroughly
disinfected at the same time, mere bathing is only of temporary use.

The paper concludes with a number of practical suggestions for the
individual and the organisation of disinfection on a large scale and the
use of insecticides in the trenches, billets and hospitals.

KiNLOCH (J. P.). An investigation of the best methods of destroying
lice and other body vermin. II. — Br. Med. Jl, London, no. 2392,
3rd June 1916, pp. 789-793.

This paper is a continuation of a former one [see this Review, Ser. B,
iii, p. 156]. As the result of a lengthy series of experiments, the author
arrives at the following conclusions : —

Lice do not survive immersion in boiUng water. Of several insecti-
cidal powders which have been tested, N.C.I, is the most destructive ;
of the three constituents of this powder, naphthahne and creosote

(C295) Wt. Pl/106. 1,500. 9.16. B.&F.Ltd. Gp.11/3. A

134

have each a strong insecticidal action, that of iodoform being feeble.
Naphthahne appears to be the most suitable basis for use in the prepara-
tion of a powder destructive to lice. Commercial naphthaline is more
actively insecticidal than pure naphthaline, and its lethal power is
dependent in great part on the presence of hydrocarbons and coal-tar
derivatives other than pure naphthaline. The immediate lethal effect
of creosote when mixed with naphthaline is less than that of some other
insecticidal liquids, but the longer period during which creosote
continues to act more than compensates for the initial disadvantage.
In addition to its feeble insecticidal activity, iodoform greatly increases
the adhesiveness of N.C.I, powder for cloth. The inclusion of iodoform
in the powder is accordingly justified, although similar adhesiveness
of the powder is obtainable at less cost by substituting the insectici-
dally inert but cheaper magnesium silicate. The insecticidal power
of naphthaline-creosote powders gradually diminishes when they are
exposed to the open air. The moist nature of such powders precludes
their being used successfully in perforated tins, and it has not been
found possible to dry the powders and at the same time retain the
moist and volatile hydrocarbons and other coal-tar derivatives on
which their insecticidal effect mainly depends,

Sergent (Edm.) & Foley (H.). Epidemiologie de la fl^vre r^currente
[The epidemiology of recurrent fever.] — Malaria e Malattie del.
Paesi Caldi, Rome, vii, no. 1, Jan.-Feb. 1916, pp. 1-7.

The discovery that Pedicuhs humanus {vesfimenti) is a carrier of
recurrent fever is described in this paper on the epidemiology of the
disease. The infection is hereditary in the louse,

MoNiz (G.). Destruicao dos mosquitos adultos pelos vapores de
creolina. [The destruction of adult mosquitos by vaporised
creolin.] — Brazil Medico, Rio de Janeiro, xxx, nos. 6 & 7, 5th &
12th February 1916, pp. 41-43 & 51-53,

The author considers that cresyl or creolin is more effective in
destroying mosquitos than pyrethrum fumigation [see this Review,
Ser, B, iv, p. 61]. The quantity to be used in closed rooms, for which
this method is recommended, is 6 cc. for each cubic metre (40 cubic
feet) of space. This should be placed in a container standing on a
tripod in a basin of water on the floor. The quantity of alcohol required
to vaporise 600 cc. of creolin has been found to be 270 cc. Waste of
spirit is thus avoided and the room need not be entered to extinguish
the lamp. As the vapour is a heavy one, it is unnecessary to paste
up all cracks in the walls and floor; the doors and windows only
require to be kept closed for three hours, after which all mosquitos and
other insects will be dead.

NocHT (B.) & Mayer (M.). Merkblatt zur Vorbeugung und Behand-
lung der Malaria sowie zur Bekampfung ihrer Uebertrager, der
Stechmiicken. [A note on the prevention and treatment of malaria
and on the control of its carriers, the mosquitos,] — Milnchener
Mediz. Wochenschr., Munich, Ixiii, no, 17, 25th April 1916,
pp. 623-625. .
■ This is a. concise .review of present-day knowledge of the prevention

and treatment of malaria by means of quinine and of the various

135

measures adopted against mosquitos. Mosquito control is divided
into winter and summer work, the former chiefly directed against
the adult forms, while the latter aims at the destruction of the larvae.
A short section deals with personal protection against the bites of
mosquitos.

CoKLETTE (C. E.). The destruction of lice, bugs, and other insect
pests, by hydrocyanic acid fumigation. — Med. Jl. Australia,
Sydney, i. (3rd year), no. 19, 6th May 1916, p. 391.

The author advises the use of hydrocyanic acid gas against lice,
bugs and other insects. This method is adopted on the Australian
coasting steamers and in the sleeping carriages on the Australian
railways. Besides potassium cyanide, potassium ferrocyanide may
be used. In this process 1 pint of water, 12 oz. of strong sulphuric
acid and 1 lb. of coarsely powdered potassium ferrocyanide are required
for each thousand cubic feet of space.

Australia and Yellow Fever. — Commonwealth of Australia Quarantine
Service Publication no. 6, Melbourne, 95 pp., 4 maps, 13 figs.

The opening of the Panama Canal has directed attention to the
question of the possibility of the introduction of yellow fever into
Australia and this publication contains information on this subject.
Sections 3 and 4, which deal with entomology, are mainly concerned
with the distribution of Stegomyia fasciata in Australia and New
Guinea, by F. H. Taylor. Section 3 contains the results of the survey
of the chief coastal towns of Queensland in 1914 [see this Review,
Ser. B, iii, p. 30] while section 4 is necessarily incomplete, as no
organised mosquito survey of AustraUa and New Guinea has yet
been attempted, and only a few disconnected observations are recorded.

Beyer (H. G.). On the etiology of typhus fever and louse extermina-
tion, from the view point of the sanitarian. — Military Surgeon,
Washington, B.C., xxxviii, no. 5. May 1916, pp. 483-491, 4 plates.

This paper is a condensed summary of present knowledge relative
to the function of lice in epidemics of typhus-fever and the methods
employed for their destruction during the present war. In experi-
ments made by Pregl of Graz, when clothes sprinkled with a 25 per cent,
solution of ammonia were locked up in a covered box, both lice and
eggs were killed in one hour. Wet clothes cannot be as efficiently
treated as dry ones. At the prison-camp at Puchheim, Lenz used
naphthaline powder for kilhng eggs and lice remaining after clothes
and their wearers had been disinfected. Every person, at bed-time,
had a handful of finely powdered naphthaline put into his clothes,
introduced through the opening at the neck. By sleeping with the
clothes on, the body heat caused the naphthaline to evaporate, the
vapours killing not only the remaining lice, but also most of the eggs.
If this is done three times, a thorough and complete disinfection is
said to be assured.

(C295) a2

136

Barret (H. P.). The mosquitoes of Mecklenburg county, North Caro-
lina.— Amer. Jl. Trop. Dis. & Prevent Med., New Orleans, iii,
no. 11, May 1916, pp. 607-609.

This paper gives a list of the mosquitos in Mecklenburg county*
North Carolina, especially from near Charlotte. It comprises : Culex
territans, C restuans, C. fatigans (quinquefasciatus), C. pilosus ?,
Psorophora columhiae, P. discolor, P. sayi, Stegomyia fasciata {Aedes
calopus), Ochlerotatus (A.) sylvestris, 0. (A.) canadensis, 0. (A.) triseria-
tus, Megarhinus septentrionalis, Orthopodomyia {Bancroftia) signifer
and Anopheles punctipennis. C. restuans and C. fatigans were the
commonest species found, the former throughout the season and the
latter from the middle of summer on. They usually breed in rain
barrels, stagnant water and almost any temporary collection of rain
water. C. territans was never taken near houses nor in stagnant
water, but was commonest in slow-running streams. It does not
attack man. 0. sylvestris was frequently found at the end of summer
and always in temporary rain pools. S. fasciata was often found
in cans, rain-barrels, etc., and always near dwellings. 0. canadensis
was found only once during the summer. It was one of a number of
species breeding in a water- filled pit in the woods. A. triseriatus was
taken on one occasion from a tree-hole and from a can, both in the
same locality. P. discolor was found once, in a temporary rain-pool.
The larvae of P. sayi were not found, but the adults were often caught
in the woods. Larvae of 0. signifer were found in large numbers in a
tree-hole. A. punctipennis was found in almost every kind of breeding
place, except tree-holes.

MiTZMAiN (M. B.). Tertian malarial fever. Transmission experiments
with Anopheles punctipennis. — Public Health Repts., Washington,
D.C., xxxi, no. 19, 12th May 1916, pp. 1172-1177.

This paper describes work confirming King's discovery of the
infection of Anopheles punctipennis, Say, by Plasmodium vivax [see
this Review, Ser. B, iv, p. 53]. Under the conditions cited, 32-5 per
cent, of the forty mosquitos experimented with were positive, as against
10-5 per cent, of nineteen A. crucians, Wied., fed at the same time and
kept under identical conditions. Two examples of A. quadrimaculatus.
Say, used as additional controls, proved to be negative. Only twenty
specimens of A. punctipennis survived six days or longer after biting.
With a feed on blood of low infectivity, thirteen individuals of
A. punctipennis showed infection in from six to twenty-five days. Eight
of the positive specimens became infective, as shown by moderate
to immense numbers of typical sporozoits invading the salivary glands.
In the control series of nineteen A. crucians, two, or 10'5 per cent.,
were infective with the parasites of P. vivax eleven and thirteen days
after biting. The infectibility of A. punctipennis was demonstrated
in the transmission of the disease through the biting of four mosquitos,
which reproduced the infection in three healthy volunteers living ia
New Orleans during February 1916, after incubation periods of
fourteen and fifteen days. One of these persons had escaped infection
four months previously from the bites of more than 200 A. punctipennis
in two experiments with the subtertian type. From this single
instance it is indicated that A. punctipennis served as a host for P. vivax y.
but not of P, falciparum.

137

Derivaux (R. C). a Note on the Predaceous Habits of Dineutes
(" Whirligig Beetles ") toward Anopheles Larvae. — Public Health
Repts., Washington, D.C., xxxi, no. 20, 19th May 1916,
pp. 1228-1230.

In the course of a sanitary survey conducted in Maryland during
the summer of 1915, observations were made on a Gyrinid beetle, a
species of Dineutes, an aquatic insect enemy of Anopheline larvae.
In many instances even where the beetles were numerous, Anophehne
larvae were not particularly difficult to find and a number of areas
occurred where their presence had no appreciable influence.

It was, however, found that in an artificial container, such as a
basin filled with clean water, Anophehne larvae were quickly captured
and eaten, but the addition of surface debris, twigs, etc., gave very
different results, only a few of the larvae being captured, and these,
apparently, accidentally. The beetles seem to have great difficulty
in discovering the larvae when concealed. It is therefore probable that,
under natural conditions, these beetles are of little practical importance.

Rat-prooflng Ordinance held valid. — Public Health Repts., Washington,
D.C., xxxi, no. 22, 2nd June 1916, p. 1359.

The Supreme Court of Louisiana has upheld the Rat-proofing Ordi-
nance adopted by the Commission Council of the city of New Orleans
in June 1915. This ordinance requires the rat-proofing of all structures
in the city, and makes it unlawful to construct or maintain any
structure which is not rat-proofed as provided by the ordinance.

Kellog (V. L.). The Transportation of Insects, with Special Reference
to Disease Carriers. — J/. Socialogic Med., Pittsburg, Pa., xvii,
no. 3, June 1916^ pp. 149-162.

Almost any insect that associates at all closely with man is a
potential disseminator of germ-caused human disease and the majority
of such insects are cosmopolitan, owing to transportation by man.
As the distribution of disease-carrying insects is therefore chiefly due
to human action, it should be possible to control it successfully.

LuTZ (A.), Neiva (A.) & Costa Lima (A.). Soure "Pupipara" ou

" Hlppoboscidae " de aves brasileiras. [Pupipara or Hippoboscids

of Brazilian birds.] — Mem. Inst. Oswaldo Cruz., Rio de Janeiro,

. vii, no. 2, 1915, pp. 173-199, 2 plates. [Received 3rd July 1916.]

This systematic paper is based on a collection of 200 examples of
Hippoboscids from Brazilian birds. They include : — Pseudolfersia
meleagridis, sp. n., on Meleagris gallopavo (in Peru) and Tinamus
solitarius ; Lynchia lividicolor, Big., on domestic pigeons ; Micro-
hjnchia pusilla, Speis., and Stilbometopa (?) podopostyla, Speis., on wild
pigeons ; Pseudornifhomyia ambigua, gen. et sp. n., on Peristera
riifiaxilla ; Olfersia jjalustris, sp. n., on Ardea sp., Tigrisoma sp. and
Harpiprion cayennensis ; Pseitdolfersia spinifera, Leach, on Fregata

138

aquila ; P. vulturis, Wulp, on \Tiltures (in Mexico) ; Olfersia rapta-
torum, sp. n., on sparrow-hawks and Cafhartes aura (golden-headed
vulture) ; Olfersia nigra, Perty, and Pseudornithomyia amhigua,
gen. et sp. n., on swallows. No definite hosts are given for : —
OrnitJiodoyia erythrocephala, Leach, Olfersia holopera, sp. n., Olfersia
fusca, Macq., and Ornithoica corfluens, Say.

RoDHAiN (J.) & Bequaert (J.). Mat6riaux pour une Etude mono-
graphique des Dip(eres Parasites de I'Afrique. i. [Materials for
a Monograph on the Parasitic Diptera of Africa.] — Bull. Sci.
France et Belgique, Paris, Ser. vii, xlix, no. 3, 29th April 191G,
pp. 236-289, 14 figs. [Received 4th July 1916.]

The paper gives a historical account of the observations of Dufour,
du Buysson, Roubaud, etc., on Dipterous larvae parasitic on birds,
special attention being paid to the genus Phormia, R. D., P. sordida
having been obtained from the nest of Parus ater, L. [see this Review,
Ser. B, iii, p. 97]. Passeromyia heterocJiaeta, Villen., was first obtained
from the nests of Passer sp. in the Congo in 1914 [see this Review,
Ser. B, ii, p. 69]. It appears to be widely distributed in Central Africa,
having been recorded from Nyasaland, Rhodesia, Katanga, and British
East Africa ; it has also been met with in China. In the Congo region
larvae are abundant in nests in the Welle district, in the damp equatorial
forest. The nests of swallows, various species of Ploceicae, Sper-
mestes cucullaia, etc., as well as those of Passer griseus, form suitable
breeding places. The youngest larva of which a description is given is
that in the third stage. In nature, the larvae are apparently parasitic
only on young birds, but under experimental conditions they have
been induced to feed on adults. Neither eggs nor adult flies have
been obtained under natural conditions. Experimentally, adults
have been fed on fruit juice and the excrement of birds and mammals.
Though pairing was observed, no eggs were deposited, and it is uncertain
whether this species is oviparous or viviparous. It is probable that
the young larvae adhere to the host until after the first moult, and are
unable at any stage to withstand separation from the host for any
considerable length of time. The change from the full-grown larva to
the pupa takes place in a cocoon ; adults emerge in from 12 to 14
days.

The larvae of two species of Calliphorine Muscids, Cordylobia anthro-
pophaga, Blanch., and C. (Stasisia) rodhaini, Ged., cause cutaneous
myiasis in Africa. The former species occurs from Senegal to the Cape,
the latter only in the equatorial forest regions of the Congo. The
usual host of C. anthropophaga is the domestic dog ; C. rodhaini, on
the other hand, occurs normally on wild hosts [see this Review, Ser. B,
iii, p. 225]. Attempts made by the authors to produce artificial
infection in a guinea-pig by placing the eggs of C. rodhaini on or near
the animal met with positive results in very few cases. The immobility
of the host is apparently essential for the larvae to be able to effect
their entrance. Under laboratory conditions eggs were deposited on
dry excrement or on substances impregnated with liquid manure.
In nature it is probable that eggs are laid on substances impregnated
with urine or with the sweat of the host. Previous investigations made
in 1908 seemed to show that cases of myiasis were more common during

139

the rainy than the dry season. It is possible that moisture is favourable
to the transformation of the pupae and to oviposition, but further
observations are needed on this point. The life-history of C. rodhaini
is described. Two adults kept in captivity showed the presence of
the Protozoan Leptomonas in the rectum. The position taken up by
the larva in the skin of the host is perpendicular to the surface. In
man, a tumor does not form until three or four days after infection,
the larva reaching maturity in from 12 to 15 days. Cricetomys,
attacked by seven larvae, showed a considerable loss in weight, but
recovered as soon as the mature parasites emerged. According to
Roubaud, the partial immunity to attacks of ver du cayor (C. anlhro-
pophaga) which some animals enjoy is due to the body temperature ;
in the case of C. rodhaini it seems probable that the thickness of the
skin and the specific reactions of the tissues are important in deter-
mining whether a species is immune or not.

de Bergevin (E.) & Sergent (E.). A propos de Thypoth^se de la
transmission du goitre end6mique par un insecte piqueur.

[Concerning the hypothesis of the transmission of endemic goitre
by a biting insect.]— 5 wW. Soc. Path. Exot., Paris, ix, no. 6^
14th June 1916, p. 345.

The Reduviid, Acanihaspis sulcipes, F., occurs in certain regions in
central Africa in which goitre is endemic, but is absent from the districts
of Algeria in which goitre occurs. Representatives of an allied genus,
Holotrichius, are found in these districts, but are not known to attack
man. Ectomocoris ululans, Rossi, Reduvius mayeti, Put., Pirates
hybridus and P. strepitans, which are slightly further removed from
Acanthispis, are also present, and the first two are blood-sucking forms.
E. ululans is however rare and is found only in the desert regions where
goitre is not known. In Algeria, therefore, there is probably no
connection between blood-sucking Rhynchota and endemic, goitre.

Rankin (Major A. C). Simple Tertian Malaria in French Flanders. —

Lancet, London, no. 4839, 27th May 1916, pp. 1079-1080.

Among the troops in France a considerable number of individuals
arrived with malarial parasites in their blood. In one examination
of men who had served in a malarious country, 93 showed the presence
of Plasmodimn vivax and four of P. malariae. A specimen of Anopheles
hifurcattis was taken in May and one of A. maculipennis early in June.
Shortly afterwards the latter species was found to be widely distributed
throughout the area. It was common in billets, barns, and outhouses,
and persisted until September. The sylvan species, A. hifurcatus,
was only met with occasionally. The possible spread of malaria
among the troops in Flanders was not seriously expected, as it was
thought that chmatic conditions would be against it, and only a few
cases did in fact occur. They prove, however, that A. maculipennis
in Flanders is capable of conveying a strain, or strains, of P. vivax,
tropical or sub-tropical in origin, under the conditions that obtained.

140

Holt (J. J. H.). The Cockroach : Its Destruction and Dispersal.
A Comparison of Insecticides and Methods. — Lancet, London,
no. 4840, 3rd June 1916, pp. 1136-1137.

This paper records the action of various substances on Blatta {Peri-

planeta) orientalis (common cockroach), tested in the course of some two

or three years. Prehminary investigations in reference to general

conditions gave some unexpected results. B. orientalis is able to live

a long time without food or water, and one individual survived for

76 days in a petri dish. This insect can also live with a very limited

air-supply and can survive submersion in water for 20 minutes. It

eats practically all kinds of organic matter, including its own dead,

but is soon adversely affected by contact with its own excreta.

Extensive experiments were made with 25 volatile bodies, 31 aromatic

oils, 8 coal-tar derivatives, all of which act through the respiratory

system, 40 dusting pow^ders, most of which act through the respiratory

system, and 10 food-poisons. With regard to the latter, the tolerance

of the cockroach for arsenic is remarkable, a lethal result requiring

41-96 hours. The results of these tests seem to indicate that many of

the substances which have been supposed to kill cockroaches have

really had the effect of only driving them away. For rapid destruction

fumigation with bromine or sulphur dioxide is apparently the best

method. For domestic purposes, the daily use of creosote, wood

naphtha, or oil of rosemary, eucalyptus or citronella placed near the

haunts of cockroaches for two or three weeks should effectually disperse

them. Where these are inadmissible on account of their smell,

odourless dusting powders may be used. Of these sodium fluoride

was found to be the most effective. It is also cheap and keeps

indefinitely. It is suggested that these experiments may have some

value as apphed to other insect pests.

HowARTH (E.). The Destruction of Cockroaches. — Lancet, London,
no. 4841, 10th June 1916, p. 1192.

With reference to the above article, it is pointed out that there is a
wide difference between the application of inhalants and food-poisons.
No reliable time effect is given by the fact that the lethal effects of all
the volatile bodies mentioned are more rapid than the food-poisons, as
the former were placed in covered dishes or bottles with imprisoned
insects. The only comparable time test would be to use the remedy
on cockroaches in their natural habitat. Having to destroy a plague of
cockroaches at a large institution in Sheffield, the author fomid fumiga-
tion to be, out of the question and decided to poison them in their
retreats, so as to avoid their becoming mixed in the food. Their hiding
places were easily discovered and the food-poison (Blattis) was laid
down there and within three days the pests were dead. The value of this
poison lies, in its attractiveness, which is demonstrated by the rapidity
with which the cockroaches devour it. Quite different material, a
powdery food mixed with a non-volatile poison, had to be used for
Lepisma saccharina (silver fish), which in one case was entirely
Idlled off in 48 hours. To fumigate dwelhngs and institutions is
practically impossible, and an exterminator that produces death in a
few hours, with a cumulative effect due to the action of the poison in
the bodies of cannibahstic cockroaches, is far more effective.

141

Burton-Brown (G.). The Destruction of Cockroaches. — Lancet^
London, no. 4841, 10th June 1916, p. 1192.

This note records the efficiency of Dalmatian insect powder against
cockroaches, contrary to Dr. Holt's experience. The powder was laid
down along the floor near the walls.

^ CoPEMAN (Lieut.-Col. S.M.). Prevention of Fly-breeding in Horse-
(_^ Manure.— Z«nce<, London, no. 4841, 10th June 1916, pp. 1182-

1184, 2 figs.
In various miUtary camps during 1915 the plague of flies, owing to
the proximity of horse-lines and the resultant heaps of manure, was
very serious, and farmers who contracted for removal were unable to
carry out the work with sufficient rapidity owing to shortage of labour,
horses and carts. Incineration was tried, but countermanded as very
wasteful. A borax dressing, as advocated in the U.S.A. [see this
Review, Ser. B, ii, p. 179], though satisfactory in smaU experimental
heaps, must be used in such quantity as might render the manure
injurious to vegetation. Hellebore, also recommended in the U.S.A., is
too costly [see this Review, Ser. B, iii, p. 193]. As an alternative, close
packing was tried combined with the use of tetra-chlor-ethane, a
gallon of which was poured into a depression on the upper surface of
the heap of 500 cubic feet. The eft'ect was tested by enclosing 12
maggots in each of a number of small wire-gauze boxes and burying
these in different parts of the heap at a depth of about 4 inches ; all
the maggots were killed. Similar tests in heaps without any tetra-
chlor-ethane gave essentially the same result. It was thus more or
less proved that simple close packing of the manure was all that was
necessary to prevent the breeding of flies. It was found that the piles
should not exceed 5 feet in height, and that each fresh load should be
firmly pressed down with shovels and in dry weather slightly sprinkled
with water. According to F. M. Howlett, who conducted the investi-
gations, the maggots are killed quickly by either a dry or wet heat of
115° F, and will probably not live for long at 106° F, A table is given
showing the time required to kill at various temperatures between
108°-122° F., dry and wet ; the time is very much shorter for wet than
for dry heat, and 12| minutes sufficed in wet heat at the lowest tempera-
ture, whereas no eft'ect was observed in dry. A table of temperatures
of the packed manure heaps is given, which shows that so much heat is
developed that no larvae can live in them [see this Review, Ser. B, iii,
p. 197 and iv, p. 22]. The ground on which the manure is to be stacked
should be either cemented over or prepared by mixing 1 part by volume
of mineral- wood-preserving oil with 40 parts of fine soil, spreading the
mixture on the groimd and beating it down ; 1 gallon of oil will
suffice for 100 square feet. Close packing does not seriously affect the
value of the manure.

Hirst (S.). Notes on Parasitic Acari. — Jl. Zool. Research, London, i,
no. 2, June 1916, pp. 59-89, 14 figs.

The following species of Acari occur in Britain : — Gamasidae :
Haemogamasus nidi, Mich., on Mustela nivalis, Ajwdemus hebridensis,
E'pimys norvegicus, Talpa europaea, and in the nests of Apodemus

142

sylvaticus and Mus musculus ; H. horridus, Mich., on A. liebridensis
and in nests of A. sylvaticus ; H. hirsufus, Berlese, on T. euro]Mea and
E. norvegicus ; H. oudcmansi, Hirst, on the brown rat ; Dermanyssus
gallinae, Redi, on fowls, Bubo maximus (eagle owl), Gecinus vaillantii,
and in nests of Hinmdo rustica, Columba livia, Passer domesticus, etc. ;
D. muris, Hirst, on Epimys raff us ; Myonyssns decumani, Tir., on
Mus musculus ; M. gigas, Oiidms., on Talpa europaea, and A. sylva-
ticus ; Laelaps agilis, Koch, on Arvicola ampJdbius, A. terrestris and
T. europaea ; L. jMchypus, Koch, on A. ampkibius and Microtus
orcadensis ; L hilaris, Koch, on M. orcadensis, Mus musculus, etc. ;
L.festinus, Koch, on M. jnusculus, Apodemus sylvaticus, A. hebridensisy
and Evotomys glareolus ; L. echidnmus, Berl., on Epimys norvegicus ;
Ptilonyssus nudus, Berl. and Trouess., on the common sparrow.

IxoDiDAE : Ixodes vespertilionis, Koch, on Rhinolophus ferrum-
equinum ; /. sp., near vespertilionis ; /. jmtus, Cambr., on Ful-
marus glacialis, Fratercula arctica and Nunienius arquata ;
/. unicavaius,!^!!!., on Phalacrocorax graculus; I. caledonicus, Xutt.,.
on F. glacialis, Corvus corax and C. comix; I. percavatus, Nm., var.
rothscJiildi, N. and W., on puffin ; /. ricinus, L., on Tardus iliacus,
sheep, dog, roe-deer, and man ; /. hexagonus, Leach, on Mustela
erminea, M. nivalis and dog ; Dermacentor reticulatus, F., on man.

Two new African Gamasids are described, viz : — Haemogamasus
liberiensis, on Mus trivirgatus from Liberia, and Haemolaelaps capensis,
on Georychus hottentotus from Cape Colony.

Balfour (A.). Fly-Trap for Camps, Hospital Precincts, and Trench
Areas.— J^. R.A.M.C., London, xxvii, no. 1, July 1916^
pp. 61-72, 9 figs.
The conditions in Egypt and similar countries render it almost
impossible to destroy flies in their breeding places ; hence methods,
have been devised for the capture of adults of Musca domestica, Fannia
canicularis and species of Calliphora, Lucilia and Sarcophaga, which
are everywhere abundant. Three traps which are essentially similar
in construction, but differ in size, are described. The largest consists,
mainly of wood, the lower parts of the sides being of wire gauze, sa
arranged as to provide an entrance for the flies, but at the same time
preventing their exit. Shutters, which can be raised over the wire
gauze during fumigation, serve, when lowered, as an alighting place
for the flies. A glass roof has the effect of warming the trap in early
morning, thus rendering it more attractive. A second smaller and
more portable form, which is cheaper and recommended for use in
camps, consists of wood, canvas, glass and wire gauze. A still smaller
type, made of caHco and wire gauze supported on a wooden framework^
is described. The baits used included jam, milk, sugar, a paste made
of lentils, chicken entrails, raw meat, fish refuse, etc. Human
excrement, when used, was protected from the flies by meshing. Fumi-
gation was carried out by means of heated Keating's powder, cresol, or
a mixture of phenol and camphor. The ground over which the trap
is placed shcjuld be examined for ova and larvae ; if these are present,
it should be drenched with crude oil, or 5 per cent, cresol solution.
The second form of trap has been found to catch 10,000 flies in 24 hours.
A more extensive use of one or other type of trap is recommended, both
in Egypt and France.

143

Ross (J. N. MacBean). Medical Impressions of the Gallipoli Campaign
from a Battalion Medical Officer's Standpoint.— JL R. Naval Med.

Service, London, ii, no. 3, July 1916, pp. 313-324, 1 chart

Prophylactic measures against dysentery, diarrhoea and typhoid
during the Gallipoli campaign included the destruction of flies, the
protection of food and the proper disposal of excreta. Food was kept
in tins until required, and during meals plates were covered with gauze.
Drinking water was filtered and over-chlorinated before use, and
therefore could not be regarded as a carrier of infection. Infection
was undoubtedly transmitted by flies to the food consumed, since it
was impossible to keep the latter absolutely free from them. Excreta
were covered with sand and earth and treated with chloride of lime,
while creosol was used for the cleansing of latrines. A liquid " C "
was supplied for spraying corpses which lay between the lines of
trenches ; this appeared to act as a deterrent, but was not apparently
toxic to flies.

Graham-Smith (G. S.). Observations on the Habits and Parasites of
Common Flies. — Parasitologi/, Cambridge, viii, no. 4, June 1916^
pp. 440-544, 17 figs., 8 plates, 5 tables, 9 charts.

The investigations recorded in this paper were carried out at
Cambridge between 1913 and 1915. Preliminary experiments in the.
winter of 1913-14 pointed to the fact that this season is passed through
in the pupal stage and further observations during the next winter
confirmed the view that the great majority of common flies pass the
winter as pupae, or more rarely as larvae which pupate early in spring.
The following species were definitely proved to be capable of hibernating
in this stage : — Calliphora erythrocephala, C. vomitoria, Fannia mani-
cata, F. canicularis, F. scalaris, Anthomyia radicum, Tephrochlamys
canescens, Blepharoptera serrata, Scatophaga stercoraria, Dryotnyza.
faveola, Nemopoda cylindrica, Piophila vulgaris, Hydrotaea dentipes,
Sarcophaga melanura, S. carnaria; Stomoxys calcitrans, Mydaea lucortim,.
Lucilia caesar, L. sericata, Phaonia erratica, Muscina stabidans, M. pabu-
lorum, Ophyra leucostoma, Polietes lardaria. A small number of adults
of C. erythrocephala, M. stabulans, M. pabulorum, etc., emerged on
warm days during the autumn and winter and were observed in various
situations. It is possible that some of these adults may survive until
the spring. Blow-flies kept out of doors under sheltered conditions,
emerged about 1st January and fed readily on warm days, but became
inactive in cold weather. Forty per cent, of the total number survived
until 4th April, and in May larvae were reared from their eggs. Females
emerging in autumn or winter probably do not reach sexual maturity
much earher than those which emerge in spring. Emergence from the
pupa depends mainly on the temperature, and in all probability trans-
formation takes place only after the materials in which the pupae
pass the winter have reached a certain critical temperature, which
differs in various species. For C. erythrocephala, F. manicata and
F. scalaris, this temperature is from 48° to 50° F., for Ophyra about
58° F., and for Muscina about 63° F. In those cases in which flies,
appear very early in the year, it is probable that the " nymph " stage
is reached during the previous autumn and the adults are ready to.

144

emerge as soon as the temperature approaches the critical point.
On the other hand, on many warm days no emergence whatever took
place.

Data were obtained on the rate of multiplication of blow-fiies.
The number of descendants of each female kept under open-air con-
ditions, and protected as far as possible from enemies, was about 130
during the season. Under natural conditions it may be assumed that
this number is still smaller. The average duration of the life-cycle in
summer during these experiments was 30 days. The low rate of
increase observed, as compared with the theoretical rate discussed by
Howard, seemed to be almost entirely due to a high mortality occurring
among newly emerged flies of generations subsequent to the winter
one, individuals of Avhich showed great powers of endurance. No
definite conclusions can yet be drawn as to the cause of the mortality
observed, but it was found that the death of many flies occurred after
wet, cold and windy days and of still more in hot weather, or as a
result of direct exposure to the sun.

Records were made during the seasons of 1914 and 1915 of the species
entering rooms. The following were observed : — Psychodidae,
Syrphidae, Platystoma seminationis, Tephrochlamys canescens, Blepha-
roj)tera serrata, Scatopliaga stercoraria, Fannia manicata, F. armata,
F. scalaris, Azelaria macquarti, Hydroiaea irritans, Anthomyia
pluvialis, Digonochaeta spinipennis, Microchrysa polita, Sargus cup-
rarius, S. iridatus, Thereva pleheia, Lonchaea vaginalis, Helomyza olens,
Mijdaea urbana, M. obscurata, M. meditabunda, M. impyuncta,
M. tdigtnosa, Coenosia iigrina, Pegomyia bicolor, Phaonia variegata,
P. erratica, Chortop)hila fugax, Graphomyia maculata, Musca autumnalis
(corvina), Brachycoma devia, Phryxe vulgaris and Voria ruralis. The
majority of these enter houses accidentally, but C. erythrocephala,
S. calcitrans, F. canicularis, and M. domestica do so for a definite
purpose. C. erythrocephala is attracted by food on which to oviposit.
S. calcitrans enters for shelter and may occasionally attack persons in
the room. F. canicidaris is numerous throughout the season, but it is
probable that the individuals do not remain long indoors. M. domestica
enters houses persistently and remains indoors until ready to oviposit.
The first six individuals of M. domestica observed to enter a room
appeared in 1915 on 6th June, five of which were males. All were newly
emerged, a fact which supports the view that the wdnter is passed in the
pupal stage. Between June and September the captures in the same
room included 60 per cent, males, while in October 60 per cent, were
females. During this month the flies tended to remain in the room for
much longer periods. House-flies kept outside in cages laid few eggs,
the temperature conditions being apparently unfavourable. No eggs
were ever found to be deposited on food in kitchens.

Observations on the habits of various flies under natural conditions
showed that the form and situation of the traps, the baits used, the
weather conditions,and the season of the year, all influenced the number
and species of flies captured. The traps, which were of the mosquito-
net and galvanised iron types, were placed in difterent positions and
were baited wdth human excrement, decaying animal matter, or fruit.
Traps in the open, baited with excrement or decomposing animal
matter, attracted 39"5 per cent, and 37'6 per cent, respectively of the
total number caught ; dark receptacles in open situations caught

145

10'6 per cent, and 5'9 per cent, respectively, those in shady places
attracted 3'6 per cent, on excrement and 2"4: per cent, on animal matter.
It is therefore recommended that manure, etc., should be kept in shady
situations. Several species, including C. erythrocephala, C. vomitoritty
F. scalaris, L. caesar and M. stabulans, which visit both excrement
and animal matter, seldom enter houses and are thus of little importance
as carriers of disease in this country. They may however be very
important under war conditions. Pyrellia eriophthalma, Pseudopyrellia
cornicina, Morellia hortorum, Polietes lardaria and Scatophaga frequent
excrement, but seldom visit animal matter. Species belonging to the
genera Calliphora, Lucilia, Muscina, Sarcophaga, Hydrotaea, and
Polietes are seldom found in shady places, while Phormia groenlandica,
P. cornicma, M. hortorum and Ophyra leucostoma are entirely absent
from such situations. Small Anthomyidae however are abundant.
With regard to seasonal abundance, P. groenlandica appeared early in
June, was numerous in September, and disappeared at the end of
October. Lucilia spp. appeared in May, increased in numbers until
the beginning of September, then decreased rapidly. Isolated
individuals of P. eriophthalma occurred in February and March, and
larger numbers in May and June. Few specimens were then found
until October. P. cornicina occurred in small numbers between June
and September, and was abundant during October. The seasonal
distribution of the following species is also noted : — Pollenia rudis,
M. autumnalis, M. stabulans, M. hortorum, S. calcitrans, Sarcophaga spp.,
Onesia cognata, Hydrotaea dentipes, P. lardaria, and 0. leucostoma.
Of the total number of flies visiting the traps, 16 per cent, were males,
while in the dark receptacles only 5 per cent, were males. In the cases
of C. erythrocephala, C. vomitoria and Lucilia, both males and females
visited excrement placed in the open only for the purpose of feeding,
while oviposition took place in excrement placed in dark receptacles.
Young specimens of Lucilia were attracted to human excrement for
food. Ripe fruit proved attractive to those species which visited
excrement and animal matter, but in this case males formed 38 per
cent, of the total number captured. Cultures made from fruit which had
been exposed to wasps and flies showed the presence of B. coli, thus
proving that fruit is liable to contamination by these insects. Only
10 specimens of M. domestica were captured in the traps, two being
found in the galvanised iron type placed in the open and baited with
animal matter and the remainder in the fruit trap.

The larvae of some species, especially in the later stages, tend to
migrate, even though the food supply is abundant. Those of
H. dentipes, M. stabulans, Graphomyia maculata, Polietes albolineata,
Phaonia erratica and Azelia macquarti are predaceous on the larvae of
other species. Many species can develop in buried carcases, and when
mature, are able to reach the surface of tightly-packed earth, undergo
pupation, and emerge as adults. The burial of carcases has however
the effect of preventing the deposition on them of large numbers of
eggs. The baits used in the traps proved attractive to various species
of wasps, as did also animal carcases exposed in an open field. Blow-
flies feeding on the carcases were frequently captured by them, and as
their legs and mouth-parts must therefore become contaminated, it is
piobable that they disseminate pathogenic and putrefactive bacteria.

146

A disease due to the fungus, Empusa, is known to attack M. domestica
Tinder indoor conditions during the autumn. Two infected females of

F. canicularis were found in a room on 15th and 23rd October, while a
number of C. erythrocephala in experimental cages were infected between
18th September and 12th November. Examples of H. denti'pes dead
of this disease were found out of doors on four occasions, the first being
on 30th August, i.e., before infection was observed among M. domestica.
Adults of M. domestica emerging from pupae kept under external
conditions and protected from contact with other large flies showed
the first signs of infection on 11th October. Between this date and
23rd October, 27 per cent, died of the disease, while a second period of
high mortality occurred between 8th and 16th November, when 43 per
cent. died. Contact with infected incli\dduals of the same species is
therefore not necessary to produce contamination. Infection must
have taken place (1) in the larval stage, before introduction into the
cages ; (2) through the agency of mites or very small insects ; or
(3) by spores carried by the wind. The growth of the fungus seemed
most rapid in warm, damp weather, but took place at a considerable
rate when the temperature was low, since a fly which showed the first
signs of infection on 16th November developed the characteristic bands
two days later. Two species of mites were frequently found attached
to various flies. Holotaspis sp., which occurred either singly or
several together on any part of M. domestica, 0. leucostoma, H. dentipes
and M. stabidans, remained attached for periods up to 192 hours, and
was apparently parasitic ; specimens of M. stabidans infected by this
mite were found as early as 26th April. A species of Gamasus, alhed to

G. coleoptratorum, was abundant between August and October, and
plentiful also through the winter on animal matter upon which the
larvae were feeding. This species was generally found attached to
w^eak or dead flies, and in the latter case seemed to feed on the bodies.
Larval Nematodes were often attached to the legs of the mites, but
whether these are transmitted to the flies was not determined. Hypopial
nymphs belonging to the genus Tyroglyphus and adults of T. siro w^ere
found on some adults and in empty puparia respectively. These may
have served as food for Gamasus sp. Pseudo-scorpions belonging to
the order Chernetidea were common in 1915 ; Chelifer nodosus, Schr., was
found attached to the legs of M. domestica, M. autumnalis, 0. leucostoma,
and L. vaginalis during the summer and autumn and C. scorpioides
on Stomoxys calcitrans in October. The duration of the attachment
varied from one to four days. The puparia of various species were
found to be attacked by Braconid and Chalcid parasites. The
Braconids, Alysia manducator and Aphaereta cephcdotes, pass the winter
as larvae in the puparia of C. erythrocephala and other flies. From
puparia kept in the shade, blow-flies emerged between 23rd April and
nth May and specimens of A. manducator between 17th May and
16th June, and in much greater numbers between 19th September and
15th October. The first period of emergence coincided with the time
of oviposition of adults arising from overwintering pupae. Puparia
kept in the sun showed parasitism by Braconids and by Chalcids,
especially Melittohia acasta, AVlk. ; a Pteromalid was also present in
a few cases. M. acasta did not infest puparia kept in the shade, but
appeared in puparia transferred from the shade to a sunny position
on 29th April. Further observations pointed to the fact that

147

parasitism by the Chalcid took place after 29th April. The extent of
infection by Braconids, in the absence of Chalcids, reached 90 per cent.
These parasites are therefore of great importance in limiting the
numbers of flies. The Chalcid, M. acasta^ was always found in puparia
which were already attacked by a Bracomd and this species may there-
fore be a hj^erparasite. In one case the e.^g of M. acasta was found
attached to the abdomen of a pupa of Aphaereta cephalotes within a fly
puparium. The hfe-cycle of M. acasta occupies about a month.
Hibernation takes place in the larval stage in the fly puparium.

Parker (R. R.). Dispersion of Musca domestica, Linnaeus, under
City Conditions in Montana. — Jl. Econ. Enfom., Concord, ix, no. 3,
June 1916, pp. 325-354, 7 plates, 4 tables.

This paper gives details of the experiments recorded in a paper
already abstracted [see this Review, Ser. B, iv, p. 78].

A bibliography of 11 works relating to the subject of fly dispersal is
appended.

Evans (A. T.). Some Observations on the Breeding Habits of the
Common House-Fly, Musca domestica, Linnaeus.— JL Econ.
Entom., Concord, ix, no. 3, June 1916, pp. 354-362.

Musca domestica was found to breed readily in fresh horse manure,
rarely in cow manure, and in one instance only in garbage. The
migration of the larvae to the outer layers of manure heaps was
observed. Failure to oviposit in garbage was shown to be due to the
acid nature of this substance. Manure, when tested, was found to be
alkaline ; samples which had been standing for 30 minutes contained
0"647 per cent, of ammonia, but this quantity decreased as the exposure
became more prolonged. The percentage of acid in garbage varied,
but on an average was sufiicient to neutralise an equal quantity of
ammonia of a strength of 0"653 per cent. Eggs and larvae were able
to develop normally in manure soaked with ammonia up to a strength
of 0"7 per cent., but practically no development took place in the
presence of hydi'ochloric acid, even when very dilute. Pupae placed
in earth moistened with distiUed water, 0*75 per cent, acid, or 2"1 per
cent, ammonia, completed their metamorphosis in a normal manner.
Oviposition took place on old rags which had been previously
moistened ; the larvae hatching from these eggs migrated from the
rags in the absence of a food supply. Attempts to induce egg-lapng
in manure moistened with liquid from garbage met with negative
results. In all the experiments it was noted that the larvae were
sensitiA'e to excess of moisture, while in manure heaps and bins they
were always present in the drier portions only. The scarcity of larvae
in cow dmig may be attributed to the saturated nature of this substance.
Adult flies which occurred abundantly near garbage seemed to visit
it for feeding purposes only.

The lar\-icidal properties of hydrochloric acid at a strength of from
0"75 to I'O per cent, suggest its value as a spray for use against the
breeding places of flies.

148

Imes (M.). Sheep Scab. — U.S. Dept. Agric, Washington, D.C,y
Farmers' Bull. no. 713, 17th April 1916, 36 pp. 21 figs.
[Received 12tli July 1916.]
The first part of this paper contains an account of the cause, means
of spreading, and effects of scabies in sheep. The remainder is occupied
by a description of dipping tanks and fluids used in the treatment of
the disease. Two dippings at an interval of from 10 to 14 days are
necessary for the eradication of sheep scab. The dips in general use
in the United States are lime-sulphur, and nicotine and sulphur. The
former is prepared according to the formula : — 8 lb. unslaked lime,
24 lb. flowers of sulphur, 100 U.S. gals, water. A paste consisting of
the lime, sulphur and a little water is made up to 30 gals., and this
quantity is then boiled for two hours. After being allowed to settle,
the clear liquid is run off and made up to 100 gals. The concentrate
thus obtained is diluted 3| times before use. The temperature of this
dip in the tank should be maintained at 100° to 10.5° F. The second
dipping fluid is prepared from 16 lb. flowers of sulphur, ^ lb. nicotine
(40 per cent, solution), and 96 gals, water ; the temperature in the
tank should not be raised above 110° F.

GoLDSMiD (J. A.) & Crosse (W.). Some Notes on Dengue. — Med. JJ.
Australia, Melbourne, 6th May 1916, pp. 377-378. [Received
11th July 1916.]

The outbreak of dengue at Murwillumbah, New South Wales, which
is discussed in this article, was coincident with the appearance of
Stegomyia fasciata in the affected district. The first definite diagnosis
of the disease was made about 10th February and between that date
and 10th April it was very prevalent.

Wyler (E. J.). Four Reports on Yeliow Fever in Nigeria during 1913.

— Rejpt. Yellow Fev. Commiss. {West Africa) ; Yellotv Fev. Bur.
Bull., Liverpool, Supplement i, May 1915, pp. 1-196, 7 plates,
79 charts, 5 plans, 1 map. [Received 10th July 1916.]

These reports contain an account of the conditions as regards
Stegomyia fasciata in various Nigerian towns which had been ^^sited
by persons in whom yellow fever was detected. Larvae were com-
monly found in the numerous earthen jars used for storing water in
native houses, water-tanks attached to European dwelhngs being
infected to an extent of 88 per cent. At Warri, anti-mosquito measures
were carried out under the direction of sanitary officers and larvae of
Stegomyia were rare. Screening of wells, tanks, etc., was carried out
at Forcados and Burutu, and at the time of investigation few larvae
were found. They were however abundant in an unreclaimed swamp
a short distance away, the water of which contained chlorides equivalent
in amount to 4 '74 per cent, of common salt. The river craft, and
probably also the swamp just mentioned, constituted the main source
of supply of S. fasciata. Ocean-going and river steamers afforded
facihties for the transit of Stegoryiyia. Twelve cases of yellow fever
were definitely diagnosed on ocean-going vessels in 1912 and 1913,
but in those ships in which single cases of fever occurred, the
patients were probably infected whilst ashore. There is no evidence
that yellow fever has been introduced into Nigeria from a neighbouring
dependency.

NOTICES.

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hitherto been free from them, and will welcome any suggestion the
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The Snbscripflon to the Review Is 12s. per annum, post free ; or
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An orders and subscriptions should be sent to Messrs. DULAU
& Co., Ltd., 37, Soho Square, London, W.

CONTENTS.

m

The Louse Problem on the Western Front . .

Experiments in Controlling Lice

The Relations between Lice and Recurrent Fever . .

The Destnicxion of Mosquitos with vaporised Creolin

The Prevention of Malaria in Germany

The Destruction of Lice, etc., with Hydrocyanic Acid in Australia

Stegomyia fasciata and Yellow Fever in Australasia . .

The Control of Lice

The Mosquitos of Mecklenburg County, North Carolina

Transmission of Tertian Malaria in the U.S.A.

The Value of Gyrinid Beetles in destroying Anopheline Larvae

the U.S.A.

Legislative Measures against Rats in Louisiana

The Transportation by Man of Disease-carrying Insects . .

Hippoboscids infesting Brazilian Birds

The Bionomics of Flies causing Myiasis in Africa . .

The Hypothesis of the Transmission of Endemic Goitre by a bitin

Insect in Algeria . . . . . . . .

Malaria and Mosquitos in Flanders . .

The Control of Cockroaches in Houses in Britain . .

The Destruction of Cockroaches

The Control of Flies in Manure Heaps . . . .

Notes on parasitic Acari in Britain . . . . . . . .

Fly-Traps for Camps, etc.

Flies and Disease in Gallipoli . .

The Bionomics of Common Flies in Britain . .

The Dispersal of the House Fly in Towns in the U.S.A.

The Breeding Habits of the Common Housc-Fly in the U.S.A.

The Preparation of Dips for Sheep Scab in the U.S.A.

Notes on Dengue in New South Wales

Stegomyia fasciata and Yellow Fever in Nigeria

PAGE.

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VOL. IV. Ser. B. Part 10.— pp. 149-164. OCTOBER, 1916.

THE REVIEW
OF APPLIED
ENTOMOLOGY.

SERIES b: medical

AND VETERINARY.

ISSUED BY THE IMPERIAL
BUREAU OF ENTOMOLOGY.

LONDON I

BOLD BY

DULAU & QO., Ltd., 37. SOHO SQUARE, W.
Price 6d. net.

All Rights Reserved.

IMPERIAL BUREAU OF ENTOMOLOGY.

I^onorarp Committee or n^anaaement

RT. HON. LEWIS HARCOURT, M.P., Chairman,
Lieutenant-Colonel A. W. Alcock, C.I.E., F.R.S., London School of

Tropical Medicine.
Mr. E. E. Austen, Entomological Department, British Museum

(Natural History).
Dr. A. G. Bagshawe, C.M.G., Director, Tropical Diseases Bureau.
Mr. E. C. Blech, C.M.G., Foreign Office.

Sir J. Rose Bradford, K.C.M.G., F.R.S., Secretary, Royal Society.
Surgeon-General Sir David Bruce, C.B., F.R.S., A.M.S.
Mr. J. C. F. Fryer, Entomologist to the Board of Agriculture and

Fisheries.
Dr. S. F. Harmer, F.R.S., Keeper of Zoology, British Museum

(Natural History).
Professor H. Maxwell Lefroy, Imperial College of Science and

Technology.
The Hon. Sir John McCall, M.D., Agent-General for Tasmania.
Dr. R. Stewart MacDougall, Lecturer on Agricultural Entomology,

Edinburgh University.
Sir John McFadyean, Principal, Royal Veterinary College, Camden

Town.
Sir Patrick Manson, G.C.M.G., F.R.S., Late Medical Adviser to the

Colonial Office.
Sir Daniel Morris, K.C.M.G., Late Adviser to the Colonial Office

in Tropical Agriculture.
Professor R. Newstead, F.R.S., Dutton Memorial Professor of

Medical Entomology, Liverpool University.
Professor G. H. F. Nuttall, F.R.S., Quick Professor of Protozoology,

Cambridge.
Professor E. B. Poulton, F.R.S., Hope Professor of Zoology, Oxford.
Lieutenant-Colonel Sir David Prain, C.I.E., C.M.G., F.R.S., Director,

Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew.
Mr. H. J. Read, C.B., C.M.G., Colonial Office.
The Honourable N. C. Rothschild.

Mr. Hugh Scott, Curator in Zoology, Museum of Zoology, Cambridge.
Dr. A. E. Shipley, F.R.S., Master of Christ's College, Cambridge.
Sir Stewart Stockman, Chief Veterinary Officer, Board of Agriculture.
Mr. F. V. Theobald, Vice-Principal, South Eastern Agricultural

College, Wye.
Mr. C. Warburton, Zoologist to the Royal Agricultural Society of

England.

The Chief Entomologist in each of the Self-governing Dominions

is an ex officio member of the Committee.

(Bcneral Secretary.
Mr. A. C. C. Parkinson (Colonial Office).

2)irectoc anD :6Ditor,
Dr. Guy A. K. Marshall.

2lssf6taut Director. Bsslstant EMtor.

Mr. S. A. Neave. Mr. W. North.

Head O^ce.— British Museum (Natural History), Cromwell Road,

London, S.W.
Publication Office. — 89, Queen's Gate, London, S.W.

149

Dengue Fever. — Med. Jl. Australia, Melbmrne, 6th May 1916, p. 380.
[Received 11th July 1916.]

Investigations carried out by Dr. J. B. Cleland in connection with a
recent outbreak of dengue fever in Murwilhimbah, New South Wales,
have led that observer to the conclusion that the disease differs from
the Syrian type of dengue in the length of the incubation period, and
that it may be a mutant of yellow fever, associated with Stegoniyia
fasciata as a carrier of infection. The conclusions of Dr. Cleland are
criticised as being based on insuflicient experiments. It is stated that
there is no evidence for the view that dengue is a mutant of yellow
fever, nor has the incubation period been definitely proved to be seven
days, but may be either four or eight days.

Leonard (T. M. R.). Report on Certain Outbreaks of Yellow Fever
in Lagos, 1913, and January and February 1914. — Rept. Yellow.
Fev. Commiss. {West Africa) ; Yellow Fev. Bur. Bull., Liverpool,
Supplement i. May 1915, pp. 207-316, 38 charts, 1 map.
[Received 10th July 1916.]

Thirty-eight cases of yellow fever were recorded during the period
under consideration, eighteen being among non-immune races
(European and Syrian) engaged in mercantile or seafaring occupations.
Mercantile communities are brought into close contact with natives,
while among sailors, infection has been contracted at ports in the
Colony other than Lagos. The present and previous records tend
to support the view that yellow fever is endemic in Nigeria,
implying that infection among natives spreads to some extent and
that infected cases, if they recover, acquire an immunity.
Endemicity and immunity proceed simultaneously, and in the foci
of infection epidemics may occur from time to time.

O'Brien (J. M.). Report on a Visit to Guayaquil. — Rept. Yellow Fev.
Cojnmiss. {West Africa); Yellow Fev. Bur. Bull, Liverpool,
Supplement i. May 1915, pp. 317-352, 11 charts. [Received
10th July 1916.]

The limited water supply at Guayaquil, Ecuador, and the consequent
necessity for w^ater storage, affords favourable conditions for the
breeding of Sfegomyia fasciata. The screening of cisterns is rarely
carried out. The inhabitants themselves are immune to yellow fever,
but the disease is maintained by the constant influx of non-immunes
from the mountains. The absence of fever among young children was
marked, and it was also observed that this immunity decreased in
later years.

Dalziel (J. M.) & Johnson (W. B.). Notes on a Visit to Sherbro
District. — Yellow Fever Bur. Bull., Liverpool, Supplement ii,
August 1915, pp. 527-540. [Received 11th July 1916.]

Sherbro District, on the coast of Sierra Leone, was visited during the
month of February, i.e., during the last part of the rainless season.
Stegomyia fasciata was absent from all the locahties investigated.

(C312) V^t.Pl/106. 1,500. 10.16. B.&F.Ltd. Gp.11/3. a

150

In the Bonthe district the following blood-sucking Diptera were
captured : — Uranotaenia amiulata, Theo. ; Culex insignis, Cart. ;
C. decens, Theo. ; C. tigripes, Grp. ; C. consimilis, Newst. ; C. duttoni,
Theo. ; Culiciomyia nebidosa, Theo. ; C. freetoivnensis, Theo. ;
Mansoiiioides uniforniis, Theo. ; Taeniorhynchvs amiettii, Theo. ;
Ochlerotatus nigrocephalus, Theo. ; 0. caliginosus, Graham ; Glossina
palpalis, R. D. ; Tabanus fasciatus, F. ; T. congoensis, Ric. ;
T. obsairissimus, Ric. ; Hippobosca sp. ; PJdebotomus duboscqi, N.L.,
and Culicoides sp.

Larvae of the following mosquitos were found in crab-holes, at the
roots of trees, etc. : — U. anmdata, C. decens, C. tigrijies, C. duttoni,
C. freetoivnensis, 0. nigrocejjhalus, Anopheles costcdis and A, fimestus.

Dalziel (J, M.) & Johnson (W. B.). Report on Yellow Fever Investi-
gation in Freetown. September 1913 to March 1914. — Yelloiv Fever
Bur. Bull., Liverpool, Supplement ii, August 1915, pp. 541-579,
8 tables, 1 chart. [Received 11th July 1916.]

Investigations into the presence of yellow fever in Freetown were
based on the assumption that Paraplasma flavigenum is the virus of
the fever and can be demonstrated in the blood of fever patients. One
case of yellow fever in a European was definitely diagnosed, while
several others were found on suspected ships. Malaria was present
in 48 per cent, of the cases examined.

Rats were found to be infected with the fleas, Xenopsylla cheopis,
Roths., and X. brasilicnsis, Baker. The louse, Polyplax spimdosus,
Burm., and a Gamasid mite, Laelaps sp. near echidninus, Berl., were
less common. Trypanosomes of the T. leivisi tvpe were present in the
blood of 60 per cent, of the rats examined. Stray dogs were attacked
by the flea, Ctenocephalus canis, Curt., and by the ticks, Rhipicephalus
sanguineus, Latr., R. simus, Koch, and a larval Amblyomma.

During March, larvae of the folloAving mosquitos were collected in
the town : — Culex decens, Theo. ; C. duttoni, Newst. ; C. tigripes,
Grp. ; Stegoniyiafasciata, F. ; Anopheles costalis, Theo. ; Culiciomyia
nebulosa, Theo. S. fasciata formed 14 or 15 per cent, of the total
number of larvae. Adult mosquitos included S. fasciata, C. nebulosa
and rarely A. costalis.

Chnical investigations during this period tend to show that yellow
fever no longer maintains an endemic persistence in Freetown. As yet
no endemic focus in Sierra Leone has been demonstrated ; it is possible
that no particular sea-port may be involved, but rather that the focus
may be found in the holds of merchant ships. Inspection of ships for
the presence of Stegomyia is to be undertaken.

Fowler (Sir J. K.), Simpson (W. J.), Ross (Sir R.), Leishman
(Sir W. B.) & Balfour (A.). Third Report of the Yellow Fever
Commission (West Africa). — London, 1915, 51 pp. [Received 10th
July 1916.]

This report summarises the main facts at present known concerning

the virus of yellow fever. It is undoubtedly transmitted by Stegomyia

fasciata, and it is not known to be carried by any other agent under

normal conditions. The period required for its development in the

mosquito is approximately 12 days. The blood of a yellow fever

151

patient is probably not infectious after the third day. The evidence
as to Pamplasma flavigenum being the causal agent is discussed at
length, and the report ends with the conclusion that no proof has been
given that these bodies are of a Protozoal nature and that a number of
microscopic objects are included under the name. There is as yet no
reason to regard any of these as the cause of yellow fever, and the
nature of the virus of this disease still remains undetermined.

Sinclair (J. M.) Veterinary Report. — Rhodesia Agric. Jl., Salisburg,
xiii, no. 3, June 1916, pp. 400-402.

During March and April, fresh outbreaks of African coast fever were
reported from the Melsetter District in Rhodesia. In the latter month
blood smears from donkeys working in the Hartley District showed
the presence of Trypanosoma brucei var. rhodesiense. The affected
animals were destroyed. A number of cattle in the Gwelo district
;showed trypanosomes. No species of Glossina has been found ^\dthin
40 miles of the infected area and it is therefore suggested that some
other carrier may have transmitted the disease from animals which
had previously passed through an infected district.

O'Dea (M. E.). Annual Report on the Veterinary Department for the
"^ Year 1915.— Accra, Gold Coast, 1916, 8 pp., 3 tables. [Received

18th July 1916.]

No tsetse-flies were observed in Kumasi during the year, but it is
possible that in the near future they may be brought in with cattle
which pass through the fly-belts before reaching the town. About 90
per cent, of these animals show the presence of trypanosomes in the
blood. Tabanids occur in small numbers and Stomoxys is found in
or near stables in which horses are kept.

Wagner (J.). KTj noSHaHim (J)ayHbI KaBKasCKMXlj Suctoria. [Con-
tribution to a fauna of Caucasian Suctoria.] — « MsB'EcTifl
KaBKasCKaro IVIy3efl.» [Bulletins of the Caucasian Museum],
Tifiis, X, no. 1, 1916, pp. 54-64, 8 figs.

The following list of fleas is given : — Pidex irritans, L., found both
in Caucasia and in Persia ; Archaeopsylla (Ctenocephalus) erinacei,
Bch., on Erinaceus sp. ; CtenocepJialus felis, Bch., on lynx in Persia ;
C. canis. Curt., on Vulpes alpherakyi ; Ceratophjllus columbae, Gerv.,
on owls ; Amphipsylla schelkovnikovi, Wagn., on Microtus sp. ;
Ctenojyhthalmus spalacis, Rothsch., on Spalax microp>ht]ialmus ;
C. inornatus, sp. n., on Prometheomys schlaposchnikovi ; and Hystri-
cliopsylla satunini, sp. n., and Vermipsylla hyaenae, Kol., on Hyaena
vidgaris.

It is pointed out that the males of A. schelkovnikovi closely resemble
those of A. certa, Rothsch., and it is considered probable that the latter
is only a local variety of the former.

(C312) _,.o

152

Washburn (F. L.). The Malarial Mosquito Harmless in Minnesota. —

Minnesota Insect Life, St. Anthony Park, iii, no. 10, 1st July
1916, p. 3.

Control measures against Anophelines are being successfully carried
out in a localised area in Minnesota. Experiments on the feeding
habits of the species present have shown that they do not carry malaria
in this State.

King (W. V.). Experiments on the development of malaria parasites
in three American species of Anopheles. — Jl. Experim. Med.,.
Baltimore, xxiii, no. 6, 1st June 1916, pp. 703-716, 8 plates.

Experiments have shown Anopheles punctipennis to be an efficient
host of the organisms of tertian and aestivo-autumnal malaria and
A. crucians of aestivo-autumnal malaria at least. Information has
also been obtained as to the relative susceptibility of these two species;
and of A. quadrimaculatus, which has been considered to be the
principal species concerned in the transmission of malaria in the
United States.

With A. punctipennis, developmental forms of the exogenous or
sporogenic cycle of Plasmodium vivax were demonstrated in six (85 per
cent.) of the seven mosquitos dissected, and the development of
P. falciparum in four (20 per cent.) of twenty specimens. As these
four infections occurred in a series of thirteen specimens fed on one
person, the percentage was actually 33. With A. crucians, oocysts or
sporozoites or both oocysts and sporozoites of Plasmodium falciparum
were found in nine (75 per cent.) of the twelve specimens dissected.
No tests were made wdth this series and P. vivax. A. quadrimaculatus
was employed as a control species in the experiments and became
infected in the following ratio : Eight (66 per cent.) of twelve specimens,
with P. vivax, and three (15 per cent.) of nineteen specimens with
P. falciparum.

In determining the relative susceptibility of the three species only
those individuals which had been fed upon the same gamete carriers
are considered. The number of mosquitos from which the percentages,
are computed is too smaU to make the results entirely conclusive, but
the indications are that A. punctipennis and A. quadrimacidatits are
equally susceptible to infection mth P. vivax, 85 per cent, of each
species under the same conditions being positive. With P. falciparum,.
A. crucians showed the highest percentage of infection (75 per cent.),.
A. punctijjennis second (33 per cent.) and A. qicadrimacidatus third
(23 per cent.).

Beetolio (S.) & Mariani (A.). Contributo sperimentale alio studio
della profilassi anti-anofelica. [An experimental contribution to-
the study of mosquito-destruction.] — Morgagni, Milan, Ivii,
Part 1, no. 7, July 1915, pp. 259-265. [Received 24th July 1916.]

Owing to the high price of petrol, experiments were made with
heavy oil of a density of 0'925, such as is used in Diesel engines, as a
lar\'icide in anti-mosquito work. A mixture of nine parts of such oil
mth one of petrol proved satisfactory. It should be poured upon the

153

water on a hot, calm day, so that it may spread uniformly. The film
lasts so long that two applications a year are sufficient, whereas petrol
requires renewing once a fortnight. In Italy the cost of this mixture
is about one-tenth that of pure petrol. An Itahan heavy oil, of a
density of 0*785, gave equally good results. The disadvantages of
such a film are its liability to kill fish and to clog the plumage of water-
birds.

Bertarelli (E.). La lotta contro il tifo esantematico. [The control
of exanthematous typhus.] — Morgagni, Milan, Ivii, Part 2, no. 22,
April 1915, pp. 343-348. [Received 24th July 1916.]

A general account of a typhus fever epidemic is given and emphasis
is laid on the transmission of the disease by Hce, against which the first
prophylactic measures should be directed. By working along these
lines, the number of cases in Tunis was reduced from 856 in 1909 to
3 in 1914.

Bertarelli (E.). I punti controversi della epidemiologia del tifo
esantematico. [Controversial points in the epidemiology of
exanthematous typhus.] — Morgagni, Milan, Ivii, Part 2, no. 37,
July 1915, pp. 585-591. [Received 24th July 1916.]

The various controversies relating to typhus fever, especially with
regard to its transmission, are here dealt with. Lice [Pediculus
himianus] must certainly be held to be the most common transmitters of
the disease, though other ectoparasites may also be concerned in its
conveyance to man. Insect transmission accounts for the rapid spread
of epidemics.

Bertarelli (E.). Gli insegnamenti della lotta profilattica contro il
tifo esantematico. [The lessons derived from prophylactic
measures against exanthematous typhus.] — Morgagni, Milan, Iviii,
Part 2, no. 10, February 1916 pp. 145-156. [Received 24th July
1916.]

A useful summary of the prophylactic measures adopted in different
countries against hce is embodied in this paper. Since March 1915 the
Italian authorities have adopted the following mixture for destroying
Pediculus humanus and P. cajpitis : Petrol, 100 parts ; oUve oil, 50
parts ; balsam of Peru, 10 parts. A useful preventive consists of
oil of aniseed or oil of fennel, 30-40 parts, and alcohol (96 per cent.),
40-60 parts. In March 1915 the Austrian army orders recommended
naphthaline in body sachets and a mixture containing 30-40 parts of
oil of aniseed, with or without bergamot, for freeing the skin from hce.

Grixoni (G.). La difesa contro i pidocchi. [Louse control.] — Giomale
Med. Milit., Rome, Ixiv, no. 6, 30th June 1916, pp. 417-430.
[Received 2nd August 1916.]

In this review of the various methods and materials used in louse
control it is pointed out that the choice of a given means will depend
considerablv on local conditions and that the results will therefore

154

vary. In the Italian army, Captain Izar has suggested fumigation
with a mixture of naphthobenzol and ammonia consisting of a saturated
solution of ammonia gas in benzine, with 5 per cent, naphthahne added,
and heated to 104:°-121° F. This has given good results, even in
cases where clothing has been piled up in masses.

Hay (G. G.). First Measures in Malaria Prevention for Farmers and
Settlers. The R61e of Nature in the Suppression of Malaria. —

S. African Anti-Makirial Association, Johannesburg. The War
on the Mosquito: Publication no. 11, 45 pp., 20 figs.

This booklet gives practical advice as to malaria prevention. The
cause of malaria, the manner of its transmission and the usual per-
manent sources of infection for Europeans are explained. The appear-
ance and habits of mosquitos and their larvae are described. Advice
on the choice of sites for building with a view to escaping and suppress-
ing mosquitos is given. Screening, mosquito-nets, hygiene and
quinine prophylaxis are also dealt with.

Hay (G. G.). Malaria Prevention on Active Service. Notes for the
Information and Guidance of the Union Troops on Service in
Central and East Africa. [Also in Dutch.]— /S. African Anti-
Malarial Association, Johannesburg. The War on the Mosquito :
Publication no. 14, 18 pp., 6 figs.

This booklet deals in simple language with the nature of malaria
and its manner of transmission. The habits and appearance of
Anopheline mosquitos are described. Mosquito-nets and other means
of protection are dealt with.

WoLBACH (S. B.). The etiology of Rocky Mountain spotted fever. A
preliminary report.- — Keprint from The Journal of Med. Besearch,
Boston, xxxiv,no. 1, March 1916, pp. 121-126, 1 plate. [Received
8th August 1916.]

When examples of Dermacenfor venustus of both sexes infected with
the virus of Rocky Mountain spotted fever were fed on guinea-pigs,
these developed symptoms characteristic of the disease.

McCaffrey (D.). The effect of tick bites on man.— J^ of Parasitology,
Urbana, III, ii, no. 4, June 1916, pp. 193-194.

The constitutional symptoms in a case of tick-bite are described, the
tick having been identified as Dermacentor venustus. A description of
the local symptom in two other cases is given in which it is uncertain
whether D. venustus or D. albipectus was involved.

Kttano (Toj'^ojiro). The employment of rat poison as a measure for
preventing and exterminating the plague. — Amer. J I. Trop. Dis. &
Prev. Med., New Orleans, iii, no, 12, June 1916, pp. 627-659.

The manner in which rat poison was employed in Yokohama as an
anti-plague measure is described. Continued distributions of large
quantities of phosphorus to every house in the city were made.

155

Phosphorus is the most effective rat poison, arsenic coming next.
Danger to human Hfe can be obviated by care in distribution. These
poisons cause plague-infested rats to die so rapidly that the virus is
unable to become -^-idely spread. Phosphorus rat-poison retains its
effectiveness for more than twenty days and arsenic rat-poison even
longer. Distribution is simple and economical when compared with
other preventive measures, and neither commercial nor industrial
enterprises are interfered with. The more widely the poison is dis-
tributed to every house the better the results ; where the poisons were
distributed to several houses in a locality no rat could be found there.
It Avas found that the bacteria in the dead body of the rat are naturally
destroyed within from two to twelve days when the temperature is
low, and the body of the rat decays.

Creel (R. H.) & Paget (F. M.). Cyanide gas for the destruction of
insects,— t/. 5. Public Health Repis., Washington, D.C., xxxi,
no. 23, 9th June 1916, pp. 1464-1475.

A series of practical experiments have been conducted in order to
determine the comparative insecticidal values of cyanide gas and
sulphur dioxide. During the tests, the outdoor temperature varied
from 33° to 70" F., but with no noticeable difference in results. The
standards arrived at are provisional, applying to generally existing
conditions and not to extraordinary or unusual situations. For
instance, while it is believed that cyanide gas in the proportion of
2| oz. of potassium cyanide per 1,000 cubic feet, exposure for one hour,
mil destroy fleas in the majority of instances, such a strength would
hardly kill these insects were they lodged in tightly packed luggage,
which would require to be opened and to have its contents spread out.
For routine fumigation the following proportions per 1,000 cubic feet
of space are recommended. For mosquitos : Potassium cyanide,
0-4 oz. for 15 minutes ; sulphur, 2 lb. for one hour. For bedbugs :
Potassium cyanide, 5 oz. for one hour. For body lice : Potassium
cyanide, 10 oz. for two hours ; sulphur, 4 lb. for six hours. For
cockroaches : Potassium cyanide, 10 oz. for one hour ; sulphur,
4 lb. for six hours. For fleas : Potassium cyanide, 2| oz. for 15
minutes. For fleas and rats a standard of 5 oz. cyanide or 4 lb. sulphur
has already been recommended [see this Review, Ser. B, iv, p. 25].
The unit price of c3-anide fumigation in the proportion of 5 oz. cyanide
per 1,000 cubic feet was i^d. at the prices then ruling (12|f/. per lb.
for potassium cyanide and Id. per lb. for sulphuric acid). The price
for sulphur fumigation was 5d. at the strength of 41b. per 1,000 cubic
feet. Cyanide fumigation costs only one-ninth of sulphur fumigation
in the case of mosquito destruction, apart from occupying much less
time. Furthermore the dilution of the cyanide gas after diffusion is
such as practically to ehminate all danger to human life. For destroy-
ing bedbugs, cockroaches and body hce, sulphur is a cheaper fumigant
than cyanide, but the latter possesses obvious advantages. The
detailed results of these experiments are given in a series of ten
tables.

Bezzi (M.). Una nuova specie di Estride dell' Eritrea. [A new species
of Oestrid from Eritrea.] — Boll. Lab. Zool. Gen. Agrar. R. Scupla
Sup. Agric, Portici, x, 1915-1916, pp. 27-32.

Some Diptera from Eritrea, said by the natives to transmit trypano-
somiasis of the horse, ox and camel, inckided Hippobosca camelina.
Leach, H. macidata, Leach, Auchmeromyia luteola, ¥., and Mydaea sp.
Of these, the two Hippoboscids only can be really incriminated. The
collection also contained two species of Gastrophilus, said by natives,
to transmit African horse sickness. One of these is a new species,
caught on a native mule, and is described under the name Gastrophilus
magnicornis. A bibliography of twelve works is appended to this
paper.

Galaine (C.) & HouLBERT (C). PouF chasser les mouches de nos
habitations. [To drive flies out of our houses.] — C. R. hebdom.
Acad. Sci., Paris, c^xiii, no. 5, 31st July 1916, pp. 132-135.
The method of driving flies out of rooms here recommended is based
on the reactions of house-flies to blue and green light. When exposed to
a blue light, the authors found that the flies first become restless, then
inactive, as in the dark. If therefore in rooms in which the light comes
from one side, the windows are filled with blue glass and provided at
intervals with moveable shutters, flies, being attracted to white light,
will not enter from the outside ; those which enter while the window^s
are open will either become inactive or quickly go out through the
shutters. The same principle can be applied to rooms lighted from
opposite sides ; in this case only one set of windows is opened at a
given time. Articles of food should be placed in cupboards, etc.,
pro\dded with blue glass windows.

Langeron (M.). Reniarques sur les larves du Cidex genie lilatus et sur
les larves de Culicin6s pourvues d'un long siphon. [Remarks on
the larvae of Culex geniculatus and on Culichie larvae with long
siphon tubes.] — Bull. Soc. Path. Exot., Paris, ix, no. 7, 12th July
1916, pp. 438-442, 8 figs.

In various parts of France and in Tunisia Culicine larvae with long
and narrow respiratory siphons have been found in Anopheline breeding
places. Larvae taken in Brittany were bred out and proved to be those
of Cvlex geniculatus, 01., known to occur in France, Italy and Palestine.
These larvae have a strong resemblance to those of the North American
species, C. territans, Walk., which are also found associated with
Anophelines in clear, standing water. The larva of C. salinanus, Coq.,
also resembles that of C. territans, though its siphon is stouter and it is
adapted to brackish water, though it lives preferably in permanent
swamps.

ViALATTE (C). Rapport sur le fonctionnement du laboratoire de
microscopie de Beni-Abb6s (Sahara-Oranais) en 1915. [Report on
the work of the laboratory of microscopy at Beni- Abbes (Oran
Sahara) inl 915.] — Bidl. Soc. Path. Exot., Paris, ix, no. 7,
12th July 1916, pp. 469-486, 1 plan.

The rainfall in this district is very scanty and the streams are dry
except in the rainy season, but pools of brackish water are to be found
in those places where the subsoil water reaches the surface owing to

157

■differences of level. This water is sometimes as much as 30 feet below
the surface, whence it is raised by a very primitive system of buckets
on long levers for irrigation purposes. Most of these wells are in daily
use and the water is so much disturbed in them that they cannot serve
as mosquito breeding places ; others are hardly ever used, and in these
mosquitos can and do breed. The stagnant pools produced by the
outcrop of the subsoil water are nearly always close to groups of palms
and provide good breeding grounds for mosquitos. The winter, spring
and summer of 1915 were exceptionally rainless, so that the pools were
reduced to a minimum and no Anophelines and very few Culicines were
sent to the Station. Heavy rains fell in September and October and
great numbers of pools of water, which persisted for several weeks, were
formed ; these, so far as they were examined, yielded Cuhcine larvae
only. The area has always been known as malarious and the author
points out that the prevailing notion that the oases of the Sahara are
free from malaria is entirely erroneous; in this particular oasis, 31
infected subjects were found out of 121 examined, the majority of them
being children. At Beni-Abbes itself, the conditions of which are
described in detail with a plan, a few female Anophehnes were caught
in July and November ; the Culicines never completely disappeared,
and their larvae were always to be found in fire buckets and other
receptacles. The very mixed population, both civil and mihtary,
always provided a good reservoir, and of 77 persons examined 45 carried
the parasites in their blood. The French population protect their
houses with wdre gauze, and measures have been taken to convert
into a garden a marshy area which bred mosquitos in quantity.

The form Of trypanosomiasis in horses known locally as debab was
much less prevalent in 1915 than usual, and its prevalence appears to
be more or less directly proportional to that of various species of
Tabanids, the exceptional dryness of 1915 being very unfavourable
to the development of these flies. Camels which traverse the areas
infested by them appear to be specially liable to trypanosomiasis.
Organisms have been found in a dog indistinguishable from
Trypanosoma herheruin, the active cause of debab, and the animal
presented all the usual symptoms of attack. Nearly all the camels of
the district suffer from myiasis and when on the march constantly
expel large whitish larvae from their nostrils. This is especially the
case in March and July, and these larvae are found in the frontal sinuses
and naso-pharyngeal cavities of every dromedary slaughtered, 30 or
more being quite a common number. Only two insects were bred from
a large number of larvae and these were sent to the Institute Pasteur
d'Algerie for identification. The harm done by these larvae to the
animals appears to be small and the natives believe that those
individuals which are free from them are intractable and difficult to
manage. At Beni-Ounif in the height of summer there was an out-
break of a species of Phlebotomus ; these midges were rare at Beni-
Abbes.

Vida y costumes do berne. [The life and habits of Dermatobia hoyninis.]

— Chacaras <& Quintaes, S. Paulo, xiii, no. 6, 15th June 1916,

pp. 422-423, 4 figs.

This is a popular article on Dermatobia hominis and refers to the

mosquito, Janthinosoma lulzi, which is suspected of distributing the

eggs of this fly.

158

Mayr (L.). Die Bekampfung der Pferdelaus mit IkaphthisoL

[Control of the horse louse with IkaphthisoL] — Berliner
Tierdrztl. Wochenschr., Berlin, xxxii, no. 24, loth June 1916,.
pp. 279-281.

Ikaphthisol is said to be the best insecticide available against the
lice on horses. It is a white powder, which smells like cresol, but not
so strongly. Besides oxytoluol or cresyl alcohol, the other ingredients
are carbonate of magnesia, bolus alba, talc, crude cresol and sapa
medicatus. The powder only requires dusting on, the quantity per
horse being from 5 to 7 oz. and costing about 3d. The lice are killed
in a few minutes, hundreds being combed out 5-10 minutes after
application. In the case of very badly infested animals a second
application is advisable.

Schmidt (M.). Durch die Kolumbdcser Mticlten hervorgerufene
Erkrankungen. [Sickness among live-stock caused by '• Kolum-
bacser gnats."] — Deutsche Tierdrztl. Wochenschr., Hannover, xxiv,
no. 27, 1st July 1916, pp. 247-248.

At the end of April and during May swarms of gnats [Simulium]
appeared in some localities in south Hungary during a spell of calm
weather following prolonged winds. In the district under the author's
veterinary supervision 67 cattle, 1 donkey, 6 horses, 71 pigs and 10
sheep died and 24 cattle had to be slaughtered. When attacked by
the flies, the animals, especially cattle, take to flight unless they are
able to take refuge in neighbouring water or in the smoke of fires;.
The flies settle on the hairless parts in order to suck blood and their
bites are shortly followed by symptoms such as laboured breathing,,
a stumbling gait and rapid pulse, and painful swelhngs in the
loose-skinned portions (as beneath the neck). Animals attacked by
large numbers die in from one to two hours without signs of oedema.
Less severe cases are characterised by loss of appetite, abortion,
marked depression and blindness. The swellings go down in four
or five days after rubbing with spirits of camphor, but the blindness,
may be permanent. The animals w^hich died or w'ere slaughtered
showed serous infiltration of the subcutaneous tissue with ecchy-
mosis. Treatment consists in wiping off the flies with a rag, the-
internal administration of diluted alcohol and repeated rubbing with
spirits of camphor.

Rene (C). Pour prot6ger les animaux centre les atteintes des mouches.

[The protection of animals against flies.] — Progres Agricole,.,
Amiens, xxx, no. 1486, 9th July 1916, pp. 366-367.

This article deals in popular form with the measures required tO'
protect domestic animals against various flies. Stalls and stables must
be cleaned at frequent intervals, their walls should be light coloured and
openings should be screened with wire gauze. The following solutions
are said to be effective repellents. Five per cent, cresyl, one per cent.
picric acid, ten per cent, boric acid, and ten per cent, saponin. These-
washes should be applied once daily.

159

Colony of the Gambia : Quarantine Ordinance, 1916.

Part of section 34, which deals ■with restriction on embarcation at an
infected place in the Colony, states that measures shall be taken to
prevent rats in the case of plague, and Stegomyia in the case of yellow
fever from gaining access to ships. In the case of yellow fever the
ship shall lie at least one thousand yards from the inhabited shore.
When access of Stegomyia or rats to the ship cannot be prevented,
measures shall be taken immediately before departure of the vessel ta
secure destruction of the mosquitos or rats on board.

Hirst (S.). On the Occurrence of a Tropical Fowl Mite {Liponyssus
bursa, Berlese) in Australia, and a new Instance of its attacking
Man. — Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., London, x\iii, no. 104, August 1916,
pp. 243-244.

The Gamasid mite recently described by the author under the name
Leiognathus morsitans, sp. n., is now regarded as identical with
Liponyssus bursa, Berlese. Specimens of L. bursa were recently
obtained from a sitting-hen at Sydney, AustraHa, and were also found
attacking man in the same town. The collector suggested that in the
latter case, the mites might have come from English starlings which
were building in the house- Dermanyssus galUnae does not flourish
in tropical and subtropical coimtries, and it is probable that when this
species is recorded from such regions, L. bursa is really concerned. The
wide distribution of L. bursa may be the result of carriage by the
common sparrow.

TowNSEND (C. H. T.). On Australian Muscoidea, with Descriptions of
New Forms. — Insecutor Inscitiae Menstruus, Washington, D.C.,
iv, nos. 4-6, April- June 1916, pp. 44-45. [Received 9th August
1916.]

The new genera PseudortheUia for Lucilia viridiceps, Macq., and
Austrophasia for Hyalomyia rufiventris, Macq., are erected. OrnitJio-
musca victoria, gen. et sp. n., obtained from the nest of Pardalotus sp.
in Victoria is described. Eumusca australis, Mcq., figured by Froggatt
as Musca autumnalis (corvina) is recorded from New South Wales.

Dyar (H. C). Mosquitoes at San Diego, California. — Insecutor Inscitiae
Mensti-nus, Washington, D.C., iv, nos. 4-6, April-June 1916,
pp. 46-51. [Received 9th August 1916.]

Investigations carried out in the spring of 1916 in San Diego,
California, showed that the yellow fever mosquito, Stegomyia fasciata
{Aedes calopus) was not present. The following species were found : —
Culex tarsalis, Coq., breeding in fresh and salt-marsh pools ; C. stigma-
tosoma, Dyar, found in fresh water without vegetation ; C. comitatus,
D. & K., foimd only in artificial receptacles ; C. erytJirothorax, Dyar,
confined to permanent ponds ; C. territans. Walk., occurring abundantly
in pools in the San Diego River Valley ; C. sp. near derivator, D. & K. ;
C. anips, sp. n., found together with C. erythrofhorax ; Culiseta incidens,
Thompson, in drainage pools ; Aedes squamiger, Coq., and A. taenio-
rhynchus, Wied., breeding in salt marshes ; JJranotaenia anhydor, Dyar,

160

occurring in the same pools as C. erythrocephala ; Anopheles -pseudo-
punctipemiis,T>yav,aiid A. occidentalis, D. & K., favouring permanent
reedy pools. A. punctipennis, Say, has been previously recorded in
this district, but was not found in the collection under consideration.

Dyae (H. G.) & KxAB (F.). Eggs and Ovipositon in Certain Species
of Mansonia (Diptera ; Culicidae). — Insecutor Inscitiae MenstruuLS,
Washington, D.C., iv, nos. 4-6, April-June 1916, pp. 61-68, 2 figs.
[Received 9th August 1916.]

The egg-masses of Taeniorhynchus (Mansonia) perfurbans, T. fascio-
latus and T. arribalzagae differ slightly in shape, but agree in the fact
that they float on the surface of the water, with one side usually resting
against an aquatic plant. The eggs of T. titillans and T. humeralis,
sp. n., are peculiar in that they have been found attached to the under-
surface of the leaves of Pistia, being generally placed in masses between
the veins. The method of oviposition of T. titillans is described.
In the case of females kept under observation, egg-laying was found to
follow a blood meal after an interval of four or five days.

Cousins (H. H.). General Observations. — A?in. Rept. Jamaica Dept.
Agric. for the Year ended 31st March 1916, Kingston, 1916,
pp. 1-4. [Received 14th August 1916.]

Cases of tick-fever were few and slight. The dipping tank had
been in regular use since June 1915 with very satisfactory results.
The dipping fluid consisted of 2 lb. of arsenite of soda (80 per
cent.) and 3 lb. paranaph per 100 gals. The consumption of material
for nine months consisted of 73 lb. of arsenite of soda and 1101b.
of paranaph, costing 525. for that period, equal to £3 10.s. Od. per
annum for a herd averaging 180 head, or 4f (/. per head per annum.
From continued use, a reducing action on the arsenic is maintained
which greatly economises the consumption of arsenite of soda. All the
cattle, both imported and native, young and old, were dipped regularly.
It was however found undesirable to dip cows about to calve. In two
cases cows suffered somewhat from arsenical poisoning, though no
deaths resulted from the dipping. The work of dipping becomes more
rapid as the cattle get accustomed to the tank.

CtRiffitts (T. H. D.). a mosquito collecting device.— JZ. Amer. Med.
Assoc, Chicago, Ixvii, no. 2, 8th July 1916, p. 117, 1 fig.

This mosquito collecting apparatus is an apphcation of the principles
of the fly trap. In the size recommended it consists of a glass or
celluloid tube about 1 inch in diameter and 5 inches long, open at both
ends ; one end, when in use, is closed by a cork or other stopper. The
other end, which contains the trap, consists of a cork stopper to fit the
tube, three-eighths of an inch thick, having a central opening half an
inch in diameter to accommodate the trap tube. A small glass or
celluloid tube about three-fourths of an inch long, of the shape of a
truncated cone to fit tightly in the opening in the cork, is required.
The outer end should be half an inch in diameter and the inner end
three-eighths of an inch. The entrance of the mosquitos may be
observed through the glass or celluloid. In making a catch the trap
end of the tube is placed over the resting mosquito. On an average
each capture took three seconds.

161

Bacot (A. W.). Report of the Entomological Investigation undertaken
for the Commission for the Year, August 1914 to July 1915.— Rept.

Yellow. Fev. Commiss. {West Africa), London, iii, 1916, pp. 1-191,
27 figs., 29 plates, 9 charts. [Received ]4th August 1916.]

This report falls into two sections, the first containing notes on the
distribution of mosquitos in Freetown and the second deahng with
the bionomics of Stegomyia fasciata.

Adult mosquitos are comparatively rare in Freetown, the most
important species present being Cidiciomyia nebulosa and S. fasciata.
The larvae of the former occur in almost any damp or shaded position,
while those of the latter are well hidden in protected places. Hence
the necessity arises for continuous and careful search on the part of
the Sanitary Department. In the outlying areas of the town and in
the neighbouring villages much still remains to be done with regard to
drainage of surface water and the removal of breeding places. Anopheles
(Pyretophorus) costalis and A. (Myzomyia) funestus are more restricted
in distribution and breeding places, the former being found in rock and
gutter pools, the latter in isolated rock pools at tlie foot of the hills
east and west of Freetown. Uranotaenia ornatus and Eretmopodites
dracaenae are restricted to collections of water in the axils and central
whorl of leaves of certain plants. S. simpsoni, mainly occurring in
root holes, is sometimes found in similar situations, together with
S. fasciata and C. nebulosa. The use as a hedge plant of species of
Dracaena in which water collects should therefore be discouraged.

The eggs of S. fasciata are always deposited on a film of water, never
on a dry surface. They are generally found at the margin of a pool,
etc., or on a partially submerged object. Those at the margin become
submerged during rainy periods. In a few cases eggs laid on the
surface of the water have been observed. Hatching can take place
when the egg is floating, attached to the margin just below the surface,
or resting on the bottom. Preliminary experiments showed that
hatching was dependent to a certain degree on external conditions,
among which desiccation, temperature and change of water acted as
stimuh on a certain proportion of the eggs. Submergence in a small
quantity of water appeared to increase the mortaUty among the eggs.
During the course of the same experiments, it was noted that the
period between the time of immersion of the egg and the time of
hatching, in cases in which no dry period intervened, could be pro-
longed for four or five months. A higher mortality was observed
among eggs which had been stored than among those which were
immersed immediately or soon after laying. The material on which
eggs are deposited appears to determine whether they will survive
or not during periods of drought. The effect of high and low tempera-
tures on the rate of hatching was observed. Cooling to temperatures
between 74° and 80° F. acted as a stimulus to hatching in most cases,
but a few eggs remained resistant. Coohng is probably the factor
which causes hatching when dried eggs are immersed or when fresh
water is added to developing eggs. A rise in temperature from 80° to
95° F. had Uttle effect on hatching. Eggs stored for 50 hours under
moist conditions hatched in the majority of cases within 30 minutes
after subsequent immersion ; those dried for one to seven days after
incubation hatched, when immersed, to the extent of 84 and 54 per

162

cent, respectively in from one to four days. Dry and humid conditions
are therefore direct factors in induciiig the immediate or deferred
hatching of eggs. Eggs stored under dry conditions yielded larvae after
262 days, when immersed in water. Incubated eggs were exposed to
varying temperatures to determine the effect on hatching. Exposure
was continued for 21 hours and the eggs were then placed in water at
75° F. and examined after 128 hours. Exposure to 29° F. gave 81 per
cent, hatching ; to 75° F., 80 per cent. ; to 95° F., 28 per cent. ; and to
102° F., 12 per cent. No hatching occurred after exposure to a tem-
perature of 107-6° F. for 24 hours. Heating to 114*8° F. for 30
minutes destroyed the vitality of eggs which had been laid for 15 or 16
hours ; similar eggs heated to 97° F. hatched normally. The onlv
enemy definitely known to attack the eggs of S. fasciata under storage
conditions was a species of Psocid.

Larvae developed readily in water containing a plentiful supplv of
organic matter, such as dead leaves, boiled white of Qg^g^ rice, dead
insects, etc. The first moult was not passed through in tap water,
until organic matter was added. Scarcity of food produced a high
mortality and, among living individuals, increased the duration of this
stage in some cases to 70 days. Under favourable conditions larval
development was completed in four days, and adult males appeared
on the fifth day. Bacteria were probably assimilated by the larvae
and may possibly have been essential to development. Both larvae
and pupae were unable to withstand complete submergence for 20
hours. Activity was maintained during exposure to the heat of the
sun, when the temperature of the water varied from 75° F. to 103° F.
Water heated to 115° F., however, proved fatal to both larvae and
pupae. Exposure to a temperature of about 40° F. for two or three
hours caused larvae and pupae to become dormant, the former being
found on the bottom of the containing vessel, the latter remaining on
the surface. Pupae resumed their activity at 60° F., and larvae at
80° F. No cannibalism Avas observed among the larvae, although the
decaying bodies of those which died in the breeding jars served as food
for the survivors.

Pairing and feeding on the part of adult females was found to occur
as soon after emergence as possible. Dry weather acted as a deterrent
to feeding both in and out of doors ; drought probably caused an
absence of odour and a consequent failure to recognise the presence
of a host. Fertile eggs were deposited after the first blood meal, but
only when water or moist surfaces were available. Vigorous females
fed within 24 hours after egg-laying and again on the following day.
Goats, dogs, bandicoots and rats proved suitable hosts. In two cases
single eggs were laid by females which had been fed on a mixture of
blood and honey, and blood and syrup, respectively. The duration of
the adult stage without food averaged from six to eight days, with an
extreme of 12 days. Moist conditions were more favourable for
prolonging this stage than drpiess or blood meals. When water was
not available for oviposition, the average duration of the adult female
stage was prolonged to 31*3 days, with an extreme of 74 days. Experi-
ments to induce oviposition in the absence of a blood meal met with
negative results. In one case, a female which had survived on honey
and white of egg for 56 days without egg-laying was given three blood
meals ; fertile eggs were deposited four days after the first blood meal.

163

'The maximum period during which the spermatozoa remained active
in the spermothecae of the female was 62 days ; the female in cjuestion
laid further batches of eggs after this period, but none were fertile.
One male fertilised 10 out of 21 females, but these as a whole produced
few eggs. This may have been due to the fact that insufficient food
had been supplied in the larval stage. Dry chmatic conditions proved
most fatal to the adults. Natural enemies included the ants, Mono-
moriiim pharaonis, L., and Solenopsis geminata, F., the spider, XJlohorus
Jeniculatus, the scorpion, Isometrus maculatus, small Mantids, two
species of wall-haunting lizards and a gecko.

Larvae and pupae of S. fasciata reared in captivity were heavily
parasitised by the gregarine, Lancasteria culicis, Wenvon. Bacteria
occurred in the larval gut and adult stomach, and in the latter yeasts
were also present.

Observation^ were made on the bionomics of certain forms alUed to
B. fasciata. Larvae of S. sugens were obtained from small rock pools.
Eggs laid by adults arising from these larvae incubated in captivity
in two days. The eggs and larvae of this generation were affected by
heat, cold, and drought in a similar manner to those of S. fasciata.
Storage of the eggs under moist conditions was apparently less favour-
able than in the case of S. fasciata. Larvae became full-grown in three
days, pupated wdthin four or five days, and adults emerged on the
sixth day. Under natural conditions the developmental period was
probably shorter. No wild adults were captured ; those obtained
in the breeding cages paired at night or in a darkened cage, and among
the females, feeding was in no way connected with pairing. The
number of eggs laid was limited to two batches, but in nature probably
more are deposited. The duration of Hf e of the adult female extended
in some instances over a month. Eggs of S. simpsoni were resistant
to drought, as in the preceding species. Captive females fed readily at
night on human blood ; pairing was not observed and only infertile
eggs were laid. The duration of the female Hfe exceeded a month.
Observations on S. luteocephala were very similar to those recorded
for S. simpsoni. Larvae and adults of OcJilerotatus apicoannulatus,
O. minutus and Uranotaenia ornatus were obtained. Eretmopodites
quinquevittatus and E. chrysogaster were collected from water in tins,
etc, and E. dracaenae from leaf whorls and leaf axils. Pairinff and
feeding on human blood took place and eggs were deposited by
E. quinquevittatus. They were laid beneath the surface of the water
and were probably not resistant to drought, since all hatched within
a few days and those removed from the water collapsed on dryino-.
The eggs were of two kinds, large and small ; the former hatched in
two or three days, the latter in five or six days. Adults fed readily
on human blood, but man is probably not the normal host. Those
supphed with honey, water and banana Uved for two or three weeks.

The breeding and dispersal of mosquitos in Freetown is dependent
on chmatic conditions, and especially on the character of the onset of
the rainy season and the tornado at the beginning of March. Mosquitos
are usually carried down the estuary of the Sierra Leone River to the
town and beyond it to the shipping in the harbour. It is therefore
important that drainage measures should be extended to the outlying
districts of the town and that operations against breeding places should
be begun at the commencement of the rains.

164

The value ef petroleum, soft soap, flake naphthaline and sea water
in destropng eggs, larvae and pupae of S.fasciata was tested. Petroleum
(1 in 600) killed the majority of larvae and pupae in one hour, but had
no effect on the eggs, nor were the larvae hatching from the eggs
affected. Soft soap (1 in 600) killed larvae, pupae, and young larvae
hatching from the eggs. The eggs themselves developed normally
when submerged for 20 hours, but were affected by submergence for
eight days. At the rate of 1 in 8,000 soft soap was almost useless,
while petroleum (1 in 4,000) was an efficient larvicide when allowed
to act for 48 hours. Naphthahne (1 in 8,000) was fatal to larvae ;
it was not effective against pupae, but killed all adults emerging during
the first day of exposure and 50 per cent, of those emerging during the
second. At the rate of 1 in 4,000, larvae, pupae and adults emerging
fi'om pupae were destroyed when the receptacle was protected by a
cheese cloth cover. In an emulsified form the above substances were
more effective and cheaper than when used singly. All larvae and
pupae were killed by an emulsion of petroleum and soft soap at the
rate of 1 in 16,000, or by petroleum, soft soap, and naphthaline
at the rate of 1 in 20,000. Larvae within the eggs were not
affected by the former emulsion at a strength of 1 in 8,000, but the
same liquid induced the less resistant eggs to hatch at once and con-
sequently the emerging larvae were killed. Sea water had the effect of
hastening the hatching of eggs, but none of the larvae which emerged
lived for more than one hour. Pupae were able to complete their
development after 16 hours exposure to salt water. Resistant eggs.
hatched* to the extent of 36 per cent, after 20 hours' immersion in sea,
water, while among similar eggs in tap water only 2 per cent, hatched
in the same period. Of those remaining in the salt water, a further
43 per cent, hatched on removal to tap water after 44 hours' immersion.
It is suggested that in coast towns salt water might be used for flushing
gutters, sewers, etc., after clearing ; it should be apphed freely at the
close of the rains.

This paper concludes with a description of the methods and apparatus
used for carrying out the above experiments.

Velu ( — ). Note sur une lesion de myase intestinale chez le chevaL
[Note on a lesion resulting from intestinal myiasis in the horse.]—
Recueil Med. Vet.Alfort, xcii, no. 13, 15th July 1916, pp 408-410,
2 figs.

The long drought of 1913 in Morocco greatly favoured the attack of
parasites in many domestic animals. The number of Oestrids greatly
increased and in nearly every horse examined post-mortem over a.
1,000 larvae were usually found. Ordinarily, even when present in
large numbers, these larvae produced no apparent ill effect on their
host ; the inflammation produced is usually very hmited and this,
causes a thickening of the bottom of the cavity in which the larva is.
buried, which tends to prevent perforation and the consequent peritoneal
injury that may end in death. Three species, Gasirophilus equi,
G. nasalis (veterinus) and G. haemorrhoidalis, were present, but the
lesions which resulted in death were caused entirely by G. nasalis.

NOTICES.

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CONTENTS.

Notes on Dengue in New South Wales

Eeport on Yellow Fever in Lagos

Stegomyia and YeUow Fever in Ecuador

Mosquitos and other Blood-sucking Insects in Sierra Leone

Blood-sucking Organisms and Disease in Sierra Leone

The Nature of the Virus of Yellow Fever . .

Insect -borne Diseases in Rhodesia

Insects and Disease in the Gold Coast

Notes on Fleas from Caucasia and Persia

Anophelines of Minnesota not carrying Malaria

The Development of Malaria Parasites in American Anophelines

Heavy Oils as Mosqviito Larvicides . .

Exanthematous Typhus and Lice in Tunis

The Conveyance of Typhus Fever by Lice

The Control of Lice

The Control of Malaria in South Africa

Malaria Prevention on Active Service in Africa

Dermacentor venustus and Eooky Mountain Spotted Fever in the

LJ'OaXX* •• •• •• •• •• «•

The Effect of Tick Bites on Man in the U.S.A.
Rat Poison as a means of exterminating Plague in Japan
Cyanide G-as for the Destruction of Insects . .
A new Oestrid from Eritrea

The Deterrent Effect of Blue Light on House-Flies . .
Notes on the Larvae of Culex geniculatus in France . .
Malaria and other Insect-borne Diseases in the Sahara
The Habits of Dermatohia hominis in Brazil . .
The Control of Lice on Horses in Grermany . .
Damage to Live-stock by Simulmm in Hungary
The Protection of Domestic Animals against Flies . .
Quarantine Measures against Plague and Yellow Fever in the
Gambia . . . . . .

Liponyssus bursa attacking Man in Australia

New Australian Muscid Flies . .

Mosquitos at San Diego, California . .

The Bionomics of Mosquitos in the U.S.A.

Dipping against Ticks in Jamaica

A Trap for collecting Mosquitos

The Bionomics of Stegomyia fasciata and other Mosquitos in Sierra

XiOOxlu •• •• •• •• •• •• •• ••

GastropMlus spp. infesting Horses in Morocco

PAGE.

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' c.

VOL. IV. Ser. B. Part ll.-pp. 165-180. NOVEMBER, 1916.

THE REVIEW
OF APPLIED
ENTOMOLOGY.

SERIES b: medical

AND VETERINARY.

ISSUED BY THE IMPERIAL
BUREAU OP ENTOMOLOay,

LONDON I

SOIiD BY

DULAU & CO., Ltd., 37, SOHO SQUARE, W.
Price 6d. net.

All Rigrhts Reserved.

IMPERIAL BUREAU OF ENTOMOLOGY.

l^onorarp Commiuee of n^anadement.

RT. HON. LEWIS HARCOURT, M.P., Chairman.
Lieutenant-Colonel A. W. Alcock, C.I.E., F.R.S., London School of

Tropical Medicine.
Mr. E. E. Austen, Entomological Department, British Museum

(Natural History).
Dr. A. G. Bagshawe, C.M.G., Director, Tropical Diseases Bureau.
Mr. E. C. Blech, C.M.G., Foreign Office.

Sir J. Rose Bradford, K.C.M.G., F.R.S., Secretary, Royal Society.
Surgeon-General Sir David Bruce, C.B., F.R.S., A.M.S.
Mr. J. C. F. Fryer, Entomologist to the Board of Agriculture and

Fisheries.
Dr. S. F. Harmer, F.R.S., Keeper of Zoology, British Museum

(Natural History).
Professor H. Maxwell Lefroy, Imperial College of Science and

Technology.
The Hon. Sir John McCall, M.D., Agent-General for Tasmania.
Dr. R. Stewart MacDougall, Lecturer on Agricultural Entomology,

Edinburgh University.
Sir John McFadyean, Principal, Royal Veterinary College, Camden

Town.
Sir Patrick Manson, G.C.M.G., F.R.S., Late Medical Adviser to the

Colonial Office.
Sir Daniel Morris, K.C.M.G., Late Adviser to the Colonial Office

in Tropical Agriculture.
Professor R. Newstead, F.R.S., Dutton Memorial Professor of

Medical Entomology, Liverpool University.
Professor G. H. F. Nuttall, F.R.S., Quick Professor of Protozoology,

Cambridge.
Professor E. B. Poulton, F.R.S., Hope Professor of Zoology, Oxford.
Lieutenant-Colonel Sir David Prain, CLE., C.M.G., F.R.S., Director,

Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew.
Mr. H. J. Read, C.B., C.M.G., Colonial Office.
The Honourable N. C. Rothschild.

Mr. Hugh Scott, Curator in Zoology, Museum of Zoology, Cambridge.
Dr. A. E. Shipley, F.R.S., Master of Christ's College, Cambridge.
Sir Stewart Stockman, Chief Veterinary Officer, Board of Agriculture.
Mr. P. V. Theobald, Vice-Principal, South Eastern Agricultural

College, Wye.
Mr. C. Warburton, Zoologist to the Royal Agricultural Society of

England.

The Chief Entomologist in each of the Self-governing Dominions

is an ex officio member of the Committee.

©encral SecretacB.
Mr. A. C. C. Parkinson (Colonial Office).

Director anD JB&ltor.
Dr. Guy A. K. Marshall.

Bssistant HXrcctor. Hsststant B&ttor.

Mr. S. A. Neave. ' Mr. W. North.

Head Office. — British Museum (Natural History), Cromwell Road,

London, S.W.
Publication Office. — 89, Queen's Gate, London, S.W.

165

Correspondence Relating to the Possibility of the Introduction of Yellow
Fever by Land into the Gold Co2^t.~~Rept. Yellow Fev. Commiss.
{West Africa), London, iii, 1916, pp. 196-214, 2 maps. [Received
14th August 1916.]

This correspondence includes a letter from the Chief Commissioner
of the Northern Territories in which it is stated that Stegomyia fasciata
and AnopJieles costalis occur throughout the Protectorate and tsetse
flies are found everywhere in the vicinity of the large rivers. The large
number of roads entering the Northern Territories from surroimding
districts increases the chances of infection and the spread of disease,
but at the same time avoids congestion in the movements of cattle.

Correspondence Relating to the Introduction of Infection into the West
African Colonies by Se&.—^RepL Yellow Fev. Commiss. {West
Africa), London, ni. 1916, pp. 215-241. [Received 14th August
1916.]

Records are given of the degree of prevalence of mosquito larvae and
adults found on vessels trading with ports of the West African Colonies.
Adults of the following species were found : — Culex decens, C. duttoni.
C. jnpiens, Anopheles {Pyretophorus) costalis, Ochlerotatus sp., Stegomyia
fasciata {calopus). Larvae of the following were found in collections of
rain water occurring in native canoes or boats plying between the
harbour and the shore : — S. fasciata, S. sugens, C. duttoni, C. pipiens.
No mosquitos were found in the holds of any of the vessels examined.
The places most infested by mosquitos were Forcados, Opobo, Benin.
Brass, Okrika and Port Harcourt.

Descazeaux (J.). Traitement de la gale. [Treatment of Mange.] —
Recueil Med. Vet., Alfort, xcii, no. 14, 30th July 1916,
pp. 227-237, 1 fig.

The usual treatment of French army horses at the front when
suffering from mange has been to smear their coats with some parasiti-
cide in a basis of grease or vaseline and to leave them unwashed for a
week or more. The result is that all the dust and dirt to which they
are exposed sticks to the hair, the coat becomes excessively filthy and
the condition of the animals is rendered worse rather than improved.
As the loss of service from sarcoptic mange among the horses of the
French army has been very serious, in some units as much as 60 per
cent., the author, who has a high opinion of the value of dipping as
practised in South America, has urged and, despite great opposition,
has succeeded in obtaining the construction of a proper dipping tank,
a scale drawing and detailed description of which is given. The bath
was warmed by a steam jet passing directly into the dip, which is
necessarily diluted by the condensed steam by about 28 gallons per
diem. As the composition of " Sarnol," a commercial article much
used in South America was not known, the following mixture was tried
with success, containing in parts per 1,000 of water, cresyl 25, arsenious
acid 1, potassium polysulphide 6, sodium carbonate 10. The simplest
method of preparation was to place the ingredients in proper propor-
tions in sacks and suspend these for a whole night in the total quantity
of liquid required ; by keeping a quantity of the mixture always

(C323) Wt.Pl/106. 1,500. 11.16. B.&F.Ltd. Gp.11/3. A

166

ready for solution there was no practical difficulty in keeping the bath
up to strength. The procedure is as follows : all shoes are removed
from the horses to be treated and each is chpped and thoroughly rubbed
over with soft soap, they are then taken in batches of 150 at a time to
the dipping tank. The manner of handling them is described and it is
said that there is rarely any trouble, especially after the second dipping.
Nine times out of ten the horse immerses itself completely, and if not,
a man is at hand with a pail to complete the dipping, during which the
horses have to swim 20-25 feet. As the horses emerge they are taken
to a room where a dozen men with hand-brushes scrub them thoroughly
from head to foot ; they are then covered, if the weather be cold, and
taken at once to stable ; in winter a short stay in an artificially heated
drying room would be very desirable, if such a room could be pro\dded.
A staff of 16 men can handle 150 animals in a little over two hours.
The operation must be repeated every four or five days, and an average
of eight dippings is required to cure a mangy horse ; during treatment
each horse is thoroughly brushed and rubbed all over once daily. The
results are claimed to have been very satisfactory ; itching ceased
after the first or second dipping ; the sores healed rapidly and the skin
quickly became clean and healthy ; every part of the body shared in
these benefits, and in a fortnight the hair began to grow again on the
bald places and the coat generally became glossy and abundant. The
recovery of bodily condition was also very marked, possibly owing to
the arsenic absorbed acting as a tonic. Although the bath has only been
in operation a few months, the advantages of immersion over any treat-
ment by ointments have become obvious ; losses by death or rejection
have been reduced by 50 per cent, in the area in Avhich the dip is used,
and the cost of the eight dips required to cure a horse amounts to a
httle over one shilling. It is suggested that where a dipping tank camiot
be estabhshed, all mangy horses should be sprayed very thoroughly,
and it is pointed out that a tank to catch the liquid, a few square feet
of cement floor for the horse to stand on, and a good spray pump is all
that is required beyond the necessary chemicals, and that prompt
treatment on the spot by this method would keep a large number of
horses in working condition, which would otherwise be useless for a long
time or rejected altogether from the service.

Waterston (J.). Fleas as a Menace to Man and Domestic Animals,
their Life-History, Habits and ControL— Brit. Miis. {Nat. Hist.),
Economic Ser. no. 3, London, 1916, 21 pp., 6 figs. [Received
24th August 1916.]

This pamphlet gives an account of the structure, Ufe-history and
habits of fleas and describes methods for their control. The species
mentioned as occurring in Britain are Pulex irritans, Ctenocephalus
canis, C.felis, Ceratophyllus fasciatus, C. gallinae, Spilopsyllus cuniculi
and Leptopsylla musculi.

The Poultry Lice Crop Good. — Weekly Press. Bull., Penns. Dept. Agric.y
Harrishurg, i, no. 31, 10th August 1916.

The commonest species of lice on chickens and pigeons in Pennsyl-
vania are Menopon biseriatum and M. pallidum. Dusting with pyre-
thrum or Persian powder is recommended as a control measure. Mites,

6

167

which are more abundant than the Uce, can be destroyed by cleaning
the poultry houses thoroughly with boihng water, creosote or a
coal tar solution. Fumigation with sulphur or formaldehyde is also
recommended.

Ross (P. H.). Dermatitis due to the secretion of a beetle in British
East Africa. — Jt Trop. Med. & Hyg., London, xix, no. 17,
1st September 1916, p. 202.

In July and August 1915 many cases of acute dermatitis due to
contact with a small beetle occurred at Nairobi, and the fact is recorded
as a similar epidemic occurred in West Africa, at Leopoldville [see this
Review, Ser. B, iv, p. 15]. These specimens were identified by the
Imperial Bureau of Entomology as Paederus crebripunctatus, Epp.

Saunders (Winifred H.). Fly Investigations Reports. — i. Some
Observations on the Life-History of the Blow-Fly and of the
I^ House-Fly, made from August to September 1915, for the Zoologi-
cal Society of London. — Proc. Zool. Sac, London, London, 1916,
Partiii, September 1916 pp. 461-463.

In experiments made on Calliphora erythrocephala and Lucilia
caesar, the flies were allowed to oviposit on raw meat. Eggs of the
former species laid on lst-2nd September hatched on 2nd-3rd ; the
larvae pupated after from 10 to 16 days, and adults emerged in from
8 to 13 days later. L. caesar differed from C. erythrocephala in that in
some cases the pupal stage was prolonged to 24 days. Some eggs and
larvae were killed by a temperature of 100'4° F. Later in the year
the larval period extended over several weeks, and all larvae died at the
beginning of November. Oviposition did not take place on dry meat.

Eggs of Musca domestica were laid on banana, either under the loose
skin or in crevices of the pulp. Hatching took place on the day
following oviposition, although half the eggs were kept at a temperature
of 100-4° F. and the remainder at from 40° to 60° F. The food of the
larvae consisted of banana and a mixture of bread, casein, sugar and
water. The same mixture was also found suitable for C. erythrocephala
and L. caesar. The duration of the hf e-cycle up to the time of emergence
of the adult varied from 9 to 14 days at 100-4° F., and from 23 to 25
days at from 40° to 60° F.

Saunders (Winifred H.). Fly Investigations Reports.— ii. Trials for

/: Catching, Repelling, and Exterminating Flies in Houses, made

during the year 1915 for the Zoological Society of London. —

Proc. Zool. Soc, London, London, 1916, Partiii, September 1916,
pp. 465-468, 3 tables.

The investigations recorded in this paper were carried out at a house
in Kent during August and September 1915. A breeding place for
flies was furnished by a manure heap near the house. Measures were
taken (1) to prevent breeding by treating farmyard manure (a) in the
manure heap with tetrachlorethane, 1 part in 20 of water, every four
days ; (6) in the garden with green oil and soil at the rate of 1 part of
oil and 40 of soil to 100 square feet of surface ; (2) to destroy flies by

(C323) a2

168

poisoning and using traps. The treatment of manure did not per-
ceptibly decrease the number of flies ; they must therefore have
migrated from a breeding place further distant. The traps used were
fly-papers and balloon traps baited with casein and sugar in equal parts,
moistened with stout, banana, or water. Fly-papers captured nmch
larger numbers than the balloon traps during the same period. Of the
latter, those in which banana formed part of the bait gave the best
results. Kooms were sprayed with Fly-bane, Exol and Army Spray.
Fly-bane killed flies by contact, but did not act as a repellent ; its
use in rooms was accompanied by certain disadvantages. Exol
paralysed flies in half an hour, but all recovered within 20 hours.
Army Spray killed flies by contact, but was not a deterrent. Treacle,
arsenic and water used as a spray and placed on rags proved useless.

Saunders (Winifred H.). Fly Investigation Reports. — iii. Investiga-
tions into Stable Manure to check the Breeding of House-Flies,
made during the year 1915 for the Zoological Society of London. —

Proc. Zool. Soc, London, London, 1916, Part iii, September 1916,
pp. 469-479.

A number of compounds were tested as to their value in destroying
fly larvae in manure and acting as repellents against adults visiting
manure heaps for purposes of oviposition. The following liquids
miscible in water were used as poisons : — Miscible tetrachlorethane ;
miscible fusel oil, 1 per cent. ; miscible pyridine, 5 and 10 per cent. ;
soluble tar oil ; higher pyridine bases ; neutral blast-furnace oil ;
heavy and light miscible oil. Non-miscible liquids tested as repellents
were : — Neutral blast-furnace oil ; blast-furnace creosote ; green oil ;
tar oil and pyridene ; mineral oil and pyridene. All substances used
in the manurial experiments were tested on plants to determine the
effect on germination, growth, etc.

The results showed that the following methods of treatment were
very successful : — (1) the surface-dressing of manure with green tar oil
or with neutral blast-furnace oil and soil, at the rate of 1 part oil to
40 parts soil ; the mixture was spread over the surface of the heap to
a depth of one inch, and in forming a new heap, the ground below was
previously oiled ; (2) the application of tetrachlorethane, in the
miscible or pure form, at the rate of 2 oz. to 10 cubic feet of manure.
Both substances killed fly larvae and were harmless to plants. The
effect of the tar oil was permanent, as it was resistant to rain, while
that of tetrachlorethane lasted only while the liquid vaporised. The
use of tar oil is recommended for large accumulations of manure in
camps or for horticultural purposes ; the cost is Is. per gallon when
purchased in large quantities.

Lodge (Olive C). Fly Investigation Reports.— vi. Some Enquiry
into the Question of Baits and Poisons for Flies, being a Report on
the Experimental Work carried out during 1915 for the Zoological
Society of London. — Proc. ZooL Soc, London, London, 1916,
Part iii, September 1916, pp. 481-518, 5 tables.

A number of animal and vegetable substances and chemical com-
pounds were tested as to their relative powers of attracting the following

169

species of blowflies : — Calliphom erythrocephala, C vomitoria, Lucilia
caesar, Protocalliphora groenlandica, Fannia canicularis, F. scalaris,
Piophila casei, Sarcophaga carnaria and Musca domestica. The most
attractive baits were liver, brain, fish or hard-boiled egg in which
maggots were present. Attractiveness increased after the baits had
been blown and were in a more or less liquid condition in consequence
of the digestive action of the larvae. Animal substances always proved
more attractive than vegetable or chemical compounds, but mixtures
of casein and peptone with water and bread gave fairly good results
when no other bait was present. The offensive smell of decomposing
meat substances and of casein and peptone mixtures renders their
general use impossible, but they might be placed at some distance from
dwelling places, where the odour would not be noticeable. The baits
should be placed in sunny positions, since the number of flies then
attracted is much greater than in the shade.

Among the baits tested for house-flies, the following were the most
satisfactory : — (1) mixtures of casein, sugar and water, with or without
banana, in equal proportions ; if beer or stout was added, the mixtures
became attractive immediately, otherwise they must be kept one or
two days ; (2) malted milk and water ; (3) banana, especially when
over-ripe ; (4) custard pudding ; (5) cornflour, milk and sugar ;
(6) custard powder, milk and sugar. Casein mixtures had certain
advantages on account of their cheapness, the length of time of
attractiveness (from 7 to 10 days) and the absence of offensive smell
when mixed with sugar, banana, etc. The number of flies caught on
dull days was less than on sunny days. Certain substances were tested
as to their poisonous effect, mainly on house-flies. The most effective
was formalin bait, consisting of 25 cc. of 30 per cent, formahn and
75 cc. casein mixture, which killed 31 per cent, of flies present on the
first day. On the second day, ammonium nitrate (5 per cent, pure)
killed 53 per cent, of flies ; 40 per cent, formahn, 45 per cent. ; and
antimony oxychloride, 37 '5 per cent. Experiments on starving flies
showed that they could survive longer without food than could those
which had been given poisoned baits ; in September and October they
succumbed after starving for six days, but in November and December
they remained alive for from 7 to 10 days.

A species of Empusa caused great mortality during September and
October, although breeding continued. The proportion of male and
female house-flies emerging during the period covered by these experi-
ments was almost equal, while approximately equal numbers died
naturally in August and September. More than twice as many females
as males were caught in baited traps, owing to the fact that they visited
the traps both for feeding and for oviposition.

SwENK (M. H.). Descriptions and Records of North American Hippo-
/^- boscidae. — Jl. New York Entom. Soc, Lancaster, Pa., xxiv., no. 2,

June 1916, pp. 126-136. [Received 1st September 1916.]

The following species are recorded from various birds : — Olfersia
albipennis, Say ; 0. botaurinoruni, sp. n. ; 0. scutellaris, sp. n. ;
0. intertropica. Walk. ; 0. angustifrons, Wulp ; 0. atnericana, Leach ;
0. wolcotti, sp. n. ; Ornithomyia buteonis, sp. n. ; 0. costaricensis,
sp. n. ; 0. pirangae, sp. n.

170

Felt (E. P.). Thirty-flrst Report of the State Entomologist on
Injurious and Otiier Insects of tlie State of New York, 1915. —
New York State Mas. Bull, Albany, no. 186, 1st June 1916,
pp. 15-88, 13 plates, 22 tables. [Received 1st September 1916.]

Mosquito investigations were carried out in the neighbourhood of
Sodus Bay, where a large swampy area in the immediate vicinity of
the village provided a breeding place for large numbers of mosquitos.
Anopheles 'punctifennis, Say, occurred in small numbers in June,
July and August, the larvae being found most frequently in grassy
pools. Psorophora ciliata, F., was taken in July and August ; the
larvae of this species were predaceous on larvae of other mosquitos.
Ochlerotatus (Aedes) abfitchi, Felt, bred abundantly in open, grassy pools,
in association udth 0. (A.) aurifer, Coq. Larvae of 0. {A.) canadensis,
Theo., were taken in stagnant water near the village. 0. (A.) siih-
cantmis, Felt, appeared in small numbers. 0. {A.) sylvestris, Theo.,
was obtained between June and August, the larvae being very abundant
after heavy rains. 0. {A.) impiger, Walk., bred in small temporary
woodland or swamp pools in association with 0. canadensis. It did
not appear to be troublesome, thus differing from another woodland
form, O. {A.) trivittatus, Coq., which was reported to be a persistent
biter. 0. {A.) triseriatus, Say, was found in tree-holes on a few occasions.
Cnlex pipiens, L., was common in stagnant water in barrels, etc., and
in one instance was found in a tree -hole with 0. triseriatus. C. restuans,
Walk., occurred in artificial collections of water, but in smaller numbers
than the preceding species. C. territans. Walk., was apparently
abundant and troublesome during the warm months ; the breeding
places were similar to those of C. restuans and C. pipiens. C. dyari,
Coq., was met with on one occasion only. Adults of Taeniwhynchus
(Mansonia) perturbans, Walk., were observed between 14th June and
30th August. The larvae were associated with the water plants,
Typlia latifolia and Docodon verticillatus, from which they derived
their air supply.

The follo\nng recommendations were made for controlling mosquitos
in this region : — (1) burning sedge and cat-tail areas in winter and
cutting the same at the end of May ; (2) filling-in small permanent
pools in the residential section ; (3) using heavy fuel oil on the breeding
places.

Garden (G.). Report by the Senior Veterinary Officer. — Ann. Rept.
Dept. Agric. Nyasaland for the Year ended 31st March 1916,
Zomba, 30th June 1916, pp. 17-18. [Received 4th September
1916.]

Sporadic outbreaks of trypanosomiasis among cattle occurred in
the Zomba, BlantjTC and Mlanje districts, though only the last-named
is likely to prove a permanent centre of infection. Cases of the disease
were also met with in the Fort Johnston district and at Chiromo.
Tick-borne diseases showed a considerable decrease in prevalence ;
cases occurred in the Zomba and Blantyre areas, and in outlying parts
of the Mlanje district in which facilities for dipping were wanting.
In areas in which dipping was regularly carried out, a marked diminu-
tion in the number of Stamoxys and other biting flies was observed.

171

This is attributed to the action of the arsenical dip, which, after
continuous treatment, permeates the outer layers of the hides of
cattle, and thus becomes absorbed by ticks and biting flies. It is
beUeved that Glossina may also be controlled by this means.

Mason (C). Report of the Government Entomologist. — Ann. Rept.
,^ Deft. Agrie. Nyasaland for the Year ended 31st March 1916,
C^ Zomha, 30th June 1916, pp. 19-22. [Received 4th September
1916.]

On account of the outbreaks of trypanosomiasis among transport
cattle on the Zomba-Blantyre road investigations were begun to
determine whether a fly area existed in the highlands, from which
infection could be carried to the cattle. The investigations are still
incomplete. Glossina brevipalpis was probably responsible for the
cases of trypanosomiasis at Mlanje. Four or five species of Stomoxys
and a number of Tabanids were collected. A Bembecid wasp was
predaceous on Tabanus denshami, T. taeniola, T. taeniola var. variatus
and T.fuscipes. An Asilid was noted to attack T.fuscipes, and another
Asilid, Alcimus rubiginosus, attacked Chrysops woodi. Two species
of SiMULiiDAE were taken on cattle and a third on cattle and man.
HippoBOSCiDAE included :~Hippobosca fulva on impala and bushbuck,
Lynchia maura on ring-dove, and Echestypus paradoxus on bushbuck
and warthog.

NoBBS (E. A.) & Sinclair (J. M.). Compulsory Dipping.— JRAtxiesia
Agric. Jl., Salisbury, xiii, no. 4, August 1916, pp. 466-473.

The Compulsory Dipping Ordinance of 1914 is now in operation on
about 600 out of the 2,000 occupied farms in the country, including
parts of the native districts of Salisbury, Mazoe, Hartley, Marandellas,
Umtali and Melsetter. The necessity for the more general practice of
regular dipping is emphasised. Explanatory details and methods of
procedure in any area to which it is desired to apply the Ordinance are
given. Attention is called to the fact that dipping in terms of the
Ordinance implies the use of an approved solution of a certain strength
and purity. The intervals between each dip should not exceed a week
throughout the six months during which ticks are most abundant.
Financial assistance in the matter of erection of dipping tanks by
private individuals may be provided by the Legislative Council or by
the Land Bank. The erection of public dipping tanks at centres
through which many cattle pass is not advocated, since such a tank
would not ensure regular dipping and would involve the contact of
clean with infected animals, while owners would be likely to retain
milch cows, calves and sick animals at home.

Sinclair (J. M.). Veterinary Report.^Rhodesia Agric. JL, Salisbury,
xiii, no. 4, August 1916, pp. 546-549.

Outbreaks of African coast fever occurred during May in the Mazoe
and Melsetter districts. In the Mrewa district a further outbreak
occurred, involving the death and destruction of 51 head of cattle.

172

Compulsory dipping of all cattle over a large area round the infected
centre was enforced and the necessary dipping tanks were erected.
Tick-infested cattle were found in the Gwelo district and three-day
dipping was instituted there. During June the remaining cattle on
the infected farm in the Mazoe district were destroyed. In the Mrewa
district cattle removed from infected to clean ground remained healthy ;
the dipping interval was extended from three to five days. The
existence of African coast fever was demonstrated in the Gwelo district.

Christophers (S. R.). A New Anopheline with Unspotted Wings from
Mesopotamia {Anopheles lukisi). — Ind. JJ. Med. Research,
Calcutta, iv, no. 1, July 1916, pp. 120-122. [Received 12th
September 1916.]

Anopheles luJcisi, sp. n., obtained together with A. sinensis var.
tnesopotamiae from Amara, is described. Both these species were found
to bite during the evening.

Aw ATI (P. R.). studies in Flies, Contributions to the Study of Specific

X . Differences in the Genus Musca. 2. — Structures other than

Genitalia. — Ind. Jl. Med. Research, Calcutta, iv, no. 1, July 1916,

pp. 123-139, 10 figs., 2 tables. [Received 12th September 1916.]

The generic characters of the genus Musca are described. The
following characters, in addition to the genitalia, have been found
of value in specific identification : — Chaetotaxy, differences in the
ground colour of the abdomen, in the arrangement of the shimmering
areas on the abdomen and of the thoracic stripes, variations in
the fifth sternite of the female, the presence or absence of spines
beyond the anterior ci^oss vein, the number of spines on the hmneral
vein, and the position of the fovae of the antennae. A key to the
identification of the species of the genus, based on these characters, is
given.

Gill (C. A.). Malaria in Muscat. — Ind. Jl. Med. Research, Calcutta,
iv, no. 1, July 1916, pp. 190-235, 4 plates, 1 chart, 2 maps,
10 tables. [Received 12th September 1916.]

The investigations here recorded were confined to a very limited area
in and around Muscat. Mosquito breeding places in the immediate
vicinity of the camp were extremely Umited, owing to the scarcity of
vegetation and the absence of a native village. Rain water w^as how-
ever able to collect and remain in depressions in the surrounding
volcanic rocks. During 1915, owing to the shght rainfall, these pools
dried up almost entirely, and thus further reduced the number of
breeding places. Wild animals included a few Arabian gazelles, hares
and foxes ; domestic animals included camels, donkeys and cattle.
Rats were abundant and troublesome. The insect fauna included
house-flies, Stonioxys calcitrans, especially in November and December,
blue-bottles, Phlebotonius sp., and a bug, Triatoma (Conorhinus) sp.,
as well as the following Anophelines : — Anopheles {Myzornyia) culi-
cifacies, Giles ; A. {Neocellia) stephensi, Liston ; A. (M.) rhodesiensis,

173

Theo. ; A. {M.) funestus var. arabica, Christophers, and A. {Pyreto-
phorus) cinereus, Theo. Ticks, fleas, and lice occurred in small numbers.
A. culicifacies was found to breed freely in surface water collections
and in shallow wells between October and March inclusive. Adults
were taken in the vicinity of the camp in small numbers from November
1914 to February 1915. Larvae of A. stephensi were present in two
situations, one a cistern, the other a brackish pool, between October
and December 1915 ; no adults were observed. A. rhodesiensis was
present in abundance in pools of surface water during March 1915.
Breeding was rapid until the first half of May, then decreased in
activity until October. During that month larvae were fomid in
wells in small numbers. Adults were taken in Muscat Fort in March
and April. This species probably attacks man. A. funestus var.
arabica was confined to underground aqueducts, in which situations
larvae were fairly numerous between November and April. Adults
were captured from November to January ; they appeared to rest
during the day on the sides of the aqueducts immediately above the
breeding places. Larvae of A. cinereus were present in a tank in Muscat
during December. The breeding places of Anophelines were thus
mainly of a permanent character, and breeding was continuous
throughout the year, except during the hottest months.

An examination of civil and military fever statistics showed that a
marked decline in malaria occurred in June, and few cases were observed
between this month and September. During this period high tempera-
tures and a high degree of humidity prevailed. Malaria was very pre-
valent in April and May, when a high temperature was accompanied by
a relatively low humidity. Although Anophelines were present almost
throughout the year, their numbers were scarcely enough to bring
about a rapid spread of the disease. The evidence collected in 1915
seemed to show that the majority of cases of fever among the troops
were relapses due to previously acquired infection. The civil popu-
lation however showed a high degree of infection, and it must therefore
be assumed that active transmission of the disease may occur in certain
years. The tendency to relapse may be occasioned to a greater or less
extent by the climatic and physiographical conditions. Cases of
blackwater fever occurred among the civil population throughout the
greater part of the year ; the disease was associated with intense
malaria and chiefly affected indigenous inhabitants and old residents.

Anti-malarial measures were almost entirely neglected by the civilians
of Muscat. The following recommendations are made : — ( 1) extension
of the pipe system of water supply, thus decreasing the necessity
for private wells ; (2) the proper covering of wells, tanks, etc. ; (3) the
use of mosquito-nets throughout the year, and the screening of windows,
etc., with wire gauze. In the camp, the covering of wells and the filhng
in of a collection of surface water resulted in an appreciable decrease in
the numbers of mosquitos. The access of mosquitos to troops under
canvas could be prevented to a considerable degree by providing a
double screen of mosquito-netting at the door of the tent.

The system of quinine administration is discussed. The scheme
consisted of the continuous use of relatively small doses for a prolonged
period. No attempt was made to administer the drug except to known
malaria cases and to those showing enlargement of the spleen. This
method of procedure resulted in a gradual decrease in the number of
cases of fever treated.

174

Cornwall (J. W.). A Contribution to the Study of Kala-Azar. (ii).—
Ind. Jl Med. Research, Cahutta, iv, no. 1, July 1916, pp. 105-119,
1 plate. [Received 12tli September 1916.]

Further experiments were made in order to determine whether
Cimex hemiptems {rotundatus) is able to transmit Leishmania donovani,
the parasite of kala-azar (1) by biting, (2) through the medium of its
faeces, or (3) by being devoured by another insect or vertebrate. In
the first case, infected bugs were unable to inoculate a sterile culture
fluid either with flagellates or "with bodies capable of developing into
flagellates. In the second case, if a viable cystic form of the parasite
were present in the faeces, infection would be transmitted if the faeces
came into contact with feeding punctures, wounds, etc., on the skin of
the host. As yet no such forms have been found in the rectum or faeces
of the bug, and it is therefore improbable that infection can be carried
by this means. A number of flagellate and non-flagellate forms were
found in the rectum, but these all showed signs of degeneration and are
beheved by the author to have reached this position accidentally from
the stomach. With regard to the third case, ants are known to eat
bugs and it is thus possible that food can be contaminated by these
insects. The common species of cockroaches in the region of the
Nilgiri Hills do not attack bed-bugs or their eggs. Further observations
are needed on the capacity of vertebrate enemies of bed-bugs to carry
infection.

Investigations were carried out on the formation of the thick-tailed
stage in the life-history of L. donovani and L. tropica. Thi.s form only
arises in the stomach and intestine of C. hemipterus and is produced
more abundantly in the presence of human blood. Similar forms were
not produced experimentally in Xe^iopsylla, Margaropus and Triatoma
{Ccy)iorhinus) rubrofasciata. It is suggested that similar investigations
should be conducted on Simulium, Phlebototnus, etc. If the short-
tailed stage is a developmental or resistant form, then its presence
in the bug would indicate that the latter is concerned in spreading
both kala-azar and oriental sore. If, on the other hand, this stage
appears in the stomachs of other insects as well as that of the bug,
it may be regarded as due to an unfavourable environment, and in
consequence, the bug would not be responsible for the spread of
disease. A flagellate infection which had died out from the stomach
of the bug was not renewed after a second feed on sterile blood.
Cystic forms capable of becoming flagellates do not therefore remain
in the stomach. No intracellular stages of L. donovani were found to
occur in the stomach.
V Triatoma rubrofasciata was fed on citrated human blood and

flagellate culture. Very few living flagellates were found in the stomach
at the end of two days and none at the end of four days. T. rubro-
fasciata is therefore not an intermediate host of L. donovani. The
fresh serums of man, goat, sheep and guinea-pig were fatal to living
flagellates of L. dmovani, but except in the case of the goat, the
unfavourable action was destroyed by heating to 131° F. for half an
hour. Few ill effects were observed from the serum of rabbit, hen, dog
and cat.

When bugs were allowed to feed on the ulcer of oriental sore, from
which cultures of L. tropica had previously been made, subsequent

175

dissection failed to show the presence of flagellates in them. It is thus
provisionally concluded that the bed-bug is incapable of transmitting
either L. tropica or L. donovani by biting or through the medium of its
faeces.

Reference is made to the value of the artificial method of feeding
bugs, fleas, mosquitos, etc., for obtaining a heavy infection by the
parasites under investigation.

Creel (R. H.). Fumigation by cyanide gas. — Milit. Surgeon,
Washington, D.C., xxxix, no. 3, September 1916, pp. 282-287.

The main points in this article may be found in a preceding paper
[see this Review, Ser. B, iv, p. 155]. It is specially noted that mosquitos
are very susceptible to cyanide gas, while lice are very resistant to it.

MiTZMAiN (M. B.). Anopheles infectivity experiments. — Public Health
Reps., Washington, D.C, xxxi, no. 35, 1st September 1916,
pp. 2325-2335, 3 figs.

In 17 experiments in which human beings were employed to test the
infectibility of Anopheles punctipennis with Plasmodium vivax, 14 cases
of malarial fever resulted. The sporozoites in the mosquitos used
developed in from 10 to 22 days after the definite hosts were given an
opportunity to bite a patient harbouring a scanty number of mature
tertian gametocytes. In an attempt to infect several persons with a
single specimen of A. 'punctipennis, one mosquito proved to be the sole
infective agent in one experiment and another proved to be the sole
agent in three experiments. When appUed to the same person, these
two individuals transmitted the infection in five cases, while one of
them used with a third mosquito succeeded in infecting four persons.
In nine instances in which two mosquitos succeeded in transmitting
malaria, at least one of the pair was proved to be capable of causing
the disease w^hen used singly. In 11 experiments short exposure to the
bites was sufficient to cause successful transmission of the disease.
In all the successful inoculations only tertian infection was produced.
The existence of P. vivax was demonstrated microscopically.

Knab (F.). a New Mosquito from the Eastern United States.—
Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, Washington, xxix, 6th September 1916,
pp. 161-164.

Culex brehmei, sp. n., found in New Jersey, is described. Eggs,
larvae, and pupae were obtained from a spring in the woods, the tem-
perature of the water being 38° F. The first pupae were collected on
25th April ; the first male emerged on 29th April, and the first female
on the following day. The first eggs of the next generation were taken
on 2nd May, and larvae began to emerge on the next day. The first
pupae of the same generation were found on 15th May, and adults
began to emerge on 17th May. Breeding apparently is continuous
throughout the season. Females were found to feed readily on
human blood.

176

Herms (W. B.)- Medical and Veterinary Entomology. — New York,
MacMillan & Co. 1915, pp. xii + 393, 228 figs. Price 17s. net.
This book is based upon the author's lecture notes as teacher of
parasitology in the University of California and in the San Francisco
Veterinary College and includes some original work hitherto unpub-
lished. The preface states that it is not intended to be a comprehensive
treatise, but rather an attempt to systematise the subject, serving at the
same time as a handbook for those professionally interested. To this
end, detailed accounts of experiments and methods of investigation
are included. An outline of the subject with chapters on parasites,
insect anatomy, especially of the mouth-parts, the classification of
insects, and the manner in which they carry and cause disease occupy
36 pages. Among individual insects and their relation to the
disease, cockroaches as contaminators of food, and the beetles, Lach-
nostermi and Melolontha, as the intermediate hosts of the tapeworm,
Echinorhynchus gigas, in pigs are mentioned. The chapter on lice deals
vnth both Anoplura and Mallophaga, their hosts, the diseases they
transmit and the most effective methods of control. A similar chapter
deals with bed-bugs and blood-sucking Reduviids. The chapters on
mosquitos and Phlebotomus occupy 62 pages and contain a large amount
of condensed information with a key to the classification of mosquitos
after Theobald. Methods of control are fully dealt vnth, and tables are
given showing the excellent results obtained from anti-mosquito work
in Havana, Ismailia and Panama. Another chapter is devoted to
Tabanids and horse-flies, including a key to the North American
Tabanidae after Hine. The house-fly and its control naturally claim
a large amount of attention ; the portion of this section deahng with
manure heaps might be expanded with advantage. The effect of the
heat produced by fermentation on fly larvae and the use which can be
made of it in checking the breeding of flies in manure heaps and at the
same time preserving the agricultural value of the manure is not referred
to, while some of the methods advised for control involve the destruction
of the material as a fertihser. The chapter on blood-sucking Muscids
contains a brief account of some of the species of Glossina and their
relation to trypanosomiasis, while Stomoxys calcitrans is dealt with at
length. Six species of fleas are illustrated, and the methods for con-
trolling the squirrels, Citellus douglasi of the Pacific coast and 0. beecheyi
of the interior, both of which are reputed plague-carriers, are given in
some detail. The chapter on ticks devotes special attention to Mar-
garopus anmdatus, Dermacentor venustus and the Argasids. The various
mites which attack man and animals and the methods of treatment
are fully dealt with, and the book concludes with a chapter on venomous
insects and Arachnids. To those interested in the subject, this book
should prove a valuable work of reference, while in many cases the
foot-notes supply information as to original papers when further
details are required.

Ferris (G. F.). Notes on Anoplura and Mallophaga from Mammals,

with Descriptions of Four New Species and a New Variety of

Anoplura.— Pst/c/^e, Boston, Moss., xxiii, no. 4, August 1916,

pp. 97-120, 12 figs.

This paper records a number of Anoplura from North America, the

following being described as new : — Neohaetnatopimis antennatus,

177

Osborn, var. semifascialas, n., from Sciunis dmtglasi albolimbatus ;
Fahrenholzia tribidosa, sp. n., from Perognathus californicus ; Ender-
leinelhfs kelloggi, sp. n., from S. griseus nigripes E. uncinatus, sp. n. ;
from Glaucomys sc^rinus lascivus ; and Hoplopleura hirsuta, sp. n., from
Sigmodon hispidus.

Lahille (F.). Notas sobre los Argasidos chilenos. [Notes on Chilian
Argasidae.] — Anales Zool. Aplicada, Santiago de Chile, ii, no. 1,
30th April 1915, pp. 5-11, 1 plate. [Received 4th September
1916.]

In 1909 the author obtained specimens of Omifhodoros talaje, Guer.
{reticidatus, Gerv.), on horses near Santiago. Argas persicKs also
occurs both in Chile and Argentina, and in 1913 the author described
a variety of this species, A. persicus var. porteri, from San Bernardo
in Chile. _ --.^^-.pfcc

Morales (R.). El Phlebotomus papataci en Guatemala. [Phlehotomm ^

^ papatasii in Guatemala.]— .4 wa/es Zool. Aplicada, Santiago de
^ Chile, iii, no. 1, 29th Februarv 1916, pp. 27-29. [Received
4th September 1916.]

The Psychodid, Phlebotomus papatasii, has been found in Guatemala
at an altitude of 1,200 feet, though the presence of three-day fever has
not yet been reported from there. Chironomus calligraphis, two
species of Megarhinus, one of Janthinosoma, one of Stegomyia, one of
Sabethes, and several of Culex, also occur.

Lima (A. da Costa). Contribucao para o estudo da biolojia dos culi-
cidas. Observacoes sobre o respiracao nas larvas. [A contribution
'^ to the study of the biolog}' of Culicidae. Observations on the

respiration of the larvae.]— Me?H. Inst. Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de
Janeiro, viii, no. 1, 1916, pp. 44 49, 3 figs. [Received 9th
September 1916.]

In an addendum to a paper on the respiration of Culicidae [see this
Review, Ser. B, iii, p. 70] S. K. Sen has criticised the author's experi-
ments [see this Review, Ser. B, ii, p. 107]. The several points of
criticism are dealt with and Dr. da Costa Lima describes further
experiments confirming his earlier results.

In British Guiana, H. W. B. Moore observed that the larvae of
Taeniorhynchus (Mansonia) titillans were in the habit of settling on
Pistia stratiotes. It has been recently found that the larvae of this
mosquito are unable to live exclusively on air dissolved in water, but
that when plants of P. stratiotes were placed in the same submerged
tube with them, they remained near the leaves and roots and lived for
three or four days. Attention is called to the fact that the branchial
leaflets of T. titillans have a reduced tracheal ramification.

MuTo (A.). Nuovo metodo di sterllizzazione entomo-parassltario.

[A new method of sterilisation against insect parasites.] —
Ann. d'lgiene, Roma, xxvi, no. 8, 31st August 1916, pp. 493-508,
5 figs.

A few notes are given on the biology of lice, which, it is pointed out,
are unable to move about on perfectly smooth surfaces. This explains

178

why silk underclothing, being smoother than cotton or wool, has been
advised as a prophylactic. After reviewing the various methods
employed against lice, a means of using creolin and cresol, especially
the former, is described. The apparatus consists of a wooden cupboard
and a boiler for generating the creohn vapour. The cupboard is about
6 feet high by 3 feet wide and 1^ feet deep and can be instantly taken
to pieces and as quickly put together again. When dismantled it
forms two flat packages which are strapped on either side of a mule,
on the back of which the 4-gallon boiler is also carried together with its
furnace. For use, the cupboard is set up and connected up by a tube
with the boiler placed alongside of it on the ground. The articles to
be disinfected are hung on hooks, care being taken that they are not
too closely packed and that they hang at least 2 inches above the mouth
of the delivery tube. After closing the cupboard, 7 pints of a 10 per
cent, saponaceous solution of creohn is poured into the boiler and the
fire is lighted, a few pieces of wood being sufficient for the firing. A
small hole in one side of the cupboard allows a thermometer to be
introduced, so that the temperature may be watched; on 113° F.
(45° C.) being reached, the time must be taken and 15 minutes at that
temperature must be allowed in order to kill both the lice and their
eggs. When starting work not more than half an hour is required to
bring the liquid to boiling point ; succeeding operations require even
less time, for the liquid is already hot. About 14 oz. of solution is
evaporated each time, but the boiler is fitted with a funnel which
allows it to be replenished without interrupting the work. In actual
practice 300 sets of uniform and equipment were dealt with in six hours.
This apparatus may be taken to and erected at advanced outposts
and the soldier need not leave his station, only requiring to shelter in a
tent for the short time necessary, which gives him an opportunity of
applying an insecticide to his person. The garments are not rendered
sufficiently damp to injure the man's health even when put on
immediately. A bibhography of 33 works is given.

MacDougall (R. S.). Insect and Arachnid Pests of 1915. —

Trans. Highland & Agric. Soc. Scotland, 1916, pp. 1-33, 13 figs.
[Reprint received 13th September 1916.]

Notes are given on the habits, life-history, and methods of control
of Pedicidus humanus {vestimenti) (body louse). The following
dressings are recommended for use against Haematopinus asini [macroce-
phalus) and Trichodectes parumpilosus {equi) on horses : — (1) arsenious
acid, 1 oz,, soft soap, 2 ozs., carbonate of soda, 1| ozs., water, 2 pts.,
diluted to 5 gals, before use ; (2) 2 per cent, creohn solution ; (3)
perchloride of mercury, 1 part in 1,000 of water, for apphcation on the
legs only. Mange in horses, due to Sarcoptes scabiei var. equi, Psoroptes
communis var. equi, and Chorioptes (Symbiotes) equi, may be treated
with the following preparations : — (1) sulphur, oil of terebinth, spirits
of tar, and liquor potassae, 1 oz. of each, rape oil, 1 pt. ; (2) sulphur,
2 parts, potassium carbonate, 1 part, sperm oil, 8 parts. Sarcoptic
mange has been recorded on dairy cows and has passed from them to
cowmen. The dressing recommended consists of 1 part sulphur and
4 parts vaseUne or fish oil.

179

Tineola biselliella was reared from dog-biscuit and casein and appeared
to thrive better on these foods than on fur and woollen materials.
The Ptinid, Niptus hololeucus, was also obtained from casein. Tricho-
phaga tapetiella emerged in considerable numbers during the summer
from stored deer hides.

Froggatt (W. W.). a New Parasite on Sheep Maggot Flies. Notes
and Description of a Chalcid Parasite {Chalcis calliphorae). —
Agric. Gaz. N.S.W., Sydney, xxvii, no. 7, July 1916, pp. 505-507,
1 plate.

Mr. T. McCarthy, Entomological Assistant at the Government
Sheep-fly Experiment Station at Wooloondool, reported the discovery
early in April of a new Chalcid parasite attacking maggots of the blow-
fly Anastellorhina augur {Calliphora oceaniae). This is described and
figured under the name, Chalcis calliphorae, sp. n. This parasite is
much larger than the common Nasonia brevicornis ; maggots parasitised
by it are able to pupate, the adult Chalcids emerging from the puparia.
Though only a single individual infests each puparium and the increase
of this species is not so rapid as the more prohfic Nasonia, it may be of
considerable economic importance. It is hardy, easy to handle and
breed in captivity, and will stand a long journey by post.

CuRLEWis (A. W.). Sheep Dips. — Jl. Dept. Agric. Victoria, Melbourne,
xiv, no. 7, July 1916, pp. 423-432, 8 figs. [Received 15th
September 1916.]

This paper contains particulars and plans of tanks suitable for
dipping small or large flocks of sheep.

Balfour (A.). The Medical Entomology of Salonica. — Published by
Wellcome Bur. Sci. Research, London, 1916, 25 pp., 31 figs.
[Received 13th September 1916.]

In an address delivered to the Salonica Medical Society, the author
deals briefly with the life-history, habits, and methods of control of the
following insects and Arachnids occurring in this region : — Musca
domestica, Fannia canvularis, Lucilia caesar, Calliphora erythrocephala,
Stonioxys calcitrans, Sarcophaga sp., Hippobosca, Stegomyia fasciata,
Anopheles, Culex, Phlebotomus papatasii, Simulium, Pediculus spp.,
Cimex spp., Pulex irritans and Sarcoptes scabiei.

Ligue Sanitaire Francaise. [French sanitary league.] — Circulars
nos. 3, 4, 5 ; Ist & 15th May, 1st June 1916. Offices, 72, Rue de
Rome, Paris.

Under the general heading " Advice on practical hygiene," the French
sanitary league [see this Review, Ser. B, iv, p. 17] has issued three
circulars on fly control. The first, by H. G. Richter, deals with the
measures necessary to destroy or drive away flies in rooms tenanted by
tuberculous patients, flies being the principal agents in the transmission
of tuberculosis. All refuse must be burnt, the windows of the patient's
room must be fitted with screens, the walls and ceiling must be papered,
painted or whitewashed a pale blue colour, the sputum must be received

6

180

in an antiseptic fluid in a container kept under a fly-proof cover, and fly-
traps must be placed in the room. Instead of traps, plates may be
half-filled with a mixture containing 9 oz. of milk, 9 oz. of water and
two spoonfuls of formol, a shce of bread being placed in the plate for
the flies to settle on. The second bulletin refers to the method of fly
control originated by Levy and Tuck [see this Review, Ser. B, ii, p. 72]
in which a heap of manure is placed on an open-work platform standing
in a shallow pan of masonry which drains into a liquid- manure pit
fitted with a pump enabling the heap to be wetted as required. To
ensure an efficient destruction of the larvae, the height of the manure
heap must not be more than about 5 feet 6 inches, and to deal with
1,060 cubic feet of manure, a platform of 21| square yards surface
would be needed. Cheapness and eSiciency are the main points of this
svstem. The third circular enumerates the measures required to
destroy or drive away flies in stables and cow-houses.

Carter (H. R.). Notes from Field Work.— Malaria Survey of Impounded
Waters. — Soidhem Med. J J., Birmingham, Ala., ix, no. 8, August
1916, pp. 708-711.

Observations on the seasonal breeding of Anopheles quadrimacvlattts
and A. jninctifennis made from May to October 1915 gave the following
results : — A count made from 26th May to 26th June showed 2
A. qnadrimaculatus and 628 A. punctipennis. The same region
surveyed from 16th August to 20th September showed a very different
distrikition of species, viz :— Of 600 individuals, 78 per cent, were
A. quadrimacidatus, 20 per cent. A. ptinctipennis and 2 per cent.
A. crucians. A further examination, made from 26th to 30th October,
showed 19 per cent. A. quadrimaodatus and 71 per cent. A. puncti-
pennis. The A. punctipennis larvae were, if anything, less abundant
than in September, so there must have been a marked decrease of
A. quadrimaculatus, which appeared to have a distinct predilection
for ponds, in preference to marshes and running water. A survey of
the Anophehnes found in houses in the day-time showed that
A. quadrimaculatus was frequently met with in inhabited houses, as
W'cU as in other situations. A. punctipennis was very rare in inhabited
houses, though often met with in outhouses, etc.

ScHoYEN (T. H.). Beretning om skadeinselcter og plantesygdommer i
landog havebruket 1915. [Report on the injurious insects and
fungi of the field and the orchard in 1915.]— Krisfiania, 1916,
pp. 37-92, 30 figs.

In this report are included a few records of insect pests of man and
animals. Advice against an invasion of the Wipipohoscid, Stenoptenjx
hirundinis, was asked from near Christiania. Ornithomyia avicularia
was found to occur very commonly on ptarmigan. Other household
pests were Phyllodromia {Blatta) germanica, Blatta americana which
was very troublesome in a cargo of corn from the Mediterranean,
Glyciphagus domesticus, and Chelifer cancroides, the latter having
invaded a house from a neighbouring hay-loft.

Cimex {Acanihia) lectularius was reported from Christiania and
■elsewhere.

NOTICES.

The Editor will be glad to receive prompt information as to the
appearance of new pests, or of known pests in districts which have
hitherto been free from them, and will welcome any suggestion the
adoption of which would increase the usefulness of the Review.

Secretaries of Societies and Editors of Journals willing to exchange
their publications with those of the Bureau, are requested to com-
municate with the Assistant Editor, 89, Queen's Gate, London, S.W.

The Subscription to the Review Is 12s. per annum, post free; or
the two series may be taken separately, Series A (Agricultural)
being 8s., and Series B (Medical and Veterinary), 5s. per annum.

All orders and subscriptions should be sent to Messrs. DULAU
& Co., Ltd., 37, Soho Square, London, W.

CONTENTS.

PAGE.

The Introduction of Yellow Fever by Land into the Gold Coast . . 165
The Introduction of Yellow Fever into the West African Colonies by

Sea . . 165

The Treatment of Mange in Army Horses in France . . . . 165

Fleas as a Menace to Man and Domestic Animals . . . . . . 166

Control of Pigeon and Poultry Lice in the U.S.A. . . . . . . 166

Dermatitis due to Paederus crehripunctatus in British East Africa. . 167

The Bionomics of Blow -flies and House-flies in England .. .. 167

Measures against House-flies in England . . . . . . . . 167

The Treatment of Manure to control House-flies in England • . 168

Experiments with Baits for House-flies in England . . . . . . 168

New Hippoboscids from North America .. ,. •• .. 169

Mosquitos in New York .... . . . . . . . . . . 170

Insect-borne Diseases of Stock in Nyasaland . . . . . . . . 170

EitiQg Flies in NyasaJand . . . . . . . . . . . . 171

Compulsory Dipping in Rhodesia ., .. ., .. ..171

Cattle Dipping against African Coast fever in Rhodesia . . . . 171

A New Anopheline Mosquito from Mesopotamia . . • • . . 172

Specific Differences in the Genus Musca . . . . . . . . 172

Mosquitos and Malaria in Muscat . . . . . • • . . . 172

Experiments with Gimex hemiptenis and Kala-Azar . . . . . . 174

Fumigation with Cyanide Gas . . . . . . . . • . . . 17,5

Experiments with Anopheles punctipennis and Plasmodium vivax

in the U.S.A . . • 175

A New Mosquito from the Eastern United States • • • • . . 175

Medical and Veterinary Entomology (Review) . . . . . . 176

New Anopluxa from Mammals from North America . . . . . . 176

Argasid Ticks in Chile • . . . • • • • • • • . • . 177

Phlebotomws papatasii and Mosquitos in Guatemala • • . . • • 177

Observations on the Respiration of Mosquito Larvae . . . . 177

The Control of Lice . . . . 177

Insect and Arachnid Pests of 1915 in Scotland . . . . 178
Chalcis calUphorae, a new Parasite of Sheep Maggot Flies in

Australia . . • . . . . . . . . . . . . . 179

Sheep Dipping Tanks in Australia • • • . . . • . . . 179

The Medical Entomology of Salonika .. .. .. .. ..179

Measures against House flies in France • ■ . . • • . . 179

Seasonal Distribution of Anophelines in the U.S.A. . , . . . . 180

Injurious Insects in Norway .. .. •• •• .. ,. 180

f'^

VOL. IV. Ser. B. Part 12.— pp. 181-198. DECEMBER, 1916.

THE REVIEW
OF APPLIED
ENTOMOLOGY

SERIES b: medical

AND VETERINARY.

ISSUED BY THE IMPERIAL
BUREAU OF ENTOMOLOGY.

LONDON!

SOIiD BY

DULAU & CO., Ltd., 37. SOHO SQUARE, W.
Price 6cl. net.

All Rlgrhts Reserved.

IMPERIAL BUREAU OF ENTOMOLOGY.

l>onordrp Committee or rnanagement.

RT. HON. LEWIS HARCOURT, M.P., Chairmem.
Lieutenant-Colonel A. W. Alcook, C.I.E., F.R.S., London School of

Tropical Medicine.
Mr. E. E. Austen, Entomological Department, British Museum

(Natural History).
Dr. A. Q. Baqshawb, C.M.Q., Director, Tropical Diseases Bureau.
Mr. E. C. Blech, C.M.G., Foreign Office.

Sir J. Rose BRADroRD, K.C.M.G., F.R.S., Secretary, Royal Society.
Surgeon-General Sir David Bruce, C.B., F.R.S., A.M.S.
Mr. J. C. F. Fryer, Entomologist to the Board of Agriculture and

Fisheries.
Dr. S. F. Harmer, F.R.S., Keeper of Zoology, British Museum

(Natural History).
Professor H. Maxwell Lefroy, Imperial College of Science and

Technology.
The Hon. Sir John McCall, M.D., Agent-General for Tasmania,
Dr. R. Stewart MacDouqall, Lecturer on Agricultural Entomology,

Edinburgh University.
Sir John McFadyean, Principal, Royal Veterinary College, Camden

Town.
Sir Patrick Manson, G.C.M.G., F.R.S., Late Medical Adviser to the

Colonial Office. •

Sir Daniel Morris, K.C.M.G., Late Adviser to the Colonial Office

in Tropical Agriculture.
Professor R. Newstead, F.R.S., Dutton Memorial Professor of

Medical Entomology, Liverpool University.
Professor G. H. F. Nuttall, F.R.S., Quick Professor of Protozoology,

Cambridge.
Professor E. B. Poulton, F.R.S., Hope Professor of Zoology, Oxford.
Lieutenant-Colonel Sir David Prain, C.I.E., C.M.G., F.R.S., Director,

Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew.
Mr. H. J. Read, C.B., C.M.G., Colonial Office.
The Honourable N. C. Rothschild.

Mr. Hugh Scott, Curator in Zoology, Museum of Zoology, Cambridge.
Dr. A. E. Shipley, F.R.S., Master of Christ's College, Cambridge.
Sir Stewart Stockman, Chief Veterinary Officer, Board of Agriculture.
Mr. F. V. Theobald, Vice-Principal, South Eastern Agricultural

College, Wye.
Mr. C. Warburton, Zoologist to the Royal Agricultural Society of

England.

The Chief Entomologist in each of the Self-governing Dominions

is an ex officio member of the Committee.

©eneral Secretary.
Mr. A. C. C. Parkinson (Colonial Office).

Director anD JE&Jtor.

Dr. Guy A. K. Marshall.

Besfstam Director. asststanr jEDttor.

Mr. S. A. Neave. Mr. W. North.

Head Office. — British Museum (Natural History), Cromwell Road,

London, S.W.
Ptihlication Office.— 89, Queen*s Gate, London, S.W.

181

KoFoiD (C. A.) & McCuLLOCH (Irene). On T rypanosoma triatamae, a
New Flagellate from a Hemipteron Bug from the Nests of the Wood
Rat, Neoioma fuscvpes. — Univ. California Publications in Zoology,
Berkeleij, xvi, no. 10, ISth February 1916, pp. 113-126, 2 plates.
[Received 2nd October 191 6.]

The bug, Triatoma protrada, Uhler, found in the nests of Neotouia
fuscipes, harbours in its digestive tract, Trypanosoma triatonuie, sp. n.,
with blood which is possibly derived from the rat. Crithidial and
trypaniform stages, which are probably later forms in the life-cycle of
the trypanosome, were also present.

BisHOPp (F. C). Flytraps and thear Operation. — 11.8. Dept. Agric,
Washington, B.C., Farmers' Bull. no. 734, 10th June 1916, 13 pp.,
7 figs. [Received 3rd October 1916.]

This bulletin describes and illustrates the construction of several
types of traps for use against house-flies, stable-flies, etc. Garbage
tins should preferably be fly-proof ; if they are not so, a balloon trap
is recommended for placing over a hole in the lid. Manure pits or
boxes for use in towns should be made of concrete or heavy planks.
The roof should be provided with one or more holes over which conical
traps can be fitted. Flies maturing in or attracted to the manure
thus pass upwards into the better illuminated trap. A modification
of the tent trap has been adapted for use in windows and is constructed
in such a way as to capture flies as they enter or leave the room ; this
type of trap has been found very useful in stables.

Baits such as milk, beer, etc., are much more attractive to house-flies
when actively fermenting than when fresh. Home-made malt extract,
prepared by heating to 160° F. a mixture of 2 lb. ground malt and
1 U.S. gal. water was found to be as attractive as stale beer. Blow-flies
are attracted by the mucous membrane from the lining of the intestine
of pigs, either used alone or with beer. The latter combination is also
a valuable bait for house-flies. Bait containers should be large and
shallow, the diameter being not less than 4 inches smaller than the base
of the trap. For coating the surface of fly-papers for use in rooms a
mixture of 2 lb. resin and 1 pt. castor oil heated together is recom-
mended. Formaldehyde at the rate of two tablespoonfuls to a pint of
equal parts of milk and water is the best poison bait for house-flies.
Stale beer or molasses and water with 8 per cent, formaldehyde will
probably also give good results.

Cleland (J. B.) & Ferguson (E. W.). Researches on Plague. — Rept.
Director-General of Public Health, New South Wales, for the Year
ended 31st December 1914, Sydney, 1916, pp. 174-175, 3 tables,
1 chart. [Received 4th October 1916.]

The examination of rats and mice was continued during the year.
Plague was not found in any of the specimens, thus leaving a plague-
free period since 1910. The following species of fleas were found on

(C328) VVt.Pl/106. 1,500. 12.16. B.&F.Ltd. G.11/3. a

182

rats : — Xenopsylla {Loemopsylla) cheopis, Clenopsylla musculi, Cerato-
phylbis fasciatvs, and Ctenocephaliis felis. Contrary to previous
experience, X. cheopis was less abundant than C. musculi.

Ferguson (E. W.). Notes on Mosquitoes. — RepL Director-General of
Public Health, New South Wales, for the Year ended 31st December
1914, Sydney, 1916, pp. 203-205. [Received 4th October 1916.]

The following species of mosquitos were collected from the localities
of Sydney and Milson Island : —

Anophelinae : — Anoptheles (Nyssorrhynchus) anmdipes, Walk.,
found breeding in water-holes fringed with vegetation and A. {Pyreto-
phorus) atratipes, Skuse. Culicinae : — Stegomyia atripes, Skuse ;
Pseudoshusea basalis, Taylor ; Pseudoskusea sp. ; Ochlerotatus
{Sciitomyia) nofoscripta, Skuse, breeding in water near houses and
attacking man ; 0. [Grabhamia) theobaldi, Taylor, found in the bush
and attacking man ; Grabhamia sp. ; Culex fatigans, Wied., abundant
between October and April, breeding in collections of water around
buildings ; C. tigripes, Grp. ; C. frenchi, Theo. ; Ochlerotatus (C.)
uustralis, Er. ; 0. (C.) sagax, Skuse (?), common in belts of timber
bordering the blacksoil plains ; 0. (C.) nibritho}-ax, Macq., found only
in the bush ; 0. (C) occidentalis, Skuse, breeding in wells together with
Culicada cwnpstoni and 0. (C.) milsoni ; 0. [Culicelsa) alboannidatus,
Macq., breeding in gulhes in April, August and September, also
in tins near houses in April and May ; 0. (C.) vigilax, appearing in
October and becoming abundant by the end of the year, attacking
man at dusk ; Culex sitiens, Wied. {Culicelsa annidirostris, Skuse),
found in December and March, biting at dusk ; 0. {Culicada) milsoni,
Taylor, found only at Milson Island, where it was comparatively
common throughout the summer and bred in collections of w^ater
around buildings and in wells ; C. cumpstoni, Taylor, var. ; C. vie-
toriensis, Taylor (?), bred from a pool during December ; C. annuUpes,
Taylor ; C. inornata, Strickland ; C.fergusoni, Taylor ; Coenocephalus
concolor, Taylor, breeding in rock pools in December.

Ferguson (E. W.). Notes on Tabanidae. — Rept. Director-General of
Public Health, New South Wales, for the Year ended 31st December
1914, Sydmy, 1916, pp. 205-206. [Received 4th October 1916.]

The following Tabanids are recorded from Sydney, the Hawkesbury
River, Townsville or Cape York : —

Pangoninae : Pangonia clavata, Macq. ; Erephopsis jacTcsoni,
Macq. ; Diatomineura minima, Ric. ; D. inftata, Ric. ; D. brevirostris,
Macq. ; D. auriflua, Donovan ; Corizoneura chrysophila, Walk. ;
Demoplatus australis, Ric. ; D. trichocerus, Macq. ; Ectenopsis vul-
pecula, Wied. ; Silvius australis, Ric. Tadaninae : Tabanus vetustus,
Walk. ; T. cinerascens, Macl. ; T. taylori, Aust. ; T. pseudo-ardens,
Taylor ; T. nigritarsis, Taylor ; T. sanguinarius, Bigot ; T. regis-
georgii, Macq., not uncommon on cattle and horses and known to attack
man ; T. oculatus, Ric, taken on a horse ; T. circumdatus, Walk.,
common in the bush about Sydney.

183

Taylor (F. H.). Report of Work done during the Second Half of

1915. — Half -Yearly Rept. Australian Inst. Trop. Med., Townsville,
Queensland, from 1st July to 31st December 1915, Brisbane, 1916,
pp. 8-10. [Received 5th October 1916.]

The following additions were made to the collection of Australian
DiiDtera : — ■

Saecophagidae : — Sarcophaga aurifrons, Dolesch, Oestridae : —
Oestrus ovis, L. Anthomyidae : — Ophyra nigra, Wied. Muscidae : —
Calliplwra flavipes ; Anastellorhina augur, F. {C. oceaniae, R.-D.) ;
PoUenia stygia, F. (C villosa, R.-D.) ; Pycnosoma {C.) ruffacies,
Macq. ; Lucilia sericata, Meig. Tabanidae : — Sylvius frontalis, Ric. ;
S. Jiilli, Taylor ; S. sp. n. ; Tabanus rvfinotatus, Bigot ; T. nigritarsis,
Taylor ; T. mastersi, Taylor ; T. cinerescens, MacL. Culicidae : —
Anopheles {Alyzorhynchus) barbirostris, Wulp., var. bancrofti, Taylor ;
A. {Nyssorhynchus) annidipes. Walk. ; Stegomyia hilli, Taylor ;
S. sp. n. ; Ochlerotatus {Scutomyia) notoscri'pta, Skuse ; Macleaya
tremula, Theo. ; Ochlerotatus {OuUcelsa) vigilax, Skuse ; Culex sitiens,
Wied. ; Lophoceratomyia, sp. n. ; Uranotaenia sp.

Male examples of Stegomyia tasmaniensis, Str., were received from
Tasmania.

Ealand (C. a.). Insect Enemies. — London, Grant Richards, Ltd.,
1916, xiii + 223 pp., 53 figs., 8vo. [Price 6s. net.]

This book is devoted to British injurious insects and surveys the
more important pests of forestry, agriculture and horticulture,^as3well
as those of domestic animals and of stored products, with a chapter
on insects which are specially injurious to man himself. The intro-
duction, which contains a large amount of useful information, including
an outline of the orders of insects, should do something to diminish
the general apathy with which the subject of economic entomology is
regarded by the public. About 20 pages are given to each group of
pests, a few well chosen examples being selected in each case for illus-
tration. An appendix deals briefly with the methods of using various
insecticides and a bibliography, arranged according to the natural
orders, gives a list of more or less readily accessible works to be con-
sulted by those desiring further information. The index shows that
200 pests are mentioned in the book, a large proportion of which are
dealt with in the text at sufficient length to give the reader substantial
information as to their habits and life-history, the nature of the damage
caused by them and brief practical indications as to how they may be
best dealt with.

This book will be found exceedingly readable even by the uninitiated
and the fact of its pubhcation may, it is hoped, be taken as some
evidence of growing public interest in a subject which so intimately
concerns the welfare of mankind.

Harrison (L.). A preliminary account of the structure of the mouth-
parts in the body-louse. — Reprint, dated July 1916, from Proc.
Cambridge Phil. Soc, Cambridge, xviii, nos. 5 & 6, pp. 207-226,
7 figs., 1 plate. [Received 9th October 1916.]

The subject of this paper is indicated by its title. It is pointed out
{C328) a2

184

that while the body-louse is frequently referred to as Pedicidus vesti-
menti, Nitzsch, and occasionally as P. corporis, de G., the name which
has priority, is P. humanus, L. A bibliography of 29 references is
given.

Shilston (A. W.). Sheep Scab. Observations on the life-history of
Psoroptes coiiDiuniis var. oris, and some points connected with the
epizootiology of the disease in South Africa. — Union S. Africa,
Dept. Agric, Pretoria, 3id & 4tli Repts. Director Veterinary
Research, November 1915, pp. 69-98. [Received 12th October
1916.]

In the experiments described here the complete life-history of this
parasite in South Afi'ica has been worked out. The weather had very
little effect on the duration of the life-cycle, which never occupied
more than ten days and was usually complete in nine days. The
majority of the eggs hatch after an interval of two days. The larval
Btage is short, nymphs usually appearing forty-eight hours after hatch-
ing and always within three days. The nymphal stage lasts from three
to four days. At this time the sex could frequently be determined,
the smallest individuals usually giving rise to males. Females were
observed five and a half days after hatching from the egg, while males
were never seen earlier than the sixth day. The proportion of males
to females has been stated by Gerlach to be as one is to two ; whilst
this was noticed in some cases, the females were more often three, and
occasionally four times as numerous as the males. After feeding for a
short time, pairing takes place, and after moulting, the female begins
to oviposit nine days after hatching from the egg and may continue
to do so up to the 38th day. From numerous observations it was
found that a single female is capable of laying up to one hundred eggs,
the number being however dependent on weather conditions. The
life of the ovigerous female on the sheep is from thirty to forty days,
though the longest period over which an unfertilised female was kept
alive on a sheep was seven weeks, the majority of such individuals
however dying in three or four weeks.

The question of the interval to be allowed between the two dippings
necessary to effect a cure in sheep scab has given rise to much discussion.
The present observations having shown the life-cycle to be complete
in nine days, dipping should be repeated in ten days at the most. An
extra day may be allowed because the fleece usually remains wet for a
day after the first dipping. This interval would ensure the hatching
of all eggs capable of doing so before the second dipping. Some dips,
although they fail to affect the vitality of the eggs, will effect a cure in
certain cases after one dipping. The explanation appears to be that
the eggs hatch, but owing to the persistence of certain ingredients of
the dip on the skin, the larvae are poisoned shortly after hatching ;
this has been actually observed in several instances. This delayed
lethal effect usually occurs in the case of dips containing an insoluble
constituent in suspension, usually finely powdered sulphur. Experi-
ment has shown that a fine deposit of this material alone over eggs
placed on the skin is sufficient to kill larvae shortly after hatching.
The value of such an ingredient is somewhat discounted by the difficulty
of maintaining it in suspension in the fluid, and the fact that i;b does not

185

reach parasites or their eggs which are protected by overlying crusts
or matted wool. Observation has also shown that in certain cases
after one immersion in a recognised dipping fluid, some adult parasites
may survive, owing to the inability of the fluid to penetrate the hard
crusts or to the presence of an excessive amount of fat. Even when
using slightly alkaline fluids, which have an increased softening and
penetrating effect, the second dipping should not be omitted. In
cases where a flock has been badly infected for a considerable time and
a number of sheep show crusts of old standing, even two dippings cannot
be relied on to effect eradication, and a third dipping ten or fourteen
days after the second greatly increases the chances of a complete cure.
In the case of sheep with heavy fleeces special care is also necessary
before the interval between the first two dips is reduced or a third
dipping adopted, when an arsenical dip is being employed, owing to the
increased risk of poisoning ; this is especially necessary when a
proprietary dip is being used.

The length of time the mites and their eggs can retain their vitality
apart from the sheep is of importance, for on it depends the possibility
of clean sheep becoming infected by means other than by direct
contact with other infested individuals. In crusts and wool kept at
room temperature in large jars the mites began to die in three or four
days and usually all were dead in sixteen days after removal from the
sheep, though in one instance a female was alive on the twentieth day.
When kept moist at 98° F. in an incubator, the mites were very active
for two or three days and eggs present in the crusts hatched. A day
or two later the larvae and most of the older stages died, very few sur-
viving more than six or seven days. In an ice-box at 32° F. all stages
were dead in four days, while in a desiccator in an atmosphere free
from water, at room temperature, they did not live longer than six days.
The majority of the parasites left the crust soon after removal from
the sheep and endeavoured to escape from the jars. In the incubator
a good number of the ovigerous females laid eggs, and occasionally this
w^as observed to occur at air temperature during the summer, but in no
case at a longer interval than two days after removal from the sheep.
The mites do not appear to live any longer upon shed wool or crusts in
the open. When wool and adhering crusts were pulled from a sheep
immediately after death and allowed to remain in an empty pen,
living acari could still be found in the crusts ten days later, but were
all dead fifteen days after removal.

Eggs kept at air temperature hatched after having been removed from
the sheep for periods up to eight days. Batches of eggs stored for ten
or more days all failed to hatch. Several batches were also placed on
moist sheep faeces and returned to a sheep after ten or more days,
but in no case did any of the eggs hatch. In an ice-box the eggs
retained their vitality for ten days, but after twelve days all failed to
hatch. It is thus no longer possible to regard the eggs of this mite as
being capable of maintaining their vitality for long periods apart from
sheep. The details of ten experiments dealing with this point are
tabulated. Investigations showed that the mites infesting goats and
rabbits could not cause scab in sheep, and that P. communis var. ovis
could not infect goats, rabbits and other animals.

As in Great Britain, great variations in the prevalence of sheep scab
in the course of the year are observable in South Africa, though they

186

cannot be explained in the same way, since dipping and, in the case of
Africander sheep, shearing are not carried out as general practices at
definite seasons of the year. The presence of grease on sheep is
believed by several South African authorities to be the chief deter-
mining factor. In carrying out the observations on the life-history
of these mites it was frequently noticed that development occurred
just as rapidly on the washed and shaven patches on fat sheep as on
those in poor condition, but Avhen the covers were removed and the
parasites allowed to spread to the surrounding skin, multiplication
was much more rapid in the case of the thin sheep than on those with
excess of yolk in the fleeces, while in a few of the latter no development
occurred at all. In order to observe the effect upon the mites of the
presence of wool fat, two patches were prepared on the same sheep ;
one was washed and shaved in the usual way, while on the other the
wool was only cut short and in addition the patch was smeared with
yolk obtained from the wool of another sheep. On each patch six
ovigerous females were placed. On the ungreased patch development
occurred as usual and by the twenty-first day (from the time of hatch-
ing) the fourth generation was developing. By that time no living
acari were observed on the greased patch and in the intervening period
what development there was proceeded very slowly. In all cases
where there was sufficient grease to soak down under the crusts develop-
ment was very slow and the acari gradually died out, usually in about
twenty days.

Bedford (G. A. H.), Experiments and Observations carried out with

Psoroptes communis at Onderstepoort. — Union S. Africa, Dept.
Agric, Pretoria, 3rd & 4th Repts. Director Veterinary Research,
November 1915, pp. 99-107, 5 figs., 2 plates. [Received
12th October 1916.]

A brief description of the different stages and life-history of Psoroptes
communis var. avis is given. In testing the vitality of adults under
abnormal conditions only one individual survived as long as twelve
days after removal from the sheep. The longest time nymphs were
kept alive was eight days and larvae three. In an incubator at 98° F.
the eggs hatched in two days when the atmosphere was moist, Init
failed to hatch in a dry atmosphere. When kept in an ice-chest for ten
days and afterwards transferred to an incubator at 98° F., they usually
hatched on the third day ; if kept in the ice-chest for longer periods,
they all failed to hatch. Eggs kept at room temperature all hatched
in five days in summer, but failed to hatch during the winter months.
In dry sheep faeces at room temperature they all failed to hatch
whether in summer or winter. Attempts to transmit the mites to
goats, horses or calves all failed. Experiments made to determine
the length of time that enclosures can remain infected after the removal
of scabby sheep showed that the infection does not last more than
nine days. It should therefore be safe to recommend farmers to avoid
placing clean sheep in previously infected enclosures until about
sixteen days have elapsed.

P. communis var. cajmie is not such a serious pest as P. communis
var. ovis and is much easier to exterminate on account of its only
being able to live in the ears of the host. In September 1912 and

187

April 1915, a number of specimens of P. communis var. bovis were
received, Sarcoptes scabiei var. bovis being also present. These are
believed to be the only records of P. communis var. bovis having been
found in South Africa. P. communis var. cuniculi is very common in
the ears of domestic rabbits in South Africa. Attempts made to
transmit this mite to horses, calves and sheep were unsuccessful.

Green (H. H.). The Sulphur Sheep Dips. — Union S. Africa, Dept.
Agric, Pretoria, 3rd & 4th Repts. Director Veterinary Research,
November 1915, pp. 115-156, 3 plates. [Received 12th October
1916.]

The author's summary of this paper on the chemistry of the sulphide
dip is as follows : —

1. The caustic soda and sulphur dip, as prepared according to the
recommendation of the Division of Sheep, consists of a mixture of
sodium pentasulphide and sodium thiosulphate with a distribution of
sulphur about four-fifths of the former and one-fifth of the latter.
No monosulphide can be detected and only traces of sulphate are
present. There is even the suggestion that polysulphides higher than
the pentasulphide exist for a short time in the freshly prepared dip.
The proportions of caustic soda and sulphur actually going into
combination are approximately five to eight, and the recommended
formula, 5, 20, 2|-100, provides so large an excess of free sulphur that
complete utilisation of caustic soda is ensured even under somewhat
careless conditions of dip-making. The presence of free caustic soda
in the dip need not therefore be feared if the instructions for dip-making
are carefully carried out. The preliminary mixing of the svilphur to a
homogeneous cream with water is the most important step to be
observed, since it is upon the intimacy of subsequent contact of the
sulphur Vv^ith the caustic soda solution that, the reaction mainly depends.
Combination takes place at comparatively low temperature, and may
be completed in forty minutes at 50° C, although reaction is of course
more rapid at higher temperatures. If hot water is used in the pre-
liminary mixing, the heat evolved as the caustic soda is sprinkled in
suffices to keep the mixture near the boiling point, and boiling by the
application of external heat is therefore unnecessarv. Boiling,
however, may offer slight advantages in completing the reaction in
cases where the preliminary process has been imperfectly carried out.
With ordinary care a dip of correct composition always results, without
boiling. If the sulphur is not properl}' wetted in the preliminary
mixing to a cream, the bulk of it may float on the surface and cake
as the caustic soda is sprinl^led in, and so partly escape combination.
The dip may then contain residual free aikah, but not, as might be
expected, any appreciable amount of sodium monosulphide.

2. The lime-sulphur dip is analogous in composition to that of the
caustic soda and sulphur clip, and consists of a mixture of calcium
pentasulphide with calcium thiosulphate. In preparing the dip the
ingredients must be boiled and the so-called " raw lime-sulphur dip "
consists of a mixture of hme and sulphur. At least two parts of sulphur
to one part of unslaked lime should be used whenever a reallv good
sample of lime is available. If other proportions are used, the material
present in smaller amount determines the solution of the other ; higher

188

polysulphide rather than lower being formed in all cases. If the lime
is in excess, small quantities of free hydroxide may be present in the
dip, but the amount is limited b)'- the low solubility of the lime itself.
Calcium pentasulphide and calcium hydroxide can, however, co-exist
in the same solution eyen at the boiling point.

3. The loogas- sulphur dip consists mainly of a mixture of carbonates,
polysulphides and thiosulphates of sodium and potassium, the amount
of polysulphide being very low and the amount of carbonate relatiyely
high. The reaction between alkaline carbonates and free sulphur is
yery imperfect eyen after prolonged boiling, and most of the sulphur
used in making the loogas dip is therefore wasted by passing into the
unused sediment.

4. The kind of sulphur used in dip-making is of no consequence
pro\dded it is finely divided and fairly pure. Flowers of sulphur and
ground rock sulphur are equally suitable, but in the latter case a
guarantee of fineness of grinding should be demanded, 65° Chancel
being suggested as a reasonable specification.

5. The quality of lime used is obviously of paramount importance
in making the lime-sulphur dip, but the lime generally available in the
Union of South Africa appears to be of very inferior grade. The saving
grace in cases where bad lime has been used in practice lies in the fact
that concentrations of polysulphide much below that obtained in a
well-made dip are still effective in curing scab.

6. The lime-sulphur and caustic soda and sulphur dips are reliable
for the cure of scab. The loogas-sulphur dip also cured scab in the
experimental trial carried out, but its composition suggests that its
efficacy is largeh^ a matter of chance, and that it is therefore not to be
relied upon.

7. The active constituent of the sulphur dips appears to be the poly-
sulphide, since thiosulphate, the only other important constituent, is
itself ineffective. Free base, if accidentally present, does not contribute
to the parasiticidal efficacy of the dips. A concentration of 0'6 per cent,
sulphur in polysulphide form is probably always high enough to effect
cure, while 0"3 per cent, showed itself as uncertain in action. The
polysulphide content of the home-made lime-sulphur dip is much
higher than that of the caustic soda and sulphur dip, but it is not advis-
able to dilute the home-made dip further than is already customary,
unless the lime used is known to be of very high quality. If com-
mercial lime-sulphur concentrates are used, dilution may be con-
veniently carried down to a concentration of about 0"8 per cent,
polysulphide sulphur.

8. The sulphur dips i'f properly made (almost neutral to phenol-
phthalein) are harmless both to the sheep and to the wool. Solutions of
polysulphide, at the concentration used in dipping, have no action on
Avool even on prolonged steeping. On the fleeces of dipped sheep,
polysulphide is rapidly and almost quantitatively converted into
thiosulphate by atmospheric oxidation, and this occurs long before
the fleeces are dry. No depilatory substances are formed in detectable
amount, as intermediate products in normal decomposition. If,
however, free base be present in large quantity along with polysulphide,
it is possible for monosulphide to be formed as an intermediate product
in the course of atmospheric oxidation, and the possibility of depilatory
action then arises. Minor quantities of free hydroxide, up to about

189

10 per cent, of the total base present in the dip, appear to be of no
practical consequence, since they are converted into thiosulphate
during atmospheric oxidation. The depilatory action of monosulphide
or hydrosulphide is much more violent than that of free hydroxide.
Under ordinary circumstances a dip would have to be very badly made
indeed before the amount of residual base present could become a
source of danger in practical dipping, and if reasonable care is taken
in preparation, the possibility of injurious action either upon the sheep
themselves, or upon their wool, is altogether ruled out.

Bedford (Gt. A. H.). Report upon the Dipping Trials carried out with
the different Proprietary and Home-made Sheep Dips in South
Africa. — Union S. Africa, Dept.Agric, Pretoria, ord & 4th Repts.
Director Veterinary Research, November 1915, pp. 163-172.

Practical trials on a small scale were made with eighteen sheep dips
available in South Africa. In the main series of trials two dippings
at an immersion period of two minutes, and a dipping interval of nine
days, were carried out. The general results showed successful cure of
scab in all cases except one, when O'Gorman's dip was used at too great
a dilution. At a higher strength this dip would also be effective.
A few tests carried out at a shorter immersion period and longer
dipping interval indicated that, although such conditions might be
effective, they could not be regarded as safe. The effect of the various
dips upon the general health of the sheep and upon the skin and wool
was not observed to be unfavourable, except in the case of Leach's dip,
where obvious intoxication occurred in ten out of twelve sheep dipped,
the deaths being probably due to the high concentration recommended.
At a lower concentration and with revised instructions for use, this dip
would probably be efficacious and innocuous. There was every indica-
tion that home-made sulphur dips, if properly used, are both effective
and harmless.

Green (H. H.). Arsenical Dip-Tester. — Union S. Africa, Dept. Agric,
Pretoria, 3rd & 4th Repts. Director Veterinary Research,
November 1915, pp. 199-214, 5 figs. [Received 12th October
1916.]

This paper describes and figures three forms of a dip-tester costing
very much less than the outfits at present on the market.

OoxDER (R.). On the Transmission of Haemoproteus columbae.^
Union S. Africa, Dept. Agric, Pretoria, 3rd & 4th Repts. Director
Veterinarv Research, November 1915, pp. 627-632. [Received
12th October 1916.]

The author's summary of this paper is as follows : — The infectivity
of the parasite, Haemoproteus columbae, is not hereditary in the carrier.
The parasite develops in Lynchia (Olfersia) capensis only to the
ookinete, which, through a double protoplasmic segmentation, loses
all its pigment and a part of its protoplasm. So long as the ookinetes
are present in the stomach of the fly, transmission of the parasite by
the fly is possible. The flies clean themselves from an infection

190

whenever the}'' engorge on the blood of a healthy pigeon, but do not
become immune against reinfection. A cleansing of the flies cannot
take place so long as they feed upon infected pigeons. Artificial
transmission from infected pigeons to healthy pigeons cannot be
brought about by ordinary blood inoculation, but is easily effected by
the injection of ookinetes cultivated in the moist chamber. Direct
transmission is also possible if lung material be used.

BtpHoe cpeflCTBO M36aBMTbCfl OTTj HnonOBTs. [A sure remedy against
bugs.] — « CM6MpCK0e CenbCKOe X03nMCTB0.» [Agriculture of
Siberia], Tomsk, no. 9-10, Mav, 1916, pp. 210-211. [Received
12th October 1916.]

Smearing with castor oil all the places where bed-bugs are likely to
collect, is stated to be an effective deterrent.

Carapagne Antipaludique de 1914. [The anti-malaria campaign of
1914.] — Gouvernement General de V Mg&ne, Algiers, 1915, 88 pp.,
2 maps, 6 diagrams. [Received 5th October 1916.]

This publication embodies 31 reports from officers conducting the
anti-malaria campaign in the various districts, quinine prophylaxis
and oiling being the chief control measures adopted.

Sergent (Edmond) & Sergent (Etiemie). Etudes Epidemiologiques
et Prophylactiques du Paludisme ; Trelzieme Campagne en Algerie
en 1914. [Studies in the Epidemiology and Prophylaxis of
Paludism ; 13th campaign in Algeria in 1914.]— Gouvernement
General de 1' Algerie, Algiers, 1915, pp. 43-88, 1 map, 1 diagram.
[Pteceived 5th October 1916.]

This is an annual report on anti-malarial work in Algeria [see this
Review, Ser. B, iii, p. 143]. In 1914 a distinct increase of malaria was
observed in many localities. At certain points it was epidemic in
character and fatal cases were numerous. The breeding of Anophelines
was furthered by the absence of many Europeans owing to the war.
The boring of artesian wells to supply the needs of intensive cultivation
also proved favourable to moscpiitos, as the abundant output of water
does not find a sufficient outlet and stagnant pools are formed. The
spring of 1914 was wet until a late date and the level of the underground
water rose nearly everywhere, after being very low during preceding
years. The peculiar habits of Anopheles turkhudi {Pyretophorus
myzomyifacies), which is nocturnal in habit and very rare indoors by
da}^, was again noted at Madani, where malaria was rife in 1914, though
the inhabitants declared they had hardly ever been bitten. Pools.
near the houses swarmed with the larvae of this mosquito. Anti-
larval measures gave excellent results and were only interrupted in
some places in August owing to the war. Quinine prophylaxis was
continued and proved of undoubted value. A quantity of literature
was distributed, a specimen being reprinted in this paper.

191

Heraud (A.). Destruction de punaises. [Bug destruction.] — Lo Vie
Agric. et Rur., Paris, vi, no. 42, 14th October 1916, p. 296.

Advantage may be taken of the fact that bed-bugs oviposit in warm,
dry places. A simple method consists in putting sheets of corrugated
paper, such as is used for packing purposes, under matresses and among
bedclothes. Oviposition occurs in May and if the sheets be removed,
burnt, and replaced weekly during that month, a repetition of this
procedure during a number of consecutive years will free buildings from
this pest.

Mosquitoes — Prevention of Breeding. (Ord. May 5, 1916) — U.S.

Public Health Repts., Washington, D.C., xxxi, no. 38, 22nd
September 1916, p. 2649.

An anti-mosquito ordinance has been enacted by the city of Tyler,
Texas. No stagnant water may be maintained within the corporate
limits of the city unless constantly drained, or oiled, or screened, or
kept stocked with mosquito-destroying fish and free from vegetation.
No receptacles containing water in which mosquitos may breed are
allowed, unless subject to measures preventing breeding ; this also
applies to gutters, eaves, excavations, etc. All ordinances in conflict
with this one are repealed. Violation of the above provisions con-
stitutes a misdemeanour and is punishable by a fine of from 1 to 10
dollars. Every day's continuance of such violation shall be considered
a separate offence.

Barber (L. B.) Report of the Animal Husbandman and Veterinarian.

— Rept. Guam Agric. Expt. Sta., 1915, Washington, 1916,
pp. 23-41, 4 figs., 3 plates, 1 table. [Received 19th October 1916.]

The tick infesting cattle, horses, buffalos, goats and deer in Guam is
indistinguishable from Marga.ropus caudatus. Cattle in particular are
infested throughout the year, the ticks being specially abundant during
the dry season. Native cattle, as a result of tick infestation and
continuous inbreeding, are weak and undersized. Imported animals
become rapidly infected and the resulting fever may cause death at anv
time, or the animal may continue to live in an emaciated condition.
The conditions prevailing in Guam render the eradication of ticks or
the enforcement of quarantine regulations extremely difficult. Hand-
picking of ticks and the application of oil and kerosene have proved
unsatisfactory. The native method, which has proved of some value,
is to stand the animal in sea-water for an hour or more, then to scrape
the skin to remove ticks and fi.nallv to rub in lemon iuice. The treat-
ment is repeated two or three times at intervals of from six to eight
days. Plans are being made for dipping cattle at regular intervals in
order to eradicate ticks. External parasites of poultry in Guam
include two species of lice, Menopon piallidum and Goniocotes gigas,
and the mite, Dermanyssus gallinae.

Flies. — Jl. Jamaica Agric. Soc, Kingston, xx, no. 2, Februarv 1916,
p. 58. [Received 20th October 1916.]

The following spray is recommended for use on manure heaps, walls
of stables, etc. : — 10 parts treacle, 2 parts arsenite of soda, 100 parts

192

water. Treatment should be repeated at least every 10 days. For
catching flies near dwellings, bundles of straw or dried grass should
be hung up, after being dipped in the following mixture : — 1 part
honey, 1 part treacle, ^ part arsenite of soda, 10 parts water [see also
this Review, Ser. B, Vol. i, p. 68].

Mason (F. E.). Report of the Veterinary Pathologist. — Minist. Agric,
Egypt., Vet. Service, Ann. Rept. for 1915, Cairo, 1916, pp. 28-42.
[Received 21st October 1916.]

Experiments on the subcutaneous injection of virulent, cattle-plague
blood to produce immunity were continued until July 1915. During
that month, 50 cattle were tested and no cases of plague followed the
test. It was therefore concluded that a strong immunity had been
conferred, lasting not less than three years.

Spirochaetosis was transmitted to fowls, ducks, turkeys and geese
by Argas persicus. Other species of ticks collected were : — Margaropns
annulatus, on cattle suffering from Texas and Egyptian fever ; Rhipi-
cephalus evertsi, on cattle with Texas fever and on donkeys with malaria ;
R. oculatus, on healthy camels ; R. sanguineus, on dogs with malaria ;
Hyalomma aegyptium, on cattle with Texas and Egyptian fevers, on
horses with malaria, and on healthy camels ; Haemaphysalis leachi,
on dogs with malaria ; Margaropus {Boopliilus) australis, on cattle
with Texas fever and Egyptian fever.

A form of piroplasmosis occurred among Egyptian sheep due to a
species of Theileria.

Cooper (H.). Note on Spraying of Cattle with Special Dips for the
Eradication of Ticks. — Minist. Agric, Egypt; Vet. Service, Ann.
Rept. for 1915, Cairo, 1916, pp. 45-48. [Received 21st October
1916.]

Tick-infested cattle were thoroughly sprayed with arsenical dip at
the strength of 1 part dip to 150 parts water, at intervals of from
6 to 10 days. In cases of light infestation, three or four sprayings were
considered sufficient ; in severe cases, this number was increased to five.
Subsequent examination showed that even in badly-infested animals
few living ticks were present after the third application. Mature ticks
died three or four days after spraying. The condition of the animals
was found to improve in every case. No cases of Texas fever occurred
among sprayed cattle. It is suggested that stables should be cleaned
and limewashed before sprayed animals return to them. Spraying
should not be carried out on wet days. Nile water was preferable to
well water for diluting the dip, as the latter caused a certain amount
of coagulation.

*o^

Bacot (A.). The use of insecticides against lice. — Separate from
British Med. Jl., no. 2909, 30th Sept. 1916.

This is a record of a series of experiments on the lice-killing properties
of various substances made under such conditions that the lice had the
opportunity of feeding whilst exposed to the influence of the substance

193

under trial. This was effected by enclosing them in wire-gauze frames
covered Avith thin muslin and suspending these next to the skin in
various positions on the body. Trials were made with the alkaloid
cytisine derived from the seeds of gorse and laburnum and possessing
similar physiological properties to those of nicotine, but being much
less volatile. Preliminary trials with naphthaline showed that the
diffusion of vapour over the body surface under the clothing is restricted
to a very small area round the centre of distribution. Thus naph-
thaline WTapped in motor veiling and put into a bag containing lice
killed them in three hours but in another bag only half an inch from the
first, only two larvae and one adult were dead out of 30 after 1 1 hours.
By arranging a series of five cages, containing lint saturated with the
remedy to be tested, and only containing lice in every alternate one,
the effect of contact and diffusion were observed at the same time.
Naphthaline, sulphur, cresylic acid, iodoform, vaseline with naph-
thaline, kerosine oil and benzole, vermijelli with cresylic acid, cytisine,
vermijelli with phenol, were all tried. The general result, except in the
case of vermijelli alone, was that of the lice in contact with the lint all
or nearly all died. The result of these trials is to suggest that the
effect by diffusion of all these substances, except possibly of naph-
thaline, is so slight as to reduce them all to the level of contact remedies.
Thorough impregnation of the clothing would therefore be necessary
to produce any effect. Naphthaline in powder is likely to be wasted,
and if made into tablets, evaporates too slowly to produce any real
effect, while even if clothing be impregnated with it, its efficacy is lost
on the second day. Experiments on the value of soaking shirting in
the remedy were made as follows : — Shallow cardboard boxes 1 inch
in diameter and f inch deep were lined vnth. flannel shirting which had
been washed and dried by the ordinary laundry process and then soaked
in a solution of the remedy and dried off rapidly ; the open side of the
boxes was covered with chiffon through which the insects fed. These
boxes were kept by day in a linen bag suspended beneath the clothing
and at night beneath a belt with the chiffon side next the skin, the
available feeding period being about seven hours. The remedies
tested were sulphur, vermijelli, vermijelli and cresyhc acid, vermijelli
and naphthaline. The results were almost nil except with vermijelli
and naphthaline ; in all other cases, eggs were laid on the flannel as
in the control. A second test made with flannel impregnated two days
previously, showed that the vermijelli-naphthaline preparation rapidly
loses its effectiveness by evaporation. Trials were then made with
lice on pieces of flannel soaked in six different solutions and enclosed
in pockets of fine chiffon, worn next to the skin. An emulsion of
carbolic acid and soft soap was the most effective of these, the practical
effect of the impregnation lasting six or seven days while the odour
might act as a deterrent for a few days longer. Cytisine appears to be
effective experimentally, but its toxic effect might be serious if it is used
to impregnate garments ; it is also very costly. These trials suggest
that a practical remedy for preventing the spread of lice among troops
may be an emulsion consisting of 45-50 per cent, of soft soap combined
by heating with 50-55 per cent, crude carbolic acid. Garments should
be impregnated with a 5 per cent, solution of this emulsion in warm
water and thoroughly dried before use. The cost, apart from labour,
is about Id. per shirt.

194

Robinson (H. W.). Same species of Tick Infesting Polecat and Otter.
—Zoologist, Londo7i, no. 904, 16tli October 1916, p. 399.

Examples of Ixodes hexagonus are recorded in England from polecats
kept in captivity and from otters.

€overnment Notice [concerning House-Flies]. — Extract from Official
Gaz., Georgetown, 6tli May 1916, 4 pp. [Received 28th October
1916.]

In British Guiana, Mvsca domestica breeds in horse manure, rotting
fruit and vegetables, farinaceous substances, decaying feathers mixed
with chicken manure, rotting meat, etc. In the laboratory larvae
were reared successfully on damp bran. Under the same conditions
at an average temperature of 78"8° F. the incubation period of the egg
was 13 hours ; this period would be lessened under the higher tempera-
ture of natural conditions. The most favovirable temperature for
larval development lies between 90° and 98° F. ; in the laboratory at
an average temperature of 84'6° F., the duration of this stage was
six days. This, under suitable conditions, may be reduced to four da,ys.
The pupal stage lasted five days, giving a total of 12 days for the com-
plete life-cycle. The female is ready to oviposit about six days after
emergence, and is capable of producing five or six batches of more than
100 eggs each. Natural enemies of 31. doynestica in British Guiana
inchide two species of mites, and spiders, especially those belonging
to the family Attidae, attacking the adults, and ants, fowls and a
Hymenopterous parasite, attacking larvae and pupae.

Flies are not extremely abundant in those parts of Georgetown in
which a good system of sanitation exists, but are very prevalent in the
less sanitary parts. The stables, etc., present in the town and in the
vicinity of the harbour are responsible for at least 80 per cent, of the
total number of flies. The following measures should therefore be
enforced : — (1) All stables should be provided with a concrete floor
so that regular flushing can be carried out. (2) Concrete drains
connecting with a main drain or trench should be provided. (3)
Manure should not be allowed to accumulate in or about stables ;
closed bins should be provided for the reception of manure and should
be emptied at least once a week. In houses, fly-papers or traps baited
with molasses should be freely exposed.

LocHHEAD (W.). Some notes regarding Nose and other Bot Flies. —
46th Ann. Rept. Entom. Soc. Ontario, 1915, Toronto, 1916,
pp. 102-108, 5 figs. [Received 10th October 1916.]

The flies which trouble horses so much in the western provinces of
Canada have been identified as GastrojjJiilus tmsalis (nose fly) from
specimens sent from Saskatchewan. For the past two or three years
in Chateauguay and Huntingdon counties, certain flies were reported
as very troublesome to dairy herds in the pastures during June and
early July. These have been identified as Hypoderma bovis. The
outbreak is due to the large importation into these counties of cattle
from Scotland. A table is given for identifying the common genera
and species of Oestridae, and the wings of Gastrophilus nasalis,
G. equi, G. haeiuorrhoidalis, Hypoder^ia bovis and H. lineata are
figured.

195

Hadwen (S.)- The seasonal prevalence of Eypodenna bovis in 1915,
together with observations on the terrifying effect H. bovis has
upon cattle, and lesions produced by the larvae. — 46th Ann. Rept.
Entom. Soc. Ontario, 1915, Toronto, 1916, pp. 108-119, 4 figs.
[Received 10th October 1916.]

At Agassiz, British Columbia, tlie seasonal activity of Hypoderma
bovis extended from the beginning of June to the beginning of August,
in 1915. The last larvae to emerge from the backs of cattle did so
during the first days of July. As an average of all the records of the
pupal stage (except Carpenter's record of 8 weeks in 1914) gives 35
days, the season for flies cannot extend far into August. High temper-
atures shorten the pupal period ; when larvae of H. bovis were placed
in an incubator at 80° F., the flies emerged in from 16 to 19 days.
The situation in which the larva finds itself on leaving its host also
makes some difference. Crevices in the floors of stables, etc., must be
warmer than the outside air. Such situations would mainly favour
H. lineata and the early larvae of H. bovis, and it is quite possible
that some of the early appearances of the former may be accounted
for in this way. The terror inspired in cattle by H. bovis is due to its
persistence in attack and the manner in which it oviposits. As' it
only lays one egg at a time, it is able to do so regardless of the move-
ments of the animal, but the distribution of the eggs is consequently
more irregular than in //. lineata. Hewitt's observations on
the penetration of the skin by the larvae of H. bovis [see this Revieiv,
»Ser. B, iii, p. 19] are confirmed. The passage of H. bovis larvae was
proved by cutting circles in the hair round newly laid eggs, and later,
after the eggs had hatched, by finding the swellings underneath.
These swellings are somewhat different from those of H. lineata, as
there is less exudation of serum, and they seem rounder and more
raised. They are usually about half an inch in diameter, but if several
eggs are laid close together, the swellings may merge into one another.
In H. lineata, it is probable that several larvae choose the same follicle
for entrance, seeing that a number of eggs are attached to the same
hair. The eggs nearest the skin hatch first, and it would seem probable
that the larvae follow one another through the same opening. The
result would be a larger opening than the single larva of H. bovis
could make, and consequently a bigger flow of serum occurs. The
sv\'elliugs in the case of H. bovis are sometimes quite large, but there
is not so much dermatitis or exfoliation of the skin. One remarkable
fact was noted in regard to both species of larvae : the swellings and
skin lesions are confined almost entirely to the older animals, the
calves only showing slight effects. This natural immunity breaks
down with age and is all the more interesting because young cattle are
more heavily parasitised than older individuals.

Legendre (J.). Destruction des Moustiques par les Poissons. [Destruc-
tion of mosquitos by fish.] — C.R. Hebdofn. Acad. Sci., Paris, clxiii,
no. 15, 9th October 1916, pp. 377-378.

A station has been estabhshed at Antananarivo, Madagascar, for
the purpose of breeding two varieties of carp which feed on AnopheUne
larvae and which have been imported from France and from Reunion
respectively. Observations on another introduced form, Carassius

196

auratus, were made in rice-fields and it was found that the high temper-
ature and abundant food-supply, occasioned by the presence of the
mosquito lai-\'ae, caused a rapid multiplication. In one instance 1,300
fish increased to 18,000 in 5 months.

Four d^truire les moustiques dans les riziferes. [The destruction of
mosquitos in rice-fields.] — La Vie Agric. et Rur, Paris, vi, no. 43,.
21st October 1916, p. 312.
This article deals with the same subject-matter as the one abstracted

above.

Ferris (G. F.). Anoplura from Sea-Lions of the Pacific Ocean.—

— Entom. News, Philadelphia, xxvii, no. 8, October 1916,,

pp. 366-370, 1 fig.
This paper records Antarctophthirius microchir, Troues. & Neum.,.
from Zalophus caUfornianus (Calif ornian sea-lion) and Echinophthirius
fluctus, sp. n, from a skin of what is probably a young Eainetopias
jubata (Stellar sea-lion).

Cleland (J. B.), Bradley (B.) & McDonald (W.). On the Trans-
mission of Australian Dengue by the Mosquito Stegomyia jasciata..
— Med. Jl. Australia, Sydney, ii, nos. 10-11, 2nd & 9th
September 1916, pp. 179-184 & 200-205, 1 coloured plate.

The extension of the epidemic of dengue from Queensland to some of
the North Coast towns of New South Wales early in 1916 has led to
an investigation of the aetiology of this disease, and the results of
certain experiments are published in this preliminary paper, showing
that Stegomyia fasciata (yellow fever mosquito) transmits it. Previous
work bearing on the experimental production of dengue fever by
mosquitos is reviewed, including that by Graham, Bancroft and
Ashburn and Craig. The first series of experiments by the present
authors are not described in detail here, as negative results were-
obtained. In the secon'd series, mosquitos were collected in Mullum-
bimby and the surrounding district, about 100 S. fasciata and 112
Culex fatigans being obtained. Occasional examples of Cidex annuli-
rostris were found in Mullumbimby, but, except in one instance,,
they were not used in the experiments. A summary of these is
given, taking the nine persons volunteering seriati7n, with a detailed
history of the four successful cases. The authors' conclusions
are as follows : — (1) Stegomyia fasciata caught in a dengue-infected
district, some of which were known to have fed on a dengue
patient on the first and second day of his illness, when transported to
a non-dengue district, reproduced the desease in four out of seven,
persons on whom experiments were conducted. (2) Blood taken
from three of these four cases reproduced the disease when injected
into other persons; the blood in the fourth case was not tested.
(3) The incubation period of the four cases was found to be possibly
between 5 and 9| days, probably between 6| and 9| days, reckoning
from the bite to the definite onset of the disease. (4) No known
case of contagion occurred from any of the above four cases. (5) No
evidence was obtained from two cases, one of which was heavily and
repeatedly bitten with Cidex fatigans, that this mosquito is capable of
acting as a transmitter of dengue fever.

NOTICES.

Secretaries of Societies and Editors of Journals willing to exchange
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The Subscription to the Review is 12s. per annum, post free; or
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CONTENTS.

,^7

6.

6

PAGE.

Trypanosoma triaioino,e, a New Flagellato found in Triatoma

protracta in California .. .. .. .. ,. .. 181

Traps and Baits for House-flies . . . . . . . . . . 181

Fleas infesting Rats in New South Wales 181

TJie Mosquitos of Sydney . . . . . . . . . . . . 182

Notes on Australian Tabanids . . > . . . . . . . . 182

Notes on Tabanids and other Flies from Queensland . . . . 183

Insect Enemies (Review) . . . . . . . . . . . . 183

Structure of the Mouth-parts of the Body-louse . . . , . , 183

The Bionomics and Control of Psoroptes communis var. ovis on

Sheep in South Africa . . . . " . . , . . . . , 184

Experiments with Psoroptes communis in South Africa . . . , 186

The Chemistry of Sulphur Sheep Dips .. .. .. .. 187

Trials with Sheep Dips in South Africa . . . . . . . . 189

An Arsenical Dip-Tester . . . . . . . . . . . . 189

The- Transmission of Haemoproteus cohimbae by LyncMa capensis

in South Africa . . . . . . . . . . . . . , 189

The Use of Castor Oil against Bed-bugs in Russia . . . . . . 190

The An ti -malaria Campaign of 1914 in Algeria . . . . . . 190

Mosquitos and Malaria in Algeria . . . . . . . . . . 190

Methods of destroying Bed-bugs .. .. .. ,. .. 191

Ordinance against Breeding of Mosquitos in Texas . . . . . . 191

Ticks infesting Cattle in G-uam .. ,. .. .. .. 191

A Poison Spray for Flies . . . . . . . . . . . . 191

Ticks and Disease in Egypt . . . . . . . . . . . . 192

Arsenical Dip for Cattle in Egypt . . . , * . . . ' . . 192

Experiments in the Control of Lice . . . . . . . . . . 192

Ixodes hexagonus infesting Polecat and Otter in England . . . . 194

The Control of House-flies in British Cuiana . . . . . . . . 194

Notes on Oestrids infesting Cattle in Canada • . . . . . 1 94

The Seasonal Prevalence of Hypoderma bovis in Canada . . . . 195

The Use of Fish against Mosquito Larvae in Madagascar . . 195-196

Anojyliira from Sea-Lions of the Pacific Ocean . . . . . . 196

Transmission of Dengue Fever by Stegomyia fasciata in Australia . . 196

VOL. IV. Ser. B. Title-page and Index. [Issued Aug., 1917.]

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(Natural History).
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Mr. E. C. Blech, C.M.G., Foreign Office.

Sir J. Rose Bradford, K.C.M.G., F.R.S., Secretary, Royal Society.
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(Natural History).
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Technology.
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Dr. R. Stewart MacDougall, Le«turer on Agricultural Entomology,

Edinburgh University.
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Colonial Office.
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in Tropical Agriculture.
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Medical Entomology, Liverpool University.
Professor G. H. F. Nuttall, F.R.S., Quick Professor of Protozoology,

Cambridge.
Professor E. B. Poulton, F.R.S., Hope Professor of Zoology, Oxford.
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Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew.
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Cambridge,
Dr. A. E. Shipley, F.R.S., Master of Christ's College, Cambridge.
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Mr. F. V. Theobald, Vice-Principal, South Eastern Agricultural

College, Wye.
Mr. C. Warburton, Zoologist to the Royal Agricultural Society of

England.
The Chief Entomologist in each of the Self-governing Dominiona

is an ex officio member of the Committee.

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197

INDEX OF AUTHORS.

A reference in heavy type indicates that a paper by the author has

been abstracted.

Alessandrini, G., 83.
Alvares, M. G. de A., 48.
Annandale, N., 118.
Ashworth, J. H., 87.
Atkinson, E. L., 91.
Awati, P. E., 74, 172.

Bacot, A. W., 57, 161, 192.

Balfour, A., 142, 150, 179.

Banks, N., 96.

Barber, L. B., 191.

Barret, H. P., 61, 136.

Basile, C, 102.

Beal, W. P., 12.

Bedford, G. A. H., 186, 189.

Bequaert, J., 16, 22, 31, 40, 138.

Bergevin, E. de, 139.

BertarelU, E., 153.

Bertolio, S., 152.

Bevan, LI. E. W., 46.

Beyer, H. G., 135.

Bezzi, M., 156.

Bishopp, F. C, 1, 4, 34, 181.

Bishop, W. A., 105.

Blanc, G., 63, 121.

Blanchard, 17.

Boing, 58.

Bouet, G., 21, 84, 101.

Bouilliez, M., 84.

Boyce, Sir Rubert, 12.

Bradley, B., 196.

Brauer, 22, 24, 78, 88.

Brumpt, E., 38, 103.

Brunetti, E., 52.

Buchanan, R. M., 45.

Buckland, J,, 2.

Burton-Brown, G., 141.

Buttrick, P. L., 95.

Calderon, H., 69.
CanaHs, P., 94.

(C366) Wt. Pl/131. 1.500. 8.17.

Carini, A., 59.

Carpano, M., 14, 69.

Carpenter, G. H., 195.

Carter, H. F., 109.

Carter, H. R., 109, 180.

Castellani, A., 7.

Chagas, Dr., 59.

Chand, K., 124.

Chandler, W. L., 119.

Chapin, R. M., 3.

Chatton, E., 63, 121.

Chidester, F. E., 123.

Christophers, S. R., 23, 24, 74,

124, 172.
Chubb, E. C, 121.
Chun, J. W. H., 101.
Clare, H. L., 69.

Cleland, J. B., 110, 149, 181, 196.
Coghill, H. S., 66.
Connal, A., 66.
Cooper, H., 192.

Copeman, Lieut.-Col. S. M., 141.
Cornwall, J. W., 124, 174.
Corlette, C. E., 135.
Costa Lima, A. da, 39, 61, 137,

177.
Cotton, E. C, 2.
Cousins, H. H., 160.
Coutant, A. F., 78.
Crawley, H., 64.

Creel, R. H., 25, 76, 86, 155, 175.
Crosse, W., 148.
Cumpston, J. H. L., 59.
Cunha, A., 83.
CurleAvis, A. W., 179.

d'Anfreville, L., 16, 40, 85.

Da Costa, B. F. B., 48.

Da Costa Lima, A., 39, 61, 137,

177.
Da Silva, P., 15, 49.
B&F.Ltd. G.11/3. A

198

INDEX OF AUTHORS.

Dalziel, J. M., 149, 150.

De Bergevin, E., 139.

De Raadt, 0. L. E., 127, 128,

130.
De la Riviere, R. D., 17.
De Vogel, W. T., 130.
Derivaux, R. C, 137.
Descazeaux, J., 165.
Dible, J. H., 20.
Diguet, L., 9.
Dollman, H. C, 122.
Donovan, 102.
Dos Santos, A. C, 48.
Du Buysson, 138.
Duckett, A. B., 96.
Dufour, 138.
Dyar, H. C, 159, 160.

Ealand, C. A., 183.
Edwards, F. W., 64, 112, 120.
Eltringham, H., 108.
Engelhardt, V. M., 50.
Evans, A. T., 147.
Ezdorf, R. H. von, 77.

Paget, F. M., 155.

Fantham, H. B., 43, 103.

Felt, E. P., 170.

Ferguson, E. W., 11, 41, [181,

182.
Ferris* G. F., 120, 176, 196.
Filippini, A., 104.
Foley, H., 134.
Fowler, Sir J. K.. 150.
Francliini, 103.
Fricks, L. D., 77.
Friedmann, A., 83.
Froggatt, J. L., 70.
Froggatt, W. W., 179.
Fry, Major A. B., 118.
Fuschini, C, 14.

Galaine, C, 156.

Gapin, Dr., 102.

Garden, G., 19, 170.

Gaskell, Major T. K., 121.

Gaulke, 35.

Gerlache, 184.

Gill, C. A., 172.

Girault, A. A., 122.

Given, StafE-Surg. D. H. C, 131.

Goldsmid, J. A., 148.

Gonder, R., 189.
Graham-Smith, G. S., 143.
Green, H. H., 187, 189.
Griffiths, T. H. D., 160.
Grimshaw, P. H., 102.
Grixoni, G., 153.

Hadwen, S., 195.
Halberkann, J., 61.
Hall, M. C, 58, 63.
Harrison, L., 183.
Hase, A., 35.
Hay, G. G., 154.
Headlee, T. H., 6.
Hegh, E., 36.
Heraud, A., 191.
Herms, W. B., 119, 176.
Herrick, G. W., 12.
Hewitt, C. G., 80, 122, 195.
Heymann, B., 87.
Higgins, J. T. D. S., 57.
Hill, G. F., 8, 72.
Hirschberg, 53.
Hirst, S., 68, 86, 141, 159.
Hoepke, 41.
Holborow, A. G., 46.
Holt, J. J. H., 140, 141.
Houbert, C, 156.
Houssiau, J., 15.
Howarth, E., 140.
Howlett, F. M., 32, 91, 141.
Hutchison, R. H., 62.

IlHngworth, J. F., 41.
Imes, M., 148.
Ingram, A., 111.
Izar, Capt., 154.

Jackson, T. W., 7.
Jepson, F. P., 41.
Jobbins-Pomeroy, A, W., 81.
Johnson, W. B., 149, 150.
Johnston, J. E. L., 112.
Jojot, C, 110.
Jordan, K., 32, 33.
Joyeux, C, 21.

Kaupp, B. F., 53.
Kellogg, V. L., 120, 137.
Kemp, S., 118.
Kennan, R. H., 45.
Keyworth, W. D., 124.

INDEX OF AUTHORS.

199

King, H. H., 22.

King, W. v., 53, 90, 136, 152.

Kingon, J. R. L., 105.

Kinloch, J. P., 57, 133.

Kirsch, 78.

Kitano, T., 154.

Knab, F., 30, 107, 160, 175.

Knese, 126.

Kofoid, C. A., 181.

Koike, V. T., 125.

Koselkine, P. M., 101.

Kuhn, 58.

Kulagin, N. M., 50.

La Frenais, M. H., 124.

Laake, E. W., 1.

Lahille, F., 177.

Lamborn, W. A., 28, 113.

Lamson, jnr., G. H., 26.

Landois, 41.

Lane, Lieut.-Col. D. T., 86.

Langeron, M., 156.

Laveran, A., 9, 85, 102, 103.

Legendre, J,, 49, 195.

Leishman, Sir W. B., 150.

Lemaire, 103.

Lenz, 135.

Leonard, T. M. R., 149.

Le Prince, J. A., 97.

Levy, 180.

Lheritier, 103.

Lima, A. Da Costa, 39, 61, 137, 177.

Liston, Major W. G., 75.

Lloyd, LI., 44, 102, 117.

Lochhead, W., 194.

Lodge, 0. C, 168.

Loir, Dr., 53.

Lutje, 2.

Liitz, A., 36, 37, 137.

MacBean Ross, J. N., 143.
MacDougall, R. S., 178.
Macfarlane, H., 39.
Macfarlane, R. M., 130.
Macfie, J. W. S., 27, 42, 81, 111.
MacGregor, M. E., 116, 131.
Machado, A., 36, 38.
Malloch, J. R., 55, 107.
Mally, C. W., 80.
Marchoux, E., 85.
Marett, P. J., 20.
Mariana, A., 152.

Martini, E., 16.

Mason, C, 171.

Mason, F. E., 7, 192.

Mayer, M., 134.

Mayr, L., 158.

Mazzuoli, S., 62.

McCafirey, D., 154.

McCarthy, T., 179.

McCulloch, Irene, 181.

McDonald, W., 196.

McEachran, J. F., 8.

Messore, L., 19.

Michie, H. C, 76.

Miessner, H., 126.

Mitter, J. L., 24, 75.

Mitzmain, M. B., 76, 92, 136, 175.

Moniz, G., 134.

Moore, H. W. B., 177.

Moore, W., 79.

Morales, R., 177.

Morison, J., 124.

Morris, Stafi-Surg. L. M., 59.

MusseUus, A. A., 50.

Muto, A., 83, 177.

Neiva, A., 137.

Nicolle, C, 103.

Nobbs, E. A., 171.

Nocht, B., 134.

Noel, P., 53.

Nuttall, G. H. F., 34, 55, 64.

O'Brien, J. M., 149.
Orenstein, A. J., 97, 104.
Orme, Dr. W. B., 73.

Paoli, G., 70.

Parker, R. R., 78, 147.

Parsons, H. H., 76.

Patterson, R., 123.

Patton, Capt. W. S., 49, 102.

Peacock, A. D., 133.

Pirussky, V. S., 25.

Pomeroy, A. W. Jobbins, 81.

Portchinsky, I. A., 51, 88.

Porter, A., 43, 103.

Prashad, B., 74.

Pregl, 135.

Price, 103.

Prince, J. A. le, 97.

Raadt, 0. L. E. de, 127, 128, 130.

Ragazzi, C, 69.

200

INDEX OF AUTHORS.

Eandone, F., 60.

Rankin, Major A. C, 139.

Ransom, B. H., 63.

Rene, C, 70, 158.

Ricardo, G., 65.

Richardson, C. H., 5, 106.

Richter, H. G., 18, 179.

Riviere, R. D. de la, 17.

Roberg, D. N., 51.

Roberts, N., 94.

Robertson, G. E., 94.

Robinson, L. E., 34.

Robinson, H. W., 194.

Rodhain, J., 15, 16, 22, 40, 56, 67,

101, 138.
Rogers, 103.
Roper, R., 73.
Ross, J. N. MacBean, 143.
Ross, P. H., 167.
Ross, Sir R., 150.
Ross, T. S., 92.
Ross, W. A., 91.
Rothschild, Hon. N. C, 32, 33.
Roubaiid, E., 15, 21, 22, 39, 43,

101, 102, 138.
Rovere, 21.

Sa, C, 83.

Sant'Anna, J. F,, 48.
Saunders, W. H., 167, 168.
Schmidt, M., 158.
Schokhor, N. J., 101.
Schoyen, T. H., 180.
Schuberg, 58.
Schuffner, W., 52.
Schumann, P., 126.
Schwetz, J., 30, 31, 43.
Scott, J. W., 14.
Seidelin, H., 12.
Sen, S. K., 177.
Sergent, E., 103, 139.
Sergent, Edmond, 93, 134, 190.
Sergent, Etienne, 93, 190.
Shilston, A. W., 184.
Shircore, J. 0., 54, 130.
Siler, J. F., 90.
Silva, P. da, 15, 49.
Simpson, W. J., 150.
Sinclair, J. M., 73, 108, 151, 171.

Sitanala, J. B., 127.

Skriabin, J. K., 24.

Stanton, A. T., 23.

Stedefeder, 10.

Stephens, 43.

Storey, G., 86.

Strickland, C, 54, 66.

Strong, 65.

Sturgess, G. W., 123.

Sweet, G., 70.

Swellengrebel, N. H., 127, 128,

130.
Swenk, M. H., 169.

Taylor, F. H., 10, 30, 91, 135, 183.

Theiler, Sir A., 27.

Thompson, W. A., 11.

Torres, M., 37.

Townsend, G. H., 63, 65, 96, 122,

123, 159.
Tuck, 180.
Turner, R. E., 116.

Van den Branden, F., 101.
Vecsei, F., 61.
Velu, 164.
Vialette, C, 156.
Villeneuve, J., 16, 125, 126.
Vishniakov, Th. A., 51.
Vogel, W. T. de, 130.
von Ezdorf, R. H., 77.

Wagner, J., 151.
Warburton, C, 34.
Washburn, F. L., 152.
Waterston, J., 65, 121, 166.
Weidman, F. D., 40.
Wenton, 49.
Whitfield, A., 46.
Widmann, E., 87.
Williams, F. H., 111.
Wohlfart, 88.
Wolbach, S. B., 154.
Wolfel, K., 47.
Wood, J. Y., 44.
Wurth, Dr., 129.
Wyler, E. J., 148.

Yakimofi, W. L., 101.

201

GENERAL INDEX.

In the case of scientific names the page reference is cited only under

the heading of the generic name-
When a generic name is printed in brackets it signifies that the name

is not adopted.

abdominalis, Culex (Culieelsa).
abfiichi, Ochlerotatus (Aides).
abruptus, Thyridanthrax.
Abyssinia, mosquitos in, 120.
Acacia cyclopis, branches of, for

carrying baits for bouse-flies, 80.
Acanthaspis sulcipes, probably not

a carrier of endemic goitre in

Africa, 139.
Acanthia lectularius (see Cimex).
Acanthocera, in Brazil, 37.
Acarina, of North America, 96.
acasta, Melittobia.
acer, Ghrysoconops (see Taeniorhyn-

chus brevicellulus).
aconitus, Anopheles,
acutus, Geratophyllus.
Adalia obliterata, in houses in

Britain, 102.
adelpha, Leptopsylla.
Adhesives, formulae for, for

trapping flies, 20, 53, 181.
Aedes, 37.

Aedes abfiichi (see Ochlerotatus).
Aedes aurifer (see Ochlerotatus).
Aedes calopus (see Stegomyia

fasdata).
Aedes canadensis (see Ochlerotatus).
Aedes cantator (see Ochlerotatus).
Aedes funerea, in Northern

Australia, 11.
Aedes impiger (see Ochlerotatus).
Aedes ornatus (see Ochlerotatus).
Aedes sollicitans (see Ochlerotatus).
Aedes squamiger, breeding-places of,

in California, 159.
Aedes subcantans (see Ochlerotatus).
Aedes sylvestris (see Ochlerotatus).
Aedes taeniorhynchus (see Ochlero-
tatus).
Aedes triseriatus (see Ochlerotatus).
Aedes trivittatus (see Ochlerotatus).

Aedes (Skusea) uniformis, in
Northern Australia, 10, 11.

Aedimorphus australis, in Queens-
land, 60.

Aedomyia squamipennis, in Brazil,
37.

Aedomyia venustipes, in Queens-
land, 60.

aegyptium, Hyalomma.

aequisetosa, Xenopsylla.

affinis, Micropus.

Africa, new Authomyiids from,
125; canine piroplasmosis
conveyed by Eaemaphysalis
leachi in, 34 ; Gordylobia anthro-
pophaga on dogs in, 58 ; control
of malaria in, 154 ; new mites
from, 142 ; bionomics of flies
causing myiasis in, 138; tick-
borne diseases in, 64, 119.

Africa, East, Dermatophilus
2^enetrans in, 5; distribution of
Glossina morsitans in, 47 ; house-
flies and parasitic worms in, 54 ;
Ixodes nairobiensis, sp. n., from,
55; mosquitos in, 120; Paederus
crebripunctatus causing dermatitis
in, 167 ; insect-borne diseases in,
130; Passeromyia heterochaeta
in, 138; Simulium dentulosum,
sp. n., from, 39.

Africa, French West, bionomics of
Ghoeromyia spp. in, 101 ; insect-
borne diseases in, 84.

Africa, North, Onchocerca gutiurosa
infesting Bos taurus in, 70.

Africa, South, loss due to African
coast fever in, 105; new Ano-
plura from, 120; new Calli-
phorine flies from, 126 ; formula
for cattle-dips used in, 107;
investigations of horse -sickness
in, 27 ; bionomics and control of
house-flies in, 80 ; mosquitos in

202

INDEX.

120; bionomics and control of
sheep-scab in, 184-189.

Africa, West, dermatitis in, 15,
167; new mosquitos from, 64;
bionomics of mosquito larvae in,
111 ; Stegomyia fasciata and
yellow fever in, 150, 165; (see
under Nigeria, Sierra Leone, etc.).

African Coast Fever, loss due to,
in S. Africa, 105; ticks convey-
ing, in tlio Belgian Congo, 64 ;
disease resembling, in Egypt, 7 ;
in cattle in Libya, 69 ; and its
control in Rhodesia, 73, 107,
151, 171.

africana, Stegomyia.

africanus, Mcmsonioides ; Pharyn-
goholus.

agilis, Laelaps.

ahalae, Pygiopsylla.

aitkeni, Anopheles.

aJcamushi, Microtrowhidium.

albertensis, Ceratophyllus ignotus.

albescens, TJranotaenia.

albibasis, Johannsenomyia.

albimanus, Anopheles.

albimedius, Tabanus.

albipalpus, Tabanus.

albipennis, Olfersia.

albipictus, Dermacentor.

albirostris, Anopheles.

alboabdominalis, TJranotaenia.

alboannulatus, Ochlerotatus {C\di-
celsa).

albocephalus, Ochlerotatus.

albolineata, Policies.

albolaeniatus. Anopheles.

Alcohol, effect of, on larvae of
Wohlfartia magnifica, 89.

Alcimus rubiginosus, attacking
Ghrysops ^voodi in Nyasaland, 171.

alcocki, Silvius.

Algeria, goitre probably not
carried by blood-sucking Rhyn-
chota in, 139; leishmaniasis
carried by Phlebotomus in, 103 ;
drainage measures against mos-
quito larvae in, 93 ; mosquitos
and malaria in, 190.

Allactaga elaier, Mesopsylla lenis
on, in Turkestan, 32.

Aloes, in cattle dips, 73.

Alphitobius, in swallow's nest in
the Gold Coast, 81.

alternans, Mucidus.

Alum, use of, against fleas in
China, 5.

Alysia manducator, parasite of
house-flies in Britain, 146.

amazonicum, Simulium.

ambigua, Pseudornithomyia.

Ambiyomma, on dogs in Sierra
Leone, 150.

Ambiyomma americanum, in
Canada, 80.

Amhlyomma cayennense, probable
carrier of piroplasmosis of dogs
in Brazil, 59.

Ambiyomma eburneum, in Italian
Somaliland, 70.

Ambiyomma hebraeum, carrying
heart-water in domestic animals,
64 ; not found in Italian Somali-
land, 70.

Amhlyomma lepidum, in Italian
Somaliland, 70.

AnMyomma inarmoreum, hosts of,
in the Gold Coast, 81 ; in Italian
Somaliland, 70 ; in Sierra Leone,
45.

Ambiyomma splendidxim, in Sierra
Leone, 45.

Ambiyomma striatum, probable
carrier of piroplasmosis of dogs
in Brazil, 59.

Ambiyomma triguttatum, in

N. Australia, 11.

Ambiyomma variegatum, attacking
man and animals in French
Guinea, 21 ; probably trans-
mitting Piroplasma in the Gold
Coast, "42; in Nigeria, 66, 113;
on cattle in Rhodesia, 108; in
Sierra Leone, 45 ; not found in
Italian Somaliland, 70.

America, Acaiina of, 96.

America, Central, Dermaiohia
hominis in, 58; new fleas from,
33.

America, North, new Anoplura
from, 176; European flies
established in, 107; new fleas
from, 33; (see Canada and United
States).

America, South, Dermatobiahominis
in, 58 ; Dermatophiliis penetrans
in, 5; new fleas from, 33;
Hippoboscids infesting birds in,
137 ; ticks from, 55.

americana, Blatta ; Graphomyia ;
Olfersia.

americanum, Ambiyomma.

Ammonia, use of, against lice,
135, 154.

Ammonium Carbonate, experi-
ments with, as a bait for flies,
106.

Ammonium Hydroxide, experi-
ments with, as a bait for flies, 106.

Ammonium Nitrate, in baits for
house-flies, 169.

ampelophila, Drosophila.

Amphipsylla certa, probably a
variety of A. shelkovnikovi, 151.

Amphipsylla coniigua locnples, hosts
of, in Turkestan, 32.

Amphipsylla dumalis, sp. n., hosts
of, in Turkestan, 32.

Amphipsylla primaris, sp. n., on
Mustela erminea in Turkestan, 32.

INDEX.

203

Amphipsylla sJielkovnikovi, on
Microtus in Caucasia, 151.

Anas superciliosa, Ixodes anatis on,
in New Zealand, 55.

Anastatus viridiceps, parasite of
Glossina morsitans in Northern
Khodesia^ 117.

Anastellorhina augur {CalUphora
oceaniae), bionomics and control
of, in Australia, 71, 122, 179,
183.

anatis, Ixodes.

Andamans, mosquitos and malaria
in, 54.

angulatus, Linognathus.

angustatus, Ixodes.

angustifrons, Olfersia.

anhydor, Uranotaenia.

anips, Culex.

Aniseed, Oil of, against lice, 153.

Anisocheleomyia nivipes (see
Uranotaenia).

Anisol, against lice, 17.

anisus, Ceratophyllus.

Ankylostoma duodenale, and house-
flies in British East Africa, 54.

annetti, Taeniorhynchus.

annulata, Uranotaenia.

annulatum, Piroplasma.

annulatus, Culex (Leucomyia) ;
Margaropus (Boophilus) ; Ochlero-
tatus {Gulicada).

annuliferus, Mansonioides.

anmdioris, Culex.

annulipes, Anopheles (Nyssorhyn-
chiis) ; Mansonioides ; Ochlero-
tatus (Ciilicada.).

annulirostris, Culex ; Culicelsa (see
Culex sitiens) ; Ochlerotatus.

anomalus, Hoplopsylhis.

Anomiopsyllus nudatus, hosts of,
in Arizona, 33.

Anopheles, and malaria, 19, 44, 53,
54, 59, 69, 73, 74, 76, 77, 84,
85, 86, 90, 92, 97, 104, 124, 127,
130, 131, 136, 139, 154, 172, 175,
190; in Africa, 154; in North
Borneo, 73 ; in India, 54, 74,
85, 86 ; in Jamaica, 90 ; effect
of clearing on distribution of, in
Malay States, 67 ; in Mesopo-
tamia, 172 ; not carrying malaria
in Minnesota, 152 ; in Morocco,
85 ; list of, in Panama, 97 ; in
the Punjab, 86 ; in Salonica,
179 ; of Sumatra, 23 ; in U.S.A.,
61, 76, 77, 152, 180; breeding-
places of, 19, 61, 69, 118, 173;
classification of, 24, 73, 74 ;
key to larvae of Malayan species
of, 24; screening measures
against, 99 ; natural enemies of,
137; experimentally infecting
rats with Crithidia fasciculata,
103; pilotaxy of, 23.

Anopheles aconitus, in Sumatra, 23.

Anopheles aitlceni, in India, 124;
not known to attack man, 67.

Anopheles albimanus, in Brazil, 37 ;
transmitting malaria in Jamaica,
90 ; in Panama, 97, 98 ; and
malaria, 104.

Anopheles albirostris, in ]\Ialay
States, 67.

Anopheles albotaeniatus, and
malaria in North Borneo, 73;
in Sumatra, 23.

Anopheles anmdipes, and malaria,
104; bionomics and distribution
of, in Australia, 11, 60, 73,
182, 183.

Anopheles apicimacula, in Panama,
97.

Anopheles agyrotarsis, and malaria,
104 ; in Brazil, 37 ; trans-
mitting malaria in Jamaica, 90 ;
in Panama, 97.

Anopheles atratipes, in New South
Wales, 182.

Anopheles bancrofti (see A. barbi-
rostris var.).

Anopheles barbirostris, and

malaria, 104; in Northern
Australia, 8 ; and malaria in
North Borneo, 73; in New
Guinea, 127 ; and malaria in
India, 74, 124; in Sumatra, 23.

Anopheles barbirostris var. ban-
crofti, in Australia, 11, 60, 183.

Anopheles barianensis (see A. plum-
beus).

Anopheles bifurcatus, and malaria,
104; in France, 139.

Anopheles brevipalpus, sp. n., and
malaria in North Borneo, 73.

Anopheles cinereus, breeding-
places of, in Muscat, 173.

Anopheles costalis, and malaria in
Tropical West Africa, 21, 44,
45, 49, 66, 81, 104, 112, 150,
161, 165.

Anopheles crucians, transmitting
malaria in Jamaica, 90 ; and
malaria in U.S.A., 76, 92, 136,
152; seasonal distribution of, in
U.S.A., 180.

Anopheles cruzi, in Panama, 97.

Anopheles culicifacies, relation of,
to malaria in India, 74;
breeding-places of, in Muscat, 173.

Anopheles culiciformis, breeding-
places of, in India, 124.

Anopheles domicolus, sp. n., from
Northern Nigeria, 64.

Anopheles eiseni, in Panama, 97.
Anopheles elegans, in India, 124.
Anopheles formosaensis, and

malaria, 104.
Anopheles fowleri, breeding-places
of, in India, 118.

204

INDEX.

Anopheles franciscanus, in Panama,
97.

Anopheles ftdiginosus, relation of,
to malaria, 74, 104; breeding-
places of, in India, 74, 118; in
Malay States, 67; in Sumatra, 23.

Anopheles funestus, and malaria in
Tiopieal West Africa, 21, 44,
45, 84, 104, 150, 161.

Anopheles funestus var. arahica,
breeding-places of, in Muscat, 173.

Anopheles funestus var. listoni,
relation of, to malaria in India,
74.

Anopheles gigas, in India, 124.

Anopheles gorgasi, in Panama, 97.

Anopheles grabhami, in Jamaica, 90.

Anopheles hispaniola (see A. lurk-
hiuli).

Anopheles jamesi, in India, 124.

Anopheles jeyporiensis, in India,
124.

Anopheles karwari, in Malay-
States, 67.

Anopheles kochi, and malaria in
North Borneo, 73 ; in Malay
States, 67 ; in Sumatra, 23.

Anopheles leucosphyrus, and
malaria in North Borneo, 73 ;
in India, 124; in Sumatra, 23.

Anopheles lindesayi, in India, 124.

Anopheles listoni, and malaria, 104 ;
breeding-places of, in India, 118.

Anopheles ludlowi, and malaria in
North Borneo, 73 ; relation of,
to malaria in India, 74 ; absent
from Chilka Lake, in India, 118;
and malaria in Malay States, 54 ;
breeding-places of, in Sumatra,
23, 130.

Anopheles lukisi, sp. n., from
Mesopotamia, 172.

Anopheles maculatus, and malaria
in North Borneo, 73 ; relation
of, to malaria in India, 74, 124;
and malaria in Malay States,
67 ; in Sumatra, 23.

Anopheles maculipalpis and
malaria, 104 ; relation of, to
malaria in India, 74, 124.

Anopheles maculipennis, on ships
in Mexico, 59 ; in Morocco, 85 ;
captured in Paris, 101 ; convey-
ing malaria, 104.

Anopheles Tnalefactor, in Panama,
97, 98.

Anopheles mauritianus, not known
to be a carrier of malaria in
Africa, 120 ; in Nigeria, 66.

Anopheles minimus, relation of,
to malaria in India, 74.

Anopheles myzomyifacies (see
A. iurkhudi).

Anopheles nigerrimus (see A. sinen-
sis).

Anojiheles nigripes, breeding-
places of, in Germany, 16.

Anopheles occidentalis, breeding-
places of, in California, 160.

Anopheles pharoensis, and malaria,
104.

Anopheles plumbeus, bionomics of,
in India, 74.

Anopheles pseudopunctipennis,
breeding-places of, in California,
160; in Panama, 97, 98; and
malaria, 104.

Anopheles punctimacula, in Panama,
97.

Anopheles punctipennis, bionomics
and control of, in U.S.A., 61, 77,
136, 160, 170, 180; relation of,
to malaria in U.S.A., 53, 90, 92,

76, 136, 152, 175; not trans-
mitting subtertian malaria in
U.S.A., 76 ; a carrier of Plas-
moditim vivax but not of P. falci-
parum, 136.

Anopheles punctulatus, and malaria
in North Borneo, 73.

Anopheles quadrimaculatiis, bio-
nomics and control of, in U.S.A.,

77, 180 ; conveying malaria in
U.S.A., 76, 136, 152.

Anopheles rhodesiensis, breeding-
places of, in Muscat, 173; a
possible carrier of malaria in
Sierra Leone, 44, 45.

Anopheles rossi, relation of, to
malaria in India, 74; breeding-
places of, in India, 118, 124;
in Malay States, 54, 67 ; breed-
ing places of, in Sumatra, 130.

Anopheles rossi var. indefinitus, in
Sumatra, 23.

Anopheles rossi var. vagus, in
India, 124.

Anopheles schiiffneri, in Sumatra,
23.

Anopheles separatus, and malaria
in North Borneo, 73.

Anopheles sinensis, and malaria,
104 ; breeding-places of, in India,
118; in Malay States, 54, 67;
in Sumatra, 23.

Anopheles sinensis var. mesopo-
tamiae, in Mesopotamia, 172.

Anopheles stephensi, relation of, to
malaria in India, 74; breeding-
places of, in Muscat, 173 ; failure
to infect with leishmaniasis, 103 ;
and malaria, 104.

Anopheles superpictus, and malaria,
104.

Anopheles tarsimaculatus, in
Panama, 97, 98; and malaria,
104.

Anopheles tessellatus, in India, 124;
and malaria in Malay States, 54 ;
in Sumatra, 23.

INDEX.

205

Anopheles theobaldi, and malaria.

74, 104.
Anopheles turkhudi, relation of, to

malaria in India, 74, 104 ; habits

of, in Algeria, 190.
Anopheles timhrosus, in West

Africa, 45, 66 ; and malaria

in Malay States and Borneo,

54, 67, 73, 104; in Sumatra,

23.
Anopheles vestitipennis, in Jamaica,

90.
Anopheles willmori, relation of, to

malaria in India, 74, 154.
Anophelines (see Anopheles).
Anoplura, new species of, from

South. Africa, 120; new species

of, from North America, 176 ;

infesting sea-lions in the Pacific,

196.
ano-rufa, Pyrellia.
anseris, Lipeurus.
Antarctophthirius microchir, on

Zalophus call forni anus, 196.
Antelox^cs (see Game).
antennatus, Neohaetnatopinus.
Anthomyia pluvialis, in houses in

Britain, 144.
Anthomyia radicum, bionomics of,

in Britain, 143.
Anthrax, Tabanidae conveying, in

China, 101 ; transmitted by

Stomoxys calcUrans, 58.
anthropophaga, Cordylobia.
Antimony Oxychloride, in baits

for house-flies, 169.
antiquorum, Doratopsylla.
Ants, attacking bed-bugs, 174;

said to control Musca domestiea

in Northern Australia, 73 ; pre-

daceous on house-flies in Fiji,

41 ; destroying mosquitos in

Sierra Leone, 163.
apachinus, Ceratophyllus ignotus.
Apaicha, probably carried by Taba-
nidae in Peru, 63.
Aphaereta cephalotes, parasite of

house-flies in Britain, 146.
Aphiochaeta ferruginea, relation of,

to disease, 51.
Aphiochaeta rufipes, in houses in

Britain, 102, 121.
Aphodius spp., Gongylonema

scutatum found in, 63.
apieimacula. Anopheles,
apicoannulatus , Ochlerotatus.
apicoargentata, Stegomyia.
Apodemus tscherga, fleas on, in

Turkestan, 32.
Apodemus hebridensis, mites on, in

Britain, 141, 142.
Apodem^is sylvaticus, mites on, in

Britain, 141, 142.
AponomnM exornatum, in Itahan

Somaliland, 70.

(C366)

AponommM laeve, on snakes in the
Gold Coast, 81 ; in Sierra Leone,
45.

appendiculatus, Ehipicephalus.

Apteryx mantelli, Ixodes anatis on,
in New Zealand, 55.

Archaeopsylla erinacei, on Erinaceus
in Caucasia, 151.

Ardea, a new Olfersia on, in Brazil,
137.

ardua, Coptopsylla.

Argas persicus, in Chile and Argen-
tina, 177; in Italian Somaliland,
70 ; transmitting spirochaetosis
in fowls, 101, 192; experiments
with plague in fowls and, 62.

Argas persicus var. porter i, in Chile;
177.

argenteopunctatus, Ochlerotatus.

argenteoveritralis, Armigeres.

Argentina, Argas persicus in, 177.

argeniipes. Phlebotomies.

argyrocephala, Lucilia.

argyrotarsis, Anopheles.

Arizona, new fleas in, 33.

Armadillo, a reservoir of Trypano-
soma- crusi in Brazil, 39.

armata, Fannia.

Armigeres argenteoventralis, distri-
bution of, in Africa, 120.

Armigeres jugraensis, in Sumatra,
23.

armipes, Hydrotaca.

arribalzagae, Taeniorhynchus.

Arsenic, tolerance of cockroaches
for, 140; as a rat-poison to
control plague, 155 ; in dips for
protecting sheep from blow-
flies, 71.

Arsenical Dips, for cattle, 73, 107,
160, 192; formulae for, 107;
oxidation of, 3, 46 ; tester for,
189.

Arsenious Acid, in formula for
lice on horses, 178; in formula
for dip against mange, 165.

Arthrolytus, parasite of household
insects, 121.

Arvicanthis dorsalis, a new Eoplo-
pleura on, in Zululand, 120.

Arvicola amphibius, mites on, in
Britain, 142.

Arvicola terrestris, Laelaps agilis
on, in Britain, 142.

Arvicola terrestris seythicus, fleas
on, in Turkestan, 32.

Ascaris lumbricoides, ova of, found
in house-flies in British Easti
Africa, 54.

Ashanti, mosquitos in, 120.

Asia, Central, Wohlfartia spp. ixiy
89.

Asia Minor, ticks in, 55.

Asilidae, attacking Tabanids in
Nyasaland, 171.

206

INDEX.

asini, Haematopinus.

Asphaltum, Oil of, against mosquito
Iciivae, 98.

Assam, transmission of leishmania-
sis in, 103.

assimilis, Muscina.

astia, Xenopsylla.

Astrachan, Paederus fuscipes in,
51.

aterrima, Phora.

Atoxyl, value of, against spirochae-
tosis in fowls, 81.

atra, Gonicera.

<itratipes, Anopheles (PyretopJioms).

atripes, Mimeteomyia ; Stegomyia.

Atypfdoceras echis, gen. et sp. n.,
on Mus in Arizona, 33.

Auchmeroniyia luteola, in Eritrea,
156; in French Guinea, 22;
in Senegal, 102.

augur, Anastellorhina.

Aulacephala, 22.

aulacodi, Scipio.

aulicus, Dermacentor reticulatus.

auratus, Oarassius.

aureus, Taeniorhynchus.

aurifer, Ochlerotatus (Aedes).

auriflua, Diatomineura.

aurifrons, Sarcophaga.

aurites, Taeniorhynchus (Chryso-
conops).

auntulus, Ixodes.

austeni, Glossina.

Austialia, value of birds in destroy-
ing sheep parasites in, 110 ;
a new Chalcid parasite of Anas-
tellorhina augur in, 179 ; relation
of Stegomijia faseiata to dengue
in, 149, 196; sheep maggot
flies in, 70, 122, 179, 183;
legislation against introduction
of Hypoderma bovis into, 73 ;
new blood-sucking Leptids from,
41; mites on fowls in, 159;
mosquitos of, 60, 72, 90, 182,
183, 196 ; new Muscid flies from,
122, 159; Onchocerca gibsoni
on cattle in, 8 ; dips for pro-
tecting sheep from blow-flies in,
70-72; Tabanids from, 182,
183; ticks in, 55 ; possibility of
introduction of yellow fever into,
59, 135.

australis, Aedimorphus ; Demo-
platus ; Eumusca ; Margaropus
(Boophilus) ; Neomacleaya ;
OfiMerotatus (Gulex) ; Silvius.

Austria, measures against lice in,
153.

Austrophasia, generic name pro-
posed for Hyalomyia rufiventris,
159.

autumnale, Microtrombidium.
autumnalis, Musca.
avicularia, Ornithomyia.

Azelaria macquarti, bionomics of,

in houses in Britain, 144, 145.
azurea, Phormia {Protocalliphora).

B.

Babesiasis, in domestic animals in
West Africa, 42.

bacilliforme, Piroplasma (see Thei-
leria parva).

bacilliformis, Bartonella.

baculus, Lipeurus.

Bacillus coli, fruit infected with,
by flies and wasps, 145.

Bacillus paratyphosus, 52.

Bacillus typhosus, 52.

Badger. Pulex irritans on, in Europe,
4.

Baits, for house-flies, 14, 20, 92,
106, 107, 142, 144, 145, 167,
168, 169, 181.

balassogloi, WohlfaHia.

Balsam of Peru, against lice,
153.

Bamboos, mosquitos breeding in,
in Trinidad, 69.

Bananas, a bait for house-flies,
167 ; cultivation of, associated
with malaria, 90.

bancrofti, Anopheles (Myzorhynchus)
(see A. barbirostris var.).

Bancroftia signifer (see Orthopo-
domyia).

Banlcsinella lineatopennis, distribu-
tion of, 120.

Banksinella luteolateralis, in
Natal, 120 ; in Principe, 49.

Banksinella luteolateralis var. flavi'
nervis, in Natal, 120.

Banksinella punctocostalis, in Ni-
geria, 66.

barbirostris, Anoj)heles {Myzorhyn-
chus).

barianensis, Anopheles (see A. plum-
beus).

Barbus, destroying mosquito larvae
in Sieri'a Leone, 44.

Bartonella bacilliformis, causing
verruga, in Peru, 65, 123.

basalts, Pseudoskusea.

Bats, destroying mosquitos, 99.

Bdellolarynx sanguinolentus, life
history of, in India, 75.

Bed-bugs (Gimex lectidaritis), in
Canada, 22; in India, 91, 124;
in Norway, 180; in Salonica,
179; destruction of, on ships,
94 ; experiments with kala-azar
and, 124, 174; probably incapa-
ble of transmitting Leishmania
spp. 175; probably not carriers
of leishmaniasis in Peru, 63;
measures against, 8, 190, 191 ;
natural enemies of, 174; effect

INDEX.

207

of temperature on, 91 ; fumi-
gation with hydrocyanic acid
against, 86, 94, 135, 155.

beecheyi, Citellus {Otospermophilus).

Beer, in baits for house-flies, 181.

bellus, Neoceratopogon {Geratopo-
gon).

Bembex, predaceous on Tabanids
in Nyasaland, 171.

benefactrix, Mutilla.

Benzine against lice, 17, 104, 154.

Benzol, against lice, 104, 193.

bequaerti, Pyrellia.

berherwm, Trypanosoma.

bertrandi, Oestrus.

besti, Tabanus.

bevisi, Ochlerotatus.

bezzianum, Pycnosoma {Chryso-
viyia).

bicolor, Pegomyia.

bifurcatus, Anopheles.

bigeminum, Piroplasma.

bigutiatus, Culicoides ; Tabanus.

bilineata, Uranotaenia.

billingtoni, Tabanus.

bimaculatus , Diaehlorus.

Birch Tar, ingredient of formula
against lice, 50, 51.

Birds, Glossina morsitans on, in
Ehodesia, 118; Haemaphy salts
leporis-palustris on, in Canada,
80 ; induced herpetomoniasis in,
43 ; Hippoboscids infesting, in
X. and S. America, 137, 169 ;
ticks on, 55 ; destroying mos-
quitos, 99 ; value of, in des-
troying sheep parasites in Aus-
tralia, 110; importance of, in,
destroying ticks in Jamaica, 2 ;
nestling, attacked by Passeromyia
heterochaeta in Africa, 16.

biselUella, Tineola.

biseriatum, Menopon.

bisetis, Megarthroglossus.

Biskra Boil, transmission of, 9,

bitaeniorhynchus, Culex.

blanchardi, Kirkioestrus.

blarinae, Doratopsylla.

Blatta americana, imported into
Norway from the Mediterranean,
180.

Blatta germaniea (see Phyllodromia).

Blatta orientalis, methods of de-
troying, 140.

Blepliaroptera serrata, bionomics of,
in Britain, 143.

Blow -flies, dips for protecting sheep
from, in Australia, 70-72 ; ex-
periments, in the control of, 167-
169.

Boar, Wild, Dermacentor reticulatus
var. aulicus on, in France, 86.

Bombay, percentage of Xenopsylla
spp, on rats in, 75.

Boojihilus (see Margaropus).

(C366)

Borax, against house-fly larvae,
5, 93, 141.

borealis, Silvius.

Boric Acid, for protecting domestic
animals from flies, 158 ; effect of,
on larvae of Wohlfartia magnifica,
89.

Borneo, mosquitos and malaria in,
54, 73.

Bos gaurus, probably original host
of Onchocerca, 70.

Bos indicus, infested with Oncho-
cerca spp. in India and Malay
States, 70.

Bos taurus, infested wich Onchocerca
gutturosa in Northern Africa, 70.

botaurinorum, Olfersia.

boueti, Choeromyia ; Leptocimex
(Cimex).

bovis, Hypoderma ; Psoroptes com-
munis ; Sarcoptes scabiei.

Brachycoma devia, in houses in
Britain, 144.

bracteum, Simulium.

brandoni, Glossina (see G. austeni),

brasiliensis, Xenopsylla.

Brazil, Hippoboscids infesting birds
in, 137 ; epidemiology of Chagas'
disease in, 37-39 ; bionomics of
Dermatobia hominis in, 157 ;
Hunterellus hoolceri in, 39 ; mos-
quitos and other blood -sucking
Dijitera from, 36 ; Paederus
columbinus causing dermatitis in,
15, 51; Tabanidae of, 37;
tick -borne diseases of cattle in,
69, 83.

brehmei, Culex.

brevibranchium, Simulium.

brevicellidus, Taeniorhynchus.

breviceps, Scipio.

brevicornis, Nasonia.

brevipalpis, Glossina ; Toxorhyn-
chites.

brevipalpus. Anopheles.

brevirostris, Diatomineura.

brevivitta, Tabanus.

Britain, list of fleas in, 166; bio-
nomics of house-flies in, 87, 102,
108, 121, 143-147, 167-169;
measures against importation of
Hypoderma bovis from, into Aus-
tralia, 73 ; mites and ticks in,
141, 194; Phormia azurea in,
78 ; insects infesting man and
animals, in, 68, 88, 178.

British Columbia, fleas in, 33 ; bio-
nomics of Hypoderma bovis in,
195.

British Guiana, bionomics and con-
trol of Musca domestica in, 194 ;
a new Simulium in, 30 ; TaeniO'
rhynchus titillans in, 177.

Bromine, against cockroaches, 140.

brucei, Trypanosoma.

b2

208

INDEX.

Bubalis lelwel jaclcsoni, Lyperosia

spp. feeding on, 68.
Bubo maximus (Eagle Owl), Der-

manyssus gallinae on, in Britain,

142.
Buffalo, 3Iargaropus eaudatus on, in

Guam, 191 ; worm -nodules in,

70 ; not infested with Onchocerca

gibsoni, 8.
Buffalo Gnats (see Simulium).
bullata, Sarcophaga.
bullifrons, Haematopota.
Burma, Ixodes granulatus in, 55.
bursa, Liponyssus.
Buslibuck, Hippoboscids on, in

Nyasaland, 171.
buteonis, Ornithomyia.

o.

cadaverina, Cynomyia ; Pyrellia.

caerulea, Parairicyclea.

caeruleocephala, Bacliionotomyia.

caesar, Lucilia.

Calandra, parasitised by Ceroce-
pJiala, 121.

calcarata, Haemaphy sails .

calcitrans, Stortwxys.

caledonicus, Ixodes.

California, new fleas in, 33 ; mos-
quitos of, 159 ; bionomics of
Ornithodorus coriaceus in, 118.

Calif ornian Ground Squirrel (see
Gitellus beecheyi).

calif amicus , Perognathus.

caliginosa, Ghaetoneurop liora.

caliginosits, Ochlerotatus.

calligraphus, Ghironomus.

GalUphora, traps for, in Egypt, 142.

Galliphora erythrocepliala, biono-
mics of, in Britain, 102, 143;
in Gallipoli, 92 ; in Salonica,
179; on the battlefield, 17;
in relation to disease, 46 ; ex-
periments iu the control of, 5,
167, 169.

Galliphora fiavipes, iu Queensland,
183.

Galliphora groenlandica (see Proto-
calliphora).

Galliphora oceaniae (see Anastello-
rhina augur).

Galliphora rufifacies (see Pycno-
soma).

Galliphora varipes (see Pycnosoma).

Galliphora villosa (see Pollenia
stygia).

Galliphora vomitoria, bionomics of,
in Britain, 143, 145 ; in Gallipoli,
92 ; in relation to disease, 46 ;
experiments with baits for, 169.

calliphorae, Ghalcis.

Gallistopsyllus terinus, sp. n., in
America, 33.

Calomel, ineffective against lice, 25.

Galomyia priestleyi, in Queensland,
60.

calopus, Stegomyia {Aedes) (see
S. fasciata).

eamelina, Eippobosca.

Camels, ticks on, iu Egypt, 192;
trypanosomiasis of, in Eritrea,
156; Hyalomma aegyptium on,
iu Libya, 15 ; insect-borne di-
seases of, in the Sahara,' 157.

Camphor, Spirits of, against bites
of Simulium, 158.

Canada, control of Gimex lectu-
larius in, 91 ; new fleas from, 33 ;
measures against importation of
Hypodermxi bovis from, into Aus-
tralia, 73; Oestrids infesting
domestic animals in, 194, 195;
list of ticks from, 55, 80 ; pro-
posed entomological investiga-
tions in, 122.

canadensis, Ochlerotatus (Aedes).

Canary Islands, Gulex tipidiformis
in, 120; mules from, partly
immune to trypanosomiasis in
the Gold Coast; 42.

cancroides, Ghelifer.

canescens, Tephrochlamys.

canicularis, Fannia.

canium, Dipylidium.

Ganis latrans, Megarthroglossus
sieamus on, in British Columbia,
33.

canis, Gtenocephalus.

canis, Piroplasma.

cantator, Ochlerotatus (Aedes).

Gantharis flavicornis, causing der-
matitis in Senegal, 15.

Gantharis vestita, causing dermatitis
in Senegal, 15.

Cape Colony, Haemolaelaps eapensis
sp. n., on Georychus hottentotus
in, 142.

eapensis, Haemolaelaps ; Lynchia
(Olfersia) ; Bhipicephalus.

capitis, Pediculus.

Gapra hircus, ticks on, in Asia
Minor, 55.

caprae, Psoroptes communis; Try-
panosoma.

Garassius auratus, imported into
Madagascar against mosquito
larvae, 195.

Carbolic Acid, emulsion of, effective
against lice, 193; against mites,
53 ; effect of, on animal para-
sites, 79 ; effect of, on larvae
of Wohlfartia magnifica, 89 ; in-
gredient of mosquito larvicide,
98 ; in dips for protecting sheep
from blow-flies, 71.

Carbon Bisulphide, against Gas-
trophilus equi in horses, 62; for
destroying lice, 83.

INDEX.

209

carnaria, SareopJiaga.

Carolina, North, list of mosquitos
from, 136.

Carp, imported into Madagascar
against mosquito larvae, 195.

carpophagus, Geophilus,

casei, Piophila.

Casein, in baits for house-flies,
107, 169.

castellanii, Tyroghjphus longior.

Castor Oil, recommended against
bed-bugs, 190 ; for making fly-
papers, 181 ; and resin as an
adhesive, 20.

Cat Flea (see CtenocepJialus felis).

Catallagia charlottensis, on Peromys-
cus macrochirus in British Colum-
bia, 33.

€atalla^ia decipiens, sp. n., hosts
of, in British Columbia, 33.

Catharies aura (Golden-headed Vul-
ture), a new Olfersia on, in
Brazil, 138.

Cats, Cordylobia anthropophaga
on, in the Gold Coast, 81 ; con-
trol of fleas on, 35 ; Ixodes
pratti on, in Canada, 80 ; effect
of nitrobenzine on, 79.

Cattle, losses of, in S. Africa due
to African coast fever, 105;
importation of, into Australia
prohibited at certain seasons,
73 ; insect-borne diseases in,
in the Belgian Congo, 64, 67,
68 ; tick-borne diseases of, in
Brazil, 69, 83 ; Piroplasma diver-
gens in, in Britain, 34; ticks
and other pests of, in Canada,
80, 122, 194; attacked by
Haematopota singalensis in Cey-
lon, 123 ; tick-borne diseases in,
in Egypt, 192 ; trypanosomiasis
of, in Eritrea, 156; killed by
Simulium reptans in Germany,
126; trypanosomiasis and other
diseases of, in the Gold Coast,
42 ; Margaropus caudatus on, in
Guam, 191 ; insects attacking,
in French Guinea, 21 ; killed
by Simulium in Hungary, 158;
mosquitos attacking, in India,
91 ; African coast fever in, in
Libya, 14, 69; Tabanids on, in
New South Wales, 182; insect-
borne diseases of, in Nigeria,
112; Simuliidae attacking, in
Nyasaland, 171; trypanosomia-
sis in, in Nyasaland, 18, 19 ;
insect-borne diseases in, in Rho-
desia, 46, 73, 108, 151 ; com-
pulsory dipping of, in Rhodesia,
171 ; insects attacking, in U.S.A.,
81, 107 ; treatment of mange
on, 178 ; flies causing myiasis in,
2, 88 ; distribution of Onchocerca

spp. in, 8, 70 ; relation of, to
OrnitJiodorus coriaceus, 120; not
attacked by Psoroptes communis
var. cuniculi, 187 ; dips for,
against tick-borne diseases, 3,
46, 73, 107, 160, 192.
Caucasia, list of fleas from, 151.
caucurtei, Ixodiphagus.
caudatus, Margaropus.
cayennense, Amblyomma.
casalhoui, Trypanosoma.
Gellia (see Anopheles).
Gentrochalcis exaratum (see Stomaio-

ceras).
cephalotes, Aphaereta.
Cephalomyia maculator (see Cephal-

opsis titillator).
Cephalophus dorsalis, Trypanosoma

ingens in the blood of, 67.
Cephalophus natalensis, TAnognathus

angulatus on, in S. Africa, 120.
Cephalopsis titillator, synonymy of,

22.
Gephenomyia, 22.

Geratophyllus acutus, and plague, 4.
Geratophyllus anisus, and plague, 4.
Geratophyllus volumbae, on owls in

Caucasia, 151.
Geratophyllus elatus, sp. n., hosts of,

in Turkestan, 32.
Geratophyllus fasciatus, in Britain,
166 ; and plague, 4; on rats in
New South Wales, 182; infect-
ing rats with Eerpetomonas
pattoni, 103.
Geratophyllus fidus, sp. n., on
Apodemus tscherga in Turkestan,
32.
Geratophyllus gallinae, in Britain,

166 ; on turkeys in U.S.A., 13.
Geratophyllus ignotus, in U.S.A., 33.
Geratophyllus ignotus albertensis,

subsp. n., hosts of, in Canada, 33.
Geratophyllus ignotus apachinus, on
Thomomys talpoides agrestis in
Colorado, 33.
Geratophyllus ignotus franciscanus,

hosts and distribution of, 33.
Geratophyllus ignotus recula, subsp.
n., hosts of, in Br. Columbia, 33.
Geratophyllus macrophthalmus, sp.
n., on Arvicola terrestris scythicus,
in Turkestan, 32.
Geratophyllus praefectus, sp. n., on
Apodemus tscherga in Tmkestan,
32.
Geratophyllus tersus, sp. n., on
Bhombomys opimus in Tm'kestan,
32.
Geratopogon bellus (see Neocerato-

pogon).
Geratopogon fihsicornis (see Euforci-

pomyia).
Geratopogon peregrinus, in Illinois,
55.

210

INDEX.

Cercopithecus mona, in Principe, 48.
Cercopithecus schviidii, parasites in

tlie lungs of, 41.
Cerocephala, parasite of Calandra,
121.

ceria, Amphipsylla,
Cervicapra fuhorufula, Linognathus
fahrenholzi on, in S. Africa, 121.

Ceylon, parasitic worms in cattle in,
70 ; insect-borne diseases in, 123.

Chaetoneurophora caliginosa, 51.

Chaeioneurophora curvinervis, 51.

Chagas' Disease, epidemiology of,
in Brazil, 37-39.

Chalcis caUipJiorae, sp. n., parasite
of Anastellorhina augur in
Australia, 179.

chameleon, Stratiomyia,

Chaoboriis indicus, in Sumatra, 23.

ehailoUensis, Gatallagia.

Chelifer caneroides, in Norway, 180.

Chelifer nodosus, infesting house-
flies in Britain, 146.

Chelifer scorpioides, infesting
Stomoxys calcitrans in Britain,
146.

eheopis, Xenopsylla.

Cheyleius, attacking man in
Sumatra, 52.

Chigger (see Dermatophilus pene-
trans).

Chile, Argasid ticks in, 177.

China, Tabanidae conveying an-
thrax in, 101 ; use of alum
against fleas in, 5; Ixodes
japonensis in, 55; mosquitos
and malaria in, 131 ; Passeromyia
heterochaeta in, 138.

Chirononius calligrapMis, in Guate-
mala, 177.

Chloroform, against Chrysomyia
maeellaria, 105.

Chloroform Water, effect of, on
larvae of Wohlfartia niagnifica, 89.

Choeromyia boueti, bionomics of, in
Senegal, 101.

Choeromyia ehoerophaga, bionomics
of, in Senegal, 101.

choerophaga, Choeromyia.

Cholera, relation of Aphiochaeta
ferruginea to, 51 ; relation of
Simulium to, in fowls and pigs,
82.

chordeilis, Haemaphysalis.

Chorioptes equi, causing mange in
horses, 178.

Chortophila ciUcrura, bred from
manure heaps in England, 108.

Chortophila fugax, in houses in
Britain, 144.

chrysidiformis, Cobholdia.

Chrysoconops acer (see Taenior-
hynchus brevicellulus).

Chrysoconops aurites (see Taenior-
hynchus).

Chrysomyia hessiana (see Pycno-
soma).

Chrysomyia maeellaria (Screw-worm
Fly), 122; infesting dogs, 58;
not likely to be spread by man,
96 ; causing myiasis in Panama,
105; in U.S.A., 1.

Chrysomyza demandata, bred from
manure heaps in England, 108.

chrysophila, Corizoneura.

Chrysops dispar, in Hong Kong, 65.

Chrysops distinctipennis, in the
Belgian Congo, 68.

Chrysops funehris, in the Belgian
Congo, 68.

Chrysops laetus, in Brazil, 36.

Chrysops longicornis, in Nigeria,. 66.

Chrysops mlokosiewiczi, in Hong
Kong, 65.

Chrysops rnolestus, iii Brazil, 36.

Chrysops silacea, in the Belgian
Congo, 68.

Chrysops striatus (see C. mloko-
siewiczi).

Chrysops uwodi, attacked by
Alcimus rubiginosus in Nyasa-
land, 171.

chrysostigma, Orthetrum.

Chrysozona (see Haematopota).

chubbi, Taeniorhynchus.

ciliata, Psorophora.

cilicnira, Chortophila.

Cimex boueti (see Leptocimex).

Cimex hemiptera, relation of, to
leishmaniasis, 102, 125, 174;
(see also Bed-bugs).

Cimex lectularius (see Bed-bugs).

Cimex rolundatus (see C. hemiptera).

cinerea, Nepa.

cinerescens, Tabanus.

cinereus. Anopheles.

cingulatus, Culex.

cinnabarina, Haemaphysalis.

Cinnyris cupreus, attacked by
Passeromyia heterochaeta in
Africa, 16.

circumdatus, Tabanus.

Citellus {Otospermophilus) beecheyi,
(Californian Ground Squirrel),
Ceratophyllus ignotus francis-
camis on, in U.S.A., 33; and
plague, 176; parasites in the
lungs of, 41.

Citellus douglasi, and plague in
U.S.A., 176.

Citronella, Oil of, against cock-
roaches, 140.

Civet Cat, Phalacro2:>sylla paradisea
on, in Arizona, 33.

clavata, Pangonia.

Clayton Gas, fumigation of ships
with, 94.

clelandi, Spaniopsis.

Cobboldia chrysidiformis, parasite
of African elephant, 40.

INDEX,

211

Cobboldia elepTianUs, parasite of

Indian elephant, 40.
Cobboldia loxodontis, parasite of

African elephant, 40.
Cobus defassa, Lyperosia spp. on,
68; parasites resembling Theileria
mutans in, 68.
CoMiomyia, new generic name
proposed for Chrysomyia macel-
laria, 122.
Cockroaches, not attacking bed-
bugs in India, 174; in Norway,
180; methods of destro5dng, 94,
140, 141, 155.
Cod -liver Oil, against flies, 34.
Coelodiasesis (see Anopheles).
Coenocephalus eoncolor, breeding-
places of, in New South Wales,
182.
Coenotele gregalis, nest of, used as a

fly-trap in Mexico, 9.
Coffee, distribution of rats in

plantations of, in Java, 128.
cognata, Onesia.
coleoptratorum, Gamasus.
Colombia, Simulium sanguineum,

sp. n., attacking man in, 30.
Colorado, Ceratophyllus ignohis
apachinus on Thomomys tal-
poides agrestis in, 33.
Columba livia, Dermanyssus gallinae

in nests of, in Britain, 142.
columbae, Ceratophyllus ; Haemo-

proteus.
eolwmbiae, Psorophora.
columhinus , Paederus.
eomitans, Neoiabanus.
comitatus, Culex.
Common Hen Louse (see Menopon

pallidum),
communis, Psoroptes ; Pavinia.
eompar, Goniocotes.
concinna, Haemaphysalis.
eoncolor, Coenocephalus ; Culex.
confluens, Ornithoica.
Congo, Belgian, new Anthomyiids
from, 125; new Calliphorine
flies from, 126; parasites in the
lungs of Cercopithecus schmidti
in, 41 ; dermatitis caused by a
Staphylinid beetle in, 15 ; bio-
nomics and distribution of
Glossina spp. in, 30, 31, 36, 43,
56,67; raosquitos in, 120 ; flies
causing myiasis in, 138; Oes-
trids of, 22, 44 ; ticks and tick-
borne diseases in, 63; trypano-
somiasis and piioplasmosis in,
67.
congoiensis, Tabanus.
congolense, Trypanosoma.
Conicera atra, 51.
conopas, Taeniorhynchus.
Conorhinus (see Triatoma).
consimilis, Culex.

consors, Paratricyclea.

conspurcatum, Trinoton.

coniigua locuples, Amphipsylla.

convicirix, Poecilochroa.

coolcei, Ixodes hexagonus.

Copra Itch, caused by Tyroglyphus

longior var. castellanii, 46.
Copper Sulphate, in dips for pro-
tecting sheep from blow-flies, 71.
Coptopsylla ardua, sp. n., on
Bhombomys opimus in Turkestan,
32.
cordiformitarsus, Culicoides.
Cordylobia anthropophaga, distri-
bution of, in Africa, 138; infest-
ing dogs in Africa, 58 ; in the
Gold Coast, 81 ; in French
Guinea, 22; in Senegal, 102;
erroneously recorded as Choero-
myia choerophaga, 16.
Cordylobia rodhaini, distribution
and bionomics of, in Africa, 138.
coriaceus, Ornithodorus.
Corizoneura chrysophila, in New

South Wales, 182.
cornicina. Pseudopyrellia.
corporis, Pediculus (see P. humanus).
Corrosive Sublimate, ingredient of
ointment against lice, 25 ; effect
of, on larvae of Wohlfariia
magnifica, 89 ; (see also Mercury
Perchloride).
CorUcaria nidicola, living in nest of

Coenotele gregalis, 9.
corvina, Musca (see M. autumnalis).
Corvus corax, Ixodes caledonicus on,

in Britain, 142.
Corvus comix, Ixodes caledonicus on,

in Britain, 142.
Corvus frugilegus, infested with
Gastrophilus inermis in Turkestan ,
24.
Costa Rica, Ixodes auritulus in, 55.
costalis, Anopheles (Pyretophorus).
costaricensis, Ornithomyia.
Cotocripus pusillus, in Brazil, 36.
Cotocripus stylifer, in Brazil, 36.
crassus, Tabanus.
crebripunetatus, Paederus.
Creolin, use of, against lice, 83 ;
against lice on horses, 178;
apparatus for fumigation with,
178; fumigation with, against
mosquitos, 134; against larvae
of Wohlfartia magnifica, 89.
Creosote, ineffective against bed-
bugs, 86 ; against cockroaches,
140; against fleas on domestic
animals, 35; against lice, 133;
against poultry mites, 166.
Cresol, against lice in Russia, 13.
Cresyl, for protecting domestic
animals from flies, 158; against
lice, 17; in formula for dip
against mange, 165.

212

INDEX.

Cresylic Acid, against lice, 193;
retarding oxidation of arsenical
dips, 3.
Crete, Ciilex tipuliformis in, 120.
Criceiomys, Cordylobia rodhaini on,

in Africa, 139.
Cricetomys gamlnanus (Giant-
Pouched Rat), parasites of, in the
Grold Coast, 81.
Cricciulus fulvus, fleas on, in

Turkestan, 32.
Crithidia fascicidata, transmitted to

rats by Anopheles, 103.
Crithidia nielophagi, transmitted to

rats by llelopJiagus ovinus, 103.
Crithidia simuliae, parasite of

Simulium, 82.
croceus, Tabanus biguttatus.
Crocidura ilensis, fleas on, in

Turkestan, 32.
Crows, economic value of, in
Australia, 110; destroying larvae
of house-flies, 92.
crucians, Anopheles.
cruzi. Anopheles ; Trypanosoma.
CJryptoplasma rhipicephali, recorded
in error as a parasite of Bhipice-
phalus sanguineus, 63, 121.
Cryptotylus unicolor, in Brazil, 36.
ctenocephali, Herpetovwnas.
Ctenocephalus eanis (Dog Flea), in
Britain, 166; on Vulpes alpher-
alcyi in Caucasia, 151 ; on dogs
in Sierra Leone, 150 ; control of,
in U.S.A., 34; a carrier of
Bipylidium caninuni, 58 ; experi-
mental transmission of flagellates
of, 103; relation of, to leish-
maniasis, 49, 103 ; and plague, 4.
Ctenocephalus serraticeps (see

C. canis).
Ctenocephalus erinacei (see Archaeo-

psylla).
Ctenocephalus felis, in Britain, 166 ;
on rats in New South Wales, 182 ;
on lynx in Persia, 151; parasi-
tised by Nosema pulicis, sp. n.,
125; and plague, 4.
Ctenodactylus gundi, Bhipicephalus

sanguineus on, in Tunis, 63.
Ctenophthalnius dux, sp. n., hosts

of, in Turkestan, 32.

Ctenophthalmus inornaius, sp. n.,

on Prometheomys schlaposch-

nikovi in Caucasia, 151.

Ctenophthalmus spalacis, on Spalax

microphthalmus in Caucasia, 151.

Ctenopsylla musculi, on rats in New

South Wales, 181.
Cuba, history of control of raos-

quitos in, 97-99.
Culex, in Guatemala, 177; on
ships in Mexico, 59 ; in Salonica,
179; larvae of, destroyed by
Fundulus gardneri in Sierra

Leone, 44 ; breeding-places of,
in Sumatra, 130 ; methods of
transporting larvae of, 49.
Culex abdominalis, in Queensland,

60.
Cidex albovirgatus, in Nigeria, 66.
Culex anips, sp. n., breeding-places

of, in California, 159.
C^dex anmdatus, in Queensland, 60.
Culex annulatus var. marocanus, n.,

in Morocco, 85.
Culex annidioris, in Nigeria, 66, 112.
Culex annulirostris, experimeiits
with dengue and, in Australia,
196; in Queensland, 60.
Ctdex australis (see 0 elder oiatus).
Culex bitaeniorhynchus, in Sumatra,

23.
Culex brehmei, sp. n., bionomics of,

in New Jersey, 175.
Culex cingulatus, incapable of

biting, 37.
Culex comitatus, breeding-places of,

in California, 159.
Culex concolor, in Queensland, 60.
Cidex consimilis, breeding-places
of, in West Africa, 112; in
Nigeria, 66; in Sierra Leone, 45,
150.
Culex decens, breed in c-places of, in
West Africa, 28, 44, 66, 81, 112,
150, 165.
Culex derivator, 159.
Cnlex duttoni, breeding places of, in
West Africa, 21, 45, 66, 112, 150,
165.
Culex dyari, in U.S.A., 170.
Culex erythrothorax, breeding-places

of, in California, 159.
Culex fatigans, in Africa, 28, 66, 81,
112J 120; bionomics and dis-
tribution of, in Australia, 11, 60,
72, 182, 196; breeding in ships
in Brazil, 37 ; breeding-places of,
in North Carolina, 61, 136; in
Fiji, 41 ; in Hong Kong, 39 ; not
transmitting filariasis in Jamaica,
90 ; in Morocco, 85 ; in Sumatra,
23 ; breeding-places of, in
Trinidad, 69 ; anatomy of, 74 ;
probably not a carrier of dengue,
196; failure to infect, with
leishmaniasis, 103,
Culex frenchi, in New South Wales,

11, 182.
Culex fuscus, in Queensland, 60.
Culex gelidus, attacking cattle in

India, 91.
Culex geniculatus, larva of, de-
scribed, 156.
Culex graJiami, in Nigeria, 66.
Culex guiarti. in Nigeria, 66.
Cidex halifaxi, in Sumatra, 23.
Culex ingrami, sp. n., from Ashanti,
64; breeding-places of, 112.

INDEX.

213

C'ulex insignis, breeding-places of,
in West Africa, 66, 112, 120.

Cidex invidiosus, in Nigeria, 66.

Culex jepsoni, in Fiji, 41.

Culex mossmani sp. n., in Queens-
land, 11.

Culex nilgiricus, sp. n., from
Madras, 64.

Culex nocturnus, in Fiji, 41.

Culex normanensis, sp. n., in
Queensland, 11.

Culex occidentalis (see Ochlerotatus).

Culex pacificus, sp. n., from New
Hebrides, 64.

Culex pallidocephalus, in Natal,
120.

Cidex paludis (see Ochlerotatus).

Culex pilosus, in North Carolina,
136.

Culex pipiens, breeding-places of,
in West Africa, 165 ; breeding
underground in Britain, 131 ; in
Natal, 120; breeding-places of,
in U.S.A., 7, 95, 170 ; infested
with Herpetomonas culicis, 44 ;
oiling against larvae of, 95.

Culex pruina, breeding-places of, in
West Africa, 112.

Culex q7iasigelidus, in Nigeria, 66.

Culex quinquefasciatus (see C. fati-
gans).

Culex restuans, breeding-places of,
in U.S.A., 61, 136, 170.

Culex rima, in Nigeria, 66.

Culex saliburiensis, in Nigeria, 66.

Culex sagax (see Ochlerotatus).

Culex salinarius, breeding in salt
marshes in U.S.A., 7 ; larva of,
described, 156.

Culex simplex, in Queensland, 60.

Culex sirnpsoni, distribution of, in
Africa, 120.

Culex siliens, in Australia, 11, 60,
73, 182, 183.

Culex squanwsus, in Queensland,
60.

Cidex stigmatosoma, breeding-places
of, in California, 159.

Culex tarsalis, 159.

Culex territans, 156 ; breeding-
places of, in U.S.A., 16, 136, 159,
170.

Cidex thalassius, distribution of, in
Africa, 120; in Nigeria, 66.

Culex tigripes, 60 ; in West Africa,
45, 66, 81, 112, 150 ; in Australia,
11, 182 ; larvae of, predaceous on
other mosquito larvae, 120.

Culex tipidiformis, distribution of,
120.

Culex tritaeniorhynchus, in Sumatra,
23.

Culex univittatus, in Natal and
Spain, 120 ; in Nigeria, 66.

Cidex vishnui, in Sumatra, 23.

Culicada (see Ochlerotatus).
Gulicada fergusoni, in New South.

Wales, 182.
Cidicada inomata, in New South

Wales, 182.
Gulicada victor iensis, in New South

Wales, 182.
Culicelsa abdominalis (see Culex),
Culicelsa alboannulatus (see

Ochlerotatus).
Culicelsa annulirostris (see Culex

sitiens).
Culicelsa paludis (see Ochlerotatus).
Culicelsa vigilax (see Ochlerotatus).
culicifacies. Anopheles,
culiciformis, Anopheles {Coelodia-

zesis).
Culiciomyia freetownensis, breeding-
places of, in Sierra Leone, 150.
Culiciomyia nebulosa, in West Africa,

21, 45, 49, 66, 112, 150, 161;

in Natal, 120.
culicis, Herpetomonas ; Lancasteria,
Culicoides, in Sierra Leone, 150.
Culicoides biguttatus, in Illinois, 55.
Gidicoides cordiformitarsus, sp. n.,

in Egypt, 109.
Culicoides debilipalpis, in Brazil,

36.
Culicoides guttatus, in Brazil, 36.
Culicoides guttipennis, in Illinois,

55.
Culicoides haematopotus, in Illinois,

55.
Culicoides milnei, in Principe, 49.
Culicoides paraensis, in Brazil, 36.
Culicoides peregrinus, breeding-
places of, in India, 118.
Culicoides sanguisugus, in Illinois,

55.
Culicoides stellifer, attacking man

in Illinois, 55.
Culicoides stephensi, sp. n., in

Egypt, 109.
Culicoides subnitidus, in Northern

Australia, 8.
Cidiseta incidens, breeding-places

of, in California, 159.
cumminsi, Ochlerotatus.
cumpstoni, Ochlerotatus (Cidicada).
cuniculi, Psoroptes ; Spilopsyllus.
cuprarius, Sargus.
curvaia, Doratopsylla.
curvinervis, Ghaetoneurophora.
cuspis, Doratopsylla.
cyaniventris, Derma,tobia{see D. homi'

nis).
Cyanocitta stelleri carlottae (Queen

Charlotte Jay), Ixodes auritulus

on, in Canada, 80.
Cyathomyia fusca, in French Guinea,

21.
Cyclopodia greeffi, not infected wit

Trypanosoma gamhiense, IOI4
cylindrica, Nemopoda.

214

INDEX.

Cynoceplialus, parasites in the lungs
of, 40.

Cynomyia cadaverina, trapped with
milk baits in U.S.A., 5.

Cynomyia mortuorum, not likely to
be spread by man, 96.

Cynonycteris straniinea, suscepti-
bility of, to trypanosomes, 101.

Cytisine, against lice, 193.

Cytodites nudus, in lungs of fowls,
41.

D.

Dalmatian Insect Powder, against

cockroaches, 141.
Danais petiverana, 21.
Darwin (N. Australia), distribution

of mosquitos in, 72.
dasycnemus, Doratopsylla.
Dasypus sexcinctus, infected with

Trypanosoma cruzi, 38.
Dasyurus maculatus, Ixodes tasmani

on, in Australia, 55.
debilip alpis , Culi coides .
debiUs, Phalangomyia.
deeens, Culex.
decipiens, Catallagia.
decoloratus, Margaropus (BoopMlus).
decumani, Myonyssus ; Nuttallia.
Deer, Ixodes ricinus on, in Canada,

80 ; Margaropus caudatus on,

in Guam, 191.
demandata, CJirysomysa.
Demoplatus australis, in New South

Wales, 182.
Demoplatus tricJiocerus, in New

South Wales, 182.
Dengue Fever, relation of Stegomyia

fasciata to, in Australia, 73, 148,

149, 196.
Denmark, Lucilia sericata causing

myiasis in, 88.
denshami, Tabanus.
dentatus, Ixodes ; Ochlerotatus.
dentipes, Hydrotaea.
dentulosum, Simulium.
derivator, Culex.
Dermaeentor, conveying Rocky

Moimtain spotted fever in U.S.A.,

76, 77.
Dermaeentor albipictus, 154 ; hosts

of, in Canada, 80.
Dermaeentor reticulatus, on man in

Britain, 142.
Dermaeentor reticulatus var. aulicus,

n., on wild boars in France, 86.
Dermaeentor variabilis, bionomics

of, in Canada, 80 ; on dogs in

U.S.A., 58.
Dermaeentor venustus (Spotted

Fever Tick), 176; on dogs in

U.S.A., 58 ; and Rocky Mountain

spotted fever, 154.

Dermanyssus gallinae (Poultry

Mite), hosts of, in Britain, 142;

on fowls in Guam, 191 ; attacking

birds in French Guinea, 21 ;

distribution of, 13; probably

replaced in the Tropics by

Liponyssus bursa, 159.
Dermanyssus hirundinis, attacking

birds in French Guinea, 21.
Dermanyssus muris, on Epimys

rattus in Britain, 142.
Dermatitis, caused by Staphylinid

beetles in Africa and Brazil,

15, 51, 167.
Dermatobia cyaniveniris (see

D. liominis).
Dermatobia liominis, bionomics of,

157 ; causing myiasis in Panama,

105; infesting dogs in U.S.A.,

58.
DermatopJiilus penetrans (Chigger

or Chigoe Flea), distribution of,

5 ; in dogs, 58.
devia, BracJtycoma.
DiacMorus bimaculatus, in Brazil,

36.
DiacMorus immaculatus, in Brazil,

36.
Diarrhoea, and house-flies in India

and Gallipoli, 124, 143.
Diatomineura auriflua, in New

South Wales, 182.
Diatomineura brevirostris, in New

South Wales, 182.
Diatomineura inflata, in New South

Whales, 182.
Diatomineura. minima, in New

South Wales, 182.
Dibraehys, parasite of household

insects, 121.
Dichelaeera, in Brazil, 37.
Digonochaeta spinipennis, in houses

in Britain, 144.
dimorphon, Trypanosoma.
Dineutes, preying on Anopheline

larvae in U.S.A., 137.
Dips for cattle, formulae for, 46,

107 ; chemistry of arsenical,

3, 46 ; effect of, on biting-flies,

170; formula for, against mange

on horses, 165; for scabies, etc.,

in sheep, 148, 179, 184-186, 187-

189 ; for protecting sheej) from

blow-flies in Australia, 70, 187;

against tick-borne diseases, 3,

46, 73, 107, 160, 171, 192.
Dipylidium caninum, carried by

Ctenoeephalus eanis, 58.
discolor, Psorophora.
dispar, Chrysops ; Ln cilia (see

Phormia sordida) ; Trlchocepha-

lus.
dissimilis, Goniodes.
distincta, Pyrellia.
distinctipermis Chrysops

INDEX.

215

ditaeniatus, Tabanus.

ditissima, Pyrellia.

divergens, Piroplasma.

divers ifurcatu m, 8 i muliu m.

Dixomyia elegans (see Ficalbia).

Docodon verticillatus, larvae of
Taeniorhynchus perturbans asso-
ciated with, 170.

Docophorus ieterodes, on geese in
U.S.A., 13.

Dogs, control of fleas on, 35 ;
Cordylobia anthropophaga on, in
Africa, 138 ; disease of, in Brazil,
due to Bangelia vitalii, 59 ;
babesiasis of, in the Gold Coast,
42 ; possible reservoir of leish-
maniasis in Persia, 9 ; try-
panosomiasis of, in the Sahara,
157; pests of, in Sierra Leone,
150 ; diseases of and parasites
carried by, in U.S.A., 57; fleas
on, destroyed by nitrobenzine,
79 ; transmission of leishmaniasis
in, 103; tick-borne diseases in,
34, 64, 68 ; ticks infesting, 34,
80, 142, 192; trypanosomiasis in,
in West Africa, 42 ; WoMfartia
magnifica causing myiasis in, 88.

Dog Flea (see Ctenocephalus canis).

Dohrniphora ahdominalis, 51.

domestica, Musca (Pronmsca).

domesticus, Glyciphagus ; Ochlero-
tatus.

domicolus, Anopheles.

Donkeys, ticks on, in Egypt and
Libya, 15, 192; killed by Sitmi-
lium in Hungary, 158; trypano-
somiasis in, 151 ; partial immu-
nity of, to trypanosomiasis, 48.

donovani, Leishmania.

Doratopsylla aniiquorum, in Brazil,
33.

Doratopsylla blarinae, in U.S.A.,
33.

Doratopsylla curvata, sp. n., on
mice in North America, 33.

Doratopsylla cuspis, sp. n., on
Sorex araneus in Hungary, 33.

Doratopsylla dasycnemus, distribu-
tion of, in Europe, 33.

Doratopsylla intermedia, from Cen-
tral America, 33.

Dourine, disease resembling, in
mules in the Gold Coast, 42.

Dove, Lynchia numra on, in Nyasa-
land, 171.

Dracaena, providing a breeding-
place for mosquitos in Sierra
Leone, 161.

Drosophila ampelopMla, experi-
ments with baits for, 106.

Dryomyza flaveola, bionomics of,
in Britain, 143.

dubiosa, Paratrieyclea,.

duboscqi, Phlehotomus.

Ducks, infected with spirochaetosis
by Argas persicus, 192 ; Trinoton
luridum infesting, 13.

dunudis, AmpMpsylla.

duodenale, Ankylostoma.

Durban, list of mosquitos from, 120.

durbanensis, Ochlerotatus.

durhami, Limatus.

duttoni, C'ulex.

dux, GtenopMlialmus,

dyari, Culex.

Dysentery, and house-flies in Galli-
poli, 143; incidence of, reduced
by destruction of house-flies, 93 ;
relation between flies and, in
India, 124.

E.

East Coast Fever (see African

Coast Fever).
eatoni, Ochlerotatus.
eburneum, Amblyomma.
Echestypus paradoxus, on bushbuck

and wart-hog in Nyasaland, 171.
echidninus, Laelaps.
Echidnophaga gallinacea, control of,

on fowls, 35 ; distribution of,

4 ; on dogs, 58 ; on fowls

infested with spirochaetosis, 81 ;

on turkeys, 13.
Echinophthirvus fltictus, sp. n., on

Eumetopias jubata, 196.
Echinorhynchus gigas, insect hosts

of, 176.
echis, Atyphloceras.
ecinctus, Bhipicephalus.
Ectenopsis vulpecula, in New South

Wales, 182.
Ectobia germanica (see Phyllo-

dromia).
Ectovwcoris idulans, probably not

a carrier of goitre in Algeria,

139.
Ecuador, Stegomyia fasciata and

yellow fever in, 149.
edax, Holtichella.
Egypt, disease resembling African

coast fever in, 7 ; ticks infesting

domestic animals in, 192 ; para-
sitic worms in cattle in, 70 ;

fumigation with hydrocyanic acid

against bed-bugs in, 86; use

of traps for flics in, 142.
Egyptian Fever, in cattle, 192;

carried bv Margaropus anmdatus,

7.
eicJikorni, Ixodes,
eiseni. Anopheles,
elater, Allactaga.
elatus, Ceratophyllus.
elegans. Anopheles; Ficalbia {Dixo-

myia).
elegantula, Forcipomyia.

216

INDEX.

Elephant, African, Oestrids of,
ill the Belgian Congo, 40.

Elephant, Indian, parasitised by
Cobboldia elephantis, 40.

elephantis, Cobboldia.

Elk, Dermacentor albipictus on, in
Canada, 80.

Ellobius ursulus, Amphipsylla du-
inalis on, in Turkestan, 32 ;
Cienophthalmiis dux on, in Turke-
stan, 32.

elongahis, Siliius.

emblica, Phyllanthtis.

emersoni, Phanurus.

Empusa, infesting house-flies, 146,
169.

Enderleinellus kelloggi, sp. n., on
Sciurus griseus nigripes in North.
America, 177.

Enderleinellus uncinatus, sp. n., on
Olaucomys sabrinus lascivus in
North America, 177.

enormis, Hoplopleura.

Enteric (see Tyjihoid).

Entomological Appointments,

notices of, 100, 132.

Epimys fulvescens, a new Neopsylla
on, in India, 33.

Epimys norvegicus, mites on, in
Britain, 141, 142.

Epimys rattus, Dermanyssus muris
on, in Britain, 142 ; (see 3Ius).

Epimys rufescens, Ixodes granulatus
on, in India, 55.

equi, Ghorioptes (Symbioies) ; Oas-
trophihis ; Nuttallia ; Psoroptes
communis ; Sarcoptes scabiei ;
Trichodectes (see T. parumpi-
losus).

equi.perdum, Trypanosoma.

Erephopsis jacksoni, in New South
Wales, 182.

Erephopsis pubescens, in Brazil, 36.

Erephopsis pygmaea, sp. n., in

I Brazil, 36.

Erephopsis scionoides, sp. n., in
Brazil, 36.

Erephopsis xanthopog on, in Brazil, 36.

Eretmopodites chrysogaster, breeding

I places of, in Sierra Leone, 163.

Eretmopodites dracaenae, sp. n., in
Sierra Leone, 64, 161, 163.

Eretmopodites inornatus, breeding-
places of, in West Africa, 45, 112.

Eretmopodites quinquevittatus, dis-
tribution of, in Africa and Mada-
gascar, 120; breeding-places of,
in Sierra Leone, 45, 163.

erinacei, Archaeopsylla {Ctenoce-
phalus).

Erinaceus, Archaeopsylla erinacei
on, in Caucasia, 151.

eriophthalma, PyrelUa.

Eristalis tenax, bred from manure
heaps in England, 108.

Eritrea, disease -carrjdng insects in,

156.
erratica, Phaonia.
erythrocephala, Calliphora ; Orni-

thoctona.
erythrothorax, Culex.
Eucalyptus, in dips for protecting

sheep from blow-flies, 71 ; against

cockroaches, 140.
endyptidis, Ixodes.
Euforcipomyia fusicornis, in Illinois,

55.
Euforcipomyia hiriipennis, sp. n.,

in Illinois, 55.
Eiiglena viridis, Simulium larva

feeding on, 82.
Eiimelanomyia inconspicuosa, breed-
ing-places of, in West Africa, 112.
Eumetopias jubata (Stellar Sea-
lion), a new Echinophthirius on,

196.
Eumusca australis, in New South

Wales, 159.
Eupelminus tarsatus, sp. n., parasite

of Glossina morsitans in Nyasa-

land, 29, 65, 113.
Europe, distribution of Wohlfartia

magnifica in, 88.
European Mouse Flea (see Leptop-

sylla musculi).
European Rat Elea (see Cera-

tophyllus fasciatus).
evertsi, Bhipicephalus.
Evotomys glareolus, Laelaps festinus

on, in Britain, 142.
Evotomys saiuratus, Catallagia char-

lottensis on, in Alberta, 33 ;

Neopsylla inopina on, in Canada,

33.
exaratum, Stomatoceras {Centrochal'

cis).
exornatum, Aponomma.
expositicius, Haemaphysalis.

F.

faceta, Neopsylla.

fahrenholzi, Linognathus.

Fahrenholzia tribulosa, sp. n., on
Perognathus californicus in North
America, 177.

falcatus, Rhipicephalus.

falciparum, Plasmodium.

Fannia armaia, in houses in Britain,
144.

Fannia canicidaris, bionomics of,
in Britain, 108, 143, 169; traps
for, in Egypt, 142 ; in Gallipoli,
92; in Salonica, 179; trapped
with milk-baits in U.S.A., 5;
in relation to disease, 45.

Fannia manicata, bionomics of, in
Britain, 143.

INDEX.

217

Fannia scalaris, bionomics of, in
Britain, 143, 169 ; in Gallipoli,
92 ; trapped with milk-baits in
U.S.A., 5 ; in relation to disease,
45.

Fannia setigena, sp. n., from
Ruwenzori, 125.

faseiata, Stegomyia.

fasciatus, Ceratophyllus ; Tahanus.

fasciculata, Crithidia.

fasciolatus, Taeniorhynchus.

fatigans, Gulex.

felis, Ctenocephalus.

Felis tigris, Ixodes granulatus on,
in India, 55.

fenestralis , Oecothea.

Fennel, Oil of, against lice, 153.

fergusoni, Culicada.

ferruginea, ApMochaeta.

festinus, Laelaps.

Ficalhia elegans, in Queensland, 60.

fidus, Ceratophyllus.

Fiji, mosquitos and house-flies in,
41.

Filariasis, not present in Jamaica,
90.

Finlaya poicilia, in Northern Aus-
tralia, 11 ; in Fiji, 41 ; in Queens-
land, 60 ; in Sumatra, 23.

Fish, experimentally infected with
insect flagellates, 103; use of,
against mosquito larvae, 44,
69, 99, 195; predaceous on
Si77iulium larvae, 82.

flaveola, Dryomyza.

flavicornis, Cantharis.

flavigenum, Paraplasma.

flavipcs, Calliphora.

Jlavothorax, Tahanus.

Fleas, in West Africa, 66, 81, 150 ;
list of, in Britain, 166; list of,
from Caucasia and Persia, 151 ;
distribution of, on rats in Java,
128 ; in Muscat, 173 ; in New
South Wales, 181 ; from Turke-
stan, 32 ; bionomics and control
of, in U.S.A., 13, 34, 58; new
species of, 32, 33, 151 ; in relation
to leishmaniasis, 49, 63, 103; a
new parasite of, 125; and
plague, 4, 5, 34, 86 ; relation
between rats and, 127, 150, 181 ;
on ships, destroyed by Clayton
gas, 94 ; experiments with hydro-
cyanic acid against, 155 ; effect
of nitrobenzine on, 79 ; traps
for, 5.
Florida, DermatopMlus penetrans
in, 5.

floridanus, Phanurus.

fluetus, EcMnopJiihirius.
Forcipomyia elegantula, sp. n., in

Illinois, 55.
Forcipomyia lefanui, sp. n., in the
Gold Coast, 109.

Forcipomyia townsendi, probably
transmitting Uta in Peru, 63.

Forcipomyia utae, probably trans-
mitting Uta in Peru, 63.

Formaldehyde, in baits for house-
flies, 181 ; fumigation with,
against poultry mites, 53, 167 ;
retarding oxidation of arsenical
dips, 3.

Formalin, in baits for house-flies,

20, 92, 169.
formosaensis. Anopheles,
fossarum, Oerris.
fowleri, Anopheles.

Fowls, parasites of, in West Africa,

21, 81 ; mites on, in Australia,
159 ; Dermanyssus gallinae on,
in Britain, 142 ; Ixodes m^rxi
on, in Canada, 80 ; lice and
mites on, in Guam, 191 ; para-
sites of, and their control in
U.S.A., 35, 53, 79, 166 ; experi-
ments with Argas persicus and
fowl plague in, 62 ; Argas
persicus transmitting spirochae-
tosis in, 101, 192; cholera in,
relation of SimuUum to, 82 ;
Cytodites nudus in lungs of, 41 ;
poisonous effects of llacrodadylus
subspinosus on, 26 ; Wohlfartia
magnifica causing myiasis in, 88.

France, Dermacentor reticulatus var.
aulicus on wild boar in, 86 ;
Geophilus carpophagus infesting
man in, 102; measures against
house-flies in, 179 ; malaria in,
20 ; mites attacking man in,
68; mosquito larvae in, 156;
fish imported from, into Mada-
gascar against mosquito larvae,
195 ; Phlebotomus papatasii in,
49; Phormia azurea in, 78;
Stegomyia faseiata in, 40.

fransciscanus. Anopheles ; Cera-
tophyllus ignotus.

fraseri, Uranotaenia bilineata.

Fratercula arctica, ticks on, in
Britain, 142.

freetownensis, Culiciomyia.

Fregata aquila, Pseudolfersia
spinifera on, in Brazil, 137.

French Guinea, blood-sucking in-
sects of, 21.

French Sanitary League, bulletins
of, 17.

frenchi, Culex.

Frogs, experimentally infected
with insect flagellates, 103.

frontalis, Sih'ius.

fugax, Chortophila.

fuliginosus, Anopheles ; Silvius.

Fulmarus glacialis, ticks on, in
Britain, 142.

fulva, Eippobosca.

fulvohirtus, Silvius.

218

INDEX

fulvoriifula, Cervicapra.
Funambulus palmarum, Hyalomvia

aegyptium on, in Libya, 15.
Fundtdus gardneri, destroying

mosquito larvae in Sierra Leone,

44.
funebris, Chrysops.
funerea, Aides (Skusea).
funestus. Anopheles {Myzomyia).
fusca, Gyatliomyia ; Glossina ;

Olfersia.
fuscipes, Paederus ; Tabanus.
fuscopennatus, Taeniorhynchus.
fuscus, Culex.
fusicornis, Euforcipomyia {Gerato-

pogon).

G.

Gallus do7tiesticus (see Fowls).

gallinacea, Echnidophaga.

gallinae, Geratophyllus ; Derma-
ni/ssus.

Galiipoli, measures against flies in,
91 ; fly-borne diseases in, 143.

Gainasus, infesting house-flies in
Britain, 146.

Gamasus coleoptratorum, 146.

Gambia, new Calliphorine flies
from, 126; mosquitos in, 120;
qiiarantine measures against
Stegomyia fasciata and yellow
fever in, 159.

gambiense, Trypanosoma.

gambiensis, Paratricyclea.

Game, relation of, to Glossina in
Africa, 36, 47, 77, 114, 115, 117;
piroplasmosis in, in the Belgian
Congo, 68 ; trypanosomiasis in,
in Nyasaland, 19; parasites of,
171.

Gasfrophilus equi, 194; in French
Guinea, 22 ; infesting horses in
Morocco, 164 ; protection of
horses from, 56 ; carbon bi-
sulphide against, 62.

Gastropliilus haemorrhoidalis, 194;
infesting horses in Morocco, 164.

Gasfrophilus inermis, infesting a
rook in Turkestan, 24.

Gasfrophilus magnicornis, sp. n.,
infesting mules in Eritrea, 156.

Gasfrophilus nasalis (Nose-fly),
infesting horses in Canada, 194;
in mules in French Guinea, 22 ;
infesting horses in Morocco, 164.

Gasfrophilus veferinus{seeG. nasalis).

Gecinus vaillanfii, Dermanyssus
gallinae on, in Britain, 142.

Geese, lice infesting, in U.S.A., 13;
Wohlfarfia nfiagnifica causing
myiasis in, 88 ; infected with
spirochaetosis by Argas persicus,
192.

gelidus, Culex.

geminafa, Solenopsis.

geniculata, Triafoma.

geniculafus, Culex.

genurosfris, Harpagomyia.

geomefrica, Uranofaenia.

Geomys, Ceratophylhis ignofus
albertensis on, in Alberta, 33.

Geophilus carpophagus, infesting
man in France, 102.

Georychus hoffentotus, a new Eaemo-
laelaps on, in Cape Colony, 142.

germanica, Phyllodromia {Blafta,
Ecfobia).

Germany, little known species of
mosquitos in, 16; use of pro-
tective fluids against mosquitos
in, 61 ; Phormia azure a in, 78 ;
causes of staggers in sheep in,
10; cattle killed by Simulium
reptans in, 126.

Gerris fossarum, experimental
transmission of flagellates of, 103.

gibbosus, Ixodes ricinus.

gibbus, Lisfrophorus.

gibsoni, Ochlerofatus ; Onchocerca.

gigas. Anopheles ; Echinorhynchus ;
Goniocofes ; Myonyssus.

Glaucomys sabrinus lascivus,
Enderleinellus uncinafus, sp. u.,
on, in North America, 177.

Glossina, and sleeping sickness, 12,
18, 56, 176; probably not the
only carriers of trypanosomiasis,
151 ; effect of dips on, 171 ;
(see Tsetse Flies).

Glossina ausfeni, m Zululand, 121.

Glossina brandoni (see G. ausfeni).

Glossina brevipalpis, 36, 68 ;
bionomics and distribution of, in
the Belgian Congo, 31 ; bio-
nomics of, in Nyasaland, 18,
29, 113, 171; in Northern
Rhodesia, 117; relation of, to
trypanosomiasis, 18, 171.

Glossina caliginea, in Nigeria, 66.

Glossina fusca, 36 ; distribution of,
in the Belgian Congo, 56 ; in
Sierra Leone, 45 ; types of
trypanosomcs transmitted by, 68.

Glossina longipalpis, in Sierra
Leone, 45.

Glossina morsifans, 44, 46 ; distri-
bution of, in E. Africa, 47 ;
distribution of, in French
Equatorial Africa, 84 ; bionomics
and distribution of, in the
Belgian Congo, 30, 36, 56, 68;
in French Guinea, 21 ; bionomics
of, in Nyasaland, 18, 28-30, 65,
113-116; bionomics of, in Rho-
desia, 77, 108, 117; parasites of,
65, 113, 114, 116, 117, 122;
attempts to control, 29, 47,
114, 130.

Glossina pallidipes, in Zululand, 121,

INDEX.

219

Glossina palpalis, 46 ; distribution
of, in French Equatorial Africa,
21, 83 ; distribution of, in the
Belgian Congo, 36, 43, 56, 68;
in the Gold Coast, 81 ; trypauo-
somes found in, in the Ivory-
Coast, 84; in Nigeria, 66, 112,
116; history of extermination
of, in Principe, 48 ; in Sierra
Leone, 45, 150.

Glossina tachinoides, distribution of,
in French Equatorial Africa, 84 ;
in Nigeria, 112.

glossinae, llutilla ; Syntomosphy-
ruvi.

Glyciphagus domesticus, in Norway,
180.

Goats, Fsoroptes communis var.
caprae on, in South Africa, 186 ;
measures against mange in, in
Ceylon, 123; trypanosomes rare
in, in the Gold Coast, 42;
Margaropus caudatus on, in
Guam, 191 ; heart-water in,
carried by AvMyomma fiebraeum,
64 ; serum of, fatal to Leishmania
donovani, 174 ; control of lice
on, 91 ; Psoroptes communis var.
ovis unable to live on, 185.

Goitre, probably not carried by
blood -sucking Rhynchota in
Africa, 139.

Gold Coast, blood-sucking insects
of, 12, 81 ; insect-borne diseases
in, 42, 151 ; mosquitos in, 28,
81, 120, 165.

Gongylonema scutatum, lists of
insects carrying, 63.

Gonioeotes compar, on pigeons in
U.S.A., 13.

Gonioeotes gigas, on fowls in Guam,
191 ; on fowls in U.S.A., 13.

Gonioeotes hologaster (Lesser
Chicken Louse), on fowls in
U.S.A., 13.

Goniodes dissimilis, on fowls in
U.S.A., 13.

Goniodes pavonis, on peacocks, 13.

Goniodes styUfer, on turkeys, 13.

gorgasi, Anopheles.

grabhami. Anopheles ; Culex.

Grabhamia, in New South Wales,
182.

Grabhamia theobaldi (see Ochlero-
tatus).

gracilis, Haematopota.

gramdatus, Ixodes.

Graphomyia americana, trapped
with milk-baits in U.S.A., 5.

Graphom,yia mMCulata, in houses in
Britain, 144.

greeffi, Cyclopodia.

gregarius, Tabanus.

Grenada, a new Wyeomyia from,
64.

grenadensis, Wyeomyia.

griseus, Pseudoculicoides.

groenlandica, Protocalliphora {Galli-
phora, Phormia).

Guam, ticks and lice infesting
domestic animals in, 191.

Guatemala, Phlebotomus j^^'PO'tasii
in, 177.

guiarti, Culex.

Guinea-pigs, serum of, fatal to
LeishmMnia donovani, 174; Para-
plasma in, 66 ; experimentally
infected with Rocky Mountain
spotted fever, 77, 154 ; negative
result of inoculating Trypanosoma
vivax into, 42.

gundi, Ctenodacfylus.

guttatus, Cnlicoides.

gutti'pennis, Culicoides.

gutturosa. Onchocerca.

H.

Hahronema muscae (see Spiroptera
rnaerostoma).

Haemaphysalis calcarata, in Italian
Somaliland, 70.

Haemaphysalis chordeilis, on tur-
keys, 13.

Haemaphysalis cinnabarina, 34 ;
hosts of, in Canada, 80.

Haemaphysalis cinnabarina var.
ptinctata, transmitting Piro-
plasma co'nvergens in cattle in
Britain, 34 ; on goats in Smyrna,
55.

Haemaphysalis concinna, para-
sitised by Ixodiphagus caucurtci,
34.

Haemaphysalis expositicius, in
Canada, 80.

Haemaphysalis inermis, parasitised
by Ixodiphagus caucurtei, 34.

Haemaphysalis leachi, transmitting
canine piroplasmosis in Africa,
34, 64; on dogs in Egypt, 192;
on hedgehogs in the Gold Coast,
81; in Nigeria, 66, 113; in
SieiTa Leone, 45 ; in Italian
Somaliland, 70.

Haemaphysalis leporis-palustris,
hosts of, in Canada, 80 ; para-
sitised hj Ixodijihagus texanus, 34.

Haem^fobia irritans (see Lyperosia).

Haematopinus asini, formulae for
control of, on horses, 178.

Haematopinus macrocephalus (see
H. asini).

Haematopinus microcephahis (see
H. pedalis).

Haematopinus ovillus, on sheep in
New Zealand, 111.

Haematopinus pedalis, on sheep in
New Zealand, 111.

220

INDEX.

HaenKiiopinus pTiacocJioeri, on Pota-

mochaerus choeropotamns iu South

Africa, 120.
Haemafopinus tuherculatus, in

Northern Austraha, 8.
Haematopoia {Chrysozona), in the

Bclirian Congo, 68.
Haematopota bullatifrons, in Siena

Lf'ono, 45.
Haetnatopota gracilis, in Nigeria,

66, 112.
Haematopoia lacessens, in Nigeria,

66, 112; in Sierra Leone, 45.
Haematopota malayensis, sp. n.,

from the Malay States, 65.
Haematopota pertinens, in Nigeria,

66, 112.
Haematopota puniens, in Nigeria,

66, 112.
Haematopota similis, in Sierra

Leone, 45.
Haematopota singalensis, attacking

cattle in Ceylon, 123.
Haematopota stantoni, sp, n., from

Malay States, 65.
HaemMopota icrquens, in Sierra

Leone, 45.
Haematopota vittatus, in Nigeria,

66, 112.
JiaemMopotus, Culicoides.
Haemogamasiis Jdrsutus, hosts of,

in Britain, 142.
Haem^gamasus horridus, hosts of,

in Britain, 142.
Haemogamasus liberiensis, sp. n.,

on Mus trivirgatus in Liberia,

142.
Haemogamasus nidi, hosts of, in

Britain, 141.
Haemogamasus oudemansi, on brown

rat iu Britain, 142.
Haemogregarines, in reptiles in the

Gold Coast, 81.
Haevwlaelaps capensis, sp. u., on

Georychus hottentotus iu Cape

Colony, 142.
Haemoproteus columbae, carried by

Lynchia capensis, 189.
haemorrhoidalis, GastropMlus ; Sar-

cophaga.
Haliaetus leucocephalus alascatius

(Alaska Bald Eagle), Ixodes auri-

tulus on, in Canada, 55, 80.
Haltichella edax, sp. n., parasite of

Glossina morsitans in Nyasaland,

65.
Jialifaxi, Culex.
Harpagomyia genurostris, in

Sumatra, 23.
Harpiprion cayennensis, a new

Olfersia on, in BrazU, 137.
Havana, anti-mosquito work in,

176; campaign against yellow

fever in, 99, 110.
hearseyana, SphyracepJiala.

hebes, Ilesopsylla.

hebraeum, ArtMyoonma.

hebraeus, Polistes.

hebridensis, Apodemus.

helicis, Sarcophaga.

Helomyza olens, in houses in

Britain, 144.
Hemimerus ialpoides, on Gricetomys

gambianus in the Gold Coast, 81.
hemiptera, Cim^x.

Herpeiom,onas ctenocephali , con-
veyed by fleas, 103.
Herpetotnonas ctdicis, from Culex

pipiens, fatal to birds, 44.
Herpetomonas jaculum, from Nepa

cinerea, fatal to birds, 44.
Herpetomonas pattoni, conveyed to

lats by Ceratophyllus Jasciatus,.

103.
Herpetomoniasis, induced in birds,

43.
heterochaeta, Passeromyia (Musdna).
heterographus, Lipeurus.
hexagonus, Ixodes,
hilaris, Laelaps ; Tabanus.
hilli, Silvius.
Hippobosca, in Salonica, 179; ii>

Sierra Leone, 150.
Hippobosca camdina, in Eritrea^

156.
Hippobosca fulva, on antelopes iu

Nyasaland, 171.
Hippobosca maculata, in Eritrea,

156; on domestic animals iu

French Guinea, 21 ; in Nigeiia,

113.
Hippoboscidae, infesting birds in

South America, 137; associated

with trypanosomiasis in Eritrea,.

156; infesting birds in U.S.A.,

169.
Hippocentrum murpliyi, in Sierra.

Leone, 45.
Hippocentrum^ trtmaculatum, iu

Sierra Leone, 45.
Hippocentrum versicolor, iu Nigeria,.

66.
liircus, Capra,
hirsuta, Hoplopleura.
hirtipennis, Euforcipomyia.
Jiirundinis, Dermanyssus ; Stenop-

teryx.
Hirundo, attacked by Passeromyia

heterochaeta in Africa, 16.
Hirundo ruftda, Dermanyssus spp.

on, in French Guinea, 21.
Hirundo rustica, Dermanyssus

gallinae in nests of, in Britain,

142.
hispaniola. Anopheles (see A. itirlc-

hudi).
hispida, Mimomyia.
hispidus, Sigmodon.
Hodgesia triangulata, in Northern,

Australia, 11.

INDEX.

221

Holland, Lucilia sericata causing
myiasis in, 88.

Jwlogaster, Goniocotes.

liololeucus, Nipius.

holoptera, Olfersia.

holosericeuni, Trombidium.

Holotaspis, infesting house-flies in
Britain, 146.

Eolotrichius, not known to attack
man in Algeria, 139.

Jiominis, Dermatobia.

Hong Kong, distribution of
mosquitos in, 39 ; Tabanidae
from, 65.

Jiongkongiensis, Tdbanus.

hookeri, Hunterellus.

Hoplopleura enormis, sp. n., on
Arvicanthis dorscdis in Zululand,
120.

Hoplopleura Jiirsuta, sp. n., on
Sigmodon hispidus in North
America, 177.

Hoplopleura intermedia, on 3/ms
coucha in South Africa, 120, 121.

Hoplopsyllus anomalus, capable of
carrying plague, 4.

hon-idus, Haemoganiasus.

Horses, attacked by Stomoxys calci-
trans in Britain, 109 ; parasites
of, in Canada, 80, 194; ticks on,
in Egypt, 192; attacked by
Stomoxys in the Gold Coast, 151 ;
insects attacking, in French
Guinea, 21, 22; Margaropus
caudaius on, in Guam, 191 ;
killed by Sinndium in Hungary,
158 ; Uyalomma aeqyptvum. on,
in Libya, 15; Oestrids infesting,
in Morocco, 164; Tabanids on,
in New South Wales, 182;
Simtdium placidum, sp. n., on,
in Trinidad, 30 ; attacked by
Sinmliutn venustum in U.S.A.,
81 ; infecting Tabanids with
anthrax, 101 ; use of cod -liver
oil to protect, from flies, 34 ;
protection of, from Oastropkilus
equi, 56, 62 ; control of lice on,
10, 158, 178 ; treatment of mange
on, 70, 126, 165; flies causing
myiasis in, 2, 88; not attacked
by Psoroptes communis var. cuni-
cull, 187; tick-borne diseases
in, 64 ; trypanosomiasis of, in
Africa, 42, 156, 157.

Horse Sickness, nature and distri-
bution of, in Africa, 27.

Iiorforum, Morellia.

House-flies, control of, in South
Africa, 80 ; bionomics of, in
Britain, 87, 102, 108, 121,
143-147, 167-169 ; natural
enemies of, in Fiji, 41 ; measures
against, in France, 179; and
disease in Gallipoli, 91, 143;

•(C366)

bionomics and control of, in
British Guiana, 194; relation of,
to disease in India, 92, 124;
bionomics of, in U.S.A., 5, 62 ;
dispersal of, in towns in U.S.A.,
78, 147; in relation to disease,
2, 18, 45, 176; possible carriers
of Leishmania, 9 ; transmission
of leprosy by, 85 ; relation of,
to parasitic worms, 12, 54;
experiments with, in manure
heaps, 22, 108, 141, 147, 167;
measures for protecting domestic
animals from, 158 ; control
measures against, 5, 18, 20, 91,
92, 141, 142, 143, 147, 168, 179,
191, 194; formula for spray
against, 191 ; formula for ad-
hesives for trapping, 53 ; ex-
periments with traps and baits
for, 14, 20, 92, 106, 107, 142,
144, 145, 167, 168, 169, 181;
reactions of, to blue and green
light, 156; (see also Musca
domestica).

Human Flea (see Pidex irritans).

humanus, Pediculus.

humeralis, Taeniorhynchus.

Hungary, Simulium attacking
domestic animals in, 158.

Hunterellus hookeri, a parasite of
lihipicephalus sanguineus in
Brazil, 39.

Hyaena vulgaris, fleas on, in
Caucasia, 151.

hyaenae, Vermipsylla.

Hyalomma aegyptvum, on domestic
animals in Egypt, 192 ; probably
transmitting Piroplasma in the
Gold Coast, 42 ; probably carry-
ing Mediterranean coast fever in
Libya, 15; in Nigeria, 66, 113;
on goats in Smyrna, 55 ; in
Italian Somaliland, 70 ; probably
infecting horses with Nuttallia
equi, 64.

Hyalomyia rufiventris, placed in
genus Austrophasia, 159.

hybridus. Pirates ; Tdbanus.

Hydrochloric Acid, for controlling
breeding-places of house-flies,
147; effect of, on larvae of
Wohlfartia magnifica, 89.

Hydrocyanic Acid Gas, against bed-
bugs, 86, 94, 135, 155 ; against
fleas, 35 ; against household
pests, 135; experiments with,
for killing rats, 75 ; methods and
apparatus for fumigating with,
25, 35, 86, 155, 175 ; method of
fumigating ships with, 94.

Hydropsyehe, predaceous on Simu-
liumlavvae, 82.

Hydrotaea dentipes, bionomics of,
in Britain, 108, 143.

222

INDEX.

Hydrotaca irritans, in houses in

Britain, 144.
Hydrotaea meteorica, attacking

cattle in U.S.A., 107.
hyoscyami, Pegomyia.
Hypodernia, infesting cattle in

Quebec, 122.
Hypoderma, bovis, legislation against

introduction of, into Australia,

73 ; infesting cattle in Canada,

194, 195.
Eypodernui lineaia, infesting cattle

in Canada, 194, 195.
Hyoseyamus, extract of, against

larvae of Wohlfartia magnifica,

89.
Hystrichopsylla satunini, sp. n., on

Hyaena vulgaris in Caucasia, 151.

I.

icterodes, Docophorus.

ignotus, Ceratophyllus.

Ikaphthisol, against lice on horses,
formulae for, 158.

Illinois, blood -sucking midges from,
55.

imitans, Parairicyclea.

immaculatus, Diachlorus.

Impala, Hippobosca fulva on, in
Nyasaland, 171.

impiger, Ochlerotaius (Aides).

impuncta, Mydaea.

incidens, Cnliseta.

inconspicuosa, Eunulanomyia.

incrustatum, Simulmm.

indefinitus. Anopheles rossi.

India, bionomics of Anopheles
plumbeus in, 74 ; classification of
Anophelines in, 74 ; experiments
with bed-bugs and kala-azar in,
103, 124, 174; investigations of
blood-sucking insects in, 91 ; new
fleas from, 33 ; control of breed-
ing places of flies in, 92; life-
histories of Haematobia sangui-
sugens and Bdellolarynx sanguino-
lentus in, 75 ; relation of house-
flies to disease in, 124; mos-
quitos from, 64, 74, 120; breed-
ing-places of mosquitos in, 118;
mosquitos and malaria in, 54,
85 ; Onchocerca indica infesting
Bos indicus in, 70 ; early stages
of Phlebotomus spp. in, 32 ;
piroplasmosis in dogs carried by
Bhipicephalus sanguineus in, 64 ;
breeding-places of Stygeromyia
macidosa in, 24 ; ticks in, 55..

Indian Rat Flea (see Xenopsylla
eheopis).

indianus, Tabanus.

indica, Onchocerca.

indicus, Bos ; Chaoborus.

inermis, Gasfrophilus ; Haemaphy,-

salts,
infantum, Leishmania.
injlata, Diaiomineura.
infuscaia, Probezzia.
ingens, Trypanosoina*
ingrami, Culex.
inopina, Neopsylla.
inornata, Culicada.
inornatus, Ctenophthalmus.
insidiosus, Triphleps.
insignis, Culex.
intermedia, Doratopsylla ; Hoplo-

pleura ; Wohlfartia.
intermedius, Phlebotomus.
intertropica, Olfersia.
invidiosus, Culex.
Iodoform, in dips for protecting

sheep from blow-flies, 71 ; against

lice, 133, 193.
iridatus, Sargus.
Iron Sulphate, against house-fly

larvae, 5.
irritans, Hydrotaea ; Lyperosia (Hae-
matobia) ; Ochlerotaius ; Pulex.
irroratus, Otomys.
Ismailia, anti-mosquito work in,,

176.
Isometrus macidatus, destroying

mosquitos in Sierra Leone, 163.
Italy, measures against lice in, 153^

154; malaria and mosquitos in,

19 ; cattle from, nearly immune

to Mediterranean Coast fever,

15; mosquito larvae in, 156;

anti-mosquito measures in, 152;;

Phormia azurea in, 78.
Ivory Coast, Glossina and trypano-
somiasis in, 84.
Ixodes, 34.
Ixodes anatis, hosts of, in Ne^v

Zealand, 55.
Ixodes angustatus, life-cycle of, in

Canada, 80.
Ixodes auritulus, distribution of,.

55 ; hosts of, in Canada, 80.
Ixodes caledonicus, hosts of, in

Britain, 142.
Ixodes dentatus var. spinipalpis, n.,

hosts of, in Canada, 55.
Ixodes eichhorni, sp. n., on man in

New Guinea, 55.
Ixodes eudyptidis, on penguins in

New Zealand, 55.
Ixodes granulatus, hosts of, in

India, 55.
Ixodes hexagonus, hosts of, in

Britain, 142, 194; on weasel in

Canada, 80.
Ixodes hexagonus var. cookei, on

dog in Canada, 80.
Ixodes japonensis, distribution of,

55.
Ixodes marxi, hosts of, in Canada,

80.

INDEX.

223

Ixodes nairobiensis, sp. n., on dog

in British East Africa, 55.
Ixodes mittalli, in Peru, 55.
Ixodes percavatus var. rothschildi,

on puffin in Britain, 142.
Ixodes pratti, hosts of, in Canada,

80.
Ixodes putus, hosts of, in Britain,

142.
Ixodes ricinus, hosts of, in Britain,

142; hosts of, in Canada, 80.
Ixodes ricinus var. gibbosus, on

goats in Asia Minor, 55.
Ixodes tasmani, hosts of, in Aus

tralia, 55.
Ixodes texanus, hosts of, in Canada;

80.
Ixodes unicavatus, on Phalaerocorax

graculus in Britain, 142.
Ixodes vespertilionis, on BldnolopJius

ferrumequinum in Britain, 142.
Ixodes victoriensis, sp. n., on Phas-

colomys in Australia, 55.
Ixodiphagus caucurtei, parasite of

HaemapJiy salts spp., 34.
Ixodiphagus texanus, parasite of

Haemaphysalis leporis palustris,

34.
Ixodoidea, monograph of, 34.
Izal, against mange on goats, 123.

J.

jacksoni, Erephopsis.

jacidum, Herpetonwnas.

Jamaica, importance of tick-de-
stroying birds in, 2 ; malaria and
mosquitos in, 90; pellagra in,
probably not due to Simulium,
90 ; dipping against tick-borne
diseases in, 160.

jamesi, Anopheles.

Janthinosoma, in Guatemala, 177.

Janthinosoma lutzi, believed to
distribute eggs of Dermatobia
hominis, 157.

Japan, Ixodes japonensis in, 55 ;
Kedani fever and its carriers in,
52, 68 ; type of mosquito net
used in, 85 ; use of rat-poison to
control plague in, 154.

japonensis, Ixodes.

Java, parasites in the lungs of
Cynocephalus from, 40 ; relation
between plague, fleas and rats in,
128 ; parasitic worms in cattle
in, 70.

jejunus, Lipeurus.

jepsoni, Culex.

jeyporiensis, Anopheles.

johannseni, Simulium.

Johannsenomyia albibasis, sp. n., in
Illinois, 55.

jonesi, Polyplax,

(C366)

jucundus, Tabanus.
jugraensis, Arniigeres.

K.

Kala-azar, experiments with bed-
bugs and, 124, 174 ; probably not
carried by Ctenocephahis canis
and Pulex irritans, 49 ; (see
LeisJimania).

Kamerun, measures against sleep-
ing sickness in, 110.

Kangaroo, Tracheomyia macropi
infesting, in Australia, 122.

Icarwari, Anopheles.

Kedani Fever, and its carriers in
Japan, 52, 68.

kelloggi, Enderleinellus.

Kerosene, effective against bed-
bugs, 8; against lice, 193;
against mange on goats, 123 ;
against mosquito larvae, 81, 98;
(see Paraffin and Petroleum).

kingsleyi, Tabanus.

Kirkia (see Kirkioestrus).

Kirkioestrus blanchardi, probably a
synonym of K. surcoufi, 22.

Kirkioestrus minutus, in the Congo,
22

Kirkioestrus surcoufi, in the Congo,
22.

Kites, destroying larvae of house-
flies, 93.

kochi, Anopheles.

lacessens, Haematopota.
Lachnosterna, intermediate host of

Echinorhynchus gigas, 176.
Laelaps, on rats in Sierra Leone,

150.
Laelaps agilis, hosts of, in Britain,

142.
Laelaps echidninus, 150; on Epimys

norvegicus in Britsiin, i4i2.
Laelaps festinus, hosts of, in Britain,

142.
Laelaps hilaris, hosts of, in Britain,

142.
Laelaps pachypus, hosts of, in

Britain, 142.
laetus, Chrysops.
Lancasteria culicis, infesting Siego-

myia fasciata, 163.
laniger, Mucidus.
lardaria, Polietes.
Large Chicken Louse (see Gonio-

cotes gigas).
Large Hen Louse (see Menoporv

biseriatuni).
latifrons, Lucilia ; Sarcophaga.
latisetosa, Baninia.
latrans, Canis.

o2

224

INDEX.

laverani, Tahanus.
laxifrons, Fyrellia.
leachi, Eaemaphysalis.

laeve, Aponomma,.
lectularius, Cimex (Acanthia).

lefanui, Forcipomyia.

Legislation, against introduction of
Hypoderma bovis into Australia,
73 ; against Stegomyia and
yellow fever in the Gambia, 159 ;
against rats in Louisiana, 137;
against mosquitos in U.S.A., 95,
191.

Leiognathus morsitans (see Liponys-
sus bursa).

Leishmania, not found in reptiles in
Frencli Equatorial Africa, 84 ;
varieties of, and their carriers in
Peru, 63 ; in man, probably not
carried by Pulex irritans, 49 ;
distribution and carriers of, 102 ;
life-cycle of, compared with that
of Herpetonionas, 43 ; identity of
canine and infantile forms of,
103; (see Kala-Azar).

Leishniania donovani, experiments
with bed-bugs and, 124, 174;
flagellate stage of, in verte-
brates, 44.

JJeishmania infantum, identity of,
with Mediterranean kala-azar,
103.

Leishmania tropica, experiments
with bed-bugs and, 174; possibly
conveyed mechanically by house-
flies, 9.

lenis, Mesopsylla.

lepidum, Amhlyomma.

Lepisma saccharina, methods of
destroying, 140.

leporis-palustris, Eaemaphysalis.

Leprosy, transmission of, by Musea
domestica, 85.

Leptidae, new blood -sucking species
of, in Australia, 41.

Jjeptocera sylvatica, in U.S.A., 107.

Leptocimex boueti, in French Guinea,
21.

lieptomonas, in Gordylobia rodhaini,
139.

JLeptopsylla adelpha, on Mus sp. in
Arizona, 33.

Leptopsylla musculi, in Britain,
166; and jjlague, 4.

Lepus americanus, Ixodes spp. on,
in Canada, 55, 80.

Lepus nigricollis, Hyalomma aegyp-
tium on, in Libya, 15.

Lepus sylvaticus, Ixodes ricinus on,
in Canada, 80.

Leria serrata, hibernation of, in
houses, 121.

Lesser Chicken Louse (see Gonio-
cotes hologaster).

Leucomyia annulata (see Ctdex).

leucosphyrus, Anojiheles.

leucostoma, Ophyra.

lewisi, Trypanosoma.

Liberia, Haemogamasus libcriensis
on IIiis trivirgatus in, 142.

liheriensis, Haemogamasus.

Libya, African coast fever in cattle
in, 69 ; Mediterranean coast
fever in, 14, 15.

Lice, infesting sheep in Australasia,
111; on man and animals in
Britain, 178; in Muscat, 173;
anatomy of, 183 ; control of, on
domestic animals, 10, 79, 91, 158,
178; infesting fowls, 12, 13, 166,
191 ; bionomics and control of,
on man, 7, 13, 17, 24, 25, 35, 50,
51, 53, 57, 83, 87, 104, 133, 135,
158, 177, 192 ; on rats, 150 ; and
exanthematous tyjjhus, 17, 135,
153; conveying recurrent fever,
134 ; potential carriers of plague,
130; experiments with hydro-
cyanic acid against, 135, 155,
175; effects of temperature on,
57, 83, 87 ; (see Pediculus, etc.).

Limatus durhami, breeding-places
of, in Trinidad, 6.

limbatum, Simulium.

Lime, ineffective against mites on
fowls, 53 ; in formula for dii>
against scabies, 148.

Lime-Sulphur, against lice on
domestic animals, 91.

Lime-Sulphui" Dip, chemistry of,
187, 188.

Limnophora semiargentata; sp. n.,
from Ruwenzori, 125.

Limnophora septemnotata, in houses
in Britain, 87, 102, 121.

lindesayi. Anopheles.

linealis, Pseudohowardina.

lineata, Hypoderma.

lineatopennis, Banksinella.

lineatus, Tabanus.

Linognathus angidatus, on Cephalo-
phus natalensis in South Africa,
120.

Linognathus fahrenholsi, on Cervi-
capra falvorufula in South Africa,
121.

Lipeurus anseris, on geese, 13.

Lipeurus bacidus, on pigeons, 13.

Lipeurus heterographus, on G alius
domesticiis, 13.

Lipeurus jejunus, on geese, 13.

Lipeurus polytrapesius, on turkeys,
13.

Lipeurus squalidus, on geese, 13.

Lipeurus variabilis, on Gallus
domestieus, 13.

Liponyssus bursa, on fowls in
Australia, 159.

Liquid " C," effective against flies
in warfare, 92.

INDEX.

225

listoni, Anopheles {Myzomyia).
Listrophorus gibbus, ou rabbits in

U.S.A., 96.
Umdicolor, Lynchia.
Lizards, experimentally infected

with insect flagellates, 103; de-
stroying mosquitos in Sierra

Leone, 163.
lloydi. Villa,

locuples, AmpMpsylla contigua.
Loemopsylla cJieopis (see Xenop-

sylla).
Lonchaea vaginalis, in houses in

Britain, 144.
longicaudatus, Putorius.
longicornis, Chrysops ; Spaniopsis.
longior var. castellanii, Tyroglyphus.
longipalpis, Glossina.
longispinus, Megarthroglossus.
Loogas-Sulphur Dip, chemistry of,

188.
Lophoceratomyia, in Queensland,

183.
Louisiana, legislation against rats

in, 137.
loxodontis, Cobboldia.
Lucilia, 51 ; traps for, in Egypt,

142.
Lucilia argyrocephala, causing

myiasis in man, 21.
Lucilia caesar, bionomics of, in

Britain, 143 ; in Gallipoli, 92 ;

in Salonica, 179; parasitised by

Nasonia brevicornis in U.S.A., 2 ;

trapped with milk-baits in U.S. A. ,

5 ; in relation to disease, 46 ;

experiments in the control of,

167, 169.
Lucilia dispar (see Phormia sor-

dida).
Lucilia latifrons, on the battlefield,

18.
Lucilia sericata, bionomics of in

Britain, 143 ; in Queensland,

183 ; bionomics of, in U.S.A., 1 ;

trapped with milk-baits in U.S.A.,

5 ; causing myiasis, 88 ; effect of

eucalyptus oil on, 71.
Lticilia viridiceps, placed in genus

Pseudorthellia, 159.
lucorum, Mydaea.
ludloivi, Anopheles,
lukisi. Anopheles,
lumbricoides, Ascaris.
lunulatus, Bhipicepholus.
luriduni, Trinoton.
luteceephala, Stegom.yia.
luteola, Auchnwromyia.
luteolateralis, Banksinella.
lutescens, Paratricyclea.
luizi, Janthinosoma.
Lynchia capensis, infecting pigeons

with Haemoproteus columbae, 189.
Lynchia lividicolor, on pigeons in

Brazil, 137.

Lynchia maura, on ring-dove in
Nyasaland, 171 ; distribution of,
on pigeons, 107.

Lynx, Ctenocephalus felis on, in
Persia, 151.

Lynx canadensis, Ceratophyllus
ignotus on, in Alberta, 33.

Lyperosia, possibly conveying try-
panosomiasis in Accra, 42.

Lyperosia irritans, dispersal of, by
man, 96.

Lyperosia minuta, on game in the
Belgian Congo, 68.

Lyperosia puncUgera, on game in
the Belgian Congo, 68.

M.-

Macacus rhesus, effect of bite of
Ornithodorus coriaceus on, 119 ;
Pneumotuber macaci in the lungs
of, 40.

macellaria, Chrysomyia {Cochlio-
myia).

macfarlanei, Tabanus.

Macleaya tremula, in Australia, 11,
183.

macquarti, Azelaria.

macrocephalus, Haematopinus (see
H. oMni).

Macrodaclylus siibspinos'u.s, poison-
ous effects of, on fowls, 26.

macrophthalmus, Ceratophyllus.

macropi, Tracheomyia (Oestrus).

macrostoma, Spiroptera.

maeulata, Graphomyia ; Hippobosca.

maculator, Cephalomyia {Oestrus)
(see Cephalo'psis titillator).

maculatus. Anopheles ; Dasyurus ;
Isometrus.

maculipalpis, Anopheles.

maculipennis, Anopheles.

maculisquama, Pyrellia.

maculosa, Stygeromyia.

Madagascar, Dermatophilus pene-
trans in, 5; Eretmapodites quin-
quevittatus in, 120; use of fish
against mosquito larvae in, 195.

Madeira, a new Ochlerotatus from,
64.

magnicornis, Gastrophilus.

magnifica, WohlfaHia (Sarcophaga),

major, Pseudocidicoides.

Malaria, and its control in Africa,
154 ; chiefly carried by Anopheles
funestus in French Equatorial
Africa, 84; in Portugese East
Africa, 130; in Algeria, 190;
in China, 131 ; in domestic
animals in Egypt, 192 ; in
France, 20, 139 ; in New Guinea,
127; in India, 74, 86; in Italy,
19 ; in Jamaica, 90 ; distribution
of, in Malay States, 54, 66; in

226

INDEX.

Mexico, 59 ; not carried by
Auophelines in Minnesota, 152 ;
in Morocco, 85 ; in Muscat, 172 ;
history of measures against, in
Panama, 97-99 ; in Sierra Leone,
44, 150; in Sumatra, 130; in
Trinidad, 69 ; in U.S.A., 53, 76,
77, 90, 92 ; experiments with
Anopheles spp. and, in U.S.A.,

53, 92, 136, 152, 175; list of
Anophelines transmitting, 74,
104; and mosquitos, 19, 44, 53,

54, 59, 66, 69, 73, 74, 76, 77, 84,
85, 86, 90, 92, 97, 104, 124, 127,
130, 131, 134, 136, 139, 152,
154, 172, 175, 190; measures
against, 77, 97-99, 104, 154, 173.

malariae, Plasmodium.

Malay States, key to Anopheline
larvae of, 54 ; new Haematopota
from, 65 ; mosquitos and malaria
in, 54, 66, 120.

malayensis, Kaematopota.

'malefactor. Anopheles.

Man, infested with Oeophilus
carpophagus in France, 102 ;
serum of, fatal to Leishmania
donovani, 174; mites attacking,
6^, 159 ; attacked by Perieoma
foumsvillensis in Queensland, 30 ;
Pulex irritans on, 4; attacked
by Sim,uliuni sanguineum, in
Colombia, seldom attacked by
Simulium venustum in U.S.A.,
81 ; ticks infesting, 55, 80, 119,
142, 154; Triphleps insidiosths
attacking, in Illinois, 107;
relation between Trypanosoma
cruzi and, in Brazil, 38 ; attacked
by Wohlfartia magnifica in
Russia, 88 ; dissemination of
disease-carrying insects by, 96,
137 ; susceptible to Rocky Moun-
tain spotted fever, 77 ; effect of
nitrobcnzine on, 79.

•mandarinus, Tahanus.

mnnducator, Alysia.

Mange, measures against, on goats
in Ceylon, 123; control of, on
horses, 70, 126, 165, 178; on
dogs and sheep, caused by
Sarcoptes spp., 58.

manicata, Fannia.

Mansonia (see Taeniorhynchus).

Mansonioides ofricanus, in Natal,
120 ; in Nigeria, 66.

Mansonioides annuliferus, in Sum-

Mansonioides annulipes,\n Sumatra,
23.

Mansonioides uniformis, carrying
filariasis in Africa, 120 ; in
Australia, 11, 60; in Nigeria,
66, 112; in Sierra Leone, 45,
150; in Sumatra, 23.

mantelli, Apieryx.

Mantids, destroying mosquitos in
Sierra Leone, 163.

Margaropus, thick-tailed form of
Leishmania not produced in, 174 ;
probably transmitting piro-
plasmosis in the Gold Coast, 42.

Margaropus annulatus (Texas Fever
Tick), 176; on dogs, 58; Piro-
plasma higeminum in, 64; and
diseases of cattle in Brazil, 69 ;
on cattle in Egypt, 7, 192 ; not
found in Italian Somaliland, 70 ;
importance of birds destroying,
in Jamaica, 2 ; in Nigeria, 66,
113; bionomics and control of,
in U.S.A., 2 ; carrying Egyptian
fever, 7 ; destroyed by nitro-
benzine, 79.

Margarop^is annulatus decolor atus,
carrying piroplasmosis of cattle,
46, 64.

Margaropus annulatus microplus,
and piroplasmosis in Brazil, 83.

Margaropus australis, in Northern
Australia, 8, 11; on cattle in
Egypt, 192; in Sierra Leone, 45.

Margaropus caudatus, on domestic
animals in Guam, 191.

marginipennis, Spariiojjsis.

marmoreum, A mhlyomma.

marmorosus, Tahanus.

marocanus, Culex annulatus.

marxi, Ixodes.

mastersi, Tahanus.

maura, Lynchia.

mauritiamis. Anopheles.

mayeti, Eeduvius.

meditabunda, Mydaca.

Mediterranean, sand-fly fever and
Phlebotomus papaiasii in, 57.

megacephala, Pycnosoma (see P.
bezzianum).

3Iegarhinus, in Guatemala, 177.

Megarhinus septentrionalis, in
North Carolina, 136.

Megarhinus trinidadensis, breeding-
places of, in Trinidad, 69.

Megarthroglossus bisetis, sp. n., on
Neoto7na in New Mexico, 33,

Megarthroglossus longispinus, hosts
of, in Canada, 33.

Megarthroglossus procus, sp. n.
hosts of, in British Columbia, 33.

Megarthroglossus sicomus, sp. n., on
Cants latrans in British Columbia,
33.

megista, Triatoma.

megnini, Ornithodorus.

metgeni, Wohlfartia.

Melanoconion, 37.

melanura, Sarcophaga.

meleagridis, Pseudolfersia.

Meleagris gallopavo, Pseudolfersia
meleagridis on, in Peru, 137.

INDEX.

227

JLelittohia acasia, hyper-parasite of

house-flies in Britain, 146.
Melolontlia, intermediate host of

Fchinorhynchus gigas, 176.
melopliagi, Crithidia.
JlelopJiagus ovinus, experimentally
infecting rats with Crithidia
melophagi, 103; destroyed by
nitrobenzine on sheep, 79.
3Ie'nopon biseriatum, on fowls and

pigeons in U.S.A., 13, 166.
Jlenopon pallidum, on fowls in
Guam, 191 ; on fowls and pigeons
in U.S.A., 13, 166.
3Ienopon phaeostomum, on peafowls,

13.
Menthol. eiJective against lice and

fleas, 8.
Mephishis, Anomiopsyllus nudaius

on, in Arizona, 33.
Mercuric Chloride, too expensive
for use against house-fly larvae, 5.
Mercury Perchloride, against lice
on horses, 178; ( see also Corrosive
Sublimate).
Mermis, parasitising Simulinm, 82.
Mesopotamia, mosquitos from, 172.
■mesopotaniiae, Anopheles sinensis.
Mesopsylla hebes, sp. n., on Arvicola
terrestris scythicus in Turkestan,
32.
Ilesopsylla lenis, sp. n., hosts of,

in Turkestan, 32.
Metacresol, eit'ect of, on animal

parasites, 79.
metallica, Stegomyia.
metallicus, Taeniorhynchus,
Jletathrombidium poriceps, attack-
ing man in France, 68.
nncteorica, Hydrotaea.
Meteorological Conditions, effects
of, on fleas, 4 ; on house-flies, 62 ;
on malaria and mosquitos, 173;
on ticks in U.S.A., 3.
Mexico, nest of Coenoiele gregalis
used as fly-trap in, 9 ; Der^na-
tophihis penetrans in, 5 ; mos-
quitos and malaria in, 59 ;
Pseudolfersia vuUuris on vultures
in, 138.
Tnicans, Morellia ; Stomatoceras.
Mice, fleas on, in New South Wales,
181 ; infected with Herpeto-
monas cfenocephali by fleas, 103;
Microtromhidiwm. akavnishi on, in
Japan, 68; effect of bite of
Ornithodorus coriacetts on, 119 ;
apparently immune to Rocky
Mountain spotted fever, 77 ; (see
3/ms).
■micTocephalus, Haematopinus (see

H. pedalis).
m icrochir, Antarcfophthirius.
Microchrysa polita, in houses in
Britain, 144.

MicrolyncMa pusilla, on pigeons in

Brazil, 137.
microphthalmvs, Spalax.
microplus, Margaropus annulatus.
Micropus affinis, Dermanysstis spp.

on, in French Guinea, 21.
Microtrombidium aJcamushi, trans-
mitting Kedani fever in Japan,
68.
Ilicrotrombidium autumnale (Har-
vest Bug), attacking man in
Britain, 68.
Ilicrotus, Amphipsylla sehelkovni-

Icovi on, in Caucasia, 151.
Mierotus eversmanni, Amphipsylla
contigua locuples on, in Turkestan,
32.
Microhis ilaeus, Amphipsylla conti-
gua locuples on, in Turkestan, 32.
Mierotus obscur us, Amphipsylla con-
tigua locuples on, in Turkestan, 32.
3Iicrotus orcadensis, mites on, in

Britain, 142.
miles, Tabanus.
milnei, Culicoides.
milsoni, Ochlerotatus {Culicada).
Mimeteomyia airipes, in New South
Wales, 11 ; in Northern Australia,
11.
Mimeteomyia hilli, in Northern

Australia, 11, 183.
Mimeteomyia quasiornata, sp. n., in

Queensland, 11.
Mimomyia hispida, breeding-places

of, in West Africa, 112.
Mimomyia plumosa, breeding-
places of, in West Africa, 112.
minima, Diatominetira.
minimus. Anopheles.
Minnesota, Anophelines not carry-
ing malaria in, 152.
minuta, Lyperosia.
minutus, Kirlcioestrus ; Ochlerota-
tus ; Phleboiomus.
Mites, control of, on sheep and
goats in South Africa, 184-187;
of North America, 96 ; on fowls
in Australia, 159; list of
parasitic, on birds and mammals
in Britain, 141 ; infesting birds
in French Guinea, 21 ; possible
carriers of Kedani fever in
Sumatra, 52 ; on domestic
animals in U.S.A., 13, 58, 96;
and their control on fowls, 13,
53, 79, 166, 191 ; measures
against, on horses, 126, 178;
attacking man, 68 ; on rats, 150.
mlolcosiewiczi, Chrysops.
molestus, Chrysops.
Monedula signata, predaceous on

Simulium, 82.
Monkeys, inoculated with Indian
leishmaniasis, 103; effect of
bite of Ornithodorus coriaceus on.

228

INDEX.

119; Paraplasma flavigenuni in
blood of, 66 ; Pneumotuber
macaci in the lungs of, 40 ;
susceptible to Kocky Mountain
spotted fever, 77.

Monomoriuvi pJiaraonis, destroy-
ing mosquitos in Sierra Leone,
163.

Montana, dispersal of house flies in
towns in, 78.

Moose, Dernuicentor alhipidus on,
in Canada, 80.

Morellia hortorum, bionomics of, in
Britain, 145.

Morellia miccms, trapped with milk-
baits in U.S.A., 5.

Morocco, mosquitos of, 85 ;
Oestrids infesting horses in, 164 ;
distribution of Stegomyia fasciata
in, 40 ; danger of introduction of
yellow fever into, 40.

niorsitans, Glossina ; Leiognathus
(see Liponyssus bursa).

mortuorum, Cynomyia.

Mosquito Larvae, breeding-places
of, 28, 44, 45, 61, 69, 72, 74, 95,
97, 118, 123, 124, 130, 131, 136,
148, 156, 159, 160-164, 165, 170,
173, 175, 182, 190, 191 ; bio-
nomics of, in West Africa, 28,
81, 111, 161-164, 165; key to
Malayan, 54 ; natural enemies
of, 44, 69, 99, 120, 137, 163, 170,
195; fish destroying, 44, 69,
99, 195; drainage measures
against, 93, 95 ; oiling against,
95, 98, 152, 170; deriving air
from water-plants, 170, 177;
experiments with naphthaline
against, 81, 164; effect of salt
solution on, 91 ; formula for
larvicide against, 98 ; methods
of transporting, 49.

Mosquitos, in Tropical Africa, 28,
44, 45, 66, 81, 84, 112, 130, 150,
161-164, 165; in Algeria, 190;
in Australia, 60, 72, 90, 182,
183, 196 ; key to malaria-carry-
ing species of, in North Borneo,
73 ; in Brazil, 37 ; in California,
159 ; in Canada, 122 ; list of,
from North Carolina, 135 ; in
China, 131 ; legislation against,
in Connecticut, 95 ; list of, from
Durban, 120; in Fiji, 41; in
France, 101, 139; in Germany,
16; in New Guinea, 127; in
Plong Kong, 39 ; in India, 74,
86, 91, 118, 124; in Italy, 19;
in Jamaica, 90 ; type of net
used against, in Japan, 85 ; in
Malay States, 54, 66 ; in Mexico,
59 ; in Morocco, 40, 85 ; in
Muscat, 172; history of control
of, in Panama, 97-99 ; in

Principe, 49 ; list of, from
Queensland, 10, 11 ; in the
Sahara, 156 ; natural enemies of,
in Sierra Leone, 163 ; in Sumatra,
23, 130; in Trinidad, 69; in
U.S.A., 53, 61, 76, 90, 92, 95,
123, 136, 152, 170, 175, 180, 191 ;
classification of, 16, 64, 73, 74,
172, 175; an early record of, as
carriers of disease, 16; possible
carriers of Biskra boil, 9 ;
relation of, to dengue, 73, 148,
149, 196; and malaria, 19, 44,
53, 54, 59, 66, 69, 73, 76, 77,
84, 85, 86, 90, 92, 97, 104, 124,
127, 130, 131, 134, 136, 139, 152,
154, 172, 175, 190; experiments
with malaria and, 53, 92, 136,
152, 175; and yellow fever in
the tropics, 12, 59, 66, 99, 110,
135, 148, 149, 150, 159, 165;
measures against, 59, 77, 99,
176; control of, in salt marshes,
6 ; measures against, on ships,
59, 131 ; experiments with
hydrocyanic acid against, 155,
175; formulae for protective
fluids against, 61 ; destruction
of, by fumigation with creolin,
134 ; effect of pyrethrum on, 61 ;
methods of trapping, 160;
legislation against, in U.S.A.,
191.

mossnmni, Culex.

moubata, Orniihodorus.

Mucidus alternans, in Australia,
11, 60.

Mucidus laniger, in Sumatra, 23.

Miickenfluid, formula for, against
mosquitos, 61.

Mules, infested with Gastrophilus
magnicornis, sp. n., in Eritrea,
156; Gastrophilus spp. in, in
New Guinea, 22 ; Hyalomma
aegyptiu 771 on, in Libya, 15 ;
Simulium placidum on, in Trini-
dad, 30 ; attacked by Si7nuliuvi
venustum in U.S.A., 81 ; partial
immunity of, to trvpanosomiasis,
42, 48.

muris, Dermanyssus.

murpJiyi, Hippocentrum.

Mus, Phalacropsylla paradisea on,
in Arizona, 33 ; Megai-tliroglossus
longispinus on, in Canada, 33 ;
fleas on, in U.S.A., 33 ; (see
Mice and Rats).

Mus coucha, Hoplopleura intermedia,
sp. n., on, in S. Africa, 120, 121.

Mus decumanus, in Shanghai, 61.

Mus viusculus, mites on, in Jiritain,
142.

Mus rattus, in Shanghai, 61 ;
distribution of subspecies of, in
Java, 129 ; (see Epimys).

INDEX.

229

Mus trivirgatus, ILaemogamasus
liberiensis, sp. u., on, in Liberia,
142.

Musca, anatomical characters of,
74 ; specific differences in tlie
genus, 172; parasitised by
Stenonuilus muscanim and Spal-
angia, 121.

Musca autumnalis, 159 ; bionomics
of, in Britain, 109, 144, 145.

Mtisca corvina (see M. autumnalis).

Musca domesUca, 51 ; in South
Africa, 80 ; said to be controlled
by ants in Northern Australia,
73; in houses in Britain, 102,
144; in British Guiana, 194;
in Egypt, 142; natural enemies
of, in Fiji, 41 ; in Gallipoli, 92 ;
in Salonica, 179; in U.S.A., 62;
on battlefields, 18; traps for,
5, 106, 142; bionomics and
control of, 20, 62, 80, 106, 108,
167-169, 194; in relation to
disease, 45 ; transmission of
leprosy by, 85 ; dispersal of, by
man, 96 : dispersion of, in
towns, 147; (see also House-flies).

muscae, Hahronema (see Spiroptera
macrostoma).

muscarum, Stenomalus.

Muscat, mosquitos and malaria in,
172.

Muscina assiniilis, trapped with
milk-baits in U.S.A., 5.

Muscina heterochaeta (see Passero-
myia).

Muscina pabulorum, bionomics of,
in Britain, 143.

Muscina slabulans, bionomics of,
in Britain, 87, 109, 121, 143; in
Gallipoli, 92 ; trapped with milk-
baits in U.S.A., 5 ; on battle-
fields, 17; dispersal of, by man,
96.

musculi, Leptopsylla.

Mustela, Ceratophyllus spp. on, in
Canada, 33.

Mtistela erminea, Ixodes Jiexagonus
on, in Britain, 142 ; fleas on, in
Turkestan, 32.

Mustela nivalis, parasites of, in
Britain, 141, 142 ; Amphipsylla
contigua locuples on, in Turkestan,
32.

Mustela pallida, Amphipsylla con-
tigua locuples on, in Turkestan, 32.

mutans, Theileria.

Mutilla benefactrix, sp. n., parasite
of Glossina morsitans in Nyasa-
land, 113, 116.

3Iutilla glossinae, parasite of
Glossina 7)iorsiians in Ehodesia
and Nyasaland, 28, 65, 113, 116,
117, 122.

Mydaea, in Eritrea, 156.

Mydaea impuncta, in houses in

Britain, 144.
Jlydaea lucorum, bionomics of, in

Britain, 143.
Mydaea •meditahu.nda, in houses in

Britain, 144.
Mydaea obscurata, in houses ia

Britain, 144.
Mydaea uliginosa, in houses in

Britain, 144.
Mydaea urbana, in houses iu

Britain, 144.
Myiasis, bionomics of flies causing,

in Africa, 138 ; in horses in

Morocco, 164; flies causing, in

Panama, 105; caused by Wohl-

faiiia magnifica in Kussia, 88 ;

flies causing, in French Guinea,

21 ; flies causing, in dogs, 58.
Myonyssus decumani, on Mus

musculus in Britain, 142.
Myonyssus gigas, hosts of, in

Britain, 142.
Myxosporidia, parasitising Simu-

liutn, 82.
Myzomyia (see Anopheles),
myzomyifacies, Pyretophorus (see

Anopheles turlchudi).
Myzorhynchiis (see Anopheles).

N.

nairobiensis, Ixodes.

Naphthaline, in dips for protecting

sheep from blow-flies, 71 ; against

fleas, 35 ; against lice, 8, 25, 53,

133,134, 135, 153,193; agaii st

mites, 53 ; experiments with, on

early stages of mosquitos, 81, 164.
nasalis, Gastrophilus.
Nasonia brevicornis, parasite of

maggot-flies in Australia, 179;

parasite of Lucilia and Phormia

in U.S.A., 2.
Natal, mosquitos from, 120.
neavei, Simtditim,.
nebtdosa, Culicioniyia.
Nemopoda cylindrica, bionomics of,

in Britain, 143.
Neocellia (see Anopheles).
Neoceratopogon bellus, in Illinois,

55.
Neocuterehra sqiiamosa, parasite of

the African elephant, 40.
Neohaematopinus antennatus var.

semifasciatiis, on Sciurus douglasi

albolimbatus in North America,

177.
Neomacleaya australis, sj). n., in

Queensland, 11.
Neopsylla faceta, sp. n., on Sciurus

hudsonicus in U.S.A., 33.
Neopsylla inopina, sp. n., on rodents

in Canada, 33.

230

INDEX.

Keopsylla secttra, sp. n., on Epimys
.spp. in India, 33.

I^eopsylla spinea, sp. n., hosts of,
in Kumania, 33.

I^^eopsylla sterensi, sp. n., on Epimys
fulvescens in India, 33.

Heopsylla testor, sp. n., in U.S.A.,
33.

J^eotahanus comitans, in Brazil, 36.

l^eotabanus ochrophihis, in Brazil,
36.

JS'eotabanus triangulum, in Brazil,
36,

Neotoma, Ilegarthroglossus bisetis,
sp. n., on, in New Mexico, 33.

I^eoioma cinerea, Catallagia chariot-
tensis on, in Britisli Columbia, 33.

2seotomafuscipes, Triatomaprotrada
in nest of, 181.

l^epa cinerea, experimental trans-
mission of flagellates of, 103;
infested with Herpztomonas
jaculum, 44.

New England, Phormia azurea in,
78.

New Guinea, mosquitos and malaria
in, 127, 135; ticks in, 55.

New Jersey, mosquitos in, 175.

New Mexico, Megarthroglossus
bisetis on Neotoma in, 33.

New South Wales, experiments with
dengue and mosqiutos in, 148,
196 ; fleas found on rats in, 181 ;
new blood-sucking Leptids from,
41 ; mosquitos and Tabanids
from, 182.

New Zealand, ticks in, 55.

Nicotine, in formula for treating
mange in horses, 70 ; in formula
for dip against scabies, 148.

■nidi, Haemogamasns.

nidieola, Corticaria.

Nigeria, new Calliphorine flies from,
126; blood-sucking organisms
and disease in, 66, 112 ; mosqui-
tos in, 120; Stegomyia fasciata
and yellow-fever in, 148, 149.

nigeriense, Trypanosoma.

■nigerrimus. Anopheles (see A. sinen-
sis).

nigra, Olfersia ; Ophyra ; Stomoxys.

•nigricephalus, Ochlerotatus.

nigriptes. Anopheles (Coelodiazesis) ;
Uranolaenia.

nigritarsis, Tabanus.

■nigroviolacea, Paratricyclea.

nilgiricus, Ctdex.

Niptns holole^icus, in casein, in
Scotland, 179.

Nitrobenzine, effect of, on animal
parasites, 79.

Nitzschia pidicaris, period of in-
cubation of, on fowls, 13.

■nivipes, Uranotaenia {Anisocheleo-
myia).

nocturnus, Culex.

nodosus, Chelifer.

normanensis, Cidex.

Noi-way, household pests in, 180.

Nose Fly (see Gastrophilus nasalis).

Nosema pxdicis, sp. n., parasite of
Ctenocephalus felis, 125.

Xotonectids, predaceous on mos-
quito larvae, 73.

notoscrijitus, Ochlerotatus {Scuto-
myia).

nudatus, Anomiopsyllws.

nudus, Cytodites ; Ptilonyssus.

Numenius arquatus, ticks on, in
Britain, 142.

nurus, Sarcophaga.

nuttalli, Ixodes.

Nuttallia deciimani, sp. n., in rats
in the Gold Coast, 42.

Nuttallia equi, causing biliary fever
in horses, 64.

Nyasaland, new Calliphorine flies
from, 126; insect-borne diseases
in, 170, 171 ; bionomics and
control of Glossina morsitans in,
18, 28-30, 65, 113, 116; sleeping
sickness in, 18; trypanosomiasis
of cattle in, 19; Passeromyia
heterochaeta in, 138.

Nyssorhynchus (see Anopheles).

o.

obliterata, Adalia.

ohseurata, Mydaea.

obscurehirtus, Tabanus.

ohscurissimus, Tabanus.

occidentalis, Anopheles ; Ochlero-
tatus {Culex).

oceaniae, Calliphora (see Anastel-
lorhina augur).

Ochlerotatus, in West Africa, 165.

Ochlerotatus abfitchi, breeding-
places of, in U.S.A., 170.

Ochlerotatus alboannidatus, breed-
ing-places of, in New South
Wales, 182.

Ochlerotatus albocephalus, distri-
bution of, in Africa, 120.

Ochlerotatus annulatus, in Queens-
land, 60.

Ochlerotahis annulipes, in Australia,
11, 182.

Ochlerotatus anntdirostris, in North-
ern Australia, 8.

Ochlerotatus apicoannulatus, bio-
nomics of, in Sierra Leone, 44,
163.

Ochlerotatus argenteo-punctatus, in
Nigeria, 66.

Ochlerotatus aiirifer, breeding-places
of, in U.S.A., 170.

Ochlerotatus australis, in New South
Wales, 182.

INDEX.

231

Ochlerotaous bevisi, in Natal, 120.

OcMerotatus caliginosiis, in Nigeria
and Sierra Leone, 66, 150.

OcMerotatus canadensis, breeding
places of, in U.S.A., 61, 136, 170

OcMerotatus (Aedes) cantator, breed
ing in salt marshes in U.S.A., 6
123.

Ochlerotatus cumminsi, in Nigeria
66, 112.

Ochlerotatus eumpstoni, breeding
places of, in New South Wales
182; in Sydney, 11.

Ochlerotatus dentatus, in Natal, 120

Ochlerotatus domestic^is, in Nigeria
66.

Ochlerotatus durhanensis, distri
bution of, in Africa, 120.

Ochlerotatus eatoni, sp. n., from
Madeira, 64.

Ochlerotatus gibsoni, in Northern
Australia, 8.

Ochlerotatus impiger, breeding-
places of, in U.S.A., 170.

Ochlerotatus irritans, breeding-
places of, in West Africa, 28, 66,
81, 112.

Ochlerotatus milsoni, sp. n., breed-
ing ]5laces of, in New South
Wales, 11, 182.

Ochlerotatus tninutus, breeding-
places of, in Sierra Leone, 44, 45,
163.

Ochlerotatus nigricephalus, biono-
mics of, in West Africa, 45, 66, 150.

Ochlerotatus notoscrij^tus, in Aus-
tralia, 11, 60, 182, 183.

Ochlerotatus occidentalis, in Aus-
tralia, 11, 182.

Ochlerotatus ochraceus, in Nigeria, 66.

Ochlerotatus oreophilus, sp. n., from
India, 64.

Ochlerotatus ornatus, breeding-
places of, in Germany, 16.

Ochlerotatus paludis, in Northern
Australia, 11, 60.

Ochlerotatus pampangensis,\i\^ori\i-
ern Australia, 11.

Ochlerotatus pseudotaeniatus, ana-
tomy of, 74.

Ochleroiatiis punciothoracis, in
Nigeria and the Gold Coast, 66, 81.

Ochlerotatus quasi univiitatus, in
Natal, 120.

Ochlerotatus rubrithorax, in Nev*'
South Wales, 182.

Ochlerotatus sagax, breeding-places
of, in New South Wales, 182.

Ochlerotatus sitnulans, breeding-
places of, in Sierra Leone, 44.

Ochlerotatus {Aedes) sollicitans,
breeding in salt marshes in
U.S.A., 6, 95, 123.

Ochlerotatus subcantans, breeding-
places of, in U.S.A., 170.

Ochlerotatus sudanensis, breeding-
places of, in West Africa, 112.

Ochlerotatus sylvestris, breeding-
places of, in U.S.A., 61, 136, 170.

Ochlerotatus {Aedes) taeniorhijnchus,
breeding-places of, in California,
159.

Ochlerotatus theobaldi, attacking
man in New South Wales, 182.

Ochlerotatus triseriatus, breeding-
places of, in U.S.A., 136, 170.

Ochlerotatus irivittatus. breeding-
places of, in U.S.A., 170.

Ochlerotatus rigilax, in Australia, 8,
11, 60, 72, 182, 183.

ochraceus, Ochlerotatus.

ochropkilus Neotabanus,

oculatus, Bhipicephalus ; Tahanus.

Oecoihea fenestralis, in houses in
Britain, 102.

Oestrids, in the Belgian Congo, 22,
40 ; infesting domestic animals
in Canada, 194,195; infesting
horses in Morocco, 164 ; infesting
camels in the Sahara, 157 ;
effect of carbon bisulphide on
larvae of, 62.

Oestrus bertrandi, probably iden-
tical with O. variolosus, 22.

Oestrus macropi (see Tracheomyia).

Oestrus maculator (see Cephalopsis
titillator).

Oestrus ovis, in Queensland, 183 ;
probably not the cause of staggers
in sheep, 10.

Oestrus variolosus, widely distributed
in Africa, 22.

Oils, for destroying house-fly
larvae, 93, 168; use of, against
mosquito larvae, 81, 95, 98, 152,
164, 170.

olens, Reloviyza.

Olfersia albipennis, on birds in
U.S.A., 169.

Olfersia americana, on buds in
U.S.A., 169.

Olfersia anqustifrons, on birds in
U.S.A., 169.

Olfersia botaurinorum, sp. n., on
birds in U.S.A., 169.

Olfersia capensis (see Lynchia).

Olfersia fusca, on birds in Brazil,
138.

Olfersia holoptera, sp. n., on birds
in Brazil, 138.

Olfersia intertropica, on birds in
U.S.A., 169.

Olfersia nigra, on swallows in
Brazil, 138.

Olfersia palustris, sp. n., on birds
in Brazil, 137.

Olfersia raptatorum, sp. n., on
birds in Brazil, 138.

Olfersia scutellaris, sp. n., on birds
in U.S.A., 169.

232

INDEX.

Olfersia woleotti, sp. n., on birds in

U.S.A., 169.
omega, Stonioxys.
Onchocerca gihsoni, on cattle in

Northern Australia, 8 ; infesting

Bos indicus in the Malay States,

70.
Onchocerca gutturosa, infesting Bos

taurus in Northern Africa, 70.
Onchocerca indica, infesting Bos

indicus in India, 70.
Onesia cognaia, bionomics of, in

Britain, 145.
Onthophagus spp., Gongylonema

scutatum found in, 63.
opaca, Trupheoneura.
oparus, Phanurus.
Ophyra leucostoma, bionomics of,

in Britain, 109, 143; trapped

with milk-baits in U.S.A., 5.
Ophyra nigra, in Queensland, 183.
orbitale, Simidium.
oreophilus, Ochlerotatus.
orientalis, Blatta (Periplaneta).
ornatus, Ochlerotatus (Aedes) ;

TJranotaenia.
Ornithoctona erythrocephala, on

birds in Brazil, 138.
Orniihodorus, Uta probably not

carried by, in Peru, 63.
Orniihodorus coriaceus, bionomics

of, in California, 119.
Orniihodorus megnini, on jack

rabbits in Canada, 80.
Orniihodorus mouhata, 131 ; trans-
mitting relapsing fever in Africa,

64, 119; in Italian Somaliland,

70 ; failure to infect with

leishmaniasis, 103; a possible

carrier of Trypanosoma rhode-

siense, 44 ; associated with

wart-hogs, 44, 102.
Orniihodorus reticulatus(see0.talaje).
Orniihodorus savignyi, in India, 91 ;

in Italian Somaliland, 70.
Ornitliodorus talaje, on horses in

Chile, 177.
Orniihodorus turicata, 63.
Ornithoica confluens, on birds in

Brazil, 138.
Orniihomusca mctoria, sp. n., from

nest of Pardaloius in Victoria,

159.
Ornithomyia avicularia, on

ptarmigan in Norway, 180.
Ornithomyia huteonis, on birds in

U.S.A., 169.
Ornithotnyia cosiaricensis, sp. n., on

birds in U.S.A., 169.
Ornithomyia pirangae, sp. n., on

birds in U.S.A., 169.
Orthetrum chrysostigma, predaceous

on Olossina morsitans in

Nyasaland, 28.

Orthocresol, effect of, on animal

parasites, 79.
Orthopodomyia signifer, breeding-
places of, in North Carolina, 136.
Orycteropus, infested with Choero-

myia spp. in Senegal, 101.
otomydis, Polyplax.
Otomys irroraius, Polyplax otomydis

on, in Zululand, 120.
Otospermophilus beecheyi (see

Citellus).
Otter, Ixodes hexagonus on, in

England, 194.
oudemansi, Haemogamasus.
ovillus, Haematopinus.
ovinus, Melophagus.
ovis, Oestrus ; Psoropies communis ;

Sarcoptes scabiei ; Theileria.
ovivorus, Phanurus.
Owls, Ceraiophyllus colunibae on, in

Caucasia, 151.
Oxyiiris vermicularis, infesting man

in British East Africa, 54.

P.

pahulorum, Muscina.
Pacific, Anojjlura infesting sea-
lions in, 196.
pacificus, Gulex.
pachypus, Laelaps.
Paederus crebripunctatus, causing

dermatitis in East Africa, 167.
Paederus columbinus, causing^

dermatitis in Brazil, 15, 51.
Paederus fuscipes, in Astrachan, 51.
Pajaroello Tick (see Ornithodorus

coriaceus).
Palestine, Gulex geniculatus in, 156..
pallida, Probezzia.
pallidipes, Glossina.
pallidocephalus, Gulex.
pallidum, Menopon.
palpalis, Glossina.
Palpomyia polysticia, 118.
paludis, Ochlerotatus {Gulex,

Gulicelsa).
palusiris, Olfersia.
pampangensis, Ochlerotatus (Beedo-

myia).
Panama, anti-mosqiiito work in,

97-99, 176 ; flies causing myiasis

in, 105.
Panama Canal, effect of opening of,

on spread of yellow fever, 59.
Panqonia clavata, in New South

Wales, 182.
papatasii, Phlebotomus.
par, Tabanus.
Paracalliphora, new generic name

proposed for Galliphora oceaniae^

122.
Paracresol, effect of, on animal

parasites, 79.

INDEX.

233

Paradiehlorobenzine, effect of, ou
animal parasites, 79.

^aradisea, Phalacropsylla.

jiaradoxus, Echestypus.

paraensis, Culicoides.

Paraffin, ineffective against bed-
bugs, 86 ; retarding oxidation of
arsenical dips, 3 ; (see Kerosene
and Petroleum).

joaraguayense, Simulium.

Faraplasnia flavigenum, in the blood
of animals infected with yeUow
fever, 66 ; not certainly the
causal agent of yellow fever, 150,
151.

Paratricyclea caerulea, sp.
Ruwenzori, 126.

Paratricyclea consors, sp.
Nyasaland, 126.

Paratricyclea dubiosa, sp.
Nyasaland, 126.

Paratricyclea gavihiensis,
from Gambia, 126.

Paratricyclea imitans, sp.

n.

n.

n..

from
from

from

sp.

n.

n.

dis-

tribution of, in Tropical Africa,

126.
Paratricyclea lutescens, sp. n., from

the Belgian Congo, 126.
Paratricyclea nigromolacea, sp. n.,

from Cape Town, 126.
Paratricyclea pseudolucilia, sp. n.,

from the Belgian Congo, 126.
Pardalotus, Ornitliovmsca victoria,

sp. n., in nest of, in Australia,

149.
Paris, Anopheles maculipennis cap-
tured in, 101.
Paris Green, ineffective against

mites on fowls, 53.
parumpilosus, Trichodectes.
Parus oter, Phormia sordida in nests

of, 138.
parva, Theileria (Piroplasma).
Passer, Passeromyia heterochaeta in

nests of, in the Congo, 138.
Passer doniesticus, Dermanyssus

gallinae in nests of, in Britain,

142.
Passer griseus, blood-sucking Mus-

cids in nests of, 138.
Passeromyia heterochaeta, attacking

nestling birds in Africa, 16, 138.
pattoni, Herpetomonas.
pavonis, Goniodes.
Peafowl, lice infesting, 13.
peeaudi, Trypanosoma,
pecorum,, Trypanosoma,
pedalis, Haetnatopinus.
Pediculus, in Salonica, 179.
Pediculus capitis, experimental

transmission of flagellates of,

103 ; experimentally carrying

plague, 130; measures against,

24, 83, 153.
Pediculus corporis (see P. humanus).

Pediculus humanus, in Britain, 178 ;
in Serbia, 7 ; anatomy of, 183 ;
a carrier of bubonic plague, 130 ;
conveying recurrent fever, 134 ;
measures against. 7, 8, 24, 83,
133, 134, 153; effects of tem-
perature on, 57, 87 ; (see also
Lice).

Pediculus vestimenti (see P. huma-
nus).

Pedioecetes phasianellus ( Sharp -
tailed Grouse), Haem^physalis
cinnabarina on, in Canada, 80.

Pegomyia bicolor, in houses in
Britain, 144.

Pegomyia hyoscyami, introduced
into U.S.A., 107.

Pellagra, relation of Simulium to,
82 ; probably not transmitted
by Simulium in Jamaica, 90.

penetrans, Dermatophilus.

Penguins, ticks on, in New Zealand,
55.

Pennyroyal, Oil of, against fleas, 5.

percavatus, Ixodes.

peregrinus, Ceratopogon; Culicoides.

perennis, Trupheoneura.

Periplaneta orientalis (see Blatta).

Pericoma toivnsvillensis, sp. n.,
attacking man in Queensland, 30.

Peristera rufi axilla, Pseudorni-
thomyia ambigua, sp. n., on, in
Brazil, 137.

Perognathus californicus, Fahren-
holzia iribidosa, sp. n., on, in
North America, 177.

Peromyscus, new fleas on, in
British Columbia, 33.

Peromyscus macroehinis, Catallagia
charlottensis on, in British Colum-
bia, 33.

Persia, list of fleas from, 151 ;
dogs a possible reservoir of leish-
maniasis in, 9.

Persian Powder, against lice on
fowls, 166.

persicus, Argas.

pertinens, Haematopota.

perturbans, Taeniorhynchus {Man-
sonia).

Peru, Pseudolfersia meleagridis, sp.
n., on Meleagris gallopavo in,
137 ; ticks in, 55 ; probable
carriers of Uta in, 63 ; Phle-
botomus verrucarum carrying
verruga in, 65, 123.

Petrol, against lice, 153.

Petroleum, against fleas, 35 ;
against house-fly larvae, 93 ;
against lice, 104; experiments
with, on early stages of mos-
quitos, 164; (see Kerosene and
Paraffin).

phacochoeri, Haematopinus.

phaeostomum, Menopon.

234

INDEX,

Phalacrocorax graculus, Ixodes uni-
cavatus on, in Britain, 142,

Phalacropsylla paradisea, sp. n.,
liosts of, in Arizona, 33.

Phalaiigomyia debilis, distribution
of, in Peiu, 65.

Phanurus ei)iersoni, sp. n., parasite
of Tabanid e<rgs in Texas, 122.

Phamiriis jloridanus, 122.

Phanurus opacus, 122.

Phanurus ovivorus, 122.

Phaonia erratica, bionomics of, in
Britain, 143.

Phaonia signata, hibernation of, in
houses, 121.

Phaonia variegata, in houses in
Britain, 144.

pharaonis, Monomorium.

pharoensis, Anopheles.

Pharyngoholus, 122 ; probably
identical with Aulacephala, 22.

Pharyngoholus africanus, parasite
of the African elephant, 40.

Pharyngomyia, 22, 122.

Phaseolomys, Ixodes victoriensis on,
in Australia, 55.

Philaematomyia, in Nigeria, 113.

Philippines, relation between
cholera and Pliorid flies in, 52 ;
mosquitos in, 120; freedom of,
from plague due to rat-proof
character of buildings in, 76.

Phlebotomus, 176 ; in Muscat, 172 ;
in the Sahara, 157 ; and sand-fly
fever in Sicily, 60 ; possible
carriers of Biskra boil, 9 ; identi-
fication of, in the early stages,
32.

Phlebotomus argeniipes, early stages
of, 32.

Phlebotomus duboscqi, in Sierra
Leone, 150.

Phlebotomus intermedius, in Brazil,
36.

Phlebotomus minutus, early stages
of, 32 ; conveying leishmaniasis
in Algeria, 103.

Phlebotomus papatasii, in Trance,
49; in Guatemala. 177; and
sand-fly fever in the Mediter-
ranean, 57; in Salonica, 179;
early stages of, 32.

Phlebotomus verrucarum, probably
the only carrier of verruga in
Peru, 65, 123.

Phoniomyia, in Fiji, 41.

Phora, on battlefields, 18.

Phora aterrimxt, 51.

Phoridae, habits and relation of,
to disease, 51.

Phormia azurea, distinct from
P. sordida, 16; life-history and
distribution of, 78.

Phormia groenlandica (see Proto-
caUiphora).

Phormia regina, bionomics of, ia
U.S.A., 1, 5.

Phormia sordida, in nests of Parus
ater, 138; distinct from P. azurea^
16.

Phosphorus, as a rat -poison to-
control plague, 155.

Phryxe vidgaris, in houses in
Britain, 144.

Phthirius pubis, not common in the-
Russian army, 24, 25.

Phyllanthus emblica, a source of
food for rats in Java, 129.

Phyllodromia {Ectobia) germaniea,.
in Norway, 180; Gongylonema
scutatum found in, 63.

Picric Acid, for protecting^
domestic animals from flies,,
158.

pictipes, Simulium.

Pigeons, infected with HaemoprO'
teus columbae by Lynchia capensis^
189 ; Hippoboscids on, in Brazil,
137 ; lice infesting, in U.S.A., 13,.
166; distribution of Lynchia
maura on, 107.

Pigs, tryj)anosomes in, in Tropical-
Africa, 18, 42, 66; kiUed by^
Simulium in Hungary, 158 ;.
relation of, to distribution of
Glossina palpalis in Principe, 48 j,
relation of Simulium to cholera
in, 82; infested with Echino
rhynchus gigas, 176; control of
fleas on, 4, 35 ; lice on, destroyed
by nitro-benzine, 79 ; Wohlfartia-.
magnifica causing myiasis in, 88..

pilosus, Gulex.

Piophila easel, experiments with
baits for, 169.

Piophila vulgaris, bionomics of, in
Britain, 143.

pipiens, Culex.

pirangae, Ornithomyia.

Pirates hybridus, in Algeria, 139.

Pirates strepitans, in Algeria, 139..

Piroplasma annulatum, causing
Mediterranean Coast fever in
Libya, 14.

Piroplasma bacilUforme (see
Theileria parva).

Piroplasma bigeminum, in cattle,.
68 ; carried by Margaropus-
annulatus, 64.

Piroplasma canis, in dogs, 59, 68..

Piroplasma divergens, conveyed by
Haemaphysalis einnabarina var.
punctata in Britain, 34.

Piroplasma parvum (see Theileri'M
parva).

Piroplasma quadrigeminum, pro
bably carried by Bhipicephaluf^
sanguineus in Tunis, 63.

Piroplasma tropica (see P. annula-
tum).

INDEX,

235

Piroplasmosis, in domestic animals
in West Africa, 42, 67, 112 ; and
ticks in Brazil, 83 ; in sheep in
Egypt, 7, 192; ticks conveying,
in the Gold Coast, 42 ; in cattle,
carried by Margaropus decolo-
ratus, 64 ; in dogs, ticks convey-
ing, 34, 64 ; in horses, carried
by Bhipicephalus evertsi, 64 ;
efficiency of trypanblue against,
69.
Pistia, mosquito eggs attached to

leaves of, 160.
Pistia stratiotes, larvae of Taenio-
rhynchus titillans associated with,
177.

placidum, Simulium.

Plague, quarantine measures
against, in the Gambia, 159 ;
relation between fleas, rats and,
in Java, 128; New South Wales
free from, 181 ; causes of spread
of, in the New World, 86 ; and
rats in Shanghai, 61 ; and fleas,
4, 5 ; experimentally carried by
lice, 130 ; loss of life due to, 34 ;
prevalence of, determined by
rat-proof character of buildings,
76 ; use of rat-poison to control,
154 ; experiments with vaccine
against, 75.

Plasmodium falciparum, experi-
ments with Anophelines and,
92, 136, 152 ; not carried by
Anopheles pundipennis, 136.

PlasmMlium 'malariae, among troops
in France, 139.

Plasm,odium vivax, carried by
Anopheles maculipennis in
France, 139 ; the commonest
cause of malaria in Portugese
East Africa, 130; experiments
with Anophelines and, 53, 92,
136, 152, 175 ; (see Malaria).

Platystoma seminationis, in houses
in Britain, 144.

plebeia, Thereva.

plumbeus, Anopheles (Coelodiazesis).

plumosa, Mimomyia.

pluto, Tabanus.

pluvialis, Anthomyia.

Pneumotuher macaci, infesting the
lungs of monkeys, 40.

podopostyla, Stilhom^iopa.

Poecilochroa convictrix, living in
nest of Goenotele gregalis, 9.

poieilia, Finlaya.

Poland, measures against lice in,
35.

Polecat, Ixodes hexagonus on, in
England, 194.

Polietes albolineata, bionomics of,
in Britain, 145.

Polietes lardaria, bionomics of, in
Britain, 143, 145.

Polistes Jiebraeus, predaceous on

house-flies in Fiji, 41.
polifa, Ilicrochrysa.
Pollenia rudis, bionomics of, in,

Britain, 87, 102, 121, 145; in

relation to disease, 46 ; trapped

with milk-baits in U.S.A., 5.
Pollenia stygia, in Queensland, 183 ;

effect of eucalyptus oil on, 71.
Polyplax jonesi, sp. n., on Sacco-

stomus campestris in Zululand,.

120.
Polyplax otomydis, on Otomys

irroratus in Ziduland, 120.
Polyplax spinulosus, on rats in

Sierra Leone, 150.
Polysulphide, in sheep dips, 188.
polystida, Palpomyia.
polytrapezius, Lipeurus.
poriceps, Metathrombidium.
potamida, Stratiomyia,
Potamochaerus choeropotamus, Hae-

matopinus phacoehoeri on, in

South Africa, 120.
Potassium Carbonate, in formula

against mange on domestic

animals, 178.
Potassium Cyanide (see Hydro-
cyanic Acid).
Potassium Ferrocyanide, formula

for making hydrocyanic acid

with, 135.
Potassium Polysulphide, in formula

for dip against mange, 165; in

sheep dips, 188.
praefediis, Ceratophyllus.
pratti, Ixodes,
priestleyi, Calomyia.
primaris, Amphipsylla.
Principe, history of extermination

of Glossina palpalis in, 48.
Probezzia infuscaia, sp, n., in

Illinois, 55.
Probezzia pallida, in Illinois, 55.
procus, Megarthroglossus.
Procyon lotor (Racoon), Ixodes

texanus on, in Canada, 80.
prolixus, Ehodnius.
Prometheomys schlaposchniTcovi,

Ctenophthalmus inornatus, sp. n.,

on, in Caucasia, 151.
Promusca domestica (see Ilusca).
propria, Uranotaenia.
Protoccdliphora azurea (see Phormia).
Protoealliphora (Calliphora) groen-

landica, bionomics of, in Britain,

87, 102, 145, 169.
protracta, Triatoma.
pruina, Culex.
pruinosum, Simulium.
pseudoardens, Tabanus.
Pseudoculicoides griseus, attacking-

man in Illinois, 55.
Pseudoculicoides m,ajor, possibly a

synonym of P. griseus, 55.

236

INDEX.

Pseudohowardinalinealis, in Queens-
land, 60.

Pseudolfersia melcagridis, sp. n., on
birds ill Brazil, 137.

Pseudolfersia spinifero, on Fregata
aquila in Brazil, 137.

Pseudolfersia vuUuris, on vultures
in Mexico, 138.

pseudolucilia, Paratricyclea.

pseudopunciipennis, Anopheles.

Pseiidopyrellia cornicina, biono-
mics of, in Britain, 145.

Pseudornitliomyia ambigua, gen. et
sp. n., on birds in Brazil, 137,
138.

Pscudorihellia, generic name pro-
posed for Lucilia viridiceps,
159.

pseudoscutellaris, Stegomyia.

Pseudoslusea basalis, in Australia,
11, 182.

pseudotaeniatus, Ochlerotatus.

Pseudotyphoid Fever, and its
carriers in Sumatra, 52.

Psoropliora ciliata, larvae of, pre-
daceous on those of otlier mos-
quitos, 170.

Psoropliora columbiae, breeding-
places of, in North Carolina, 61,
136.

PsaropJwra discolor, breeding-places
of, in North Carolina, 136.

Psoropliora sayi, breeding-places of,
in North Carolina, 136.

Psoroptes communis var. boris, in
South Africa, 187.

Psoroptes communis var. coprae, on
goats in South Africa, 186.

Psoroptes communis var. cuniculi,
on rabbits in South Africa and
U.S.A., 95, 187.

Psoroptes communis var. equi,
causing mange on horses, 178.

Psoroptes communis var. ovis, bio-
nomics and control of, in South
Africa, 184-187.

Ptarmigan, Ornithomyia avicularia
on, in Norway, 180.

Pteromalus, parasite of Lepidop-
tera, 121.

Ptilonyssus nvdus, on sparrows in
Britain, 142.

pubescens, Erephopsis.

pubis, Phthirius.

Puffin, Ixodes percavatus var. roths-
childi on, in Britain, 142.

jiulchellus, Phipicephalus.

pulcherrivia, tfranotaenia.

Pulex irritans (Human Flea), in
Britain, 166; in Salonica, 179;
control of, in U.S.A., 34 ; on
dogs, 58 ; probably not a carrier
of kala-azar, 49 ; failure to infect,
with leishmaniasis, 103; and
plague, 4 ; (see also Fleas).

pulicaris, Nitzsckia.
pulicis, Nosema.

jnmctata, Haemaphysalis cinna-
bar ina.
punctigera, Lyperosia.
punciimacida. Anopheles,
punctipennis. Anopheles,
jyunclocostalis, Banksinella.
punctolateralis, Stegomyia (see

Mimeteomyia atripes).
punctothoracis, Ochlerotatus.
jrunctulatus, Anopheles,
puniens, Haemaiopota.
2)usilla, Microlynchia.
pusillus, Cotocripus.
Putorius longicandat'us, Neopsylla

inojnna on, in Canada, 33.
Putorius putorius, Neopsylla spinea

on, in Rumania, 33.
Putorius xanthogenys, Ceratophyllus

ignotus fransciscanus on, in

U.S.A., 33.
putus, Ixodes.
Pycnosoma bezzianum, causing

myiasis in French Guinea, 21.
Pycnosoma megacephalum (see

P. bezzianum).
Pycnosoma (Calliphora) rufifacies,

in Queensland, 183; effect of

eucalyptus oil on, 71.
Pycnosoma varipes, effect of eucalyp-
tus oil on, 71.
Pygiopsylhi ahalae, and plague, 4 ;

distribution of, on rats in Java,

128.
pygmaea, Erephopsis.
Pyrellia ano-rufa, sp. n., from Cape

Colony, 125.
Pyrellia bequaerti, sp. n., from

Ruwenzori, 125.
Pyrellia cadaverina, from the Belgian

Congo, 125.
Pyrellia distincta, sp. n., from

the Belgian Congo, 125.
Pyrellia ditissima, sp. n., distri-
bution of, in Africa, 1 25.
Pyrellia eriophthalma, bionomics of,

in Britain, 87, 102, 121,

145.
Pyrellia laxifrons, sp. n., from the

Belgian Congo, 125.
Pyrellia maculisquama, sp. n., from

East Africa, 125.
Pyrellia versatilis, sp. n., from

Ruwenzori, 125.
Pyrethrum, against lice on fowls,

166 ; effect of, on mosquitos, 61 ;

in dips for protecting sheep from

blow-flies, 71.
Pyrethrum roseum, tincture of,

ineffective against Stegomyia

fasciata, 61.
Pyretophorus (see Anoj)heles).
Pyretophorus myzomyifacies (see

Anopheles turJchudi).

INDEX.

237

Q.

quadrigeminum, Piroplasma.
quadrimaculatus. Anopheles,
quasigelidus, Gulex.
quasiornata, Mimeteomyia {Stego-

myia).
quasiunivittatus, Ochlerotatus.
Queensland, experiments with

dengue and mosquitos in, 196;

distribution of mosquitos in, 60 ;

mosquitos and Tabanids from,

183 ; list of mosquitos and ticks

from, 10; Per i coma townsvillen-

sis, sp. 11., attacking man in, 30 ;

Silinus fulvohirtus, sp. n., in, 91.
Quinine, use of, against malaria,

19, 173; against tick-borne

diseases in dogs, 59.
quinqnefasciatus, Gulex (see 6*. fati-

gans).
qiiinqiieviUatus, Erctmiopodites.

R.

Rabbits, experiments with Leish-
mania donovani and, 125 ; mites
on, in U.S.A., 96; effect of
bite of Ornithodorus coriaceus
on, 119; Psoroptes communis
var. Guniculi on, in South Africa,
187 ; Psoroptes communis var.
ovis unable to live on, 185;
ticks on, in Canada, 80 ; negative
result of inoculating Trypanosoma
vivax into, 42.

Backionotomyia caerideocephala, in
Sumatra, 23.

radicum, Anthomyia.

Bangelia vitalii, sp. n., disease in
dogs in Brazil due to, 59.

raptatorum, Olfersia.

Rats, experimentally infected with
flagellates, 103; fleas on, 4, 66,
75, 127, 150, 181 ; Haemogam^sus
oudemansi on, in Britain, 142 ;
experiments with leprosy and,
85 ; Nuttallia decumani in, in
the Gold Coast, 42 ; and plague,
61, 76, 128, 155; buildings
protected from, influencing
prevalence of plague, 76 ;
susceptible to Rocky Mountain
spotted fever, 77 ; negative
result of inoculating Trypano-
soma vivax into, 42 ; trypano-
somes in, 181 ; distribution of,
in Java, 128 ; legislation against,
in Louisiana, 137 ; hydrocyanic
acid against, 94, 155; effect of
nitrobenzine on, 79 ; poisons
for, 155 ; (see Epimys and Mus).

Bavinia communis, trapped with
milk-baits in U.S.A., 5.

(C366)

Bavinia latisetosa, trapped with
milk-baits in U.S.A., 5.

recula, Geratophyllus ignotiis.

Recurrent Fever, conveyed by
lice, 17, 134.

Beduvius mayeti, probably not a
carrier of goitre in Algeria, 139.

Redwater, conveyed by Haema-
physalis cinnabarina var.

punctata in Britain, 34 ; (see
Piroplasmosis).

Beedomyiapam,j)angensis (sec Ochle-
rotatus).

regina, Phormia.

regisgeorgii, Tabanws.

Relapsing Fever, transmitted by
Ornithodorus moubata in Africa,
63, 119, 131.

reptans, Simulium.

Reptiles, probably not providing
food for Glossina morsitans, 114;
Haemogregarines in, in the Gold
Coast, 81.

Resin, and castor oil as an adhesive,
20; in adhesives for trapping flies,
53 ; for making fly-papers, 181 ;
ingredient of mosquito larvicide,
98.

restuans, Gulex.

reticulatus, Dermacentor ; Ornitho-
dorus (see 0. talaje).

Reunion, fish imported from, into
Madagascar against mosquito
larvae, 195.

Reviews, Ealand, Insect Enemies,
183 ; Herms, Medical and Veteri-
nary Entomology, 176 ; Le Prince
and Orenstein, Mosquito Control
in Panama, 97.

Bhinoceros simus, Lyperosia spp.
feeding on, 68.

Bhinolophus ferrumequinum, Ixodes
vespertilionis on, in Britain,
142.

rhipicephali, Gryptoplasma.

Bhipicephalus appendiculattis,

carrying African coast fever, 64 ;
in Italian Somaliland, 70 ;
formula for dipping fluid against,
46.

Bhipicephalus capensis, carrying-
African coast fever, 64.

Bhipicephalus ecinctus, in Italian
Somaliland, 70.

Bhipicephalus ever-tsi, on domestic
animals in Egypt, 192 ; carrying
pii'oplasmosis in horses, 64.

Bhipicephalus falcatus, in Sierra
Leone, 45.

Bhipicephalus lunulatus, in Sierra
Leone, 45.

Bhipicephalus oculattis, on camels
in Egypt, 192.

Bhipicephalus pulchellus, in Italian
Somaliland, 70.

238

INDEX.

Bhipieephalus sanguineus, para-
sitised by Hnnterellus JwoJceri in
Brazil, 39 ; on dogs in Egypt,
192; on dogs, etc., in Sierra
Loone, 45, 150; Cryptoplasma
rhipicephali recorded in error as
a parasite of, in Tunis, 63, 121;
carrying piroplasniosis in dogs,
64.

Bhipieephalus simus, on dogs in
Sierra Leone, 150; in Italian
Somaliland, 70; carrying Rho-
desian fever in cattle, 64.

Rhodesia, compulsory dipping of
cattle in, 171 ; bionomics of
Glossina morsitans in. 77, 117,
122; mosquitos m, 120; Orni-
thodorus moubata associated with
wart-hogs in, 44, 102; Passero-
viyia heterochaeta in, 138;
sleeping - sickness and other
insect-borne diseases in, 107, 108,
151 ; tick-borne diseases and
their control in, 46, 73, 171, 172 ;
relations of tsetse-fly and big
game in, 77.

Rhodesian Fever, in cattle, carried
by Bhipieephalus simus, 64.

rhodesiense, Trypanosoma.

rhodesiensis, Anopheles.

Bhodnius prolixus, coprophagism
in, 38.

Bhombomys opimus, new fleas on,
in Turkestan, 32.

richardii, Taeniorhynchus {Man-
sonia).

ricinus, Ixodes.

ritna, Gulex.

Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever,
conveyed by Dermacentor in
U.S.A., 76, 77, 154.

rodhaini, Cordylobia (Stasisia).

Roe -deer, Ixodes ricinus on, in
Britain, 142.

Rosemary, Oil of, against cock-
roaches, 140.

rossi. Anopheles.

rothschildi, Ixodes percavatus.

rotundatus, Cimex (see C. hemiptera).

rubidus, Tabanus.

ruhiqinosus, Alcimus.

rubrithorax, Ochlerotatus ; 8imulium.

rubrofasciata, Triatoma{ Gonorhinus).

rudis, Pollenia.

ruficrus, Tabanus.

rufifacies, Pycnosomu [CcAliphora).

rufinotatus, Tabanus.

rufipes, Aphiochaeta.

rufiventris, Hyalomyia.

Rumania, a new Neopsylla from,
33.

ruralis, Voria.

Russia, control of lice in, 13;
bionomics of Wohlfartia magnifica
in, 88.

s.

Sabethes, in Guatemala, 177.
Sabethoides nitidus, breeding-
places of, in Trinidad, 69.
saccharina, Lepism/i.
Saecharum spontaneum, a source of

food for rats in Java, 129.
Saccostomus campestris, Polyplax

jonesi on, in Zululand, 120.
fitly ax, Ochlerotatus (Gidex).
i<<(ginata, Taenia.
Sahara, biting-flies and disease in,

156.
Salicylic Aldehyde, effect of, on

animal parasites, 79.
salinarius, Gulex.
sfdisburiensis, Gulex.
Salonica, medical entomology of,

179.
Sand -fly Fever, not recorded in

Guatemala, 177; Sind Phlebotomus

2)apaiasii in the Mediterranean,

57 ; and Phlebotomus in Sicily,

60.
sanguinarius, Tabanus.
sangiiineum, Simulium.
sanguineus, Bhipieephalus; Tabanus.
sanguinolentus, Bdellolarynx.
sanguisugens, Haematobia.
sanguisugus, Gulicoides.
Saiiitas-okol, eSective against

mosquito larvae, 131.
Saponin, for protecting domestic

animals against house-flies, 158.
Sarcophaga, traps for, in Egypt,

142; in Salonica, 179.
Sarcophaga aurifrons, in Queens-
land, 183.
Sarcophaga hullata, trapped with

milk-baits in U.S.A., 5.
Sarcophaga carnaria, 88 ; bionomics

of, in Britain, 143, 169; in Galli-

poli, 92; on battlefields, 18.
Sarcophaga haemorrhoidalis, trapped

with milk-baits in U.S.A., 5.
Sarcophaga helicis, trapped with

milk-baits in U.S.A., 5.
Sarcophaga latifrons, not causing

myiasis, 88.
Sarcophaga magnifica (see Wohlf-
artia).
Sarcophaga melanura, bionomics of,

in Britain, 143.
Sarcophaga nurus, in French

Guinea, 21.
Sarcoptes scabiei, in Salonica, 179.
Sarcoptes scabiei var. bovis, in

South Africa, 187.
Sarcoptes scabiei var. canis, causing

mange in dogs, 58.
Sarcoptes scabiei var. equi, causing

mange in horses, 178.
Sarcoptes scabiei var. avis, carried

by dogs, 58.

INDEX,

239

Sardinia, cattle from, nearly
immune to Mediterranean coast
fever, 15.
Sargus cuprarms, bionomics of, in

Britain, 108, 144.
Sargus iridatus, in houses in Britain,

144.
satunini, nystriehopsylla.
savignyi, Ornithodorus.
sayi, Psorophora.
seabiei, Sarcoptes.
Scabies, in sbeep and its control,

58, 148, 184-187.
scalaris, Fannia.
Scandinavia, absence of WoTilfartia

magnifica from, 88.
Scatophaga stercoraria, bionomics
of, in Britain, 108, 143; trapped
with milk-baits in U.S.A., 5 ; in
relation to disease, 46.
schelkovnikovi, AmpMpsylla.
ScMstosomum numsoni, and house-
flies in British East Africa, 54.
schlaposchniJcovi, Prometheomys.
schilffneri. Anopheles.
Sdpio aulacodi, on Thryonomys in

South Africa, 120.
Scipio hreviceps, sp. n., on Thryono-
mys in South Africa, 120.
Sciiirvs, Ixodes granulatus on, in

India, 55.
Sciurus douglasi, Ixodes texanus on,

in Canada, 80.
Sciurus douglasi albolimbatus, Neo-
haematopinus antennatus var.
semifasciatus on, in North
America, 177.
Sciurus griseus nigripes, Ender-
leinellus kelloggi on, in North
America, 177.
Sciurus hudsonicus, Ixodes dentaius
var. spinipalpis on, in Canada,
55 ; Neopsylla faceta on, in
U.S.A., 33.
Sciurus richardsoni baileyi, Megar-
throglossus longispinus on, in
Canada, 33.
scorpioides, Chelifer.
Scorpions, destroying mosquitos in

Sierra Leone, 163.
Screw -worm Fly (see Chrysomyia

macellaria).
scutatum, Gongylonema.
scutellaris, Olfersia ; Stegomyia.
Seutomyia notoscriptus (see Ochlero-

tatus).
scythicus, Arvicola terrestris.
Sea Lions, Anoplura infesting, in

the Pacific, 196.
Sea Water, experiments with,
on early stages of mosquitos,
164.
secedens, Tabanus.
secura, Neopsylla.
Selasoma iibiole in Brazil, 36.

semiargentata, Limnophora.
semifasciatus, Neohaematopinus an-

te-miatus.
seminaiionis, Platystoma,
Senegal, an early record of mos-
quitos as disease-carriers in, 16 ;
Cantharis causing dermatitis in,
15 ; danger of introduction of
yellow fever from, into Morocco,
40 ; verminous enteritis among
sheep in, 14.
separatus, Anopheles,
septemnotata, Limnophora.
septentrionalis, Megarhinus.
Serbia, experiments in the control
of lice in, 7 ; cattle from, veiy
susceptible to Mediterranean
coast fever, 15.
sericata, Lucilia.
serrata, Blepharoptera ; Leria.
serraticeps, CtenocepJialus (see

C. canis).
setigena, Fannia.
Shanghai, measures against plague

in, 61.
Sheep, bionomics and control of
Psoroptes communis var. ovis on,
in South Africa, 184-187; bio-
nomics of lice infesting, in
Australasia, 111; value of birds
destroying parasites of, in Aus-
tralia, 110; dips for protecting,
from blow-flies in Australia,
70-72 ; Ixodes ricinus on, in
Britain, 142 ; Dermacentor vari-
abilis on, in Canada, 80; insect-
borne disease of, in the Belgian
Congo, 67, 68; piroplasmosis in,
in Egypt, 7, 192; causes of
staggers in, in Germany, 10;
trypanosomiasis and other
diseases of, in the Gold Coast,
42 ; Hippobosca maculata on, in
French Guinea, 21 ; killed by
Simulium in Hungary, 158 ;
piroplasmosis in, in Nigeria, 112 ;
wool-maggots of, in U.S.A., 1 ;
heartwater in, carried by
Amblyommu hebraeum, 64 ; in-
fested with Gongylonema scu-
tatum, 63 ; serum of, fatal to
Leishmania donovani, 174; con-
trol of lice on, 91 ; Melophagus
ovinus on, destroyed by nitro-
benzine, 79 ; flies causing myiasis
in, 2, 88; not attacked by
Psoroptes communis var. cuni-
culi, 187; control of scabies on,
148 ; intestinal worms conveyed
to, by house-flies, 12; dips for,
179.
Sheep-maggot Flies, in Australia,
70, 122, 179, 183; in U.S.A., 1;
parasitised by Ghalcis calliphorae,
sp. n., 179.

240

INDEX.

Sheep-scab, bionomics and control
of, in South Africa, 184^187.

Ships, measures against mosquitos
on, 59 ; fumigation of, 94.

Siberia, measures against bed-bugs
in, 190.

sicamus, Megarthroglossus.

Sicily, sand-fly fever and Phle-
hotomus in, 60.

Sierra Leone, blood-sucking insects
of, 44, 149 ; mosquitos and
malaria in, 44; bionomics and
control of Stegoinyia fasciata and
other mosquitos in, 120, 161-
164 ; yellow fever in, 150.

Sigmodon hispidus, Hojdoplewra
hirsuta on, in North America, 177.

signata, Monedula ; Phaonia.

signifer, Orthopodomyia {Bancrojtia).

silacea, Chrysops.

Silvius alcocJci, in N. Australia, 91.

Silvius austrolis, in New South
Wales, 182.

Silvius borealis, sp, n., in Australia,
91.

Silviiis elongatus, sp. n., in Aus-
tralia, 91.

Silvius frontalis, in Queensland,
183.

Silvius fuliginosus, sp. n., in Aus-
tralia, 91.

Silvius fidr oh iHus, sp. n.,in Queens-
land, 91.

Silvius Jiilli, sp. n,, in Australia, 91,
183.

Silvius sordidus, sp. n., in Australia,
8, 91.

Silvius tahanijormis, sp. n., in
Australia, 91.

Silmus trypherus, sp. n., in Aus-
tralia, 91.

simiae, Trypanosoma.

similis, Haemalopota.

simplex, Gulex.

simpsoni, Gulex ; Stegomyia.

simulans, Oehlerotatus.

simuliae, Crithidia.

Simuliidae, in Nyasaland, 171.

Simulium, hibernation of, in houses,
121 ; attacking domestic animals
in Hungary, 158; probably not
transmitting pellagra in Jamaica,
90 ; in Salonica, 179.

Sim ilium amazonicum, in Brazil,
36.

Simulium hracteum, bionomics of,
in U.S.A., 82.

Simulium brevihrancJdum, in Brazil,
36.

Simuliutn dentulosum, sp. n., in
British East Africa, 39.

Simtdiumdiversifxircatum, in Brazil,
36.

Slniulium incrtistaium, in Brazil,
36.

Sim/ulium johannseni, bionomics of,
in U.S.A., 82.

Simulium limbatum, sp. n., in
British Guiana, 30.

Simulium neavei, sp. n., in Uganda,
39.

Simulium orbiiale, in Brazil, 36.

Simulium paraguayense. in Brazil,
36.

Simulium pictipes, bionomics of, in
U.S.A., 81.

Simulium placidum. sp. ii., on
equines in Trinidad, 30.

Sim'ulium pruinosum, in Brazil, 36.

Simulium reptans, causing death of
cattle in Germany, 126.

Simidium rubrithorax, in Brazil, 36.

Sirmdium sangidneum, sp.n . , attack -
ing man in Colombia, 30.

Simulitim spinibranchium, in Brazil,
36.

Simulium, subviride, in Brazil, 36.

Simulium venustum, bionomics of,
in U.S.A., 81, 82.

Simulium vittatum, bionomics of,
in U.S.A., 81.

simus, Bhipicephalus.

singalensis, Raematopota.

sinensis, Anopheles.

siro, Tyroglyphus.

sitiens, Gulex.

Skunk, Pulex irritans on, 4.

Skusea funerea (see Aedes).

Sleeping Sickness, distribution of,
in French Equatorial Africa, 83 ;
and Glossina in the Belgian
Congo, 56 ; distribution of, in the
Lower Ivory Coast. 84 ; measirres
against, in Kamerun, 110; in
Nigeria, 66 ; and Glossina morsi-
tans in Nyasaland and Northern
Ehodesia, 18, 118; distribution
of, in Southern Rhodesia, 107.

Snakes,experimen tally infected with
insect flagellates, 103.

Soap, experiments with, on early
stages of mosquitos, 164.

socialis, Tabanus.

socius, Tabanus.

Soda, in formula for treating mange
in horses, 70 ; ingi-edient of
mosquito larvicide, 98.

Soda and Srdphur Dip, chemistry
of, 187.

Sodium Arsenite, in poisoned bait
for biting flies, 27 ; in baits and
sprays for house-flies, 80, 92,
191 ; in dijis against ticks, 46,
160.

Sodium Carbonate, in formulae
against lice on horses, 178; in
foimula for dip against mange.
165.

Sodium Fluoride, against cock-
roaches, 140.

INDEX..

241

Sodium Pentasulphide, in sheep

dips, 187.
Sodium Tliiosulphate, in slieep

dips, 187.
Solenopsis geminata, destroying

mosquitos in Sierra Leone, 163.
solliciians, Ochlerotatus (Aedes).
Somaliland, Italian, list of ticks

from, 70.
sordida, Phormia ; Triatoma.
sordid^is, Silviua.
Spain, Gulex miivittatus in, 120;

Stegomyia fasciata hi, 40.
spalacis, Ctenophthahmis.
Spalangia, parasite of Ilusca, 121.
Spalax microphthahnus, Ctenopji-

thalmus spalacis on, in Caucasia,

151.
Spaniopsis clelandi, sp. n., bio

nomics of, in New South Wales,

41.
Spaniopsis longicomis, sp. n., in

New South Wales, 42.
Spaniopsis marginipennis, sp. n.,

in New South Wales, 42.
Spaniopsis vexans, sp. n., in New

South Wales, 42.
Sparrow, a harmful bird in Aus-
tralia, 110; Ptilonyssus nudus

on, in Britain, 142 ; probably

distributing tdponyssus bursa,

159.
Sparrow-hawk, Olfersia raptatorum

on, in Brazil, 138.
spatliipalpis, Theohaldia.
Sper^nestes cucullata, blood -sucking

Muscids in nest of, 138.
Spermophilus citellus, Neopsylla

spinea on, in Rumania, 33.
Spermophilus richardsoni, Neopsylla

inopina on, in Canada, 33.
sphaerocepJialus, Trichodectes.
SpJiyracephola hearseyana, life-

history of, in India, 91.
Spiders, destroying mosquitos in

Sierra Leone, 163.
Sj^ilogale, Megarihroglossus proms

on, in British Columbia, 33.
Spilopsyllus cunicidi, in Britain,

166.
spinibranchium, Siviulium.
spinea, Neopsylla.
spinifera, Pseudolfersia.
spinipalpis, Ixodes dentatus.
spinipennis, Diganochaeia.
spinulosus, Polyplax.
Spirochaetosis, in fowls in the Gold

Coast, 81 ; transmitted to fowls

by Argas persicus, 101, 192.
Spirogyra, Simulium larvae feeding

on, 82.
Spiroptera macrostoma, conveyed

to sheep by house-flies, 12.
splendidum, A m blyom ma.
squalidus, Lipeurus.

squamiger, Aides.

squamipennis, Aedomyia.

squamosa, Neocuterebra.

squamosus, Gulex,

Squiirels, ticks on, in Canada, 80 ;
new fleas on, 33; (see Citellus
and Sciurus).

stabulans, Muscina.

stantoni, Haematopota.

Starling, an injurious bird in
Australia, 110.

Stasisia rodhaini (see Cordylobia).

Stegomyia. and yellow fever in
Australia, 135; in Guatemala,
177 ; on ships in Mexico, 59.

Stegomyia africana, in Nigeria, 66,
112 ; in Sierra Leone, 45.

Stegomyia apicoargentea, in Sierra
Leone, 45.

Stegomyia atripes, in New South
Wales, 182.

Stegomyia calopus (see 8. fasciata).

Stegomyia fasciata, distribution and
breeding-places of, iu West
Africa, 21, 44, 45, 66, 81, 112,
148, 150, 161-164, 165; distri-
bution of, in Austialia, 10, 11, 60 ;
relation of, to dengue in Aus-
tralia, 73, 148, 149, 196; breed-
ing in ships in Brazil, 37 ; absent
from Diego, California, 159 ;
breeding-places of, in North
Carolina, 61, 136; iu Ecuador,
149 ; distribution of, in South-
west Europe, 40 ; in Fiji, 41 ;
quarantine measures against, in
the Gambia, 159 ; distribution of,
in Hong Kong, 39 ; in Morocco,
85; in Natal, 120; control of , in
Panama, 97, 99; in Principe,
49 ; in Salonica, 179 ; in Sumatra,
23 ; breeding-places of, in
Trinidad, 69 ; and yellow fever,
12, 59, 66, 99, 110, 135, 148, 149,
150, 159, 165 ; bionomics of, in
captivity, 27 ; experiments with
eggs of, 116; Pyrethrum roseum
ineffective against, 61.
Stegomyia hilli (see Mimeteomyia).
Stegomyia luteocephala, bionomics
of, in West Africa, 66, 112,
163.
Stegomyia mstallica, breeding-
places of, in West Africa, 112.
Stegomyia pseudoscutellaris, distri-
bution of, in Australia, 60 ; iu
Fiji, 41.
Stegomyia punctolateralis (see Mime-
teomyia atripes).
Stegomyia quasiornata (see 3Iime-

teomyia).
Stegomyia scutellaris, anatomy of,
74 ; distribution of, in Australia,
2, 60 ; distribution of, in Hong
Kong, 39 ; in Sumatra, 23.

242

INDEX.

Stegomyia simpsoni, bionomics of,
iu West Africa, 45, 66, 112, 161,
163.

Stegomyia sugens, bionomics of, in
West Africa, 44, 45, 66, 112, 163,
165 ; failure to infect with leish-
maniasis, 103.

Stegomyia tasmaniensis, in Tas-
mania, 183.

stellifeT; Culicoides.

Stenomalus muscanim, associated,
with hibernating flies in Britain,
121.

Stenopteryx Mrundinis, in Norway,
180.

stephensi, Anopheles (Neocellia) ;
Culicoides.

stercoralis, Strongyloides.

stercoraria, Scaiophaga.

stevensi, Neopsylla.

Stihasoma, in Brazil, 37.

sticticollis, Tahanus.

stigmatosoma, Culex.

Stilbometopa podoposiyla, on
pigeons in Brazil, 137.

StomMoceras exaratum, sp. n.,
parasite of Olossina morsitans in
Nyasaland, 65.

Stomatoceras micans, sp. n., parasite
of Glossina 'morsitans in Nyasa-
land and Northern Rhodesia, 29,
65, 117.

Stomoxys, and disease, 58 ; in the
Gold Coast, 151 ; transmitting
Trypanosoma cazalboui, 67 ;
possibly conveying trypano-
somiasis in Accra, 42 ; effect of
dipping on, 170; larvae of,
controlled by lime in Fiji, 41.

Stomoxys calcitrans, 51 ; in Northern
Australia, 8 ; bionomics of,
in Britain, 108, 143; in the
Belgian Congo, 67 ; in Gallipoli,
92; in Muscat, 172; in Nigeria,
112, 113; in Salonica, 179; in
Sierra Leone, 45 ; probable
carrier of swamp-fever in U.S.A..
14; transmitting anthrax, 58;
in relation to disease, 46 ; dis-
persal of, by man, 96 ; poisoned
bait for, 27.

Stomoxys nigra, in Nigeria, 113 ; in
Principe, 49; in Sierra Leone, 45 ;
a potential carrier of Trypanosoma
nigeriense, 112.

Stomoxys omega, in Nigeria, 113.

straminea, Oynonycteris.

Stratiomyia chameleon, experimental
transmission of flagellates of,
103.

Stratiomyia potamida, experimental
transmission of flagellates of, 103.

strepitans. Pirates.

striaticeps, Trombidium.

striatum, Amblyomma.

Strongyloides stercoralis, infesting
man in British East Africa, 54.

Stygeromyia maculosa, breeding-
places of, in India, 24.

stygia, Pollenia.

stylifer, Gotocripus ; Goniodes.

subangustus, Tabanus.

subcantans, Ochlerotahis {Aides).

subnitidus, Culicoides.

subspinosus, Macrodactylus.

subviride, Simulium.

sudanensis, Ochlerotatus.

sugens, Stegomyia.

sulcipes, Acanthaspis.

Sulphur, fumigation with, against
fleas and mites, 35, 167 ; in
preparations against mange on
domestic animals, 123, 126, 178;
chemistry of, in dips for sheep,
187-189 ; in dips for sheep scab,
148, 184, 187-189; eftcet of, on
sheep flies, 71 ; ineffective
against lice, 8, 25, 133, 193;
ineffective against mites on fowls,
53.

Sulphur Dioxide, against cock-
roaches, 140.

Sulphuric Ether, effect of, on
larvae of Wohlfaiiia magnifica,
89.

Sulphurous Anhydride, destroying
lice, 82.

Sumatra, malaria and mosquitos
in, 23, 130; parasitic worms in
cattle in, 70 ; pseudo -typhoid
fever and its carriers in, 52.

superpictus, Anopheles (Pyreto-
phorus).

surcoufi, Kirkioestrus.

Swallows, blood -sucking Muscids
in nests of, 81, 138; Hippo-
boscids on, in Brazil, 138;
Dermanyssus, in Britain and
French Guinea, 21, 142.

Swamp -fever, distribution and
probable carriage of, by Stomoxys
calcitrans, 14.

sylvatica, Leptocera.

sylvaticus, Apodemus.

sylvestris, Ochlerotatus (Aedes).

Symbiotes equi (see Chorioptes).

Syntomosphyrum glossinae, hyper-
parasite of Glossina morsitans in
Nyasaland, 65, 113, 118.

Tabanidae, in North America, 176 ;
new, from Australia, 91, 182,
183 ; in the Belgian Congo, 68 ;
in Brazil, 36, 37 ; conveying
anthrax in China, 101 ; in the
Gold. Coast, 12, 81 ; from Hong
Kong, 65 ; life-history of, in

INDEX.

243

India, 91; in Nigeria, 66, 112;

probable carriers of Apaicha in

Peru, 63 ; believed to cany

trypanosomiasis in the Sahara,

157; in Sierra Leone, 45, 150;

natural enemies of, 122, 171 ;

new, from Malay States, 65.
tabaniformis, Silvius.
Tabanus albimedius, in Hong Kong,

65.
Tabanus albipalptis, in Nigeria, 66,

113.
Tabanus besti, in Nigeria, 66 ; in

Sierra Leone, 45.
Tabanus bigtittatus, in the Belgian

Congo, 68 ; in the Gold Coast,

12.
Tabanus biguttatus croceus, in the

Gold Coast, 81.
Tabanus billingtoni, in Nigeria, 66,

113.
Taba/rius brevivitta, in Northern

Australia, 8.
Tabanus cinerescens, in Australia,

8, 182, 183.
Tabanus cirmimdatus, in New South

Wales, 182.
Taba/nus congoiensis, in Principe,

48, 49; in Sierra Leone, 45, 150.
Tabanus crassus in Hong Kong, 65.
Tabanus denshami, Bembex pre-

daceous on, in Nyasaland, 171.
Taba/nus ditaeniatus, in the Gold

Coast, 81 ; in Hong Kong, 65.
Tabanus fasciatiis, in Nigeria, 66,

113; in Sierra Leone, 45, 150.
Tabanus flavothorax, in Hong Kong,

65.
Tabanus fuscipes, natuial enemies

of, in Nyasaland, 171.
Tabanus gregarius, in Northern

Australia, 8.
Tabanus hilaris, in Hong Kong, 65.
Tabanus hongkongiensis, sp. n., in

Hong Kong, 65.
Tabanus hybridus, in Hong Kong,

65.
Tabanus indianus, in Hong Kong,

65.
Tabanus jucundus, in Hong Kong,

65.
Tabanus Jcingsleyi, in Sierra Leone,

45.
Tabanus laverani, in Sierra Leone,

45.
Tabanus lineatus, in Northern

Australia, 8.
Tabanus macfarlanei, sp. n., in

Hong Kong, 65.
Tabanus mandarinus, in Hong-
Kong, 66.
Tabanus marmorosus, in Sierra

Leone, 45.
Taba/nus mastersi, in Queensland,

183.

Tabanus miles, in Brazil, 36.
Taba/nus nigritarsis, in Australia,

8, 182, 183.
Tabanus obscureMrtus, in Nigeria,

66.
Tabanus obscurissimus, in Sierra

Leone, 150.
Tabanus oculatus, in New South

Wales, 182.
Tabanus par, in Sierra Leone, 45.
Tabanus pluto, in Sierra Leone, 45.
Tabanus pseudoardens, in New

South Wales, 182.
Tabanus regisgeorgii, in New South

Wales, 182.
Tabanus rubidus, in Hong Kong, 65.
Tabanus ruficrus, in the Belgian

Congo, 68 ; in Sierra Leone, 45.
Tabanus rufinotatus, in Queensland,

183,
Tabanus sanguinarius, in New

South Wales, 182.
Tabanus sanguineus, in Hong Kong,

65.
Tabanus seeedens, in the Belgian

Congo, 68; in Nigeria, 66, 113.
Tabanus socialis, in Nigeria, 66,

113; in Sierra Leone, 45.
Tabanus socius, in the Belgian

Congo, 68.
Tabanus sticlicollis, in Sierra Leone,

45.
Tabanus subangustus, in Sierra

Leone, 45.
Tabanus taeniola, in the Gold

Coast, 12; in Nigeria, 113;

Bembex predaceous on, in Nyasa-
land, 171; in Principe, 49; in

Sierra Leone, 45.
Tabanus taeniola var. variatus,

Bembex predaceous on, in Nyasa-
land, 171.
Tabanus taylori, in New South

Wales, 182.
Tabanus vetustus, in New South

Wales, 182.
tachinoides, Glossina.
Taenia, saginata, and house-flies in

British East Africa, 54.
Taeniorhynelius, attacking cattle in

India, 91.
Taeniorhynelius acer, in Australia,

8, 60.
Taeniorhynelius annetti, in Nigeria,

66 ; in Sierra Leone, 150.
Taeniorhynehus arribalzagae, egg-
masses of, 160.
Taeniorhynehus aureus, in Natal,

120.
Taeniorhynehus aurites, in Northern

Australia, 11; in Nigeria, 66.
Taeniorhynehus brevicellidus, in

Northern Australia, 11 ; in Fiji,

41 ; in Sumatra, 23.
Taeniorhynehus chubbi, in Natal, 120.

244

INDEX.

Taeniorhynclius eonopas, in Sumatra,

23.
Taeniorhynchus fasciolatus, egg-
masses of, 160.
TaeniorJiyncJius fuscopennattis, dis-

tribiitioii of, in Africa, 120.
Taeniorhynchus humsrolis, eggs of,

attached to leaves of Pifttia, 160.
Taeniorhynchus ■nietallicus, in Natal,

120; in Nigeria, 66.
Taeniorhynchus perturbans, egg-
masses of, 160 ; larvae of,

associated witli water-plants, 170.
Taeniorhynchus richardii, in

Germany, 16.
Taeniorhynchus liUllans, uncommon

in Brazil, 37 ; eggs of, attached

to leaves of Pistia, 160; larvae

of, deriving air from water-plants,

177.
Taeniorhynchus uniformis (see

Mansonioides).
taeniorhynchus, Ochlerotatus (Aedes).
talaje, Ornithodorus.
talpoides, Hemimerus.
Tamius townsendi, Ixodes angustatus

on, in Canada, 80.
Talpa. europnea, mites on, in

Britain, 141.
tapetzella, Trichophaga.
Tar OU, for destroying house-fly

larvae, 168; for destroying

mosquito larvae, 98.
Tarentola mauritanica, 63; reservoir

of leishmaniasis in Algeria, 103.
iarsalis, Gulex.
tarsatus, Eupelminus.
tarsimaculatus. Anopheles,
iasinani, Ixodes.
Tasmania; 8tegomyia tasrmmiensis

in, 183.
tasmaniensis, Stegomyia.
Tatus novemcinctus, infected with

Trypanosoma cruzi, 38.
laylori, Tabanus.
Temperature, effect of, on ticks, 3 ;

on fleas, 4 ; on bed-bugs, 91 ;

on lice, 50, 57, 87 ; on flies, 62.
tenax, Eristalis.
Tephrochlamys canescens, bionomics

of, in Britain, 143.
Terebinth, Oil of, in formula

against mange on domestic

animals, 178.
terinus, Oallistopsyllus.
terrestris, Arvicola.
territans, Gulex.
tersus, Geratophyllus.
tessellatus, Anopheles,
festor, Neopsylla.
Tetrachlorethane, effect of, on fly

larvae, 141, 167, 168. [>^:

tetripvmctata, Wohlfartia.
texanus, Ixodes ; Ixodiphagus.
Texas, a new Phanurus from, 122.

Texas Fever, in Egyptian cattle,
193.

thalassius, Gulex.

Theileria, causing piroplasmosis in
Egyptian sheep, 192.

Theileria niutans, in cattle, 68.

Theileria ovis, in sheep, 68.

Theileria parva, causing Mediter-
ranean coast fever in Libya, 14,
69.

theobaldi, Anopheles ; Ochlerotatus
{Grahhamia).

Thcobaldia spathipalpis, anatomy
of, 74.

Thereva plebeia, in houses in Britain,
144.

Thomomys bottai, Ceraiophyllus
ignotus franciscanus on, in U.S.A.,
33.

Thomomys talpoides, Geratophyllus
ignotus recida on, in British
Columbia, 33.

Thomomys talpoides agrestis,
Geraiophyllus ignotus apachinus
on, in Colorado, 33.

Thryonomys. Scipio spp. on, in
South Africa, 120.

Thyridanthrax abruptus, parasite of
Glossina 7)iorsitans in Nyasaland
and Rhodesia, 29, 116, 118.

tibiale, Selasoma.

Ticks, in Australia, 55 ; and
diseases of domestic animals in
Brazil, 59, 69, 83 ; in Britahi,
142, 194; in California, 119;
on domestic animals in Canada,
80, 122 ; and disease in the
Belgian Congo, 64 ; and disease
in Egypt, 7, 192; transmitting
Piroplasma in the Gold Coast,
42 ; infesting domestic animals
in Guam, 191 ; from French
Guinea, 21 ; importance of birds
destroying, in Jamaica, 2 ; and
Mediterranean Coast fever in
Libya, 15; in Muscat, 173;
in Nigeria, 66, 113; and disease
in Nyasaland, 170 ; probably not
carriers of leishmaniasis in Peru,
63 ; in Queensland, 1 1 ; and
disease in domestic animals in
Rhodesia, 44, 46, 73, 108, 171 ;
in Sierra Leone, 45, 150; list of,
from Italian Somaliland, 69 ;
possible carriers of Kedani fever
in Sumatra, 52 ; blood-parasites
carried by, in Tunis, 63 ; on
domestic animals in U.S.A., 13,
58 ; quarantine measures against,
in U.S.A., 2; conveying Rocky
Mountain spotted fever, 154;
infesting fowls, 13, 62, 101 ;
bibliography of, 34 ; new species
of, 55 ; monograph of, 34 ;
parasites of, 34, 39 ; control of°

INDEX.

245

by dipping cattle, 3, 46, 73, 107,
160, 171, 192; destroyed by
nitrobeuziue, 79.
tigrina, Goenosia.
tigripes, Gulex.
tigris. Felts.
Tigrisoma, Olfersia palustris on, in

Brazil, 137.
tipuliformis, Gulex.
Tinamus solitarius, Pseudolfersia

eleagridis on, in Brazil, 137.
Tineola biselliella, in Scotland, 179.
titillans, Taeniorhynchus {Man-

sonia).
titillator, Gephalopsis.
Toads, experimentally infected

with insect flagellates, 103.
torquens, Raematopota.
townsendi, Forcipomyia ; Tabanus.
townsvillensis, Pericoma.
Toxorliynchites, in Principe, 49.
Toxorhynchites hrevipalpis, pre-

daceous on other mosquito larvae

in Africa, 120 ; in French Guinea,

21.
Tracheomyia macropi, infesting

kangaroos in Australia, 122.
tremula, Macleaya.
triangulata, Hodgesia.
triangulum, Neotabanus.
Triatoma, in Muscat, 172.
Triatoma genieulata, infected with

Trypanosoma cruzi, 38.
Triatoina megista, relation of, to

Chagas' disease in Brazil, 37.
Triatoma protrada, infested with

Trypanosoma triatomxie, sp. n.,

181.
Triatoma rubrofasciata, relation of,

to leishmaniasis, 102 ; not an

intermediate host of Leishmania

donovani, 174.
Triatoma sordida, relation of, to

Chagas' disease in Brazil, 37.
triatomaCt TrypanosoTna.
tribulosa, FahrenJiolzia.
Trichocephalus dispar, and house-
flies in British East Africa,

54.
trichoeerus, Dem/)platus.
Trichodectes equi (see T. parumpi-

losus).
Trichodectes parumpilosus, formulae

for control of, on horses, 178.
Trichodectes sphaerocephalus, serious

loss of wool due to, in Australia,

111.
Trichophaga tapetzella, infesting

stored deer-hides, 179.
Trichosurus vulpecula, Ixodes

tasTYia/ni on, in Australia, 55.
triguttatum, Amhlyomma.
trimaculatum, Amblyomma; Hippo-
centrum,
trinervis, Trupheoneura.

(C366)

Trinidad, malaria and mosquitos
in, 69 ; a new Simulium on
equines in, 30.

trinidadensis, Ilegarhinus.

Trinoton conspurcatum, on geese, 13.

Trinoton luridtim, on ducks, 13.

Triphleps insidiosus, attacking
man in Illinois, 107.

triseriatus, Ochlerotattos (Aides).

tritaeniorhynchus, Gulex.

trivittatus, Ochlerotatus (Aides).

Trombidium, carrying Kedani fever
in Japan, 52 ; attacking man in
Sumatra, 52 ; on turkeys, 13.

Trombidium holosericeum, control
of, on fowls in U.S.A., 53.

Trombidium striaticeps, attacking
man in France, 68.

tropica, Leishmamia ; Piroplasmu
(see P. a/nnulatum).

Trupheoneura opaca, 51.

Trupheoneura perennis, 51.

Trupheoneura trinervis, 51.

Trupialis militaris, Ixodes auritulus
on, in Tierra de Fuego, 55.

Trypan-blue, against tick-bome
diseases, 59, 69.

Trypanosoma berberum, infesting
domestic animals in the Sahara,
157.

Trypamosoma brucei, 42.

Trypanosomu brucei var. rhode-
siense, in Rhodesia and Nyasa-
land, 18, 151.

Trypanosoma caprae, in Glossina
and wUd game in Nyasaland, 18.

Trypanosoma cazalboui, and Glos-
sina in the Ivory Coast, 84 ;
failure to infect Gynonycteris
straminea with, 101 ; transmitted
by Glossina fusca, 69 ; trans-
mitted by Stom^xys, 67.
Trypanosoma congolense, in cattle
in Africa, 67 ; transmitted by
Glossina fusca, 68 ; failure to
infect Gynonycteris straminea
with, 101.
Trypanosoma cruzi, conveyed by

Triatoma in Brazil, 37.
Trypanosoma dimorphon, in cattle
in Africa, 67 ; and Glossina in
the Ivory Coast, 84.
Trypanosoma equiperdum, 43.
Trypanosoma gambiense, not found
in Glossina in the Ivory Coast,
84; and sleeping sickness in
Nigeria, 66 ; infecting Gynonyc-
teris straminea, 101.
Trypanosoma ingens, infecting
Gephalophus dorsalis in Africa,
67.
Trypanosoma lewisi, in rats in
Sierra Leone, 150; failure to
infect Gynonycteris straminea
with, 101.

246

INDEX.

Trypa/nosoma nigeriense, in cattle

in Nigeria, 112.
Trypanosoma peeaudi, in domestic
animals in West Africa, 42 ;
transmitted by Glossina fusca,
68.
Trypanosoma pecorum, in domestic
animals in West Africa, 42, 66 ;
in Glossina and wild game in
Nyasaland, 18.
Trypanosoma rhodesiense, possibly
carried by Ornithodorus moubata,
44.
Trypanosoma simiae, in Glossina

and wild game in Nyasaland, 18.
Trypanosoma triatomae, sp. n., in-
festing Triatomu protracta, 181.
Trypanosoma vivax, in domestic

animals in West Africa, 42, 112.
Trypanosomes, in domestic animals,
19, 42, 66, 67, 112, 156, 170; in
game, 18, 47, 67 ; in rats, 150,
181 ; susceptibility of Cynonyc-
teris straminea to, 101.
Trypanosomiasis, in Eritrea, 192 ;
and Glossina morsiia/ns in
German East Africa, 47 ; of
stock in German East Africa,
48 ; in domestic animals in West
Africa, 42, 66, 151 ; of domestic
animals in the Belgian Congo,
67 ; of domestic animals,
associated with Hippoboscids
in Eritrea, 156; in cattle in
Nyasaland, 19, 170, 171 ; prob-
ably carried by Glossina brevi-
palpis in Nyasaland, 171 ; and
Glossina in Rhodesia, 77, 108,
151 ; believed to be carried by
Tabanids in the Sahara, 157.
Trypanosomiasis, Human (see

Sleeping Sickness).
trypherus, Silvius.
tscherga, Apodemus.
Tsetse-flies, distribution of, in
French Equatorial Africa, 84 ;
distribution of, in the Belgian
Congo, 35, 56 ; in the Gold
Coast, 165; trypanosomes found
ill, on the Ivory Coast, 84; bio-
nomics of, in Nyasaland, 28-30 ;
and trypanosomiasis in Northern
Rhodesia, 118 ; in Zululand, 121 ;
and big game, 77, 114, 115, 117 ;
in relation to disease, 46 ;
parasites of, 65 ; sodium arsenite
suggested as a poison -bait for,
27 ; use of dip against, 46 ; a
method of trapping, 130 ; (see
Glossina).
tuberculatws, Haematopinus.
Tunis, cattle from, nearly immune to
Mediterranean coast fever, 15 ;
mosquito larvae in, 156 ; Bhipice-
pholus sanguineus in, 63, 121 ;

exanthematous typhus and lice
in, 153.

turicata, Ornithodorus.

Turkestan, Argas persicus infecting
fowls with spirochaetosis in, 101 ;
new fleas from, 32 ; Gastrophilus
inermis in, 24.

Turkeys, Haemaphysalis cinna-
barina on, in Canada, 80 ; in-
fected with spirochaetosis by
Argas persicus, 192 ; parasites of,
in U.S.A., 13.

hirkhudi. Anopheles.

Turpentine, formula containing,
against mange on horses, 126 ;
in dips for protecting sheep from
blow-flies, 71 ; effect of , on larvae
of Wohlfartia magnifica, 89.

Tympanuchus americanus (Prairie
Hen), Haemaphysalis cinna-
barina on, in Canada, 80.

Typha latifolia, larvae of Taenio-
rhynchus perturbans associated
with, 170.

Typhoid Fever, and house-flies in
Gallipoli, 143 ; incidence of,
reduced by destruction of house-
flies, 93.

Typhus, transmitted by lice, 17,
135, 153.

Tyroglyphus longior var. castellanii,
causing copra itch, 46.

Tyroglyphus siro, infesting house-
flies in Britain, 146.

u.

Uganda, mosquitos in, 120; a new
Simulium., from, 39.

uliginosa, Mydaea.

Uloborus feniculatus, destroying
mosquitos in Sierra Leone, 163.

ul'idans, Edom^coris.

umbrosus. Anopheles.

uncinaiiis, Enderleinellus.

unicavatus, Ixodes.

unicolor, Cryptotylus.

uniformis, Mansonioides ( Taenior-
hynchus) ; Aides {Slusea).

United States, diseases and para-
sites carried by dogs in, 58;
new fleas from, 33 ; poisonous
effects of Macrodactylns sub-
spinosus on fowls in, 26 ; Hippo-
boscids infesting birds in, 169;
bionomics and control of house-
flies in, 5, 181 ; measures against
importation of Hypoderma bovis
from, into Australia, 73 ; mites
on rabbits in, 96 ; mosquitos and
their control in, 6, 61, 123,
137, 170, 191 ; mosquitos and
malaria in, 53, 76, 77, 90, 92,
136, 152, 175; parasites of

INDEX.

247

poultry and pigeons in, 12, 53,
166 ; wool-maggots of sheep in,
1 ; bionomics of Simulium

venustum in, 81 ; quarantine
measm-es against ticks in, 2 ;
Triphleps insidiosus attacking
man in, 107.

univittat'us, Culex.

TJranotaenia, in Queensland, 183.

Uranotaenia albescens, in Queens-
land, 60.

Uranotaenia alboabdominalis, breed-
ing-places of, in West Africa,
112.

Uranotaenia anhydor, breeding-
places of, in California, 159.

Uranotaenia annulata, breedii:g-
places of, in West Africa, 66,
112, 150.

Uranotaenia bilineata var. fraseri,
in Nigeria, 66.

Uramotaenia geometrica, rare in
Brazil, 37.

Uranotaenia nigripes, in Sierra
Leone, 45.

Uranotaenia nivipes, in Queens-
land, 60.

Uranotaenia ornatus, breeding-
places of, in Sierra Leone, 161,
163.

Uranotaenia propria, in Queens-
land, 60.

Uranotaenia pulcherrirmi; in Brazil,

37.
urbana, Mydaea.
Uta, probable carriers of, in Peru,

63.
utae, Forcipomyia.

V.

vagus. Anopheles rossi.

variabilis, Dermacentor ; Lipeurus.

variatus, Tabanus taeniola.

variegata, Phaonia.

variegatum, Amblyomma.

variolosus, Oestrus.

varipes, Pycnosoma (Calliphora).

Vaseline, against lice, 193.

venustipes, Aedeomyia

venustum, Simulium.

venustus, Dermacentor.

Ver du Cayor (see Cordylobia

anthropopJiaga).
vermicularis, Oxyuris.
Vermijelli, against lice, 193.
Vermipsylla hyaenae, on Hyaena

vulgaris in Caucasia, 151.
verrucarum, Phlebotomus.
Verruga, Phlebotomus verrucarum

probably the only carrier of, in

Peru, 65, 123.
versatilis, Pyrellia.
versicolor, Hippocentrum.

verticillatus, Docodon.
vespertilionis, Ixodes,
vestimenti, Pediculus (see P. hti-

manus).
vestita, Cantharis.
vestitipennis. Anopheles,
veterimis, Gastrophilus (see G. na-

salis).
vetustus, Tabanus.
vexans, Spaniopsis.
Victoria, a new Ornithomusca in,

159.
victoria, Ornithomusca.
victoriensis, Culicada ; Ixodes,
vigilax, Ochlerotatus {Culicelsa).
Villa lloydi, parasite of Glossina
morsitans in Northern Rhodesia,
118.
villosa, Calliphora (see Pollenia

stygia).
Vinegar, against lice on domestic

animals, 91.
viridiceps, Anastatus ; Lucilia.
viridis, Euglena.
Virulent Charbon, relation of

Simulium to, 82.
vishnui, Culex.
vitalii, Ba/ngelia.
vittata, Eaematopota.
vittatum, Simulium.
vivax, Plasmodium ; Trypanosoma.
Viverra civetta, in Principe, 48.
vomitoria, Calliphora.
Voria ruralis, in houses iu Britain,

144.
Vorticella, arresting development

of mosquito larvae, 28.
vulgaris, Phryxe ; Piophila.
vulpecula, Ectenopsis.
Vulpes alpherakyi, Ctenocephalus

canis on, in Caucasia, 151.
Vultures, Pseudolfersia vulturis on,

in Mexico, 138.
vulturis, Pseudolfersia.

w.

Warble Flies (see Hypoderma).

Wart-hog, Echestypus paradoxus
on, in Nyasaland, 171 ; Ornitho-
dorus moubata associated with,
in Northern Ehodesia, 44, 102 ;
infested with Choeromyia spp. in
Senegal, 101.

Wasps, infecting fruit with Bacillus
coli, 145.

Weasel, Ixodes hexagonus on, in
Canada, 80.

West Indies, Dermatophilus pene-
trans in, 5 ; (see Jamaica,
Trinidad, etc.).

wilhnori. Anopheles.

Wohlfartia balassogloi, distribution
of, in Russia and Central Asia, 89.

248

INDEX.

WoMfartia intermedia, distributiou
of, in Russia, 89.

WoMfartia magmfica, bionomics of,
in Russia, 88 ; causing myiasis in
cattle, 2.

WohlfaHia melgeni, distribution of,
in Europe, 89.

WoHJartia tetripunctata, distribu-
tion of, in Europe and Central
Asia, 89.

wolcotti, Olfersia.

Wood Rat (see Neotomafriscipes).

woodi, Chrysops.

Worm-nodules, in cattle, caused by
Onchocerca gibsoni, 8; distri-
bution of, 70.

Wyeomyia grenadensis, sp. n., from
Grenada, 64.

X.

Xenopsylla, thick-tailed form of
Leishmania not produced in, 174.

Xenopsylla aequisetosa, on Crice-
tomys gambianus in the Gold
Coast, 81.

Xenopsylla astia, percentage of, on
rats in Bombay, 75.

Xenopsylla brasiliensis, percentage
of, on rats in Bombay, 75; on
rats in Sierra Leone, 150.

Xenopsylla cheopis, and plague, 4 ;
percentage of, on rats in Bombay,
75 J distribution of, on rats in

Java, 128 ; on rats in New Soutb
Wales, 182 ; on rats in Nigeria,.
66 ; on rats in Sierra Leone, 150„

Y.

Yellow Fever, and Stegomyia fas-
ciata in West Africa, 66, 149, 150,
165 ; possibility of introduction
of, into Australia, 59, 135; and
8. fasciata in Ecuador, 149 ;
quarantine measures against, in
the Gambia, 159 ; campaign
against, in Havana and Panama^
99 ; danger of introduction of^
into Morocco, 40 ; distribution-
and control of, in the Tropics,
12; dengue probably not a
mutant of, 149 ; uncertainty as to>
causal agent of, 150 ; nature of
immunity to, 109.

Yokohama, use of rat-poison to
control plague in, 154.

z.

Zalophus californianus (Californian

Sea-lion), AntarctophtJiirius micros

chir on, 196.
Zizania aquatica (Wild Rice), land

covered with, not breeding

mosquitos, 95.
Zululand, new Anoplura from, 120 ;;

Glossina austeniin, 121.

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